Dharmshastra ka Itihas Part 1

Author(s): Pandurang V Kane
Publisher: Hindi Bhavan Lakhnou
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002789/1

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DA0pANDuraMgavAmanakANe / uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna

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hindI samiti prabhAga graMthamAlA - 74 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya dharma tathA loka - vidhiyA~ ) [ prathama bhAga ] mUla lekhaka bhArataratna, mahAmahopAdhyAya DaoN0 pANDuraMga vAmana kANe ema0 e0, ela-ela0 ema0 anuvAdaka arjuna caube kAzyapa uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna (hindI samiti prabhAga) rAjarSi puruSottamadAsa TaNDana hindI bhavana mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, lakhanaU

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prakAzaka : vinoda candra pANDeya nidezaka u0 pra0 hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU : 1963 prathama saMskaraNa dvitIya saMskaraNa : 1972 tRtIya saMskaraNa : 1980 caturtha saMskaraNa : 1992 mUlya : eka sau cAlIsa rupaye mudraka : svAstika prinTiMga presa 27, mAI kI bagiyA, bar3A cauMdagaMja, lakhanaU 10,000 pratiyA~

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prakAzakIya bhArataratna, mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 pANDuraMga vAmana kANe dvArA racita tathA arjuna caube kAzyapa dvArA anUdita "dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna dvArA pA~ca khaNDoM meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| isameM prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya dhama tathA loka vidhiyoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| pratyeka khaNDa apanI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha grantha hindI-jagata meM atyanta lokapriya huA hai| dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (prathama bhAga) ke abhI taka tIna saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| isakA caturtha saMskaraNa prastuta karate hue prasannatA kA anubhava karanA svAbhAvika hI hai|. vizvAsa hai ki isa saMskaraNa kA bhI usI prakAra svAgata hogA jisa prakAra vigata saMskaraNoM kA 'svAgaMta hotA rahA hai| 3 jUna, 92 binoda candra pANDeya nidezaka

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do zabda bhAratIya saMskRti ke Atma-tattva ko hRdayaGgama karane ke lie hameM usake ajasra pravAha ko samajhanA hogaa| Aja hama apane hI svarUpa, svabhAva aura svadharma se itane aparicita ho gaye haiM ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke AdhArabhUta vyApaka jIvanAnubhava ko, jise hindU dharma ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai, na to use paribhASita kara sakate haiM aura na usakI udAtta bhAvanAoM ke sAtha eka rasa ho pAte haiM jabaki satya yaha hai ki apanI paraMparAoM aura saMskAroM ke kAraNa hamArA ciMtana hameM usa ora prerita karatA hai| hindU dharma upAsanA kI paddhati bhara nahIM hai| vaha eka samagra jIvana-darzana evaM vyavahAra-prakriyA hai| usameM sakArAtmaka svIkRtiyoM ke sAtha niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke unnayana kI gaMbhIra dRSTi aura usa para AdhArita samaya-samaya para vikasita hote hue jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM ke vidhAna haiM, jinheM 'zAstra' kahA gayA hai| ina zAstroM kA jJAna aba sabako sahaja upalabdha nahIM hai, sAtha hI bhASA evaM samaya ke antarAla ne unheM durUha bhI banA diyA hai| isase hama na to apane atIta kA ThIka se mUlyAkaMna kara pAte haiM aura na apane itihAsa ke upayogI binduoM ko sajagatA se grahaNa kara pAte haiN| . isa AvazyakatA ko pUrNa karane ke lie suprasiddha vidvAna mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 pANDuraMga vAmana kANe ne 'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' nAmaka bRhad graMtha prastuta kiyA, jise uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna ne pA~ca bhAgoM meM prakAzita karane kA punIta kArya kiyaa| isa graMtha meM dharmazAstra ke sabhI aMgoM kA vizad adhyayana, unake vizleSaNa kI sUkSma dRSTi aura unheM paraMparA meM sa~jokara pAThaka ko unake kramAgata niSkarSoM ke nikaTa le jAne kA avasara pradAna karanA nizcaya hI abhinandanIya hai| unake isa prayAsa se hindU dharmazAstra kI sabhI paraMparAe~ jIvaMta rUpa meM pAThaka ke samakSa AtI haiM aura apane atIta ke ciMtana-vaibhava ke gaurava kI anubhUti ke sAtha hI Aja ke apane AcAra-vicAroM ke mUla utsa kA paricaya bhI prApta hotA hai| hindU dharma aura saMskRti kevala adhyAtmajIvI hI nahIM rahe haiM, unhoMne sunizcita vyavasthita vyavasthAe~ evaM maryAdAe~ nirdhArita kI haiM, yaha isa graMtha se sahaja spaSTa ho jAtA hai| svAtma kI aisI vizad anubhUti ke kAraNa hI yaha graMtha manISiyoM evaM jijJAsuoM meM atyadhika lokapriya huA hai aura aba taka isake aneka saMskaraNa prakAzita ho prastuta graMtha ke prathama bhAga kA caturtha saMskaraNa punaH ApakI sevA meM arpita kiyA jA rahA hai| AzA hai ki vidvajjana isakA svAgata kreNge| 2 jUna 92 DaoN0 zaraNa bihArI gosvAmI kAryakArI upAdhyakSa

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prAkkathana 'vyavahAramayUkha' ke saMskaraNa ke lie sAmagrI saMkalita karate samaya mere dhyAna meM AyA ki jisa prakAra maiMne 'sAhityadarpaNa' ke saMskaraNa meM prAkkathana ke rUpa meM "alaMkAra sAhitya kA itihAsa" nAmaka eka prakaraNa likhA hai, usI paddhati para 'vyavahAramayUkha' meM bhI eka prakaraNa saMlagna kara dUM, jo nizcaya hI dharmazAstra ke bhAratIya chAtroM ke lie pUrNa lAbhaprada hogaa| isa daSTi se maiM jaise-jaise dharmazAstra kA adhyayana karatA gayA. majhe aisA dIkha paDA ki sAmagrI atyanta vistRta evaM viziSTa hai, use eka saMkSipta paricaya meM Abaddha karane se usakA ucita nirUpaNa na ho sakegA; sAtha hI usakI pracuratA ke samucita parizAna, sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana, tulanAtmaka vidhizAstra tathA anya viviSa zAstroM ke lie usakI jo mahattA hai, usakA bhI apekSita pratipAdana na ho skegaa| nidAna, maiMne yaha nizcaya kiyA ki svatantra rUpa se dharmazAstra kA eka itihAsa hI lipibaddha kruuN| sarvaprathama, maiMne yaha socA ki eka jilda meM Adi kAla se aba taka ke dharmazAstra ke kAlakrama tathA vibhinna prakaraNoM se yukta aitihAsika vikAsa ke nirUpaNa se yaha viSaya pUrNa ho jaaygaa| kintu dharmazAstra meM AnevAle vividha viSayoM ke nirUpaNa ke binA yaha grantha sAMgopAMga nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa vicAra se isameM vaidika kAla se lekara Aja taka ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA varNana Avazyaka ho gyaa| bhAratIya sAmAjika saMsthAoM meM aura sAmAnyataH bhAratIya itihAsa meM jo krAntikArI parivartana hue haiM tathA bhAratIya janajIvana para unake jo prabhAva par3e haiM, ve bar3e gambhIra haiM, cUMki hamAre AcArya unake saMbandha meM anokhI dhAraNAe~ rakhate haiM, isalie maiM nikaTa bhaviSya meM isa pustaka kA anuvAda mAtRbhASA marAThI evaM saMskRta meM karane kA saMkalpa isa AzA se karatA hU~ ki use par3hane ke bAda ve loga apane vicAroM meM svAgata yogya parivartana kA anubhava kreNge| prastuta mAga meM varNanIya viSayoM ke rUpa meM kramaza: dharma, dharmazAstra, varNa, unake kartavya, adhikAra, aspRzyatA, dAsa-prathA, saMskAra, upanayana, Azrama, vivAha (samI sAmAjika praznoM ke sAtha), Ahnika AcAra, paMca mahAyajJa, dAna, pratiSThA, utsarga evaM gRhya tathA zrauta (vaidika) yajJoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| agale mAga meM rAjazAstra, vyavahAra (viSi evaM prakriyA), azoca (janma aura mRtyu se utpanna sUtaka),zrAddha, prAyazcitta, tIrtha, vrata, kAla, zAnti, dharmazAstra para mImAMsA Adi kA prabhAva, samaya samaya para dharmazAstra ko parivartita karanevAlI rIti evaM paramparA aura dharmazAstra 'kI bhAvI pragati evaM vikAsa prati prakaraNoM kA vivecana kiyA jaaygaa| yadyapi, uccakoTi ke vizvavikhyAta vidvAnoM ne dharmazAstra ke viziSTa viSayoM para vivecana kA prazasta kArya kiyA hai, phira bhI, jahA~ taka maiM jAnatA hU~, kisI lekhaka ne dharmazAstra meM Aye hue samagra viSayoM ke vivecana kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa daSTi se apane DhaMga kA yaha pahalA prayAsa mAnA jaaygaa| ataH isa mahattvapUrNa kArya se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki isase pUrva ke prakAzanoM ko nyUnatAoM kA jJAna bhI saMbhava ho skegaa| isa pustaka meM jo truTi, dushatA aura adakSatA pratIta hotI haiM, unake lie lekhanakAla kI paristhiti evaM anya kAraNa adhika uttaradAyI haiN| ina bAtoM kI ora dhyAna dilAnA isalie Avazyaka hai ki isa svIkArokti se mitroM ko merI kaThinAiyoM kA jJAna ho jAne se unakA bhrama dUra hogA aura ve isa kArya kI pratikUla evaM kaTu AlocanA nahIM kreNge| anyathA, AlocakoM kA yaha sahaja adhikAra hai ki pratipAda viSaya meM kI gayI azuddhiyoM aura saMkIrNatAoM kI kaTu se kaTu AlocanA kreN| kucha pAThaka yaha bhApatti

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kara sakate haiM ki prastuta grantha atyanta vistRta hai aura dUsare loga kaha sakate haiM ki kucha prakaraNoM ke lie apekSita vivecana ko paryApta sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| ina ubhaya viSayoM kA vicAra kara maiMne madhyama mArga apanAne kI ceSTA kI hai| __ AdyopAnta isa pustaka ke likhate samaya eka bar3A pralobhana yaha thA ki dharmazAstra meM vyAkhyAta prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya rIti, paramparA evaM vizvAsoM kI anya janasamudAya aura dezoM kI rIti, paramparA tathA vizvAsoM se tulanA kI jaay| kintu maiMne yathAsaMbhava isa prakAra kI tulanA se dUra rahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| phira bhI, kabhI kamI katipaya kAraNoM se mujhe aisI tulanAoM meM pravRtta honA par3A hai| adhikAMza lekhaka (bhAratIya athavA yUropIya) isa pravRtti ke haiM ki ve, Aja kA bhArata jina kuprathAoM se AkrAnta hai, unakA pUrA uttaradAyitva jAtiprathA evaM dharmazAstra meM nirdiSTa jIvana-paddhati para DAla dete haiN| kintu isa vicAra se sarvathA sahamata honA bar3A kaThina hai| ataH maiMne yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki vizva ke pUre jana-samudAya kA svabhAvaM sAdhAraNataH eka jaisA hai aura usameM nihita subhavRttiyAM evaM duSpravRttiyAM sabhI dezoM meM eka sI hI haiN| kisI bhI sthAna vizeSa meM ArambhakAlika AcAra pUrNa lAbhaprada rahate haiM, phira Age calakara sampradAyoM meM unake durupayoga evaM vikRtiyAM samAna rUpa se sthAna grahaNa kara letI haiN| he koI dezavizeSa hoM yA samAjavizeSa, ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM jAti-prathA yA usase bhinna prathA se Avata rahate Aye haiN| niHsaMdeha jAti-prathA ne bhI kucha vizeSa prakAra kI hAnikAraka samasyAoM ko janma diyA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para eka mAtra jAti-prathA ko hI uttaradAyI ThaharAnA ucita nahIM hai| koI bhI vyavasthA na to pUrNa hai aura na doSapUrNa pravRttiyoM se mukta hai| yadyapi maiM brAhmaNa-dharma ke vAtAvaraNa meM prauDha huA hU~, phira bhI AzA karatA hU~ ki paNDitajana yaha svIkAra kareMge ki maiMne citra ke donoM pahaluoM ke vivaraNa prastuta kiye haiM aura isa kArya meM pakSapAta-rahita hone kA prayala kiyA hai| saMskRta granthoM se liye gaye uddharaNoM ke sambandha meM do zabda kaha denA Avazyaka hai| jo loga aMgrejI nahIM jAnate unake lie ye uddharaNa isa pustaka meM diye gaye takoM kI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane meM eka sImA taka sahAyaka hoNge| isake atirikta bhAratavarSa meM ina uddharaNoM ke lie apekSita pustakoM ko sulabha karanevAle pustakAlayoM yA sAdhanoM kA bhI abhAva hai| uparyukta kAraNoM se sahasroM uddharaNa pAdaTippaNiyoM meM ullikhita hue haiN| adhikAMza uddharaNa prakAzita pustakoM se liye gaye haiM evaM bahata thoDe se avataraNa pANDalipiyoM aura tAmralekhoM se uddhata haiN| zilAlekhoM, tAmrapatroM ke abhilekhoM ke avataraNoM ke sambandha meM bhI usI prakAra kA saMketa abhipreta hai| ina tathyoM se eka bAta aura pramANita hotI hai ki dharmazAstra meM vihita vidhiyoM jo kaI hajAra varSoM se janasamudAya dvArA Acarita huI haiM tathA zAsakoM dvArA vidhi ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahI haiM, unase yaha nizcita hotA hai ki aise niyama paNDitammanya vidvAnoM yA kalpanA-zAstriyoM dvArA saMkalita kAlpanika niyama mAtra nahIM rahe haiN| ve vyavahArya rahe haiN| maiM apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM aura isa kSetra evaM anya kSetra meM kArya karanevAle lekhakoM ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karane meM Ananda kA anubhava karatA huuN| jina pustakoM ke uddharaNa mujhe lagAtAra dene par3e haiM aura jinase maiM paryApta lAbhAnvita huA hU~ unameM se kucha anyoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai, yayA-yUmaphIlDa kI 'vaidika anukramaNikA', prophesara maikaDAnala aura kItha kI 'vaidika anukramaNikAe~', maiksamUlara dvArA saMpAdita 'prAcya dharma-pustakeM' (khaNDa 2, 7, 12, 14, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34, 41, 43, 44) / jarmana bhASA kA atyalpa aura usase bhI kama phreMca bhASA kA jJAna hone se maiM arvAcIna yUropIya vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM kA pUrA upayoga karane se vaMcita raha gayA hai| isake atirikta maiM asAdhAraNa vidvAn DA0 jAlI ko smaraNa karatA hU~ jinakI pustaka ko maiMne apane sAmane Adarza ke rUpa meM rakhA hai| maiMne nimnalikhita pramukha paMDitoM kI kRtiyoM se bhI bahumUlya sahAyatA prApta kI hai, jo isa kSetra meM mumase pahale kArya kara cuke haiM,

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jaise DA0 bulara, rAva sAhaba vI0 ena0 maNDalIka, prophesara hApakins, zrI ema0 ema0 cakravartI tathA zrI ke0 pI0 jaaysvaal| maiM 'bAya' ke paramahaMsa kevalAnanda svAmI ke satata sAhAyya aura nirdeza (vizeSataH zrauta mAga ) ke lie, pUnA ke cintAmaNi dAtAra dvArA darza- paurNamAsa ke parAmarza aura zrauta ke anya adhyAyoM ke prati satarka karane ke lie, zrI kezaba lakSmaNa bogela dvArA anukramaNikA bhAga para kArya karane ke lie aura tarkatIrthaM raghunAtha zAstrI kokaje dvArA sampUrNa pustaka ko par3hakara sujhAva aura saMzodhana dene ke lie asAdhAraNa AbhAra mAnatA huuN| maiM iMDiyA Aphisa pustakAlaya (laMdana) ke adhikAriyoM kA aura DA0 esa0 ke0 velvalkara, mahAmahopAdhyAya prophesara kuppusvAmI zAstrI, prophesara raMgasvAmI AyaMgara, prophesara pI0 pI0 esa0 zAstrI, DA0 bhavatoSa bhaTTAcArya, DA0 AlsaDorpha, prophesara eca0 DI0 velaNakara (vilsana kaoNleja baMbaI) kA bahuta hI kRtaza hU~, jinhoMne mujhe apane adhikAra meM surakSita saMskRta kI pAculipiyoM ke bahumUlya saMkalanoM ke abalokana kI hara saMbhava suvidhAeM pradAna kiiN| vibhinna prakAra ke nidezana meM sahAyatA ke lie maiM apane mitrasamudAya tathA DA0 bI0 jI0 parAJjape, DA0 esa0 ke0 de, zrI pI0 ke0 goDe aura zrI jI0 ema0 maica kA AbhAra mAnatA huuN| isa prakAra kI sahAyatA ke bAvajUda isa pustaka meM honevAlI nyUnatAoM, cyutiyoM nIra upekSAmoM se maiM pUrNa paricita hU~ / ataH ina saba kamiyoM ke prati kRpAlu hone ke lie maiM vidvAnoM se prArthanA karatA huuN|* pANDuraMga vAmana kANe *mUla ke prathama tathA dvitIya ke prA saMkalita /

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uraNa-saMketa magni agnipurANa | gR0 ra0 yA gRhastha gRhastharatnAkara a00 yA atharva0 aparvaveda gau0 yA gau0 10 sU0 yA gautamadharma0=gautamadharmasUtra. anu. yA anuzAsana0 anuzAsanaparva gau0 pi0 sU0 yA gautamapi0 gautamapitRmeghasUtra antyeSTi0-nArAyaNa kI antyeSTipaddhati caturvarga0 hemAdri kI caturvargacintAmaNi yA kevala hemAdri a00 dI0=antyakarmadIpaka chA0 upa0 yA chAndogya-upa0=chAndogyopaniSad . arthazAstra, kauTilya kauTilIya arthazAstra jImUta =jImUtavAhana A0 gu0 sU0 yA ApastambagR0=ApastambagRhyasUtra jai0 yA jaimini = jaiminipUrvamImAMsAsUtra A050 sU0 yA ApastambaSama ApastambadharmasUtra | jaimini upa0= jaiminIyopaniSad Apa0 ma0pA0 thA Apastambama-ApastambamantrapATha nyAmA0 jaiminIyanyAyamAlAvistara Apa0 zrI. tU0 yA ApastambazrI0=ApastambazrautasUtra | tANDya0 tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa Azva0 gR0 sU0 yA AzvalAyanagR0 AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra | tI0 ka0 yA tI0 kalpatIrtha para kalpataru Azva0 gR0 pa0 yA AzvalAyanagR0 pa0-yAzvalAyana- tIrthapra. yA tI0 pra0=tIrthaprakAza gRhmapariziSTa . tI0 ci0, tIrthaci0=vAcaspati kI tIcintAmaNi R0 yA RgR gveda, RgvedasaMhitA tai0 A0 yA taittirIyAra0 taittirIyAraNyaka ai0 A0 yA aitareya bA0-aitareyAraNyaka te. u0 yA taittirIyopa0 taittirIyopaniSad ai0mA0 yA aitareya bA-aitareya brAhmaNa tai0 vA0 taittirIya brAhmaNa ka0 u0 yA kaThopa0-kaThopaniSad tai0 saM0=taittirIya saMhitA kalivayaM0=kalivapa vinirNaya tristhalI0 yA tristhalIse0 yA tri0 se0-maTTonikA kalpa0 yA kalpataru, ka. lakSmIpara kA kRtyakalpataru tristhalIsetusArasaMgraha kAtyA0 smR0 sA0 kAtyAyanasmRtisArobAra tristhalI0=nArAyaNa bhaTTa kA tristhalIsetu kA0 zrI0 sU0 yA kAtyAyanI0 kAtyAyanautasUtra nArada0 yA nA0 smR0=nAradasmRti kAma0 yA kAmandaka=kAmandakIya nItisAra nAradIya0 yA nArada0=nAradIyapurANa ko0 yA kauTilya0 yA kauTilIya-kauTilIya arthazAstra | nItivA0 yA nItivAkyA nItivAkyAmRta ko0- kauTilya kA arthazAstra (ma0 zAma zAstrI kA | nirNaya. yA ni0 si0=nirNayasindhu - saMskaraNa) pagra0 papapurANa ko0 prA0 upa0 yA kauSItakivA kauSItakibrAhmaNa- parA0 mA0=parAzaramAdhavIya upaniSad pANini yA pA0=pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI paM0ma0 yA gaMgAma0 yA gaMgAmaktiv=gamAmaktitaraMgiNI | pAra0 gR0 yA pAraskaragR0=pAraskaragRhyasUtra gAvAkyA. yA gaMgAvA-gaMgAvAkyAvali pU0 mI0 sU0 yA pUrvamI0=pUrvamImAMsAsUtra gamagapurANa prA0 ta0, prAya0 ta0 yA prAyazcittata0 prAyazcittatattva

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prA0 pra0 prAya0 pra0 yA prAyazcittapra0 prAyazcittaprakaraNa prA0 prakAza yA prAya0 prakA0 = prAyazcittaprakAza prA0vi0 yA prAya0 vi0 yA prAyazcittavi0= prAyazcitaviveka prA0 ma0 yA prAya0 ma0 = prAyazcittamayUkha prA0 sA0 yA prAya0 sA0 yA prAya0 sAra= prAyazcitasAra bu0 bhU0 = budhabhUSaNa bRha0 yA bRhaspati 0 = bRhaspatismRti bR0 u0 yA bRha0 upa0= bR0 saM0 yA bRhatsaM 0 = bRhatsaMhitA bI0 gR0 sU0 yA baudhAyanagR0 = baudhAyanagRhyasUtra bI0 gha0 sU0 yA baughA 0 60 yA baudhAyanadharma = baudhAyanadharmasUtra bau0 zrI0 sU0 yA baughA0 zrI0 yA baudhAyanazrauta 0= baudhAyana zrautasUtra 0= bRhadAraNyakopaniSad bra0 yA brahma0 yA brahmapu0= brahmapurANa brahmANDa 0= brahmANDapurANa bhavi0 pu0 yA bhaviSya 0 = bhaviSyapurANa maitrI0 upa0== matsya 0= matsyapurANa ma0 pA0 yA mada0 pA0 = madanapArijAta mannu yA manu0 = manusmRti mAnava0 yA mAnavagRhya0 = mAnavagRhyasUtra mitA0 = mitAkSarA ( vijJAnezvara kRta yAjJavalkya - smRti kI TIkA ). mImAMsAko 0 yA mI0 kau0 khaNDadeva kA mImAMsAkaustubha meghA0 yA meghAtithi = manusmRti para meghAtithi kI TIkA yA manusmRti ke TIkAkAra medhAtithi 12 - rA0 nI0 pra0 yA rAjanI0 pra0 yA rAjanItitra0 = mitra mizra kA rAjanItiprakAza rAja0 ra0 yA rAjanItira0=baNDezvara kA rAjanIti ratnAkara 0 == mattryupaniSad maM0 saM0 yA maitrAyaNIsaM 0 maitrAyaNIsaMhitA 0 dha0 saM0 yA yatidharma. 0 = yatidharmasaMgraha yA0 yA yAjJa yA yAjJa0= yAjJavalkyasmRti rAja0= kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI rA0 gha0 kau0 yA rAjava0 kau0 yA rAjadharmako 0= rAja dharmakaustubha lATacA0 = lATaghAyana zrautasUtra vasiSTha 0 = vasiSThadharmasUtra | vAja0 saM0 yA vAjasaneyI saMvAjasaneyI saMhitA vAyu0= bAyupurANa vivAdaci0= vAcaspati mizra kI vivAdacintAmaNi vi0 20 yA vivAdara0 vivAdaratnAkara vizva0 yA vizvarUpa = vizvarUpa kI yAjJavalkya smRtiTIkA viSNu 0 = viSNupurANa = viSNu yA vi0 bha0 sU0 viSNudharmasUtra bI0 mi0= vIramitrodaya vai0 smA0 yA vaikhAnasa 0 = vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra vyava0 ta0 yA vyavahAra0 thA vyavahArata 0 raghunandana kA vyavahAratattva mya0 ni0 yA vyavahArani vyavahAranirNaya vyava0 pra0 yA vyavahArapra0 = mitra mizra kA vyavahAraprakAza vya0 ma0 yA vyabahArama0 nIlakaNTha kA vyavahAramayUla vya0 mA0 yA vyavahAramA 0 == jImUtavAhana kI vyavahAramAtRkA vyava0 sA0 yA vyavahArasA vyavahArasAra za0 grA0 yA zatapathabrA0 zatapathabrAhmaNa zaH tapa zAtAtaprasmRti zAM0 gR0 yA zAMkhAyanagRhya 0 = zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra zAM0 grA0 yA zAMkhAyanavA0=zAMsAyanabrAhmaNa zAM0 zrI0 sU0 yA zAMkhAyanazrauta 0 = zAMkhAyanazrautasUtra zAnti0= zAntiparva zukra0 yA zukranI0 yA zukranIti-zukranItisAra zUdrakama 0 zUdrakamalAkara zu0 kau0 yA zuddhi kI suddhikImuSI zu0 ka0 yA zuddhikalpa zuddhipra0 yA zu0 pra0 om zuddhi kalpatara (suddhi para) zuddhiprakAza

Page #14
zrA0 ka0la. yA zrAddhakalpa0=zrAvakalpalatA zrA0 kri0 ko0 yA zrAddhakriyA0=zrAddhakriyAkImudI zrA0pra0yA zrAvaNa zrAvaprakAza zrA0vi0 yA zrAdavi0 zrAddhaviveka sa0pI0 sU0 yA satyASADhazrIta0=satyASADhazrautasUtra sarasvatI0 yA sa0 vi0-sarasvatIvilAsa sA0mA0 yA sAma0 brA0-sAmavidhAnabrAhmaNa | skanda0 yA skandapu0 skandapurANa smR0 ca0 yA smRtica0smRticandrikA smR0 mu0 yA smRtimu0 smRtimuktAphala saM0 ko0 yA saMskArako0-saMskArakaustuma | saM0 pra0saMskAraprakAza | saM0 20 mA0 yA saMskArara0saMskAraratnamAlA | hi0 gR0 yA hiraNyakezigRhya-hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra iMgliza nAmoM ke saMketa A.G. =aiM0 ji0 (aiMzyeNTa jiyaoNgraphI Ava iNDiyA) Ain. A. =Aine akabarI (abula phaphla kRta) A.I. R. = Ala iNDiyA riporTara -A. S. R. =AAlAjikala sarve riporTsa (e0 esa0 Ara0) A. S. W. I. AAlaoNjikala sarve Ava vesTarna iNDiyA B. B. R.A. S. = bAmbe brAJca, raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI B.O. R. I. = bhaNDArakara orieNTala risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA C. I. I. =kArpasa iMskripzansa iNDikeram (sI0 AI0 AI0) E. I. . = epipraiphiyA iNDikA (epi0 iNDi0) I.A. = iNDiyana aiTIkverI (iNDi0 aiNTi0) I. H.Q. =iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI (iNDi0 hisTaoN0 kvA0) J,A.O. S. =jarnala Ava di amerikana orieNTala sosAiTI ___J.A. S. B. =jarnala Ava di eziyATika sosAiTI Ava vegAla J. B.O. R. S. = jarnala Ava di bihAra eNDa uDIsA risarca sosAiTI J. R.A. S. =jarnala Ava di raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI (landana) S. B.E: =saikreDa buka Ava di IsTa (maiksamUlara dvArA sampAdita) (esa0 bI0 I0)

Page #15
prasiddha evaM mahatvapUrNa pranthoM tathA lekhakoM kA kAla-nirdhAraNa [ inameM se bahutoM kA kAla sambhAvita, kalpanAtmaka evaM vicArAdhIna hai| I0 pU0 = IsA ke pUrva ; I0 u0 = IsA ke uparAnta ] 4000 - 1000 ( I0 pU0 ) 800 - 500 ( I0 pU0 ) 800-400 ( I0 pU0 ) 600 --- 300 ( I0 pU0 ) 600 - 300 ( I0 pU0 ) 500 - 200 ( I0 pU0 ) 500 - 200 ( I0 pU0 ) 300 ( I0 pU0 ) ) : 300 ( I0 pU0 ) - 100 ( I0 u0 150 ( I0 pU0 ) - 100 ( I0 u0 ) 200 ( I0 pU0 ) - 100 ( I0 u0 ) 100 ( I0. u0 ) - 300 ( I0 u0 ) : : 100 - 300 ( I0 u0 ) 100 - 400 ( I0 u0 ) 200-500 ( I0 u0 ) 200 - 500 ( I0 u0 ) 300-500 ( I0 u0 ) 40 yaha vaidika saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM evaM upaniSadoM kA kAla hai| Rgveda, atharvaveda evaM taittirIya saMhitA tathA brAhmaNa kI kucha RcAe~ 4000 I0 tsw0 ke bahuta pahale kI bhI ho sakatI haiM, aura kucha upaniSad (jinameM kucha ve bhI haiM, jinheM vidvAn loga atyanta prAcIna mAnate haiM) 1000 I0 pU0 ke pazcAtkAlIna bhI ho sakatI haiM / ( kucha vidvAn prastuta lekhaka kI isa mAnyatA ko ki vaidika saMhitAe~ 4000 I0 pU0 prAcIna haiM, nahIM svIkAra karate / ) yAska kI racanA nirukta / : pramukha zrautasUtra ( yathA - Apastamba, AzvalAyana, baudhAyana, kAtyAyana, satyASADha Adi) evaM kucha gRhyasUtra ( yathA - Apastamba evaM AzvalAyana ) / : gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana, vasiSTha ke dharmasUtra evaM pAraskara tathA kucha anya logoM ke gRhyasUtra / pANini / jaimini kA pUrvamImAMsAsUtra / bhagavadgItA / pANini ke sUtroM para vArtika likhane vAle vararuci kAtyAyana / kauTilya kA arthazAstra ( apekSAkRta pahalI sImA ke AsapAsa) / : : : : : : : pataJjali kA mahAbhASya ( sambhavataH apekSAkRta prathama sImA ke AsapAsa) / manusmRti / yAjJavalkyasmRti / viSNughamaMsUtra / nAradasmRti / : vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra / : jaimini ke pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke mASyakAra zabara ( apekSAkRta pUrva samaya ke AsapAsa) / vyavahAra Adi para bRhaspati-smRti ( abhI taka isakI prati nahIM mila sakI hai)| esa0 bI0 I0 (jilda 33 ) meM vyavahAra ke aMza anUdita haiM aura pro0 raMgasvAmI AyaMgara ne dharma ke bahuta-se viSaya saMgRhIta kiye haiM jo gAyakavAr3a borieNTala sIrIja dvArA prakAzita haiN|

Page #16
- 15 - 300-600 (10 u0) 400-600 (60 u0) 500-550 (60 u0) 600-650 (60 u0) 650-665 (60 u0) 650-700 (I0 u0) 600-900 (I0 u0) 788-820 (60 u0) 800-850 (I0 u0) 825-900 (I0 u0) 966 (I0 u0) 1000-1050 (I0 u0) 1080-1100 (60 u0) 1080-1110 (60 u0) 1100-1130 (10 u0) 1100-1150 (60 u0) 1100-1150 (60 u.) 1110-1130 (60 u0) 1114-1983 (10 u0) : kucha vidhamAna purANa, yathA-vAyu0, viSNu0, mArkaNDeya0, matsya, kuurmH| : kAtyAyanasmRti (abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakI hai)| : varAhamihira; paMca-siddhAntikA, bRhatsaMhitA, bRhajjAtaka Adi ke lekhk| : kAdambarI evaM harSacarita ke lekhaka baann| : pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI para kAAzakA-vyAkhyAkAra vAmana jayAditya / : kumArila kA tntrvaatik| : adhikAMza smRtiyAM, yathA-parAzara, zaMkha, devala tathA kucha purANa, yathA agni0, mkdd'| : mahAn advaitavAdI dArzanika shNkraacaary| : yAjJavalkyasmRti ke TIkAkAra vishvruup| : manusmRti ke TIkAkAra medhaatithi| : varAhamihira ke bRhajjAtaka kI TIkA karanevAle pl| : bahuta-se granthoM ke lekhaka pArezvara bhoj| : yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA mitAkSarA ke lekhaka vijnyaaneshvr| : manusmRti ke vyAkhyAkAra govindraaj|| : kalpataru yA kRtyakalpataru nAmaka vizAla dharmazAstra-viSayaka nibandha ke lekhaka lkssmiipr| : dAyamAga, kAlaviveka evaM vyavahAramAtRkA ke lekhaka jiimuutvaahn| : prAyazcittaprakaraNa evaM anya granthoM ke racayitA bhavadeva bhtttt| : aparArka, zilAhAra rAjA ne yAjJavalkyasmRti para eka TIkA likhI. : bhAskarAcArya , jo siddhAntaziromaNi ke, jisakA lIlAvatI eka baMza hai, praNetA haiN| : somezvara deva kA mAnasollAsa yA abhilssitaarth-cintaamnni| : kalhaNa kI raajtrNginnii| : hAralatA evaM pitRdayitA ke praNetA aniruddha bhtttt| : zrIdhara kA smRtyrthsaar| : gautama evaM Apastamba nAmaka dharmasUtroM tathA kucha gRhyasUtro ke TIkAkAra hrdtt| : devaNNa bhaTTa kI smRticndrikaa| : manusmRti ke vyAkhyAkAra kulluuk| : dhanaJjaya ke putra evaM brAhmaNasarvasva ke praNetA halAyudha / : hemAdri kI cturvrgcintaamnni| . .:. varadarAja kA vyvhaarnirnny| : pitRmakti, samayapradIpa evaM anya granthoM ke praNetA shriidtt| : gRhastharatnAkara, vivAdaratnAkara, kriyAratnAkara Adi pannoM ke racayitA pheshvr| 1127-1138 (I0 u0) 1150-1160 (I0 u0) 1150-1180 (60 u0) 1150-1200 (60 u0) 1150-1300 (60 u0) 1200-1225 (I0 u0) 1150-1300 (I0 u0) 1175 -1200 (I0 u0) 1260-1270 (I0 u0) 1200-1300 (I0 u0) 1275-1310 (I0 30) 1300-1370 (60 u0)

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1300-1380 (60 u0) 1300-1380 (60 u0) 1360-1390 (60 u0) 1360-148 (60 u0) 1375-140 (60 u0) 1375-1500 (60 u0) 1400-1500 (60 u0) 1400-1450 (10 u0) 1425-1450 (I0 u0) 1425-1460 (I0 u0) 1425-1490 (10 u0) 1450-1500 (60 u0) 1490-1512 (60 u0) 1490-1515 (10 u0) : vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke bhASyoM ke saMgrahakartA saaynn| : parAzarasmRti kI TIkA parAzaramAdhavIya tathA anya granthoM ke racayitA evaM sAyaNa ke bhAI maadhvaacaary| : madanapAla evaM unake putra ke saMrakSaNa meM madanapArijAta evaM mahArNavaprakAza saMgrahIta kiye gye| : gaMgAvAkyAvalI Adi granthoM ke praNetA vidyApati ke janma evaM maraNa kI tithiyA~ / dekhie iNDiyana aiSTIkverI (jilda 14, pR0 190-191), jahA~ devasiMha ke putra zivasiMha dvArA vidyApati ko diye gaye visapI nAmaka grAmadAna ke zilAlekha meM cAra tithiyoM kA vivaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai (yathA-zaka 1321, saMvat 1455, la0 saM0 283 evaM san 807) / : yAjJavalkya kI TIkA vIpakalikA, prAyazcittaviveka, durgotsavaviveka evaM anya anyoM ke lekhaka shuulpaanni| : vizAla nibandha dharmatattvakalAniSi (zrAva, vyavahAra Adi ke prakAzoM meM vibhAjita) ke lekhaka evaM nAgamalla ke putra pRthviicndr| : tantravArtika ke TIkAkAra somezvara kI nyaaysudhaa| : misa mizra kA vivaadcndr| : madanasiMha deva rAjA dvArA saMgRhIta vizAla nibandha madanarala / : zuddhiviveka, bhAvaviveka Adi ke lekhaka rudrdhr| : zuddhicintAmaNi, tIcintAmaNi Adi ke racayitA vaacspti| : daNDaviveka, gaMgAkRtyaviveka Adi ke racayitA varSamAna / : dalapati kA vyavahArasAra, jo nRsiMhaprasAda kA eka bhAga hai| : dalapati kA nRsiMhaprasAda, jisake bhAga ye haiM-zrAvasAra, tIrthasAra, prAya zivattasAra aadi| : pratAparudradeva rAjA ke saMrakSaNa meM saMgRhIta srsvtiivilaas| : zuzkiImuvI, prAyakriyAkomudI Adi ke praNetA govindAnanda / prayogaratna, antyeSTipaddhati, tristhalIsetu ke lekhaka nArAyaNa bhtttt| : zrAdatattva, tIrthatattva, zudvitasva, prAyazcittatattva Adi tatvoM ke lekhaka . rghunndn| : ToDaramala ke saMrakSaNa meM ToDarAnanda ne kaIsausyoM meM zuddhi, tIrtha, prAyazcitta, karmavipAka evaM anya 15 viSayoM para anya likhe| : daitanirNaya yA dharmadvaitanirNaya ke lekhaka zaMkara bhaTTa / : vaijayantI (viSNudharmasUtra kI TIkA), zrAvakalpalatA, zuvicandrikA evaM dattakamImAMsA ke lekhaka nanda pnnddit| . : nirNayasindhu tathA vivAdatANNava, zUdrakamalAkara Adi anya 20 anvoM ke lekhaka kamalAkara mtttt| 1500-1525 (I0 u0) 1500-1540 (60 u0) 1513-1580 (020) 1520-1575 (10 u0) 1520-1585 (10 u0) . 1560-1620 (10 u0) 1590-1630 (60 u0) 1610-1940 (60 u0)

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1510-1940 (020) 1910-1645 (10 u0) 1950-1980 (10 u0). 1700-1740 (10 u0) 1700-1750 (10 u0) : mitra miva kA vIramitrodaya, jisake bhAga haiM tIrthaprakAza, prAyazcittaprakAza, bhAvaprakAza aadi| : prAyazcitta, zuSi, zrADa Adi viSayoM para 12 mayUkhoM meM (yathA-nIti mayUsa, vyavahAramayUkha mAdi) racita bhagavantamAskara ke lekhaka niilknntth| : rApadharmakaustuma ke praNetA anntdev| : vanASa kA smRtimuktaaphl| . : tIpenduzekhara, prAyazcittenduzekhara, zrAkhenduzekhara Adi lagabhaga 50 granthoM . ke lekhaka nAgeza bhaTTa yA naagojibhtttt| : dharmasinda ke lekhaka kAzInAtha upaadhyaay| : mitAbharA para 'bAlambhaTTI nAmaka TIkA ke lekhaka baalmbhtttt| 1790 (020) 1710-1820 (10 u0)

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Page #20
viSaya-sUcI prathama sapa 1 ~ 620. Gram inrTTE adhyAya viSaya ka. prAkkathana kha. uvaraNa-saMketa ga. iMgliza nAmoM ke saMketa pa. pramukha granthoM aura lekhakoM kA kAla nirdhAraNa 1. dharma kA artha aura dharmazAstroM kA paricaya (1) dharma kA artha (2) dharma ke upAdAna zAstra granthoM kA nirmANakAla (4) dharmasUtra (5) gautama-dharmasUtra (6) baudhAyana-dharmasUtra (7) Apastamba-dharmasUtra (8) hiraNyakezi-dharmasUtra (9) vasiSTha-dharmasUtra (10) viSNu-dharmasUtra (11) hArIta-dharmasUtra (12) zaMkha-likhita-dharmasUtra (13) mAnava-dharmasUtra (?) (14) kauTilya kA arthazAstra (15) vaikhAnasa-dharmaprazna dharma saMbandhI anya sUtragranya (16) atri . (15) uzanA (18) kaNva evaM kANva ; (19) kazyapa evaM kAzyapa ; (20) gAgrya (21) vyavana ; (22) jAtakarNya ; (23) devala ; (24) paiThInasi ; (25) buSa (26) bRhaspati ; (27) bharadvAja evaM mAtAja (28) zAtAta; (29) sumantu 204* 2

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(30) smRtiyA~ (31) manusmRti (32) donoM mahAkAvya ( rAmAyaNa- mahAbhArata ; ( 33 ) purANa (34) yAjJavalkya smRti (35) parAzara -smRti (36) nArada -smRti ( 37 ) bRhaspati 20 (38) kAtyAyana ( 39 ) agirA (40) RSyazrRMga (41) kArSNAjini ; (42) catuvizati mata (43) vakSa (44) pitAmaha ; ( 45 ) pulastya ; ( 46 ) pracetA ( (47) prajApati (48) marIci ; (50) logAkSi ; ( 51 ) vizvAmitra (53) patriyAnmata (54) saMgraha yA smRti-saMgraha (55) saMvarta (56) hArIta (57) bhASya (TIkA) evaM nibandha (58) asahAya (59) martRyajJa; (60) vizvarUpa (61) mAruci ; ( 62 ) zrIkara (63) meghAtithi 49 ) yama (52) vyAsa (64) dhArezvara bhojadeva ; (65) devasvAmI (66) jitendriya (67) bAlaka; (68) bAlarUpa (69) yogloka ; ( 70 ) vijJAnezvara (71) kAmadhenu ( 72 ) halAyudha (73) bhavadeva bhaTTa (74) prakAza (75) pArijAta (76) govindarAja (77) lakSmIvara kA kalpataru ; ( 78) jImUtavAhana (79) aparArka (80) pradIpa ; (81) zrIvara kA smRtyarthasAra (82) aniruddha ; ( 83) ballAlasena ; ( 84) harihara (85) devaNNa bhaTTa kI smRticandrikA (86 ) haradatta 1 (87) hemAdri; (88) kullUka bhaTTa ( 89 ) zrIvata upAdhyAya (90) caNDezvara (91) harinAtha (92) mAdhavAcArya Yo 42 48. 49 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 4 tr 65 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

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- (93) madanapAla evaM vizvezvara maTTa (94) madanarala ; (95) zUlapANi . (96) rudradhara ; (97) misarU mizra (98) vAcaspati mizra ; (99) nRsiMhaprasAda (100) pratAparudradeva ; (101) govindAnanda ; (102) raghunandana (103) nArAyaNa bhaTTa (104) ToDarAnanda (105) nanda paNDita (106) kamalAkara bhaTTa (107) nIlakaNTha bhaTTa (108) mitramitra kA vIramitrodaya ; (109) anantadeva (110) nAgojibhaTTa ; (111) bAlakRSNa bhaTTa yA bAlambhaTTa (112) kAzInAtha upAdhyAya ; (113) jagannAtha tarkapaMcAyanana (114) niSkarSa G vittIya baga 101 142 172 176 208 264 adhyAya viSaya 1. dharmazAstra ke vividha viSaya 2. varNa 3. vargoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra 4. aspRzyatA 5. dAsaprathA 6. saMskAra 7. upanayana 8. Azrama 9. vivAha 10. madhuparka tathA anya AcAra 11. bahupalIkatA, bahumata katA tathA vivAha ke adhikAra evaM kartavya 12. vidhavAdharma, striyoM ke kucha vizeSAdhikAra evaM paradA prathA 13. niyoga 14. vidhavA-vivAha, vivAha-viccheda (talAka) 15. satI-prathA 16. vezyA 17. Ahnika evaM AcAra 18. paJca mahAyajJa 19. devayajJa 268 308 312 330 338 342 348 355 383

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20. vaizvadeva 21. nRyajJa yA manuSya-yajJa 22. bhojana 23. upAkarma evaM utsarjana 24. apradhAna gRhya tathA anya kRtya 25. dAna 26. pratiSThA evaM utsarga 27. vAnaprastha 28. saMnyAsa 29. zrI (vaidika) yajJa 30. darza- pUrNamAsa 31. cAturmAsya (Rtu saMbaMdhI yajJa ) 32. pazubandha 33. agniSToma 34. anya somayajJa 35. sautrAmaNI, azvamegha evaM anya yaza - 22 404 408 413 436 440 447 472 482 490 508 524 535 541 545 556 564

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prathama khaNDa dharma kA artha Adi

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adhyAya 1 dharma kA artha aura dharmazAstroM kA paricaya 1. dharma kA artha 'dharma' zabda una saMskRta zabdoM meM hai jinakA prayoga kaI arthoM meM hotA AyA hai| yaha zabda aneka parivartanoM evaM viparyayoM ke cakra meM ghUma cukA hai| Rgveda kI RcAoM meM yaha zabda yA to vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM yA saMjJA ke rUpa meM prayukta huA' hai ('dharman' ke rUpa meM tathA sAmAnyataH napuMsaka liMga meM ) / isa zabda kA isa rUpa meM prayoga chappana bAra huA hai| veda kI bhASA meM una dinoM isa zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA thA; yaha kahanA azakya hai| spaSTataH yaha zabda 'ghR' dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai dhAraNa karanA, Alambana denA, pAlana karanA / Rgveda kI kucha RcAoM meM, yathA 1.187.1, 10.92.2 tathA 10.21.3 meM 'dharma' zabda pulliMga meM prayukta huA hai ' kintu anya sthAnoM meM yaha yA to napuMsaka liMga meM hai yA usa rUpa meM, jise hama pulliMga evaM napuMsaka donoM samajha sakate haiN| adhika sthAnoM para 'dharma', 'dhArmika vidhiyoM' yA 'dhArmika kriyA-saMskAroM' ke rUpa meM hI prayukta huA hai, yathA Rgveda, 1.22.18, 5.26.6, 7.43.24, 9.64.1 Adi sthAnoM para / Rgveda kI 1.164.43 tathA 10.90.16 vAlI 'tAni dharmANi prathamAnyAsan' RcAM uparyukta kathana ko pramANita karatI hai| isI prakAra 'prathamA dharmA' (Rgveda, 3.17.1 evaM 10.56.3 ) tathA 'sanatA dharmANi' (Rgveda, 3.3.1 ) kA artha kramaza: prathama vidhiyA~' tathA 'prAcIna vidhiyA~ hai / - kahI kahIM yaha artha nahIM bhI prakaTa hotA, yathA 4.53.3, 5.63.7, 6.70.1, 7.89.5; ' jahA~ para 'dharma' kA artha 'nizcita niyama' ( vyavasthA yA siddhAnta). yA 'AcaraNa-niyama' hai| 'dharma' zabda ke uparyukta artha vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM bhI milate haiM (2.3 tathA 5.27) eka sthAna para hameM 'dhruveNa dharmaNA' kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| vahIM hameM 'dharmaH' (dharma se) zabda kA bahula prayoga bhI milatA hai|' Rgveda ke bahuta se mantra atharvaveda meM milate haiM, jinameM 'dharman' 1. Rgveda (1.187.1) pituM nu stoSaM maho dharmANaM tvissom| yahI zukla yajurveda ( 34.7) meM bhI AyA hai / RRgveda (10.92.2 ) imamaJjaspAmubhaye akRNvata dharmANamagniM vivayasya sAdhanam / Rgveda, 10.21.3 (tve dharmANa Asate juhUbhiH siJcatIriva ) / 2. A prA rajAMsi divyAni pArthivA ilokaM devaH kRNute svAya dharmaNe / 3. dharmaNA mitrAMvaruNA vipazcitA vratA rakSethe asurasya mAyayA / 4. dyAvApRthivo varuNasya dharmaNA viSkabhite ajare bhUriretasA / 5. acitto yattava dharmA yuthopima mA nastasmAdenaso deva rIriSaH / 6. dekhie, 10.29 tathA 20.9 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zabda kA prayoga huA hai| atharvaveda ( 9.9.17) meM 'dharma' zabda kA prayoga " dhArmika kriyA saMskAra karane se arjita guNa" ke artha meM huA hai / aitareya brAhmaNa meM 'dharma' zabda sakala dhArmika kartavyoM ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / chAndogyopaniSad (2.23) meM dharma kA eka mahattvapUrNa artha milatA hai, jisake anusAra dharma kI tIna zAkhAe~ mAnI gayI haiM- (1) yajJa, adhyayana evaM dAna, arthAt gRhasthadharma, (2) tapasyA arthAt tApasa dharma tathA . (3) brahmacAritva arthAt AcArya ke gRha meM anta taka rhnaa|" yahA~ 'dharma' zabda AzramoM ke vilakSaNa kartavyoM kI ora saMketa kara rahA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 'dharma' zabda kA artha samaya-samaya para parivartita hotA rahA hai| kintu anta meM yaha mAnava ke vizeSAdhikAroM, kartavyoM, bandhanoM kA dhotaka, Arya jAti ke sadasya kI AcAra - vidhi kA paricAyaka evaM varNAzrama kA dyotaka ho gayA ! taittirIyopaniSad meM chAtroM ke lie jo 'dharma' zabda prayukta huA hai, vaha isI ardha meM hai, yathA "satyaM vada", "dharma cara"...Adi (1.11 ) | bhagavadgItA ke 'svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH' meM mI 'dharma' zabda kA yahI artha hai / dharmazAstra-sAhitya meM 'dharma' zabda isI atha prayukta huA hai / manusmRti ke anusAra muniyoM ne manu se sabhI varNoM ke dharmo kI zikSA dene ke lie prArthanA kI thI (1.2 ) / yahI artha yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai ( 1.1 ) / tantravArtika ke anusAra dharmazAstroM kA kArya hai varNoM evaM AzramoM ke dharmoM kI zikSA denA / " manusmRti ke vyAkhyAtA medhAtithi ke anusAra mRtikAroM ne dharma ke pA~ca svarUpa mAne haiM -- (1) varNadharma, (2) Azramadharma, (3) varNAzrama dharma, (4) naimittika dharma ( yathA prAyazcitta) tathA (5) guNadharma ( abhiSikta rAjA ke saMrakSaNa sambandhI kartavya ) / 2 isa pustaka meM 'dharma' zabda kA yahI artha liyA jAyagA / isa sambandha meM 'dharma kI katipaya manorama paribhASAoM kI ora saMketa karanA apekSita hai / pUrvamImAMsA - sUtra meM jaimini ne dharma ko 'vedavihita preraka' lakSaNoM ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA hai, arthAt vedoM meM prayukta anuzAsanoM ke anusAra calanA hI dharma hai / dharma kA sambandha una kriyA-saMskAroM se hai, jinase Ananda milatA hai aura jo vedoM dvArA prerita evaM prazaMsita haiM / " vaizeSikasUtrakAra ne dharma kI yaha paribhASA kI hai--dharma vahI hai jisase Ananda evaM niHzreyama kI siddhi ho / " isI prakAra kucha ekAMgI paribhASAe~ bhI haiM, yathA 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' (anuzAsanaparva, 115.1), 4 7. acittyA cetava dharmA yuyopima (6.51.3), yajJena yajJamayajanta ( 7.5.1), trINi padA vicakrame (7.27.5) / 8. Rta satyaM tapo rASTraM zramo dharmazca karma ca / bhUtaM bhaviSyaducchiSTe vIyaM lakSmIrbalaM bale / 9. dharmasya goptAnoti tamabhyutkRSTamevaM vidabhiSekSyantretayArcAbhimantrayaMta (aitareya brAhmaNa, 7.17) / aisI hI eka ukti 8.13 meM bhI hai| upaniSadoM evaM saMskRta meM bhI 'dharma' zabda bahuvrIhi samAsa ke padoM meM AyA hai, yathA 'anucchittidharmA' (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad) tathA 'dharmAdanic kevalAt' pANini ( 5.4.124) kA sUtra / 10. trayo dharmaskandhA yajJo'dhyayanaM dAnamiti prathamastapa eveti dvitIyo brahmacAryAcAryakulavAsI tRtIyo' tyantamAtmAnamAcAryakule'vasAdayan / sarva ete puNyalokA bhavanti brahmasaMstho'mRtatvameti / 11. 'sarvadharmasUtrANAM varNAzramadharmopadezitvAt', pRSTha 237 / 12. gautama - dharmasUtra ( 19.1) ke vyAkhyAtA haradatta tathA manusmRti (2.25 ) ke vyAkhyAtA govindarAja ne bhI dharma ke ye hI pA~ca prakAra upasthita kiye haiN| 13. codanAlakSaNo'rtho dharmaH (pUrvamImAMsA sUtra, 1.1.2 ) / 14. ayAto dharmaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH / yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhiH sa dharmaH (vaizeSika sUtra ) /

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dharma ke upAdAna 'AnRzaMsyaM paro dharmaH' (vanaparva, 373.76), 'AcAraH paramo dharmaH' (manusmRti, 1.108) / harota ne dharma ko zrutipramANaka mAnA hai| bauddha dharma-sAhitya meM dharma zabda kaI arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| kabhI-kabhI ise bhagavAna buddha kI sampUrNa zikSA kA dyotaka mAmA gayA hai| ise astitva kA eka tattva arthAt jar3a tattva, mana evaM zaktiyoM kA eka tattva mI mAnA gayA hai| 2. dharma ke upAdAna gautamadharmasUtra ke anusAra veda dharma kA mUla hai| jo dharmajJa haiM, jo vedoM ko jAnate haiM, unakA mata hI dharma-pramANa hai, aisA Apastamba kA kathana hai| aisA hI kathana vasiSThadharmasUtra kA bhI hai (1.4.6) / " manusmRti ke anusAra dharma ke upAdAna pAMca haiM-sampUrNa veda, vedajJoM kI paramparA evaM vyavahAra, sAdhuoM kA AcAra tathA aatmtusstti| aisI hI bAta yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai--- veda, smRti (paramparA se calA AyA huA jJAna), sadAcAra (bhadra logoM ke AcAra vyavahAra), jo apane ko priya (acchA) lage tathA ucita saMkalpa se utpanna abhikAMkSA yA icchA; ye hI paramparA se cale Aye hue dharmopAdAna haiN|" uparyukA pramANoM se spaSTa hai ki dharma ke mUla upAdAna haiM veda, smRtiyA~ tathA paramparA se calA AyA huA ziSTAcAra (sdaacaar)| vedoM meM spaSTa rUpa se dharma-viSayaka vidhiyA~ nahIM prApta hotI, kintu unameM prAsaMgika nirdeza avazya pAye jAte haiM aura kAlAntara ke dharmazAstra-sambandhI prakaraNoM kI ora saMketa bhI milatA hai| vedoM meM lagabhaga pacAsa aise sthala haiM jahA~ vivAha, vivAha-prakAra, putra-prakAra, goda-lenA, sampatti-baMTavArA, rivathalAbha (vasIyata), zrAddha, strIdhana jaisI vidhiyoM para prakAza par3atA hai| vedoM kI RcAoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhrAtRhIna kanyA ko vara milanA kaThina thaa| kAlAntara meM dharmasUtroM evaM yAjJavalkya-smRti meM bhrAtRvihIna kanyA ke vivAha ke viSaya meM jo carcA huI hai, vaha vedoM kI paramparA se guMthI huI hai| vivAha ke viSaya meM Rgveda kI 10.85 15. ayAto dharma vyaakhyaasyaamH| zrutipramANako dhrmH| zrutizca dvividhA, vaidiko tAntrikI ca / kullUpha dvArA manu0 (2-1) meM uddhRt| 16. An element of existence, i.e. of marter, mind and forces. vide Dr. Stcherbatsky's monograph on the central conception of Buddhism (1923), P. 73. 17. vedo dharmamUlam / tadvidAM ca smtishole| (gautamadharmasUtra, 1.1.2) / 18. dharmaja samayaH pramANaM vedAzca / (Apastamba-dharmasUtra, 1.1.1.2) / . 19. zrutismRtivihito dhrmH| tadalAbhe ziSTAcAraH pramANam / ziSTaH punrkaamaatmaa| 20. vedo'khilodharmamUlaM smRtizole ca tadvidAm / AcArazcaiva sAdhUnAmAtmanastuSTireva ca ||mnu0 2.6 / 21. zrutiH smRtiH sadAcAraH svasya ca priymaatmnH| samyak saMkalpajaH kAmo dharmamUlamidaM smRtam / / yAjJavalkya, 1.7 / 22. dekhie, janala Apha di bAmbe brAMca, rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI (J. B. B. R. A.S.), jilda 26 (1922), pR0 57.82 / 23. amAtariva pitroH sacA satI samAnAdA sadasastvAmiyaM bhagam / Rgveda, 2.17.7 / dekhie, Rgveda, 1.124.7; 6.5.5, atharvaveda, 1.17.1 tathA nirukta, 3.4.5 / 24. arogiNI bhrAtamatomasamAnArSagotrajAm / yAjJavalkya, 1.53; dekhie, manusmRti 3.11 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vAlI RcA Aja taka gAyI jAtI hai aura vivAha-vivi meM pramukha sthAna rakhatI hai|" dharmasUtroM evaM manusmRti meM Nita brAhma vivAha-vidhi kI jhalaka vaidika samaya meM bhI mila jAtI hai| vaidika kAla meM Asura vivAha ajJAta nahIM thaa| gAndhavaM vivAha kI bhI carcA veda meM milatI hai| aurasa putra kI mahattA kI bhI carcA AyI hai| Rgveda meM likhA hai--anaurasa putra, cAhe vaha bahuta hI sundara kyoM na ho, nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie, usake viSaya meM socanA bhI nahIM caahie| tattirIya saMhitA meM tIna RNoM ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dharmasUtroM meM varNita kSetraja putra kI carcA prAcInatama vaidika sAhitya meM bhI huI hai|" taittirIya saMhitA meM AyA hai ki pitA apane jIvana-kAla ma hI apanI sampatti kA ba~TavArA apane putroM meM kara sakatA hai| isI sAhitA meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki pitA ne apane jyepTa putra ko saba kucha de diyaa|"Rgved meM yaha AyA hai ki bhAI apanI bahina ko paitRka sampatti kA kucha bhI bhAga nahIM detaa| prAcIna evaM arvAcIna dharmazAstra-lemvakA ne taittirIya saMhitA ke eka kathana para vizvAsa rakhakara strI ko riktha (vasIyata) se alaga kara diyA hai| Rgveda ne vidyArthI-jIvana (brahmacarya) kI prazaMsA kI hai, zatapathabrAhmaNa ne brahmacArI ke kartavyoM kI carcA kI hai, yathA madirA-pAna se dUra rahanA tathA saMdhyAkAla meM agni meM samidhA ddaalnaa| taittirIya saMhitA meM AyA hai ki jaba indra ne patiyoM ko kunoM (bher3iyoM) ke (khAne ke lie de diyA, to prajApati ne usake lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kii| satapatha brAhmaNa ne rAjA tathA vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko pavitra anuzAsana pAlana karanevAle 25. gRbhNAmi te sobhagatrAya (Rgveda, 10.85.36) / dekhie, Apastamba-gRhyasUtra, 2.4.14 / 26. gautamaya sUtra 4.4; baudhAyanadhamaMsUtra 1.2.2; ApastambadharmasUtra, 2.5.11.17; manusmRti, 3.27 / 27. vasiSThadharmasUtra 1.36.37; dekhie, ApastambadharmasUtra 2.6.13.11, jahA~ kanyA-kraya ko vyAkhyA kI gayI hai, aura dekhie, pUrvamImAMsAsUtra, 6.1.15-'krayaraya dhrmmaatrtvm|' 28. bhadrA vadhUbhavati yatsupezAH svayaM sA mitraM vanute jane cit / Rgveda, 10.27.12 / 29. na hi prabhAyAraNaH suzejo anyodayoM manasA mantavA u / Rgveda, 7.5.8 / 30. jAgabhAno va brAhmagastribhiRNavAn jAyate, brahmacaryeNa RSibhyo yajJena devebhyaH prajayA pitRbhyaH / taittirIya saMhitA, 6.3.10.5 / 31. ko vAM zayutrA vidhaveva devaraM mayaM na yoSA kRgute sadhastha aa| Rgveda, 10.40.2 / ___32. manuH putrebhyo dAyaM dhyabhajat / taittiroya saMhitA, 3.1.9.4) ApastambadharmasUtra (2.6.14.11) tathA baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2.2.2) ne isakA Alambana liyA hai| 33. tasmAjjyeSTha putraM dhanena niravasAyayanti / taittirIya saMhitA 2.5.2.7 / isa kathana ko ora ApastambadharmasUtra (2.6.14.12) tathA baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2.2.5) ne saMketa kiyA hai| 34. na jAmaye tAnyo rikthamAraka-Rgveda, 3.31.2 / dekhie, nirukta (3.53) ko vyaakhyaa| 35. tasmAt striyo nirindriyA adAyAdorapi pApAtpuMsa upastitaraM vadanti / taittirIya saMhitA,6.5.8.2 / 36. brahmacAro carati viSadviSaH sa devAnAM bhvtyekmnggm| Rgveda, 10.109.5 / zatapathabrAhmaNa (11.5.4.18) meM AyA hai-'tdaahuH| na brahmacArI sanmadhvaznIyAt / tulanA kIjie, manusmRti, 2.177 / 'samidh' ke lie dekhie zatapabrAhmaNa (11.3.3.1) / __ 37. indro yatAn zAlAvRkebhyaH prAyacchat / medhAtithi (manusmRti, 11.45) ne isakA uddharaNa diyA hai| dekhie, aitareyabrAhmaNa, 7.28, tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa, 8.1.4, 13.4.17 tathA atharvaveda, 2.5.3 /

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dharmazAstramAnyoM kA nirmANa-kAla (ghRtavrata) kahA hai|" taittirIya saMhitA meM kahA hai-'ataH zUdra yajJa ke yogya nahIM hai| aitareya brAhmaNa kA kathana hai ki jaba rAjA yA koI anya yogya guNI atithi AtA hai to loga baila yA go-saMbaMdhI upahAra dete haiN|" zatapathabrAhmaNa ne vedAdhyayana ko yajJa mAnA hai aura taittirIyAraNyaka ne una pA~ca yajJoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinakI carnA manusmRti meM bhalI prakAra huI hai| Rgveda meM gAya, ghor3A, sone tathA paridhAnoM ke dAna kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai|" Rgveda ne usa manaSya kI bhartsanA kI hai. jo kevala apanA hI svArtha dekhatA hai|" Rgveda meM 'prapA' kI carcA huI hai, yathA--tu marubhUmi meM prapA ke sadRza hai|" jaimini ke vyAkhyAtA zabara tathA yAjJavalkya ke vyAkhyAtA vizvarUpa ne 'prapA' (vaha sthAna jahA~ yAtriyoM ko jala milatA hai) ke lie vyavasthA batalAyI hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kAlAntara meM dharmasUtroM evaM dharmazAstroM meM jo vidhiyA~ batalAyI gayIM, unakA mUla vaidika sAhitya meM akSuNNa rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| dharmazAstroM ne veda ko jo dharma kA mUla kahA hai, vaha ucita hI hai| kintu yaha satya hai ki veda dharma-sambandhI nibandha nahIM hai, vahA~ to dharma-sambandhI bAteM prasaMgavaza AtI gayI haiN| vAstava meM dharmazAstra-sambandhI viSayoM ke yathAtathya evaM niyamaniSTha vivecana ke lie hameM smRtiyoM kI ora hI jhukanA par3atA hai| 3. dharmazAstra-granthoM kA nirmANa-kAla dharma-sambandhI nibandhoM tathA niyamaparaka dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM kA praNayana kaba se Arambha huA? yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai, kintu isakA koI nizcita uttara de denA sambhava nahIM hai / nirukta (3. 4. 5) se prakaTa hotA hai ki yAska ke bahuta pahale rikyAdhikAra ke prazna ko lekara garamAgarama vAda-vivAda uTha khar3e hue the, yathA putroM tathA putriyoM kA riktha-niSeSa tathA putrikA ke adhikaar| ho sakatA hai ki rikthAdhikAra (vasIyata) sambandhI isa prakAra ke vAda-vivAda kAlAntara meM lipibaddha ho gaye hoN| vasIyata-sambandhI vArtA kI ora yAska ne jisa prakAra se saMketa kiyA hai, usase jhalakatA hai ki unhoMne kucha granthoM kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai, jinameM vaidika vacanoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye the| eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki vasIyata ke viSaya meM yAska ne eka padya kA uddharaNa diyA hai, jise ve 38. eSa ca bhotriyazcatI have hI manuSyeSa ptvto| zatapathabrAhmaNa, 5.4.4.5 / 39. tasmAcyo yo'nvklptH| taittirIya saMhitA, 7.1.1.6 / 40. tabarSabAyo manuSyarAja Agate'nyasminvAhatyukSANaM vA behataM vA kSadanta evamasmA etatkSadante padagniM mananti / aitareya brAhmaNa, 1.15 / tulanA kIjie-vasiSThadharmasUtra, 4.8 / 41. paJca vA ete mahAyazAH satati pratAyante satati santiSThante devayataH pitRyajJo bhUtayajJo manuSyayajJo brhmyjnyH| taittirIyAraNyaka, 2.10.7 / 42. ujyA vivi dakSiNAyanto asthairye azvadAH saha te suuryenn| hiraNyadA amRtatvaM bhajante vAsodAH prona pratiranta aayuH| Rgveda, 10:107.2H / 43. kevalAyo bhavati kevlaadii| Rgveda, 10.117.6 / 4. pavAniva prapA asi svamagna iyakSave pUrakhe pratla rAjan / Rgveda, 10.4.1 / 45. arthatA jAmyA rizvapratiSedha udAharanti jyeSThaM putrikAyA ityeke|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa RcA na kahakara zloka kahate haiN| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dharma-sambandhI anya iloka-chanda meM yA zlokoM (anuSTap) meM praNIta the| buhalara jaise vidvAn to aisA kaheMge ki padya-baddha bAteM smRtizIla thIM, jo janatA kI smRti meM yoM hI bahatI AtI thiiN| yadi dharma-sambandhI viSayoM ke grantha yAska ke pUrva vidyamAna the to dharmazAstrIya granthoM kI tithi bahuta prAcIna mAnI jaaygii| isa viSaya meM anya pramANa bhI haiN| gautama, dodhAyana tathA Apastamba ke dharmasUtra nizcita rUpa se IsApUrva 600 aura 300 ke bIca ke haiN| gautama ne dharmazAstroM kI carcA kI hai, baudhAyana (4.5.9) ne bhI 'dharmazAstra' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai|" baudhAyana ne 'dharma-pAThakoM kI carcA kI hai (1.1.9) / gautama ne bahuta se dharmazAstroM ke zabda 'ityeke' kahakara uddhRta kiye haiM (yathA 2. 15; 2.58; 3.1; 4.21; 7.23) / unhoMne manu kI ora eka bAra tathA AcAryoM kI ora kaI bAra (3.36; 4.18 evaM 23) saMketa kiyA hai|" baudhAyana ne aupajaMghani, kAtya, kAzyapa, gautama, maudgalya tathA hArIta nAmaka dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma ginAye haiN| Apastamba ne bhI eka, kaNva, kotsa, hArIta Adi RSiyoM ke nAma liye haiN| eka vArtika bhI hai jisane dharmazAstra kI carcA kI hai| dharmazAstra meM likhita zUdra-kartavya kI ora jaimini ne saMketa kiyA hai|" pataMjali ne likhA hai ki unake samaya meM dharmasUtra the aura unake pramANa bhagavAn kI AjJA ke bAda mahattvapUrNa mAne jAte the| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki dharmazAstra yAska ke pUrva upasthita the; kama-se-kama I0 pU0 600-300 ke pUrva to ve the hI aura IsA-pUrva kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM ve mAnava-AcAra ke lie sabase bar3e pramANa mAne jAte the| isa grantha meM sampUrNa dharmazAstra para vivecana nimna prakAra se hogaa| pahale dharmasUtroM kA vivecana hogA, jinameM Apastamba, hiraNyakezI tathA baudhAyana lambe mUtra-saMgraha haiM, gautama tathA daliSTa bahuta bar3e saMgraha nahIM haiN| kucha dharmasUtra, yathA viSNu, anya sUtra-granthoM se bAda ke haiM, kucha sUtra-grantha, yathA zaMkha-likhita, paiThInasi, kevala uddharaNa-rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| dharmasUtroM ke uparAnta hama manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti Adi smRtiyoM kA vivecana upasthita kreNge| isake uparAnta nArada, bRhaspati, kAtyAyana kI smRtiyoM kA varNana hogA, jinameM antima do kevala uddharaNoM meM hI milatI haiN| mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa tathA purANoM ne bhI dharmazAstra ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA hai| ataH isa viSaya meM inakI carcA hogii| anantara vizvarUpa, meghAtithi, vijJAnezvara, aparArka, haradatta nAmaka smRti-TIkAoM kA varNana 46. tadetadRkzlokAnyAmamyuktam / aGgAraGgAtsambhavasi... sa jIva zaradaH shtm| avizeSaNa putrANAM dAyo bhavati dhrmtH| mithunAnAM visargAdau manuH svAyambhuvo'bravIt // 47. 'saMkeDa buka Apha di IsTa', jilda 25, bhUmikA bhaag| 48. gautamadharmasUtra, 9.21-tasya ca vyavahAro vedo dharmazAstrAcyaGgAni upavedAH puraannm|' 'pRthagdharmavivastrayaH' vAkya (gau0 50 sU0 28.47) dharmazAstra ke chAtroM kI ora saMketa karatA hai| 49. trINi prathamAnyanirvezyAni manuH / gautamadharmasUtra, 21.7 / 50. dharmazAstraM ca tthaa| dekhie, mahAbhASya, jilda 1, pR0 242 / 51. zUdazca dhrmshaastrtvaat| pUrvamImAMsA sUtra, 6.7.6 / 52. naivezvara AjJApayati nApi dharmasUtrakArAH paThanti; apavAdarutsargA bAdhyatAmiti / mahAbhASya, jilda 1,pR0 115 tathA jilda 2, pRSTha 365 / pataJjali ne 'AmrAzca siktAH pitarazca prINitAH' (jilda 1,1014)uddhRta kiyA hai, jise dekhie-ApastambadharmasUtra (1.7.20.3) tadyayAne phalArye nimite chAyA gandha itynuutpyete|' pataujali ne kahA hai-'tailaM na vikretavyaM mAMsa na vikretavyam' tathA 'lomanakhaM spRSTvA zaucaM kartavyam' (jilla 1, pR0 25) /

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dharmasUtra upasthita kiyA jAyagA isake uparAnta dharma ke saMkSipta nIti-saMgraha, yathA hemAdri, ToDaramala. nIlakaNTha Adi kA vivecana hogaa| ___ dharmazAstra ke granthoM kA kAla-nirNaya bar3A kaThina kArya hai| maiksamUlara tathA anya vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra sUtra-granthoM ke uparAnta anuSTup chanda vAle grantha praNIta hue| kintu yaha mata prastuta lekhaka ko mAnya nahIM ho sktaa| una dinoM ke granthoM ke viSaya meM hamArA jJAna itanA nyUna hai ki isa prakAra kA sAmAnyokaraNa samIcIna nahIM hai| zloka-chanda vAlA granya manusmRti kucha dharmasUtroM se, jaise viSNudharmasUtra se prAcIna aura basiSThadharmasUtra kA samakAlIna hai| kucha prAcInatama dharmasUtroM meM, yathA baudhAyana dharmasUtra meM, lambe-lambe prabandha zloka-chanda meM pAye jAte haiM, aura una meM kucha to uddharaNa mAtra haiN| yahA~ taka ki Apastamba meM bhI bahuta-se zloka pAye jAte haiN| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zloka-baddha grantha dharmasUtroM se pUrva bhI vidyamAna the| isake atirikta Apastamba tathA baudhAyana ke samaya meM dharma-sambandhI eka bRhat sAhitya thA, jo Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| 4. dharmasUtra Arambha meM bahuta-se dharmasUtra kalpasUtra ke aMga the aura unakA adhyayana spaSTa rUpa se caraNoM (zAkhAoM) meM huA karatA thaa| kucha vidyamAna dharmasUtroM se patA calatA hai ki unake apane caraNa ke gRhyasUtra bhI rahe hoNge| sabhI caraNoM ke dharmamUtra Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| AzvalAyana zrauta evaM gRhyasUtroM kA koI dharmamUtra nahIM hai, yahI bAta mAnava zrota evaM gRhyasUtroM tathA zAMkhAyana zrauta evaM gRhyasUtroM ke sAtha pAyI jAtI hai, arthAt inake dharmasUtra nahIM haiM, kintu Apastamba, hiraNyakezI tathA baudhAyana caraNoM meM kalpa-paramparA kI sampUrNatA pAyI jAtI hai, arthAt inake tInoM thota, gRhya evaM dharma-sUtra haiN| kumArila ke tantravArtika se eka manohara bAta kA patA calatA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki gautama (dharmasUtra) tathA gobhila (gRhyasUtra) kA adhyayana chanToga (sAmavedI loga) karate the, vasiSTha (dharmasUtra) kA RgvedI loga, zaMkha:likhita (dharmasUtra) kA vAjasaneyI sahitA ke anuyAyI-gaNa tathA Apastamba evaM baudhAyana ke sUtroM kA adhyayana taittirIya zAkhA ke anuyAyI-gaNa karate the| jaimini (1.3.11) kI vyAkhyA meM tantravArtika ne eka siddhAnta-sA mAna liyA hai ki sabhI AryoM ke lie sabhI dharmaguNa tathA gRhyasUtra pramANa haiN| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki Arambha meM sabhI caraNoM meM dharmasUtra nahIM the, kinA mAnAnara meM kucha caraNoM ne kucha dharmasUtroM ko apanA liyaa| dharmasUtroM kA sambandha Arya jAti ke sadasyoM ke AnAra-niyamoM se thA, ataH kAlAntara meM sabhI dharmasUtra sabhI zAkhAoM ke lie pramANa-svarUpa mAnya ho gye| 53. dekhie, 'sakeDa buka Apha di IsTa', jilda 2, pR0 9, kintu pro0 maiksamUlara evaM pro0 0 mAra0 bhaNDArakara (kAramAikela vyAkhyAna, 1918, pR0 105-107) ke virodha meM dekhie, golDasTUkara kA pANini' (pR. 59, 60, 78) / 54. agnimiddhvA parisamUhya samidha AdadhyAt sAyaM prAtayaMthopavezam (ApastambadharmasUtra, 1.1.4.16), agnimiddhvA prAgadabharagni paristRNAti (ApastambagRhyasUtra, 1.12), evaM, idhmamAdAyAghArAvAdhArayati darzapUrNamAsavatUSNom (ApastambagRhyasUtra, 2.5) / zeSamuktamaSTakAhome (baudhAyanadharmasUtra, 2.8.20); yaha baudhAyanagRhyasUtra2.11.42 ko ora saMketa karatA hai; mUrthalalATanAsAgrapramANA yAjikasya vRkSasya daNDAH (bau0 dha0 sU0 1.2.16) bodhAyanagRhyasUtra 2.5.66 ko ora saMketa karatA hai| 55. tantravAtika, pR0 179 (pUrvamImAMsAsUtra, 1.3.11 ko vyAkhyA meN)| dharma-2

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa viSaya-vastuoM evaM prakaraNoM meM dharmasUtroM kA gRhyasUtroM se gaharA sambandha hai| adhikatara gRhyasUtroM ke viSaya haiM--pUta gRhAgni, gRhayajJa - vibhAjana, prAtaH sAyaM kI upAsanA, amAvasyA aura pUrNamAsI kI upAsanA, pake bhojana kA havana, vArSika yajJa, vivAha, puMsavana, jAtakarma, upanayana evaM anya saMskAra, chAtroM, snAtakoM evaM chuTTiyoM ke niyama, zrAddha karma, madhuparka / gRhyasUtroM kA sambandha adhikAMza gharelU jIvana kI caryAoM se hai, ve manuSya ke AcAroM, adhikAroM, kartavyoM aura uttaradAyitvoM kI ora bahuta hI kama dhyAna dete haiM, arthAt ina bAtoM ke niyamoM se unakA sambandha na-kucha-sA hai| isI prakAra dharmasUtroM meM bhI uparyukta kucha viSaya-vastuoM yA prakaraNoM ke viSaya meM niyama pAye jAte haiM, yathA vivAha, saMskAroM, vidyArthiyoM, snAtakoM, chuTTiyoM, zrAddha evaM madhuparka ke viSaya meM / dharmasUtroM meM gRhyajIvana ke kriyA - saMskAroM ke viSaya meM carcA kabhI hI kabhI pAyI jAtI hai, aura vaha bhI bahuta kama, kyoMki unakI viSaya-paridhi bahuta vistRta hotI hai| dharmasUtroM kA mukhya dhyeya hai AcAra vidhi-niyama (kAnUna) evaM kriyA-saMskAroM kI vidhivat carcA karanA / Apastamba gRhya evaM dharma ke bahuta-se sUtra eka hI haiN| " kabhI-kabhI gRhya-sUtra dharmasUtra kI ora nirdeza bhI kara baiThate haiN| " kucha aise lakSaNa bhI haiM jinake dvArA dharmasUtroM (adhikatara prAcIna dharmasUtroM) evaM smRtiyoM meM Antarika bheda bhI upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura ve lakSaNa nimna haiM--- (ka) bahuta se dharmasUtra yA to pratyeka caraNa ke kalpa ke bhAga haiM yA gRhyasUtroM se gahare rUpa se sambandhita haiM / (kha) dharmasUtra kabhI-kabhI apane caraNa tathA apane veda ke uddharaNa ke prati pakSapAta pradarzita karate haiM / (ga) prAcIna dharmasUtroM ke praNetA gaNa apane ko RSi yA ati mAnava nahIM kahate, " kintu smRtiyoM ke lekhaka, yathA manu evaM yAjJavalkya, brahmA aise devatAoM ke samakakSa lA diye gaye haiM, arthAt inake lekhaka mAnava nahIM kahe jAte, ve atimAnava haiN| (gha) dharmasUtra gadya meM yA mizrita gadyapadya meM haiM, kintu smRtiyA~ padyabaddha haiN| (Ga) dharmasUtroM kI bhASA smRtiyoM kI bhASA kI apekSA adhika prAcIna hai / (ca) dharmasUtroM kI viSaya-vastu eka tAratamya se vyavasthita nahIM hai, kintu smRtiyoM (yahA~ taka ki prAcInatama smRti manusmRti) meM aisI avyavasthA nahIM pAyI jAtI hai, pratyuta inakI viSaya-vastu tIna pramukha zIrSakoM meM hai, yathA AcAra, vyavahAra evaM prAyazcitta / (cha) adhikatama dharmasUtra adhikatama smRtiyoM se prAcIna haiN| 5. gautama kA dharmasUtra vidyamAna dharmasUtroM meM gautamadharmasUtra sabase purAnA hai / " ise vizeSataH sAmaveda ke anuyAyI par3hate the / caraNavyUha 10 56. yathA, pAlAzI daNDo brAhmaNasya.... ityavarNasaMyogenaika upavizanti / Apa0 gu0, 4.17, 15, 16 tathA Apa0 bha0 1.1.2.38 / 57. yathA, Apa0 gu0 (8.21.1 ) meM AyA hai-- 'mAsi zrAddhasyAparapakSe yathopadezaM kAlA : ' jisakA nirdeza hai Apa0 dha0 sU0 (2.7. 16. 4-22) kI ora / 58. tulanA kIjie-gau0 pa0 1. 3-4 tathA Apa0 Sa0 sU0 1.2.5.4 ' tasmAvRSayo'vareSu na jAyante niyamAtikramAt ' tathA Apa0 40 sU0 2.6. 13.9 'tavanvIkSya prayuJjAnaH sobatyavaraH / ' 59. gautamadharmasUtra kA prakAzana kaI bAra huA hai, yathA DA0 sTepalara kA saMskaraNa (1876), kalakatA saMskaraNa (1876), meM AnandAzrama saMskaraNa, jisako haradatta ko TokA hai tathA maisUra saMskaraNa, jisameM maskarI kA bhI hai, jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda buhalara ne bhUmikA ke sAtha kiyA hai (kreDa buka Apha di IsTa, jilda 2) / isa grantha meM AnandAzrama kA san 1910 vAlA saMskaraNa kAma meM lAyA gayA hai|

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gautama kA dharmasUtra kI TIkA se patA calatA hai ki gautama sAmaveda kI rANAyanIya zAkhA ke nau upavibhAgoM meM se eka upavibhAga ke AcArya, zAkhAkAra the| sAmaveda ke lATyAyanazrautasUtra (1. 3. 3 tathA 1. 4. 17) tathA bAhyAyaNa zrautasUtra (1. 4. 17; 9. 3 . 15) meM gautama nAmaka AcArya kA varNana adhikatara AyA hai| sAmaveda ke gobhilagRhyasUtra (3.10. 6) ne gautama ko pramANa-svarUpa mAnA hai / ataH pratIta hotA hai; zrauta, gRhya evaM dharma ke siddhAntoM se samanvita eka sampUrNa gautamasUtra thaa| gautamadharmasUtra kA sAmaveda se gaharA sambandha thA isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| gautama eka jAtigata nAma hai| kaThopaniSad meM naciketA (2. 4. 15; 2. 5. 6) evaM usake pitA (1. 1. 10) donoM gautama nAma se pukAre gaye haiN| chAndogyopaniSad meM hAridrumata gautama nAmaka eka AcArya kA nAma AyA hai TIkAkAra haradatta ke anusAra gautamadharmasUtra meM kula 28 adhyAya haiN| kalakattA vAle saMskaraNa meM 'kamavipAka' nAmaka eka aura adhyAya hai, jo 19veM adhyAya ke uparAnta AyA hai / gautamadharmasUtra kI viSaya-sUcI bahuta hI saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai--(1)dharma ke upAdAna, mUla vastuoM kI vyAkhyA ke niyama, cAroM vargoM ke upanayana kA kAla, pratyeka varNa ke lie ucita mekhalA (karadhanI), mRgacarma, paridhAna evaM daNDa, zauca evaM Acamana ke niyama, guru ke pAsa pahuMcane kI vidhi; (2) yajJopavIta-vihIna vyaktiyoM ke bAre meM niyama, brahmacArI ke niyama, chAtroM kA niyantraNa, adhyayanakAla; (3) cAroM Azrama, brahmacArI, bhikSu evaM vaikhAnasa ke kartavya ; (4) gRhastha ke niyama, vivAha, vivAha ke samaya avasthA, vivAha ke AThoM prakAra, upajAtiyA~ ; (5) vivAhoparAnta saMbhoga ke niyama, pratidina ke paMcayajJa, dAnoM ke phala, madhuparka, katipaya jAtiyoM ke atithiyoM ke sammAna karane kI vidhi; (6) mAtA-pitA, nAtedAroM (strI evaM puruSa) evaM guruoM ko sammAna dene ke niyama, mArga ke niyama; (7) brAhmaNa kI vRttiyoM ke bAre meM niyama, vipatti meM usakI vRttiyA~, ve vastue~ jinheM na to brAhmaNa beca sakatA na kraya kara sakatA thA; (8)-40 saMskAra tathA 8 AdhyAtmika guNa (yathA dayA, kSamA Adi); (9)snAtaka tathA gRhastha ke AcaraNa; (10) cAra jAtiyoM ke vilakSaNa kartavya, rAjA ke uttaradAyitva, kara, svAmitva ke upAdAna, koSa-sampatti, nAbAliga ke dhana kI abhibhAvakatA; (11) rAjadharma, rAjA ke purohita ke guNa; (12) apamAna, gAlI, AkramaNa, coTa, balAtkAra, kaI jAtiyoM ke logoM kI corI ke lie daNDa, RNa dene, sUdakhorI, viparIta samprApti, daNDa ke viSaya meM brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra, RNa kA bhugatAna, jamA; (13) sAkSiyoM ke viSaya meM niyama, mithyAcAra kA pratikAra; (14) janma-maraNa ke samaya apavitratA (azauca) ke niyama; (15) pAMcoM prakAra ke zrAddha, zrAddha ke samaya na bulAye jAne yogya vyakti; (16) upAkarma, varSa meM vedAdhyayana kA kAla, usake lie chuTTiyA~ evaM avasara; (17) brAhmaNa tathA anya jAtiyoM ke bhojana ke viSaya meM niyama ; (18) nAriyoM ke kartavya. niyoga evaM isakI dazAe~, niyoga se utpanna putra ke bAre meM carcA; (19) prAyazcitta ke kAraNa evaM avasara, pApamocana kI pAMca bAteM (japa, tapa, homa, upavAsa evaM dAna), pavitra karane ke lie vaidika mantra, japa karanevAle ke lie pUta bhojana, tapa evaM dAna ke vibhinna prakAra, japa ke lie ucita sthAna, kAla Adi; (20) prAyazcitta na karanevAle vyakti kA parityAga evaM usake lie niyama; (21) pApiyoM kI zreNiyAM, mahApAtaka, upapAtaka Adi; (22) brahmahatyA, balAtkAra, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra, gAya yA kisI anya pazu kI hatyA se utpanna pApoM ke lie prAyazcitta; (23) madirA tathA anya burI vastuoM ke pAna, vyabhicAra, asvAbhAvika aparAdhoM tathA brahmacArI dvArA kiye gaye bahuta prakAra ke ullaMghanoM ke lie prAyazcitta; (24-25) mahApAtaka evaM upapAtaka ke lie gupta prAyazcitta; (26) kRccha evaM atikRccha nAmaka vrata; (27) cAndrAyaNa nAmaka vrata, sampatti-vibhAjana, strIdhana, punaHsandhi, dvAdaza prakAra ke putra, vasIyata / gautamadharmasUtra kevala gama meM hai| isameM uddharaNa rUpa meM bhI koI padya nahIM miltaa| anya dharmasUtroM meM aisI For Private & Personal use only

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bAta nahIM hai| kahIM-kahIM anuSTup chanda kI dhvani avazya mila jAtI hai| bodhAyana evaM Apastamba ke dharmasUtroM kI bhASA kI apekSA gautamadharmasUtra kI bhASA pANini ke niyamoM ke bahuta samIpa A jAtI hai| lagatA hai, kAlAntara meM isake TIkAkAroM tathA vidyArthiyoM ne pANini ke niyamoM ke anusAra isame yatastataH heraphera kara diyaa| kintu aisI hI bAta baudhAyana evaM Apastamba ke dharmasUtroM meM kyoM nahIM pAyI jAtI, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| gautamadharmasUtra Arambha meM kisI viziSTa kalpa se sambandhita nahIM thA, ataH isakI bhASA meM parivartana honA sambhava thaa| kintu yaha bAta ApastambadharmasUtra ke sAtha nahIM pAyI jAtI, kyoMki vaha Apastamba kalpa kA eka bhAga thaa| TIkAkAra haradatta ne, jinhoMne gautama evaM Apastamba donoM ko TIkA kI hai aura jo svayaM eka bar3e vaiyAkaraNa the, sthAna-sthAna para dharmasUtra ke vyAkaraNa-sambandhI doSoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura pANini ke anusAra calane para bala diyA hai|" gautamadharmasUtra meM eka lambe sAhitya kI ora vistRta saMketa hai| isane vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke atirikta nimna granthoM kI carcA kI hai--upaniSad (19, 13), vedAMga (8.5 tathA 11. 19), itihAsa (8.6), purANa (8. 6 tathA 11.19), upaveda (11.19), dharmazAstra (11. 19) / isane sAmavidhAna-brAhmaNa se uddharaNa liyA hai| taittirIya AraNyaka se bhI cha: sUtra le liye haiN| gautama ne AnvIkSikI (11.3) kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai| isane brahmahatyA, madirA-pAna (surA-pAna), guruzayyA-prayoga (guru-talpa-gamana) nAmaka pApoM ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue kevala manu dharmAcArya kA nAma liyA hai| gautama ne itastataH anya AcAryoM ke kathanoM kA bhI havAlA diyA hai (yathA, 3. 35, 4. 18) / 'ekeSAm' (28.17 tathA 38) evaM 'eke' (2.15, 40 tathA.56, 3 . 1, 4.17, 7.23 Adi) kahakara pUrva AcAryoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki gautama ke pUrva dharmazAstra ke kSetra meM bahuta-se grantha the aura unakI paryApta carcA thii| gautama (11. 28) nirukta (11. 3) kI smRti bhI karA dete haiN|62 gautama ke viSaya meM sabase prAcIna saMketa vaudhAyanadharmasUtra meM milatA hai| uttara yA dakSiNa meM kisI niyama kI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue baudhAyana ne gautama kA havAlA diyA hai aura kahA hai ki niyama sabake lie, cAhe vaha uttara kA ho yA dakSiNa kA ho, barAbara hai (gau0 gha0 sU011.20) / eka sthAna para yaha kahate hue ki 'yadi brAhmaNa adhyApana, yajamAnI yA dAna se apanI jIvikA na calA sake to vaha kSatriya kI bhAMti jIvikopArjana kara sakatA hai', baudhAyana ne gautama kI virodhI vAta kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| kintu Aja kA vidyamAna gautamadharmasUtra baudhAyana vAlI hI bAta mAnatA hai| "ho sakatA hai ki Aja kI prati meM yaha bAta kSepaka rUpa meM praviSTa ho gayI ho| 60. AkrozAnutahisAsu trirAtraM paramaM tapaH (23.27) / 61. gautamadharmasUtra meM kaI eka apANinIya rUpa pAye jAte haiM, yathA "dvAviMzAt" ke sthAna para "hAvizateH" AyA hai (1.14) / 62. 'daNDo damanAdityAhustenAdAntAn dmyet|' nirukta meM AyA hai 'daNDo ddte.....dmnaadityopmnyvH|' 63. adhyApanayAjanapratigrahairazaktaH kSatradharmeNa jiivetprtynntrtvaat| neti gautamo'tyugro hi kSatradharmo bAhmaNasya / bau010 sU0, 2. 2. 69, 70 / 64. yAjanAdhyApanapratigrahAH sarveSAm / pUrvaH pUrvo guruH| tadalAbhe ksstrvRttiH| tadalAbhe vaishyvRttiH| pau050 sU0, 7.4-7 //

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3 gautama kA dharmasUtra baudhAyana ne kucha parivartana karake gautamadharmasUtra ke unnIsada adhyAya ko, jisameM prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM carcA hai, sampUrNa rUpa meM apanA liyA hai| baudhAyana evaM gautama ke bahuta-se sUtra eka-dUsare se milate-julate haiM, yathA gautama, 3. 25-34 evaM baudhAyana, 2.6.17; gau0 3.3 evaM 25 tathA bau0 2.6.29 aadi|| vasiSThadharmasatra ne bhI gautama ko do sthAnoM (4.34 evaM 36) para uddhata kiyA hai| vasiSTha ne gautama ke unnIsaveM adhyAya ko apanA vAIsavA~ adhyAya banA liyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, donoM ke bahuta-se sUtra eka hI haiM, yamA gautama, 3.31-33 evaM vasiSTha, 9. 1-3; gau0 3.26 evaM vasiSTha 9. 10 aadi| manusmRti (3.16) ne gautama ko utathya kA putra kahA hai| yAjJavalkya ne bhI unheM dharmazAstrakAroM meM ginA hai (1.5) / aparArka ne bhaviSyapurANa ro eka padya uddhRta kiyA hai jo gautama ke murApAna-niSedha vAle sUtra-sA hI hai|" manusmRti ke TIkAkAra kullaka (11. 146 para) ne gautama ke 22.2 ko usI purANa meM dekhA hai| tantravArtika ke lekhaka kumArila ne gautama ke lagabhaga eka jana mutra uddhRta kiye haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne apane vedAntasUtra-bhASya (3.1.8 evaM 1. 3. 38) meM gautama ke 11.29 tathA 12. 4 vAle gUtroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti ke TIkAkAra vizvarUpa ne gautama ke bahuta-se sUtroM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| manusmRti ke bhASyakAra mevAtithi ne gautama ko adhikAMza meM uddhata kiyA hai (yathA manu0 ke 2.6, 8.125 Adi zlokoM ke bhASya ke silasile meN)| uparyakta vivecana se hama gautamadharmasUtra ke praNayanakAla ke nirNaya para kucha prakAza pA sakate haiN| gautama mAmavidhAna-brAhmaNa ke bahuta bAda Ate haiN| ve yAska ke bAda ke haiM aura unake samaya meM pANini kA vyAkaraNa yA to thA hI nahIM aura yadi thA to vaha taba taka apanI mahattA nahIM sthApita kara sakA thaa| unakA uni anya baudhAyana evaM vasiSTa ko jJAta thA aura san 700 IsApUrva vaha isI rUpa meM thaa| gautamadharmasUtra meM (brAhmaNavAda gara) vuddha athavA unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA kiye gaye dhArmika AkSepoM kI ora koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| ina bAtI ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki gautamadharmasUtra IsA pUrva 400-600 ke pahale hI praNIta ho cukA thaa| haradatta ne mitAkSarA nAma se gautamadharmasUtra para eka vidvattApUrNa TIkA likhI hai| isa viSaya meM 86teM prakaraNa meM punaH kucha kahA jaaygaa| unhoMne isa dharmasUtra ke anya bhASyakAroM kI carcA kI hai| vAmanaputra maskarI ne bhI isa para bhASya likhA hai| kintu kAla-krama meM ye haradatta ke uparAnta Ate hai| asahAya nAmaka eka anya TIkAkAra haiM (dekhie prakaraNa 59) / mitAkSarA, smRticandrikA, hemAdri, mAdhava Adi ne kisI zloka-gautama ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| aparArka, hemAdri tathA mAdhava ne vRddha-gautama, tathA dattakamImAMsA (pR0 72) ne vRddha-gautama tathA bRhad-gautama donoM ko eka hI saMdarbha meM uddhRta kiyA hai| nissaMdeha ye 'gautama' bahuta bAda ke grantha haiN| jIvAnanda ne vRddha-gautama kI smRti ko 22 adhyAyoM evaM 1700 padyoM meM prakAzita kiyA hai (bhAga 1, pR0 4.97-636), jahA~ yaha likhita hai ki yudhiSThira ne kRSNa se cAroM jAtiyoM ke dharmoM ke bAre meM puuchaa| vAstava meM, ye dharmazAstra bAda ke haiM, kevala gautama' nAma A jAne se kisI prakAra kI zaMkA karanA vyartha evaM nirAdhAra hai, kyoMki gautabhadharmasUtra evaM ina gautama nAma vAle granthoM meM bahuta-se bheda haiN| 65. pratiSedhaH surApAne madyasya ca nraadhip| dvijottamAnAmevoktaH satataM gautmaadibhiH|| bhaviSyatpurANa, aparArka (pRSTha 1076) dvArA uddhRt| 66. dekhie, parAzara-mAdhavIya, jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR07| For Private & Personai Use Only

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 6. baudhAyanadharmasUtra " baudhAyana kRSNa yajurveda ke AcArya the| baudhAyanaghamaMsUtra grantha pUrNa rUpa se abhA nahIM prApta ho sakA hai| Apastamba tathA hiraNyakezI kI bhA~ti yaha pUrNarUpeNa surakSita nahIM raha sakA hai| DaoN0 barnela ne baudhAyana ke sUtroM ko chaH prakaraNoM - zrautasUtroM ko 19 praznoM meM, karmAntasUtra ko 20 adhyAyoM meM, dvaighasUtra ko cAra praznoM meM gRhyasUtra ko cAra praznoM meM, dharmasUtra ko cAra praznoM meM evaM zulvasUtra ko tIna adhyAyoM meM rakhA hai| isI prakAra DA0 Ara0 zAmazAstrI, DA0 kaileNDa Adi ne apane apane DhaMga se isa dharmasUtra ko gaThita kiyA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ne svayaM Start a ko uddhRta kiyA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ne baudhAyanagRhyasUtra kI carcA kI / baughA0 gRhya0 (3.9.6 ) meM hameM padakAra Atreya, vRttikAra kauNDinya, pravacanakAra kaNva bodhAyana tathA sUtrakAra Apastamba ke nAma milate haiN| " ghAnadharmasUtra meM (2.5.27, RSitarpaNa) kaNva bodhAyana, Apastamba sUtrakAra tathA satyASADha hiraNyakezI kramazaH Ate haiM / uparyukta bAtoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba baudhAyanadharmasUtra likhA gayA taba kaNva bodhAyana eka prAcIna RSi mAne jA cuke the, aura ve kisI bhI prakAra se gRhyasUtra evaM dharmasUtra ke lekhaka nahIM mAne jA skte| ho sakatA hai ki baudhAyana kaNva bodhAyana ke vaMzaja hoM / govindasvAmI ne bhI baudhAyana ko kANvAyana kahA hai| dharmasUtra meM kaI bAra . baudhAyana svayaM eka pramANa mAne gaye haiN| spaSTa hai, dharmasUtrakAra baudhAyana ne apane pUrvaja ko, jinakA nAma kaNva bodhAna thA, kaI bAra uddhRta kiyA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra kI viSayasUcI nimna hai / prazna 1 - (1) dharma ke upAdAna, ziSTa kauna hai ? pariSad, uttara evaM dakSiNa bhArata ke vibhinna AcAravyavahAra, ziSToM evaM mizrita jAtiyoM ke sthAna, mizrita jAtiyoM meM jAne ke kAraNa prAyazcitta; (2) 48, 24 yA 12 varSoM kA chAtratva, upanayana evaM mekhalA kA kAla, pratyeka jAti ke lie carma, daNDa, brahmacArI ke kartavya, brahmacaryaM kI prazaMsA; (3) adhyayana evaM ucitAcaraNa kI parisamApti ke uparAnta avivAhita snAtaka ke karttavya; (4) snAtaka ke viSaya meM ghar3e ko le jAne ke bAre meM Adeza; (5) zArIrika evaM mAnasika azauca, katipaya padArthoM kA nirmalIkaraNa yA pavitrIkaraNa, janma-maraNa para apavitratA ( azauca ), sapiNDa evaM sakulya kA artha, vasIyata ke niyama, zava evaM rajasvalA strI ko chUne para tathA kutte ke kATane para pavitrIkaraNa, kauna-se mAMsa yA bhojana niSiddha haiM aura kauna-se nahIM; ( 6 ) yajJa ke lie pavitrIkaraNa, paridhAna, bhUmi, ghAsa, IMdhana, baratana tathA yajJa ke anya padArthoM kA pavitrIkaraNa; (7) yajJa - mahattA ke viSaya meM niyama, yajJa-pAtra, purohita, yAjJika tathA usakI strI, ghI, pakvAnna dAna, aparAdhI, soma evaM agni ke viSaya meM niyama; (8) cAroM varNa aura upajAtiyA~ (9) mizrita jAtiyA~ (10) rAjA ke kartavya, paMca mahApAtaka evaM unake lie daNDa- vidhAna, pakSiyoM ko mArane para daNDa, sAkSI; (11) aSTa vivAha, chuTTiyA~ / prazna 2 - ( 1 ) brahmahatyA evaM anya pApoM ke lie prAyazcitta, brahmacarya samApti 4 67. isa dharmasUtra kA sampAvana kaI bAra huA hai--DA0 hullA ne lipajiga meM san 1884 meM ise prakAzita kiyaa| AnandAma smRti-saMgraha, maMsUra saMskaraNa san 1907 meM chape, jina para govinda svAmI kI TIkA hai| isakA aMgrejI anuvAda (bhUmikA ke sAtha) sekreDa buka Apha di IsTa, jilda 14 meM hai / 68. ayaM dakSiNataH prAcInAvItine vaizampAyanAya phaliGgave tittiraye ukhAyokhyAyAtraye AtreyAya pakArAya koDanyAya vRttikArAya kaNvAya bobAyanAya pravacanakArAyApastambAya sUtrakArAya satyASADhAya hiraNyakezAya vAjasaneyAya yAjJavalkyAya bharadvAjAyAgnivezyAyAcAryebhya Urdhvaretobhyo vAnaprasthebhyo vaMzasyebhya ekapatnIbhyaH kalpayAmIti /

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baudhAyanadharmasUtra 15 para brahmacArI ke lie sagotra kanyA se vivAha karane, jyeSTha bhrAtA ke avivAhita rahate svayaM vivAha kara lene para prAyazcita, choTe-choTe pApa, parAka, kRcchra, atikRcchra nAmaka vratoM kA varNana; (2) vasIyata kA vibhAjana, jyeSTha putra kA bhAga, aurasa putra ke sthAna para anya prati vyakti, vasIyata se niSedha, nArI kI AzritatA, puruSoM evaM striyoM dvArA vyabhicAra kiye jAne para prAyazcitta, niyoga-niyama, vipatti meM jIvikA ke upAya, agnihotra Adi gRhastha- kartavya; (3) snAna, Acamana, vaizvadeva, bhojana- dAna jaise gRhastha- kartavya; (4) sandhyA; (5) snAna, Acamana, sUrya - upasthAna, devoM, RSiyoM, pitaroM ko tarpaNa karane ke niyama (6) pratidina ke paMca mahAyajJa, cAroM jAtiyA~ evaM unake kartavya; (7) bhojana-niyama; (8) zrAddha; (9) putroM evaM putroM se utpanna AdhyAtmika lAbha kI prazaMsA; (10) saMnyAsa ke niyama | prazna 3 (1) zAlIna evaM yAyAvara nAMmaka gRhasthoM kI jIvikA ke upAya; (2) 'SanivartanI' nAmaka vRtti ke upAya; (3) araNyavAsI sAdhu ke kartavya evaM vRtti; (4) brahmacArI evaM gRhastha ke niyamoM ke virodha meM jAne para ( pAlana na karane para) prAyazcitta; (5) parama pavitra aghamarSaNa par3hane kI paddhati (6) prasRtayAvaka kA kriyAsaMskAra; ( 7 ) kUSmANDa nAmaka zodhaka homa, (8) cAndrAyaNa vrata ; ( 9 ) binA khAye vedoccAraNa; (10) pApa kATane ke lie pavitrIkaraNa evaM anya padArthoM ke nirmalIkaraNa ke lie siddhAnta / prazna 4-- -- (1) varjita bhojana khA lene yA bujita peya pI lene Adi para prAyazcitta; (2) katipaya pApoM ke mocana ke lie prANAyAma evaM aghamarSaNa; (3) gupta prAyazcitta; (4) prAyazcittasvarUpa katipaya vaidika mantra (5) japa, homa, iSTi evaM yantra dvArA siddhi prApta karane ke sAghana, kRcchra, atikRcchra, sAntapana, parAka, cAndrAyaNa nAmaka vrata; ( 6 ) pavitra mUla maMtroM, ipTiyoM kA japa ( 7 ) yantra kI prazaMsa, homa meM prayukta katipaya vaidika maMtra ( 8 ) lAla sAdhanoM meM lipta logoM kI bhartsanA, kucha viziSTa dazAoM meM kisI anya vyakti dvArA una padArthoM kI prApti kI anujJA / siddhi ke baudhAyanadharmasUtra apanI sampUrNatA ke sAtha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / sambhavataH cauthA prazna kSepaka hai| isake ATha adhyAyoM ke adhika aMza padya meM haiN| zailI meM bhI milatA hai| isa dharmasUtra meM bahuta sI bAteM bAra-bAra AyI haiN| tIsare prazna kA dasavA~ adhyAya gautamadharmasUtra se liyA gayA hai / isa prazna kA chaThA adhyAya viSNudharmasUtra ke ar3atAlIsaveM adhyAya se bhASA sambandhI bAtoM meM bahuta milatA hai| baudhAyanagharmasUtra racanA meM kucha zithila evaM AvazyakatA se adhika vistRta hai| svayaM govindasvAmI ne isa ora saMketa kiyA hai| racanA vyavasthA meM satarkatA pradarzita nahIM kI gayI hai| isakI bhASA prAcIna hai| baudhAyana ko nimna grantha jJAta the--cAroM veda, yAnI taMttirIya saMhitA, taittirIya brAhmaNa, taittirIya AraNyaka - upaniSad sameta sabhI vedoM kI saMhitAaiM, zatapatha brAhmaNa aadi| unheM mAllavI kI gAthA se paricaya thA, jisameM AryAvarta kI bhaugolika sImAeM dI gayI thIM ; itihAsa aura purANa kA bhI varNana AyA hai| cha vedAMgoM kI bhI carcA pAyI jAtI hai| baudhAyana ne nimnalikhita varmazAstrakAroM ke nAma liye haiM-aupajaMdhani, kAtya, kAzyapa, gautama, prajApati, manu, maudgalya, hArIta / baudhAyanadharmasUtra meM bahuta se dharma-sambandhI uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, isase siddha hai| ki usake pUrva bahuta se grantha vidyamAna the / baudhAyana kahA~ ke rahanevAle the ? isakA uttara denA kaThina hai| vartamAna kAla meM baudhAyanIya loga adhikatara dakSiNa bhArata meM hI pAye jAte haiN| vedoM ke prasiddha mASyakAra sAraNa baudhAyanIya the| kintu baudhAyana ne 69. nanu dvijAtiSu karmastheSu iti sUtrathitavye kimiti sUtradvayArambhaH / satyam, ayaM hyAcAryo nAtIva pramlApavAbhiprAyo bhavati /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dakSiNApatha ke logoM ko mizrita jAtiyoM meM ginA hai, ataH ve dakSiNI nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki ve apane ko nIca jAti meM kyoM rakhate ? upalabdha baudhAyanadharmasUtra gotamadharmasUtra ke bAda kI kRti hai, kyoMki isane do bAra gautama kA nAma liyA hai aura kama-se-kama eka sthAna para unake dharmasUtra se uddharaNa liyA hai| gautama ne kevala eka dharmazAstrAcArya manu kA nAma liyA hai, kintu baudhAyana ne bahutoM kaa| baudhAyana kA samaya upaniSadoM ke bahuta bAda kA hai| upaniSadoM se uddharaNa liye gaye haiM, hArIta bhI uddhRta hue haiN| buhalara ne kahA hai ki ApastambadharmasUtra se baudhAyanadharmasUtra eka yA do zatAbdI purAnA hai| unakA tarka yaha hai ki kaNva bodhAyana tarpaNa meM Apastamba se evaM hiraNyakezI se pahale hI sammAna pAte haiM, aura yahI bAta baudhAyanagRhyasUtra meM bhI hai| kintu yaha tarka ThIka a~catA nhiiN| yaha bAta ThIka hai ki tInoM kRSNa-yajurvedIya zAkhAoM meM baudhAyana sabase prAcIna haiM, kintu isase yaha nahIM siddha kiyA jA sakatA ki vartamAna baudhAyaniyoM kA dharmasUtra ApastamdiyoM se prAcIna hai| kumArila ne baudhAyana ko Apastamba se bAda kA mAnA hai| tInoM zAkhAoM ke saMsthApaka baudhAyana gRhyasUtra evaM dharma sUtra meM ullikhita haiN| ho sakatA hai ki donoM ko Apastamda ke kisI grantha kA paricaya rahA ho aura vaha grantha rahA ho ApastambadharmasUtra hii| baudhAyana evaM Apastamba meM bahuta-se sUtra samAna haiM, kintu tulanA karane para patA calatA hai ki Apastamba baudhAyana se apekSAkRta adhika dRDha yA anatikramaNIya evaM kaTTara haiM (ataH baudhAyanasUtra bahuta bAda kA hai)| gautama, baudhAyana tathA vasiSTa ne katipaya gauNa putroM kI carcA kI hai, kintu Apastamba isa viSaya meM mauna haiN| gautama bIpAyana (2.2.17, 62), vasiSTha aura yahA~ taka ki viSNu ne niyoga ke pracalana ko mAnA hai, kintu Apastamba ne isakI bhartsanA kI hai (2.6.13, 1-9) / gautama evaM baudhAyana (1.11.1) ne ATha prakAra ke vivAhoM kI carcA kI hai, kintu Apastamba ne prAjApatya, evaM paizAca (2.5. 11.17-20 evaM 2.5.12, 1-2) ko chor3a diyA hai| isI prakAra bahuta-sI bAtoM meM Apastamba ke niyama kaThora evaM kaTTara haiN| kintu ina bAtoM ke AdhAra para kAla-nirNaya karanA sarala nahIM hai, kyoMki prAcIna kAla ke dharmazAstrakAroM meM bahuta matabheda thaa| kaTTaratA kevala bAda meM hI nahIM pAyI gayI hai, pahale bhI aisI bAta thii| isI prakAra bAda vAle dharmazAstrakAroM ne kaTTaratA nahIM bhI pradarzita kI hai, yathA yAjJavalkya ne niyoga-prathA ko svIkAra kiyA hai (2.131) / ataH buhalara ke kathana ko, ki Apastamba baudhAyana se bAda kA hai, mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM jNctaa| baudhAyana gautama se bAda kA grantha hai ; isameM sandeha nahIM, kintu Apastamba se prAcIna hai; aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Apastamba meM baudhAyana kI apekSA bhASA-sambandhI bahuta antara hai ; pANini ke niyamoM ke viparIta bhI vyAkaraNa-vyavahAra hai, racanA-gaThana Ubar3akhAbar3a hai, purAne artha meM zabda prayoga haiN| astu, zabara ke bahuta pahale se baudhAyanadharmasUtra pramANa-svarUpa mAnA jAtA thaa| zabara kA kAla 500 I0 hai / baudhAyana kA kAla I0 pU0 200-500 ke kahIM bIca meM mAnA jAnA caahie| baudhAyana 'tathA Apastamba meM bahuta-se sUtra samAna haiM, donoM meM vaidika uddharaNa bhI bahudhA samAna haiM, kintu isase donoM meM kisI prakAra kA sambandha thA, aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI prakAra vasiSThadharmasUtra kI rahuta-sI bAteM baudhAyana meM jyoM-kItyoM pAyI jAtI haiN| manusmRti meM isa dharmasUtra kI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| isase yaha bAta kahI jA sakatI hai ki baudhAyana, vasiSTha evaM manu ne kisI eka hI grantha se ye bAteM lI hoM yA kAlAntara meM ina granthoM meM ye bAteM kSepaka rUpa meM A gayI ho| kintu kSepaka choTA huA karatA hai aura yahA~ jo bAteM yA uddharaNa sammilita haiM, ve bahuta lambelambe haiN| ___ tarpaNa vAle prakaraNa (5.21) meM baudhAyana ne gaNeza kI kaI upAdhiyoM kI carcA kI hai, yathA vighnavinAyaka, sthUla, varada, stimukha, vakratuNDa, ekadanta, lmbodr| kintu isase isakI tithi para koI prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| tarpaNa (2.5.23) meM rAhu evaM ketu ke sAtha anya sAtoM grahoM ke nAma Aye haiN| viSNu ke bArahoM nAma bhI

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Apastamba kA dharmasUtra 17 Aye haiM (2.5.24) / baudhAyana ne abhinetA tathA nATyAcArya ke peze ko upapAtaka kahA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ke bhASyakAra haiM govindasvAmI, jinakI TIkA vidvattA evaM tathya se pUrNa hai / 7. Apastamba kA dharmasUtra isa dharmasUtra ke saMskaraNa kaI bAra nikale haiM, yathA haradatta kI ujjvalA nAmaka TIkA ke bahulAMza ke sAtha bahalara ne ise bambaI saMskRtamAlA ke antargata sampAdita kiyA hai| haradatta kI sampUrNa TIkA ke sAtha kumbhakoNam meM yaha chapA hai, jisakA bhUmikAsahita anuvAda buhalara ne kiyA hai| " kRSNa yajurveda kI taittirIya zAkhA ke Apastamba kalpasUtra meM 30 prazna haiN| ApastambIya zrota, gRhya evaM dharmasUtra eka hI vyakti dvArA praNIta hue the; yaha kahanA kaThina hai / gRhyasUtra evaM dharmasUtra sambhavataH eka hI vyakti dvArA praNIta hue hoM, aisA racanA - sambandhI samAnatA dekhakara kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha bAta smRticandrikA meM bhI AyI hai ( 3, pR0 458 ) / ApastambadharmasUtra kI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai--- prazna 2 -- veda evaM dharmajJoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra dharma ke upAdAna haiM; cAroM varNa aura unakA prAthamya; AcArya kI paribhASA aura usakI mahattA; varNoM evaM icchA ke anusAra upanayana kA samaya; upanayana ke ucita samaya ke atikramaNa para prAyazvitta; jisake pitA, pitAmaha evaM prapitAmaha kA upanayana saMskAra nahIM huA rahatA vaha patita ho jAtA hai, kintu prAyazcitta se vaha pavitra ho sakatA hai; brahmacArI ke karttavya, usakA guru ke sAtha 48, 36, 24 yA 12 varSoM taka nivAsa; brahmacArI ke AcaraNa ke lie niyama, usakA daNDa, mekhalA evaM paridhAna, bhojana ke lie bhikSA niyama, samidhA lAnA, agni ko samarpita karanA; brahmacArI ke niyama usake tapa haiM; varNoM ke anusAra guru tathA anya logoM ko praNAma karane kI vidhiyA~; vidyAdhyayanoparAnta guru-dakSiNA; snAtaka ke lie niyama; vedAdhyayana ke samaya, sthAna evaM chuTTiyoM ke bAre meM niyama; chuTTiyoM ke niyama vedAdhyayana meM prayukta hote haiM na ki vaidika kriyA-saMskAroM ke mantroM ke prayoga meM; bhUtoM, manuSyoM, devatAoM, pitaroM, RSiyoM, ucca jAti ke logoM ke sammAna ke lie, vRddha puruSoM, mAtA-pitA, bhAiyoM, bahinoM tathA anya logoM ke lie pratidina ke pAMca yajJa; varNoM ke anusAra eka-dUsare ke svAsthya ke bAre meM pUchane kI vidhiyA~; yajJopavIta pahanane ke avasara ; Acamana kA kAla evaM DhaMga ucita evaM niSiddha bhojya evaM peya padArthoM ke bAre meM niyama; vipatti-kAla meM brAhmaNa kI vaizya - vRtti; katipaya vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya ke niSedha ke bAre meM niyama; corI, brAhmaNa yA kisI kI hatyA, bhrUNa hatyA, vyabhicAra ( mAtRgamana, svasRgamana Adi), surApAna Adi gambhIra pApa ( patanIya), anya pApa utane gambhIra nahIM haiM, yadyapi unase kartA apavitra ho hI jAtA hai; AtmA, brahma, naitika prazna- sambandhI aparAdha ( jinase krodha, lobha, kapaTa aise doSa utpanna hote haiM) Adi AdhyAtmika praznoM kA vivecana; ve guNa jinake dvArA parama dhyeya kI prApti hotI hai, yathA krodha-lobhAdi se chuTakArA, sacAI, zAnti kI prApti; kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra evaM nArI kI hatyA kA pratikAra brahmahatyA, AtreyI nArI hatyA, guru yA zrotriya kI hatyA ke lie prAyazcitta guru-zayyA ko apavitra karane, surApAna, sone kI corI ke lie prAyazcitta katipaya pakSiyoM, gAyoM, bailoM ko mArane para, jinheM gAlI nahIM denI cAhie unheM gAlI dene para zUdra nArI ke sAtha saMbhoga karane para, niSiddha bhojana evaM peya sevana karane para prAyazcitta; bAraha rAtoM taka kRcchU ke lie niyama; corI kyA hai, patita guru evaM mAtA ke sAtha kyA vyavahAra honA cAhie; guru-zayyA apavitra karane para prAyazcitta ke lie katipaya mata; para sekreDa buka Apha di IsTa (S. B. E. ), jilda 2 / 70. 3- dharma 0

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18 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nArI se sambandha rakhane para pati tathA para-puruSa se sambandha rakhane para patnI ke lie prAyazcitta; bhrUNa (sUtra-pravacana-pAThaka brAhmaNa) ko mArane para prAyazcitta ; apane bacAva ko chor3akara brAhmaNa astra-zastra nahIM grahaNa kara sakatA; abhizasta (aparAdhI) ke lie prAyazcitta; choTe-choTe pApoM ke lie prAyazcitta; snAtaka (vidyAsnAtaka, vratasnAtaka tathA vidyAvratasnAtaka) ke bAre meM katipaya mata; paridhAna-grahaNa, malamUtra-tyAga, lAMchanapUrNa bAtacIta, sUryodayAsta na dekhane, krodhAdi naitika doSoM se dUra rahane ke sambandha meM vrata / (prazna 2--) pANigrahaNa ke uparAnta gRhastha ke vrata Arambha hote haiM; bhojana-grahaNa, upavAsa, saMbhoga ke viSaya meM gRhasthAcaraNa ke niyama; sabhI varNa vAle apane karmoM evaM kartavyAcaraNa ke anusAra aparimita Ananda yA duHkha pAte haiM, yathA, eka brAhmaNa corI evaM brahmahatyA ke kAraNa cANDAla ho tA hai, usI prakAra eka aparAdhI kSatriya (rAjanya) paulkasa ho jAtA hai; snAnoparAnta tInoM ucca jAtiyoM ko vaizvadeva karanA cAhie; AryoM kI dekharekha meM zUdra loga tIna U~cI jAtiyoM kA bhojana pakA sakate haiM; pakvAnna kI bali; pahale atithi ko, taba baccoM, buDDhoM, bImAroM, gabhiNI striyoM ko bhojana denA cAhie, usake uparAnta gRhastha svayaM khAye ; vaizvadeva ke anta meM AnevAle ko bhojana avazya denA cAhie; apar3ha brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM, vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ko atithi rUpa meM grahaNa karane ke niyama; eka gRhastha ko uttarIya grahaNa karanA cAhie yA usakA yajJopavIta hI paryApta hai; brAhmaNa-AcArya ke abhAva meM eka brAhmaNa kSatriya yA vaizya AcAryoM se adhyayana kara sakatA hai; vivAhita puruSa kA guru ke atithi rUpa meM Ane para kartavya ; gRhastha kA par3hAne evaM apane AcAroM ke sambandha meM kartavya ; atithi kI jAti evaM caritra ke viSaya meM sandeha utpanna hone para kyA karanA cAhie, atithi kyA hai; atithisatkAra kI prazaMsA ; agni-pratiSThA karane para tathA atithi ke rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cane para vidhi; kisako aura kaba madhuparka denA cAhie; vedAMgoM ke nAma; vaizvadeva ke uparAnta kattoM evaM cANDAloM taka sabako bhojana denA cAhie: sabhI dAna jala ke sAtha dene cAhie; naukara-cAkaroM, dAsoM ke bala para hI dAnAdi nahIM karanA cAhie; apane ko, apanI patnI yA baccoM ko kaSTa ho jAya, kintu naukaroM ko nahIM; brahmacArI, gRhastha, sAdhu Adi ko kitanA bhojana karanA cAhie; AcArya, vivAha, yajJa, mAtA-pitA ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie, agnihotra aise acche tapa banda na ho jAyeM, isake lie bhIkha mAMgane kI vyavasthA; brAhmaNoM evaM anya jAtiyoM ke vizeSa karma ; yuddha ke niyama; rAjA aise purohita ko niyukta kare jo dharma, zAsana-kalA, daNDa dene evaM vrata karane meM pravINa ho; aparAdhAnusAra mRtyu tathA anya daNDa kA vidhAna, kintu brAhmaNa na nArA jA sakatA thA, na ghAyala kiyA jA sakatA thA aura na dAsa banAyA jA sakatA thA; mArga-niyama; dharmarata kramazaH uThatA huA uttama jAti ko tathA a mazaH giratA huA nIca jAti ko prApta hotA hai; jaba taka bacce hoM aura patnI dharmakArya meM rata ho, dUsarA vivAha nahIM karanA cAhie, vivAha-yogya lar3akI ke viSaya meM niyama, yathA vaha sagotra evaM mAtA kI sapiNDa na ho; chaH prakAra ke vivAhabrAhma, ArSa, deva, gAndharva, Asura evaM rAkSasa; chahoM meM kinako kitanA mAna denA cAhie; vivAhoparAnta AcaraNaniyama; apanI hI jAti kI patnI se utpanna putra pitA kI jAti ke yogya kartavya kara sakate haiM aura pitA kI sampatti pA sakate haiM; vaha lar3akA, jo eka bAra pahale vivAhita ho cukA ho, athavA jisakA vivAha vidhi ke anukUla na huA ho, athavA jo vijAtIya ho, bhartsanA ke yogya hai; kyA lar3akA aurasa hai, bacce kA dAna yA kraya nahIM ho sakatA; pitA ke jIte-jI sampatti-vibhAjana, barAbara vibhAjana ; napusaka, pAgala evaM pApiyoM kA vasIyata meM niSedha; putrAbhAva meM vasIyata nikaTa sapiNDa ko milatI hai, usake bAda AcArya ko aura taba ziSya yA patrI ko aura anta meM rAjA ko prApta hotI hai| jyeSTha putra ko adhika bhAga milanA cAhie, aisA mata vedoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| pati-patnI meM vibhAjana nahIM, veda-viruddha dezoM evaM vaMzoM ke vyavahAra-prayoga mAnya nahIM; sambandhiyoM, sajAtiyoM Adi kI mRtyu para azauca ; ucita samaya tathA sthAna meM supAtra ko dAna denA cAhie; zrAddha, zrAddha kA kAla; cAroM Azrama; parivrAjaka

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Apastamba kA dharmasUtra 19 arthAt saMnyAsI ke niyama araNyasevI sAdhu ke kartavya; guNiyoM kI prazaMsA evaM durAcAriyoM kI bhartsanA ; rAjAoM ke lie viziSTa niyama; rAjA kI rAjadhAnI evaM rAjaprAsAda kI nIMva; sabhA kI sthiti; taskaroM (coroM) kA vinAza; brAhmaNoM ko bhUmi evaM dhana kA dAna janatA kI rakSA; aise vyakti jinheM kara se chuTakArA milA hai; vyabhicAra ke lie navayuvakoM ko daNDa ; nArI ko apamAnita karane para daNDa, isa viSaya meM Arya evaM zUdra nArI donoM ke apamAna meM antara; apazabda evaM nara-vagha ke lie daNDa; katipaya AcaraNa-bhaMga ke lie daNDa; caravAhe evaM svAmI ke bIca jhagar3A; jhagar3A karanevAlA, protsAhaka tathA vaha jo isa karma kA anumodana karatA hai, aparAdhI haiM; jhagar3A kauna taya karatA hai; sandeha kI sthiti meM nirNaya anumAna dvArA yA divya sAkSI dvArA hotA hai; jhUThI gavAhI para tus; anya zeSa dharmoM kA adhyayana ( kucha logoM ke mata se ) striyoM tathA sabhI jAtiyoM ke logoM se karanA caahie| ApastambadhamaM sUtra ke do praznoM meM pratyeka gyAraha paTaloM meM vibhAjita hai| donoM paTaloM meM kramaza: 32 aura 29 kaNDikAe~ haiN| Aja jitane bhI dharmasUtra vidyamAna haiM, unameM Apastamba apekSAkRta adhika saMkSipta evaM susaMgaThita zailI meM hai, aura isakI bhASA adhika prAcIna (ArSa ) evaM pANini ke niyamoM se dUra hai / yadyapi yaha dharmasUtra adhikatara gadya meM hai, kintu yatastataH padya bhI pAye jAte haiM / 'udAharanti' yA 'athApyudAharanti' zabdoM dvArA Apastamba ne anya upAdAnoM se bhI zloka Adi grahaNa kara liye haiN| kula milAkara 20 zloka haiM, jinameM kama se kama cha: baudhAyana meM bhI Aye haiN| Apastamba ne saMhitAoM ke atirikta brAhmaNoM se bhI uddharaNa liye haiM ( yathA 1.1.1.10 11, 1.1. 3.9, 1.1.3.26, 1.2.7.7, 1.2, 7.11,1.3.10.8 ) / taittirIyAraNyaka se bhI uddharaNa liyA gayA hai| chaH vedAMgoM ke nAma bhI Aye haiM---chanda, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, nirukta, zikSA ke sAtha - sAtha chandoviciti kI bhI carcA hai / sambhavataH zikSA ko vyAkaraNa ke sAtha milA diyA gayA hai / Apastamba ne dasa dharmAcAryoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, yathA eka, kaNva, kANva, kuNika, kutsa, kautsa, puSkarasAdi, vArSyAyaNi, zvetaketu evaM hArIta / kautsa, vANi tathA puSkarasAdi ke nAma nirukta meM bhI Aye haiM / dharmAcArya zvetaketu upaniSad ( chAndogyopaniSad) vAle zvetaketu nahIM haiN| hArIta kI carcA baudhAyana evaM vasiSTha ne bhI kI hai / yadyapi Apastamba ne gautamadharmasUtra ko udbhuta nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi vaha grantha unakI A~khoM ke samakSa avazya thA / Apastamba ne bhaviSyatpurANa ke mata kI carcA kI hai (khaNDa-pralaya ke uparAnta vizva sRSTi ) / eka sthAna para (2.11.29.11-12 ) Apastamba ne kahA hai ki vaha jJAna, jo paramparA se striyoM evaM zUdroM meM pAyA jAtA hai, vidyA kI sabase dUra kI sImA hai; yaha atharvaveda kA pUraka hai / sambhavataH Apastamba ne yahA~ para arthazAstra kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, jo 'caraNavyUha' ke anusAra atharvaveda kA upaveda hai| Apastamba ne manu ko zrAddha kI paramparA kA saMsthApaka mAnA hai| kintu yahA~ ke manu manusmRti ke praNetA manu na hokara mAnavoM ke pUrvaja kulapuruSa manu haiN| Apastamba ne mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva kA eka zloka ( 90-46 ) uddhRta kiyA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra kA pUrvamImAMsA se eka vicitra sambandha hai / mImAMsA ke bahuta se pAribhASika zabda evaM siddhAnta isa dharmasUtra meM pAye jAte haiN| isase patA calatA hai ki Apastamba ko mImAMsAsUtra kA patA thA yA mImAMsAsUtra kI kisI prAcIna prati meM isa sUtra kI uddhRta bAteM jyoM-kI-tyoM thIM / ApastambadharmasUtra meM pUrvamImAMsA uddhRta bAteM kSepaka nahIM ho sakatIM, kyoMki unakI vyAkhyA haradatta ne kara dI hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se Apastambadharma sUtra ko pramANa rUpa meM mAnA jAtA rahA hai / jaiminisUtroM ke bhASya meM "zavara ne Apastamba ko uddhRta kiyA hai / tantravArtika ne isake katipaya sUtroM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai| brahmasUtra (4.2.14) ke bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya ne Apastamba (1.7.20 3 ) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| zaMkarAcArya

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20 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ne bRhadAraNyaka ke bhASya meM bhI aisA kiyA hai| unhoMne svayaM Apastamba ke donoM paTaloM kI adhyAtma-sambandhI bAtI kI AlocanA kI hai / vizvarUpa ne yAjJavalkya kI TIkA meM Apastamba ko lagabhaga bIsa bAra uddhRta kiyA hai| medhAtithi ne manu kI TIkA meM Apastamba kI kaI bAra carcA kI hai| mitAkSarA meM isake kaI eka uddharaNa haiN| aparArka meM lagabhaga 200 sUtra uddhRta haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zabara ke kAla ( kama-se-kama 500 I0 san) se lekara 1100 I0 taka katipaya granthakAroM ne Apastamba ko pramANa mAnA hai / Apastamba ke nivAsa sthAna evaM jIvana- itihAsa ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM jJAta hai / Apastamba ArSa nAma nahIM hai| yaha veda meM nahIM miltaa| pANini ( 4.1.104) ke ' bidAdi' gaNa meM yaha zabda AtA hai| unhoMne apane ko avara arthAt bAda meM Ane vAlA kahA hai| tarpaNa meM unakA nAma adhikatara baudhAyana ke uparAnta evaM satyASADha hiraNyakezI ke pahale AtA hai| eka sthAna para 'udIcyoM' kI eka vilakSaNa zrAddha paramparA kI carcA hai ( 2.7.17.17 ) / kyA yaha unake nivAsasthAna kA sUcaka hai ? haradatta ke anusAra zarAvatI ke uttara ke deza ko 'udIcya' kahate haiM, kintu mahArNava ke anusAra narmadA ke dakSiNa-pUrva ApastambIya loga pAye jAte the, aura yaha dakSiNa - pUrva sthAna Andhra pradeza meM godAvarI kA mukha hai / pallavoM ne ApastambiyoM ko bhUmidAna diyA hai / ApastambadharmasUtra kA kAla anumAna ke sahAre hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai / sambhavataH yaha gautamadharmasUtra evaM baudhAyanadharma sUtra se bAda kA hai aura 500 I0 san ke pUrva yaha pramANa rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA gayA thA / yAjJavalkya evaM zaMkha-likhita ne Apastamba ko dharma zAstrakAra kahA hai / zailI aura apANinIya prayoga hone ke nAte isa dharmasUtra kA kAla prAcIna honA caahie| isameM bauddhadharma athavA kisI bhI virodhI sampradAya kI koI carcA nahIM pAyI jaatii| zvetaketu se Apastamba bahuta dUra nahIM jhalakate / sambhavataH jina dinoM jaimini ne apanI zAkhA calAyI unhIM dinoM inake dharma sUtra kA praNayana huaa| to, inake kAla ko hama 600-300 I0 pU0 ke madhya meM kahIM rakheM to asaMgata na hogA / ApastambadharmasUtra ke vyAkhyAkAra haiM haradatta, jinakI vyAkhyA kA nAma hai ujjvalA vRtti| isakA varNana hama 86 veM prakaraNa meM kreNge| aparArka, haradatta, smRticandrikA tathA anya granthoM meM Apastamba ke bahuta se uddharaNa haiM / 8. hiraNyakezi-dharmasUtra hiraNyakezi-dharmasUtra hiraNyakezi-kalpa kA 26vA~ evaM 27vA~ prazna hai / zrautasUtra kA prakAzana pUnA ke AnandAzrama ne kiyA hai| DA0 kisteM (viyenA, 1889 I0) ne mAtRdatta ke bhASya ke AdhAra para hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra kA sampAdana kiyA hai| hiraNyakezi-dharmasUtra ko eka svatantra racanA kahanA ja~catA nahIM, kyoMki isake saikar3oM sUtra jyoM-ke-jyoM Apastamba dharmasUtra se le liye gaye haiM / ataH ApastambadharmasUtra kA sabase prAcIna pramANa hiraNyakezidharmasUtra hai, jisane sabase pahale usake uddharaNa liye / hiraNyakeziyoM kA sambandha taittirIya zAkhA ke khANTikeya bhAga ke caraNa se hai / inakI zAkhA ApastambIya zAkhA ke bAda kI hai| koMgU rAjAoM ke eka dAnapatra ( 454 I0) meM hiraNyakezi- zAkhA ke brAhmaNoM kI carcA hai| caraNavyUha ke bhASya meM uddhRta mahArNava ke anusAra hiraNyakezI loga sahya parvata tathA parazurAma kSetra ( arthAt koMkaNa ) ke nikaTa ke samudrataTa se dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM pAye jAte the / Aja ke ratnAgiri jile ke bahuta-se brAhmaNa apane ko hiraNyakezI kahate haiM / mahAdeva dIkSita kI vyAkhyA, jisakA nAma ujjvalA hai, haradatta kI ujjvalA se saba prakAra se milatI hai| kisI eka ne dUsare se jyoM-kA-tyoM le liyA hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai / lagatA hai, mahAdeva dIkSita se haradatta ne bahuta kucha udhAra le liyA hai, kyoMki mahAdeva meM haradatta kI apekSA aura bhI bahuta kucha hai| haradatta se mahAdeva prAcIna

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vasiSThadharmasUtra 21 Thaharate haiM, kyoMki haradatta ne apanI vyAkhyA ke prArambha meM gaNeza kI stuti ke uparAnta mahAdeva kI stuti kI hai| ho sakatA hai ki mahAdeva yA to haradatta ke AcArya the, yA unake pitA the; yA ve kevala mahAdeva (zaMkara) ke rUpa meM hI mAne gaye hoN| haradatta kI ujjvalA meM smRtiyoM se uddharaNa kama Aye haiM, balki gautamadharmasUtra se apekSA kRta adhika Aye haiM / 9. vasiSThadharmasUtra isa dharmasUtra kA prakAzana kaI bAra huA hai| jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM kevala 20 adhyAya tathA 21veM adhyAya kA kucha aMza hai| yahI bAta zrI ema0 ena0 datta (kalakattA 1908 ) ke saMgraha meM bhI hai| kintu AnandAzrama smRti-saMgraha ( 1905 I0 ) tathA DA0 phuharara ke saMskaraNa meM 30 adhyAya haiN| DA0 jaoNlI kA kahanA hai ki kucha hastalikhita pratiyoM meM kevala 6 yA 10 adhyAya haiM / vidvanmodinI nAmaka vyAkhyA ke sAtha vasiSThadharmasUtra kA prakAzana kAzI se bhI huA hai| kumArila ke matAnusAra vasiSThadharmasUtra kA adhyayana vizeSataH Rgveda ke vidyArthI kiyA karate the, kintu anya caraNoM ke lie bhI yaha dharmasUtra pramANa thA / isa dharmasUtra ke zrIta evaM gRhyasUtra nahIM prApta hote / Rgveda ke kevala AzvalAyana zrI evaM gRhyasUtra milate haiN| to kyA vasiSThadharmasUtra usake kalpa kI pUrti hai ? isa dharmasUtra meM sabhI vedoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM aura kevala 'vasiSTha' nAma kI koI bhI viziSTa bAta nahIM pAyI jAtI ki ise hama Rgveda se sambandhita samajheM / isa dharmasUtra kI viSaya-sUcI nimnalikhita hai-- ( 1 ) dharma kI paribhASA, AryAvarta kI sImAe~, pApI kauna haiM, naitika pApa, eka brAhmaNa kinhI bhI tIna ucca jAtiyoM kI kanyA se vivAha kara sakatA hai, chaH prakAra ke vivAha, rAjA prajA ke AcAra ko saMyamita karanevAlA hai tathA dhana-sampatti kA SaSThAMza kara ke rUpa meM le sakatA hai; (2) cAroM varNa, AcArya - mahattA, upanayana ke pUrva dhArmika kriyA-saMskAroM ke lie koI pramANa nahIM hai, cAroM jAtiyoM ke vizeSAdhikAra evaM kartavya, vipatti meM brAhmaNa loga kSatriya yA vaizya kI vRtti kara sakate haiM, brAhmaNa kucha viziSTa vastuoM kA vikraya nahIM kara sakate, byAja lenA niSiddha hai, byAja kI dara (3) apar3ha brAhmaNa kI bhartsanA, dhanasampatti kI prApti para niyama, kauna-kauna AtatAyI haiM, Atma-rakSA meM ve kaba mAre jA sakate haiM, paMktipAvana loga kauna haiM, pariSada kA vidhAna, Acamana, zauca evaM vibhinna padArthoM ke pavitrIkaraNa kI vidhiyA~; (4) cAroM varNoM kA nirmANa janma evaM saMskAra-karma para AdhArita hai, sabhI jAtiyoM ke sAdhAraNa kartavya, atithi satkAra, madhuparka, janma-maraNa para azIca ; (5) striyoM kI AzritatA, rajasvalA nArI ke AcAra-niyama ( 6 ) atyuttama dharma hI vyavahAra hai, AcAra-prazaMsA, malamUtra tyAga ke niyama, brAhmaNa kI naitika vizeSatAaiM evaM zudra kI vilakSaNa vizeSatAe~, zUdroM ke ghara meM bhojanaM karane para bhartsanA, saujanya evaM acche kula ke niyama (7) cAroM Azrama tathA vidyArthI - kartavya; (8) gRhastha - kartavya atithi satkAra; ( 9 ) araNya ke sAdhuoM ke kartavya-niyama (10) saMnyAsiyoM ke lie niyama; (11) viziSTa Adara pAnevAle chaH prakAra ke vyakti -- yajJa ke purohita, dAmAda, rAjA, mAtula evaM pitRkula (cAcA) tathA snAtaka, pahale kisako bhojana diyA jAya, atithi, zrAddha-niyama, isakA kAla, isake lie nimantrita brAhmaNa, agnihotra, upanayana, isakA ucita samaya, daNDa, mekhalA Adi ke niyama, bhikSA mA~gane kI vidhi, upanayanarahita logoM ke lie prAyazcitta; (12) snAtaka ke lie AcAra-niyama (13) vedAdhyayana prArambha karane ke niyama, vedAdhyayana kI chuTTiyoM ke niyama, guru evaM anyoM ke caraNoM para girane ke niyama, vidyA, dhana, avasthA, sambandha, peze ke anusAra kramazaH Adara dene ke niyama, mArga ke niyama ; (14) varjita evaM avajita bhojana

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22 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke niyama, kucha viziSTa pakSiyoM evaM pazuoM ke mAMsa ke bAre meM niyama; (15) goda lene kA niyama, unake lie niyama jo vedoM kI bhartsanA karate haiM yA zUdroM kA yajJa karAte haiM, anya pApoM ke lie niyama; (16) nyAyazAsana ke bAre meM, rAjA nAbAligoM kA abhibhAvaka, tIna prakAra ke pramANa, yathA kAgada-patra, sAkSiyA~, adhikAra, pratikUla adhikAra evaM rAjA ke matadAtA, sAkSiyoM kI pAtratA, kucha mAmaloM meM mithyAbhASaNa kA mArjana; (17) aurasa putra kI prazaMsA, kSetraja putra ke viSaya meM virodhI mata- kyA vaha apane pitA kA pUtra hai yA apanI mAtA ke pUrva pati kA putra hai, bArahoM prakAra ke putra, bhAiyoM meM dhana-sampatti-vibhAjana, vibhAjana-bhAga se haTAne ke kAraNa, niyoga ke niyama, yuvatI kintu avivAhita kanyA ke bAre meM niyama, vasIyata ke bAre meM niyama, rAjA antima uttarAdhikArI hai; (18) pratiloma jAtiyA~, yathA cANDAla, zUdroM ke lie yA unake sAmane vedAdhyayana kI manAhI hai; (19) rakSaNa karanA evaM daNDa denA rAjA kA kartavya, purohitA kI mahattA; (20) jAne evaM anajAne kiye hue karmoM ke lie prAyazcitta; (21) zUdra ke vyabhicAra ke lie prAyazcitta, brAhmaNa-strI ke sAtha vyabhicAra karane tathA go-hatyA ke lie prAyazcitta; (22) vajita bhojana karane para prAyazcitta tathA ina pApoM se mukta hone ke lie pavitra mUla-grantha yA mantra; (23) saMbhoga evaM surApAna karane para brahmacArI ke prAyazcitta; (24) kRccha evaM atikRccha; (25) gupta vrata evaM halake-phulake pApoM ke lie vrata; (26) evaM (27) prANAyAma ke guNa, pavitrIkaraNa ke lie gAyatrI ke vaidika sUkta ; - (28) nArI-prazaMsA, aghamarSaNa evaM dAna-sambandhI vaidika mantroM kI prazaMsA; (29) dAna-puraskAra, brahmacarya, tapa Adi; (30) dharma-prazaMsA, satya evaM braahmnn| ___ Upara jitane dharmasUtroM kA varNana ho cukA hai, unase vasiSThadharmasUtra bahuta kucha milatA hai| viSaya-sUcI meM koI antara nahIM hai aura na zailI meM hI, kyoMki yaha bhI gadya meM hai aura yatra-tatra isameM bhI padya milate haiN| isakI zailI gautamadharmasUtra se bahuta milatI hai aura usa sUtra se isameM bahuta kucha liyA gayA hai| bodhAyanadharmasUtra kA bhI yaha RNI hai| jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, isa dharmasUtra ke adhyAyoM ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda hai; 6 a0 se lekara 30 adhyAyoM meM yaha prakAzita hai| isa bAta se isa dharmasUtra kI pramANayuktatA para sandeha kiyA jAtA hai| isameM kucha aise bhI padya haiM, jinake kAraNa yaha bahuta bAda kA kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM kucha kSepaka bhI haiM, kintu ve bahuta pahale A cuke the, kyoMki isake bahuta-se uddharaNa prAcIna TIkAoM meM mila jAte haiM, yathA mitAkSarA meN|| ____vasiSThadharmasUtra meM Rgveda evaM vaidika saMhitAoM se uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| brAhmaNoM meM aitareya evaM zatapatha adhikatara saMketita hue haiN| vAjasaneyaka evaM kAThaka ke nAma taka Aye haiN| AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM evaM vedAMgoM ke uddharaNa Aye haiN| itihAsa evaM purANa kI bhI carcA huI hai| isa dharmasUtra meM vyAkaraNa, muhUrta, bhaviSyavANI, phalita jyotiSa, nakSatra-vidyA kA varNana bhI AyA hai| isa dharmasUtra ne anya dharmazAstrakAroM ke granthoM evaM lekhakoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| manu se bhI bahuta bAteM lI gayI haiM yA nahIM, isa para vivecana manusmRti vAle prakaraNa meM hogaa| ___ buhalara ke matAnusAra vasiSThadharmasUtra ke mAnanevAloM kI zAkhA ke loga narmadA ke uttara meM the| kintu yaha bAta anizcita hai, kyoMki abhI yahI nahIM tayaM ho sakA hai ki yaha dharmasUtra kisI zAkhA se sambandhita hai| manu ne sabase pahale isa dharmasUtra ko dharma-pramANa mAnA hai| jaba manu ne ise pramANa mAnA hai to yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa dharmasUtra ne manusmRti se uddharaNa liyA hai ? ho sakatA hai ki donoM kA kAlAntara meM saMzodhana huA aura isakI bAteM usameM aura usakI bAteM isameM calI AyI haiN| tattravAtika ne kahA hai ki isa dharmasUtra ko RgvedI loga par3hate the| vizvarUpa, meghAtithi tathA anya vyAkhyAkAroM ne isakI carcA kI hai aura ise uddhRta kiyA hai| tIvaradeva ke rAgima tAmrapatra meM isa dharmasUtra kA uddharaNa hai| isa tAmrapatra kA samaya hai AThavIM zatAbdI kA antima crnn| IsA kI prathama zatAbdiyoM meM yaha dharmasUtra upasthita thA hI, anya granthakAroM ne sAtavIM

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viSNudharmasUtra zatAbdI ke uparAnta bhI isakI ora saMketa kiyA hai| yaha dharmasUtra gautama, Apastamba evaM baudhAyana se bAda kA hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai| yadi ise IsApUrva 300-100 ke madhya meM rakhA jAya to asaMgata na hogaa| yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA meM vizvarUpa ne vRddha-vasiSTha ke mata diye haiM (yAjJa0 1.19) / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 2.91) ne vRddha vasiSTha se jayapatra kI paribhASA ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isI prakAra smRticandrikA ne vRddhavasiSTha kA havAlA 'Ahnika' evaM 'zrAddha' ke viSaya meM diyA hai| bhaTTojidIkSita ne apane caturviMzatimata (pR0 12) kI TIkA meM vRddha-vasiSTha se uddharaNa liyA hai| ina bAtoM se patA calatA hai ki vRddha-vasiSTha nAma ke koI prAcIna dharmAcArya the| mitAkSarA ne eka bRhad-vasiSTha kI bhI carcA kI hai| smRticandrikA (3, pR0 300) ne jyotirvasiSTha se uddharaNa liye haiN| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ke TIkAkAra govindasvAmI se patA calatA hai (2.2.5) ki vasiSThadharmasUtra ke TIkAkAra yajJasvAmI the| 10. viSNudharmasUtra isa dharmasUtra kA prakAzana bhArata meM kaI bAra huA hai| jIvAnanda dvArA 'dharmazAstrasaMgraha' meM (1876 I0), baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI dvArA (1881 I0), vaijayantI TIkA ke kucha uddharaNoM ke sAtha (DA0 jAlI dvArA sampAdita) zrI ema0 ena0 datta dvArA (1909) / isa sUtra meM 100 adhyAya haiM, kintu sUtra choTe-choTe nahIM haiN| prathama evaM antima do adhyAya pUrNatayA padyabaddha haiM, kintu anya adhyAya yA to gadya meM yA gadya-padya mizrita rUpa meM haiN| vaijayantI TIkA ke anusAra kaTha nAmaka yajurvedIya zAkhA se isakA sambandha hai| 'zrAddhakalpa' urpha 'pitRbhaktitaraMgiNI' meM vAcaspati ne kahA hai ki viSNudharmasUtra kaTha zAkhA ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie hai, kyoMki viSNu usa zAkhA ke sUtrakAra haiN| vidyamAna manusmRti se isakA eka vicitra sambandha hai| caraNavyUha ke anusAra kaTha evaM cArAyaNIya yajurvedIya carakazAkhA ke 12 upavibhAgoM meM do vibhAga haiN| viSNudharmasUtra kI viSaya-sUcI nimnalikhita hai-(1) kUrma dvArA samudra se pRthivI ko uThAnA, kazyapa ke yahA~ isalie jAnA ki unake uparAnta pRthivI ko kauna saMbhAlegA, taba viSNu ke pAsa jAnA aura unakA kahanA ki jo vargAzrama dharma kA paripAlana kareMge ve hI pRthivI ko dhAraNa kareMge, usa para pRthivI neM parama devatA ko unake kartavya batAne ke lie prerita kiyA; (2) cAroM varNa evaM unake parma; (3) rAjadharma; (4) kArSApaNa evaM anya choTe baTakhare; (5) katipaya aparAdhoM ke lie daNDa; (6) mahAjana (RNa denevAlA) evaM udhAra lenevAlA, byAja-dara, bandhaka; (7) tIna prakAra ke lekhapatra yA lekhapramANa; (8) sAkSiyA~ ; (9) divya (parIkSA) ke bAre meM sAmAnya niyama; (10-14) tulA, agni, jala, viSa, pUta jala (koza) nAmaka divya (parIkSA); (15) bArahoM prakAra ke putra, vasIyata kA niSedha, putra-prazaMsA; (16) mizrita vivAha se utpanna putra tathA mizrita jAtiyA~ ; (17) baTavArA, saMyukta parivAra tathA putrahIna kI vasIyata ke niyama, punarmilana, strIdhana; (18) vibhinna jAtiyoM vAlI paliyoM se utpanna putroM meM ba~TavArA; (19) zava ko le jAnA, mRtyu para azauca, brAhmaNa-prazaMsA; (20) cAroM yugoM, manvantara, kalpa, mahAkalpa kI avadhi, maranevAle ke lie adhika na rone kA upadeza; (21) vilApa ke bAda kriyA-saMskAra, mAsika zrAddha, sapiNDIkaraNa; (22) sapiNDoM ke lie azauca kI avadhi, vilApa ke lie niyama, janma para azauca, katipaya vyaktiyoM evaM padArthoM ke sparza se utpanna azauca ke niyama ; (23) apane zarIra evaM anya padArthoM kA pavitrIkaraNa; (24) vivAha, vivAha-prakAra, antarvivAha, vivAha ke lie abhibhAvaka ; (25) strI-dharma ; (26) vibhinna jAtiyoM kI patniyoM meM pramukhatA; (27) saMskAra, garbhAdhAna Adi; (28) brahmacArI ke niyama; (29) AcArya-stuti; (30) vedAdhyayana-kAla evaM chuTTiyA~ ; (31) pitA, mAtA evaM AcArya adhika

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24 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tama zraddhAspada haiM; (32) satkAra pAnevAle anya vyakti, (33) pApa ke tIna kAraNa-kAmavikAra, krodha evaM lobha ; (34) atipAtakoM ke prakAra; (35) paMca mahApAtaka ; (36) mahApAtakoM ke samAna anya bhayaMkara upapAtaka; (37) katipaya upapAtaka; (38-42) anya halake-phulake pApa; (43) 21 prakAra ke naraka evaM bhAMtibhA~ti ke pApiyoM ke lie naraka-kaSTa kI avadhi; (44) katipaya pApoM ke kAraNa-svarUpa katipaya hIna janma; (45) pApiyoM ke lie bhA~ti-bhAMti kI roga-vyAdhi tathA unake lie pratikAra-svarUpa nIca vyavasAya ; (46-48) katipaya kRccha (vrata), sAntapana, cAndrAyaNa, prasRtiyAvaka; (49) vAsudeva-bhavata ke kArya tathA usake lie pratiphala ; (50) brAhmaNa-hatyA evaM anya jIvoM kI hatyA, yathA go-hatyA Adi ke lie prAyazcitta; (51-53) surApAna, vajita bhojana karane, sonA tathA anya padArthoM kI corI, vyabhicAra evaM anya prakAra kI mathuna-kriyAoM ke lie prAyazcittaM; (54) vibhinna prakAra ke anya kAryoM ke lie prAyazcitta; (55) gupta vrata; (56) aghamarSaNa (pApa-mocana) ke lie pUta stotra; (57) kisakI saMgati nahIM karanI cAhie, vrAtya, pazcAttApa na karanevAle pApI, dAna dene se dUra rahanevAle; (58) zuddha, mizrita tathA anya prakAra kA gupta dhana; (59) gRhastha-dharma, pAka-yajJa, pratidina ke paMcamahAyajJa, atithi-satkAra; (60) gRhastha ke anudina vAle AcAra, bhadra saMvardhana; (61-62) danta-dhAvana karane evaM Acamana ke niyama ; (63) gRhasthajIvana-vRtti ke sAdhana, mArgapradarzana ke niyama, yAtrA ke samaya bure yA bhale zakuna, mArga-niyama; (64) snAna evaM devatAoM tathA pitaroM kA tarpaNa; (65-67) vAsudeva-pUjA, puSpa tathA pUjA kI anya sAmagrI, devatA ko bhojana-dAna, pitaroM ko piNDa-dAna, atithi ko bhojana-dAna; (68) bhojana karane ke DhaMga evaM samaya ke vAre meM niyama; (69-70) patnI-saMbhoga evaM sone ke viSaya meM niyama; (71) snAtaka ke AcAra ke lie sAmAnya niyama; (72) Atma-saMyama kA mUlya; (73-86) zrAddha, zrAddha-vidhi, aSTakA zrAddha, kina pitaroM kA zrAddha karanA cAhie, zrAddha ke kAla, saptAha-dina meM zrAddha-phala, 27 nakSatra evaM tithiyA~, zrAddha-sAmagrI, zrAddha ke lie nimantrita na kiye jAne vAle brAhmaNa, paMktipAvana brAhmaNa, zrAddha ke lie ayogya sthala, tIrtha yA deza, sA~r3a chor3anA; (87-88) mRgacarma-dAna yA go-dAna; (89) kArtika-snAna; (90) bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke dAnoM kI stuti; (91-93) kRpa, tAlAva, bATikA, pula, bA~dha, bhojana-dAna Adi janakalyANa ke kArya, pratigrAhakoM ke anusAra pAtratA-bhinnatA; (94-95) vAnaprastha ke niyama, (96-97) saMnyAsiyoM ke lie niyama; asthi, mAMsapezI, rakta-snAyu Adi kA jJAna ; dhyAna-mudrA kI katipaya vidhiyA~ ; (98-99) pRthivI evaM lakSmI dvArA vAsudeva-stuti ; (100) isa dharmasUtra ke adhyayana kA phl| yaha dharmasUtra vasiSThadharmasUtra se kucha milatA hai| isameM chanda (padya) paryApta mAtrA meM haiN| kintu eka vilakSaNa bAta yaha hai ki yaha paramadeva dvArA praNIta mAnA gayA hai| yaha bAta anya dharmasUtroM ke sAtha nahIM pAyI jaatii| isakI zailI sarala hai| yaha vyAkaraNa-niyama-sammata hai| bahudhA adhyAyAnta meM padya A jAte haiN| kahIM-kahIM indravajrA, kahIM upajAti aura kahIM triSTup chanda haiN| ___viSNudharmasUtra kA kAla-nirNaya dustara kArya hai| kucha adhyAya gautama evaM Apastamba ke dharmasUtroM kI bhA~ti prAcInatA ke dyotaka haiN| kintu anya sthala ise bahuta dUra le jAte-se nahIM lgte| isa dharmasUtra evaM manusmRti kI 160 bAteM bilkula eka-sI haiN| kucha sthaloM para manusmRti ke padya mAno gadya meM rakha diye gaye haiN| prazna uThatA hai; kyA manusmRti ne viSNudharmasUtra se udhAra liyA hai yA viSNudharmasUtra ne manusmRti se, yA donoM ne kisI anya sthAna se ? yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai| kintu koI aisA grantha nahIM upalabdha hai jisameM donoM meM eka-sI pAyI jAnevAlI bAteM mila jaayeN| lagatA hai, viSNudharmasUtra ne manusmRti se hI uddharaNa liye haiN| DA0 jAlI ke matAnusAra yAjJavalkya ne viSNudharmasUtra se zarIrAMga-sambandhI jJAna le liyA hai| kintu yaha bAta mAnya nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki caraka evaM suzruta meM yaha jJAna

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hArItadharmasUtra 25 vartamAna thA aura dharmasUtrakAroM ne use uddhRta kara liyaa| lagatA hai, viSNudharmasUtra yAjJavalkyasmRti ke bAda kI kRti hai| yaha dharmasUtra bhagavadgItA, manusmRti, yAjJavalkya tathA anya dharmazAstrakAroM kA RNI hai / pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavIuparAnta hone vAle zabara, kumArila evaM zaMkarAcArya ne manusmRti kI uddhRta kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya kA bhASya vizvarUpa ne navIM zatAbdI ke prathamArdha meM kiyaa| vizvarUpa ne gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana, vasiSTha, zaMkha aura hArIta se aneka uddharaNa liye haiM, kintu viSNudharmasUtra kA eka bhI uddharaNa unakI TIkA meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| manu kI vyAkhyA (manu0 3. 248 tathA 9.76 ) karate hue medhAtithi ne viSNu kA uddharaNa liyA hai| mitAkSarA ne viSNu kA 30 bAra nAma liyA hai| aparArka tathA smRticandrikA ne bahuta bAra uddharaNa liyA hai| smRticandrikA meM 225 bAra viSNu ke uddharaNa Aye haiM / viSNudharmasUtra meM vaidika saMhitAoM tathA aitareya brAhmaNa ke uddharaNa Aye haiN| isane vedAMgoM, vyAkaraNa, itihAsa, dharmazAstra, purANa Adi ke nAma liye haiM / isa dharmasUtra ke prArambhika bhAgoM kA kAla IsApUrva 300100 ke bIca kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu yaha kevala anumAna mAtra hai| viSNudharmasUtra kI TIkA dharmazAstrasambandhI katipaya granthoM ke lekhaka nanda paNDita ne kI hai| inhoMne vArANasI meM lagabhaga 1622-23 I0 meM vaijayantI nAmaka TIkA likhii| kadAcit bhAruci nAmaka koI anya TIkAkAra the, jinakI viSNudharmasUtra sambandhI TIkA kI bAteM sarasvatIvilAsa ne kaI bAra uddhRta kI haiN| 11. hArIta kA dharmasUtra aba taka hamane una dharmasUtroM kA varNana kiyA hai jo prakAzita haiM, kintu aba una dharmasUtroM kA varNana kareMge jo kevala kucha uddharaNa rUpa meM hamAre samakSa upasthita haiM / sarvaprathama hama hArItadharmasUtra ko lete haiM / hArIta nAmaka eka dharmasUtrakAra the isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai, kyoMki baudhAyana, Apastamba evaM vasiSTha ne unheM kaI bAra pramANasvarUpa uddhRta kiyA hai| Apastamba ne hArIta kA havAlA bahuta bAra diyA hai, ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM eka hI veda se sambandhita the / tantravArtika ne hArIta ko gautama tathA anya dharmasUtrakAroM ke sAtha ginA hai| vizvarUpa se lekara anta taka ke dharmazAstrakAroM dvArA hArIta kA nAma liyA jAtA rahA hai / lagatA hai, yaha dharmazAstra paryApta lambA-caur3A rahA hogaa| hArItadharmasUtra kI bhASA evaM viSaya-sUcI dekhakara kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha grantha paryApta prAcIna hai / gadya ke sAtha anuSTupa evaM triSTup chanda Ate gaye haiN| hArIta tathA maitrAyaNIya pariziSTa evaM mAnavazrAddhakalpa meM bahuta samAnatA hai| isase patA calatA hai ki hArIta kRSNa yajurveda ke sUtrakAra the| hArItadharmasUtra meM kazmIrI zabda "kaphellA" ke Ane se hArIta ko kazmIrI bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| hemAdri ( caturvarga 0 3 1 pR0 559 ) ke anusAra hArIta ke eka bhASyakAra bhI the| 71. svargIya paM0 vAmana zAstrI islAmapurakara ko nAsika meM hArItadharmasUtra ko eka hastalikhita prati milI thii| devayogavaza usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakA / yahA~ para hArItadharmasUtra ke bAre meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai| vaha DA0 jaoNlI dvArA upasthApita sAmagrI para AdhArita hai / 72. hAtadharmasUtra kA sUtra hai -- " pAlaGkayA - nAlikA -pautIka-zigru- susuka-vArtAka-bhUstRNa-kaphellamASa-masUra-kRtalavaNAni ca zrAddhe na dadyAt," jisa para hemAdri kA kathana hai-- " kaphalla AraNyavizeSaH kazmIreSu prasiddha iti hArItasmRtibhASyakAraH / " dharma 0-4

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nibandhoM meM hArIta ke jo uddharaNa Ate haiM, unase patA calatA hai ki unake dharmasUtra meM ve sabhI viSaya samanvita the, jo bahudhA anya dharmasUtroM meM pAye jAte haiM, yathA dharma ke upAdAna, upakurvANa evaM naiSThika nAmaka do prakAra ke brahmacArI, snAtaka, gRhastha, vAnaprastha, bhojana ke bAre meM niSedha, janma-maraNa para azauca, zrAddha, paMktipAvana, AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama, paMcayajJa, vedAdhyayana, chuTTiyA~, rAjadharma, zAsana-karma, myAyAlaya-paddhati, vyavahAroM kI vividha upAdhiyA~, pati-patnI ke kartavya, vividha pApa, prAyazcitta, mArjana-stuti aadi| . hArIta ne veda, vedAMga, dharmazAstra, adhyAtma tathA anya jJAna-zAkhAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| hArIta ne sabhI vedoM se uddharaNa liye haiM, ataH lagatA hai, unakA kisI viziSTa veda ve sambandha na thaa| hArIta ke kucha siddhAnta avalokanIya haiN| unhoMne aSTa vivAhoM meM do ko kSetra' aura 'mAnuSa' kahA hai, kintu 'ArSa' evaM 'prAjApatya' ko ginA hI nahIM hai (dekhie, vIramitrodaya, saMskAraprakAza, pR0 84) / yahI bAta vasiSTha meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| hArIta ne do prakAra kI nAriyoM kI carcA kI hai--brahmavAdinI evaM sadyovadhU, jinameM pahale prakAra kI nAriyoM (brahmavAdiniyoM) ko upanayana saMskAra karAne kA adhikAra hai, ve agnihoma karane evaM vedAdhyayana karane kI adhikAriNI haiN| unhoMne 12 prakAra ke putroM kA varNana kiyA hai (dekhie, gautama0 28, 32 para haradata kA bhaassy)| unhoMne abhinetA kI bhartsanA kI hai aura brAhmaNa abhinetA ko zrAddha evaM deva-kriyA-saMskAra meM varjita mAnA hai| gadya-padya mizrita bhASA meM gaNeza kI pUjA kA varNana aparArka dvArA upasthita uddharaNa meM AyA hai| 12. zaMkha-likhita kA dharmasUtra tantravArtika se patA calatA hai ki zaMkha-likhitadharmasUtra kA adhyayana zukla yajurveda ke anuyAyI vAjasaneyiyoM dvArA hotA thaa| tantravArtika ne isa dharmasUtra se anuSTup chanda vAle vAkyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| mahAbhArata : (zAntiparva, adhyAya 23) meM zaMkha aura likhita kI kathA AyI hai| yAjJavalkya ne zaMkha-likhita ko dharmazAstrakAroM meM ginA hai| parAzarasmRti meM AyA hai (1.24) ki kRta, tretA, dvApara tathA kali ke cAroM yugoM meM manu, gautama, zaMkha-likhita evaM parAzara ke anuzAsana dharma-sambandhI pramANa mAne jAte haiN| vizvarUpa ne eka uddharaNa dvArA yaha darzAyA hai ki vedoM para AdhArita evaM manu dvArA ghoSita dharma para zaMkha-likhita ne khUba manana kiyaa| vizvarUpa ke pazcAt anya bhASyakAroM evaM nibandhakAroM ne zaMkha-likhita kA uddharaNa khulakara liyA hai| ina uddharaNoM meM adhikAMza gadya meM haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki sambhavataH yaha dharmamUtra prAcIna hai| abhAgyavaza isa dharmasUtra kI koI prati nahIM mila sakI hai; kevala uddharaNoM ke rUpa meM hI yaha vidyamAna hai| 73. smRticandrikA, 3, pR0 290 'vedA aGgAni dharmo'dhyAtma vijJAna sthitizceti SaDvidhaM shrutm|' 74. dvividhAH striyH| brahmavAdinyaH sdyovdhvshc| tatra brahmavAdinInAmupanayanamagnIndhanaM vedAdhyayanaM svagRhe ca bhikssaacryaa| smRticandrikA (1. pR0 24) evaM caturvizatimatavyAkhyA (banArasa saMskaraNa,pR0 113) meM ubRt| . 75. kuzIlavAvIn daive pitrye ca vrjyet| yAjJavalkya para aparArka kI TIkA (yAjJa0 1.222-224) meM uvRt| 76. yahA~ gaNeza ke kaI nAma milate haiM, yathA, sAlakaTaMkaTa, kUSmANDarAjaputra, mahAvinAyaka, vakratuNDa, gaNAdhipati / prathama vo nAmoM ke lie dekhie, mAnavagRhyasUtra (2-14) tathA yAjJavalkya (1. 285) /

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zaMkha-likhitadharmasUtra evaM mAnavadharmasUtra (?) 27 jIvAnanda ke smRti-saMgraha meM isa dharmasUtra ke 18 adhyAya evaM zaMkhasmRti ke 330 tathA likhitasmRti ke 93 zloka pAye jAte haiN| yahI bAta AnandAzrama (pUnA) ke saMgraha meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| mitAkSarA meM isake 50 zloka uddhRta hue haiN| zaMkhalikhita-dharmasUtra para bhASya bahuta pahale hI kiyA gyaa| kannaujanareza govindacandra ke mantrI lakSmIdhara ne apane kalpataru meM isa dharmasUtra ke bhASya kI carcA kI hai| lakSmIdhara kA kAla hai 1100-1160 I0 / vivAdaratnAkara (1314 I0) ne bhI bhASyakAra kA uddharaNa diyA hai| yahI bAta vivAdacintAmaNi (pR0 67) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| zailI aura viSaya-sUcI meM zaMkha-likhita kA dharmasUtra anya dharmasUtroM se milatA-julatA hai| gautama evaM Apastamba meM jitane viSaya Aye haiM, adhikatara ve sabhI isa dharmasUtra meM bhI A jAte haiN| bahuta sthAnoM para yaha dharmasUtra gautama evaM baudhAyana ke samIpa A jAtA hai| kucha bAtoM meM gautama yA Apastamba se zaMkha-likhita adhika pragatizIla hai| kahIM-kahIM viSaya-vistAra meM , yathA sampatti-vibhAjana yA vasIyata ke silasile meM, yaha dharmasUtra Apastamba evaM baudhAyana se bahuta Age bar3ha jAtA hai| zaMkha kI zailI kauTilya kA bhI smaraNa karAtI hai| bhASA vyAkaraNa-sammata hai| zaMkha ne yAjJavalkya kA nAma liyA hai| kintu yahA~ yaha nAma smRtikAra kA nahIM hai| yAjJavalkya ne svayaM zaMkha-likhita kA nAma apane pUrva ke dharmAcAryoM meM ginAyA hai| isa dharmasUtra ke gadyAMza meM vedAMgoM, sAMkhya, yoga, dharmazAstra Adi kI ora saMketa hai, jaisA ki isake uddharaNoM se vidita hotA hai| purANoM meM varNita bhaugolika, sRSTi-sambandhI bAteM isa dharmasUtra meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| isane anya AcAryoM kI carcA kI hai aura prajApati, AMgirasa, uzanA, prAcetasa, vRddhagautama ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| padyAMza meM yama, kAtyAyana aura svayaM zaMkha ke nAma Aye haiN| uparyuta vivecana ke uparAnta kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha dharmasUtra gautama evaM Apastamba ke bAda kI kintu yAjJavalkyasmRti ke pahale kI kRti hai| isake praNayana kA kAla I0 pU0 300 se lekara I0 san 100 ke bIca meM avazya hai| 13. mAnavadharmasUtra, kyA isakA astitva thA? kucha vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki Aja kI manusmRti kA mUla mAnavadharmasUtra thaa| ina vidvAnoM meM maiksamUlara, bebara aura buhalara ke nAma utlekhanIya haiN| unake kathanAnusAra manusmRti mAnavadharmasUtra kA saMzodhita padyabaddha saMskaraNa hai| maiksamUlara ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki "isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki sabhI sacce dharmazAstra, jo Aja vidyamAna haiM, prAcIna kuladharmoM vAle dharmasUtroM ke, jo svayaM kisI-na-kisI vaidika caraNa se prArambhika rUpa meM sambandhita the, saMzodhita rUpa haiM" (hisTrI Apha aiMzyeNTa saMskRta liTarecara, pR0 134-135) / maiksamUlara kA yaha anumAna bhrAmaka hai| buhalara ne bhI dUsare DhaMga se yahI kahA hai, kintu vaha bhI ThIka nahIM jNctaa| buhalara ke tarka nimna haiM--(1) vasiSThadharmasUtra (4-5-8) meM AyA hai-"mAnava ne kahA hai ki kevala pitaroM, devatAoM evaM atithiyoM ke sammAna ke lie hI pazu kA upahAra diyA jA sakatA hai|" bulahara kA tarka hai ki uparyukta cAra sUtroM meM jo kathya AyA hai, vaha gadya meM thaa| isake uparAnta manusmRti meM jo kathya AyA hai, vaha do zlokoM aura eka gadyAMza meM AyA hai (anta meM 'iti' AyA hai)| bulahara kA kathana hai ki vidyamAna manusmRti padyabaddha hai, isameM vaisA A jAnA isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki usane mAnava-dharmasUtra se udhAra liyA hai| (2) vasiSThadharmasUtra meM aura bhI uddharaNa haiM, jinheM manu ke kahA gayA hai, kintu ve manusmRti meM nahIM pAye jAte, |

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ataH koI anya grantha manu ke nAma se sambandhita avazya rahA hogA, aura vaha thA mAnavadharmasUtra / (3) uzanA ( ne azauca ke viSaya meM manu kA eka mata uddhRta kiyA hai jo gadya meM hai / kintu yahA~ 'manu' nahIM 'sumantu" hai, hastalikhita prati meM yaha bhrama svayaM buhalara ne bAda ko samajha liyA / 4 ) kAmandakIya nItizAstra (2.3) ne kahA hai ki "mAnava" ke anusAra rAjA ko tIna vidyAoM arthAt trayI ( tInoM veda), vArtA evaM daNDanIti kA adhyayana karanA cAhie; AnvIkSikI trayI kI hI eka zAkhA hai / kintu manusmRti ( 7.43 ) ke anusAra vidyAe~ cAra haiN| yahI bAta sacivoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI hai / kAmandaka- uddhRta manu ke anusAra saMkhyA 12 hai kintu manusmRti ke anusAra saMkhyA kevala 7 yA 8 hai / ataH buhalara ke matAnusAra mAnavadharmasUtra avazya rahA hogA / kintu yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye tarka yuktisaMgata nahIM haiM / kAmandaka ne kevala kauTilya ke arthazAstra kA anvaya mAtra kiyA hai| vidyA tIna haiM yA cAra, isameM koI matabheda nahIM hai, kyoMki "mAnava" meM bhI to AnvIkSikI kI carcA ho hI gayI hai / manusmRti kA bhI kaI bAra saMzodhana huA hai, ataH kucha vyatikrama par3a jAnA svAbhAvika hai / 28 vasiSThadharmasUtra meM manusmRti kI bahuta sI bAteM jyoM-kI-tyoM pAyI jAtI haiM / kintu isI AdhAra para yaha kahanA ki jaba vasiSThadharmasUtra meM pAyI jAnevAlI manu- sambandhI sabhI bAteM manusmRti meM nahIM dekhane ko milatI, to eka mAnavadharmasUtra bhI rahA hogA, jisameM anya bAteM pAyI jA sakatI haiM, yuktisaMta nahIM hai / vasiSTadharmasUtra meM bahuta-sI aisI bAteM haiM, jo anya dharmasUtroM ke uddharaNa-svarUpa haiM, kintu Aja khojane para ve bAteM una dharmasUtroM meM nahIM milatIM, to kyA yaha samajha liyA jAya ki una dharmasUtroM ke nAmoM se sambandhita anya dharmazAstra - sambandhI grantha-the ? kRSNa yajurveda kI tIna zAkhAoM ko, jo Apastamba, baudhAyana evaM hiraNyakezI ke rUpa meM dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita huIM, chor3akara kisI anya veda kA koI aisA caraNa nahIM pAyA jAtA, jo usake saMsthApaka dvArA praNIta koI dharmasUtra upasthita kre| to phira mAnava caraNa ke dharmasUtra kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI / kumArila ne, jo saMskRta sAhitya ke gambhIra vidvAn the, kRSNa yajurveda ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA par3he jAte. hue kisI mAnavadharma sUtra kI carcA nahIM kI hai| unhoMne isa viSaya meM baudhAyana evaM Apastamba kI carcA paryApta rUpa se kI hai / kumArila ne manusmRti ko gautamadharmasUtra se kahIM bar3hakara U~cA sthAna diyA hai| unhoMne mAnavadharmasUtra kI kahIM bhI koI carcA nahIM kI hai / vizvarUpa ne, jo kisI-kisI ke mata meM zaMkarAcArya ke surezvara nAmaka viSya bhI mAne jAte haiM, kahA hai ki mAnava caraNa kA koI astitva nahIM hai| uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAnavadharma sUtra kA koI astitva nahIM hai aura na manusmRti usa nAma ke dharmasUtra kA koI saMzodhita saMskaraNa hai / 14H kauTilya kA arthazAstra DA0 zAmazAstrI ne san 1909 meM kauTilya ke arthazAstra kA prakAzana evaM anuvAda karake bhAratIya zAstra-jagat meM eka navIna cetanA kI udbhUti kI / paNDita TI0 gaNapati zAstrI ne 'zrImUla' nAmaka apanI TIkA ke sAtha isa mahAna grantha kA prakAzana kiyA hai| DA0 jAlI evaM zmiTa ( smita) ' ne mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA evaM mAghavayajvA kI nayacandrikA ke sAtha isakA sampAdana kiyA hai| isa grantha meM DA0 zAmazAstrI ke 1919 I0 vAle saMskaraNa kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha ko lekara ugra vAda-vivAda uThe haiN| isake lekhaka, praNayana- satyatA, kAla Adi viSayoM para bahuta-sI vyAkhyAe~, zaMkAe~ evaM samAdhAna uThAye gaye haiM / katipaya lekhoM, nibandhoM ke atirikta isa

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kauTilya kA arthazAstra 29 pustaka ko lekara aneka granthoM, pustikAoM kA praNayana ho cukA hai| kucha ke nAma aMgrejI meM ye haiM- narendranAtha lA kI 'sTaDIja ina aiMzyeNTa iNDiyana pAliTI', DA0 pI0 banarjI kI 'pablika eDaminisTrezana ina eNzyeSTa iNDiyA', sto ghoSAla kI 'hisTrI Apha hindU poliTikala thyorIz2a', DA0 majumadAra kI 'kAraporeTa lAifa ina aiMzyeSTa iNDiyA', vinayakumAra sarakAra kI poliTikala iMsTITyUzaMsa egDa thyorIz2a Afa di hindUja', jAyasavAla kI 'hindU pAliTI', pro0 esa0 vI0 vizvanAthan kI 'iNTaranezanala lA ina aiMzyeNTa iNDiyA' Adi pustkeN| kauTilIya arthazAstrasambandhI sabhI samasyAoM kA vivecana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai / arthazAstra para upasthita prAcInatama grantha kauTilIya hI hai / arthazAstra evaM dharmazAstra meM Adarza - sambandhI vibheda haiM, kintu vAstava meM, arthazAstra dharmazAstra kI eka zAkhA hai, kyoMki dharmazAstra meM rAjA ke kartavyoM evaM uttaradAyitvoM kI carcA hotI hI hai| " kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM 'dharmasthIya' evaM 'kaNTakazodhana' nAmaka do prakaraNa haiM, ataH isakA isa pustaka meM vivecana honA ucita hI hai / 'zaunakakRta caraNabyUha' ke matAnusAra arthazAstra atharvaveda kA upaveda hai| jaisA ki svayaM kauTilya ne likhA hai; isa zAstra kA uddezya hai pRthivI ke lAbha - pAlana ke sAdhanoM kA upAya karanA / yAjJavalkya evaM nArada smRtiyoM meM bhI artha evaM dharma - zAstra kI carcA huI hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI cANakya urpha kauTilya yA viSNugupta arthazAstra nAmaka grantha ke praNetA mAne jAte rahe haiM / kAmandaka ne apane nItizAstra meM kauTilya ( viSNugupta ) ke arthazAstra kI carcA kI hai| kAmadaka ne viSNugupta (kauTilya) ko apanA guru mAnA hai / tantrAkhyAyikA ne, jo 300 I0 ke lagabhaga avazya likhI gayI thI, nRpazAstra ke praNetA cANakya ko praNAma kiyA hai| daNDI ne apane dazakumAracarita meM likhA hai ki mauryarAja ke lie cha: sahatra zlokoM meM viSNugupta ne daNDanIti ko saMkSipta kiyA ( dazakumAra0, 8) / bANa ne apanI kAdambarI ( pR0 109) meM kauTilya ke grantha ko ati nRzaMsa kahA hai / paJcatantra ne cANakya evaM viSNugupta ko eka hI mAnA hai, aura cANakya ko arthazAstra kA praNetA kahA / kauTilya kA nAma purANoM meM bhI adhikatara AyA hai| kSemendra evaM somadeva kI kRtiyoM se patA calatA hai ki guNADhya kI vRhatkathA meM unakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / mRcchakaTika (1.39 ) ne bhI cANakya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| mudrArAkSasa ( 1 ) ne kauTilya evaM cANakya ko eka hI mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki 'kauTilya' zabda 'kuTila' (Ter3hA) se nirmita huA hai / uparyukta bAtoM meM se kucha svayaM arthazAstra meM vyaktigata saMketa ke rUpa meM prApta hotI haiN| prathama adhikaraNa ke prathama adhyAya ke anta meM kauTilya isa zAstra ke praNetA kahe gaye haiM, dvitIya adhikaraNa ke dasaveM adhyAya ke anta meM ve rAjAoM ke lie zAsana-vidhi ke nirmAtA kahe gaye haiM / antima zloka batAtA hai ki usane, jisane nanda ke caMgula meM se pRthvI kI rakSA kI, isa grantha kA praNayana kiyaa| vahIM yaha bhI AyA hai ki arthazAstra ke bhASyakAroM kI vibhinna vyAkhyAoM ko dekhakara viSNugupta ne svayaM sUtra evaM bhASya kA praNayana kiyA / jAlI, kItha evaM vitaranits ne kauTilya ko mauryamantrI kI kRti nahIM mAnA hai! yaha kathana ki usa vyakti ke lie, jo Adi se anta taka eka bRhat sAmrAjya ke nirmANa meM lagA rahA, isa pustaka kA likhanA sambhava nahIM thA, vilkula nirAdhAra hai| pUchA jA sakatA hai kiM sAyaNa evaM mAdhava ko kaise itanA samaya milA 77. 'dharmazAstrAntargatameva rAjanItilakSaNamarthazAstramidaM vivakSitam,' mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 2. 21) / 78. tasyAH pRthivyA lAbhapAlanopAyAnAM zAstramarthazAstramiti / kauTilya, 15. 1 / prathama vAkya haipRthivyA lAbha pAlane ca yAvantyarthazAstrANi pUrvAcAryaiH prasthApitAni prAyazastAni saMhRtyaikamidamarthazAstraM kRtama /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ki ve vipattiyoM se ghire rahakara bhI bRhad granthoM kA nirmANa kara sake ? arthazAstra meM pATaliputra evaM candragupta ke sAmrAjya kI carcA nahIM pAyI jAtI, ataH kucha logo ne isI AdhAra para ise mauryamantrI kI kRti nahIM maanaa| kintu yaha chichalA tarka hai| eka mahAn lekhaka apanI kRti meM, jo sAmAnya DhaMga se likhI gayI ho, vyaktigata, sthAnIya evaM samakAlIna bAtoM kA havAlA de, yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai| sTAina evaM vitaranits kA yaha tarka ki megasthanIja ne kauTilya kI carcA nahIM kI aura na usakI vArtA meM arthazAstra kI bAtoM kA mela baiThatA hai, bilkula nirAdhAra hai| megasthanIja kI 'iNDikA' kevala uddharaNoM meM prApta hai, megasthanIz2a ko bhAratIya bhASA kA kyA jJAna thA ki vaha mahAmantrI kI bAtoM ko samajha pAtA? megasthanIz2a kI bahuta-sI bAteM bhrAmaka bhI haiN| usane to likhA hai ki bhAratIya likhanA nahIM jAnate the| kyA yaha satya hai? yahA~ kevala itanA hI saMketa paryApta hai| hillebrANTa ne kahA hai ki arthazAstra eka zAkhA kI kRti hai na ki kisI eka vyakti kii| isa tarka kA uttara jaikobI ne bhalI bhA~ti de diyA hai| arthazAstra eka zAkhA kA grantha isalie kahA gayA hai ki isameM anya AcAryoM ke sAtha svayaM kauTilya ke mata lagabhaga 80 bAra Aye haiN| kintu isa prakAra kI pravRtti kI ora medhAtithi tathA vizvarUpa ne bahuta pahale hI saMketa kara diyA hai ki prAcIna AcArya apane mata ke prakAzanArtha apane nAmoM ko ahaMkAravAditA se bacAne ke lie bahudhA anya-puruSa meM de dete the| uttama-puruSa ke ekavacana meM bahuta hI kama vyavahAra huA hai| jaikobI evaM kItha kA yaha kahanA ki bhAradvAja (5.6) ne kauTilya kI AlocanA kI hai, truTipUrNa hai| kauTilya pahale apanA mata dekara apane pahale ke AcAryoM kA mata dete haiN| kItha kA kathana hai ki 'kauTilya' kuTila se banA hai, ataH koI granthakAra svayaM apane mata ko isa upAdhi se nahIM ghoSita kregaa| cANakya ne kUTanIti se mauryasAmrAjya kA nirmANa kiyA aura nanda-jaise AtatAyiyoM kA nAza kiyA, ata: ho sakatA hai ki unheM Arambha meM jo 'kuTila' nAma diyA gayA, vaha anta meM unheM, satkArya karane ke kAraNa, malA lagane lagA ho| eka bAta aura, kauTilya meM bahuta-se AcAryoM ke uddhRta nAma bhI vicitra hI haiM, yathApizuna, vAtavyAdhi, kaunnpdnt| eka prazna hai-kauTilya' nAma ThIka hai yA 'kauTalya' ? kAdambarI, mudrArAkSasa, paJcatantra Adi meM 'kauTilya' zabda prayukta huA hai| kAmandaka ke nItizAstra kI eka TIkA meM kauTilIya ko kuTalamASya kahA gayA hai aura 'kuTala' eka gotra kA nAma kahA gayA hai| eka zilAlekha meM 'kauTilya' zabda AyA hai (gholakA ke gaNesara sthAna meM prApta, 1234-35 ii0)| jo ho, nAma kA jhaMjhaTa abhI taya nahIM ho pAyA hai| isa grantha meM kauTilya zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA jaaygaa| arthazAstra meM kula 15 adhikaraNa, 150 adhyAya, 180 viSaya evaM 6000 zloka (32 akSaroM kI ikAiyA~) haiN| yaha gadya meM hai, kahIM-kahIM kucha zloka bhI haiN| pratyeka adhyAya ke anta meM eka yA kucha adhika zloka haiN| kucha adhyAyoM ke bIca meM bhI zloka haiN| gadya bhAga ko chor3akara kula 340 zloka Aye haiN| zloka anuSTup jAti meM adhika haiN| indravajA yA upajAti meM kevala 8 zloka haiN| arthazAstra ke pUrva ke arthazAstra hameM nahIM mila sake haiM, ataH yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kitane zloka udhAra liye gaye haiM aura kitane isake apane haiN| zailI sarala evaM sIdhI hai; vedAnta yA vyAkaraNa sUtroM kI bhA~ti saMkSipta nahIM hai| gautama, hArIta, zaMkha-likhita 79. 'prAyeNa pranthakArAH svamataM parApadezena bruvate', medhAtithi / yAjJa0 1.2 para vizvarUpa ne kahA haikintu bhagavatava parokSIkRtyAtmA nirbizyate svaprazaMsAniSedhAt / '

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kauTilya kA arthazAstra 31 ke dharmasUtroM kI bhASA se isakI zailI milatI-julatI hai, kintu Apastamba kI bhA~ti isakI bhASA prAcIna nahIM hai / bhASA pANini ke vyAkaraNa-niyamoM ke anusAra hai, yadyapi do-eka sthAna para bhinnatA bhI hai| pUrA grantha eka vyakti kI kRti hai, ataH viSayoM ke anukrama evaM vyavasthA meM paryApta pUrvavivecana jhalakatA hai / yaha grantha prAcIna bhArata ke sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika evaM dhArmika jIvana para itanA mUlyavAn prakAza DAlatA hai, aura itane viSayoM kA pratipAdana isameM huA hai ki thor3e meM bahuta kucha kaha denA sambhava nahIM hai| pandrahoM adhikaraNoM kI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai -- ( 1 ) rAjAnuzAsana, rAjA dvArA zAstrAdhyayana, AnvIkSikI evaM rAjanIti kA sthAna, mantriyoM evaM purohita ke guNa tathA unake lie pralobhana, guptacara saMsthA, sabhA baiThaka, rAjadUta, rAjakumAra-rakSaNa, antaHpura ke lie vyavasthA, rAjA kI surakSA; (2) rAjya - vibhAga ke paryavekSakoM ke viSaya meM, grAma-nirmANa, carAgAha, vana, durga, sannidhAtA ke kartavya, durgoM, bhUmi, khAnoM, vanoM mArgoM ke karoM ke adhikArI, Aya-vyayanirIkSaka kA kAryAlaya, janatA ke dhana kA gavana, rAjyAnuzAsana, rAjyakoSa evaM khAnoM ke lie bahumUlya prastaroM (ratnoM) kI parIkSA, sikkoM kA adhyakSa, vyavasAya, vanoM, astra-zastroM, taula-baTakharoM, cuMgI, kapar3A bunane, madyazAlA, rAjadhAnI evaM nagaroM ke adhyakSa ; (3) nyAya - zAsana, vidhi-niyama, vivAha - prakAra, vivAhita jor3e ke kartavya, strIdhana, bArahoM prakAra ke putra, vyavahAra kI anya saMjJAe~; (4) kaMTaka - niSkAsana, zilpakAroM evaM vyApAriyoM kI rakSA, rASTrIya vipattiyoM, yathA agni, bAr3ha, Adhi-vyAdhi, akAla, rAkSasa, vyAghra, sarpa Adi ke lie davAe~ yA upacAra, durAcAriyoM ko dabAnA, kaumAra aparAdha kA patA calAnA, sandeha para aparAdhiyoM ko bandI banAnA, Akasmika evaM ghAta ke kAraNa mRtyu, doSAMgIkAra karAne ke lie ati denA, sabhI prakAra ke rAjakIya vibhAgoM kI rakSA, aMga-bhaMga karane ke sthAna para juramAne, binA pIr3A athavA pIr3A ke sAtha mRtyu - daNDa, ramaNiyoM ke sAtha samAgama, vividha prakAra ke doSoM ke lie arthadaNDa (5) darabAriyoM kA AcaraNa, rAjadroha ke lie daNDa, vizeSAvasara ( AkasmikatA) para rAjyakoSa ko sampUrita karanA, rAjyakarmacAriyoM ke vetana, darabAriyoM kI yogyatAe~, rAjyazakti kI saMsthApanA; ( 6 ) maNDalaracanA, sArvabhauma sattA ke sAta tattva, rAjA ke zIla-guNa, zAnti tathA sampatti ke lie kaThina kArya, SaDvidha rAjanIti, tIna prakAra kI zakti; ( 7 ) rAjyoM ke vRtta ( maNDala) meM hI nIti kI cha: dhArAe~ prayukta hotI haiM, sandhi vigraha, yAna, Asana, zaraNa gahanA evaM dvaidhIbhAva nAmaka chaH guNa, senA ke kama hone evaM AjJollaMghana ke kAraNa, rAjyoM kA milAna, mitra, sonA yA bhUmi kI prApti ke lie sandhi, pRSThabhAga meM zatru, parisamApta zakti kA punargaThana, taTastha rAjA evaM rAja- maNDala (8) sArvabhauma sattA ke tattvoM ke vyasanoM ke viSaya meM, rAjA evaM rAjya ke kaSTa (bAdhA), manuSyoM evaM senA ke kaSTa ; ( 9 ) AkramaNakArI ke kArya, AkramaNa kA ucita samaya, senA meM ra~garUToM kI bharatI, prasAdhana, antaH evaM bAhya kaSTa ( bAdhA ), asantoSa, vizvAsaghAtI, zatru evaM unake mitra; (10) yuddha ke bAre meM, senA kA par3Ava DAlanA, senA kA abhiyAna, samarAMgaNa, padAti ( paidala senA ), azvasenA, hastisenA Adi ke kArya, vividha rUpoM meM yuddha ke lie Tukar3iyoM ko sajAnA; (11) nagarapAlikAoM evaM vyavasAya - nigamoM ke bAre meM; ( 12 ) zaktizAlI zatru ke bAre meM, dUta bhejanA, kUTa- prabandha yojanA, astra-zastrasajjita guptacara, agni, viSa evaM bhANDAra tathA anna koThAra kA nAza, yuktiyoM se zatru ko pakar3anA, antima vijaya; (13) durga ko jItanA, phUTa utpanna karanA, yukti se ( yuddhakauzala Adi se ) rAjA ko AkRSTa karanA, ghere meM guptacara, vijita rAjya meM zAnti sthApanA; (14) gupta sAdhana, zatru kI hatyA ke lie upAya, bhramAtmaka rUpa-svarUpa prakaTa karanA; auSadhiyA~ evaM mantra - prayoga tathA ( 15 ) isa kRti kA vibhAjana evaM usakA nidarzana /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se vyavahAra - viSayaka zAsana ke varNana meM kauTilIya ke ullekha evaM yAjJavalkya meM bahuta sAmya hai / manu evaM nArada kI bAteM bhI isa viSaya meM kauTilIya se milatI-julatI-sI dRSTigocara hotI haiM, kintu usa sImA taka nahIM jahA~ taka yAjJavalkIya se| aba prazna hai ki kisane kisase udhAra liyA; yAjJavalkya ne kauTilya se yA kauTilya ne yAjJavalkya se ? bhASA sambandhI samAnatA bahuta adhika hai / sambhavataH yAjJavalkya ne hI arthazAstra se bahuta-sI bAteM lekara unheM padyabaddha karake apanI smRti meM rakha liyA hai| bAta yaha hai ki yAjJavalkya meM kauTilya anya bhI bahuta sI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| kauTilIya arthazAstra manusmRti se bhI purAnA hai| kauTilIya meM mAnavoM ke mata kI ora pA~ca bAra saMketa AyA hai / arthazAstra meM likhA hai ki mAnavoM ke matAnusAra rAjakumAra ko tIna vidyAe~ par3hanI cAhie; trayI, vArtA evaM daNDanIti, AnvIkSikI trayI kA hI eka bhAga hai| rAjamantriyoM kI saMkhyA bAraha hai / manusmRti ( 7:43 ) ne vidyAoM ko spaSTa rUpa se cAra mAnA hai aura rAjamantriyoM kI saMkhyA sAta yA ATha kahI hai / duhalara aura anya vidvAnoM ne isa matabheda ko sAmane rakhakara yahI kahA hai ki isa viSaya meM kauTilya ne mAnavadharmasUtra kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| kintu hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki mAnavadharmasUtra thA hI nahIM / dharmazAstra meM mAnavoM ke atirikta bRhaspatiyoM evaM auzanasoM ke nAma Ate haiM, kintu Azcarya to yaha hai ki kauTilya ne gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana, vasiSTha, hArIta kI kahIM bhI carcA nahIM kI hai| dharmasthIya prakaraNa meM kauTilya ne apane se pUrva ke AcAryoM kI ora saMketa avazya kiyA hai| samAnatA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kauTilya ne pUrvAcAryoM kI ora saMketa karake dharmasUtrakAroM kI hI carcA kI hai| dharmasthIya prakaraNa meM jo kucha AyA hai, usase prakaTa hotA hai ki gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana ke dharmasUtroM se bahuta Age kI aura ati pragatizIla bAteM arthazAstra meM pAyI jAtI haiM; kintu manusmRti se kucha aura yAjJavalkya se bahuta pahale hI isakA praNayana ho cukA thaa| kauTilIya ke nirmANa-kAla ke viSaya meM hama antaHpramANoM para hI apane tarkoM ko rakha sakate haiM, kyoMki bAhya pramANa hameM dUra taka nahIM le jA pAte / nissandeha yaha kRti 200 I0 ke bAda kI nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki kAmandaka, tantrAkhyAyikA tathA vANa ne isakI prazaMsA gIta gAye haiN| ise I0 pU0 300 ke Age bhI hama nahIM le jA sakate / 32 kauTilIyA meM pA~ca zAkhAoM ke nAma Ate haiM -- mAnavA: (5 bAra), bArhaspatyA: ( 6 bAra ), auzanasAH (7 vAra), pArAzarAH (4 bAra), AbhIyA: ( eka bAra ) / nimnakhita vyaktiyoM ke bhI nAma Aye haiMkAtyAyana ( eka bAra ), kiJjalka (eka bAra ), kauNapadanta ( 4 bAra), ghoTakamukha (eka bAra ), (dIrgha) cArAyaNa (eka bAra ), parAzara ( 2 bAra ), pizuna ( 6 bAra ), pizunaputra ( eka bAra ), vAhudanti putra ( eka bAra ), bhAradvAja ( 7 bAra, eka bAra kaNika bhAradvAja nAma se), vAtavyAdhi ( 5 bAra ), vizAlAkSa ( 6 bAra ) / svayaM kauTilya kA 80 bAra nAma AyA hai| mahAbhArata ne bhI nimnalikhita daNDanItikAroM kI carcA kI hai - bRhaspati, 80. (ka) abhiyukto na pratyabhiyuJjIta anyatra kalahasAhasA sArtha samavAyebhyaH / na cAbhiyukte'bhiyogo'sti / kau0 3.1; abhiyogamanistIyaM nainaM pratyabhiyojayet / kuryAtpratyabhiyogaM ca kalahe sAhaseSu ca // yAjJa0 2. 9-10 / (kha) pratirodhakavyAdhidurbhikSabhayapratIkAre dharmakArye ca patyuH / kau0 3. 2; durbhikSe dharmakArye ca vyAghau sampratirodhake / gRhItaM strIdhanaM bhartA na striyaM dAtumarhati // yAjJa 02. 147 / (ga) sodaryANa (maneka pitRkANAM pitRto dAyavibhAgaH / kau 0 3.5; aneka pitRkANAM tu pitRto bhAgakalpanA / yAjJa 0 2.120; Adi Adi (kau 0 3. 16 evaM yAjJa 0 2.169; kau 0 3. 16 evaM yAjJa 02.137 ) /

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kauTilya kA arthazAstra manu, bhAradvAja, vizAlAkSa, zukra (vahI jinheM hama uzanA kahate haiM) tathA indra (sambhavataH kauTilya kA baahudntiptr)| vAtsyAyana ke kAmasatra meM ghoTakamakha evaM cArAyaNa ke nAma Aye haiN| nayacandrikA ke matAnasAra pizana, bhAradvAja, kauNapadanta evaM vAtavyAdhi krama se nArada, droNAcArya, bhISma evaM uddhava haiN| kauTilIya ne cAroM vedoM, atharvaveda ke mantraprayoga, cha: vedAMgoM, itihAsa, purANa, dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra kI carcA kI hai| isameM sAMkhya, yoga evaM lokAyata kI zAkhAoM kI ora bhI saMketa AyA hai| isane mauhUrtika, kArtAntika (phalita jyotiSa jAnanevAloM), bRhaspati graha evaM zukra graha kI bhI carcA kI hai| dhAtuzAstra kA. nAma bhI AyA hai| usa samaya saMskRta hI rAjabhASA thii| zAsanAdhikAra meM kAvya-guNoM kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai, yathA mAdhurya, audArya, spaSTatva, jo alaMkArazAstra ke prArambha kI sUcaka hai| isameM koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai, kyoMki dUsarI zatAbdI (150 I0) meM rudradAman ke abhilekha meM kAvya-guNoM kI carcA hai| kauTilya ne prastara evaM tAmra para takSita anuzAsanoM kI koI carcA nahIM kI hai| unake arthazAstra meM vaizika-kalAjJAna (2.27) kI ora bhI saMketa hai| jina dezoM evaM logoM kI carcA kauTilIya meM huI hai, unameM kucha ullekha ke yogya haiN| cIna ke rezama (kauzeya) evaM nepAla ke kambala kI carcA huI hai| kItha ke kathanAnusAra 'cIna' nAma cIna deza ke 'thsina' nAmaka rAjavaMza se banA hai; aura isa vaMza kA rAjyArambha I0 pU0 274 meM huA, ata: kauTilIya I0 pU0 300 meM nahIM praNIta ho sktaa| kintu 'cIna' zabda kI vyAkhyA sarala nahIM hai, yaha kisI anya prAcIna zabda se bhI sambandhita ho sakAta hai| ho sakatA hai ki jahA~ yaha zabda AyA hai vaha sUtra hI kSepaka ho| kauTilIya meM vRSNiyoM ke "saMgha", kamboja evaM surASTra ke AyudhajIvI (yuddhajIvI) evaM vArtAjIvI (kRSi-vyApAra-jIvI) kSatriyoM kI 'zreNiyoM" tathA licchivika, vRjika, mallaka, madraka, kukura tathA kurupaJcAloM kA (jo rAjA padavI vAle the) varNana AyA hai (11.1) / ina gaNoM meM kucha, yathA licchivi, vRji (pAli meM vajji) tathA malla to bauddha granthoM meM bhalI bhA~ti varNita haiN| hameM yaha varNana milatA hai ki kamboja, sindhu, AraTTa tathA vanAyu ke ghor3e atyuttama evaM bAhlIka, pApeya, sauvIra evaM taitala ke madhyama zreNI ke hote haiN| kauTilIya meM mleccha jAti kA bhI varNana AyA hai, jisameM santAnoM kI bikrI ho pakatI hai aura unheM bandhaka rakhA jA sakatA hai (3.13) / bauddhoM ke viSaya meM koI viziSTa vivaraNa nahIM milatA, kevala eka sthAna (3.20) para aisA AyA hai ki usa vyaki ko eka sau paNa (eka prakAra kA sikkA) denA par3egA, jo apane ghara meM devatAoM yA pitaroM ke sammAna ke samaya kisI bauddha (zAkya), AjIvaka yA zUdra sAdhu ko bhojana ke lie nimantrita karatA hai| spaSTa hai ki kauTilIya ke praNayana ke samaya bauddhoM ko samAja meM koI ucca sthAna nahIM prApta ho sakA thaa| AjIvaka loga makkhali gosAla dvArA sthApita eka dhArmika zAkhA ke anuyAyI the| kauTilya ko pracalita mahAbhArata jJAta thA ki nahIM, kahanA kaThina hai| arthazAstra meM udAhRta, yathA aila, duryodhana, haihaya arjuna, vAtApI, agastya, ambarISa, suyAtra (nala) kI adhikAMza gAthAe~ mahAbhArata meM bhI AyI haiN| kahIM-kahIM gAthAoM meM kucha antara bhI hai, yathA janamejaya ne krodha meM Akara brAhmaNoM para AkramaNa kiyA aura naSTa ho gayA, kintu mahAbhArata meM janamejaya kI gAthA kucha aura hI hai (12. 150) / isI prakAra kucha anya kathAoM meM bhI antara hai| kauTilya ko purANoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI thii| 81. tathA kauzeyaM cInapaTTAzca cInabhUmijA vyaakhyaataaH| kau0 2.11 / 82. zAkyAjIvakAdIn vRSalaprajitAn devapitRkAryeSu bhojayataH zatyo dnnddH| ko0 3-20 / dharma-5

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa . kauTilya ko jar3I-bUTiyoM kA Azcaryajanaka jJAna thaa| DA0 jAlI ke mata meM isa viSaya kA kauTilya kA jJAna suzruta se kahIM adhika vistRta thaa| caraka evaM suzruta ke kAloM ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai| kauTilya ne 'rasada' nAmaka pArada-viSa-vyavahartA kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne 'rasa' ke vyApAriyoM ke lie niSkAsana kA daNDa ghoSita kiyA hai, unhoMne 'rasa-viddha' (pArAmizrita sonA) (2.12), 'rasAH kAJcanikAH' (svarNayukta jalIya padArtha) evaM "hiMyuluka' kI carcA kI hai| . kauTilIya arthazAstra meM eka mahatvapUrNa bAta hai durga ke bIca meM devatAoM ke mandiroM kI sthApanA kI carcA, yathA ziva, vaizravaNa, azvinI, lakSmI evaM madirA (durgA?) ke mndir| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne jharokhoM meM aparAjita, apratihata, jayanta evaM vaijayanta kI mUrti sthApanA kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne brahmA, indra, yama evaM senApati (skanda) ko mukhya dvAra ke iSTadevatAoM meM ginA hai| pANini (5.3.99) ke mahAbhASya se patA calatA hai ki 'mauryoM ne dhanalobha se mUrtiyAM sthApita kI thIM, jinameM ziva, skanda evaM vizAkha kI pUjA huA karatI thii| ___ uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM bahuta prAcInatA pAyI jAtI hai| yaha I0 pU0 300 kI kRti hai, isameM sandeha nahIM karanA caahie| aba taka kauTilIya kI do vyAkhyAoM kA patA cala cukA hai| eka hai maTTasvAmI kRta pratipadapaMcikA aura dUsarI hai mAdhavayajvA kI nycndrikaa| donoM bapUrNa rUpa meM hI prApta haiN| DA0 zAmazAstrI ne apane saMskaraNa meM pAjatvakRta 571 sUtroM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| kintu ina sUtroM kA kauTilya se kyA sambandha hai; kahanA bahuta kaThina hai| bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM cANakya kI bahuta-sI nItiyAM prakAzita huI hai| nissandeha ye nItiyoM kauTilIya arthazAstra ke bahuta bAda kI haiM aura kahAvatoM ke rUpa meM pracalita rahI hai| isI prakAra 'cANakya-rAjanItizAstra' nAmaka anya mI kauTilya kA nahIM hai| yaha rAjA bhoja ke kAla meM saMgRhIta huA thaa| isI prakAra vRkSa-bANakya, laghu-cANakya kI pustakoM ke viSaya meM bhI samajha lenA caahie| kauTilIya arthazAstra se inakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| 15. vaikhAnasa-dharmaprazna __ paNDita TI0 gaNapati zAstrI ne san 1913 meM isa grantha kA prakAzana kiyA (trivendram saMskRtamAlA meM) aura san 1929 meM DA0 emgarsa ne bhI gATTijena meM isakA prakAzana kiyaa| mahAdeva ne satyASADha-zrautasUtra para likhita apanI vaijayantI nAmaka vyAkhyA meM kRSNa yajurveda ke cha: zrautasUtroM, yathA baudhAyana, bhAradvAja, Apastamba, hiraNyakezI, vAdhUla evaM vaikhAnasa kI carcA kI hai aura vaikhAnasazrautasUtra ke kucha aMza kaI bAra uddhRta kiye haiN| zaunaka ke caraNavyUha meM vAdhUla evaM vaikhAnasa ke nAma nahIM Aye haiN| prAcIna dharmazAstroM meM vaikhAnasa nAmaka lekhaka kI ora saMketa milatA hai| gautama meM 'vaikhAnasa' zabda (dharmasUtra 3.2) vAnaprastha ke lie AyA hai| baudhAyana meM bhI vahI sUtra hai aura usakI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai ki vaikhAnasa vaha hai jo vaikhAnasa-zAstra meM kathita niyamoM ke anusAra calatA hai (dharmasUtra, 6.16) / vasiSThadharmasUtra meM bhI yahI sUtra hai| manusmRti (6.21) ne vAnaprastha ko vaikhAnasa ke matoM kA mAnanevAlA kahA hai (vaikhAnasamate sthitH)| 83. 'apacahattayate, tama siSyati; zivaH skandaH vizAla iti / kiM kAraNam / maurya hiraNyAdhibhiracarcAH prklpitaaH| bhavettAsu ma syAt / yAstvatAH saMprati pUnAstiAsu bhvissyti|' mahAbhASya (5.3.99) /

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mAnasa-prazna anya vama anya paikhAnasadharmaprazna meM tIna prazna haiM, jinameM pratyeka kaI khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| kula milAkara 41 khaNa hai| yaha pustaka choTI hI hai| isakI viSayasUcI yoM hai-(1) cAroM varNa evaM unake vizeSAdhikAra, cAroM Azrama, brahmacArI ke kartavya, brahmacAriyoM ke cAra prakAra, gRhastha ke kartavya, gRhasthoM ke cAra prakAra vArtAvRtti (kRSi-jIvikA), zAlIna, yAyAvara evaM ghorAcArika, vana ke yati loga, vAnapraspa yA to sapatnIka haiM yA apatlIka, sapatnIka cAra prakAra ke hote haiM / audumbara, vairiJca, vAlakhilya evaM phenapa, apalIka vAnaprastha; cAra prakAra ke bhikSuSoM ke bAre meM, yayA kuTIcaka, bahudaka, haMsa evaM paramahaMsa; sakAma evaM niSkAma karma, pravRtti evaM nivRtti; yogiyoM ke tIna prakAra evaM unake upavibhAga; (2) vAnaprastha ke zramaNaka nAmaka kriyAsaMskAroM kA vistAra (khaNDa 1-4); vAnaprastha ke kartavya, saMnyAsiyoM ke sampradAya meM sammilita hone kA vivaraNa (khaNDa 6-8); saMnyAsa ke lie avasthA (70 varSa ke Upara yA saMtativihIna yA patnI mara jAne para); saMnyAsiyoM ke pratidina ke vrata evaM kartavya; Acamana evaM saMdhyA ke viSaya meM, sambandhiyoM, puruSa yA nArI ko abhivAdana, anadhyAya, snAna evaM brahmayajJa, bhojana-vidhi, vajita evaM avajita .bhojana; (3) gRhastha ke AcAra-niyama (khaNDa 1-3), mArganiyama, svarNa yA anya dhAtu sambandhI vastuoM kA pavitrIkaraNa, anya vastuoM kA nirmalIkaraNa, vAnaprastha ke viSaya meM, bhikSu saMnyAsI kI samAdhi, saMnyAsI kI mRtyu para nArAyaNabali, viSNu-kezava Adi bAraha nAmoM evaM jala ke sAtha saMnyAsiyoM dvArA tarpaNa, anuloma evaM pratiloma, bIca vAlI jAtiyA~, vAtya loga, unakA udgama, jIvikA kA nAma evaM sAvana (khaNDa 11-15) / mautama evaM baudhAyana ke dharmasUtroM kI apekSA vaikhAnasadharmaprazna zailI evaM viSaya-vastu meM bAda kI kRti lagatA hai| sambhavataH yaha prAcIna bAtoM kA saMzodhana-mAtra hai| isameM dharmasUtroM evaM kucha smRtiyoM kI apekSA adhika mizrita jAtiyoM ke nAma Aye haiN| yaha kRti kisI vaiSNava dvArA praNIta hai| isameM yoga ke sTAma (1.10.9), Ayurveda ke aSTAMga evaM bhUta-pretoM kI pustakoM kI carcA hai (bhUtatantra, 3.12.7) / isameM sadiyoM ke lie saMnyAsa varjita kahA gayA hai| dharma-sambandhI anya sUtragrantha 16. atri kucha aise bhI dharmasUtra haiM, jo yA to hastalikhita rUpa meM haiM yA kevala dharmazAstra-sambandhI pustakoM meM yatastataH bikhare par3e haiN| inameM sarvaprathama hama atri ko lete haiN| manusmRti se patA calatA hai ki atri prAcIna dharmazAstrakAra the| Dekana kAleja ke saMgraha meM bahuta-sI hastalikhita pratiyAM haiM, jinameM Atraya dharmazAstra nau adhyAyoM meM hai| ina adhyAyoM meM dAna, japa, tapa kA varNana hai, jinase pApoM se chuTakArA milatA hai, kucha adhyAya gadya-padya donoM meM haiN| prathama tIna adhyAya pUrNataH zlokabaddha haiM, isake kucha zloka manusmRti meM bhI Ate haiN| cauthA adhyAya eka laMbe sUtra se prArambha hotA hai, jo zailI meM Age AnevAle bhASyoM evaM TIkAoM se milatA hai| pAMcavAM adhyAya bhI paddha meM hai aura isake katipaya zloka vasiSTha meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| chaThA adhyAya veda ke sUktoM evaM pavitrastotroM kA varNana karatA hai| yahA~ bhI vasiSTha ke zloka haiM (28.10-11) / sAtavAM adhyAya gupta prAyazcittoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai| isameM zakoM, yavanoM, kambojoM, bAlIkoM, khazoM, vaMgoM evaM pArasa (pArasiyoM yA phArasa vAloM) ke nAma Aye haiN| aparArka ne bhI isa sUtra kA uddharaNa diyA hai| sAtavAM evaM AThavAM adhyAya gadya-padya-mizrita haiN| nA patha meM hai aura yoga evaM usake aMgoM kA varNana karatA hai| hastalikhita pratiyoM meM avismRti yA atrisaMhitA nAmaka eka anya grantha milatA hai| jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM bhI

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36 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa atrisaMhitA kA prakAzana huA hai, jisameM 400 zloka haiN| isameM svayaM atri pramANa-svarUpa uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| isameM Apastamba, yama, vyAsa, zaMkha, zAtAtapa ke nAma evaM unakI kRtiyoM kI carcA hai| vedAnta, sAMkhya, yoga, purANa, bhAgavata kA bhI varNana AyA hai| atri meM sAta prakAra ke antyajoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA dhobI, carmakAra, naTa, buruDa, kaivarta (mallAha), meda evaM bhill| atri ne kahA hai ki melA, vivAha-kAla, vaidika yajJoM evaM anya utsavoM meM aspRzyatA kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| unhoMne kahA hai ki magadha, mathurA evaM anya tIna sthAnoM ke brAhmaNa, cAhe ve bRhaspati ke samAna vidvAn hI kyoM na hoM, zrAddha ke samaya nahIM AdRta hote| ____ atri meM rAzi-cakra ke lakSaNa, kanyA evaM vRzcika ke nAma Aye haiM, ataH yaha kRti IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke pahale praNIta nahIM huI hogii| jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM eka laghu-atri (bhAga 1, pR0 1-12) hai, jo 6 adhyAyoM evaM 120 zlokoM meM hai| isameM manu kA nAma AyA hai| isake bahuta-se aMza vasiSThadharmasUtra meM bhI Aye haiN| jIvAnanda meM eka vRddhA yasmRti (bhAga 1, pR0 47-57) bhI hai, jisameM 140 zloka evaM 5 adhyAya haiN| isameM aura laghu atri-smRti meM bahuta ghaniSTha sambandha hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI eka atri ke mata kA varNana AyA hai (anuzAsana, 65, 1) / 17. uzanA kaI sUtroM se patA calatA hai ki uzanA ne rAjanIti para eka grantha likhA thaa| svayaM kauTilya ne apane arthazAstra meM uzanA kA nAma sAta bAra liyA hai| usameM zAsana-sambandhI bAtoM ke atirikta anya vAteM bhI thiiN| mahAbhArata meM bhI uzanA kI rAjanIti kI ora saMketa hai (zAntiparva, 139-70) / mudrArAkSasa meM bhI auzanasI daNDanIti kA nAma AyA hai| yAjJavalkya ke vyAkhyAkAra vizvarUpa ne bhI uzanA kI carcA kI hai| lagatA hai, auzanasI-rAjanIti meM zloka bhI the, kyoMki manu ke bhASyakAra meghAtithi ne do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM (7.15; 8.50) / tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa kA kahanA hai ki kAvya uzanA asuroM ke purohita the (7.5.20) / Dekana kAleja saMgraha meM auzanasa dharmazAstra kI do aprakAzita pratiyA~ haiN| donoM kaI aMzoM meM apUrNa haiN| isa dharmazAstra ke viSayoM meM koI navInatA nahIM hai| isameM 14 vidyAoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA 4 veda, 6 aMga, mImAMsA, nyAya, dharmazAstra evaM puraann| auzanasa kA jAti-sambandhI varNana baudhAyana se bahuta milatA hai| yaha kRti gadya-padya donoM meM hai| isameM brAhmaNa kI zUdra patnI se utpanna putra 'pArazava' kahA jAtA hai, kintu kucha dharmazAstrakAroM ne use 'niSAda' kahA hai| manu aura uzanA ke bahuta-se aMza eka hI haiN| auzanasa-dharmasUtra ke bahuta-se gadyAMza manu ke zlokoM meM Ate haiN| isa dharmasUtra meM vasiSTha, hArIta, zaunaka evaM gautama ke mata bhI uddhRta haiN| gautamavarmasUtra ke vyAkhyAkAra haradatta tathA smRticadrikA ke uddharaNoM se patA calatA hai ki unheM uzanA kI pustaka kI jAnakArI thii| ina vivecanoM se patA calatA hai ki auzanasa dharmasUtra gautama, vasiSTha evaM manu ke bAda kI kRti hai| jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM eka anya auzanasa dharmazAstra AyA hai aura yahI bAta AnandAzrama saMgraha meM bhI hai| mitAkSarA meM AyA hai ki jIvikA ke sAdhanoM kI jAnakArI ke lie uzanA evaM manu kI kRtiyoM ko par3hanA caahie| manu ke TIkAkAra kullUka (10.49) ne bhI auzanasa graMtha kI carcA kI hai| eka ozanasa-smRti gI hai, jisameM manu, bhRgu (bhRguputra tRtIya), prajApati ke sAtha uzanA kA bhI nAma AyA hai| isameM purANa, mImAMsA, vedAnta, pAMcarAtra, kApAlika evaM pAzupata kI carcA AyI hai| kintu uparyukta kRtiyoM meM rAjanIti-viSayaka bAteM nahIM AyI haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3.260) evaM aparArka meM uzanA ke padyAMza evaM gadyAMza donoM ke uddharaNa Aye haiN|

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kaNva evaM kAya, kazyapa evaM kAzyapa, bhAgya 18. kaNva evaM kANva ApastambadharmasUtra se patA calatA hai ki kaNva evaM kAva dharmazAstrakAra the| eka, kuNika, kunsa, kautsa, hArIta, puSkarasAdi ke sAtha. kaNva evaM kANva kA mata bhI ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| Ahnika evaM zrAddha para bAteM karate hue smRticandrikAkAraM ne kaNva ke mata ko kaI bAra uddhata kiyA hai| isI prakAra gautamadharmasUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue haradatta ne bhI kiyA hai| AcAramayUkha evaM zrAddhamayUkha meM bhI kaNva kA nAma AyA hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti kI mitAkSarA vyAkhyA meM kisI grAma yA nagara meM saMnyAsI ke rukane ke viSaya meM kANva kA eka zloka uddhRta huA hai (yAjJa0 para, 3.58) / 19. kazyapa evaM kAzyapa bau0 dharmasUtra (1.11.20) meM kazyapa kA mata uddhRta hai| kintu tatsabaMdhI zloka smRticandrikA meM kAtyAyana kA kahA gayA hai (1, pR0 87) / mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM kAzyapa kI sahiSNutA kI gAthAe~ uddhRta haiM (29. 35-40) / kazyapa aura kAzyapa do svatantra dharmazAstrakAra haiM ki nahIM, isakA uttara denA kaThina hai| sambhavataH donoM eka hI haiN| kAzyapa ke dharmasUtra meM sabhI paramparAgata bAteM AyI haiM, yathA--prati dina ke kartavya, zrAddha, azauca, prAyazcitta aadi| vizvarUpa tathA unake Age ke sabhI logoM ne kAzyapa-dharmasUtra ko pramANarUpa meM uddhata kiyA hai| vizvarUpa meM kAzyapa kA gadyAMza bhI uddhata hai (yAjJa0 para, 3.262) / mitAkSarA ne bhI gadyAMza uddhRta kiyA hai (yAjJavalkya para, 3.23) / kintu smRticandrikA ke uddharaNa padya meM haiN| haradatta ne gadya kA sUtra uddhata kiyA hai (22.18) / hAralatA ne azauca para kazyapa kA sUtra uddhRta kiyA hai| aparArka ne kazyapa evaM kAzyapa donoM ke nAma se sUtra uddhata kiye haiM (dekhie, yAjJa0 1.64,3 . 265, 1.222-25, 3.251, 288, 290, 292) / Dekana kAleja ke saMgraha meM do pratiyA~ haiM jinameM kAzyapa smRti gadya meM hai| isa smRti ke kucha aMza bhASyakAroM dvArA uddhata pAye jAte haiN| isa smRti meM svayaM kAzyapa pramANa-svarUpa uddhRta haiN| yAjJavalkya ne kAzyapa ko dharmazAstra-prayojaka nahIM mAnA hai, kintu parAzara ne "kAzyapadharmAH" kI carcA kI hai| smRticandrikA evaM sarasvatIvilAsa ne 18 upasmRtiyoM kI carcA kI hai, jinameM kAzyapa bhI sammilita hai| 20. gArgya vRddha yAjJavalkya ke eka zloka ko uddhRta karate hue vizvarUpa ne (yAjJa0 para, 1 / 4-5) gArya ko dharmavaktAoM meM ginA hai| unhoMne gArgya evaM vRddhagArgya ke sUtroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki gAryadharmasUtra nAmaka eka grantha thaa| mitAkSarA, aparArka evaM smRticandrikA ne Ahnika, zrAddha evaM prAyazcitta-sambandhI bAtoM para gArgya ke kaI eka zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| parAzara ne bhI gArya ko dharmazAstrakAra mAnA hai| dharma-viSayaka bAtoM ko aparAka ne zlokoM meM bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| mArgI saMhitA ke jyotiSa-sambandhI uddharaNa mile haiN| smRticandrikA meM jyotirgArya evaM bRhadgArya se uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| nityAcArapradIpa ne garga evaM gArgya ko alaga-alaga smRtikAra ghoSita kiyA hai| 84. kItA dravyena yA nArI sAma palI vidhiiyte| tAna na sA pizye dAsI to kazyapojavIt / /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 21. cyavana mitAkSarA, aparArka tathA anya pramANa-granthoM ne vyavana ke katipaya zloka evaM sUtra uddhRta kiye haiN| godAna karane tathA usake lie mantroccAraNa kI vidhiyoM ke silasile meM aparArka ne cyavana kA pramANa diyA hai ( yAjJa0, 1.127 ) / kuttA, zvapAka, zava, citAghUma, surA, surApAtra Adi ke sparza se utpanna prAyazcitta para carcA karate hue mitAkSarA evaM aparArka ne cyavana kA uddharaNa diyA hai| isI prakAra anya sUtroM kA uddharaNa yatra-tatra diyA gayA hai| 38 22. jAtUkarNya yAjJavalkya kI vyAkhyA karate hue vizvarUpa ne buddha-yAjJavalkya kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisameM jAtUkarNya nAmaka eka 'dharmavaktA' kI carcA huI hai| yaha nAma kaI prakAra se likhA gayA hai, yathA jAtukaNi, jAtUkarNya yA jAtukarNa / smRticandrikA ne aMgirA ko uddhRta karate hue jAtaka ko upasmRtikAroM meM ginA hai / vizvarUpa ne jAtUkarNya ke eka gadyAMza ko kaI bAra uddhRta kiyA hai| jAtUkarNya ne AcAra zrAddha-sambandhI eka dharmasUtra likhA thA, yaha spaSTa hai / jAtUkarNya ko mitAkSarA, haradatta, aparArka tathA anya lekhakoM ne zlokoM ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai / lagatA hai, taba taka yaha dharmasUtra vismRta yA lupta ho cukA thaa| aparArka dvArA uddhRta aMza meM kanyA rAzi kA nAma AyA hai, isase yaha kahA jA sakatA ki jAtUkarNya tIsarI yA cauthI zatAbdI meM racA gayA hogA / 23. devala mitAkSarA ne devala ke gadyAMza uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM zUdra kI vRtti kA, yAyAvara evaM zAlIna nAmaka gRhasthoM kA varNana hai / aparArka evaM smRticandrikA meM bhI devala ke udAharaNa haiN| AcAra, vyavahAra, zrAddha, prAyazcita Adi viSayoM para devala ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / devala kI eka svatantra kRti avazya thI / AnandAzrama ke saMgraha meM 90 zlokoM kI eka devalasmRti hai / yaha prAcIna nahIM pratIta hotI / mahAbhArata meM bhI devala kA mata ullikhita hai ( samAparva, 72.5), jisameM manuSyoM kI tIna jyotiyoM, yathA apatya ( santAna ), karma evaM vidyA kA ullekha hai / sampatti-vibhAjana, vasIyata, strIdhana para aparArka evaM smRticandrikA meM uddhRta aMza avalokanIya haiN| sambhavataH bRhaspati evaM kAtyAyana ke samaya meM devala vidyamAna the / 24. paiThInasi yadyapi yAjJavalkya meM paiThInasi nAmaka dharmasUtrakAra kI gaNanA nahIM hai, tathApi isa meM sandeha nahIM ki ye eka ati prAcIna dharmasUtrakAra haiN| gohatyA ke prAyazcitta kA ullekha karate hue vizvarUpa ne paiThInasi ko uddhRta kiyA hai| DA0 jAlI evaM DA0 kaileNDa ke anusAra paiThInasi atharvavedI Thaharate haiN| mitAkSarA ne (yAjJavalkya para, 1.53) paiThInasi ke sUtra kA pramANa dete hue likhA hai ki vyakti ko mAtRkula se tIna evaM pitRkula se pA~ca pIr3hiyA~ chor3akara vivAha karanA caahie| smRticandrikA, haradatta, aparArka ne paiThInasi ke bahuta se sUtra uddhRta kiye haiN| 25. budha yAjJavalkya evaM parAzara ne isa sUtrakAra kA nAma nahIM liyA hai| budha ke uddharaNa bahuta hI kama milate

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bRhaspati, bharakhAva evaM bhAvAna haiN| aparArka (yAjJa0 para, 1.4-5), kalpataru (vIramitrodaya, paribhASA pra0, pR. 16), hemAdri evaM jImUtavAhana (kAlaviveka) ne budha kA ullekha kiyA hai| Dekana kAleja saMgraha meM budha ke dharmazAstra kI do pratiyAM haiN| ye donoM hastalikhita pratiyAM gadya meM hI haiN| yaha dharmasUtra bahuta hI saMkSepa meM hai| isameM upanayana, vivAha, garbhAdhAna se upanayana taka ke saMskAroM, paMcayajJoM, zrAddha, pAkayajJa, haviryajJa, somayAga, rAjadharma Adi kI carcA huI hai| yaha prAcIna grantha nahIM hai| lagatA hai, yaha kisI eka bRhat grantha kA saMkSipta saMskaraNa hai| 26. bRhaspati kauTilya ne bRhaspati ko eka prAcIna arthazAstrakAra mAnA hai aura cha: bAra unakI carcA kI hai| mahAbhArata (zAntiparva, 59.80-85) meM AyA hai ki bRhaspati ne dharma, artha evaM kAma para racita brahmA ke grantha ko 3000 adhyAyoM meM saMkSipta kiyaa| vanaparva (32.61) meM bRhaspati-nIti kA bhI ullekha hai| bRhaspati dvArA uccarita zlokoM evaM gAthAoM ko mahAbhArata ne kaI bAra kahA hai| anuzAsanaparva (39.10-11) meM bRhaspati evaM anya lekhakoM ke arthazAstra kI carcA huI hai| kAmasUtra meM bhI AyA hai ki brahmA ne dharma, artha evaM kAma para eka sau sahasra adhyAyoM meM eka mahAgrantha likhA hai aura bRhaspati ne usI ke eka aMza arthazAstra para likhaa| azvaghoSa ne bhI bRhaspati ke rAjazAstra kA ullekha kiyA hai| kAmandaka evaM paMcatantra ne bhI bRhaspati ke mata kA prakAzana kiyA hai. (paMcatantra, 2.41) / yazastilaka meM aisA AyA hai ki bRhaspati kI nIti meM devoM ko koI sthAna nahIM milA hai| senApati, pratIhAra, dUta Adi kI pAtratAoM ke viSaya meM vizvarUpa ne aise gadya-avataraNa diye haiM, jo bRhaspati ke haiM, aisA lagatA hai| vizvarUpa evaM haradatta ke ullekhoM se patA calatA hai ki bRhaspati ne dharma evaM vyavahAra-sambandhI viSaya para eka sUtra-grantha bhI likhA thaa| yaha kahanA ki eka hI bRhaspati ne dharmasUtra evaM arthazAstra donoM para grantha likhe, sandehAspada hai| yaha kahanA adhika upayukta hai ki donoM ke do racayitA the| yAjJavalkya ne bRhaspati ko 'dharmavaktA' kahA hai (1.4-5) / mitAkSarA tathA anya bhASyoM eva nibandhoM meM bahaspati ke vyavahAra-sambandhI lagabhaga 700 zloka tathA AcAra evaM prAyazcitta-sambandhI kacha sau zloka uddhRta haiM, kintu yaha eka alaga grantha hai, jisakI carcA Age hogii| 'bArhaspatya arthazAstra' bahuta bAda ko likhA gayA hai| 27. bharadvAja evaM bhAradvAja bhAradvAja ke nAma se eka zrautasUtra evaM eka gRhyasUtra hai| vizvarUpa-likhita uddharaNoM se vyakta hotA hai ki bharadvAja evaM bhAradvAja racita eka dharmasUtra thaa| sambhavataH bharadvAja evaM bhAradvAja donoM eka hI vyakti haiN| aparArka ne vizvarUpa kI bhAMti bharadvAja se uddharaNa liye haiN| smRticandrikA evaM haradatta tathA anya granthoM meM bhI bhAradvAja kA ullekha hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra se prakaTa hotA hai ki bhAradvAja arthazAstra ke eka prAcIna lekhaka the| kauTilya ne bhAradvAja ko sAta bAra tathA kaNiGka bhAradvAja ko eka bAra likhA hai| mahAbhArata (zAntiparva, adhyAya 140) meM bhAradvAja evaM sauvIra ke rAjA zatraJjaya ke bIca vArtA kI carcA hai| isI parva meM bhAradvAja ko rAjazAstra ke lekhakoM meM ginA gayA hai| yazastilaka ne bhI bhAradvAja ke do zlokoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki bhAradvAja kA rAjanIti-viSayaka grantha dasavIM zatAbdI meM avazya vidyamAna thaa| parAzaramAdhavIya meM bharadvAja kI carcA huI hai| vyavahAra ke viSaya meM sarasvatIvilAsa meM bharadvAja kI bAteM uddhRta kI gayI haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 28. zAtAtapa yAjJavalkya evaM parAzara ne zAtAtapa ko dharmavaktAoM meM ginA hai ( 1.4-5 ) / vizvarUpa, haradatta eva aparArka ne prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM zAtAtapa ke bahuta se gadyAMza uddhRta kiye haiN| mitAkSarA, smRticandrikA tathA anya granthoM meM zAtAtapa ke bahuta se zloka liye gaye haiN| lagatA hai, zAtAtapa ke nAma kI kaI smRtiyA~ haiM / jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM karmavipAka nAmaka zAtAtapasmRti hai jisameM 6 adhyAya evaM 231 zloka haiN| yaha bahuta bAda kI kRti hai / isameM bAlahatyA ke lie harivaMza ( 2.30 ) kA pATha karanA kahA gayA hai| 'iNDiyA Aphisa' kI pustaka sUcI meM 1362vA~ grantha hai zAtAtapasmRti, jo 12 adhyAyoM meM hai / aparArka ne kaI sthAnoM para vRddha zAtAtapa ke matoM kI carcA karate hue zAtAtapa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| Dekana kAleja ke saMgraha meM tathA 'iNDiyA Aphisa meM 1360vA~ grantha vRddha - zAtAtapa kA hai| hemAdri ne bhI anya smRtikAroM meM vRddha-zAtAtapa kA nAma liyA hai| jImUtavAhana kI vyavahAramAtrikA meM vRddha - zAtAtapa kA uddharaNa AyA hai jo yaha siddha karatA hai ki inhoMne vyavahAra para bhI kucha likhA thA / mitAkSarA ne (yAjJa0 para, 3.290) bRhatzAtAtapa kI tathA hemAdri ne unake bhASyakAra kI carcA kI hai| 40 29. sumantu vizvarUpa, haradatta evaM aparArka ke bhASyoM se patA calatA hai ki vizeSataH AcAra evaM prAyazcitta para sumantu ne eka dharmasUtra praNIta kiyA thA / vizvarUpa ne isake gadyAMzoM ko uddhRta kiyA | vizvarUpa dvArA likhe gaye uddharaNa aparArka meM bhI pAye jAte haiM / azauca para sumantu ke sUtra hAralatA dvArA bhI uddhRta haiN| sarasvatIvilAsa meM rAjya ke sAta aMgoM ke viSaya meM sumantu ke eka gadyAMza kI carcA huI hai / vizvarUpa ke uddharaNoM se kahA jA sakatA hai ki sumantu kA dharmasUtra bahuta pahale praNIta huA thA / evaM parAzara meM se kisI ne bhI sumantu ko dharmavaktAoM meM nahIM ginA hai| bhAgavatapurANa (12.6.75 tathA 7.1 ) meM sumantu ko jaimini kA ziSya hai / mahAbhArata (zAntiparva, 141.19) meM sumantu ko vyAsa kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| prati dina ke tarpaNa ( Ahnika tarpaNa) meM jaimini, vaizampAyana, paila ke sAtha sumantu kA bhI nAma AyA hai| aparArka, smRticandrikA tathA anya granthoM meM sumantu ke dharma-sambandhI zloka uddhRta hue haiN| ho sakatA hai, yaha sumantudharmasUtra ke atirikta koI anya grantha hai / mitAkSarA tathA aparArka ne sumantu ke vyavahAra-sambandhI zloka nahIM uddhRta kiye, kintu sarasvatIvilAsa meM isa sambandha meM bahuta uddharaNa haiM / 30. smRtiyA~ 'smRti' zabda do arthoM meM prayukta huA hai / eka artha meM yaha vedavAGamaya se itara granthoM, yathA pANini ke vyAkaraNa, zrauta, gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM, mahAbhArata, manu, yAjJavalkya evaM anya granthoM se sambandhita hai / kintu saMkIrNa artha meM smRti evaM dharmazAstra kA artha eka hI hai, jaisA ki manu kA kahanA hai / " taittirIya AraNyaka meM bhI 'smRti' zabda AyA hai ( 12 ) / gautama (1.2) tathA vasiSTha (1.4) ne smRti ko dharma kA upAdAna mAnA hai / kintu bAta aisI hai nahIM / yAjJavalkya kintu sumantu nAma bahuta prAcIna hai| evaM atharvaveda kA udghoSaka kahA gayA 85. zrutistu vedo vijJeyo dharmazAstraM tu vai smRtiH / manu0 2.10 /

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smRtiyA~ 41 Arambha meM smRti-grantha kama hI the| gautama (11. 19) ne manu ko chor3akara kisI anya smRtikAra kA nAma nahIM liyA hai; yadyapi unhoMne dharmazAstroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| baudhAyana ne apane ko chor3akara sAta dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma liye haiM-aupajaMghani, kAtya, kAzyapa, gautama, prajApati, maudgalya evaM haariit| vasiSTha ne kevala pAMca nAma ginAye haiM--gautama, prajApati, manu, yama evaM haariit| Apastamba ne dasa nAma likhe haiM, jinameM eka, kuNika, puSkarasAdi kevala vyakti-nAma haiN| manu ne apane ko chor3akara cha: nAma likhe haiM--atri, utathya ke putra, bhRgu, vasiSTha, vaikhAnasa (yA vikhanasa) evaM shaunk| yAjJavalkya ne sarvaprathama eka sthAna para 20 dharmavaktAoM ke nAma diye haiM, jinameM ve svayaM evaM zaMkha tathA likhita do pRthak-pRthak vyakti ke rUpa meM sammilita haiN| yAjJavalkya ne baudhAyana kA nAma chor3a diyA hai| parAzara ne apane ko chor3akara 19 nAma ginAye haiN| kintu yAjJavalkya evaM parAzara kI sUcI meM kucha antara hai| parAzara ne bRhaspati, yama evaM vyAsa ko chor3a diyA hai kintu kAzyapa, gArgya evaM pracetA ke nAma sammilita kara liye haiN| kumArila ke tantravArtika meM 18 dharma-saMhitAoM ke nAma Aye haiN| vizvarUpa ne vRddha-yAjJavalkya ke zloka ko uddhRta kara yAjJavalkya kI sUcI meM dasa nAma joDa diye haiN| caviMzatimata nAmaka grantha meM 24 dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma ullikhita haiN| isa sacI meM yAjJavalkya vAlI sUcI ke do nAma, yathA kAtyAyana evaM likhita chUTa gaye haiM, kintu cha: nAma aMdhika haiM, yathA gArya, nArada, baudhAyana, vatsa, vizvAmitra, zaMkha (zAMkhyAyana ? ) / aMgirA ne, jise smRticandrikA, hemAdri, sarasvatIvilAsa tathA anya granthoM ne uddhata kiyA hai, upasmRtiyoM ke nAma bhI ginAye haiN| eka anya smRti kA nAma hai patriMzanmata, jise mitAkSarA, aparArka tathA anya granthoM ne ullikhita kiyA hai| paiThInasi ne 36 smRtiyoM ke nAma ginAye haiN| aparArka ke anusAra bhaviSyatpurANa meM 36 smRtiyoM ke nAma Aye haiN| vRddha-gautamasmRti meM 57 dharmazAstroM ke nAma Aye haiN| vIramitrodaya meM uddhRta prayogapArijAta ne 18 mukhya smRtiyoM, 18 upasmRtiyoM tathA 21 anya smRtikAroM ke nAma liye haiN| yadi bAda meM AnevAle nibandhoM, yathA nirNayasindhu, nIlakaNTha evaM vIramitrodaya kI mayUkha-sUciyoM ko dekhA jAya to smatiyoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 100 ho jaaygii| vizvasanIya smRtiyAM kaI yugoM kI kRtiyA~ haiN| kacha to pUrNatayA gadya meM, kucha mizrita arthAt gadya-padya meM haiM aura adhikAMza padya meM haiN| kucha ati prAcIna haiM aura IsA se kaI sau varSa pUrva praNIta huI thIM, yathA gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana ke dharmasUtra' evaM manusmRti / kucha kA praNayana IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM huA, yathA yAjJavalkya, parAzara evaM naard| uparyukta smRtiyoM ke atirikta anya 400 I0 se 1000 I0 ke bIca kI haiN| sabakA 86.18 mukhya smRtikAra haiM-manu, bRhaspati, dakSa, gautama, yama, aMgirA, yogIzvara, pracetA, zAtAtapa, parAzara, saMvataM, uzanA, zaMkha, likhita, atri, viSNu, Apastamba, haariit| upasmRtiyoM ke lekhaka haiM-nAradaH pulaho gArgyaH pulastyaH zaunakaH krtuH| baudhAyano jAtukarNo vizvAmitraH pitaamhH|| jAbAli ciketazca skanyo laugaakssikshypo| vyAsaH sanatkumArazca shntnurjnkstyaa|| vyAghraH kAtyAyanazcaiva jAtakarNyaH kapiJjalaH / baudhAyanazca kANAdo vizvAmitrastava ca / ptthaansigrgobhilshcetyupsmRtivissaaykaaH|| anya 21 smRtikAra haiM-vasiSTho nAravazcaya sumantuzca pitaamhH| viSNuH kArNAjiniH satyavato gAgyazca devlH|| jamadagnirbharadvAjaH pulastyaH pulahaH kratuH / Atreyazva gaveyazca marAcisa eva ca // pAraskarazcarghyazRGgo vaijavApastathaiva ca / ityete smRtikAra ekviNshtiroritaaH||bormitrody, paribhASA pra0, pR0 18 // dharma-6

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42 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kAla-nirNaya sarala nahIM hai| kucha to prAcIna sUtroM ke padyoM meM saMzodhana mAtra haiM, yathA shNkh| kabhI-kabhI do yA tIna smRtiyAM eka hI nAma ke sAtha calatI haiM, yathA zAtAtapa, hArIta, atri| kucha meM to pUrNarUpeNa sAmpradAyikatA pAyI jAtI hai, yathA hArItasmRti, jo vaiSNava hai| kucha smRtiyoM ke praNetA haiM pramukha smRtikAra; kintu vRddha, bRhat evaM laghu kI upAdhiyoM ke sAtha, yathA vRddha-yAjJavalkya, vRddha-gArgya, vRddha-manu, vRddha-vasiSTha, bRhat-parAzara aadi| yahA~ manusmRti se Arambha karake hama prasiddha smRtiyoM kI carcA kreNge| ye sabhI smRtiyAM prAmANika rUpa se svIkRta nahIM haiN| kucha to kevala vyAkhyAoM meM ullikhita haiN| dharmasUtroM ko chor3akara adhika-se-adhika eka darjana smRtiyoM ke vyAkhyAkAra ho cuke haiN| manusmRti ke bAda yAjJavalkya kI mahimA vizeSa rUpa se gAyI jAtI hai| 31. manusmRti bhAratavarSa meM manusmRti kA sarvaprathama mudraNa san 1813 I0 meM (kalakattA meM) huaa| usake uparAnta isake itane saMskaraNa prakAzita hue ki unakA nAma denA sambhava nahIM hai| isa graMtha meM nirNayasAgara ke saMskaraNa evaM kullUkamaTTa kI TIkA kA upayoga huA hai| manusmRti kA aMgrejI anuvAda kaI bAra ho cukA hai| DA0 buhalara kA anuvAda sarvazreSTha hai| unhoMne eka vidvattApUrNa bhUmikA meM katipaya samasyAoM kA udghATana bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM manu ko mAnava-jAti kA pitA kahA gayA hai (R0 1.80.16, 1.114.2 2.33. 13) / eka vaidika kavi ne stuti kI hai tAki vaha manu ke mArga se cyuta na ho jaay| eka kavi ne kahA hai ki manu ne hI sarvaprathama yajJa kiyA (R0 10.63.7) / taittirIya saMhitA evaM tANDya-mahAbrAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki manu ne jo kucha kahA hai, auSaya hai ("yadva kiM ca manaravadattad bheSajam",-tai0 saM0 2.2.10.2; "mana yatkicAvadattad bheSajaM bheSajatAya",-tANDya0 23.16.17) / prathama meM "mAnavyo hi prajAH" kahA gayA hai| taittirIya saMhitA tathA aitareya brAhmaNa meM manu ke viSaya meM eka gAthA hai, jisameM unhoMne apanI sampatti ko apane putroM meM bAMTA hai aura apane putra nAbhAnediSTha ko kucha nahIM diyA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM manu aura pralaya kI kahAnI hai| nirukta meM bhI manu svAyaMbhuva ke mata kI carcA huI hai| ataH yAska ke pUrva padyabaddha smRtiyAM thIM aura manu eka vyavahAra-praNetA the| gautama, vasiSTha, Apastamba ne manu kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM manu ko kabhI kevala manu, kabhI svAyaMbhuva manu (zAnti, 21.12) aura kabhI prAcetasa manu (zAnti, 57.43) kahA gayA hai| zAntiparva (336 . 38-46) meM AyA hai ki kisa prakAra bhagavAn brahmA ne eka sau sahasra zlokoM meM dharma para likhA, kisa prakAra manu ne una dharmoM ko udghoSita kiyA aura kisa prakAra uzanA tathA bRhaspati ne manu svAyaMbhuva ke grantha ke AdhAra para zAstroM kA praNayana kiyaa| mahAbhArata meM eka sthAna para vivaraNa kucha bhinna hai aura vahA~ manu kA nAma nahIM AyA hai| zAntiparva (58.80-85) ne batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra brahmA ne dharma, artha evaM kAma para eka lAkha adhyAya likhe aura vaha mahAgrantha kAlAntara meM vizAlAkSa, indra, bAhudantaka, bRhaspati evaM kAvya (uzanA) dvArA krama se 10,000, 5,000, 3,000 evaM 1,000 adhyAyoM meM saMkSipta kiyA gyaa| nArada-smRti meM AyA hai ki manu ne 1,00,000 zlokoM, 1080 adhyAyoM evaM 24 prakaraNoM meM eka dharmazAstra likhA aura use nArada ko par3hAyA, jisane use 12,000 zlokoM meM saMkSipta kiyA aura mArkaNDeya ko 87. mA naH pathaH picAnmAmavAdaSi dUraM naSTa praavtH| Rgveda, 8.30.3 /

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manusmRti par3hAyA / mArkaNDeya ne bhI ise 8,000 zlokoM meM saMkSipta kara sumati bhArgava ko diyA, jinhoMne svayaM use 4,000 zlokoM meM saMkSipta kiyaa| vartamAna manusmRti meM AyA hai (1.32-33) ki brahmA se virATa kI udbhUti huI, jinhoMne manu ko utpanna kiyA, jinase bhRgu, nArada Adi RSi utpanna hue; brahmA ne manu ko zAstrAdhyayana karAyA, manu ne dasa RSiyoM (1.58) ko vaha jJAna diyA; kucha bar3e RSi manu ke yahAM gaye aura varNoM evaM madhyama jAtiyoM ke dharmoM (kartavyoM) ko par3hAne ke lie unase prArthanA kI aura manu ne kahA ki yaha kArya unake ziSya bhRgu kareMge (1.59-60) / manusmRti meM yaha par3hAne kI bAta Arambha se anta taka hai aura sthAna-sthAna para RSi loga bhRgu ke vyAkhyAna ko rokakara unase kaThina bAteM samajha lete haiM (5.1-2; 12.1-2) / manu sarvatra virAjamAna haiM; unakA nAma 'manurAha' (9.158, 10.78 Adi) yA 'manurajavIt' yA 'maroranuzAsanam' (8. 139, 279, 9.239 Adi) ke rUpa meM darjanoM bAra AyA hai| bhaviSya purANa ke anusAra, jaisA ki hameM hemAdri, saMskAramayUkha tathA anya granthoM se patA calatA hai, svAyaMbhuva-zAstra ke cAra saMskaraNa the, jo bhRgu, nArada, bRhaspati evaM aMgirA dvArA praNIta the| ati prAcIna lekhaka vizvarUpa ne manusmRti ke uddharaNa diye haiM aura vahA~ manu svayaMbhU kahe gaye haiM (yAjJa para bhASya, 2. 73, 74, 83, 85, jahA~ manu0 8.68, 70-71, 380 evaM 105-6 kramazaH svayaMbhU ke nAma se uddhRta haiN)| kintu vizvarUpa hArA uddhRta bhRyu kI bAteM manusmRti meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| isI prakAra aparArka dvArA uddhRta bhRgu kI bAteM bhI manusmRti meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| . manusmRti kA praNayana kisane kiyA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| yaha satya hai ki mAnava ke Adi pUrvaja manu ne isakA praNayana nahIM kiyA hai| isake praNetA ne apanA nAma kyoM chipA rakhA, yaha kahanA duSkara hI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isa mahAn grantha ko prAcInatA evaM prAmANikatA dene ke lie hI ise manukRta kahA gayA hai| maiksamUlara ke sAtha DA0 buhalara ne yahI pramANita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki mAnava-caraNa ke dharmasUtra kA saMzodhita rUpa hI manusmRti hai| kintu sambhavataH mAnavadharmasUtra nAmaka grantha kabhI vidyamAna hI nahIM thA (dekhie prakaraNa 13) / mahAbhArata ne svAyaMbhuva manu evaM prAcetasa manu meM antara batAyA hai, jinameM prathama dharmazAsvakAra evaM dUsare arthazAstrakAra kahe gaye haiN| kahIM-kahIM kevala manu rAjadharma yA arthavidyA ke praNetA kahe gaye haiN| ho sakatA hai, Arambha meM manu ke nAma se do grantha rahe hoNge| jaba kauTilya 'mAnavoM' kI ora saMketa karate haiM to vahA~ sambhavataH ve prAcetasa manu kI bAta uThAte haiN| cAhe jo ho, yaha kalpanA karanA asaMgata nahIM hai ki manusmRti ke lekhaka ne manu ke nAma vAle dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra kI bAtoM ko le liyaa| yaha bAta sambhavataH kauTilya ko jJAta nahIM thI, kyoMki sambhavataH taba taka yaha saMzodhana-sampAdana nahIM ho sakA thA, yA huA bhI rahA hogA to kauTilya ko isakI sUcanA nahIM thii| vartamAna manusmRti meM isake lekhaka ko svAyaMbhuva manu kahA gayA hai, jinake atirikta cha: anya manuoM kI carcA kI gayI hai, jinameM prAcetasa kI gaNanA nahIM huI hai| - vartamAna manusmRti meM 12 adhyAya eva' 2694 zloka haiN| manusmRti sarala evaM dhArApravAha zailI meM praNIta hai| isakA vyAkaraNa adhikAMza meM pANini-sammata hai| isake siddhAnta gautama, baudhAyana evaM Apastamba ke dharmasUtroM 88. bhArgavIyA naarkhoyaabaarhsptyaanggirsypi| svAyaMbhuvasya zAstrasya catasraH saMhitA mtaaH|| caturvarga0, pAnamaNa, pR0 528, saMskAramayUkha, pR02|

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4 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se bahuta-kucha milate-julate haiN| isake bahuta-se zloka vasiSTha evaM viSNu ke dharma sUtroM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| bhASA evaM siddhAntoM meM manusmRti evaM kauTilIya meM bahuta-kucha samAnatA hai| manusmRpti kI viSaya-sUcI yaha hai--(1) varNadharma kI zikSA ke lie RSigaNa manu ke pAsa jAte haiM; manu bahuta kucha sAMkhya mata ke anusAra AtmarUpa se sthita bhagavAn se vizva-sRSTi kA vivaraNa dete haiM; virATa kI utpatti, virAT se manu, manu se dasa RSiyoM kI sRSTi huI; bhA~ti-mA~ti ke jIva, yathA--manuSya, pazu, pakSI Adi kI sRSTi ; brahmA ve dharma-zikSA manu ko dI, manu ne RSiyoM ko zikSita kiyA; manu ne bhRgu ko RSiyoM ko dharma kI zikSA dene kA Adeza diyA ; svAyaMbhuva manu se chaH anya manu utpanna hue; nimeSa se varSa taka kI kAlaikAiyA~, cAroM yuga evaM unake sandhyA-prakAza; eka sahasra yuga brahmA ke eka dina ke barAbara haiM; manvantara, pralaya kA vistAra; cAroM yugoM meM kramazaH dharmAvanati; cAroM yugoM meM vibhinna dharma evaM lakSya ; cAroM vargoM ke vizeSAdhikAra evaM kartavya ; brAhmaNoM evaM manu ke zAstra kI stuti; AcAra paramocca dharma hai ; sampUrNa zAstra kI viSayasUcI; (2) dharma-paribhASA; dharma ke upAdAna haiM veda, smRti, bhadra' logoM kA AcAra, AtmatuSTi ; isa zAstra ke lie kisakA adhikAra hai; brahmAvarta, brahmarSideza, madhyadeza, AryAvarta kI sImAe~; saMskAra kyoM Avazyaka haiM; aise saMskAra, yathA-jAtakarma, nAmadheya, cUDAkarma, upanayana; vargoM ke upanayana kA ucita kAla, ucita mekhalA, pavitra janeU, tIna varSoM ke brahmacAriyoM ke lie daNDa, mRgachAlA, brahmacArI ke kartavya evaM AcaraNa; (3) 36, 18 evaM 2 varSoM kA brahmacarya ; samAvartana, vivAha; vivAhayogya lar3akI ; brAhmaNa cAroM vargoM kI lar3akiyoM se vivAha kara sakatA hai; ATha prakAra ke vivAhoM kI paribhASA, kisa jAti ke lie kauna vivAha upayukta hai, pati-patnI ke kartavya ; nArI-stuti, paMcAhnika; gRhastha jIvana kI prazaMsA, atithi-satkAra, madhuparka; zrAddha, zrAddha meM kauna nimantrita nahIM hote; (4) gRhastha kI jIvana-vidhi evaM vRtti; snAtaka-AcAra-vidhi, anadhyAya-niyama; varjita evaM avajita bhojya evaM peya ke lie niyama; (5) kauna-se mAMsa evaM tarakAriyAM khAnI cAhie; janma-maraNa para azuddhikAla, sapiNDa evaM samAnodaka kI paribhASA; vibhinna prakAra se vibhinna vastuoM ke sparza se pavitrIkaraNa, patnI evaM vidhavA ke kartavya ; (6) vAnaprastha hone kA kAla, usakI jIvanacaryA, parivrAjaka evaM usake kartavya ; gRhastha-stuti; (7) rAjadharma, daNDa-stuti, rAjA ke lie cAra vidyAe~, kAma se utpanna rAjA ke dasa avaguNa evaM krodha se utpanna ATha avaguNa (doSa); mantri-pariSada kI racanA, dUta ke guNa (pAtratA), durga evaM rAjadhAnI, puruSa evaM vividha vibhAgoM ke adhyakSa; yuddha-niyama; sAma. dAna, bheda evaM daNDa nAmaka cAra sAdhana; grAmamukhiyA se Upara vAle rAjyAdhikArI; kara-niyama; bAraha rAjAoM ke maNDala kI racanA; cha: guNa-saMdhi, yuddha-sthiti, zatru para AkramaNa, Asana, zaraNa lenA evaM dvadha; vijayI ke kartavya ; (8) nyAyazAsana-sambandhI rAjA ke kartavya ; vyavahAroM ke 18 nAma, rAjA evaM nyAyAdhIza, anya nyAyAdhIza ; sabhA-racanA; nAbAligoM, vidhavAoM, asahAya logoM, koSa Adi ko dekhane ke lie rAjA kA dharma; corI gaye hue dhana kA patA lagAne meM rAjA kA kartavya; diye hue RNa ko prApta karane ke lie RNadAtA ke sAdhana; sthitiyA~ jinake kAraNa adhikArI mukadamA hAra jAtA hai, sAkSiyoM kI pAtratA, sAkSya ke lie ayogya vyakti, zapatha, jhUThI gavAhI ke lie artha-daNDa, 89. tulanA kIjie-'alabdhalAbhArthA labdhaparirakSiNI rakSitavivardhanI vRddhasya tIrtheSu pratipAdinI c| koTilya (1-4) aura 'alampamicchedaNDena labdhaM rkssedvekssyaa| rakSitaM vardhaye vRddhamA vRddhaM pAtreSu nikSipet // manu0 (7.101) /

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manusmRti zArIrika daNDa ke DhaMga, zArIrika daNDa se brAhmaNoM ko chuTakArA; taula evaM baTakhare; nyUnatama, madhyama evaM adhikatama artha-daNDa; byAja-dara, pratijJAe~, pratikUla (vipakSI ke) adhikAra se pratijJA, sImA, nAbAliga kI bhUmi-sampatti, dhana-saMgraha, rAjA kI sampatti Adi para prabhAva nahIM par3atA ; dAmadupaTa kA niyama ; bandhaka ; pitA ke kauna-se RNa putra nahIM degA; sabhI lena-dena ko kapaTAcAra evaM balaprayoga naSTa kara detA hai; jo svAmI nahIM hai usake dvArA vikraya ; svatva evaM adhikAra; sAjhA; pratyAdAna; majadUrI kA na denA; paramparAvirodha; vikrayavilopa; svAmI evaM gorakSaka ke bIca kA jhagar3A, gA~va ke irda-girda ke carAgAha ; sImA-saMgharSa ; gAliyA~ (apazabda), apavAda evaM pizuna-vacana; AkramaNa, mardana evaM kuceSTA; pRSThabhAga para kor3A mAranA; corI, sAhasa (yathA hatyA, DakaitI Adi ke kArya); svarakSA kA adhikAra; brAhmaNa kaba mArA jA sakatA hai| vyabhicAra evaM balA. kAra, brAhmaNa ke lie matya-daNDa nahIM, pratyata deza-nikAlA; mAtA-pitA, patnI, bacce kabhI bhI tyAjya nahIM haiM; caMgiyA~ evaM ekAdhikAra : dAsoM ke sAta prakAra: (1) pati-patnI ke nyAyya (vyavahArAnaMkala) kartavya, striyoM kI bhartsanA, pAtivrata kI stuti ; baccA kisako milanA cAhie, janaka ko yA jisakI patnI se vaha utpanna huA hai; niyoga kA vivaraNa evaM usakI bhartsanA ; prathama patnI kA kaba atikramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai; vivAha kI avasthA; ba~TavArA, isakI avadhi, jyeSTha putra kA vizeSa bhAga; putrikA, putrI kA putra, goda kA putra, zUdra patnI se utpanna brAhmaNaputra ke adhikAra; bAraha prakAra kI putratA; piNDa kisako diyA jAtA hai, sabase nikaTa vAlA sapiNDa uttarAdhikAra prAtA hai; sakulya, guru evaM ziSya uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM; brAhmaNa ke dhana ko chor3akara anya kisI ke dhana kA antima uttarAdhikArI rAjA hai; strIdhana ke prakAra; strIdhana kA uttarAdhikAra; vapIyata se haTAne ke kAraNa ; kisa sampatti kA ba~TavArA nahIM hotA; vidyA ke lAbha, punarmilana; mAtA evaM pitAmaha ke rUpa meM; bA~Ta dI jAnevAlI sampatti; jaA evaM puraskAra, ye rAjA dvArA banda kara diye jAne cAhie ; paMca mahApApa, unake lie prAyazcitta; jJAta evaM ajJAta (gupta) cora; bandIgRha ; rAjya ke sAta aMga; vaizya evaM zUdra ke kartavya ; (10) kevala brAhmaNa hI par3hA sakatA hai; mizrita jAtiyA~; mleccha, kamboja, yavana, zaka, sabake lie AcAra-niyama; cAroM vargoM ke vizeSAdhikAra evaM kartavya, vipatti meM brAhmaNa kI vRtti ke sAdhana ; brAhmaNa kauna-se padArtha na vikraya kare; jIvikA-prApti evaM usake sAdhana ke sAta ucita DhaMga; (11) dAna-stuti ; prAyazcitta ke bAre meM vividha mata; bahuta-se dekhe hue pratiphala ; pUrvajanma ke pApa ke kAraNa roga evaM zarIra-doSa ; paMca naitika pApa evaM unake lie prAyazcitta ; upapAtaka aura unake lie prAyazcitta; sAntapana, parAka, cAndrAyaNa jaise prAyazcitta ; pApanAzaka pavitra mantra; (12) karma para vivecana ; kSetrajJa, bhUtAtmA, jIva; naraka-kaSTa ; sattva, rajas evaM tamas nAmaka tIna guNa; niHzreyasa kI utpatti kisase hotI hai; Ananda kA sarvocca sAdhana hai Atma-jJAna ; pravRtta evaM nivRtta karma; phalaprApti kI icchA se rahita hokara jo karma kiyA jAya vahI nivRtta hai; veda-stuti ; tarka kA sthAna; ziSTa evaM pariSad; mAnava zAstra ke adhyayana kA phala / / manu ko apane pUrva ke sAhitya kA paryApta jJAna thaa| unhoMne tIna vedoM ke nAma liye haiM aura atharvaveda ko athAMgirasI zruti (11.33) kahA hai| manusmRti meM AraNyaka, cha: vedAMgoM, dharmazAstroM kI carcA AyI hai| manu ne atri, utathyaputra (gautama), bhRgu, zaunaka, vasiSTha, vaikhAnasa Adi dharmazAstrakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne AkhyAna, itihAsa,.purANa evaM khiloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| manu ne vedAnta kI bhA~ti brahma kA varNana kiyA hai, lekina yahAM yaha bhI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki unhoMne upaniSad kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| unhoMne 'vedabAhyAH smRtayaH' kI carcA karake mAno yaha darzAyA hai ki unheM virodhI pustakoM kA patA thaa| ho sakatA hai ki aisA likhakara unhoMne baudoM, jainoM Adi kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| unhoMne dharma-viroSiyoM aura unakI

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46 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vyAvasAyika zreNiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne AstikatA evaM vedoM kI nindA ki ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai| aura bahuta prakAra kI boliyoM kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne 'kecit', 'apare', 'anye' kahakara anya lekhakoM ke mata kA udghATana kiyA hai| bahalara kA kathana hai ki pahale eka mAnavadharmasUtra thA, jisakA rUpAntara manusmRti meM huA hai / kintu, vAstava yaha eka korI kalpanA hai, kyoMki mAnavadharma sUtra thA hI nahIM / aba hama Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSiyoM ke AdhAra para manusmRti ke kAla-nirNaya kA prayatna kreNge| prathamataH hama bAhya sAkSiyAM lete haiN| manusmRti kI sabase prAcIna TIkA meghAtithi kI hai, jisakA kAla hai 900 I0 / yAjJavalkyasmRti ke vyAkhyAkAra vizvarUpa ne manusmRti ke jo lagabhaga 200 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, ve saba bArahoM adhyAyoM ke haiN| donoM vyAkhyAkAroM ne vartamAna manusmRti se hI uddharaNa liye haiM / vedAntasUtra ke bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya ne manu ko adhikatara uddhRta kiyA hai / vedAntasUtra ke lekhaka manusmRti para bahuta nirbhara rahate haiM; aisA zaMkarAcArya ne kahA hai / kumArila ke tantravArtika meM manusmRti ko sabhI smRtiyoM se aura gautamadharmasUtra se bhI prAcIna kahA hai / mRcchakaTika (9.39 ) ne pApI brAhmaNa ke daNDa ke viSaya meM manu kA havAlA diyA hai, aura kahA hai ki pApI brAhmaNa ko mRtyu-daNDa na dekara deza- niSkAsana daNDa denA caahie| valabhIrAja dhArasena ke eka abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki san 571 I0 meM vartamAna manusmRti upasthita thI / jaiminisUtra ke bhASyakAra zabarasvAmI ne mI, jo 500 I0 ke bAda ke nahIM ho sakate, pratyuta pahale ke hI ho sakate haiM, manusmRti ko uddhRta kiyA hai| aparArka evaM kullUka ne bhaviSyapurANa dvArA uddhRta manusmRti ke zlokoM kI carcA kI hai / bRhaspati ne, jinakA kAla hai 500 I0, manusmRti kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| bRhaspati ne jo kucha uddhRta kiyA hai vaha vartamAna manusmRti meM pAyA jAtA hai| smRticandrikA meM ullikhita aGgirA ne manu ke dharmazAstra kI carcA kI hai| azvaghoSa kI vajrasUcikopaniSad meM mAnava dharma ke kucha aise uddharaNa haiM jo vartamAna manusmRti meM pAye jAte haiM, kucha aise bhI haiM, jo nahIM milte| rAmAyaNa meM vartamAna manusmRti kI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM / uparyukta bAhya sAkSiyoM se spaSTa hai ki dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda ke adhikatara lekhakoM ne manusmRti ko prAmANika grantha mAnA hai / saMketa kara leM / kyA manusmRti ke kaI saMzodhana hue haiM ? sambhavataH nahIM / nAradasmRti meM jo yaha AyA hai ki - manu kA zAstra nArada, mArkaNDeya evaM sumati bhArgava dvArA saMkSipta kiyA gayA; bhrAmaka ukti hai, vAstava meM aisA kahakara nArada ne apanI mahattA gAyI hai| aba hama kucha Antarika sAkSiyoM kI ora bhI vartamAna manusmRti yAjJavalkya se bahuta prAcIna hai, kyoMki manusmRti meM nyAya-vidhi - sambandhI bAteM apUrNa haiM aura yAjJavalkyasmRti isa bAta meM bahuta pUrNa hai / yAjJavalkya kI tithi kama-se-kama tIsarI zatAbdI hai / ataH manusmRti ko isase bahuta pahale racA jAnA caahie| manu ne yavanoM, kambojoM, zakoM, paha, lavoM evaM cInoM ke nAma liye haiM, ataeva ve I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI se bahuta pahale nahIM ho sakate / yavana, kAmboja evaM gAndhAra logoM kA varNana azoka ke pA~caveM prastara - anuzAsana meM A cukA hai / varttamAna manusmRti gaThana evaM siddhAntoM meM prAcIna dharmasUtroM, arthAt gautama, baudhAyana evaM Apastamba ke dharmasUtroM se bahuta Age hai| ataH nissandeha isakI racanA dharmasUtroM ke uparAnta huI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki manusmRti kI racanA I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI tathA IsA ke uparAnta dUsarI zatAbdI ke bIca kabhI huI hogii| saMzodhita evaM parivardhita manusmRti kI racanA kaba huI, isa prazna kA uttara manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata ke pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna para nirbhara rahatA hai| zrI vI0 ena0

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manusmati mANDalika ne kahA hai ki manusmRti ne mahAbhArata kA bhAvAMza liyA hai| buhalara ne bar3I chAnabIna ke uparAnta yaha udghoSita kiyA hai ki mahAbhArata ke bArahaveM evaM terahaveM paryoM ko kisI mAnavadharmazAstra kA jJAna thA aura yaha mAnavadharmazAstra Aja kI manusmRti se gahare rUpa meM sambandhita lagatA hai| kintu yahA~ buhalara ne mahAbhArata ke sAtha apanA pakSapAta hI prakaTa kiyA hai| hApkina ne yaha kahA hai ki mahAbhArata ke terahaveM adhyAya meM vartamAna manusmRti kI carcA hai| manusmRti meM bahuta-se aitihAsika nAma Aye haiM, yathA---aMgirA, agastya, vena, nahuSa, sudAsa, paMjavana, nimi, pRthu, 'manu, kubera, gAdhiputra, vasiSTha, vatsa, akSamA, sAraGgI, dakSa, ajIgarta, vAmadeva, bharadvAja, vishvaamitr| inameM bahuta-se nAma vaidika paramparA ke bhI haiN| manusmRti ne yaha nahIM kahA hai ki ye nAma mahAbhArata ke haiN| mahAbhArata meM 'manurabravIt', 'manurAjadharmAH', 'manuzAstra' jaise zabda Aye haiM, jinameM kucha uddharaNa Aja kI manusmRti meM pAye jAte haiN| isake atirikta mahAbhArata ke bahuta-se zloka manusmRti se milate haiM, yadyapi vahA~ yaha nahIM kahA gayA hai ki ve manu se liye gaye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki manusmRti mahAbhArata se purAnA grantha hai| I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI meM svAyaMbhuva manu dvArA praNIta eka dharmazAstra thA, jo sambhavataH padya meM thaa| isI kAla meM prAcetasa manu dvArA praNIta eka rAjadharma bhI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki do granthoM ke sthAna para eka bahata grantha rahA ho jisameM dharma evaM rAjanIti donoM para vivecana thaa| mahAbhArata ne prAcetasa kA eka vacana uddhata kiyA hai jo Aja kI manasmati meM jyoM-kA-tyoM pAyA jAtA hai (3.54) / uparyukta donoM tathAkathita manu kI pustakoM kI ora yA kevala eka pustaka kI ora ska, gautama, baudhAyana evaM kauTilya saMketa karate haiN| mahAbhArata bhI apane pahale ke poM meM aisA hI karatA hai| yaha bahuvi aca Aja kI manusmRti kA AdhAra evaM mUlabIja hai| taba I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI evaM IsA ke uparAnta dUsarI zatAbdI ke bIca sambhavataH bhRgu ne maMnusmRti kA saMzodhana kiyaa| yaha kRti prAcIna grantha ke saMkSipta evaM parivardhita rUpa meM prakaTa huii| isase yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki manu ke bahuta-se uddharaNa jo anya pustakoM meM milate haiM, Aja kI manusmRti meM kyoM nahIM prApta hote| bAta yaha huI ki saMzodhana meM bahuta-sI bAteM haTa gayIM aura bahuta-sI A gyiiN| vartamAna mahAbhArata vartamAna manusmRti ke bAda kI racanA hai| nArada-smRti kA yaha kathana ki sumati bhArgava ne manu ke grantha ko 4000 zlokoM meM saMkSipta kiyA, kucha sImA taka ThIka hI hai| Aja kI manusmRti meM lagabhaga 2700 zloka haiN| ho sakatA hai, 4000 zlokoM meM nArada ne vRddha-manu evaM bRhanmanu ke zlokoM ko bhI sammilita kara liyA hai| manusmRti kA prabhAva bhArata ke bAhara bhI gyaa| campA ke eka abhilekha meM bahuta-se zloka manu (2.136) se milate haiN| baramA meM jo dhammathaT hai, vaha manu para AdhArita hai| bAli dvIpa kA kAnUna manusmRti para AdhArita thaa| manu ke bahuta-se TIkAkAra ho gaye haiN| medhAtithi, govindarAja evaM kullUka ke viSaya meM hama kucha vistAra se 63veM, 76veM evaM 88veM prakaraNa meM pddh'eNge| ina logoM ke atirikta vyAkhyAkAra haiM nArAyaNa, rAghavAnanda, nandana evaM raamcndr| kucha anya vyAkhyAkAra the jinakI kRtiyAM pUrNarUpa se upasthita nahIM haiM, anya haiM eka kazmIrI TIkAkAra (nAma ajJAta hai), asahAya, udayakara, bhAguri, bhojadeva, dhrnniidhr| meghAtithi ne apane pahale ke bhASyakAroM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| ___ Ahnika, vyavahAra evaM prAyazcitta para vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 para, 1.69), mitAkSarA, smRticandrikA, parAzaramAdhavIya tathA anya lekhakoM ne vRddha-manu se darjanoM uddharaNa liye haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJaH para, 3.20) tathA anya kRtiyoM ne bRhatmanu se kucha zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| kintu abhI taka vRddha-manu evaM bRhanmanu ke koI satanya grantha upalabdha nahIM ho sake haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 32. donoM mahAkAvya donoM mahAkAvyoM, vizeSataH mahAbhArata meM, bahuta-se aise sthala haiM, jahA~ dharmazAstra-sambandhI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| kAlAntara ke granthoM meM rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kI gaNanA smRtiyoM meM huI hai| Adiparva meM mahAbhArata dharmazAstra kahA gayA hai (2.83) / rAmAyaNa to pramukhataH eka kAvya hai, kintu eka Adarza grantha hone ke kAraNa yaha mahAbhArata ke samAna dharma kA upAdAna mAnA jAtA hai| kAlAntara ke nibandhoM meM ina kAvyoM kI paryApta carcA huI hai| ayodhyAkANDa (sarga 100) tathA araNyakANDa (33) meM rAjanIti evaM zAsana-sambandhI vivecana AyA hai| mAsa ke prathama dina meM anadhyAya ke viSaya meM smRticandrikA ne rAmAyaNa ke sundarakANDa (59.31) se paryApta pracalita zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| tarpaNa evaM zrAddha para bhI rAmAyaNa se uddharaNa liye gaye haiM (ayodhyA0, 103.30; 104.15) / isI prakAra hAralatA evaM aparArka (yAjJa0 para, 3.8-10) ne rAmAyaNa se uddharaNa liye haiN| hama yahA~ rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata ke kAla-nirNaya ke pacar3e meM nahIM pdd'eNge| mahAbhArata meM dharmazAstra sambandhI bAteM saMkSipta rUpa se yoM haiM-abhiSeka (zAnti0 40), arAjaka (zAnti0 67), ahiMsA (zAnti0 264, 266), Azramadharma (zAnti0 61, 243-246), AcAra (anuzAsana0 104, Azvamedhika0 45), Apaddharma (zAnti0 131), upavAsa (anu0 106-107), gostuti (anu0 51 evaM 73), tIrtha (vanaparva, 82, anu0 25-26, zalya0 35-54), daNDastuti (zAnti0 15, 121, 246, 295), dAna (vana0 186, zAnti0 235, anu0 57-99), dAyabhAga (anu0 45 evaM 47), putra (anu0 48-49), prAyazcitta (zAnti0 34-35, 165), brAhmaNa-vRtti (zAnti0 76-78), bhakSyAbhakSya (zAnti0 36, 78), rAjanIti (sabhA0 5, vana0 150, udyoga. 33-34, zAnti0 59-130 evaM 298, AzramavAsika0 5-7), varNadharma (zAnti0 60 tathA 297, varNasaMkara, zAnti0 65, 297 tathA anu0 48-49), vivAha (anu0 44-46), zrAddha (strIparva, 26-27, anu0 87-95) / rAmAyaNa kI nimnalikhita sUcI saMkSipta rUpa meM hI dI jA rahI hai-abhiSeka (ayodhyA kANDa 15, yuddha0 128), arAjaka (ayo067), pAtaka (kiSkindhA0 17.36-37, 18.2223), rAjadharma (bAla0 7, ayodhyA0 100, AraNya0 6.11-14, 9.2-9, 33, 40.10-14, 41.1-6, yuddha0 17-18 tathA 63), zrAddha (ayodhyA0 77, 103, 111. 104-120), satyaprazaMsA (ayodhyA0 109), strIdharma (ayodhyA0 24, 26-27, 29, 39, 117-118) / 33. purANa purANoM kI sAhitya-paramparA bahuta prAcIna hai| taittirIya AraNyaka meM brAhmaNoM, itihAsoM, purANoM evaM nArAzaMso gAthAoM kI carcA huI hai|" chAndogyopaniSad (7.1.2 evaM 4) meM 'itihAsa-purANa' ko pAMcavA veda kahA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyaka (4.1.2) meM bhI 'itihAsa evaM purANa kA ullekha huA hai| gautamadharmasUtra ne bhI nAma liyA hai| lagatA hai, Arambha meM kevala eka hI purANa thaa| matsyapurANa bhI Arambha ke eka hI purANa kI bAta kahatA hai (purANamekamevAsIt tadA kalpAntare'nagha) / pataJjali ke mahAbhASya meM purANa eka vacana meM AyA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra ke uddharaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki purANa padyabaddha the| vidyamAna purANa purAne 90. sA prakRtyeva tanvaGgo tvadviyogAcca kshitaa| pratipatpAThazIlasya vizeSa tanutAM gtaa|| 91. brAhmaNAnItihAsAn purANAni kalpAngAthA naaraashNsiiH| taittirIya AraNyaka (2.10) /

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yAjJavalkya-smRti purANoM ke saMzodhita rUpa haiM, aura sambhavataH saMzodhana-kArya IsA kI Arambhika zatAbdiyoM meM huA thaa| mahAbhArata ne vAyupurANa kA ullekha kiyA hai| bANa ne bhI isa purANa kA nAma liyA hai| kumArila bhaTTa ke tantravArtika meM purANoM kA ullekha huA hai aura viSNu evaM mArkaNDeya nAmaka purANoM se uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki yadi samI nahIM to kucha purANa 600 I0 ke pUrva praNIta ho cuke the| paramparA ke anusAra pramukha purANa 18 evaM upapurANa 18 haiN| inake nAmoM ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda hai| matsyapurANa ke anusAra nimna 18 nAma haiM--brahma, padma, viSNu, vAyu, bhAgavata, nAradIya, mArkaNDeya, Agneya, bhaviSya, brahmavaivarta, liMga, varAha, skanda, vAmana, kUrma, matsya, garur3a evaM brahmANDa / viSNupurANa ne apanI sUcI meM vAyu ke sthAna para zava kahA hai| purANoM evaM upapurANoM ke viSaya meM anya jAnakAriyoM ke lie bhAgavatapurANa (12.13. 4-8) avalokanIya hai| Arambhika bhASyakAroM meM aparArka, ballAlasena evaM hemAdri ne purANoM ko dharma ke upAdAna ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara unase uddharaNa liye haiN| kullUka ne manu para TIkAoM ke rUpa meM bhaviSyapurANa se udAharaNa liye haiN| matsyapurANa meM dharmazAstra-sambandhI bahuta-sI bAteM AyI haiN| viSNupurANa meM (3. adhyAya 8-16) varNAzrama ke kartavya, nitya-naimittika kriyAe~, gRhastha-sadAcAra, paMcamahAyajJa, jAtakarma evaM anya saMskAra, mRtyu para azauca, zrAddha Adi ke viSaya meM paryApta carcA hai| isI prakAra sabhI purANoM meM dharmazAstra kI kucha-na-kucha bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| agnipurANa ke kucha zloka nAradasmati meM jyoM-ke-tyoM pAye jAte haiN| garuDapurANa meM lagabhaga 400 zloka betaratIba DhaMga se yAjJavalkya ke prathama evaM tRtIya prakaraNoM se liye gaye haiN| purANoM kI tithi-samasyA mahAkAvyoM kI bhA~ti kaThina hI hai| yahA~ hama usakA vivecana nahIM kreNge| purANoM ke maulika gaThana ke viSaya meM abhI antima nirNaya nahIM upasthita kiyA jA sakA hai| mahApurANoM kI saMkhyA eva unake vistAra ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda hai| viSNupurANa ke TIkAkAra viSNucitta ne usake 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 22,000, 24,000 zlokoM vAle saMskaraNoM kI carcA kI hai, kintu unhoMne kevala 6000 zlokoM vAle saMskaraNa kI ho TokA kI hai| isI prakAra anya purANoM ke vistAra ke viSaya meM matabheda rahA hai aura Aja bhI hai| Aja kA bhAratIya dharma pUrNataH paurANika hai| purANoM meM dharmazAstrasambandhI anaginata viSaya evaM bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| 18 mahApurANoM ke atirikta 18 upapurANa bhI haiM / inake atirikta gaNeza, maudgala, devI, kalki Adi purANa-zAkhA ke anya grantha haiN| padma purANa ne 18 purANoM ko tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai, yathA--sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa, aura viSNu, nAradIya, bhAgavata, garur3a, padma evaM varAha ko sAttvika mAnA hai| matsyapurANa ne bhI isI vibhAjana ko mAnA hai| bahuta-se purANa manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti, parAzarasmRti, nAradasmRti ke bahuta bAda praNIta hue haiN| purANoM meM dharma-sambandhI nimna bAtoM kA ullekha huA hai--AcAra, Ahnika, azauca, Azramadharma, bhakSyAbhakSya, brAhmaNa (varNadharma ke antargata), dAna (pratiSThA evaM utsarga ke antargata), dravyAzuddhi, gotra evaM pravara, kAlasvarUpa, kalivarNya, karmavipAka, naraka, nIti, pAtaka, pratiSThA, prAyazcitta, rAjadharma, saMskAra, zAnti, zrAddha, strIdharma, tIrtha, tithi (vratoM ke antargata); utsarga (jana-kalyANa ke lie), varNadharma, vivAha (saMskAra ke antargata), vrata, vyavahAra, yugadharma (kalisvarUpa ke antargata) / 34. yAjJavalkyasmRti isa smRti kA prakAzana darjanoM bAra huA hai| isa grantha meM nirNayasAgara saMskaraNa (moghe zAstrI dharma-7

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4 . dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dvArA sampAdita) tathA trivendram ke saMskaraNa vAlI vizvarUpa kI TIkA kA havAlA diyA gayA hai| yAjJavalkya vaidika RSi-paramparA meM Ate haiN| unakA nAma zukla yajurveda ke udghoSaka ke rUpa meM AtA hai| mahAbhArata (zAntiparva, 312) meM aisA AyA hai ki vaizampAyana aura unake ziSya yAjJavalkya meM sambandhaviccheda huA aura sUryopAsanA ke phalasvarUpa yAjJavalkya ko zukla yajurveda, zatapathaM Adi kA aizonmeSa athavA kAza milaa| garu-ziSya ke sambandha-viccheda vAlI ghaTanA kI carcA viSNa evaM bhAgavata purANoM meM bhI huI hai, kintu usameM aura mahAbhArata vAlI carcA meM kucha bheda hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM agnihotra ke sambandha meM videharAja janaka evaM yAjJavalkya ke paraspara kathanopakathana kI ora kaI bAra saMketa huA hai| zatapatha meM AyA hai ki vAjasaneya yAjJavalkya ne zukla yajurveda kI vidhiyA~ sUrya se grahaNa karake udghoSita kii| vRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjJavalkya eka bar3e dArzanika ke rUpa meM apanI dArzanika mana vAlI patnI maitreyI se brahma evaM amaratA ke bAre meM bAteM karate hue dRSTigocara hote haiM (2.4 evaM 4.5) / usI meM yAjJavalkya janaka dvArA pradatta eka sahasra gAyoM ko eka vidvAn brAhmaNa ke rUpa meM le jAte hue pradarzita haiM (3.1.1-2) / pANinisUtra ke vArtika meM kAtyAyana ne yAjJavalkya ke brAhmaNoM kI carcA kI hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti (3.110) meM AyA hai ki isake lekhaka cAhe jo bhI rahe ho, ve AraNyaka ke praNetA the| yaha bhI AyA hai ki unheM sUrya se prakAza milA thA aura ve yogazAstra ke praNetA the| isase kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina bAtoM se yAjJavalkyasmRti ke lekhaka ne smRti ko mahattA dI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna RSi, dArzanika evaM yogI dvArA praNIta huI thii| kintu AraNyaka evaM smRti. kA lekhaka eka hI nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki donoM kI bhASA meM bahuta antara hai| mitAkSarA ne aisA likhA hai ki yAjJavalkya ke kisI ziSya ne dharmazAstra ko saMkSipta karake kathanopakathana ke rUpa meM rakhA hai| bhale hI AraNyaka (bahadAraNyakopaniSad) evaM smRti kA lekhaka eka vyakti na ho, kintu isameM sandeha nahIM ki yAjJavalkyasmRti zukla yajurveda se ghaniSTha rUpa se sambandhita hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti meM nirNayasAgara saMskaraNa, trivendram saMskaraNa evaM AnandAzrama saMskaraNa (vizvarUpa kI TIkA vAle) ke anusAra krama se 1010, 1003 evaM 1006 zloka haiN| vizvarUpa ne mitAkSarA meM AnevAle AcAra-sambandhI 5 zloka chor3a diya haiM isI se yaha bhinnatA hai| mitAkSarA aura vizvarUpa kI pratiyoM meM zlokoM evaM prakaraNoM ke gaThana meM antara hai / aparArka kI prati bhI isI prakAra bhinna hai| agnipurANa se yAjJavalkyasmRti ke viSaya kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| donoM meM vyavahAra-sambandhI bahuta-sI bAteM samAna haiN| yAjJavalkyasmRti ke prathama vyAkhyAkAra vizvarUpa 800-825 I0 meM vidyamAna the| mitAkSarA ke lekhaka (yAjJavalkyasmRti ke dUsare prasiddha vyAkhyAkAra) vizvarUpa se lagabhaga 250 varSa bAda hue| garuDapurANa meM bhI agnipurANa kI bhA~ti yAjJavalkyasmRti kI bahuta-sI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| agnipurANa ne to kahIM bhI yaha nahIM kahA ki itanA aMza yAjJavalkyasmRti kA hai, kintu garuDapurANa ne RNa svIkAra kiyA hai (yAjJavalkyena yat (yaH ?) pUrva dharma (dharmaH? ) proktaM (taH ?) kathaM hre| tanme kathaya kezighna yAthAtathyena mAdhava // ) / agnipurANa evaM garuDapurANa ne yAjJavalkya se kyA-kyA liyA hai, isa para sthAna-saMkoca ke kAraNa yahA~ kucha nahIM kahA jaaygaa| zaMkha-likhita-dharmasUtra ne dharmazAstrakAra yAjJavalkya kA ullekha kiyA hai aura yAjJavalkya ne svayaM zaMkha-likhita ko dharmazAstrakAra ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zaMkha-likhita ke sAmane koI prAcIna yAjJavalkyasmRti thii| isa bAta ke atirikta koI anya sUtra hamAre pAsa nahI hai ki hama kaheM ki isa smRti kA koI prAcIna saMskaraNa bhI thaa| vizvarUpa evaM mitAkSarA ke saMskaraNoM kI tulanA yadi agni evaM garuDapurANoM

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yAjJavalkya smRti 51 se kI jAya to yaha jhalaka uThatA hai ki yAjJavalkyasmRti meM 800 I0 se lekara 1100 I0 taka kucha zAbdika parivartana avazya hue, kintu mukhya smRti san 700 I0 se aba taka jyoM-kI-tyoM calI AyI hai / yAjJavalkyasmRti manusmRti se adhika sugaThita hai / yAjJavalkya ne sampUrNa smRti ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara viSayoM ko unake ucita sthAna para rakhA hai, vyartha kA punarukti- doSa nahIM Ane diyA hai| donoM smRtiyoM ke viSaya adhikAMza eka hI haiM, kintu yAjJavalkyasmRti apekSAkRta saMkSipta hai| isI se manusmRti ke 2700 zlokoM ke sthAna para yAjJavalkyasmRti meM kevala lagabhaga eka hajAra zloka haiN| manu ke do zloka yAjJavalkya ke eka zloka ke barAbara haiN| lagatA hai, jaba yAjJavalkya apanI smRti kA praNayana kara rahe the to manusmRti kI prati unake sAmane thI, kyoMki donoM smRtiyoM meM kahIM-kahIM zabda sAmya bhI pAyA jAtA hai / sammurNa yAjJavalkyasmRti anuSTup chanda meM likhI huI hai / yadyapi isake praNetA kA uddezya bAtoM ko bahuta thor3e meM kahanA thA, tathApi kahIM bhI avodhyatA nahIM TapakatI / zailI sarala evaM dhArApravAha hai| pANini ke niyamoM kA pAlana bharasaka huA hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM azuddhatA A hI gayI hai, yathA pUjya (1-293) evaM 'dUya' ( 2- 296 ) | kintu vizvarUpa aura aparArka ne ina doSoM se apanI TIkAoM ko mukta kara rakhA hai| mitAkSarA ke anusAra yAjJavalkya ne apane zabda sAmazravA evaM anya RSiyoM ke prati sambodhita kiye haiM / kahIM-kahIM RSi loga vI meM lekhaka ko Toka dete haiM / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSi logoM ne mithilA meM jAkara yAjJavalkya se varNoM, AzramoM tathA anya bAtoM ke dharmo kI zikSA dene ke lie prArthanA kii| saMkSepa meM isa smRti kI vivaraNa- sUcI nimna hai, kANDa 1caudaha vAe~ dharma ke bIsa vizleSaka; dharmopAdAna; pariSad-gaThana; garbhAdhAna se lekara vivAha taka ke saMskAra; upanayana, isakA samaya evaM anya bAteM, brahmacArI ke Ahnika kartavya; par3hAye jAne yogya vyakti; brahmacArI ke lie varjita padArtha evaM karma vidyArthI - kAla; vivAha ; vivAhayogya kanyA kI pAtratA; sapiNDa sambandha kI sImA, antarjAtIya vivAha; AThoM prakAra ke vivAha aura unase prApta AdhyAtmika lAbha; vivAhAbhibhAvaka ; kSetraja putra; patnI ke rahate vivAha ke kAraNa patnI- kartavya; pramukha evaM gauNa jAtiyA~; gRhastha- kartavya tathA "pavitra gahAgni-rakSaNa, paMca mahAhnika yajJa; atithi satkAra; madhuparka; agragamana ke kAraNa; mArga-niyama; cAroM varNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra evaM kartavya; sabake lie AcAra ke dasa siddhAnta; gRhastha- jIvikA-vRtti; pUta vaidika yajJa; snAtaka kartavya; anadhyAya; bhakSyAbhakSya ke niyama ; mAMsa-prayoga-niyama; katipaya padArthoM kA pavitrIkaraNa, yathA -- dhAtu evaM lakar3I ke baratana; dAna; dAna pAne ke pAtra kauna dAna ko grahaNa kare; dAna-puraskAra; godAna; anya vastu-dAna; jJAna sabase bar3A dAna zrAddha, isakA ucita samaya; ucita vyakti jo zrAddha meM bulAye jaayeN| isake lie ayogya vyakti; nimantrita brAhmaNoM kI saMkhyA ; zrAddha vidhi; zrAddha prakAra, yathA pArvaNa, vRddhi, ekoddiSTa sapiNDIkaraNa; zrAddha meM kauna sA mAMsa diyA jAya zrAddha karane kA puraskAra; vinAyaka evaM nava grahoM kI zAnti ke lie kriyA-saMskAra; rAjadharma; rAjA ke guNa; mantrI; urohitaM; rAjyAnuzAsana; rakSArtha rAjA - kRrtavya; nyAya - zAsana; kara evaM vyaya katipaya kAryoM kA dina nirNaya; maNDala - racanA; cAra sAdhana; SaT gaNa; bhAgya evaM mAnavIya udyoga; daNDa meM pakSapAtarahitatA; taula-baTakhare kI ikAiyA~; artha - daNDa kI zreNiyAM | khaNDa 2 -- nyAyabhavana ( nyAyAlaya) ke sadasya ; nyAyAdhIza; vyavahArapada kI paribhASA; kArya - vidhi; abhiyoga; uttara, jamAnata lenA; jhUThe dala yA sAkSI para abhiyoga; dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra kA paraspara- virodha; upapatti; lekhapramANa, sAkSiyoM evaM svatva ke sAdhana; svatva evaM adhikAra; nyAyAlaya ke prakAra, bala-prayoga; dhokhAdhar3I, aprAptavyavahAratA evaM aniSpatti ke anya kAraNa; sAmAnoM kI prApti koSa RNa byAja

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52 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 1;5 saMyukta parivAra ke RNa, putra pitA ke kisa RNa ko na de; RNa nikSepaNa; tIna prakAra ke bandhaka pratijJA; jamA; sAkSIgaNa, unakI pAtratA - apAtratA; zapatha-grahaNa; mithyA sAkSI para daNDa; lekhapramANa; tulA, jala, agni, viSa evaM pUta jala ke divya; baTavArA, isakA samaya vibhAjana meM strIbhAga; pitA-mRtyu ke bAda ba~TavArA, vibhAjanAyogya sampati, pitA-putra kA saMyukta svAmitva bAraha prakAra ke putra zUdra kA anaurasa putra putrahIna pitA ke lie uttarAdhikAra : punapilanaM; vyAvartana strIdhana para pati kA adhikAra sImA vivAda, svAmI - gorakSaka - vivAda ; svAmitva ke vinA vikraya ; dAna kI pramANahInatA; vikraya-vilopa bhRtyatA - sambandhI pratijJA kA bhaMga honA; balaprayoga dvArA dAsya, paramparA virodha; maz2adUrI na denA; juA evaM puraskAra-yuddha; apazabda, mAnahAni evaM pizunavacana; AkramaNa coTa Adi; sAhasa sAjhA ; corI; vyabhicAra; anya doSa; nyAyapunaravalokana / khaNDa 3 -- jalAnA evaM gAr3anA; mRta vyaktiyoM ko jala-tarpaNa; unake lie jinake lie na royA gayA aura na jala tarpaNa kiyA gayA; katipaya vyaktiyoM ke lie parivedana avadhi; zoka prakaTa karanevAle ke niyama janma para azuddhi; janma-maraNa para tatkSaNa pavitrIkaraNa ke udAharaNa samaya, agni, kriyA-saMskAra, paMka Adi pavitrIkaraNa ke sAdhana vipatti meM AcAra evaM jIvikA - vRtti; vAnaprastha ke niyama ; yati ke niyama; AtmA zarIra meM kisa prakAra AvRta hai; bhrUNa ( garbhastha zizu ) ke katipaya stara; zarIra meM asthi-saMkhyA ; yakRta, plIhA Adi zarIrAMga; dhamaniyoM evaM rakta snAyuoM kI saMkhyA; Atma-vicAra; mokSamArga meM saMgIta - prayoga; apavitra vAtAvaraNa meM pUta AtmA kaise janma letI hai; pApI kisa prakAra vibhinna pazuoM evaM padArthoM kI yoni meM utpanna hote haiM; yogI kisa prakAra amaratA grahaNa karatA hai; sattva, raja evaM tama ke kAraNa tIna prakAra ke kArya; Atma-jJAna ke sAdhana do mArga--eka mokSa kI ora aura dUsarA svarga kI ora pApiyoM ke bhoga ke lie katipaya roga-vyAdhi; prAyazcitta-prayojana; 21 prakAra ke narakoM ke nAma; paMca mahApAtaka evaM unake samAna anya kArya; upapAtaka; brahma hatyA tathA manuSya-hatyA ke lie prAyazcitta; surApAna, mAnavIya evaM kSantavya pApoM tathA vividha prakAra kI pazu hatyAoM ke lie prAyazcitta samaya, sthAna, avasthA evaM samarthatA ke anusAra adhika yA kama zuddhi; niyama na mAnane vAle pApiyoM kA niSkAsana; gupta zuddhiyA~ dasa yama evaM niyama; sAntapana, mahAsAMtapana, taptakRcchra, parAka, cAndrAyaNa evaM anya azuddhiyA~ isa smRti ko par3hane kA puraskAra / i 1 vedoM ke atirikta chaH vedAMgoM evaM caudaha vidyAoM ( cAra veda, cha: aMga, purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA, dharmazAstra) kI carcA yAjJavalkyasmRti meM huI hai| apane grantha AraNyaka evaM yogazAstra kI carcA bhI yAjJavalkya ne kI hai| anya AraNyakoM evaM upaniSadoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai / purANa bhI bahuvacana meM prayukta hue itihAsa, purANa, vAkovAkya evaM nArAzaMsI gAthAoM kI bhI carcA AyI hai / Arambha meM hI yAjJavalkya ne apane ko chor3akara 19 dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma liye haiM, kintu smRti ke bhItara grantha meM kahIM bhI kisI kA nAma nahIM AyA hai / unhoMne AnvIkSikI (adhyAtmazAstra) evaM daNDanIti (1.311 ) ke viSaya meM carcA kI hai| dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra ke virodha meM unhoMne prathama ko mAnyatA dI hai ( 2.21) / unhoMne sAmAnya DhaMga se smRtiyoM kI carcA kI hai; sUtroM evaM bhASyoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai, kintu kahIM kisI lekhaka kA nAma nahIM AyA hai / unhoMne sambhavataH pataJjali ke bhASya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| 'eke' (1.36 ) kahakara anya dharmazAstrakAroM kI ora saMketa avazya kiyA gayA hai| yAjJavalkya ne viSNudharmasUtra kI bahuta-sI bAteM mAna lI haiN| inakI smRti evaM kauTilIya meM paryApta samAnatA dikhAI par3atI hai / yAjJavalkyasmRti ke bahuta-se zloka manu ke kathana ke mela meM baiTha jAte haiM / kintu yAjJavalkya manu kI bahuta bAteM nahIM mAnate aura kaI bAtoM evaM prasaMgoM meM ve manu se bahuta bAda ke vicAraka

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yAjJavalkyasmati Thaharate haiN| nimna bAtoM meM bhinnatAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM-manu brAhmaNa ko zUdrakanyA se vivAha karane kA Adeza kara dete haiM (3.13), kintu yAjJavalkya nahIM (1.59) / manu ne niyoga kA varNana karake usakI bhartsanA kI hai (9.59-68), kintu yAjJavalkya ne aisA nahIM kiyA hai (1.68-69) / manu ne 18 vyavahArapadoM ke nAma liye haiM, kintu yAjJavalkya ne aisA na karake kevala vyavahArapada kI paribhASA kI hai aura eka anya prakaraNa meM vyavahAra para viziSTa zloka jor3a diye haiN| manu putrahIna puruSa kI vidhavA patnI ke dAyabhAga para mauna-se haiM, kintu isa viSaya meM yAjJavalkya bilkula spaSTa haiM, unhoMne vidhavA ko sarvopari sthAna para rakhA hai| manu ne jue kI bhartsanA kI hai, kintu yAjJavalkya ne use rAjya-niyantraNa meM rakhakara kara kA eka upAdAna banA DAlA hai (2.200-203) / isI pragara kaI bAtoM meM yAjJavalkya manu se bahuta Age haiN| yAjJavalkyasmRti ne mAnagRhyasUtra (2.14) se vinAyaka-zAnti kI bAteM le lI haiM, kintu vinAyaka kI anya upAdhiyA~ yA nAma nahIM liye haiM, yathA--mita, sammita, zAlakaTaMkaTa evaM kuussmaannddraajputr| yAjJavalkyasmRti kA zukla yajarveda evaM usake sAhitya se gaharA sambandha hai| isa smRti ke bahuta-se uddhRta mantra Rgveda evaM vAjasaneyI saMhitA donoM meM pAye jAte haiM; unameM kucha to kevala vAjasaneyI saMhitA ke haiN| smRti ke kucha aMza bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke kevala anvaya mAtra haiN| pAraskaragahyasUtra se bhI isa smRti kA bahuta mela baiThatA hai| kAtyAyana ke zrAddhakalpa se bhI isa smRti kI bAteM kucha milatI haiM, kauTilya ke arthadAstra se bhI bahuta sAmya hai| yAjJavalkya ke kAla-nirNaya meM 9vIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta kA sAkSya nahIM lenA hai, kyoMki usa zatAbdI meM isake vyAkhyAkAra vizvarUpa hue th| yAjJavalkya vizvarUpa se kucha zatAbdI pahale ke the| vizvarUpa ke pUrva bhI yAjJavalkya ke kaI TIkAkAra the, aisA vizvarUpa kI TIkA se jJAta hotA hai| nIlakaNTha ne apane prAyazcittamayUkha meM kahA hai ki zaMkarAcArya ne apane brahma sUtra ke bhASya meM yAjJavalkya (3.226) kI bAteM kahI haiN| bahuta-se sUtroM ke AdhAra para yAjJavalkyasmRti ko hama I0 pU0 pahalI zatAbdI tathA IsA ke bAda tIsarI zatAbdI ke bIca meM kahIM rakha sakate haiN| yAjJavalkyasmRti ke atirikta yAjJavalkya nAma vAlI tIna anya smRtiyAM haiM; vRddhayAjJavalkya, yogayAjJavalkya evaM bRhd-yaajnyvlky| ye tInoM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yAjJavalkyasmRti se bahuta prAcIna haiN| vizvarUpa ne vRddha-yAjJavalkya ko uddhRta kiyA hai| mitAkSarA evaM aparArka ne bhI kaI bAra use uddhRta kiyA hai| dAyabhAga ke anusAra jitendriya ne bRhadyAjJavalkya kI carcA kI hai| mitAkSarA ne bhI isakA ullekha kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya ne likhA hai ki ve yogazAstra ke praNetA the| yoga-yAjJavalkya 800 I0 meM thaa| vAcaspati mizra ne apane yogasUtrabhASya meM yoga-yAjJavalkya ke eka-Adhe zloka ko liyA hai| vAcaspati ne apanA nyAyasUcInibandha san 841-42 I0 meM likhaa| aparArka ne bhI yoga-yAjJavalkya se uddharaNa liye haiN| parAzaramAdhavIya ne bhI isakI carcA kI hai| kullUka ne manu kI vyAkhyA karate hue (3.1) yoga-yAjJavalkya kA uddharaNa diyA hai| Dekana kAleja ke saMgraha meM yoga-yAjJavalkya kI hastalikhita pratiyA~ haiM jinameM 12 adhyAya evaM 495 zloka haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki yAjJavalkya ne brahmA se yogazAstra kA adhyayana kiyA aura use apanI patnI gArgI ko sikhaayaa| sampUrNa pustaka meM yoga ke 8 aMgoM, unake vibhAgoM evaM upavibhAgoM kA varNana hai| isameM eka-do zlokoM ko chor3akara anya uparyukta uddharaNa nahIM pAye jAte, aura vaha bhI baudhAyanadharmasUtra meM pAyA jAtA hai| dUsarA zloka bhagavadgItA meM pAyA jAtA hai| Dekana kAleja saMgraha meM eka anya prati hai jisakA nAma hai bRhad-yogi-yAjJavalkya smRti jo 12 adhyAyoM evaM 930 zlokoM meM hai| yoga-yAjJavalkya evaM bRhad-yAjJavalkya dharmazAstra-sambandhI grantha nahIM haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yAjJavalkyasmRti para kaI TIkAe~ haiM, jinameM vizvarUpa, vijJAnezvara, aparArka evaM zUlapANi adhika prasiddha haiN| ina TIkAkAroM ke viSaya meM hama prakaraNa 60, 70, 79 evaM 95 meM pddh'eNge| Adhunika bhArata meM mitAkSarA (vijJAnezvaralikhita) para AdhArita vyavahAroM kA adhika pracalana hai, isa kAraNa yAjJavalkya ko adhika gaurava prApta hai| 35. parAzara-smRti isa smRti kA prakAzana kaI bAra huA hai, kintu jIvAnanda tathA bambaI saMskRtamAlA ke saMskaraNa, jinameM mAdhava kI vistRta TIkA hai, adhika prasiddha haiN| parAzarasmRti eka prAcIna smRti hai, kyoMki yAjJavalkya ne parAzara ko prAcIna dharmavaktAoM meM ginA hai| kintu isase yaha nahIM siddha hotA hai ki hamArI vartamAna smRti prAcIna hai| sambhavataH vartamAna prati prAcIna prati kA saMzodhana hai| garuDapurANa (adhyAta 107) ne parAzarasmRti ke 39 zlokoM ko saMkSipta rUpa meM le liyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki yaha smRti paryApta prAcIna hai| kauTilya ne parAzara yA parAzaroM ke matoM kI carcA cha: bAra kI hai| parAzara ne rAjanIti para bhI likhA thA, isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vartamAna parAzarasmRti meM 12 adhyAya evaM 593 zloka haiN| isameM kevala AcAra evaM prAyazcitta para carcAe~ huI haiN| isake TIkAkAra mAdhava ne yoM hI apanI ora se vyavahAra-sambandhI vijecana jor3a diyA hai| parAzara nAma bahuta prAcIna hai| taittirIyAraNyaka evaM bRhadAraNyaka (vaMza meM) meM krama se vyAsa pArAzarya evaM pArAzarya nAma Aye haiN| nirukta ne 'parAzara' ke mUla para likhA hai| pANini ne bhI bhikSasUtra nAmaka grantha ko pArAzarya mAnA hai| smati kI bhamikA meM AyA hai ki RSi logoM ne vyAsa ke pAsa jAkara unase prArthanA ko ki ve kaliyaga meM mAnavoM ke lie AcAra-sambandhI dharma kI bAteM unheM btaayeN| vyAsajI unheM va meM zaktiputra apane pitA parAzara ke pAsa le gaye aura parAzara ne unheM varNadharma ke viSaya meM btaayaa| parAzarasmRti meM anya 19 smRtiyoM ke nAma Aye haiN| isa smRti kI nimna likhita viSaya-sUcI hai (1) Arambhika zloka (bhUmikA); parAzara RSiyoM ko dharma-jJAna dete haiM; yugadharma; cAroM yugoM kA vividha dRSTikoNoM se antarbheda; sandhyA, snAna, japa, homa, vaidika adhyayana, deva-pUjA nAmaka cha: Ahnika; vaizvadeva evaM atithi-satkAra; atithi-satkAra-stuti ; kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra kI jIvikA-vRtti ke sAdhana; (2) guhasthadharma; kRSi, pazuoM ke prati anajAne meM pAMca prakAra ke ghAtaka-karma; (3) janma-maraNa se utpanna azuddhi kA pavitrIkaraNa; (4) AtmahatyA; daridra, mUrkha yA rogI pati ko tyAgane para strI ko daNDa; kuNDa, golaka, parivitti evaM parivitta ke lie paribhASA evaM niyama; strI kA punarvivAha; pativratA nAriyoM ko puraskAra; (5) sAdhAraNa bAtoM, jaise kuttA kATane para zuddhi; usa brAhmaNa ke viSaya meM jisane agni-sthApanA kI ho, yAtrA meM mara rahA ho yA AtmahatyA kara rahA ho; (6) katipaya pazuoM, pakSiyoM, zUdroM, zilpakAroM, striyoM, vaizyoM, kSatriyoM ko mArane para zuddhIkaraNa; pApI brAhmaNa; brAhmaNa-stuti; (7) dhAtu, kASTha Adi ke baratanoM kA nirmalIkaraNa; mAsika dharma meM nArI ke viSaya meM; (8) kaI prakAra se anajAne meM gAya-baila mArane para zuddhIkaraNa; zuddhi ke lie kisI pariSad meM jAnA; pariSad-gaThana; vidvAn brAhmaNa-stuti; (9) gAya evaM baila ko mArane ke lie char3I kI ucita muTAI; moTI char3I se coTa pahu~cAne para zuddhi; (10) varjita nAriyoM se saMbhoga karane para cAndrAyaNa yA anya vrata yA zuddhi; (11) cANDAla se lekara khAne para zuddhi; kisase lekara khAya aura kisakA na khAya, isake viSaya meM niyama; pazu gira jAne para kUpa kA pavi karaNa; (12) duHsvapna

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parAzara smRti, nArava - smRti 55 dekhane, vamana karane, bAla banavAne Adi para pavitrIkaraNa; pA~ca snAna; rAtri meM kaba snAna kiyA jA sakatA hai; kauna-sI vastue~ gRha meM sadaiva rakhanI cAhie yA dikhAI par3anI cAhie; gocarma nAmaka bhUmi kI ikAI kI paribhASA; brahmahatyA, surApAna, svarNa-caurya Adi bhayAnaka pApoM kI parizuddhi / parAzara meM kucha vilakSaNa bAtaM pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA- kevala cAra prakAra ke putra ( aurasa, kSetraja, datta tathA kRtrima ) ; yadyapi yaha nahIM spaSTa ho pAtA ki ve anyoM ko nahIM maante| satI prathA kI unhoMne stuti kI hai / parAzara ne anya dharmazAstrakAroM ke matoM kI carcA kI hai| manu kA nAma kaI bAra AyA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra kI bahuta-sI bAteM isa smRti meM pAyI jAtI haiN| parAzara ne uzanA, prajApati, veda, vedAMga, dharmazAstra, smRti Adi kI sthAna-sthAna para carcA kI hai| vizvarUpa, mitAkSarA, aparArka, smRticandrikA, hemAdri Adi ne parAzara ko adhikatara uddhRta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki 9vIM zatAbdI meM yaha smRti vidyamAna thii| ise manu kI kRti kA jJAna thA, ataH yaha prathama zatAbdI tathA pA~cavI zatAbdI ke madhya meM kabhI likhI gayI hogii| eka bRhatparAzara saMhitA bhI hai, jisameM bAraha adhyAya evaM 3300 zloka haiM / lagatA hai, yaha bahuta bAda kI racanA hai / yaha parAzarasmRti kA saMzodhana hai| isameM vinAyaka -stuti pAyI jAtI hai| isa saMhitA ko mitAkSarA, vizvarUpa yA aparArka ne uddhRta nahIM kiyA hai| kintu caturviMzatimata ke bhASya meM bhaTTojidIkSita tathA dattakamImAMsA meM nanda paNDita ne isase uddharaNa liyA hai| eka anya parAzara - nAmI smRti hai jisakA nAma hai vRddhaparAzara, jisase aparArka ne uddharaNa liyA hai| kintu yaha parAzarasmRti evaM bRhatparAzara se bhinna smRti hai / eka jyoti-parAzara bhI hai jisase hemAdri tathA bhaTTojidIkSita ne uddharaNa liye haiM / 36. nArada - smRti nAradasmRti ke choTe evaM bar3e do saMskaraNa haiM / DA0 jaoNlI ne donoM kA sampAdana kiyA hai| isake bhASyakAra haiM asahAya, jinake bhASya ko kezavabhaTTa se preraNA lekara kalyANabhaTTa ne saMzodhita kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya evaM parAzara ne nArada ko dharmavaktAoM meM nahIM ginA hai| kintu vRddhayAjJavalkya ke eka uddharaNa se vizvarUpa ne dikhalAyA hai ki nArada dasa dharmazAstrakAroM meM eka the / prakAzita nAradIya meM prArambha ke 3 adhyAya nyAya - sambandhI vidhi ( vyavahAra - mAtRkA ) tathA nyAya sambandhI sabhA para haiN| isake uparAnta nimna bAteM AtI haiM-- RNAdAna ( RNa kI prApti ) ; upanidhi ( jamA, RNa denA, bandhaka); sambhUyasamutthAna ( sahakAritA ); dattApradAnika (dAna evaM usakA punargrahaNa) ; abhyupetya -azuzrUSA ( naukarI ke Theke kA tor3anA); vetanasya - anapAkarma ( vetana kA na denA ) ; asvAmivikraya (binA svAmitva ke vikraya); vikrIyAsampradAna ( bikrI ke uparAnta na sauMpanA ), krItAnuzaya ( kharIdagI kA khaNDana ); samayasyAnapAkarma ( nigama, zreNI Adi kI paramparAoM kA virodha ); sImAbandha ( sImA- nirNaya ) ; strIpuMsayoga ( vaivAhika sambandha); dAyabhAga ( baTavArA evaM vasIyata ) ; sAhasa ( balaprayoga se utpanna aparAdha, yathA hatyA, DakaitI, balAtkAra Adi ) ; vAkpAruSya ( mAnahAni evaM pizunavacana ) evaM daNDapAruSya ( vividha prakAra kI coTeM ) ; prakIrNaka ( mutapharkAta doSa ) / anukramaNikA meM corI kA viSaya bhI hai, yadyapi sAhasa vAle prakaraNa meM kucha A hI gayA hai| uparyukta aThArahoM prakaraNoM meM nArada ne manusmRti ke DhA~ce ko bahuta adhika sImA taka jyoM-kA-tyoM le liyA hai, kahIM-kahIM nAmoM meM kucha antara A gayA hai, yathA upanidhi (nArada) evaM nikSepa (manu) isI prakAra nAmoM ke kucha medoM ke rahane para bhI donoM smRtiyoM meM bahuta sAmya hai /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prakAzita smRti meM (anukramaNikA ko lekara ) 1028 zloka haiN| katipaya nibandhoM meM lagabhaga 700 zloka A gaye haiN| 'abhyupetyAzuzrUSA' prakaraNa ke 21veM zloka taka asahAya kA bhASya milatA hai / vizvarUpa, medhAtithi, mitAkSarA meM isa smRti ke kaI uddharaNa milate haiN| smRticandrikA, hemAdri, parAzaramAdhavIya tathA kAlAntara ke nibandhoM meM nArada ke zloka uddhRta milate haiN| prArambhika gadyAMza ko chor3akara, jisameM nArada, mArkaNDeya, sumati bhArgava dvArA manu ke maulika grantha ke saMkSiptIkaraNa kI bAta hai, sampUrNa nAradasmRti anuSTup chanda meM hai ( kevala dUsare adhyAya ke 38veM evaM sabhA ke antima chanda ko chor3akara) / isa smRti meM nArada kA bhI nAma AyA hai ( RNAdAna, 253 ) / AcAryoM, dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra kI carcA AyI hai / dharmazAstra ko arthazAstra se adhika mAnyatA dI gayI hai| nArada ne vasiSThadharmasUtra evaM purANa kI bhI carcA kI hai| manu ko to kitanI hI bAra uddhRta kiyA gayA hai aura sthAna-sthAna para sAmya evaM virodha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| kabhI-kabhI nAradasmRti ko manu para AdhArita mAnA jAtA hai| nArada meM mahAbhArata ke kaI zloka Aye haiN| kauTilya aura nArada meM kucha sthAnoM para sAmya pAyA jAtA hai / sambhavata: nAradasmRti yAjJavalkyasmRti ke bAda kI racanA hai| yAjJavalkya meM divya ke kevala pA~ca prakArakaye jAte haiM, kintu nArada meM sAta haiN| isI prakAra bahuta-sI bhinnatA kI bAteM haiM jo nArada ko yAjJavalkya ke bAda kA smRtikAra siddha karane meM sahAyatA karatI haiN| ho sakatA hai ki donoM kRtiyA~ samakAlIna rahI hoM, kintu nAradIya yAjJavalkIya se kucha bAda kI racanA pratIta hotI hai / nAradIya meM rAjanIti para kevala parokSa rUpa se yatra-tatra carcA huI hai; vizeSataH vyavahAra sambandhI bAtoM kA hI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isalie bANa dvArA ullikhita nAradIya carcA kisI dUsare nAradIya grantha ke viSaya meM hai, kyoMki bANa ne rAjanIti ke sambandha meM hI nArada kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| 56 jImUtavAhana kI vyavahAramAtRkA evaM parAzaramAdhavIya ne eka aisA nAradIya zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA ardhabhAga vikramorvazIya meM milatA hai| abhAgyavaza kAlidAsa ke kAlanirNaya meM abhI bahuta matabheda hai, tathApi cauthI yA pA~cavI zatAbdI kA prathama ardha sAmAnyataH vizvAsa ke yogya hai| yadi yaha ThIka hai to nArada kI tithi pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke bahuta pahale ThaharatI hai, kyoMki uparyukta uddharaNa nArada se hI liyA gayA hogA na ki nATaka se| nArada meM 'dInAra' zabda AyA hai, jo DA0 vintaranitja dvArA dUsarI yA tIsarI zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai / kintu DA0 kItha ke matAnusAra 'dInAra' zabda aura purAnA hai kyoMki romakoM ne IsA pUrva 207 meM 'dInAra' sikkA banavAyA thA, jise zakoM ne IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM bhArata meM bhI ddhlvaayaa| isase siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki nArada 100 I0 evaM 300 I0 ke bIca meM hue hoNge| nArada kahA~ ke rahanevAle the ? isakA uttara denA bahuta kaThina hai| koI inheM nepAlI kahatA hai, koI madhyapradezI / kintu yaha saba kalpanA mAtra hai| DA0 bhaNDArakara ke matAnusAra nArada kA eka nAma pizuna bhI thA, jisakA ullekha kauTilya ne kiyA hai| DA0 bhaNDArakara ne 'pizuna' zabda kA, jisakA artha hotA hai 'cugalakhora' yA 'jhagar3A lagAnevAlA', jaisA ki nArada ke bAre meM purANoM meM prasiddha hai, sahArA lekara aisA mata ghoSita kiyA hai| maTToja ne eka jyotirnArada, raghunandana ne bRhannArada evaM nirNayasindhu tathA saMskArakaustubha ne laghu-nArada kI carcA kI hai / nAradasmRti ke mASyakAra asahAya ke viSaya meM hama 58veM prakaraNa meM pddh'eNge| 37. bRhaspati dharmasUtrakAra bRhaspati kA varNana hamane prakaraNa 26 meM par3ha liyA hai| yahA~ hama bRhaspati ko smRtijJa

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bRhaspati athavA dharmazAstrakovida ke rUpa meM dekheNge| abhAgyavaza hameM abhI bRhaspatismRti sampUrNa rUpa meM nahIM mila sakI hai| yaha smRti eka anokhI smRti hai, isameM vyavahAra-sambandhI siddhAnta evaM paribhASAe~ bar3e hI sundara DhaMga se likhI huI haiN| DA0 jaoNlI ne 711 zloka ekatra kiye haiN| yAjJavalkya ne bRhaspati ko dharmazAstrakAroM meM ginA hai| bRhapati ne vartamAna manusmRti kI bahuta-sI bAteM le lI haiM, lagatA hai, mAno ve manu ke vArtikakAra hoN| bahuta-se sthaloM para bRhaspati ne manu ke saMkSipta vivaraNa kI vyAkhyA kara dI hai| aparArka, vivAdaratnAkara, vIramitrodaya tathA anya granthoM ke AdhAra para hama bRhaspati meM AyI vyavahAra-sambandhI sUcI upasthita kara sakate haiM, yathA--vyavahArAbhiyoga ke cAra stara; pramANa (tIna mAnavIya evaM eka daivI kriyA); gavAha (12 prakAra ke); lekhapramANa (dasa prakAra); mukti (svatva); divya (9 prakAra); 18 svatva; RNAdAna; nikSepa; asvAmivikraya ; saMbhUya-samutthAna, dattApradAnika, abhyupetyAzuzrUSA; vetanasyAnapAkarma; svAmipAlavivAda; saMvidvyatikrama; vikrIyAsampradAna; pAruSya (2 prakAra); sAhasa (3 prakAra); strIsaMgrahaNa; strIpuMsadharma; vibhAga; dyUta; samAhvaya; prakIrNaka ('nRpAzraya vyavahAra' yA ve aparAdha jinake lie svayaM rAjA abhiyoga lgaaye)| sambhavataH bRhaspati sarvaprathama dharmazAstrajJa athavA dharmakovida the, jinhoMne 'dhana' evaM 'hiMsA' (sivila evaM kriminala athavA mAla evaM phaujadArI) ke vyavahAra ke antarbheda ko prakaTa kiyaa| unhoMne 18 padoM (TAiTila) ko do bhAgoM meM, yathA-dhana-sambandhI 14 tathA hiMsA-sambandhI 4 padoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| bRhaspati ne yuktihIna nyAya kI bhartsanA kI hai| unake anusAra nirNaya kevala zAstra ke AdhAra para nahIM honA cAhie, pratyuta yukti ke anusAra honA cAhie, nahIM to acora, cora tathA sAdhu, asAdhu siddha ho jaaygaa| unhoMne vyavahAra kI sabhI dhiyoM kI vidhivat vyavasthA kI hai aura isa prakAra ve Adhunika nyAya-praNAlI ke bahuta pAsa A jAte haiN| bahuta-sI tAtoM meM nArada evaM bRhaspati meM sAmya hai| kahIM-kahIM antarbheda bhI hai| nArada manu kI bahutasI bAtoM se Age haiM, kintu bRhaspati unake anusAra calanevAle haiM, kevala kucha sthaloM para kucha vibheda dikhAI par3atA hai| bRhaspati manu evaM yAjJavalkya ke bAda ke smRtikAra haiM, kintu unake aura nArada ke sambandha ko batAnA kucha kaThina hai| unhoMne 'nANaka' sikke kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne dInAra kI paribhASA kI hai| dInAra ko 'suvarNa' bhI kahA gayA hai| eka dInAra 12 dhAnaka ke barAbara hotA hai tathA eka dhAnaka 8 aNDikAo ke braabr| eka aNDikA eka tAmra-paNa hai jisakI taula eka karSa ke barAbara hai| yaha varNana nArada meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| DA0 jaoNlI ke anusAra bRhaspati chaThI yA sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hue the| kintu anya sUtroM ke AdhAra para ye bahuta bAda ke smRtikAra Thaharate haiN| vizvarUpa evaM medhAtithi ke anusAra nArada evaM bRhaspati ke sAtha kAtyAyana bhI prAmANika lekhaka mAne jAte haiN| yaha prAmANikatA kaI zatAbdiyoM ke uparAnta hI prApta ho sakatI hai| kAtyAyana tathA aparArka ne bhI bRhaspati se uddharaNa liye haiN| anya sUtroM ke AdhAra para bRhaspati ko 200 evaM 400 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| ve kahA~ ke rahanevAle the, isake viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| smRticandrikA meM bRhaspati ke zrAddha-sambandhI lagabhaga 40 uddharaNa Aye haiN| parAzaramAdhavIya, nirNayasiMdhu tathA saMskArakaustubha meM bRhaspati ke aneka zloka uddhRta haiN| mitAkSarA ne bhI bahuta sthaloM para bRhaspati ke dharmazAstrIya niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mitAkSarA meM vyavahAra evaM dharma-sambandhI donoM prakAra ke uddharaNa haiN| abhAgyavaza bRhaspati kA sampUrNa grantha abhI nahIM prApta ho sakA hai| mitAkSarA meM vRddha-bRhaspati ke uddharaNa mI haiN| hemAdri ne jyotibRhaspati kA bhI nAma liyA hai| aparAka ne vRddha-bRhaspati se kucha uddharaNa liye haiN| dharma-8

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 38. kAtyAyana prAcIna bhAratIya vyavahAra evaM vyavahAra-vidhi ke kSetra meM nArada, bRhaspati evaM kAtyAyana triratnamaNDala meM Ate haiN| kAtyAyana kI vyavahAra-sambandhI kRti abhI abhAgyavaza prApta nahIM ho sakI hai| vizvarUpa se lekara vIramitrodaya taka ke lekhakoM dvArA uddhRta vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para nimna vivecana upasthita kiyA jAtA hai zaMkha-likhita, yAjJavalkya evaM parAzara ne kAtyAyana ko dharmavaktAoM meM ginA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra meM bhI eka kAtyAyana pramANarUpa se uddhRta haiN| zukla yajurveda kA eka zrautasUtra evaM zrAddhakalpa kAtyAyana ke nAma se hI prasiddha hai| vyavahAra-sambandhI viSayoM kI vyavasthA evaM vivaraNa meM kAtyAyana ne sambhavataH nArada evaM bRhaspati ko Adarza mAnA hai| zabdoM, zailI evaM padoM meM kAtyAyana nArada evaM bRhaspati ke bahuta nikaTa A jAte haiN| kAtyAyana ne strI-dhana para jo kucha likhA hai, vaha unakI vyavahAra-sambandhI kuzalatA kA paricAyaka hai| unhoMne hI sarvaprathama adhyagni, adhyAvahanika, prItidatta, zulka, anvAdheya, saudAyika nAmaka strIdhana ke katipaya prakAroM kI carcA kI hai| nibandhoM meM kAtyAyana ke tatsambandhI uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| lagabhaga dasa nibandhoM meM kAtyAyana ke vyavahAra-sambandhI 900 zloka uddhRta hue haiN| kevala smRticandrikA ne 600 zlokoM kA havAlA diyA hai| kAtyAyana ne bhRgu ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, aura ve uddhRta mata vartamAna manusmRti meM mila jAte haiN| kullUka ne likhA hai ki kAtyAyana ne bhRgu kA nAma lekara manu ke hI zlokoM kI vyAkhyA kara dI hai| kintu bahuta-se bhRgu-sambandhI uddharaNa manusmRti meM nahIM pAye jaate| itanA hI nahIM, kaI sthAnoM para kAtyAyana ne manu kA bhI nAma liyA hai, kintu aise sthAnoM ke uddharaNa vartamAna manusmRti meM nahIM milte| lagatA hai, kAtyAyana ke samakSa manusmRti kA koI bRhat saMskaraNa thA jo bhRgu dvArA ghoSita thaa| nibandhoM meM manu, yAjJavalkya evaM bRhaspati ke sAtha kAtyAyana ke zloka bhI Aye haiM, yathA--strIdhana ke cha: prakAroM ke sambandha meM jo zloka AyA hai, vaha dAyabhAga dvArA manu evaM kAtyAyana kA kahA gayA hai / 'varNAnAmAnulomyena dAsyaM na pratilomataH' kI ardhAlI yAjJavalkya evaM kAtyAyana donoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| vIramitrodaya ne bRhaspati evaM kAtyAyana ke nAma eka zloka mar3ha diyA hai| vyavahAra, caritra evaM rAjazAsana kI paribhASA kara vene meM bRhaspati evaM kAtyAyana eka-dUsare ke sannikaTa A jAte haiN| kAtyAyana ne manu (mAnava), bRhaspati evaM bhRgu ke atirikta anya dharmazAstrakAro ke nAma liye haiM, yathA-kauzika, likhita aadi| kAtyAyana ne svayaM apanA nAma bhI pramANa ke rUpa meM liyA hai| nArada evaM bRhaspati ke samAna kAtyAyana ne bhI vyavahAra evaM vyavahAra-vidhi ke viSaya meM agragAmI mata diye haiN| kahIM-kahIM kAtyAyana ina donoM se bhI Age bar3ha jAte haiN| kAtyAyana ne vyavahAra-sambandhI kucha nayI saMjJAe~ bhI dI haiM, yathA-'pazcAtkAra', 'jayapatra' aadi| pazcAtkAra vaha nirNaya hai jo vAdI evaM prativAdI ke bIca garmAgarma vivAda ke phalasvarUpa diyA jAtA hai| 'jayapatra' nAmaka nirNaya ko kAtyAyana ne dasa hai| yaha vaha nirNaya hai jo prativAdI kI svIkArokti yA anya kAraNoM se abhiyoga ke siddha hone ke phalasvarUpa diyA jAtA hai| yadi koI vyakti apane pakSa kA samarthana na karake halakA nimitta upasthita karatA hai, to use nyAyAlaya dvArA diye gaye nirNaya ke uparAnta adhika zaktizAlI nimitta dene kI anumati nahIM dI jA sktii| kAtyAyana kA kAla-nirNaya sarala nahIM hai| ve manu evaM yAjJavalkya ke bAda Ate haiM, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| unake pUrva nArada evaM bRhaspati A cuke pratIta hote haiN| ataH adhika-se-adhika ve IsA bAda tIsarI yA cauthI zatAbdI taka jA sakate haiM / vizvarUpa evaM medhAtithi ne kAtyAyana ko nArada evaM bRhaspati ke samAna hI

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kAtyAyana, aGgirA pramANayukta mAnA hai| yaha mahattA kAtyAyana ko kaI zatAbdiyoM meM hI prApta ho sakI hogii| ataH kama-se-kama ve IsA bAda chaThI zatAbdI taka A skeNge| kAtyAyana isa prakAra cauthI tathA chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya meM kamI hue hoNge| vyavahAramayUkha ne eka bRhatkAtyAyana tathA dAyabhAga ne vRddha-kAtyAyana kI carcA kI hai| sarasvatIvilAsa ne vRddha-kAtyAyana se uddharaNa liye haiN| caturvargacintAmaNi ne upakAtyAyana kA bhI nAma liyA hai| aparAMrka ne eka zloka-kAtyAyana kA nAma liyA hai| jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM 3 prapAThakoM, 29 khaNDA evaM 500 zlokoM meM eka kAtyAyana grantha hai| yahI grantha AnandAzrama saMgraha meM bhI hai| isakA chanda anuSTup hai, kucha indravajrA meM bhI haiN| isa grantha ko kAtyAyana kA karmapradIpa kahA jAtA hai| isa karmapradIpa kI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai--janeU kaise pahanA jAya; jala chir3akanA yA jala se vibhinna aMgoM kA sparza ; pratyeka kriyA-saMskAra meM gaNeza evaM 14 mAtR-pUjA; kuza; zrAddha-vivaraNa; pUtAgnipratiSThA, araNiyoM, suk, sruva ke viSaya meM vivaraNa ; prANAyAma, veda-maMtrapATha; devatAoM evaM pitaroM kA zrAddha; dantadhAvana evaM snAna-niyama; sandhyA, mahAhnika yajJa; zrAddha kauna kara sakatA hai; maraNa meM azauca-kAla; patnIkartavya ; vividha prakAra ke shraaddh-krm| karmapradIpa meM bahuta-se lekhakoM ke nAma Aye haiN| gobhila, gautama Adi ke nAma yathAsthAna Aye haiN| nArada, bhArgava (uzanA?), zANDilya, zANDilyAyana kI carcA huI hai| manu, yAjJavalkya, mahAbhArata ke uddharaNa Aye haiN| isa karmapradIpa (kAtyAyanasmRti) kI tithi kyA hai ? kyA yaha prasiddha kAtyAyana kI hI, jinakA ullekha Upara huA hai, kRti hai ? mitAkSarA, aparArka tathA anya lekhakoM ne isase uddharaNa liyA hai, isase yaha siddha hai ki yaha grantha prAmANika mAna liyA gayA thaa| yaha 11vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI praNIta ho cukA thA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| sambhavataH kAtyAyana dvArA praNIta koI bRhad grantha thA jisakA saMkSipta athavA eka aMza karmapradIpa hai| __ kyA vyavahArakovida kAtyAyana evaM karmapradIpa ke lekhaka eka hI haiM? isa prazna kA uttara sarala nahIM hai| vijJAnezvara evaM aparArka ne ina donoM meM koI vibheda nahIM mAnA hai| kintu vizvarUpa ne kAtyAyana se AcAra-prAyazcitta-sambandhI uddharaNa nahIM liye haiN| ataH donoM lekhaka eka haiM ki nahIM, isa viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai| 39. aGgirA vizvarUpa se lekara Age taka ke sabhI lekhakoM dvArA aMgirA se uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| kevala vyavahAraviSayaka bAteM hI achUtI rahI haiN| yAjJavalkya ne aMgirA ko dharmazAstrakAra mAnA hai| vizvarUpa ne kahA hai ki aMgirA ke kathanAnusAra pariSad meM 121 brAhmaNa rahate haiN| isI prakAra aMgirA (aMgiras) kI bahuta-sI bAtoM kA havAlA vizvarUpa ne diyA hai| aparArka, medhAtithi, haradatta tathA anya lekhakoM evaM bhASyakAroM ne dharma-sambandhI bAtoM meM aMgirA kI bahuta hI carcA kI hai| vizvarUpa ne sumantu meM uddhRta aMgirA ke vacana kA ullekha kiyA hai| upasmRtiyoM ke nAma ginAne meM smRticandrikA ne aMgirA ke gadyAMza uddhRta kiye haiN| jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM jo aMgirassmRti hai vaha kevala 72 zlokoM meM hai| yaha saMskaraNa sambhavataH bRhata kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| isameM antyaja se bhojya evaM peya grahaNa karane, gau ko pITane yA kaI prakAra se coTa pahuMcAne Adi jaise avasaroM ke prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai| striyoM dvArA nIla vastra dhAraNa karane kI vidhiyA~ bhI isameM varNita haiN| isa smRti ne svayaM apane (aMgirA) evaM Apastamba ke nAma bhI liye haiN| isake upAntya zloka meM strI-dhana ko curAnevAle kI bhartsanA kI gayI hai| For Priv

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mitAkSarA evaM vedAcArya kI smRtiratnAvali meM bRhadaMgirA kA bhI nAma AyA hai| mitAkSarA ne tI madhyama- aMgirA kA bhI nAma liyA hai| 40. RSyazRGga mitAkSarA, aparArka, smRticandrikA tathA anya granthoM ne RSyazrRMga kI carcA AcAra, azauca, zrAddha evaM prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM bahuta bAra kI hai| aparArka ne RSyazrRMga kA eka aisA zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jo mitAkSarA dvArA zaMkha kA batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kaI eka gar3abar3iyA~ bhI haiN| abhAgyavaza RSyazrRMga kI smRti mila nahIM sakI hai| 41. kArNAjini vizeSataH zrAddha sambandhI bAtoM meM mitAkSarA, aparArka, smRticandrikA tathA anya logoM ne isa lekhaka kA ullekha kiyA hai| kArSNAjini kA eka zloka aparArka ne uddhRta kiyA hai, jisameM brahmA ke sAta putroM ke nAma haiM, yathA sanaka, sanandana, sanAtana, kapila, Asuri, bodu evaM paJcazikha / isI prakAra aparArka ke uddharaNa meM kanyA evaM vRzcika rAziyoM ke nAma bhI Aye haiM / 42. caturviMzatimata isa kRti kI do pratiyAM Dekana kAleja saMgraha meM upalabdha haiM / isameM 525 zloka haiM / isake isa nAma kA eka kAraNa hai| isameM 24 RSiyoM kI zikSAoM ( matoM) kA sAratattva pAyA jAtA hai / yathA man, yAjJavalkya, atri, viSNu, vasiSTha, vyAsa, uzanA, Apastamba, vatsa, hArIta, guru (bRhaspati), nArada, parAzara, kAtyAyana gArgya, gautama, yama, baudhAyana, dakSa, zaMkha, aMgirA, zAtAtapa, sAMkhya (sAMkhyAyana ? ), saMvarta / isameM ye viSaya Aye haiM- varNAzrama ke AcAra; zauca Acamana; dantadhAvana; snAna, prANAyAma; gAyatrIpATha; vedAdhyayana; vivAha; agnihotra paMcamahAhnika; jIvikA-vRtti; vAnaprastha; sanyAsI; kSatriyoM evaM anya do jAtiyoM ke dharma; bhayaMkara evaM halake pApoM ke lie prAyazcitta; jIvikA ke sAdhana; zrAddha, janma-maraNa para azauca / isa grantha meM uzanA, mabhu, parAzara, aMgirA, yama, hArIta ke mata uddhRta haiN| isameM yaha AyA hai ki arhata, cArvAka evaM buddhoM kI zikSAe~ logoM ko bhrama meM DAlatI haiM / isa grantha ke uddharaNa mitAkSarA, aparArka tathA kAlAntara ke graMthoM meM milate haiM / kintu vizvarUpa evaM medhAtithi unake viSaya meM mauna haiN| ho sakatA hai| ki unake kAla taka yaha grantha mahattA na prApta kara sakA ho / banArasa saMskRta mAlA meM jo saMskaraNa prakAzita hai usameM lakSmIdhara ke putra bhaTToji kI TIkA hai| yaha TIkA vidvattApUrNa hai aura bahuta-se lekhakoM kA havAlA detI hai / kisI-kisI hastalikhita prati meM yaha bhASya rAmacandra kA kahA gayA hai| 43. dakSa yAjJavalkya ne dakSa kA ullekha kiyA hai / vizvarUpa, mitAkSarA, aparArka ne dakSa se uddharaNa liye haiM / dakSa ke ye do zloka bahudhA uddhRta kiye jAte haiM -- "sAmAnyaM yAcitaM nyastamAdhirdArAzca taddhanam / anvAhitaM ca nikSepaH sarvasvaM cAnvaye sati / / Apatsvapi na deyAni nava vastUni paNDitaiH / yo dadAti sa mUDhAtmA prAyazcittIyate naraH / / " vyavahAra para likhane vAle lekhaka ina zlokoM ko, jinameM dAna meM na diye jAnevAle nau padArthoM kI carcA hai, bahudhA uddhRta karate hI haiN|

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dakSa, pitAmaha, pulastya, pracetA jIvAnanda ke saMgraha meM jo dakSasmRti hai, usameM 7 adhyAya evaM 220 zloka haiN| isake mukhya viSaya ye haiM-cAra Azrama, brahmacAriyoM ke do prakAra; dvija ke Ahnika dharma; kargoM ke vividha prakAra, nau karma; nau vikarma ; nau gupta karma; nau karma jo khulakara kiye jAyeM; dAna meM na dI jAnevAlI vastue~; dAna; bhalI patnI kI stuti ; zauca ke' do prakAra; janma-maraNa para azauca ; yoga evaM usake paDaMga, yathA prANAyAma, dhyAna, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, tarka evaM samAdhi; sAdhuoM dvArA tyAgane yogya ATha prakAra ke maithuna ; bhikSa-dharma ; dvaita evaM advait| yaha smRti vastuta: bahuta prAcIna hai| vizvarUpa, mitAkSarA, aparArka evaM smRticandrikA meM jo aMza uddhata haiM ve kisI-na-kisI prakAzita saMskaraNa meM mila hI jAte haiN| 44. pitAmaha vizvarUpa dvArA uddhRta vRddha-yAjJavalkya ke zloka meM pitAmaha dharmavaktAoM meM kahe gaye haiN| yaha smRti vyavahAra se vizeSa sambandha rakhatI hai| vizvarUpa, mitAkSarA ne pitAmahasmRti se vyavahAra-sambandhI uddharaNa liye haiN| isa smRti meM veda, vedAMga, mImAMsA, smRtiyA~, purANa evaM nyAya dharmazAstroM meM gine gaye haiN| pitAmaha ne bRhaspati ke samAna nau divyoM kI carcA kI hai, kintu yAjJavalkya evaM nArada meM kevala pA~ca hI divya diye gaye haiN| smRticandrikA ne bhI isase uddharaNa liye haiN| vyAsa kI bhAMti pitAmaha ne krayapatra, dilipatra, gAndhipatra, vizuddhapatra nAmaka lekhapramANoM kI carcA kI hai| smRti candrikA meM pitAmaha se 18 prakRtiyoM, yathA---potI, varSamAna Adi kI saMkhyA uddhRta hai| isameM vyavahAra ke 22 pada pAye jAte haiN| pitAmaha ke anusAra nyAyAlaya meM lipi, gaNaka, zAstra, sAdhyapAla, sabhAsada, sonA, agni evaM jala nAmaka ATha karaNa hone caahie| isI prakAra anya padoM kI carcAe~ haiN| pitAmaha bRhaspati ke bAda Ate haiM, kyoMki unhoMne bahaspati ke mata kA havAlA diyA hai, yathA-eka hI grAma, samAja, nagara, zreNI, sArthasenA (kAravA~) yA senA ke logoM ko apanI hI paramparAoM ke anusAra vivAda kA nipaTArA karanA caahie| pitAmaha kI tithi 400 evaM 700 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM par3anI caahie| 45. pulastya vRddha-yAjJavalkya ke anusAra pulastya eka dharmavaktA haiN| vizvarUpa ne zarIra-zauca ke silasile meM unakA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| mitAkSarA ne eka uddharaNa meM kahA hai ki zrAddha meM brAhmaNa ko muni kA bhojana, kSatriya evaM vaizya ko mAMsa tathA zUdra ko madhu khAnA caahie| saMdhyA, zrAddha, azauca, yati-dharma, prAyazcitta ke sambandha meM aparArka ne pulastya se bahuta uddharaNa liye haiN| Ahnika evaM zrAddha para smRticandrikA ne pulastya kA ullekha kiyA hai| dAnaratnAkara ne mRgacarma-dAna ke bAre meM pulastya kA uddharaNa diyA hai| pulastyasmRti kI tithi 400 evaM 700I0 ke madhya meM avazya honI caahie| 46. pracetA parAzara ne pracetA (pracetas) kA nAma RSiyoM meM liyA hai, kintu yAjJavalkya' ne inakA nAma dharmazAstrakAroM meM nahIM liyA hai| Ahnika kartavyoM (AcAroM), zrAddha, azauca, prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM mitAkSarA evaM aparArka ne pracetA mahodaya ke kaI uddharaNa liye haiN| mitAkSarA ne uddharaNa dete hue kahA hai ki karmacAriyoM,

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 62 zilpakAroM, cikitsakoM, kSatriyoM evaM dAsoM, rAjAoM, rAjakarmacAriyoM ko azauca kI avadhi nahIM mAnanI caahie| medhAtithi ne pracetA ke grantha ko smRti kahA hai aura use manu, viSNu Adi ke samAna pramANa mAnA hai / mitAkSarA, haradatta tathA aparArka ne bRhatpracetA se azauca- prAyazcitta - sambandhI uddharaNa liye haiM / ina logoM ne vRddhapracetA kI bhI carcA kI hai| smRticandrikA evaM haradatta ne pracetA ko uddhRta kiyA hai| 47. prajApati baudhAyanadharmasUtra ne prajApati ko pramANa rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai (2.4.15 evaM 2. 10.71 ) / vasiSTha meM prAjApatya zloka uddhRta pAye jAte haiM (3.47 14.16 - 19, 24-27, 30-32 ) / uddhRta zlokoM meM bahuta-se manusmRti meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| ho sakatA hai, donoM dharmaM sUtrakAroM ne prajApati nAma se manu kI ora hI saMketa kiyA ho / AnandAzrama saMgraha meM prajApati nAmaka eka smRti hai, jisameM zrAddha para 198 zloka haiM / isakA chanda anuSTupa hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM indravajrA, upajAti, vasantatilakA aura sagdharA chanda bhI haiN| isameM kalpazAstra, smRtiyoM, dharmazAstra, purANoM kI carcA huI hai| isameM kArSNAjini kI bhA~ti kanyA evaM vRzcika nAmaka rAziyoM ke nAma Aye haiM / mitAkSarA ne azauca evaM prAyazcitta ke bAre meM prajApati kI carcA kI hai, aparArka ne vastu-pavitrIkaraNa, zrAddha, divya Adi ke bAre meM uddharaNa diye hai| inhoMne prajApati ke eka gadyAMza dvArA parivrAjakoM ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM, yathA kuTIcaka, bahUdaka, haMsa, paramahaMsa / smRticandrikA, parAzaramAdhavIya ne prajApati ke vyavahAraviSayaka zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| prajApati ne nArada kI bhAMti kRta evaM akRta nAmaka do prakAra ke gavAhoM kI carcA kI hai| 48. marIci Ahnika, azauca, prAyazcitta evaM vyavahAra para mitAkSarA, aparArka evaM smRticandrikA ne marIci ke uddharaNa liye haiN| marIci ne sAvana-bhAdoM meM saritA - snAna manA kiyA hai, kyoMki una dinoM nadiyA~ rajasvalA rahatI haiN| yadi koI RyakartA bahuta se vyApAriyoM ke sAmane, rAjakarmacAriyoM kI jAnakArI meM, dina dopahara koI asthAvara dravya kraya karatA hai, to vaha doSa-mukta ho jAtA hai aura apane dhana ko prApta kara letA hai (yadi dravya kisI dUsare kA nikala AtA hai to ) / marIci ne kahA hai ki Adhi ( baMdhaka), bikrI, vibhAjana, sthAvara sampatti dAna ke viSaya meM jo kucha taya pAye vaha likhita honA caahie| unhoMne Adhi ( baMdhaka) ko bhogya, gopya, pratyaya evaM AjJAdhi nAmaka cAra prakAroM meM bA~TA hai| 49. yama vasiSThadharmasUtra ne yama ko dharmazAstrakAra mAnakara unakI smRti se uddharaNa liyA hai ( 18. 13-15 evaM 19.48) / yama ke uddhRta cAra padyoM meM tIna manu meM mila jAte haiM / yAjJavalkya ne yama ko dharmavaktA kahA hai| manu ke TIkAkAra govindarAja evaM aparArka ne yama ke isa mata ko ki kucha pakSiyoM kA mAMsa khAnA cAhie, uddhRta kiyA hai| jIvAnanda saMgraha meM eka yamasmRti hai jisameM 78 zloka haiM, jo prAyazcitta evaM zuddhi kA vivecana karate haiM / isa smRti ke kucha padyAMza manu se milate-julate haiM | AnandAzrama saMgraha meM eka yamasmRti hai jisameM prAyazcitta, zrAddha evaM pavitrIkaraNa para 99 zloka haiM /

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laugAkSa, vizvAmitra, vyAsa 63 yama kI kaI eka hastalikhita pratiyA~ milatI haiN| vizvarUpa, vijJAnezvara, aparArka, smRticandrikA tathA bAda vAle anya grantha yama ke lagabhaga 300 zlokoM ko uddhRta karate haiM / isa smRti meM dharmazAstra ke lagabhaga - sabhI viSaya pAye jAte haiN| spaSTa hai ki uparyukta vyAkhyAkAroM evaM nibandhakAroM ke samakSa yama kI koI bRhat pustaka thI / yamasmRti ke atirikta bRhad yama kI smRti kA bhI nAma AyA hai, jisake uddharaNa smRticandrikA tathA anya nibandhoM meM milate haiN| mahAbhArata ( anuzAsana parva 104.72-74) meM yama kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM / yama ne manusmRti se uddharaNa liye haiM / smRticandrikA, parAzaramAdhavIya evaM vyavahAramayUkha ne yama ko uddhRta kiyA hai / yama ne nAriyoM ke lie saMnyAsa varjita kiyA haiM / mitAkSarA, haradatta, aparArka ne prAyazcitta ke bAre meM bRhad yama kA ullekha kiyA hai| haradatta evaM aparArka ne eka laghu yama evaM vedAcArya ne smRtiratnAkara meM svalpayama ke nAma liye haiN| ho sakatA hai donoM nAma eka grantha ke hoM, kyoMki nAmoM kA artha eka hI hai| 50. laugAkSi azauca evaM prAyazcitta para mitAkSarA ne lAgAkSi ke uddharaNa liye haiN| saMskAroM, vaizvadeva, cAturmAsya, vastu-zuddhi, zrAddha, azauca evaM prAyazcitta para aparArka ne isa smRtikAra ke gadyAMza evaM zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / laugAkSa ko uddhRta kara aparArka ne prajApati ko pramANa mAnA hai / mitAkSarA tathA anya vyavahAra-sambandhI granthoM ne laugAkSa ke yoga evaM kSema-sambandhI zloka ko avazya ullikhita kiyA hai / 51. vizvAmitra vizvarUpa dvArA uddhRta vRddha-yAjJavalkya ke zloka meM vizvAmitra dharmazAstrakAra kahe gaye haiM / aparArka, smRticandrikA, jImUtavAhana kA kAlaviveka tathA anya grantha vizvAmitra ke zlokoM ko uddhRta karate haiM / vizvAmitra ke mahApAtaka-viSayaka aMza bahudhA uddhRta hote haiM / 52. vyAsa jIvAnanda evaM AnandAzrama ke saMgrahoM meM vyAsa ke nAma kI smRti milatI hai, jo cAra adhyAyoM evaM 250 zlokoM meM hai / vyAsa ne vArANasI meM apanI smRti kI ghoSaNA kii| isake viSaya saMkSepa meM yoM haiM kRSNa varNa ke mRgoM ke deza meM isa smRti kA dharma pracalita hai; zruti, smRti evaM purANa dharma -pramANa haiM; varNasaMkara solaha saMskAra; brahmacArI ke kartavya; brAhmaNa kSatriya evaM vaizya kanyA se vivAha kara sakatA hai, kintu zUdra se nahIM; patnI - dharma; gRhastha ke nitya, naimittika evaM kAmya kArya; gRhasthAzrama evaM dAnoM kI stuti / ne vizvarUpa ne vyAsa ke kucha zlokoM kI carcA kI hai| kintu ye zloka mahAbhArata meM pAye jAte haiM / meghAtithi ne bhI mahAbhArata ke kucha aMzoM ko uddhRta kara unheM vyAsakRta mAnA hai| aparArka, smRticandrikA tathA anya granthoM meM lagabhaga 200 zloka uddhRta haiM, jinase lagatA hai ki vyAsa vyavahAra - vidhi para likhA hai aura nArada, kAtyAyana evaM bRhaspati se unakI bAteM bahuta kucha milatI haiN| vyAsa ke anusAra uttara ke cAra prakAra haiM, yathA -- mithyA, sampratipatti, kAraNa evaM prAGa- nyAya / lekhapramANa ke prakAra tIna haiM, yathA--- svahasta, jAnapada, rAjazAsana / vyAsa meM divya kevala pA~ca prakAra ke haiM / vyAsa ke anusAra eka niSka 14 suvarNoM ke barAbara evaM eka suvarNa 8 pala ke barAbara hotA hai| ina saba bAtoM se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyAsasmRti kI racanA IsA ke bAda dUsarI evaM pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke bIca meM kabhI huii| kintu yahA~ eka prazna uThatA hai; kyA smRti ke

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4 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vyAsa evaM mahAbhArata ke vyAsa eka haiM yA do ? ho sakatA hai ki donoM eka hI hoN| smRticandrikA ne eka gadyavyAsa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| aparArka ne vRddha-vyAsa ke eka zloka meM strIdhana ke eka prakAra 'saudAyika' kI carcA kI hai| mitAkSarA, prAyazcittamayUkha tathA anya granthoM meM bRhad vyAsa ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiN| ballAlasena ne apane dAnasAgara meM mahA-vyAsa, laghu-vyAsa evaM dAna-vyAsa ke nAma liye haiM / sambhavataH dAna-vyAsa kA tAtparya hai mahAbhArata ke dAna-dharma aMza se / 53. SaTtriMzanmata yaha grantha caturviMzatimata ke sadRza hI koI smRtigrantha hai / kalpataru, mitAkSarA, smRticandrikA, aparArka, haradatta tathA anya katipaya lekhakoM ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| vizvarUpa evaM meghAtithi ne isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / yaha kRti 700-900 I0 ke madhya kI mAnI jA sakatI hai| jitane bhI uddharaNa milate haiM, ve sabhI zauca, zrAddha, prAyazcitta Adi se sambandhita haiM / vyavahAra sambandhI koI ullekha abhI taka nahIM prApta ho sakA hai / eka zloka meM bauddhoM, pAzupatoM, jainoM, nAstikoM evaM kapila ke anuyAyiyoM ke sparza ko dUSita ThaharAyA gayA aura usake lie snAna kI vyavasthA hai / 54. saMgraha yA smRtisaMgraha dharma-sambandhI sabhI viSayoM ke silasile meM mitAkSarA, aparArka, smRticandrikA evaM anya granthoM ne saMgraha yA smRtisaMgraha se uddharaNa liye haiM / hindU vyavahAra ke lie isa saMgraha ke vyavahAra sambandhI uddharaNa bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa haiN| kucha bAteM nIce dI jAtI haiM- pA~ca zlokoM meM smRtisagraha ne abhiyoga kI Avazyaka vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA hai / lekhapramANa do prakAra ke hote haiM-- rAjakIya evaM jAnapada / jahA~ 500 paNa se adhika kA mAmalA ho vahA~ ghaTa se viSa taka kA divya svIkRta kiyA gayA hai, kintu halake vivAdoM ke lie kucha ghana kI hI vyavasthA kara dI gayI hai / kintu nArada ne bar3e vivAdoM meM tulA se lekara koza taka ke pA~ca divya prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / saMgrahakAra ne kevala sAta divyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, kintu bRhaspati evaM pitAmaha ne nau taka kI vyavasthA kara dI hai| mAtA evaM pitA dvArA preSita koza ko saMgrahakAra ne dAya mAnA hai / saMgrahakAra ke matAnusAra putrahIna vyakti kI vasIyata krama se yoM kI jAtI hai --vidhavA, putrikA, kanyA, mAtA, pitAmaha, pitA, apane bhAI, sautale bhAI, pitRsaMtati, pitAmahasaMtati, prapitAmahasaMtati, anya sapiNDa, sakulya, AcArya, ziSya, sahacchAtra, vidvAn brAhmaNa / saMgrahakAra ke mata bahuta aMzoM meM dhArezvara se mila jAte haiM, kintu mitAkSarA Adi ne unheM nahIM mAnA hai / vyavahAra ke mAmaloM meM saMgrahakAra yAjJavalkya evaM nArada se bahuta Age haiM / vizvarUpa evaM meghAtithi ne saMgraha - kAra ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA hai| ho sakatA hai ki yaha grantha kevala bhojarAja dhArezvara ke hI rAjya meM adhika pracalita rahA ho| isase yaha vidita hotA hai ki saMgrahakAra kI tithi 8vIM evaM 10vIM zatAbdI ke bIca meM kahIM hai / mAruci evaM dhArezvara mitAkSarA ke pUrva hue the, kyoMki mitAkSarA ne unake nAma liye haiN| 55. saMvarta yAjJavalkya kI sUcI meM saMvarta eka smRtikAra ke rUpa meM Ate haiN| vizvarUpa, medhAtithi, mitAkSarA, haradatta, aparArka, smRticandrikA tathA anya lekhakoM ne saMvarta ke dharma-sambandhI viSayoM se uddharaNa liye haiM / sandhyA-vandana,

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saMvarta, hArIta; bhASya evaM nibandha 65 yati dharma tathA corI, vividha vyabhicAra, anya bhayAnaka pApoM ke viSaya meM vizvarUpa ne savarta ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI prakAra anya bhASyakAroM ne bhI AcAra-sambandhI uddharaNa diye haiN| saMvarta ke vyavahArasambandhI kucha vicAra yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| saMvarta ke anusAra lekhapramANa ke sAmane maukhika bAteM koI mahattva nahIM rakhatIM / jaba arAjakatA na ho, zAsana sudRDha ho to jisake adhikAra meM ghara-dvAra yA bhUmi ho vahI usakA svAmI mAnA jAtA hai aura likhita pramANa dharA raha jAtA hai (mujyamAne gRhakSetre vidyamAne tu rAjani / muktiyaMsya bhavettasya na lekhyaM tatra kAraNam // parA0 mA0 3 ) / isI prakAra kucha mahattvapUrNa viSayoM kI tathyapUrNa carcAe~ huI haiM, jinake viSaya meM sthAna-saMkoca ke kAraNa hama yahA~ aura kucha nahIM de pA rahe haiM / jIvAnanda evaM AnandAzrama ke saMgrahoM meM saMvarta ke krama se 227 evaM 230 zloka haiN| Aja jo prakAzita saMvartasmRti milatI hai vaha maulika smRti ke eka aMza kA saMkSipta sAra mAtra pratIta hotI hai / prakAzita smRti ke bahulAMza aparArka meM uddhRta haiN| mitAkSarA ne bRhatsaMvarta kA ullekha kiyA hai| harinAtha ke smRtisAra meM eka svalpa saMvarta kI carcA hai| 56. hArIta hArIta. ke vyavahAra-sambandhI dyAvataraNoM kI carcA apekSita hai| smRticandrikA ke uddharaNa meM AyA hai-" svadhanasya yathA prAptiH paradhanasya varjanam / nyAyena yatra kriyate vyavahAraH sa ucyate / / " unhoMne isa prakAra vyavahAra kI paribhASA kI hai| unake matAnusAra vahI nyAya-vidhi ThIka hai jo dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra ke siddhAntoM para AdhArita ho, jo sadAcAra se sevita evaM chala-prapaMca se dUra ho| nArada kI bhA~ti hArIta ne bhI vyavahAra ke cAra svarUpa batAye haiM, yathA - dharma, vyavahAra, caritra evaM nRpAjJA / likhita pramANa ko unhoMne bar3I mAnyatA dI hai| isI prakAra anya vyavahAra - sambandhI bAtoM kA vivaraNa hai jise sthAna -saMkocavaza yahA~ uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| hArIta bRhaspati evaM kAtyAyana ke samakAlIna lagate haiM, arthAt 400 tathA 700 ke bIca meM kabhI unakI smRti praNIta huI / 57. bhASya evaM nibandha dharmazAstra sambandhI sAhitya lagabhaga tIna kAloM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai / pahale kAla meM dharmasUtra evaM manusmRti jaise bRhat grantha Ate haiN| yaha kAla IsA pUrva 600 se lekara IsA ke bAda prathama zatAbdI ke Arambha taka mAnA jAtA hai| dUsare kAla meM adhikAMza padyamaya smRtiyA~ AtI haiM, aura yaha kAla prathama zatAbdI se lekara 800 I0 taka calA AtA hai| tIsare kAla meM mASyakAra evaM nibandhakAra Ate haiN| yaha tIsarA kAla lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa taka calA AtA hai; lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se 1800 I0 taka yaha kAla mAnA jAtA hai / tIsare kAla ke prathama bhAga ko prasiddha bhASyakAroM kA svarNayuga kahA jA sakatA hai| smRtiyoM para bhASya tIsare antima caraNa taka likhe jAte rahe / satrahavIM zatAbdI meM nanda paNDita ne viSNudharmasUtra para vaijayantI nAmaka bhASya likhA / kintu bArahavIM zatAbdI se eka sAmAnya pravRtti yaha utpanna huI ki lekhakoM ne bhASya na likhakara smRtiyoM ke dharma-sambandhI siddhAntoM ko lekara svatantra rUpa se nibandha likhe, yathA kalpataru, smRticandrikA, caturvargacintAmaNi, caNDezvara kA rtnaakr| ina nibandhakAroM ke pUrva anya granthoM meM bhI virodhI bhAva spaSTa kiye gaye the / svayaM vizvarUpa, mitAkSarA, aparArka Adi ne likhe to bhASya kintu unakI kRtiyA~ nibandhoM se kisI mAtrA meM kama nahIM haiN| vAstava meM, TIkA (bhASya) evaM nibandha meM koI vibhAjana rekhA khIMcanA sarala nahIM dharma - 9

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66 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai| zaMkarabhaTTa ke dvaitanirNaya meM vijJAnezvara ko nibandhakAroM meM sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai| ataH isa grantha meM bhASyoM evaM nibandhoM meM koI viziSTa antarbheda nahIM rakhA jaaygaa| aba hama una pramukha bhASyakAroM (TIkAkAroM) evaM nibandhakAroM ke viSaya meM par3heMge jinheM mahattA evaM mAnyatA mila cukI hai| 58. asahAya DaoN0 jAlI dvArA sampAdita nAradasmRti meM kalyANamaTTa dvArA saMzodhita asahAya ke bhASya kA eka aMza hai| abhyupetyAzuzrUSA nAmaka prakaraNa kA, pA~caveM pada ke 21veM zloka taka hI saMzodhita saMskaraNa prApta ho sakA hai| kalyANabhaTTa ne likhA hai ki asahAya kI TIkA lipikoM dvArA bhraSTa ho gayI thii| vyavahAramayUkha ke prathama adhyAya meM yaha AyA hai ki kalyANabhaTTa ne kezavabhaTTa ke preraNA-utsAha se asahAya kI TIkA saMzodhita kii| kintu saMzodhaka mahodaya ne saMzodhana-kArya meM bar3I svatantratA pradarzita kii| vizvarUpa ne apanI yAjJavalkIya TIkA meM asahAya kA nAma liyA hai| hAralatA meM aniruddha ne, jo adbhutasAgara ke lekhaka baMgarAja ballAlasena (lagabhaga 1168 I0) ke guru the, likhA hai ki asahAya ne gautamadharmasUtra para bhI eka bhASya likhA hai| vizvarUpa ne mI yaha bAta kahI hai| sambhavataH asahAya ne manusmRti para bhI koI bhASya likhA thA, kyoMki sarasvatIvilAsa ke eka avataraNa se patA calatA hai ki manu, yAjJavalkya aura unake bhASyakAra asahAya, medhAtithi, vijJAnezvara evaM aparArka tathA nibandhoM ke lekhakoM, yathA candrikAkAra tathA anyoM ne dharma-vibhAga ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vivAdaratnAkara bhI asahAya ko marnu kA TIkAkAra mAnatA hai| ina bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki asahAya ne gautamadharmasUtra, manusmRti tathA nArada para TIkAeM kii| vizvarUpa evaM medhAtithi ne asahAya kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH asahAya kama-se-kama 750 I. taka nizcita ho gaye haiM, kintu isake pUrva ve kaba hue, kahanA kaThina hai| asahAya ke janmasthAna ke viSaya meM bhI nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai| 59. bhartRyajJa ye eka ati prAcIna bhASyakAra haiN| medhAtithi ne inakA ullekha kiyA hai (manu0 8.3) / trikANDamaNDana ne apanI ApastambasUtradhvanitArthakArikA meM bhartRyajJa ke mata uddhata kiye haiN| eka mata yaha hai-jisane veda yAda kara DAlA hai, vaha yajJa karane kA adhikArI hai, bhale hI use veda-mantroM kA artha na jJAta ho| bhartR yaza ne kAtyAyanazrautasUtra para bhI eka TIkA kI thI, aisA ananta ke bhASya se prakaTa hotA hai| isI prakAra gadAdhara, paNDezvara, nityAcArapradIpa se patA calatA hai ki asahAya kI bhA~ti bhartayajJa bhI gautamadharmasUtra ke TIkAkAra the| medhAtithi ne asahAya kA bhI nAma liyA hai, kintu vizvarUpa kA nhiiN| ataH bhartR yajJa 800 I0 ke pUrva hue hoMge aura sambhavataH asahAya ke samakAlIna hoNge| 60. vizvarUpa trivendrama saMskRta mAlA meM gaNapati zAstrI ne yAjJavalkyasmRti para vizvarUpa kI bAlakrIDA nAmaka TIkA prakAzita kI hai| svayaM mitAkSarA ke bhUmikA-bhAga meM yaha AyA hai ki yAjJavalkya ke siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA vizvarUpa ne bar3e vistAra se kI hai| mitAkSarA ke kathanAnusAra vizvarUpa ne yAjJavalkya ke zabdoM ko bar3e manoyoga ke sAtha dekhA hai|

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vizvarUpa AcAra evaM prAyazcitta-sambandhI vizvarUpa kI TIkA sacamuca bRhat hai, kintu vyavahAra ke sambandha meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| vizvarUpa kI zailI sarala evaM zaktizAlI hai aura zaMkarAcArya se bahuta-kucha milatI-julatI hai| vizvarUpa ne vaidika granthoM, carakoM, vAjasaneyiyoM, kAThakoM, RgvedIya mantroM, brAhmaNoM, upaniSadoM ko yathAsthAna uddhRta kiyA hai| unhoMne pAraskara, bharadvAja evaM AzvalAyana ke gRhyasUtroM kA paryApta havAlA diyA hai| unhoMne aMgirA, atri, Apastamba, uzanA, kAtyAyana, kAzyapa, gArya, vRddhagArya, gautama, jAtUkarNa (Ni), dakSa, nArada, parAzara, pAraskara, pitAmaha, pulastya, paiThInasi, bRhaspati, baudhAyana, bhAradvAja, bhRgu, manu, vRddha manu, yama, yAjJavalkya, vRddha yAjJavalkya, vasiSTha, viSNu, vyAsa, zaMkha, zAtAtapa, zaunaka, savarta, sumantu, svayaMmu (manu) evaM hArIta nAmaka smRtikAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bRhaspati ke adhikAMza uddharaNa gadya meM hI liye gaye haiM, kevala kucha eka padya meM haiN| lagatA hai, unake sAmane bRhaspati ke do grantha upasthita the| vizAlAkSa kI bhI carcA hai, jo rAjanIti ke eka lekhaka the aura jinakA nAma kauTilya ne bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| uzanA evaM bRhaspati kI to carcA hai, kintu Azcarya hai, inhoMne kauTilya kA nAma nahIM liyaa| isakA uttara saralatA se nahIM diyA jA sakatA, kintu vizvarUpa ke samakSa kauTilya kA arthazAstra upasthita thA, jaisA ki vizvarUpa kI viSaya-vastu kI vyAkhyA se patA calatA hai, yathA mantriyoM kI parIkSA meM dharma, artha, kAma evaM bhaya nAmaka upAyoM kA prayoga kauTilIya hai| kahIMkahIM kauTilIya evaM vizvarUpIya meM paryApta samatA pAyI jAtI hai| vizvarUpa ne pUrvamImAMsA ke prati apanA viziSTa prema pradarzita kiyA hai| jaimini kA nAma taka A gayA hai| kintu Azcarya to yaha hai ki unhoMne mImAMsA ke lie 'nyAya' zabda kA ! yoga kiyA hai tathA mImAMsakoM ko "nayAyika" yA "nyAyavid" kahA hai| kumArila ke zlokavArtika se bhI vizvarUpa ke bhASya meM uddharaNa liyA gayA hai| yAjJavalkya (1.7) para vyAkhyA karate samaya vizvarUpa ne zruti, smRti tathA tatsambandhI bAtoM ke sambandha ko batAte samaya 50 se adhika zloka kArikAoM ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiye haiN| lagatA hai, ye kArikAe~ svayaM unakI haiN| kArikAoM ke lekhaka ke rUpa meM vizvarUpa kumArila ke samAna pratIta hote haiN| sampUrNa bhASya meM unhoMne mImAMsA kI kahAvatoM evaM vivecana ke DhaMgoM meM vizvAsa kiyA hai| yoM to vizvarUpa pUrvamImAMsA ke samarthaka se lagate haiM, kintu unake dArzanika mata zaMkarAcArya ke mata se bahuta milate haiN| unake anusAra mokSa kI prApti kevala jJAna dvArA hotI hai aura yaha saMsAra avidyA ke kAraNa hai| vizvarUpa ne (yAjJa0 3.103) eka gItivedavida nArada kI carcA kI hai| amidhAnakoza evaM nAmaratnamAlA se .bahuta-se ubaraNa liye haiN| sAhityadarpaNa meM ullikhita bhikSATana kAvya kA bhI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| bhASyakArI meM vizvarUpa ne asahAya kI gautamadharmasUtra vAlI TIkA kI carcA kI hai (yAjJa0 3.263) / vizvarUpa vAlI yAjJavalkya smRti evaM mitAkSarA vAlI yAjJavalkyasmRti meM kahIM-kahIM kucha antara bhI pAyA jAtA hai| 'apare, 'anye' zabdoM unhoMne apane pUrva bhASyakAroM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| jImUtavAhana ke dAyabhAga evaM vyavahAramAtRkA meM, smRticandrikA, hAralatA tathA kAlAntara ke anya granthoM, yathA sarasvatIvilAsa meM vizvarUpa ke matoM kI carcA huI hai| vizvarUpa evaM mitAkSarA ke matoM meM samAnatA evaM vibhinnatA donoM haiN| vistAra-bhaya se hama sAmya aura vaibhinya se sambandha rakhanevAlI bAtoM kA havAlA nahIM de rahe haiN| vizvarUpa ne kumArila ke zlokavArtika kA uddharaNa diyA hai aura mitAkSarA ne unheM eka prAmANika bhASyakAra mAnA hai, ataH unakA kAla 750 I0 tathA 1000 I0 ke bIca meM par3atA hai| kyA vizvarUpa aura surezvara eka hI hai? surezvara ne apane naiSkarmyasiddhi, taittirIyopaniSadbhASyavArtika tathA anya granthoM meM likhA hai ki ve zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya the| zaMkarAcArya kI mAnI huI tithi 788-820 I0 hai| mAdhavAcArya ne apane katipaya granthoM meM surezvara ke

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68 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa granthoM se uddharaNa lete hue vizvarUpa ke uddharaNoM ko diyA hai| saMkSepazaMkarajaya meM vizvarUpa zaMkara ke bhASya ke do vArtikoM ke lekhaka kahe gaye haiN| zaMkara ke cAra ziSya the- surezvara, padmapAda, troTaka evaM hastAmalaka / rAmatIrthaM ke mAnasollAsa meM spaSTa zabdoM meM AyA hai ki zaMkara ke ziSya surezvara kA dUsarA nAma vizvarUpa hai / saptasUtra-saMnyAsa paddhati ke anusAra zaMkara ke cAra ziSya haiM- svarUpAcArya, padmAcArya, troTaka evaM pRthvIpara guruvaMza kAvya ne surezvara aura vizvarUpa ko eka mAnA hai aura unheM kumArila evaM zaMkara kA ziSya bhI ghoSita kiyA hai| ataH surezvara evaM vizvarUpa hama eka hI vyakti mAna sakate haiN| ataH vizvarUpa 800-825 I0 meM the, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| kAlAntara meM eka vizvarUpa-nibandha bhI praNIta huA, kintu yaha kisI dUsare vizvarUpa kA likhA huA hai| Age ke bahuta-se nibandhakAroM ne vizvarUpa ko prAmANika rUpa se ghoSita evaM uddhRta kiyA hai| yathA tithinirNaya sarvasamuccaya (1450 I0) ke lekhaka, kAlanirNayasiddhAMta vyAkhyA (1650 I0) ke lekhaka, nirNayasiMdhu ke lekhaka aadi| uhAhatatva meM raghunandana ne vizvarUpa- samuccaya kI carcA kI hai| ho sakatA hai vizvarUpa ne koI dharmazAstra sambandhI nibandha likhA ho / 61. bhAruci mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 para, 1.81, 2.124), parAzaramAdhavIya, sarasvatIvilAsa ne mAruci ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mitAkSarA kI tithi hai 1050 I0, ataH bhAruci isa kRti se prAcIna haiN| apane vedArthasaMgraha meM rAmAnujAcArya ne apane pahale ke viziSTAdvaita ke chaH AcAryoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA---- bodhAyana, TaMka, dramiDa, guhdeva, kapardI evaM bhAruci / yahI bAta yatIndrabhatadIpikA meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| Aruci kA racanA kAla navI zatAbdI kA prathama hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / 1050 I0 ke pUrva bhAruci eka dharmazAstrakAra evaM vyavahAra- kovida bhI hue haiN| ho sakatA hai ki dharmazAstrakAra bhAruci evaM viziSTAdvaita dArzanika donoM vyakti eka hI rahe hoN| yadi yaha bAta ThIka hai| to bhAruci vizvarUpa ke samakAlIna Thaharate haiN| donoM ke matoM meM sAmya bhI hai| bhAruci ke viSaya meM sarasvatIvilAsa meM AyA hai ki ve viSNuvarbhasUtra ke mASyakAra athavA eka aisI pustaka ke lekhaka rahe haiM jisameM viSNudharmasUtra ke bahuta-se sUtroM ko vyAkhyA huI hai / ApastamvagRhyasUtra ke bhASya meM sudarzanAcArya ne mAruci ke matoM kI carcA kI hai| bhAruni evaM mitAkSarA ke matoM meM bahuta vibheda pAyA jAtA hai, yathA dAya evaM vibhAga kI vyAkhyA meM / bhAruci ne niyoga ko mAnA hai, kintu mitAkSarA ne virodha kiyA hai| 52. zrIkara mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 para, 2.135, 2.169 Adi), harinAtha ke smRtisAra, jImUtavAhana ke dAyabhAga evaM vyavahAramayUkha, smRticandrikA, sarasvatIvilAsa Adi ne zrIkara kA ullekha kiyA hai / dAyabhAga ne zrIkara ke matoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| zrIkara sambhavataH mithilA ke rahanevAle the / zrIkara ne kisI smRti para bhASya likhA yA koI nibandha, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| smRticandrikA ne kahA hai ki zrIkara ne smRtiyoM ke nibandhoM kA sampAdana kiyaa| mitAkSarA, dAyabhAga tathA anya granthoM meM zrIkara ke yAjJavalkyasmRtisambandhI mata ullikhita haiN| caNDezvara ke rAjanItiratnAkara meM zrIkara kI rAjanIti viSayaka bAteM uddhRta haiN| hemAdri ne bhI inake matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mitAkSarA ne zrIkara kI carcA kI hai, ataH zrIkara kI tithi 1050 I0 ke pUrva honI caahie| asahAya evaM vizvarUpa meM zrIkara kA nAma nahIM AtA / ataH zrIkara vizvarUpa ke samakAlIna yA kucha idhara-udhara ho sakate haiM, arthAt unakI tithi 800 tathA 1050 I0 ke madhya meM kahIM hogii| zrInAtha ke pitA zrIkara se ye nibandhakAra zrIkara bhinna vyakti haiN|

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medhAtithi 63. medhAtithi medhAtithi haiM manusmRti kI vistRta evaM vidvattApUrNa vyAkhyA ke yazasvI lekhaka / ye manusmRti ke sabase prAcIna mAne jAnevAle bhASyakAra haiN| medhAtithi ke bhASya kI kaI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM pAye jAnevAle adhyAyoM ke anta meM eka zloka AtA hai, jisakA yaha artha TapakatA hai ki sahAraNa ke putra madana nAmaka rAjA ne kisI deza se medhAtithi kI pratiyA~ ma~gAkara bhASya kA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| buhalara ke kathanAnusAra meghAtithi kazmIrI yA uttara bhArata ke rahanevAle the, kyoMki unake bhASya meM kazmIra kA bahuta varNana hai| ___medhAtithi ne nimnalikhita smRtikAroM kI kisI-na-kisI bahAne carcA kI hai----gautama, baudhAyana, Apastamba, vasiSTha, viSNu, zaMkha, manu, yAjJavalbadha, nArada, parAzara, bRhaspati, kAtyAyana aadi| medhAtithi ne bRhaspati ko vArtA evaM rAjanIti ke lekhakoM meM ginA hai| uzanA evaM cANakya daNDanIti, rAjanIti evaM rAjazAsana ke lekhakoM meM gine gaye haiN| kauTilya ke grantha se bahuta sthAnoM para uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| 'karmaNAmArambhopAyaH puruSadravyasaMpad dezakAlavibhAgo vinipAtapratIkAraH kAryasiddhiH' nAmaka pA~ca mantrAMgoM ke nAma jaise kauTilya meM Aye haiM vaise hI medhAtithi meN| medhAtithi ne asahAya evaM anya smRtivivaraNakAroM ke nAma liye haiN| sAMkhyakArikA ke eka zloka kA uddharaNa AyA hai| medhAtithi ne purANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unake kathanAnusAra vyAsa hI purANoM ke lekhaka haiM aura purANoM meM sRSTi kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| unhoMne vAkyapadIya kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| medhAtithi ne (manu para, 2.6) likhA hai ki pAMcarAtra, ninthi (jaina) evaM pAzupata loga AyoM ke samAja se bAhara ke haiN| medhAtithi ne pUrvamImAMsA kA vizeSa adhyayana kiyA thaa| unake bhASya meM 'vidhi' evaM 'arthavAda' nAmaka zabda bahudhA Ate gaye haiN| jaiminisUtroM kA havAlA dekara medhAtithi ne bahuta sthAnoM para manu kI vyAkhyA kI hai| unhoMne zAbarabhASya se uddharaNa liye haiN| unake bhASya meM kumArila kA nAma aura unakI upAdhi bhaTTapAda kA ullekha huA hai (manu para, 2.18) / medhAtithi ne kaI sthaloM para zaMkarAcArya ke zArIrakabhASya ke mata kA udghATana kiyA hai| kintu unhoMne zaMkara kI mAMti mokSa kA sArana kevala jJAna hai, aisA nahIM mAnA hai, pratyuta unhoMne jJAna evaM karma donoM ko Avazyaka samajhA hai| isakA kAraNa hai mImAMsA kA prbhaav| medhAtithi ke bhASya-grantha se prakaTa hotA hai ki Aja kI hI manusmRti inake samaya meM bhI thii| inhoMne cirantana evaM pUrva manusmRti-mASyakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inake bhASya meM manoraMjaka sUcanAe~ bharI huI haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 para, 2.124) ne asahAya eda medhAtithi (manu0 para, 9.118) ke matoM kI carcA karate hue kahA hai ki bhAiyoM meM ba~TavAre ke samaya ina logoM ne aviAhita bahina ke lie cauthAI bhAga kI vyavasthA kI hai| mitAkSarA ne likhA hai ki brAhmaNoM ke azauca kI avadhiyoM ke viSaya meM dhArezvara, vizvarUpa evaM medhAtithi ne RSyazRMga ke kathana kA khaNDana kiyA hai| medhAtithi ke anusAra, zAstra meM likhe gaye kartavyoM se chuTakArA le lene ko saMnyAsa nahIM kahate haiM, pratyuta ahaMkAra chor3a dene ko saMnyAsa kahate haiN| inake anusAra brAhmaNa kSatriya lar3ake ko bhI goda le sakatA hai| manusmRti kI vyAkhyA karate hue sthAna-sthAna para medhAtithi ne apanI kRti smRtiviveka se bhI uddharaNa liye haiN| smRtiviveka meM sambhavataH padya hI the| parAzaramAdhavIya ne smRtiviveka se bahuta uddharaNa liye haiN| lollaTa ne apane zrAddhaprakaraNa grantha meM medhAtithi kI carcA kI hai| tithinirNaya-sarvasamuccaya meM medhAtithi ke bahuta-se iloka uddhRta haiN| vizvezvara-sarasvatI ke yatidharmasaMgraha meM bhI medhAtithi kA ullekha huA hai| ina bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki medhAtithi ne dharma para bahuta-sI svatantra bAteM apane kisI anya meM likha rakhI thIM, jo paryApta prAmANika ho cukI thiiN| ho sakatA hai, yaha pustaka kabhI prApta ho jAya aura hameM vidvAn bhASyakAra ke kucha anya viziSTa mata prApta ho skeN| medhAtithi ne asahAya evaM kumArila ke nAma liye haiM aura sambhavataH zaMkara kA mata bhI uddhRta kiyA hai, ataH

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parmazAstra kA itihAsa unakA samaya 820 I0 ke bAda hI kahA jA sakatA hai| mitAkSarA ne unheM prAmANika rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai, ataH ve 1050 I0 ke pUrva kamI hue hoNge| manu ke anya vyAkhyAkAra kullUkamaTTa ne medhAtithi ko govindarAja (1050. 1100 I0) ke bahuta pUrva mAnA hai| 64. dhArezvara bhojadeva __mitAkSarA (yAza0 para, 2.135; ma0 9.217; 3.24) ne dhArezvara ke matoM kI carcA kI hai| isane likhA hai ki RSyazRga kI bahuta-sI bAteM dhArezvara, vizvarUpa evaM medhAtithi ko nahIM mAnya thiiN| hAralatA ne likhA hai ki jAtUkarmya ke bahuta-se mata mojadeva, vizvarUpa, govindarAja evaM kAmadhenu ne jAna-bUjhakara uddhRta nahIM kiye, kyoMki ve prAmANika nahIM the| dhArezvara dhArA ke bhojadeva hI haiM, yaha kaI pramANoM se siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| dAyabhAga ne mojadeva evaM dhArezvara donoM nAma liye haiN| pRthak-pRthak rUpa se uddhRta donoM ke uddharaNa eka hI haiN| vivAdatANDava ne, jo kamalAkara kI kRti hai, bhojadeva kA jo mata liyA hai, vaha mitAkSarA dvArA ullikhita dhArezvara ke ubaraNa ke samAna hI hai| mitAkSarA ne dhArezvara ko AcArya kI tathA smRticandrikA ne sUri kI upAdhi dI hai| vidvAnoM ke AzrayadAtA rAjA bhojadeva ne vidyA-jJAna-sambandhI bahuta-sI kRtiyoM kI racanA kI thii| sAhitya-zAstra para sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa tathA zrRMgAraprakAza nAmaka do grantha unhIM ke haiN| rAjamArtaNDa ke prArambhika zloka se patA calatA hai ki bhojadeva ne pataMjali ke samAna vyAkaraNa para eka grantha, yogasUtra para eka vRtti tathA rAjamRgAMka nAmaka cikitsA-grantha likhe| rAjamRgAMka nAmaka eka jyotiSa-grantha bhI unhoMne likhA / unakA eka grantha tattvaprakAza trivendram se prakAzita huA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki mojadeva (dhArezvara) ne dharmazAstra-sambandhI eka bRhat grantha likhA thA, jisakI ora mitAkSarA, dAyabhAga, hAralatA tathA anya granthoM ne saMketa kiye haiN| jImUtavAhana ne apane kAlaviveka meM grahaNoM ke samaya bhojana karane ke viSaya meM bhojadeva ke do zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| kisI-kisI grantha meM kisI bhUpAlapaddhati ke bahuta ubaraNa Ate haiN| sambhava hai yaha bhUpAla (rAjA) dhArezvara mojadeva hI haiN| bhojadeva kA eka grantha hai bhujabalanibandha, jo 18 adhyAyoM meM hai| yaha anya jyotiSa evaM dharmazAstra-sambandhI bAtoM se sambandhita hai, yathA strIjAtaka, karNAdiveSa, vrata, vivAhamelaka-dazaka, gRhakarmapraveza, saMkrAtisnAna, dvAdazamAsakRtya / bhojaprabandha se patA calatA hai ki rAjA bhoja ne 55 varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| bhoja ke cAcA muja 994-997 I0 meM tailapa dvArA mAre gaye aura muJa ke uparAnta sindhurAja gaddI para baitthaa| bhojadeva ke utarAdhikArI jayasiMha ke abhilekha kI tithi hai 1055-56 I0 / ataH bhojadeva 1000-1055 I0 ke madhya meM kamI hue hoNge| 65. devasvAmI smRticandrikA kA kahanA hai ki devasvAmI ne zrIkara evaM zambhu kI mAMti smRtiyoM para eka nibandha (smRtisamuccaya) likhA hai| divAkara ke putra evaM naidhruva gotra meM utpanna nArAyaNa ne apane AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra vAle bhASya meM yaha likhA hai ki unheM devasvAmI ke bhASya se bar3I sahAyatA milI hai| isI prakAra narasiMha ke putra gArya nArAyaNa ne apane AzvalAyanazrautasUtra ke bhASya meM devasvAmI ke bhASya kA sahArA liyA hai| lagatA hai, devasvAmI ne AzvalAyana ke zrauta evaM gRhya sUtroM ke bhASya ke atirikta eka nibandha bhI likhA thA jo prAmANika mAnA jAtA thaa| inake nibandha meM AcAra, vyavahAra, azauca Adi se sambandhita carcAeM huI haiM, jaisA ki

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jitendriya, bAlaka, bAlarUpa anya lekhakoM ke uddharaNoM se patA calatA hai| caturviMzatimata kI TIkA meM bhaTTojidIkSita ne azauca evaM zrAddha para devasvAmI ko uddhRta kiyA hai| hemAdri evaM mAdhava ne bhI devasvAmI kA ullekha kiyA hai| vyavahAra evaM azauca para smRpticandrikA ne kaI bAra isa nibandhakAra ke mata diye haiN| nanda paNDita kI vajayantI meM bhI devasvAmI ke uddharaNa Aye haiN| prapaJcahRdaya meM aisA AyA hai ki kisI devasvAmI ne baudhAyana evaM upavarSa ke bhASyoM ko bahuta bar3A samajhakara pUrvamImAMsA ke bAraha adhyAyoM para evaM saMkarSakANDa ke cAra adhyAyoM para saMkSipta TIkAe~ kiiN| kyA ye devasvAmI evaM dharmazAstra ke devasvAmI eka hI haiN| isakA uttara sarala nahIM hai| smRticandrikA kI carcA se yaha spaSTa hai ki devasvAmI 1150 I0 ke bAda ke nahIM ho skte| gArya nArAyaNa kI tithi lagabhaga 1100 I0 ke hai| ataH sambhavataH devasvAmI 1000-1050 ke bIca meM kabhI he| 66. jitendriya jitendriya una lekhakoM meM haiM jo eka hI bAra ati prasiddha hokara sadA ke lie vilupta ho jAte haiN| jImUtavAhana ke granthoM se patA calatA hai ki jiteMndriya ne dharmazAstra-sambandhI eka mahAgrantha likhA thaa| jImUtavAhana ne apane kAlaviveka meM mAsoM, tithiyoM Adi tathA unameM honevAle dhArmika kRtyoM ke viSaya meM jitendriya ko bhalI bhA~ti uddhata kiyA hai| aisA AyA hai ki jitendriya ne matsyapurANa se lekara 15 muhUrtoM kI gaNanA kI hai| jImUtavAhana ke dAyabhAga meM bhI jitendriya ke matoM kA prakAzana hai| jImUtavAhana ne apane 'vyavahAramAtRkA' nAmaka grantha meM jitendriya kA havAlA diyA hai| spaSTa hai ki jitendriya ne vyavahAra-vidhi para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| raghunandana ne apane dAyatattva meM inakI carcA kI hai| jitendriya, lagatA hai, baMgAlI the aura unakA kAla 1000-1050 I0 ke AsapAsa mAnA jAnA caahie| 67. bAlaka jitendriya ke samAna bAlaka bhI hamAre sAmane kevala mAma ke rUpa meM hI Ate haiN| inake viSaya meM bhI jImUtavAhana ne bahuta carcA kI hai| dAya ke viSaya meM bAlaka ke grantha meM paryApta carcA huI thI, jaisA ki jImUtavAhana ke uddharaNoM evaM AlocanAoM se patA calatA hai| bhavadeva ke prAyazcitta-nirUpaNa meM bAloka nAmaka lekhaka kA nAma AyA hai| ho sakatA hai ki yaha nAma baMgAlI lipika ke uccAraNa kI gar3abar3I se A gayA hai| anya granthoM meM bhI bAlaka kA nAma AtA hai, yathA raghunandana ke vyavahAratattva, zulapANi ke durgotsavaviveka meN| isase spaSTa hai ki bAlaka eka pUrvI baMgAlI the, jinhoMne vyavahAra evaM prAyazcitta para carcAe~ kI haiM aura prAmANika grantha likhe haiM, / unakA kAla 1100 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jA sakatA hai| 68. bAlarUpa putrahIna vyakti ke uttarAdhikAra ke prazna para harinAtha ke smRtisAra meM bApa ke matoM kA ullekha huA hai| misarU mizra ke vivAdacandra, vAcaspati ke vivAdacintAmaNi meM bAlarUpa ke mata uddhata kiye gaye haiN| putrahIna vyakti kI sampatti para usakI avivAhita putrI kA usakI vivAhita putrI ke pahale adhikAra hotA hai, aisA bAlarUpa ne kahA hai| yaha bAta unhoMne parAzara kI sammati para hI AdhArita rakhI hai| bAlarUpa ke anusAra Atmabandhu, pitRbandhu evaM mAtRbandhu krama se uttarAdhikAra pAte haiN| AdityabhaTTa ne apane kAlAdarza meM bAlarUpa ko pramANa mAnA hai| spaSTa hai, bAlarUpa ne vyavahAra evaM kAla donoM para grantha likhe|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa harinAtha evaM vivAdacandra meM carcA hone ke kAraNa bAlarUpa 1250 I0 ke pUrva hI hue hoNge| yahA~ eka pramukha prazna uTha sakatA hai; kyA bAlaka evaM bAlarUpa eka hI haiM ? sambhavataH donoM eka hI haiN| mithilA ke lekhakoM ne, yathA misaru mizra, vAcaspati evaM harinAtha ne bAlarUpa kA hI varNana kiyA hai, bAlaka kA nahIM / bAlaka kA nAma kevala baMgAlI lekhakoM ke granthoM meM hI AtA hai| eka sthAna para jImUtavAhana ne bAlaka ke bAlarUpatva kI khillI ur3AyI hai| isase yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki donoM eka hI haiN| bAlaka yA bAlarUpa kA samaya 1100 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jA sakatA hai| 72 69. yogloka jitendriya evaM bAlaka kI bhA~ti yogloka kA nAma bhI kevala jImUtavAhana evaM raghunandana kI kRtiyoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| jImUtavAhana ke kAlaviveka meM kAla ke viSaya meM carcA karanevAle lekhakoM meM yogloka kA nAma anta meM hI liyA gayA hai| jImUtavAhana ne apanI vyavahAramAtRkA meM yogloka ko nava- tArkikammanya arthAt eka naye tArkika ke rUpa meM mAnA hai aura unakI khillI ur3AyI hai| jImUtavAhana ke kAlaviveka evaM vyavahAramAtRkA meM yogloka ke matoM kA sarvatra khaNDana huA hai| jImUtavAhana ne unheM bRhad yogloka evaM svalpa-yogloka nAmaka do granthoM kA racayitA mAnA hai| yogloka ne zrIkara ke matoM ko mAnA hai, ataH unakA kAla zrIkara ke bAda hI AyegA / raghunandana ke vyavahAratatva meM aisA AyA hai ki yogloka ne zrIkara evaM bAlaka kI bhA~ti 20 varSa taka ke sthAvara sampatti ke adhikAra ko vAstavika adhikAra mAna liyA hai| raghunandana ne likhA hai ki yogloka ko maithila loga pramANa mAnate the| yogloka ne kAla evaM vyavahAra para grantha likhe aura sambhavataH kAla para unake do nibandha the | yogloka kA kAla 950-1050 I0 ke bIca meM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki ve jImUtavAhana se kama-se-kama eka sau varSa pahale hue hoNge| 70. vijJAnezvara dharmazAstra - sAhitya meM vijJAnezvara kA mitAkSarA nAmaka grantha eka apUrva sthAna rakhatA hai| yaha grantha utanA hI prabhAvazAlI mAnA jAtA rahA hai jitanA byAkaraNa meM patanjali kA mahAbhASya evaM sAhityazAstra meM mammaTa kA kAvyaprakAza / vijJAnezvara ne mitAkSarA meM apane pUrva ke lagabhaga do sahasra varSoM se cale Aye hue matoM ke sAratatva ko grahaNa kiyA aura aisA rUpa khar3A kiyA jisake prakAza meM anya matoM evaM siddhAntoM kA vikAsa huaa| Aja ke bhAratIya vyavahAra (kAnUna) meM mitAkSarA kA atyadhika hAtha rahA hai / kevala baMgAla meM dAyabhAga kI prabalatA rhii| mitAkSarA yAjJavalkyasmRti para eka bhASya hai| bahuta-sI pratiyoM ke adhyAyoM ke anta meM Rju mitAkSarA, pramitAkSarA yA kevala mitAkSarA nAma AyA hai| mitAkSarA kevala yAjJavalkyasmRti kA eka mASya mAtra hI nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha smRti-sambandhI eka nibandha hai| isameM bahuta-sI smRtiyoM ke uddharaNa haiM, yaha nibandha smRtiyoM ke antavirodhoM ko pUrvamImAMsA kI paddhati se vyAkhyA dvArA dUra karatA hai, aura bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke viSayoM ko unake sthAnoM para rakhakara eka saMzliSTa vyavasthA utpanna karatA hai| isameM pahale ke chaH smRtikAroM ke, jinhoMne nibandha yA mASya likhe haiM, nAma Ate haiM, yathA -- asahAya, vizvarUpa, medhAtithi, zrIkara, mAruci tathA bhojadeva / smRtiyoM evaM smRtikAroM ke nimna nAma avalokanIya haiM - aMgirA, bRhadaMgirA, madhyamAMgirA, atri, Apastamba, AzvalAyana, upamanyu, uzanA, RSyazRGkha, kazyapa, kANva, kAtyAyana, kASrNAjini kumAra, kRSNadvaipAyana, Rtu, gArgya, gRhyapariziSTa, gomila,

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vijJAnezvara gautama, caturviMzatimata, cyavana, chAgala (chAgaleya), jamadagni, jAtUkarNya, jAbAla, (jAbAli), jaimini, dakSa, dIrghatamA, devala, dhaumya, nArada, parAzara, pAraskara, pitAmaha, pulastya, paigya, paiThInasi, pracetA, bRhatpracetA, vRddhapracetA, prajApati, bASkala, bRhaspati, vRddhabRhaspati, baudhAyana, brahmagarbha, brAhmavadha, bhAradvAja, bhRgu, manu, bRhanmanu, vRddhamanu, marIci, mArkaNDeye, yama, bRhadyama, yAjJavalkya, bRhadyAjJavalkya, vRddhayAjJavalkya, likhita, laugAkSi, vasiSTha, bRhadvasiSTha, vRddhavasiSTha, viSNu, bRhadviSNu, vRddhaviSNu, vaiyAghrapada, vaizampAyana, vyAghra (vyAghrapAda), vyAsa, bRhadvyAsa, zaMkha, zaMkhalikhita, zANDilya, zAtAtapa, bRhajchAtAtapa, vRddhazAtAtapa, zunaHpuccha, zaunaka, SaTtriMzanmata, saMvarta, bRhatsaMvarta, sumantu, hArIta, bRhaddhArIta, vRddhhaariit| mitAkSarA meM nimna granthoM kI carcA huI hai-kAThaka, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, garmopaniSad, jAbAlopaniSad, nirukta, nATyazAstra ke lekhaka bharata, yogasUtra, pANini, suzruta, skandapurANa, viSNupurANa, amara, guru (prbhaakr)| vijJAnezvara ne apane bhASya ke anta meM apane ko vijJAnayogI kahA hai aura kAlAntara ke lekhakoM ne bhI unheM vaisA hI kahA hai| ve bhAradvAja gotra ke padmanAbha bhaTTa ke suputra the| ve svayaM paramahaMsa uttama ke ziSya the| jaba unhoMne mitAkSarA kA praNayana kiyA taba kalyANanagarI meM vikramArka yA vikramAdityadeva zAsana kara rahe the| mitAkSarA ke praNetA pUrvamImAMsA-paddhati ke gUr3ha jJAtA the, kyoMki sampUrNa pustaka meM kahIM-na-kahIM pUrvamImAMsA-nyAya kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| mitAkSarA, jaisA ki isake nAma se jJAta hotA hai, eka saMkSipta vivaraNa vAlI racanA hai| mitAkSarA meM vizvarUpa, medhAtithi evaM dhArezvara ke nAma Ate haiM, ataH vaha 1050 ke bAda kI racanA hai| devaNNamaTa kI smaticandrikA kA praNayana 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga haA thaa| isane mitAkSarA-siddhAntoM kI AlocanA kI hai| lakSmIdhara ke kalpataru meM vijJAnezvara kA nAma AyA hai| lakSmIdhara 12vIM zatAbdI ke dUsare caraNa meM hue the| ataH mitAkSarA kA praNayana 1120 I0 ke pUrva huA thaa| anya sUtroM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mitAkSarA kA racanAkAla 1070-1100 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM hai| ___ mitAkSarA ke bhI bhASya hue haiM, jinameM vizvezvara, nanda paNDita evaM bAlammaTTa ke nAma ati prasiddha haiN| yahA~ para sthAna-saMkoca se vijJAnezvara ke siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sktii| unhoMne dAya ko aprativandha evaM sapratibandha nAmaka do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai aura balapUrvaka kahA hai ki putra, pautra evaM prapautra vasIyata para janma se hI adhikAra pAte haiN| isa viSaya meM ve jImUtavAhana ke matoM ke sarvathA virodha meM haiN| ___ Aphrekhta ne apanI sUcI meM azaucadazaka nAmaka grantha ke viSaya meM paraspara-virodhI bAteM kahI hai| azaucadazaka ke lekhaka haiM harihara aura isa para vijJAnezvara kI eka TIkA hai| Dekana kAleja ke saMgraha me zaucadazaka nAmaka eka hastalikhita prati hai, jisameM yaha likhA hai ki vijJAnezvara yogI ne zArdUlavikrIDita chaH meM azauca para eka racanA kI, jisa para harihara ne eka TIkA likhii| aba yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki ha hara yA to vijJAnezvara ke ziSya the yA unake samakAlIna the| unake kisI anya para vijJAnezvara ne nahIM, pratyuta unhoMne svayaM vijJAnezvara ke azaucadazaka yA dazazlokI nAmaka grantha para TIkA likhii| triMzat-zlokI nAmaka grantha ke bhASyakAra vijJAnezvara hI haiM, aisA kucha loga samajhA karate the, kintu aisI bAta nahIM mAnI jaatii| nArAyaNalikhita vyavahAraziromaNi nAmaka grantha kI eka hastalipi madrAsa rAjakIya pustakAlaya meM hai| nArAyaNa ne isameM apane ko vijJAnezvara kA ziSya ghoSita kiyA hai| yaha grantha 'bAlabodhArtham' likhA gayA hai| isameM janatA ke jhagar3oM ke nipaTAre ke viSaya meM rAjA ke kartavyoM, samaya, sabhA, prADvivAka (nyAyAdhIza), abhiyoga aura usake doSa, Asedha (prativAdI ke Upara niyantraNa), vyavahAra-sambandhI 18 padoM kI siddhi ke lie upAya, RNadAna, nikSepa, saMbhUya-samutthAna, dattApradAnika, abhyupetyAzuzrUSA, vetanasyAnapAkarma, asvAmivikraya, dharma-10

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74 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vikrIyAsampradAna, krItvAnuzaya, samayasyAnapAkarma, sImA-vivAda, strIpuMsayoga, dAyavibhAga Adi kA varNana hai| isa anya meM mitAkSarA kI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM, kintu nArAyaNa ne apane guru se eka bAta meM virodha prakaTa kiyA hai| mitAkSarA meM vibhAjana ke cAra avasara batAye gaye haiM, kintu nArAyaNa ne kevala do avasaroM kI carcA kI hai, yathA (1) pitA kI icchA tathA (2) putra yA putroM kI icchaa| sambhUyasamutthAna meM unhoMne kauTilya ke arthazAstra se eka uddharaNa liyA hai, jo Aja ke prakAzita kauTilIya meM pAyA jAtA hai| 71. kAmadhenu dharmazAstra kI vividha zAkhAoM para kAmadhenu nAmaka eka prAcIna nibandha thA, kintu abhAgyavaza Aja taka isakI koI prati nahIM mila sakI hai| lakSmIdhara ke kalpataru meM kAmadhenu ke mata kI carcA hai| hAralatA meM bhI, jo 12vIM zatAbdI ke tRtIya caraNa meM praNIta huI thI, kAmadhenu kI kaI bAra carcA huI hai| zrIdharAcArya ne apane smRtyarthasAra meM, caNDezvara ne apane vivAdaratnAkara meM, zrAddhakriyAkaumudI meM, zUlapANi ne apane zrAddhaviveka meM, zrIdatta ne apane samayapradIpa meM kAmadhenu ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki kAmadhenu kA lekhaka kauna hai| caNDezvara ke vyavahAraratnAkara meM kAmadhenu ke lekhaka gopAla nAmaka vyakti pratIta hote haiN| yaha bAta ThIka jaMcatI hai| ApherUta ne zambhu nAmaka vyakti ko tathA DA0 jAyasavAla ne bhoja ko kAmadhenu kA lekhaka mAnA hai, kintu isa mAnyatA ke lie koI puSTa AdhAra nahIM hai| mitAkSarA evaM * medhAtithi ne isakI carcA nahIM kI hai, ataH isakI tithi 1000-1100 I0 ke madhya meM kabhI hogii| 72. halAyudha lakSmIghara ke kalpataru meM vyavahAra-kovida halAyudha kA kaI bAra ullekha huA hai| caNDezvara ke vivAdaratnAkara evaM harinAtha ke smRtisAra meM halAyudha ke nibandha ke matoM kI carcA huI hai| smRtisAra ne halAyudha ke matAnasAra kahA hai ki yadi apatra pati kI matya para patnI niyoga se patra utpanna karane para sannaddha na ho to use uttarAdhikAra se vaJcita kara denA caahie| yahI dhArezvara kA bhI mata thaa| vivAdacintAmaNi meM bhI halAyudha kI carcA huI hai| raghunandana ne apane dAyatattva, vyavahAratattva evaM divyatattva meM tathA vIramitrodaya ne bhI halAyudha ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina carcAoM se spaSTa hai ki halAyudha kI kRti bar3I mUlyavAn thii| kalpataru ne halAyudha ko pramANa mAnA hai, ataH ve 1100 I0 ke pUrva hI hue hoNge| medhAtithi, mitAkSarA Adi ne halAyudha kI carcA nahIM kI hai, kyoMki unhoMne dhArezvara, jitendriya tathA anya virodhI matoM ke samAna hI apane mata rakhe haiN| ataH ve 1000 I0 ke pahale nahIM jA skte| halAyudha 1000-1100 ke madhya meM kamI hue hoNge| kaI eka halAyudhoM kI kRtiyAM prakAza meM AyI haiN| yathA-abhidhAnaratnamAlA, kavirahasya, mRtasaMjIvanI, brAhmaNasarvasva tathA kAtyAyana ke zrAddhakalpasUtra kA prakAza nAmaka bhaassy| inameM prathama tIna ke kartA halAyudha sAhitya-zAstrI haiM jo dharmazAstrapremI halAyudha se bahuta pahale 994-997 I0 ke lagabhaga hue the| cauthe grantha ke lekhaka halAyadha dharmazAstrakAra halAyudha nahIM haiN| isI prakAra prakAza ke lekhaka bhI tithi ke prazna para dharmazAstrakAra halAyudha nahIM ho skte| 73. bhavadeva bhaTTa raghunandana ke vyavahAratattva evaM vIramitrodaya se patA calatA hai ki mavadeva bhaTTa ne vyavahAra-vidhi para

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bhavadeva bhaTTa, prakAza vyavahAratilaka nAmaka grantha likhA thaa| vyavahAratattva ne bhavadeva bhaTTa ke durbala kAraNa vAle eka uttara kA udAharaNa dekara usakA vivecana upasthita kiyA hai| usI grantha meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki zrIkara, bAlaka tathA anya lekhakoM ke samAna mavadeva bhaTTa ne bhI viparIta adhikAra ke viSaya meM mata prakAzita kiyA hai| misarU mizra ke vivAdacandra ne bhI bhavadeva ke vicAroM kI carcA kI hai| AtatAyI ke mArane ke bAre meM sumantu ke kathanoM para bhavadeva ke mata kI carcA bIramitrodaya ne kI hai| sarasvatIvilAsa evaM nanda paNDita ke 'vaijayantI' nAmaka granthoM ne bhI bhavadeva ke matoM kI carcA kI hai| ina saba carcAoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki bhavadeva bhaTTa kA vyavahAratilaka nyAya-vidhi para eka mUlyavAn anya avazya samajhA jAtA rhaa| abhAgyavaza abhI grantha kI prati nahIM mila sakI hai| bhavadeva bhaTTa ne anya anya bhI likhe haiN| Dekana kAleja ke saMgraha meM bhavadeva kI kaI nAmoM vAlI, yathA karmAnuSThAnapaddhati yA dazakarmapaddhati yA dazakarmadIpaka kRti kI do hastalikhita pratiyAM haiN| ema0 ema0 cakravartI ke kathana se patA calatA hai ki yaha grantha prakAzita ho cukA hai| isa graMtha meM sAmaveda par3hanevAle brAhmaNa ke dasa pramukha kriyA saMskAroM kA varNana hai| pramukha viSaya ye haiM-navagraha-homa, mAtRpUjA, pANigrahaNa tathA anya vaivAhika kArya; vivAhoparAnta cauthe dina para homa, garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana, soSyantIhoma (vacje ke janma para homa), jAtakarma, niSkramaNa, nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, cUr3AkaraNa, upanayana, samAvartana, zAlAkarma (nava gRha meM prathama prvesh)| bhavadeva kI dUsarI kRti hai prAyazcittanirUpaNa jisameM lekhaka kI upAdhi hai baalvlbhii-bhujNg| isameM 25 smRtikAroM, matsya evaM bhaviSya purANoM, vizvarUpa, zrIkara evaM bAloka (bAlaka ? ) kI carcA huI hai| vedAcArya ke smRtiratnAkara meM isa grantha ko prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM manu ke bAda sabase adhika mAna diyA gayA hai| bhavadeva bhaTTa kI tIsarI kRti hai tautAtitamatatilaka, jisameM kumArila bhaTTa ke anusAra pUrvamImAMsA ke siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| ur3IsA ke purI jile ke bhuvanezvara ke anantavAsudeva ke mandira ke eka abhilekha meM bhavadeva ke bAre meM bharapUra carcA hai| kIlahaoNrna ke kathanAnusAra abhilekha 12vIM zatAbdI kA hai| hemAdri, misarU mizra evaM harinAtha ne bhavadeva bhaTTa se uddharaNa liyA hai, ataH bhavadeva bhaTTa kI tithi lagabhaga 1100 I0 hai| kucha anya dharmazAstra-lekhakoM kA nAma bhavadeva hai| dAnadharmaprakriyA (17vIM zatAbdI) ke lekhaka evaM smRticandrikA (18vIM zatAbdI) ke lekhaka kA nAma bhavadeva hI hai| bhavadeva bhaTTa kI kRti karmAnuSThAna-paddhati para saMsArapaddhatirahasya nAmaka eka bhASya bhI hai| 74. prakAza Arambhika nibandhakAroM ne prakAza nAmaka eka grantha kI carcA kI hai| kAtyAyana ke eka zloka para kalpataru ne prakAza, halAyudha evaM kAmadhenu kI vyAkhyA kA ullekha kiyA hai| kama-se-kama bIsa bAra caNDezvara ne apane vivAdaratnAkara meM prakAza ke matoM kI carcA kI hogii| kabhI-kabhI prakAza pArijAta ke sAtha hI ullikhita hotA hai| isI prakAra kaI eka granthoM meM prakAza ke matoM kA havAlA diyA gayA hai| isa pustaka meM vyavahAra, dAna, zrAddha Adi para prakaraNa the, yaha bAta uddharaNoM se siddha ho jAtI hai| hama yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kaha sakate ki prakAza eka svatantra grantha thA yA eka bhASya maatr| kabhI-kabhI aisA malakatA hai ki yaha yAjJavalkyasmRti kA mAno bhASya hai| vivAdacintAmaNi meM prakAza kI vyAkhyAoM kI ora saMketa huA hai| vIramitrodaya meM prakAza kI manu-sambandhI vyAkhyAoM kA khaNDana pAyA jAtA hai| kalpataru meM ullikhita hone ke kAraNa prakAza kI tithi 1125 I0 ke pUrva hI mAnI jaaygii| prakAza meM meghAtithi kA

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76 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ullekha hai| prakAza kA praNayana-kAla 1000 evaM 1100 I. ke madhya meM kahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| hemAdri ne mahArNava-prakAza nAmaka eka grantha se uddharaNa liyA hai| sambhavataH yaha grantha prakAza hI hai| 75. pArijAta bahuta-se granthoM kA 'pArijAta' upanAma milatA hai, yathA---vidhAnapArijAta (1625 I0), madanapArijAta (1375 I0) evaM prayogapArijAta (1400-1500 ii0)| kintu prAcIna nibandhakAroM ne pArijAta nAmaka eka svatantra grantha kI carcA kI hai| kalpataru ne bahuta bAra pArijAta ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kalpataru tathA vivAdaratnAkara ne pArijAta evaM prakAza ko adhikatara uddhata kiyA hai| vivAdaratnAkara ne to kalpataru, pArijAta, halAyudha evaM prakAza ko mahattvapUrNa pUrvagAmI kRtiyAM mAnA hai| harinAtha ke smRtisAra meM bhI pArijAta ke uddharaNa Aye haiN| pArijAta ne niyoga kA samarthana kiyA hai| pArijAta vyavahAra, dAna Adi viSayoM para eka svatantra grantha thA, isameM koI sandeha nahIM raha gayA hai| yaha 1125 I0 ke pUrva likhA gayA hogA, kyoMki kalpataru ne isakA havAlA diyA hI hai| yaha mitAkSarA dvArA uddhata nahIM hai, kintu halAyudha, bhojadeva Adi ke samAna vivavA ke adhikAra ko mAnanevAlA hai, ata: isakI tithi 1000-1125 ke bIca meM honI caahie| 76. govindarAja govindarAja ne manu-TIkA nAmaka apane manusmRti-bhASya (manu0 3.247-248) meM likhA hai ki unhoMne smRtimaJjarI nAmaka eka svatantra pustaka bhI likhI hai| isa pustaka ke kucha aMza Aja upalabdha hote haiN| govindarAja kI jIvanI ke viSaya meM bhI unakI kRtiyoM se prakAza milatA hai| manuTIkA evaM smRtimaJjarI meM unheM maMgA ke kinAre rahanevAle nArAyaNa ke putra mAdhava kA putra kahA gayA hai| kucha logoM ne isI se vanArasa ke rAjA govindacandra se unakI tulanA kI hai, kintu yaha bAta galata hai, kyoMki rAjA kSatriya the aura govindarAja the baahmnn| govindarAja ne purANoM, gRhyasUtroM, yogasUtra Adi kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne Andhra jaise mleccha dezoM meM yajJoM kI manAhI kI hai| unhoMne medhAtithi kI bhA~ti mokSa ke lie jJAna evaM karma kA sAmaJjasya cAhA hai| kullaka ne medhAtithi evaM govindarAja ke bhASyoM se bahata uddharaNa liye haiN| dAyabhAga meM govindarAja kI carcA hai| govindarAja kI smRticandrikA meM dharmazAstra-sambandhI sArI bAteM A gayI haiN| kullaka ne medhAtithi ko govindarAja se bahuta prAcIna kahA hai| mitAkSarA ne medhAtithi evaM bhojadeva kA ullekha to kiyA hai, kintu govindarAja kA nhiiN| isase yaha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki govindarAja 1050 I0 ke uparAnta hI utpanna hue hoNge| aniruddha kI hAralatA (1160 I0) meM govindarAja kI carcA huI hai aura ve vizvarUpa, mojadeva evaM kAmadhenu kI bhAMti prAmANika ThaharAye gaye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki govindarAja 1125 I0 ke bAda nahIM ho skte| dAyabhAga ne govindarAja ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jImUtavAhana ne bhojarAja evaM vizvarUpa ke sAtha govindarAja kA bhI havAlA diyA hai| hemAdri ne bhI govindarAja ke mata kA udghATana kiyA hai| ataH uparyukta dharmazAstra-kovidoM ke kAloM ko dekhate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki govindarAja 1050-1080 I. ke madhya meM kahIM hue hoNge| kintu yaha bAta jImUtavAhana kI 1090-1140 vAlI tithi para hI AdhArita hai aura abhI taka jImUtavAhana kI tithi ke viSaya meM koI nizcitatA nahIM sthApita ho sakI hai|

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kalpataru, jImUtavAhana 77. lakSmIghara kA kalpataru kalpataru ne mithilA, baMgAla evaM sAmAnyataH sampUrNa uttara bhArata ko prabhAvita kara rakhA thaa| yaha eka bRhad grantha thA, kintu abhAgyavaza abhI isakI sampUrNa prati nahIM mila sakI hai| yaha grantha kaI kANDoM meM vibhAjita thaa| sampUrNa grantha ko kRtyakalpataru yA kevala kalpataru yA kalpadruma yA kalpavRkSa kahA jAtA hai| isa grantha meM dharmazAstra-sambandhI sArI bAtoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai, aisA lagatA hai| lakSmIdhara rAjA govindacandra ke sAndhivigrahika mantrI the| unakI kUTanItika cAloM se hI govindacandra ne apane zatruoM para vijaya prApta kI, aisA kalpataru meM AyA hai| yadyapi kalpataru mitAkSarA se bahuta bar3A hai, kintu vidvattA, sampAdana evaM vyAkhyA meM usakI koI barAbarI nahIM kara sktaa| isameM AcAra-sambandhI bAtoM ke atirikta vyavahAra-viSayaka kaI kANDa the| rAjadharma para bhI lakSmIdhara ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| kalpataru meM vizeSataH smRtikAroM, mahAkAvyoM evaM purANo ke hI uddharaNa Aye haiN| vyavahAra kANDa meM medhAtithi, zaMkhalikhita ke bhASya, prakAza, vijJAnezvara, halAyudha evaM kAmadhenu nAmaka nibandhoM ke uddharaNa bhI haiN| lakSmIdhara kI tithi saralatA se siddha kI jA sakatI hai| unhoMne vijJAnezvara ko uddhRta kiyA hai, ata: ve 1100 ke bAda hI A sakate haiN| aniruddha kI karmopadezinI (1160 I0 meM likhita) meM kalpataru ke uddharaNa Aye haiM, ata: ve 1100-1150 ke vIca hI meM kabhI hue hoNge| lakSmIdhara gahar3avAra yA rAThaura rAjA govindacandra ke mantrI the, isa rUpa meM ve 12vIM zatAbdI ke hI Thaharate haiN| __kAlAntara meM kalpataru kI bar3I prasiddhi huii| baMgAla ke sabhI prasiddha lekhakoM, yathA aniruddha, ballAla , raghunandana ne kalpataru kI carcAe~ kI haiM aura isake lekhaka lakSmIdhara ko Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA hai| mithilA meM ve baMgAla se kahIM adhika prasiddha the| caNDezvara ne apane vivAdaratnAkara meM kalpataru ke zabdoM evaM bhAvanAoM ko saikar3oM bAra uddhata kiyA hai| harinAtha ne apane smRtisAra meM aura zrIdatta ne apane AcArAdarza meM kalpataru ko bahuta bAra uddhRta kiyA hai| dakSiNa evaM pazcima bhArata meM bhI lakSmIdhara kA prabhUta prabhAva thaa| hemAdri evaM sarasvatIvilAsa ne Adara ke sAtha kalpataru kA ullekha kiyA hai, yahA~ taka ki lakSmIdhara ko unhoMne bhagavAn kI upAdhi de DAlI hai| jaba anya saMkSipta nibandhoM kA praNayana ho gayA tabhI kalpataru andhakAra meM chipa gayA, tathApi dattakamImAMsA, vIramitrodaya tathA ToDarAnanda ne kalpataru kI carcA ko hai| 78. jImUtavAhana jImUtavAhana, zUlapANi evaM raghunandana baMgAla ke dharmazAstrakAroM ke trideva haiN| jImUtavAhana sarvazreSTha haiN| inake tIna jJAta grantha prakAzita haiM, yathA--kAlaviveka, vyavahAramAtRkA evaM daaybhaag| ye tInoM anya dharmaratna nAma vAle eka bRhad anya ke tIna aMga mAtra haiN| kAlaviveka meM RtuoM, mAsoM, dhArmika kriyA-saMskAroM ke kAloM, malamAsoM (adhika mAsoM), saura evaM cAndra mAsoM meM honevAle utsavoM, vedAdhyayana ke utsarjana evaM upAkarma, agastyodaya, viSNa ke sonevAle cAra mAsoM, kojAgara, durgotsava, grahaNa Adi paryoM evaM utsavoM ke kAsoM kA vizada varNana hai| jImUtavAhana ke kAlaviveka meM pUrvamImAMsA ke pramUta ullekha hue haiN| isa grantha ko vAcaspati kI zrAddhacintAmaNi, govindacandra kI zrAddhakaumudI evaM varSakriyAkaumudI ne tathA raghunandana ke sattvoM ne sthAna-sthAna para uddhRta kiyA hai| vyavahAramAtRkA meM vyavahAra-vidhiyoM kA varNana hai| isameM 18 vyavahArapadoM, prAvivAka (nyAyAdhIza) zabda ke udgama, prAvivAka yogya vyaktiyoM, vividha prakAra ke nyAyAlayoM, sabhyoM ke kartavya, vyavahAra ke cAra

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa staroM, pUrvapakSa, pratimU, pUrvapakSa-doSa, uttara (prativAdI kA uttara), cAra prakAra ke uttara, uttara-doSa, kriyA (siddha karane kA pramANa), devI evaM mAnavI (mAnuSI) pramANa (yathA-divya, anumAna, sAkSiyA~, lekhapramANa, svatva) evaM sAkSiyoM ke yogya vyaktiyoM kI carcA hai| vyavahAramAtRkA (nyAyamAtRkA yA nyAyaratnamAlikA) meM lagabhaga 20 smRtikAroM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA uzanA, kAtyAyana, bRhatkAtyAyana, kauNDinya, gautama, nArada, pitAmaha, prajApati, bRhaspati, manu, yama, yAjJavalkya, likhita, bRhadvasiSTha, viSNu, vyAsa, zaMkha, vRddhazAtAtapa, saMvarta evaM hArIta, jinameM kAtyAyana, bRhaspati evaM nArada ke nAma bahuta bAra Aye haiN| isameM nimnalikhita nibandhakAroM ke nAma Aye haiM-jitendriya, dIkSita, bAla (bAlaka), bhojadeva, maJjarIkAra (govindarAja), yogloka, vizvarUpa, zrIkara (zrIkara mishr)| jImUtavAhana ne yogloka evaM zrIkara kI AlocanA kI hai aura yogloka kI sthAna sthAna para bhartsanA bhI kI hai| inhoMne vizvarUpa tathA anya prAcIna nibandhakAroM kI prazaMsA bhI kI hai| raghunandana ne apane vyavahAratattva evaM dAyatattva meM vyavahAramAtRkA kI carcA kI hai| jImUtavAhana kA tIsarA grantha dAyabhAga sarvazreSTha evaM sarvaprasiddha hai| hindU kAnUnoM meM, vizeSataH riktha, vibhAjana, strIdhana, punarmilana Adi meM dAyabhAga ne bahuta yoga diyA hai| baMgAla tathA vahA~, jahA~ mitAkSarA kA prabhAva nahIM hai, ina viSayoM meM dAyabhAga hI eka mAtra pramANa mAnA jAtA rahA hai| dAyabhAga ke kaI bhApyakAra ho gaye haiN| dAyamAga kI viSaya-vastu yoM hai-dAya kI paribhASA, pUrvajoM kI sampatti para pitA kA prabhAva yA svatva, pitA evaM pitAmaha kI sampatti kA vibhAjana, pitA kI mRtyu ke uparAnta bhAiyoM meM ba~TavArA, strIdhana kI paribhASA, zreNIkaraNa evaM nikSepaNa, asamarthatA ke kAraNa basIyata (dAya) evaM ba~TavAre se kauna loga pRthaka kiye jA sakate haiM, nikSepaNa yogya sampatti, putrahIna ke uttarAdhikAra kI vidhi, punarmilana, gupta dhana prApta hone para rikcAdhikAriyoM meM ba~TavArA, vibhAjana-prakAzana / bAga aura mitAkSarAke makhya vimeda nimna haiN| dAyabhAga meM patroM kA janma se paitaka sampatti meM adhikAra nahIM hai, pitA ke svatva ke binAza para hI (arthAt pitA kI mRtyu para, patita ho jAne para yA saMnya para hI) putra dAya para adhikAra pA sakate haiM, yA pitA kI icchA para usameM aura putroM meM vibhAjana ho sakatA hai| pati ke adhikAra para vidhavA kA adhikAra ho jAtA hai, bhale hI pati evaM usake bhAI kA saMyukta dhana ho| rikSAdhikAra mRta vyakti ko piNDadAna karane para nirbhara rahatA hai, yaha sagotratA para, mitAkSarA ke matAnusAra nahIM nirbhara rhtaa| dAyamAga meM smRtikAroM, mahAbhArata evaM mArkaNDeya purANa ke atirikta nimna lekhakoM ke nAma Aye haiM; udgrAhamalla, govindarAja (manuTIkA ke lekhaka), jitendriya, dIkSita, bAlaka, bhojadeva yA dhArezvara, vizvarUpa evaM shriikr| ___ jImUtavAhana ne apane bAre meM na-kucha-sA kahA hai| unhoMne apane ko pAribhadra kula meM utpanna mAnA hai| unakA janma-sthAna sambhavataH rADhA thaa| jImUtavAhana kI tithi ke viSaya meM bhI nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hI hai| 11vIM zatAbdI se 16vIM zatAbdI taka khIMcAtAnI hotI rahI hai| jImUtavAhana ne dhArezvara bhojadeva evaM govindarAja kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH ve 11vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva nahIM rakhe jA skte| isI prakAra unake uddharaNa zUlapANi, vAcaspati mizra evaM raghunandana kI kRtiyoM meM pAye jAte haiM, ataH ve 15vI zatI ke madhya bhAga ke bAda nahIM jA skte| kAlaviveka kI eka hastalikhita prati meM paTakasiMha nAmaka vyakti ke putra kI kuNDalI hai, jisa para zaka saMvat 1417 (arthAt 1495 I0) aMkita hai| ata: jImUtavAhana 1400 I0 ke bAda nahIM jA sakate, kyoMki uparyukta hastalikhita prati ke bahuta pahale hI to jImRtavAhana prasiddha ho sake hoNge|

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jImUtavAhana, maparA kAlaviveka meM kAlacarcA karate hue jImUtavAhana ne eka sthAna para 1091-1092 I0 kI gaNanA kI hai| lekhaka ko samIpa ke kAla kI carcA aura gaNanA hI suvidhAjanaka lagatI hai, ataH jImUtavAhana 1090 tathA 1130 ke madhya meM hue hoNge| kintu eka virodha khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai| 12vIM zatAbdI se lekara 14vIM taka kisI bhI dharmazAstrakAra ne jImUtavAhana kA nAma nahIM liyA hai| hAralatA, kullUka ke bhASya Adi ne unakI kahIM bhI carcA nahIM kI hai| vidvAnoM ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki jImUtavAhana ne mitAkSarA kI AlocanA kI hai| isase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jImUtavAhana mitAkSarA ke bAda to Aye, kintu unakI tithi kI madhya kar3I kyA hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| 79. aparArka aparAditya ne yAjJavalkyasmRti para eka bahuta hI vistRta TIkA likhI hai, jo aparArka-yAjJavalkya-dharmazAstra-nibandha ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| yaha AnandAzrama presa (pUnA) se do jildoM meM prakAzita huA hai| isa nibandha ke anta meM lekhaka vidyAdharavaMza ke jImUtavAhana kula meM utpanna rAjA zilAhAra, aparAditya kahe gaye haiN| yaha grantha yadyapi mitAkSarA kI bhAMti yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA hai, kintu yaha eka nibandha hai| yaha mitAkSarA se bahuta bRhat hai| isane gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM evaM padyabaddha smRtiyoM se binA kisI roka ke lambe-lambe uddharaNa liye haiN| mitAkSarA se yaha kaI bAtoM meM bhinna hai| jahA~ mitAkSarA ne purANoM se uddharaNa lene meM bar3I sAvadhAnI pradazita kI hai, isane katipaya purANoM se lambe-lambe aMza utAra liye haiM, yathA Adi, Aditya, kUrma, kAlikA, devI, nandI, nRsiMha, padma, brahma, brahmANDa, bhaviSyat, bhaviSyottara, matsya, mArkaNDeya, liMga, varAha, vAmana, vAyu, viSNu, viSNudharmottara, zivadharmottara evaM skanda nAmaka purANoM se| isa lambI saMkhyA meM purANa evaM upapurANa donoM sammilita haiN| isameM dharmasUtroM (gautama, vasiSTha) se bhI prabhUta lambe uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| yaha bAta mitAkSarA meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| zaMkarAcArya kI zailI meM aparArka ne zaiva, pAzupata, pAJcarAtra, sAMkhya evaM yoga ke siddhAntoM ke choTe-choTe niSkarSa bhI diye haiN| yadyapi aparArka ne zArIraka mImAMsA-zAstra kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, tathApi ve advaita ke pujArI nahIM lgte| mitAkSarA ne apane pUrva ke nibandhakAroM, yathA-asahAya, vizvarUpa, mAruci, zrIkara, meghAtithi evaM dhArezvara ke nAma liye haiM, kintu aparArka isa viSaya meM mauna haiN| aparArka ne jyotiSazAstra ke kaI lekhakoM kI kRtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA-garga, kriyAzraya evaM saaraavli| kumArila bhaTTa kA uddharaNa bhI aparArka ke nibandhoM meM AyA hai| mitAkSarA meM pUrvamImAMsA kI prabhUta carcAe~ huI haiM, kintu aparArka ne aisA bahuta kama kiyA hai| vidvattA, svacchatA, tarka, abhivyaJjanA Adi meM mitAkSarA aparArka se bahuta Age hai| isa viSaya meM isakI koI tulanA nahIM ho sktii| jImUtavAhana se sambandhita bahuta-se matoM kI ghoSaNA aparArka ne bhI kI thii| mare hue vyakti ko piNDa Adi dene se hI usakI sampatti kA koI adhikArI ho sakatA hai| do-eka anya bAtoM meM aparArka evaM mitAkSarA meM thor3A vibheda hai| anyathA donoM eka-dUsare se matoM ke viSaya meM bahuta milate haiN| kyA aparArka ko mitAkSarA kI upasthiti kA jJAna thA? isakA uttara sarala nahIM hai| sambhavataH mitAkSarA kA jJAna aparArka ko thaa| aparArka kI tithi kA anumita nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| smRticandrikA ne kaI bAra aparArka ke matoM kI carcA evaM unakI mitAkSarA ke matoM se tulanA kI hai| smRticandrikA kI tithi, jaisA ki hama bAda ko dekheMge, lagabhaga 1200 I0 hai, yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya ki aparArka ne mitAkSarA kI carcA kI hai to aparArka kI tithi 1100-1200 I. ke bIca meM hogii| yahA~ hameM abhilekha sahAyatA dete haiN| aparAditya jImUtavAhana-vaMza ke

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zilAhAra rAjakumAra the| zilAhAroM ke abhilekhoM se patA calatA hai ki unakI tIna zAkhAe~ thIM: jinameM eka uttarI koMkaNa ke thANA nAmaka sthAna meM, dUsarI dakSiNI koMkaNa meM, tathA tIsarI kolhApura meM thii| ye tInoM zAkhAe~ apane ko jImUtavAhana vaMza kI ThaharAtI haiN| aparArka saMmbhavata: uttarI koMkaNa vAle zilAhAroM meM aparAditya deva nAma vAle rAjA the, kyoMki nibandha meM AnevAlI, zilAhAra narendra evaM jImUtavAhanAnvayaprasUta upAdhiyA~ evaM mahAmaNDalezvara tathA nagarapura paramezvara Adi nAma eka zilAlekha meM bhI Aye haiM, jahA~ para aparAjita yA aparAdityadeva, jo nAgArjuna ke puna anantadeva ke putra the, eka brAhmaNa ko dAna dete hue vaNita haiN| aura bhI bahutase abhilekha haiM, jinameM aparAditya kA nAma AtA hai| aparAditya kI tithi 1615-1130 I. ke bIca meM AtI hai| maMkha ke zrIkaNThacarita meM AyA hai ki koMkaNa ke rAjA aparAditya ne tejakaNTha ko kazmIra ke rAjA jayasiMha (1129-1150 I.) kI vidvatpariSad ne dUta banAkara bhejA thaa| Aja bhI kazmIra meM aparArka kI TIkA calatI hai| aparArka kI kRti yaha spaSTa karatI hai ki ve kazmIra se paricita the| lagatA hai, rAjA ne dUta ko apane bhASya ke sAtha hI kazmIra bhejA thA, jahA~ ke paNDita Aja bhI aparArka ko Adara kI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| aparAka ne apanI TIkA 12vIM zatAbdI ke prathamAI meM avazya likhI hogii| aparArka ne bhAsarvajJa ke nyAyasAra para bhI eka TIkA likhI thii| 80. pradIpa zrIdhara kI pustaka smRtyarthasAra ne prAmANika granthoM meM kAmadhenu ke uparAnta pradIpa kI gaNanA kI hai| smRticandrikA ne pradIpa nAmaka grantha kA, sambhavataH ullekha kiyA hai| sarasvatIvilAsa ne spaSTa zabdoM meM pradIpa ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai| rAmakRSNa (lagabhaga 1600 I.) ke jIvatpitakanirNaya ne pradIpa kA uddharaNa isa viSaya meM diyA hai ki kyA vibhakta bhAI, apane pitA yA pUrvapuruSoM ke vArSika zrAddha pRthak-pRthak rUpa se kareM yA sAtha hI? vIramitrodaya ke anusAra pradIpa ne bhavadeva kI AlocanA kI hai| pradIpa vyavahAra, zrAddha, zuddhi Adi para eka svatantra grantha thaa| smRtyarthasAra evaM smRticandrikA dvArA varNita hone para yaha grantha 1150 I0 ke bAda kisI bhI dazA meM nahIM A sktaa| isane bhavadeva kI AlocanA kI hai, ataH isakI tithi 1100 se pUrva nahIM jA sktii| 81. zrIdhara kA smRtyarthasAra isa prasiddha grantha kA prakAzana san 1912 meM AnandAzrama presa ne kiyaa| isa grantha ke viSaya anya smRti-granthoM se bahuta milate-julate haiM, yathA--pUrvayugAdezita evaM kaliyugajita karma, saMskAra-saMkhyA, upanayana kA vistRta varNana, brahmacArI ke kartavya, anadhyAya, vivAha-prakAra, sapiNDatA ke kAraNa niSedha gotra-pravara-vivecana, Acamana, zauca, Ahnika karma, dantadhAvana, snAna, paMcayajJa, Ahnika saMdhyA, Ahnika pUjA, zrAddha kA vistRta varNana, zrAddha ke lie ucita kAla, padArtha tathA nimantraNa-yogya brAhmaNa, zrAddha-prakAra, vividha tIrthoM para vivecana, malamAsa, bhakSyAmakSya, vividha padArthoM evaM apane zarIra kA nirmalIkaraNa, janma-maraNa para azuddhi, mRtyUparAnta kriyA-saMskAra, saMnyAsa-niyama, vividha pApoM evaM doSoM ke lie praayshcitt| zrIdhara vizvAmitra gotra ke nAgabhartA viSNubhaTTa ke putra the aura svayaM vaidika yajJoM ko karanevAle the| zrIdhara ne apane pUrva ke zrIkaNTha evaM zaMkarAcArya ke grandhoM kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne kAmadhenu, pradIpa, abdhi, kalpavRkSa (kalpataru), kalpalatA, zambhu, dravir3a, kedAra, lollaTa tathA anya manuTIkAkAroM ke matoM kI paryApta carcA

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zrIdhara, aniruddha, ballAlasena, harihara kI hai| baudhAyana evaM govindarAja ke bhI yathAsthAna ullekha hue haiN| abdhi, sambhavataH, hemAdri, vivAdaratnAkara tathA anya granthoM meM varNita smRtimahArNava hI hai| zrIdhara dakSiNI brAhmaNa-se lagate haiN| zrIdhara ne mitAkSarA, kAmadhenu, kalpataru evaM govindarAja ke nAma liye haiM, ataH inakI tithi 1150 I0 ke bAda hI hogii| smRticandrikA evaM hemAdri meM uddharaNa Ane ke kAraNa aisA lagatA hai ki zrIdhara kI kRti 1150-1200 I0 , ke madhya meM kamI racI gayI hogii| 82. aniruddha aniruddha baMgAla ke eka prAcIna evaM prasiddha dharmazAstrakAra haiN| unake do grantha hAralatA evaM pitRdayitA athavA karmopadezinI paddhati ati prasiddha haiN| hAralatA meM zrAddha-sambandhI tathA anya bAtoM kI bharapUra carcA hai| pitRdayitA sAmaveda ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie likhI gayI hai| ye donoM grantha AcAra-sambandhI bAtoM para hI prakAza DAlate haiN| ___ aniruddha gaMgA ke taTa para vihArapATaka nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI the| ve kumArila bhaTTa ke siddhAntoM ke samarthaka the| hAralatA evaM pitRdayitA ke antima padyoM se patA calatA hai ki ve bagAla ke eka cAmpAhaTTIya brAhmaNa evaM dharmAdhyakSa the| ballAlasena ke dAnasAgara se patA calatA hai ki aniruddha baMgAla ke rAjA ke guru the aura unhoMne unakI kRti kI racanA dAnasAgara meM unheM sahAyatA bhI dii| yaha racanA 1169 I0 meM huii| isase spaSTa hai ki aniruddha san 1168 I0 ke AsapAsa apanI prasiddhi ke ucca zikhara para the| 83. vallAlasana baMgAla ke isa rAjA ne cAra granthoM kA sampAdana kiyA hai| vedAcArya ke smRtiratnAkara meM evaM madanapArijAta meM ballAlasena ke AcAramAgara kA varNana hai| pratiSThAsAgara unakI dUsarI kRti hai| tIsarI kRti dAnasAgara hai, jisameM 16 bar3e-bar3e dAnoM evaM choTe-choTe dAnoM kA varNana hai| dAnasAgara meM mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ke viSaya meM prabhUta carcA kI gayI hai| dAnasAgara pUrva donoM kRtiyoM ke bAda kI racanA hai| caNDezvara ke dAnaratnAkara meM evaM nirNayasindhu meM dAnasAgara kA ullekha asyA hai| ballAlasena kI cauthI kRti hai adbhutasAgara, jimakA ullekha ToDarAnandasaMhitA-saukhya evaM nirNayasindhu meM huA hai| yaha kRti adhUrI raha gayI thI aura unake putra lakSmaNamena ne use pUrA kiyaa| ballAlasena ne apanA dAnasAgara zakAbda 1090 meM Arambha kara zakAbda 1091 meM pUrA kiyA, ataH spaSTa hai, unakA sAhityika kAla 12vIM zatAbdI I0 ke tIsare caraNa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| raghunandana ke kathanAnusAra dAnasAgara aniruddha bhaTTa dvArA likhA gayA hai| kintu aisI bAta nahIM hai, kyoMki dAnasAgara meM svayaM ballAlasena ne aisA likhA hai ki yaha grantha inhoMne apane guru (aniruddha) kI dekharekha meM likhA hai| ballAlasena kI upAdhiyA~ haiM mahArAjAdhirAja evaM niHgaMkazaMkara / 84. harihara vivAdaratnAkara ke uddharaNa se patA calatA hai ki harihara ne vyavahAra para likhA hai| harihara ne pArakaragRhyasUtra para eka bhASya likhA hai aura apane ko agnihotrI kahA hai| isa bhASya kI eka prati meM ye vijJAnezvara ke ziSya kahe gaye haiN| inhoMne karkopAdhyAya, kalpatarukAra, reNudIkSita evaM vijJAnezvarAcArya ke nAma liye haiM dharma--1

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 82 ataH inakI tithi 1150 I0 ke bAda hI AtI hai| hemAdri, samayapradIpa, zrIdatta ke AcArAdarza evaM harinAtha smRtisAra meM inake mata uddhRta haiM, ataH ye 1250 I0 ke pUrva Ate haiN| lagatA hai ki prADvivAka harihara evaM bhASyakAra harihara donoM eka hI the, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| bahuta se harihara ho gaye haiM, yathA baMgAla ke nibandhalekhaka raghunandana ke pitA harihara maTTAcArya, jyotiSa grantha 'samayapradIpa' ke lekhaka hariharAcArya Adi / 85. devaNa bhaTTa kI smRticandrikA yaha dharmazAstra para ati prasiddha nibandha hai| yaha AkAra meM bahuta bar3A grantha hai / nibandhoM meM kalpataru ko chor3akara isakI hastalikhita prati sarvaprathama prApta huI thii| isameM saMskAra, Ahnika, vyavahAra, zrAddha evaM azauca para kANDa haiN| ho sakatA hai ki devaNNa bhaTTa ne prAyazcitta para bhI likhA ho| inakA nAma kaI prakAra se likhA pAyA jAtA hai, yathA----devaNNa, devaNa, devananda yA devagaNa / ye kezavAditya bhaTTa ke putra evaM somayAjI bhI kahe gaye haiN| smRticandrikA ne bahuta-se smRtikAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura hameM luptaprAya smRtiyoM ke punargaThana evaM uddhAra meM isase bahuta mUlyavAn sahAyatA milI hai| isane kAtyAyanaM evaM bRhaspati se vyavahAra sambandhI lagabhaga 600 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| isane nimnalikhita granthoM, mASyakAroM evaM nibandhakAroM ke nAma ginAyeM haiM--aparArka, trikANDI, devarATa, devasvAmI, ApastambakalpabhASyArthakAra, dhArezvara, dharmabhASya, dhUrtasvAmI, pradIpa, bhavanAtha, Apa ' stambadharmasUtrabhASya, dharmadIpa yA pradIpa, bhASyArthasaMgrahakAra, manuvRtti, medhAtithi, mitAkSarA, vaijayantI (zabdakoza), vizvarUpa, vizvAdarza, zambhu, zrIkara, zivasvAmI, smRtibhAskara, smRtyarthasAra / smRticandrikA meM uparyukta granthoM tathA lekhakoM kA khaNDana, samarthana yA AlocanA huI hai| devaNNa bhaTTa dakSiNI lekhaka the aura dakSiNa meM unakI smRticandrikA vyavahAra-sambandhI evaM nyAya sambandhI bAtoM meM prAmANika mAnI jAtI rahI hai| smRticandrikA meM jo viSaya Aye haiM, ve purAtana kAla se cale Aye dharmazAstra sambandhI viSaya haiN| smRticandrikA ne vijJAnezvara kA nAma bar3e Adara se liyA hai kintu kaI sthaloM para isane mitAkSarA se virogha prakaTa kiyA hai| smRticandrikA meM mitAkSarA, aparArka evaM smRtyarthasAra kA ullekha huA hai, ataH yaha 1150 I0 ke Upara nahIM jA sakatI / hemAdri ne smRticandrikA ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH yaha 1225 I0 ke kama-se-kama eka zatAbdI pUrva racI gayI hogii| sarasvatIvilAsa, vIramitrodaya tathA anya nibandhoM ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| kucha anya logoM ne bhI 'smRticandrikAe~' likhI haiM, yathA-- zukadeva mizra kI smRti - candrikA, Apadeva evaM vAmadeva bhaTTAcArya kI smRticandrikAe~ / 86. haradatta TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM haradatta kI bar3I khyAti rahI hai / inhoMne kaI vyAkhyAe~ likhI haiM, yathA - ApastambagRhyasUtra para anAkulA nAmaka ApastambIya mantrapATha para bhASya, AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra para anAvilA nAmaka, gautamadharmasUtra paramitAkSarA nAmaka, ApastambadharmasUtra para ujjvalA nAmaka / inakI ye vyAkhyAe~ Adarza bhASya mAnI jAtI haiN| haradatta ne dharmasUtroM ke bhASya meM katipaya smRtiyoM se uddharaNa liye haiM, kintu nibandhakAroM kI carcA nahIM kI hai| kaI pramANoM se siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki haradatta dakSiNa bhArata ke nivAsI the| unhoMne dakSiNI prayogoM, nadiyoM, sthAnoM Adi ke nAma diye haiN| vIramitrodaya ne haradatta evaM smRticandrikAkAra ( davaNNa bhaTTa) ko dakSiNI nibandhakAra mAnA hai| haradatta ziva ke upAsaka the /

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haradatta, hemAdri, kullUka bhaTTa haradatta kA kAla-nirNaya kaThina hai| vIramitrodaya ne haradatta kI gautama vAlI TIkA mitAkSarA se bahudhA uddharaNa liye haiN| nArAyaNa bhaTTa (janma, 1513 I0) ne apanI prayogaratna nAmaka pustaka meM haradatta.kI mitAkSarA evaM ujjvalA ke nAma liye haiN| haradatta 1300 I. ke bAda nahIM mAne jA skte| vijJAnezvara ke uparAnta haradatta ko chor3akara kisI bhI lekhaka ne vidhavA ko inake jaisA sthAna nahIM diyA, ataH haradatta 1100 I0 ke bahuta bAda nahIM jA skte| unheM hama 1100-1300 I. ke bIca meM kahIM rakha sakate haiN| bahuta-se anya grantha haradatta dvArA likhe hue kahe jAte haiM, kintu abhI isa viSaya meM koI nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| 87. hemAdri dakSiNI dharmazAstrakAroM meM hemAdri evaM mAdhava ke nAma ati prasiddha haiN| hemAdri ne vizAla grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| unakI caturvargacintAmaNi prAcIna dhArmika kRtyoM kA vizvakoza hI hai| vrata, dAna, zrAddha, kAla Adi hemAdri ke mahAmanya ke prakaraNa haiN| hemAdri ne jisa viSaya ko uThAyA hai, use pUrNa karane evaM atyuttama banAne kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA haiN| unhoMne smRtiyoM, purANoM evaM anya granthoM se paryApta uddharaNa liye haiN| ve pUrvamImAMsA ke gambhIra jJAtA the, aura isI se binA pUrvamImAMsA ke katipaya nyAyIM ko jAne, unake zrAddha-kAlaviSayaka vivecanoM ko samajhanA. kaThina hai| hemAdri ne aparArka (bahuta adhika), ApastambadharmasUtra, karkopAdhyAya (adhikatara), govindarAja, govindopAdhyAya, trikANDamaNDana, devasvAmI (adhikatara), nirNayAmRta, nyAyamaJjarI, paNDitaparitoSa, pRthvIcandrodaya, bRhatkathA, bRhadvArtika, mavadeva, madananighaNTu, madhuzarmA, medhAtithi, vAmadeva, vidhiratna, vizvaprakAza, vizvarUpa, vizvAdarza, zaMkhadhara (bahuta adhika), zambhu, vRddhazAtAtapamASyakAra, zivadatta, zrIdhara, somadatta, smRticandrikA (bahuta adhika), smRtipradIpa, smRtimahArNavaprakAza (bahuta adhika), smRtyarthasAra, harihara (bahuta adhika) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| kintu Azcarya hai ki inhoMne vijJAnezvara kI mitAkSarA kA nAma hI kahIM nahIM liyaa| hemAdri ne apanA paricaya diyA hai| ve vatsagotra ke vAsudeva ke putra kAmadeva ke putra the| unhoMne apanA guNagAna kiyA hai aura apane ko devagiri ke yAdavarAja mahAdeva kA maMtrI evaM rAjakIya lekhapramANoM kA adhikArI likhA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki ve sambhavataH 1260-1270 I0 ke lagabhaga hue the| hemAdri mahAdeva ke uttarAdhikArI rAmacandra ke bhI mantrI the, aisA eka abhilekha se patA calatA hai| hemAdri ne kaI eka grantha likhe haiM, yathA-zaunakapraNavakalpa kA bhASya, kAtyAyana ke niyamAnukUla zrAddhakalpa, mugdhabodha vyAkaraNa ke praNetA vopadeva ke muktAphala nAmaka grantha para kaivalyadIpaka nAmaka bhaassy| vopadeva hemAdri kI chatracchAyA meM hI pratiphalita hue the| vAgbhaTa ke aSTAMgahRdaya para bhI hemAdri ne AyurvedarasAyana nAmaka TIkA likhii| nissandeha hemAdri eka vilakSaNa pratimA vAle vyakti the| hemAdri eka vicitra zailI vAle mandiroM ke nirmAtA ke rUpa meM sAre mahArASTra deza meM prasiddha haiN| unhoMne mor3i lipi kA bhI AviSkAra kiyA thaa| sampUrNa dakSiNa meM unakI kRtiyA~ sammAnita thIM, vizeSataH unakI caturvargacintAmaNi ke dAna evaM vrata nAmaka prkrnn| mAdhava ne apane kAlanirNaya meM hemAdri ke vratakhaNDa kI carcA kI hai| isI prakAra bahuta-se lekhakoM evaM rAjAoM ne unake vrata, dAna, zrAddha evaM kAla ke khaNDoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 88. kullUka bhaTTa manu para jitane bhASya hue haiM, unameM kullUka kI manvarthamuktAvalI nAmaka TIkA sarvazreSTha hai| isake

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kaI prakAzana bhI ho cuke haiN| kullUka kA bhASya saMkSipta, spaSTa evaM uddezyapUrNa hai| inhoMne sadaiva vistAra se bacane kA upakrama kiyA hai, kintu inameM maulikatA kI kamI pAyI jAtI hai| inhoMne medhAtithi, govindarAja ke bhASyoM se binA kRtajJatA-prakAzana ke uddharaNa le liye haiN| kahIM-kahIM ina bhASyakAroM kI inhoMne kaTu AlocanAe~ bhI kI haiN| inhoMne apane bhASya kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| kullUka ne nimnalikhita lekhakoM ke nAma liye haiM--govindarAja, dharaNIdhara, bhAskara (vedAntasUtra ke bhASyakAra), bhojadeva, medhAtithi, vAmana (kAzikA ke lekhaka), bhaTTavArtika-kRt, vishvruup| inhoMne apane bAre meM bhI tanika likha diyA hai| ye baMgAla ke bArendra kula ke nandananivAsI maTTadivAkara ke putra the| inhoMne paNDitoM kI saMgati meM kAzI meM apanA bhASya likhaa| kullaka ne smRtisAgara nAmaka eka nibandha likhA, jisake kevala azaucasAgara evaM vivAdasAgara nAmaka prakaraNoM ke aMza abhI taka prApta ho sake haiN| zrAddhasAgara meM pUrvamImAMsA-sambandhI vivecana bhI hai| kullaka ne likhA hai ki unhoMne apane pitA ke Adeza se vivAdasAgara, azaucasAgara evaM zrAddhasAgara likhe| inameM mahAbhArata ke pramukha uddharaNa haiN| mahApurANoM, upapurANoM, dharmasUtroM evaM anya smRtiyoM kI carcA yathAsthAna hotI calI gayI hai| bhojadeva, halAyudha, jikana, kAmadhenu, medhAtithi, zaMkhadhara Adi ke nAma bhI Aye haiN| kullUka kI tithi kA prazna kaThina hai| buhalara evaM cakravartI ne unheM 15vIM zatAbdI meM rakhA hai| kullUka ne bhojadeva, govindarAja, kalpataru evaM halAyudha kI carcA kI hai, ataH ve 1150 I0 ke bAda hI hue hoNge| raghunandana. ne apane dAyatattva evaM vyavahAratattva meM tathA vardhamAna ne apane daNDaviveka meM unake matoM kI carcA kI hai| ataH kullUka 1300 I0 ke pUrva hue hoNge| ve sambhavataH 1150-1300 I0 ke bIca kabhI hue hoNge| 89. zrIdatta upAdhyAya dharmazAstra-sAhitya meM mithilA ne bar3e-bar3e mUlyavAn evaM sArayukta grantha jor3e haiN| yAjJavalkya se lekara Adhunika kAla taka mithilA ne mahattvapUrNa lekhaka diye haiN| madhyayugIna maithila nivandhakAroM meM zrIdatta upAdhyAya ati prAcIna haiN| inhoMne kaI eka grantha likhe haiN| zrIdatta ke AcArAdarza meM Ahnika dhArmika kRtyoM kA varNana hai| yaha grantha yajurveda kI vAjasaneyI zAkhA vAloM ke lie hai| isameM Acamana, dantadhAvana, prAtaHsnAna, sandhyA, japa, brahmayajJa, tarpaNa, nitya deva-pUjA, vaizvadeva, atithi-bhojana Adi para vivecana huA hai| bahuta-se granthoM evaM lekhakoM kI carcA huI hai| isa grantha para dAmodara maithila dvArA likhita AcArAdarzabodhinI nAmaka TIkA bhI hai| sAmavediyoM ke lie unhoMne chandogAhnika nAmaka AcAra-pustaka likhI hai| isa pustaka kA ullekha unakI samayapradIpa evaM pitRbhakti nAmaka pustakoM meM huA hai| yajurveda ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie pitRbhakti nAmaka zrAddha-sambandhI pustaka hai| pitRbhakti karka kI TIkA sahita kAtIyakalpa, gopAla evaM bhUpAla (bhojadeva) ke granthoM para AdhArita hai| rudradhara ke zrAddhaviveka meM isa grantha kI carcA huI hai| sAmavedI vidyArthiyoM ke lie unhoMne zrAddhakalpa nAmaka grantha likhaa| unake samayapradIpa nAmaka grantha meM vratoM ke samaya kA vivecana hai| zrIdatta ne kalpataru, harihara evaM halAyudha kI kRtiyoM ke nAma liye haiM, ata: ve 1200 I. ke bAda hI hue hoNge| caNDezvara ne unakA ullekha kiyA hai| ata: ve 14vIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa ke pUrva hI hue hoNge| 90. caNDezvara mithilA ke dharmazAstrIya nibandhakAroM meM caNDezvara sarvazreSTa haiN| unakA smRtiratnAkara yA kevala ratnAkara

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caNDezvara, harinAtha,mAdhavAcArya 85 eka vistRta nibandha hai| isama kRtya, dAna, vyavahAra, zuddhi, pUjA, vivAda evaM gRhastha nAmaka sAta adhyAya haiN| tirahuta meM hindU vyavahAroM (kAnUnoM) ke lie caNDezvara kA vivAdaratnAkara evaM vAcaspati kI vivAdacintAmaNi prAmANika grantha mAne jAte rahe haiN| kRtyaratnAkara meM 22 taraMga, gRhastharatnAkara meM 68 taraMga, dAnaratnAkara meM 29 taraMga, vivAdaratnAkara meM 100 taraMga, zuddhiratnAkara meM 34 taraMga haiN| smArta viSayoM ke atirikta caNDezvara ne kaI anya grantha likhe haiM, yathA--kRtyacintAmaNi, jisameM jyotiSasambandhI bAtoM ke AdhAra para utsava-saMskAroM kA varNana hai| eka anya grantha hai rAjanItiratnAkara, jisameM 16 taraMgeM haiM aura rAjya-zAsana-sambandhI bAtoM kA hI vivecana huA hai| ina granthoM ke atirikta do anya grantha haiM dAnavAkyAvali evaM shivvaakyaavli| . caNDezvara ne bahuta-se lekhakoM evaM kRtiyoM ke nAma diye haiN| unhoMne apane pUrva ke pA~ca lekhakoM ke granthoM se adhika sahAyatA lI hai, jinake nAma haiM--kAmadhenu, kalpataru, pArijAta, prakAza evaM hlaayudh| anya granthoM evaM granthakAroM ke bhI nAma Aye haiM, yathA--kAmandaka, kallakamadra, pallava, pallavakAra, zrIkara aadi| caNDezvara rAjamantrI the| unhoMne nepAla kI vijaya kI, aura apane ko sone se taula kara dAna kiyA thaa| inakA kAla caudahavIM zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa hai| caNDezvara ne maithila evaM baMgAlI lekhakoM para bahuta prabhAva DAlA hai| misarU mizra, vardhamAna, vAcaspati mizra evaM raghunandana ne inheM bahuta uddhRta kiyA hai| vIramitrodaya ne ratnAkara ko paurastya nibandha (pUrvI nibandha) kahA hai| 91. harinAtha harinAtha dharmazAstra-viSayaka bahuta-sI bAtoM vAle smRtisAra nAmaka nibandha ke lekhaka haiN| isa nibandha kA koI aMza abhI prakAzita nahIM ho sakA hai| isakI hastalikhita pratiyA~ upalabdha haiN| unameM epha meM karmapradIpa, kalpataru, kAmadhenu, kumAra, gaNezvara mizra, vijJAnezvara, vilamba, smRtimaMjUSA, harihara Adi 67 dharmazAstra-pramApaka arthAt prAmANika kRtiyA~ evaM lekhaka ullikhita haiN| harinAtha ne AcAra, saMskAra evaM vyavahAra Adi sabhI viSayoM para lekhanI calAyI hai| smRtisAra meM harinAtha ke viSaya meM koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI, kevala usake anta meM ve mahAmahopAdhyAya kahe gaye haiN| unhoMne gaur3oM ke kriyA-saMskAroM kI ora isa prakAra saMketa kiyA hai ki lagatA hai ve maithila haiN| smRtisAra ke vivAda (vyavahAra-pada) khaNDa kI eka prati meM saMvat 1614 (san 1558 I0) AyA hai, aura usI khaNDa kI dUsarI prati meM lipika ne lakSmaNa-saMvat 363 (1469-1470 I0) diyA hai| zUlapANi ne apane durgotsavaviveka evaM misarU mizra ne apane vivAdacandra meM harinAthalikhita smRtisAra ke mata diye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki smRtisAra 14vIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa ke pahale hI praNIta ho cukA thaa| caNDezvara evaM harinAtha ne eka dUsare kI kahIM bhI carcA nahIM kI hai, ata: lagatA hai, donoM samakAlIna the| harinAtha ne kalpataru evaM harihara kA ullekha kiyA hai| ata: ve 1250 I0 ke uparAnta hI hue hoNge| yadi harinAtha dvArA uddhata gaNezvara mizra caNDezvara ke cAcA haiM, to ve 1300 I0 ke pUrva nahIM ho skte| harinAtha ko vAcaspati mitha raghunandana, kamalAkara, nIlakaNTha tathA anya lekhakoM ne uddhRta kiyA hai| 92. mAdhavAcArya dharmazAstra para likhane vAle dAkSiNAtya lekhakoM meM mAdhavAcArya sarvazreSTha haiN| khyAti meM zaMkarAcArya ke

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86 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa uparAnta unhIM kA sthAna hai| unhoMne apane bhAI sAyaNa tathA anya logoM ko saMskRta-sAhitya meM bRhada granthoM ke praNayana ke lie udvelita kiyaa| ve kyA nahIM the? prakANDa vidvAn, dUradarzI rAjanItijJa, vijayanagara rAjya ke Arambhika dinoM ke stambha, vRddhAvasthA meM eka pahu~ce hue saMnyAsI aura dina-rAta uttama kArya meM saMlagna mAdhavAcArya jI hamAre lie eka vilakSaNa udAharaNa haiN| unakI anyatama kRtiyoM meM hama yahA~ do ke nAma leMge; parAzaramAdhavIya evaM kaalnirnny| parAzaramAdhavIya kA prakAzana kaI bAra ho cukA hai| yaha kevala parAzarasmRti para eka bhASya hI nahIM hai, pratyuta AcAra-sambandhI nibandha bhI hai| dakSiNAvartIya bhArata ke vyavahAroM meM parAzaramAdhavIya kA prabhUta mahatva hai| isakI zailI sarala evaM mIThI hai| isameM purANoM evaM smRtikAroM ke atirikta nimnalikhita lekhakoM evaM kRtiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM-aparArka, devasvAmI, purANasAra, prapaMcasAra, medhAtithi, vivaraNakAra (vedAntasUtra para), vizvarUpAcArya, zambhu, zivasvAmI, smRticndrikaa| parAzaramAdhavIya ke uparAnta mAdhavAcArya ne kAlanirNaya likhaa| isameM pA~ca prakaraNa haiM-(1) upodghAta, (2) vatsara, (3) pratipatprakaraNa, (4) dvitIyAdi-tithi-prakaraNa evaM (5) prkiirnnk| prathamana prakaraNa meM kAla aura usake svarUpa ke viSaya meM vivecana hai| dUsare prakaraNa meM varSa evaM isake cAndra, sAvana yA saura, do ayanoM, RtuoM evaM unakI saMkhyA, cAndra evaM saura mAsoM, malamAsoM (adhika mAsoM), donoM pakSoM Adi bhAgoM kA vivecana hai| tIsare prakaraNa meM tithi-zabda ke artha, tithi-avadhi, eka pakSa kI 15 tithiyAM, zuddha evaM viddhA nAmaka tithiyoM ke do prakAra, tithiyoM para kriyA karane ke niyamAdi, rAta aura dina ke 15 muhUtoM Adi kI carcA hai| cauthe prakaraNa meM pratipadA se anya tithiyoM (dUsarI se 15vIM) taka ke niyama-prayoga haiM (arthAt kauna-sA vrata kaba kiyA jAya, yathA gaurIvrata tIsarI tithi, janmASTamI AThavIM tithi pr)| pAMcaveM prakaraNa meM vibhinna prakAra ke kAryoM ke nakSatra-nirNaya ke viSaya meM niyamoM kA pratipAdana, yathA-yogoM, karaNoM tathA saMkrAnti, grahaNoM Adi ke viSaya meM niyamAdi batAye gaye haiN| kAlanirNaya ne bahuta-se RSiyoM, purANoM evaM jyotiSa zAstrajJoM ke nAmoM ke atirikta kAlAdarza, bhoja, muhUrtavidhAnasAra, vaTezvarasiddhAnta, vAsiSTha rAmAyaNa, siddhAntaziromaNi evaM hemAdri nAmaka granthoM evaM granthakAroM ke nAma liye haiN| __ mAdhavAcArya ke jIvana-vRtta ke viSaya meM hameM unakI kRtiyoM se bahuta kucha sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| ve yajurveda ke baudhAyana-caraNa vAle bhAradvAja gotra ke brAhmaNa the| unake mAtA evaM pitA krama se zrImatI evaM mAyaNa the| unake do pratibhAzAlI bhAI bhI the, jinameM sAyaNa to apane veda-mASya ke lie amara ho gaye haiN| mAdhavAcArya rAjA bukka (bukkaNa) ke kulaguru evaM mantrI the| ye vRddhAvasthA meM vidyAraNya nAma se saMnyAsI ho gaye the| abhilekhoM se patA calA hai ki ye 1377 I0 meM saMnyAsI hue the| kiMvadantiyoM se patA calatA hai ki inakI mRtyu 90 varSa kI avasthA meM 1386 I0 meM huii| ataH mAdhavAcArya ke sAhityika karmoM ko 13301385 I. ke madhya meM rakha sakate haiN| 93. madanapAla evaM vizvezvara bhaTTa madanapAla ke Azraya meM vizvezvara bhaTTa ne madanapArijAta nAmaka prasiddha grantha likhaa| madanapAla rAjA bhoja kI mAMti eka vidyAvyasanI rAjA the| unake rAjatvakAla meM madanapArijAta, smRtimahArNava (madanamahArNava), tithinirNayasAra evaM smRtikaumudI nAmaka cAra grantha likhe gye| madanapArijAta ke lekhaka madanapAla nahIM the, yaha isa

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madanapAla evaM vizvezvara bhaTTa, madanaratna, zUlapANi anya ke kaI sthaloM se prakaTa ho jAtA hai| isake lekhaka vizvezvara bhaTTa the, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai| isameM 9 stavaka (TahaniyA~ yA adhyAya) haiM, yathA brahmacarya, gRhasthadharma, Ahnika kRtya, garbhAdhAna se lekara Age ke saMskAra, janma-maraNa para azuddhi, dravya-zuddhi, zrAddha, dAyabhAga evaM praayshcitt| dAyabhAga ke adhyAya meM yaha grantha mitAkSarA se bahuta milatA-julatA hai| isakI zailI sarala evaM madhura hai| isameM hemAdri, kalpavRkSa (kalpataru), aparArka, smRticandrikA, mitAkSarA, AcArasAgara, gAMgeya, govindarAja, cintAmaNi, dharmavivRti, nArAyaNa, maNDana mizra, medhAtithi, ratnAvali, zivasvAmI, surezvara, smRtimaMjarI evaM smRtimahArNava ke nAma Aye haiN| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki madanapAla ke Azraya meM tithinirNayasAra, smRtikaumudI, smRtimahArNava nAmaka granthoM kA praNayana vizvezvara bhaTTa ne hI kiyaa| vizvezvara bhaTTa ne dharmazAstra-sambandhI 'subodhinI' nAmaka eka anya grantha likhaa| yaha subodhinI vijJAnezvara kI mitAkSarA kI TIkA mAtra hai| vizvezvara bhaTTa dravir3a deza ke nivAsI the| subodhinI ke lekhana ke uparAnta sambhavataH ve uttara bhArata meM cale aaye| Adhunika hindU kAnUna kI banArasI zAkhA ke vizvezvara bhaTTa eka nAmI prAmANika lekhaka mAne jAte haiN| dillI ke uttara yamunA ke sannikaTa kASThA (kaTha) ke TAka rAjavaMza meM madanapAla hue the| madanapAla ne sambhavataH svayaM bhI kucha likhaa| unakA eka grantha sUryasiddhAntaviveka nAma se prasiddha hai, jisameM ve sahAraNa (sAdhAraNa) ke putra kahe gaye haiN| madanapAla rAjA bhoja kI bhA~ti eka mahAn sAhityika the, isameM koI mandeha nahIM hai| unhoMne madanavinoda nighaNTu nAmaka eka oSadhi-grantha bhI likhA hai| yaha eka vizAla grantha hai| isI prakAra madanapAla AnandasaMjIvana (nRtya, saMgIta, rAga-rAginI Adi para) nAmaka grantha ke bhI praNetA kahe jAte haiN| madanapAla ke kucha granthoM kI pratilipi san 1402-3 I0 meM kI gayI thii| madanapArijAta meM hemAdri kI carcA huI hai, ata: ve 1300 I0 ke uparAnta hI hue hoNge| madanapArijAta kA ullekha raghunandana kI pustakoM meM huA hai ata: madanapAla 1500 I0 ke pUrva hI hue hoNge| spaSTa hai, madanapAla aura vizvezvara bhaTTa 14vIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM kabhI hue hoNge| ataH sambhavataH hama unheM 1360-1390 ke AsapAsa rakha sakate haiN| 94. madanaratna ___ madanaratna (madanaratnapradIpa yA madanapradIpa) eka bRhad nibandha hai| isameM sAta udyota (prakaraNa yA bhAga) haiM, yathA--samaya (kAla), AcAra, vyavahAra, prAyazcitta, dAna, zuddhi evaM shaanti| madanaratna kI hastalikhita pratiyoM se vidita hotA hai ki yaha zaktisiMha ke putra madanasiha ke Azraya meM praNIta huA thaa| samayodyota meM dillI deza ke mahIpAladeva kA nAma AtA hai aura unhIM ke kula meM unase chaThI pIr3hI meM madanasiMha hue the| madanaratna meM aisA AyA hai ki madanasiMha ne ratnAkara, gopInAtha, vizvanAtha evaM gaMgAdhara ko bulAkara isa nibandha ke praNayana kA bhAra una para sauMpa diyaa| eka prati ke zAntyudyota meM isake lekhaka kA nAma vizvanAtha kahA gayA hai| yahI bAta prAyazcittodyota meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| madanaratna meM mitAkSarA, kalpataru evaM hemAdri ke nAma ullikhita hai, ataeva yaha 1300 I0 ke uparAnta hI praNIta huA hogaa| 16vIM evaM 17vIM zatAbdI ke nArAyaNa bhaTTa, kamalAkara bhaTTa, nIlakaNTha evaM mitramizra ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH madanaratna kI racanA san 1350-1500 I0 ke bIca kabhI huI hogii| 95. zUlapANi baMgAla ke dharmazAstrakAroM meM jImUtavAhana ke uparAnta zUlapANi kA hI nAma liyA jAtA hai| zUlapANi Education International

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kI sarvaprathama kRti sambhavataH dIpakalikA thI, jo yAjJavalkya kI eka TIkA mAtra hai| yaha eka choTI pustikA hai. isameM dAyabhAga kA aMza kevala 5 pRSThoM meM mudrita ho jAtA hai| isa pustikA meM kalpataru, govindarAja, mitAkSarA, meghAtithi evaM vizvarUpa ke mata ullikhita milate haiN| zUlapANi ne kaI grantha likhe haiM, kintu ye dharmazAstrasambandhI vibhinna viSayoM se hI sambandhita haiM, aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki inhoMne saba bhAgoM ko milAkara smRtiviveka nAma rakhA hai / vibhinna granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-- ekAdazI - viveka, tithi-viveka, dattaka - viveka, durgotsavaprayoga-viveka, durgotsava - viveka, dolayAtrAviveka, pratiSThAviveka, prAyazcittaviveka, rAsayAtrAviveka, vratakAlaviveka, zuddhi-viveka, zrAddha-viveka, saMkrAntiviveka, sambandha - viveka / zUlapANi kI zrAddha-viveka nAmaka pustikA ati hI vikhyAta hai / durgotsavaviveka sambhavataH sabase anta meM praNIta huA hai, kyoMki isameM 5 anya vivekoM ke bhI nAma A jAte haiN| durgotsavaviveka meM Azvina evaM caitra mAsa vAlI durgA kI pUjA kA varNana hai| durgA kI pUjA vasanta Rtu maiM bhI hotI thI, isI se durgA ko kabhI-kabhI vAsantI bhI kahA jAtA hai| zrAddhaviveka para aneka mASya haiM, jinameM zrInAtha, AcArya cUr3AmaNi evaM govindAnanda ke bhASya ati prasiddha haiN| anya vivekoM ke bhI bhASya haiN| ina sabhI vivekoM meM prAcIna AcAryoM evaM dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma A jAte haiN| 88 zUlapANi ke vyaktigata itihAsa ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM vidita hai| apane granthoM meM ve sAhuDiyAla mahAmahopAdhyAya kahe gaye haiM / ballAlasena ke kAla se baMgAla meM sAhuDiyAla brAhmaNa nimna zreNI ke kahe jAte rahe haiN| ye loga rADhIya brAhmaNa the| zUlapANi ke kAla ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai / inhoMne caNDezvara ke ratnAkara evaM kAlamAdhavIya kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH ye 1375 I0 ke uparAnta hI hue hoMge / inake nAma kA udghoSa rudradhara, govindAnanda evaM vAcaspati ne kiyA hai, ataH ye 1460 ke pUrva hI hue hoMge / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki zUlapANi 1375-1460 ke bIca meM kabhI the / 96. rudradhara rudradhara maithila dharmazAstrakAra the| inhoMne kaI eka grantha likhe haiM / inakA zuddhiviveka kaI bAra prakAzita ho cukA hai| isameM tIna pariccheda haiM, jinameM sAta anya nibandhoM ke uddharaNa bhI ullikhita haiN| isameM ratnAkara, pArijAta, mitAkSarA evaM hAralatA ke ullekha haiM / inake atirikta AcArAdarza, zuddhipradIpa, zuddhibimba, zrIdattopAdhyAya, smRtisAra evaM harihara ke nAma Aye haiM / rudradhara kA zrAddhaviveka cAra paricchedoM meM vibhavata hai / varSakRtya nAmaka eka anya grantha bhI inhIM kA hai / vAcaspati ne unakI carcA kI hai| govindAnanda, raghunandana evaM kamalAkara ne apane granthoM meM unakA yathAsthAna ullekha kiyA hai| rudravara ne ratnAkara, smRtisAra, zUlapANi kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH ve 1425 I0 ke pazcAt hI hue hoNge| vAcaspati Adi ke granthoM meM unakA ullekha huA hai / ve 1425-1460 ke madhya meM kabhI virAjamAna the| 1 97. misarU mizra vivAdacandra evaM nyAya-vaizeSika mata-sambandhI padArthacandrikA ke lekhaka ke rUpa meM misarU mizra kA nAma ati prasiddha hai / vivAdacandra meM RNAdAna, nyAsa, asvAmivikraya, sambhUyasamutthAna (sAjhA), dAyavibhAga: strIvana, abhiyoga, uttara, pramANa, sAkSiyoM Adi para vyavahAra pada haiM / caNDezvara ke ratnAkara ke mata bahudhA ullikhita hue haiN| vivAdacandra meM anya smRtikAroM evaM granthoM ke atirikta pArijAta, prakAza, bAlarUpa (bahudhA), bhavadeva, smRtisAra ke nAma bhI Aye haiN| misarU mizra ne mithilA ke kAmezvara vaMza ke bhairavasihadeva ke choTe bhAI

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misarU mizra, vAcaspati mizra, nRsiMhaprasAda 86 kumAra candrasiMha kI strI rAjakumArI lachimAdevI kI AjJA se pustakeM likhiiN| 'hamane bahuta pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki caNDezvara ne san 1314 I0 meM bhaveza ke Azraya meM rAjanIti para eka grantha likhA thaa| lachimAdevI isI bhaveza ke prapautra kI patnI thii| candrasiMha lachimAdevI ke pati ke rUpa meM 15vIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM hue hoNge| ataH misarU mizra kA vivAdacandra 15vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM likhA gayA hogaa| vivAdacandra mithilA meM vyavahAra-sambandhI prAmANika grantha rahA hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai| 98 vAcaspati mizra mithilA ke sarvazreSTha nibandhakAra the vAcaspati mishr| vyavahAroM (kAnUnoM) ke saMsAra meM inakI vivAdacintAmaNi bahuta hI prasiddha rahI hai| vAcaspati mizra eka pratibhAzAlI lekhaka the, inhoMne bahuta-se grantha likhe haiN| 'cintAmaNi' kI upAdhi vAle inake 11 granthoM kA patA cala sakA hai| AcAracintAmaNi meM vAjasaneyiyoM ke Ahnika kRtyoM kA ullekha hai| zuddhicintAmaNi meM AhnikacintAmaNi kI carcA huI hai| kRtyacintAmaNi meM varSa bhara ke ut:voM kA varNana hai| tIrthacintAmaNi meM prayAga, puruSottama (purI), gaMgA, gayA evaM vArANasI ke tIrthoM kA varNana hai| vAcaspati ne kalpataru, gaNezvara mizra, jayazarmA, mitAkSarA, smRtisamuccaya evaM hemAdri kA yathAsthAna ullekha kiyA hai| dvaitacintAmaNi kA nAma kRtyacintAmaNi meM A jAtA hai| vivAdacintAmaNi meM nauticintAmaNi kI carcA hotI gayI hai| vyavahAracintAmaNi meM kAnUnI rItiyoM kA vizada varNana hai| isa grantha ke bhASA, uttara, kriyA, nirNaya nAmaka cAra pramukha viSaya haiN| zuddhicintAmaNi tathA zUdrAcAracintAmaNi kA bhI prakAzana ho cukA hai| inameM prasiddha lekhakoM evaM granthoM ke atirikta 34 anya nAmoM kA yathAsthAna ullekha huA hai| spaSTa hai, vAcaspati bar3e prakANDa vidvAn the| vAcaspati mizra ne cintAmaNiyoM ke atirikta bahuta se "nirNayoM" kA praNayana kiyA hai, yathA-tithinirNaya, dvaitanirNaya, mahAdAnanirNaya, zuddhinirNaya aadi| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sAta mahArNavoM, yathA--kRtya, AcAra, vivAda, vyavahAra, dAna, zuddhi evaM pitRyajJa kA praNayana kiyA hai| vAcaspati dharmazAstrakAra ke atirikta dArzanika bhI the| unhoMne darzana-sambandhI bhAmatI Adi prauDha grantha bhI likhe the| apane granthoM meM vAcaspati ne apane ko mahAmahopAdhyAya, mizra yA sanmizra likhA hai| ve mahArAjAdhirAja harinArAyaNa ke pAriSada (salAhakAra) the| vAcaspati ne ratnAkara evaM rudradhara kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH ve 1425 I0 ke uparAnta hue hoNge| govindAnanda evaM raghunandana ne vAcaspati kI carcA kI hai, ata: ve 1540 I0 ke pUrva hue hoNge| ataH hama unheM 15vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM kahIM rakha sakate haiN| / 99. nRsiMhaprasAda nRsiMhaprasAda to dharmazAstra-sambandhI eka vizva-koza hI hai| yaha 12 sAroM (vibhAgoM) meM vibhAjita hai, yathA saMskAra, Ahnika, zrAddha, kAla, vyavahAra, prAyazcitta, karmavipAka, vrata, dAna, zAnti, tIrtha evaM prtisstthaa| pratyeka vibhAga ke anta meM nRsiMha (viSNu ke eka avatAra) kI abhyarthanA kI gayI hai, sambhavataH isI se isakA nAma nRsiMhaprasAda rakhA gayA hai| ___ saMskArasAra meM devagiri (Adhunika daulatAbAda) ke rAma rAjA, dillI ke rAjA zAmavit tathA usake pazcAt nijAmazAha ke nAma yathAkrama se Aye haiN| lekhaka ne apane ko yAjJavalkyazAkhA (zukla yajurveda) ke bhAradvAja gotra vAle vallama kA putra, dalapati (dalAdhIza) evaM nebajana (rAjakIya lekha-rakSaka ? ) kahA hai| kyA dalapati athavA dalAdhIza usakA nAma thA? kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| dharma-12

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nRsiMhaprasAda meM bahuta-se lekhakoM evaM granthoM ke nAma Aye haiN| isameM mAdhavIya evaM madanapArijAta ke adhika uddharaNa milate haiM, ataH yaha mahAgrantha 1400 I0 ke uparAnta hI praNIta huA hogaa| zaMkara bhaTTa ke dvaitanirNaya evaM nIlakaNTha ke mayUkhoM meM yaha grantha prAmANika mAnA gayA hai, ata: yaha 1575 I0 ke pUrva hI racA gayA hogaa| vidvAnoM ke mata se yaha 1512 I0 ke bAda kI racanA nahIM ho sktii| ahamada nijAmazAha (1490-1508 I0) yA usake putra burhAna nijAmazAha (1508-1533 I.) ke samaya meM, aura sambhavataH prathama nijAmazAha ke zAsanakAla meM hI dalapati (?) ne nRsiMhaprasAda kI racanA kii| 100. pratAparudradeva ur3IsA meM kaTaka nagarI (kaTaka) ke gajapati kula ke rAjA pratAparudradeva ne sarasvatIvilAsa nAmaka grantha kA sampAdana kiyaa| dakSiNa meM sarasvatIvilAsa kA prabhUta mahattva hai, kintu isakA sthAna mitAkSarA se nIce hai| isameM mukhya smRtiyoM evaM smRtikAroM ke atirikta lagabhaga 30 anya prasiddha nAma Ate haiN| pratAparudradeva ne 1497 I0 se 1539 I0 taka rAjya kiyA, ataH sarasvatIvilAsa kA praNayana 16vI zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM huA hogaa| 101, govindAnanda ___ govindAnanda ne kaI grantha likhe haiM, jinameM dAnakaumudI, zuddhikaumudI, zrAddhakaumudI evaM varSakriyAkaumudI ati prasiddha haiN| antima grantha meM tithinirNaya, vratoM Adi ke dinoM kA vivecana hai| lagatA hai, govindAnanda ke sabhI grantha kriyAkaumudI nAmaka nibandha ke katipaya prakaraNa mAtra haiN| govindAnanda ne zrInivAsa kI zuddhidIpikA evaM zUlapANi kI tattvArthakaumudI ke bhASya bhI likhe haiN| inhoMne bahuta-se lekhakoM evaM pustakoM ke uddharaNa diye haiM, ataH inakA grantha bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| ye gaNapati bhaTTa ke putra the aura inakI padavI thI kvikNknnaacaary| ye baMgAla ke midanApura jile ke bAgrI nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI vaiSNava the| . govindAnanda ne madanapArijAta, gaMgAratnAvali, rudradhara evaM vAcaspati ke nAma evaM uddharaNa liye hai, ataH ve 15vIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta hue hoNge| raghunandana ne apane malamAsatattva evaM Ahnikatattva meM unheM ullikhita kiyA hai, ataH ve 1560 I0 ke bAda nahIM jA skte| unakI zuddhikaumudI meM zakAbda 1414 se 1457 taka ke malamAsoM kA varNana hai, arthAt unameM 1492 I0 se 1535 I0 kI carcA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki unhoMne 1535 I. ke uparAnta hI apanA grantha likhaa| govindAnanda kI sAhityika kRtiyoM kA samaya 1500 se 1540 I0 taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| 102. raghunandana raghunandana baMgAla ke antima bar3e dharmazAstrakAra haiN| unhoMne 28 tattvoM vAlA smRtitattva nAmaka dharmazAstrasambandhI bRhad grantha likhaa| unhoMne apane isa vizvakoza-rUpI grantha meM lagabhaga 300 lekhakoM evaM granthoM ke nAma / kAlAntara meM smati-sambandhI apanI vidvattA ke kAraNa ve smArtabhadrAcArya ke nAma se vikhyAta ho gye| vIramitrodaya evaM nIlakaNTha ne unheM smArta nAma se pukArA hai| raghunandana ke vizvakoza kA saMkSipta vivaraNa denA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| smRtitattva (28 tattvoM) ke atirikta raghunandana ne anya grantha bhI likhe haiN| dAyabhAga para

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raghunandana, nArAyaNa bhaTTa, ToDarAnanda 91 unakA eka bhASya hai| tIrthatattva, dvAdazayAtrAtattva, tripuSkarazAnti tattva, gayA zrAddhapaddhati, rAsayAtrApaddhati Adi unake anya grantha haiM / raghunandana ke grantha adhikatara baMgAla meM hI upalabdha hote haiM / raghunandana bandhaghaTIya brAhmaNa harihara bhaTTAcArya ke suputra the| aisI kiMvadantI hai ki raghunandana evaM vaiSNava santa caitanya mahAprabhu donoM vAsudeva sArvabhauma ke ziSya the / vAsudeva sArvabhauma navyanyAya ke prasiddha praNetA kahe jAte haiM / yadi yaha bAta satya hai to raghunandana lagabhaga 1490 I0 meM utpanna hue hoMge, kyoMki caitanya mahAprabhu kA janma 1485-86 I0 meM huA thaa| ve sambhavataH 1490 - 1570 ke madhya meM upasthita the, aisA kahanA satya se dUra nahIM hai / 103. nArAyaNa bhaTTa nArAyaNa bhaTTa banArasa (vArANasI) ke prasiddha bhaTTakula ke sarvazreSTha lekhaka mAne jAte haiN| nArAyaNa bhaTTa ke pitA rAmezvara bhaTTa pratiSThAna ( paiThana) se banArasa Aye the / rAmezvara bhaTTa bar3e vidvAn the / unakI vidvattA se AkRSTa hokara dUra-dUra se ziSyagaNa AyA karate the / nArAyaNa bhaTTa ke putra zaMkara bhaTTa ne apane pitA kA jIvana caritra likhA hai, jisake anusAra unakA janma 1513 I0 meM huA thA / nArAyaNa bhaTTa apane pitA ke samAna bar3e paNDita ho gye| dhIre-dhIre maTTa-kula bahuta hI prasiddha ho gayA / nArAyaNa bhaTTa ko jagadguru kI padavI mila gayI thI / maTTakula kI paramparAoM ke kAraNa hI banArasa meM dakSiNI brAhmaNa itane pratiSThita ho sake aura unakA lohA sabhI mAnane lge| nArAyaNa bhaTTa ne dharmazAstra sambandhI bahuta-se grantha likhe haiM, jinameM antyeSTipaddhati, tristhalIsetu, ( prayAga, kAzI tathA gayA nAmaka tIrthoM ke viSaya meM ) evaM prayogaratna bahuta hI prasiddha haiM / antima pustaka meM varNana hai| unhoMne kaI eka bhASya bhI likhe haiM / nArAyaNa bhaTTa ne lekhakoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| unakI kRtiyoM kA kAla 1540 se garbhAdhAna se vivAha taka ke sAre saMskAroM kA apane putroM evaM pautroM dvArA sAre bhAratavarSa ke 1570 taka mAnA jAtA haiM / 104. ToDarAnanda akabara bAdazAha ke vittamaMtrI rAjA ToDaramala ne dhana evaM dharma sambandhI vyavahAra, jyotiSa evaM auSadhi para eka bRhad grantha likhA hai| ToDaramala ( ToDarAnanda) ke vizvakoza ke katipaya bhAga, yathA - AcAra, vyavahAra, dAna, zrAddha, viveka, prAyazcitta, samaya Adi saukhya ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| kisI eka saukhya kA kucha saMkSipta vivaraNa de denA anucita na hogA / vyavahArasaukhya ziva kI abhyarthanA se Arambha hokara pArasIka samrAT ( (aMkabara) ke viSaya meM carcA karatA aura vyavahAra vidhi ke vibhinna aMgoM para prakAza DAlatA hai, yathA--kalahoM ke prati rAjA ke kartavya, sabhA, prADvivAka, 'vyavahAra' zabda kA artha, 18 vyavahArapadoM kI parigaNanA, vyavahAra ke lie samaya evaM sthAna, abhiyoga (bhASA), uttara, pratinidhi, pratyAkalita Adi / pramukha smRtiyoM ke atirikta kalpataru, pArijAta, bhavadeva, mitAkSarA, ratnAkara, harihara evaM halAyudha kA ullekha ToDarAnanda ne kiyA hai / grantha ke katipaya prakaraNa 'harSa' kahe gaye haiM / vivAhasaukhya meM 23 nibandhakAroM evaM nibandhoM ke nAma Aye haiN| zrAddhasaukhya meM zrAddha sambandhI bAteM haiN| jyotiHsaukhya meM jyotiSa sambandhI vivecana hai aura grahoM, nakSatroM, rAziyoM kI vyAkhyA hai / jyotiH saukhya kI racanA san 1572 I0 meM huI thI / ToDaramala, nissandeha eka mahAn vidvAn granthakAra the / ve eka kuzala senApati, maMtrI evaM rAjanItijJa the / ve jAti ke khatrI the / unakA janma avadha ilAke ke laharapura meM huA thA aura mRtyu san 1589 I0 meM lAhaura meM huI /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 105. nanda paNDita nanda paNDita dharmazAstra para vistArapUrvaka likhanevAle eka dhurandhara lekhaka the| unhoMne parAzarasmRti para vidvanmanoharA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| unhoMne apane bhASya meM likhA hai ki unhoMne mAdhavAcArya kA sahArA liyA hai| unhoMne vijJAnezvara kI mitAkSarA para eka saMkSipta bhASya likhA, jise pramitAkSarA yA pratItAkSarA kahA jAtA hai| unhoMne apanI zuddhicandrikA evaM vaijayantI meM zrAddhakalpalatA nAmaka kRti kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne govindapaNDita kI zrAddhadIpikA ke RNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve sAdhAraNa (sahAranapura ? ) ke sahagila kula ke paramAnanda ke Azrita the| smRtiyoM para unakA eka nivandha smRtisindhu hai, jisa para lagatA hai, unhoMne svayaM tattvamuktAvalI nAmaka TIkA likhI / nanda paNDita kI eka prasiddha pustaka hai vaijayantI yA kezava - vaijayantI / yaha viSNudharmasUtra para eka bhASya hai / yaha bhASya unhoMne apane AzrayadAtA kezava nAyaka ke Agraha para likhA thA, isI se ise kezava - vaijayantI bhI kahA jAtA hai| vaijayantI meM unake chaH granthoM kA ullekha huA hai, yathA--- vidvanmanoharA, pramitAkSarA, zrAddhakalpalatA, zuddhi candrikA, dattakamImAMsA / Adhunika hindU kAnUna kI banArasI zAkhA meM vaijayantI kA pramukha hAtha rahA hai| nanda paNDita ne yadyapi mitAkSarA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne sthAna-sthAna para isake lekhaka vijJAnezvara kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| nanda paNDita kI sabase prasiddha pustaka hai dattaka-mImAMsA, jisameM goda lene para pUrNa vivecana hai / isa pustaka kI carcA Adhunika yuga meM paryApta rUpa se huI hai / aMgrejI prabhutva ke kAla meM privI kauMsila taka isakA havAlA diyA jAtA rahA hai| nanda paNDita ke jIvanacarita ke viSaya meM hameM kucha saMketa milatA hai| nanda paNDita dakSiNI the aura unake pUrvapuruSa dakSiNa se hI banArasa Aye the| nanda paNDita kabhIkabhI bahuta-se AzrayadAtAoM ke yahA~ Ate-jAte rahate the, jaisA ki unakI katipaya kRtiyoM ke lekhana - sthAna se patA calatA hai| unhoMne sAdhAraNa (sahAranapura ? ) ke sahagila kula ke paramAnanda ke Agraha para zrAddhakalpalatA kA, mahendrakula ke harivaMzavarmA ke Agraha para smRtisindhu kA evaM madhurA ( madurA ) ke kezava vaijayantI kA praNayana kiyaa| zrI maNDalika ke matAnusAra unhoMne 13 pustakeM likhI haiN| nAyaka ke Agraha para 92 nanda paNDita kI vaijayantI, sambhavataH, unakI antima kRti thii| isakI racanA banArasa meM san 1623 I0 meM huI / anumAna ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI kRtiyoM kA racanAkAla 1595 I0 se 1630 I0 taka hai| 106. kamalAkara bhaTTa kamalAkara bhaTTa bhaTTa-kula ke prasiddha bhaTToM meM gine jAte haiN| ve nArAyaNa bhaTTa ke putra rAmakRSNa bhaTTa ke putra the| kamalAkara bhaTTa bar3e hI udbhaTa vidvAn the| unhoMne sabhI zAstroM para kucha-na-kucha avazya likhA / ve tarka, nyAya, vyAkaraNa, mImAMsA ( kumArila evaM prabhAkara kI donoM zAkhAoM meM ), vedAnta, sAhitya-zAstra, dharmazAstra evaM vaidika yajJoM ke marmajJa the| unake vivAdatANDava meM yaha ullikhita hai ki unhoMne kumArila - kRta mImAMsA ( zAstratattva ) ke vArtika para nirNayasindhu nAmaka eka bhASya likhaa| isake atirikta unhoMne 20 pustakeM likhIM, aisA bhI vivAdatANDava meM AyA hai| kahIM-kahIM unake 22 grantha bhI upalabdha haiN| inameM AdhI pustakoM kA sambandha hai dharmazAstra-sambandhI bAtoM se, yathA -- nirNayasindhu, dAnakamalAkara, zAntiratna, pUrtakamalAkara, vratakamalAkara, prAyazcittaratna, vivAdatANDava, bahvacAhnika, gotrapravaradarpaNa, karmavipAkaratna, zUdrakamalAkara, sarvatIrthavidhi / inameM zUdrakamalAkara, vivAdatANDava evaM nirNayasindhu ati hI prasiddha rahe haiN| ina kRtiyoM kA varNana karanA yahA~ sambhava

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kamalAkara bhaTTa, nIlakaNTha bhaTTa nahIM hai| kevala zUdrakamalAkara (zUdra-dharmatattva yA zUdradharmatattvaprakAza) para kucha prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai| Arambha meM hI aisA AyA hai ki zUdra vedAdhyayana nahIM kara skte| ve brAhmaNoM dvArA smRtiyoM, purANoM Adi kA kevala pATha suna sakate haiN| unakI dhArmika kriyAe~ paurANika mantroM dvArA sampAdita honI caahie| isake anya viSaya haiM-viSNu-pUjA, anya devatAoM kI pUjA, vrata, upvaas| janakalyANa ke kAryoM (pUrta) meM zUdra dAna de sakatA hai, zUdra goda le sakatA hai, zUdroM ke lie binA vaidika mantroM ke saMskAroM ke viSaya meM vividha mata, garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImanta, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, zizuniSkramaNa, annaprAzana, cUDAkarma, karNavedha, vivAha nAmaka saMskAra, paMcamahAyajJa (vAjasaneyI zAkhA ke anusAra), zrAddha (binA pakAye anna dvArA), varjitAvarjita karma, katipaya kriyA-saMskAroM kA vivecana, Ahnika-kRtya, janma-maraNa para azuddhi, antyeSTi kriyA, paliyoM evaM vidhavAoM ke kartavya, varNasaMkara, pratiloma sambandha se utpanna logoM ke viSaya meM vidhi, kAyasthoM ke viSaya meN| ____ kamalAkara bhaTTa ke granthoM meM nirNayasindhu yA nirNayakamalAkara sabase adhika prasiddha hai| yaha vidvattA, parizrama evaM manoharatA kA pratIka hai| yaha eka atyanta prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA rahA hai| nIlakaNTha evaM mitramizra ko chor3akara kisI anya dharmazAstrakAra ne itane granthoM evaM granthakAroM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| Azcarya hai, kamalAkara bhaTTa ne itane grantha kaise ekatra kiye aura pddh'e| unhoMne lagabhaga 100 smRtiyoM evaM 300 se adhika nibandhakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| nirNayasindhu tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM jo viSaya Aye haiM, unheM saMkSipta rUpa se yoM likhA jA sakatA hai--vividha dhArmika kRtyoM ke ucita samayoM ke viSaya meM nizcita mata denA hI pramukha viSaya hai; saura Adi mAsa; cAndra mahInoM ke cAra prakAra, yathA--saura, cAndra Adi; saMkrAnti kRtya evaM dAna; malamAsa, kSayamAsa, tithiyoM ke viSaya meM; zuddhA evaM viddhA; vrata, sAla ke vividha vrata evaM utsava ; garbhAdhAna Adi vividha saMskAra; sapiNDa-sambandha; mUrti-pratiSThA; bone, azva-kraya Adi ke lie muhUrta; zrAddha; janmamaraNa para azuddhi; mRtyUparAnta kRtya, satI-kRtya; sNnyaas| kamalAkara bhaTTa kA kAla bhalI-bhAMti jJAta kiyA jA sakatA hai| nirNayasindhu kI racanA 1612 I0 meM huI thI, aura yaha kRti unake Arambhika granthoM meM ginI jA sakatI hai| unhoMne bahuta-se grantha likhe haiM, ataH 1610 se 1640 taka kA samaya unakA racanA-kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| 107. nIlakaNTha bhaTTa nIlakaNTha nArAyaNa bhaTTa ke pautra evaM zaMkara bhaTTa ke putra the| zaMkara bhaTTa eka udbhaTa mImAMsaka the| unhoMne mImAMsA para zAstradIpikA, vidhirasAyanadUSaNa, mImAMsAbAlaprakAza nAmaka grantha likhe haiN| unhoMne dvaitanirNaya, dharmaprakAza yA sarvadharmaprakAza nAmaka dharmazAstra-sambandhI grantha bhI likhA hai| nIlakaNTha ne yamunA aura cambala ke saMgama ke bhareha nAmaka sthAna ke seMgaravaMzI bundela saradAra bhagavantadeva ke sammAna meM bhagavantabhAskara nAmaka dhArmika grantha likhA, jo 12 mayUkhoM (prakaraNoM) meM hai, yathA--saMskAra, AcAra, kAla, zrAddha, vyavahAra, dAna, utsarga, pratiSThA, prAyazcitta, zuddhi evaM shaanti| nIlakaNTha ne vyavahAramayUkha kA eka saMkSipta saMskaraNa bhI vyavahAratattva ke nAma se prakAzita kiyaa| . nIlakaNTha prasiddha nibandhakAroM meM gine jAte haiN| ve mImAMsakoM ke kula ke the, ata: dharmazAstra meM mImAMsA ke niyamoM ke prayogoM ke ve bar3e hI saphala lekhaka hue haiN| lekhana-zailI, mAdhurya, vidvattA evaM smRti-jJAna meM ve mAdhyamika kAla ke sabhI dharmazAstrakAroM meM sarvazreSTha haiN| yadyapi unhoMne vijJAnezvara, hemAdri Adi kI prazaMsA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kI hai, kintu ve kisI kA andhAnukaraNa karate nahIM dikhAI pdd'te| pazcimI bhArata ke kAnUna meM unakA vyavahAramayUkha prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA rahA hai| nIlakaNTha zaMkara bhaTTa ke kaniSTha putra the aura zaMkara bhaTTa ne apane dvaitanirNaya meM ToDarAnanda ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura hameM ToDarAnanda kI tithi jJAta hai| unhoMne san 1570-1589 I0 ke bIca apanI kRtiyA~ upasthita kI, ataH dvaitanirNaya 1590 I0 ke pUrva praNIta nahIM ho sktaa| nIlakaNTha zaMkara bhaTTa ke kaniSTha putra hone ke nAte kamalAkara bhaTTa se pahale likhanA nahIM Arambha kara skte| kamalAkara ne apanA nirNayasindhu san 1612 I0 meM likhaa| ataH nIlakaNTha kA lekhana-kAla san 1610 I0 ke uparAnta hI Arambha huA hogaa| vyavahAratattva kI eka pratilipi kI tithi 1644 I0 hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vaha grantha isa tithi ke pUrva hI praNIta ho cukA thaa| spaSTa kahA jA sakatA hai ki usakA racanAkAla 1610 evaM 1645 I0 ke madhya hai| 108 mitramizra kA vIramitrodaya mitramizra kA vIramitrodaya dharmazAstra ke lagabhaga sabhI viSayoM para eka bRhad nibandha hai| sambhavataH hemAdri ke caturvargacintAmaNi ko chor3akara dharmazAstra-sambandhI koI anya grantha itanA moTA nahIM hai| vIramitrodaya meM vyavahAra para bhI vivecana hai, ataH yaha caturvargacintAmaNi se upayogitA meM bAjI mAra le jAtA hai| yaha kaI prakAzoM meM vibhAjita hai| lakSaNaprakAza meM puruSoM, nAriyoM, mAnava tana ke vividha aMgoM, hAthiyoM, azvoM, siMhAsanoM, talavAroM, dhanuSoM ke zubha lakSaNoM, rAniyoM, mantriyoM, jyotiSiyoM, vaidyoM, dvArapAloM kI viziSTatAoM, zAlagrAma, zivaliMga, rudrAkSa ke dAnoM Adi kA vivecana hai| itanA kevala eka prakAza meM pAyA jAtA hai| isI se hama vIramitrodaya ke AkAra evaM upayogitA kA anumAna lagA sakate haiN| mitramizra ne apane sabhI granthoM meM saikar3oM granthakAroM evaM granthoM ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vyavahAra ke prakaraNa meM mitramizra ne apane pUrva ke lekhakoM ke matoM kA udghATana karake apane mata prakAzita kiye haiN| mitramizra vAda-vivAda meM nIlakaNTha se kaI zreNI Age bar3ha gaye haiN| hindU kAnUna kI banArasI zAkhA meM vIramitrodaya kA prabhUta mahattva rahA hai| mitramizra ne yAjJavalkyasmRti para eka bhASya bhI likhA hai| inhoMne apanA itihAsa bhI diyA hai, jo inake vIramitrodaya ke Arambha meM ullikhita hai| ye haMsapaMDita ke pautra evaM parazurAma paNDita ke putra the| haMsapaNDita gopAcala (gvAliyara) ke nivAsI the| mitramizra ne vIrasiMha ke Adeza se vIramitrodaya kI racanA kI thii| vIrasiMha eka bahAdura rAjapUta the| unhoMne orachA evaM datiyA ke prAsAdoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| vIrasiMha ne orachA meM san 1605 se 1627 taka rAjya kiyA thA, ataH mitramizra kA racanAkAla 17vIM zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa thaa| 109. anantadeva anantadeva ne smRtikaustubha nAmaka eka nibandha likhA, jisameM saMskAra, AcAra, rAjadharma, dAna, utsarga, pratiSThA, tithi evaM saMvatsara nAmaka sAta prakaraNa haiN| saMskAra evaM rAjadharma vAle prakaraNa saMskArakostuma evaM rAjadharmakaustubha kahe jAte haiN| pratyeka prakaraNa dIdhitiyoM yA kiraNoM meM vibhakta hai| saMskArakaustubha unakA sarvazreSTha grantha hai| isakA Adhunika nyAyAlayoM meM paryApta Adara rahA hai| isakI viSaya-sUcI saMkSipta rUpa se yoM haisolaha saMskAra; garbhAdhAna (prathama); mAsikadharma ke prathama Agamana para jyotiSa-sambandhI vivecana evaM usake uparAnta zamanArtha kRtya; garbhAdhAna kA ucita kAla evaM tatsambandhI katipaya kRtya; puNyAhavAcana, nAndIzrAva, mAtRkA

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anantaveva, nAgojibhaTTa, bAlakRSNa yA bAlambhaTTa 95 pUjana, nArAyaNabali evaM nAgabali; paJcagavya, kRcchra evaM anya prAyazcitta cAndrAyaNavrata; kise goda liyA jAya, kauna goda liyA jA sakatA hai, goda-sambandhI kRtya, dattaka kA gotra evaM sapiNDa, dattaka dvArA paridevana ( vilApa ), dattaka kA uttarAdhikAra; putrakAmeSTi, pusavana; anavalobhana, sImantonnayana santAnotpatti para kRtya; janma para azuddhi; janma para azubha rUpoM ke zamanArtha kRtya; nAmakaraNa; niSkramaNa; annaprAzana; karNachedana; janmadinotsava caula; upanayana; isake lie ucita kAla, ucita sAmagrI, gAyatrI, brahmacarya vrata samAvartana; vivAha; isake lie sapiNDa, gotra evaM pravara, vivAha ke lie ucita kAla; vivAha prakaraNa, vAtazcaya, sImantapUjana, madhuparka, kanyAdAna, vivAhahoma, saptapadI, dampati-praveza para homa / saMskArakaustuma kA eka aMza dattakadIdhiti kabhI-kabhI pRthak rUpa se bhI ullikhita milatA hai| sacamuca, yaha aMza mahattvapUrNa hai aura isakA adhyayana dattakamImAMsA, vyavahAramayUkha tathA anya tatsambandhI granthoM ke sAtha honA cAhie / nirNayasindhu evaM nIlakaNTha ke mayUkhoM ke samAna anantadeva ne apane saMskArakaustubha meM saikar3oM lekhakoM evaM granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vizeSataH mitAkSarA, aparAkaM, hemAdri, mAdhava, madanaratna, madanapArijAta kA sahArA liyA hai| anantadeva ne apane AzrayadAMtA ke vaMza kA varNana kiyA hai| bAjabahAdura unake AzrayadAtA the aura unhIM kI preraNA se unhoMne yaha nibandha likhA / anantadeva ne apane bAre meM likhA hai ki ve mahArASTra santa ekanAtha ke vaMzaja the / anantadeva sambhavataH 17vIM zatAbdI ke tRtIya caraNa meM hue the, jaisA ki unake AzrayadAtA bAjabahAdura tathA unake pUrvaja ekanAtha kI tithiyoM se prakaTa hotA hai / 110. nAgojibhaTTa nAgojibhaTTa eka parama udbhaTa vidvAn the / ve sabhI prakAra kI vidyAoM ke AcArya the / yadyapi unakA viziSTa jJAna vyAkaraNa meM thA, kintu unhoMne sAhitya-zAstra, dharmazAstra, yoga tathA anya zAstroM para bhI adhikArapUrvaka likhA hai / unake tIsa grantha aba taka prApta ho sake haiN| AcArenduzekhara, azaucanirNaya, tithInduzekhara, tIrthenduzekhara, prAyazcitenduzekhara yA prAyazcittasArasaMgraha, zrAddhenduzekhara, sapiNDImaJjarI evaM sApiNDyadIpaka yA sApiNDyanirNaya unake dharmazAstra - sambandhI grantha haiM / hama yahA~ para unake granthoM ke viSaya meM kucha na kaha skeNge| nAgojibhaTTa mahArASTra brAhmaNa the, unakI upAdhi thI kAla (kAle ) / ve prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa bhaTTojidIkSita kI paMraparA meM hue the| unake AzrayadAtA the prayAga ke samIpa zRMgaverapura ke visenakula ke rAma nAmaka rAjA / nAgojibhaTTa bhaTTojidIkSita ke pautra ke ziSya the aura bhaTTojidIkSita 17vIM zatAbdI ke prathamArdha meM hue the / nAgojibhaTTa ne kama-se-kama 50 varSa vyatIta kiye hoMge apane lekhana kArya meM / ataH bhaTTojidIkSita ke lagabhaga eka zatAbdI uparAnta hI unakI mRtyu huI hogii| ataH hama unheM 18vIM zatAbdI ke Arambha meM to rakha hI sakate haiM / 111. bAlakRSNa yA bAlambhaTTa lakSmIvyAkhyAna urpha bAlambhaTTI vijJAnezvara kI mitAkSarA para eka bhASya haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki yaha lakSmIdevI nAmaka eka nArI dvArA praNIta hai| yaha eka bRhad grantha hai, kintu bahuta hI Ubar3a-khAbar3a DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bAlambhaTTI meM aneka granthoM evaM granthakAroM ke nAma Aye haiN| kucha nAma ye haiM-- nirNayasindhu, vIramitrodaya, nIlakaNTha kA mayUkha, saMskArakaustubha, nIlakaNTha ke bhatIje siddhezvarabhaTTa, mImAMsAsUtra para bhATTadIpikA ke lekhaka khaNDadeva, gAgAbhaTTa kRta kAyasthadharmapradIpa Adi /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bAlambhaTTI ke lekhaka ko batAnA pahelI bUjhanA hai| zIlA, vijjA, avantisundarI kI gaNanA kavitA-praNayiniyoM meM hotI hai| isI prakAra kahA jAtA hai ki lIlAvatI nAmaka eka nArI ne gaNita zAstra para eka grantha likhA / dharmazAstra - sambandhI kRtiyoM ke lie rAniyoM evaM rAjakumAriyoM se bhI preraNAe~ milatI rahI haiM, yathA misarU mizra kA vivAdacandra lakSmIdevI kA preraNA phala hai, vidyApati ke dvArA mithilA kI mahAdevI dhIramatI ne dAnavAkyAvali kA saMgraha karAyA, bhairavendra kI rAnI jayA ke Agraha se vAcaspati mizra ne dvaitanirNaya kA praNayana kiyaa| yaha santoSa kA viSaya hai| ki eka nArI ne hI 'bAlambhaTTI' nAmaka eka dharmazAstra-sambandhI grantha likhA hai / bAlammaTTI ke Arambha meM aisA AyA hai ki lakSmI pAyaguNDe kI patnI, mudgala gotra ke tathA kheraDA upAdhi vAle mahAdeva kI putrI thI aura usakA eka dUsarA nAma thA umA / AcAra-bhAga ke anta meM AyA hai ki isakI lekhikA lakSmI mahAdeva evaM umA kI putrI hai, vaidyanAtha pAyaguNDe kI patnI hai evaM bAlakRSNa kI mAtA hai| lakSmI ne nAriyoM ke svatvoM kI bharapUra rakSA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| kintu yaha bAta sabhI sthAnoM para nahIM pAyI jAtI aura sthAna-sthAna para nAgojibhaTTa ke ziSya vaidyanAtha pAyaguNDe ke grantha maJjUSA tathA lekhaka ke guru evaM pitA ke granthoM kI carcA pAyI jAtI hai| isase yaha siddha ho sakatA hai ki bAlambhaTTI nAmaka grantha yA to svayaM vaidyanAtha kA likhA huA hai aura unhoMne apanI strI kA nAma de diyA hai, yA yaha unake putra bAlakRSNa urpha bAlambhaTTa dvArA likhA huA hai aura mAtA kA nAma de diyA gayA hai| vaidhanAtha evaM bAlakRSNa donoM prasiddha lekhaka the, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai / sambhavataH bAlakRSNa ne bAlambhaTTI kA praNayana kiyA hai| ve dakSiNI brAhmaNa the / bAlakRSNa pAzcAtya vidvAn kolabruka ke zabdoM meM eka paNDita the| bAlakRSNa ko bAlambhaTTa bhI kahA gayA hai| inakA kAla 1730 evaM 1820 I0 ke bIca meM kahA jA sakatA hai| 96 112. kAzInAtha upAdhyAya. kAzInAtha upAdhyAya ne dharmasindhusAra yA dharmAbdhisAra nAmaka eka bRhad grantha likhA hai| inheM bAbA pAdhye bhI kahA jAtA hai| inakA dharma sindhusAra Adhunika dakSiNa meM paramaM prAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai, vizeSataH dhArmika bAtoM meN| unhoMne svayaM likhA hai ki unhoMne apane pUrvavartI nibandhoM ko par3hakara nirNayasindhu meM varNita viSayoM ke AdhAra para kevala sAra-tattva diyA hai aura maulika smRtiyoM ke vacanoM ko tyAga diyA hai| unhoMne yaha bhI likhA hai ki unakA grantha mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstroM ke vidvAnoM ke lie nahIM hai / sampUrNa grantha tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM tIsarA bRhat hai aura do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai / kAzInAtha udbhaTa vidvAn the / ve zolApura jile ke paMDharapura ke biThovA devatA ke parama bhakta the| unhoMne dharmasindhusAra ke atirikta anya grantha bhI likhe haiM, yathA prAyazcittazekhara, viTThala- RgmantrasArabhASya Adi / kAzInAtha ke viSaya meM bahuta-sI bAteM jJAta haiN| marAThI kavi moro panta ne inakA jIvana carita likhA hai| ye karhADe brAhmaNa the aura ratnAgiri jile ke golAvalI grAma ke nivAsI the / dharmasindhusAra kA praNayana 1790 I0 meM huA thaa| ve kavi moro panta ke sambandhI the / unakI putrI Avar3I kA vivAha moro panta ke dvitIya putra se huA thaa| ve anta meM saMnyAsI ho gaye the aura san 1805-6 I0 meM svargavAsI hue / 113. jagannAtha tarkapaMcAnana jaba baMgAla meM aMgrejoM kA prabhutva sthApita ho gayA to hindU kAnUna ke viSaya meM sulabha nibandhoM ke saMgraha kA prayatna kiyA jAne lagA | vArena hesTiMgsa ke kAla meM 1773 I0 me vivAdArNavasetu praNIta huA / san 1789 I0 meM sara viliyama joMsa kI preraNA se trivedI sarvora zarmA ne 9 taraMgoM (bhAgoM) meM vivAdasArArNava nAmaka nibandha likhA / kintu

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97 jagannAtha tarkapaMcAnana niSkarSa ina prayatnoM meM sarvazreSTha prayatna thA vivAdabhaMgArNava kA, jo rudra tarkavAgIza ke putra jagannAtha tarkapaMcAnana dvArA praNIta huaa| sara viliyama joMsa ne hI isake lie Agraha kiyA thaa| kolabuka ne isakA anuvAda san 1796 I0 meM tathA prakAzana san 1797 I0 meM kiyaa| yaha nibandha dvIpoM meM tathA pratyeka dvIpa ratnoM meM ba~TA huA hai| jagannAtha tarkapaMcAnana kI mRtyu 111 varSa kI Ayu meM, san 1806 I0 meM huii| baMgAla meM inakI kRti bahuta prAmANika rahI hai, kintu pazcimI bhArata meM vaha koI viziSTa sthAna nahIM prApta kara skii| 114. niSkarSa gata pRSThoM meM dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM kA bahuta hI saMkSepa meM varNana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| vAstava meM, dharmazAstra para itane grantha haiM ki unheM eka sUtra meM bA~dhanA baDA dustara kArya hai| gata pRSThoM meM lagabhaga 2500 varSoM ke dharmazAstrakAroM evaM unake granthoM kA jo lekhA-jokhA bahuta thor3e meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, usase spaSTa hai ki hamAre dharmazAstrakAroM ne hindU samAja ko dhArmika, naitika, kAnUnI Adi sabhI mAmaloM meM eka sUtra meM bA~dha rakhanA cAhA hai| unhoMne pratyeka jAti ke sadasyoM evaM pratyeka vyakti ko Arya samAja kA avicchedya aMga mAnA hai, kahIM bhI vyaktigata svatvoM ko sampUrNa samAja ke Upara nahIM maanaa| yadi aisA nahIM kiyA gayA hotA to Arya jAti yA Arya samAja bAhya AkramaNoM evaM vividha kAloM kI mAra evaM capeTa se chinna-bhinna ho gayA hotaa| dharmazAstrakAroM ne Arya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko bAhya zAsakoM kI kaTTara dhArmikatA ke prabhAva se akSuNNa rkhaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki kabhI-kamI kAlAntara ke kucha dharmazAstrakAroM ne dhArmika mAmaloM meM tarka se kAma liyA hai aura pRthaktva, vaiminnya evaM pakSapAta kA pradarzana kiyA hai, kintu aise lekhakoM kI calI nahIM, kyoMki kendrIya zAsana se unakA sIdhA samparka kabhI nahIM thA, anyathA anartha ho gayA hotA, kyoMki rAjAoM kI chatracchAyA meM unakI bAteM mana mAne rUpa meM pratiphalita hotI aura pRthaktvavAda kA viSavRkSa vikarAla rUpa meM umara pdd'taa| saMyoga se aisA ho nahIM pAyA, kyoMki bAharI zAsakoM ko bhAratIya saMskRti se koI prema yA bhakti nahIM rhii| isa choTe doSa ke atirikta dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM ke mahArNava meM motI hI motI bhare par3e haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke svarUpoM ko sUtroM meM pirokara rakhanevAle dharmazAstrakAroM ko koTizaH prnnaam| dharma0-13

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dvitIya khaNDa varNa, Azrama, saMskAra, Ahika, dAna, pratiSThA, zrota yajJAdi

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adhyAya 1 dharmazAstra ke vividha viSaya ati prAcIna kAla se hI dharmazAstra ke antargata bahuta-se viSayoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| gautama, baudhAyana, Apastamba evaM vasiSTha ke dharmasUtroM meM mukhyataH nimnalikhita viSayoM kA adhika yA kama vivecana hotA rahA hai-katipaya varNa (varga); Azrama, unake vizeSAdhikAra, kartavya evaM uttaradAyitva; garbhAdhAna se antyeSTi taka ke saMskAra; brahmacArIkartavya (prathama Azrama); anadhyAya (avakAza ke dina, jaba vedAdhyayana nahIM hotA thA); snAtaka (jisakA prathama Azrama samApta ho jAtA thA) ke kartavya; vivAha evaM tatsambandhI anya bAteM; gRhastha-kartavya (dvitIya Azrama); zauca; panca mahAyajJa; dAna; makSyAmadhya; zuddhi, antyeSTi; zrAddha; strIdharma; strIpuMsadharma; kSatriyoM evaM rAjAoM ke dharma; vyavahAra (kAnUna-vidhi, aparAdha, daNDa, sAjhA, baeNTavArA, dAyamAga, goda lenA, juA Adi); cAra pramukha varNa, varNasaMkara tathA unake vyavasAya ; Apaddharma ; prAyazcitta; karmavipAka ; zAnti; vAnaprastha-karttavya (tRtIya Azrama); saMnyAsa (caturtha aashrm)| ina viSayoM kI carcA sabhI dharmasUtroM ne eka samAna hI nahIM kI hai, aura na sabako eka silasile meM rakhA hai; kisI meM koI viSaya madhya meM hai to vahI kisI meM anta meM hai| dharmazAstra-sambandhI kucha granthoM meM vratoM, utsargoM evaM pratiSThA (jana-kalyANa ke lie mandira, dharmazAlA, puSkariNI Adi kA nirmANa), tIrthoM, kAla Adi kA savistara varNana huA hai| kintu dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ne ina para bahuta hI halakA prakAza DAlA hai| uparyukta viSayoM para dRSTipAta karane se vidita ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM dharma-sambandhI dhAraNA bar3I vyApaka thI aura vaha manuSya ke sampUrNa jIvana ko sparza karatI thii| dharmazAstrakAroM ke matAnusAra dharma kisI sampradAya yA mata kA dyotaka nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha jIvana kA eka DhaMga yA AcaraNa-saMhitA hai, jo samAja ke kisI aMga evaM vyakti ke rUpa meM manuSya ke karmoM evaM kRtyoM ko vyavasthApita karatA hai tathA usameM kramazaH vikAsa lAtA huA use mAnavIya astitva ke lakSya taka pahu~cane ke yogya banAtA hai / isI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para dharma ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA; yathA zrota evaM smAta / zrota dharma meM una kRtyoM evaM saMskAroM kA samAveza thA, jinakA pramukha sambandha vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM se thA; yathA tIna pavitra agniyoM kI pratiSThA, pUrNamAsI evaM amAvAsyA ke yajJa, somakRtya aadi| smArta dharma meM una viSayoM kA samAveza thA jo vizeSataH smRtiyoM meM varNita haiM tathA varNAzrama se sambandhita haiN| isa grantha meM pramukhataH smArta dharma kA hI vivecana upasthita kiyA jaaygaa| zrauta dharma ke viSaya meM anukramaNikA meM saMkSepataH varNana kara diyA jaaygaa| 1. bArAgnihotrasambandhamijyA zrautasya lakSaNam / smAtoM vargAzramAcAro yarmazca niymputH|| matsyapurANa 1130-31, vAyupurANa 5931-32 evaM 39; annyAdhAnAdipUrvako'dhItapratyAvedamUlo darzapUrNamAsAdiH shrotH| anumitaparolazAlAmUlaH zaucAcamanAdiH smaartH| parA0 mA0 1 / bhAga 1, pR. 64 / For Private & Personal us

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102 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha granthoM meM 'dharma' ko zrauta (vaidika), smAta (smRtiyoM para AdhArita) evaM ziSTAcAra (ziSTa yA bhale logoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra) nAmaka bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| eka anya vibhAjana ke anusAra 'dharma' ke chaH prakAra haiM-varNadharma (yathA, brAhmaNa ko kabhI surApAna nahIM karanA cAhie), Azramadharma (yathA, brahmacArI kA bhikSA mAMganA evaM daNDa grahaNa karanA), varNAzramadharma (yathA, brAhmaNa brahmacArI ko palAza vRkSa kA daNDa grahaNa karanA cAhie), guNadharma (yathA, rAjA ko prajA kI rakSA karanI cAhie), naimittika dharma (yathA, vajita kArya karane para prAyazcitta karanA), sAdhAraNa dharma ( jo sabake lie samAna ho, yathA, ahiMsA evaM anya sAdhu vRttiyaaN)|' medhAtithi ne sAdhAraNA dharma ko chor3a diyA hai aura pAMca prakAroM kA hI ullekha kiyA hai (manu0 2 / 25) / hemAdri ne bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa dekara chaH prakAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| eka bAta vicAraNIya yaha hai ki sabhI sUciyoM meM varNa evaM Azrama kI carcA hai aura sabhI sthAnoM para, vizeSataH pramukha smRtiyoM meM, RSiyoM evaM muniyoM ne dharmazAstrakAroM se varNoM evaM AzramoM ke viSayoM meM vivecana karane kI prArthanA kI hai| sAmAnya dharma dharmazAstra ke viSayoM kI carcA evaM vivecana ke pUrva mAnava ke sAmAnya dharma kI vyAkhyA apekSita hai| dharmazAstrakAroM ne AcAra-zAstra ke siddhAntoM kA sUkSma evaM vistRta vivecana upasthita nahIM kiyA hai aura na unhoMne kartavya, saukhya yA pUrNatA (parama vikAsa) kI dhAraNAoM kA sUkSma evaM avahita vizleSaNa hI upasthita kiyA hai| kintu isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAlanA cAhie ki dharmazAstrakAroM ne AcAra-zAstra ke siddhAntoM ko chor3a diyA hai athavA una para koI U~cA cintana nahIM kiyA hai| ati prAcIna kAla se satya ko sarvopari kahA gayA hai ; Rgveda (7 / 104 / 12) meM AyA hai na evaM asatya vacana meM pratiyogitA calatI hai| soma donoM meM jo satya hai,jo Rja (Arjava hai usI kI rakSA karatA hai aura asatya kA hanana karatA hai| Rgveda meM Rta kI jo mAnyatA hai vaha bahuta hI udAtta evaM utkRSTa hai aura usI meM ke dharma ke niyamoM ke siddhAnta samAviSTa haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM AtA hai-ataH manuSya satya ke atirikta kucha aura na bole| taittirIyopaniSad meM samAvartana nAmaka saMskAra ke samaya guru ziSya se kahatA hai-'satyaM vd| dharma cara (11111) / ' chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 17) meM dakSiNA pA~ca prakAra kI kahI gayI hai; tapoM ke pAMca guNavizeSa, dAna, Arjava, ahiMsA, satyavacana / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ne kahA hai ki vyAvahArika jIvana meM satya evaM dharma donoM 2. vedoktaH paramo dharmaH smRtishaastrgto'prH| ziSTAcIrNaH paraH proktastrayo dharmAH snaasnaaH|| anuzAsanaparva 141165; vanaparva 207183 'vedokta...dharmazAstreSu caaprH| ziSTAcArazca ziSTAnA triviSaM dharmalakSaNam // ' dekhie, zAntiparva 354 / 6; aura dekhie, 'upaviSTo dharmaH prativedam |....smaarto dvitiiyH| tRtIyaH shissttaagmH|' bau0 50 sU0 13111-4 / 3. iha paJcaprakAro dharma iti vivrnnkaaraaHprpnycynti| meghAtidhi-manusmRti 125, atra ca dharmazambA SavidhasmArtadharmaviSayaH, tabathA-varNadharma Azramadharmo varNAzramadharmo guNadharmo nimittadharmaH sAdhAraNaparmazceti / mitAlarA yAjJavalkyasmRti para // 1 // 4. suvijJAnaM cikituSe janAya saccAsacca vacasI pspRssaate| tayoryatsatyaM yatarajIyastavitsomo'vati hantya st|| R0 7.104 / 12 / 5. tulanA kIjie, zatapatha bA0 1111111, 'amedhyo vai puruSo yadanRtaM vadati' tayA // 11 // 5 'sava satyameva vdet|'

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sAmAnya dharma 103 samAna haiN| isI upaniSad meM eka ati udAtta stuti hai-'asatya se satya kI ora, andhakAra se prakAza kI ora tathA mRtyu se amaratA kI ora le clo|" muNDakopaniSad meM kevala satya ke vijaya kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ne sabake lie vama (Atma-nigraha), dAna evaM dayA nAmaka tIna pradhAna guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai (tasmAdetattrayaM zikSed damaM dAnaM dayAmiti-bR0 u0, 5 / 2 / 3) / chAndogyopaniSad kahatI hai ki brahma kA saMsAra sabhI prakAra ke duSkarmoM se rahita hai, aura kevala vahI, jisane brahmacArI vidyArthiyoM ke samAna jIvana bitAyA hai, usameM praveza pA sakatA hai| isa upaniSad ne (5 / 10) pAMca pApoM kI bhartsanA kI hai-sone kI corI, surApAna, brahmahatyA, guru-zayyA ko apavitra karanA tathA ina sabake sAtha sambandha / kaThopaniSad meM Atma-jJAna ke lie durAcaraNa-tyAga, manaHzAnti, manoyoga Avazyaka batAye gaye haiN| udyogaparva (43 / 20) meM brAhmaNoM ke lie 12 vratoM (AcaraNa-vidhiyoM) kA varNana hai| isa (22 / 25) meM dAnta (Atma-saMyamita) kA ullekha huA hai| zAntiparva (160) meM dama kI mahimA gAyI gayI hai| mahAbhArata ke isI parva (16217) meM satya ke 13 svarUpoM kA varNana hai aura manasA, vAcA, karmaNA ahiMsA, sadicchA evaM dAna acche puruSoM ke zAzvata-dharma kahe gaye haiN| gaunamadharmasUtra ne dayA, kSAnti, anasUyA, zauca, anAyAsa, maMgala, akArpaNya, aspRhA nAmaka ATha AtmaguNoM vAle manuSyoM ko brahmaloka ke yogya ThaharAyA hai aura kahA hai ki 40 saMskAroM ke karane para bhI yadi ye ATha guNa nahIM Aye to brahmaloka kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| haradatta ne bhI ina guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai| atri (34-41), aparArka, smRticandrikA, hemAdri, parAzaramApavIya Adi meM aisA hI ullekha hai / matsya (5268-10), vAyu (59 / 40-49), mArkaNDeya (61.66), viSNu (3 / 8 35-37) Adi purANoM ne isI prakAra ke guNoM ko thor3e antara se batAyA haiN| vasiSTha (10 / 30) ne cugalakhorI, IrSyA, ghamaNDa, ahaMkAra, avizvAsa, kapaTa, Atma-prazaMsA, dUsaroM ko gAlI denA, pravaJcanA, loma, apabodha, krodha, pratispardhA chor3ane ko sabhI AzramoM kA dharma kahA hai aura (30 / 1) Adezita kiyA hai ki 'sacAI kA abhyAsa karo adharma kA nahIM, satya bolo asatya nahIM, Age dekho pIche nahIM, udAtta para dRSTi phero anudAta para nhiiN|' Apastamba ne guNoM evaM avaguNoM kI sUcI dI hai (Apastamba dha0 sU0 118 / 23 / 3-6) / ina saba bAtoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki gautama evaM anya dharmazAstrakAroM ke bhatAnusAra yajJa-karma tathA anya zauca eva zuddhi sambandhI dhArmika kriyA-saMskAra AtmA ke naitika guNoM kI tulanA meM kucha nahIM haiN| hA~, eka bAta hai, eka vyakti satya kyoM bole yA hiMsA kyoM na kare? Adi praznoM para kahIM vistRta vivecana nahIM hai| kintu isase yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki ina guNoM kI ora saMketa nahIM hai| yadi hama granthoM kA avalokana kareM to do siddhAnta jhalaka uThate haiN| bAhyAcaraNoM ke agaNita niyamoM ke antaraMga meM Antara puruSa yA antaHkaraNa para bala diyA gayA hai| manu (4 / 161) ne kahA hai ki vahI karo jo tumhArI antarAtmA ko zAnti de| unhoMne punaH (41239) kahA hai-'na mAtA-pitA, na patnI, na lar3ake usa saMsAra (paraloka) meM sAthI hoMge, kevala sadAcAra hI sAtha degaa|' devatA evaM Antara puruSa pApamaya kartavya ko dekhate haiM (vanaparva, 207154; manu0 8385, 6. tasmAtsatyaM vadantamAhudharma vadatIti dharma vA badantaM satyaM vadatItyetad dhyevaMtadubhayaM bhavati / yaha 1 / 4 / 14; tadetAni japedasato mA sad gamaya tamaso mA jyotirgamaya mRtyormA'mRtaM gamayati / bRha0 u0 1 / 3 / 2 / 7. nAvirato duzcaritAnAzAnto naasmaahitH|naashaantmaansovaapi prajJAnenanamApnuyAt // ktth01|223 aura dekhie, vahI 1137 tathA maitreyI u0 35 / jisameM U~ce evaM udAtta darzana ke vidyArthI dvArA tyAjya andhakAraguNoM kI sUcI hai| 8. abohaH sarvabhUteSu karmaNA manasA giraa| anupahazca dAnaM ca sA dharmaH snaatnH|| zAntiparva, 162 / 21 //

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104 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 91-92; aura dekhie Adiparva 74 / 28-29; manu0 8|86; anuzAsana 2 / 73-74) / 'tattvamasi' kA dArzanika vicAra pratyeka vyakti meM eka hI AtmA kI abhivyakti kA dyotaka hai| isI dArzanika vicAradhArA ko dayA, ahiMsA Adi 'guNa prApta karane kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| hama yahA~ naitikatA evaM tattva-darzana ( adhyAtma) ko sAtha sAtha calate hue dekhate haiM / ataH isI siddhAnta ke anusAra eka vyakti dvArA kiyA gayA sukRtya yA duSkRtya dUsare ko prabhAvita karatA huA batalAyA gayA hai| dakSa ( 3 / 22 ) ne kahA hai ki yadi koI Ananda cAhatA hai to use dUsare ko usI dRSTi se dekhanA cAhie, jisa dRSTi se vaha apane ko dekhatA hai| sukha evaM duHkha eka ko tathA anyoM ko samAna rUpa se prabhAvita karate haiM / devala ne kahA hai ki apane lie jo pratikUla ho use dUsaroM ke lie nahIM karanA caahie|" ataH hama dekhate haiM ki hamAre dharmazAstrakAroM ne naitikatA ke lie (saddvItiyoM ke lie) prAmANikatA ke rUpa meM zruti ( arthAt "sarvaM khela idaM brahma" ) evaM antaHkaraNa ke prakAza dona. ko grahaNa kiyA hai| acche guNoM ko prApta karane ke prathama kAraNa para isa prakAra prakAza par3a jAtA hai| aba hama dUsare kAraNa para vicAra kreN| hama udAtta guNa kyoM prApta kareM; isa prazna kA uttara mAnava-astitva ke lakSyoM (puruSArtha ) ke siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA meM mila jAtA hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se cAra puruSArtha kahe gaye haiM-dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa, jinameM antima to parama lakSya hai, jisakI prApti jisa kisI ko hI ho pAtI hai, adhikAMza ke lie yaha kevala Adarza mAtra hai / 'kAma' sabase nimna zreNI kA puruSArtha hai, ise kevala mUrkha hI sarvottama puruSArthaM mAnate haiN|" mahAbhArata meM AyA hai - eka samajhadAra vyakti dharma, artha, kAma tInoM puruSArthI ko prApta karatA hai, kintu yadi tInoM kI prApti na ho sake to vaha dharma evaM artha prApta karatA hai ki tu yadi use kevala eka hI cunanA hai to vaha dharma kA hI cunAva karatA hai| dharmazAstrakAroM ne kAma kI sarvathA bhartsanA nahIM kI hai, ve use mAnava kI kriyAzIla preraNA ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiM, kintu use anya puruSArthoM se nimnakoTi kA puruSArtha ThaharAte haiN| gautama ( 9/46-47 ) ne dharma ko sarvazreSTha sthAna diyA hai| yAjJavalkya ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai ( 1 / 115 ) | Apastamba ne kahA hai ki dharma ke virodha meM na AnevAle sabhI sukhoM kA bhoga karanA cAhie, isa prakAra use donoM loka mila jAte haiM (2812022-23) / bhagavadgItA meM kRSNa apane ko dharmAviruddha kAma ke samAna kahate haiN| kauTilya kA kahanA hai ki dharma evaM artha ke avirodha meM kAma kI tRpti karanI cAhie, binA Ananda kA jIvana nahIM bitAnA caahie| kintu apanI mAnyatA ke anusAra kauTilya ne artha ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai, kyoMki artha se hI dharma evaM kAma kI utpatti hotI 9. yathaivAtmA parastadvad praSTavyaH sukhamicchatA / sukhaduHkhAni tulyAni yathAtmani tathA pare / dakSa, 3 / 22 / 10. zrUyatAM dharma sarvasvaM zrutvA caivAvadhAryatAm / AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na samAcaret / devala kA kRtyaratnAkara meM uddharaNa / tulanA kIjie, ApastambasmRti 10 / 12; 'AtmavatsarvabhUtAni yaH pazyati sa pazyati / ' anuzAsanaparva 113 / 8- 9; na tatparasya saMdadhyAt pratikUlaM yadAtmanaH / eSa saMkSepato dharmaH kAmAdanyaH pravartate // pratyAkhyAne ca dAne ca sukha-duHkhe priyaapriye| Atmaupamyena puruSaH pramANamadhigacchati / / zAnti0 260 / 20 evaM 25; yavayaivihitaM necchedAtmanaH karma pUruSaH / na tatpareSu kurvIta jAnanapriyamAtmanaH / savaM priyAbhyupagataM dharma prAhurmanISiNaH // 11. trivargayuktaH prAjJAnAmArambho bharatarSabha / dharmArthAvanurudhyante trivargAsambhave narAH // pRthaktvaviniviSTAnAM ghamaM dhIro'nurudhyate / madhyamo'thaM kaoNla bAlaH kAmamevAnurudhyate // kAmArthI lipsamAnastu dharmamevAvitazcaret / nahi dharmAvatyarthaH kAmo vApi kadAcana / upAyaM dharmamevAhustrivargasya vizAMpate / udyogaparva, 124 / 34-38; belie zAntiparva 16718-9 / 12. bhoktA ca dharmAviruddhAn bhogAn / evamubhau lokAvabhijayati / apastamba0, 218/20122-23 /

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sAmAnya dharma 105 hai|" manusmRti (2 / 224), viSNudharmasUtra (71184) evaM bhAgavata (1 / 2 / 9) ne dharma ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai|" kAmasUtrakAra vAtsyAyana ne dharma, artha evaM kAma kI paribhASA kI hai aura krama se prathama evaM dvitIya ko dvitIya evaM tRtIya se zreSTha kahA hai, kintu rAjA ke lie unhoMne artha ko sarvazreSTha kahA hai| dharmazAstrakAroM ne isa prakAra Asanna evaM parama lakSyoM evaM preraNAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura anta meM parama lakSyoM evaM preraNAoM ko hI zreSThatama mAnA hai| unake anusAra uccatara jIvana ke lie tana aura mana donoM kA anuzAsita honA parama Avazyaka hai, ataH nimnatara lakSyoM kA uccatara guNoM evaM mUlyoM ke Azrita ho jAnA parama Avazyaka hai| manu ne arastU ke samAna hI sabhI kriyAoM ke pIche koI anamAnita yA pUrvakalpita zama yA kalyANaprada tattva mAna liyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki pratyeka jIva vAsanAoM kI ora jhukatA hai, ataH una para bala dene ke sthAna para unake nigraha para bala denA cAhie (5 / 56) / upaniSadoM ne bhI hita evaM hitatama ke antara ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vijJAnezvara ne yAjJavalkyasmRti ke bhASya mitAkSarA, (11) meM likhA hai ki ahiMsA tathA anya guNa sabake lie, yahA~ taka ki cANDAloM taka ke lie haiM / katipaya granthoM meM ina guNoM kI sUciyoM meM bheda pAyA jAtA hai| zaMkhasmRti (115) meM kathita zAnti, satya, Atma-nigraha (dama) evaM zuddhi nAmaka sAmAnya guNa sabake lie haiN| mahAbhArata ke mata se nirvairatA, satya evaM akrodha tIna sarvazreSTha guNa haiN| vasiSTha ke mata se satya, akrodha, dauna, ahiMsA, prajanana jaisI sAmAnya bAteM sabhI vargoM ke dharma haiM (414; 10 / 30) / gautama ne zUdroM ko bhI satya, akrodha, zuddhi ke lie protsAhita kiyA hai (1052) / manu ke anusAra ahiMsA, satya, asteya, zauca, indriya-nigraha sabhI vargoM ke dharma haiN| samrATa azoka ne nimnalikhita guNoM kA ullekha apane zilAlekhoM (stambha 2 evaM 7) meM kiyA hai---dayA, udAratA, satya, zuddhi, bhadratA, zAnti, prasannatA, sAdhutA, AtmasaMyama / yaha sUcI gautama kI sUcI se milatI-julatI hai| brAhmaNa se lekara cANDAla taka ke lie yAjJavalkya ne nau guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai (1 / 122) / zAntiparva meM ye nau guNa haiM-akrodha, satyavacana, saMvibhAga, kSamA, prajanana, zauca, adroha, Arjava, bhRtyabharaNa / vAmanapurANa meM dasa guNa haiM, yathA ahiMsA, satya, asteya, dAna, zAnti, dama, zama, akArpaNya, zauca, tapa / hemAdri ne sAmAnya dharmoM kI carcA kI hai| viSNudharmasUtra meM 14 guNoM kA varNana hai| 13. arthazAstra, 117 'dharmArthAvirodhena kAmaM seveta / na niHsukhaH syAt / .....artha eva pradhanamiti kauttilyH| arthamUlau hi dharmakAmAviti / ' 14. dharmArthAvucyate zreyaH kAmAyau dharma eva ca / artha eveha vA zreyastrivarga iti tu sthitiH|| manu0 2 / 224 // ; parityajedarthakAmo yo syAtAM dhrmvrjitau| manu0 4 / 176; milAie, viSNudharmasUtra 71284 'dharmaviruddhau cArthakAmo (pariharet)' ; anuzAsana 3||18-19-dhrmshcaaryshc kAmazca tritayaM jIvite phalam / etattrayamavAptavyamadharmaparivajitam // viSNupurANa 3|217-prityjedrykaamau dharmapIDAkarau nRp| dharmamapyasukhodakaM lokavidviSTameva ca // 15. tvameva vRNISva yaM tvaM manuSyAya hitatamaM manyase iti / kauSItaki vA0 u0 3 / 1 / 16. etari tritayaM zreSThaM sarvabhUteSu bhArata / nivaratA mahArAja satyamakoSa eva ca // AzramavAsiparva 2819; progyeva tu padAnyAhuH puruSasyottamaM vratam / na broccava dadyAcca satyaM caiva paraM vadet // anuzAsanaparva 120 // 10 // 17. ahiMsA satyamasteyaM shaucmindriynigrhH| etaM sAmAsika dharma caaturvnnye'brviinmnuH|| manu0 10 // 63; dekhie, sabhI AzramoM ke lie 10 guNa, manu0 6 // 62 / 18. bhamA satyaM damaH zaucaM daanmindriysNymH| ahiMsA guruzuzrUSA tIrthAnusaraNaM dyaa| ArjavaM lobhazUnyatvaM devabrAhmaNapUjanam / anabhyasUyA ca tathA dharmaH sAmAnya ucyte|| viSNu0 2016-17 / dharma. 14

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki dharmazAstrakAroM ne naitika guNoM ko bahuta mahattva diyA hai aura inake pAlana ke lie bala bhI diyA hai, kintu dharmazAstra meM unakA sIdhA samparka vyAvahArika jIvana se thA, ataH unhoMne sAmAnya dharma kI apekSA varNAzramadharma kI vizada vyAkhyA karanA adhika ucita smjhaa| AryAvarta dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM meM vaidika dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ke deza yA kSetra AryAvarta ke viSaya meM prabhUta carcA hotI rahI hai| Rgveda ke anusAra Arya-saMskRti kA kendra saptasindhu arthAt Aja kA uttara-pazcimI bhArata evaM paMjAba thA (sAta nadiyoM kA deza saptasindhu) / kubhA (kAbula nadI, R0 5 / 53 / 9; 1076 / 6) se krumu (Aja kA kurrama, R0 5 / 53 / 9; 10175 / 6), suvAstu (Aja kA svAta, R0 8 / 19 / 37), saptasindhu (sAta nadiyA~, R0 2 / 12 12; 4 / 28 / 1; 8 / 24 / 27; 10 // 43 // 3), yamanA (R0 5152117; 107515), gaMgA (R0 6 / 45 / 31; 1075 / 5) evaM sarayU (sambhavataH Aja ke avadha meM, R0 4 / 30 / 14 evaM 5 / 5339) taka Rgveda meM varNita haiN| paMjAba kI nadiyA~ ye haiM-sindhu (R0 2 / 15 / 6; 5 / 53 / 9; 4 / 30 / 12; 8 / 20 / 25), asiknI (R0 8 / 20 / 25, 1075 / 5.)), paruSNI (R0 4 / 22 / 2; 5 / 52 / 9), vipAz evaM zutudri (R0 3|33|1-yhaaN donoM ke saMgama kA ullekha hai), dRthadvatI, ApayA evaM sarasvatI (R0 3 / 23 / 4 parama pavitra), gomatI (R0 8 / 24 / 30; 10 / 75 / 6), vitastA (R0 10 / 75 / 5) / AryoM ne kramazaH dakSiNa evaM pUrva kI ora bar3hanA prArambha kiyaa| kAThaka ne kuru-paJcAla kA ullekha kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ke yuga meM Arya kriyA-kalApoM evaM saMskRti kA kendra kuru-paJcAla evaM kosala-videha taka bar3ha gyaa| zatapathabrAhmaNa ke mata meM kuru-paJcAloM kI bhASA yA bolI sarvottama thii| kuru-paJcAla ke uddAlaka AruNi kI bolI kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| videha mAThava, kosala-videha ke Age himAlaya se utarI huI sadAnIrA nadI ko pAra karake usake pUrva meM base, jahA~ kI bhUmi una dinoM bar3I urvara thii| yahA~ taka ki bauddha jAtaka kahAniyoM meM hameM 'udicca brAhmaNoM' kA prayoga unake abhimAna ke sUcaka ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| taittirIya brAhmaNa meM devatAoM ko vedI kuru-kSetra meM kahI gayI hai (5 / 111) / Rgveda meM bhI aisA AyA hai ki vaha sthAna, jahA~ se dRSadvatI, ApayA evaM sarasvatI nadiyA~ bahatI haiM, sarvottama sthAna hai (3 / 23 / 4) / taittirIya brAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki kuru-paJcAla jAr3e meM pUrva kI ora aura garmI ke antima mAsa meM pazcima kI ora jAte haiN| upaniSad-kAla meM bhI kuru-paJcAla pradeza kI viziSTa mahattA thii| jaba janaka (videharAja) ne yajJa kiyA to kuru-paJcAla ke brAhmaNa bahuta saMkhyA meM unake yahA~ padhAre (bR0 u0 3 / 1 / 1) / zvetaketu paJcAloM kI sabhA meM gaye (bR. u0 3 / 9 / 19, 6 / 2 / 1; chAndogya0 5 / 3 / 1) / kauSItakI brAhmaNopaniSad meM AyA hai ki uzInara, matsya, kurupaJcAla, kAzI-videha kriyA-kalApoM ke kendra haiM (41); isI upaniSad meM uttarI evaM dakSiNI do pahAr3oM (sambhavataH himAlaya evaM vindhya) kI ora saMketa hai (2 / 13) / nirukta (2 / 2) meM likhA hai ki kamboja deza AryoM kI sImA ke bAhara hai, yadyapi vahA~ kI bhASA AryabhASA hI pratIta hotI hai| mahAbhASya ke anusAra surASTra Arya deza nahIM thaa| AryAvarta kI sImA evaM sthiti ke viSaya meM dharmasUtroM meM bar3A matabheda pAyA jAtA hai / vasiSThadharmasUtra ke anusAra AryAvarta maru-milana ke pahale sarasvatI ke pUrva, kAlakavana ke pazcima, pAriyAtra evaM vindhya parvata ke uttara tathA himAlaya ke dakSiNa hai (118-9, 12-13) / isa dharmasUtra ne do aura mata diye haiM--'gaMgA evaM yamunA ke madhya meM AryAvarta hai' tathA 'jahA~ kRSNa mRga vicaraNa karate haiM vahIM AdhyAtmika mahattA virAjamAna 19. tasmAdatrottarA hi vAgvadati kurupnycaalvaa| zatapatha bA0 3 / 2 / 3 / 15 /

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AryAvarta 107 hai|' ApastambadharmasUtra meM bhI yahI bAta hai / pataJjali ne apane mahAbhASya meM yahI bAta kaI bAra duharAyI hai / zaMkhalikhita ke dharmasUtra meM AyA hai-- 'anavadya brahmavarcasa (punIta AdhyAtmika mahattA ) sindhu- sauvIra ke pUrva, kAmpilya nagara ke pazcima, himAlaya ke dakSiNa tathA pAriyAtra parvata ke uttara AryAvarta meM virAjamAna hai|' manusmRti ke anusAra vindhya ke uttara evaM himAlaya ke dakSiNa tathA pUrva evaM pazcima meM samudra ko sparza karatA huA pradeza AryAvarta hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 1 / 1128 ) meM gaMgA evaM yamunA ke madhya kA deza AryAvarta kahA gayA hai| yaha dUsarA mata hai| yahI bAta taittirIyAraNyaka meM bhI hai jahA~ kahA gayA hai ki gaMgA-yamunA pradeza ke logoM ko viziSTa Adara diyA jAtA hai ( 2 / 20 ) / 'AryAvarta vaha deza hai jahA~ kRSNa hariNa svAbhAvika rUpa se vicaraNa karate haiM - yaha tIsarA mata, adhikAMza sabhI smRtiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / vasiSTha evaM baudhAyana ke dharmasUtroM meM bhAllaviyoM ke nidAna nAmaka grantha kI eka prAcIna gAthA kahI gayI hai, jisameM AyA hai ki jisa deza ke pazcima sindhu hai, pUrva meM uThatA huA parvata hai, tathA jisa deza meM kRSNa mRga vicaraNa karatA hai, usa deza meM 'brahmavarcasa' arthAt AdhyAtmika mahattA pAyI jAtI hai| isa prAcIna gAthA ke rahasya ko yAjJavalkya - smRti ke bhASya meM vizvarUpa ( yAjJa0 1 / 2 ) ne zvetAzvatara ke eka gadyAMza ke uddharaNa se spaSTa kiyA hai ki 'yajJa eka bAra kRSNa mRga banakara pRthivI para vicaraNa karane lagA aura dharma ne usakA pIchA karanA Arambha kiyA / ' AryAvarta kI uparyukta sImA ke viSaya meM zaMkha, viSNudharmasUtra (8414), manu, (2 / 23), yAjJavalkya (112), saMvarta (4), laMghu-hArIta, vedavyAsa ( 113), bRhat parAzara tathA anya smRtiyoM ne samAna mata prakAzita kiyA hai / manusmRti (2 / 17-24 ) ne brahmAvarta ko sarasvatI evaM dRSadvatI nAmaka do pavitra nadiyoM ke bIca meM sthita mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki isa pradeza kA paramparAgata AcAra 'sadAcAra' kahA jAtA hai| manu ne kurukSetra, matsya, paJcAla evaM zUrasena ko brahmadeza kahA hai aura ise brahmAvarta se thor3A kama pavitra mAnA hai| unake mata se himAlaya evaM vindhya ke madhya meM aura vinazana (sarasvatI) ke pUrva evaM prayAga ke pazcima kA deza madhyadeza hai, tathA AryAvarta vaha deza hai jo himAlaya evaM vindhya ke madhya meM hai, jo pUrva-pazcima meM samudra se ghirA huA hai tathA jahA~ kRSNa mRga svAbhAvikatayA vicaraNa karate haiN| unake mata se yaha AryAvarta yajJa ke yogya mAnA jAtA hai| ina uparyukta dezoM ke atirikta anya deza mlecchadeza kahe jAte haiN| manu ne tIna ucca varNoM ke manuSyoM ko brahmAvarta, brahmarSideza, madhyadeza, AryAvarta Adi dezoM meM rahane ko kahA hai / unake mata se ApatkAla meM zUdra varNa ke loga kahIM bhI raha sakate haiN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki ati prAcIna kAla meM vindhya ke dakSiNa kI bhUmi AryasaMskRti se achUtI thI / baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1|1|31) kA kahanA hai ki avanti, aMga, magadha, surASTra, dakSiNApatha, upAvRt, sindhu evaM sauvIra deza ke loga zuddha Arya nahIM haiN| isakA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki jo AraTTaka, kAraskara, puNDra, sauvIra, aMga, vaMga, kaliMga evaM prAnUna (?) jAtA hai use sarva pRSTha nAmaka yajJa karanA par3atA hai aura kaliMga jAnevAle ko to prAyazcitta ke lie vaizvAnara agni meM havana karanA par3atA hai / yAjJavalkyasmRti ke bhASya mitAkSarA meM devala kA eka aisA uddharaNa AyA hai jisase yaha patA calatA hai ki sindhu, sauvIra, saurASTra, mlecchadeza, aMga, vaMga, kaliMga evaM Andhra deza meM jAnevAle ko upanayana saMskAra karAnA par3atA thaa| kintu jyoM-jyoM Arya saMskRti kA prasAra caturdik hotA gayA, aisI dhAraNAe~ nirmUla hotI gayIM aura sampUrNa deza sabake yogya samajhA jAne lgaa| Arya-saMskRti ke uttarottara pUrva evaM dakSiNa kI ora bar3hane se evaM anAya dvArA uttara-pazcimI sImA evaM paMjAba para AkramaNa hone se paMjAba kI nadiyoM vAlA pradeza AryoM ke vAsa ke lie ayogya samajhA jAne lagA / karNaparva meM sindhu evaM paMjAba kI pA~ca nadiyoM ke deza meM rahanevAloM ko azuddha evaM dharmabAhya kahA gayA hai (43 / 5-8) / vaidika dharma jahA~ taka parivyApta hai, usa bhUmi ko vizeSataH purANoM meM bharatavarSa yA bhAratavarSa kahA gayA hai| khAravela ke hAthIgumphA ke abhilekha meM isa zabda ko maraghavasa kahA gayA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa ( 57/59 ) ke anusAra

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108 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAratavarSa ke pUrva, dakSiNa evaM pazcima meM samudra evaM uttara meM himAlaya hai| viSNupurANa (2 / 3 / 1) meM bhI yahI ullekha hai| matsya, vAyu Adi purANoM meM bhAratavarSa kumArI antarIpa se gaMgA taka kahA gayA hai| jaimini ke bhASya meM zabara ne kahA hai ki himAlaya se lekara kumArI taka bhASA evaM saMskRti meM ekatA hai (10 / 1135 evaM 42) / mArkaNDeya (53 / 41), vAyu (bhAga 1,33152) tathA kucha anya purANoM ke anusAra svAyaMbhuva manu ke vaMza meM utpanna RSabha ke putra marata ke nAma para bhAratavarSa nAma par3A hai, kintu vAyu ke eka anya ullekhAnusAra (bhAga 2, a0 37 / 130) duSyanta evaM zakuntalA ke putra bharata se bhAratavarSa huaa| viSNupurANa ne bhAratavarSa ko svarga evaM mokSa kI prApti ke lie karmabhUmi mAnA hai (karmamamiriyaM svargamapavarga ca gacchatAma) / vAyaparANa ne yahI bAta duharAyI hai| eka manoraMjaka bAta yaha hai ki bhAratavarSa ke ve pradeza, jo Aja apane ko ati kaTTara mAnate haiM, AdityapurANa dvArA (smRticandrikA ke uddharaNa dvArA) vAsa ne gaye haiM, yahAM taka ki vahA~ dharmayAtrA ko chor3akara kabhI bhI Thaharane para jAticyutatA kA doSa prApta hotA thA tathA prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA ! AdipurANa (AdityapurANa ? ) meM AyA hai ki AryAvarta ke rahanevAloM ko sindhu, karmadA (karmanAzA ? ) yA karatoyA ko dharmayAtrA ke atirikta kabhI bhI nahIM pAra karanA cAhie; yadi ve aisA kareM to unheM cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA caahie| smRtikAroM evaM bhASyakAroM ne AryAvarta yA bharatavarSa yA bhAratavarSa meM vyavahRta varNAzrama-dharmoM taka hI apane ko sImita rakhA hai| unhoMne itara logoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra ko mAnyatA bahuta hI kama dI hai; yAjJavalkyasmRti (2 / 192) ne kucha chUTa dI hai| 20. kaanyciikaashypsauraassttrdevraassttraandhrmtsyjaaH| kavirI koMkaNA hUNAste dezA ninditA bhRzam // paJcanayo......vaset // ....saurASTrasindhusauvIramAvantyaM dakSiNApatham / gatvatAn kAmato dezAn kAliMgAMzca pated dvijH|| smRticandrikA dvArA uddhRta AdityapurANa ; AdipurANa--AryAvartasamutpanno dvijo vA yadi vaa'dvijH| karmadAsindhupAraM ca karatoyAM na laMghayet / AryAvartamatikramya vinA tIrthakriyAM dvijaH / AjJAM caiva tathA pitrorenvavena vizudhyati // paribhASAprakAza, pR0 59 /

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adhyAya 2 varNa bhArata kI jAti vyavasthA ke udgama evaM viziSTatAoM ke vivecana se sambandha rakhanevAle aneka grantha haiM, jinameM adhikAMza jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM kI vividhatAoM tathA unakI arvAcIna dhArmika aura sAmAjika paramparAoM evaM vyavahAra- prayogoM para hI adhika prakAza DAlate haiM / jAti udgama ke prazna ne bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke anumAnoM, vicAra zAkhAoM evaM mAnyatAoM kI sRSTi kara DAlI hai / katipaya granthakAroM ne yA to kula, yA varga, yA vyavasAya ke AdhAra para hI apane dRSTibindu yA mata nirdhArita kiye haiM, ataH isa prakAra unakI vicAradhArAe~ ekAMgI ho gayI haiM / samAja-zAstra ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie bhAratIya jAti-vyavasthA ke udgama evaM vikAsa kA adhyayana bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa evaM manoraJjaka viSaya hai / pAzcAtya lekhakoM meM kucha ne to ati prazaMsA ke pula bA~dha diye haiM aura kucha logoM ne bahuta kar3I AlocanA evaM bhartsanA kI hai| siDanI lo ne apanI prasiddha pustaka 'viz2ana Ava iNDiyA' (dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1907, pR0 262-263 ) meM jAti-vyavasthA ke guNoM ke varNana meM apanI kalama tor3a dI hai| isI prakAra ebbe Duboya ne Aja se lagabhaga 150 varSa pUrva isakI prazasti gAyI thI / kintu mena ne apane grantha 'aizyeNTa laoN' (navIna saMskaraNa, 1930, pR0 17) meM isakI kSayakArI evaM vinAzamayI paramparA kI ora saMketa karake bharapUra bhartsanA kI hai| zeriMga ne 'hindU TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa' nAmaka grantha ( jilda 3, pRSTha 293 ) meM bhAratIya jAti-vyavasthA kI bhartsanA karane meM koI bhI kasara nahIM chor3I hai, kintu meriDitha ne apane 'yUropa eNDa eziyA' (1901 vAle saMskaraNa, pR0 72 ) meM stuti gAna kiyA hai| kucha logoM ne jAti-vyavasthA ko dhUrta brAhmaNoM dvArA racita AviSkAra mAnA hai / janma evaM vyavasAya para AdhArita jAti vyavasthA prAcIna kAla meM phArasa, roma evaM jApAna meM bhI pracalita thI, kintu jaisI paramparAe~ bhArata meM calIM aura unake vyAvahArika rUpa jisa prakAra bhArata meM khile, ve anyatra durlabha the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki anya dezoM meM pAyI jAnevAlI aisI vyavasthA khula-khila na sakI aura samaya ke pravAha meM par3akara samApta ho gayI / yadi 'hama bhAratIya jAti-vyavasthA kI viziSTatAoM para kucha granthakAroM evaM katipaya vicArakoM ke matoM kA saMkalana kareM to nimna bAteM ubhara AtI haiM, jinakA sambandha spaSTataH jAti-vyavasthA ke guNoM yA vizeSatAoM se hai-(1) vaMzaparamparA, arthAt eka jAti meM siddhAntataH janma se hI sthAna prApta ho jAtA hai; (2) jAti ke bhItara hI vivAha karanA evaM eka hI gotra meM yA kucha viziSTa sambandhiyoM meM vivAha na karanA; (3) bhojana - sambandhI varjanA ; (4) vyavasAya ( kucha jAtiyA~ viziSTa vyavasAya hI karatI haiM); (5) jAti-zreNiyA~, yathA kucha to uccatama aura kucha nIcatama / senArTa sAhaba ne eka aura vizeSatA batAyI hai; jAti-sabhA (paMcAyata), jisake dvArA daNDa Adi kI vyavasthA kI jAtI hai / kintu yaha bAta sabhI jAtiyoM meM nahIM pAyI jAtI, yathA brAhmaNa evaM kSatriyoM meM; dharmazAstragranthoM meM bhI isakI carcA nahIM huI hai| Aja eka jAti ke antargata hI vivAha sambhava hai, isI se janma se jAti vAlA

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110 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa siddhAnta pracalita hai| anya tIna uparyukta viziSTatAe~ bhArata ke pradeza-pradeza evaM yuga-yuga meM adhika nyUna rUpa meM ghaTatIbar3hatI evaM parivartita hotI rahI haiN| hama ina pAMcoM viziSTatAoM para vaidika evaM dharmazAstrIya prakAza ddaaleNge| yahA~ para eka bAta vicAraNIya yaha hai ki prAcIna evaM madhyayugIna dharmazAstroM meM jAti-vyavasthA-sambandhI jo dhAraNAeM rahI haiM unameM aura Aja kI dhAraNAoM meM bahuta antara hai| Aja to jAti-vyavasthA ko hama kevala vivAha meM aura kabhI-kabhI khAna-pAna meM dekha lete haiN| Aja koI bhI jAti koI bhI vyavasAya kara sakatI hai| isa gati se jAti-sambandhI bandhana itane DhIle par3ate jA rahe haiM ki bahuta sambhava hai kucha dinoM meM jAti-vyavasthA kevala vivAha-vyavahAra taka hI sImita hokara raha jaay| yaha saba atyAdhunika bauddhika vicAroM evaM samaya kI mA~ga kA hI pratiphala hai| Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para (1173 / 7; 2 / 3 / 5; 9 / 97 / 15; 9 / 104 / 4; 9 / 105 / 4; 101124 / 7) varNa kA artha hai 'raMga' yA 'prkaash'| kahIM-kahIM, yathA 2 / 12 / 4 evaM 1317916 meM, varNa kA sambandha aise janagaNa se hai jinakA carma kAlA hai yA goraa|' taittirIya brAhmaNa (1 / 2 / 6) meM AyA hai ki brAhmaNa devI varNa hai aura zUdra asurya varNa hai| 'asurya varNa' kA artha hai 'zUdra jaati'| Rgveda meM AryoM evaM dAsoM yA dasyu logoM kI amitratA ke viSaya meM bahuta-sI sAmagriyAM milatI haiN| isa viSaya meM dAsoM ko harAne evaM AryoM kI sahAyatA karane para indra evaM anya devatAoM kI stuti gAyI gayI hai (R0 115138; 1 / 103 / 3; 1 / 117 / 21, 2 / 11 / 2,4, 18,19; 3 / 29 / 9; 5 / 70 / 3; 75 / 6, 9 / 88 / 4; 6 / 18 / 3; 6 / 25 / 2) / dasyu evaM dAsa donoM eka hI haiM (R0 10 / 22 / 8) / dasyu loga avrata (devatAoM ke niyama-vyavahAroM ko na mAnanevAle), aRtu (yajJa na karanevAle), mRdhravAcaH (jinakI bolI spaSTa evaM madhura na ho) evaM apanAsaH (gUMge yA capaTI nAka vAle) kahe gaye haiN| dAsoM evaM dasyuoM ko kabhI-kabhI asura kI upAdhi bhI dI gayI hai| . uparyukta bAtoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki RgvedIya kAla meM do parasparavirodhI dala the; Arya evaM dasyu (dAsa), jo eka dUsare se carma, raMga, pUjA-pATha, bolI evaM svarUpa meM bhinna the| ataH ati prAcIna kAla meM varNa zabda kevala dAsa evaM Arya se hI sambandhita thaa| yadyapi brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya zabda Rgveda meM bahudhA prayukta hue haiM, kintu varNa zabda kA unase koI sambandha nahIM thaa| yahA~ taka ki puruSasUkta (R0 10190) meM bhI jahA~ brAhmaNa, rAjanya, vaizya evaM zUdra kA ullekha huA hai vahA~ varNa kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| Rgveda meM puruSasUkta ko chor3akara kahIM bhI vaizya evaM zUdra zabda nahIM Aye haiM, yadyapi atharvaveda meM kaI bAra evaM taittirIya saMhitA meM bahuta bAra Aye haiN| bahuta logoM kA kahanA hai ki puruSasUkta Rgveda meM kAlAntara meM jor3A gayA hai| Rgveda meM brAhmaNa zabda kaI bAra AyA hai, kintu yaha kisI jAti ke artha meM nahIM prayukta huA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki soma brAhmaNoM kA bhojana hai, kintu eka kSatriya ko nyagrodha vRkSa ke tantuoM, udumbara, azvattha evaM plakSa ke phaloM ko kUTakara unake rasa ko pInA par3atA thaa| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki taba taka brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya do spaSTa dala ho gaye the, kintu ye dala AnuvaMzika the ki nahIM, aura unameM bhojana tathA vivAha-sambandhI pRthaktva utpanna ho gayA thA yA nahIM, isa viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hI hai| dharmasUtroM ke kAla meM bhI bhojana evaM vivAha se sambandhita niyantraNa utane kaThora nahIM the jitanA ki madhyayuga evaM Adhunika kAla meM 1. yo dAsaM varNamagharaM guhA kH| R0 (2 / 12 / 4); ubhau varNAvRSikapraH puposs| R0 (1 / 17 / 96) / pahale kA artha hai "jinhoMne (indra ne) dAsa raMga ko guhA (aMdhakAra) meM rakhA'; aura dUsare kA artha hai 'kroSI RSi (agatsya) ne do varSoM kI kAmanA kii| 2. brAhmaNazca bhUvazca carmakartA nyaaycchete| denyo vai vargoM brAhmaNaH, asuryaH shuuddhH| te bA0 11216

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dekhane ko milatA hai| kintu una dinoM janma se brAhmaNa honA spaSTa ho gayA thaa| gveda meM 'brahma' zabda kA artha hai 'prArthanA' yA 'stuti' / ' atharvaveda (2 / 15 / 4) meM 'brahma' zabda 'brAhmaNa' varga ke artha meM AyA hai| 'brahma' zabda kA kramazaH brAhmaNoM ke lie prayukta ho jAnA svAbhAvika hI hai, kyoMki brAhmaNa hI stutiyoM evaM prArthanAoM (brahma) ke praNetA hote the| Rgveda meM brahma evaM kSatra, 'stuti' evaM 'zakti' ke artha meM prayukta hue haiN| kahIM-kahIM ye zabda krama se brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ke lie prayukta ho gaye haiM, yathA 'brahma vai brAhmaNaH kSatraM rAjanyaH' (ta0 brAhmaNa, 3 / 9 / 14) / 'rAjanya' zabda kevala puruSasUkta meM hI AyA hai| atharvaveda meM yaha kSatriya ke artha meM prayukta hai (5 / 1749) / kSatriya vaidika kAla meM janma se hI kSatriya the ki nahIM, isakA spaSTa uttara denA sambhava nahIM hai| Rgveda kI eka gAthA isa bAta para prakAza DAlatI hai ki sambhavataH RgvedIya kAla meM kSatriyoM evaM brAhmaNoM meM karma-sambandhI koI antara nahIM thaa| devApi evaM zantanu donoM RSTiSeNa ke putra the| zantanu choTA bhAI thA, kintu rAjA vahI huA, kyoMki devApi ne rAjA hone meM anicchA prakaTa kii| zantanu ke pApAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa akAla par3A aura devApi ne yajJa karake varSA kraayii| devApi zantanu kA purohita thaa| isa kathA se yaha spaSTa hai ki eka hI vyakti ke do putroM meM eka kSatradharma kA, dUsarA brahmadharma kA pAlana kara sakatA thA, arthAt do bhAiyoM meM eka rAjA ho sakatA thA aura dUsarA purohit| Rgveda (9 / 11 / 213) meM eka kavi kahatA hai--'maiM stutikartA hU~, mere pitA vaidya haiM aura merI mA~ cakkiyoM meM ATA pIsatI hai| hama loga vividha kriyAoM dvArA dhanopArjana " eka sthAna para (R0 3 / 4415) kavi kahatA hai-he soma pAna karanevAle indra, kyA tuma mujhe logoM kA rakSaka banAoge yA rAjA? kyA tuma mujhe soma pIkara masta rahanevAlA RSi banAoge yA ananta dhana doge?' spaSTa hai, eka hI vyakti RSi, bhadrapuruSa yA rAjA ho sakatA thaa| yadyapi 'vazya' zabda Rgveda ke kevala puruSasUkta meM hI AyA hai, kintu 'viz' zabda kaI bAra prayukta huA hai| viz' kA artha hai 'jn-dl'| kaI sthAnoM para 'mAnuSIviMzaH' yA 'mAnuSISu vikSu' yA 'mAnuSINAM vizAm" prayoga Aye haiN| Rgveda (3 // 34 / 2) meM AyA hai--'indra kSitInAmasi mAnuSINAM vizAM daivInAmuta pUrvayAvA,'arthAt 'indra, tuma mAnavIya jhuNDoM evaM daivI jhuNDoM ke netA ho|" Rgveda (8163 / 7) ke mantra 'yatpAJcajanyayA vizendra ghopA asRkSat' meM 'viz' sampUrNa Arya jAti kA dyotaka hai| Rgveda ke 5 / 32 / 11 meM indra kI upAdhi hai 'pAJcajanya' (pAMca janoM ke prati anukUla) tathA Rgveda ke 9 / 66 / 20 meM agni kI upAdhi hai 'pAJcajanyaH purohitH| kahIM-kahIM 'jana' evaM 'viz' zabdoM meM virodha bhI hai, yathA 'sa ijjanena sa vizA sa janmanA sa purvAja bharate dhanA nRbhiH' (R0 2 / 26 / 3) / kintu "viz' pAJcajanya bhI kahA gayA hai, isase spaSTa hai ki 'jana' evaM 'viz' meM koI bheda nahIM hai| 'paJca janAH' kA ullekha Rgveda meM kaI bAra huA hai ( 0 3 / 37 / 9; 3 / 59 / 7; 6 / 11 / 4; 8132 / 22; 10 / 65 / / 23; 10 / 45 / 6) / isI prakAra 'kRpTi', 'kSiti', 'carpaNi' nAmaka zabda 'paJca' zabda ke sAtha prayukta hue haiM, udAharaNArtha, 'pAJcajanyAsu kRSTiSu' 3.vaM no agne agnibhibrahma yajaM ca vadhaMya (he agni, apanI jvAlA se hamArI stuti evaM yajJa ko bar3hAo) 10 10 / 14135, vizvAmitrasya rakSati brahmevaM bhArataM nanam (yaha vizvAmitra kA brahma arthAt stuti yA AdhyAtmika zakti bhArata janoM ko rakSA kare ) / 4. dekhie, yAska kA nirukta (2010) / isake anusAra zantanu evaM devApi kauravya bhAI the| 5. 'kAyarahaM tato bhiSagupakSiNI nnaa| nAnAdhiyo vasUyavo anu gA iva tasthima / ' yahA~ 'kAra' kA artha hai stuti-praNetA; nadiyoM ne Rgveda (3333 / 10) meM vizvAmitra ko kAra kahA hai; A te kAro zRNavAmA vaasi|' 'kAha rahama' ke lie dekhie kina 66 //

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112 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (R0 3 / 53 / 16 ) | ataH 'viz' zabda Rgveda kI sabhI stutiyoM meM 'vaizya' kA bodhaka nahIM, pratyuta 'jana' yA 'Arya jana' kA dyotaka hai| aitareya brAhmaNa ( 1 / 26 ) ke anusAra 'viza:' kA artha hai 'rASTriNI' (deza) / E zruti-granthoM ke uparAnta ke granthoM meM 'dAsa' kA artha hai 'gulAma' (kIta mRtya ) / Rgveda meM jina dAsa jAtiyoM kA ullekha huA hai, ve AryoM kI virodhI thIM, ve kAlAntara meM harA dI gayIM aura anta meM AryoM kI sevA karane lagIM / manusmRti ke mata meM zUdra kI utpatti bhagavAn ne brAhmaNoM ke dAsya ke lie kii| brAhmaNa-granthoM meM zUdroM ko vahI sthAna prApta hai jo smRtiyoM meM hai / isase spaSTa hai ki AryoM dvArA vijita dAsa yA dasyu kramaza: zUdroM meM pariNata ho gye| Arambha meM ve vairI the, kintu dhIre-dhIre unase mitra mAtra sthApita ho gyaa| Rgveda meM bhI isa mitra-bhAva kI jhalaka mila jAtI hai, yathA dAsa balbhUtha evaM tarukSa se saMgItajJa ne eka sau gAyeM yA anya dAna liye (8/46 / 32 ) / RRgveda ke puruSasUkta (10/90 / 12) ke mata meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra krama se parama puruSa ke mukha, bAhuoM, jA~ghoM evaM pairoM se utpanna hue / isa kathana ke Age hI sUrya evaM candra parama puruSa kI A~kha evaM mana se utpanna kahe gaye haiM, jisase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki puruSasUkta ke kavi kI dRSTi meM samAja kA cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjana bahuta prAcIna kAla meM huA thA aura yaha utanA hI svAbhAvika evaM Izvarasammata thA jitanI ki sUrya evaM candra kI utpatti / Rgveda meM Arya loga kAle carma vAle logo se pRthak kahe gaye haiM / dharmasUtroM meM zUdroM ko kAle varNa kA kahA gayA hai (Apastambadharma0 1 / 9 / 27 / 11; bau0 dharmasUtra 2 / 1 / 59 ) / jaise pazuoM meM ghor3A hotA hai, vaise manuSyoM meM zUdra hai, ata: zUdra yajJa ke yogya nahIM hai ( taittirIya saMhitA - zUdro manuSyANAmazvaH pazUnAM tasmAttau mutasaMkrAmiNAvazvazca zUdrazca tasmAcchUdro yajJe'navaklRptaH | 7|1|1|6 ) / isase spaSTa hai, vaidika kAla meM zUdra yajJa Adi nahIM kara sakate the, ve kevala pAlakI hI Dhote the / 'zUdra eka calatA-phiratA zmazAna hai, usake samIpa vedAdhyayana nahIM karanA cAhie' aisA zrutivAkya hai / kintu taittirIya saMhitA meM AyA hai-- 'hamAre brAhmaNoM meM prakAza bharo, hamAre mukhyoM (rAjAoM) meM prakAza bharo, vaizyoM evaM zUdroM meM prakAza bharo aura apane prakAza se mujha meM bhI prakAza bhro|" isase spaSTa hotA hai ki zUdra loga, jo prathamataH dAsa jAti ke the, usa samaya taka samAja ke eka aMga ho gaye the aura paramAtmA se prakAza pAne meM tIna ucca jAtiyoM ke samakakSa hI the| aitareya brAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki 'usane brAhmaNoM ko gAyatrI ke sAtha utpanna kiyA, rAjanya ko triSTupa ke sAtha aura vaizya ko jagatI ke sAtha, kintu zUdra ko kisI bhI chanda ke sAtha nahIM utpanna kiyA' (aitareya brAhmaNa 5 / 12) / tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa ( 6 | 1|11 ) meM AyA hai - ' ataH eka zUdra, bhale hI usake pAsa bahuta-se pazu hoM, yajJa karane ke yogya nahIM hai, vaha deva-hIna hai, usake lie ( anya tIna varNoM ke samAna) kisI devatA kI racanA nahIM kI gayI, kyoMki usakI utpatti pairoM se huI ( yahA~ puruSasUkta kI ora saMketa hai, yathA padbhyAM zUdro ajAyata ) / isase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pazuoM se saMpanna zUdra bhI dvijoM kI pada-pUjA kiyA karatA thA / zatapathabrAhmaNa kahatA hai, 'zUdra asatya hai', 'zUdra zrama hai', 'kisI dIkSita vyakti ko zUdra se bhASaNa nahIM karanA caahie|' aitareya brAhmaNa meM ullekha hai - ' ( zUdro : ) anyasya preSyaH kAmotthApyaH yathAkAmavadhya:' ( 3503), arthAt zUdra dUsaroM se anuzAsita hotA hai, vaha kisI kI AjJA para uThatA hai, use kabhI bhI pITA jA sakatA hai| ina saba uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki yadyapi zUdra loga 6. zUdraM tu kArayed vAsyaM krItamakrItameva vA / vAsyArthava hi sRSTo'sau brAhmaNasya svayaMbhuvA // manu0 8 413 / 7. rucaM no dhehi brAhmaNeSu rucaM rAjasu naskRSi / davaM vizyeSu zUdreSu mayi dhehi racA rucam / / tai0 sN05|7|6|3-41 8. tasmAcchUdra uta bahupazurayanniyo videvo nahi taM kAcana devatAnvasRjyata tasmAtpAdAvanejyaM nAtivardhate patto hi sRSTaH / tANDya 0 6 | 1|11 /

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varNaH; zUdra kI sthiti, brAhmaNa, kSatriya 113 Arya-samAja ke antargata A gaye the, kintu unakA sthAna bahuta nIcA thaa| unameM aura AryoM ke bIca eka spaSTa rekhA khIMca dI gayI thii| yaha bAta brAhmaNa granyoM evaM dharmasUtroM ke vacanoM se siddha ho jAtI hai| gautamavarmasUtra (12 // 3) meM usa zUdra ke lie, jo Arya nArI ke sAtha sambhoga karatA thA, kar3e daNDa kI vyavasthA hai| apane pUrvamImAsAsUtra (6 / 1 / 25-38) meM jaimini bahuta vivecana ke uparAnta siddha karate haiM ki agnihotra evaM vaidika yajJoM ke lie zUdroM ko koI adhikAra nahIM hai| Azcarya evaM santoSa kI bAta yaha hai ki kama-se-kama eka AcArya bAdari ne zUdroM ke adhikAroM ke lie mata prakAzita kiyA ki ve bhI vaidika yajJoM ke yogya haiM ( 6 / 1 / 27) / vedAntasUtra (1 // 3 // 34-38) meM AyA hai ki zUdroM ko brahmavidyA prApta karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai, yadyapi kucha zUdra pUrvajanmoM ke kAraNa, yathA vidura, brahma-jJAna prApta kara sakate haiN| smRti-sAhitya meM kucha sthaloM para AryoM evaM zUdra nAriyoM ke vivAha ke sambandha meM chUTa dI gayI hai (isa bAta para Age kisI adhyAya meM carcA hogii)| zUdroM ke viSaya meM hama Age bhI kucha vivaraNa upasthita kreNge| yahAM itanA hI paryApta hai| Rgveda evaM brAhmaNa granthoM ke atirikta anya saMhitAoM ke varNana se spaSTa hai ki brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke kartavyoM meM vibhAjana-rekhAe~ spaSTa ho gayI thii| Rgveda (4150 / 8) meM ullekha hai ki vaha rAjA, jo brAhmaNa ko sarvaprathama Adara detA hai, apane ghara meM sukha se rahatA hai| 'brAhmaNa aise devatA haiM, jinheM hama pratyakSa dekha sakate haiM (tai0 sa0 1173 / 1) / 'devatAoM ke do prakAra haiM; devatA to devatA haiM hI, aura brAhmaNa bhI, jo pavitra jJAna kA arjana karate haiM aura use par3hAte haiM, mAnava devatA haiM' (zata0 braa0)| atharvaveda (5 / 17 / 19) meM brAhmaNoM kI mahattA gAyI gayI aura unheM sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa (3334) meM AyA hai ki jaba varuNa se kahA gayA ki rAjA harizcandra ke putra ke sthAna para brAhmaNa-gutra kI bali dI jAyagI, to unhoMne kahA--'hA~, brAhmaNa to kSatriya se uttama samajhA hI jAtA hai| kintu zatapatha brAhmaNa (5 / 1 / 1 / 12) meM AyA hai--'na vai brAhmaNo rAjyAyAlam' arthAt brAhmaNa rAjya ke yogya nahIM hai| taittirIyopaniSad meM AyA hai ki azvamedha ke samaya brAhmaNa evaM rAjanya donoM vINA bajAyeM (do brAhmaNa nahIM), kyoMki dhana ko brAhmaNa ke yahA~ Ananda nahIM miltaa| zatapatha brAhmaNa ke anusAra brAhmaNoM ke cAra vilakSaNa guNa haiM--brAhmaNya (brAhmaNa rUpa meM pavitra mAtA-pitA vAlA guNa, arthAt brAhmaNa rUpa meM pavitra paitRkatA), pratirUpacaryA (pavitrAcaraNa), yaza (mahattA) evaM lokapakti (logoM ko par3hAnA yA pUrNa bnaanaa)| 'jaba loga brAhmaNa se par3hate haiM yA usake dvArA pUrNa hote haiM to ve use cAra vizeSAdhikAra dete haiM; arcA (Adara), dAna, ajyeyatA (koI kaSTa nahIM denA) evaM avdhytaa|" zatapatha brAhmaNa (51416 / 9) meM spaSTa rUpa se AyA hai ki brAhmaNa, rAjanya, vaizya evaM zUdra cAra varNa haiN| brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAroM ke viSaya meM hama Age bhI pddh'eNge| yahA~ itanA hI paryApta hai| aba hama saMkSepa meM, kSatriyoM kI sthiti ke viSaya meM bhI jAnakArI kara leN| Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para, yayA 10 / 02 / 10 evaM 10 / 9716 meM rAjan' kA artha hai 'bar3A' yA 'mahAn' yA 'prmukh'| kahIM-kahIM 'rAjan' kA artha hai 'raajaa'| Rgveda ke kAla meM rAjya varga-sambandhI thA, yathA yadu loga, turvazu loga, druhya loga, anu loga, puru loga, bhRgu loga, tRtsu log| kSatriya hI rAjA hotA thaa| jaba rAjA ko mukuTa pahanA diyA jAtA thA (rAjyAbhiSeka hotA thA) to yahI samajhA jAtA thA ki eka kSatriya sabakA adhipati, brAhmaNoM evaM dharma kI rakSA karanevAlA utpanna kiyA gayA hai|" 9. prajJA varSamAnA caturo dharmAn brAhmaNamabhiniSpAdayati brAhmaNyaM pratirUpacayIM yazo lokapaktim lokH| pacyamAnazcatubhidhamAhmaNaM bhunaktyarcayA ca dAnena cAjyeyatayA cAvadhyatayA ca / zatapatha0 11 / 5 / 71 / 10. kSatriyojani vizvasya bhUtasyAdhipatirajani vizAmattAjani...... brahmaNo goptAjani dharmasya goptaajni| aitareya brAhmaNa 38 evaM 39 / 3 / dharma0-15

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kSatriya ko koI kArya Arambha karane ke pUrva brAhmaNa ke pAsa jAnA cAhie, brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ke sahayoga se yaza milatA hai ; Adi bAteM zruti-granthoM se spaSTa ho jAtI haiM (zata0 brA0 4 / 1 / 4 / 6) / kramazaH rAjA ke purohita kA sthAna bahuta mahattvapUrNa ho gayA / eka brAhmaNa binA rAjA ke raha sakatA hai, kintu eka rAjA binA purohita ke nahIM raha sakatA, yahA~ taka ki devatAoM ko bhI purohita kI AvazyakatA hotI hai (taittirIya saM0 2 / 5 / 1 / 1) / svapTA ke putra vizvarUpa devatAoM ke purohita the (te0 saM0 2 / 5 / 1 / 1) / zaNDa evaM amarka asuroM ke purohita the (kATaka saM0 4 / 4) / eka rAjanya, jise purohita prApta hai, anya rAjanyoM se uttama hai| eka rAjA, jo brAhmaNoM ke lie zaktizAlI nahIM hai, arthAt unake sammukha vinamra hai, vaha apane zatruoM se adhika zaktizAlI hotA hai (yo vai gajA brAhmaNAdabalIyAnamitrebhyo vai sa balIyAn bhavati (zatapatha brAhmaNa 5 / 4 / 4 / 15) / kintu zatapatha brAhmaNa meM hI kahIM-nahIM kSatriyoM ko sabase uttama kahA gayA hai| atharvaveda meM brAhmaNa sarvocca kahA gayA hai (5 / 18 / 4 evaM 13 tathA 5 / 19 / 3 evaM 8) / kintu kabhI-kabhI kucha rAjAoM ne brAhmaNoM kA anAdara bhI kiyA hai| mahAbhArata evaM purANoM kI gAthAe~ kacha rAjAoM dvArA brAhmaNoM ke prati anAdara bhI prakaTa karatI haiN| rAjA kArtavIrya evaM vizvAmitra kI gAthAe~, jinhoMne jamadagni evaM vasiSTha kI gaue~ chIna lI thIM, yaha batAtI haiM ki bahuta-se rAjA atyAcArI the aura unhoMne brAhmaNoM ke prati koI Adara nahIM prakaTa kiyA (mahAbhArata--zAntiparva 49, Adiparva 175) / yahA~ taka ki brAhmaNoM kI patniyAM bhI rAjAoM ke hAtha meM arakSita thIM (atharvaveda 5 / 17 / 14) / taitirIya saMhitA meM AyA hai--pazuoM kI kAmanA karanevAle vaizya sattamuca yajJa karata haiN| jaba devatA loga parAjita ho gaye to ve vaizya kI dazA ko prApta ho gaye yA asuroM ke vira bana gye|" manuSyoM meM vaizya, pazuoM me gAya anya logoM ke upabhoga kI vastue~ haiM ; ve bhojana ke AdhAra se utpanna kiye gaye haiM, ataH ve saMkhyA meM adhika hai| taittirIya brAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki vaizya Rk-mantroM se utpanna hue haiN| isake anusAra kSatriyoM kA udgama yajurveda se evaM brAhmaNoM kA udgama sAmaveda se huA hai| isI brAhmaNa ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki viz brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM se pRthak rahate haiM / tANDya brAhmaNa meM yaha AyA hai ki vaizya brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM se nimna zreNI ke haiM (tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa 6 / 1 / 10) / aitareya brAhmaNa (35 / 3) ke anusAra vaizya anya logoM kA bhojana hai aura kara denevAlA hai| uparyata bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki vaizya yajJa kara sakate the, pazu pAlana karate the, donoM UMcI jAtiyoM kI apekSA saMkhyA meM adhika the, unheM kara denA par3atA thA, ve brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM se dUra rahate the aura unakI AjJA kA pAlana karate the| varNa-vyavasthA brAhmaNa granthoM ke praNayana samaya meM itanI sudRr3ha ho gayI thI ki devatAoM meM bhI jAti-vibhAjana ho gayA thaa| agni evaM bRhaspati devatAoM meM brAhmaNa the; indra, varuNa, yama kSatriya the; vasu, rudra, vizve-deva evaM masta viz the, tathA pUpA zUdra thaa| isI prakAra yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa vasanta Rtu haiM, kSatriya grISma Rtu evaM viz varSA Rtu haiN| 11. pazukAmaH khalu baMzyo yjt| te0 saM0 2 / 5 / 10 / 2; te devAH parAjigyAnA asurANAM vaizyamupAyan / taM0 saM0 2 // 3 // 71 // 12. yo manuSyANAM gAvaH pazUnAM tasmAtta AdhA annadhAnAvadhyasRjyanta tasmAd bhuuyaaNso'nyebhyH| te0 saM0 7 / 1 / 15 / 13. Rgmyo jAtaM vaizyaM vrnnmaahuH| yajurvedaM bhtriysyaahuryonim| sAmavedo brAhmaNAnAM prasUtiH / te0 prA0 3 / 12 / 9; tasmAda brahmaNazca kSatrAcca vishonyto'pkrminniiH| te0 prA0 165 /

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varNaH; vedoM meM vibhinna vyavasAya-zilpa 115 cAra varSoM ke atirikta kucha anya vyavasAya evaM zilpa se sambandhita varga the jo kAlAntara meM jAti-sUcaka ho gaye, yathA vaptA arthAt nAI (R0 10 / 142 / 4), taSTA arthAt bar3haI yA rathanirmAtA (R0 116114; 7 / 32 / 20; 9 / 112 / 1; 10 / 119 / 5). tvaSTA yA bar3haI (8 / 10218), bhiSak arthAt vaidya (9 / 112 / 1 evaM 3), karmAra yA kA. Ara arthAt lohAra (10 / 12 / 2 evaM 9 / 112 / 2), carmamna arthAt carmazodhanakAra yA camAra (R0 8 / 5 / 38) / atharvaveda meM rathakAra (3 / 5 / 6), karmAra (3 / 5 / 6) evaM sUta (3 / 5 / 7) kA ullekha huA hai| taitirIya saMhitA (4 / 5 / 412) meM kSattA (caeNvara DulAne vAlA yA dvArapAla), saMgrahItA (koSAdhyakSa), takSA (bar3haI, rathakAra), kulAla (kumhAra), karmAra, puJjiSTha (vyAdha), niSAda, iSukRt (bANanirmAtA), dhanvakRt (dhanuSanirmAtA), mRgayu (zikArI) evaM zvani (zikArI kuttoM ko le jAnevAle) ke nAma Aye haiN| ye nAma vAjasaneyI saMhitA (16 / 26-28; 3015-13) tathA kAThaka saMhitA (17.14) meM Aye haiN| taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 4 / 1) meM Ayoga, mAgadha (bhATa), sUta, zailUSa (aminetA), rebha, bhImala, rathakAra, takSA, kaulAla, karmAra, maNikAra, vapa (nAI, ropanevAlA), iSukAra, dhanvakAra, jyAkAra (pratyaMcA-nirmAtA), rajjusarga, mRgayu, zvani, surAkAra, ayastApa (lohA yA tA~bA tapAnevAlA), kitava (juArI), vidalakAra, kaNTakakAra ke nAmoM kA ullekha huA hai| ye nAma saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke praNayana-kAla meM sambhavataH jAtibhUcaka bhI the| yadyapi ye vyavamAya evaM zilpa ke sUcaka haiM, kintu inase sambandhita jAtiyoM kA nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thaa| tAMNDya brAhmaNa meM kirAtoM kA bhI ullekha hai| ye anArya evaM AdivAsI the| paulkasa evaM cANDAla kA ullekha vAjasaneyI saMhitA (30 / 17) evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 4 / 14 evaM 3 / 4 / 17) meM huA hai| chAndogyopaniSad meM cANDAla nimna zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai (5 / 24 / 4) / nainigeya brAhmaNa (1 / 1 / 4) meM ullekha hai ki brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya krama se vasanta Rtu, grISma Rtu evaM zarad Rtu meM yajJa kareM kintu rathakAra varSA Rtu meM hI yajJa kre| to, kyA rathakAra tIna ucca jAtiyoM se bhinna hai ? jaigini ne apane pUrvamImAMmAsUtra (6 / 1144-50) meM rathakAra ko tIna jAtiyoM se bhinna mAnA hai, aura use saudhanvana jAti kA kahA hai| spaSTa hai, rathakAra zUdra to nahIM thA, kintu tIna ucca jAtiyoM se nimna zreNI kA avazya thaa| Aja ke baI kahIM-kahIM upanayana saMskAra karAte haiM aura janeU bhI dhAraNa karate haiN| niSAdoM ke viSaya meM svayaM zrauta evaM sutra-granthoM meM matabheda hai| pUrvamImAMsAsUtra meM AyA hai ki niSAda rudra ke lie, jaisA ki veda meM AyA hai, 'iSTi' de sakatA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa ne niSAdoM ko duSkarmI kahA hai (3717) / zAGkhAyana brAhmaNa meM aisA ullikhita hai ki vizvajit yaja karanevAlA nipAdoM kI vastI meM rahakara unake nimnatama zreNI ke bhojana ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai (25 / 15) / satyASADha kalpa (3 / 1) meM rathakAra evaM niSAda donoM agnihotra evaM darza-pUrNamAsa nAmaka kRtyoM ke yogya mAne gaye haiN| aitanya brAhmaNa (33 / 6) " meM ullekha hai ki jaba vizvAmitra ne apane 50 putroM ko AjJA dI ki ve zunazzepa ko bhI apanA bhAI mAneM aura jaba unake putroM ne unakI AjJA kA ullaMghana kiyA to unhoMne una sabhI ko andhra, puNDra, zaMbara, pulinda, mRtiba ho jAne kA zApa diyaa| ye jAtiyA~ dasyu thiiN| sambhavataH isI kiMvadantI ke AdhAra para manusmRti (10 / 43-45)" ne pauNDUkoM, or3oM, dravir3oM, kambojoM, yavanoM, zakoM, pAradoM, pahnavoM, cInoM, kirAtoM, daradoM evaM 14. tAnanuvyAjahArAntAnvaH prajA bhkssiisstteti| ta ete'ndhrAH puNDAH zabarAH pulindA mUtivA ityudantyA bahavo vaizvAmitrA dasyUnAM bhUyiSThAH / aitareya brAhmaNa (33 // 6) / 15. zanakastu kriyAlopAdimAH ksstriyjaatyH| vRSalatvaM gatA loke brAhmaNAdarzanena ca // pauNDakAzcaur3adraviDAH kAmbojA yavanAH shkaaH| pAradAH palavAzcInAH kirAtA daradAH khshaaH|| mukhabAhUrupajjAtA yA loke jAtayo bahiH / mlecchavAcazcAryavAcaH sarve te vasyavaH smRtH|| manu0 10 // 43-45 /

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116 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa khazoM ko mUlataH kSatriya mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki ve kAlAntara meM vaidika saMskAroM ke na karane se evaM brAhmaNoM ke sambandha se dUra rahane para zUdroM kI zreNI meM A gye| manu ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki cAroM vargoM ke atirikta anya jAtiyA~ zUdra haiM, cAhe ve AryoM yA mlecchoM kI bhASA bolatI hoN|| puruSasUkta meM brAhmaNa, rAjanya, vaizya evaM zUdra kI jo carcA hai tathA zatapatha brAhmaNa meM jina cAra varNoM kA ullekha hai, vaha kevala siddhAnta mAtra nahIM hai, pratyuta vaha eka vyAvahArika paricaryA kA ullekha hai| smRtiyoM ne ina cAroM varNoM ko zruti-kathana mAnakara unheM zAzvata evaM nizcita kahakara unake vizeSAdhikAroM evaM kartavyoM kI carcA kara DAlI hai| uparyukta vivecana ke uparAnta hama nimna sambhAvita sthApanAe~ upasthita kara sakate haiM (1) Arambha meM kevala do varNa the-~(1) Arya evaM unake vairI, (2) dasyu yA daas| yaha antarbheda kevala raMga evaM saMskRti ko lekara thA, arthAt sampUrNa samAja kA do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana kevala vargIya evaM sAMskRtika thaa| (2) saMhitA-kAla se zatAbdiyoM pUrva dasyu parAjita ho cuke the aura ve AryoM ke adhIna nimna zreNI ke mAna liye gaye the| (3) parAjita dasyu hI kAlAntara meM zUdra ThaharAye gye| (4) dasyuoM ke prati pRthaktva kI bhAvanA evaM uccatA ke ahaMkAra ke phalasvarUpa AryoM ne kramazaH apane bhItara bhI vibhAjana kI rekhAe~ khIMca dIM, arthAt kucha Arya jAtiyA~ bhI dasyuoM kI zreNI meM AtI calI gyiiN| (5) brAhmaNa-sAhitya ke kAla taka brAhmaNa (adhyayanAdhyApana evaM paurohitya-kArya meM saMlagna), kSatriya (rAjA, sainika Adi) evaM vaizya (zilpakAra evaM sAmAnya jana) vibhinna vargoM meM ba~Ta gaye the aura unakI jAti kA nirdhAraNa janma se mAna liyA gayA thA; itanA hI nahIM, brAhmaNa kSatriya se ucca mAna liye gaye the| (6) vaidika kAla ke bahuta pUrva cANDAla evaM paulkasa nimna jAti meM ullikhita ho cuke the| (7) sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke utthAna ke phalasvarUpa kArya-vibhAjana kI utpatti huI aura katipaya kalAoM evaM zilpakAroM ke udbhava ke kAraNa vyavasAyoM para AdhArita bahuta-sI upajAtiyoM kI sRSTi hotI calI gyii| (8) cAra varSoM ke atirikta rathakAra ke samAna kucha anya madhyavoM jAtiyA~ bhI bana gyiiN| (9) kala anya anArya jAtiyAM bhI thIM, jinake viSaya meM yaha dhAraNA bana gayI thI ki mUlataH ve kSatriya thI, kintu aba padacyuta ho cukI thiiN| vaidika kAla ke anta hone ke pUrva nimnalikhita jAtiyoM kA udbhava ho cukA thaa| ye jAtiyA~ vibhinna vyavasAyoM evaM zilpoM se sambandhita thiiN| vAjasaneyI saMhitA, taittirIya saMhitA, taittirIya brAhmaNa, kAThaka saMhitA (17 / 13), atharvaveda, tANDya brAhmaNa (3 / 4), aitareya brAhmaNa, chAndogya evaM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke AdhAra para hI nimna sUcI upasthita kI jA rahI hai| kucha eka ke nAma pahale bhI ullikhita kara diye gaye haiM aura kucha eka kA artha abhI nahIM jJAta ho sakA hai aura unake Age praznavAcaka cihna lagA diyA gayA hai| ajApAla (bakarI pAlanevAlA) carmamna bhImala (kAyara?) cANDAla ayastApa jambhaka (?) maNikAra andhra 16. cAra varNo kA yaha siddhAnta pauDa sAhitya meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| kintu vahA~ sUcI meM kSatriya loga brAhmaNa se pahale rakhe gaye haiN|

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vaH vibhinna jAtiyoM 117 mArgAra yA ugra puMzcalu ayogU yA AyogU jyAkAra mAgadha takSA avipAla (gar3ariyA) dAza mUtiba Anda (?) dhanuSkAra mRgayu mainAla iSukAra dhanvAkAra rAjayitrI (raMgareja) rajjusarga yA sarja dhanvakRt rathakAra kaNTakakAra yA kaNTakIkArI dhaivara rAjaputra (vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM) rebha ((?) karmAra niSAda vaMzanartI yA vapa (nAI) kAri (nartaka) naSAda vANija vAsaHpalpUli (dhobI) kitava vidalakArI yA vidala vrAtya kirAta pujiSTha zabara kInAza (khetihara) zAbalya (?) zailaSa kulAla yA kaulAla pulinda svanI (zvanita) kevarta paulkasa saMgRhItA kozakArI (mAthI phaMkanevAlA) vainda (machalI pakar3ane vAlA) surAkAra kSattA sUta selaga gopAla (guvAlA) bhiSaka hiraNyakAra dharmasUtroM, prAcIna bauddha granthoM evaM megasthanIja ke apUrNa uddharaNoM se patA calatA hai ki IsA ke kaI zatAbdI pUrva katipaya jAtiyA~ vidyamAna thIM / megasthanIja kA vRttAnta bhrAntipUrNa hai, kintu usake kathana ko hama yoM hI nahIM TAla skte| usake anusAra bhArata ke jana sAta jAtiyoM meM vibhAjita the--(1) dArzanika, (2) kRSaka, (3) gopAla evaM gar3ariyA, (4) zilpakAra, (5) raunika, (6) avekSaka tathA (7) sabhAsada evaM krgraahii| inameM pahalA evaM pA~cavA~ varga krama se brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya jAti ke sUcaka haiM, dUsarA evaM tIsarA varga vaizya ke, cauthA zUdra kA evaM chaThA tathA sAtavA~ adhyakSoM evaM amAtyoM (kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke anusAra) ke sUcaka haiM / adhyakSa evaM amAtya, vAstava meM, jAtisUcaka nahIM ho sakate, ye vyavasAya ke paricAyaka haiN| sambhavataH ye pada vaMzaparamparAgata the, ataH megasthanIja ko bhrama ho gayA hai| megasthanIja ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki eka jAti ke loga dUsarI jAti se vivAha Adi nahIM kara sakate the aura na apanI jAti ke vyavasAya ke atirikta koI anya vyavasAya kara sakate the| yaha kathana kevala siddhAnta kI ora saMketa karatA hai na ki vyavahAra kI ora / apavAda to sarvatra pAye jAte haiN| puNDra

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118 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prAcIna dharmazAstrakAroM ne zruti-sammata cAra varSoM se udbhUta zAvA-prazAkhAoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha likhA hai| eka mata se sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki deza meM phailI huI vibhinna jAtiyA~ eka jAti ke puruSoM evaM dUsarI jAti kI striyoM ke mela se utpanna huI haiN| smRtiyoM meM katipaya jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM kA varNana hai| ye jAtiyA~ yA upajAtiyA~ kalpanAtmaka nahIM thIM, pratyuta unake pIche paramparAoM evaM rUDhiyoM kA itihAsa thaa| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM likhe gaye smRti-grantha isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki samaya-samaya para samAja meM pracalita AcAroM ko dhArmika evaM lokasammata pratiSThA denA anivArya sA ho gayA thaa| sabhI dharmazAstrakAra, (2) cAroM vargoM ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra ke krama se rakhate haiN| ve yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki (2) eka ucca jAti kA vyakti apane se nimna jAti kI strI se vivAha kara sakatA hai, kintu koI nimna jAti kA vyakti apane se ucca jAti kI strI se vivAha nahIM kara sktaa| (3) kucha smRtikAroM ne eka tIsarI sthApanA bhI prastuta kI hai ; yadi eka hI jAti vAle pitA evaM mAtA se koI utpanna ho to vaha saMtati janma se hI usI jAti kI mAnI jaaygii| jaba eka ucca varNa yA jAti kA vyakti apane se nimna jAti kI strI se vivAha karatA hai to ise ha kahA jAtA hai (loma-keza ke sAtha svAbhAvika krama se-analoma) aura isase utpanna saMtati ko anuloma kahA jAtA hai| kintu jaba kisI ucca jAti kI strI kA vivAha kisI nimna jAti yA varNa ke puruSa se hotA hai, to ise pratiloma (loma -- keza ke viparIta, svAbhAvika athavA ucita trama ke viparIta) vivAha kahA jAtA hai aura isase utpanna saMtati ko pratiloma saMtati kI saMjJA milatI hai| vaidika sAhitya meM 'anuloma' evaM pratiloma' zabda vivAha ke artha meM nahIM prayukta hue haiN| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 1 / 15) evaM kauSItakI brAhmaNopaniSad (4 / 18) meM aisA AyA hai ki yadi eka brAhmaNa brahmajJAna ke lie kisI kSatriya ke pAsa jAya to yaha 'pratiloma' gati kahI jaaygii| sambhavataH isI artha ko kAlAntara meM vivAha ke lie bhI prayukta kara diyA gyaa| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki anuloma yA pratiloma nAmaka sambandha vivAha hai yA kevala sammilana maatr| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 13 / 1, 3-4) ne anuloma vivAha ko bhI asvIkRta kiyA hai| unhoMne anuloma evaM pratiloma jAtiyoM kI carcA taka nahIM kI hai| kintu gautama (11), vasiSTha (1 / 24), manu (3 / 12-13) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 55 evaM 57) ne svajAti-vivAha ko ucita kahA hai, kintu anuloma vivAha ko vajita nahIM mAnA hai| yAjJavalkya (1 / 92) ne spaSTa zabdoM meM chaH anuloma jAtiyoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, yathA mUrdhAvasikta, ambaSTha, niSAda, mAhiSya, ugra evaM krnn| ye jAtiyA~ ucca varNa ke puruSoM evaM unase nimna varNa kI striyoM kI santatiyoM se utpanna huI haiN| manu (10 / 41) ne likhA hai ki cha: anuloma jAtiyA~ dvijoM ke sAre kriyA-saMskAroM ko kara sakatI haiM. kintu pratiloma jAtiyA~ zUdra ke samAna haiM, ve dvijoM ke saMskAra Adi nahIM kara sakatIM, cAhe ve brAhmaNa strI evaM kSatriya pati yA vaizya pati se hI kyoM na udbhUta huI hoN| kauTilya (3 / 7) ne likhA hai ki cANDAloM ko chor3akara sabhI pratiloma zUdravat haiN| viSNu (1613) ne inheM Aryo dvArA garhita mAnA hai (prtilomaastvaaryvihitaaH)| parAzaramAdhavIya dvArA uddhRta devala kA kahanA hai ki pratiloma varNo se pRthak evaM patita haiN| smRtyarthasAra ke anusAra anuloma putra evaM mUrdhAvasikta tathA anya anuloma jAtiyA~ dvijAtiyA~ haiM aura dvijoM ke sAre saMskAra kara sakatI haiN| kullUka-aise bhASyakAroM ne "tilomoM kI bhartsanA kI hai| gautama (4 / 20) ne pratilomoM ko dharmahIna kahA hai| isa kathana kA artha mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 262) meM isa prakAra hai--pratiloma loga upanayana Adi saMskAra nahIM kara sakate. hA~ ve vrata prAyazcitta Adi kara sakate haiN| vasiSTha. baudhAyana tathA ke mata spaSTa nahIM haiM, jaba ve pratilomoM kI carcA karate haiM to yaha nahIM vidita ho pAtA ki ye santatiyA~ vihita vivAha kI phalasvarUpa haiM yA vidhiviruddha haiM yA jAraja (vyabhicAra kI phalasvarUpa) haiN| kintu isa viSaya meM uzanA evaM vaigvAnasa spaSTa haiM / uzanA (5 / 2-5) ke anusAra brAhmaNa-strI evaM kSatriya-puruSa ke vaivAhika saMbaMdha se utpanna putra 'sUta' kahA jAtA

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vargaH; anuloma evaM pratiloma jAtiyAM, barna evaM jAti kA antara 119 hai, kintu brAhmaNa nArI evaM kSatriya puruSa ke corikAvivAha (pracchanna sammilana) se utpanna putra 'rathakAra' kahalAtA hai| spaSTa hai, anuloma ke atirikta pratiloma vivAha bhI vihita ho sakatA thaa| uzanA ke anusAra eka brAhmaNa strI kSatriya puruSa kA vidhivat varaNa kara sakatI thI aura nyAyAnukUla donoM ke vivAha ho sakate the| vidhivat vivAha se utpanna putra evaM jAraja putra ke antara ko sUtasaMhitA (zivamAhAtmya khaNDa, adhyAya 12212-48) ne spaSTa samajhAyA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1 / 90) ne kuNDa, golaka (manu0 3 / 174), kAnIna, sahoDhaja nAmaka jAraja santAnoM ko savarNa, anuloma evaM pratiloma se pRthak mAnA hai aura unheM zUdra kahA hai, kintu kSetraja ko eka pRthak zreNI meM rakhA hai (kyoMki niyoga-prayA smRtiyoM evaM ziSTAcAroM dvArA vihita mAnI gayI hai) aura use mAtA kI jAti meM ginA hai| aparArka (yAjJa0 1 / 92) ne kAnIna evaM sahoDha ko bhI brAhmaNa (yadi janaka ko brAhmaNa siddha kiyA jA sake to) mAnA hai; kintu vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 21133) ne kAnIna evaM gUDhaja ko mAtA kI jAti kA mAnA hai, kyoMki janaka kA patA lagAnA kaThina hai| yahI bAta sahoDhaja ke viSaya meM bhI lAgU hai| isa prakAra ke gauNa putroM kA ullekha hama Age ke dAyabhAga nAmaka prakaraNa meM kreNge| yahA~ hama, bahuta hI saMkSepa meM, 'varNa' evaM 'jAti' zabda ke antara ko samajha leN| donoM zabdoM kA prayoga bahudhA samAna artha meM hotA rahA hai| kabhI-kabhI donoM ke arthoM meM antara bhI pAyA jAtA rahA hai| varNa kI dhAraNA vaMza, saMskRti, caritra (svabhAva) evaM vyavasAya para mUlataH AdhArita hai| isameM vyakti kI naitika evaM vauddhika yogyatA kA samAveza hotA hai aura yaha svAbhAvika vagoM kI vyavasthA kA dyotaka hai| smRtiyoM meM bhI vargoM kA Adarza hai kartavyAM para, samAja yA varga ka ucca mApadaNDa para bala denA; na ki janma se prApta adhikAroM evaM vizeSAdhikAroM para bala denaa| kintu isake viparIta jAti-vyavasthA janma evaM AnuvaMzikatA para bala detI hai aura binA kartavyoM ke AcaraNoM para bala diye kevala vizeSAdhikAroM para hI AdhArita hai| vaidika sAhitya meM 'jAti' ke Adhunika artha kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| nirukta meM 'jAti' zabda jAti ke artha meM prayukta huA hai (12 / 13) / pANini meM bhI isake mUla rUpa kI vyAkhyA hai (jAtyantAccho bandhuni, 5 / 4 / 9) / manu (10 / 27,31) ne 'varNa zabda ko mizrita jAtiyoM ke artha meM bhI prayukta kiyA hai aura kahIM-kahIM (3 / 15; 8 / 177; 9 / 86 Adi) isakA prayoga 'jAti' artha meM bhI kiyA hai| anuloma vivAhA se utpanna santAnoM kI sAmAjika sthiti ke viSaya meM smRtikAroM ke matoM meM aikya nahIM hai| hama tIna mata prApta hote haiM--(1) yadi eka puruSa apane se nimna pAsa vAlI jAti kI strI se vivAha karatA hai to usakI santAnoM kA varNa pitA kA varNa mAnA jAyagA (bau0 dha0 sU0 1816 evaM 1 / 9 / 3; anuzAsanaparva 4864; nArada; kauTilya 3 / 7) / gautama (4 / 15) ne kahA hai ki eka brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI ko saMtAna brAhmaNa hogI, kintu aisI bAta kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI se utpanna santAna ke sAtha tathA vaizya kI zUdra strI se utpanna santAna ke sAtha nahIM pAyI jaatii| (2) dUsare mata ke anusAra anuloma vivAha se utpanna santAnoM ko sAmAjika sthiti pitA se nimnatara, kintu mAtA se uccatara hotI hai (mnu010|6)| (3) tIsarA mata sAmAnya mata hai ; 'anulomAstu mAtRsavarNAH' (viSNu0 1602), arthAt anuloma santAnoM ke kartavya evaM adhikAra unakI mAtA ke samAna hote haiN| yahI nAta zaMkha evaM aparArka ne bhI kahI hai| medhAtithi (manu0 1016) ne likhA hai ki pANDu, ghRtarASTra evaM vidura kSetraja hone ke nAte mAtA kI jAti ke the| pratiloma santAneM, jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, apane pitA evaM mAtA kI sAmAjika sthiti se nimna sthiti vAlI hotI haiN| __ ati prAcIna dharmasUtroM meM bahuta kama varNasaMkara jAtiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra meM cANDAla, paulkasa evaM vaiNa ke nAma Aye haiN| gautama ne pAMca anuloma jAtiyoM tathA chaH pratiloma jAtiyoM ke nAma ginAye haiN| baudhAyana gautama kI sUcI meM rathakAra, zvapAka, vaiNa, kukkuTa ke nAma jor3a dete haiN| vasiSTha to bahuta kama nAma lete haiN| sarvaprathama manu (10) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (16) ne varNasaMkara jAtiyoM ke vyavasAyoM kI carcA kI hai| manu ne 6 anuloma,

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120 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 6 pratiloma evaM 20 mizrita jAtiyoM ke sAtha 23 vyavasAyoM kI carcA kI hai| yAjJavalkya ne cAra vargoM ke atirikta 13 anya jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| uzanA ne 40 jAtiyoM evaM unake vilakSaNa vyavasAyoM kI carcA kI hai| sabhI smatiyoM kI tAlikA dekhane para lagabhaga 100 jAtiyoM ke nAma prakaTa ho jAte haiN| ____ cha: anulomoM meM kevala tIna ke nAma manu ne diye haiM, yathA ambaSTha, niSAda, ugr| prArambhika cha: pratiloma haiM-- sUta, vaidehaka, cANDAla, mAgadha, kSattA evaM Ayogava / upajAtiyoM kA udbhava cAroM varNoM evaM anuloma tathA pratiloma ke sammilana se, eka anuloma ke puruSa evaM dUsare kI nArI ke sammilana se, pratilomoM ke pArasparika sammilana se tathA anuloma ke puruSa yA nArI evaM pratiloma ke puruSa yA nArI ke sammilana se huaa| yAjJavalkya (1295) ne rathakAra ko mAhiSya puruSa evaM karaNa strI kI santAna mAnA hai| manu (10 / 15) ne kahA hai ki AvRta evaM AbhIra santAne krama se brAhmaNa purupa evaM ugra kanyA evaM brAhmaNa puruSa evaM ambaSTha kanyA se utpanna huI haiM (arthAt brAhmaNa evaM anuloma jAti vAlI kanyAoM kI sntaaneN)| manu (10119) ne zvapAka ko kSattA puruSa (pratiloma) evaM ugra kanyA (anuloma) kI santati mAnA hai| vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 1 / 95) ne 6 anuloma, 24 mizrita, (6 anulomoM evaM 4 varNoM se mizrita), 6 pratiloma evaM 24 miAzrata (6 pratilomoM evaM 4 varNoM se mizrita) arthAt 60 jAtiyoM tathA asaMkhya upajAtiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (16 / 7) ne asaMkhya jAtiyoM (saMkarasaMkarAzcAsaMkhyeyAH) kI ora saMketa karake yaha siddha kiyA hai ki Aja se lagabhaga 2000 varSa pUrva bhAratIya samAja meM asaMkhya jAtiyA~ evaM upajAtiyA~ thiiN| smRtikAroM ne, isIlie, unake mUla nikAsa ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta karane kA prayAsa hI chor3a diyaa| nibandhakAroM ne bhI asaMkhya jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| medhAtithi (manu0 10 // 31) ne likhA hai ki 60 mizrita jAtiyA~ haiM, inase tathA cAra vargoM ke pArasparika sammilana se bahubhedI upajAtiyA~ banatI calI gayI haiN| mitAkSarA ne (yAjJa0 1295) jAtiyoM kI gaNanA karanA hI chor3a diyA hai| mAdhyamika kAla ke dharmazAstrakAroM ne cAroM vargoM ke dharmoM kI carcA karake anya jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM kI upekSA kara dI hai| jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM ke nAmoM kI vyAkhyA karanA bahuta kaThina hai| kahIM ve vyavasAya kI sUcaka haiM to kahIM deza-pradeza kii| smRtiyoM ke kAla meM jAtiyA~ vizeSataH vibhinna vyavasAyoM kI hI paricAyaka thiiN| 'varNasaMkara' yA kevala 'saMkara' kyA hai ? manu0 (10 / 12,24) meM 'varNasaMkara' bahuvacana meM mizrita jAtiyoM kA sUcaka hai, kintu anyatra (10 / 40 evaM 5 / 89) 'saMkara' zabda vargoM ke 'mizraNa' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| gautama (83) ne bhI 'saMkara' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| donoM (brAhmaNa evaM rAjanya) para (manuSyoM kA) saukhya rakSaNa, varNa-mizraNa (varNasaMkaratA), guNoM kA (ekatra) honA (athavA dharmapAlana) nirbhara karatA hai| nArada kA kahanA hai ki pratiloma janma se varNasaMkara hotA hai| kintu bRhaspati ne anuloma evaM pratiloma donoM jAtiyoM ko varNasaMkara kahA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ke anusAra jo varNasaMkara haiM ve vrAtya haiN|" mitAkSarA (yAjJa. 1896) ne anuloma evaM pratiloma saMtAnoM ke lie 'varNasaMkara' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| medhAtithi (manu0 5 / 88) ke matAnusAra 'saMkarajAta' zabda 'Ayogava' kI bhA~ti pratilomoM kA dyotaka hai| unakA kahanA hai ki yadyapi anulomoM meM 17. prasUtirakSaNamasaMkaro dhrmH| gautamadharmasUtra 8 / 3 / 18. prAtilomyena yajjanma sa jJeyo varNasaMkaraH / nArada (strIpuMsa, 102); brAhmaNakSatraviTzUdrA varNAzcAnsyAstrayo dvijaaH| pratilomAnulomAzca te jJAtvA (jeyA ?) varNasaMkarAH // bRhaspatiH (kRtyklptru)| 19. varNasaMkarAdutpannAn vaatyaanaahurmniissinnH| bau0 50 sU0 1 / 9 / 16 /

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varNa evaM varNasaMkara 121 2 mI varNasaMkaratA pAyI jAtI hai, kintu ve apanI mAtA kI gati ke vizeSAdhikAroM ko prApta kara lete haiM / svayaM manu (10 / 25) anulomoM ke lie 'saMkaraNayoni' zabda kA prayoga nahIM karate / yama ne kahA hai ki maryAdA ke lopa hone se arthAt bivAha sambandhI niyamoM ke ullaMghana se varNasaMkara utpanna hote haiN| yadi varNoM kA ucita krama mAnA jAya (anuloma arthAt U~ce varNa ke puruSa nIce varNa kI nArI se vivAha kareM) to saMtAneM varNatva prApta karatI haiM, kintu yadi pratiloma krama mAnA jAya to yaha pAtaka hai / manu ( 10 124 ) ne kahA hai- 'jaba kisI varNa ke sadasya dUsare varNa kI nAriyoM se sammona karate haiM, aisI nAriyoM se vivAha karate haiM jinase nahIM karanA cAhie (yathA sagotra kanyA se ) tathA apane varNoM ke kartavyoM kA pAlana nahIM karate haiM, taba varNasaMkara kI utpatti hotI hai| anuzAsanaparva (48 / 1) meM ullekha hai ki dhana, lobha, kAma, varNa ke anizcaya evaM varNoM ke ajJAna se varNasaMkara kI utpatti hotI hai / bhagavadgItA ( 1141-43 ) nAmaka dArzanika grantha meM bhI AyA hai--' jaba nAriyA~ vyabhicAriNI ho jAtI haiM, varNasaMkaratA upajatI hai........ karatA ko rokane ke lie smRtikAroM ne rAjAoM ko udbodhita kiyA hai ki ve una logoM ko, jo varNoM ke lie bane hue nizcita niyamoM kA ullaMghana kareM, daNDita kreN| gautama ( 11 / 9-19 ) ne likhA hai ki zAstroM ke niyamoM ke anusAra rAjA ko varNoM evaM AzramoM kI rakSA karanI cAhie, aura jaba ve (varNAzrama) apane kartavyoM se cyuta hone lageM to unheM aisA karane se rokA jAya / vasiSTha ( 19 / 7-8 ) ne bhI aisA hI likhA hai| isI prakAra viSNudharmasUtra (313), yAjJavalkyasmRti (1 / 361), mArkaNDeyapurANa (27), matsyapurANa (215/63 ) meM bhI kahA gayA hai| isI lie IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa rAjA vAsiThIputa sirI pur3a mAyI ( vAsiSThIputra zrI pulumAyI) ko cAroM varNoM ko varNasaMkara hone se bacAne ke phalasvarUpa prazaMsA milI (epIgraphiyA iNDikA, jilda 8, 1060-61-- vinivartitacAtuvaNasaMkarasa) / yudhiSThira ne bhI ( vanaparva 180 / 31-33) varNasaMkara Adi kI kar3e zabdoM meM bhartsanA kI hai| svAmI zaMkarAcArya ne apane vedAntasUtra - bhASya ( 1 / 3 / 33 ) meM likhA hai ki unake kAla meM varNa evaM Azrama avyavasthita ho gaye the aura apane dharma ke anusAra nahIM cala pA rahe the, kintu aisI bAta pUrva yugoM meM nahIM thI, kyoMki aisA hone para dharmazAstroM ke vidhAna Adi nirarthaka hI siddha hue hote|" gautama (4/18-19 ), manu ( 10/64-65 ) evaM yAjJavalkya (1196 ) jAtyutkarSa evaM jAtyapakarSa nAmaka eka siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate haiN| ina logoM ke kathanoM kI vyAkhyAoM meM vibhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai, kintu sAmAnya artha eka hI hai / gItama (4 / 18) ne likhA hai ki AcAryoM ke anusAra anuloma loga jaba isa prakAra vivAha karate haiM ki pratyeka stara meM jaba vara jAti meM dulahina se uccatara yA nimnatara hotA hai to ve sAtavIM yA pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM Upara uThate haiM ( jAtyutkarSa ) yA nIce jAte haiM ( jAtyapakarSa ) / haradatta ne ise isa prakAra samajhAyA hai-jaba eka brAhmaNa eka kSatriya nArI se vivAha karatA hai to usase jo kanyA utpanna hotI hai vaha savarNA kahalAtI hai / yadi yaha savarNa kanyA kisI brAhmaNa dvArA vivAhita ho jAya aura yaha krama sAta pIr3hiyoM taka calatA jAya aura sAtavIM kanyA kisI brAhmaNa se vivAha kara le to usa sambandha se jo bhI santAna utpanna hogI vaha brAhmaNa varNa vAlI kahalAyegI ( yadyapi pUrva 20. maryAdAyA vilopena jAyate varNasaMkaraH / Anulomyena varNatvaM prAtilomyena pAtakam // kRtyakalpataru kI hastalikhita prati ( vyavahAra, prakIrNaka) meM uddhRta yama kA zloka / 21. bhavAnImiva ca kAlAntare'vi avyavasthitaprAyAn varNadharmAn pratijAnIta / vratasya vyavasthAvidhAyi zAstramanarthakaM syAt / zAMkarabhASya, vedAntasUtra 1 / 3 / 33 / 22. varNAntaragamanamutkarSApakarSAbhyAM saptame paJcame bAcAryAH / sRSTyantarajAtAnAM ca / gautama0 4118/- 19 / dharma 0 16

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122 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pIr3hiyoM meM kevala pitA hI brAhmaNa the, sabhI mAtAe~ brAhmaNa nahIM thI, ve savarNa thii)| yaha jAtyutkarSa (jAti meM utkarSa yA utthAna) kahalAtA hai| jaba koI brAhmaNa kSatriya nArI se vivAha karatA hai aura use koI putra utpanna hotA hai to vaha savarNa khlaayegaa| yadi vaha savarNa putra kisI kSatriya kanyA se vivAha karatA hai aura use putra utpanna hotA hai aura yaha krama pA~ca pIr3hiyoM taka calA jAtA hai to jaba pA~cavIM pIr3hI kA putra kSatriya kanyA se vivAha karatA hai taba usakA putra kSatriya varNa kA kahalAyegA (yadyapi pUrva pIr3hiyoM meM pitA kSatriya se U~cI jAti kA thA aura mAtA kevala kSatriya jAti kI thii)| ise jAtyapakarSa (jAti kI sthiti meM apakarSa yA patana) kahA jAtA hai| yahI niyama kSatriya kA vaizya nArI se tathA vaizya kA zUdra nArI se vivAha karane para lAgU hotA hai| yahI niyama anulomoM ke sAtha bhI calatA hai| manu ke matAnusAra (10164) jaba koI brAhmaNa kisI zUdra nArI se vivAha karatA hai to usase utpanna kanyA 'pArazava' kahalAtI hai aura yadi yaha pArazava lar3akI kisI brAhmaNa se vivAhita hotI hai aura punaH isa sammilana se utpanna lar3akI kisI brAhmaNa se vivAhita hotI hai to isa prakAra kI sAtavIM pIr3hI brAhmaNa hogI, arthAt jAtyutkarSa hogaa| ThIka isake pratikUla yadi koI brAhmaNa kisI zudrA se vivAha karatA hai aura putra utpanna hotA hai to vaha putra pArazava' kahalAyegA aura jaba vaha pArazava putra kisI zUdrA se vivAhita hotA hai aura usakA putra puna: vaisA karatA hai to isa prakAra sAtavI pIr3hI meM putra kevala zUdra ho jAtA hai| ise jAtyapakarSa kahA jAtA hai| gautama aura manu ke matoM meM kaI bheda spaSTa ho jAte haiM-(1) manu ne jAtyutkarSa evaM jAtyapakarSa donoM ke lie sAta pIr3hiyA~ Avazyaka samajhI haiM, kintu gautama ne (haradatta ke anusAra) krama se sAta evaM pA~ca pIr3hiyA~ batAyI haiN| (2) gautama ke anusAra prathama se AThavA~ anuloma hI jAtyutkarSa prApta karatA hai, kintu manu ke anusAra sAtavIM pIr3hI hI aisA kara pAtI hai| (3) jaba Arambhika mAtA-pitA anuloma hote haiM to jAtyutkarSa kaise hotA hai, isake viSaya meM manu mauna haiN| manu ke bhASyakAroM ne jAti ke utkarSa evaM apakarSa ke viSaya meM avadhiyA~ kama kara dI haiN| medhAtithi ke anusAra pA~cavIM pIr3hI meM jAtyutkarSa sambhava hai| isI prakAra jAtyapakarSa ke lie pA~ca pIr3hiyA~ hI paryApta haiN| yAjJavalkya (196) ne jAtyutkarSa evaM jAtyapakarSa ke do prakAra batAye haiM, jinameM eka to vivAha (manu evaM gautama ke samAna) se utpanna hotA hai aura dUsarA vyavasAya se| yaha jAnanA cAhie ki sAtavIM evaM pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM jAtyutkarSa hotA hai; yadi vyavasAya (jAti yA varNa kI vRtti yA pezA) meM viparItatA pAyI jAtI hai to usameM bhI varNa ke samAna hI sAtavIM evaM pA~cavIM pIr3hI meM jAtyutkarSa pAyA jAtA hai| medhAtithi ne ise isa prakAra samajhAyA haiyadi koI brAhmaNa zUdra se vivAha kare aura usase kanyA utpanna ho to vaha kanyA niSAdI kahI jAyagI, yadi caha niSAdI eka brAhmaNa se vivAhita hotI hai aura putrI utpanna karatI hai aura vaha putrI eka brAhmaNa se vivAhita hotI hai aura yaha krama cha: pIr3hiyoM taka calA jAtA hai, to chaThI kA baccA sAtavIM pIr3hI meM Akara brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra yadi koI brAhmaNa kisI vaizya nArI se vivAha karatA hai, to usase jo kanyA utpanna hogI vaha ambaSThA kahalAyegI, aura yadi yaha ambaSThA kanyA kisI brAhmaNa se vivAhita hotI hai to isa krama se calakara chaThI pIr3hI se jo santAna hogI vaha brAhmaNa khlaayegii| yadi koI brAhmaNa kisI kSatriya nArI se vivAha kare aura putrI utpanna ho to vaha mUrSAvasikta kahalAyegI (yAjJavalkya 1191) aura yadi vaha mUrdhAvasikta. kanyA kisI brAhmaNa se vivAhita hotI hai to pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM isI krama se jo santAna hogI vaha brAhmaNa hogii| isI prakAra yadi koI kSatriya kisI zUdrA se vivAhita hotA hai to usase utpanna kanyA ugra kahalAyegI, aura yadi vaha kSatriya se vivAha kare to jAtyutkarSa chaThI pIr3hI meM ho jaaygaa| 23. jAtyutkarSo yuge jJeyaH saptame paJcame'pi vaa| vyatyaye karmaNA sAmyaM pUrvavacArottaram // yAza01396 /

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varNa tathA jAtyutkarSa evaM jAtyapakarSa, zreNI, pUga, saMgha, vAta Adi 123 yadi koI kSatriya vaizya nArI se vivAhita hotA hai to usase utpanna kanyA mAhiSyA kahalAyagI aura jAtyutkarSa pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM hogaa| yadi koI vaizya zUdra se vivAha kare to usase utpanna kanyA karaNI kahalAyegI aura yadi vaha vaizya se vivAha kare to pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM jAtyutkarSa ho jaaygaa| cAroM vargoM ke lie kucha-na-kucha viziSTa vRttiyAM yA apane vyavasAya nirdhArita haiM / ApatkAla meM eka varNa apane nikaTa nIce ke varNa kA vyavasAya kara sakatA hai, kintu apane se U~ce varNa kA vyavasAya varjita hai| kintu Apatti ke haTa jAne para punaH apanI vRtti meM lauTa AnA caahie| isa viSaya meM hama vasiSTha (2 / 13-23), viSNudharmasUtra (2 / 15), yAjJavalkya (11118-120), gautama (10 / 1-7) Adi ko dekha sakate haiN| yadi koI brAhmaNa zUdra kI vRtti apanAye aura usase utpanna lar3akA bhI vaisA hI kare to isa Rma se Age calakara sAtavI pIr3hI kI santAna zUdra ho jaaygii| yadi koI brAhmaNa kisI vaizya yA kSatriya kI vRtti apanAye to isa krama se Age calakara krama se pA~cavIM yA chaThI pIDhI meM usakI santAneM krama se vaizya yA kSatriya ho jaayegii| isI prakAra yadi koI kSatriya vaizya yA zUdra kI vRtti apanAye to pAMcavIM yA chaThI pIr3hI meM usakI santAne krama se vaizya yA zUdra ho jaayeNgii| isI prakAra eka vaizya kI zUdra vRtti usakI pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM usake kula ko zUdra banA degii| baudhAyanadharmamUtra (18113-14) meM jAtyutkarSa kA eka dUsarA hI udAharaNa milatA hai yadi koI niSAda (eka brAhmaNa kA usakI zUdra nArI se utpanna putra) kisI niSAdI se vivAha karatA hai aura yaha krama calatA rahatA hai to pA~cavIM pIr3hI zUdra kI gahita sthiti se chuTakArA pA letI hai aura santAnoM kA upanayana saMskAra ho sakatA hai arthAt unake lie vaidika yajJa kiye jA sakate haiN| uparyukta vidhAnoM se janma para AdhArita jAti-vyavasthA kI dRDhatAe~ paryApta mAtrA meM zithila ho jAtI haiN| eka sandeha utpanna ho sakatA hai; kyA jAtyutkarSa evaM jAtyapakarSa kI vidhiyA~ (vizeSataH vRtti yA vyavasAya-sambandhI) kabhI vAstavika jIvana meM kAryAnvita huI ? pA~ca yA sAta pIr3hiyoM taka kA vaMza-krama smaraNa rakhanA ha~sI-khela nahIM hai| isake atirikta isa viSaya meM svayaM smRtikAroM meM mataikya nahIM hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki aise vidhAna kevala Adarza rUpa meM hI par3e raha gaye hoNge| manu evaM yAjJavalkya ke kathanAnusAra hameM sAhitya, dharmazAstroM, abhilekhoM yA zilAlekhoM meM koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM prApta hotaa| zilAlekhoM meM kahIM-kahIM antarjAtIya vivAha kI carcAe~ pAyI gayI haiN| kAdamba kula Arambha meM brAhmaNakula thA, kintu kAlAntara meM kSatriya ho gyaa| vRtti-parivartana ke kAraNa hI aisA sambhava ho sakA, aura Arambha ke mayara zarmA kA kUla kAlAntara meM varmA (kSatriyatva kI bodhaka) upAdhi dhAraNa karane lgaa| mahAbhArata meM hama kucha rAjAoM ko brAhmaNa hote dekhate haiM, yathA rAjA vItahavya brAhmaNa ho gaye (anuzAsanaparva 30), ASTiSeNa, sindhudvIpa, devApi evaM vizvAmitra sarasvatI ke pavitra taTa para brAhmaNa hue (zalyaparva 39 / 36-37) / purANoM meM vizvAmitra, mAndhAtA, sAMkRti, kapi, vadhayazva, purukRtsa, ASTiSeNa, ajamIDha Adi brAhmaNa pada prApta karate dekhe gaye haiN| dharmazAstra-sAhitya evaM utkIrNa lekhoM se vidita hotA hai ki vyavasAya-sambandhI jAtiyA~ vyavasthita evaM dhanI thiiN| isa sambandha meM zreNI, pUga, gaNa, vAta evaM saMgha zabdoM kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hai| kAtyAyana ke matAnusAra ye sabhI samUha yA varga kahe jAte the|5 vaidika sAhitya meM bhI ye zabda Aye haiM, kintu vahA~ inakA sAmAnya artha 'dala' atha 24. ajIvantaH svadharmaNAnantarA yavIyasI vRttimAtiSTheran / na tu kadAcijjyAyasIm / vasiSTha 2022-23 / 25. gaNAH pASaNDapUgAzca vAtAzca shrennystthaa| samUhasthAzca ye cAnye vargAkhyAste bRhsptiH|| smRticantrikA (vyavahAra) meM udata kaatyaayn-vcn|

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124 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vA varga hI hai|'' pANini ne pUga, gaNa, saMgha (5 / 2 / 52), vAta (5 / 2 / 21) kI vyutpatti Adi kI hai| pANini ke kAla taka ina zabdoM ke viziSTa artha vyakta ho gaye the| mahAbhASya (pANini para, 5 / 2 / 21) ne bAta ko una logoM kA dala mAnA hai, jo vividha jAtiyoM ke the aura unake koI viziSTa sthira vyavasAya nahI the, kevala apane zarIra ke bala (pArizramika) se hI apanI jIvikA calAte the| kAzikA ne pUga ko vividha jAtiyoM ke una logoM kA dala mAnA hai, jo koI sthira vyavasAya nahIM karate the, ve kevala dhanalolupa evaM kAmI the| kauTilya (71) ne eka sthAna para sainikoM evaM zramikoM meM antara batAyA hai, aura dUsare sthAna para yaha kahA hai ki kamboja evaM surASTra ke kSatriyoM kI zreNiyA~ AyudhajIvI evaM vArtA (kRSi) jIvI haiN| vasiSThadharmasUtra (16 / 15) ne zreNI evaM viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 167) ne gaNa kA prayoga saMgaThita samAja ke artha meM kiyA hai| manu (81219) ne saMgha kA prayoga isI artha meM kiyA hai| vividha bhASyakAroM ne vividha DhaMga se ina zabdoM kI vyAkhyA upasthita kI hai| kAtyAyana ke anusAra naigama eka hI nagara ke nAgarikoM kA eka samudAya hai, vAta vividha astradhArI sainikoM kA eka jhuMDa hai, pUga vyApAriyoM kA eka samudAya hai, gaNa brAhmaNoM kA eka dala hai, saMgha bauddhoM evaM jainoM kA eka samAja hai, tathA gulma cANDAloM evaM zvapacoM kA eka samUha hai| yAjJavalkya (11361) ne aise kuloM, jAtiyoM, zreNiyoM evaM gaNoM ko daNDita karane ko kahA hai, jo apane AcAra-vyavahAra se cyuta hote haiN| mitAkSarA ne zreNI ko pAna ke pattoM ke vyApAriyoM kA samudAya kahA hai aura gaNa ko helAbuka (ghor3e kA vyApAra karanevAlA) kahA hai| yAjJavalkyaM (2 / 192) eva nArada (samayasyAnapAkarma, 2) ne zreNI, naigama, pUga, vAta, gaNa ke nAma liye haiM aura unake paramparA se cale Aye hue vyavasAyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya (2 / 30) ne kahA hai ki pUgoM evaM zreNiyoM ko jhagar3oM ke anvekSaNa karane kA pUrNa adhikAra hai aura isa viSaya meM pUga ko zreNI se ucca sthAna prApta hai| mitAkSarA ne isa kathana kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki pUga eka sthAna kI vibhinna jAtiyoM evaM vibhinna vyavasAya vAle logoM kA eka samudAya hai aura zreNI vividha jAtiyoM ke logoM kA samudAya hai, jaise helAbukoM, tAmbUlikoM kuvindoM (julAhoM) evaM carmakAroM kI shrenniyaaN| cAhamAna vigraharAja ke prastaralekha meM 'her3AvikoM ko pratyeka ghor3e ke eka dramma dene kA vRttAnta milatA hai (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 2, pR0 124) / nAsika abhilekha saM0 15 (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 8, 1088) meM likhA hai ki AbhIra rAjA Izvarasena ke zAsanakAla meM 1000 kArSApaNa kumhAroM ke samudAya (zreNI) meM, 500 kArSApaNa teliyoM kI zreNI meM, 2000 kArSApaNa pAnI denevAloM kI zreNI (udaka-yantra-zreNI) meM sthira sampatti ke rUpa meM jamA kiye gaye, jisase ki unake byAja se rogI bhikSuoM kI davA kI jA ske| nAsika ke 9veM evaM 12veM zilAlekhoM meM julAhoM kI zreNI kA bhI ullekha hai| huviSka ke zAsana-kAla ke mathurA ke brAhmazilAlekha meM ATA banAnevAloM (samitakara) kI zreNI kI carcA hai| junnAra bauddha guphA ke zilAlekha meM bAMsa kA kAma karanevAloM tathA kAMsyakAroM (tAmra evaM kAMsA banAnevAloM) kI zreNiyoM meM dhana jamA karane kI carcA haI hai| skandagupta ke indaura tAmrapatra meM teliyoM kI eka zreNI kA ullekha hai| ina saba bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki IsA ke AsapAsa kI zatAbdiyoM meM kucha jAtiyoM, yathA lakar3ihAroM, teliyoM, tamoliyoM, julAhoM Adi ke samudAya isa prakAra saMgaThita evaM vyavasthita the ki loga unameM niHsaMkoca sahasroM rupaye isa vicAra se jamA karate the ki unase byAja rUpa meM dAna ke lie dhana milatA rhegaa| 26. haMsA iva zreNizo yatante yadAkSiSudidhyamajmamazvA / R01|163|10; pUgo vai rudrH| tadenaM svena pUgena samardhayati / kauSI0 brAhmaNa 167; tasmAdu ha vai brahmacArisaMgha carantaM na pratyAcakSItApi haiteSvevaMviSa evaM vrataH syAditi hi braahmnnm| Apa0 dharma0 sU0 1 // 1 // 3 / 26 /

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varNa evaM smRtiyoM meM varNita vibhinna jAtiyoM 125 aba hama lagabhaga IsApUrva 500 se 1000 I0 taka kI una sabhI jAtiyoM kI sUcI upasthita kareMge jo smRtiyoM tathA anya dharmazAstra-granthoM meM varNita haiN| isa sUcI meM mukhyataH manu, yAjJavalkya, vaikhAnasa smArta-sUtra (10 / 11-15), uzanA, sUtasaMhitA (zivamAhAtmya-khaNDa, adhyAya 12) Adi kI dI huI bAteM hI uddhRta haiN| nimnalikhita jAtiyoM meM bahuta-sI aba bhI jyoM-kI-tyoM pAyI jAtI haiN| andhra-aitareya brAhmaNa (33 / 6) ke anusAra vizvAmitra ne apane 50 putroM ko, jaba ve zunaHzepa ko apanA bhAI mAnane para taiyAra nahIM hue, zApa diyA ki ve andhra, puNDra, zabara, pulinda, mUtiba ho jaayeN| ye jAtiyA~ samAja meM nimna sthAna rakhatI thIM aura inameM bahudhA dasyu hI pAye jAte the| manu (10 / 36) ke anusAra andhra jAti vaidehaka pitA evaM kArvAvara mAtA se utpanna eka upajAti thI aura gAMva ke bAhara rahatI, jaMgalI pazuoM ko mArakara apanI jIvikA calAtI thii| azoka ke zilAlekha (prastara-anuzAsana 13) meM andhra loga pulindoM se sambandhita ullikhita haiN| udyogaparva (160 / 103) meM andhra (sambhavata: Andhra deza ke nivAsI) dravir3oM evaM kAMcyoM ke sAtha varNita haiN| devapAladeva ke nAlandA-patra meM meda, andhraka evaM cANDAla nimnatama jAtiyoM meM gine gaye haiM (epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 17, pR0 321) / ur3IsA meM eka parigaNita jAti hai Adi-andhra (dekhie zeDyUlDa kAsTsa ArDara Ava 1936) / antya-vasiSThadharmasUtra (16 / 30), manu (4179, 8168), yAjJa0 (148, 197), atri (251), likhita (92), Apastamba (3 / 1) ne isa zabda ko cANDAla aisI nimnatama jAtiyoM kA nAma ullikhita kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM hama punaH 'aspRzya' vAle adhyAya meM pddh'eNge| isI artha meM 'bAhya' zabda bhI prayukta huA hai (ApastambadharmasUtra 61 / 3 / 9 / 18; nArada-RNAdAna, 155; viSNudharmasUtra 16 / 14) / antyaja--cANDAla Adi nimnatama jAtiyoM ke lie yaha zabda prayukta huA hai| manu (8 / 279) ne ise zUdra ke lie bhI prayukta kiyA hai| smRtiyoM meM isake kaI prakAra pAye jAte haiN| atri (199) ne sAta antyajoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA rajaka (dhobI), dharmakAra, naTa (nAcanevAlI jAti, dakSiNa meM yaha kolhATi ke nAma se vikhyAta hai), buruDa (bA~sa kA kAma karanevAlA), kaivarta (machalI mAranevAlA), meva, bhill| yAjJavalkya (31265) kI vyAkhyA meM mitAkSarA ne antyajoM kI do zreNiyA~ batAyI haiN| pahalI zreNI meM Uparyukta sAta jAtiyA~ haiM jo dUsarI zreNI kI jAtiyoM se nimna haiN| dUsarI zreNI meM ye jAtiyA~ haiM-cANDAla, zvapaca (kutte kA mAMsa khAnevAlA), bhattA, sUta, vaidehaka, mAgaSa, evaM aayogv| sarasvatIvilAsa ke anusAra pitAmaha ne rajaka kI sAta jAtiyoM evaM anya prakRti jAtiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| kyA prakRti jAtiyoM vAlI bhASA ko hI 'prAkRta' kI saMjJA dI gayI hai ? vyAsasmRti (1112-13) meM carmakAra, maTa, bhilla, rajaka, puSkara, naTa, virATa, meda, cANDAla, dAza, zvapaca, kolika nAmaka 12 antyajoM ke nAma Aye haiN| isa smRti meM gAya kA mAMsa khAnevAlI sabhI jAtiyA~ antyaja kahI gayI haiN| ansAvasAyI yA anyAvasAyI-manu (479) ne 'antyoM evaM antyAvasAyiyoM ko alaga-alaga likhA hai aura (10139) antyAvasAyI ko cANDAla pUruSa evaM niSAda strI kI santAna kahA hai| bhASyoM meM ye achata aura zmazAna ke nivAsI kahe gaye haiN| kintu vasiSThadharmasUtra meM antyAvasAyI zUdra puruSa evaM vaizya nArI kI santAna kahA gayA hai (1813) / isake sAmane veda-pATha varjita hai (bhAradvAjazrautasUtra 11 / 22 / 12) / anuzAsanaparva (22 / 22) evaM zAntiparva (141229-32) meM isakI carcA huI hai| nArada (RNAdAna, 182) ne ise gavAhI ke ayogya ThaharAyA hai| Adhunika kAla ke kucha grantha, yathA jAtiviveka Adi ne Aja ke Doma ko smRtiyoM kA antyAvasAyI mAnA hai| abhisikta-isake viSaya meM Age 'mUrdhAvasikta' ke antargata pddh'ie| ambaSTha-ise mRjjakaNTha bhI kahA jAtA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa (39 / 7) meM carcA hai ki rAjA AmbaSThaya ne azvamegha yajJa kiyA thaa| pANini (8 / 3 / 97) ne ambaSTha kI vyutpatti batAyI hai| pataJjali ne (pANini, 4 / 1 / 170 para)

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126 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa AmbaSThya ( rAjA ? ) zabda ko ambaSTha ( eka deza ) se siddha kiyA hai| ambaSThoM kI jAti kisI deza se sambandhita hai ki nahIM, yaha eka prazna hai / karNaparva ( 6 / 11 ) meM eka ambaSTha rAjA kA varNana hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 1/9/3 ) manu ( 1018 ), yAjJavalkya (1 / 91), uzanA (31), nArada ( strIpuMsa, 5 / 107 ) meM ambaSTha brAhmaNa evaM vaizya nArI kI anuloma santAna kahA gayA hai| gautama ( 4 / 14 ) kI vyAkhyA karate hue haradatta ne ambaSTha ko kSatriya evaM vaizya nArI kI santAna kahA hai / manu ( 10/47 ) ne ambaSThoM ke lie davA-dArU kA vyavasAya batAyA hai tathA uganA ( 31-32) ne unheM kRSaka yA Agreyanartaka yA dhvajavizrAvaka yA zalyajIvI (cIra-phAr3a karanevAlA ) kahA hai| 17 haradatta ne ApastambadharmasUtra ( 1 / 6 / 19 / 14 ) kI vyAkhyA karate hue ambaSTha aura zalyakRt ko samAnArthaka mAnA hai / baMgAla ke vaidya manu ke ambaSTha hI haiM / " ayaskAra -- ( lohAra) vaidika sAhitya meM 'ayastApa' (ayas ko garma karanevAlA) zabda milatA hai| Age ke karmakAra evaM karmAra zabda bhI dekhie / pataJjali ( pANini 2|4|10 para) ne ayaskAra ko takSA ke sAtha zUdra kahA hai| avarITa -- aparArka dvArA uddhRta devala ke kathana se patA calatA hai ki yaha eka vivAhita strI tathA usI jAti ke kisI puruSa ke gupta prema kI santAna tathA zUdra hai| zUdrakamalAkara meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai / avira -- sUtasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha eka kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai| ApIta -- sUtasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha eka brAhmaNa evaM dauSyaMtI kI santAna hai / 1 AbhIra -- manu (10 / 15 ) ke anusAra yaha eka brAhmaNa evaM ambaSTha kanyA kI santAna hai| mahAbhArata (mausalaparva 7 / 46-63 evaM 8 / 16-17) meM AyA hai ki AmIra dasyu evaM mleccha haiM, jinhoMne paMcanada ke yuddha ke uparAnta arjuna para AkramaNa kiyA aura vRSNi-nAriyoM ko uThA le gaye / sabhAparva (51 / 12 ) meM AbhIra pAradoM ke sAtha varNita . Azvame 0 parva (29 / 15-16) kA kathana hai ki AmIra, dravir3a Adi brAhmaNoM se sambandha na rahane para zUdra ho gye| mahAbhASya meM ve zUdroM se pRthak mAne gaye haiN| kAmasUtra (5/5/30) ne koTTarAja nAmaka AbhIra rAjA kA ullekha kiyA hai / apane kAvyAdarza (1/36 ) meM daNDI ne apabhraMza ko AbhIroM kI bhASA kahA hai| amarakoza meM AbhIra gAya carAnevAle kahe gaye haiM aura mahAzUdra kI AbhIra patnI ko AbhIrI kahA gayA hai| kAlAntara meM AbhIra hindU samAja meM le liye gaye, jaisA ki kucha zilAlekhoM se patA calatA / rudrabhUti nAmaka eka AbhIra senApati ne san 181-82 I0 meM rudradAmana ke putra rudrasiMha ke zAsana kAla meM eka kUpa banavAyA (epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 16, pR0 235 ) / nAsika kI guphA ke 15 veM utkIrNa abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki Izvarasena nAmaka eka AbhIra rAjA thA, jo AbhIra zivadatta evaM mATharI ( mAThara gotra vAlI ) kA putra thaa| Ajakala AbhIra ko ahIra kahA jAtA hai| " Ayoga -- vaidika sAhitya meM 'Ayoga' zabda AyA hai ( taittirIya brAhmaNa 3|4|1) / gautama (4 / 15), viSNudharmasUtra (16/4), manu (10 / 12), kauTilya (37), anuzAsanaparva (48 / 13 ) tathA yAjJavalkya ( 1194 ) ke anusAra 27. kRSNAjIvo bhavettasya tathaivAgneyanartakaH / dhvajavibhAvakA vApi ambaSThAH jIvinaH ? ) / / uzanA 31-32 / 28. dekhie, risalI kI 'pIpula Apha iNDiyA, pU0 114 / 29. dekhie J. B. BRA, Sji0 21 pR0 430, 433, enthovena ko 'Tribsa eNDa kAsTa Apha bAmbe', ji0 10 pU0 17 // zastrajIvinaH (zalya

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varNa evaM smRtiyoM meM varNita vibhinna jAtiyAM 127 yaha zUdra puruSa tathA vaizya nArI se utpanna pratiloma santAna hai, kintu baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 9 / 7), uzanA (12), vaikhAnasa (10 / 14) ke anusAra yaha vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI se utpanna pratiloma santAna hai| bhanu (10 / 48) ke anusAra Ayogava kI vRtti lakar3I kATanA hai tathA uzanA ke anusAra yaha julAhA hai yA tAmra-kAMsyakAra hai, yA vAna utpanna karanevAlA hai, yA kapar3e kA vyApArI hai| viSNudharmasUtra (1618) evaM agnipurANa (115 / 15) ke anusAra yaha abhinaya-vRtti karatA hai| sahyAdrikhaNDa (26 / 68-69) se patA calatA hai ki yaha pattharoM, IMToM kA kAma karatA hai, pharza banAtA hai tathA dIvAroM para cUnA lagAtA hai| yaha dakSiNa meM Ajakala pAtharvaTa kahalAtA hai| Avantya--yaha bhUrjakaNTa (manu 10 / 21) ke samAna hai| Azvika--vaikhAnasa (10 / 12) ke anusAra yaha kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai Ara ghor3oM kA vyApAra karatA hai| ___ AhiNDika--mana (10 / 27) ke anusAra yaha niSAda puruSa evaM vaidehI nArI kI santAna hai arthAt doharI pratiloma jAti kA hai| manu (10 / 36) ne ise hI carmakAra kA kArya karane ke kAraNa kArAvara kahA hai| kullUka ne uzanA ke mata kA ullekha karate hae ise bandIgRha meM AkrAmakoM se bandiyoM kI rakSA karanevAlA kahA hai| una- isako carcA vaidika sAhitya meM bhI hai (chAndogya 5 / 24 / 4; bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 318 / 2 tathA 4 / 3 / 22) / bAMdhAyanadhamaMgUtra (1995), bhanu (10 / 9), kauTilya (3 / 7), yAjJavalkya (1192), anuzAsanaparva (4817) ke anusAra yaha kSatriya puruSa evaM zUdra nArI se utpanna anuloma santAna hai| kintu uzanA (?) ne ise brAhmaNa puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI santAna kahA hai / gautama (4114) kI vyAkhyA karate hue haradatta ne una ko vaizya evaM zUdrA nArI kI santAna kahA hai| manu (10 / 49) ke anusAra ugra biloM meM rahanevAle jIvoM ko mArakara khAnevAle manuSya haiM, kintu uzanA (41) ke anusAra ye rAjadaNDa ko Dhote haiM, jallAda kA kArya karate hai| sahyAdrikhaNDa evaM zUdrakamalAkara meM ugra ko 'gajapUta' kahA gayA hai| jAtiviveka meM vaha 'rAvata' bhI kahA gayA hai| udvandhaka--uzanA (15) ke anusAra yaha eka mUnika evaM kSatriyA nArI kI santAna hai, kapar3A svaccha karane ko vRtti karatA hai aura arapRzya hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 15) ke anusAra yaha eka khanaka evaM kSatriyA nArI kI santAna hai| upakruSTa--AzvalAyanazrautasUtra (21) ke anusAra yaha dvijAti nahIM hai, kintu agnyAdhAna nAmaka vaidika kriyA kara sakatA hai| isake bhASya meM likhA hai ki yaha bar3haI kI vRtti karanevAlA vaizya hai| or3a--manu (10 / 43-44) ko dekhie| oDra Adhunika ur3IsA ko kahate haiN| kaTakAra--yaha uzanA (45) evaM vaikhAnasa (10 / 13) ke anusAra vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra nArI ke corika vivAha (gupta sambandha) se utpanna santAna hai| karaNa--yaha gautama (4 / 17) evaM yAjJavalkya (1192) ke anusAra vaizya pati evaM zUdra patnI kA anuloma putra hai| manu (10 / 22) ne likhA hai ki eka kSatriya vrAtya (jisakA upanayana saMskAra nahIM huA hai) kA usI prakAra kI nArI se jaba sambandha hotA hai to usakI santAna ko jhalla; malla, niccivi (licchavi ?), naTa, karaNa, khaza, dravir3a kahate haiN| Adiparva (115 / 43) ke anusAra dhRtarASTra kI vaizya nArI se yuyutsu nAmaka eka karaNa santAna thii| amarakoza kI vyAkhyA karate samaya kSIrasvAmI ne kahA hai ki karaNa kAyasthoM evaM adhyakSoM ke samAja, rAjakarmacAriyoM ke eka dala kA paricAyaka hai| sahyAdrikhaNDa (26 / 49-51) ke anusAra karaNa cAraNa sA vaitAlika ke samAna hai jo brAhmaNoM evaM rAjAoM kA statigAna karatA hai aura kAma-sambandhI vijJAna kA adhyayana karatA hai| karmakAra-viSNudharmasUtra (51314) meM yaha jAti vaNita hai| sambhavataH yaha kAra hI hai| kintu zaMkha ne donoM ko pRthak-pRthak likhA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa karmAra - vaidika sAhitya ( taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 41 ) meM bhI yaha zabda AyA hai| pANini ne 'kulAlAbi' gaNa ( 4 | 3 | 118 ) meM isa jAti kA ullekha kiyA hai / manu (4 / 215 ) meM bhI yaha nAma AyA hai| baMgAla meM kamara ( lohAra) jAti parigaNita jAti hai / 128 kAMsyakAra - yaha jAti (marAThI meM Aja kA kAMsAra evaM uttarI bhArata kA kaserA) tulA-divya ke silasile meM viSNudharmasUtra ( 1014) dvArA evaM nArada (RNAdAna, 274) dvArA varNita hai / kAkavaca -- ghor3oM ko ghAsa lAnevAlI jAti ( uzanA 50 ) / kAmboja - - dekhie manu ( 10143-44 ) / kamboja deza yAska (nirukta 2 / 2) evaM pANini (4 / 1 / 175 ) ko jJAta hai / udyogaparva ( 160 / 103), droNaparva ( 121 / 13 ) ne zakoM ke sAtha kAmbojoM kA varNana kiyA hai| dekhie yavana bhI / kAyastha --- mAdhyamika evaM Adhunika kAla meM kAyasthoM ke udgama evaM unakI sAmAjika sthiti ke viSaya meM bar3ebar3e ugra vAda-vivAda hue haiM aura bhAratIya nyAyAlayoM ke nirNayoM dvArA bhI kaTutAe~ pradarzita huI haiN| kalakattA hAIkorTa ne ( bholAnAtha banAma samrAT ke mukadame meM ) baMgAla ke kAyasthoM ko zUdra siddha kiyA aura yahA~ taka likha diyA ki ve Doma strI se bhI vivAha kara sakate haiN| kintu privI kauMsila ne ( asitamohana banAma nIradamohana ke mukadame meM ) isa bAta ko nirasta kara diyaa| dUsarI ora ilAhAbAda evaM paTanA ke hAIkorTo ne krama se tulasIdAsa banAma bihArI lAla evaM IzvarIprasAda banAma rAya hariprasAda ke mukadamoM meM kAyasthoM ko dvija btaayaa| gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana, vasiSTha ke dharma sUtroM evaM manusmRti meM 'kAyastha' zabda nahIM aataa| viSNudharmasUtra (73) ne eka rAjasAvika ko kAyastha dvArA likhita kahA hai| isase itanA hI spaSTa hotA hai ki kAyastha rAjyakarmacArI thaa| yAmavalaya (1 / 322 ) ne rAjA ko udbodhita kiyA hai ki vaha prajA ko cAToM (duSTa loga), coroM, duzcaritroM, AtatAyiyoM Adi se, vizeSataH kAyasthoM se bcaaye| mitAkSarA ne likhA hai ki kAyastha loga hisAba-kitAba karanevAle ( gaNaka), lipika, rAjAoM ke snehapAtra evaM bar3e dhUrta hote haiM / uzanA (35) ne kAyasthoM ko eka jAti mAnA hai aura isake nAma kI eka vicitra vyutpatti upasthita kI hai, yathA kAka (kauA) ke 'kA' yama ke 'ya' evaM sthapati ke 'stha' zabdoM se 'kAyastha' banA hai; 'kAka', 'yama' evaM ' sthapati' zabda krama se lAlaca (lobha), krUratA evaM lUTa ke paricAyaka haiN| " byAsasmRti (1 / 10-11 ) meM kAyastha becAre nAiyoM, kumhAroM Adi zUdroM ke sAtha parigaNita hue haiN| sumantu ne lekhaka (kAyastha ) kA bhojana teliyoM Adi ke samAna mAnA hai aura brAhmaNoM ke lie ayogya samajhA hai| bRhaspati ne (smRtipatrikA ke vyavahAra meM uddhRta) gaNaka evaM lekhaka ko do vyaktiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnA hai aura unheM dvija kahA hai| 'lekhaka' kAyastha jAti kA dyotaka hai ki nahIM, yaha nahIM prakaTa ho pAtA / mRcchakaTika (navA~ aMka) meM zreSThI evaM kAyastha nyAnAmIza se samanvita rakhe gaye haiN| lagatA hai, bRhaspati kA 'lekhaka' zabda kAyastha kA hI dyotaka hai| IsA kI Arambhika zatAbdiyoM meM kAyastha zabda rAjakarmacArI artha meM hI prayukta hotA rahA hai| kintu deza ke kucha bhAgoM meM, jaisA ki uzanA evaM vyAsa ke kathana se vyakta hai, kAyasthoM kI eka viziSTa jAti bhI thI / kArAvara -- manu (10/36) ke anusAra yaha jAti niSAda evaM vaidehI nArI se utpanna huI hai aura isakI vRti hai carmakAroM kA vyavasAya / zUdrakamalAkara ke anusAra kArAvara 'kahAra' yA 'bhoI' kahA jAtA hai, jo mazAla pakar3atA hai aura dUsaroM ke lie chatra ( chAtA yA chatarI ) lekara calatA hai| 30. rAjAdhikaraNe tanniyuktakAyasthakRtaM tadadhyakSakaracihnitaM rAjasAkSikam / viSNudharmasUtra 7|3| 31. kAkAllaulyaM yamAt kraurya sthapateratha kRntanam / AdyakSarANi saMgRhya kAyastha iti nirvizet // uzamA 35 /

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varNa evaM smRtiyoM meM varNita vibhinna jAtiyA~ 129 kAraSa--manu (10 / 23) ke anusAra isakI utpatti vrAtya vaizya evaM usI ke samAna nArI ke sammilana se hotI hai| isa jAti ko sudhanvAcArya, vijanmana, maitra evaM sAtvata bhI kahate haiM / kirAta-vaidika sAhitya (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 4 / 12; atharvaveda 10 / 4 / 14) meM bhI yaha nAma AyA hai| dhyAsa (1110-11) ne ise zUdra kI eka upazAkhA mAnA hai| manu (10143-44) ke anusAra yaha zUdra kI sthiti meM AyA huA kSatriya hai| yahI bAta anuzAsanaparva (35 / 17-18) meM mekaloM, dravir3oM, lAToM, pauNDroM, yavanoM Adi ke bAre meM kahI gayI hai| karNaparva (73 / 20) meM kirAta Agneya zakti ke dyotaka mAne gaye haiN| Azvamedhika parva (73 / 25) meM varNana hai ki arjuna ko azvamedhIya ghor3e ke sAtha calate samaya kirAtoM, yavanoM evaM mlecchoM ne bheTeM dI thiiN| amarakoza meM kirAta, zabara evaM pulinda mleccha jAti kI upazAkhAe~ kahI gayI haiN| kukkuTa--baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1818 evaM 1 / 8 / 12) ke anusAra yaha krama se pratiloma jAti evaM zUdra tathA niSAda strI kI santAna kahI gayI hai|" yahI bAta manu (10 / 18) meM bhI hai| kauTilya (37) meM yaha ugra puruSa evaM niSAda kI gantAna hai| zUdrakamalAkara meM uddhRta AdityapurANa ke anusAra kukkuTa talavAra tathA anya astrazastra banAtA hai aura rAjA ke lie murgoM kI lar3AI kA prabandha karatA hai| kuNDa-manu (3 / 174) ke anusAra jIvita brAhmaNa kI patnI tathA kisI anya brAhmaNa ke gupta prema se utpanna santAna hai| kukunda-yaha sUtasaMhitA ke anusAra mAgadha evaM zUdra nArI kI santAna hai| kumbhakAra--pANini ke kulAlAdi gaNa (4 / 3 / 118) meM yaha zabda AyA hai| uzanA (32-33) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa evaM vaizya nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 12) uzanA kI bAta mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki aisI santAna kumbhakAra yA nAbhi ke Upara taka bAla banAnevAlI nAI jAti hotI hai| vyAsa (1110-11), devala Adi ne kumbhakAra ko zUdra mAnA hai| madhyapradeza meM yaha jAti parigaNita jAti hai| kulAla-vaidika sAhitya (taittirIya brAhmaNa 341) meM yaha varNita hai| pANini (4 / 3 / 118) ne 'kulAlakam' (kumhAra dvArA nirmita) kI vyutpatti samajhAyI hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (4 / 3 / 18) meM aisA AyA hai ki eka mRta agnihotrI ke sabhI miTTI ke baratana usake putra dvArA saMjoye jAne caahie| kumhAroM ke do nAma arthAt kumbhakAra evaM kulAla kyoM prasiddha hue, yaha abhI taka ajJAta hai| kulika-aparArka ne zaMkha dvArA varNita isa jAti kA nAma diyA hai aura ise devalaka mAnA hai| kuzIlava-bodhAyana ke anusAra yaha ambaSTha puruSa evaM vaidehaka nArI kI santAna hai| amarakoza meM ise cAraNa kahA gayA hai| kauTilya (37) ne ise vaidehaka puruSa evaM ambaSTha nArI kI santAna kahA hai (baudhAyana kA sarvathA virodhI bhaav)| kauTilya ne ambaSTha puruSa evaM vaidehaka nArI kI santAna ko vaiNa kahA hai| ruta-gautama (4 / 15) ke anusAra vaizya evaM brAhmaNI kI santAna kRta hai, kintu yAjJavalkya (1193) tathA anya logoM ke mata se isa jAti ko vaidehaka kahA jAtA hai| kaivarta-AsAma kI eka ghATI meM kaivarta nAmaka eka parigaNita jAti hai| isa viSaya meM Upara antyaja ke bAre meM jo likhA hai use bhI pddh'ie| medhAtithi (manu0 10 / 4) ne ise mizrita (saMkara) jAti kahA hai| manu (10 / 34) 32. prsilomaassvaayogvmaagvnnkssetrpulkskukkuttbaidehkcnnddaalaaH| niSAdAttu tRtIyAyAM pulkasaH viparyaye kuskuttH| bau050 sU0 1188; 711-12; zUdrAbhiSAyAM kukkuttH| bau0 10 sU0 129 / 15 / dharma0 17

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13. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ne kaivataM ko niSAda evaM Ayogava kI santAna mAnA hai| ise ho manu ne mArgava evaM dAsa (dAza ? ) bhI kahA hai| kaivarta loga naukA-vRtti karate haiN| zaMkarAcArya (vedAntasUtra 2 // 3 // 43) ne dAza evaM kaivarta ko samAna mAnA hai| jAtakoM meM kaivarta ko kevatta (kevaTa) kahA gayA hai| kolika-vyAsa ne ise antyajoM meM ginA hai| madhyapradeza meM koli evaM uttara pradeza meM kAla parigaNita jAti hai| sattA-vaidika sAhitya meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| baudhAyana (1 / 9 / 7), kauTilya (37), manu (10 / 12, 13,16), yAjJavalkya (1194) evaM nArada (strIpuMsa, 112) meM ise zUdra pitA evaM kSatriya mAtA kI pratiloma saMtAna kahA gayA hai| manu (10 / 49-50) isake lie ugra evaM pulkasa kI vRtti kI vyavasthA karate haiN| vasiSThadharmamRta (1802) meM yaha vaiNa kahA gayA hai| amarakoza ne kSattA ke tIna artha kiye haiM-rathakAra, dvArapAla nathA isa nAma kI jaati| chAndogyopaniSad (4115,7,8) meM ise dvArapAla kahA gayA hai| sahyAdrikhaNDa (26 / 63-66) meM kSattA ko niSAda kahA gayA hai, jo jAloM se pakar3atA hai, jaMgala meM jaMgalI pazaoM ko mAratA hai tathA rAtri malogoM ko jatAne ke lie ghaNTI bajAtA hai|| khanaka--vaikhAnasa (10 / 15) ke anusAra yaha Ayogava puruSa evaM kSatriya strI kI santAna hai aura khodakara apanI jIvikA calAtA hai| khaza yA khasa-manu (10 / 22) ke anusAra isakA dUsarA nAma hai krnn| kintu manu (10 / 83-84) ne khazoM ko kSatriya jAti kA mAnA hai, jo kAlAntara meM saMskAroM evaM brAhmaNoM ke samparka ke abhAva ke kAraNa zUdra kI zreNI meM A gye| dekhie samAparva (52 // 3) evaM udyogaparva (160 / 103) / gRhaka--sUtasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha zvapaca puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI kI santAna hai| goja-(yA goda) uzanA (28-29) ke anusAra yaha kSatriya puruSa evaM strI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai| gopa--yaha Aja kI gvAlA jAti (gavlI) evaM zUdra upajAti hai| kAmamUtra (115137) na gopAlaka jAti kA ullekha kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya (2048) ne kahA hai ki gopa-patniyoM kA RNa unake patiyoM dvArA diyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki unakA pezA evaM kamAI ina striyoM para hI (unakI patniyoM para hI) nirbhara hotI hai| golaka-brAhmaNa puruSa evaM vidhavA brAhmaNI ke corikA-vivAha (gapta prema) kI santAna golaka hai| dekhie, manu (33174), laghu-zAtAtapa (105), sUtasaMhitA (ziva, 12 / 12) / cakrI--yaha zUdra puruSa evaM vaizya strI kI santAna (uzanA 22-23) hai, aura tela, khalI yA namaka kA vyavasAya karatI hai| sambhavataH yaha tailika (telI) jAti hai| hArIta evaM brahmapurANa ke anusAra yaha tila kA vyavasAya karane vAlI jAti hai| vaigvAnasa (10 / 13) ke anusAra yaha jAti vazya puruSa evaM brAhmaNI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai, aura namaka evaM tela kA vyavasAya karatI hai| carmakAra--yaha antyaja hai| viSNudharmasUtra (51 / 8), ApastambadharmasUtra (1932), parAzara (6 / 44) meM isakA ullekha hai| uzanA ne ise zUdra evaM kSatriya kanyA (4) kI tathA vaidehaka ena brAhmaNa kanyA (21) kI santAna mAnA hai| dUsarI bAta vaikhAnasa (10 / 15) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| manu (1218) ne ise carmAvakartI mAnA hai / katipaya sya'tyanusAra yaha sAta antyajoM meM eka hai| sUtasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa strI se Ayogava kI santAna hai| pazcimI bhArata meM ise cAmbhAra evaM anya prAntoM meM camAra kahA jAtA hai| yahI jAti mocI mI kahI jAtI hai| cAkrika--amara 0 ke anusAra yaha ghaNTI bajAnevAlA vyakti hai| kSIrasvAmI ne ise rAjA ke Agamana para ghaNTI bajAnevAlA aura vaMtAlika ke sadRza kahA hai; aparArka ne zaMkha (gadya) aura sumantu kA

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varNa evaM smRtiyoM meM vaNita vibhinna jAtiyoM 131 ullekha kara cAkrika aura tailika ko pRthak-pRthak upajAti mAnA hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 14) ne ise zUdra puruSa evaM vaizya nArI ke prema kA pratiphala mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki isakI vRtti namaka, tela evaM khalI becanA hai| cANDAla--vaidika sAhitya meM isakA ullekha hai (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 4 / 14, 3 / 4 / 17; chAndogyopaniSad 5 / 107) / gautama (4 / 15-16), vaziSThadharmasUtra (1811), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (917), manu (10 / 12), yAjJavalkya (1 / 93) evaM anuzAsanaparva (48 / 11) ke anusAra yaha zUdra dvArA brAhmaNI se utpanna pratiloma santAna hai| manu (10 / 12) ne ise nimnatama manuSya mAnA hai aura yAjJavalkya (193) ne sarvadharmabahiSkRta ghoSita kiyA hai| yaha kuttoM evaM kauoM kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai (ApastambadharmasUtra) 2 / 4 / 9 / 5, gautama 15 / 25, yAjJavalkya 1 / 103) / " cANDAla tIna prakAra ke hote haiM (vyAsasmRti 119-10)--(1) zUdra evaM brAhmaNI se utpanna santAna, (2) vidhavA-santAna evaM (3) sagotra vivAha se utpanna sntaan| yama ke anusAra nimna prakAra prakhyAta haiM--(1) saMnyAsI hone ke anantara punaH gRhastha hone para yadi putra utpanna ho to putra cANDAla hotA hai, (2) sagotra kanyA se utpanna santAna, evaM (3) zUdra evaM brAhmaNI se utpanna santAna / laghusaMhitA (59) meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| manu (1051-56) meM AyA hai ki cANDAloM evaM zvapacoM ko gA~va ke bAhara rahanA cAhie, unake baratana agni meM tapAne para bhI prayoga meM nahIM lAne cAhie. unakI sampatti kutte evaM gadahe haiM, zavoM ke kapar3e hI unake paridhAna haiM, unheM TUTe-phUTe baratana meM hI bhojana karanA cAhie, unake AbhUSaNa lohe ke hone cAhie, unheM lagAtAra ghUmate rahanA cAhie, rAtri meM ve nagara yA grAma ke bhItara nahIM A sakate, unheM binA sambandhiyoM vAle zavoM ko DhonA cAhie, ve rAjAjJA se jallAda kA kAma karate haiM, ve phA~sI pAnevAle vyaktiyoM ke paridhAna, gahane evaM zaiyA le sakate haiN| uzanA (9-10), viSNudharmasUtra (16 / 11. 14). zAntiparva (141 / 29-32) meM kucha isI prakAra kA varNana hai| phAhiyAna (405411 I.) ne bhI cANDAloM ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki jaba ve nagara yA bAjAra meM ghusate the to lakar3I ke kisI Tukar3e (DaMDe ) se dhvani utpanna karate calate the, jisase ki logoM ko unake praveza kI sUcanA mila jAya aura sparza na ho ske| cIna--manu (10 / 43-44) ke anusAra yaha zUdroM kI sthiti meM utarA huA kSatriya hai| sabhAparva (51 / 23), vanaparva (177 / 12) evaM udyogaparva (19 / 15) meM bhI isakA ullekha huA hai| cUJca--manu (10 / 48) ke anusAra meda, andhra, cuJcu evaM madgu kI vRtti hai jaMgalI pazuoM ko maarnaa| kullUka ne cUJcu ko brAhmaNa evaM vaidehaka nArI kI santAna kahA hai| cUcaka--vaikhAnasa (10 / 13) ke anusAra yaha vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI santAna hai, aura isakA vyavasAya hai pAna, cInI Adi kA ky-vikry| cailanirNejaka (yA kevala nirNejaka)--yaha dhobI hai (viSNudharmamUtra 51115, manu 4 / 216) / viSNu ne alaga se rajaka kA ullekha kiyA hai| hArIta ne likhA hai ki rajaka kapar3A raMgane (raMgareja) kA kAma karatA hai aura nirNejaka kapar3A ghone kA kArya karatA hai| jAlopajIvI--yaha kaivarta ke samAna jAla dvArA pazuoM ko pakar3ane kA vyavasAya karatA hai| hArIta ne isake viSaya meM likhA hai| 33. vyaMgAH ptitcNddaalgraamysuukrkukkuttaaH| zvA ca nityaM vivAH syuH parate dharmataH samAH // devala (parAzaramAdhavIya meM uddhRt)| 34. dekhie, 'rikArDsa Apha buddhisTa kiMgDamsa', laMga dvArA anUbita, pa.0 43 /

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132 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zalla--manu (10 / 22) ke anusAra yaha karaNa evaM khaza kA dUsarA nAma hai| Domba (Doma)--kSIrasvAmI evaM amara ke anusAra yaha zvapaca hI hai / parAzara ne zvapaca, Domba evaM cANDAla ko eka hI zreNI meM DAlA hai| vaMgAla, bihAra, uttara pradeza meM yaha Doma kahA jAtA hai| takSA yA takSaka (bar3haI)--vaidika sAhitya (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 41) meM yaha nAma AyA hai| yaha varSaki hI hai, jaisA ki kAyasthoM ke varNana meM hamane dekha liyA hai| manu (4 / 210), viSNudharmasUtra (5158), mahAbhASya (pANini para, 2 / 4 / 10) meM isakI carcA AyI hai| mahAbhASya ne ise zUdra mAnA hai aura ayaskAroM (lohAroM) kI zreNI meM rakhA hai| uzanA (43) ne ise brAhmaNa evaM sUcaka (pratiloma) kI santAna mAnA hai| tantuvAya (julAhA)--ise kuvinda (Aja kA ta~tavA bihAra meM) bhI kahA jAtA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (51 / 13), zaMkha Adi ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAbhASya (pANini para, 2 / 4 / 10) ne ise zUdra kahA hai| tAmbalika--yaha Aja kA tamolI (bihAra evaM uttara pradeza meM) hai| kAmasUtra (1 / 5 / 37) ne bhI isakI carcA kI hai| __ tAmropajIvI--uzanA (14) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa strI evaM Ayogava kI santAna hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 15) ne ise tAmra kahA hai| tumnavAyu (varnI)--manu (4 / 214) ne isakI carcA kI hai| aparArka dvArA uddhRta brahmapurANa meM ise sUci (saucika) kahA gayA hai| tailika (telI)--viSNudharmasUtra (51 / 15), zaMkha evaM sumantu meM isakA ullekha hai| darava--manu (10144) evaM udyogaparva (4 / 15) ne isakA nAma liyA hai| dAza (machuvA)--yedAntasUtra ke anusAra (2 / 3 / 43) eka upaniSad meM isakI carcA hai| vyAsa (1 / 1213) ne ise antyajoM meM ginA hai| manu (10 / 34) ne mArgava, dAsa (dAza? ) evaM kaivarta ko samAna mAnA hai| divAkIyaM--mAnavagRhyasUtra (2 / 14 / 11) meM yaha nAma AyA hai| amara0 ne cANDAla evaM nApita ko divAkIti kahA hai| dauSmanta--gautama (4 / 14) ke anusAra yaha eka kSatriya puruSa evaM zUdra nArI se utpanna alopa jAti hai| mUtasaMhitA meM dauSyanta nAma AyA hai| draviDa--manu (10 / 22) ke anusAra yaha karaNa hI hai| manu (1043-44) ke anusAra yaha zUdra kI sthiti meM AyA huA eka kSatriya hai| dhigvaNa---manu (10 / 15) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa puruSa aura Ayogava nArI kI santAna hai| yaha jAti namar3e kA vyavasAya karatI thI (manu 10 / 49.) / jAtiviveka meM ime mocIkAra kahA gayA hai| dhIvara--yaha kaivarta evaM dAza ke sadRza hai| gautama (4 / 17) ke anusAra yaha vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI se utpanna pratiloma santAna hai / madhyapradeza ke bhaNDArA jile meM yaha dhImara kahA jAtA hai| yaha machalI pakar3ane kA kArya karatA hai| dhvajI (zarAba becanevAlA)-aparArka dvArA uddhRta sumantu evaM hArIta ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| brahmapurANa ne ise zauNDika hI mAnA hai| naTa--yaha sAta antyajoM meM parigaNita jAti hai| baMgAla, bihAra, uttara pradeza evaM paMjAba meM yaha achUta jAti hai| hArIta ne naTa evaM zailuSa meM antara batAyA hai| aparArka ke anusAra zailuSa abhinaya-jIvI jAti hai, yadyapi vaha naTa jAti se bhinna hai| naTa jAti apane kheloM ke lie prasiddha hai| yaha rassiyoM evaM jAdU ke kheloM ke lie sAre bhArata meM prasiddha hai|

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varNa evaM smRtiyoM meM gaNita vibhinna nAtiyA~ 133 nartaka-uzanA (19) ke anusAra yaha vaizya nArI evaM raMjaka kI santAna hai| bRhaspati ne naTa evaM nartakoM ko alaga-alaga rUpa se ullikhita kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ke lie inakA anna abhojya thaa| atri (7 / 2) ne bhI donoM kI pRthak-pRthak carcA kI hai| nApita (nAI)-cUDAkarma saMskAra meM zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1225) meM isakA nAma liyA hai| uzanA (3234) evaM vaikhAnasa (10 / 12) ne ise brAhmaNa puruSa evaM vaizya nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala mAnA hai| uzanA ne isake nAma kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki yaha nAbhi se Upara ke bAla banAnA hai, ata: yaha nApita hai|" vaikhAnasa (10 / 15) ne likhA hai ki yaha ambaSTha puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI mantAna hai aura nAbhi se nIce ke bAla banAtA hai| isI prakAra kaI eka dhAraNAe~ ullikhita milatI haiN| nicchivi--manu (10 / 22) ke anubhAra yaha karaNa evaM khaza kA dUsarA nAma hai| sambhavataH yaha licchavi yA licchivi kA apabhraMza hai| niSAda--vaidika sAhitya meM bhI yaha zabda AyA hai (taittirIya saMhitA 4 / 5 / 4 / 2) / nirukta (3 / 8) ne Rgveda (1053 / 4) ke "paMcajanA mama honaM japadhvam" kI vyAkhyA karate hae kahA hai ki auSamanyava ke anusAra pA~ca (janoM) logoM meM cAroM vraNoM ke sAtha pA~cavI jAti nipAda bhI sammilita hai| isase spaSTa hai ki aupamasyava ne nipAdoM ko zUdroM ke atirikta eka pRthak jAti meM parigaNita kiyA hai| vaudhAyana (1 / 2 / 3), vasiSTha (1818), manu (108), anazAsanaparva (4815),yAjJavalkya (1091) ke anasAra niSAda brAhmaNa pUrupa evaM zadra strI se utpanna analoma santAna hai| isakA dUsarA nAma hai paarshv| katipaya dharmazAstrakAroM ne nipAdoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vibhinna bAteM likhI haiN| rAmAyaNa meM niSAdoM ke rAjA guha ne gaMgA pAra karane meM rAma ko sahAyatA kI thii| palava--manu (10143-44) ne ise zUdro kI sthiti meM AyA huA kSatriya mAnA hai| mahAbhArata ne pahnavoM, pAradoM evaM anya anArya logoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (sabhAparva 32 // 36-17, udyogapatra 4 / 15, bhImaparva 20 / 13) / pANDusopAka--manu (10 / 37) ke anusAra yaha eka cANDAla puruSa evaM vaidehaka nArI ko santAna hai aura bA~soM kA vyavasAya karatA hai| yaha buruDa hI hai| pArada---jaisA ki pahnavoM kI carcA karate hue likhA gayA hai, yaha mahAbhArata meM anAryoM evaM mlecchoM meM parigaNita huA hai (sabhAparva 32-16, 51 / 12, 52 / 3; droNaparva 13:42 evaM 121113) / dekhie. 'yavana' bhii| pArazava--Adiparva (109 / 25) meM vidura ko pArazava kahA gayA hai aura unakA vivAha pArazava rAjA devaka kI putrI se huA thaa| piMgala--sutasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa puruSa evaM Ayogava nArI kI santAna hai| puNDa yA pauNDaka--mahAbhArata meM yaha anAryoM meM parigaNita hai (droNa 0 93 / 44, Azvamedhiva0 29 / 15-16) / pulinda --vaidika sAhitya meM isakI carcA huI hai (aitareya brAhmaNa 33 / 6), yaha kirAtoM yA gavaroM kI bhAMti parvatIya jAti thii| vanaparva (140 / 25) meM pulindoM, kirAtoM evaM taMgaNoM ko himAlayavAsI kahA gayA hai| uzanA 15) ne pulinda ko vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI avaiva mannAna kahA hai aura pazuoM ko pAlanevAlA evaM jaMgalI pazuoM ko mArakara khAnevAlA kahA hai| yaha bAta vaikhAnasa (? 0 / 18) meM bhI hai| pulkasa (paulkasa)--yaha pukArA bhI likhA gayA hai| vRhadAraNyakopaniSad-mApya (4 / 3 / 22) meM zaMkarAcArya ne 35. nAbherUdhvaM tu vapanaM tasmAnnApita ucyte| uzanA (34) /

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134 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pulkasa evaM paulkasa ko eka samAna kahA hai| yaha niSAda puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI santAna hai ( baudhAyana 1 / 9 / 14, manu0 10 / 18 ) / sUtasaMhitA evaM vaikhAnasa meM yaha zarAba banAne aura becanevAlA kahA gayA hai|" agnipurANa meM pukkasoM ko zikArI kahA gayA hai| kintu dharmazAstrakAroM meM pulkasoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda hai| puSkara -- yaha eka antyaja hai ( vyAsasmRti 1 / 12 ) / puSpadha - - man (10/21 ) ke anusAra yaha Avantya kA dUsarA nAma hai / pauNDraka ( yA pauNDa ) -- dekhie 'guNDU' / paulkasa ---- dekhie, Upara 'pulkasa' / bandI - dekhie, nIce 'bandI' / barbara - - medhAtithi ( manu0 1014 ) ne barbaroM ko 'saMkIrNayoni' kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM barbaroM ko zaka, zabara, yavana, patra Adi anArya jAtiyoM meM ginA gayA hai ( sabhA0 32 / 16-17, 51 / 23; vana0 254 / 18; droNa0 121 / 13 ; anuzAsana 0 35 / 17 zAnti0 65 / 13 ) / bAhya -- dekhie Upara 'antya' / buruDa (bA~sa kA kAma karanevAlA). ) - yaha sAta antyajoM meM eka hai| yaha 'varuDa' bhI likhA jAtA hai| ur3IsA meM yaha achUta jAti hai| bhaTa - - vyAsa ( 1 / 12 ) ke anusAra yaha antyaja hai| dekhie, nIce 'raMgAvatArI' / bhilla --- yaha antyaja hai (aMgirA, atri 199, yama 33) / bhiSak -- uzanA (26) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya kanyA ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai, aura Ayurveda ko ATha bhAgoM meM par3hakara athavA jyotiSa phalita jyotiSa, gaNita ke dvArA (27) apanI jIvikA calAtA hai| aparArka ke anusAra yaha cIra-phAr3a evaM rogiyoM kI sevA kara apanI jIvikA calAtA hai| bhUpa -- yaha eka vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI saMtAna hai ( kRtyakalpataru meM uddhRta yama ke anusAra ) 1 bhUrjakaNTaka -- manu (10121 ) ke anusAra yaha vrAtya brAhmaNa evaM brAhmaNI kI santAna hai| kaI pradezoM meM yaha Avantya yA vATadhAna evaM puSpadha yA zaikha nAma se vikhyAta hai / bhRjjakaNTha (ambaSTha ) -- gautama meM ullikhita kaI AcAryoM (4 / 17 ) ke anusAra yaha vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI kI santAna hai| bhoja -- sutasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha kSatriya strI evaM vaizya puruSa kI santAna hai / madgu--manu (10 / 48) ke anusAra yaha jaMgalI pazuoM ko mArakara apanI jIvikA calAtA hai| kulluka ne manu ke isa zloka kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki yaha brAhmaNa evaM bandI nArI kI santAna hai| kintu vaikhAnasa ( 10 / 12 ) ke anusAra yaha kSatriya puruSa eva vaizya nArI kI vaidha santAna hai, aura lar3ane kA vyavasAya na karake zreSThI (vyApAra) kA kAma karatA hai| maNikAra -- uzanA ( 39-40 ) ke anusAra yaha kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai aura motiyoM, saupiyoM evaM zaMkhoM kA vyavasAya karatA hai| sutasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha vaizya puruSa evaM vaizya nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai / 36. zUdrAtkSatriyAyAM pulkasaH kRtakAM vA vArzI surAM hatvA pAcako vikrINIte / vaikhAnasa 10 / 14 /

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varNa evaM smRtiyoM meM varNita vibhinna jAtiyAM matsyabandhaka (machuA)-- -uzanA (44) ke anusAra yaha takSaka (bar3haI), evaM kSatriya nArI kI santAna hai| malla--manu (17 // 22) ne ise jhalla kA paryAyavAcI mAnA hai| mAgadha-yaha vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI pratiloma santAna hai (gautama 4115, anuzAsana0 48 / 12, koTilya 3 / 7, manu 10 / 11, 17, yAjJavalkya 1193) / kintu kucha logoM ne ise vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNI kI santAna mAnA hai (gautama 4 / 16, uzanA 7, vaikhAnasa 10 / 13 meM varNita AcAryoM kA mt)| baudhAyana (1 / 9 / 7), ne ise zUdra puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI santAna mAnA hai| manu (10 / 47) ne ise sthala-mArga kA vyApArI, anuzAsana parva (1048) ne ratuti karanevAlA yA bandI mAnA hai| sahyAdrikhaNDa (26-60 / 62) ne bhI ise alaMkArayukta chanda kahanevAlA bandI (bandin) mAnA hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 13) ne ise zUdra kahA hai| uzanA (7-8) hai ise brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM kA stutikartA mAnA hai| pANini (41170) ne ise magadha deza kA vAsI kahA hai, kintu jAti ke artha meM nhiiN| mANavika--mUtasaMhitA ke anusAra yaha zUdra puruSa evaM zUdra nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala hai| mAtaMga-cANDAla ke smaan| kAdambarI aura amarakoza meM mAtaMga evaM cANDAla eka-dasare ke kahe gaye haiN| yama (12) ne bhI ise cANDAla ke artha meM hI prayukta kiyA hai| bambaI evaM ur3IsA meM krama se mAMga evaM maMga nAmaka achUta jAtiyAM pAyI jAtI haiN| mArgava:-yaha kaivarta (kevaTa) ke samAna hI hai| dekhie manu (10 // 34) / mAlAkAra yA mAlika (mAlI)-mAlAkAra vyAsasmRti (1110-11) meM AyA hai| yaha Aja kI mAlI jAti kA dyotaka hai| mAhiSya--gautama (4 / 17) evaM yAjJavalkya (1992) meM ullikhita AcAryoM ke anusAra yaha kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya nArI ke anuloma vivAha se utpanna santAna hai| sahyAdrikhaNDa (26 / 45-46) ke anusAra yaha upanayana saMskAra kA adhikArI hai Ara isake byavasAya haiM phalita jyotiSa, bhaviSyavANI karanA evaM Agama vtaanaa| sUtasaMhitA ne ise ambaSTha hI kahA hai| ___ mUrdhAvasikta--gautama (4 / 17) evaM yAjJavalkya (291) meM ullikhita AcAryoM ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI se utpanna anuloma jAti hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 12) ne brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI vaidha santAna ko sarvottama anuloma mAnA hai aura unake gupta prema se utpanna arthAt avaidha santAna ko abhiSikta mAnA hai| yadi rAjyAbhiSeka ho jAya to vaha rAjA ho sakatA hai, nahIM to Ayurveda, bhUta-preta-vidyA, jyotiSa. gaNita Adi se apanI jIvikA calAtA hai| tRtapa--pANini ke mahAbhASya (2 / 4 / 10) meM yaha zUdra kahA gayA hai, jisakA jUThA baratana agni se bhI pavitra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yaha cANDAloM se bhinna jAti kA mAnA gayA hai| meda-yaha sAta antyajoM meM eka hai (dekhie Upara 'antyj')| atri (199) ne likhA hai-'rajakazcarmakArazca naTo buruDa eva c| kaivartamedabhillAzca saptaite cAntyajAH smRtAH // ' (dekhie, yama 331) kahIM-kahIM 'meda' ke sthAna para 'mleccha' zabda prayukta ho gayA hai / meda kA nAma nArada (vAkpAruSya, 11) meM bhI AyA hai / anuzAsana0 (22 / 22) ne medoM, pulkasoM evaM antAvasAyiyoM ke nAma liye haiN| TIkAkAra nIlakaNTha ne medoM ko mRta pazuoM ke mAMsa-bhakSaka kahA hai|" ___ 37. mevAnAM pulkasAnAM ca tathaivAntevasAyinAm (...vAntAvasAyinAm ?) / anuzAsana0 22 / 22; mRtAnAM gomahiSyAdInAM mAMsamazmantoH mevaaH| nIlakaNTha /

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136 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa man (10 / 36) ne meda ko vaidehaka puruSa evaM niSAda nArI kI santAna kahA hai| manu (10 / 48) ne isake vyavasAya ko andhra, cUJcu evaM madgu kA vyavasAya arthAt jaMgalI pazuoM ko mAranA kahA hai| maitra--manu (10 / 23) ne ise kAruSa hI kahA hai| maitreyaka--manu (10 / 23) ke anusAra yaha vaidehaka puruSa evaM Ayogava nArI kI.santAna hai| isakI jIvikA hai rAjAoM evaM bar3e logo (dhanikoM) kI stuti karanA evaM prAtaHkAla ghaNTI bjaanaa| jAtiviveka ne ise DhokanakAra kahA hai| mleccha--mRtasaMhitA ke anasAra yaha brAhmaNa nArI evaM vaizya pApa ke gAta prema kI santAna hai| yavana--gautama (4 / 17) meM ullikhita AcAryoM ke mata se yaha zadra pUruSa evaM kSatriya nArI se utpanna pratiloma jAti hai| mana (20143-44) ne yavanoM ko zadoM kI sthiti meM patita kSatriya mAnA hai| ma zakoM tathA anya anAryoM ke sAtha varNita haiM (sabhAparva 32 / 16-17; vanaparva 254 / 18; udyogaparva 19 / 21; bhISmaparva 20113; droNaparva 93 / 42 evaM 121113; karNaparva 73 / 19; zAntiparva 65 / 13; strIparva 22 / 11) / jJAta hotA hai ki sindhu evaM sauvIra ke rAjA jayadratha ke antaHpura meM kamboja evaM yavana striyA~ thiiN| pANini (4 / 159), mahAbhASya (2 / 4 / 10), azoka-prastarAbhilekha (5 evaM 13), viSNupurANa (4 / 3 / 21) meM yavanoM kI carcA huI hai| __ raMgAvatArI (tAraka)-manu (4 / 215) ke anusAra yaha zailUSa evaM gAyana se bhinna jAti hai| zaMkha (17 / 36) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (51 / 14) ne bhI isakI carcA kI hai| brahmapurANa ke anusAra yaha naTa hai jo raMgamaMca para kArya karatA hai, vastra evaM mukhAkRtiyoM ke parivartana Adi kA vyavasAya karatA hai / maitrI nAmaka upaniSad meM naTa evaM bhaTa ke sAtha raMgAvatArI kA ullekha hai| rajaka (dhobI)--bihAra, uttara pradeza, madhya pradeza evaM baMgAla (dhauvA) meM dhobI eka achUta jAti hai| kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra yaha sAta antyajoM meM AtA hai| vaikhAnasaM (10 / 15) ke anusAra yaha pulkasa (yA vaidehaka) evaM brAhmaNa strI kI santAna hai| kintu uzanA (18) ne ise pulkasa puruSa evaM vaizya kanyA kI santAna mAnA hai| mahAbhASya (2 / 4 / 10) ne ise zUdra kahA hai| rajaka (raMgasAja)---manu (4 / 216) ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| uzanA (19) ne ise zUdra puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI ke gupta prema kI santAna mAnA hai| __ rathakAra---vaidika sAhitya meM bhI isakI carcA AtI hai (naittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / / 1) / baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 5 / 6) evaM bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1) ke anusAra isakA upanayana varSA Rtu meM hotA thaa| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 9 / 6) ne ise vaizya puruSa evaM zadra nArI ke vaidha vivAha kA pratiphala mAnA hai| dharmazAstrakAroM ne isakI utpatti ke viSaya meM matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai| isakA vyavasAya ratha-nirmANa hai| rAmaka-~-vasiSThadharmasUtra (1814) ne ise vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI kI pratiloma santAna kahA hai| isI ko gautamadharmasUra (15) evaM baudhAyanadharmasUtra ke anusAra krama se kuta evaM vaidehaka kahA jAtA hai / lubdhaka--maga kA zikAra krnevaalaa| isako vyAva bhI kahate haiN| lekhaka-yadi yaha jAti hai, to ise kAyastha hI samajhanA caahie| dekhie 'kAyastha' jAti kA vivaraNa / 38. ye cAnya ha cATajaTanaTabhaTapravajitaraMgAvatAriNo rAjakarmaNi patitAvayaH...... taiH saha na saMvaset / maMtrI-upa0 78 /

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varNa; smRtiyoM meM varNita vibhinna jAtiyAM 137 lohakAra (lohAra)-dekhie pIche, 'kAra' nArada (RNAdAna, 288) ne isakI carcA kI hai, yathA 'jAtyava lohakAro yaH kushlshcaagnikrmnni|' uttara pradeza evaM bihAra meM ise lohAra kahA jAtA hai| bandI (vandanA karanevAlA, bhATa, 'bandI' bhI kahA jAtA hai) hArIta ne ise vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI pratiloma santAna kahA hai| brahmapurANa ne ise logoM kI stuti yA vandanA karanevAlA mAnA hai| varATa-vyAsa (1 / 12-13) ne ise antyajoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| varuDa (bAMsa kA kAma karanevAlA)--ise buruDa bhI likhA jAtA hai| mahAbhApya (4 / 197) ne vAruDaki ('varuDa' se banA huA) kA udAharaNa diyA hai| taitirIya saMhitA (4 / 5 / 1) meM 'viDalakAra' (bA~sa cIranevAlA) evaM vAjasaneyI saMhitA (3018) meM 'viDalakArI zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| uttara pradeza ke pUrvI jiloM meM bA~sa ke kAma karanevAloM ko dharakAra bhI kahA vATadhAna-manu (10 / 21) ne ise Avantya mAnA hai| dekhie Upara 'aavnty|' vijanmA--manu (10 / 23) ke anusAra yaha kAruSa kA hI dyotaka hai| veNa (vaiNa)---manu (10 / 19) evaM baudhAyana (1 / 9 / 13) ke anusAra yaha vaidehaka puruSa evaM ambaSTha nArI kI santAna hai| kauTilya (37) ne vaiNa ko ambaSTha puruSa evaM vaidehaka nArI kI santAna mAnA hai| manu (10 / 49) ne ise bAjA bajAnevAlA kahA hai| kullA (manu 4 / 215) ne ise buruDa kI bhA~ti bA~sa kA kAma karanevAlA mAnA hai| veNuka-uzanA (4) ne ise sUta evaM brAhmaNI kI pratiloma santAna kahA hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 15) ne ise madgu evaM brAhmaNI kI pratiloma santAna kahA hai| yaha jAti vINA evaM muralI bajAne kA kArya karatI hai| sUtasaMhitA ne ise nAI (nApita) evaM brAhmaNI kI santAna kahA hai| velava--sUtasaMhitA ne ise zUdra puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI santAna mAnA hai| vaidehaka-baudhAyana (11968), kauTilya (37), manu (10 / 11,13,17), viSNu (1666), nArada (strIpuMsa, 111), yAjJa0 (1193), anuzAsana parva (48 / 10) ke anusAra yaha vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI kI pratiloma santAna hai| kintu gautama (4 / 15) ke anusAra yaha zUdra puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI santAna hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 14) evaM kucha AcAryoM ke mata (gautama 4 / 17 evaM uzanA 20) se yaha zUdra puruSa evaM vaizya nArI kI santAna hai| manu (10 / 47) evaM agnipurANa (151 / 14) ke anusAra isakA vyavasAya hai antaHpura kI striyoM kI rakSA krnaa| kintu uzanA (20 / 21) evaM vaikhAnasa (10.14) ne ise bakarI, bher3a, maiMsa carAnevAlA tathA dUdha, dahI, makkhana, dhI becanevAlA kahA hai| sUtasaMhitA ne vaideha evaM pulkasa ko samAna mAnA hai| vyAdha (zikArI yA baheliyA)-sumantu, hArIta, yAjJa0 (2|48),aapstmb Adi ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| vrAtya-ApastambadharmasUtra (111, 1222-1, 112 / 10) tathA anya sUtroM ne vrAtya ko aisI jAti vAlA kahA hai, jisake pUrvajoM kA upanayana nahIM huA ho| kintu baudhAyana (1 / 9 / 15) meM vrAtya ko varNasaMkara kahA gayA hai| ___ zaka-manu (10 / 43-44) ne zakoM ko yavanoM ke sAtha varNita kiyA hai aura unheM zUdroM kI zreNI ke patita kSatriya mAnA hai| isa viSaya meM 'yavana' kA varNana bhI pddh'ie| mahAbhArata meM bhI inakA varNana hai (samA0 32 / 16-17; udyoga0 4 / 15, 19 / 21; 160 / 103; bhISma0 20 / 13; droNa0 121113) / pANini (4 / 1 / 175) ne 'kambojAdi gaNa' meM zaka kA ullekha kiyA hai| zabara--bhilla ke samAna jaMgalI aadivaasii| mahAbhArata meM inakA varNana hai (anuzAsanaparva 35 / 17, zAntiparva 65 / 13) / zAlika-sUtasaMhitA ne ise mAgadha hI mAnA hai| dekhie, uupr| 18

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138 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zUlika-uzanA (42) ne ise brAhmaNa puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI avaidha santAna kahA hai aura daNDita logoM ko zUlI denevAlA ghoSita kiyA hai| vaikhAnasa (10 / 13) evaM sUtasaMhitA ne ise kSatriya puruSa evaM zUdra nArI ke gupta prema kA pratiphala mAnA hai| zaMkha--manu (10 / 21) ke anusAra yaha Avantya hI hai| zailuSa--viSNudharmasUtra (51 / 13), manu (4 / 214), hArIta Adi ne ise raMgAvatArI se bhinna evaM brahmapurANa ne ise naToM ke lie jIvikA khojanevAlA kahA hai| Apastamba (9 / 38) ne ise rajaka evaM vyAdha kI zreNI meM rakhA hai| yahI bAta yAjJavalkya (2048) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| zauNDika (surA becanevAlA)--viSNu (51 / 15), manu (4 / 216), yAjJa0 (2 / 48), zaMkha, brahmapurANa ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| zvapaca yA zvapAka-vyAsa (1112-13) ne ise antyajoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| pANini (4 / 3 / 118) ke 'kulAlAdi' meM yaha AyA hai| yaha ugra puruSa evaM kSattA upajAti kI nArI kI santAna hai (baudhAyana 1 / 9 / 12, kauTilya 37) / manu ne ise kSattA puruSa evaM ugra nArI se utpanna mAnA hai| uzanA (11) ne ise cANDAla puruSa evaM vaizya nArI kI santAna kahA hai| manu (10 / 51-56) ke anusAra cANDAla evaM zvapaca eka hI vyavasAya karate haiM (dekhie, 'caannddaal')| ye loga kutte kA mAMsa khAte haiM aura kutte hI inakA dhana hai (uganA 12) / ye nagaroM kI saphAI karate haiM aura zmazAna meM rahate haiM (manu0 1055) / ye nAtedAroM se rahita mRtakoM ko Dhote haiM, jallAda kA kAma karate haiM, aadi-aadi| bhagavadgItA (5 / 18) meM ye loga kuttoM kI zreNI meM rakhe gaye haiN| mArkaNDeyapurANa meM ye cANDAla bhI kahe gaye haiM, arthAt inameM aura cANDAloM meM koI antara nahIM hai| jAtiviveka meM ye dakSiNa ke mahAra evaM maMga ke samAna mAne gaye haiN| sAtvata--manu (10 / 23) ne ise kAruSa hI mAnA hai| sudhanvAcArya--manu (10 / 23) ne ise kAruSa hI mAnA hai|| suvarNa--uzanA (24-25) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa purupa evaM kSatriya nArI ke vaidha vivAha kI santAna hai| sambhavataH yahA~ likhane meM truTi ho gayI hai aura 'suvarNa' kA 'savarNa' honA caahie| use atharvaveda ke anusAra karma-saMskAra karanA cAhie, rAjA kI AjJA se ghor3e, hAthI yA ratha kI savArI karanI caahie| vaha senApati yA vaidya kA kAma kara sakatA hai| suvarNakAra yA sauNika yA hemakAra (sonAra)--vAjasaneyI saMhitA (307) evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 4 / 14) meM hiraNyakAra kA ullekha huA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (10 / 4) evaM nArada (RNAdAna, 274) ke anusAra sonAra taula nAmaka divya meM tolA karatA thaa| sumantu, zaMkha Adi ne ise karmakAra evaM niSAda kI zreNI meM ginA hai| manu (9 / 292) ne ise duSToM meM duSTa kahA hai (srvknnttkpaapisstth)| mahAbhArata meM aisA AyA hai ki parazurAma kI krodhAgni se bacakara kucha logoM ne kSatriyoM, lohAroM evaM sonAroM kA kAma karanA Arambha kara diyaa|" sUcaka--yaha vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI anuloma santAna hai (uzanA 43) / 39. dhokArahemakArAdijAti nityaM smaashritaaH| zAntiparva 49 / 84 / yahA~ 'dhokAra' sambhavataH 'jyokAra' (lohAra) hai| kahIM-kahIM 'yokAra' ke sthAna para 'jyAkAra' (pratyaJcA banAnevAlA) pAyA jAtA hai|

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varNa; smRtiyoM meM varNita vibhinna jAtiyA~ 139 sUcika yA saucika yA sUcI -jo sUI se kArya karatA hai, arthAt darjI / yaha vaidehaka puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI pratiloma santAna hai ( vaikhAnasa 10/15 evaM uzanA 22 ) aura sUI kA arthAt sIne-pirone kA kAma karatA hai| amarakoza ke anusAra saucika mI tunnavAya hI hai (dekhie Upara) aura brahmapurANa meM sUcI bhI tunnavAya hI kahA gayA hai| sUta - vaidika sAhitya ( taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 | 4 | 1 ) meM bhI yaha nAma AyA hai| yaha kSatriya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI kI pratiloma santAna hai ( gautama 4 / 15; baudhAyana 14919; vasiSTha 1826; kauTilya 3 / 7; manu 10 / 11; nArada, strIpuMsa, 110; viSNu 16 / 6 ; yAjJa0 1 / 93 evaM sUtasaMhitA ) / stuti gAna karane vAle sUta se yaha mina hai, aisA kauTilya ne spaSTa kara diyA hai| sUta kA vyavasAya hai ratha hAMkanA, arthAt ghor3A jotanA, kholanA Adi ( manu 10 147 ) / vaikhAnama (10 / 13 ) ke anusAra isakA kArya hai rAjA ko usake kartavyoM kI yAda dilAnA evaM usake lie bhojana banAnA / karNaparva ( 32148 ) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNa-kSatriyoM kA paricAraka hai / vAyupurANa (jilda 111133-34, jilda 2 / 1 / 139 ) ne ise rAjAoM evaM dhanikoM kI vaMzAvalI, paramparAoM kI surakSA karanevAlA kahA hai / kintu yaha vedAdhyayana nahIM kara sakatA evaM apanI jIvikA ke lie rAjAoM para Azrita rahatA hai aura rathoM, ghor3oM evaM hAthiyoM kI rakhavAlI karatA hai| yaha jIvikA ke lie davA dene kA kArya bhI kara sakatA / vaikhAnasa ( 10 | 13) evaM sutasaMhitA meM spaSTa zabdoM meM AyA hai ki sUta evaM rathakAra meM antara hai, jinameM sUta to vaidha vivAha kI santAna hai, kintu rathakAra kSatriya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI ke gupta prema kI santAna hai / sUnika yA saunika (kasAI) 1--yaha Ayogava puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI kI santAna hai ( uzanA 14 ) / hArIta ne ise rajaka evaM carmakAra kI zreNI meM rakhA hai| brahmapurANa ne ise 'pazumAraka' kahA hai| jAtiviveka ke anusAra yaha 'khATika ) ' hai / sairindhra -- mana ( 10132 ) ke anusAra yaha dasyu puruSa evaM Ayogava nArI kI santAna hai, puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ke keza vinyAsa se apanI jIvikA calAtA hai| yaha dAsa ( ucchiSTa bhojana karanevAlA) nahIM hai, hA~, zarIra dabAne meM kA kArya karatA hai| pANini (4 / 3 / 118) ne apane 'kulAlAdi gaNa' meM ise parigaNita kiyA hai| mahAbhArata sairindhrI ke rUpa meM draupadI ne virATa-rAnI kI ye sevAe~ kI haiM-- kezoM ko sa~vAranA, lepana karanA, mAlA banAnA ( virATaparva 918 - 19 ) / isI prakAra damayantI vedirAja kI mAtA kI sairindhrI banI thI ( vanaparva 65 / 6870 ) / Adiparva ke anusAra sairindhra mRgoM ko mArakara, rAjAoM ke antaHpuroM evaM chuTakArA pAyI huI nAriyoM kI rakhavAlI karake apanI jIvikA calAtA hai ( zUdrakamalAkara meM uddhRta ) |. sopAka --- yaha caNDAla ( yA cANDAla) puruSa evaM pukkasa nArI kI santAna hai ( manu 10 38 ) / yaha rAjA se afusa logoM ko phA~sI dete samaya jallAda kA kArya karatA hai| saudhanvana --- dekhie, kAmasUtra ( 1 / 5 / 37 ) / ise rathakAra bhI kahA jAtA hai / uparyukta jAti sUcI se vyakta hotA hai ki smRtiyoM meM varNita katipaya jAtiyA~, yathA ambaSTha, mAgagha, malla evaM vaidehaka, pradezoM se sambandhita haiM ( amba, magadha, videha Adi ) tathA kucha jAtiyA~ AbhIra, kirAta evaM zaka nAmaka viziSTa jAtiyoM para AdhArita haiN| manu ( 10143 - 45 ) evaM mahAbhArata ( anuzAsanaparva 33 / 21-23, 35 / 17-18) ne zakoM, yavanoM, kambojoM, dravir3oM, daradoM, zabaroM, kirAtoM Adi ko mUlataH kSatriya mAnA hai, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ke samparka se dUra ho jAne ke kAraNa zUdroM kI sthiti meM parivartita ho gaye the / yahI bAta viSNupurANa ( 4/4/47-48 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / ayaskAra, kumbhakAra, carmakAra, takSA, tailika, naTa, rathakAra, veNa Adi

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140 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa katipaya vyavasAyoM para AdhArita haiN| ati prAcIna kAla meM brAhmaNa loga kaI prakAra ke vyavasAya karate pAye jAte haiN| aise brAhmaNoM kI sUcI, jo apane svAbhAvika vyavasAya ko chor3akara anya vyavasAya karate the, bahuta lambI hai (manu 3|151 ) / isa viSaya meM paMktipAvana sambandhI vivecana bhI Age kiyA jAyagA / ati prAcIna kAla se hI brAhmaNoM meM kucha aise loga pAye jAte haiM, jo adhyayanAdhyApana se dUra koI anya vyavasAya karate the, kintu ve brAhmaNa kahe jAte rahe haiM / mahAbhASya meM tapa, vedAdhyayana evaM janma nAmaka tIna kAraNoM kA ullekha hai, jo kisI bhI brAhmaNa ke lie Avazyaka ThaharAye gaye haiM / " mahAbhArata meM yaha kaI bAra AyA hai ki brAhmaNa janma se hI pUjya hai, " kintu kaI sthaloM para janma para AdhArita jAti kI bhartsanA bhI kI gayI hai|* udyogaparva ( 43 / 20 evaM 49 ), zAntiparva ( 188 10 18904 evaM 8), vanaparva ( 216 / 14-15 313 / 108-111), yAjJavalkya ( 11200), vRddha gautama Adi meM naitikatA, caritra Adi divya guNoM vAle vyaktiyoM kI hI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| karma se hI koI ucca hotA hai, na ki janma se / gautama ne AtmA ke ATha guNoM ko parama gaurava diyA hai (dayA sarvabhUteSu zAntiranasUyA zaucamanAyAso maMgalamakArpaNyaMmaspRheti ), tathApi janma para AdhArita jAti-vyavasthA sabhI yugoM meM balavatI banI rahI aura katipaya AcAryoM ne jAti evaM caritra meM jAti ko hI mahattA dI / " madhya kAla ke jAtiviveka evaM zudrakamalAkara ( 17vIM zatAbdI) nAmaka granthoM meM kucha aura jAtiyoM kA varNana hai, jinameM kucha nimna haiM AghAsika yA Andhasika - - vaidehaka puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI santAna; pakA huA bhojana becanevAlA / ise rAndhavaNu bhI kahA jAtA hai| Avartaka - mRjjakaNTha puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI se utpanna / 40. tapaH zrutaM ca yonizca etad brAhmaNakArakam / / tapaH zrutAbhyAM yo hono jAtibrAhmaNa eva saH // pANini ke 26 para mahAbhASya | mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva ( 121 / 7) meM bhI aisA hI AyA hai-- tapaH.....brAhmapyakAraNam / tribhirguNaiH samudito tato bhavati vai dvijaH / mahAbhASya meM eka anya carcA bhI hai - trINi yasthAvadAtAni vidyA yonizca karma ca / etacchivaM vijAnIhi brAhmaNApracasya lakSaNam // // ( jilda 2, pR0 220 ) 41. janmanaiva mahAbhAge brAhmaNo nAma jAyate / namasyaH sarvabhUtAnAmatithiH prasRtAprabhuk // anuzAsanaparva 35 / 1; dekhie, vahI 143 / 6 / 42. satyaM damastapo dAnamahiMsA dharmanityatA / sAdhakAni sadA puMsAM na jAtinaM kulaM nRpa / vanaparva 181 / 42-43 / 43. satyaM dAnamathAdroha AnRzaMsyaM trapA ghRNA / tapazca dRzyate yatra sa brAhmaNa iti smRtaH // zUdre caitad bhavellakSma dvije tacca na vidyate / na vaM zUdro bhavecchUdro brAhmaNo na ca brAhmaNaH // zAntiparva 189 / 4 evaM 8; aura dekhie vanaparva 180 / 21 / na vizeSo'sti varNAnAM sarvaM brAhmamidaM jagat / brahmaNA pUrvasRSTaM hi karmabhirvarNatAM gatam // zAnti0 188, 10 / tasmAtkSatriya mA saMsthA jalpitenaiva vai dvijm| ya eva satyAnnApaiti sa jJeyo brAhmaNastvayA // udyogaparva 43 / 49; yastu zUdro dame satye dharme ca satatotthitaH / taM brAhmaNamahaM manye vRttena hi bhaved dvijaH // vanaparva 216 / 14-15; na jAti: pUjyate rAjan guNAH kalyANakArakAH / caNDAlamapi vRttasthaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH // vRddhagautama / 44. dekhie, parAzaramAdhavIya; jAtizIlayormadhye jAtyutkarSa eva prAdhAnyenopAdeyaH / zIlaM tu yathAsambhavam /

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varNa; smRtiyoM meM Nita vibhinna jAtiyAM 141 AhituNDika-niSAda evaM vaidehaka nArI se utpnn| ise gAruDI bhI (marAThI meM) kahate haiN| aurabha-marAThI meM ise dhaMgara kahate haiN| yaha bher3a, bakarI carAtA hai| uttara pradeza, bihAra meM ise gar3ariyA kahA jAtA hai| kaTadhAnaka-Avartaka puruSa evaM brAhmaNa nArI kI santAna / kuntalaka-yaha nApita (nAI) ke samAna hai| kuruvinda-kumbhakAra evaM kukkuTI nArI se utpnn| zUdrakamalAkara ke anusAra yaha Aja kA zAlI hai| gholika-vyAdha puruSa evaM gAruDI nArI kI santAna / durbhara-Ayogava evaM ghigvaNa nArI kI sntaan| ise aba Dohora yA Dora kahate haiN| pauSTika---brAhmaNa evaM niSAdI nArI se utpnn| aba ise kahAra yA pAlakI DhonevAlA yA bhoI kahA jAtA hai| plava-cANDAla evaM andhra nArI kI sntaan| yaha Aja kA 'hADI' hai| bandhula-maitreya evaM jAMghikA strI kI sntaan| ise aba jhArekarI (jo miTTI yA rAkha se sone ke kaNa baTora kara sonAra ke pAsa le jAtA hai) kahate haiN| bhasmAMkura---cyuta zaiva saMnyAsI evaM zUdra vezyA kI sntaan| jAtiviveka meM ise gurava kahA gayA hai| manyu-vaizya evaM kSatriya nArI kI sntaan| ise tAvaDiyA (cora pakar3anevAlA) bhI kahate haiN| romika-malla evaM Avartaka nArI kI sntaan| aba ise loNAra (namaka banAnevAlA) kahA jAtA hai| zAlAkya yA zAkalya--mAlAkAra aura kAyastha nArI kI sntaan| aba ise maniyAra kahate haiN| zukha-mArjaka-mANDali, jo gA-bajAkara jIvikA calAte haiN| sindolaka yA spandAlika-zUdra evaM mAgadha nArI kI santAna / ise raMgArI arthAt raMganevAlA kahA jAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM pramukha vargoM meM bahuta-sI upajAtiyA~ haiM, jo pradeza, vyavasAya, dhArmika sampradAya tathA anya kAraNoM se eka dUsare se bhinna haiM, udAharaNArtha, brAhmaNa prathamataH 10 zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita haiM, jinameM 5 gaur3a haiM aura 5 dravir3a hai| ye 10 brAhmaNa katipaya zreNiyoM, upajAtiyoM evaM vargoM meM vibhAjita haiN| dravir3a brAhmaNoM meM mahArASTra brAhmaNa citapAvana (yA koMkaNastha), karhADe, dezastha, devarukhe Adi kaI upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki gujarAta meM brAhmaNoM kI 84 upajAtiyA~ haiN| punaH eka hI upajAti meM kaI vibhAjana pAye jAte haiN| paMjAba ke sArasvatoM meM lagabhaga 470 upavibhAga haiN| isI prakAra kAnyakubjoM meM bhI saikar3oM zreNiyA~ haiN| ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI uttara ke brAhmaNoM ne magadha Adi dezoM ke brAhmaNoM ko UMcI dRSTi se nahIM dekhA thaa| matsyapurANa (16316) meM AyA hai ki vaise brAhmaNa jo mleccha dezoM meM, trizaMku, barbara, oDra (ur3IsA), andhra (telaMgAnA), Takka, dravir3a evaM koMkaNa meM rahate haiM, unheM zrAddha ke samaya nimantrita nahIM karanA caahie| kSatriyoM meM bhI katipaya upajAtiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA sUryavaMzI, candravaMzI tathA agnikula vaale| paramAroM meM 35, guhilotoM meM 24, cAhamAnoM meM 26, solaMkiyoM meM 16 zAkhAe~ haiN| isI prakAra anya vargoM meM bhI bahutasI zAkhAe~ evaM upazAkhAe~ haiN| 45. drAviDAzcaiva tailaMgAH karnATA mdhydeshgaaH| gurjarAzcaya paJcate kayyante drAviDA dvijaaH|| sArasvatAH kAnyakubjA utkalA maithilAzca ye| gauDAzca paJcadhA caiva daza viprAH prkiirtitaaH|| sahyAdrikhaNDa (skndpuraann)| 46. kRtghnaanaastikaaNstdvnmlecchdeshnivaasinH| trizaMkubarbaroDAndhrAn Takkadravir3akoMkaNAn // matsyapurANa 1616 /

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adhyAya 3 varNoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra dharmazAstra-sAhitya meM vargoM ke kartavyoM evaM vizeSAdhikAroM ke viSaya meM viziSTa varNana milatA hai| vedAdhyayana karanA, yajJa karanA evaM dAna denA brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie Avazyaka kartavya mAne gaye haiN| vedAdhyApana, yajJa karAnA, dAna lenA brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra haiM / yuddha karanA evaM prajA-jana kI rakSA karanA kSatriyoM ke tathA kRSi, pazu-pAlana, vyApAra Adi vaizyoM ke vizeSAdhikAra hai|' prathama tIna kartavyaH arthAt adhyayana karanA, yajJa karanA, dAna denA dvija mAtra ke dharma (kartavya yA karma) haiM, kintu vedAdhyApana kevala brAhmaNa kI hI vRtti (jIvikA) mAnI gayI hai| vedAdhyayana--Arambhika vaidika kAloM meM bhI brAhmaNa evaM vidyA meM abhedya sambandha thaa| brahmavidyA meM brAhmaNoM ne viziSTa gati prApta kI thii| kucha rAjAoM ne bhI isa vidyA meM itanI mahattA prApta kara lI thI ki brAhmaNa loga unase jJAna grahaNa karate the| zatapatha brAhmaNa evaM upaniSadoM meM kucha brahmavid kSatriyoM ke nAma Ate haiM jinake yahA~ brAhmaNa loga ziSya rUpa meM upasthita hote the| yathA yAjJavalkya ne rAjA janaka se (zatapatha brAhmaNa 6 / 21 / 5), bAlAki gArgya ne kAzirAja ajAtazatru se (bRhadAraNyaka 21 evaM kauSItakI upaniSad 4'), zvetaketu AraNeya ne pravAhaNa jaivali se (chAndogyopaniSad 5 / 3), paMca brAhmaNoM ne kekayarAja azvapati se (chA0 5 / 2) jJAna prApta kiyaa| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki kSatriyoM ne brahmavidyA meM itanI vizeSa yogyatA prApta kara lI thI ki brAhmaNa loga bhI unake yahA~ pahu~cate the| isase yaha artha nahIM nikAlanA cAhie ki kSatriya loga brahmavidyA ke pratiSTa ki prasiddha vidvAn evaM bhAratIyatA-tattvavid zrI DyUsena mahodaya ne apanI prasiddha pustaka 'DAsa sisTema Desa vedAnta' (san 1883 , pRSTha 18-19) meM likhA thaa| yaha dhAraNA aba nirmUla siddha kI jA cukI hai| upaniSadoM ke darzana kA bIjAropaNa Rgveda ke mantroM, atharvaveda evaM kucha brAhmaNa granthoM meM ho cukA thaa| upaniSadoM meM aise brAhmaNoM kI bahulatA hai jinhoMne svatantra rUpa se brahmavidyA ke vibhinna svarUpoM para prakAza DAlA hai| aisA kahane ke lie koI kAraNa nahIM hai ki jina katipaya kSatriyoM ke nAma brahmavid ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiM, kevala ve hI brahmavid the, brAhmaNa nhiiN| prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM bhI kisI vaizya ke viSaya meM vedAdhyayana kA saMketa nahIM milatA, yadyapi unake lie bhI vedAdhyayana karanA Avazyaka thaa| nirukta (2 / 4) meM vidyAsUkta nAmaka cAra mantra haiM, jinameM prathama ke anusAra vidyA brAhmaNoM ke pAsa 1. dvijAtInAmadhyayanamijyA dAnam / brAhmaNasyAdhikAH pravacanayAjanapratigrahAH / pUrvaSu niymstu| rAjJo'dhikaM rakSaNaM sarvabhUtAnAm / vaizyasyAdhikaM kRSiNikpAzupAlyakusIdam / gautama0 1011-3, 7, 50; aura dekhie Apastamba 215, 105-8, baudhAyana 1 / 10 / 2-5; vasiSTha 2013-19; manu 1588-90, 1075-76; yAjJavalkya 11118-119; viSNu 2010-15; atri 13-15; mArkaNDeyapurANa 28 // 3-8 /

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voM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra AyI aura sampatti ke samAna apanI rakSA ke lie usane prArthanA kii| pataJjali ke mahAbhASya meM AyA hai ki brAhmaNoM ko binA kisI kAraNa ke dharma, veda evaM vedAMgoM kA adhyayana karanA caahie| manu (4 / 147) ke anusAra brAhmaNoM ke lie vedAdhyayana paramAvazyaka hai, kyoMki yaha paramocca dharma hai| yAjJavalkya (13198) ne kahA hai ki vidhAtA ne brAhmaNoM ko vedoM kI rakSA ke lie, devoM evaM pitaroM kI tuSTi tathA dharma kI rakSA ke lie utpanna kiyA hai| atri meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| kucha AcAryoM (baudhAyanagRhyaparibhASA 111015-6; tai0 saM0 2 / 15 / 5) ne yahA~ taka likha diyA hai ki jisa brAhmaNa ke ghara meM vedAdhyayana evaM vedI (zrauta kriyAsaMskAroM ke lie agni-pratiSThA) kA tyAga ho gayA ho, vaha tIna pIr3hiyoM meM durbrAhmaNa ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 1 / 10 / 1) meM bhI saMketa hai| vedAdhyApana--sambhavata: Arambhika kAla meM putra apane pitA se veda kI zikSA pAtA thaa| zvetaketu AruNeya kI gAthA (chAndogya0 5 / 3 / 1 evaM 6 / 111-2; bR0 u0 6 / 2 / 1) se patA calatA hai ki unhoMne apane pitA se hI saba vedoM kA adhyayana kiyA thA, itanA hI nahIM, devoM, manuSyoM evaM asuroM ne apane pitA prajApati se zikSA prApta kI thI (bR0 u0 5 / 2 / 1) / Rgveda ke 7 / 103 / 5 se patA calatA hai ki zikSA-paddhati vAcika (alikhita) pI, arthAt ziSya apane guru ke zabdoM ko duharAte the| brAhmaNa-granthoM ke kAla se dharmazAstra-kAla taka sarvatra vedAdhyApana-kArya brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM thaa| jaisA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai, kucha kSatriya AcArya yA dArzanika bhI the (zatapathabrAhmaNa 8 / 1 / 4 / 10 evaM 11 / 6 / 2 Adi), kintu ve sAmAnyataH nimna pratiSThA ke pAtra the| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 25-28) meM AyA hai ki guru kevala brAhmaNa hI ho sakate haiM, kintu ApatkAla meM, arthAt brAhmaNa-guru kI anupasthiti meM brAhmaNa kSatriya yA vaizya se par3ha sakatA hai| brAhmaNa-ziSya kSatriya yA vaizya guru ke pIche-pIche cala sakatA hai, kintu paira dabAne kI sevA yA koI anya zarIra-sevA nahIM kara sakatA; par3hane ke uparAnta vaha guru ke Age-Age jA sakatA hai| ye hI niyama gautama (7 / 1 / 3), manu (10 / 2, 2 / 241) meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| manu (2 / 242) ne likhA hai ki eka naiSThika brahmacArI kisI abrAhmaNa guru ke yahA~ Thahara nahIM sakatA, bhale hI vaha kisI zadra se koI upayogI yA hitakara kalA yA kauzala sIkha le (2 / 238)) / vedAdhyApana se pracura dhana kI prApti sambhava nahIM thii| kevala brAhmaNa hI purohitya kara sakatA thaa| jaimini ne likhA hai ki kSatriya yA vaizya Rtvik nahIM ho sakatA, ataH satra (eka aisA yajJa jo bahuta dinoM yA varSoM taka calatA rahatA hai) kevala brAhmaNoM dvArA hI sampAdita ho sakatA hai| trizaMku ko cANDAla ho jAne kA zApa mila cukA thA, kintu vizvAmitra ne usake lie yajJa karane kI ThAnI, kintu rAmAyaNa kA kahanA hai ki devatA evaM RSi usakI havi ko svIkAra nahIM kara sakate the| kintu yaha sandehAspada hai ki aisI sthiti (kaThina niyama) prAcIna 2. ye mantra vasiSThadharmasUtra (218-11) meM bhI milate haiN| inameM tIna (kevala 'adhyApitA ye' ko chor3akara) viSNu (29 / 9-10 evaM 3047) meM bhI prApta hote haiN| manu (2 / 114-115) meM do mantroM kA artha A jAtA hai| 3. brAhmaNena niSkAraNo dharmaH SaDaMgo vedo'dhyeyo jJeya iti / mahAbhASya (jilda 2, pR0 15) / 4. brAhmaNAnAM vetryoraatvijyaabhaavaat| jaimini 6 / 6 / 18, brAhmaNA Rtvijo bhakSapratiSedhAvitarayoH / kAtyA0 zrau0 1 / 2 / 28 / 5. kSatriyo yAjako yasya caNDAlasya vishesstH| kathaM sadasi bhoktAro havistasya surrssyH|| bAlakANa 59 / 13-14 //

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144 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vaidika kAla meM bhI thI / Rgveda ( 10 | 9817) meM AyA hai ki devApi zantanu kA purohita thA, nirukta ( 2010 ) se patA calatA hai ki devApi evaM zantanu bhAI-bhAI the aura kuru kI santAna the| nirukta ke anusAra vaidika kAla meM kSatriya purohita ho sakatA thA / bahuta-se Adhunika lekhakoM kI yaha bhrAntipUrNa dhAraNA hai ki brAhmaNa purohita-jAti yA purohita haiM / vaidika kAla meM sabhI brAhmaNa purohita nahIM the aura na Aja hI saba brAhmaNa mandiroM evaM tIrthasthAnoM ke purohita yA pujArI haiN| kucha brAhmaNa rAjAoM ke purohita ho sake aura bahutoM ne kriyA-saMskAroM ke lie Rtvik honA svIkAra kara liyaa| mandiroM ke pujAriyoM kI paramparA pazcAtkAlIna hai aura Adhunika kAla kI bhA~ti prAcIna kAla meM bhI purohitI - karma nimna koTi kA kArya samajhA jAtA thA / manu ( 3|152 ) ne likhA hai ki devalaka brAhmaNa ( jo mandira meM pUjA karake dakSiNA letA hai) tIna varSa ke uparAnta zrAddha evaM deva pUjA ke samaya nimantraNa pAne kA adhikArI nahIM raha jAtA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki brAhmaNoM kI jIvikA ke kaI sAdhana the, jinameM aba taka vedAdhyApana evaM paurohitya nAmaka sAdhanoM para prakAza DAlA jA cukA hai / brAhmaNoM kI jIvikA kA tIsarA sAdhana yA kisI yogya yA kisI prakAra ke kalaMka yA doSa se rahita vyakti se dAna grahaNa karanA / yama ke anusAra tInoM varNoM ke yogya vyaktiyoM se pratigraha lenA ( dAna - grahaNa) purohitI yA zikSA dekara dhana prApta karane se kahIM acchA hai|' kintu manu (10 / 109-111 ) ke anusAra ayogya vyakti yA zUdra se pratigraha lenA zikSA kArya yA purohitI se nimnatara hai| dAna lene yA dene ke lie bar3e-bar3e niyamoM kA vidhAna hai| isa para hama punaH vicAra kreNge| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 1 / 37 evaM 5 / 14 / 5-6 ) se patA calatA hai ki isa prakAra ke niyama paryApta rUpa se vidyamAna the / brAhmaNa-vRtti-pahalI bAta yaha thI ki brAhmaNoM ke jIvana kA Adarza hI yA nirdhanatA, sAdA jIvana, ucca vicAra, dhana saJcaya se sakriya rUpa meM dUra rahanA tathA saMskRti sambandhI rakSaNa evaM vikAsa karanA / manu (4/2 - 3 ) ke anusAra brAhmaNoM ke lie yaha eka sAmAnya niyama thA ki ve itanA hI dhana prApta kareM jisase ve apanA tathA apane kuTumba kA bharaNa-poSaNa kara sakeM, binA kisI ko kaSTa diye apane dhArmika kartavya kara sakeM / manu ( 417- 8 ) ne puna: kahA hai ki eka brAhmaNa utanA hI anna ekatra kare jitanA ki eka kusUla yA eka kummI meM aTa sake / ' kummIdhAnya' kA Adarza bahuta prAcIna hai, pataJjali ke mahAbhASya meM bhI isakI carcA hai ( pANini 1 / 3 / 7) / yAjJavalkya (1 / 128) evaM manu (10 / 112 ) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie yaha bhI vyavasthA dI hai ke yadi ve 6. pratigrahAdhyApanayAjanAnAM pratigrahaM zreSThatamaM vadanti / pratigrahAcchuSyati japyahomaMryAjyaM tu pApanaM punanti devAH // 7. bhASyakAroM ne 'kusUla' aura 'kumbhI' kI vyAkhyA vibhinna DhaMga se kI hai| kullUka (manu 4 / 7 para) ke matAnusAra vaha brAhmaNa jisake pAsa tIna varSoM ke lie anna hai, 'kusaladhAnya' kahalAtA hai, aura 'kumbhISAnya' vaha hai jisake pAsa sAla bhara ke lie paryApta anna hai| medhAtithi kA kahanA hai ki kevala ana para hI vakAvaTa nahIM hai; jisake pAsa ana yA dhana tIna varSoM ke lie hai, vaha 'kusuladhAnya' hai / govindarAja ke anusAra 'kusUladhAnya' evaM 'kumbhIdhAnya' ve brAhmaNa haiM jinake pAsa krama se 12 aura 6 dinoM ke lie asa hai| mitAkSarA ko movimvarAja kI vyAlyA mAnya hai ( yAjJavalkya 1 / 128 pr)| 8. kumbhIdhAnyaH zrotriya ucyate / yasya kumbhyAmeva dhAnyaM sa kumbhIdhAnyaH / yasya punaH kumbhyAM cAnyatra ca nAsau kumbhISAnyaH /

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voM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra apanI jIvikA na calA sakeM to phasala kaTa jAne ke bAda kheta meM jo dhAnba kI bAliyAM gira par3I hoM unheM cunakara khaayeN| dAna lene se yaha kaSTakara kArya acchA hai| ise hI manu ne 'Rta' kI saMjJA dI hai (45) / manu (4 / 12, 15, 17), yAjJavalkya (1 / 129), vyAsa, mahAbhArata (anuzAsanaparva 61 / 19) Adi meM brAhmaNoM ke sAde jIvana para bala diyA gayA aura unheM dhana-saMgraha se sadA dUra rahane ko udvelita kiyA gayA hai| gautama (9 / 63), yAjJavalkya (11100), viSNudharmasUtra (6111) evaM laghu-vyAsa (218) ke anusAra brAhmaNa ko apane yogakSema (jIvikA evaM rakSaNa) ke lie rAjA yA dhanika jana ke pAsa jAnA caahie| manu (4 / 33), yAjJavalkya (11130) evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra (12 / 2) ke anusAra kSudhApIr3ita hone para brAhmaNa ko rAjA, apane ziSya yA supAtra ke yahA~ sahAyatA ke lie jAnA caahie| kintu adhArmika rAjA yA dAnI se dAna grahaNa karanA manA hai| yadi uparyukta tIna prakAra ke (rAjA, ziSya yA icchuka supAtra dAnI) dAtA na mileM to anya yogya dvijAtiyoM ke pAsa jAnA cAhie (gautama 17 / 1-2) / yadi yaha bhI sambhava na ho to brAhmaNa kisI se bhI, yahA~ taka ki zadra se bhI (mana 101102-103) dAna le sakatA hai| kintu zadra se dAna / agnihotra nahIM karanA cAhie, nahIM to AgAmI janma meM cANDAla honA par3egA (manu 11124 evaM 42, yAjJa0 1 / 127) / isa viSaya meM manu (4 / 251), vasiSTha (14 / 13), viSNu (57 / 13), yAjJa0 (11216), gautama (18124-25), Apastamba (112 / 7 / 20-21) Adi ke vacanoM ko dekhanA caahie| smRtiyoM ke anusAra rAjAoM kA yaha kartavya thA ki ve zrotriyoM (vedajJAtA brAhmaNoM) yA daridra brAhmaNoM kI jIvikA kA prabandha kareM (gautama 1019-10, manu 7 / 134, yAjJa0 3 / 44, atri 44) / yaha Adarza pAlita bhI hotA thaa| kArle abhilekha naM0 13 evaM nAsika guphA abhilekha naM0 12 se patA calatA hai ki uzavadAta (RSabhadatta) ne eka lAkha gaue~ evaM 16 grAma prabhAsa (eka tIrtha-sthAna) para brAhmaNoM ko diye, unameM bahutoM ke vivAha karAye aura prati varSa eka lAkha brAhmaNoM ko bhojana kraayaa| bahuta-se dAnapatroM se prakaTa hotA hai ki rAjAoM ne paMcamahAyajJoM, agnihotra, vaizvadeva, bali evaM caru ke lie dAna Adi dekara ati prAcIna paramparAoM kA pAlana kiyA thaa| pratigraha arthAt dAna lene kA Adarza yaha thA ki brAhmaNa bharasaka isase dUra rahe to atyuttama hai| dAna lenA kabhI bhI uttama nahIM samajhA gayA hai (manu 10213, 4 / 186, 4 / 188-191, yAjJa0 11200-202, vasiSTha 6 / 32, anushaasnprv)| jisa prakAra avidvAn brAhmaNa ko dAna lenA manA thA usI prakAra ayogya vyakti ko dAna denA bhI vajita thA (zatapatha brAhmaNa 4 / 3 / 4 / 15; Apastamba 2 / 6 / 15 / 9-10, vasiSTha 318 evaM 6 / 30; manu 3 / 128, 132 evaM 4131; yAjJa0 1 / 201; dakSa 3 / 26 evaM 31) / smRtiyoM meM spaSTa AyA hai ki jisane veda kA adhyayana na kiyA ho, jo kapaTI ho, lAlacI ho use dAna denA vyartha hai, balki use dAna dene se naraka milatA hai (manu 4 / 192-194, atri 152, dakSa 3 / 29) / manu (11 / 1-3) ne kevala 9 prakAra ke nidhana snAtakoM ko bhojana, zulka Adi dene meM prAthamikatA dI hai| yadi koI binA mA~ge dAna de to use grahaNa kara lene kI vyavasthA smRtiyoM meM pAyI jAtI hai, yahA~ taka ki bure kAma karane ke aparAdhiyoM se bhI binA mA~gA dAna grahaNa karanA caahie| kintu isa viSaya meM durAcAriNI striyoM, napuMsaka puruSoM evaM patita logoM (mahApAtaka karanevAloM) se dAna lenA varjita mAnA gayA hai (yAjJa0 11125; manu 41248-249; ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 6 / 19 / 11-14; viSNudharmasUtra 57111) / bahuta-se manuSyoM se dAna lenA manA kiyA gayA hai (manu 4 / 204-224, vasipTa 1412-11) / sannikaTa rahanevAle vidvAn par3osI brAhmaNa ko hI dAna dene kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai, kintu yadi pAsa meM brAhmaNa hoM aura ve azikSita evaM mUrkha hoM to dUra ke yogya brAhmaNa ko hI dAna denA cAhie (vasiSTha 3 / 9-10; manu 8 / 392; vyAsa 4135-38; bRhaspati 60, laghu zAtAtapa' 76-79; gobhilasmRti 2 / 66-69) / devala

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146 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke anusAra pAtratA para dhyAna denA paramAvazyaka hai| jo brAhmaNa apane mAtA-pitA, guru ke prati satya ho, jo daridra ho, jo sakaruNa ho aura ho indriya-nigrahI, usI ko dAna denA cAhie ( vasiSTha 6 / 26 yAja 11200 ) / dAna lene vAle aura na lene vAle brAhmaNoM ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM meM paryApta carcA hai / zAntiparva (199) meM brAhmaNoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai -- ( 1 ) pravRtta, jo dhana ke lie sabhI prakAra ke kAryoM meM pravRtta hote haiM, aura ( 2 ) nivRtta, arthAt jo pratigraha ( dAna lene) se dUra rahate haiM / nissandeha pratigraha brAhmaNoM kA hI vizeSAdhikAra thA, kintu dAna kisI bhI vyakti dvArA kisI ko bhI diyA jA sakatA thA / isa viSaya meM yAjJa0 16 paThanIya hai| gautama (5118), manu (185), byAna ( 4/42), dakSa ( 3 / 228) ne kahA hai ki janma se hI brAhmaNa ko, thotriya ( yA AcArya) ko, jisane sabhI vedoM para adhikAra prApta kara liyA ho usako jo dAna diyA jAtA hai, vaha, abrAhmaNa ko dAna dene se jo sahasra yA ananta gunA puNya hotA hai usase dugunA phala detA hai / gautama ( 5119-20 ) evaM vAMdhAyana ( 23|15 ) ne aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki jaba koI brAhmaNa zrotriya yA vedapAraMga guru ko dakSiNA dene ke lie, vivAha ke lie, auSadhi ke lie adhyayana evaM yAtrA ke lie dAna mA~ge to yajJa karane ke uparAnta dAnI ko apane dhana kI sAmarthya ke anusAra dAna avazya denA cAhie / manu ( 11 / 1 - 3 ) ne bhI isa viSaya meM paryApta carcA kI hai| Arambha meM dAna evaM pratigraha-sambandhI sundara Adarza upasthita kiye gaye the, kintu kAlAntara meM brAhmaNoM kI saMkhyA vRddhi, jana-saMkhyA vRddhi dAnAbhAva, paurohitya kArya ke ghaTa jAne Adi ke kAraNa niyamoM meM zithilatA pAyI jAne lagI aura zikSita athavA azikSita sabhI prakAra ke brAhmaNoM ko dAna diyA jAne lagA aura ve dAna dene mI lge| isake lie skandapurANa, vRddha-gautamasmRti Adi meM vyavasthA kI gayI hai ki jisa prakAra agni sabhI rUpa meM pavitra aura devatA hai, isI prakAra brAhmaNa hai|" jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai, zikSaNa kArya se bahuta thor3e dhana kI upalabdhi ho sakatI thI / Aja kI bhA~ti prAcIna kAla meM rAjakIya pAThazAlAe~ nahIM thI, jahA~ para vetana sambandhI sthiratA prApta hotI | usa samaya kApIrAiTa kA bhI vidhAna nahIM thA ki jisase adhyApaka gaNa pAThyakrama kI pustakoM ke prakAzana se dhana kamA skte| brAhmaNoM kA koI saMgha bhI nahIM thA, jaisA ki eMglikana carca meM pAyA jAtA hai, jahA~ Arka bizapa, bizapa evaM anya pavitra puruSoM kA krama pAyA jAtA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM icchA patra ( vila) kI bhI vyavasthA nahIM thI ki jisase bahuta-se dhanikoM kI sampatti prApta hotI / paurohitya ke kArya se kucha vizeSa milane kI guMjAiza nahIM thI / zrAddha ke samaya adhika brAhmaNoM ko nimantrita karane kA vidhAna nahIM thA ( manu 3125-126, gautama 15 / 7-8, yAjJa0 1 / 228 ) / na to sabhI brAhmaNa utanI buddhi, smRti evaM dhairya vAle the ki bAraha varSoM taka vedAdhyayana karate aura vidvattA prApta karate / adhyApana, purohitI ( yajamAnI yA jajamAnI) tathA pratigraha nAmaka 9. samadviguNasAhasrAnantyAni phalAnyabrAhmaNabrAhmaNazrotriyavedapAragebhyaH / gau0 5 / 18; samamabrAhmaNe dAnaM dviguNaM brAhmaNave / prAdhIte zatasAhasramanantaM vedapArage / manu0 7 / 85; vyAsa 4 / 42 / 10. durvRttA vA suvRttA vA prAkRtA vA susaMskRtAH / brAhmaNA nAvamantavyA bhasmacchannA ivAgnayaH // ...... ter: kubjA vAmanAzca daridrA vyAdhitAstathA / nAvamAnyA dvijA prAjJarmama rUpA hi te dvijAH // vRddha gautama ; dekhie vanaparva 200188-89 - durvedA vA suvedA vA prAkRtAH saMskRtAstathA / gnayaH // yathA zmazAne dIptaujA pAvako naiva duSyati / evaM vidvAnavidvAnvA brAhmaNo devataM mahat // aura dekhie, anuzAsanaparva 152 / 10 evaM 23 /

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varNoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra 147 vRttiyA~ sabhI brAhmaNoM kI zakti ke bhItara nahIM thI, ataH anya brAhmaNa ina tIna vRttiyoM (jIvikAoM) ke atirikta anya sAdhana bhI apanAte the| dharmazAstroM ne isake lie vyavasthA dI hai / gautama (6 / 6 evaM 7) ne likhA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa loga zikSaNa (adhyApana), paurohitya evaM pratigraha yA dAna se apanI jIvikA na calA sakeM to ve kSatriyoM kI vRtti (yuddha evaM rakSaNa kArya kara sakate haiM, yadi vaha bhI sambhava na ho to ve vaizya-vRtti bhI kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra kSatriya loga vaizya-vRtti kara sakate hai (gautama 626) / baudhAyana (2 / 2 / 77-78 evaM 80) evaM vasiSTha (2 / 22), manu (10 / 81-82), yAjJa0 (3 / 35), nArada (RNAdAna, 56), viSNu (54 / 28), zaMkhalikhita Adi ne bhI yahI bAta kucha ulaTa-phera ke sAtha kahI hai| kintu kSatriya brAhmaNa-vRti, vaizya brAhmaNa-kSatriya-vRtti evaM zUdra brAhmaNa-kSatriya-vaizya-vRtti nahIM kara sakate the (vasiSTha 2123 ; mana 10155) / ApatkAla haTa jAne para upayukta prAyazcitta karake apanI viziSTa vRtti kI ora lauTa AnA cAhie; aimI smRti-vyavasthA hai| itanA hI nahIM, anya jAti kI vRtti karane se jo dhana kI prApti hotI thI, use bhI tyAga denA par3atA thA (mana 111192-193, viSNu 54 / 37-38; yAjJa0 3 / 35%, nArada-RNAdAna, 59 / 60) / nimna varNa ke loga ucca varNa kI vRtti nahIM kara sakate the, anyathA karane para rAjA unakI sampatti japta kara sakatA thA (mana 10 / 96) / rAmAyaNa meM varNita zambUka kI kathA isI prakAra kI hai (73-76) / bhavabhUti ke uttararAmacarita meM bhI yahI manobhAva jhalakatA hai| yadi koI zUdra japa, tapa, homa kare yA sanyAsI ho jAya yA vaidika mantra paDheM to use rAjA dvArA prANadaNDa diyA jAtA thA aura use naitika pApa kA bhAgI mamajhA jAtA thaa| manu (10 / 18) kA kahanA hai ki yadi vaizya apanI vRtti se apanA pAlana na kara sake, to vaha zudra-vRtti kara sakatA hai, arthAt dvijAtiyoM kI sevA kara sakatA hai| gautama (7 / 22-24) ke anusAra ApatkAla meM brAhmaNa apane karmoM ke atirikta zUdra-vRtti kara sakatA hai, kintu vaha zUdroM ke sAtha bhojana nahIM kara sakatA, na caukAbaratana kara sakatA aura na vajita bhojana-sAmagrI (lahasuna-pyAja Adi) kA prayoga kara sakatA hai (yahI bAta dekhie manu 4 / 4 evaM 6; nArada-RNAdAna, 57) / zUdroM kI sthiti--prAcIna AcAryoM ke anusAra zUdroM kA viziSTa kartavya thA dvijAtiyoM kI sevA karanA evaM unase bharaNa-popaNa paanaa|" unheM kSatriyoM kI apekSA brAhmaNoM kI sevA karane se adhika sukha prApta ho sakatA thA, isI prakAra vaizyoM kI apekSA kSatriyoM kI sevA adhika zreyaskara siddha hotI thii| gautama (10 // 60-61), manu (10.124-125) tathA anya AcAryoM ke anusAra zUdra apane svAmI dvArA chor3e gaye purAne vastra, chAtA, cappala, caTAyA~ Adi prayoga meM lAtA thA aura svAmI dvArA tyakta ucchiSTa bhojana karatA thaa| vur3hApe meM usakA pAlanapoSaNa usakA svAmI hI karanA thA (gautama 10 / 63) / kintu kAlAntara meM zUdra-sthiti meM kucha sudhAra huaa| yadi 11. ApatkAle mAtApitamato bahubhRtyasyAnantarakA vRttiriti klpH| tasyAnantarakA vRttiH kssaatro'bhiniveshH| evmpyjiivnvNshymupjiivet| shNkhlikhit| 12. badhyo rAjA sabai zUdro japahomaparazca yH| tato rASTrasya hantAsau yathA vahvazca vai jalam ||jpstpstiirthpaatraa pravajyA mantrasAdhanam / deyatArAdhanaM cava strIzUdrapatanAni SaT // atri 19 / 136-137; vanaparva 150 / 36 / 13. zuzrUSA zUdrasyetareSAM varNAnAm / pUrvasmin pUrvasminvaNe niyasa bhuuyH| Apastamba 1111117-8; pariparyA cotareSAm / tebhyo vRtti lipset / tatra pUrva paricaret / gautama (1057-59); prajApatihiM varNAnAM dAsa zUhamakalpayat / zAntiparya 60 / 28; dekhie, vasiSTha 220; mana 10 / 121-123; yAjJa0 11120; baudhAyana 12105, banaparva 15036 /

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148 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vaha ucca vargoM kI sevA se apanI yA apane kuTumba kI jIvikA nahIM calA pAtA thA to bar3haIgirI, citrakArI, paccIkArI, raMgasAjI Adi se nirvAha kara letA thaa|" yahA~ taka ki nArada (RNAdAna, 58) ke anusAra ApatkAla meM zUdra loga kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM kA kArya kara sakate the| isa viSaya meM yAjJavalkya bhI usI prakAra udAra haiM (yAjJa0 11120) / mahAbhArata bhI isa viSaya meM mauna nahIM hai, usane bhI vyavastha. dI hai| laghvAzvalAyana (22 / 5), hArIta (71189 evaM 192) ne kRSi-karma kI vyavasthA dI hai|" kAlikApurANa ne zUdroM ko madhu, carma, lAkSA (lAha), Asava evaM mAMsa ko chor3akara saba kucha kraya-vikraya karane kI AjJA dI hai| bahatparAzara ne Asava evaM mAMsa becanA manA kiyA hai| devala ne likhA hai ki zUdra dvijAtiyoM kI sevA kare tathA kRSi, pazupAlana, bhAra-vahana, kraya-vikraya (paNya-vyavahAra yA rojagArI yA sAmAna kA kraya-vikraya), citrakArI, nRtya, saMgIta, veNu, vINA, Dholaka, mRdaMga Adi vAdyayantra vAdana kA kArya kre| gautama (10164-65), manu (10 / 129) tathA anya AcAryoM ne zUdroM ko dhanasaMcaya se manA kiyA hai, kyoMki usase brAhmaNa Adi ko kaSTa ho sakatA thaa| zUdra katipaya bhAgoM evaM upavibhAgoM meM vibhAjita the, kintu unake do pramukha vibhAga the; aniravasita zUdra (yathA bar3haI, lohAra Adi) tathA niravasita zUdra (yathA cANDAla aadi)| isa viSaya meM dekhie mahAbhASya (pANini 2 / 4 / 10, jilda 1) / eka anya vibhAjana ke anusAra zUdroM ke anya do prakAra haiM--bhojyAnna (jinake dvArA banAyA huA bhojana brAhmaNa kara sake) evaM abhojyaann| prathama prakAra meM apane dAsa, apane pazupAlaka (gorakhiyA yA caravAhA), nAI, kuTumba-mitra tathA khetI-bArI ke sAjhedAra (yAjJa0 11166) haiN| mitAkSarA ne kumhAra ko bhI isa sUcI meM rakha diyA hai| anya prakAra ke zUdroM se brAhmaNa bhojana nahIM grahaNa kara sakatA thaa| eka tIsarA zUdra-vibhAjana hai; sacchUdra (acche AcaraNa vAle zUdra) evaM asacchUdra / prathama prakAra meM ve zUdra Ate the jo sad vyavasAya karate the, dvijAtiyoM kI sevA karate the aura mAMsa evaM Asava kA parityAga kara cuke the| senAniyoM ke rUpa meM brAhmaNa--bahuta prAcIna kAla se kucha brAhmaNoM ko yuddha meM rata dekhA gayA hai| pANini (5 / 2 / 71) ne 'brAhmaNaka' zabda kI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai ki yaha usa deza ke lie prayukta hotA hai, jahA~ brAhmaNa Ayudha arthAt astra-zastra kI vRtti karate haiN| kauTilya (9 / 2) ne brAhmaNoM kI senA kA varNana kiyA hai, kintu yaha bhI kahA hai ki zatru brAhmaNoM ke pairoM para girakara unheM apanI ora milA sakatA hai| Apastamba (1 / 10 / 29-7), gautama (76), baudhAyana (2 / 2 / 80), vasiSTha (3 / 24) evaM manu (8 / 348-359) ke vacana smaraNIya haiN|8 14. zilpAjIvaM bhUtiM caiva zUdrANAM vyddhaatprbhuH| vAyupurANa 83171; zUdrasya dvijazubhUSA sarvazilpAni caapyth| zaMkhasmRti 115; manu 10 / 99-100 / 15. vANijyaM pAzupAlyaM ca tathA zilpopajIvanam / zUdrasyApi vidhIyante yadA vRttina jAyate // zAntiparva 295 / 4; zUdrasya dvijazuzrUSA sarvazilpAni vaapyth| vikrayaH sarvapalyAnAM zAkarma udAhRtam // uzanA tathA velie laghvAzvalAyana 22 / 5 / 16. zUdradharmo dvijAtizuzrUSA pApavarjanaM kalatrAdipoSaNaM krssnnpshupaalnbhaarobhn-pnnyvyvhaar-citrkrmnRty-giit-vennu-viinnaamurjmRdNgvaadnaadoni| devala (mitAkSarA, yAjJa0 11120) / 17. na surAM sandhayedyastu ApaNeSu gRheSu ca / na vikrINAti ca tathA sacchUdro hi sa ucyte|| bhaviSyapurANa (brAhmavibhAga, adhyAya 44 / 32) / 18. parIkSArtho'pi brAhmaNa AyudhaM nAdadIta / Apastamba (1 / 10 / 29 / 7); prANasaMzaye brAhmaNo'pi zastra.

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vargoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra 149 Apastamba ne kahA hai ki parIkSA ke lie bhI brAhmaNa ko Ayudha nahIM grahaNa karanA caahie| ApatkAla meM kSatriyavRtti karanA anucita nahIM hai (gautama) / baudhAyana ne kahA hai ki gauoM evaM brAhmaNoM kI rakSA karane evaM varNasaMkaratA - rokane ke lie brAhmaNa evaM vaizya bhI Ayudha grahaNa kara sakate haiN| varNAzramadharma para jaba AtatAyiyoM kA AkramaNa ho, yuddhakAla meM gar3abar3I ho taba tathA ApatkAla meM gAyoM, nAriyoM, brAhmaNoM kI rakSA ke lie brAhmaNoM ko astra-zastra grahaNa karanA cAhie (manu 8 / 348-349) / mahAbhArata meM droNAcArya, azvatthAmA (droNa ke putra), kRpAcArya (azvatthAmA ke mAmA) nAmaka yoddhA brAhmaNa th| zalyaparva (65 / 42) ke anusAra rAjA kI AjJA se brAhmaNa ko yuddha karanA caahie|" jaba samAja ke vidhAna TuTa jAya, dasyu, cora, DAkU Adi bar3ha jAya~ to sabhI vargoM ko Ayudha grahaNa karanA cAhie (zAntiparva 78 / 18) / ati prAcIna kAla se hI brAhmaNa senApatiyoM evaM rAjakulasthApakoM ke rUpa meM pAye gaye haiN| senApati puSyamitra zuMga brAhmaNa hI thA, jisane antima maurya rAja bRhadratha se rAjya chIna liyA thA (IsA pUrva 184 ii0)| zuMgoM ke uparAnta kANvAyanoM ne rAjya kiyA, jinakA saMsthApaka thA bAsudeva nAmaka brAhmaNa jo antima zuMgarAja kA mantrI thA (IsA pUrva 72 ii0)| kadamboM kA saMsthApaka mayUrazarmA brAhmaNa hI thA (kAkusthavarmA kA tAlaguNDa nAmaka stmbhaabhilekh)| marAThoM ke pezavA brAhmaNa hI the| marAThA-itihAsa meM bahuta-se brAhmaNa senApati evaM senAnI hue haiN| yadyati brAhmaNa ApatkAla meM vaizya-vRtti kara sakatA thA, kintu kRSi, vANijya, pazupAlana, byAja para dhana dene Adi ke sambandha meM kaI eka niyaMtraNa the| gautama (10 / 5-6) ne brAhmaNa ko apane tathA apane kuTumba ke rakSaNa ke lie kRpi, kraya-vikraya, RNa-lena-dena karane kI chUTa dI hai, kintu eka niyantraNa para ki vaha aisA svayaM na karake dUsaroM dvArA sampAdita kraay| vasiSThadharmasUtra (2040) meM AyA hai ki brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya adhika vyAja para dhana kA lena-dena na kareM, kyoMki byAja para dhana denA brahma hatyA ke sadRza hai| mana (10 / 117) ne bhI brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ko kusIda (byAja para dhana dene ke vyavasAya) se dUra rahane ko kahA hai, kintu jo loga nikRSTa kArya karate haiM, unase thor3A byAja lene ke lie unheM chUTa de dI hai| nArada (RNAdAna, 111) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie kusIda sarvathA tyAjya mAnA hai, yahA~ taka ki bar3I-se-bar3I vipatti ke samaya meM bhii| Apastamba (1 / 9 / 27 / 10) ne kusIda meM pravRtta brAhmaNa ke lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI hai| brAhmaNoM ke Upara jo uparyukta niyantraNa lage the, unakA tAtparya thA unheM sarala jIvana kI ora le jAnA, jisase ve apane prAcIna mAhitya evaM saMskRti kA sucArU rUpa se adhyayana, rakSaNa evaM parivardhana kara sakeM / itanA hI nahIM, unheM svArtha-buddhi, akaruNa vyavahAra evaM anupala dhana-saMcaya kI pravRttiyoM se dUra bhI to rahnA thaa| maaddiit| gautama (125); athApyudAharanti / gavArthe brAhmaNArtha vA. varNAnAM vApi sNkre| gRlAyAtAM vipravizau zastraM dhrmvypekssyaa|| bau0 (222680); AtmatrANe varNasaMvarge brAhmaNavaizyau shstrmaaddiiyaataam| vasiSTha (3 / 24) / 19. rAjJo niyogAda yoddhavyaM brAhmaNena vizeSataH / vatatA adharmeNa hyevaM dharmavido viduH|| zalyaparva 65 / 4 / 20. kRSivANijye vaa'svyNkRte| kusIvaM c| gau0 105 / 6; brAhmaNarAjanyau vAdhuSo na dadyAtAm athApyudAharanti / samargha dhAnyamuddhRtya mahargha yaH prycchti| sa vai vAdhuSiko nAma brahmavAdiSu ghitH| brahmahatyAM ca vRddhi ca tulayA samatolayat / atiSThad bhrUNahA koTyAM vAdhuSiH samakampata // vasiSTha 240 / dekhie baudhaayn1|5|93-94 / Apatsyapi hi kaSTAsu brAhmaNasya na bAdhuSam / nArada (RNAdAna, 5 / 111) / anAryA zayane vibhrad dadad ddhi kssaaypH| abrAhmaNa iva vanvityA tRNeSvAsIta pRSThatam // Apastamba (1 / 9 / 27 / 10) /

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150 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa -- -- - - - brAhmaNa aura kRSi--kyA brAhmaNa kRSi kara sakate the? dharmazAstra-sAhitya meM isa sambandha meM mataikya nahIM hai| vaidika sAhitya meM pUrI chUTa hai| vahA~ eka sthAna para AyA hai--juA mata khelo, kRSi meM lago, mere vacanoM para dhyAna dekara dhana kA Ananda lo, kRSi meM gAyeM haiM, tumhArI strI hai...Adi (juArI kA giit)| bhUmi, hala-sAjhA, bhUmikarSaNa ke viSaya meM paryApta saMketa haiM (R0 10 / 101 / 3, taittirIya saMhitA 2 / 5 / 5, vAjasaneyI saMhitA 12 // 67, R0 1111015, 11176 / 2, 10 / 117 / 7) / baudhAyanadharmasUtra kA kahanA hai ki vedAdhyayana se kRSi kA nAza tathA kRSiprema se vedAdhyayana kA nAza hotA hai| jo donoM ke lie samartha hoM, donoM kareM, jo donoM na kara sakeM, unheM kRSi tyAga hie| vaudhAyana ne punaH kahA hai--brAhmaNa ko prAtaHkAla ke bhojana ke pUrva kRSi-kArya karanA cAhie, use aise bailoM ko, jinakI nAka na chidI ho, jinake aNDakoSa na nikAla liye gaye hoM, jotanA yA bAra-bAra usakAnA cAhie aura tIkhI carmabhedikA se unheM khodanA na caahie| yahI bAta vasiSTha dharma sUtra meM bhI kucha antara (bheda) se pAyI jAtI hai (2 / 32-34) / vAjasaneyI saMhitA bhI yahIM kahatI hai (12 / 71) / manu (1083-84) ne likhA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa yA kSatriya ko apanI jIvikA ke prazna ko lekara vaizya-vRtti karanI hI par3e, to unheM kRSi nahIM karanI cAhie, kyoMki isase jIvoM ko pIr3A hotI hai aura yaha dUsaroM (majadUra, baila Adi) para AdhArita hai| manu ne kRSi ko pramRta' (jIva-hAni meM adhika prasiddha) kahA hai (manu 415) / parAzara ne brAhmaNoM ke lie kRSi-karma vajita nahIM mAnA hai, kintu unhoMne bahuta-se niyantraNa lagA diye haiM (2 / 2-4, 7, 14) / " isa viSaya meM aparArka vRddha-hArIta Adi ke vacana bhI smaraNIya haiM / vRddha-hArIta (7 / 179 evaM 182) ne kRSikarma sabake (sava vargoM ke lie ucita mAnA hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki kRSi ke viSaya meM AcAryoM ke mata vibhinna yugoM meM vibhinna rahe haiN| vikraya evaM vinimaya-hamane Upara dekha liyA hai ki ApatkAla meM brAhmaNa vANijya kara sakatA hai| kintu vastu-vikraya ke sambandha meM bahuta-sAre niyantraNa the| gautama (78-14) ne sugandhita vastue~ (candana Adi), drava padArtha (tela, ghI Adi), pakA bhojana, tila, paTasana (sana yA paTagana se nirmita vastue~, yathA borA Adi), kSauma (sana ke bane hue vastra), mugacarma, ra~gA evaM svaccha kiyA huA vastra, dUdha evaM isase nirmita vastue~ (ghI, makkhana, dahI Adi) kandamUla, puSpa, phala, jar3I-bUTI (oSadhi ke rUpa meM), madhu, mAMsa, ghAsa, jala, viSailI oSadhiyA~ (aphIma, vipa), 21. akSarmA dIvyaH kRSimitkRSasva vite ramasva bahu mnymaanH| tatra gAvaH kitava tatra jAyA tanme vicaSTe svitaaymryH|| Rgveda 10 // 34 / 13 / / 22. vedaH kRSivinAzAya kRssivedvinaashinii| zaktimAnubhayaM kuryAdazaktastu kRSi tyajet ||bii0 115 / 101; prAk prAtarAzAtkarSI syAt / asyUtanAsikAbhyAM samuSkAbhyAmatudannArayA muhurmuhurabhyucchanyadayan / bau0 2 / 2182-83 / 23. SaTkarmanirato vipraH kRSikarmANi kArayet / halamaSTagavaM dhayaM SaDgavaM madhyamaM smRtam / caturgavaM nRzaMsAnAM vigavaM vRSaghAtinAm // parAzara 212, brAhmaNastu kRSi kRtvA mahAdoSamavApnuyAt / rAjJe dattvA tu SaDbhAgaM devAnAM vizakam / viprANAM trizakaM bhAgaM kRSikartA na lipyte|| parAzara 2212-13 / aparAka ne isa antima zloka ko bRhaspati kA kahA hai| "aSTAgavaM dhayaMhalam" atri (222-223), Apastamba (1222-23), hArIta meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| 24. kRSistu sarvavarNAnAM sAmAnyo dharma ucyte|.. kRSibhUtiH pAzupAlyaM sarveSAM na nissidhynte| vRddha-hArIta / 7.179, 182 /

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varNoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra 151 pazu (mAre jAnevAle), manuSya (dAsa), bA~jha (vandhyA yA bahilA) gAyeM, bachavA-bachiyA (vatsa-vatsA), lar3a jAnevAlI gAyeM Adi vastue~ becane ko manA kiyA hai| unhoMne (7 / 15) yaha bhI likhA hai ki kucha AcAryoM ne brAhmaNa ke lie bhUmi, cAvala, jau, bakariyA~ evaM bher3a, ghor3e, vailaM, hAla meM vyAyI huI gAyeM evaM gADI meM jote jAnevAle baila Adi vecanA manA kiyA hai| vANijya meM rata kSatriya ke lie ina vastuoM ke vikraya ke lie koI niyantraNa nahIM thaa| Apastamba (1 / 7 / 20 / 12-13) ne bhI aisI hI sUcI dI hai, kintu unhoMne kucha vastuoM para roka bhI lagA dI hai, yathA cipakanevAlI vastue~ (zleSma, jaise lAha), komala nAla (tane), khamIra uThI (phenila) huI vastue~ (kiNva, zarAva yA murA Adi), acche karma karane ke kAraNa upAdhi, prazaMsA-patra Adi ke milane kI aashaa| unhoMne annoM meM tila evaM cAvala becane para bahuta kar3A niyantraNa rakhA hai| baudhAyana (2 / 1177-78) ne bhI tila evaM cAvala becane ke lie varjanA kI hai aura kahA hai ki jo aisA karatA hai vaha apane pitaroM evaM apane prANoM ko becatA yaha bAta isalie uThAyI gayI ki zrAddha evaM tarpaNa meM tila kA prayoga hotA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (2 / 24-29) meM bhI aisI hI sUcI hai, kintu anya vastue~ bhI jor3a dI gayI haiM, yathA prastara, namaka rezama, lohA, TIna, sIsA, sabhI prakAra ke vanya pazu, eka khura vAle tathA ayAla vAle pazuoM sahita sabhI pAlatU pazu, pakSI evaM dA~ta vAle pazu / manu (10 / 92) ke anusAra brAhmaNa mAMsa, lAha, namaka becane se tatkSaNa pApI ho jAtA hai aura tIna dinoM taka dUdha becane se zUdra ho jAtA hai| tila ke viSaya meM baudhAyana (2 / 1276), manu (10 / 91), vasiSTha (2 / 30) ne eka hI bAta likhI hai--yadi koI tila ko gvAna, nahAne meM (usake tela ko) prayoga karane yA dAna dene ke atirikta kisI anya kAma meM lAtA hai to vaha kRmi (krIr3A) ho jAtA hai aura apane pitaroM ke sAtha kutte kI viSThA meM DUba jAtA hai| kintu vasiSTha (2 / 31), bhanu (10 / 90) ne kRSi-karma se utpanna tila ko becane ke lie kahA hai, hA~, manu ne kevala dhArmika kAryoM ke lie hI vikraya kI vyavasthA dI hai| yAjJa0 (3 / 39), nArada (RNAdAna, 66) ne bhI kucha aisA hI kahA hai| yAjJa0 (3 / 36-38) evaM nArada (RNAdAna, 61-63) ne bhI vajita vastuoM kI sUciyA~ upasthita kI hai| mana ne upayukta sUcI meM moma, kuza, nIla ko joDA hai, yAjJavalkya ne soma, paMka bakarI ke Una se bane hue kambala, camarI hirana ke bAla, khalI (piNyAka) ko jor3a diyA hai| isI prakAra zaMkha-likhita, udyogapaTa (3815), zAntiparva (78 / 4-6), hArIta ne vajita vastuoM kI lambI-lambI mUciyA~ dI haiN| isI prakAra yAjJaH (3 / 40), manu (11 / 62), viSNu (37 / 14), yAjJa0 (3 / 234, 265), hArIta, laghu zAtAtapa Adi ne varjita vastuoM ke becane para prAyizcatta ke lie bhI vyavasthA dI hai| 25. Apadi vyavahareta paNyAnAmapaNyAni vyudasyan / manuSyAn ramAnarAgAn gandhAnannaM carma gavAM vazAM zleSmodake tokmakiNve pippalImarIce dhAnyaM mAMsamAyudhaM sukRtAzAM ca / tilataNDulAMstveva dhAnyasya vizeSeNa na vikrINIyAt / Apa0 17.20111-12 / . 26. bhojanAbhyaJjanAdAnAd yadanyatkurute tilaiH / kRmibhUtaH zvaviSThAyAM pitRbhiH saha majjati // manu 10 / 91; smRticandrikA meM uddhRta yama kA zloka (11180) / 27. na vikriinniiyaadvikreyaanni| tilataladadhikSaudralavaNalAkSAmadyamAMsakRtAnnastrIpuruSahastyazvavRSabhagandharasaM kRSNAjinasomodakanIlIvikrayAtsadyaH patati braahmnnH| zaMkhalikhita (aparArka dvArA uddhRta, 10 1113, evaM smRticandrikA 11180) / avikrayaM lavaNaM pakvamannaM dadhi kSIraM madhu tailaM ghRtaM ca / tilA mAMsaphalamUlAni zAkaM raktaM vAsaH sarvagandhA guDAzca // udyogaparva 38 / 5 /

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152 dharmazAstra kA tihAsa vinimaya ke viSaya meM uparyukta niyamoM ke samAna niyama banAye gaye haiN| vajita vastuoM kA vinimaya bhI yathAsambhava varjita mAnA gayA hai, kintu kucha viziSTa chUTeM bhI haiM, yathA bhojana kA bhojana se, dAsoM kA dAsoM se, sugandhita vastuoM kA sugandhita vastuoM se, eka prakAra kA jJAna dUsare prakAra ke jJAna se (Apa0 117 / 20114-15) / isI prakAra kucha ulaTa-phera evaM nayI vastuoM ko sammilita karake anya AcAryoM ne bhI niyama diye haiM, yathA gautama (7 / 16-21), manu (10194), vasiSTha (2 / 37-39) / ___ ApatkAla meM jIvikA-sAdhana ke lie manu (10 / 116) ne dasa upakrama batalAye haiM-vidyA, kalAe~ evaM zilpa, pArizramika para kArya, naukarI, pazu-pAlana, vastu-vikraya, kRSi, santoSa, bhikSA evaM kusIda (byAja para dhana denaa)| inameM sAta kA varNana yAjJavalkya ne bhI kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne kucha anya kArya bhI sammilita kara diye haiM, yathA gAr3I hA~kanA, parvata (pahAr3oM kI ghAsoM evaM lakar3iyoM ko becanA), jala se bharA deza, vRkSa, jhAr3a-jhaMkhAr3a, rAjA (rAjA se mikSA maaNgnaa)| caNDezvara ke gRhastharatnAkara meM uddhRta chAgaleya ke anusAra anAvRSTi-kAla meM nau prakAra ke jIvikA-sAdhana haiM;" gAr3I, tarakAriyoM kA kheta, gaue~, machalI pakar3anA, Asyandana (thor3e hI zrama se apanI jIvikA calAnA), vana, jala se bharA deza, vRkSa evaM jhAr3a-jhaMkhAr3a, parvata tathA raajaa| nArada (RNAdAna, 5055) ke matAnusAra tIna prakAra ke jIvikta-sAdhana sabhI ke lie samAna the--(1) paitRka dhana, (2) mitratA yA sneha kA dAna tathA (3) (vivAha ke samaya) jo strI ke sAtha mile| nArada ke anusAra tInoM vargoM meM pratyeka ke lie tIna viziSTa jIvikAsAdhana the| brAhmaNoM ke lie-(1) dAna-grahaNa, (2) paurohitya kI dakSiNA evaM (3) zikSaNa-zulka ; kSatriyoM ke lie (1) yuddha kI lUTa, (2) kara evaM (3) nyAya-kArya se utpanna daNDa-dhana; tathA vaizyoM ke lie (1) kRSi, (2) pazu-pAlana evaM (3) vyApAra / nArada (RNAdAna, 44-47) ne dhana ko zukla (zveta, vizuddha), zabala (kRSNa-zveta, mithita) evaM kRSNa meM aura inameM pratyeka ko sAta-sAta bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (adhyAya,58) ne bhI isI taraha tIna prakAra batAye haiN| isake anusAra (1) paitRka dhana, sneha-dAna evaM patnI ke sAtha AyA huA dhana zveta (vizuddha) hai, (2) apane varga se nimna varNa ke vyavasAya se utpanna dhana, ghUsa se yA vajita vastuoM ke vikraya se utpanna dhana yA upakAra karane se utpanna dhana zabala hai, tathA (3) nimnata ra vargoM ke vyavasAya se utpanna dhana. juA, corI, hiMsA yA chala se utpanna dhana kRSNa dhana hai| baudhAyana (3 / 115-6) ne 10 prakAra kI vRttiyA~ batAyI haiM aura unheM 3 / 2 meM samajhAyA hai| manu (414-6) ne 5 prakAra vaNita kiye haiM--(1) Rta (arthAt kheta meM gire hue anna para jIvita rahanA), (2) amRta (jo binA mA~ge mile), (3) mRta (bhikSA se prApta), (4) pramRta (kRSi) evaM (5) satyAnRta (vstu-vikry)| manu ne zvavRtti (naukarI, jo kutte (zvA) ke jIvana ke samAna hai) kA virodha kiyA hai| manu (49) ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki kucha brAhmaNoM ke jIvikA-sAdhana chaH haiM (yathA adhyApana, yAjana, pratigraha, kRSi, pazupAlana evaM vyApAra), kucha ke kevala tIna haiM (yathA prathama tIna), kucha ke kevala do (yathA yAjana evaM adhyApana) aura kucha kA kevala eka arthAt adhyApana / 28. avihitazcaMteSAM mitho vinimyH| annena cAnasya manuSyANAM ca manuSyaM rasAnAM ca rasargandhAnAM ca gandhavidyayA ca vidyAnAm / Apa0 27 / 20 / 14-15 / 29. vidyA zilpaM bhUtiH sevA gorakSyaM vipaNiH kRssiH| dhRtibhakSyaM kusIdaM ca daza jiivnhetvH|| manu 10 / 116 / 30. kRSiH zilpaM bhRtividyA kusIvaM zakaTaM giriH| sevAnUpaM nRpo bhakSamApattau jIvanAni tu|| yAjJa0 3 / 42 / 31. zakaTaM zAkinI gAvo jAlamasyandanaM vanam / anUpaM parvato rAjA dubhikSe nava vRttyH|| gRha0 ra0, pR0 449 meM chaagley|

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varSoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAeM evaM vizeSAdhikAra 153 brAhmaNoM ke prakAra ---- brAhmaNoM ko vRttiyoM ke anusAra kaI prakAroM meM bA~TA gayA hai| atri ( 373-383) ne brAhmaNoM ke dasa prakAra batAye haiM- (1) deva-brAhmaNa ( jo prati dina snAna, sandhyA, japa, homa, deva-pUjana, atithi satkAra evaM vaizvadeva karatA hai), (2) muni-brAhmaNa (jo vana meM rahatA hai, kanda, mUla evaM phala para jItA hai aura prati dina zrAddha karatA hai), (3) dvija-brAhmaNa (jo vedAnta par3hatA hai, sabhI prakAra ke anurAgoM evaM AsaktiyoM ko tyAga cukA hai aura sAMkhya evaM yoga ke viSaya meM nimagna hai), (4) kSatra-brAhmaNa ( jo yuddha karatA hai), (5) vaizyabrAhmaNa (jo kRSi, pazu-pAlana evaM vyApAra kare), (6) zUdra-brAhmaNa (jo lAkha, namaka, kusumbha ke samAna raMga, dUdha, ghI, madhu, mAMsa becatA ho), (7) niSAda-brAhmaNa (jo cora evaM DAkU ho, cugalI karane vAlA machalI evaM mAMsa khAne vAlA ho), (8) bAhmaNa (jo brahma ke viSaya meM kucha bhI na jAne aura kevala yajJopavIta athavA janeU dhAraNa karane kA ahaMkAra kare), (9) mleccha brAhmaNa (jo binA kisI anuzaya ke kuoM, tAlAboM evaM vATikAoM para avarodha khar3A kare yA unheM naSTa kare ) tathA (10) cANDAla-brAhmaNa ( jo mUrkha hai, nirdiSTa kriyA -saMskAroM se zUnya evaM sabhI prakAra dharma cAroM se achUtA evaM krUra hai| atri ne parihAsapUrNa DhaMga se yaha bhI kahA hai ki vedavihIna loga zAstra ( vyAkaraNa, nyAya Adi) par3hate haiM, zAstrahIna loga purANoM kA adhyayana karate haiM, purANahIna loga kRSaka hote haiM, jo inase bhI gaye bIte haiM, bhAgavata ( ziva, viSNu ke pujArI yA bhakta) hote haiN|" aparArka ne devala kI uddhRta karate hue brAhmaNoM ko ATha prakAroM meM bAMTA hai-- (1) jAti brAhmaNa (jo kevala brAhmaNa kula meM utpanna huA ho, jisane veda kA koI bhI aMza na par3hA ho, aura na brAhmaNocita koI kartavya karatA ho), (2) brAhmaNa (jisane veda kA koI aMza par3ha liyA ho ), (3) zrotriya ( jisane cha: aMgoM ke sAtha kisI eka vaidika zAkhA kA adhyayana kiyA ho aura brAhmaNoM ke chaH kartavya karatA ho), (4) anUcAna (jise veda evaM vedAMgoM kA artha jJAta ho, jo pavitra hRdaya kA ho aura agnihotra karatA ho), (5) bhrUNa ( jo anUcAna hone ke atirikta yajJa karatA ho, aura yajJa ke uparAnta jo bace use arthAt prasAda khAtA ho), (6) RSikalpa (jise sabhI laukika jJAna evaM vaidika jJAna prApta ho gaye hoM, aura jisakA mana saMyama ke bhItara ho), (7) RSi (jo avivAhita ho, pavitra jIvana vAlA ho, satyavAdI ho aura varadAna yA zApa dene yogya ho), (8) muni (jisake lie miTTI yA sonA barAbara mUlya rakhate hoM, jo nivRtta ho, Asakti yA anurAga se vihIna ho Adi) / " zAtAtapa ne abrAhmaNoM (nindita brAhmaNoM) ke chaH prakAra batAye haiM / " anuzAsanaparva ( 33|11 ) ne bhI kaI prakAra batAye haiM / 32. ve vihInAzca paThanti zAstraM zAstreNa hInAzca purANapAThAH / purANahInAH kRSiNo bhavanti bhraSTAstato bhAgavatA bhavanti // atri0 384 // 33. devala ke zloka dAnaratnAkara meM bhI uddhRta milate haiN| vaikhAnasagRhya (1 / 1) ne ina ATha prakAroM kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA hai-"saMskRtAyAM brAhmaNyAM brAhmaNAjjAtamAtraH putramAtra: ( putraH mAtraH ? ) / upanItaH sAvitryadhyayanAd braahmnnH| vevamaSItya zArIraM pANigrahaNAtsaMskRtaH pAkayajJairapi yajan zrotriyaH / svAdhyAyapara AhitAgnirhaviryajJarapyanUcAnaH / somayajJaMrapi bhrUNaH / saMskAraretarupeto niyamayamAbhyAmRSikalpaH / sAMgacaturvedatapoyogAdRSiH / nArAyaNaparAyaNo nirdvandvo muniriti / saMskAravizeSAtpUrvAtpUrvAtparo varIyAniti vijJAyate / " 34. abrAhmaNAzca SaT proktA RSiH zAtAtapo'bravIt / Adyo rAjAzrayasteSAM dvitIyaH krayavikrayI // tRtIyo bahuyAjyaH syAc caturtho prAmayAjakaH / paJcamastu bhUtasteSAM grAmasya nagarasya ca / anAgatAM tu yaH pUrvA sAdityAM caiva pazcimAm / nopAsIta dvijaH saMdhyAM sa SaSTho'brAhmaNaH smRtaH // aitareya brAhmaNa (315 ) ke bhASya meM sAyaNa ne kucha ulaTaphera ke sAtha ise uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA "caturtho'zrautayAjakaH / paMcamo grAmayAjI ca SaSTho brahmabandhuH smRtaH // " dharma 20

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa brAhmaNa tathA nimnakoTi ke vyavasAya-smRtiyoM ke anusAra kucha karmoM ke karane aura na karane se brAhmaNa zUdra ke sadRza gine jAte haiM (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 4 / 20; vasiSThadharmasUtra 31-2; manu 2 / 168, 81102, 20192; parAzara 8124 Adi) / jo brAhmaNa prAtaH evaM sandhyA kAla kI sandhyAeM nahIM karatA use rAjA dvArA zUdrocita kArya diyA jAnA caahie|" jo brAhmaNa zrotriya (vedajJAnI) nahIM haiM, jo vedAdhyayana nahIM karate aura jo agnihotra nahIM karate, ve zUdra haiM (vasiSTha 311-2) / " brAhmaNa tathA bhikSA-yahAM ati hI saMkSepa meM brAhmaNa evaM bhikSA ke viSaya meM bhI kucha likha denA apekSita hai| yathAsthAna isa viSaya meM vistArapUrvaka likhA jaaygaa| smRtiyoM ne kevala brahmacAriyoM evaM yatiyoM ke lie bhikSA kI vyavasthA kI hai| bahuta hI sImita dazAoM meM anya logoM ko bhI bhikSA mAMgane kA adhikAra thaa| mahAbhArata meM kekaya ke rAjA ne bar3e darpa ke sAtha udghoSa kiyA hai ki unake rAjya meM brahmacAriyoM ko chor3akara koI anya mikSA nahIM mAMgatA (zAntiparva 77 / 22) / paJca mahAyajJoM ko karate samaya prati dina bhojana-dAna karane kI vyavasthA thI (isa viSaya meM hama punaH 'vaizvadeva' ke prakaraNa meM likheNge)| Apastamba ke anusAra bhikSA kevala nimnalikhita kAryoM ke lie hI mAMgI jA sakatI hai.(1) AcArya ke lie, (2) apane (prathama) vivAha ke lie, (3) yajJa ke lie, (4) apane mAtA-pitA ke rakSaNa ke lie, (5) yogya puruSa ke kartavyoM ke vilopa ko dUra karane ke lie| aise avasaroM para logoM ko yathAzakti denA cAhie, aura jo kevala apane sukha ke lie mikSA mA~ge, use nahIM denA caahie|" bhUkha se tar3apatA huA vyakti kucha mAMga sakatA hai, yathA jotI huI yA anajotI huI bhUmi, gAya, bher3a yA bher3I, aura anta meM sonA, anna yA pakA huA bhojana, kintu snAtaka ko bhUkha se behAla nahIM honA cAhie, aisA vidhAna hai (vasiSTha 12 / 2-3; manu 10 / 114; viSNu 3179-80) / adhyayana-samApti ke pazcAt bhikSATana karanA azucikara mAnA gayA hai (baudhAyana 1664) / tIna dinoM taka bubhukSita rahane para manuSya apane se nIcI jAti vAle ke khalihAna, kheta, ghara yA kahIM se eka dina ke lie anna binA kahe (yA curAkara) le sakatA hai, kintu pUchane para use 35. sAyaM prAtaH sadA sandhyAM ye viprA no upaaste| kAmaM tAn dhArmiko rAjA zUbakarmasu yojayet // bau0 2 / 4 / 20 / 36. azrotriyA ananuvAkyA anagnayo zUdrasadharmANo bhvnti| mAnavaM cAtra zlokamudAharanti / yo'nadhItya dvijo vedamanyatra kurute zramam / sa jIvanneva zUdratvamAzu gacchati saanvyH|| vasiSTha 311-2; yaha zloka lamvAzvalAyana 22 / 23 meM bhI hai| dekhie, vasiSTha 5 / 10 bhI tathA laghvAzva0 22221-22; gAyatrIrahito vipraH shuudraadpyshucirbhvet| parAzara 8224; usake Age hai-duHzIlo'pi dvijaH pUjyo na shuudrovijitendriyH| agnikAryAtparibhraSTAH sndhyopaasnvrjitaaH| vevaM caivAnadhIyAnAH sarve te vRSalAH smRtaaH|| adhyetavyo'pyekadezo yadi sarvana shkyte| parAzara 12 // 32-33 / anabhyAsAcca vevAnAmAcArasya ca varjanAt / AlasyAdannadoSAcca mRtyurviprAjighAMsati // manu 5 / 4 / 37. bhikSaNe nimitamAcAryoM vivAho yajJo mAtApitrorbubhU'haMtazca niymvilopH| tatra guNAn samIkSya yathAzakti deym| indriyaprItyaryasya tu bhikssnnmnimittm| tasmAnna tdaadriyet| Apastamba 2 / 5 / 10 / 1-4; milAie, manu 4 / 251, 11 / 1-2; yAjJa0 11216; gautama 519-20; zAntiparva 165 / 1-2 / hatArtho yakSyamANazca sarvavedAntagazca yH| AcAryapitRkAryAthaM svAdhyAyArthamayApi ca // ete va sAdhavo dRSTA brAhmaNA dhrmbhikssvH|| aMgirA ne likhA hai-vyASitasya.daridrasya kuTumbAtpracyutasya ca / adhvAnaM pratipannasya bhikSAcaryA vidhiiyte|| aMgirA (gRhastharatnAkara, 10 450) / ,

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varNoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAeM evaM vizeSAdhikAra 155 saca batA denA cAhie ( manu 11 / 16-17 ; gautama 18 / 28 | 30 ; yAjJa0 3 / 42 ) / smRtiyoM meM vyartha meM bhikSA mAMganA varjita mAnA gayA hai| isa viSaya meM zaMkhalikhita, vasiSTha ( 3 / 4), parAzara (1 / 60 ) avalokanIya haiM / " ( brAhmaNoM kI mahattA - vaidika kAla meM bhI brAhmaNa devatAsvarUpa mAne jAte the aura kevala janma se hI ve anya varNoM se bahuta U~ce the ( taittirIya brAhmaNa 3|7|3; zAntiparva 343013-14; manu 4 / 117 ; likhita 31; vasiSTha 30 / 2-5) / dharmazAstroM meM bhI vaidika kAla meM dI gayI mahattA yathAsambhava svIkRta kI gayI hai| smRtiyA~ evaM purANa brAhmaNoM kI mahattA evaM stuti gAna se bhare par3e haiN| sabakA lekhA-jokhA denA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| kucha bAnagiyA~ ye haiM-devatA to parokSadevatA haiM, kintu brAhmaNa pratyakSadevatA haiM, yaha vizva brAhmaNoM dvArA dhAraNa kiyA gayA hai, brAhmaNoM kI kRpA se hI devatA svarga meM sthita haiM, brAhmaNoM dvArA kahe gaye zabda jhUThe nahIM hote / " manu ( 1 / 100) ne brAhmaNoM ko ati ucca mAnA hai / manu ne isa viSaya meM atizayoktiyA~ bhI kI haiM 9 / 313 - 321 ), janma se hI brAhmaNa mAnasammAna ke yogya haiM (11 / 84) / parAzara ne kahA hai ( 6152-53 ) ki vratoM meM, tapoM meM, yajJakarmoM meM jo mI doSa hoM, ve sabhI brAhmaNoM kI svIkRti se naSTa ho jAte haiM; brAhmaNa jo kucha bolate haiM, vaha devatA dvArA bolA jAtA hai; brAhmaNa sarvadevamaya haiM, unake zabda anyathA nahIM hote / " mahAbhArata ne bahudhA brAhmaNoM kA guNagAna kiyA hai| Adiparva (28 / 3-4) ke anusAra brAhmaNa jaba kruddha kara diyA jAtA hai to vaha agni, sUrya, viSa evaM zastra ho jAtA hai; brAhmaNa sabhI jIvoM kA guru hai|" vanaparva (303 / 16 ) kA kahanA hai ki brAhmaNa ati ucca teja evaM ati ucca tapa hai; brAhmaNoM ko praNAma karane ke kAraNa hI sUrya svarga meM virAjamAna hai| anuzAsanaparva ( 33 / 17 ) evaM zAntiparva (56 / 22 ) meM bhI brAhmaNoM kI mahattA kA varNana hai / 42 aisI bAta nahIM hai ki brAhmaNoM ne jAna-bUjhakara apanI mahattA bar3hAne ke lie tathA anya varNoM se mahattara hone ke lie dharmazAstroM evaM anya sAhityika granthoM meM apanI stutiyA~ kara DAlI haiM, kyoMki jaba taka unheM anya vargoM dvArA 38. bhikSamANo vA nimittAntaraM brUyAt / na strIM nAprAptavyavahArAn / aparyAptasaMnidhAnAn / anuddizyAnaM bhikSeta / yadartha bhikSeta tamevArthaM kuryAt / zeSamRtvigbhyo nivedayet / yo vAnyaH sAghutamastasmai dadyAt / zaMkhalikhita (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 457 ) ; avatA hyanadhIyAnA yatra bhaikSacarA dvijAH / taM grAmaM daNDayedrAjA corabhaktaprado - hi saH // vasiSTha 3 / 4 evaM parAzara 1160 / 39. devAH parokSadevAH pratyakSadevA brAhmaNaH / brAhmaNaMlakA dhAryante / brAhmaNAnAM prasAdena divi tiSThanti devatAH / brAhmaNAbhihitaM vAkyaM na mithyA jAyate kvacit // viSNudharmasUtra 19 / 20-22 / milAie, taittirIya saMhitA 127 / 3 / 1; taMttirIya AraNyaka 2 / 15; zatapathabrAhmaNa 12|4|4|6; tAbyamahAbrAhmaNa 6 | 116; uttararAmacarita 5 / 40. vratacchidraM tapachi yacchidraM yajJakarmaNi / sarvaM bhavati nizchidraM brAhmaNairupapAditam // brAhmaNA yAni bhASante bhASante tAni devatAH / sarvadevamayA viprA na tadvacanamanyathA // parAzara 6 / 52-53 / zAtAtapa meM kucha antara ke sAtha ye hI zloka haiM (1 / 30-31) / 41. agnirako viSaM zastraM vipro bhavati kopitaH / guruhiM sarvabhUtAnAM brAhmaNaH parikIrtitaH // Adiparva 28 3-4; dekhie, Adiparva 81 / 23 evaM 25; evaM matsyapurANa 30 / 28 evaM 25 / 42. brAhmaNo hi paraM tejo brAhmaNo hi paraM tapaH / brAhmaNAnAM namaskAraH sUryo divi virAjate // vanaparva 303 / 16 / milAie, zatapathabrAhmaNa 2|3|1|5; aura dekhie, RRgveda 2 / 15 / 2-9, Rgveda 415027-9 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sammAna na prApta hotA aura vaha zatAbdiyoM taka akSuNNa na calA jAtA taba taka unheM itanI mahattA nahIM prApta ho sakatI thii| brAhmaNoM ko sainika bala nahIM prApta thA ki ve jo cAhate karate yA kraate| yaha to unakI jIvana-caryA thI jo unheM itanI mahattA pradAna kara skii| brAhmaNa hI Arya-sAhitya ke vizAla samudra ko bharane vAle evaM akSuNNa rakhane vAle the| yugoM se jo saMskRti pravAhita hotI rahI usake saMrakSaka brAhmaNa hI to the| yaha mAnI huI bAta hai ki sabhI brAhmaNa eka-se nahIM the, kintu bahuta-se aise the jina para AryajAti kI sampUrNa saMskRti kA mAra rakhA jA sakA aura unhoMne usakA vikAsa, saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana karane meM apanI ora se kucha bhI uThA na rkhaa| isI se Arya jAti brAhmaNoM ke samakSa sadaiva nata rahI hai| brAhmaNoM ke pramukha vizeSAdhikAra the zikSaNa kArya karanA, paurohitya tathA dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM dA ' grahaNa krnaa| aba hama bahuta saMkSepa meM unake anya vizeSAdhikAroM kA varNana kreNge| (1) brAhmaNa sabakA guru mAnA jAtA thA, aura yaha zraddhA-pada use janma se hI prApta thA (Apastamba 1111115) / vasiSThadharmasUtra ne bhI brAhmaNa ko sarvocca mAnA hai aura Rgveda ( 90112) ko apane pakSa meM uddhRta kiyA hai|" manu (1 / 31 evaM 94; 1193; 1013) ne brAhmaNoM kI sarvoccatA evaM mahattA kA varNana kaI sthAnoM para kiyA hai| Apastamba (1 / 4 / 14 / 23), manu (2 / 135) evaM viSNu (32 / 17) ne likhA hai ki 10 varSa kI avasthA vAlA brAhmaNa 100 varSa vAle kSatriya se adhika sammAna pAtA hai|" (2) brAhmaNoM kA eka adhikAra thA anya vargoM ke kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karanA, unake samyak AcaraNa kI ora saMketa karanA evaM unake jIvikA-sAdhanoM ko btaanaa| rAjA brAhmaNoM dvArA batAye hue vidhAna ke anusAra zAsana karatA thA (vasiSTha 1139-41; manu 7 / 37, 10 / 2) / yaha bAta kAThakasaMhitA (9 / 16), taittirIya brAhmaNa, aitareya brAhmaNa (375) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai|" yUnAna ke dArzanika pleTo ne dArzanikoM ko hI, jo sarvaguNa sampanna the, rAjanItijJoM evaM vidhAna-nirmAtAoM meM ginA hai| pleTo ke anusAra sarvottama logoM dvArA nirmita zAsana (arisTokrasI) hI eka Adarza zAsana-vyavasthA kahI jA sakatI hai| (3) gautama (1131) ne likhA hai ki "rAjA sarvasyeSTe brAhmaNavarjam", arthAt rAjA brAhmaNoM ko chor3akara sabakA zAsaka hai| kintu mitAkSarA ne (yAjJavalkya ke 214 kI vyAkhyA meM) kahA hai ki aisI ukti kevala brAhmaNa kI mahattA batAne vAlI hai, kyoMki samucita kAraNa mila jAne para rAjA brAhmaNoM ko bhI daNDita kara sakatA hai| gautama ke uparyukta kathana kI dhvani unake pUrva ke AcAryoM ke kathana meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai, yathA vAjasaneyI saMhitA (9 / 40) evaM zatapatha brA0 (5 / 4 / 2 / 3 evaM 9 / 4 / 3 / 16) / " somapAna kevala brAhmaNa hI kara sakate the, kSatriya soma 43. catvAro varNA braahmnnksstriyvshyshuudraaH| teSAM pUrvaH pUrvo janmataH bheyaan| Apa0 12115, prakRtiviziSTaM cAturvaNya saMskAravizeSAcca / brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsId bAhU rAjanyaH kRta ityapi nigamo bhavati / vasiSTha 411-2; jAtInAM brAhmaNaH shresstthH| bhISmaparva 121 // 35 // 4. dazavarSazca brAhmaNaH zatavarSazca ksstriyH| pitAputrau sma to vidhi tayostu brAhmaNaH pitaa|| aap01414||23|| 45. brAhmaNo vai prajAnAmupadraSTA / ta0 bA0 2 / 2 / 1 evaM kAThakasaMhitA 9 // 16 / taba ve brahmaNaH bhatraM vazameti tavrASTra samRddhaM tadvIravadAhAsminvIro jaayte| ai0 bA0 37 / 5 / 46. rAjA sarvasyeSTe brAhmaNavarjam / gau0 1131; na ca rAjA sarvasyeSTe brAhmaNavarNamiti gautamavacanAnna brAhmaNo daNya iti mantavyam / tasya prazaMsArthatvAt / mitAkSarA, yAza0 214 pr|

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vargoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vileSAdhikAra ke atirikta kisI anya vastu kA prayoga karate the (aita0 prA0 35 / 4) / kintu mahAbhArata meM bahuta-se rAjA somapa' kahe gaye haiM, jisase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki soma-sambandhI brAhmaNoccatA sarvamAnya nahIM thii| (4) gautama (8112-13) ne likhA hai ki rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha brAhmaNoM ko chaH prakAra ke daNDa se mukta rakhe-(1) unheM pITA na jAya, (2) unheM hathakar3I-ber3I na lagAyI jAya, (3) unheM dhana-daNDa na diyA jAya, (4) unheM prAma yA deza se nikAlA na jAya, (5) unakI bhartsanA na kI jAya evaM (6) unheM tyAgA na jaay|" ina cha: prakAra ke chuTakAroM kA tAtparya yaha hai ki brAhmaNa avadhya, abandhya, adaNDaya, abahiSkArya, aparivAdya evaM aparihArya mAnA jAtA thaa| kintu ye chUTeM kevala vidvAn brAhmaNoM se hI vizeSa sambandha rakhatI thIM (mitAkSarA, yAjJa0 2 / 4) / haradatta ne to yahAM taka likha diyA hai ki kevala ve hI vidvAn brAhmaNa chuTakArA pA sakate the jo anajAna meM koI aparAdha karate the| zarIra-daNDa ke viSaya meM gautama (12 / 43), manu (11199-100) baudhAyana (1 / 10 / 18-19) ne carcAeM kI haiM / gautama ke matAnusAra zarIra-daNDa nahIM denA cAhie / baudhAyana ne prathamataH brAhmaNa ko adaNDanIya mAnA hai, kintu anaitikatA (brahmahatyA, vyabhicAra yA agamyagamana arthAt mAtRgamana, svasRgamana, duhitRgamana Adi, surApAna, suvarNa kI corI) ke aparAdhI brAhmaNoM ke lalATa para jalate hue lohe ke cihna se dAga dene tathA deza-niSkAsana kI vyavasthA dI hai| lalATa para vividha aparAdhoM ke lie kauna-se aMka cihnita kiye jAyeM, isa viSaya meM kaI mata haiM (manu 9 / 237; matsyapurANa 2271163-164; viSNu 514-7) / manu ne kahA hai ki brAhmaNa ko kisI bhI dazA meM prANa-daNDa nahIM denA cAhie, balki usakI sArI sampatti chInakara use deza-nikAlA de denA cAhie (81379-380) / corI ke mAmale meM yAjJavalkya (2 / 270), nArada (sAhasa, 10), zaMkha ke anusAra lalATAMkana evaM deza-niSkAsana nAmaka daNDa ucita mAne gaye haiN| brAhmaNa para dhana-daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI pAyI jAtI hai (manu 81123) / jhUThI gavAhI dene, balAtkAra evaM vyabhicAra ke lie dhana-daNDa ucita mAnA gayA hai (manu 83378) / sira muMDAkara, lalATa para aMka lagAkara tathA gadahe para car3hAkara bastI meM cAroM ora ghumAkara nikAla bAhara karanA anAdara kA sabase bar3A rUpa mAnA gayA hai|" kauTilya (48) ne manu ke samAna zarIra-daNDa ko asvIkAra kara lalATAMkana, dezanirvAsana tathA khAnoM meM kArya karane kI vyavasthA dI hai| yadi brAhmaNa rAjadroha, rAjA ke antaHpura meM praveza, rAjA ke zatruoM ko umAr3ane kA aparAdha kare to use pAnI meM DubA denA cAhie, aisA kauTilya ne likhA hai| yadi brAhmaNa 47. somo'smAkaM brAhmaNAnAM raajaa| zatapatha0 5 / 4 / 2 / 3; tasmAd brAhmaNo'nAvaH somarAjA hi bhavati / zatapatha0 9 / 4 / 3 / 16 / 48 yattu pabhiH parihAryoM rAjJA'vaSyazcAbanthyazcAdayazcAbahiSkAryazcAparivAyazcAparihAryazveti (gautama 8012-13), tadapi sa eSa bahuzruto bhavati....vinIta iti (gautama 804-11) pratipAdilabahabhUtaviSaya ma bAhmaNamAtraviSayam / mitA0 yAna0 2 / 4; na zArIro braahmnnvnnddH| gautama 12343, avaghyo gAhmaNaH sarvAHparAyeSu / bAhmaNasya brahmahatyAgurutalpagamanasuvarNasteyasurApAneSu kusindhabhagazRgAlasurAdhvajAstaptenAyasA lalATeMka pityA viSayAmirSamanam / bI0 1 / 10 / 18-19, mRcchakaTika nATaka (9) kA yaha zloka "ayaM hi pAtakI vipro na banyo manurakhAvIt / rASTrAvasmAta nirvAsyo vibhavarakSataH sh|" manu (8 / 280) kI hI chAyA hai| 49. bAhmaNasya punaH 'na zArIrojAhmaNe rAti niSeSAvaSasthAne ziromaNDanAvika kartavyam / bAhmaNasya yo maundarya puraabhirvaasnaakne| lalATe cAbhizastAMkaH prayANaM gardabhena tu|| iti manusmaraNAt / mitAkSarA, pAna0 2302, mArava (sAhasa, 10) meM bhI yahI bAta kucha ulaTa-phera ke sAtha kahI gayI hai|

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158 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhrUNahatyA kare, corI kare, brAhmaNa- nArI ko zastra se mAre yA nirdoSa nArI ko mAra DAle to use prANa-daNDa milanA cAhie ( kAtyAyana, yAjJa0 2 / 281 kI vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa dvArA uddhRta ) / " rAjAoM ne brAhmaNoM ko prANadaNDa diye haiM aura hameM mRcchakaTika (9) meM isakA udAharaNa bhI milatA hai, jahA~ rAjA pAlaka ne brAhmaNa cArudatta ko prANadaNDa diyA hai| (5) adhikAMza smRtiyoM ke anusAra zrotriya ( vedajJAnI brAhmaNa) karoM se mukta thA / zatapatha brAhmaNa ke kucha zabdoM se dhvani nikalatI hai ki una dinoM bhI brAhmaNa karamukta the ( zata0 13 | 6 |2| 18 ) / yahI bAta Apastamba dharmasUtra ( 2 / 10 / 26 / 10 ), vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 19 / 23 ), manu ( 7 / 133 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| " kauTilya (211) ne brahmadeya bhUmi ko Rtvik, AcArya, purohita, zrotriya ko dAnasvarUpa dene ko kahA hai, aura kahA hai ki vaha bhUmi upajAU honI cAhie aura usa para kisI prakAra kA ghana-daNDa athavA kara nahIM laganA caahie| " brAhmaNa karamukta kyoM rakhA jAtA thA ? isakA uttara vasiSTharmasUtra meM milatA hai; brAhmaNa vedAdhyayana karatA hai, vaha dhArmika zIla prApta karatA hai jise rAjA mI pA letA hai, brAhmaNa vipattiyoM se rakSA karatA hai.....aadi|" rAjA dvArA rakSita zrotriya jaba dhArmika guNa prApta karatA hai to rAjA kA jIvana, sampatti evaM rAjya bar3hatA hai ( manu 7 / 136; 81305) / yahI bAta kAlidAsa ne bhI kahI hai"...... tapasvI loga apane tapa kA chaThA bhAga rAjA ko dete haiM aura yaha eka akSaya koza hai| Apastamba ( 2 / 10 / 26 / 11-17), vasiSTha (19123), manu (8/394), bRhatparAzara (adhyAya 3 ) Adi ne brAhmaNoM ke sAtha kucha anya logoM ko bhI akara (karamukta ) mAnA hai| kiMtu aise brAhmaNa, jo khetI. hI karate the, unheM kara denA par3atA thA / brAhmaNoM para kara ke viSaya meM zAntiparva ( 76 / 2-10 ) meM manoraMjaka nirUpaNa diyA gayA hai| zAstrajJa evaM sabako eka dRSTi se dekhane vAle brAhmaNa ko brahmasama kahA jAtA hai| Rgveda, yajurveda evaM sAmaveda ke jJAtA aura apane kartavyoM para aDiga rahane vAle brAhmaNa ko devasama kahate haiM (zloka 2-3 ) / dhArmika rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha azrotriya tathA jo yajJa na kare use kara se mukta na kre| kucha brAhmaNa kSatrasama evaM vaizyasama hote haiN| 50. tathA ca kAtyAyanaH / garbhasya pAtane staMnye brAhmaNyAM zastrapAtane / anuSTAM yoSitaM hatvA hantavyo brAhmaNo'pi hi // kAtyAyana, vizvarUpa dvArA yAjJa0 2 / 281 meM uddhRta / 51. athAto dakSiNAnAm / madhyaM prati rASTrasya yadanyad bhUmezca brAhmaNasya ca vittAt / zatapatha0 13 / 6 / 2018; akaraH zrotiyaH / Apastamba 2 / 10 / 26 / 10; rAjA tu dharmeNAnuzAsat SaSThaM dhanasya haret / anyatra brAhmaNAt / afers 142-43; brAhmaNebhyaH karAvAnaM na kuryAt / te hi rAjJo dharmakaradAH / viSNu 3 / 26-27 / 52. RtvigAcArya purohitazrotriyebhyo brahmadeyAnyadaNDakarAjyAbhirUpadAyakAni prayacchet / kauTilya 2 / 1 / 53. iSTApUrtasya tu SaSThamaMzaM bhajatIti ha / brAhmaNo vedamADhyaM karoti brAhmaNa Apaka uddharati tasmAd brAhmaNonAdyaH / somo'sya rAjA bhavatIti hai| pretya cAmyudayikamiti ha vijJAyate / vasiSTha 1 / 44-46; milAie, zatapaca brAhmaNa ke ye zabda - somo'smAkaM brAhmaNAnAM rAjA / zatapatha0 5 / 4 / 213 evaM tasmAd brAhmaNo'nAdyaH somarAjA hi bhavati / zatapatha0 9 / 4 / 3 / 16 / 54. yavuttiSThati varNebhyo nRpANAM kSayi tatphalam / tapaH SaDbhAgamakSamyaM davatyA raNyakA hi naH / / zAkuntala 2013 | 55. vidyAlakSaNasampannaH sarvatra samadarzinaH / ete brahmasamA rAjan brAhmaNAH parikIrtitAH // RgyajuH sAmasaMpanAH sveSu karmasvanasthitAH / ete devasamA... aotriyAH sarva eva sarve cAnAhitAgnayaH / tAn sarvAn vArmiMkI rAjA

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varNoM ke kartavya, ayogyatAeM evaM vizeSAdhikAra (6) pAye gaye dhana ke viSaya meM anya vargoM kI apekSA brAhmaNoM ko adhika chUTa dI gayI thii| yadi koI vidvAn brAhmaNa gupta dhana pAtA thA to vaha use apane pAsa rakha sakatA thaa| anya vargoM ke logoM dvArA pAye gaye gupta dhana ko rAjA har3apa letA thA, kintu yadi prAptikartA sacAI ke sAtha rAjA ko patA batA detA thA to use chaThA bhAga mila jAtA thaa| yadi rAjA ko svayaM gupta dhana prApta hotA thA to vaha AdhA brAhmaNoM meM bA~Ta detA thA (gautama 10 / 43-45; vasiSTha 3 / 13-14; manu 8 / 37-38; yAjJavalkya 2 / 34-35; viSNu 3156-64 evaM nAradaasvAmivikraya, 7-8) / (7) yadi koI brAhmaNa binA kisI uttarAdhikArI ke mara jAtA thA to usakA dhana zrotriyoM yA brAhmaNoM meM bAMTa diyA jAtA thA (gautama 28 / 39-40; vasiSTha 17184-87; baudhAyana 1 / 5 / 118-122; manu 9 / 188189; viSNa 17 / 13-14; shNkh)| (8) avaruddha mArga meM pahale jAne meM brAhmaNoM ko rAjA se bhI adhika pramukhatA prApta thii| gautama (6 / 21-22) ke anusAra mArgAvarodha ke samaya sabase pahale gAr3I ko, taba kramaza: bUr3he, rogI, nArI, snAtaka, rAjA ko jAne kA avasara denA cAhie; kintu rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha pahale zrotriya ko jAne de| anya logoM ke mata bhI avalokanIya hai, yathA ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 11 / 5-9); vanaparva 133 / 1; anuzAsanaparva : (104 25-26); baudhAyana 2 / 3 / 57; zaMkha, mitAkSarA dvArA yAjJa0 11117 meM uddhRt| vasiSTha (13 / 58-60) ne likhA hai ki guru ke yahA~ se sadya: AyA huA snAtaka rAjA se pahale mArga pAtA hai, kintu dulahina ko sabase pahale mArga milatA hai| manu (2 / 138-139) ne bhI apanI sUcI dI hai aura snAtaka ko rAjA ke Upara sthAna diyA hai| yahI bAta yAjJavalkya meM bhI hai (1 / 117) / isa viSaya ke lie dekhie, mArkaNDeyapurANa (34 / 39-41) zaMkha, viSNu (5 / 91) aadi| (9) ati prAcIna kAla se hI brAhmaNoM kA zarIra parama pavitra mAnA jAtA rahA hai, aura brahmahatyA adhamatama aparAdha ke rUpa meM svIkRta thii| taittirIya saMhitA (5 / 3 / 12 / 1-2) meM AyA hai ki azvamedha yajJa karane vAlA brAhmaNa-hatyA se bhI chuTakArA pA jAtA hai / isa saMhitA ne eka sthAna (2 / 5 / 1 / 1) para likhA hai ki indra ne vizvarUpa kI hatyA karake brahmahA' kI gahita upAdhi dhAraNa kii| zatapatha brAhmaNa (13 / 3 / 1 / 1) ne bhI brahmahatyA ko jaghanya aparAdha mAnA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 10 / 9) ne brahmahatyA ko pAMca mahApAtakoM meM ginA hai| gautama (2111) ne brahmahatyA karanevAle ko patitoM meM sabase bar3A mAnA hai, vasiSTha (1 / 20) ne to ise bhrUNahatyA kahA hai, manu bali viSTi ca kArayet // .... etebhyo balimAvadyAddhInakozo mahIpatiH / Rte brahmasamebhyazca devakalpebhya eva ca // zAntiparva 76 / 2-3,5,9 / 56. cakri zamIsthAnugrAhyavadhUsnAtakarAjabhyaH payo daanm| rAjA tu zrotriyAya / gautama 6 / 21-22; rAzaH panyA brAhmaNenAsame ya sametya tu brAhmaNasyaiva pnthaaH| yAnasya bhArAbhinihitasyAturasya striyA iti savarvAtavyaH / varNavyAyasAM ghetvnnH| aziSTapatitamattonmattAnAmAtmasvastyayanArthena sarvaireva daatvyH| Apastamba 2 / 5 / 115 5-9; andhasya panyA badhirasya panyA striyaH panthA bhAravAhasya pnthaaH| rAjJaH panthA brAhmaNenAsametya sametya tu bAhmaNasyaiva pnyaaH|| vanaparva 133 / 1; patthA deyo brAhmaNAya gobhyo rAjabhya eva ca / vRddhAya bhArataptAya gabhiNyai durbalasya c|| anuzAsanaparva 104 / 25-26, ise milAie, baudhAyana 2 // 357 se; zaMkha, mitAkSarA dvArA yAjJa0 11117 kI vyAsthA meM ukta /

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160 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (19154), viSNu (35 / 1), yAjJavalkya (3 / 227) ne bhI brahmahatyA ko pA~ca mahApAtakoM meM ginA hai (bhrUNa= veda ke eka aMza kA pAThaka yA garbha-vasiSTha gha0 sU0, gau0 gha0 sU0) / manu ne (83381) brahmahatyA ko gahiMtatama pApa mAnA hai| kyA AtatAyI, hiMsaka yA bhayAnaka aparAdhI brAhmaNa kA prANa-haraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai ? isa viSaya meM smRtikAroM evaM nibandhakAroM meM bar3A matabheda rahA hai| manu (4 / 162) ne eka sAmAnya niyama banA DAlA hai ki apane (veda par3hAtevAle) guru, vyAkhyAtA (vedArtha batAnevAle), mAtA-pitA, anya zraddhAspada logoM, brAhmaNoM, gAyoM tathA tapa meM lage hue logoM kI hiMsA nahIM karanI caahie| unhoMne punaH likhA hai ki brAhmaNa kI hatyA karane para koI prAyazcitta nahIM hai (manu 11389) / kintu svayaM manu (81350-351 =viSNu 5 / 189-190 matsyapurANa 227 / 115-117 =vRddha-hArIta 91345-350) ne punaH kahA hai ki AtatAyI ko avazya mAra DAlanA cAhie, bhale hI vaha guru hI kyoM na ho, baccA yA bUr3hA yA vidvAn brAhmaNa hI kyoM na ho| vasiSThadharmasUtra (3.15-18) meM chaH prakAra ke AtatAyiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM--(1) ghara jalA denevAlA, (2) viSa denevAlA, (3) zastra prahAra karanevAlA, (4) luTerA, (5) bhUmi chInanevAlA evaM (6) dUsare kI strI chiinnevaalaa| isa viSaya meM baudhAyana dharmasUtra (1 / 10 / 14) evaM zAntiparva (15 / 15) ke vacana bhI smaraNIya haiM / zAntiparva (34 / 17 evaM 19) ne likhA hai ki yadi koI zastradhArI brAhmaNa kisI ko mArane ke lie raNa meM AtA hai to jisa para ghAta kiyA jAtA hai vaha vyakti usa brAhmaNa kI hatyA kara sakatA hai, cAhe vaha brAhmaNa vedAntI hI kyoM na ho| udyogaparva (178151-52), zAntiparva (22 / 5-6) bhI isa viSaya meM avalokanIya haiN| viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 191-192), matsyapurANa (227 / 117-119) ne AtatAyiyoM ke sAta prakAra batalAye haiN| sumantu (mitAkSarA dvArA yAjJa0 2 / 21 kI vyAkhyA meM udghata) ne likhA hai ki gAya evaM brAhmaNa ko chor3akara sabhI prakAra ke AtatAyiyoM ko mAra DAlane meM koI pApa nahIM hai| isakA artha huA ki AtatAyI brAhmaNa ko mArane se pApa lagatA hai| kAtyAyana (smRticandrikA evaM anya nibandhoM meM uddhRta), bhRgu evaM bRhaspati ne bhI AtatAyI brAhmaNa ko avadhya mAnA hai| isa viSaya meM TIkAkAroM evaM nibandhakAroM ke vizleSaNa meM bahuta antara par3a gayA hai| yAjJavalkya (3 / 222) kI vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa ne likhA hai ki vaha vyakti brAhmaNa-hatyA kA aparAdhI hai jo saMgrAma meM lar3ate hue brAhmaNa yA AtatAyI brAhmaNa ko chor3akara kisI anya prakAra ke brAhmaNa ko mAratA hai, yA jo svayaM apane (lAbha ke lie kisI brAhmaNa ko mAratA hai yA kisI anya vyakti dvArA (use dhana dekara) maravAtA hai| vizvarUpa ne Age yaha bhI likhA hai ki dhana ke lobha se jo kisI brAhmaNa ko mAratA hai usako pApa nahIM lagatA, balki usako pApa lagatA hai jo maravAtA hai| yaha usI prakAra hai jisa prakAra ki yajJa karAnevAle ko phala milatA hai na ki yajJa karanevAle Rtvik ko| mitAkSarA ne yAjJavalkya (2 / 11) ko vyAkhyA meM manu (8 / 350-351) kA havAlA dete hue likhA hai ki yadi Atma-rakSA ke lie koI 57. dekhie, yAjJavalkya 3222 para vizvarUpa; yAjJavalkya 2 / 21 mitAkSarA, aparArka (pR0 1042-4) evaM smRticandrikA (vyavahAra, pR0 313-15) / 58. nAtatAyivadhe doSo'nyatra gobraahmnnaat| sumantu (yAjJa0 2121 meM mitAkSarA dvArA ukta); AtatAyini cotkRSTe tpHsvaadhyaayjnmtH| vadhastatra tu naiva syAtpApe hone vadho bhRguH|| kAtyAyana (smRticandrikA, vyavahAra, pR0 315); AtatAyinamutkRSTaM vRttasvAdhyAyasaMyutam / yo na hanyAvadhaprAptaM so'zvamedhaphalaM labhet // bRhaspati (smRticandrikA, vyavahAra, pR0 315) /

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voM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra. 161 kisI AtatAyI brAhmaNa ko roka rahA hai aura asAvadhAnI yA truTi se use mAra DAlatA hai, to vaha rAjA dvArA daNDita nahIM ho sakatA, balki use eka halakA prAyazcitta karanA pdd'egaa| spaSTa hai, mitAkSarA ke kathanAnusAra AtatAyI brAhmaNa ko bhI mAranA manA thaa| medhAtithi (manu 81350-351) kI bhI yahI sammati hai| kullUka (manu 8 350) ne likhA hai ki yadi bhAgakara bhI apane prANa na bacAye jA sakeM to AkramaNakArI guru yA brAhmaNa yA kisI bhI anya AtatAyI ko mArA jA sakatA hai| aparArka (yAjJa0 3 / 227) ne likhA hai ki AtatAyI brAhmaNa ko yadi kisI anya prakAra se rokanA asambhava hai to use mAra DAlane kI vyavasthA zAstroM meM hai, kintu yadi use do-eka thappar3a mArakara rokA jA sake taba usakA prANa hara lenA brahmahatyA hai| smRticandrikA meM bhI kucha aisI hI ukti hai| vyavahAramayUkha ne kaliyuga kA sahArA lekara kisI bhI prakAra ke (yahAM taka ki AtatAyI) brAhmaNa kI hatyA kA virodha kiyA hai| (10) kisI brAhmaNa ko tarjanA degA (DapaTanA) yA mArane kI dhamakI denA yA pITa denA yA zarIra se coTa dvArA rakta nikAla denA bhI bahuta prAcIna kAla se bhartsanIya mAnA jAtA rahA hai (taittirIya saMhitA 6 / 10 / 1-2) / gautama (22 / 20-22) meM bhI isI prakAra kA Adeza pAyA jAtA hai| (11) kucha aparAdhoM meM anya vargoM kI apekSA brAhmaNa ko kama daNDa milatA thA, yathA gautama (21 // 610) ne likhA hai--yadi kisI kSatriya ne brAhmaNa kI bhartsanA kI to daNDa eka sau kArSApaNa kA hotA hai, yadi vaizya aisA kare to 150 kApiNa kA; kintu yadi brAhmaNa kisI kSatriya yA vaizya ke sAtha aisA vyavahAra kare to daNDa kramazaH kevala 50 tathA 25 kArSApaNa kA hotA hai, kintu yadi vaha kisI zUdra ke sAtha aisA kare to use kisI prakAra kA daNDa nahIM diyA jA sakatA / isa viSaya meM manu (8 / 267-268), nArada (vAkpAruSya, 15-16) evaM yAjJavalkya (2 / 206-207) ke vicAra eka-dUsare se milate haiM, kintu manu ne zUdra kI bhartsanA karanevAle brAhmaNa para 12 kArSApaNa ke daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai| kucha aparAdhoM meM brAhmaNoM ko adhika daNDa diyA jAtA thA, yathA corI ke mAmale meM zUdra para 8 kArSApaNa kA, vaizya para 16, kSatriya para 32 aura brAhmaNa para 64, 100 yA 128 kArSApaNa kA daNDa lagatA thA (gautama 21112-14; manu 81337-338) / (12) gautama (13 / 4) ke matAnusAra kisI abrAhmaNa dvArA koI brAhmaNa sAkSya ke lie nahIM bulAyA sakatA / yadi vaha lekhapatra meM likhita rUpa se sAkSI ThaharAyA gayA ho to rAjA use balA sakatA hai| nArada (RNAdAna, 158) ke anusAra tapa meM lIna zrotriya loga, bUr3he loga, tapasvI loga sAkSya ke lie nahIM bulAye jA skte| kintu gautama ke anusAra brAhmaNa dvArA zrotriya bulAyA jA sakatA hai| manu (8165) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (8 // 2) ne bhI zrotriya ko sAkSya dene se manA kiyA hai| (13) kevala kucha hI brAhmaNa zrAddha tathA deva-kriyA-saMskAra ke samaya bhojana ke lie bulAye jA sakate the (gautama 15 / 5 evaM 9; Apastamba 2 / 7 / 17 / 4; manu 3 // 124 evaM 128; yAjJa0 12217, 219, 221) / (14) kucha yajJa kevala brAhmaNa hI kara sakate the, yathA sautrAmaNI evaM str| kintu jaimini (6 / 6 / 2426) ke anusAra bhRgu, zunaka evaM vasiSTha gotra ke brAhmaNa satra bhI nahIM kara sakate the| rAjasUya yajJa kevala kSatriya hI kara sakate the| (15) brAhmaNoM ke lie mRtyu para zoka karane (sUtaka) kI avadhiyAM apekSAkRta kama thiiN| gautama (14 // 1.4) ke anusAra brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM, vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie zokAvadhiyA~ krama se 10, 11, 12 tathA 30 dinoM kI thiiN| yahI bAta vasiSTha (4127-30), viSNu (12 / 1-4), manu (5 / 83), yAjJavalkya (3322) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kAlAntara meM saba ke lie zokAvadhi 10 dinoM kI ho gyiiN| dharma0-21 ,

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162 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa uparyukta vizeSAdhikAroM ke atirikta kucha anya adhikAroM kI bhI carcA huI hai, yathA rAjA sarvaprathama brAhmaNa ko apanA mukha dikhalAtA aura use praNAma karatA thA (nArada, prakIrNaka, 35-39); 9 yA 7 vyaktiyoM ke sAtha mila jAne para brAhmaNa ko hI sarvaprathama mArga pAne kA adhikAra thA; bhikSA ke lie brAhmaNa ko sabake ghara meM pahu~cane kI chUTa thI; IMdhana, puSpa, jala Adi brAhmaNa binA pUche grahaNa kara sakatA thA; dUsare kI striyoM se bAta karane kA use adhikAra prApta thA; binA khevA diye brAhmaNa nadI ke Ara-pAra nAva para A-jA sakatA thaa| vyApAra ke silasile meM use 'akara' (niHzulka) naukA-prayoga kI chUTa thii| brAhmaNa yAtrA karate samaya thaka jAne para yadi pAsa meM kucha na ho to binA pUche do Ikha yA do kanda Adi kheta se lekara khA sakatA thaa| brAhmaNoM ke lie kucha bandhana bhI the, jinakI carcA pahale ho cukI hai| zUdroM ko ayogyatAeM--(1) zUdra ko vedAdhyayana karane kA Adeza nahIM thaa| isa bAta para bahuta-se smRtikAroM evaM nivandhoM ne vaidika vacana uddhRta kiye haiN| eka zrutivAkya hai--"(vidhAtA ne) gAyatrI (chanda) se brAhmaNa ko nirmita kiyA, triSTup (chanda) se rAjanya (kSatriya) ko, jagatI (chanda) se vaizya ko, kintu usane zUdra ko kisI bhI chanda se nirmita nahIM kiyA, ataH zUdra (upanayana) saMskAra ke lie ayogya hai|"59 upanayana ke uparAnta vedAdhyayana hotA hai, aura veda kevala tIna vargoM ke upanayana kI carcA karatA hai| zUdroM ke lie vedAdhyayana to manA hI thA, unake samIpa verdAdhyayana karanA bhI manA thaa| kintu ati prAcIna kAla meM vedAdhyayana para sambhavataH itanA kar3A niyantraNa nahIM thaa| chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 1-2) meM eka kathA AyI hai, jisameM jAnazruti pautrAyaNa evaM raikva kA varNana hai aura raikva ne jAnazruti ko zUdra kahA hai evaM use saMvarga vidyA kA jJAna kirAyA hai| kintu zUdroM ke virodha meM bahuta-sI bAteM kahI jAtI rahI haiN| gautama (12-4) ne to yahA~ taka likhA hai ki yadi zUdra jAna-bUjhakara smaraNa karane ke lie veda-pATha sune to usake karNakuharoM ko sIsA aura lAkha se bhara denA cAhie, yadi usane veda para adhikAra kara liyA hai to usake zarIra ko cheda denA caahie| yadyapi zUdroM ko vedAdhyayana karanA manA thA, kintu ve itihAsa (mahAbhArata Adi) evaM purANa suna sakate the| mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 328 / 49) ne likhA hai ki cAroM varNa kisI brAhmaNa pAThaka se mahAbhArata suna sakate haiN|" 59. gAyanyA brAhmaNamasRjata triSTubhA rAjanyaM jagatyA vazyaM na kenacicchandasA zavamityasaMskAryoM vijnyaayte| vasiSTha 4 // 3, aparArka dvArA uta, pR0 23; aparArka ne yama ko bhI isa prakAra uddhRta kiyA hai "na kenacitsamasRjacchandasA taM prjaaptiH|" 60. vasante brAhmaNamupanayIta grISme rAjanyaM zaradi vaizyamiti / jaimini ne bhI yahI AdhAra liyA hai (631 // 33) / zabara ne bhI yahI mAnA hai| dekhie, Apastamba (1 / 116) / 61. athApi yamagItA zlokAnudAharanti / zmazAnametatpratyakSaM ye zUdrAH paadcaarinnH| tasmAcchUdrasamIpe tu nAdhyetavyaM kadAcana // vasiSTha 18 / 13 / dekhie gau0 16318319; Apa0 10 sUtra 1 / 3 / 9 / 9; shmshaanvcchuunptitau| yA0 11148; Adiparva, 64 / 20 / / 62. aya hAsya vedamupazRNvatastrapujatubhyAM zrotrapUraNamudAharaNe jihvAcchedo dhAraNe shriirbhevH| gautama 12 / 4; dekhie mRcchakaTika 9 / 21 'vedArthAn prAkRtastvaM vadasi na ca te jihvA niptitaa|' 63. zrAvayeccaturo varNAn kRtvA braahmnnmgrtH| zAntiparva 328149; aura dekhie, Adiparva 62 / 22 evaM 9587 /

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voM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra bhAgavata purANa (1 / 4 / 25) meM AyA hai ki tInoM vedoM ko striyAM, zUdra evaM kubrAhmaNa (jo kevala janma mAtra se brAhmaNa haiM) nahIM par3ha sakate, ataH vyAsa ne una para dayA karake bhArata kI gAthA likhI hai| zUdrakamalAkara (pR0 1314) meM kaI udAharaNa Aye haiM, jinase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zUdra smRtiyoM evaM purANoM ko svataH nahIM par3ha sakate the| svayaM manu (2016) ne manusmRti ko kevala dvijoM dvArA sunane ko kaha diyA hai| kalpataru tathA kucha anya anthoM ne zUdroM ke lie purANAdhyayana vaidhAnika mAnA hai / vedAntasUtra (1 / 3 / 38) kI vyAkhyA meM zaMkarAcArya ne likhA hai ki zUdroM ko brahmavidyA kA adhikAra nahIM hai, kintu ve (vidura evaM dharmavyAdha kI bhAMti, jaisA ki mahAbhArata meM AyA hai) mokSa (samyak jJAna kA phala) prApta kara sakate haiN| kucha nibandhoM meM eka smRti kA uddharaNa AyA hai ki zUdra vAjasaneyI haiN| kintu isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ve vAjasaneyI zAkhA ke gRhyasUtra kI vidhi kA anusaraNa kara sakate haiM aura brAhmaNa unake lie mantroccAraNa kara degaa| (2) zUdra pavitra agniyAM nahIM jalA sakate the, aura na vaidika yajJa kara sakate the| jaimini (12325-38) ne isa bAta kI carcA kI hai| kintu bAhari nAmaka eka prAcIna AcArya ne likhA hai ki zUdra bhI vaidika yajJa kara sakate haiN|" bhAradvAja-zrautasUtra (5 / 2 / 8) ne kucha AcAryoM kA yaha mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki zUdra bhI tInoM vaidika agni jalA sakate haiN| kAtyAyana-zrautasUtra (1 / 4 / 5) ne likhA hai ki kevala laMgar3e-lUle, vedajJAna-vihIna, napuMsaka evaM zUdroM ko chor3akara sabhI yajJa kara sakate haiN| kintu isa sUtra ke TIkAkAra ne likhA hai ki kucha vaidika vAkyoM se spaSTa malakatA hai ki zUdroM ko bhI baidika kriyA-saMskAra karane kA adhikAra thA (zatapatha brAhmaNa 1 / 1 / 4 / 12, 138 // 3 // 11) / kintu kAtyAyanazrauta0 (11116) ke TIkAkAra ne 'zUdra' zabda ko rathakAra jAti (yAza0 1291) ke artha meM prayukta mAnA hai| zUdra vaidika kriyAe~ nahIM kara sakate the, kintu ve pUrta dharma kara sakate the, arthAt kUpa, tAlAba, mandira, vATikAoM Adi kA nirmANa tathA grahaNa Adi avasaroM para bhojana-dAna Adi kara sakate the| ve prati dina vAle paMca mahAyajJa sAdhAraNa agni meM kara sakate the,zrAddha bhI kara sakate the, ve devatAoM ko 'namaH' zabda ke sAtha saMbodhana kara dhyAna kara sakate the| ve "agnaye svAhA" nahIM kaha sakate the| manu (10 / 127) ke anusAra unake sAre kriyA-saMskAra binA vaidika mantroM ke ho sakate haiN| kucha logoM ke matAnusAra zUdra vaivAhika agni nahIM rakha sakate the (manu 3 // 67 evaM yAjJa0 197), kintu medhAtithi, mitAkSarA (yAza0 11131) evaM madanapArijAta (pR0 31) kA kahanA hai ki ve sAdhAraNa agni meM Ahuti de sakate haiM, vidhivat utpanna vaivAhika agni meM nahIM / sabhI loga, yahA~ taka ki zUdra evaM cANDAla 13 akSaroM vAlA rAma-mantra (zrI rAma jaya rAma jaya jaya rAma) evaM 5 akSaroM vAlA ziva-mantra (namaH zivAya) uccArita kara sakate the, kintu dvijAti loga 6 akSaroM vAlA ziva-mantra (U~ namaH zivAya) kaha sakate the| isa sambandha meM zUdra 64. strIzUdradvijabandhUnAM trayIna shrutigocraa| iti bhAratamAkhyAnaM muninA kRpayA kRtam // bhAgavata 425 dekhie, trikAlamaNDana 4 / 28, brahmavyAkaraNaM kRtvA hutvA vai pAvake hviH| zAlagrAmazilA spRSTvA bhUTo gacchatyayogatim // 65. nimittArthena bAraristasmAtsarvAdhikAraM syAt / jaimini 1 // 3 // 27 // 66. iSTApUtoM vijAtInAM sAmAnyau dhrmsaadhnau| adhikArI bhavenyUraH pUrtadharma na vaidike| ani 46; laghuzaMka 6 aparAkaM pR. 24; vApIkUpataDAgAdi devatAyatanAni c| annapradAnamArAmaH pUrtamityabhidhIyate // mahoparAge yahAnaM sUryasaMkamaNeSu c| dvAvazyAdI ca yaddAnaM puurtmitybhidhiiyte| pahalA paca mahAbhArata se tathA dUsarA jAtukarma se liyA gayA hai|

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164 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kamalAkara ( pR0 30-31, jisameM varAha, vAmana evaM bhaviSyapurANa ke vAkya uddhRta haiM) dekhA jA sakatA hai, jahA~ pAJcarAtra mata se viSNumantra evaM ziva, sUrya, zakti tathA vinAyaka ke mantra kahe jAne kA vidhAna hai| varAhapurANa meM zUdra ke bhAgavata ( viSNu bhakta) ke rUpa meM dIkSita hone kA varNana hai / (3) saMskAroM ke viSaya meM smRtikAroM meM malaikya nahIM hai / manu ( 10 / 126 ) ke anusAra yadi zUdra pyAja yA lahasuna khAye to koI pApa nahIM hai, vaha saMskAroM ke yogya nahIM hai, use na to dharma-pAlana kA koI adhikAra hai aura na pAlane kA koI Adeza hI hai / manu ( 4 / 80 ) ke kucha vacana vasiSTha ( 18-14), viSNu (71 / 48-52 ) se milate-julate laghuviSNu kA kahanA hai ki zudra sarvasaMskAroM se varjita jAti hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 62 ) ke anusAra zUdra vrata kara sakate haiM, kintu binA homa evaM ( vaidika ) mantra ke / kintu aparArka usI zloka kI vyAkhyA meM bilakula ulaTI bAta kahate haiN| zUdrakamalAkara ( pR0 38 ) ke anusAra zUdra vrata, upavAsa, mahAdAna evaM prAyazcitta kara sakate haiM, kintu binA homa evaM japa ke manu (10 / 127 ) ke anusAra zudra loga binA mantroccAraNa ke dvijAtiyoM dvArA kiye jAnevAle sabhI dhArmika kRtya kara sakate haiN| zaMkha evaM yama ke anusAra binA mantroccAraNa ke zUdroM ke lie saMskAra kiye jA sakate haiM / vyAsa ( 1 / 17 ) ne zUdroM ke lie binA mantroccAraNa ke dasa ( garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, niSkramaNa, annaprAzana, caula, karNavedha evaM vivAha ) saMskAroM ke viSaya meM vidhAna likhA hai| yahI bAta kucha kama saMskAroM ke lie gautama (10 / 51) ne bhI kahI hai| (4) kucha aparAdhoM meM zUdroM ko adhika kar3A daNDa diyA jAtA thA / yadi koI zUdra ucca varNoM kI kisI nArI ke sAtha vyabhicAra karatA thA to usakA liMga kATa liyA jAtA aura usakI sArI sampatti chIna lI jAtI thI ( gautama 1 / 2) / yadi koI zUdra kisI dharohara rUpa meM rakhI strI ke sAtha vyabhicAra karatA thA to use prANa daNDa diyA jAtA thA / vasiSTha (21 / 1 ) evaM manu (8/366) ne kahA hai ki yadi zUdra kisI brAhmaNa nArI ke sAtha usake mana ke anusAra yA viruddha sambhoga kare to use prANa daNDa milanA caahie| kintu yadi koI brAhmaNa kisI brAhmaNI ke sAtha balAtkAra kare to usa para eka sahasra kArSApaNa kA daNDa aura jaba kevala vyabhicAra kare to 500 kA daNDa lagatA thA (manu 81378) / yadi koI brAhmaNa kisI arakSita kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra nArI se sambhoga kare to usa para 500 kA daNDa lagatA thA ( 81385 ) / isI prakAra kisI brAhmaNa kI bhartsanA yA gAlI-galauja karane para zUdra ko zArIrika daNDa diyA jAtA thA yA usakI jIbha kATa lI jAtI thI (manu 8 270), kintu isI aparAdha para kSatriya yA vaizya ko 100 yA 150 kA daNDa diyA jAtA thA / yadi brAhmaNa kisI zUdra ko durvacana kahe to usa para kevala 12 kArSApaNa kA yA kucha nahIM daNDa lagatA thA (manu 8 / 268 ) / corI ke mAmale meM zUdra para kucha kama daNDa thA / (5) mRtyu yA janma hone para zUdra ko eka mahIne kA sUtaka lagatA thaa| brAhmaNoM ko isa viSaya meM kevala 10 dinoM kA sUtaka manAnA par3atA thA / (6) zUdra na to nyAyAdhIza ho sakatA thA aura na dharma kA udghoSa hI kara sakatA thA (manu 89 evaM 20; yAza0 1 3 evaM kAtyAyana ) / (7) brAhmaNa kisI zUdra se dAna nahIM grahaNa kara sakatA thaa| yaha ho bhI sakatA thA to atyanta kar3e niyantraNoM ke bhItara / (8) brAhmaNa usI zUdra ke yahA~ bhojana kara sakatA thA jo usakA pazupAla, halavAhA yA vaMzAnukrama se mitra ho, yA apanA nAI yA dAsa ho ( gautama 16 / 6 manu 4253; viSNu 57/16; yAjJa0 1 / 166 ; parAzara 9 / 19 ) / Apastamba (1 / 5 / 16 / 22 ) ke anusAra apavitra zUdra dvArA lAyA gayA bhojana brAhmaNa ke lie varjita hai,. kintu unhoMne zUdroM ko tIna ucca varNoM ke saMrakSaNa meM bhojana banAne ke lie AjJA dI hai, kintu isa viSaya meM unake

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voM ke kartavya, ayogyatAe~ evaM vizeSAdhikAra 165 nAkhUna, keza Adi svaccha hone caahie| zUdra dvArA upasthApita bhojana karane yA na karane ke viSaya meM manu ke vacana (4211 evaM 223) avalokanIya haiN| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 1) ne vRSala (zUdra) ke bhojana ko brAhmaNa ke lie varjita mAnA hai| pake hue bhojana ke viSaya meM kramazaH niyama aura kar3e hote cale gye| zaMkhasmRti (13 // 4) ne zUdroM ke bhojana para palate hue brAhmaNoM ko paMktidUSaka kahA hai| parAzara (11113) ne Adeza diyA hai ki brAhmaNa kisI zUdra se ghI, tela, dUdha, gur3a yA inase banI huI vastue~ grahaNa kara sakatA hai, kintu unheM vaha nadI ke kinAre hI khAye, zUdra ke ghara meM nhiiN| parAzaramAdhavIya ne isakI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai ki aisA tabhI sambhava hai jaba ki brAhmaNa yAtrA meM ho aura thakakara cUra ho gayA ho yA kisI anya ucca varNa se kucha prApta na ho sake (2 / 1) / haradatta (gautama 166) evaM aparArka (yAza0 12168) ne bhI vipatti-kAla meM zUdra-pradatta bhojana ko vajita nahIM mAnA hai| (9) vahI zUdra, jo pahale brAhmaNa ke ghara meM rasoiyA ho sakatA thA aura brAhmaNa usakA pakAyA huA bhojana kara sakatA thA, kramazaH achUta hotA calA gyaa| anuzAsanaparva meM AyA hai ki yUdra brAhmaNa kI sevA jalatI huI agni ke samAna dUra se kare, kintu kSatriya evaM vaizya sparza karake sevA kara sakate haiN|' zadra kA sparza ho jAne para snAna, Acamana, prANAyAma, tapa Adi se hI zuddha huA jA sakatA thA (aparArka, pR0 1196) / gRhyasUtroM meM AyA hai ki madhuparka dete samaya atithi ke paira ko (bhale hI vaha snAtaka brAhmaNa hI kyoM na ho) zUdra puruSa yA nArI gho sakatI hai (hiraNyakezigRhma0 1 / 12 / 18-20) / lagatA hai, gRhyasUtroM ke kAla meM bandhana bahuta kar3e nahIM the| ApastambadharmasUtra (2169-10) meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| (10) zUdra cAroM AzramoM meM kevala gRhasthAzrama hI grahaNa kara sakatA hai, kyoMki usake lie vedAdhyayana varjita hai (anuzAsanaparva 165 / 10) / zAntiparva (63 / 12-14) meM AyA hai ki jisa zUdra ne (ucca vargoM kI) sevA kI hai, jisane apanA dharma nibAhA hai, jise santAna utpanna huI hai, jisakA jIvana alpa raha gayA hai yA jo dasaveM stara meM arthAt 90 varSa se Upara avasthA kA ho gayA hai, vaha cauthe Azrama ko chor3akara sabhI AzramoM kA phala prApta kara sakatA hai|" medhAtithi ne manu (6397) kI vyAkhyA meM ina zabdoM kI vivecanA kI hai aura kahA hai ki zUdra brAhmaNa kI sevA kara evaM gRhasthAzrama meM rahate hue santAnotpatti karake mokSa ko chor3akara sabhI kucha prApta kara sakatA hai| (11) zUdra-jIvana kSudra samajhA jAtA thaa| yAjJavalkya (3 / 236) evaM manu (11166)) ne strI, zUdra, vaizya evaM kSatriya ko mAra DAlanA upapAtaka mAnA hai, kintu isake lie jo prAyazcitta evaM dAna kI vyavasthA batAyI gayI hai, usase spaSTa hai ki zUda-jIvana nagaNya-sA thaa| kSatriya ko mArane para prAyazcitta thA chaH varSa kA brahmacarya, 1000 gAyoM evaM eka baila kA daan| vaizya ko mArane para tIna varSa kA brahmacarya, 100 gAyoM evaM eka baila kA dAna thA, kintu zUdra ko mArane para prAyazcitta thA kevala eka varSa kA brahmacarya evaM 10 gAyoM tathA eka baila kA daan| yahI bAta gautama (22214-16), manu (11 / 126-130) evaM yAjJavalkya (3 / 266-267) meM bhI pAyI 67. dUrAnchUneNopacoM brAhmaNo'gniriva jvln| saMspRzya paricaryastu vaizyena kSatriyeNa ca // anuzAsanaparva 59 // 33 // 68. zubhUpoH kRtakAryasya kRtasantAnakarmaNaH / abhyanujJAtarAjasya zUbasya jagatIpate // alpAntaragatasyApi bazadharmagatasya vaa| AzramA vihitAH sarve varjayitvA nirAmiSam // zAntiparva 63 / 12-14; sarve AzramAstu na kartavyAH ki tarhi zubhUSayApatyotpAvanena ca sarvAzramaphalaM labhate vijAtIn zubhUSamANo gArhasthyena sarvAzramaphalaM labhate parivAjakaphalaM mosaM vrjyitvaa| meSAtithi (manu 697) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAtI hai| Apastamba (1 / 9 / 25 / 14 evaM 1 / 9 / 26 / 1) ne to yahAM taka kahA hai ki zUdra ko mAra DAlane para itanA hI pAtaka lagatA hai jitanA ki eka kauA, saraTa (giragiTa), mora, cakravAka, marAla (rAjahaMsa), bhAsa, meDhaka, nakula (nevalA), gaMdhamUSaka (chachundara), kuttA Adi ko mAra DAlane se hotA hai (mnu'11|131) / ___yadi zUdroM kI bahuta-sI ayogyatAe~ thIM to unheM bahuta-sI suvidhAe~ bhI dI gayI thiiN| koI bhI zUdra brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ke kucha vyavasAyoM ko chor3akara koI bhI vyavasAya kara sakatA thaa| kintu kucha zUdra to rAjA bhI hue haiM aura kauTilya (9 / 2) ne zUdroM kI senA ke bAre meM likhA hai| zUdra prati dina kI anaginata kriyAoM se svatantra thaa| vaha vivAha ko chor3akara anya saMskAroM ke jhaMjhaTa se dUra thaa| vaha kucha bhI khA-pI sakatA thaa| usake lie gotra evaM pravara kA jhaMjhaTa nahIM thA, aura na use zAstra ke virodha meM jAne para koI japa yA tapa karanA par3atA thaa|

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adhyAya 4 aspRzyatA bhAratIya jAti-vyavasthA para likhanevAle lekhakoM ko bhAratIya samAjaviSayaka aspRzyatA nAmaka vyavasthA ke avalokana se mahAn Azcarya hotA hai| kintu unheM yaha samajhanA cAhie ki yaha bAta kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM pAyI gayI hai, pratte isakA paridarzana anya mahAdvIpoM, vizeSataH amerikA, dakSiNa aphrIkA meM bhI hotA hai| Aja kI amerikI nIyo jAti bhAratIya aspRzya jAti se bhI kaI gunI asahya ayogyatAoM evaM niyantraNoM se ghirI huI hai| smRtiyoM meM varNita antyajoM ke nAma Arambhika vaidika sAhitya meM bhI Aye haiN| Rgveda (8 / 5 / 38) meM carmamna (khAla yA cAma zodhane vAle) evaM vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM cANDAla evaM praulkasa nAma Aye haiN| vapa yA vaptA (nAI) zabda Rgveda meM A cukA hai| isI prakAra vAjasaneyI saMhitA evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa meM vidalakAra yA biDalakAra (smRtiyoM meM varNita buruDa) zabda AyA hai| vAjasaneyI saMhitA kA vAsaspalpUlI (dhobina) smRtiyoM ke rajaka zabda kA hI dyotaka hai| kintu ina vaidika zabdoM evaM nAmoM se kahIM bhI yaha saMketa nahIM milatA ki ye aspRzya jAtiyoM ke dyotaka haiN| kevala itanA bhara hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki polkasa kA sambandha bIbhatsA (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 30 / 17) se evaM cANDAla kA vAyu (puruSamedha) se thA, aura paulkasa isa DhaMga se rahate the ki unase ghRNA utpanna hotI thI tathA cANDAla vAyu (sambhavataH zmazAna ke khule maidAna) meM rahate the| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 107) meM cANDAla kI carcA hai aura vaha tIna ucca vargoM kI apekSA sAmAjika sthiti meM ati nimna thA, aisA mAna hotA hai| sambhavataH cANDAla chAndogya ke kAla meM zUdra jAti kI nimnatama zAkhAoM meM parigaNita thaa| vaha kutte evaM sUara ke sadRza kahA gayA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (12 / 4 / 1 / 4) meM yajJa ke sambandha meM tIna pazu arthAt kutte, sUara evaM bher3a apavitra mAne gaye haiN| yahA~ para usI sUara kI ora saMketa hai, jo gAMva kA mala Adi khAtA hai, kyoMki manu (3 / 270) evaM yAjJavalkya (11259) kI smRtiyoM se hameM isa bAta kA patA calatA hai ki zrAddha meM sUara kA mAMsa pitara loga bar3e cAva se khAte haiN| ataH upaniSad vAle cANDAla ko hama aspRzya nahIM mAna skte| kucha kaTTara hindU vaidika kAla meM bhI cANDAla ko aspRzya ThaharAte haiM aura bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (13) kI gAthA kA havAlA dete haiN| kintu isa gAthA se yaha nahIM spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA ki cANDAla aspRzya the| mlecchoM kI bhauti ve "dizAm antaH" nahIM the, arthAt Arya jAti kI bhUmi se bAhara nahIM the| . aba hama sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ke sAkSiyoM kA avalokana kreN| Arambhika smRtiyoM kA kahanA hai ki vaNa kevala cAra haiM, pA~ca nahIM (manu 10 / 4; anuzAsanaparva 47 / 18) / ataH jaba Aja kucha loga jo paMcamoM arthAt niSAdoM, cANDAloM evaM polkasoM kI bAta karate haiM to vaha smRtisammata nahIM hai| pANini (2 / 4 / 10) evaM pataJjali se 1. caturtha ekajAtistu zUdro nAsti tu pnycmH| manu 10 / 4; smRtAzca varNAzcatvAraH paJcamo naadhigmyte| anuzAsanaparva 47 // 18 //

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168 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jJAta hotA hai ki ve cANDAloM evaM mRtapoM ko zUdroM meM ginate the| manu (10 / 41) ne ghoSaNA kI hai ki sabhI pratiloma saMtAna zUdra haiM (dekhie, zAntiparva 197 / 28 bhii)| kramazaH zUdroM evaM cANDAla Adi jAtiyoM meM antara par3atA gyaa| ___ aspRzyatA kevala janma se hI nahIM utpanna hotI, isake udgama ke kaI srota haiN| bhayaMkara pApoM arthAt duSkarmoM se loga jAtiniSkAsita evaM aspRzya ho jA sakate haiN| manu (9 / 235-239) ne likhA hai ki brahmahatyA karanevAle, brAhmaNa ke sone kI corI karanevAle yA surApAna karanevAle logoM ko jAti se bAhara kara denA cAhie, na to koI unake sAtha khAye, na unheM sparza kare, na unakI purohitI kare aura na unake sAtha koI vivAha-sambandha sthApita kare, ve loga vaidika dharma se vihIna hokara saMsAra meM vicaraNa kreN| aspRzyatA utpanna hone kA dUsarA srota hai dharmasambandhI ghRNA evaM vidveSa, jaisA ki aparArka (pR0 923) evaM smRticandrikA (pR0 118) ne SaTtriMzanmata evaM brahmANDapurANa se uddharaNa lekara kahA hai-"bauddhoM, pAzupatoM, jainoM, lokAyatoM, kApiloM (sAMkhyoM), dhanyuta brAhmaNoM, zavoM evaM nAstikoM ko chUne para vastra ke sAtha pAnI meM snAna kara lenA caahie|" aisA hI aparArka ne bhI kahA hai| aspRzyatA utpanna hone kA tIsarA kAraNa hai kucha logoM kA, jo sAdhAraNataH aspRzya nahIM ho sakate the, kucha vizeSa vyavasAyoM kA pAlana karanA, yathA devalaka (jo dhana ke lie tIna varSa taka mUrti pUjA karatA hai), grAma ke purohita, somalatA vikrayakartA ko sparza karane se vastra-paridhAna sahita snAna karanA par3atA thaa| cauthA kAraNa haiM kucha paristhitiyoM meM par3a jAnA, yathA rajasvalA strI ke sparza, putrotpanna hone ke dasa dina kI avadhi meM sparza, sUtaka meM sparza, zavasparza Adi meM vastra sahita snAna karanA par3atA thA (manu 5 / 85) / aspRzyatA kA pAMcavA~ kAraNa hai mleccha yA kucha viziSTa dezoM kA nivAsI honaa| isake atirikta smRtiyoM ke anusAra kucha aise vyakti jo gandA vyavasAya karate the, aspRzya mAne jAte the, yathA kaivarta (machuA), mRgayu (mRga mAranevAlA), vyAdha (zikArI), saunika (kasAI), zAkunika (pakSI pakar3ane vAlA yA baheliyA), dhobI, jinheM chune para snAna karake hI bhojana kiyA jA sakatA __ aspRzyatA-sambandhI jo vidhAna bane the, ve kisI jAti-sambandhI vidveSa ke pratiphala nahIM the, pratyuta unake pIche manovaijJAnika yA dhArmika dhAraNAe~ evaM svasthatA-sambandhI vicAra the, jo mokSa ke lie parama Avazyaka mAne gaye the, kyoMki aMntima chuTakAre (mokSa) ke lie zarIra evaM mana se pavitra evaM svaccha honA anivArya thaa| Apastamba (1 / 5 / 15 / 16), vasiSTha (23 / 33), viSNu (22 / 69) evaM vRddhahArIta (11 / 99-102) ne kutte ke sparza 2. SaTtriMzanmatAt-bauddhAn pAzupatAMzcava lokAyatikanAstikAn / vikarmasthAn dvijAn spRSTvA sarvalo jalamAvizet // aparArka, pR0 923, smRtica0 1, pR0 118; mitA0 (yAja0 3 / 30) ne brahmANDapurANa se udRta kiyA hai, dekhie vRddhahArIta 9 / 359, 363, 364; zAntiparva 76 / 6, AhvAyakA devalakA nAkSatrA praamyaajkaaH| ete brAhmaNacANDAlA mhaapthikpaacmaaH|| cnnddaalbhukksmlecchbhillpaarsikaadikm| mahApAtaMkinazcava spRSTvA snAyAtsalakam // vRdayAjJavalkya (aparAka dvArA uddhRta, 10 923) / 3. cyavanaH-zvAna zvarAkaM pretadhUmaM devadravyopajIvinaM grAmayAjakaM somavikrayiNaM yUpaM citi citikASThaM.... zavaspRzaM rajasvalA mahApAtakinaM zavaM spRSTvA sacalamambho vagAhottoryAgnimupaspRzya gAyatryaSTazataM japed ghRta prAzya punaH snAtvA trirAcAmet / mitAkSarA, yAja0 330 evaM aparAka, pR0 923 / 4. kaivrtmRgyussyaadhsaunishaakunikaanpi| rajakaM ca tathA spRSTvA snAtvAzanamAcaret // saMvarta (apagarka, pR0 1196) /

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aspRzyatA 169 tathA kucha vanaspatiyoM yA oSadhiyoM ke sparza para snAna kI vyavasthA batAyI hai| Apastamba (2 / 4 / 9 / 5) ne likhA hai ki vaizvadeva ke uparAnta pratyeka gRhastha ko cAhie ki vaha cANDAloM, kuttoM evaM kauoM ko bhojana de| yaha bAta Aja bhI vaizvadeva kI samApti ke uparAnta pAyI jAtI hai| prAcIna hindU loga asvacchatA se mayAkula rahA karate the, ataH kucha vyavasAyoM ko, yathA jhADU dene, carmazodhana, zmazAna-rakSA Adi ko bure evaM asvaccha vyavasAyoM meM ginate the| isa prakAra kA pRthaktva burA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aspRzyatA ke bhItara jo mAnyatA evaM dhAraNA pAyI jAtI hai, vaha mAtra dhArmika evaM kriyA-saMskAra-sambandhI hai| hindU ke ghara meM mAsika-dharma ke samaya mAtA, beTI, bahina, strI, patohU Adi sabhI aspRzya mAnI jAtI haiN| sUtaka ke samaya apanA parama priya mitra bhI aspRzya mAnA jAtA hai| eka vyakti apane putra ko bhI, jisakA yajJopavIta na kiyA gayA ho, bhojana karane ke samaya sparza nahIM krtaa| prAcIna kAla meM bahuta-se vyavasAya vaMzAnukramika the, ataH kramazaH yaha vicAra hI ghara karatA calA gayA ki ve loga, jo aisI jAti ke hote haiM jo gandA vyavasAya karatI hai, janma se hI aspRzya haiN| Aja to sthiti yahA~ taka A gayI hai ki cAhe kucha jAtiyoM ke loga gandA vyavasAya kareM yA na kareM, janma se hI aspRzya mAne jAte haiN| Azcarya hai ! kintu pahale yaha bAta nahIM thii| Adi kAla meM vyavamAya se loga spRzya yA aspRzya mAne jAte the| yaha bAta kucha sImA taka madhya kAla meM bhI pAyI jAtI thI, kyoMki smRtikAroM meM isa viSaya meM mataikya nahIM pAyA jaataa| prAcIna dharmasUtroM ne kevala cANDAla ko hI aspRzya mAnA hai / gautama (4 / 15 evaM 23) ne likhA hai ki cANDAla brAhmaNI se zUdra dvArA utpanna santAna hai ataH vaha pratilomoM meM atyanta gahita pratiloma hai| Apastamba (2 / 1 / 2 / 8-9) ne likhA hai ki cANDAlasparza para savastra snAna karanA cAhie, cANDAla-saMbhASaNa para brAhmaNa se bAta kara lenI cAhie, cANDAla-darzana para sUrya yA candra yA tAroM ko dekha lenA caahie| manu (10 // 36 evaM 51) ne kevala andhra, meda, cANDAla evaM zvapaca ko gA~va ke bAhara tathA antyAvasAyI ko zmazAna meM rahane ko kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki anya hIna jAtiyA~ gAMva meM raha sakatI thiiN| aparArka dvArA uddhRta hArIta kA vacana yoM hai-yadi kisI dvijAti kA koI aMga (sira ko chor3akara) raMgareja, mocI, zikArI, machuA, dhobI, kasAI, naTa, abhinetA jAti ke kisI vyakti, telI, kalavAra (surAjIvI), jallAda, grAmya sUkara yA muragA, kuttA se chU jAya to use usa aMga ko ghokara evaM jalAcamana karake pavitra kara lenA caahie| manu (10 / 13) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi kA spaSTa kahanA hai ki pratilomoM meM kevala cANDAla hI aspRzya hai, anya pratilomoM, yathA sUta, mAgadha, Ayogava, vaidehaka evaM kSattA ke sparza se snAna karanA Avazyaka nhiiN| yahI bAta kullUka meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| manu (5 / 85) evaM aMgirA (152) ne divAkIrti (cANDAla), udakyA (rajasvalA), patita (pApa karane para jo niSkAsita ho gayA ho yA kujAti meM A gayA ho), sUtikA (putrotpatti karane para nArI), zava aura zava ko chU lenevAle ko chUne para snAna kI vyavasthA dI hai| ataH manu ke mata se kevala cANDAla hI aspRzya hai| kintu kAlAntara meM aspRzyatA ne kucha anya jAtiyoM ko bhI sparza kara liyaa| kucha kaTTara smRtikAroM ne to yahA~ taka likha diyA ki zudra ke sparza se dvijoM ko snAna kara lenA caahie| 'aspRzya' zabda kA prayoga viSNudharmasUtra (104) evaM kAtyAyana ne kiyA hai| cANDAloM, mlecchoM, pArasIkoM ko aspRzyoM kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai, yaha bAta uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa ho gayI hogii| atri (267-269) ne likhA hai ki yadi dvija cANDAla, patita, mleccha, surApAtra, rajasvalA ko sparza kara le to (use binA snAna kiye) bhojana 5. yathA cANDAlopasparzane saMbhASAyAM darzane va doSastatra prAyazcittam / avagAhanamapAmupasparzane saMbhASAyAM brAhmaNasambhASaNaM varzane jyotiSAM varzanam / Apastamba 221028-9 / dharma0 22

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170 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nahIM karanA cAhie, yadi bhojana karate samaya sparza ho jAya to bhojana karanA banda kara denA cAhie aura bhojana ko pheMkakara snAna kara lenA caahie| bAta karane ke viSaya meM viSNudharmasUtra ( 22 evaM 76 ) ko dekhie / Ajakala antyajoM meM mlecchoM, dhobiyoM, bA~sa kA kAma karane vAloM (dharakAroM), mallAhoM, naToM ko kucha prAntoM meM aspRzya nahIM mAnA jaataa| yahI bAta meghAtithi evaM kullUka ke samaya meM pAyI jAtI thI / . vibheda kI bhAvanA evaM saMskArocita pavitratA kI dhAraNA ne antyajoM evaM kucha hIna jAtiyoM ko aspRzya banA ddaalaa| prAcIna smRtiyoM se yaha nahIM spaSTa ho pAtA ki cANDAloM kI chAyA apavitra mAnI jAtI rahI hai / manu aura viSNudharmasUtra ( 23 / 52 ) ne likhA hai ki makkhiyoM, hauja kI bUMdoM, (manuSya kI) chAyA, gAya, azva, sUryakiraNa, dhUla, pRthivI, havA evaM agni ko pavitra mAnanA caahie| yAjJavalkya ( 1193 ) evaM mArkaNDeyapurANa (35 / 21 ) meM bhI yaha bAta pAyI jAtI hai / manu (4 / 130) ne likhA hai ki kisI devatA, apane guru, rAjA, snAtaka, apane adhyApaka, bhUrI gAya, vedAdhyAyI kI chAyA ko jAna-bUjhakara pAra nahIM karanA caahie| yahA~ para cANDAla kI chAyA kI koI carcA nahIM huI hai| manu evaM yAjJavalkya ne yaha nahIM likhA hai ki cANDAla kI chAyA apavitra hai / aparArka ne eka zloka uddhRta kiyA haiM jisakA artha yaha hai ki cANDAla yA patita kI chAyA apavitra nahIM hai| Age calakara kramaza: kucha smRtiyoM ne cANDAla kI chAyA ko apavitra mAna liyA aura brAhmaNa ko chAyA sparza se snAna karanA Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 30) ne vyAghrapAda kA zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisakA artha hai ki yadi cANDAla yA patita gAya kI pU~cha ke barAbara kI dUrI para A jAya~ to hameM snAna karanA caahie| kucha aisI hI bAta bRhaspati ne bhI kahI hai| " yAjJavalkya (1 / 194 ) ne likhA hai ki yadi sar3aka para cANDAla cale to vaha candra tathA sUrya kI kiraNoM evaM havA se pavitra ho jAtI hai| unhoMne ( 1 / 197 ) punaH likhA hai ki yadi janamArga yA kacce makAna para cANDAla, kutte evaM kaue A jAyeM to usakI miTTI evaM jala havA ke sparza se pavitra ho jaayNge| isa prakAra ke niyamoM se spaSTa hai ki smRtiyoM ke janamArga sambandhI pratibandha tarkayukta hI haiM, malAvAra ke brAhmaNoM tathA dakSiNa bhArata ke kucha sthAnoM kI bhA~ti ve kaThora nahIM haiN| malAvAra meM ucca varNoM evaM aspRzyoM ke pRthak-pRthak mArga rahe haiN| smRtikAroM ne kucha jAtiyoM kI aspRzyatA ke viSaya meM sAmAnya niyamoM meM apavAda bhI batAye haiN| atri (249) ne likhA hai ki mandira, devayAtrA, vivAha, yajJa evaM sabhI utsavoM meM kisI aspRzya kA sparza aspRzyatA kA dyotaka nahIM ho sktaa| yahI bAta zAtAtapa, bRhaspati Adi ne bhI kahI hai / smRtyarthasAra ne una sthAnoM ke nAma ginAye ataH 6. cANDAlaM patitaM mlecchaM madyabhANDaM rajasvalAm / dvijaH spRSTvA na bhugjIta bhujjAno yadi saMspRzet / paraM na bhugjIta tyaktvAnaM snAnamAcaret // atri 267 - 369 ( AnandAzrama saMskaraNa) / 7. yastu chAyAM zvapAkasya brAhmaNo hyadhirohati / tatra snAnaM prakurvIta ghRtaM prAzya vizuSyati // atri 288289, aMgirA, yAjJa0 3 / 30 meM mitAkSarA dvArA uddhRta, apArka, pRSTha 923; aparArka (pU0 1195 ) ne aisA zloka zAtAtapa kA kahA hai / auzanasasmRti ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| yugaM ca dviyugaM caiva triyugaM ca cturyugm| caNDAlasUtikovakyApatitAnAmaSaH kramAt // bRhaspati (yAjJa0 3 / 30 para mitAkSarA kI vyAkhyA meM uddhRta); sUtikApatitobakyAcaNDAlazca caturthakaH / yathAkramaM pariharebekadvitricaturthakam // vyAsa (smRticandrikA, bhAga 1, pRSTha 17 meM uddhRta) / 8. devayAtrAvivAheSu yajJaprakaraNeSu ca / utsaveSu ca sarveSu spRSTAspRSTinaM vidyate / / atri 249 / grAme lu yatra saMspRSTiryAtrAyAM kalahAdiSu / grAmasandUSaNe caiva spRSTidoSo na vidyate // zAtAtapa (smRticandrikA, bhAga 1, pR0 119 meM uddhRta) |

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aspRzyatA 171 haiM jahA~ chuAchUta kA koI bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA-saMgrAma meM, hATa (bAjAra) ke mArga meM, dhArmika julUsoM, mandiroM, utsavoM, yajJoM, pUta sthaloM, ApattiyoM meM, grAma yA deza para AkramaNa hone para, bar3e jalAza ya ke kinAre, mahAn puruSoM kI upasthiti meM, acAnaka agni laga jAne para yA mahAn vipatti par3ane para sparzAsparza para dhyAna nahIM diyA jaataa|' smRtyarthasAra ne aspRzyoM dvArA mandira-praveza kI bAta bhI likhI hai, yaha Azcarya kA viSaya hai| viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 104) ke anusAra tIna ucca vargoM kA sparza karane para aspRzya ko pITe jAne kA daNDa milatA thaa| kintu yAjJavalkya (2 / 234) ne cANDAla dvArA aisA kiye jAne para kevala 100 paNa ke daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai| aspRzyoM ke kuoM yA baratanoM meM pAnI pIne para, unakA diyA huA pakA-pakAyA yA binA pakAyA huA bhojana grahaNa karane para, unake sAtha rahane para yA achUta nArI ke sAtha saMbhoga karane para zuddhi aura prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai, jise hama prAyazcitta ke prakaraNa meM pddh'eNge| tathAkathita achUta loga pUjA kara sakate the| jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki pratiloma loga dharmahIna haiM (yAjJa0 1293, gautama 4 / 10) to isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ve upanayana Adi vaidika kriyA-saMskAra nahIM kara sakate; vAstava meM ve devatAoM kI pUjA kara sakate the| nirNayasindhu dvArA uddhRta devIpurANa ke eka zloka se jJAta hotA hai ki antyaja loga bhairava kA mandira banA sakate the| bhAgavata purANa (1070) meM AyA hai ki antyAvasAyI loga hari ke nAma yA stutiyoM ko sunakara unake nAma kA kIrtanakara, unakA dhyAna kara pavitra ho sakate haiM, kintu jo unakI mUrtiyoM ko dekheM yA sparza kareM ve apekSAkRta adhika pavitra ho sakate haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM AlavAra vaiSNava santoM meM tiruppANa AlavAra achUta jAti ke the aura nammAlavAra to vellAla the| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 162) ne likhA hai ki pratiloma jAtiyAM (jinameM cANDAla bhI sammilita haiM) vrata kara sakatI haiN| svatantra bhArata meM anya sAmAjika praznoM evaM samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke sAtha aspRzyatA ke prazna kA bhI samAdhAna hotA jA rahA hai| mahAtmA gAndhI ke prayatnoM ke phalasvarUpa harijanoM ko rAjanItika suvidhAe~ prApta huI haiN| Aja unheM bahuta bar3hAvA diyA jAne lagA hai| rAjakIya kAnUnoM ke bala para harijana loga mandira-praveza bhI kara rahe haiN| AzA kI jAtI hai ki kucha varSoM meM aspRzyatA nAmaka kalaMka bhArata deza se miTa jaaygaa| 9. saMgrAme haTTamArge ca yAtrAdevagRheSu c| utsavakratutIryeSu viplave graamdeshyoH|| mahAjalasamIpeSu mahAjanabareSu c| agnyutpAte mahApatsu spRSTAspRSTirna duSyati // prApyakArIndriyaM spaSTamaspRSTi vitarendriyam / tayozca viSayaM prAhuH spRSTAspRSTyabhiSAnataH // smRtyarthasAra, pR0 79 / / 10. ataH strIzUdrayoH pratilomajAnAM ca traivarNikavad vratAdhikAra iti siddham / yattu gautamavacanaM pratilomA dharmahInA iti, tdupnynaadivishissttdhrmaabhipraaym| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 3 / 262) /

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adhyAya 5 dAsaprathA purAkAlIna sabhI dezoM aura tathAkathita unnata evaM sabhya rASTroM ke sAmAjika tathA Arthika jIvana meM dAsaprathA yA gulAmI eka sthAyI prathA ke rUpa se pracalita thii| bebIlona, misra, yUnAna, roma tathA anya yUropIya rASTroM meM dAsatva pAyA jAtA thaa|' iMglaiNDa evaM saMyakta rAjya amerikA ne dAmoM ke vyApAra meM amAnaSikatA kA jaghanya udAharaNa upasthita kara diyaa| itihAsa, samAja-zAstra, AcAra-zAstra, mAnava-zAstra Adi sAmAjika viSayoM ke vidvAnoM se yaha bAta chipI nahIM hai ki apane ko ati sabhya kahanevAle IsAI deza iMglaiNDa evaM amerikA ne dAsoM ke vyApAra dvArA mAnavatA kA hanana yugoM taka kiyaa| ve bar3I nRzaMsatA ke sAtha aphrIkA ke mUla nivAsiyoM ko jahAjoM meM bharabharakara yatra-tatra le gaye aura khAnoM evaM khetoM meM kAma karane ke lie unakA kraya-vikraya kiyaa| adhikAMza ve jalamArga meM hI mara jAte the aura jo bacate unako pazuoM ke samAna rakhA jAtA thaa| Adhunika yuga meM dAsatA kA yaha udAharaNa samya mAnavatA kA kalaMka hai| Azcarya to yaha hai ki dAsatva ko isa prathA para masIha ke dharmAvalambI rASTroM ne rAjakIya muhara de DAlI aura parama Azcarya yaha hai ki kRpAlu evaM karaNa bhAvaprerita IsAI dharma ke bahuta-se ThekedAroM ne, jinameM kaitholika evaM proTesTeMTa donoM sammilita the, isa prathA ko mAnyatA dI! 2 briTiza rAjya meM san 1833 meM tathA briTiza bhArata meM san 1843 meM dAsaprathA ke viruddha niyama svIkRta hue| . hamane bahuta pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki Rgveda kA 'dAsa' zabda AryoM ke zatruoM ke lie prayukta huA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki jaba dAsa loga parAjita hokara bandI ho gaye to ve gulAma ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gye| Rgveda ke kaI mantroM meM dAsatva kI jhalaka milatI hai; "tU ne mujhe eka sau gadhoM, eka sau Una vAlI bher3oM aura eka sau dAsoM kI bheTa 1. prAkkAlIna logoM dvArA dAsatva (gulAmI kI prathA) jIvana kA eka sthira evaM svIkRta tatva mAnA jAtA thA aura taba isameM koI naitika samasyA nahIM ulajhI huI thii| bebIlIna kSetra kI sumera saMskRti meM dAsatA eka svIkRta saMsthA mAnI jAtI thI, jaisA ki IsA-pUrva cauthI zatAbdI ke sumera-vidhAna se patA calatA hai| dekhie, inasAiklopIDiyA Apha sozala sAiMseja, bhAga 14, pR074 / 2. "This system of slavery, which at least in the British Colonies and slave states surpassed in cruelty the slavery of any pagan country ancient and modern, was not only recognised by Christian Governments, but was supported by the large bulk of the clergy, Catholic and Protestant alike." Vide "Origin and Development of the moral ideas" Vol. I, p. 711 (1912) by Westermarck.

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dAsaprathA 173 dI" (R0 8 // 56 // 3) / isa prakAra kaI udAharaNa prastuta kiye jA sakate haiN|' taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 2 / 6 / 3; 7 / 5 / 10 / 1) eva upaniSadoM meM bhI dAsiyoM kI carcA hai / aitareya brAhmaNa (3918) meM AyA hai ki eka rAjA ne rAjyAbhiSeka karAnevAle purohita ko 10,000 dAsiyA~ evaM 10,000 hAthI diye| kaThopaniSad (111125) meM bhI dAsiyoM kI carcA hai| vahadAraNyakopaniSad (414123) meM AyA hai ki janaka ne yAjJavalkya se brahmavidyA sIkha lene ke pazcAt uname kahA ki "maiM videhoM ke sAtha apane ko Apa ke lie dAsa hone ke hetu dAna-svarUpa de rahA huuN|" chAndogyopaniSad meM AyA hai--"isa saMsAra meM loga gAyoM evaM ghor3oM, hAthiyoM evaM sone, patniyoM evaM dAsiyoM, khetoM evaM gharoM ko mahimA kahate haiM (7 / 24 / 2) / " isI prakAra chAndogyopaniSad ke 5 / 13 / 2 tathA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke 6 / 27 meM bhI dAsiyoM kI carcA hai| ina carcAoM se patA calatA hai ki vaidika kAla meM puruSa evaM nAriyoM kA dAna huA karatA thA aura bheTasvarUpa diye gaye loga dAsa mAne jAte the| ___ yadyapi mana (1191 evaM 81413 evaM 414) ne Adezita kiyA hai ki zUdroM kA mukhya kartavya hai ucca varNoM kI mevA karanA. kintu imame yaha nahIM spaSTa ho pAtA ki zudra dAsa haiN| jaimini (676) ne zUdra ke dAna kI AjJA nahIM dI hai| gRhyasUtroM meM mAnanIya atithiyoM ke caraNa dhone ke lie dAsoM ke prayoga kI carcA huI hai, kintu svAmI ko dAsoM ke sAtha mAnavIya vyavahAra karane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 9 / 11) meM AyA hai ki acAnaka atithi ke A jAne para apane ko, strI yA putra ko bhUkhA rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu usa dAsa ko nahIM, jo sevA karatA hai| mahAbhArata meM dAsoM evaM dAsiyoM ke dAna kI prabhUta carcA huI hai (mabhAparva 52 / 45; vanaparva 233 / 43 evaM virATaparva 18121 meM 88000 snAtakoM meM pratyeka snAtaka ke lie 30 dAsiyoM ke dAna kI carcA hai)| vanya ne atri ko eka sahasra sundara dAsiyA~ dI (vanaparva 185 / 34; droNaparva 5745-9) / manu (8 / 299-300) ne zArIrika daNDa kI vyavasthA meM dAsa evaM putra ko eka hI zreNI meM rakhA hai| megasthanIja ne dAsatva ke viSaya meM carcA nahIM kI hai| vaha apane deza yUnAna ke dAsoM se bhalI bhA~ti paricita thA, ataH yadi bhArata meM una dinoM, arthAt IsApUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM, dAsoM kI bahulatA hotI to vaha bhAratIya dAsoM kI carcA avazya krtaa| usane likhA hai ki bhAratIya dAsa nahIM rakhate (dekhie maikriDila, pR0 71 evaM sTraibo 15 / 1154) / kintu una dinoM dAsa the, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai| azoka ne apane naveM zilAbhilekha ke prajJApana meM dAsoM evaM naukaroM kI spaSTa carcA kI hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra (3 // 13) meM dAsoM kI mahattvapUrNa vyavasthAoM ke 3. zataM me gardabhAnAM zatamUrNAvatInAm / zataM dAsAM ati ljH|| R0 856 // 3; yo me hiraNyasandRzo daza rAko amaMhata / apaspadA indhasya kRSTayazcamamnA abhito jnaaH|| R0 8 / 5 / 38, adAnme paurukutsyaH paJcAzataM asavara puurvmuunaam| 10 8 / 19 / 36 / 4. upakumbhAnaSiniSAya dAsyo mArjAlIyaM parinRtyanti pado nimnatIrivaM maSu gAyantyo madhuvai devAnAM paramamannAtham / te0 sN075|10|1; Atmano vA eSa mAtrAmApnoti yo ubhayAvatpratigRhNAtyazvaM vA puruSa vA vaizvAnaraM dvAdazakapAlaM nirvapevubhayAvatpratigRhya / te0 saM0 2 / 2 / 6 / 3, sohaM bhagavate videhAn dadAmi mAM cApi saha daasyaay| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 4 / 4 / 23; go-azvamiha mahimetyAcakSate hastihiraNyaM dAsabhArya kSetrANyAyatanAnIti / chAndogyo. paniSat // 24 // 2 //

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174 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa viSaya meM varNana hai| kauTilya ne kaI prakAra ke dAsoM kA varNana kiyA hai, yathA-dhvajAhRta (yuddha meM bandI), AtmavikrayI (apane ko becanevAlA), udaradAsa (yA garbhadAsa, jo dAsa dvArA dAsI se utpanna ho), Ahitika (RNa ke) kAraNa banA huA), daNDaprANita (rAjadaNDa ke kaarnn)| manu ne sAta prakAra ke dAsoM kA varNana kiyA hai, yathA-(1) yuddhabandI, (2) bhojana ke lie banA huA, (3) dAsIputra, (4) kharIdA huA, (5) mAtA yA pitA dvArA diyA huA, (6) vasIyata meM prApta, (7) rAjadaNDa bhugatAna ke lie banA huA (manu 81415) / nArada (abhyupetyAzuzrUSA) evaM kAtyAyana ne dAsatva ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha likhA hai| nArada ne zuzrUSaka (jo dUsare kI sevA karatA hai) ko pA~ca vargoM meM bA~TA hai-(1) vaidika chAtra, (2) antevAsI (navasikhuvA), (3) adhikarmakRt (meTa yA kAma karanevAloM ko dekhanevAlA), (4) mRtaka (naukara, vetana para kAma karanevAlA) evaM (5) daas| inameM prathama cAra ko karmakara kahA jAtA thA aura ve sabhI pavitra kAmoM ko karane ke lie bulAye jAte nta dAsoM ko sabhI prakAra ke kArya karane paDate the, yathA ghara bahAranA,gande gaDaDhoM. mArga, gobara-sthaloM ko svaccha karanA, guptAMgoM ko khujalAnA yA sparza karanA, malamUtra pheMkanA Adi (zloka 67) / nArada ne dAsoM ke 15 prakAra batAye haiM, yathA (1) ghara meM utpanna, (2) kharIdA huA, (3) dAna yA kisI anya prakAra se prApta, (4) vasIyata meM prApta, (5) akAla meM rakSita, (6) kisI anya svAmI dvArA pratizruta, (7) bar3e RNa se yukta, (8) yuddhabandI, (9) bAjI meM vijita, (10) 'maiM ApakA hU~' kahakara dAsatva grahaNa karanevAlA, (11) saMnyAsa se cyuta, (12) jo apane se kucha dinoM ke lie dAsa bane, (13) bhojana ke lie banA huA, (14) dAsI ke prema se AkRSTa dAsa (baDavAhRta) evaM (15) apane ko beca denevaalaa| nArada (zloka 30) evaM yAjJavalkya (21182) ne dAsoM ke viSaya meM eka vidhAna yaha batAyA hai ki yadi ve apane svAmI ko kisI Asanna prANalevA kaThinAI se bacA leM to ve chUTa sakate haiM aura (nArada ne jor3a diyA hai) putra kI bhAMti vasIyata meM bhAga pA sakate haiN| saMnyAsapatita vyakti rAjA kA dAsa hotA hai (yAjJa0 2 / 183) / yAjJavalkya (21183) tathA nArada (39) ke mata se varNoM ke anusAra hI dAsa bana sakate haiM, yathA brAhmaNa ke atirikta tInoM varNa brAhmaNa ke, vaizya yA zUdra kSatriya ke dAsa ho sakate haiM, kintu kSatriya kisI vaizya yA zUdra kA yA vaizya zUdra kA dAsa nahIM ho sktaa| kAtyAyana ke anusAra brAhmaNa kisI brAhmaNa kA bhI dAsa nahIM ho sakatA, kintu yadi vaha honA hI cAhe to kisI caritravAn evaM vaidika brAhmaNa kA hI, aura vaha bhI kevala pavitra kArya karane ke lie ho sakatA hai| kAtyAyana ne yaha bhI likhA hai (721) ki saMnyAsa-cyuta brAhmaNa ko rAjya se nikAla bAhara karanA cAhie, kintu saMnyAsa-bhraSTa kSatriya evaM vaizya vyakti rAjA kA dAsa hotA hai| dakSa (7 / 33) ne to yaha bhI likhA hai ki saMnyAsa-cyuta brAhmaNa ke mastaka para kutte ke paira kA cihna aMkita kara denA caahie| __kauTilya (3 / 13) evaM kAtyAyana (723) ke anusAra yadi svAmI dAsI se maithuna kare aura santAnotpatti ho jAya to dAsI evaM putra ko dAsatva se chuTakArA mila jAtA hai| vyavahAramayUkha (pR0 114) meM AyA hai ki yadi goda liye gaye vyaktiyoM ke cUDAkaraNa evaM upanayana saMskAra 5. mlecchAnAmadoSaH prajA vikretumAdhAtuM vA / na tvevAryasya vaasbhaavH| kauTilya 3 // 13 / 6. svatantrasyAtmano dAnAd dAsatvaM dAsava bhRguH| triSu varNeSu vijJeyaM dAsyaM viprasya na kvacit // varNAnAmAnulomyena dAsyaM na pratilomataH / aparAka (pR0786) dvArA uddhRta kAtyAyana; milAie nArada (abhyu. 39) /

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dAsaprathA goda lenevAle ke gotra ke anusAra hue hoM to ve goda lenevAle ke putra hote haiM, anyathA aise loga goda lenevAle ke dAsa hote haiM / 175 nArada (RNAdAna, 12) evaM kAtyAyana ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki kisI vaidika chAtra, zikSArthI, dAsa, strI, naukara yA karmakara (majadUra) dvArA apane kuTumba ke bharaNa-poSaNArtha liyA gayA dhana gRhasvAmI ko denA cAhie, bhale hI yaha dhana usakI anupasthiti meM hI kyoM na liyA gayA ho / bhanu ( 8170 ) evaM uzanA ne anya gavAhoM ke abhAva meM nAbAliga, bUr3he AdamI, strI, chAtra, sage sambandhI, dAsa evaM naukara ko bhI gavAha mAnA hai /

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adhyAya 6 saMskAra 'saMskAra' zabda prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM nahIM milatA, kintu 'sam' ke sAtha 'kR' dhAtu tathA 'saMskRta zabda bahudhA mila jAte haiN| Rgveda (576 / 2) meM 'saMskRta' zabda dharma (baratana) ke lie prayukta huA hai, yayA "donoM azvin pavitra hue baratana ko hAni nahIM phuNcaate|" Rgveda (6 / 28 / 4) meM saMskRtatra' tathA (8139 / 9) 'raNAya saMskRtaH' zabda prayukta hue haiN| zatapatha-brAhmaNa meM (1 / 1 / 4 / 10) AyA hai-'sa idaM devebhyo haviH saMskuru sAdhu saMskRtaM saMskuvityevaitadAha / punaH vahIM (3 / 2 / 1 / 22) AyA hai--'tasmAdu strI pumAMsaM saMskRte tiSThantamamyeti', arthAt 'ataH strI kisI saMskRta (sugaThita) ghara meM khar3e puruSa ke pAsa pahuMcatI haiM' (dekhie isI prakAra ke prayoga meM vAjasaneyI sahitA 4134) / chAndogyopaniSad meM AyA hai-'tasmAdeSa evaM yajJastasya manazca vAk ca vrtinii| tayoranyatarAM manasA saMskaroti brahmA vAcA hotA' (4 / 16 / 1-2), arthAt 'usa yajJa kI do vidhiyA~ haiM, mana se yA vANI se, brahmA unameM se eka ko apane mana se banAtA yA camakAtA hai| jaimini ke sUtroM meM saMskAra zabda aneka bAra AyA hai (3 / 1 / 3; 3 / 2 / 15; 31813; 9 / 2 / 9; 42,44,; 9 / 3 / 25; 9 / 4 / 33; 9 / 4 / 50 evaM 54; 10 / 1 / 2 evaM 11 Adi) aura sabhI sthaloM para yaha yajJa ke pavitra yA nirmala kArya ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, yathA jyotiSToma yajJa meM sira ke keza muMDAne, dA~ta svaccha karane, nAkhUna kaTAne ke artha meM (3 / 8 / 3); yA prokSaNa (jala chir3akane) ke artha meM (9 / 3 / 25), aadi| jaimini ke 6 / 1 / 35 meM 'saMskAra' zabda upanayana ke lie prayukta huA hai| 3 / 113 kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ne 'saMskAra' zabda kA artha batAyA hai ki "saMskAro nAma sa bhavati yasminjAte padArtho bhavati yogyaH kasyacidarthasya", arthAt saMskAra vaha hai jisake hone se koI padArtha yA vyakti kisI kArya ke lie yogya ho jAtA hai| tantravArtika ke anusAra "yogyatAM cAdadhAnA: kriyAH saMskArA ityucyante", arthAt saMskAra ve kriyAe~ tathA rItiyA~ haiM jo yogyatA pradAna karatI haiN| yaha yogyatA do prakAra kI hotI hai| pApa-mocana se utpanna yogyatA tathA navIna guNoM se utpanna yogytaa| saMskAroM se navIna guNoM kI prApti tathA tapa se pApoM yA doSoM kA mArjana hotA hai| vIramitrodaya ne saMskAra kI paribhASA yoM kI hai-yaha eka vilakSaNa yogyatA hai jo zAstravihita kriyAoM ke karane se utpanna hotI hai |.....yh yogyatA do prakAra kI hai--(1) jisake dvArA vyakti anya kriyAoM (yathA upanayana saMskAra se vedAdhyayana Arambha hotA hai) ke yogya ho jAtA hai, tathA (2) doSa (yathA jAtakarma saMskAra se vIrya evaM garbhAzaya kA doSa mocana hotA hai) se mukta ho jAtA hai| saMskAra zabda gRhyasUtroM meM nahIM milatA (vaikhAnasa meM milatA hai), kintu yaha dharmasUtroM meM AyA hai (dekhie gautamadharmasUtra 88; ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 119 evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra 4 / 1) / saMskAroM ke vivecana meM hama nimna bAtoM para vicAra kareMge---saMskAroM kA uddezya, saMskAroM kI koTiyA~, saMskAroM kI saMkhyA, pratyeka saMskAra kI vidhi tathA ve vyakti jo unheM kara sakate haiM evaM ve vyakti jinake lie ve kiye jAte haiN| saMskAroM kA uddezya-manu (2 / 27-28) ke anusAra dvijAtiyoM meM mAtA-pitA ke vIrya evaM garbhAzaya ke doSoM ko garbhAdhAna-samaya ke homa tathA jAtakarma (janma ke samaya ke saMskAra) se, caula (muNDana saMskAra) se tathA mUMja

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saMskAra 177 kI mekhalA pahanane (upanayana) se dUra kiyA jAtA hai| vedAdhyayana, vrata, homa, traividya vrata, pUjA, santAnotpatti, paMcamahAyajJoM tathA vaidika yajJoM se mAnavazarIra brahma-prApti ke yogya banAyA jAtA hai / yAjJavalkya (1 / 13 ) kA mata hai ki saMskAra karane se bIja- garbha se utpanna doSa miTa jAte haiN| nibandhakAroM tathA vyAkhyAkAroM ne manu evaM yAjJavalkya kI ina bAtoM ko kaI prakAra se kahA hai / saMskAratattva meM uddhRta hArIta' ke anusAra jaba koI vyakti garbhAdhAna kI vidhi ke anusAra saMbhoga karatA hai, to vaha apanI patnI meM vedAdhyayana ke yogya bhrUNa sthApita karatA hai, puMsavana saMskAra dvArA vaha garma ko puruSa yA nara banAtA hai, sImantonnayana saMskAra dvArA mAtA-pitA se utpanna doSa dUra karatA hai, bIja, rakta evaM bhrUNa se utpanna doSa jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, cUr3AkaraNa evaM samAvartana se dUra hote haiN| ina ATha prakAra ke saMskAroM se, arthAt garbhArSAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, cUr3AkaraNa evaM samAvartana se pavitratA kI utpatti hotI hai / yadi hama saMskAroM kI saMkhyA para dhyAna deM to patA calegA ki unake uddezya aneka the| upanayana jaise saMskAroM kA sambandha thA AdhyAtmika evaM sAMskRtika uddezyoM se, unase guNasampanna vyaktiyoM se samparka sthApita hotA thA, vedAdhyayana kA mArga khulatA thA tathA aneka prakAra kI suvidhAe~ prApta hotI thii| unukA manovaijJAnika mahatva bhI thA, saMskAra karanevAlA vyakti eka naye jIvana kA Arambha karatA thA, jisake lie vaha niyamoM ke pAlana ke lie pratizruta hotA thA / nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana evaM niSkramaNa aise saMskAroM kA kevala laukika mahattva thA, unase kevala pyAra, sneha evaM utsavoM kI pradhAnatA mAtra jhalakatI hai| garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana aise saMskAroM kA mahattva rahasyAtmaka evaM pratIkAtmaka thA / vivAha-saMskAra kA mahatva thA do vyaktiyoM ko Atmanigraha, Atma-tyAga evaM paraspara sahayoga kI bhUmi para lAkara samAja ko calate jAne denA / saMskAroM kI koTiyA~ hArIta ke anusAra saMskAroM kI To koTiyA~ haiM; (1) brAhma evaM (2) deva / garbhAdhAna aise saMskAra jo kevala smRtiyoM meM varNita haiM, brAhma kahe jAte haiN| inako sampAdita karanevAle loga RSiyoM ke samakakSa A jAte haiM / pAkayajJa ( pakAye hue bhojana kI AhutiyA~), yajJa ( homAhutiyA~) evaM somayajJa Adi daiva saMskAra kahe jAte haiN| zrItasUtroM meM antima do kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai aura unakA varNana hama yahA~ nahIM kareMge / saMskAroM kI saMkhyA - saMskAroM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM smRtikAroM meM matabheda rahA hai| gautama ( 8114-24) ne 40 saMskAroM evaM AtmA ke ATha zIla-guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai / 40 saMskAra ye haiM- garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, caula, upanayana (kula 8), veda ke 4 vrata, snAna ( yA samAvartana), vivAha, paMca mahAyajJa (deva, pitR, manuSya, bhUta evaM brahma ke lie), 7 pAkayajJa (aSTakA, pArvaNa-sthAlIpAka, zrAddha, zrAvaNI, AgrahAyaNI, caitrI, AzvayujI ), 7 haviryajJa jinameM homa hotA hai, kintu soma nahIM (agnaghAghAna, agnihotra, darzapUrNamAsa, AgrayaNa, cAturmAsya, nirUDhapazubandha evaM sautrAmaNI), 7 somayajJa (agniSToma, atyagniSToma ukthya, SoDazI, vAjapeya, atirAtra, AryAma) / zaMkha evaM mitAkSarA ( 214 ) kI subodhinI gautama kI saMkhyA ko mAnate haiM / vaikhAnasa ne 18 zArIra saMskAroM ke nAma ginAyeM haiM (jinameM utthAna, pravAsAgamana, piNDavardhana bhI sammilita haiM, jinheM kahIM bhI saMskAroM kI koTi meM nahIM ginA gayA hai) tathA 22 yajJoM kA varNana kiyA hai (paMca Ahnika yajJa, sAta pAkayajJa, sAta haviryajJa evaM sAta 1. garbhAdhAnavadupeto brahmagarbha saMdadhAti / puMsavanAtpuMsIkaroti / phalasthApanAnmAtApitRjaM pApmAnamapohati / raitIraktagarbhApaghAtaH paJcaguNo jAtakarmaNaH prathamamapohati nAmakaraNena dvitIyaM prAzanena tRtIyaM cUDAkaraNena caturtha snApanena paJcamametairaSTAbhiH saMskAragaMbhaghAtAt pUto bhavatIti / saMskAratattva ( pR0 857) / dharma 0 23

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178 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa somayana; yahA~ paMca Ahnika yajJoM ko eka hI mAnA gayA hai, aMtaH kula milAkara 22 yajJa hue)| gRhyasUtroM, dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM adhikAMza itanI lambI saMkhyA nahIM miltii| aMgirA ne (saMskAramayUkha evaM saMskAraprakAza tathA anya nibandhoM meM uddhRta) 25 saMskAra ginAye haiN| inameM gautama ke garbhAdhAna se lekara pAMca Ahika yajJoM (jinheM aMgirA ne Age calakara eka hI saMskAra ginA hai) taka tathA nAmakaraNa ke uparAnta niSkramaNa jor3A gayA hai| inake atirikta aMgirA ne viSNubali, AgrayaNa, aSTakA, zrAvaNI, AzvayujI, mArgazIrSI (AgrahAyaNI ke samAna), pArvaNa, utsarga evaM upAkarma ko zeSa saMskAroM meM ginA hai| vyAsa (1114-15) ne 16 saMskAra ginAye haiN| manu, yAjJavalkya, viSNudharmasUtra ne koI saMkhyA nahIM dI hai, pratyuta niSeka (garbhAdhAna) se zmazAna (antyeSTi) taka ke saMskAroM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| gautama evaM kaI gRhyasUtroM ne antyeSTi ko ginA hI nahIM hai| nibandhoM meM adhikAMza ne solaha pramukha saMskAroM kI saMkhyA dI hai, yathA--garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana, viSNubali, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, niSkramaNa, annaprAzana, cola, upanayana, vedavrata-catuSTaya, samAvartana evaM vivaah| smRticandrikA dvArA uddhRta jAtUkame meM ye 16 saMskAra varNita haiM-garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, sImanta, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, caula, maujI (upanayana), vrata (4), godAna, samAvartana, vivAha evaM antyesstti| vyAsa kI dI huI tAlikA se isameM kucha antara hai| gRhyasUtroM meM saMskAroM kA varNana do anukramoM meM huA hai| adhikAMza vivAha se Arambha kara samAvartana taka cale Ate haiN| hiraNyakezigRhya, bhAradvAjagRhya evaM mAnavagRhyasUtra upanayana se Arambha karate haiN| kucha saMskAra, yathA karNavedha evaM vidyArambha gRhyasUtroM meM nahIM varNita haiN| ye kucha kAlAntara vAlI smRtiyoM evaM purANoM meM hI ullikhita hae haiN| aba hama nIce saMskAroM kA ati saMkSipta vivaraNa upasthita kreNge| Rtu-saMgamana-vaikhAnasa (111) ne ise garbhAdhAna se pRthak saMskAra mAnA hai| yaha ise niSeka bhI kahatA hai (6 / 2) aura isakA varNana 3 / 9 meM karatA hai| garbhAdhAna kA varNana 3310 meM huA hai| vaikhAnasa ne saMskAroM kA varNana niSeka se Arambha kiyA hai| ___ garbhAdhAna (niSeka), caturthIkarma yA homa-manu (2 / 16 evaM 26), yAjJavalkya (1 / 10-11), viSNudharmasUtra (2 / 3 evaM 27 / 1) ne niSeka ko garbhAdhAna ke samAna mAnA hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1118-19), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 11) tathA ApastambagRhyasUtra (8310-11) ke mata meM caturthI-karma yA caturthI-homa kI kriyA vaisI hI hotI hai jo anyatra garbhAdhAna meM pAyI jAtI hai tathA garbhAdhAna ke lie pRthak varNana nahIM pAyA jaataa| kintu baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (4 / 6 / 1), kAThakagRhyasUtra (3018), gautama (8114) evaM yAjJavalkya (1311) meM garbhAdhAna zabda kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| vaikhAnasa (3 / 10) ke anusAra garbhAdhAna kI saMskAra-kriyA niSeka yA Rtu-saMgamana (mAsika pravAha ke uparAnta vivAhita jor3e ke saMbhoga) ke uparAnta kI jAtI hai aura vaha garbhAdhAna ko dRDha karatI hai| puMsavana-yaha sabhI gRhyasUtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai; gautama evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 11) meM bhii| garbharakSaNa--zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 21) meM isakI carcA huI hai| yaha anavalobhana ke samAna hai jo AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 13 / 1) ke anusAra upaniSad meM varNita hai aura AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 13 / 5-7) ne jisakA svayaM varNana kiyA hai| sImantonnayana-yaha saMskAra sabhI dharmazAstra-granthoM meM ullikhita hai| yAjJavalkya (1 / 11) ne kevala sImanta zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| viSNubali-isakI carcA baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 10 / 13-17 tathA 111112), vaikhAnasa (3 / 13) evaM aMgirA ne kI hai kintu gautama tathA anya prAcIna sUtrakAroM ne isakI carcA nahIM kI hai| soSyantI-karma yA homa-khAdira evaM gobhila dvArA yaha ullikhita hai| ise kAThakagRhyasUtra meM sodhyantI-savana,

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saMskAra 179 ApastambagRhyasUtra evaM bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra meM kSiprasuvana tathA hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra meM kSiprasavana kahA gayA hai| budhammRti (saMskAraprakAza meM uddhRta, pR0 139) meM bhI isakI carcA hai| jAtakarma-isakI carcA samau sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM huI hai| utthAna-kevala vaikhAnasa (318) evaM zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1125) ne isakI carcA kI hai| nAmakaraNa--sabhI smRtiyoM meM varNita hai| niSkramaNa yA upaniSkramaNa yA AdityadarzanaM yA nirNayana-yAjJavalkya (2011) pAramkaggRhyasUtra (1 / 17) tathA manu (2 / 34) ne ise krama se niSkramaNa, niSkramaNikA tathA niSkramaNa kahA hai| kintu kauzikamUtra (58 / 18), baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 2), mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 19 / 1) ne krama me ise nirNayana, upaniSkramaNa evaM Adityadarzana kahA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (27 / 10) evaM zaMkha (215) ne bhI ime Adityadarzana kahA hai / gautama. ApastambagRhyasUtra tathA kucha anya sUtra isakA nAma hI nahIM lete| karNaveSa--sabhI prAcIna sUtroM meM isakA nAma nahIM aataa| vyAsammati (1 / 10). baudhAyanagRhyopamUtra (1 / 12 / 1) evaM kAtyAyana-sUtra ne isakI carcA kI hai| annaprAzana--prAyaH sabhI smRtiyoM ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| varSavardhana yA ambapUrti--gobhila, zAMkhAyana, pAraskara evaM baudhAyana ne imakA nAma liyA hai| caula yA cUDAkarma yA cUDAkaraNa--mabhI smRtiyoM meM varNita hai| vidyArambha---kisI bhI smRti meM varNita nahIM hai, kevala apagarka evaM smRticandrikA dAga uddhRta mArkaNDeya purANa meM ullikhita hai| upanayana--sabhI smRtiyoM meM varNita hai| vyAsa (1 / 14) ne usakA bratAdeza nAma diyA hai| vrata (cAra)--adhikAMzatayA sabhI gRhyasUtroM meM varNita haiN| kezAnta yA nodAna---adhikAMzataH sabhI dharmazAstra-granthoM meM ullikhita hai| samAvartana yA snAna--ina donoM ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| manu (3 / 4) ne chAtra-jIvanoparAnta ke snAna ko samAvartana se bhinna mAnA hai / gautama, ApastambagRhyasUtra (5 / 12-13), hiraNyakezigRhyamUtra (11911), yAnavalvama (1051), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (216-7) ne snAna zabda ko donoM arthAta chAtra-jIvana ke uparAnta mnAna tathA guru-gRha se lauTane kI kriyA ke artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| kintu AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3.81), vAMdhAyanagRhyasUtra (2061), zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 1) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 7 / 15 evaM 31) ne mamAvartana gabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vivAha-sabhI meM saMskAra rUpa meM varNita hai| mahAyajJa-prati dina ke pAMca yajJoM ke nAma gautama, aMgirA tathA anya granthoM meM Ate haiN| utsarga (vedAdhyayana kA kisI-kisI Rtu meM tyAga)--vaikhAnasa (11) evaM aMgirA ne ise mamkAra rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA hai| upAkarma (vedAdhyayana kA vArSika Arambha)--vaikhAnasa (111) evaM aMgirA meM varNita hai| antyeSTi--manu (2016) evaM yAjJavalkya (1110) ne isakI carcA kI hai| zAstroM meM aisA AyA hai ki jAtakarma se lekara cUDAkarma taka ke saMskAroM ke kRtya dvijAtiyoM ke puruSavarga meM vaidika mantroM ke sAtha kintu nArI-varga meM binA vaidika mantroM ke kiye jAyeM (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 1 / 12, 1 / 16 / 6, 1 / 17 / 18; manu 2166 evaM yAjJavalkya 1113) / kintu tIna ucca vargoM ke nArI-varga ke vivAha meM vaidika mantroM kA prayoga hotA hai (mana 2167 evaM yAjJavalkya 1 / 13) /

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18. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa saMskAra evaM varNa-dvijAtiyoM meM garbhAdhAna se lekara upanayana taka ke saMskAra anivArya mAne gaye haiM tathA snAna evaM vivAha nAmaka saMskAra anivArya nahIM haiM, kyoMki eka vyakti chAtra-jIvana ke uparAnta saMnyAsI bhI ho sakatA hai (jaabaalopnissd)| saMskAraprakAza ne klIba baccoM ke lie saMskAroM kI AvazyakatA nahIM mAnI hai| ___ kyA zUdroM ke lie koI saMskAra hai ? vyAsa ne kahA hai ki zUdra loga binA vaidika mantroM ke garmAdhAna, puMsavana, sImantonnayana, jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, niSkramaNa, annaprAzana, caula, karNavedha evaM vivAha nAmaka saMskAra kara sakate haiN| kintu baijavApagRhyasUtra meM garbhAdhAna (niSeka) se lekara caula taka ke sAta saMskAra zUdroM ke lie mAnya haiN| aparArka (yAjJa. 1111-12 para) ke anusAra arbhAdhAna se caula taka ke ATha saMskAra sabhI vargoM ke lie (zUdroM ke lie bhI) mAnya haiN| kintu madanaratna, rUpanArAyaNa tathA nirNayasindhu meM uddhRta harihara bhASya ke mata se zUdra loga kevala cha: saMskAra, yathA--jAtakarma, nAmakaraNa, niSkramaNa, annaprAzana, cUr3A evaM vivAha tathA paMcAhnika (prati dina ke pAMca) mahAyajJa kara sakate haiN| raghunandana ke zUdrakRtyatattva meM likhA hai ki zUdra ke lie purANoM ke mantra brAhmaNa dvArA uccarita ho sakate haiM, zUdra kevala "namaH" kaha sakatA hai| nirNayasindhu ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| brahmapurANa ke anusAra zUdroM ke lie kevala vivAha kA saMskAra mAnya hai| nirNayasindhu ne mata-vaibhinnya kI carcA karate hue likhA hai ki udAra mata sat-zUdroM ke lie tathA anudAra mata asat-zUdroM ke lie hai| usane yaha bhI kahA hai ki vibhinna dezoM meM vibhinna niyama haiN| saMskAra-vidhi--Adhunika samaya meM garbhAdhAna, upanayana evaM vivAha nAmaka saMskAroM ko chor3akara anya saMskAra bahudhA nahIM kiye jA rahe haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki brAhmaNa loga bhI inheM chor3ate jA rahe haiN| aba kahIM-kahIM garbhAdhAna bhI tyAgA-sA jA cukA hai| nAmakaraNa evaM annaprAzana saMskAra manAye jAte haiM, kintu binA mantroccAraNa tathA purohita ko bulaaye| adhikatara caula upanayana ke dina tathA samAvartana upanayana ke kucha dinoM ke uparAnta kiye jAte haiN| baMgAla aise prAntoM meM jAtakarma tathA annaprAzana eka hI dina sampAdita hote haiN| smRtyayaMsAra kA kahanA hai ki upanayana ko chor3akara yadi anya saMskAra nirdiSTa samaya para na kiye jAyeM to vyAhRtihoma' ke uparAnta hI ve sampAdita ho sakate haiN| yadi kisI Apatti ke kAraNa koI saMskAra na sampAdita ho sakA ho to pAdakRccha nAmaka prAyazcitta karanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra samaya para caula na karane para argha-kRccha karanA par3atA hai| yadi binA Apatti ke jAna-bUjhakara saMskAra na kiye jAyeM to dUnA prAyazcita karanA par3atA hai| isa viSaya meM nirNayasindhu ne zaunaka ke zloka uddhRta kiye haiN|' nirNayasindhu ne kaI matoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai| eka ke anusAra prAyazcitta ke uparAnta chor3e hue saMskAra punaH nahIM kiye jAne cAhie, dUsare mata ke anusAra sabhI chor3e hue saMskAra eka bAra hI kara liye jA sakate haiM aura tIsare mata se chor3A huA caulakarma upanayana ke sAtha sampAdita ho sakatA hai| dharmasindhu (tRtIya pariccheda, pUrvArSa) ne uparyukta prAyazcittoM ke sthAna para apekSAkRta sarala prAyazcitta batAye haiM, yathA eka prAjApatya tIna pAdakRcchoM ke barAbara hai, prAjApatya ke sthAna para 2. bhUH, bhuvaH, svaH (yA suvaH) nAmaka rahasyAtmaka zabdoM ke uccAraNa ke sAtha vimalIkRta makkhana kI Ahuti denA vyAhRti-homa kahalAtA hai| 3. aya saMskAralope zaunakaH-AramyASAnamAcaulAt kAle'tIte tu krmnnaam| vyAhatyAgni tu saMskRtva hutvA karma yathAkramam // eteSvekakalope tuMpAdakRccha samAcaret / cUr3AyAmakRccha svAdApani svevamIritam / anApati tu sarvatra dviguNaM dviguNaM caret // nirNayasindhu, 3 pUrvArSa; smRpi mu0 (varNAzramadharma, pR. 99) /

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brArambhika saMskAra 181 eka gAya kA dAna tathA gAya ke abhAva meM eka sone kA niSka (320 guJjA), pUrA yA AdhA yA cauthAI bhAga diyA jA sakatA hai| daridra vyakti cAMdI ke niSka kA bhAga yA usI mUlya kA anna de sakatA hai| kramazaH ina sarala parihAroM (pratyAmnAyoM) ke kAraNa logoM ne upanayana evaM vivAha ko chor3akara anya saMskAra karanA chor3a diyaa| Adhunika kAla meM saMskAroM ke na karane se prAyazcitta kA svarUpa caula taka ke lie prati saMskAra cAra AnA dAna raha gayA hai tathA ATha AnA dAna caula ke lie raha gayA hai| . aba hama saMkSepa meM saMskAroM kA vivecana upasthita kreNge| saMskAroM ke viSaya meM gRhyasUtroM, dharmasUtroM, manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti tathA anya smRtiyoM meM sAmagriyAM bharI par3I haiM, kintu raghunandana ke saMskAratattva, nIlakaNTha ke saMskAramayUkha, mitra mizra ke saMskAraprakAza, anantadeva ke saMskArakostubha tathA gopInAtha ke saMskAraratnamAlA nAmaka nibandhoM meM bhI pracura sAmagrI bharI par3I hai| upanayana evaM vivAha ke viSaya meM vivecana kucha vistAra ke sAtha hogaa| garbhAdhAna atharvaveda kA 5|25vaa kAMDa garbhAdhAna ke kriyA-saMskAra se sambandhita jJAta hotA hai| atharvaveda ke isa aMza ke tIsare evaM pAMcaveM mantra se, jo bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6 / 4 / 21) meM uddhRta haiM, garbhAdhAna ke kRtya para prakAza milatA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 13 / 1) meM spaSTa varNana hai ki upaniSad meM garbhalaMmana (garbha dhAraNa karanA), puMsavana (puruSa baccA prApta karanA) evaM anavalobhana (bhrUNa ko ApattiyoM se bacAnA) ke viSaya meM kRtya varNita haiN| sambhavataH yaha saMketa bRhadAraNyakopaniSad kI ora hI hai| . caturthI-karma kA kRtya zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 18-19) meM isa prakAra varNita hai-vivAha ke tIna rAta uparAnta, cauthI rAta ko pati agni meM pake hue bhojana kI ATha AhutiyA~ agni, vAyu, sUrya (tInoM ke lie eka hI mantra), aryamA, varuNa, pUSA (tInoM ke lie eka hI mantra), prajApati (Rgveda 10 / 121110 kA mantra) evaM (agni) sviSTakRt ko detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha 'adhyaNDA' kI jar3a ko kUTakara usake jala ko patnI kI nAka meM chir3akatA hai (Rgveda ke 1085 / 21-22 mantroM ke sAtha pratyeka mantra ke uparAnta 'svAhA' khkr| taba vaha patnI ko chUtA hai| saMbhoga karate samaya 'tU gandharva vizvAvasu kA mukha ho' kahatA hai| punaH vaha zvAsa meM, he ! (patnI kA nAma lekara) vIrya DAlatA hU~' kahatA hai evaM yaha bhI ki "jisa prakAra pRthivI meM agni hai....Adi....usI prakAra eka nara bhrUNa garbhAzaya meM praveza kare, usI prakAra jaise tarakasa meM bANa ghusatA hai, yaha isa mAsa ke uparAnta eka puruSa utpanna ho|"5 pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 11) meM bhI yahI vidhi kahI gayI hai| 4. dekhie, madanapArijAta (pu. 752 runchapratyAmnAya); saMskArakaustubha (pRSTha 141-142 anya pratyAnAvoM ke lie)| Ajakala upanayana ke samaya dera meM saMskAra-sampAdana ke lie nimna saMkalpa hai-amukazarmaNaH mama matva garbhAvAnapuMsavanasImantonayana-bAtakarmanAmakaraNAnaprAzanacAlAntAnAM saMskArANAM kAlAtipattimanita (yA gopavanita) pratyavAyaparihArA pratisaMskAraM pArAtmakaprAyazcittaM cUrAyA arSakachAtmakaM pratikRcchaM gomUlyarajatanimApArapAdapratyAnAhArAhamAcariSye / / 5. manyA-"mA te yoni garbha etu pumAn bANa iveSuSim / A vIro'tra jAyatAM putraste vazamAsyaH // " atharvabera 332332 // yaha hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (17 / 25 / 1) meM bhI hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ApastambagRhyasUtra (8)10-11) tathA gobhila (25) ne bhI saMkSepa meM yahI vidhi likhI hai, kintu unake mantra mantra-pATha vAle hai / Adhunika loga Azcarya prakaTa kara sakate haiM ki saMbhoga ke samaya bhI mantroccAraNa hotA thA / kintu unheM jAnanA cAhie ki prAcIna samaya meM pratyeka kRtya dhArmika samajhA jAtA thA / Atreya (hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra 1/7/25/3 ) ke anusAra jIvana bhara pratyeka saMbhoga ke samaya mantroM kA uccAraNa honA cAhie, kintu vAdarAyaNa ke anusAra yaha kevala prathama saMbhoga tathA pratyeka mAsika pravAha ke uparAnta honA caahie| vaikhAnama ( 39 ) ne isa kRtya ko Rtu- saMgamana kahA hai ( ApastambagRhyasUtra evaM hiraNyakezigRhya 0 ) / smRtiyoM evaM nivandhoM ke kucha vistAroM kA saMkSepa meM sarNana apekSita hai| manu ( 3/46 ) evaM yAjavalkya - ( 1/79 ) ke anusAra garbhadhAraNa kA svAbhAvika samaya hai mAsika pravAha kI abhivyakti ke uparAnta solaha rAteM / ApastambagRhyasUtra ( 911 ) ke anusAra mAsika pravAha kI cauthI rAta se solahavIM rAta taka yugmatA vAlI (samatA vAlI) rAteM nara bacce (lar3ake) ke lie upayukta haiN| yahI bAta hArIta ne bhI kahI hai| ina donoM ke mata se cauthI rAta garbhAdhAna ke lie upayukta hai / manu ( 3 / 47 ) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 79 ) ne prathama cAra rAteM chor3a dI haiN| kAtyAyana, parAzara (7/17) tathA anya logoM ke mata se rajasvalA cauthe dina snAna karake vimala hotI hai / laghu-AzvalAyana ( 3 / 1 ) ke anusAra cauthe dina ke uparAnta rakta ke prathama prakaTIkaraNa para garbhAdhAna saMskAra karanA caahie| smRticandrikA kA nirdeza hai ki pravAha kI pUrNa samApti para cauthA dina upayukta hai| manu (4 / 128) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 79 ) ke anusAra garbhAdhAna ke lie amAvAsyA evaM pUrNamAsI vAle dinoM tathA aSTamI evaM caturdazI ke dinoM ko chor3a denA caahie| yAjJavalkya ( 1180 ) ne jyotiSa samvandhI vistAra bhI diyA hai, yathA mUla evaM maghA nakSatroM ko bhI chor3a denA caahie| isI prakAra nibandhoM ne bahuta-se mahInoM, tithiyoM, saptAhoM, nakSatroM, vastra varNoM Adi ko azubha mAnA hai aura unake lie zAnti kI vyavasthA kI hai| ApastambagRhyasUtra, manu ( 3 / 48), yAjJavalkya ( 1/79 ) evaM vaikhAnasa ( 319 ) ne likhA hai ki lar3ake kI utpatti ke lie mAsika dharma ke cauthe dina ke 'uparAnta sama dinoM meM tathA lar3akI ke lie viSama dinoM meM saMbhoga karanA rajasvalA strI cauthe dina snAnoparAnta zveta vastra dhAraNa vaikhAnasa ( 39 ) ne likhA hai ki vaha aMgarAga lepa kare, pAyI jAtI hai- "rajasvalA nAriyA~ cAhie / bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra ( 1120 ) meM AyA hai ki kare, AbhUSaNa pahane tathA yogya brAhmaNoM se bAteM kreN| kisI nArI yA zUdra se bAteM na kare, pati ko chor3akara kisI anya ko na dekhe, kyoMki snAnoparAnta vaha jise dekhegI, usI ke samAna usakI mantAna hoNgii| yahI bAta zaMkha-likhita meM mI usa avadhi meM jinheM dekhatI haiM unhI ke guNa unakI santAnoM meM A jAte haiM / " kyA garbhAdhAna garbha (bhrUNasthita bacce ) kA saMskAra hai yA strI kA ? yAjJavalkya ( 1|11 ) kI vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa ne likhA hai ki sImantonnayana saMskAra ko chor3akara sabhI saMskAra bAra-bAra sampAdita hote haiM, kyoMki ve garma ke saMskAra haiM, kintu sImantonnayana kevala eka bAra sampAdita hotA hai, kyoMki yaha strI se sambandhita hai / yahI bAta laghu-AzvalAyana (4/17 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / kintu manu ( 2 / 16 ) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi ne likhA hai ki vivAhoparAnta, kucha logoM ke mata se prathama saMbhoga ke samaya hI garbhAdhAna saMskAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu anya logoM ke mata se jaba taka garbha dhAraNa na ho jAya taba taka pratyeka raktapravAha ke uparAnta use kiyA jAnA caahie| kAlAntara vAle lekhakoM evaM granthoM kA kahanA hai ( yathA mitAkSarA, yAjJa0, 111, smRticandrikA evaM saMskAratatva ) ki garbhAdhAna, puMsavana evaM sImantonnayana strI ke saMskAra haiM aura kevala eka bAra sampAdita hone caahie| hArIta ne bhI yahI kahA hai| aparArka ne kahA hai ki sImantonnayana eka hI bAra hotA hai, kintu puMsavana pratyeka garbhAdhAna para kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAta saMskAramayUkha, saMskAraprakAza evaM pAraskara 182

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bhArambhika saMskAra gRhyasUtra (1115) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| smRticandrikA ne viSNu kA havAlA dekara likhA hai ki pratyeka garmA dhAna ke uparAnta sImantonnayana bhI duharAyA jAnA caahie| kullUka (manu 2 / 27), smRticandrikA (14 pR0 14) evaM anya granthoM ke anusAra garbhAdhAna saMskAra homa ke rUpa meM nahIM sampAdita hotaa| dharmasindhu kA kahanA hai ki jaba mAsika dharma ke prathama prakaTIkaraNa para garmAyAna ho jAtA hai to saMskAra kA sampAdana gRhya agni meM honA cAhie, kintu dUsare yA kAlAntara vAle mAsika dharma para jaba saMbhoga hotA hai to homa nahIM hotaa| saskArakaustubha (pR0 59) ne homa kI vyavasthA dI hai aura pake hue bhojana kI Ahuti prajApati ko tathA Ajya kI sAta AhutiyA~ agni ko dene ko kahA hai aura tIna AhutiyA~ "viSNuryonim" (Rgveda 10 / 184-1-3) ke sAtha, tIna AhutiyA~ "nejameSa0" (Apastamba mantrapATha 1 / 12 / 7-9) ke sAtha tathA eka "prajApatena." (Rgveda 10 / 121110) ke sAtha dI. jAnI caahie| pati kI anupasthiti meM garbhAdhAna ko chor3akara sabhI saMskAra kisI sambandhI dvArA kiye jA sakate haiM (saMskAraprakAza, pR0 165) / saMskAra evaM homa bahuta-sI dhArmika vidhiyoM evaM kRtyoM meM homa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, ataH gRhyasUtroM ne homa kA eka namUnA diyA hai| hama yahA~ para AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1131) se eka uddharaNa upasthita karate haiN| kaI gRhyasUtroM evaM dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM meM kucha matabheda bhI hai| (1) jahA~ yajJa karanA ho vahA~ eka bANa kI lambAI-caur3AI meM bhUmi ko kucha U~cA uThAkara (miTTI yA bAlU se) gobara se lIpa denA cAhie (ise sthaNDila kahate haiN)| isake uparAnta yajJa karanevAle ko sthaNDila para (cha:) rekhAe~ khIMca denI cAhie~, jinameM eka (sthaNDila ke usa bhAga se jahA~ agni rakhI jAtI hai) pazcima ora ho kintu uttara ko ora ghUmI huI honI cAhie, do pUrva kI ora kintu pahalI rekhA ke donoM choroM para alaga-alaga, tIna (donoM ke ) madhya meN| isake uparAnta pavitra sthaNDila para jala chir3akanA cAhie, usa para agni rakhanI cAhie, do yA tIna samiSAe~ agni para rakha denI caahieN| isake uparAnta parisamUhana (agni ke caturdiku jhAr3a-poMcha ) karanA cAhie, taba paristaraNa karanA cAhie arthAt caturdik kuza bichA dene cAhie (pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara meN)| isa prakAra sabhI kRtya, yathA parisamUhana, paristaraNa Adi uttara meM hI samApta hone caahie| taba yajJa karanevAle ko agni ke caturdika thor3A jala chir3akanA caahie| (2) taba do kuzoM se Ajya (ghRta) ko pavitra kiyA jAtA hai| (3) binA noka TUTe do kuza (jinameM koI aura navIna zAkhA na nikalI ho, aura jo a~gUThe se lekara cauthI aMgulI taka ke bitte kI nApa ke hoM) lekara khule hAya se Ajya ko pavitra karanA cAhie, pahale pazcima taba pUrva meM, aura kahanA cAhie-"savitA kI preraNA se maiM isa binA kSata vAle pavitra se tumheM pavitra karatA hU~, vasu kI kiraNoM se tumheM pavitra karatA huuN|" eka bAra isa mantra ko jora se aura do bAra mauna rUpa se kahanA caahie| (4) kuza ke paristaraNa kA agni ke caturdika rakhanA Ajya-homa (vaha homa jisameM agni ko kevala Ajya kI Ahuti dI jAtI hai) meM ho sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai| (5) usI prakAra pAkayajJoM meM do Ajya-aMza diye yA nahIM bhI diye jA sakate haiN| (6) sabhI pAkayazoM meM brahmA purohita rakhanA bhI vaikalpika hai, kintu dhanvantari evaM zUlagava yajJoM meM brahmA purohita Avazyaka hai| (7) taba yajJa karane vAlA kahatA hai-"isa devatA ko svAhA" ! (8) jaba kisI viziSTa devatA kI ora nirdeza na ho to agni, indra, prajApati, vizve-deva (sabhI devatA) evaM brahmA homa yogya mAna liye jAte haiN| anta meM sviSTakRt agni ko Ahuti dI jAtI hai|"

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zAMkhAyana gRhyasUtra (1 / 7) meM homa - vidhi ( 1 / 7 / 6-7 ) kucha adhika vistRta evaM mahatvapUrNa antaroM ke sAtha pAyI jAtI hai| yajJa karanevAlA vedI ke madhya meM eka rekhA dakSiNa se uttara kI ora khIMcatA hai, kevala tIna rekhAe~ Upara khIMcI jAtI haiM, jinameM eka isake dakSiNa, eka madhya meM tathA tIsarI uttara meM ( arthAt kevala 4 rekhAe~, AzvalAyana kI mA~ti 6 rekhAe~ nahIM ) / zAMkhAyana ( 1 / 9 / 6-7 ) ke anusAra brahmA purohita kA Asana sthaNDila ke dakSiNa meM hotA hai aura unheM phUloM se sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra kucha anya antara bhI haiN| pAraskaragRhyasUtra ( 1 / 1 ) evaM khAdiragRhyasUtra (1/2) meM bahuta hI saMkSepa meM homa kA namUnA diyA huA hai / gobhila (1 / 1 / 9 11 115 / 13 20, 1479, 1/8/21 ) evaM hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (1 / 1/9 - 1 / 3 / 7 ) meM homa vidhi bar3e vistAra se varNita hai| ApastambagRhyasUtra : meM sabhI prakAra ke homoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI vidhi kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| 24 pramukha cAra RtvikoM meM kevala brahmA ko unhIM yajJoM meM mahattA dI gayI hai jo gRhyAgni meM sampAdita hote haiM aura jinheM pAkayajJa kahA jAtA hai aura jahA~ hotA hI yajamAna rahatA hai| homa kI anya bAtoM kA anukrama yoM hai-upalepana ( gobara se lIpanA), bAlU yA miTTI se sthaNDila ko sa~vAranA, eka samidhA se sthaNDila para rekhAeM khIMcanA, samidhA ko rekhAoM para pUrva ora noka karake rakhanA, sthaNDila ke uttara aura pUrva meM pAnI chir3akanA, sthaNDila ke bAhara rekhA khIMcanevAlI samidhA ko uttara-pUrva ke koNa meM rakhanA hotA dvArA Acamana karanA hotA ke sAmane sthaNDila para agni (gharSaNa se utpanna kara, yA kisI zrotriya se mA~gakara yA kisI se bhI mA~gakara ) rakhanA, do yA tIna samidhAe~ agni para rakhanA, idhma (15 samidhAe~ ) evaM kuzoM kA eka guccha taiyAra rkhnaa| isake uparAnta parisamUhana (uttara-pUrva ora se jalapUrNa hAtha dvArA agni ke caturdik poMchanA ), taba paristaraNa ( vedI ke caturdik prathama pUrva, phira dakSiNa, taba pazcima aura taba uttara kI ora se kuza phailAnA ), taba mauna paryukSaNa ( agni ke caturdik jala chir3akanA, pratyeka bAra pRthak-pRthak jala grahaNa karake), taba apaH - praNayana ( agni ke uttara kAMsya vA miTTI ke baratana meM jala le jAnA ), taba Ajyotpavana (do kuzoM kI noka se eka bAra mantra se aura do bAra mauna rUpa se Ajya ko pavitra karanA ), taba Ajya ke do AdhAra (lagAtAra dhAra girAnA) tathA do Ahuti denA / taduparAnta sUtroM meM nirdiSTa DhaMga se pramukha havana kiyA jAtA hai aura anta meM sviSTakRt agni ko antima Ahuti dI jAtI hai| om se Arambha kara evaM svAhA se anta kara mantra duharAkara AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM aura kahA jAtA hai ki "yaha isa yA usa devatA ke lie hai, mere lie nahIM / " AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 4) ne jor3A hai ki caula, upanayana, godAna evaM vivAha meM Rgveda (9 / 66 / 10-12 ) ke tIna mantroM ke sAtha Ajya kI cAra AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM, yathA-- agni, tU jIvana ko pavitra banAtA hai.... Adi / mantra ke sthAna para vyAhRtiyoM yA donoM, arthAt vaidika mantroM evaM vyAhRtiyoM (bhUH svAhA, bhuva: svAhA, svaH svAhA, bhUrbhuva: sva: svAhA ) kA vyavahAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, arthAt Aru AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM / Adhunika kAla meM sthaNDila para pAnI chir3akane ke uparAnta usa para agni rakhI jAtI hai aura saMskAroM ke anusAra agni ke vibhinna nAma mAne jAte haiM, yathA upanayana evaM vivAha meM use krama se samudbhava evaM yojaka kahA jAtA hai| taba IMdhana para pavitra jala chir3akakara use agni para rakhA jAtA hai aura use jvAlA meM parivartita karake prArthanA kI jAtI hai, yathA "agne vaizvAnara zANDilyagotra meSadhvaja, mama sammukho varado bhava / " isake uparAnta parisamUhana evaM anya Upara varNita kriyAe~ calatI haiN| jisa prakAra adhikAMza gRhya kRtyoM meM homa Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra prAyaH sabhI kRtyoM meM kucha bAteM eka sI pAyI jAtI haiN| Acamana, prANAyAma, deza-kAla kI ora saMketa evaM saMkalpa sabameM pAye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta madhya kAla ke varmazAstra-granthoM ke anusAra, gaNapati-pUjana, puNyAhavAcana, mAtRkA pUjana evaM nAndIzrAddha

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bhArambhika saMskAra 185 hotA hai| kucha logoM ke mata se sabameM eka hI saMkalpa hotA hai, kintu kucha logoM ke mata se pratyeka puNyAhavAcana, mAtRkApUjana evaM nAndIzrAddha ke lie pRthak-pRthak saMkalpa hote haiN| sabhI prakAra ke kRtyoM meM hotA yA kartA sarvaprathama snAna karatA hai, zikhA bAMdhatA hai, thor3e se sthAna ko gobara se lipavA kara usa para raMgIna padArthoM se rekhAeM banavAtA hai, jahA~ pAnI se bhare do maMgala-kalaza rakha diye jAte haiM jina para Dhakkana rakhA rahatA hai| Avazyaka vastue~ sthAna ke uttara meM rakha dI jAtI haiN| do lakar3I ke pIr3he pazcima dizA meM rakha diye jAte haiM, jinameM eka para kartA pUrvAbhimukha baiThatA hai aura dUsare para dAhinI ora usakI patnI baiThatI hai, kintu yadi putra ke lie kRtya kiyA jA rahA ho to pati palI kI dAhinI ora baiThatA hai| patnI se dakSiNa thor3I dUra haTakara brAhmaNa loMga uttarAbhimukha baiThate haiM tathA kartA Acamana karatA hai| vArSika zrAddha Adi ko chor3akara sabhI saMskAra evaM kRtya kisI pUrva-nizcita tithi ko hI kiye jAte haiN| gaNapati-pUjana isa pUjana meM hastimukha devatA gaNeza kI upasthiti kA AvAhana eka muTThI cAvala ke sAtha pAna ke eka patte para yA gobara ke eka choTe piNDa para kiyA jAtA hai| Rgveda meM 'gaNapati' zabda kA prayoga brahmaNaspati (prArthanA ke svAmI yA pavitra stavana ke devatA) kI eka upAdhi ke rUpa meM AyA hai ? Rgveda (2 / 23 // 1) kA mantra "gaNAnAM tvA gaNapati havAmahe" jo gaNeza ke AvAhana ke lie prayukta hotA hai, brahmaNaspati kA hI mantra hai| Rgveda (101112 / 9) meM indra ko gaNapati ke rUpa meM sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| taittirIya saMhitA (4 / 1 / 2 / 2) evaM vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM pazu (vizeSataH azva) rudra ke gANapatya kahe gaye haiN| aitareya brAhmaNa (4 / 4) meM spaSTa AyA hai ki "gaNAnAM tvA" nAmaka mantra brahmaNaspati ko sambodhita hai| vAjasaneyI saMhitA (16 / 25) meM bahuvacana (gaNapatibhyazca vo namaH) tathA ekavacana (gaNapataye svAhA) donoM rUpoM kA prayoga huA hai| madhya kAla meM gaNeza kA jo vilakSaNa rUpa (hastimukha, nikalI huI toMda yA lambodara, cUhA vAhana) varNita hai, vaha vaidika sAhitya meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| vAjasaneyI saMhitA (3 / 57) meM cUhe (mUSaka) ko rudra kA pazu, arthAt 'rudra ko diyA jAnevAlA pazu' kahA gayA hai| gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM meM dhArmika kRtyoM ke samaya gaNezapUjana kI ora koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| spaSTa hai, gaNeza-pUjA kAlAntara kA kRtya hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 83-90) meM devatarpaNa meM vighna, vinAyaka, vIra, sthUla, varada, hastimukha, vakratuNDa, ekadanta evaM lambodara kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| kintu yaha aMza kSepaka-sA lagatA hai| ye vibhinna upAdhiyAM vinAyaka kI haiM (baudhAyana-gRhyazeSasUtra 3 / 10 / 6) / mAnavagRhya0 (2 / 4) meM vinAyaka cAra mAne gaye haiM-zAlakaTaMkaTa, kUSmANDarAjaputra, usmita evaM devyjn| ye duSTa AtmAeM (pretAtmAe~) haiM aura jaba ye logoM ko pakar3a letI haiM, unheM duHsvapna Ate haiM aura bar3e bhayaMkara azobhana dRzya dRSTigocara hoteM haiN| yathA muNDita-zira vyakti, lambI jaTA vAle vyakti, pIta vastra vAle vyakti, U~Ta, gadahe, zUkara, cANDAla / unake prabhAva se yogya rAjakumAra rAjya nahIM pAte, zubha lakSaNoM vAlI sundariyAM pati nahIM pAtI, vivAhita nAriyoM ko santAna nahIM hotI, guNazIlA nAriyoM kI santAna zaizavAvasthA meM hI mara jAtI haiM kRSakoM kI kRSi naSTa ho jAtI hai| aadi-aadi| ataH mAnavagRhya ne vinAyaka kI bAdhA se mukti pAne ke lie pUjana kI kriyAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| baijavApagRhya (aparArka, yAjJa. 12275) ne mita, sammita, zAlakaTaMkaTa evaM kUSmANDarAjaputra nAmaka cAra vinAyakoM kA varNana kiyA hai aura Upara varNita unakI bAdhA kI carcA kI hai| ina donoM varNanoM se vinAyaka-sampradAya ke vikAsa kI prathamAvasthA kA paricaya milatA hai| Arambha ke vinAyaka durAtmAoM ke rUpa meM varNita haiM, jo bhayaMkaratA evaM bhAMti-bhAMti kA avarodha khar3A karate haiN| lagatA hai, isa (vinAyaka) sampradAya meM rudra ke bhayaMkara svarUpoM evaM AdivAsI jAtiyoM ke dhArmika kRtyoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| dharma-24

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yAjJavalkyasmRti meM vinAyaka-sampradAya ke kAlAntarIya svarUpa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai (12271-274) / vinAyaka ko (yAjJa0 11271) gaNoM ke svAmI ke rUpa meM brahmA evaM rudra dvArA niyukta darzAyA gayA hai| ve na kevala avarodha utpanna karanevAle, pratyuta manuSyoM ke kriyAsaMskAroM meM saphalatA denevAle kahe gaye haiN| yAjJavalkya ne mAnavagRhya meM ullikhita vinAyaka kI bAdhA kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya (12285) ke anusAra vinAyaka ke cAra nAma haiM-mita, sammita, zAlakaTaMkaTa evaM kUSmANDarAjaputra aura unakI mAtA kA nAma hai ambikaa| vizvarUpa evaM aparArka ne to vinAyaka ke cAra hI nAma batAye haiM, kintu mitAkSarA ne zAlakaTakaTa evaM kUSmANDarAjaputra ko do-do bhAgoM meM tor3akara cha: nAma ginAye haiM, yathA--mita, sammita, zAla, kaTaMkaTa, kUSmANDa evaM raajputr| amarakoza kI vyAkhyA meM kSIrasvAmI ne spaSTa rUpa se 'heramba' zabda ko dezya kahA hai| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki gaNeza vaidika devoM kI paMkti meM kisI dezodbhava jAti se Aye aura rudra (ziva) ke sAtha jur3a gye| yAjJavalkya ne vinAyaka kI prasiddha upAdhiyoM kI carcA nahIM kI hai, yathA--ekadanta, heramba, gajAnana, lambodara Adi / baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (3 / 10) ne vinAyaka kI ArAdhanA ke lie bhinna DhaMga apanAyA hai aura use bhUtanAtha, hastimukha, vighnezvara kahA hai evaM 'apUpa' tathA 'modaka' kI AhutiyoM kI carcA kI hai| spaSTa hai, yAjJavalkya kI apekSA baudhAyana madhya kAla ke dharmazAstrakAroM ke adhika samIpa lagate haiN| gaNeza mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM vyAsa ke lipika ke rUpa meM Ate haiM, kintu yaha bAta mahAbhArata ke kucha saMskaraNoM meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| vanaparva (65 / 23) evaM anuzAsanaparva (150 / 25) meM varNita vinAyaka mAnavagRhya ke vinAyaka ke samAna hI haiN| gobhilasmRti (1 / 13) ke anusAra sabhI kRtyoM ke Arambha meM gaNAdhIza ke sAtha 'mAtRkA' kI pUjA honI caahie| IsA kI pA~cavI evaM chaThI zatAbdiyoM ke uparAnta hI gaNeza evaM unakI pUjA se sambandhita sArI prasiddha viziSTatAeM spaSTa ho sakI thii| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne gaNeza kI carcA nahIM kI hai| gAthAsaptazatI meM gaNeza kA ullekha hai (4 / 72 eva 563) / apane harSacarita meM vANa na (4 ucchvAsa, pra0 2) gaNAdhipa kI lambI sUMDa kI carcA kI hai aura bhairavAcArya (harSacarita 3) ka ullekha meM vinAyaka ko bAdhAoM evaM vidyA se sambandhita mAnA hai tathA unake zarIra meM hAthI kA sira mAnA hai| vAmanapurANa (adhyAya 54) meM vinAyaka ke janma ke viSaya meM eka vicitra gAthA kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| mahAvIracaritra (2 / 38) meM heramba kI raoNDa kA ullekha hai| matsyapurANa (adhyAya 260 / 52-55) ne vinAyaka kI mUrti ke nirmANa kI vidhi batAyI hai| aparArka ne matsyapurANa (289 / 7) ko uddhRta kara mahAbhUtaghaTa nAmaka mahAdAna kI carcA meM vinAyaka ko mUpaka (cUhe) kI savArI para pradarzita kiyA hai| bhAdrapada caturthI kI gaNeza-pUjA ke viSaya meM kRtyaratnAkara ne bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa diyA hai| isa viSaya meM agnipurANa ke 71veM evaM 313veM adhyAyoM ko dekhanA Avazyaka hai| bhAskaravarmA (sAtavIM zatAbdI) ke nidhAnapura ke abhilekha meM gaNapati kA nAma AtA hai| gaNapatipUjana meM Rgveda (2 / 23 / 1) kI "gaNAnAM tvA gaNapatim" nAmaka stuti kI jAtI hai tathA "om mahAgaNapataye namo namaH nirvighnaM kuru" nAmaka zabdoM se praNAma kiyA jAtA hai| puNyAhavAcana yadyapi saMskAraratnamAlA jaima katipaya nivandhoM meM puNyAhavAcana kA vRhat varNana pAyA jAtA hai, kintu ati prAcIna kAla meM yaha bahuta hI sIdhA-sAdA kRtya thaa| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 13 / 8) meM AyA hai ki sabhI zubha kRtyoM meM (yathA vivAha meM) sabhI vAkya "om" se Arambha hote haiM, aura "puNyAham", "svasti" evaM "Rddhim" kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| kriyA-saMskAra yA kRtya karanevAlA vyakti upasthita brAhmaNoM ko gandha, puSpa evaM tAmbUla (pAna) se sammA

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janmasambandhI saMskAra 187 nita karatA hai aura hAtha jor3akara prArthanA karatA hai ki "amuka nAmnaH mama kariSyamANavivAhAkhyAya karmaNe svasti bhavanto bruvantu" arthAt Apa isa kRtya ke dina ko zubha ghoSita kareM, jise amuka nAma vAlA maiM karane jA rahA hU~; aura taba brAhmaNa uttara dete haiM-"om svasti" arthAt om zubha ho| 'svasti', 'puNyAham' evaM 'Rddhim' tInoM ke sAtha yahI kriyA hotI hai aura tIna-tIna bAra duharAyI jAtI hai| mAtRkA-pUjana sUtroM meM 'mAtRkA' (mAtA deviyoM) kI carcA nahIM pAyI jaatii| kintu katipaya sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki IsA kI Arambhika zatAbdiyoM meM mAtRkApUjana hotA thaa| mRcchakaTika nATaka meM cArudatta apane mitra maitreya se mAtRkA ke lie bali kI carcA karatA hai| gobhila-smRti (1111-12) ne 14 mAtRkAoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, yathA--gaurI, padmA, zacI, meghA, sAvitrI, vijayA, jayA, devasenA, svadhA, svAhA, dhRti, puSTi, tuSTi tathA apanI devI (abhISTa devtaa)| mArkaNDeya0 (88111-20 evaM 33) meM mAtRgaNa ke nAma se sAta mAtAoM (mAtRkAoM) ke nAma Aye haiN| matsyapurANa (179 / 9-32) meM eka sau se adhika mAtA-deviyoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA mAhezvarI, brAhmI, kaumArI, cAmaNDA aadi| varAhamihira kI bahatsaMhitA (5856) meM mAta-deviyoM kI matiyoM kI ora saMketa hai| kAdambarI ke lekhaka bANa ne bhI mAtA-deviyoM kI carcA karate hue unake TUTe-phUTe mandiroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kRtyaratnAkara ne sAta mAtAoM kI mUrtiyoM kI carcA kI hai tathA devIpurANa ne mAtRkA-pUjana kI carcA karate hue unake priya puSpoM ke nAma batAye haiN| skandagupta ke vihAra-sthita prastara-stambha ke abhilekha meM mAtRkA-pUjana kA ullekha hai| cAlukya rAjA sAta mAtAoM ke priyabhakta kahe gaye haiN| kadamba rAjA bhI kArtikeya svAmI evaM mAtRgaNa ke pujArI kahe gaye haiN| vizvavarmA ke mantrI mayUrAkSa ne mAtAoM ke lie mandira banavAye the (san 423-24) / ' mAtRkA pUjana kI paripATI kaba se prArambha huI ? isa prazna kA uttara denA kaThina hai| kintu gRhyasUtroM meM yaha varNita nahIM hai| sara jAna mArzala ne apane prasiddha granthoM meM, jo mohanajodar3o ke viSaya meM likhe gaye haiM (jilda 1, pR0 7 evaM 49-52 evaM citra 12, 54 evaM 55), mAtA-deviyoM kI AkRti kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki AryoM ne kAlAntara meM mAtRkA-pUjana kI paripATI mohanajodar3o ke nivAsiyoM se sIkhI, aura ziva kI patnI durgA kA pUjana isa prakAra vaidika dharma meM praviSTa ho sakA / Rgveda (9 / 102 / 4) meM soma banAne ke varNana meM sAta mAtAoM kA ullekha hai (sambhavataH yahA~ ye sAta mAtAe~ sAta mAtrAe~ (chanda Adi) yA sAta nadiyA~ haiN)| . nAndI-zrAddha isa para hama zrAddha ke prakaraNa meM pddh'eNge| puMsavana isa saMskAra ko yaha nAma isalie diyA gayA hai ki isake karane se putrotpatti hotI hai (pumAn prasUyate yena 6. uparyukta abhilekhoM ke lie dekhie krama se (1) gupta iMskripzaMsa,pR0 47,49, (2) iNDiyana aiSTIkverI, gilba 6, pR073 evaM epipraiphiyA iNikA, jilda 9, pR0 100 (600 I0), (3) iNDiyana aira verI, jilba 6 pRSTha 25 evaM (4) gupta iskipzaMsa, pR074|

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188 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tat puMsavanamIritam -- saMskAraprakAza ) / 'puMsavana' zabda atharvaveda ( 6 / 11 / 1) meM AyA hai, jisakA zAbdika artha hai "lar3ake ko janma denA / " AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 13 / 2- 7) ne isa saMskAra kA varNana yoM kiyA hai---garbha ke tIsare mahIne tiSya (arthAt puSya) nakSatra ke dina strI ko gata punarvasu nakSatra meM upavAsa kara lene ke uparAnta apane se hI raMga ke bachar3e vAlI gAya ke dahI meM do kaNa zimbika (sema) evaM jI kA eka kaNa denA cAhie (eka cullU dahI meM do sema evaM eka jau tIna bAra dene caahie)| yaha pUchane para ki "tuma kyA pI rahI ho", "tuma kyA pI rahI ho," strI bolegI - "puMsavana" ( putra kI utpatti), "puNsvn"| isa prakAra pati dahI, do sema evaM eka jau ke dAne ke sAtha tIna bAra kriyAeM karatA hai / puMsavana ke varNana meM kucha dharmazAstrakAroM meM matabheda bhI hai| ApastambagRhyasUtra, hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra evaM bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra ke mata meM puMsavana kA saMskAra sImantonnayana ke uparAnta hotA hai| Apastamba to ise garbha ke spaSTa ho jAne para hI karane ko kahatA hai| pAraskara evaM baijavApa, jAtUkarNya, gomila, khAdira Adi meM samaya Adi para mataikya nahIM hai / yAjJavalkya (1 / 11), pAraskara (1/14), viSNudharmasUtra, bRhaspati Adi ne kahA hai ki jaba bhrUNa hilane Dulane lage taba yaha kriyA karanI caahie| kucha logoM ne kucha nakSatroM ko puruSa nakSatra mAnA hai, yathA smRticandrikA dvArA uddhRta eka zloka meM hasta, mUla, zravaNa, punarvasu, mRgazirA evaM puSya puruSa nakSatra kahe gaye haiN| saMskAramayUkha meM likhita nAradIya ke anusAra rohiNI, pUrvAbhAdrapadA evaM uttarAbhAdrapadA bhI puruSa nakSatra haiN| vasiSTha ke anusAra svAti, anurAdhA evaM azvinI bhI puruSa nakSatra haiN| isa prakAra kaI mata haiM, jinake vistAra meM par3anA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai / kAThakagRhyasUtra (32 / 2 ) ne garbhAdhAna ke pA~cava tathA mAnavagRhyasUtra ne AThaveM mAsa ke uparAnta puMsavana karane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| bahuta-se gRhyasUtroM ne nyagrodha kI kopaloM (naye pattoM) ko kUTakara strI ke dAyeM nathune meM nicor3ane ko kahA hai / sUtrakAroM ne isa viSaya meM jo maMtroccAraNa batAye haiM, unameM bhI vibheda hai| ataH mantroM kA vivecana yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa ho sakatA hai ki puMsavana saMskAra meM dhArmika (homa tathA putra prApti prAcIna kAla se hI mAnya hai ), pratIkAtmaka (sema evaM jau ke sAtha dahI kA pInA) evaM oSadhi - sambandhI (strI kI nAka meM koI padArtha DAlanA) tattva pAye jAte haiN| pAraskara (1114) ne patnI kI goda meM kachue ke pitta (mAyu) ko rakhane kA nirdeza kyoM kiyA hai; samajha meM nahIM AtA / saMskAraratnamAlA jaise kAlAntara vAle granthoM ne puMsavana ke lie homa kI bhI vyavasthA kI hai aura kahA hai ki pati ke abhAva meM devara bhI isa kRtya ko kara sakatA hai, kintu taba vaha gRhyAgni ( bhojanagRha kI agni ) meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAta sImantonnayana ke viSaya meM bhI lAgU hai| anavalobhana yA garbharakSaNa yaha kRtya spaSTatayA puMsavana kA eka bhAga hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ne (upaniSad meM varNita ) ina donoM ko pRthak-pRthak mAnA hai| baijavApagRhyasUtra ne kahA hai-- puMsavana evaM anavalobhana ko kRSNa pakSa ke candra kI caturdazI ko zubha ghar3iyoM meM, jaba candra kisI puruSa nakSatra ke sAtha ho, karanA caahie| isase spaSTa hai ki donoM kA manAnA eka hI dina hotA thaa| ina donoM saMskAroM kA tAtparya yaha hai ki inake karane se garbhapAta nahIM hotA / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 13 / 5-7 ) ne isakA varNana yoM kiyA hai - "taba vaha kisI gola ghara kI chAyA meM patnI ke dAhine nathune meM kisI na sUkhI huI jar3I kA rasa ddaale| kucha AcAryoM ke mata se 'prajAvat' evaM 'jIvaputra' nAmaka mantroM kA uccAraNa

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janma sambandhI saMskAra 189 mI honA caahie| taba pake hue anna kI Ahuti prajApati ko dekara use apanI strI ke hRdaya ke pAsa kA sthala chUnA cAhie aura prajApati se prArthanA karanI cAhie -- aho! Apake hRdaya meM kyA chipA hai, maiM use samajhatA hU~... mere putra ko coTa na phuNce.....|" uparyukta vivecana se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dUrvA rasa kA strI kI nAka meM DAlanA, usake hRdaya ko sparza karanA evaM devatAoM ko bhrUNa kI rakSA ke lie prasanna karanA Adi karma isa saMskAra ke viziSTa lakSaNa haiN| zaunaka - kArikA ke anusAra isa saMskAra ko anavalobhana kahA jAtA hai, jisake anusAra bhrUNa nirvighna rahatA hai aura giratA nahIM / smRtyarthasAra ke anusAra yaha cauthe mAsa meM kiyA jAtA hai / laghu-AzvalAyana ( 4 / 1-2 ) ke anusAra anavalomana evaM sImantonnayana garbhAdhAna ke cauthe, chaThe yA AThaveM mAsa meM manAye jAte haiM / zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 21 / 1-3) ne garbharakSaNa kRtya ke viSaya meM likhA hai-- cauthe mAsa meM garbharakSaNa kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| pake hue anna kI cha: AhutiyA~ agni meM DAlI jAtI haiM aura "brahmaNAgni" 0 nAmaka mantroM (Rk 10 / 162 ) ko "svAhA " ke sAtha uccArita kiyA jAtA hai aura strI ke aMgoM para nirmalIkRta ghRta chir3akA jAtA yA cupar3A jAtA hai / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ke anusAra yaha kRtya pratyeka garbhAdhAna ke uparAnta kiyA jAnA caahie| kintu bahuta se granthakAroM ne ise puMsavana kI bhA~ti eka hI bAra karane ko kahA hai| sImantonnayana isa saMskAra kA varNana AzvalAyana ( 111411 - 9 ), zAMkhAyana ( 1 / 22), hiraNyakezIya (211), baudhAyana ( 1|10), bhAradvAja (1 / 21), gobhila (2/711-12), khAdira ( 22 24-28), pAraskara (1115 ), kAThaka ( 31 / 1 - 5 ) evaM vaikhAnasa (3 / 12) nAmaka gRhyasUtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai / 'sImantonnayana' zabda kA artha hai " ( strI ke) kezoM ko Upara vibhAjita krnaa|" yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 11) evaM vyAsa (1 / 18) ne isa saMskAra ko kevala 'sImanta' kI saMjJA dI hai, gobhila (2/7/1), mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 12 / 2 ) evaM kAThakagRhyasUtra ( 31 / 1 ) ne ise 'sImantakaraNa' kahA hai, kintu ApastambagRhyasUtra evaM bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra ( 1 / 21 ) ne ise puMsavana ke pahale hI ullikhita kiyA hai / AzvalAyana ne isakA varNana yoM kiyA hai-garbhAdhAna ke cauthe mAsa meM sImantonnayana ( kRtya ) karanA caahie| kSaya hote hue candra kI caturdazI ke dina jaba candra kisI puruSa nakSatra ke sAtha ho ( yA nArAyaNa ke anusAra kama-se-kama jisa nakSatra kA nAma pulliMga meM ho ) ise karanA caahie| taba agni sthApanA kI jAtI hai ( arthAt AjyabhAgoM kI AhutiyoM taka homa kiyA jAtA hai)| phira agni ke pazcima baila (vRSa) kA carma rakha diyA jAtA hai, jisakI garadana pUrva ora aura bAla Upara rahate haiM tathA Ajya ( nirmalIkRta ghRta) kI ATha AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| saMskArakartA kI strI carma para baiThakara pati kA hAtha pakar3a letI hai aura mantroccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, yathA atharvaveda ( 7 / 17 / 2-3 ) 7. nArAyaNa ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki jar3I "dUrvA" hI hai, jo bahuta purAne kAla se prayoga meM lAyI jAtI rahI hai| isa jar3I kA rasa nAka meM mauna rUpa se yA mantroccAraNa ke sAtha DAlA jA sakatA hai| donoM mantra ye haiM-A te garbho yonimetu pumAn bANa iveSudhim / A vIro jAyatAM putraste dazamAsyaH // agniraMtu prathamo devatAnAM so'syai prajAM muJcatu mRtyupAzAt / tadayaM rAjA varuNo'numanyatAM yatheyaM strI pautramaghaM na rodAt // isameM prathama atharvaveda ( 3 / 23 / 2) kA aura dUsarA ApastambIyamantrapATha (1 / 4 / 7) kA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke do mantra, Rgveda (2 // 32 // 4-5) ke do tathA "nejameSa0" nAmaka tIna mantra (Rgveda 10 / 184 ke pazcAt vAlA eka khilasUkta evaM ApastambIya mantrapATha 1212 / 7-9) / taba saMskArakartA strI ke (mastaka ke Upara ke) bAloM ko, kacce phaloM kI sama saMkhyA se tathA sAhI (zallakI) ke tIna raMga vAle kATe tathA kuza ke tIna gucchoM ke sAtha Upara karatA hai aura cAra bAra "bhUrbhuvaH, svaH, om" kA uccAraNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha do vINAvAdakoM ko soma rAjA kI prazaMsA meM gAne kA Adeza detA hai| vINAvAdaka yaha gAthA gAte haiM-'hamAre rAjA soma mAnava jAti ko AzIrvAda deN| isa (nadI) kA pahiyA (rAjya) sthira hai, jahA~ ve rahate haiN| Apa unheM unakI pati evaM putra vAlI bUr3hI brAhmaNa striyA~ jo kahatI haiM karane diijie|' isa kRtya ke bAre meM ApastambIya mantrapATha meM jo 13 mantra Ate haiM, ve sabhI Rgveda, atharvaveda evaM taittirIya saMhitA meM pAye jAte haiN| - isa saMskAra meM sarvaprathama mantroM ke sAtha homa hotA hai| kintu isa saMskAra kA kevala sAmAjika evaM autsavika mahatva hai, kyoMki yaha kevalaM garbhiNI ko prasanna rakhane ke lie hai| gRhyasUtroM meM isake vistAra ke sambandha meM mataikya nahIM hai| do-eka mata isa prakAra haiM-kAThaka ne tIsare, mAnava ne tIsare, chaThe yA AThaveM, AzvalAyana ne cauthe, Apastamba evaM hiraNyakezI ne krama se cauthe evaM chaThe tathA pAraskara, yAjJavalkya (1111), viSNudharmasUtra (2813) aura zaMkha ne chaThe, AThaveM mAsa ko isake lie mAnA hai| smRticandrikA meM uddhRta zaMkha-mata ke anusAra sImantonnayana saMskAra bhrUNa ke hilane-Dulane se lekara janma hone taka kiyA jA sakatA hai| AzvalAyana, zAMkhAyana evaM hiraNyakezI gRhyasUtroM ke anusAra candra kA kisI puruSa nakSatra ke sAtha jur3A honA parama Avazyaka hai| hiraNyakezI ne kahA hai ki saMskAra gola sthala meM honA caahie| AzvalAyana ne garbhavatI strI ko baila ke carma (khAla) para baiThAyA hai, kintu pAraskara ne mulAyama kursI yA Asana kI vyavasthA kI hai| kitanI AhutiyA~ dI jAyeM, isa viSaya meM bhI mataikya nahIM hai| gobhila, khAdira, bhAradvAja, pAraskara evaM zAMkhAyana ne pake cAvala aura usa para dhRta yA tila rakhane kI vyavasthA dI hai aura garmiNI ko use dekhane ko kahA hai| garbhiNI se pUchA jAtA hai ki kyA dekha rahI ho? vaha kahatI hai ki maiM santAna dekha rahI huuN| adhikAMza meM sabhI gRhyasUtroM ne yaha kahA hai ki strI ke kezoM ko Upara uThAte samaya pati kacce phaloM ke gucche (gobhila, pAraskara, zAMkhAyana ne ise udumbara phala mAnA hai) kA, sAhI ke tIna dhArI (raMga) vAle kA~Te kA tathA tIna kuzoM kA prayoga karatA hai| isa prakAra ke vistAra meM bahuta-sI vibhinnatAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM, koI kisI phala kA nAma batAtA hai, koI tIna bAra to koI cha: bAra keza uThAne ko kahatA hai, koI mAlA pahanAne ko kahatA hai to koI AbhUSaNa kI carcA karatA hai| ___ mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 12 / 2) ne sImantonnayana kI carcA vivAha-saMskAra meM bhI kI hai| laghu-AzvalAyana (418-16) ne AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra kA bar3A sundara saMkSepa kiyA hai| Apastamba, baudhAyana, bhAradvAja evaM pAraskara ne spaSTa likhA hai ki yaha kevala eka bAra prathama garbhAdhAna ke samaya manAyA jAnA caahie| viSNudharmasUtra ke anusAra yaha saMskAra strI kA hai, kintu anya logoM ne ise bhrUNa kA mAnA hai aura ise prati garbhAdhAna ke lie Avazyaka batalAyA hai| kAlAntara meM yaha saMskAra samAptaprAya ho gayA, kyoMki manu ne isakA nAma taka nahIM liyA hai| yAjJavalkya ne nAma le liyA hai| viSNubali vasiSTha ke anusAra yaha kRtya garbhAdhAna ke AThaveM mAsa meM kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha usI mata se jaba zukla pakSa ke candra ke sAtha zravaNa ,rohiNI yA puruSa nakSatra ho aura tithiyA~ hoM dUsarI, sAtavIM yA dvAdazI, taba kiyA jAnA caahie| bhrUNa kI bAdhAoM ko dUra karane tathA santAnotpatti meM rakSA ke lie yaha kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| ise pratyeka

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janmasambandhI saMskAra 191 garbhAdhAna para kiyA jAtA thaa| eka dina pUrva nAndIzrAddha kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| isake uparAnta agni-homa AjyabhAga taka kiyA jAtA hai| agni ke dakSiNa kamala yA svastika ke cihna ke AkAra kA eka anya sthaNDila banAyA jAtA hai, jisa para viSNu ko pake hue cAvala kI (ghRta ke sAtha) 64 AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| kucha loga viSNu ko na dekara agni ko hI Ahuti dete haiN| isameM mantroM kA uccAraNa hotA hai (Rgveda 1 / 22 / 16-21; 11154 / 1-6; 6 / 69 / 1-8; 7 / 104 / 11; 10 / 9011-16; 10 / 18411-3) / agni ke uttara-pUrva meM eka vargAkAra sthala para gobara lIpakara use zveta miTTI se 64 vargoM meM bA~Takara, pake hue cAvala kI 64 AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN| uparyukta mantroM kA hI uccAraNa hotA hai| 64 AhatiyoM ke Upara eka Ahati viSNa ke lie rahatI hai aura "namo nArAyaNAya" kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| pati tathA patnI pRthak-pRthak usI cAvala ke do piNDa khAte haiN| isake uparAnta agni sviSTakRt ko bali dI jAtI hai| brAhmaNoM ko bhojana evaM dakSiNA dI jAtI hai| vaikhAnasa (3 / 13) ne viSNubali kA eka bhinna rUpa upasthita kiyA hai| sarvaprathama agni tathA anya devatAgaNa praNidhi-pAtra ke uttara bulAye jAte haiM aura anta meM 'puruSa' cAra bAra "om bhUH, om bhuvaH, om svaH, om bhUrbhuvaH svaH" ke sAtha bulAyA jAtA hai| taba agni ke pUrva meM saMskArakartA kuzoM para kezava, nArAyaNa, mAdhava, govinda, viSNu, madhusUdana, trivikrama, vAmana, zrIdhara, hRSIkeza, padmanAbha, dAmodara ke nAma se viSNu kA AvAhana karatA hai| isake uparAnta viSNu ko mantroM ke sAtha snAna karAyA jAtA hai (mantra ye hai "Apa:0"-naittirIya saMhitA 4 / 1 / 5 / 11, Rgveda 1019 / 1-3, "hiraNyavarNA:0"--taitirIya saMhitA 5 / 6 / 1 tathA vaha adhyAya jisakA Arambha "pavamAnaH" se hotA hai)| viSNu kI pUjA bArahoM nAmoM dvArA candana puSpa Adi se kI jAtI hai : naba ghRta kI "ato devA" (Rgveda 1 / 22 / 16-21), "viSNornukam" (Rgveda 11154 / 1-7), "tadasya priyam" (naittirIya saMhitA 21416, Rgveda 11154 / 5), "pratadviSNuH' (taittirIya brAhmaNa 2 / 4 / 3, Rgveda 11154 / 2), "paro mAtrayA" (naittirIya brAhmaNa 2 / 8 / 3), "vicakrama virdevAH" (taittirIya brAhmaNa 2 / 8 / 3) nAmaka mantroM ke sAtha 12 AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta saMskArakartA dUdha meM pakAye hue cAvala kI bali kI, jisa para Ajya rakhA rahatA hai, ghoSaNA karatA hai aura 12 nAmoM ko duharAtA huA 12 mantroM ke mAtha (Rgveda 1 / 22 / 16-21 evaM Rgveda 11154 / 1-6) bali detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha cAroM vedoM se mantra lekara devatAoM kI stuti karake jhakatA hai aura bArahoM nAmoM se "namaH" zabda ke sAtha praNAma karatA hai| anta meM cAvaloM kA jo bhAga zeSa rahatA hai use strI khA letI hai| sopyantIkarma isa saMskAra kI carcA ApastambagRhyasUtra (14113-15), hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (22 / 8, 2 / 3 / 1), bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1 / 22), gobhilagRhyasUtra (2 / 7 / 13-14), khAdiragRhyasUtra (2 / 2 / 29-30), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 16), kAThakagRhyasUtra (33 / 1-3) meM huI hai, ataH yaha ati prAcIna saMskAra hai| isa saMskAra kA artha hai "eka aisI nArI ke lie saskAra jo abhI baccA jananevAlI ho" arthAt baccA jananevAlI nArI ke lie saMskAra yA kRty| Rgveda (5 / 78 / 7-9) meM isake prArambhikatama saMketa pAye jAte haiM-"jisa prakAra vAyu jhIla ko saba ora se hilA detA hai, usI prakAra dasaveM mahIne meM bhrUNa hile aura bAhara calA aaye| jisa prakAra vAyu, vana evaM samudra gati meM haiM, usI prakAra he bhrUNa, tuma dama mAma meM ho, bAhara cale aao| putra, mA~ ke antaH meM dasa mAsa sone ke uparAnta vAhara Ao, jIvitAvasthA meM cale Ao, sukSita cale Ago, mA~ bhI jIvita rh|" vRhadAraNyakopanipad (6 / 4 / 23) ne bhI isa maMskAra kI carcA kI hai, ApastambagRhyasUtra ne bhI ullekha kiyA hai| vistAra ke viSaya meM gRhyasUtroM

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192 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM kucha antara pAyA jAtA hai| isa saMskAra ke viSaya meM jitane bhI gRhyasUtroM ke nAma diye gaye haiM, una sabhI meM kuchana-kucha antara pAyA jAtA hai| jAtakarma yaha kRtya atyanta prAcIna hai| taittirIyasahitA (2 / 2 / 5 / 3-4) meM hama par3hate haiM-"jaba kisI ko putra utpanna ho to use 12 vibhinna pAtroM meM pakI huI roTI (puroDAza) kI bali vaizvAnara ko denI caahie....| vaha putra jisake lie yaha 'iSTi' kI jAtI hai, pavitra, gauravapUrNa, dhanadhAnya se sampUrNa, vIra evaM pazu vAlA hotA hai|" isase spaSTa hai ki lar3ake ke janma para vaizvAnareSTi kRtya kiyA jAtA thaa| jaimini (4 / 3 / 38) ne isakI vyAkhyA kI hai aura kahA hai ki yaha iSTi putra ke lie hai na ki pitA ke lie| zabara ne apane bhASya meM kahA hai ki jAtakarma ke uparAnta yaha iSTi karanI cAhie (putra kI utpatti ke turanta pazcAt hI nahIM), janma ke dasa dinoM ke uparAnta pUrNamAsI yA amAvasyA divasa ko ise karanA caahie| zatapathabrAhmaNa ne nAlacchedana (sadya: jAta bacce kI nAbhi se nikalA huA snAyumRNAla, jo garbhAzaya se lagA rahatA hai) ke pUrva ke eka kRtya kA varNana kiyA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 / 5 / 2) meM bhI isa kRtya kI ora saMketa hai, yathA "jaba putra kI utpatti hotI hai, taba use sarvaprathama vimalIkRta makkhana ghaTAnA cAhie, taba mA~ ke stana kA sparza karAnA caahie|" isa upaniSad ke anta meM (6 / 4 / 24-28) jAtakarma kA eka vistArapUrNa varNana hai-putrotpatti ke uparAnta agni prajvalita kI jAtI hai| taduparAnta bacce ko kisI kI goda meM rakhakara, dahI ko ghI se milAkara evaM use kAMsyapAtra meM rakhakara ina mantroM ko par3hA jAtA hai-"maiM eka sahasra santAnoM ko samRddhi ke sAtha pAla sakU, santAna-pazu-vRddhi meM koI avarodha na upasthita ho, svAhA; maiM Apako apane prANa de rahA hU~, svAhA; jo kucha maiMne isa karma meM adhika kiyA ho yA kama kiyA ho, use agri devatA, jinheM sviSTakRt kahA jAtA hai, bharapUra evaM acchA kiyA huA banAyeM tathA hamAre dvArA bhalI prakAra sampAdita smjheN|" isake pazcAt apane mukha ko bacce ke dAyeM kAna kI ora ghumAkara vaha "vAk" zabda tIna bAra uccArita karatA hai| taba dahI, ghRta evaM madhu milAkara sone ke cammaca se bacce ko pilAtA hai aura ina mantroM ko kahatA hai-"maiM tuma meM bhUH rakhatA hU~, bhuvaH rakhatA hU~, svaH rakhatA hU~ aura tumameM bhUrbha vaH svaH, sabhI ko eka sAtha rakhatA huuN|" taba vaha navajAta zizu ko "tU veda hai" aisA kahakara nAma rakhatA hai| yahI usakA gupta nAma ho jAtA hai| taba vaha zizu ko usakI mAM ko detA hai aura use Rgveda ke mantra (11164149) ke sAtha mA~ kA stana detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha bacce kI mA~ ko mantroM ke sAtha sambodhita karatA hai| uparyukta varNana se spaSTa hotA hai ki bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM jAtakarma saMskAra ke nimnalikhita bhAga haiM(1) dahI evaM ghRta kA mantroM ke sAtha homa; (2) bacce ke dAhine kAna meM 'vAk' zabda ko tIna bAra kahanA; (3) sunahale cammaca yA zalAkA se bacce ko dahI, madhu evaM ghRta caTAnA; (4) bacce ko eka gupta nAma denA (nAmakaraNa); (5) bacce ko mA~ ke stana para rakhanA; (6) mAtA ko mantroM dvArA sambodhita krnaa| zatapathabrAhmaNa meM eka aura bAta jor3a dI hai; yathA--pA~ca brAhmaNoM dvArA pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima, uttara tathA Upara kI dizAoM se bacce ke Upara sA~sa lenaa| yaha kArya kevala pitA bhI kara sakatA hai| jAtakarma ke vistAra ke viSaya meM gRhyasUtroM meM bahuta bhinnatAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| kucha gRhyasUtroM meM uparyukta sAtoM bAtoM kI aura kucha meM do-eka kama kI carcA huI hai| vibhinna zAkhAoM ke anusAra vaidika mantroM meM bhI bheda pAyA jAtA hai| janma ke uparAnta hI yaha saMskAra honA caahie| kintu isake karane ke DhaMga meM mataikya nahIM hai| AzvalAyana

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jAtakarma saMskAra 193 gRhyasUtra (1 / 15 / 2) ke anusAra yaha kRtya kisI anya vyakti dvArA (mA~ evaM dAI ko chor3akara) sparza hone ke pUrva kiyA jAnA caahie| pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1116) ke anusAra nAla kATane se pUrva yaha saMskAra ho jAnA caahie| yahI bAta gobhila (2 / 7 / 17) evaM khAdira (2 / 2 / 32) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| AzvalAyana evaM zAMkhAyana ne janma ke samaya gupta nAma rakhane ko kahA hai, kintu alaga se nAmakaraNa saMskAra kI carcA nahIM kI hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 24 / 6) ne janma ke dasaveM dina vyAvahArika nAma rakhane ko kahA hai| aba hama nIce isa saMskara ke vibhinna bhAgoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana kreNge| (1) homa-janma ke samaya isakA varNana bRhadAraNyaka0, mAnava evaM kAThakagRhyasUtra meM pAyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ke pariziSTa (1126) meM AyA hai ki agni tathA anya devatAoM ke lie homa karanA caahie| homa ke uparAnta hI bacce ko madhu evaM ghRta denA caahie| isake uparAnta agni ko Ahuti denI caahie| gobhila evaM khAdira ne ise soSyantIkarma meM arthAt janma ke pUrva karane ko kahA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 1 / 13) meM ise sampUrNa kRtya ke uparAnta karane ko kahA gayA hai| AzvalAyana, zAMkhAyana Adi ne ise chor3a diyA hai| pAraskaragRhya0 (1 / 16), hiraNyakazigRhya 0, bhAradvAjagRhya0 (1 / 26) ne likhA hai ki aupAsana (gRhya) agni ko haTAkara sUtikAgni sthApita karanI caahie| sUtikAgni ko uttapanIya bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha agni sUtikA-gRha (jahA~ zizu ke sAtha usakI mAM rahatI hai) ke dvAra para rakhI jAtI hai| vaikhAnasa (3 / 15) ne isa agni ko jAtakAgni evaM uttapanIya kahA hai| ina matoM ke anusAra janma ke samaya isa agni meM zveta raMga kI sarasoM tathA cAvala DAlane cAhie aura yaha kRtya janma ke uparAnta dasa dinoM taka pratyeka prAtaH evaM sandhyA meM mantroM ke sAtha kiyA jAnA caahie| (2) medhAjanana--isake do artha haiN| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM yaha zabda nahIM miltaa| AzvalAyana evaM zAkhAyana (1 / 24 / 9) meM zizu ke dAhine kAna meM mantroccAraNa ko medhA-janana kahA gayA hai| kintu vaikhAnasa, hiraNyakezI, gobhila meM medhAjanana ko dAhine kAna meM kucha kahane ke sthAna para bacce ko dahI, ghRta Adi khilAnA kahA gayA hai| kyA khilAyA jAya yA kyA na khilAyA jAya, isa viSaya meM bhI mataikya nahIM hai| kAlAntara ke granthoM ne, yathA-- saskAramayUkha ne madhu evaM dhRta kA diyA jAnA jAtakarma saMskAra kA eka pramukha aMga mAnA hai| (3) AyuSya-kucha sUtroM ne jAtakarma ke silasile meM AyuSya nAmaka kRtya kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| yaha hai bacce kI nAbhi para mantroccAraNa karanA, yA lambI Ayu ke lie dAhine kAna yA nAbhi para kucha khnaa| AzvalAyana ne dahI evaM ghRta khilAte samaya isI bAta kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| bhAradvAja0, mAnavagRhya0, kAThaka0 Adi ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| (4) aMsAbhimarzana (bacce ke kandhe yA donoM kandhoM ko chUnA)-Apastamba ne likhA hai ki pitA 'vAtsapra' anuvAka ke sAtha bacce ko chUtA hai| pAraskara, bhAradvAja Adi ne bacce ko do bAra chUne ko kahA hai, eka bAra vAtsapra anuvAka (vAja0 12 // 18-29; taitti0 4 / 2 / 2) ke sAtha tathA dUsarI bAra "patthara (jaisA dRDha) ho, kulhAr3I (jaisA para-ghAtaka) ho" ke saath| kucha sUtroM meM yaha kriyA choDa dI gayI hai| (5) mAtrabhimantraNa (mAtA ko sambodhita karanA)-pitA dvArA mAtA vaidika mantroM se sambodhita hotI hai| bahuta-se sUtroM meM isakI carcA nahIM huI hai| hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra meM eka dUsarA mantra rakhA gayA hai (6) paJca-gAhmaNasthApana--zatapatha0 meM AyA hai ki pA~ca brAhmaNa yA kevala pitA zizu letA hai| pAraskara meM bhI yahI bAta hai (pA~ca brAhmaNa pUrva se kramazaH prANa, vyAna, apAna, udAna evaM samAna ko duhraaeNge)| zAMkhAyana ne kevala pitA ko hI tIna bAra bacce ke Upara sA~sa lene ko kahA hai| yaha tIna saMkhyA tIna vedoM kI ora saMketa karatI hai| bahuta-se sUtroM ne isakA ullekha hI nahIM kiyA hai| dharma0 25

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (7) stana-pratidhAna yA stanapradAna-isake dvArA bacce ko stanapAna karAne kI kriyA kI jAtI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, pArambAra0, vAjasaneyI saMhitA, Apastamba0, bhAradvAja Adi ne isakI carcA kI hai| kahIM eka stana ke lie aura kahIM dono ke lie mantroccAraNa kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| (8) dezAbhimantraNa (dezAbhimarzana)-jahA~ ziz utpanna hotA hai, usa sthAna ko chUnA tathA pRthivI ko sambodhita karanA hotA hai| pAraskara bhAradvAja evaM hiraNyakezi0 meM yaha vaNita hai| (9) nAmakaraNa (bacce kA nAma rakhanA)--janma ke dina hI bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, AzvalAyana, zAMkhAyana, gobhila, khAdira tathA anya dharmazAstrakAroM ne nAma rakhane kI bAta calAyI hai| AzvalAyana (1 / 15 / 4 evaM 10) ne do nAmo kI bAta nahI hai, jinameM eka ko sabhI loga nAma sakate haiM, kintu dUsare ko upanayana taka kevala mAtA-pitA hI jAna sakate haiN| sarvasAdhAraNa kI jAnakArI vAle nAma ke lie vistAra ke sAtha niyamAdi batAye gaye haiN| zAMkhAyana ne gupta nAma ke lie vistAra se vidhAna batAyA hai aura sAdhAraNa nAma ke lie janma ke uparAnta dasavA~ dina hI upayukta mAnA hai| ApastambagRhyasUtra (15 / 2-3 evaM 8) ne janma ke samaya nakSatra ke anusAra gupta nAma rakhane kI tathA dasaveM dina vAstavika nAma rakhane kI vyavasthA dI hai| gobhila evaM khAdira ne sopyantIkarma meM nAma rakhane ko kahA hai, aura kahA hai ki yaha nAma gupta hai| (10) bhUta-pretoM ko bhagAnA--AzvalAyana evaM zAMkhAyana isa viSaya meM mauna haiN| bahuta se sUtroM ne isa viSaya meM lambI carcAeM kI haiM aura aindrajAlika mantroM ke uccAraNa kI vyavasthA dI hai| Apastamba ne sarasoM ke bIja evaM dhAna kI bhUsI ko ATha mantroM ke sAtha agni meM tIna bAra DAlane ko kahA hai| kucha antaroM ke sAtha yahI bAta bhAradvAja, pAraskara Adi meM bhI hai| isI silasile meM kucha gauNa bAtoM kI carcA bhI ho jAnI caahie| vaudhAyana, Apastamba, hiraNyakezI evaM vaikhAnasa ne spaSTa likhA hai ki zizu ko snAna karA denA caahie| hiraNyakazigRhyasUtra evaM vaikhAnasa meM parazu (pharasA), sonA tathA prastara rakhane kI vyavasthA hai, jo zakti ke pratIka haiM, isI prakAra pAraskara, Apastamba, hiraNyakezI, bhAradvAja evaM vaikhAnasa meM jalapUrNa pAtra ko jaccA aura bacce ke sira kI ora rakhane ko kahA gayA hai| ina sUtroM meM vaikhAnasa ko chor3akara kisI meM bhI jyotiSa-sambandhI vAte nahIM ullikhita haiN| vaikhAnasa (3 / 14) ne likhA hai ki jaba bacce kI nAka dikhAI par3a jAya, graha-nakSatroM kI sthiti kI jA~ca kara lenI cAhie aura bhaviSya kathana ke anusAra hI Age calakara usakA pAlana-poSaNa karanA cAhie, jisase ki vaha sambhAvita zubha guNoM kA vikAsa kara ske| Apastamba evaM baudhAyana ke anusAra madhu, dahI evaM ghRta ke zeSAMza ko apavitra sthAnoM meM nahIM pheMkanA cAhie, unheM gauzAlA meM rakha denA caahie| yaha kRtya kramazaH apracalita hotA calA gyaa| sambhavataH navajAta zizu ke sAtha itanA lambA-caur3A saMskAra suvidhAjanaka nahIM U~cA, kyoMki hama Aja ye bAteM kevala granthoM meM hI milatI haiN| smRticandrikA na hArIta, zaMkha, jaimini kA uddharaNa dete hue kahA hai ki nAla kaTane ke pUrva azauca nahIM mAnA jaataa| taba taka saMskAra kiyA jA sakatA hai; tila, monA, paridhAna, dhAnya Adi kA dAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kucha sUtroM ke anusAra pitA ko jAtakarma karane ke pahale snAna kara lenA caahie| smRticandrikA ne pracetA, vyAsa tathA anya logoM kA mata prakaTa karate hue likhA hai ki jAtakarma meM nAndIzrAddha bhI kara lenA caahie| dharmasindhu ke anusAra isameM svastivAcana, puNyAhavAcana evaM mAtRkApUjana kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| / madhyakAla ke nibandhakAroM ne kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI, amAvasyA, mUla, AzleSA maghA evaM jyeSThA nakSatroM tathA anya jyotiSa-sambandhI krUra samayoM, yathA vyatIpAta, vaidhRti, saMkrAnti meM santAnotpatti se utpanna prabhAvoM ko dUra karane

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nAmakaraNa saMskAra ke lie zAnti-kRtyoM kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| ina bAtoM para yahA~ prakAza nahIM DAlA jaaygaa| kucha bAtoM para hama zAnti evaM muhUrta ke prakaraNoM meM par3ha leNge| Adhunika kAla meM pAMcaveM yA chaThe dina kucha kRtya kiye jAte haiM, jinake viSaya meM sUtroM meM koI carcA nahIM huI hai| sambhavataH ye kRtya paurANika haiM, kyoMki nirNayasindhu, saMskAramabUkha tathA anya granthoM meM etadviSayaka zloka mArkaNDeya purANa, vyAsa evaM nArada ke hI pAye jAte haiN| pA~caveM yA chaThe dina (chaThI ke dina) pitA yA anya sambandhI loga rAtri ke prathama prahara meM snAna karate haiM, taba gaNeza tathA anya janmadA nAmaka gauNa devatAoM kA muTThI bhara cAvaloM meM AvAhana karate haiM, isI prakAra SaSThIdevI evaM bhagavatI (durgA) kA bhI AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai aura solaha upacAroM ke sAtha unakI pUjA kI jAtI hai| taba eka yA kaI brAhmaNoM ko tAmbala evaM dakSiNA dI jAtI hai aura ghara tathA kuTumba ke loga rAtri bhara gAnA gA-gAkara jAgate haiM (bhUta-pretoM ko bhagAne ke lie)| mArkaNDeyapurANa meM AyA hai ki kucha manuSyoM ko astra-zastra se sajjita hokara rAtri bhara rakSA karanI caahie| kAlAntara meM bure nakSatroM ke prabhAvoM kI maryAdA itanI bar3hA dI gayI ki katipaya janmoM meM kucha zizuoM ko tyAga dene tathA ATha varSa taka mukha na dekhane taka kI vyavasthA kI gyii| isa viSaya meM nityAcArapaddhati (pR0 244-255) paThanIya hai| utthAna (bacce kA zayyA se uThanA)-vaikhAnasa (3 / 18) ke anusAra 10veM yA 12veM dina pitA keza banavAtA hai, snAna karatA hai, gRha svaccha karAtA hai, tathA kisI anya gotra vAle vyakti dvArA jAtakAgni meM pRthivI ke lie yajJa karAtA hai| isake uparAnta aupAsana (gRhyAgni) ko ma~gAtA hai, dhAtA ko Ahuti detA hai, varuNa ko pA~ca Ahuti detA hai aura brAhmaNoM ko khilAtA hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1125) ne isa viSaya meM bar3A vistAra kiyA hai jisakA ullekha yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| isa prakAra sUkatAgni haTa jAne para aupAsana (gRha kI agni) kI sthApanA hotI hai aura bacce kI mA~ bacce ke bistara se uThane para anya pavitra kAmoM ke yogya samajhI jAne lagatI hai| nAmakaraNa jaisA ki uparyukta vivaraNa se vyakta ho cukA hai, yaha saMskAra zizu ke nAma rakhane se sambandhita hai| viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha nimna grantha paThanIya haiM-~~ApastambagRhyasUtra (15 / 8-11), AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 15 / 4-10), baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 1 / 23-31), bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1126), gobhilagRhyasUtra (2 / 818-18), hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (2 / 4 / 6-15), kAThakagRhyasUtra (34 / 1-2 evaM 36 / 3-4), kauzikasUtra (58 / 13-17), mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 18 / 1), zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 24 / 4-6), vaikhAnasa (3 / 19) evaM vArAhagRhyasUtra (2) / nAma rakhane kI tithi ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda rahA hai| prAcIna sAhitya, mUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM aneka tithiyoM kI carcA hai| kucha mata nimna haiM (ka) gomila evaM khAdira ke matAnusAra soSyantIkarma meM bhI nAma rakhA jA sakatA hai| (kha) bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, AzvalAyana, zAMkhAyana, kAThaka Adi ke mata se janma ke dina hI nAma rakhane kI vyavasthA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai, pataJjali ke mahAbhASya meM bhI aisI hI carcA hai--"loke tAvanmAtApitarau putrasya jAtasya saMvRte'vakAze nAma kurvAte devadatto yazadatta ili| tayorupacArAdanye'pi jAnantIyamasya sjnyeti|" 8. tasmAtputrasya jAtasya nAma kuryAtpApmAnamevAsya tapahAsyapi dvitIyamapi tRtIyam / zatapatha0 6 / 1 / 3 / 9 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (ga) Apastamba, baudhAyana, bhAradvAja evaM pAraskara ne nAmakaraNa ke lie dasoM dina mAnA hai| (gha) yAjJavalkya (1 / 12) ne janma ke 11veM dina nAmakaraNa kI vyavasthA dI hai| (3) daudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 1 / 23) meM 10vA yA 12vAM dina tathA hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra meM 12vA dina mAnA gayA hai| rekhAlasa ke anusAra mAtA 10veM yA 12veM dina mUtikAgRha chor3anI hai aura nAmakaraNa kI carcA karatI hai| mana (2030) ke mata se 10vA yA 12vA dina yA koI zubha tithi (mahurta evaM nakSatra ke sAtha) ThIka mAnI jAnI caahie| (ca) gobhila (22818) evaM gvAdira ke anumAra dama gatoM, mau rAtoM yA eka varSa ke uparAnta nAmakaraNa kisI bhI dina sampAdita ho sakatA hai| lagha-AzvalAyana (6 / 1) ne 11vA~, 12vA~ yA 16vA~ dina acchA kahA hai| aparArka ne gRhyapariziSTa ke anusAra dasavIM rAtri, mauvIM rAtri yA sAla bhara ke upaganta hI nAma kA kAla ThIka mAnA hai| bhaviSyatpurANa ne 10vIM yA 12vIM yA 18voM yA 1 mAsa ke upagala kI tithi kI vyavasthA dI hai| bANa ne kAdambarI meM likhA hai ki tArApIDa ne apane putra candrApIDa kA nAma dasaveM dina rakhA (pUrvabhAga, anuccheda 68) / TIkAkAroM ko ina vibhinna matoM se kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| vizvarUpa ne 10vIM rAtri ke uparAnta tathA kullUka (manu 2 // 30) ne 11veM dina (vizvarUpa ke samAna hI) nAmakaraNa kI tithi mAnI hai| meghAtithi ne 10veM evaM 12veM dina ke pUrva nAmakaraNa kI tithi nahIM maanii| aparArka ne limbA hai ki loga apane apane gRhyasUtra ke anusAra tithi kA nirNaya kreN| Adhunika kAla meM nAmakaraNa janma ke 12veM dina vinA kisI vaidika mantroccAraNa ke manA liyA jAtA hai| striyA~ ekatra hotI haiM aura puruSoM se parAmarza kara nAma ghoSita kara detI haiM aura bacce ko pAlane para DAla detI haiN| kahIM-kahIM aba bhI yaha saMskAra vidhivat kiyA jAtA hai, kintu aba isakA pracalana eka prakAra se uTa gayA hai| Rgveda meM eka cauthe nAma kI carcA huI hai (8180 / 9), jo eka yajJa karma ke uparAla rakhA jAnA hai| mAyaNa ke matAnusAra cAra nAma haiM, nAkSatra nAma (jisa nakSatra meM vaccA utpanna hotA hai usa para), gupta nAma, sarvamAdhAraNa ko zAta nAma tathA koI yajJakarma sampAdita karane para rakhA gayA nAma, yathA somayAjI, arthAta somayAga karane sa utpanna naam| Rgveda ke mantra 105414 meM cAra nAmoM kI ora saMketa hai, evaM 97512 meM nosare nAma kI carcA huI hai| Rgveda (9 / 8713, 1055 / 1-2) meM gupta nAma kI ora spaSTa nirdeza hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (36ArA24) meM mI pitA dvArA rakhe gaye tIsare nAma kA ullekha huA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (2 / 1 / 2 / 11) meM AyA hai.---"arjuna indra kA gupta nAma hai, aura phAlgunI nakSatroM kA svAmI indra hai, ataH ve vAstava meM 'Arjunya' haiM, kintu ve apratyakSa rUpa se 'phAlgunya' kahe jAye haiN|" gupta yA guhya nAma kisa prakAra rakhA jAtA thA. yaha vaidika sAhitya se spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| tIna nAmoM ke udAharaNa vaidika sAhitya meM isa prakAra haiM, yathA trasadasyu (apanA nAma), paurukunsya (purukutsa kA putra), merikSita (girikSiti kA vNshj)| ye nAma Rgveda (5 / 3318) meM mila jAte haiN| aitareya brAhmaNa (3365) meM zunazzepa ko AjIgati (ajIgata kA putra) evaM AMgirasa (motra nAma) kahA gayA hai| rAjA harizcandra ko vahIM (aitareyabrAhmaNa 3331) vaidhasa (vedhas kA putra) evaM aikSvAka (ikSvAku kA vaMzaja) kahA gayA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (13 / 5 / 4 / 1) meM indrota devApa (devApi kA putra) zaunaka (gotra nAma) janamejaya kA purohita kahA gayA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 3 / 1 evaM 7) meM zvetaketu AruNeya (AruNi ke putra) ko gautama (gotra nAma) kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM naciketA vAjazravasa kA putra hai aura gautama (gotra nAma) nAma se sambodhita hai| bahudhA vaidika sAhitya meM vyakti do nAmoM se sambodhita haiN| kucha to apane evaM gotra ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM, yathA medhyAtithi kANva (R0 8 / 2 / 40), hiraNyastUpa AMgirasa (10 10 / 149 / 5), vatsaprI mAlandana (taitti0 5 / 2 / 1 / 6), bAlAki gArgya (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2 / 121), cyavana bhArgava (aitareyabrAhmaNa 39 / 8) / kucha vyakti

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nAmakaraNa saMskAra apane nAma tathA apane deza ke nAma se ullikhita haiM, yathA kazu caMdya (R0 8 / 5 / 37), bhIma vaidarbha (aita0 3548), durmukha pAJcAla (aita. 39 / 23), janaka vaideha. ajAtazatru kAzya (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 21111) / kahIM-kahI mAtA ke nAma se bhI nAmakaraNa ho gayA hai, dIrghatamA mAmateya (R0 1115816), kunsa Arjuneya (arjunI kA putra R0 4 / 26 / 1, 7 / 19 / 2, 811 / 11), kakSIvAn auzija (uzik nAmaka strI kA putra, R0 111811, vAjasaneyI saMhitA, 3 / 28), prahlAda kAyAghava (kayAdhU kA putra. taitti0 115.10), mahidAsa aitareya (itarA kA putra, chAndogyopaniSad 3 // 16 // 7) / vRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke anta meM 40 RSiyoM ke nAmoM meM mAtAoM ke nAma kA sambandha hai| mAtA ke nAma yA mAtA ke pitA ke gotra ke nAma ke sAtha nAma rakhane kI paripATI kAlAntara meM bhI calatI rhii| Rgveda evaM anya vaidika granthoM meM vahudhA nAmoM ke sAtha pitA ke nAmoM kA sambandha pAyA jAtA hai, yathA--ambarISa, RjAzva, mahadeva evaM murAdhas ko vArSAgira (vRSAgira ke putra, R0 111007), rAjA sudAsa ko paijavana kahA gayA hai (pijavana kA putra. R0 7 / 18 / 22), devApi kI ASTiSeNa kahA gayA hai (RSTiSeNa kA putra, R0 1019845-6); isI prakAra dekhie zamya vArhaspatya (taittirIyasaMhitA 216 / 10), bhRgu vANi (aitareya brAhmaNa 1310 evaM taittirIyasaMhitA 331), bharata dauSyanti (zatapathabrAhmaNa 13 / 5 / 4 / 11. aitareya brAhmaNa 39 / 9), nAgAnediSTa mAnava (aitareya brAhmaNa 22 / 9) / ____ nAmoM ke viSaya meM pramukha niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa gRhyasUtroM dvArA hI huA hai (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 15 / 4-10) / zAMnvAyanagRhyasUtra meM jo niyama haiM ve AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra se bhinna haiN| hama nIce katipaya niyamoM kA udghATana karate haiM (1) sabhI gRhyasUtroM meM sarvaprathama niyama yaha hai ki puruSa kA nAma do yA cAra akSaroM kA yA sama saMkhyA vAlA honA cAhie |vaidik sAhitya meM ye nAma haiM--baka, trita, kutsa, bhRyu yA trasadasya, purukutsa, medhyAtithi, brahmadatta aadi| kintu tIna akSaroM ke nAmoM kA, yathA kavaSa, cyavana, bharata Adi evaM pA~ca akSaroM ke nAmoM, yathA nAmA, nediSTha, hiraNyamtUpa Adi kA abhAva nahIM pAyA jaataa| baijavApagRhyamUtra meM eka, do, tIna, cAra yA kisI bhI saMkhyA ke nAmoM kA samarthana pAyA gayA hai| zAMkhAyana ne chaH akSaroM evaM baudhAyana ne (221025) 6 yA 8 akSara vAle nAmoM kA bhI samarthana kiyA hai| (2) sabhI gRhyasUtroM meM yaha niyama pAyA jAtA hai ki nAma kA Arambha uncAraNa karane yogya meM ardhasvara vAlA avazya ho| mahAbhASya meM yAjJikoM ke prAcIna uddharaNa se bhI yahI vAta jhalakatI hai| (3) kucha sUtroM meM aisA AyA hai ki nAma ke anta meM visarga ho kintu usake pUrva dIrgha svara avazya honA cAhie (Apa0, bhAradvAja, hiraNya0, pAraskara0 aadi)| AzvalAyana ne visarga kA anta meM honA svIkAra kiyA hai| vaivAnama evaM gomila ne visarga yA dIrgha svara ke sAtha anta honA svIkAra kiyA hai| mammavata ye niyama sUdAsa, dIrghatamAH, pRthuzravAH Adi RgvedIya nAmoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| (4) Apastamba ne likhA hai ki nAma ke do bhAga hone cAhie, jinameM pahalA saMjJA ho aura dUsarA kriyAtmaka ho, yathA brahmadatta, devadatta, yajJadatta aadi| 9. nAma cAsmai dadhuH ghoSavavAdyantarantasthamabhiniSTAnAntaM yakSaram / caturamaraM vA / dUdhakSaraM pratiSThAkAmazcaturAraM brhmvrcskaamH| yugmAni tveva puNsaam| ayujAni strINAm / abhivAdanIyaM ca samIkSeta tanmAtApitarI vidyaataamopnynaat| Azva0 gR0 1015 / 4-10 /

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198 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (5) kucha gRhyasUtroM ne, yathA pAraskara, gobhila, zAMkhAyana, baijavApa, vArAha Adi ne likhA hai ki nAma 'kRt' se bananA cAhie na ki taddhita se| (6) Apastamba evaM hiraNyakezi0 kA kahanA hai ki nAma meM 'su' upasarga honA cAhie, yathA--sujAta, sudarzana, sukeshaa| (7) baudhAyana0 ke anusAra nAma kisI RSi, devatA yA pUrvapuruSa se niHsRta honA caahie| mAnavagRhyasUtra ne devatA kA nAma vajita mAnA hai, kintu devatA ke nAma se nirmita vAsiSTha, nArada Adi nAmoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| viSNu, ziva Adi nAma bhI pracalita rahe haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1 / 12) meM zaMkha kA uddharaNa hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki nAma kA sambandha kuladevatA se honA caahie| Adhunika kAla meM bahudhA logoM ke nAma devatAoM, zUravIroM yA devatAoM ke avatAroM se sambandhita pAye jAte haiN| kintu vaidika kAla meM manuSyoM ke nAma devatAoM ke nAmoM se sambandhita nahIM pAye jaate| do-eka apavAda bhI haiM, yathA bhRgu (taittirIyopaniSad, 3 / 1) ne apane pitA varuNa se vidyAdhyayana kiyA thA, sauryAyaNi gArgya kA nAma sUrya se sambandhita hai| devatAoM se niHsRta nAma avazya pAye jAte haiM, yathA indrota (indra +Uta, rakSita), indradyumna aadi| mahAbhASya meM ullikhita nAma, yathA devadatta, yajJadatta, vAyudatta, viSNumitra, bRhaspatidattaka, (bRhaspatika), prajApatidattaka (prajApatika), bhAnudattaka (mAnuka) mAnavagRhyasUtra ke niyama kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (8) baudhAyana, pAraskara, gobhila evaM mahAbhASya dvArA uddhRta yAjJikoM ke niyama ke anusAra bacne kA nAma pitA ke kisI pUrvaja kA hI honA caahie| kintu pitA kA nAma putra kA nAma nahIM honA cAhie (mAnavagRhyasUtra, 1 / 18) / (9) pAraskara evaM mAnava ko chor3akara sabhI gRhyasUtra yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki guhya nAga sopyantIkarma meM (gobhila evaM khAdira ke mata se), janma ke samaya (AzvalAyana evaM kAThaka ke mana se) tathA nAmakaraNa ke samaya 10veM yA 12veM dina (Apastamba, baudhAyana evaM bhAradvAja ke mata se) rakhA jAnA caahie| hiraNyake zi0 evaM vaikhAnasa ke matAnusAra guhya (gupta) nAma janma ke samaya ke nakSatra se sambandhita honA caahie| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ke anusAra gupta nAma abhivAdanIya (jo upanayana taka kevala mAtA-pitA ko jJAta rahatA hai, jise zraddhApUrvaka praNAma karate samaya baccA svayaM prayoga meM lAtA hai) kahA jAtA hai; kintu aisA kyoM, isa para prakAza nahIM miltaa| gobhila. khAdira, vArAha evaM mAnava ne abhivAdanIya nAma kI carcA kI hai| gobhila ke mata me yaha nAma upanayana ke samaya AcArya dvArA diyA jAnA cAhie aura janma ke samaya ke nakSatra yA usa nakSatra ke devatA se sambandhita honA caahie| kucha logoM ke mata se, jaisA ki gobhila ne likhA hai, abhivAdanIya nAma bacce ke gotra meM gambandhita honA cAhie, yathA gArya, zANDilya, gautama aadi| vaidika yajJoM meM nAkSatra nAma kI mahattA thii|" 10. nakSatradevatA hotA etAbhiryajJakarmaNi / yajamAnasya zAstrajJa ma nakSatrajaM smRtam // vedAMgajyotiSa (R0), zloka 28 / vaidika sAhitya evaM vedAMgajyotiSa meM nakSatroM kI gaNanA kRttikA se apabharaNI taka hotI hai, na ki azvinI se revatI taka, jaisA ki mAdhyamika evaM Adhunika kAla meM pAyA jAtA hai| nakSatra aura nakSatradevatA ye haiM-- (atharvaveda, 19 / 7 / 25, taittirIya saMhitA, 4 / 4 / 10 evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa, 115 / 1 tathA 33111 meM prAcInatama tAlikA milatI hai) kRttikA-agni, rohiNI-prajApati, mRgazIrSa yA mRgaziraH (invakA, tai0 saM0 meM)-soma, ArdrA (le0 saM0 meM bAhu)-rudra, punarvasu-aditi, tiSya (praSya, atharvaveda meM)-bRhaspati, AzreSA (ta0 saM0 meM AzleSA)-sarpa,

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nAmakaraNa saMskAra 199 vaidika sAhitya meM saikar3oM nAma milate haiM, kintu unameM koI bhI sIdhe DhaMga se nakSatroM se sambandhita nahIM ja~catA / zatapathabrAhmaNa (6 / 2 / 1 / 37) meM ASADha sauzromateya ( aSADha evaM suzromatA kA putra ) nAma AyA hai| yahA~ sambhavataH aSADha aSADhA nakSatra se samvandhita hai / lagatA hai, brAhmaNa-kAla meM nAkSatra nAma gRhyanAga the, kAlAntara meM nAkSatra nAma guhya na raha sake aura vyavahAra meM Ane lge| IsA kI kaI zatAbdiyoM pahale nAkSatra nAma pracalita ho cuke the| pANini ( jo I0 pU0 300 ke pazcAt nahIM A sakate ) ne isa viSaya meM kaI niyama batAyeM haiM ( 413/34-37 evaM 7 / 3 / 18 ) / unhoMne zraviSThA, phAlgunI, anurAdhA, svAti tipya, punarvasu, hasta, abAbA evaM bahulA ( kRtikA) se bane nAmoM kI carcA kI hai, yathA zrAviSTha, phAlguna Adi / rudradAman ke jUnAgar3ha abhilekha ( 150 I0) meM candragupta maurya ke sAle kA nAma puSyagupta hai| spaSTa hai, I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI meM nakSatrAzraya nAma rakhe jAte the| mahAbhASya meM bhI tiSya, punarvasu, citrA, revatI, rohiNI nAmaka nAma haiM / mahAbhASya meM zuMga vaMza ke saMsthApaka puSyamitra kA bhI nAma liyA gayA hai| bauddha loga bhI nAkSatra nAma rakhate the, yathA moggali putta tissa (yahA~ gotra nAma evaM nAkSatra nAma donoM prayukta hue haiM), parivrAjaka poTThapadA ( proSThapadA), aSADa, phaguna, svAtigutta, sarakhita (sAMcI abhilekha ) / Age calakara bhI nAkSatra nAma pAye jAte haiN| kabhI-kabhI nakSatradevatA se sambandhita nAma bhI rakhe jAte the, yathA Agneya ( kRttikA nakSatra meM janma ke kAraNa; kRttikA ke devatA hai agni), maitra ( anurAdhA nakSatra meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa ) / Ajakala sIdhe DhaMga se devatAoM evaM avatAroM ke nAma rakhe jAte haiM, yathA rAmacandra, nRsiMhadeva, zivazaMkara, pArvatI, sItA Adi / madhyakAla ke dharmazAstra-granthoM evaM jyotiSa-granthoM meM nakSatroM se sambandhita dUsare prakAra ke nAma bhI Ate hai| 27 nakSatroM meM se pratyeka cAra pAdoM meM vibhAjita kara diyA jAtA hai aura pratyeka pAda ke lie eka viziSTa akSara de diyA gayA hai ( yathA cU, ce, co evaM lA azvinI ke lie haiN)| ina pAdoM meM janma lene para nAma inhIM akSaroM se Arambha hote haiM, yathA-cUr3AmaNi, cedIza, coleza tathA lakSmaNa / ye nAma guhya nAma haiM aura Aja bhI upanayana ke samaya brahmacArI ke kAna meM yA sandhyA-pUjA meM uccarita hote haiM / Adhunika kAla ke saMskAraprakAza aise granthoM meM cAra prakAra ke nAma varNita haiM, yathA--- devatAnAma, bhAsanAma, nAkSatra nAma evaM vyAvahArika nAma / pahale nAma se spaSTa hai ki yaha nAmadhArI usa devatA kA bhakta hai| nirNayasindhu ne mAsa-sambandhI 12 nAmoM ke lie eka zloka kA uddharaNa diyA hai, jisameM janma ke mahIne ko pramukhatA dI gayI hai / mahInoM kA Arambha mArgazIrSa yA caitra se hotA hai| varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA meM viSNu ke bAraha nAma bAraha maghA - pitara, phalgunI (pUrvA) - aryamA, phalgunI (uttarA ) - bhaga, hasta - savitA, citrA-tvaSTA, miSTyA (sthAti, atharvaveda meM) - vAyu, vizAkhe - indrAgnI, anUrAdhA (anurAdhA) - mitra, jyeSThA (rohiNI, taM0 saM0 meM)-indra, mUla ( vicUtau taM0 saM0 meM) - pitara (nirRti, brAhmaNoM, zAMkhAyana gRhyasUtra meM evaM prajApati), pAThA (pUrNa) - Apa:, aSADhA (uttarA) - vizvedeva, zroNA (atharvaveda meM zravaNa) - viSNu, zraviSThA (dhaniSThA) - vasu-varuNa ( tai0 saM0 meM indra ), proSThapadA (pUrvA bhAdrapadA) - ajaekapAd, proSThapAda (uttarA bhAdrapadA ) - ahirbudhya, revatI-pUSNa, azvayuk ( azvinI) - azvinau, apabharaNI ( bharaNI, atharvaveda meM ) - yama / 11. smRtisaMgrahe - kRSNo'nanto 'cyutazcakrI vaikuNTho'tha janArdanaH / upendro yajJapuruSo vAsudevastathA hariH // yogIzaH puNDarIkAkSo mAsanAmAnyanukramAt // atra mArgazIrSAdizcaitraH dirvA krama iti madanaratne / nirNayasindhu, pariccheda 3 pUrvASaM /

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200 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mahInoM se sambandhita haiM, yathA kezava, nArAyaNa, mAdhava, govinda, viSNu, madhusUdana, trivikrama, vAmana, zrIdhara, hRSIkeza, paMcanAma, daamodr| ___lar3akiyoM ke nAma ke viSaya meM bhI viziSTa niyama bane the| bahuta-se gRhyasUtroM meM aisA AyA hai ki lar3akiyoM ke nAma meM sama mAtrA ke akSara hone cAhie, kintu mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 18) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki unake nAmoM meM tIna tIna akSara hone caahie| pAraskara0 evaM vArAhagRhya ne likhA hai ki lar3akiyoM ke nAma ke anta meM 'A' kI mAtrA honI caahie| gobhila evaM mAnava ke mata se anta 'dA' meM honA cAhie (satyadA, vasudA, yazodA, narmadA) / zaMkhalikhita evaM vaijavApa ke anasAra anta 'I' meM honA caahie| kinta baudhAyana ne likhA hai ki anta dIrgha honA caahie| mana (2133) ke mata se anta lambe svara (dIrgha) meM honA caahie| isI prakAra kaI vibhinna mata milate haiN| Ajakala lar3akiyoM ke nAma nadiyoM para milate haiM, yathA--sindhu, jAhnavI, yamunA, tAptI, narmadA, godA, kRSNA, kAverI aadi| manu ne gRhyasUtroM ke jaTila niyamoM kA parityAga kara diyA hai| unhoMne nAmakaraNa ke do sarala niyama diye haiM; (1) sabhI vargoM ke nAma zubhasUcaka, zaktivodhaka, zAntidAyaka hone cAhie. (2 / 31-32); (2) brAhmaNoM evaM anya vargoM ke nAma ke sAtha eka upapada honA cAhie, jisase zarma (prasannatA), rakSA, puSTi evaM preSya kA saMketa mile| pAraskara ko chor3akara kisI anya gRhyasUtra meM brAhmaNoM yA anya logoM ke nAmoM ke Age zarmA Adi kA jor3A jAnA nahIM likhA gayA hai| mahAbhASya meM indravarmA, indrapAlita Adi nAma milate haiM, jinameM prathama rAjanya arthAt kSatriya kA tathA dUsarA vaizya kA hai| yama ke anusAra brAhmaNoM kI nAmopAdhi zarmA yA deva, kSatriya kI varmA yA trAta, vaizya kI bhUti yA datta tathA zUdra kI dAsa hai| kintu isa niyama kA pAlana sadA pAyA nahIM gyaa| tAlaguNDa abhilekha meM kadamba-vaMza kA saMsthApaka brAhmaNa thA aura usakA nAma thA mayUra zarmA, kintu usake vaMzajoM ne kSatriyoM kI bhA~ti varmA nAmopAdhi dhAraNa kI thii| yahA~ para mAtR-gotranAma ke sambandha meM bhI kucha likhanA Avazyaka hai| vaidika sAhitya kA havAlA pahale hI diyA jA cukA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (115 / 1) kA kahanA hai ki vara yA kanyA ke cunAva meM pitA evaM mAtA ke vaMza kI parIkSA kara lenI caahie| AzvalAyanazrautasUtra meM AyA hai ki dazapeya kama meM camamabhakSaNa ke samaya brAhmaNa ke mAtA tathA pitA donoM dasa pIr3hiyoM taka vidyA, pavitratA Adi guNoM meM pUrNa hone caahie| yAjJavalkya (1154) ne likhA hai ki kanyA ke cunAva meM isa bAta para dhyAna denA cAhie ki usakA vaMza zrotriya ho aura dama pIr3hiyoM taka vidyA evaM caritra ke lie prasiddha ho| ataH mAtA yA mAtA ke pitA ke nAma se sambandhita nAma kA artha yaha hai ki vaha acche vaMza kA sUcaka hai| nAsika abhilekha (naM0 2) meM miri (zrI) pulamAyI ko vAsiThIputta kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra AbhIra rAjA Izvaramena mAThIputra kahA gayA hai| eka mithiena abhilekha meM "bhArgavI ke putra" ko aura maketa kiyA gayA hai| ina nAmA se tAtparya hai mAtA ke prasiddha kula kI ora saMketa krnaa| kAlAntara ke lekhaka apane mAtRgotra kA bhI nAma lete haiM, yathA bhavabhUti (700-750 I0) ne apane ko kAzyapa evaM 12. nakSatranAmA nadInAmA vRkSanAmAzca ghitaaH| Apa0 gR0 3 / 13; zamaM brAhmaNasya varma kSatriyasya gupteti vaizyasya / pAraskara 1 / 17 / baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (1 / 11 / 10) meM AyA hai-"athApyudAharanti-zarmAntaM brAhmaNasya, varmAntaM kSatriyasya, guptAntaM vaizyasya, bhRtyadAsAntaM zUdrastha dAsAntameva vaa|" yama--zarmA devazca viprasya varmA trAtA ca bhUbhujaH / bhUtirvattazca vaizyasya dAsaH zUdrasya kArayet //

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zizukAla ke saMskAra apanI mAtA ko jAtukarNI kahA hai| mahAbhASya kI kArikA se hama pAte haiM ki vaiyAkaraNa pANini dAlI ke putra the| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ne nAmakaraNa kA varNana nahIM kiyA hai| bahuta-se gRhyasUtroM ne aisA likhA hai ki sUtikAgni ko haTAkara aupAsana (gRhya) agni meM nAmakaraNa ke lie homa karanA caahie| bhAradvAja ne jayA, abhyAtAna evaM rASTramRt mantroM ke duharAne tathA ghRta kI ATha AhutiyA~ mantroM ke sAtha diye jAne kI bAta calAyI hai| yahI bAta hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra meM bhI hai (2 / 4 / 6-14) / isa gRhyasUtra ne do nAmoM kI carcA kI hai, arthAt eka guhyanAma tathA dUsarA sAdhAraNa naam| isane 12 AhutiyoM kI carcA kI hai, jinameM 4 mAtRkAoM ko, 4 anumati ko, 2 rAkA ko evaM 2 sinIvAlI ko dI jAtI haiN| kucha matoM se eka terahavIM Ahuti hai kuhU kii| kAlAntara ke dharmazAstrakAroM ne bahuta vistAra ke sAtha yaha saMskAra-kriyA karane ko likhA hai| goda meM bacce ko rakhakara mAtA pati ke dAhine baiThatI hai| kucha logoM ke mata se mAtA hI guhya nAma rakhatI hai, aura dhAna kI bhUsI ko kAMse ke baratana meM chir3akakara sone kI lekhanI se "zrIgaNezAya namaH" likhatI hai aura taba bacce ke cAra nAma likhatI hai, yathA kuladevatAnAma (jaise yogezvarIbhakta), mAsanAma, vyAvahArika nAma tathA nAkSatra naam| kucha sUtroM meM nAmakaraNa ke uparAnta kucha anya vistAra bhI pAye jAte haiN| yAtrA se lauTane para pitA putra ke sira ko hAtha se chUkara nAma ke sAtha kahatA hai--"aMgAdaMgAt..." aura use tIna bAra sUMghatA hai| putrI ke lie yaha nahIM hotA, yathA mAthA sUghanA yA mantroccAraNa; kevala gadya meM hI kucha kahanA hotA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki putrI kI apekSA putra ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA thA, yadyapi putrI ko bilkula nirAdRta nahIM samajhA gayA hai| karNavedha Adhunika kAla meM janma ke bArahaveM dina yaha kiyA jAtA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (1112) meM karNavedha 7veM yA 8veM mAsa meM karane ko kahA gayA hai, kintu vRhaspati ke anusAra yaha janma ke 103, 12veM yA 16veM dina yA 7ve yA 10veM mAsa meM karanA caahie| smRticandrikA meM bahuta hI saMkSepa meM yaha likhA gayA hai| karNavedha ke uparAnta brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM yaha kArya sonAra karatA hai| bacce ke kAna ke laTakate hue bhAga meM patale tAra se cheda kara use golAkAra bA~dha diyA jAtA hai| lar3akI ke karNavedha meM pahale bAyA~ kAna chedA jAtA hai| nirukta (2 / 4) se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM bhI yaha saMskAra kiyA jAtA thaa| vahA~ AyA hai--- jo (guru) kAna ko satya ke sAtha chedatA hai, binA pIr3A diye jo amRta DhAlatA hai, vaha apane mAtA evaM pitA ke samAna hai| niSkramaNa yaha eka choTA kRtya hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 17) meM bahuta hI saMkSepa meM isakA varNana AyA hai| gomila (2 / 8 / 1-7), khAdira0 (2 / 3 / 1-5), baudhAyana0 (11 / 2), mAnava0 (1 / 19 / 1-6), kAThaka0 (37-38) meM varNana 13. ya AtRNatyavitayena karNAvaduHkhaM kRNvannamRtaM sNprycchn| taM manyeta pitaraM mAtaraM ca tasmai na druhyetkatamaccanAha // nirukta (24) / yaha zloka vasiSTha0 (2 / 10) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (30 / 47) meM bhI AyA hai| dekhie zAntiparva (108 / 22-23) evaM manu (21144) / dharma0 26

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202 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa milatA hai| bahutoM ke mata se yaha janma ke cauthe mAsa meM kiyA jAtA hai| aparArka ke kathanAnusAra eka purANa ke mata se yaha janma ke 12veM dina yA cauthe mAsa meM kiyA jAtA hai| isameM pitA sUrya kI pUjA karatA hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra ke anusAra pitA putra ko sUrya kI ora dikhAtA hai aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai| baudhAyana meM ATha AhutiyoM vAlA homa bhI varNita hai| gobhila ne candradarzana kI bhI bAta uThAyI hai| yama ne likhA hai ki sUrya evaM candra kA darzana krama se tIsare evaM cauthe mAsa meM honA caahie| isI prakAra anya dharmazAstrakAroM ne bhI apane mata prakAzita kiye haiM, jinakA ullekha yahA~ sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa nahIM ho rahA hai| annaprAzana isa viSaya meM dekhie AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 16 / 1-6), zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1-27), ApastambagRhyasUtra (16 / 1-2), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 19), hiraNyakazigRhyasUtra (2 / 5 / 1-3), kAThakagRhyasUtra (39 / 1 / 2), bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1 / 27), mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 20 / 1 / 6) tathA vaikhAnasa0 (2-32) / gobhila evaM khAdira ne isa saMskAra ko chor3a diyA hai| bahuta-sI smRtiyoM ne isake lie chaThA mahInA upayukta mAnA hai| mAnava ne pA~cavA~ yA chaThA, zaMkha ne 12vA~ yA chaThA mAsa upayukta samajhA hai| kAThaka ne chaThA mAsa yA jaba prathama dA~ta nikale taba isake lie ThIka samaya mAnA hai| zAMkhAyana evaM pAraskara0 ne vistAra ke sAtha isakA varNana kiyA hai| zAMkhAyana ne likhA hai ki pitA ko bakare, tItara yA machalI kA mAMsa yA bhAta dahI, ghRta tathA madhu meM milAkara mahAvyAhRtiyoM (bhaH, bhuvaH, sva:) ke sAtha bacce ko khilAnA caahie| uparyukta cAroM vyaMjana krama se puSTatA, prakAza, tIkSNatA yA dhanadhAnya ke pratIka mAne jAte haiN| isake uparAnta pitA agni meM AhutiyA~ DAlatA hai aura Rgveda ke cAra mantra (4 / 12 / 4-7) par3hatA hai| avazeSa bhojana ko mAtA khA letI hai| AzvalAyana meM bhI ye hI bAteM haiM, kevala machalI kA varNana vahA~ nahIM hai| isI prakAra anya gahyasUtroM meM bhI kucha matabheda ke sAtha vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| kucha lekhakoM ne bacce ko khilAne ke sAtha homa, brAhmaNa-bhojana evaM AzIrvacana kI bhI carcAe~ kI haiN| saMskAraprakAza evaM saMskAraratna mAlA meM isa saMskAra kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana pAyA jAtA hai| eka manoraMjaka bAta kI carcA aparArka ne mArkaNDeyapurANa ke uddharaNa meM kI hai| utsava ke dina pUjita devatAoM ke samakSa sabhI prakAra kI kalAoM evaM zilpoM se sambandhita yantrAdi rakha diye jAte haiM aura bacce ko svatantra rUpa se una para chor3a diyA jAtA hai| baccA jisa vastu ko sarvaprathama pakar3a letA hai, use usI zilpa yA peze meM pAraMgata hone ke lie pahale se hI samajha liyA jAtA hai| varSavardhana yA abdapUrti kucha sUtroM meM pratyeka mAsa meM zizu ke janmadina para kucha kRtya karane ko kahA gayA hai| aisA varSa bhara taka tathA usake uparAnta jIvana bhara varSa meM eka bAra janmadivasa manAne ko kahA gayA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (37) ne likhA hai--AyuSyacaru ke lie (jIvana bhara) pratyeka varSa, pratyeka chaThe mAsa, pratyeka cauthe mAsa, pratyeka Rtu yA pratyeka mAsa 14. kumArasya mAsi mAsi saMvatsare sAMvatsarikeSu vA parvasu agnIndrau dyAvApRthivyo vizvAndevAMzca yajet / daivatamiSTvA tithiM nakSatraM ca yajet / gobhilagRhyasUtra 2 / 8 / 19-20 / ASAr3ha, kAtika evaM phAlguna kI amAvasyAoM kA sAMvatsarikaparva kahA jAtA hai| dekhie zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 25 / 10-11) /

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zizukAla ke saMskAra 203 janma ke nakSatradina meM bhAta kI Ahuti denI cAhie / " kAThakagRhyasUtra ( 36 / 12 evaM 14 ) ne nAmakaraNa ke uparAnta varSa bhara prati mAsa homaM karane kI vyavasthA dI hai| yaha homa vaisA hI kiyA jAtA hai jaisA ki nAmakaraNa yA jAtakarma ke samaya kiyA jAtA hai / varSa ke anta meM bakare tathA bher3a kA mAMsa agni evaM dhanvantari ko diyA jAtA hai tathA brAhmaNoM ko ghRta milAkara bhojana diyA jAtA hai| vaikhAnasa ( 3 / 20- 21 ) ne vistAra ke sAtha varSa vardhana kA varNana kiyA hai| unhoMne ise prati varSa karane ko kahA hai aura likhA hai ki janmanakSatra ke devatA hI pramukha devatA mAne jAte haiM; aura unake uparAnta anya nakSatroM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| vyAhRti (bhUH svAhA ) ke sAtha Ahuti dI jAtI hai aura taba dhAtA kI pUjA hotI hai| isa gRhyasUtra ne upanayana taka ke sabhI utsavoM ke kRtyoM kA varNana kiyA hai aura taduparAnta vedAdhyayana kI samApti para vivAha ke uparAnta vivAha-dina para tathA agniSToma jaise kRtyoM ke smRtidina meM jo kucha kiyA jAnA cAhie, saba kI carcA kI hai| jaba vyakti 80 varSa evaM 8 mAsa kA ho jAtA hai to vaha 'brahmazarIra' kahalAtA hai, kyoMki taba taka vaha 1000 pUrNa candra dekha cukA rahatA hai| isake lie bahuta-se kRtyoM kA varNana hai, jinheM hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa ullikhita karane meM asamartha haiM / vivAhavarSa dina ke lie vaikhAnasa ne likhA hai ki aise samaya striyA~ jo paraMparAgata ziSTAcAra kaheM vahI karanA caahie| aparArka ne mArkaNDeya ko uddhRta kara likhA hai ki prati varSa janma ke dina mahotsava karanA cAhie, jisameM apane gurujanoM, agni, devoM, prajApati, pitaroM, apane janma nakSatra evaM brAhmaNoM kA satkAra karanA caahie| kRtyaratnAkara evaM nityAcArapaddhati ne bhI aparArka kI bAta kahI hai aura itanA aura jor3a diyA hai ki usa dina mArkaNDeya ( amara devatA ) evaM anya sAta ciraMjIviyoM kI pUjA karanI caahie| nityAcArapaddhati ne rAjA ke lie abhiSeka divasa manAne ko likhA hai| nirNayasindhu tathA saMskAraprakAza ne isa utsava ko "abdapUrti" kahA hai| saMskAraratnamAlA ne ise "AyurvardhApana" kahA hai| Adhunika kAla meM kahIM kahIM striyA~ apane baccoM kA janma-divasa manAtI haiM aura ghara ke pramukha khambhe yA dahI mathanevAlI mathAnI se bacce ko sadA detI haiM / caula, cUr3Akarma yA cUr3AkaraNa gabhI dharmazAstrakAroM ne isa saMskAra kA varNana kiyA hai| 'cUr3A' kA tAtparya hai bAla-guccha, jo muNDita sira para rakhA jAtA hai, ise 'zikhA' bhI kahate haiM / ataH cUDAkarma yA cUr3AkaraNa vaha kRtya hai jisameM janma ke uparAnta pahalI bAra sira para eka bAla - guccha ( zikhA ) rakhA jAtA hai| 'cUr3A' se hI 'caula' banA hai, kyoMki uccAraNa meM 'r3a' kA 'la' ho jAnA sahaja mAnA gayA hai| bahuta-se dharmazAstrakAroM ke mata se janma ke uparAnta tIsare varSa caula kara denA caahie| baudhAyana0 ( 204 ), 15. AhutAnukRti rAyuSyacaruH / saMvatsare SaTsu SaTsu mAseSu caturSu caturSu RtAvRtau mAsi mAsi vA kumArasya janmanakSatre kriyeta / baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 3 / 7 / 1 2 / 16. yadahni vivAho bhavati mAsike vArSike cAhni tasmin yatstriya AhuH pAraMparyAgataM ziSTAcAraM tattat karoti / vaikhAnasa 3 / 21 / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2|1|1|7) ne bhI vivAha-dina ke kRtya kA varNana kiyA hai, yathA-yavanayoH priyaM syAttadetasminnahani bhuJjIyAtAm / 17. nityAcArapaddhati meM AyA hai -- "azvatthAmA balirvyAso hanUmAMzca bibhISaNaH / kRpaH parazurAmazca saptaite cirajIvinaH // saptaitAn yaH smarennityaM mArkaNDeyamathASTamam / jIvedvarSazataM sAgraM sarvavyAdhivirvAjataH // " nirNayasindhu ne kRtyacintAmaNi se mArkaNDeya ke viSaya meM bahuta se zloka uddhRta kiye haiN|

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204 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pAraskara0 (21), manu (2035), vaikhAnasa0 (3 / 23) ne likhA hai ki ise pahale yA tIsare varSa kara denA caahie| AzvalAyana evaM vArAha ke anusAra ise tIsare varSa yA kuTumba kI paramparA ke anusAra jaba ho, kara DAlanA caahie| pAraskara ne bhI kala-paramparA kI bAta uThAyI hai| yAjJavalkya ne bhI kisI nizcita samaya kI bAta na kahakara kalaparamparA ko hI mAnyatA dI hai| yama (aparArka dvArA uddhRta) ne dUsare yA tIsare varSa kI vyavasthA dI hai, kintu zaMkhalikhita ne tIsarA yA pA~cavA~ varSa ThIka mAnA hai| saMskAraprakAza meM uddhRta SaDguruziSya evaM nArAyaNa (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 17 / 1 ke TIkAkAra) ne ise upanayana ke samaya karane ko kahA hai| tIna varSa vAle mata ke lie nimna dharmazAstrakAra draSTavya haiM-AzvalAyana0 (1 / 17 / 1-18), Apastamba0 (16 // 3-11), gobhila (2 / 9 / 1-29), hiraNyakezi0 (2 / 6 / 1-15), kAThaka0 (40), khAdira0 (213 / 16-33), pAraskara.0 (1 / 2), zAMkhAyana0 (1128), baudhAyana0 (2 / 4), mAnava0 (1121) evaM vaikhAnasa0 (4 / 23) / yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yaha saMskAra vaidika kAla meM hotA thA ki nhiiN| bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1228) evaM manu (2 / 35) ne eka vaidika mantra (R0 4 / 75 / 17 yA taittirIya saMhitA 4 / 6 / 4 / 5) uddhRta karake kahA hai ki isameM caulakarma kI ora spaSTa saMketa hai| - isa kRtya meM pramukha kArya hai bacce ke sira ke keza kaattnaa| isake sAtha homa, brAhmaNa-bhojana, AzIrvacanagrahaNa, dakSiNAdAna Adi kRtya kiye jAte haiN| kaTe hue keza gupta rUpa se isa prakAra haTA diye jAte haiM ki koI unheM pA nahIM ske| isa saMskAra ke lie zubha muhUrta nikAlA jAtA hai| isakA vyavasthita evaM vistRta varNana AzvalAyana, gobhila, vArAha evaM pAraskara (2 / 1) meM pAyA jAtA hai| nimnalikhita sAmagriyoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai (1) agni ke uttara cAra baratanoM meM alaga-alaga cAvala, jau, urada evaM tila rakhe jAte haiM (Azva0 1 / 17 / 2) / gomila (2 / 9 / 6-7) ke mata se ye baratana kevala pUrva dizA meM rakhe jAte haiN| gobhila evaM zAMkhAyana ke matAnusAra anta meM ye anna-sahita nAI ko de diye jAte haiM / (2) agni ke pazcima mAtA bacce ko goda meM lekara baiThatI hai| do baratana, jinameM se eka meM baila kA gobara tathA dUsare meM samI kI pattiyA~ bharI rahatI haiM, pazcima meM rakha diye jAte haiN| (3) mAtA ke dAhine pitA kuza ke 21 gucchoM ke sAtha, jinheM brahmA purohita bhI pakar3e raha ra katA hai, baiThatA hai|" (4) garma yA zItala jala / (5) churA yA udumbara lakar3I kA banA churaa| (6) eka drpnn| gomila evaM khAdira ke mata se nAI, garma jala, darpaNa, churA evaM kuza Adi agni ke dakSiNa tathA baila kA gobara evaM tilamizrita cAvala agni ke uttara rakhe jAne caahie| AzvalAyana0 pAraskara0, kAThaka evaM mAnava ke mata se churA lohe kA honA caahie| / katipaya sUtroM ne isa saMskAra ke vibhinna kRtyoM meM vibhinna mantroM ke uccAraNa kI vAteM kI haiM, jinheM hama sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ uddhRta karane meM asamartha haiN| Arambha meM pitA hI kSaurakarma karatA hai, kyoMki kucha sUtroM ne, yathA baudhAyana evaM zAMkhAyana ne isa utsava meM nAI kA nAma nahIM liyA hai| kintu Age calakara nAI bhI sammilita kara liyA gayA 18. athAsya sAMvatsarikasya cauraM kurvanti yaSi yathopajhaM vaa| vijJAyate c| yatra bANAH saMpatanti kumArA vizilA iva / iti bahuzilA iveti / bhAradvAja0 1028 / 19. cAra bAra pAhine aura tIna bAra bAyeM sira-bhAga meM keza kATe jAte haiM aura prati bAra tIna kuza-gucchoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai, ataH 21 gucchoM kI saMkhyA dI gayI hai|

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zizukAla ke saMskAra 205 aura pitA kevala homa evaM mantroccAraNa karane lagA aura nAI kSaurakama / " kSaurakarma mantroM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| kucha sUtroM ke anusAra kaTe hue keza baila ke gobara meM rakhakara gauzAlA meM gAr3a diye jAte haiM, yA tAlAba yA kahIM Asa-pAsa jala meM pheMka diye yA udumbara per3a kI jar3a meM gAr3a diye jAte haiM, darmamUla meM (baudhAyana0, bhAradvAja 0, gobhila0) yA jaMgala meM (gomila) rakha diye jAte haiN| mAnavagRhyasUtra meM likhA hai ki kaTe hue keza kisI mitra dvArA ekatra kara liye jAte haiN| sira ke kisa bhAga meM aura kitane keza chor3a diye jAne cAhie ? isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ke anusAra sira para tIna yA pA~ca keza-guccha chor3e jA sakate haiM, jaisA ki kulaparamparA ke anusAra hotA hai / kintu kucha RSiyoM ke anusAra pitA dvArA AdRta pravaroM kI saMkhyA ke anusAra hI keza chor3e jAne caahie| " AzvalAyana evaM pAraskara0 ke anusAra keza kuladharma ke anusAra rakhe jAne caahie| ApastambagA 0 ke anusAra zikhAsaMkhyA pravara- saMkhyA yA kuladharma ke anusAra honI caahie| kAThakagRhya0 kahatA hai ki vasiSTha gotra vAle sira kI dAhinI ora, bhRgu vAle pUre sira meM, atri gotra tathA kAzyapa gotra vAle donoM ora, AMgirasa vAle pA~ca tathA agastya, vizvAmitra Adi gotra vAle binA kisI spaSTa saMkhyA ke zikhA rakha lete haiM, kyoMki yaha zubha aura kuladharmAnukUla hai / 2 Ajakala hinduoM kA eka lakSaNa hai zikhA / kintu kucha dinoM se zaukIna tabiyata vAle hindU zikhA rakhane meM lajAte haiN| devala RSi ne likhA hai ki binA yajJopavIta evaM zikhA ke koI bhI dhArmika kRtya nahIM karanA caahie| binA ina donoM ke kiyA huA dhArmika kRtya na kiyA huA samajhanA caahie| yadi koI vyakti ghRNAvaza, mUrkhatAvaza yA abodhatA ke kAraNa zikhA kaTA letA hai to usakA pApamocana taptakRccha prAyazcitta se ho sambhava hai / " AzvalAyanagRhya0 (1|17/18 ) ke mata se lar3akiyoM kA bhI cUr3AkaraNa honA cAhie, kintu vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa nahIM honA caahie| manu (2066) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 13) ne jAtakarma se caula taka ke sabhI saMskAroM ko lar3akiyoM ke lie ucita mAnA hai, kintu inameM vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa manA kiyA hai| mitra mizra ne likhA hai| fit lar3akiyoM kA caula bhI honA caahie| kuladharma ke anusAra pUrA sira muNDita honA cAhie, yA zikhA rakhanI cAhie, 20. tena yacUDAnAM kArayitA pitrAdiH sa eva vapanakarteti siddhaM bhavati / idAnIM tu tAdRzazikSAyA abhAvAlokavidviSTatvAcca samantrakaM ceSTAmAtraM kRtvA nApitena vapanaM kArayanti ziSTAH / saMskAraratnamAlA - pR0 901 / 21. arthanamekazikhastrizikhaH paJcazikho vA yathaiveSAM kuladharmaH syAt / yarthAda zikSA niyAtItyeke / bau0 gu0 2 / 4 / bahuta se gotroM ke RSi yA pravara bahudhA tIna hote haiM, kintu kucha gotroM ke eka, vo yA pA~ca pravara hote haiN| kintu cAra kI saMkhyA nahIM pAyI jaatii| vivAha ke prakaraNa meM hama pravaroM ke bAre meM pUnaH pddh'eNge| 22. dakSiNataH kapUjA vasiSThAnAm / ubhayato'trikAzyapAnAm / muNDA bhRgavaH / pAcUDA aMgirasaH / vAji - ( rAji ?) meke / maMgalArthaM zikhino'nye yavAkuladharma vA / kAThakagRhya0 (40/2-8 ) / aparArka evaM smRticandrikA ne bhI ise uddhRta kiyA hai| 23. sopavItinA bhAvyaM sadA baddhazilena ca / vizikho vyupavItazca yatkaroti na tatkRtam / / zikhAM chindanti ye mohAd dveSAdajJAnato'pi vA / taptakRcchreNa zuSyanti trayo varNA dvijAtayaH // hArIta /

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206 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yA keza kATe hI nahIM jaayeN|" kucha jAtiyoM meM Aja bhI baccoM ke keza eka bAra banA diye jAte haiM, kyoMki gabha vAle bAla apavitra mAne jAte haiM / vidyArambha tIsare varSa ( vaula saMskAra ke samaya ) se AThaveM varSa (brAhmaNoM ke upanayana saMskAra ke samaya ) taka baccoM kI zikSA ke viSaya meM gRhyasUtra evaM dharmasUtra sarvathA mauna haiN| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM isa ora eka halakA prakAza mila jAtA hai| aisA AyA hai ki caula ke uparAnta rAjakumAra ko likhanA evaM aMkagaNita sIkhanA par3atA thA aura upanayana ke uparAnta use veda, AnvIkSikI ( tattvajJAna) vArtA ( kRSi evaM dhana-vijJAna ) evaM daNDanIti ( zAsanakalA ) 16 varSa taka par3hanI par3atI thI aura tabhI godAna ke uparAnta usakA vivAha hotA thaa|" kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza ( 3 / 28) meM likhA hai ki aja ne pahale akSara sIkhe aura tava vaha saMskRta-sAhitya ke sindhu meM utraa| bANa ne sambhavataH arthazAstra kI bAta hI duharAyI hai / bANa kI kAdambarI meM rAjakumAra candrApIDa meM vidyAmandira meM cha: varSa kI avasthA meM praveza kiyA aura vahA~ 16 varSa kI avasthA taka rahakara sabhI prakAra kI kalAoM evaM vijJAnoM kA adhyayana kiyA / uttararAmacarita (aMka 2) meM AyA hai ki kuza evaM lava ne caula ke uparAnta evaM upanayana ke pUrva veda ke atirikta anya vidyAe~ siikhii| lagatA hai, IsA kI ArAmbhaka zatAbdiyoM se vidyArambha nAmaka saMskAra sampAdita kiyA jAne lagA thA / apake evaM smRticandrikA ne mArkaNDeyapurANa ke iloka uddhRta karake vidyArambha kA varNana kiyA hai|" bacce ke pA~caveM varSa kArtika zuklapakSa ke bArahaveM dina se ASAr3ha zuklapakSa ke 11veM dina taka kisI dina kintu prathama, chaTI, 15vIM tathA riktA tithiyoM (cauthI, navIM evaM caudahavIM) ko tathA zanivAra evaM maMgalavAra ko chor3akara vidyArambha saMskAra karanA caahie| hari (viSNu), lakSmI, sarasvatI, sUtrakAroM, kulavidyA kI pUjA karake agni meM ghRta kI AhutiyA~ denI caahie| isake uparAnta dakSiNA Adi se brAhmaNoM kA satkAra karanA caahie| adhyApaka ko pUrva dizA meM tathA bacce ko pazcima dizA meM baiThAnA caahie| isake uparAnta guru par3hAnA Arambha karatA hai aura baccA brAhmaNoM 24. kumArIcale'pi yathAkuladharmamityanuvartate / tatazca sarvamuNDanaM zikhAdhAraNam amuNDanameva veti sidhyati / saMskAraprakAza pR0 317 / etacca strINAmapi / 'strIzUdrau tu zikhAM chittvA krodhAd vairAgyato'pi vA / prAjApatyaM prakurvItAm' iti praayshcittvidhiblaat| etatparigrahapakSe / atra dezasevAd vyavasthA draSTavyA / strINAM kezadhAraNameva zikhAdhAraNam / etaccAmantrakameva strINAM kAryam / homopi na / saMskAraratnamAlA pR0 904 / 25. vRttacaulakarmI lipi saMkhyAnaM copayuMjIta / vRttopanayanastrayo mAnvIkSikI ca ziSTebhyo vArtAmadhyakSebhyo daNDanIti vaktRpravaktRbhyaH / brahmacaryaM cASoDazAdvarSAt / ato godAnaM dArakarma ca / arthazAstra (15) / 26. prApte'tha paJcame varSe aprasupte janArdane / SaSThIM pratipadaM caMva varjayitvA tathASTamIm // riktAM paJcadazIM caiva saurabhaumadinaM tathA / evaM sunizcite kAle vidyArambhaM tu kArayet // pUjayitvA hari lakSmI devoM caiva sarasvatIm / svavidyAsUtrakArAMzca svAM vidyAM ca vizeSataH // eteSAmeva devAnAM nAmnA tu juhyAd ghRtam / dakSiNAbhidvijendrANAM kartavyaM cAtra pUjanam // prAGmukho gururAsIno vAruNAzAmukhaM zizuH / adhyApayeta prathamaM dvijAzIbhiH supUjitam // tataH prabhRtyanadhyAyAnvarjanIyAn vivarjayet / aparArka ( pR0 30-31) / saMskAraprakAza meM uddhRta viSNudharmottara meM AyA hai-" ASADha zukladvAdazyAM zayanaM kurute hariH / nidrAM tyajati kArtikyAM tayoH saMpUjyate hariH // "

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vidyArambha saMskAra 207 kA AzIrvAda grahaNa karatA hai / anadhyAya ke dinoM meM zikSaNa nahI kiyA jAtA / anadhyAya ke viSaya meM hama Age par3heMge / saMskAraprakAza evaM saMskAraratnamAlA meM jyotiSa sambandhI lambI carcAe~ haiM / vizvAmitra, devala tathA anya RSiyoM kI bAteM uddhRta karake saMskAraprakAza ne likhA hai ki vidyArambha pA~caveM varSa tathA kama-se-kama upanayana ke pUrva avazya kara DAlanA cAhie / isane nRsiMha ko uddhRta karake kahA hai ki sarasvatI tathA gaNapati kI pUjA ke uparAnta guru kI pUjA karanI caahie| Adhunika kAla meM likhanA sIkhanA kisI zubha muhUrta meM Arambha kara diyA jAtA hai, yaha zubha muhUrta bahudhA Azvina mAsa ke zuklapakSa kI vijayAdazamI tithi ko par3atA hai / sarasvatI evaM gaNapati ke pUjana ke uparAnta guru kA sammAna kiyA jAtA hai, aura baccA "om namaH siddham " duharAtA hai aura paTTI para likhatA hai / isake uparAnta use a, A...ityAdi akSara sikhAye jAte haiN| saMskAraratnamAlA ne isa saMskAra kA 'akSarasvIkAra' nAma diyA hai, jo upayukta hI hai| pArijAta meM uddhRta bAtoM ke anusAra saMskAraratnamAlA ne homa tathA sarasvatI, hari, lakSmI, vineza (gaNapati), sUtrakAroM evaM svavidyA ke pUjana kI carcA kI hai /

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adhyAya 7 upanayana 'upanayana' kA artha hai "pAsa yA sannikaTa le jaanaa|" kintu kisake pAsa le jAnA? sambhavataH Arambha meM isakA tAtparya thA "AcArya ke pAsa (zikSaNa ke lie) le jaanaa|" ho sakatA hai| isakA tAtparya rahA ho navaziSya ko vidyArthIpana kI avasthA taka pahu~cA denaa| kucha gRhyasUtroM se aisA AbhAsa mila jAtA hai, yathA hiraNyakezi0 (1 / 5 / 2) ke anusAra; taba guru bacce se yaha kahalavAtA hai "maiM brahmacarya ko prApta ho gayA huuN| mujhe isake pAsa le clie| savitA devatA dvArA prerita mujhe bahAcArI hone diijie|'' mAnava0 evaM kAThaka0 ne 'upanayana' ke sthAna para 'upAyana' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| kAThaka ke TIkAkAra Adityadarzana ne kahA hai ki upAnaya, upanayana, maujIbandhana, baTukaraNa, vratabandha samAnArthaka haiN| isa saMskAra ke udgama evaM vikAsa ke viSaya meM kucha carcA ho jAnA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yaha saMskAra saba saMskAroM meM ati mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| upanayana saMskAra kA mUla bhAratIya evaM IrAnI hai, kyoMki prAcIna joraoNsTriena (pArasI) zAstroM ke anusAra pavitra mekhalA evaM adhovasana (luMgI) kA sambandha Adhunika pArasiyoM se bhI hai| kintu isa viSaya meM hama praveza nahIM kreNge| hama apane ko bhAratIya sAhitya taka hI sImita rkheNge| Rgveda (10 / 10915) meM brahmacArI' zabda AyA hai| 'upanayana' zabda do prakAra se samajhAyA jA sakatA hai--(1) (bacce ko) 1. arthanamabhivyAhArayati / brahmacaryamANAmupa mA nayatva brahmacArI bhavAni devena savitrA prsuutH| hiraNyakezi0 (1252); brahmacaryamAgAmiti vAcayati brahmacAryasAnIti c| pAraH 2 / 2; aura dekhie gobhila0 (2 / 10 / 21) / "brahmacaryamAgAm" evaM "brahmacAryasAni" zatapaya0 (1115 / 4 / 1) meM bhI Aye haiM; aura dekhie ApastambIya mantrapATha (2 / 3 / 26) "brhmcry...prsuutH|" yAjJavalkya (1314) ko vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa ne likhA hai-"vedAdhyayanAyAcAryasamIpe nayanamupanayanaM tadevopanAyanamityuktaM chandonurodhAt / tadarthaM vA krm|" hiraNyakezi0 (11111) para mAtRvatta ko bhI dekhie| 2. brahmacArI carati veviSad viSaH sa devAnAM bhavatyekamaMgam / tena jAyAmanvavindad bRhaspatiH somena nItAM gaha na devAH // Rgveda 10 / 10915; atharvaveda 5 / 17 / 5 / soma kI ora saMketa se Rgveda (10385|45)kaa 'somo bavad gandharvAya' smaraNa ho AtA hai| kisI mAnavIya vara se pariNaya hone ke pUrva pratyeka kumArI soma, gandharva evaM agni ke rakSaNa ke bhItara kalpita mAnI gayI hai| 3. tatropanayanazabdaH krmnaamdheym|...tcc yaugikamudbhidnyAyAt / yogazca bhAvavyutpattyA karaNavyutpatyA vetyAha bhaaruciH| sa yathA-upasamIpe AcAryAdInAM baTonayanaM prApaNamupanayanam / samIpe AcAryAdInAM nIyate baTuryana taphnayanamiti vaa|...ttr ca bhAvavyutpattireva sAdhIyasIti gmyte| zrautArthavidhisaMbhavAt / saMskAraprakAza,

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upanayana 209 AcArya ke sannikaTa le jAnA, (2) vaha saMskAra yA kRtya jisake dvArA bAlaka AcArya ke pAsa le jAyA jAtA hai| pahalA artha Arambhika hai, kintu kAlAntara meM jaba vistArapUrvaka yaha kRtya kiyA jAne lagA to dUsarA artha bhI prayukta ho gyaa| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 1 / 19) ne dUsarA artha liyA hai| usake anusAra upanayana eka saMskAra hai jo usake lie kiyA jAtA hai, jo vidyA sIkhanA cAhatA hai; "yaha aisA saMskAra hai jo vidyA sIkhane vAle ko gAyatrI mantra sikhAkara kiyA jAtA hai|" spaSTa hai, upanayana pramukhatayA gAyatrI-upadeza (pavitra gAyatrI mantra kA upadeza) hai| isa viSaya meM jaimini0 (61335) bhI draSTavya hai|' Rgveda (3 / 8 / 4) se patA calatA hai ki gRhyasUtroM meM varNita upanayana saMskAra ke kucha lakSaNa usa samaya bhI vidita the| vahA~ eka yuvaka ke samAna yupa (bali-stambha) kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai|..."yhaaN yuvaka A rahA hai, vaha malI bhAMti sajjita hai (yuvaka mekhalA dvArA tathA yUpa razanA dvArA); vaha, jaba utpanna huA, mahattA prApta karatA hai; he catura RSiyo, Apa apane hRdayoM meM devoM ke prati zraddhA rakhate haiM aura svastha vicAra vAle haiM, ise Upara utthaaie|" yahA~ "unnayanti" meM vahI dhAtu hai, jo upanayana meM hai| bahuta-se gRhAsUtroM ne isa mantra ko uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA--AzvalAyana0 (1 / 2018), pAraskara0 (2 / 2) / taittirIya saMhitA (3 / 10 / 5) meM tIna RNoM ke varNana meM 'brahmacArI' evaM 'brahmacarya' zabda Aye haiM-"brAhmaNa jaba janma letA hai to tIna vargoM ke vyaktiyoM kA RNI hotA hai; brahmacarya meM RSiyoM ke prati (RSI hotA hai), yajJa meM devoM ke prati tathA santati meM pitaroM ke prati ; jisako putra hotA hai, jo yajJa karatA hai aura jo brahmacArI rUpa meM guru ke pAsa rahatA hai, vaha anRNI ho jAtA hai|" ___ upanayana evaM brahmacarya ke lakSaNoM para prakAza vedoM evaM brAhmaNa sAhitya meM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| atharvaveda (1117 / 1-26) kA eka pUrA sUkta brahmacArI (vaidika chAtra) evaM brahmacarya ke viSaya meM atizayokti kI prazaMsA se pUrNa hai| 4. saMskArasya tadarthatvAt vidyAyAM puruSabhutiH / jaimini // 1 // 35; 'vidhAyAmevaMSA zrutiH (vasante baahmnnmupnyiit)| upanayanasya saMskArasya tabarthatvAt / vidyArthamupAdhyAyasya samIpamAnIyate nASTAyaM nApi kaTaM kuNyaM vA pIm / dRSTAyameva saiSA vidyAyAM puruSabhutiH / kathamavagamyate / aacaarykrnnmetdvgmyte| kutH| AtmanepadadarzanAt / ' shbr| 5. yuvA suvAsAH parivIta AgAt sa u bheyAnbhavati jaaymaanH| taM dhIrAmaH kavaya uprayanti sthApyo manasA devyntH|| Rgveda, 3 / 8 / 4 / AzvalAyanagRhA0 (13198) ke anusAra bacce ko alaMkRta kiyA jAtA hai aura naye vastra diye jAte haiM 'alaMkRtaM kumAraM... ahatena dAsasA saMbIta'...Adi; evaM dekhie 11208-'yuvA suvAsAH parivIta AgAdityanenaM praakssinnmaavrtyet|' 6. mAyamAno haba brAhmaNastribhibhavAM jAyate brahmacaryeNa RSibhyo yamena devebhyaH prajayA pitamya eSa vA anulo yaH putrI yajyA brahmacArivAsI / tai0 saMhitA 6 / 3 / 10 / 5 / 7. brahmacArISNazcarati rodasI ubhe tasmindevAH samanaso bhavanti / sa dAdhAra pRthivIM divaM ca sa AcArya tapasA pipati // atharvaveda 1171 // gopathabrAhmaNa (211) meM yaha zloka vyAkhyAyita hai| AcArya upanayamAno brahmacAriNa hante garbhamansaH / atharvaveva 117 // 3; yahI bhAvanA ApastambamarmasUtra (13131316-18) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai, yathAsahi vidyAtastaM janayati / taccheSThaM janma / zarIrameva mAtApitarau janayataH / zatapathabrAhmaNa (1115412) se milAie-AcAryo gIbhavati hastamAkAma rakSiNam / tRtIyasyAM sa jAyate sAvitryA saha brAhmaNa : // brahmacAryeti samiyA samiTaH kANaM vasAno dIkSito viirghshmyH| atharvaveda 11376 / / dharma. 27

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa taittirIya brAhmaNa (3610111) meM bhAradvAja ke viSaya meM eka gAthA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki bharadvAja apanI mAyu ke tIna bhAgoM (75 varSo) taka brahmacArI rhe| unase indra ne kahA thA ki unhoMne itane varSoM taka vedoM ke bahuta hI kaga aMza (3 parvatoM kI DherI meM se 3 muThiyA~) sIkhe haiM, kyoMki veda to asIma hai| manu ke putra nAmAnediSTha kI gAthA se patA calatA hai ki ve apane guru ke yahA~ brahmacArI rUpa se rahate the, tabhI unheM pitA kI sampatti kA koI bhAga nahIM milA (aitareya brAhmaNa 229 evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 1 / 9 / 15) / gRhyasUtroM meM varNita brahmacarya-jIvana ke viSaya meM zatapapa-grAhmaNa (1115 / 4) meM bhI bahuta-kucha prApta hotA hai, jo bahuta hI saMkSepa meM yoM hai-bAlaka kahatA hai-'maiM brahmacarya ke lie AyA aura'majhebrahmacArIhojAne diijie|' garu pUchatA hai-'tumhArA nAma kyA hai?' taba guru (AcArya) use pAsa meM le letA hai (upa nyti)| taba guru bacce kA hAtha pakar3a letA hai aura kahatA hai-'tuma indra ke brahmacArI ho, ani tumhAre guru haiM, maiM tumhArA guru hU~' (yahA~ para guru usakA nAma lekara sambodhita karatA hai)| taba vaha bAlaka ko bhUtoM ko de detA hai, arthAt bhautika tattvoM meM niyojita kara detA hai| guru zikSA detA hai 'jala pio, kAma karo (guru ke ghara meM), agni meM samidhA DAlo, (dina meM) na soo|' vaha sAvitrI mantra duharAtA hai| pahale bacce ke Ane ke eka varSa uparAnta sAvitrI kA pATha hotA thA, phira 6 mAsoM, 24 dinoM, 12 dinoM, 3 dinoM ke uparAnta / kintu brAhmaNa bacce ke lie upanayana ke dina hI pATha kiyA jAtA thA, pahale pratyeka pAda alaga-alaga phira AdhA aura taba pUrA mantra duharAyA jAtA thaa| brahmavArI ho jAne para madhu khAnA varjita ho jAtA thA (zatapathabrAhmaNa 11 / 5 / 4 / 1-17) / zatapathabrAhmaNa (5 / 15 / 17) evaM taittirIyopaniSad (1 / 11) meM 'antevAsI' (jo guru ke pAsa rahatA hai) zabda AyA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 // 3 / 3 / 2) kA kathana hai "jo brahmacarya grahaNa karatA hai, vaha lambe samaya kI yajJAvadhi grahaNa karatA hai|" gopayabrAhmaNa (2 // 3), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 53) Adi meM bhI brahmacarya-jIvana kI ora saMketa milatA hai| pArikSita janamejaya haMsoM (AhavanIya evaM dakSiNa nAmaka agniyoM) se pUchate haiM-pavitra kyA hai ? to ve donoM uttara dete haiM brahmacarya (pavitra) hai (gopatha0 2 / 5) / gopatha brAhmaNa (2 / 5) ke anusAra sabhI vedoM ke pUrNa pANDitya ke lie 48 varSa kA chAtra-jIvana Avazyaka hai| ataH pratyeka veda ke lie 12 varSa kI avadhi nizcita sI thii| brahmacArI kI mikSA-vRtti, usake sarala jIvana Adi para gopathabrAhmaNa prabhUta prakAza DAlatA hai (gopathabrAhmaNa 27) / uparyukta vivecana se jJAta hotA hai ki Arambhika kAla meM upanayana apekSAkRta paryApta sarala thaa| bhAvI vidyArthI samidhA kASTha ke sAtha (hAtha meM liye hue) guru ke pAsa AtA thA aura unase apanI abhikAMkSA prakaTa kara brahmacArI rUpa meM unake sAtha hI rahane dene kI prArthanA karatA thaa| gRhyasUtroM meM varNita vistRta kriyA-saMskAra pahale nahIM pracalita the| kaThopaniSad (1 / 1 / 15), muNDakopaniSad (2017), chAndogyopaniSad (6 / 1 / 1) evaM anya upaniSadoM meM brahmacarya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| chAndogya evaM bRhadAraNyaka sambhavataH sabase prAcIna upaniSad haiN| ye donoM mUlyavAn vRttAnta upasthita karatI haiN| upaniSadoM ke kAla meM hI kucha kRtya avazya pracalita the, jaisA ki chAndogya0 (5 / 11 / 7) se jJAta hotA hai| aba prAcInazAla aupamanyava evaM anya cAra vidyArthI apane hAthoM meM samidhA lekara azvapati kekaya ke pAsa vIrSasatraM vA eSa upati yo brahmacaryamupaiti / zatapatha0 133 / 3 / 2 / baudhAyanadharmasUtra (122252) meM bhI yaha ur3ata hai| "apo'zAna" zabda kA bhojana karane ke pUrva evaM anta meM "amRtopastaraNamasi svAhA" evaM "amRtApidhAnamasi svAhA" nAmaka zabdoM ke sAtha jalAcamana kI ora saMketa hai| dekhie saMskAratattva pR0 893 / ye donoM mantra ApastambIya mantrapATha (221013-4) meM Aye haiN|

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211 pahu~ce to ve (azvapati) unase binA upanayana kI kriyAe~ kiye hI bAteM karane lge| jaba satyakAma jAbAla ne apane gotra kA saccA paricaya de diyA to gautama hAridrumata ne kahA -- "he pyAre bacce, jAo samidhA le Ao, maiM tumheM dIkSita kruuNgaa| tuma satya se haTe nahIM" ( chAndogya0 4 / 4 / 5) / ati prAcIna kAla meM sambhavataH pitA hI apane putra ko par3hAtA thA / kintu taittirIyasaMhitA evaM brAhmaNoM ke kAloM se patA calatA hai ki chAtra sAdhAraNataH guru ke pAsa jAte the aura usake yahA~ rahate the| uddAlaka AruNi ne, jo svayaM brahmacArI evaM pahu~ce hue dArzanika the, apane putra zvetaketu ko brahmacArI rUpa vedAdhyayana ke lie guru ke pAsa jAne ko prerita kiyA / " chAndogyopaniSad meM brahmacaryAzrama kA bhI varNana huA hai, jahA~ para vidyArthI (brahmacArI) apane antima dina taka gurugRha meM rahakara zarIra ko sukhAtA rahA hai ( chA0 2 / 23 / 1 ), yahA~ para naiSThika brahmacArI kI ora saMketa hai / isa upaniSad meM gotra - nAma ( 4 | 414), mikSA-vRtti (4/3/5 ), agni-rakSA (4/10/1-2 ), pazu-pAlana ( 4/4/5 ) kA bhI varNana hai| upanayana karane kI avasthA para aupaniSadika prakAza nahIM prApta hotA, yadyapi hameM yaha jJAta hai ki zvetaketu ne jaba brahmacarya dhAraNa kiyA to unakI avasthA 12 varSa kI thI / sAdhAraNataH vidyArthI jIvana 12 varSa kA thA ( chAndogya0 2 / 23 / 1, 4 / 10 / 1 tathA 6 / 1 / 2), yadyapi indra ke brahmacarya kI avadhi 101 varSa kI thI ( chAndogya 0 8 |2| 3 ) / eka sthAna para chAndogyopaniSad ( 2 / 23 / 1) ne jIvanaparyanta brahmacarya kI carcA kI hai| upanayana aba hama sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM varNita upanayanasaMskAra kA varNana kreNge| isa viSaya meM eka bAta smaraNIya hai ki isa saMskAra se sambandhita sabhI bAteM sabhI smRtiyoM meM nahIM pAyI jAtIM aura na unameM vividha viSayoM kA eka anukrama meM varNana hI pAyA jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaidika mantroM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM sabhI sUtra ekamata nahIM haiN| aba hama krama se upanayana saMskAra ke vividha rUpoM para prakAza DAleMge / upanayana ke lie ucita avasthA evaM kAla AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1/19/1-6 ) ke mata se brAhmaNakumAra kA upanayana garbhAdhAna yA janma se lekara AThaveM varSa meM, kSatriya kA 11 veM varSa meM evaM vaizya kA 12veM varSa meM honA cAhie, yahI nahIM, krama se 16veM, 22veM evaM 24veM varSa taka bhI upanayana kA samaya banA rahatA hai|" Apastamba ( 1012), zAMkhAyana (211), baudhAyana ( 2/5/2), bhAradvAja 9. te ha samitpANayaH pUrvAhNe praticakramire tAnhAnupanIyaMvataduvAca / chAndogya 0 5|2|7; samidhaM somyAharopa tvA neSye na satyAvagA iti / chAndogya 0 41415; upamyahaM bhavantamiti vAcA ha smaiva pUrva upayanti sa hopAyanakIrtyovAsa / vRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6 / 27 / 10. belie bRha0 u0 6 / 2 / 1 "anuziSTo vasi pitretyomiti hovAca / " yAjJavakta . vizvarUpa ne likhA hai-- guruprahaNaM tu mukhyaM piturupanetRtvamiti / tathA ca zrutiH / tasmAtputraH AcAryopanayanaM tu brAhmaNasyAnukalpaH / 11. zvetaketurhadaya Asa taM ha pitovAca zvetaketo vasa brahmacayaM sa ha dvAdazavarSa upetya caturviMzativarSaH sarvAnyevAnadhItya mahAmanA anUcAnamAnI stabdha eyAya taM ha pitovAca zvetaketo. uta tamAvezamaprAyaH yenAzrutaM zrutaM bhavati / chAndogya0 6 / 1 / 111-2 / 12. aSTame varSe brAhmaNamupanayet / garbhASTame vA / ekAdaze ksstriym| dvAdaze vaizyam / A SoDazAd brAhmaNasyAtataH kAlaH / A dvAvizAtkSatriyasya / A catuviMzAzyasya / azvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 19 / 1-6 / (1115) kI TIkA meM ziSTaM lokyamAhuriti /

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212 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (11) evaM gomila (2010) gRhyasUtra tathA yAjJavalkya (1 / 14), ApastambadharmasUtra (111 / 1 / 19) spaSTa kahate haiM ki varSoM kI gaNanA garbhAdhAna se honI caahie| yahI bAta mahAbhASya meM bhI hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 2) ke mata se upanayana garbhAdhAna yA janma se AThaveM varSa meM honA cAhie, kintu isa viSaya meM kuladharma kA pAlana bhI karanA caahie| yAjJavalkya (1114)ne bhI kuladharma kI bAta calAyI hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (21111) ne garbhAdhAna se 8vA yA 10vAM varSa, mAnava (12211) ne 7vA yA 9vA~ varSa, kAThaka (41-3) ne tInoM vargoM ke lie krama se 7vA, 9vA evaM 12vA varSa svIkRta kiyA hai| kucha smatiyoM ne kama avasthA meM hI upanayana honA svIkAra kiyA hai, yathA gautama (1168) ne 5vA varSa yA 9vA~ varSa, manu (2037) ne 5vAM (brAhmaNa ke lie), 6ThA (kSatriya ke lie) evaM 8vA (vaizya ke lie) svIkRta kiyA hai; kintu yaha chUTa kevala krama se AdhyAtmika, sainika evaM dhana-saMgraha kI mahattA ke lie hI dI gayI hai| AdhyAtmikatA, lambI Ayu evaM dhana kI abhikAMkSA vAle brAhmaNa pitA ke lie putra kA upanayana garbhAdhAna se 53, 83 evaM 9veM varSa meM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai (vaikhAnasa 3 / 3) / ApastambadharmasUtra (111 / 1121) evaM baudhAyana gRhyasUtra (25) ne AdhyAtmika mahattA, lambI Ayu, dIpti, paryApta bhojana, zArIrika bala evaM pazu ke lie kama se 7vAM, 8vAM, 9vAM , 10vA, 11vAM evaM 12vA~ varSa svIkRta kiyA hai| ___ ataH janma se 8vAM, 11vAM evaM 12vA~ varSa krama meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie pramukha samaya mAnA jAtA rahA hai| 5ve varSa se 11veM varSa taka brAhmaNoM ke lie gauNa, 9veM varSa se 16 varSa taka kSatriyoM ke lie gauNa mAnA jAtA rahA hai| brAhmaNoM ke lie 12veM se 16veM taka gauNatara kAla tathA 16veM ke uparAnta gauMNatama kAla mAnA gayA hai (dekhie saMskAraprakAza, pR0 342) / ApastambagRhya evaM Apastambadharma (1111119), hiraNyakezigRhya0 (111) evaM vaikhAnasa ke mata sa tInoM vargoM ke lie kama se zubha muhUrta par3ate haiM vasanta, grISma evaM zarad ke din| bhAradvAja0 (11) ke anusAra vasanta brAhmaNa ke lie, grISma yA hemanta kSatriya ke lie, zarad vaizya ke lie, varSA bar3haI ke lie yA zizira sabhI ke lie mAnya hai| bhAradvAja ne vahIM yaha bhI kahA hai ki upanayana mAsa ke zuklapakSa meM kisI zubha nakSatra meM, bharasaka puruSa nakSatra meM karanA caahie| kAlAntara ke dharmazAstrakAroM ne upanayana ke lie mAsoM, tithiyoM evaM dinoM ke viSaya meM jyotiSa-sambandhI vidhAna bar3e vistAra ke sAtha diye haiM, jina para likhanA yahA~ ucita evaM Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'taa| kintu thor3A-bahuta likha denA Avazyaka hai. kyoMki Ajakala ye hI vidhAna mAnya haiN| vaddhagArya ne likhA hai ki mAgha se lekara cha: mAsa upanayana ke lie upayukta haiM, kintu anya logoM ne mAgha se lekara pAMca mAsa hI upayukta ThaharAye haiN| prathama, cauthI, sAtavI, AThavIM, navIM, terahavIM, caudahavIM, pUrNamAsI evaM amAvasa kI tithiyA~ bahudhA chor3a dI jAtI haiN| jaba zukra sUrya ke bahuta pAsa ho aura dekhA na jA sake, jaba sUrya rAzi ke prathama aMza meM ho, anadhyAya ke dinoM meM tathA galagraha meM upanayana nahIM karanA caahie|" bRhaspati, zukra, maMgala evaM budha kama se Rgveda evaM anya vedoM ke devatA mAne jAte haiN| ataH ina vedoM ke adhyayanakartAoM kA unake devoM ke vAroM meM hI upanayana honA caahie| saptAha meM budha, bRhaspati evaM zukra sarvottama dina haiM, ravivAra madhyama tathA somavAra bahuta kama yogya hai| kintu maMgala evaM zanivAra niSiddha mAne jAte haiM (sAmaveda ke chAtroM evaM kSatriyoM ke lie maMgala mAnya hai)| nakSatroM meM hasta, citrA, svAti, puSya, dhaniSThA, azvinI, mRgazirA, punarvasu, . 13. maSTe can''stage zuke niraMze caiva bhaaskre| kartavyamApanayanaM mAnaNyAye galAhe ||...tryodshiictussk tu saptamyAditrayaM tbaa| catukAdazI proktA aSTAvete galagrahAH // smRticandrikA, jilba 1, pR0 27 /

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213 zravaNa eva revatI acche mAne jAte haiN| viziSTa veda vAloM ke lie nakSatra - sambandhI anya niyamoM kI carcA yahAM nahIM kI jA rahI hai| eka niyama yaha hai ki bharaNI, kRttikA, maghA, vizAkhA, jyeSThA, zatatArakA ko chor3akara sabhI anya nakSatra sabake lie acche haiN| lar3ake kI kuNDalI ke lie candra evaM bRhaspati jyotiSa rUpa se zaktizAlI hone caahie| bRhaspati kA sambandha jJAna evaM sukha se hai, ataH upanayana ke lie usakI parama mahattA gAyI gayI hai| yadi bRhaspati evaM zukra na dikhAI par3eM to upanayana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / anya jyotiSa sambandhI niyamoM kA udghATana yahA~ sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa nahIM kiyA jAyagA / upanayana vastra brahmacArI do vastra dhAraNa karatA thA, jinameM eka adhobhAga ke lie 1 vAsas ) aura dUsarA UparI bhAga ke lie brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya brahmacArI ( uttarIya) / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 1|112139 - 1 / 1 / 3 / 1-2 ) ke anusAra ke lie vastra krama se paTuA ke sUta kA, sana ke sUta kA evaM mRgacarma kA hotA thaa| kucha dharmazAstrakAroM ke mata se adhobhAga kA vastra ruI ke sUta kA (brAhmaNoM ke lie lAla raMga, kSatriyoM ke lie majITha raMga evaM vaizyoM ke lie haldI raMga ) honA caahie| vastra ke viSaya meM bahuta matabheda hai| " ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 3 / 7 -8) ne sabhI varNoM ke lie bher3a kA carma (uttarIya ke lie) yA kambala vikalpa rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA hai| adhobhAga yA UparI bhAga ke paridhAna ke viSaya meM brAhmaNa-granthoM meM bhI saMketa milatA hai ( ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 1 / 3 / 9) / jo vaidika jJAna bar3hAnA cAhe usake adhovastra evaM uttarIya mRgacarma ke, jo sainika zakti cAhe usake lie ruI kA vastra aura jo donoM cAhe vaha donoM prakAra ke vastroM kA upayoga kre| 16 daNDa tus kisa vRkSa kA banAyA jAya, isa viSaya meM bhI bahuta matabheda rahA hai| AzvalAyanagRhya0 ( 1 | 19 | 13 evaM 1/2011) ke mata se brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie krama se palAza, udumbara evaM bilva kA daNDa honA cAhie, yA koI bhI varNa inameM se kisI eka kA daNDa banA sakatA hai| ApastambagRhyasUtra ( 11 / 15-16 ) ke anusAra brAhmaNa kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie krama se palAza, nyagrodha kI zAkhA (jisakA nicalA bhAga daNDa kA UparI bhAga mAnA jAya ) evaM badara yA udumbara kA daNDa honA caahie| yahI bAta ApastambadharmasUtra ( 111/2/38) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| isI prakAra bahuta se mata haiM jinakA udghATana anAvazyaka haiM (dekhie gautama 1 / 21; baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2/5/17 ; gautama 1 / 22-23 pAraskaragRhyasUtra 25 kAThakagRhyasUtra 41 / 22; manu 2/45 Adi) / 14. vAsaH / zANIkSaumAjinAni / kASAyaM caMke vastramupavizanti / mAMjiSThaM rAjanyasya / hArikhaM vaizyasya / Apa0 Sa0 1 / 1 / 2 / 39-41-111 / 3 / 11-2; zuklamahataM vAso brAhmaNasya, mAMjiSThaM kSatriyasya / hArinaM kauzeyaM vA vaizyasya / sarveSAM vA tAntavamaraktam / vasiSTha0 11064-67 | dekhie pAraskara (215) - aiNeyamajanamuttarIyaM brAhmaNasya rauravaM rAjanyasyAjaM gavyaM vA vaizyasya sarveSAM vA gavyamasati pradhAnatvAt / 15. brahmavRddhimicchajinAnyeva vasIta kSatravRddhimicchanvastrApyevobhayavRddhimicchannubhayamiti hi brAhmaNam / ajinaM tvevottaraM dhArayet / ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 1 / 3 / 9-10 / milAie bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra ( 111 ) -- yadajinaM dhArayedabrahmavarcasavadvAso dhArayetsatraM varSayedubhayaM dhAryamubhayovRddhayA iti vijJAyate; milAie gopathabrAhmaNa (224) na tAntavaM basIta yata tavaM vaste kSatraM vardhate na brahma tasmAttAntavaM na vasIta brahma varSatAM mA kSatramiti /

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214 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pUrvakAla meM sahAre ke lie, AcArya ke pazuoM ko niyantraNa meM rakhane ke lie, rAtri meM jAne para surakSA ke lie evaM nadI meM praveza karate samaya pathapradarzana ke lie daNDa kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii|" bAlaka ke varNa ke anusAra daNDa kI lambAI meM antara thaa| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 19 / 13), gautama (1 / 25), vasiSThadharmasUtra (11155-57), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (25), manu (2046) ke matoM se brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya kA daNDa krama se sira taka, mastaka taka evaM nAka taka lambA honA caahie| zAMkhAyanagRhmasUtra (2 / 1 / 21-23) ne isa anukrama ko ulaTa diyA hai, arthAt isake anusAra brAhmaNa kA daNDa sabase choTA evaM vaizya kA sabase bar3A honA caahie| gautama (1 / 26) kA kahanA hai ki daNDa ghunA huA nahIM honA caahie| usakI chAla lagI rahanI cAhie, UparI bhAga Ter3hA honA caahie| kintu manu (2047) ke anusAra daNDa sIdhA, sundara evaM agnisparza se rahita honA caahie| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 13 / 2-3) ke anusAra brahmacArI ko cAhie ki vaha kisI ko apane evaM daNDa ke bIca se nikalane na de, yadi daNDa, mekhalA evaM yajJopavIta TUTa jAye to use prAyacitta karanA cAhie (vaisA hI jaisA ki vivAha ke samaya varayAtrA kA ratha TUTane para kiyA jAtA hai)| brahmacarya ke anta meM yajJopavIta, daNDa, mekhalA evaM mRgacarma ko jala meM tyAga denA caahie| aisA karate samaya varuNa ke mantra (Rgveda 112416) kA pATha karanA cAhie yA kevala 'om' kA uccAraNa karanA caahie|" manu (2064) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (27 / 29) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| mekhalA gautama (1 / 15), AzvalAyanagRhya0 (1 / 19 / 11), baudhAyanagRhya0 (2 / 5 / 13), manu (2 / 42), kAThakagRhya0 (41 / 12), bhAradvAja0 (1 / 2) tathA anya logoM ke mata se brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya bacce ke lie krama se muJja, mUrvA (jisase pratyaMcA banatI hai) evaM paTuA kI mekhalA (karadhanI) honI caahie| manu (2 / 42-43) ne pAraskaragRhyasUtra evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 2 / 35-37)" kI bhAMti hI niyama kahe haiM kintu vikalpa se kahA hai ki kSatriyoM ke lie mUMja tathA loha se guMthI huI ho sakatI hai tathA vaizyoM ke lie sUta kA dhAgA yA juo kI rassI yA tAmala (sana) kI chAla kA ghAgA ho sakatA hai| baudhAyanagRhya0 (2 / 5 / 13) ne mUMja kI mekhalA sabake lie mAnya kahI hai| mekhalA meM kitanI gA~The honI cAhie, yaha pravaroM kI saMkhyA para nirbhara hai| upanayana-vidhi AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra meM upanayana saMskAra kA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA huA hai, jo paThanIya hai| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa vaha varNana yahA~ upasthita nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| upanayana-vidhi kA vistAra ApastambagRhyasUtra, hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra evaM gomilagRhyasUtra meM pAyA jAtA hai| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiM, jisase mataikya evaM matAntara para kucha 16. daNDAjinopavItAni mekhalAM caiva dhaaryet| yAjJavalkya 1129; tatra daNDasya kAryamavalambanaM gavAdinivAraNaM tamovagAhanamapsu pravezanamityAdi / apraark| 17. upavItaM ca daNDe badhnAti / tadapyetat / yajJopavItavaNvaM ca mekhalAmajinaM tathA / juhuyAbapsu vrate pUrNe vAruNyarcA rasena / zAMkhAyanagRhya0 2 / 39-31; 'rasa' kA artha hai 'om'| 18. jyA rAjanyasya maujI vaayomishritaa| AvIsUtraM vaizyasya / sarI tAmalI vetyeke / ApastambadharmasUtra 12112334-37 / gobhila (2 / 10 / 10) kI TIkA meM tAmala ko zaNa (sana) kahA gayA hai|

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13 215 prakAza par3a jAya / AzvalAyana evaM Apastamba tathA kucha anya sUtrakAroM ne janeU ke bAre meM kucha bhI nahIM diyA hai, kintu hiraNyakezi0 ( 112 / 6), bhAradvAja0 (1/3) evaM mAnava0 ( 1 / 22 / 3) ne homa ke pUrva yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA batalAyA hai| baudhAyana0 (2 / 517 ) kA kahanA hai ki yajJopavIta pAne ke uparAnta hI baTuka "yajJopavItaM paramaM pavitraM prajApateryatsahajaM purastAt / AyuSyamagryaM pratimuJca zubhraM yajJopavItaM balamastu tejaH / / " nAgaka ati prasiddha mantrA uccAraNa karatA hai / vaikhAnasa smArta ( 2/5 ) kA kahanA hai ki AcArya baTuka ko uttarI detA hai aura "parIdaM vAsaH' kA uccAraNa karatA hai, pavitra janeU ko "yajJopavItam" mantra ke sAtha tathA kRSNa mRgacarsa ko "mivasya cakSuH " kahakara detA hai / pAraskara ke TIkAkAra karka evaM harihara ke anusAra mekhalA bA~dha lene ke uparAnta baTuka ko AcArya yajJopavIta detA hai| yahI bAta saMskAratattva (pRSTha 234 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| saMskAraratnamAlA ne homa ke pUrva yajJopavIta pahane ko kahA hai| yajJopavIta ke udgama evaM vikAsa ke viSaya meM hama Age pddh'eNge| isa avasara para dharmazAstrakAroM ne caulakarma kara lene ko kahA hai| Arambhika kAla meM caulakarma svayaM AcArya karatA thA / nimnalikhita vidhiyA~ bhI dhyAna dene yogya haiM upanayana (ka) ApastambagRhyasUtra ( 1019), mAnava0 ( 1123312), baudhAyana0 (215115), khAdira0 (224) evaM bhAradvAja 0 ( 118) ne vaTuka ko homa ke uparAnta agni ke uttara dAhine paira se prastara para car3hane ko kahA hai| prastara para paira rakhanA dRDha nizcaya kA dyotaka hai| (kha) mAnava 0 ( 1 | 22|3) evaM khAdira0 (41 / 10) ne homa ke uparAnta "dadhikrAvNo akAriNam" (R0 4/39 / 6, taittirIyasaMhitA 1|5|4|11 ) maMtra ko duharAte hue daghi tIna bAra khAne ko kahA hai| (ga) pAraskaragRhyasUtra ( 2 / 2), bhAradvAja0 ( 17 ), Apastamba0 ( 211-4), Apastamba - mantrapATha (223 // 27-30), baudhAyanagR0 ( 22 5 / 25 zATyAyanaka ko uddhRta kara ), mAnava0 ( 112224 - 5 ) evaM khAdira0 ( rAma 12) ke mata se baTuka se AcArya usakA nAma pUchatA hai aura vaha batAtA hai| AcArya usase yaha bhI pUchatA hai "tuma kisake brahmacArI ho ?" sabhI smRtiyoM meM yaha bAta pAyI jAtI hai ki upanayana tInoM varNoM meM hotA thA / upanayana-vidhi ke viSaya meM bahuta se bheda - vibheda haiM, jinakI carcA karanA yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| kAlAntara ke lekhakoM ne mantroM ko jor3a-jor3akara vistAra bar3hA diyA hai| yajJopavIta prAcIna kAla se aba taka yajJopavIta kA kyA itihAsa rahA hai, isa para thor3A sA likha denA parama Avazyaka hai| prAcInatama saMketa taittirIya saMhitA (2/5/2/1 ) meM milatA hai -- "nivIta zabda manuSyoM, prAcInAvIta pitaroM evaM upavIta devatAoM ke sambandha meM prayukta hotA hai; vaha jo upavIta DhaMga se arthAt bAyeM kaMdhe se laTakatA hai, ataH vaha devatAoM ke lie saMketa karatA hai|" taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 11618) meM AyA hai -- "prAcInAvIta DhaMga se hokara vaha dakSiNa kI jora Ahuti detA hai, kyoMki pitaroM ke lie kRtya dakSiNa kI ora hI kiye jAte haiN| isake vitarIta upavIta DhaMga se uttara kI ora Ahuti denI cAhie; devatA evaM pitara isI prakAra pUjita hote haiN|" nivIta, prAcInAvIta evaM upavIta zabda 19. nivItaM manuSyANAM prAcInAvItaM pitRNAmupavItaM devAnAm / upa vyayate bejalakSmameva tatkurute / le0 saM0 25 / 11 / 1 /

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216 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa gobhilagRhyasUtra (112 / 2-4) meM samajhAye gaye haiM, yathA "dAhine hAtha ko uThAkara, sira ko (upavIta ke) bIca meM DAlakara vaha sUtra ko bA~yeM kaMdhe para isa prakAra laTakAtA hai ki vaha dAhinI ora laTakatA hai; isa prakAra vaha yajJopavItI ho jAtA hai| bA~yeM hAtha ko nikAlakara (upavIta ke) bIca meM sira ko DAlakara vaha sUtra ko dAhine kaMdhe para isa prakAra rakhatA hai ki vaha bA~yIM ora laTakatA hai, isa prakAra vaha prAcInAvItI ho jAtA hai| jaba pitaroM ko piNDadAna kiyA jAtA hai, tabhI prAcInAvItI huA jAtA hai|" yahI bAta khAdira0 (111 / 8-9), manu (2 / 63), baudhAyana-gRhyaparibhASA-sUtra (2 / 217 evaM 10) tathA vaikhAnasa (115) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 2 / 3) kA kahanA hai-"jaba yaha kaMdhoM para rakhA jAtA hai to donoM kaMdhe evaM chAtI (hRdaya ke nIce kintu nAbhi ke Upara) taka rahate hue donoM hAthoM ke aMgUThoM se pakar3A jAtA hai, ise hI nivIta kahA jAtA hai| RSi-tarpaNa meM, saMbhoga meM, baccoM ke saMskAroM ke samaya (kintu homa karate samaya nahIM), malamUtra tyAga karate samaya, zava Dhote samaya, yAnI kevala manuSyoM ke lie kiye jAne vAle kAryoM meM nidhIta kA prayoga hotA hai| garadana meM laTakane vAle ko hI nivIta kahate haiN|" nivAta, prAcInAvIta evaM upavIta ke viSaya meM zatapathabrAhmaNa (2 / 4 / 2 / 1) bhI avalokanIya hai| yaha bAta jAnane yogya hai ki usa samaya isa DhaMga se zarIra ko parighAna se DhakA jAtA thA, yajJopavIta yA nivIta yA prAcInAvIta ko (sUtra ke rUpa meM) pahanane ke DhaMga kA koI saMketa nahIM prApta hotaa| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki puruSa loga devoM ko pUjA meM paridhAna dhAraNa karate the, na ki sUtroM se banA huA koI janeU Adi pahanate the| taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 10 / 9) meM AyA hai ki jaba vAk (vANI) kI devI devabhAga gautama ke samakSa upasthita huI to unhoMne yajJopavIta dhAraNa kiyA aura "namo namaH" zabda ke sAtha devI ke samakSa gira par3e, arthAt jhukakara yA daNDavat girakara praNAma kiyaa|" taittirIya AraNyaka (211) se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM upavIta ke lie kAle hariNa kA carma yA vastra upayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa| aisA AyA hai--"jo yajJopavIta dhAraNa karake yajJa karatA hai usakA yajJa phailatA hai, jo yajJopavIta nahIM dhAraNa karatA usakA yajJa aisA nahIM hotA, yajJopavIta dhAraNa karake, brAhmaNa jo kucha par3hatA hai, vaha yajJa hai| ataH adhyayana, yajJa yA AcArya-kArya karate samaya yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA caahie| mRgacarma yA vastra dAhinI ora dhAraNa kara dAhinA hAtha uThAkara tathA bA~yA~ girAkara hI yajJopavIta dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, jaba yaha DhaMga ulaTa diyA jAtA hai to ise prAcInAvIta kahate haiM aura saMvIta sthiti manuSyoM ke lie hI hotI hai|" spaSTa hai ki yahA~ upavIta ke lie koI sUtra nahIM hai, pratyuta mRgacarma yA vastra hai| parAzaramAdhavIya (mAga 1, pR0 173) ne uparyukta kathana kA eka bhAga uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki taittirIyAraNyaka ke anusAra mRgacarma yA ruI ke vastra meM se koI eka dhAraNa karane para koI upavItI bana sakatA hai| kucha sUtrakAroM evaM TIkAkAroM se saMketa milatA hai ki upavIta meM vastra kA prayoga hotA thaa| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 22-23) kA kahanA hai ki gRhastha ko uttarIya dhAraNa karanA cAhie, kintu vastra ke abhAva meM sUtra bhI upayoga meM lAye jA sakate haiM / isase spaSTa hai ki maulika rUpa meM upavIta kA tAtparya thA UparI vastra, na ki kevala sUtroM kI ddorii| eka sthAna para (2 / 8 / 19 / 12) isI sUtra ne yaha bhI likhA hai-"(jo zrAddha kA bhojana khAye) use bAyeM kaMdhe para uttarIya hAlakara use dAhinI ora laTakAkara khAnA caahie|" haradatta ne isakI vyAsyA do prakAra se kI hai-(1) zrAddha-bhojana karate samaya yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA cAhie arthAt use uttarIya bAya kaMdhe para tathA dAhine hAtha ke nIce laTakatA huA rakhanA cAhie : isakA eka tAtparya yaha huA ki brAhmaNa ko Apastamba 20. etAvati ha gautamo yajJopavItaM kRtvA adho nipapAta namo nama iti| saM0 mA0 3 / 10 / 9 / sAyaNa kA bahamA hai.---"svakIyena vastreNa yajJopavItaM kRtvaa|"

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upanayana 217 dharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 23) para vizvAsa karake zrAddha-bhojana ke samaya pavitra sUtra dhAraNa nahIM karanA cAhie, pratyuta use usI rUpa meM vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie aura sUtra kA tyAga kara denA cAhie; (2) dUsarA mata yaha hai ki use upavIta DhaMga se pavitra sUtra evaM vastra donoM dhAraNa karane caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 15 / 1) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki eka byakti ko gurujanoM, zraddhAspadoM, atithiyoM kI pratIkSA karate samaya yA unakI pUjA karate samaya, homa ke samaya, japa karate hue, bhojana, Acamana evaM vaidika adhyayana ke samaya yajJopavItI honA caahie| isa para haradatta ne yoM vyAkhyA kI hai--yajJopavIta kA artha hai eka viziSTa DhaMga se uttarIya dhAraNa karanA, yadi kisI ke pAsa uttarIya (UparI aMga ke lie) na ho to use Apastambadharma sUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 23) meM varNita DhaMga kAma meM lAnA cAhie; anya samayoM meM yajJopavIta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| gobhilagRhyasUtra (112 / 1) meM AyA hai ki vidyArthI yajJopavIta ke rUpa meM sUtroM kI DorI, vastra yA kuza kI rassI dhAraNa karatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki gobhila ke kAla meM janeU kA rUpa pracalita thA aura vaha yajJopavIta kA ucita rUpa mAnA jAne lagA thA, kintu vahI antima rUpa nahIM thA, usake sthAna para vastra bhI dhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA thaa| bahutase gRhyasUtroM meM mUtra rUpa meM yajJopavIta kA varNana nahIM milatA aura na use pahanate samaya kisI vaidika mantra kI AvazyakatA hI samajhI gayI (jaba ki upanayana-sambandhI anya kRtyoM ke lie vaidika mantroM kI bharamAra pAyI jAtI hai)| ataH aisI kalpanA karanA ucita hI hai ki bahuta prAcIna kAla meM sUtra dhAraNa nahIM kiyA jAtA thA; Aramma meM uttarIya hI dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| Age calakara sUtra bhI, jise hama janeU kahate haiM, prayoga meM Ane lgaa| "yajJopavItaM paramaM pavitram" vAlA mantra kevala baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 5 / 7-8 evaM vaikhAnasa 215) meM milatA hai, yaha prAcInatama dharmazAstra granthoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| manu (2 / 44) ne bhI upavIta ke viSaya meM carcA calAyI hai| yajJopavIta ke viSaya meM kaI niyama bane haiN| yajJopavIta meM tIna sUtra hote haiM, jinameM pratyeka sUtra meM nau dhAge (tantu) 21. nityamuttaraM vAsaH kAryam / api vA muutrmevopviitaarthe| Apa0 dharma0 2 / 2 / 4 / 22-23; sottarAcchAdanazcaya yajJopavItI bhuJjIta / Apa0 dharma0 2 / 8 / 19 / 12; haradatta ne vyAkhyA kI hai-"uttarAcchAdanamuparivAsaH, tena yajJopavItena yajJopavItaM kRtvA bhuJjIta / nAsya bhojane 'api vA sUtramevopavItArthe' ityayaM kalpo bhvtiityyeke| samuccaya ityanye"; yajJopavItI dvivastraH / adhoniviitstvekvstrH| Apa0 dharma0 112 / 6 / 18-19; upAsane gurUNAM vRddhAnAmatithInAM home japyakarmaNi bhojane Acamane svAdhyAye ca yajJopavItI syAt / Apa0 dharma0 125 / 15 / 1, haravatta ne likhA hai--"vAsovinyAsavizeSo yajJopavItam / dakSiNaM bAhumukharata iti brAhmaNavihitam / vAsasosaMbhave'nukalpaM vakyati-api vA sUtramevopavItArya iti / eSu vidhAnAt kAlAntare nAvazyaMbhAvaH |",dekhie auzanasasmRti---'agnyagAre gavAM goSTha home japye tathaiva c| svAdhyAye bhojane nityaM brAhmaNAnAM ca sNnidhau| upAsane gurUNAM ca saMdhyayorubhayorapi / upabItI bhavennityaM vidhireSa snaatnH||' 22. yajJopavItaM kurute vastraM vApi vA kuzarajjumeva / gobhila gR0 (1 / 2 / 1); sUtramapi vstraabhaavaavitvymiti| api vAsasA yajJopavItArthAn kuryAttadabhAve trivRtA sUtraNeti RSyazRMgasmaraNAt / smRticantrikA, jilba 1, pR. 32 // 23. dekhie smRtyarthasAra, pR04 evaM saMskAraprakAza, pR0 416-418, jahA~ upavIta ke nirmANa evaM nirmAtA ke viSaya meM carcA kI gayI hai| saubhAgyavatI nArI dvArA nirmita upavIta vidhavA dvArA nirmita upavIta se acchA mAnA jAtA thaa| AcAraratna meM uddhRta madanaratna ne manu (2044) ke UrdhvavRta ko isa prakAra samajhAyA hai-kareNa dakSiNenovaMgatena triguNIkRtam / valitaM mAnave zAstre sUtramUrdhvavRtaM smRtam // ' (pR02)| dharma028

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218 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hote haiM, jo bhalI bhA~ti baTe evaM mAMje hue rahate haiN| devala ne nau tantuoM (dhAgoM) ke nau devatAoM ke nAma likhe haiM, yathA oMkAra, agni, nAga, soma, pitara, prajApati, vAyu, sUrya evaM vizvedeva / yajJopavIta kevala nAmi taka, usake Age nahIM aura na chAtI ke Upara taka honA caahie| manu (2 / 44) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (27 / 19) ke anusAra brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie yajJopavIta krama se ruI, zaNa (sana) evaM Una kA honA caahie| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 5) evaM gobhilagRhyasUtra (1 / 2 / 1) ke anusAra yajJopavIta ruI yA kuza kA honA cAhie; kintu devala ke anusAra sabhI dvijAtiyoM kA yajJopavIta kapAsa (ruI), kSumA (alasI yA tIsI), gAya kI pUMcha ke bAla, paTasana vRkSa kI chAla yA kuza kA honA caahie| inameM se jo bhI suvidhA se prApta ho sake usakA yajJopavIta bana sakatA hai| yajJopavIta kI saMkhyA meM paristhiti ke anusAra parivartana pAyA jAtA thaa| brahmacArI kevala eka yajJopavIta dhAraNa karatA thA aura saMnyAsI, yadi vaha pahane to, kevala eka hI dhAraNa kara sakatA thaa| snAtaka (jo brahmacarya ke uparAnta gurugeha se apane mAtA-pitA ke ghara calA AtA thA) evaM gRhastha do yajJopavIta tathA jo dIrgha jIvana cAhe vaha do se adhika yajJopavIta pahana sakatA thaa| jisa prakAra se Aja hama yajJopavIta dhAraNa karate haiM, vaisA prAcIna kAla meM niyama thA yA nahIM, spaSTa rUpa se kaha nahIM sakate, kintu IsA ke bahuta pahale yaha brAhmaNoM ke lie aparihArya niyama thA ki ve koI kRtya karate samaya yajJopavIta dhAraNa kareM, apanI zikhA bA~dha rakheM, kyoMki binA isake kiyA huA karma mAnya nahIM ho sktaa| vasiSTha (8 / 9) evaM baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 1) ke anusAra puruSa ko sadA yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA caahie| udyogaparva (mahAbhArata) kA 40 / 25 bhI paThanIya hai| yadi koI brAhmaNa binA yajJopavIta dhAraNa kiye mojana kara le 24. kauzaM sUtraM vA tristrivRyajJopavItam / A naabhH| bau0 50 15 / 5; uktaM devalena-yajJopavItaM kurvota sUtreNa navatantukam--iti / smRticandrikA, bhAga 1, pR0 31 / 25. atra pratitantu devatAbhedamAha devalaH / oMkAraH prathamastantudvitIyo'gnistathavaca / tRtIyo nAgadevatyazcaturthoM somadevataH / paJcamaH pitRdevatyaH SaSThazcaiva prjaaptiH| saptamo vAyudevatyaH sUryazcASTama eva ca // navamaH sarvadevatya ityete naja tantavaH // smRtica0, bhAga 1, pR0 31 // ___ 26. kAtyAyanastu primaannaantrmaah| pRSThavaMze ca nAmyAM ca dhRtaM yadvindate kaTim / tavAryamupavItaM syAnAtilambaM na cocchitam . . . devl| stanAdUdhvaMmadho nAbherna kartavyaM kathaMcana / smRticandrikara, vahI, pR0 31 / 27. kAsakSaumagobAlazaNavalkatRNodbhavam / sadA sambhavataH kAryamupavItaM dvijaatibhiH|| parAzaramAdhavIya (12) evaM vRkSa hArIta (7547-48) meM yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| 28. snAtakAnAM tu nityaM syAdantarvAsastayottaram / yajJopavIte dve yaSTiH sodakazca kmnnddluH|| vasiSTha 12 // 14; viSNudharmasUtra 71313-15 meM bhI yahI bAta hai| mitAkSarA ne yAjJavalkya (11133) kI vyAkhyA meM vasiSTha ko umRta kiyA hai| milAie manu 4-36; ekakamupavItaM tu yatInAM brahmacAriNAm / gRhiNAM ca vanasthAnAmupavItadvayaM smRtam // sotarIyaM trayaM vApi vibhRyAcchubhatantu vaa| vRddha hArIta 844-45 / dekhie devala (smRtiva0 meM ukRta, bhAga 1, pR0 32) zrINi batvAri paJcASTa gRhiNaH syurdazApi vaa| sarvervA zusibhirdhAryamupavItaM dvijaatibhiH|| saMskAramayUkha meM udRta kshyp| 29. nityodako nityayajJopavItI nityasvAdhyAyo ptitaannvrjii| Rtau ca gacchan vidhivacca juhvAna brAhmaNazcyavate brahmalokAt // asiSTha (8 / 9), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (22221), udyogaparva (40 / 25) tantravAtika, pR0 896 meM prathama pAda uddhRta hai|

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upanayana 219 to use prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA, yathA--snAna karanA, prArthanA evaM upavAsa karanA (dekhie laghuhArIta 23) / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3292) ne mala-mUtra tyAga ke samaya dAhine kAna para yajJopavIta (yAjJa0 1216) na rakhane ke kAraNa prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kI hai| manu (4 / 66) ne dUsare kA yajJopavIta pahnane ke lie manA kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya (116 evaM 133 ) tathA anya smRtiyoM ne yajJopavIta ko brahmasUtra kahA hai| kyA striyoM kA upanayana hotA thA? kyA ve yajJopavIta dhAraNa karatI thIM? isa viSaya meM kucha smRtiyoM meM nirdeza milate haiN| smRticandrikA meM uddhRta hArItadharmasUtra tathA anya nibandhoM meM nimna bAta pAyI jAtI hai-striyoM ke do prakAra haiM; (1) brahmavAdinI (jJAninI) evaM (2) sadyoyadhU (jo sIdhe vivAha kara letI haiM); inameM brahmavAdinI ko upanayana karanA, agnisevA karanA, vedAdhyayana karanA, apane gRha meM hI bhikSATana karanA par3atA thA, kintu sadyovadhuoM kA vivAha ke samaya kevala upanayana kara diyA jAtA thaa| gobhilagRhyasUtra ke anusAra (2 / 1 / 19) lar3akiyoM ko upanayana ke pratIka ke rUpa meM yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA par3atA thaa| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (318) ne samAvartana ke prasaMga meM likhA hai---"apane donoM hAthoM meM lepa (ubaTana) lagAkara brAhmaNa apane mukha ko, kSatriya apanI donoM bAhuoM ko, vaizya apane peTa ko, strI apane garbhasthAna ko tathA jo daur3a lagAkara apanI jIvikA calAte haiM (saraNajIvI) ve apanI jA~ghoM ko lipta kreN|"2 mahAbhArata (vanaparva 305 / 20) meM AyA hai ki eka brAhmaNa ne pANDavoM kI mAtA ko atharvazIrSa ke mantra par3hAye the| hArIta ne vyavasthA dI hai ki mAsika dharma cAlU hone ke pUrva hI striyoM kA samAvartana ho jAnA caahie|" ataH spaSTa hai ki brahmavAdinI nAriyoM kA upanayana garbhAdhAna ke AThaveM varSa hotA thA, ve vedAdhyayana karatI thIM aura unakA chAtrA-jIvana rajasvalA hone ke (yuvA ho jAne ke) pUrva samApta ho jAtA thaa| yama ne bhI likhA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM mUMja kI mekhalA bAMdhanA (upanayana) nAriyoM ke lie bhI eka niyama thA, unheM veda par3hAyA jAtA thA, ve sAvitrI (pavitra gAyatrI mantra) kA uccAraNa karatI thIM, unheM unake pitA, cAcA yA bhAI par3hA sakate the, anya koI bAharI puruSa nahIM par3hA sakatA thA, ve gRha meM hI bhikSA mAMga sakatI thIM, unheM mRgacarma, valkala vasana nahIM pahananA par3atA thA aura na ve jamAe rakhatI thii|" mana ko bhI yaha bAta jJAta thii| jAtakarma se lekara upanayana taka ke saMskAroM ke viSaya meM carcA 30. yattu hArItenoktaM dvividhAH striyo brahmavAdinyaH sadyovadhvazca / tatra brahmavAdinInAmupanayanamagnIndhanaM vedAdhyayanaM svagRhe ca bhikSAcaryeti / sadyovadhUnAM tu upasthite vivAhe kathaMcidupanayanamAtraM kRtvA vivAhaH kaaryH| smRticandrikA (bhAga 1, pR0 24 meM uddhata) evaM saMskAramayUkha, pR0 402 / 31. "prAvRtAM yajJopavItinImabhyudAnayana japet somo dadan gndhrvaayeti|" gobhilagRhyasUtra 2 / 1 / 19; isakI TIkA meM AyA hai-"yajJopavItavatkRtottarIyAm"; "na tu yajJopavItinImityanena strINAmapi karmA gatvena yajJopavItadhAraNamiti harizarmoktaM yuktaM strINAM yajJopavItadhAraNAnupapatteH / " saMskAratatva, pR0 896 / 32. anulepanena pANI pralipya mukhamapre brAhmaNo'nu limpet / bAhU rAjanyaH / udaraM vaizyaH / upasthaM strii| arU srnnjiivinH| Azva0 3 / 8 / 2 / / 33. tatastAmanavadyAMgI grAhayAmAsa sa dvijaH / mantragrAmaM tadA rAjannatharvazirasi shrutm|| vanaparva 305 / 20 / 34. prAmajasaH samAvartanam iti hArItoktyA / saMskAraprakAza, pR0 404 / 35. ymopi| purAkalpe kumArINAM maujiibndhnmissyte| adhyApanaM ca vedAnAM sAvitrIvAcana tthaa|| pitA pitRvyo bhrAtA vA nenAmadhyApayetparaH / svagRhe caiva kanyAyA bhakSacaryA vidhiiyte|| varjayedajinaM cIraM jaTAdhAraNameva ca // saMskAraprakAza pR0 402-403; smRticandrikA (bhAga 1, pR0 24) meM ye zloka mana ke kahe gaye haiN|

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220 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa karake manu (2066) ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai "ye kRtya nAriyoM ke lie bhI jyoM-ke-tyoM kiye jAte the, kintu binA mantroM ke, parantu kevala vivAha ke saMskAra meM striyoM ke lie vaidika mantroM kA prayoga hotA thaa|" isase spaSTa hai ki manu ke kAla meM striyoM kA upanayana nahIM hotA thA, kintu prAcIna kAla meM yaha hotA thA, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| bANabhaTTa kI kAdambarI meM mahAzvetA (jo tapa kara rahI thI) ke bAre meM aisA AyA hai ki usakA zarIra brahmasUtra pahanane ke kAraNa pavitra ho gayA thA (brahmasatreNa pvitriikRtkaayaam)| yahA~ brahmasUtra kA artha hai yjnyopviit| saMskAraprakAza meM aisA AyA hai ki paramAtmA yajJa kahalAtA hai, aura yajJopavIta nAma isalie paDA ki yaha paramAtmA ko milAne vAlA hai (yaha unake lie kiye gaye yajJa meM prayukta hotA hai)| tInoM vargoM ke logoM ke lie yajJopavIta kI vyavasthA thI, kintu kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ne isake prayoga ko sarvathA chor3a diyA yA sadA pahananA na cAhA, ataH bahuta pahale se brAhmaNoM ke lie hI yajJopavIta kI viziSTa mAnyatA thii| kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (11 / 64) meM kupita parazurAma ke varNana meM likhA hai ki upavIta to pitR-paramparA se unheM milA hai kintu dhanuSa dhAraNa karanA mAtA ke vaMza se (kyoMki mAtA kSatriya vaMza kI thii)| isa ukti se spaSTa hai ki kSatriya loga upavIta sadA nahIM pahanate the aura upavIta brAhmaNoM ke lie eka viziSTa lakSaNa ho gayA thaa| veNIsaMhAra (3) meM karNa ke isa kathana para ki vaha azvatthAmA ke paira ko usake brAhmaNa hone ke nAte nahIM kATegA, azvatthAmA ne kahA; maiM apanI jAti chor3atA huuN|" (lo maiM apanA upavIta chor3atA hU~), isase spaSTa hotA hai ki veNIsaMhAra (kama-se-kama 600 I0) ke samaya meM yajJopavIta brAhmaNajAti kA eka viziSTa lakSaNa ho gayA thaa| saMskAraratnamAlA meM uddhRta baudhAyanasUtra ke anusAra kisI brAhmaNa yA usakI kumArI kanyA dvArA kAtA huA sUta lAyA jAtA hai, taba "bhUH" ke sAtha kisI vyakti dvArA use 96 aMgula nApa liyA jAtA hai, isI prakAra punaH do bAra "bhuvaH" evaM "svaH" ke sAtha 96 aMgula nApA jAtA hai| taba isa prakAra nApA huA sUta palAza kI pattI para rakhA jAtA hai aura tIna mantroM 'Apo hi SThA' (Rgveda 10 / 9 / 1-3), cAra maMtroM "hiraNyavarNAH' (taittirIyasaMhitA 5 / 6.1 evaM atharvaveda 1 / 33 / 1-4) evaM pavamAnaH suvarjanaH' (taittirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 4 / 8) se prArambha hone vAle anuvAka tathA gAyatrI ke sAtha usa para jala chir3akA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta bA~yeM hAtha meM sUta lekara donoM hAthoM se tIna bAra tAlI ke rUpa meM Thoka diyA jAtA hai, taba vaha 'bhUragniM ca' (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 10 / 2) ke tIna mantroM ke sAtha tiharA mor3A jAtA hai| isake uparAnta 'bhUrbhuvaH svazcandramasa ca' (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 10 / 2) ke paThana ke sAtha gA~Tha bA~dhI jAtI hai| nau tantaoM ke sAtha nau devatAoM kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai| taba 'devasya tvA' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha upavIta uThA liyA jAtA hai| phira 'udvayaM tamasaspari' (Rgveda 1150 / 10) ke sAtha use sUrya ko dikhAyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta 'yajJopavItaM parama pavitra' ke sAtha yajJopavIta dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta gAyatrI kA japa karake Acamana kiyA jAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM purAnA ho jAne para yA azuddha ho jAne, kaTa yA TUTa jAne para jaba navIna yajJopavIta dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai to saMkSipta kRtya isa prakAra kA hotA hai-yajJopavIta para tIna 'Apo hiSThA' (Rgveda 10 / 9 / 1-3) mantroM ke sAtha jala chir3akA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta dasa bAra gAyatrI (prati bAra vyAhRtiyoM, arthAta "om bhUrbhuvaH 36. yajJAryaH paramAtmA ya ucyate caiva hotRbhiH| upavItaM tato'syevaM tatsyAyanopavItakam // saM00, 10 419 / 37. pizyamaMzamupavItalakSaNaM mAtRkaM ca dhanurUjitaM vsst| raghuvaMza (11664) / 38. jAtyA cevavadhyo'hamiyaM sA jAtiH prityktaa| veNIsaMhAra, 3 /

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221 svaH" ke sAya) duharAyI jAtI hai aura taba 'yajJopavItaM paramaM pavitra' ke sAtha yajJopavIta dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (2 / 8 / 1-12) ne kSatriyoM, vaizyoM, ambaSThoM evaM karaNoM (vaizya evaM zUdra nArI se utpanna) ke upanayana saMskAra ke kucha antaroM para prakAza DAlA hai, kintu usake vistAra meM jAnA yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| andhe, bahare, gUMge Adi kA upanayana kyA andhe, bahare, gUMge, mUrkha logoM kA upanayana hotA thA? jaimini (6 / 1 / 41-42) ke anusAra aMgahInoM ko agnihotra nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu yaha ayogyatA doSa na acchA ho sakane para hI lAgU hotI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 14 / 1), gautama (28 / 41-42), vasiSTha (17152-54), manu (9 / 201), yAjJavalkya (2 140-141), viSNudharmasUtra (15 / 32) ke anusAra jo napuMsaka, patita, janma se andhA yA badhira ho, lUlA laMgar3A ho, jo asAdhya rogoM se pIr3ita ho use vibhAjana ke samaya sampatti nahIM mila sakatI, hA~ usake bharaNa-poSaNa kA prabandha honA caahie| kintu aise loga vivAha kara sakate the| vinA upanayana ke vivAha kaise ho sakatA hai ? ataH spaSTa hai; aMghoM, badhiroM, gUgoM Adi kA upanayana hotA rahA hogaa| baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (2 / 9) ne ina logoM meM kucha ke lie arthAt baharoM, gUgoM evaM mUoM ke lie upanayana kI eka viziSTa paddhati nikAlI hai / ina logoM ke viSaya meM sabhighA denA, prastara para car3hanA, vastradhAraNa, mekhalA-bandhana, mRgacarma evaM daNDa lenA mauna rUpa se hotA hai aura bAlaka apanA nAma nahIM letA, kevala AcArya hI pakva bhojana evaM ghRta kI Ahuti detA hai aura saba mantra mana hI mana par3hatA hai| sUtra kA kahanA hai ki yahI vidhi napuMsaka, andhe, pAgala tathA mUrchA, mirgI, kuSTha (zveta yA kRSNa) Adi rogoM se pIr3ita vyaktiyoM ke lie bhI lAgU hotI hai| nirNayasindhu ne prayogapArijAta meM likhita brahmapurANa ke kathana ko uddhRta kara uparyukta bAta hI likhI hai| saMskAraprakAza (pR0 399-401) evaM gopInAtha kI saMskAraratnamAlA (pR0 273-74) meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| manu (2 / 174), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 13 / 1), manu (105) yAjJavalkya (1190 evaM 92) ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kuNDa evaM golaka santAnoM ke lie bhI uparyukta vyavasthA mAnI hai| kuNDa vaha santAna hai jo pati ke rahate kisI anya puruSa se utpanna hotI hai tathA golaka pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta kisI anya puruSa se utpanna hotA hai| manu ne kuNDoM evaM golakoM ko zrAddha ke samaya nimantrita karanA manA kiyA hai (3 / 156) / varNasaMkaroM ke upanayana ke prazna ke vistAra meM jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| mana (10141) ne chaH anulomoM ko dvijoM kI kriyAoM ke yogya mAnA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 1192 evaM 95) kA kahanA hai ki mAtA kI jAti ke anusAra hI anulomoM ke kRtya sampAdita hone cAhie aura ina anulomoM se utpanna varNasaMkaroM kI santAne bhI upanayana ke yogya ThaharatI haiN| baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (2|8)ne kSatriyoM, vaizyoM evaM varNasaMkaroM, yathA rathakAroM, ambaSThoM Adi ke lie upanayana-niyama likhe haiN| manu (4 / 41) ke anusAra sabhI pratiloma zUdra haiM, yahA~ taka ki brAhmaNa puruSa evaM zUdra nArI kI santAna yadyapi anuloma hai kintu pratiloma ke samAna hI hai| zUdra kevala eka jAti hai dvijAti nahIM (gautama 1051) / pratilomoM (zUdroM) kA bhI upanayana nahIM kiyA jaataa| 39. SaTajarallIbAndhavyasanidhyASitonmattahInAMgadadhirAdhikAMgAmayAvyapasmArizvitrikuSThivIrgharogiNazcaMtena vyAkhyAtA ityeke / baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra 2 / 9 / 14 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa upanayana saMskAra kI mahattA itanI bar3ha gayI ki kucha prAcIna granthoM ne azvattha vRkSa ke upanayana kI carcA kara DAlI hai ( baudhAyana gRhyazeSasUtra 2 / 10 ) / Aja kala yaha upanayana bahuta kama dekhane meM AtA hai / azvatya ke pazcima homa kiyA jAtA hai, puMsavana se Age ke saMskAra kiye jAte haiM (anukRti ke AdhAra para hI ) kintu vyAhRtiyoM ke sAtha hI ; Rgveda (3 / 8 / 11) ke "vanaspate0 " ke sAtha vRkSa kA sparza hotA hai| vRkSa aura pUjaka ke bIca meM eka vastra - khaNDa rakhA jAtA hai, taba ATha zubha zloka (maMgalASTaka) kahe jAte haiM, taba vastra haTA diyA jAtA hai aura dhruvasUkta (Rgveda 10 / 7211-9) nAmaka stutigAna hotA hai| isake uparAnta vastra khaNDa, yajJopavIta, mekhalA, daNDa evaM mRgacarmaM mantroM ke sAtha car3hA diye jAte haiM aura vRkSa ko sparza karake gAyatrI mantra par3hA jAtA hai| 222 sAvitrI - upadeza zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 4 / 1-17) se patA calatA hai ki upanayana ke eka varSa, cha: mAsa, 24, 12 yA 3 dina ke uparAnta guru (AcArya) dvArA pavitra gAyatrI mantra kA upadeza brahmacArI ke lie kiyA jAtA thA, kintu brAhmaNa brahmacAriyoM ke lie gAyatrI upadeza turaMta kara diyA jAtA thA / yaha niyama isalie thA ki kucha par3ha likha lene ke uparAnta hI ThIka se uccAraNa sambhava thaa| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 2/5), mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 22 / 15), bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1 / 9), pAraskaragRhyasUtra ( 23 ) meM bhI yahI niyama pAyA jAtA hai| kintu sAmAnya niyama to yaha thA ki upanayana ke dina hI gAyatrI kA upadeza hotA rahA hai| adhikAMza sUtroM ke matAnusAra AcArya agni ke uttara pUrvAbhimukha hotA hai aura brahmacArI pazcima-mukha baiThakara AcArya se pavitra sAvitrI mantra sunAne ko kahatA hai, taba AcArya pahale eka pAda, taba do pAda aura phira pUrNa mantra sikhAtA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 2/5/34-37 ) ke anusAra brahmacArI agni meM palAza kI yA kisI anya yajJocita vRkSa kI cAra lakar3iyA~ ghI meM Dubokara DAlatA hai aura agni, vAyu, Aditya evaM vrata ke svAmI ke lie mantroccAraNa karatA hai aura Ahuti dete samaya svAhA kahatA hai| sUtroM evaM TIkAoM meM gAyatrI ke upadeza ke viSaya meM bahuta-se jaTila niyama haiM, kintu ye jaTila niyama evaM antara vyAhRtiyoM (bhUrbhuvaH svaH) ke sthAna ko lekara utpanna ho gaye haiN| * ApastambagRhyasUtra (2/2) se sudarzana ke do udAharaNa yahA~ TippaNI meM diye jAte haiN| " 40. bhUH bhuvaH evaM svaH nAmaka rahasyAtmaka zabda kabhI-kabhI mahAvyAhRtiyA~ kahe jAte haiM (gobhilagRhyasUtra 2|10|40 ; manu 2 / 81) / inheM kevala vyAhRtiyA~ bhI kahA jAtA hai| dekhie taMttirIyopaniSad 1 / 501, jahA~ mahaH ko cauthI vyAhRti kahA gayA hai| vyAhRtiyoM kI saMkhyA sAmAnyataH 7 hai; bhUH bhuvaH svaH, mahaH, janaH tapaH evaM satyam ( vasiSTha 25 / 9, vaikhAnasa 7 / 9 ) / gautama (1 / 52 evaM 25 / 8) ne ye 5 vyAhRti likhI hai, yathA-bhUH bhuvaH svaH, puruSaH evaM satyam / vyAhRtisAma meM bhI pAMca hI nAma Aye haiM, kintu vahA~ puruSa sabase anta meM AyA hai| 41. vyAhRtIvihRtAH pAdAdiSvanteSu vA tayardhacaMyoruttamAM kRtsnAyAm / Apa0 gRhya0 22; jisa para sudarzana kA kahanA hai - ' bhUstatsaviturvareNyam / OM bhuvaH bhargo devasya dhImahi / oM suvaH dhiyo yo naH pracodayAt / oM bhUstatsaviturvareNyaM bhargo devasya dhImahi / oM bhuvaH dhiyo yo naH pracodayAt / oM suvaH tatsaviturasya bhargo devasya dhImahi dhiyo yo naH prcodyaat|' yaha pahalI vidhi hai| dUsarI vidhi hai vyAhRtiyoM ko anta meM rakha denA, yathA--' oM tatsaviturvareNyaM bhUH / oM bhargo devasya dhImahi bhuvaH / oM dhiyo yo naH pracodayAt suvaH / oM tatsaviturvareNyaM dhImahi bhUH / oM dhiyo yo naH pracodayAt bhuvaH / oM tatsavitu yAt suvaH / ' milAie, bhAradvAjagRhya0 119; baudhAyanagR0 2 / 5 / 40 | 'svaH' adhikatara "suvaH " kahA gayA hai| omiti brahma / omitIvaM sarvam / omiti brAhmaNaH pravazyannAha brahmopApnavAnIti /

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upanayana zeqe 'om' zabda prAcIna kAla se hI parama pavitra mAnA jAtA rahA hai aura paramAtmA kA pratIka hai| taittirIya brAhmaNa (2011) meM oMkAra kI stuti pAyI jAtI hai aura vahA~ Rgveda kA mantra (1 / 164 / 39) uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, yathA"Rco akSare prme..aani"| yahA~ 'akSara' kA artha "oMkAra" kiyA gayA hai| taittirIyopaniSad (1 / 8) ke anusAra 'om' zabda 'brahma' hai, 'om' yaha saba (sampUrNa vizva) hai| brAhmaNa jaba vedAdhyayana ke pUrva 'om' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai to usake pIche yahI bhAvanA rahatI hai ki vaha brahma ke sannikaTa pahuMca ske| 'om' ko praNava kahA gayA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 13 / 6) ke anusAra "oMkAra svarga kA dvAra hai, ataH jise vedAdhyayana karanA ho use prathama 'om' kahanA caahie|" manu (2 / 74) kA kahanA hai ki pratidina vedAdhyayana ke Arambha evaM anta meM praNava duharAnA cAhie, 'om' ke tIna akSara arthAt 'a', 'u' evaM 'm' tathA tIna vyAhRtiyA~ prajApati dvArA tInoM vedoM se sArarUpa meM khIMca lI gayI haiN| meSAtithi (manu 2174) ke anusAra vidyArthI ko vedAdhyayana ke Arambha meM tathA gRhastha ko brahmayajJa meM 'om' kA uccAraNa avazya karanA cAhie, kintu japa meM yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa (42), vAyupurANa (20), vRddhahArItasmRti (6 / 59-62) tathA katipaya anya smRtiyoM meM 'om' zabda ke tInoM akSaroM ko atyukti ke sAtha viSNu, lakSmI evaM jIva ke tathA tInoM vedoM, tInoM lokoM ke samanurUpa mAnA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad (1 / 2 / 15-17) meM 'om' ko tInoM vedoM kA anta (pariNAma), brahmajJAna kA udgama evaM brahma kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai| ___gAyatrI kA pavitra mantra Rgveda kI RcA hai (3 / 62 / 10) aura yaha anya vedoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| yaha savitA (sUrya) ko sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, kintu ise sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM evaM padArthoM ke udgama evaM preraka kI stuti ke rUpa meM bhI grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isakA zAbdika artha hai--"hama divya pavitA ke, jo hamArI ghI (buddhi yA manISA) ko uttejita kare, dedIpyamAna teja kA dhyAna karate haiN|" kucha gRhyasUtroM ke anusAra brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya sabhI prakAra ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie eka hI prakAra kA mantra prakalpita hai, kintu kucha anya gRhyasUtroM ke anusAra brAhmaNoM ke lie sAvitrI mantra (pratyeka pAda meM 8 akSara vAle) gAyatrI chaMda meM tathA kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie (pratyeka pAda meM 11 akSara vAle) triSTup yA (pratyeka pAda meM 12 akSara vAle) jagatI chandoM meM honA caahie| yahA~ para bhI kucha antara rakhA gayA hai| kAThaka-gRhyasUtra (41 / 20) ke TIkAkAroM ke anusAra "adabdhemiH savitA" (kAThaka 4 / 10) evaM "vizvA rUpANi" (kAThaka 1618) nAmaka mantra krama se kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie kahe gaye haiN| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 5 / 4-6) ke TIkAkAra ke anusAra "A kRSNena rajasA" (R0 1135 / 2) mantra triSTup meM kSatriya ke lie tathA "hiraNyapANiH savitA" (R0 1 / 35 / 9) yA "haMsaH zuciSad" (R0 4 / 4015) mantra jagatI meM vaizya ke lie kahA gayA hai| vArAhagRhyasUtra (5) ke anusAra "devo yAti savitA" evaM "yuJjate manaH" (R0 5 / 8131) krama se triSTup evaM jagatI chanda haiM aura ve krama se kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie kahe gaye haiN| isI prakAra kaI eka antara pAye jAte haiM (taittirIya saMhitA 17741, kAThaka 13 // 14 aadi)| sAvitrI mantra brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie krama se gAyatrI, triSTup evaM jagatI meM ho, yaha eka brahmavApnoti / se0 u0 118; yogasUtra (127) ne likhA hai "tasya vAcakaH prnnvH|' 'oMkAraH svargadvAraM tasmAd brahmAdhyeSyamANa etavAvi prtipcet|' ApastambadharmasUtra 1041336 / manu (2074) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi ne likhA hai"sarvadAmahaNamadhyayanaviSimAtradharmoM yathA syAt |...ato homamantrajapazAstrAnuvacanayAjyAvInAmArambhe nAsti praNayogyatrApi udAharaNArye vaivikvaasyvyaahaare|" mANDUkyopaniSad (12) evaM gauDapAda kI kArikAoM (1124-29) meM oMkAra parabrahma kahA gayA hai|

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224 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ati prAcIna vidhi rahI hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra (23) ke mata se sabhI varNa gAyatrI yA sAvitrI mantra ko krama se gAyatrI, triSTup yA jagatI chanda meM par3ha sakate haiN| gAyatrI mantra (Rgveda 3 / 62 / 10) kyoM prasiddha ho gayA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| bahuta sammava hai, isa mantra meM buddhi (dhI) kI vibhutA se vizva ke udbhava kI aura jo saMketa milatA hai evaM isameM jo mahatI saralatA pAyI jAtI hai, isI se ise ati prasiddhi prApta ho gyii| gopathabrAhmaNa (1232-33) ne gAyatrI mantra kI vyAkhyA kaI prakAra se kI hai| taittirIyAraNyaka (2011) meM AyA hai ki "bhUH, bhuvaH, svaH nAmaka rahasyamaya zabda vANI ke satya (sAra) haiM, tathA gAyatrI meM savitA kA artha hai vaha jo zrI yA mahattA ko utpanna karatA hai|" atharvaveda (19 / 71 / 1) ne ise 'vedamAtA' kahA hai aura stuti meM kahA hai-"yaha stuti karane vAle ko lambI Ayu, yaza, santAna, pazu Adi de|" bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (14 / 1-6), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 1 / 10), manu (27783), viSNudharmasUtra (55-11-17), zaMkhasmRti (12), saMvarta (216-223), bRhatparAzara (5) tathA anya granthoM meM gAyatrI kI prabhUta mahattA gAyI gayI hai| parAzera (5 / 1) ne ise vedamAtA kahA hai| gAyatrI ke japa se zucitA prApta hotI hai (zaMkhasmRti 12 / 12; manu 2 / 104; baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 4 / 7-9; vasiSThadharmasUtra 26 / 15) / brahmacArI ke dharma brahmacAriyoM ke lie kucha niyama bane haiM, jinheM hama do zreNiyoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiN| jinameM prathama prakAra ke ve niyama haiM jinheM brahmacArI alpa kAla taka hI mAnate haiM aura dUsare prakAra ke ve niyama, jo chAtra-jIvana taka mAne jAte haiN| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1122117) ke anusAra brahmacArI ko upanayana ke uparAnta tIna rAtoM, yA bAraha rAtoM, yA eka varSa taka kSAra, lavaNa nahIM khAnA cAhie aura pRthvI para zayana karanA caahie| yahI bAta baudhAyana gR0 (2 / 5 / 55) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai (yahA~ tIna dinoM taka prajvalita agni rakhane kA bhI vidhAna hai)| isa viSaya meM bhAradvAjagR0 (1 / 10), pAraskaragR0 (2 / 5), khAdiragR0 (2 / 4 / 33), hiraNyakezigR0 (1 / 8 / 2), manu (2 / 108 evaM 176) Adi sthala avalokanIya haiM, jahA~ para kucha vibhinnatAoM ke sAtha brahmacAriyoM ke niyama batAye gaye haiN| manu (2 / 108 evaM 176) ke anusAra agni meM samidhA DAlanA, bhikSA mAMganA, bhU-zayana, guru ke lie kAma karanA, prati dina snAna karanA, devoMRSiyoM-pitaroM kA tarpaNa karanA Adi brahmacAriyoM kA dharma hai| ye kArya alpakAlIna mAne gaye haiN| pUrNa chAtra-jIvana ke niyama hama zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 4 / 1-17), AzvalAyanagRhya0 (1 / 22 / 2), pAraskaragRhya0 (2 / 3), ApastambamantrapATha (2 / 6 / 14), kAThakagRhya0 (41 / 17) Adi meM pA sakate haiN| ye kArya haiM-Acamana, guruzuzrUSA, vAksaMyama (mauna) smidhaadhaan| sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM ina niyamoM ke pAlana kI vidhiyA~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiM (gautama 2 / 10-40, zAMkhAyanagR0 2 / 6 / 8, gobhila0 3 / 1 / 27, khAdira0 2 / 5 / 10-16, hiraNya0 8 / 1-7, Apastambadharma0 131 // 3 // 11-1 evaM 2 / 7 / 30, baudhAyanadharma0 1127, manu 2 / 49-249, yAjJavalkya 1 / 16. 32 aadi)| agniparicaryA (agni-homa), bhikSA, sandhyopAsana, vedAdhyayana kA samaya evaM vidhi, kucha khAdyoM evaM peyoM evaM gItoM kA varjana, guruzuzrUSA (guru tathA gurukula evaM anya gurujanoM kI sevA) evaM brahmacArI ke anya vratoM ke viSaya meM hI niyama evaM vidhiyAM batAyI gayI haiN| kucha anya bAtoM para vicAra karane ke uparAnta inakA varNana hama kucha vistAra ke sAtha kreNge| 42. gAyacyA brAhmaNamasRjata triSTubhA rAjanyaM jagatyA vaizyaM na kenacicchandasA zUmityasaMskAryo vilaayte| vasiSTha 4 // 3 //

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225 upanayana ke cauthe dina eka kRtya kiyA jAtA thA jisakA nAma thA meghA-janana (buddhi kI utpatti), jisake dvArA yaha samajhA jAtA thA ki brahmacArI kI buddhi vedAdhyayana ke yogya ho gayI hai (AzvalAyanagRhya mUtra 1 // 22 // 18-19), mArakhAjagRhya0 (1 / 10), mAnavagRhma0 (1 / 22 / 17), kAThakagRhma0 (41318) evaM saMskAraprakAza (pR0 444-46) meM bhI yaha kRtya pAyA jAtA hai| isa kRtya ke vistAra meM jAne kI yahA~ koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| upanayana ke samaya prajvalita agni ko samidhA de-dekara tIna dinoM taka rakhanA par3atA thaa| isake uparAnta sAdhAraNa agni meM samiSA lI jAtI thiiN| prati dina prAtaH evaM sAyaM chaH samidhA dI jAtI thiiN| isa viSaya meM baudhAyanagRhya0 (2 / 5 / 55-57), ApastambagRhapa0 (2222), AzvalAyanagRhya0 (1 / 20 / 10-122114), zAMkhAyana gRhaa| (2010), manu (2 / 186), yAjJavalkya (1125), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 4 / 17) Adi avalokanIya haiN| vizeSa vistAra meM jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| samidhA ke viSaya meM bhI thor3I jAnakArI Avazyaka hai| samidhA elAza kI yA kisI anya yajJavRkSa ko honI caahie| ina vRkSoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM-palAza, azvattha, nyagrodha, plakSa, vaikaMkata, udumbara, bilva, candana, sarala, zAla, devadAru evaM khdir|" vAyupurANa ne sarvaprathama sthAna palAza ko diyA hai, usake uparAnta krama se khadira, zanI, rohitaka, azvatya, arka yA betasa ko sthAna diyA hai| trikANDamaNDana (2682-84) ne isa viSaya meM kaI niyama diye haiN| isake anusAra samidhA ke lie palAza evaM khadira ke vRkSa sarvazreSTha haiM aura kovidAra, vibhItaka, kapittha, karama, rAjavRkSa, zakadruma, nIpa, nimba, karaja, tilaka, zleSmAtaka yA zAlmali kabhI bhI prayoga meM lAne yogya nahIM haiN| a~gUThe se moTI samidhA nahIM honI caahie| ise chIlanA nahIM caahie| isameM koI kIr3A lagA huA mahIM honA cAhie aura na yaha dhunI huI honI caahie| isake Tukar3e nahIM hone caahie| yaha eka prAdeza (amUThe se lekara tarjanI taka) se na bar3I aura na choTI honI caahie| isameM pattiyoM nahIM honI cAhie aura paryApta majabUta honI caahie| bhikSA AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 2217-8) ne bhikSA ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki brahmacArI ko aise puruSa yA strI se mikSA mAMganI cAhie jo niSedha na kare aura mAMgate samaya brahmacArI ko kahanA cAhie 'mahodaya, bhojana diijie| anya dharmazAstrakAroM ne vistRta vivaraNa upasthita kiye haiN| hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra ne likhA hai-"AcArya sarva prathama daNDa detA hai, usake uparAnta bhikSA-pAtra dekara kahatA hai-jAo bAhara aura bhikSA maaglaayo| pahale vaha mAtA se, taba anya dayAlu paroM se mikSA mAMgatA hai| baha bhikSA mAMgakara guru ko lAkara detA hai, kahatA hai, yaha mikSA hai| puru grahaNa karatA hai, yaha acchI mikSA hai|" baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 5 / 47-53) ne bhI niyama viye hai," yathA--brAhmaNa 43. plaashaashvtvnypropplvktodbhvaaH| azvatthodumbarau bilvazcanvanaH srltaa| bhAlaca devavAsaca khavirazceti yariyAH // brahmapurANa (kRtyaratnAkara, 10 61 meM uvRta) 4. avAspa rikta pAtraM prayacchamAha / mAtaramevAne bhikSasveti / samAtaramevAne bhivate / bhavati bhikSA dehAti bAhmaNo bhikSate / bhikSA bhavati behIti rAjanyaH / dehi bhikSA bhavatIti vaizyaH / tatsamAhatyAcAryAya prAha bhaikssmivmiti| tattuzamitItaraH pratigRhanAti / (gau0 0 2254-53) / . dharma0 29

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226 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa brahmacArI ina zabdoM ke sAtha mikSA mAMgatA hai, 'bhavati mikSA dehi' (bhadre, mujhe bhojana dIjie), kintu kSatriya evaM vaizya brahmacArI ko krama se 'bhikSA bhavati dehi' evaM 'dehi bhikSA mavati' kahanA caahie| yahI bAta baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 2017), manu (2049), yAjJavalkya (1130) tathA anya logoM ne bhI kahI hai (dekhie zAMkhAyana gR0 2 / 6 / 5-8; gomilagR0 2 / 10 / 42-44; khAdiragR0 2 / 4 / 28-31) / manu (215) ke anusAra sarvaprathama mAtA se, taba bahina se yA mausI se mAMganA caahie| brahmacArI ko bhikSA dene meM koI AnAkAnI nahIM kara sakatA thA, kyoMki aisA karane para kiye gaye satkAryoM se utpanna guNa, yajJAdi se utpanna puNya, santAna, pazu AdhyAtmika yaza Adi kA nAza ho jAtA hai| yadi kahIM anyatra bhikSA na mile to brahmacArI ko apane ghara se, apane gurujanoM (mAmA Adi) se, sambandhiyoM se aura anta meM apane guru se bhikSA mAMganI caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (11 // 325) ke anasAra brahmacArI apapAtroM (cANDAla Adi) evaM amizAstoM (aparAdhiyoM) ko chor3akara kisI se bhI bhojana mAMga sakatA hai| yahI bAta gautama (2041) meM bhI hai| isa viSaya meM manu (21183 evaM 185), yAjJavalkya (1 / 29), auzanasa Adi ke mata avalokanIya haiN| zUdroM se bhojana mAMganA sarvatra vajita mAnA gayA hai| parAzaramAdhavIya (112) ne likhA hai ki ApatkAla meM bhI zUdra ke yahA~ kA pakA bhojana bhikSA rUpa meM nahIM lenA caahie| __ manu (2 / 189), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (115 / 56) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 187) ne bhikSA se prApta bhojana ko zuddha mAnA hai| bhikSA se prApta bhojana para rahanevAle brahmacArI ko upavAsa kA phala pAnevAlA kahA gayA hai (manu 2 // 188 evaM bRhatparAzara pR0 130) / brahmacArI ko thor3A-thor3A karake kaI gRhoM se bhojana mAMganA caahie| kevala devapUjana yA pitaroM ke zrAddha-kAla meM hI kisI eka vyakti ke yahA~ bharapeTa mojana grahaNa karanA cAhie (manu 2 // 188189 evaM yAjJa. 1132) / gautama (5116) ne likhA hai ki prati dina vaizvadeva ke yajJa evaM bhUtoM kI bali ke uparAnta gRhastha ko 'svasti' zabda evaM jala ke sAtha bhikSA denI caahie| manu (3194) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 108) ne kahA hai ki yatiyoM evaM brahmacAriyoM ko bhikSA (bhojana) Adara evaM svAgata ke sAtha denI caahie| mitAkSarA ne eka kaura (grAsa) kI bhikSA ko bAta calAyI hai (yAjJa0 11108) / eka kaura (grAsa) mayUra (mora) ke aNDe ke barAbara hotA hai| eka puSkala cAra grAsa ke barAbara, hanta vAra puSkala ke barAbara tathA agra tIna hanta ke barAbara hotA hai|" prAcIna kAla meM prati dina agni meM samidhA DAlanA (homa) tathA bhikSA mAMganA itanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA ki yadi koI brahmacArI lagAtAra sAta dinoM taka binA kAraNa (bImArI Adi) ke yaha saba nahIM karatA thA to use vahIM prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA jo brahmacArI rUpa meM sambhoga karane para kiyA jAtA thaa| isa viSaya meM dekhie baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 54), manu (2 / 187) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (28152 / ) mikSA kevala apane lie nahIM mAMgI jAtI thii| brahmacArI bhikSA lAkara guru ko nivedana karatA thA aura guru ke Adeza ke anusAra hI use grahaNa karatA thaa| guru kI anupasthiti meM vaha gurupatnI yA guru-putra ko nivedana karatA thaa| yadi aisA koI na mile to vaha jJAnI brAhmaNoM se jAkara vaisA hI kahatA thA aura unake AdezAnusAra khAtA thA (ApastambadharmasUtra 111 / 3 / 31-35, manu 2151) / brahmacArI jUThA nahIM chor3atA thA aura pAtra ko dhokara rakha 45. bhikSA ca praassNmitaa| bAsazca myuuraajprimaannH| prAsamAtrA bhaved bhikSA puSkalaM saccaturguNam / hantastu taizcatubhiH syAdapaM tat triguNaM bhavet // iti zAtAtapasmaraNAt / mitAkSarA (pAzavalpaya 1 / 108) /

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297 detA thaa| bacA huA zuddha bhojana gAr3a diyA jAtA thA, yA bahA diyA jAtA thA yA muru ke zUdra naukara ko de diyA jAtA thaa| brahmacArI samidhA lAne evaM bhikSA mAMgane ke atirikta guru ke lie pAtroM meM jala bharatA thA, puSpa ekatra karatA thA, gobara, miTTI, kuza Adi juTAtA thA (manu 20182) / sandhyA upanayana ke dina prAtaH sandhyA nahIM kI jaatii| jaimini ke anusAra gAyatrI mantra batalAne ke pUrva koI sandhyA nahIM hotii| ataH upanayana ke dina dopahara se sandhyA kA Arambha hotA hai| isa kArya ko sAnAnyataH 'sandhyopAsanA' yA 'sandhyAvandana' yA kevala sandhyA kahA jAtA hai| upanayana ke dina kevala gAyatrI maMtra se hI sandhyA kI jAtI hai| 'sandhyA' zabda kevala rAta evaM dina ke sandhikAla kA dyotaka mAtra nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha prArthanA yA stuti kA bhI, jo prAtaH yA sAyaM kI jAtI hai, dyotaka hai| yaha kabhI-kabhI dina meM tIna bAra arthAt prAtaH, dopahara evaM sAyaM hotI thii| atri ne likhA hai-"AtmajJAnI dvija ko sandhyA tIna bAra karanI caahie| ina tIna sandhyAoM ko krama -se gAyatrI (prAtaHkAlIna), sAvitrI (madhyAhnakAlIna) evaM sarasvatI (sAyakAlIna) kahA jAtA hai, aisA yogayAjJavalkya kA mata hai|" sAmAnyataH sandhyA do bAra hI (prAtaH evaM sAyaM) kI jAtI hai (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 37, Apastambadharma0 111113018, gautama 2 / 17, manu 26101, yAjJavalkya 1124-25 aadi)| ___sabhI ke mata se prAtaH sUryodaya ke pUrva se hI prAtaH sandhyA Arambha ho jAnI cAhie aura jaba taka sUrya kA bimba dIkha na par3e taba taka calatI rahanI cAhie aura sAyaMkAla sUrya ke DUba jAne tathA tAroM ke nikala Ane taka sandhyA honI caahie| yaha sarvazreSTha sandhyA karane kA samaya kahA gayA hai, kintu gauNa kAla mAnA gayA hai sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta ke uparAnta tIna ghttikaaeN| eka muhUrta (yogayAjJavalkya ke anusAra do ghaTikAoM arthAt do ghar3iyoM) taka saMdhyA kI avadhi honI caahie| kintu manu (4193-94) ke mata se jitanI tera taka cAheM hama sandhyA kara sakate haiM, kyoMki lambI sandhyA karane se hI prAcIna RSiyoM ko dIrgha Ayu, buddhi, yaza, kIrti evaM AdhyAtmika zakti prApta ho sakI thii| ___adhikAMza granthakAroM ke anusAra gAyatrI kA japa tathA anya pUta mantra sandhyA meM pramukha haiM tathA mArjana Adi gauNa haiM, kintu manu (2 / 101) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi ne japa ko gauNa tathA mantra evaM Asana ko pramukha sthAna diyA hai| "sandhyA karanI cAhie" kA tAtparya hai Aditya nAmaka devatA kA, jo mUrya-maNDala kA dyotaka hai, dhyAna karanA tathA isa tathya kA bhI dhyAna karanA ki vahI buddhi yA teja usake antaH meM bhI avasthita hai| gAMva ke bAhara sandhyA ke lie ucita sthAna mAnA gayA hai (Apastambadharma0 1111 // 308, gautama0 2 / 16, mAnavagRhya0 1 / 2 / 2) / isa viSaya meM ekAnta sthAna (zAMkhAyanA 0 2 / 9 / 1), nadI kA saTa yA koI pavitra sthAna (baudhAyanagRhya0 2 / 4 / 1) hI viziSTa rUpa se cunA gayA hai| kintu agnihotriyoM ke lie aisA koI vidhAna nahIM hai, kyoMki unheM vaidika kriyAe~ evaM homa karanA hotA hai aura vaha bhI sUryodaya ke samaya, ataH ve apane ghara meM hI sandhyA kara sakate haiN| aparArka dvArA uddhRta vasiSTha ke kathana se patA calatA hai ki ghara kI apekSA gauzAlA yA nadI ke taTa yA viSNu-mandira yA zivAlaya ke pAsa sandhyA karanA krama se dasa gunA, lAkha gunA yA asaMkhya gunA (ananta gunA) acchA hai| prAtaHkAlIna sandhyA khar3e hokara tathA sAyaMkAlIna baiThakara karanI cAhie (AzvalAyanagRhya0 31716, zAMkhAyanagR0 2 / 9 / 1 evaM 3, manu 20102) / prAtaHkAlIna sandhyA pUrva dizA kI tathA sAyaMkAlIna uttara-pazcima dizA kI ora karanI caahie| sandhyA karane vAle ko snAna karanA cAhie, pavitra sthAna para kuza-Asana para baiThanA cAhie, yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA cAhie evaM mauna rahanA cAhie (sandhyA karate samaya bAtacIta nahIM karanI caahie)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sandhyopAsana kI pramukha kriyAeM ye haiM- Acamana, prANAyAma, mArjana ( mantroM dvArA apane Upara tIna bAra pAnI chir3akanA), aghamarSaNa, ardhya ( sUrya ko jala denA ), gAyatrI japa evaM upasthAna (prAtaHkAla sUrya kI evaM sAyaMkAla sAmAnyataH ror kI prArthanA mantroM ke sAtha karanA) / taittirIya AraNyaka (2/2) meM sarvaprathama sandhyA kA varNana pAyA gayA hai, jahA~ arghya evaM gAyatrI japa hI pradhAna kriyAe~ dekhane meM AtI haiN| kAlAntara meM bahuta-sI bAteM jur3atI calI gayIM, jinakA vistAra yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| hama yahA~ una bAtoM para saMkSipta vivaraNa upasthita kreNge| Acamana ke viSaya meM vistRta niyama gautama 0 1 35/40, Apastambadharma0 (215 / 15 / 2 - 11 evaM 16), manu (2/58-62), yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 18-21) meM pAye jAte haiM / taitirIya brAhmaNa (115110) evaM Apastambadharma 0 ( 1/5/15/5 ) ke anusAra pRthivI ke gaDDhe ke jala se Acamana nahIM karanA caahie| Acamana baiThakara uttara yA pUrva dizA meM (khar3e yA jhukakaraM nahIM) karanA caahie| isake lie pavitra sthAna honA caahie| jala garama yA phenila nahIM honA caahie| jala ko adharoM se tIna bAra sparza karanA cAhie (sur3akanA caahie)| bIle dAhine hAtha se A~kha, kAna, nAka, ura evaM sira chUnA caahie| Acamana kA jala brAhmaNoM ke lie hRdaya taka, yoM ke lie kaNTha taka evaM vaizyoM ke lie tAlu taka honA caahie| striyA~ evaM zUdra utanA hI jala sur3aka sakate haiM jo unake tAla taka jA ske| manu (2 / 18) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 18) ke anusAra jala brAhmatIrtha (a~gUThe kI jar3a) se suDakanA caahie| " Acamana kI kriyA sAmAnyataH sabhI dhArmika kriyAoM meM dekhI jAtI hai| bhojana karane ke pUrva evaM pazcAt mI Acamana kiyA jAtA hai| Ajakala Acamana viSNu ke tIna nAmoM (kezava, nArAyaNa evaM mAdhava ) ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai ( om kezavAya namaH....Adi ) / kahIM kahIM viSNu ke 24 nAma liye jAte haiM, yathA dakSiNa meM / 228 prANAyAma ko yogasUtra (2149) meM zvAsa evaM prazvAsa kA gati-viccheda kahA gayA hai|" gautama (1 / 50) ke anusAra prANAyAma tIna haiM, jinameM pratyeka 15 mAtrAoM taka calatA hai| baudhAyanadharmaH 0 (4/1/30 ), vasiSThadharma 0 (25/13), zaMkhasmRti (7/14) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 23) ke anusAra prANAyAma ke samaya gAyatrI kA ziraH ( om ke sAtha samanvita tInoM vyAhRtiyA~) evaM gAyatrI kA mantra mana-hI-mana duharAye jAte haiN| yoga-yAjJavalkya ke anusAra prathama mana meM sAtoM vyAhRtiyA~ (jinameM pratyeka ke pahale 'om' avazya jur3A rahanA cAhie), taba gAyatrI mantra aura anta meM 46. kaniSThikA (phAnI), tarjanI evaM aMgUThe kI jar3oM ko evaM hAtha kI aMguliyoM ke poroM ko kama se prAjApatya (vA kAya, pitrya, brAhma evaM deva tIrtha kahA jAtA hai (dekhie yAjJa0 1 / 19, viSNudharma0 6231-4, vasiSThadhamaM0 364-68 baudhAyanadharma0 1 / 5 / 14-18 ) / isa viSaya meM dhanyakAroM meM kucha matAntara bhI hai, yathA vasiSTha ke anusAra phinya sarjanI evaM aMgUThe ke bIca meM hai evaM mAnuSa tIrtha aMguliyoM ke poroM para hai| anya logoM ke mata se cAra aMguliyoM kI jar3eM Arya tIrtha kahalAtI haiM (baudhAyanadharma0 115 118 ) / vaikhAnasa gRhya0 115 evaM pAraskaragRhya pariziSTa me pA~ca tIcoM ke nAma liye haiM (pAMcavAM hai Agneya, arthAt havelI ) / Agneya ko anya logoM ne saumya bhI kahA hai| 47. agnipurANa (adhyAya 48) meM viSNu ke 24 nAma Aye haiM--kezava, nArAyaNa, mAdhava, govinda, viSNu, madhusUdana, trivikrama, vAmana, zrIdhara, hRSIkeza, padmanAma, dAmodara, saMkarSaNa, vAsudeva, pradyumna, aniruddha, puruSottama, aghokSaja, narasiMha, acyuta, janArdana, upendra, hari, zrIkRSNa / 48. tasminsati ( Asanabhaye sati) zvAsaprazvAsayorgativicchedaH prANAyAmaH / yogasUtra (2049) /

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21 gAyatrI kA ziraH duharAnA caahie|" prANAyAma ke tIna aMga hai-pUraka (bAharI vAyu bhItara lenA), kumbhaka (liye hue zvAsa ko roke rakhanA arthAt na to zvAsa chor3anA na grahaNa karanA) evaM recaka (phephar3oM se vAyu bAhara nikaalnaa)| panu ne prANAyAma kI prazaMsA meM bahuta kucha kahA hai (670-71) / mArbana meM tAtra, udumbarakASTha yA miTTI ke baratana meM rakhe hue jala ko kuza se chir3akA jAtA hai| mArjana karate samaya 'om', vyAhRtiyA~, gAyatrI evaM 'Apo hi SThA' (R0 101|9-3)naamk tIna mantra duharAye jAte haiN| doSAmanadharmaH (2 / 4 / 2) ne anya vaidika mantra bhI jor3a diye haiM, kintu mAnavagRhyasUtra (111 / 24), yAjJavalkya (1122) Adi ne mArjana ke lie kevala uparyukta 'Apo hi SThA0' nAmaka tIna mantroM ke lie hI vyavasthA dI hai|" aghamarSaNa (pApa ko bhagAnA) meM gau ke kAna kI bhAMti dAhine hAtha kA rUpa banAkara, usameM jala lekara, nAka ke pAsa rakhakara, usa para zvAsa lekara (isa bhAvanA se ki apanA pApa bhAga jAya) "RtaM ca0" (R0 1019011-3) nAmaka tIna mantroM ke sAtha pRthivI para bAyIM ora jala pheMka diyA jAtA hai| amba (sammAna ke sAtha sUrya ko jalArpaNa) meM donoM jur3e hue hAthoM meM jala lekara, gAyatrI mantra kahate hue, sUrya kI ora unmukha hokara tIna bAra jala girAnA hotA hai| yadi sar3aka para ho yA kArAgRha meM ho, arthAt yadi jala sulabha ma ho to dhUla se hI arghya denA caahie| gAyatrI ke japa ke viSaya meM sAvitrI-upadeza nAmaka prakaraNa Ara dekhie| gAyatrI ke japa ke viSaya meM vistRta vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| isa para aparArka (pR0 46-48), smRticandrikA (pR0 143-152), caNDezvara ke gRhastharalAkara (pR0 241-250) evaM AhnikaprakAza (pR. 311-316) dvArA prastuta vistAra yahA~ nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| Ahnika ke prakaraNa meM kucha bAteM batalAyI jaayegii| upasthAna meM baudhAyana ke matAnusAra 'udvayam' (Rkheda 1150 / 10), 'udutpam' (10 115011), dinU' (R0 1115 / 1), 'taccakSuH0' (10 // 66 / 16), 'ya udagAt' (te. AraNyaka 4 / 4215) ke sAtha sUrya kI prArthanA karanI caahie| manu (21103) ke mata se jo vyakti prAtaH evaM sAyaM sandhyopAsanA nahIM karatA, use vijoM kI zreNI se alaga kara denA caahie| gomilasmRti (211) ke anusAra brAhmaNyA tIna sandhyAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai aura jo sandhyopAsana nahIM karatA, vaha brAhmaNa nahIM hai| baudhAyana-dharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 20) kA kahanA hai ki rAjA ko 49. bhUrbhuvaH svamaharjanastapaH satya tathaiva c| pratyAkArasamAyumAstamA tatsaviturvaram / / omApIjyotirikta lie pazcAtAyojayet / girAvartanayogAta prANAyAmastu shbditH|| gogAjavalkya (smRzicanikA, pR0 141, bhAga 1 meM upt)| 50. surabhimAyA asigAbhiriNIbhihiraNyavarNAniH pApamAnAmiAhRtibhiranyazca pavitrarAtvana protra prayato bhavati / bI0ma0 (2012) / surabhimatI Rgveda kA ravikAno mAvi (4 // 3916) maMtra hai, akhtiyA hai.40 109 / 1-3, vAranI hai me varaNa (R0 1225 / 19), satvA pAmi (R0 1024011), ada hai ( 22 // 14) evaM yatkice (10895) / pAvamAnI svAviScyA bhaviSTanA (09 / 11) hai, kintu kuSTha logo ke mata se 20 9 / 67 / 21-27 vAle mantra haiN| viraso mArnanaM kuryAttunaH sovniyubhiH| praNavo bhUrbhuvaH svazca sAvitrI va tRtiiykaa| madevatastrayUcazva caturva prati mArjanam // gomilasmRti (2045); annavatanyUca Rgveda (1066 / 1-3) meM hai| taittirIya bAhmaNa (3397) "ApaNa hi SThA bhayomuSa itynirbiynte| mAlo va sarvA revatA", pAyA bAtA hai|

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210 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa cAhie ki vaha sandhyA na karanevAle brAhmaNoM se zUdra kA kAma le / sandhyA ke guNoM ke viSaya meM dekhie manu ( 2 / 102 ), baudhAyanadharma0 (2 / 4 / 25-28), yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 307 ) / jaba vyakti sUtaka meM par3A ho, ghara meM santAnotpatti ke kAraNa azauca ho, to use japa tathA upasthAna ko chor3akara kevala ardhya taka sandhyA karanI caahie| Adhunika kAla meM purANoM evaM tantroM se bahuta kucha lekara sandhyA kriyA ko bahuta vistAra de diyA gayA hai| saMskAraratnamAlA ke anusAra nyAsa avaidika kRtya hai| nyAsoM evaM mudrAoM ( hAthoM, a~guliyoM Adi ke Asana, , AkRtiyoM) ke lie smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 328-333 ), smRticandrikA ( bhAga 1, pR0 146 - 148) avalokanIya haiN|" nyAsa kA eka viziSTa artha hotA hai| yaha vaha kriyA hai jisake dvArA devatA yA pavitra bAtoM kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai, jisase ve zarIra ke kucha bhAgoM meM avasthita hokara unheM pavitra banA deM aura pUjA tathA dhyAna ke lie una zarIramAMgoM ko yogya banA deN| puruSasUkta (Rgveda 10/90) ke 16 mantroM kA AvAhana bAMyeM evaM dAhine hAthoM meM, bAMyeM evaM dAhine pA~voM meM, bAMyeM evaM dAhine ghuTanoM meM, bAMyeM evaM dAhine bhAgoM meM, nAbhi, hRdaya evaM kaNTha meM, bAMyI evaM dAhinI bhujAoM meM, muMha, A~khoM evaM sira meM avasthita hone ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| vibhinna granthoM meM vibhinna bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM, jinakA vivaraNa upasthita karanA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| smRticandrikA ( pR0 146 - 148) ne mudrAoM ( hastAkRtiyoM) ke viSaya meM eka lambA uddharaNa diyA hai| pUjAprakAza ( pR0 123 ) meM uddhRta saMgraha meM AyA hai ki pUjA, dhyAna, kAmya ( kisI kAmanA se kiye gaye kRtya ) Adi kAmoM meM mudrAe~ banAyI jAtI haiM aura isa prakAra devatA pUjaka ke sannikaTa lAyA jAtA hai| mudrAoM ke nAmoM evaM saMkhyAoM meM matabheda hai| smRticandrikA evaM vaidyanAtha likhita smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 331-332 ) meM ina mudrAoM kI carcA huI hai-- sammukha, sampuTa, vitata, vistRta, dvimukha, trimukha, adhomukha, vyApakAJjalika, yamapAza, prathita, sammukhonmukha, vilamba, muSTika, mIna, kUrma, varAha, siMhAkrAnta, mahAkrAnta, mudgara evaM pallava / nityAcArapaddhati ( 10533 ) ke anusAra 'mudrA' zabda 'mud' (prasannatA) evaM 'rA' (denA) se banA hai| mudrA devatA ko prasanna rakhatI hai aura asuroM se (duSTa AtmAoM se) mukta karAtI hai| isa grantha tathA pUjAprakAza meM pUjana sambandhI mudrAoM ke nAma milate haiN| yathA-AvAhanI, sthApanI, sannidhApanI, saMrodhinI, prasAdamudrA, avaguNThana-mudrA, sammukha, prArthana, zaMkha, cakra, gadA, anja (padma), musala, khaDga, dhanuSa, bANa, nArAca, kumbha, vighna (vighnezvara ke lie), saura, pustaka, lakSmI, saptajihna (agni ke lie), durgA, namaskAra, aJjali, saMhAra Adi ( kula 32 mudrAe~ haiM) / nityAcArapaddhati ( pR0 536 ) ke anusAra zaMkha, cakra, gadA, padma, musala, khaDga, zrIvatsa evaM kaustubha bhagavAn viSNu kI ATha mudrAe~ haiN| smRticandrikA dvArA uddhRta mahAsaMhitA ke mata se mudrAe~ bhIr3a-bhAr3a meM nahIM karanI cAhie, kyoMki usase devatA kupita ho jAte haiM aura mudrAe~ viphala ho jAtI haiN| zAradAtilaka ( 23|106) ne likhA hai ki mudrAoM se devatA prasanna hote haiN| isake mata se mudrAe~ ye haiM--AvAhanI, sthApanI, saMnidhApanI, saMrodhinI, sammukha, sakala, avaguNThana, dhenu, mahAmudrA / vardhamAna sUri 51. tatrakriyAoM kA smRtiyoM evaM bhAratIya jIvana para kyA prabhAva par3A hai, isa viSaya meM kucha aMgrejI kI pustakeM evaM lekha avalokanIya haiM, yathA- 'di iMTroDakzana Tu sAdhanamAlA bhatA 2, gAyakavAr3a oriTiyala sIrIja 'iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTalI; bhAga 6, pR0 114, bhAga 2, pR0 678, bhAga 10, 10 486-92; silavesa levI kI bhUmikA -- bAli dvIpa kI saMskRta pustakeM (bhADarna rivyU, agasta 1934, pRSTha 150-56 ) /

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upanayama 231 ke AcAradinakara (1411-12 I.) ne jainoM ke lie 42 mudrAe~ batAyI haiM aura unakI paribhASA bhI dI hai| mudrAoM kA prabhAva dUra-dUra taka gyaa| hindeziyA ke bAli dvIpa meM unakA pranAra dekhane meM AtA hai| isa viSaya meM bAli ke bauddhoM evaM zaiva pujAriyoM dvArA vyavahRta mudrAoM para eka bahuta hI manoraMjaka pustaka kumArI tIrA dI klIna ne likhI hai, jisame 60 citra bI haiN| 52 vedAdhyayana prAcIna bhArata kI zikSA-paddhati, pAThya-kama Adi para vistAra se likhane para eka bRhat pustaka bana jaaygii| hama yahA~ kevala pramukha bAtoM para hI prakAza DAla skeNge|" prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA paddhati kA pradhAna AdhAra thA zikSaka, jise kaI saMjJAe~ milI hai, sadhA AcArya, guru, upAdhyAya / adhyApana athavA zikSaNa maukhika hI hotA thaa| Rgveda (7 / 10315) meM AyA hai ki par3hanevAlA guru yA bAteM usI prakAra duharAtA hai jisa prakAra eka meDhaka TarrAne meM dUsare meDhaka kI vANI pakar3atA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie atharva0 (1117 / 1); go0 dA0 (2 / 1); atharva0 (1173); Apa0 dharma0 (11111 / 16-18); zata0 brAhmaNa (1115 / 4 / 12); atharva0 (11|716)evN zata0 brA0 (11 / 5 / 4 / 1-17) / Arambha meM putra pitA se hI kucha zikSA pAye rahatA thA, jaisA ki hameM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (5.2 / 1 ) ke zvetaketu AruNeya kI gAthA se jJAta hotA hai| prAruNeya ko saba kucha jJAta thA (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6 / 2 / 1 eva 4} / kintu prAcIna kAla meM baccoM ko AcArya ke pAsa bhejA jAtA thA, aura yaha eka paripATI-sI ho gayI thii| chAndogyopaniSad (61) meM AyA hai ki zvetaketu yAro ko usake pitA ne guru ke pAsa 12 varSoM taka rakhA thaa| usI upaniSad (33215) ne yaha bhI AyA hai ki pitA ko madhu vidyA apana jyeSTha putra yA yogya ziSya ko batAnI caahie| guru kI sthiti ko bar3I mahattA dI gayI thii| sArA kA sArA adhyApana mokhika thA, aura vidyArthI guru ke pAsa hI rahatA thA, ataH guru kA pada svabhAvataH ucca evaM mahAna ho gayA thaa| satyakAma jAbAla apane guru se kahatA hai.---"Apake hI samAna anya gurujanoM se maine sunA hai ki guru se prApta kiyA huA kAna mahAn hotA hai" (chAndogyopaniSad 4193) / zvetAzvataropaniSad (6 / 23) ne guru ko Izvara ke pada para rakhA hai aura parama zraddhAspada mAnA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 6 / 13) ne likhA hai-"ziSya ko cAhie ki vaha guru ko bhagavAna kI bhAMti maane|" ekalavya kI kathA se do bAta spaSTa hotI haiM, garu kI mahattA evaM ekaniSTha bhakti (Adiparva 132, droNaparva 181 / 17) / ekalavya niSAda thA, kintu use dhanurdhara honA thaa| droNAcArya ne sikhAnA asvIkAra kara diyA thaa| kintu ekaniSTha sAdhanA evaM bhakti ke phalasvarUpa ekalavya mahAn evaM yazasvI dhanurdhara ho skaa| mahA 52. Miss Tyra de Kleen : 'Mudras (the hand pcses) practised by Buddhists and Saiva priests' in Bali. (1924), New York. 53. isa viSaya meM nimnalikhita pustake avalokanIya hai-Rev. I. E.Kear's Ancient Indian Calear cation' (1918). Dr. A.S. Altekar's Education in Ancient India' (1934), S. K. Dus. on "Edu: cational system of the ancient Hindus' (1930) and Dr. S. D. Sarkar's 'Educational Ideas and Institutions in ancient India' (1928). The last work is based entirely on the Acharavaved and the Ramayana.

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232 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhArata (anuzAsanaparva 36 / 15) meM AyA hai ki ghara para veda par3hanevAlA nindAspada hai; rebhya yavakrIta se yogyatara isI lie ho sakA ki usane guru se zikSA pAyI thii| manu evaM anya smRtiyoM meM AcArya kI mahattA ke viSaya meM kucha matAntara hai| manu (2|146=vissnnudhrmsuutr 30 / 44) ke anusAra janaka aura guru donoM pitA haiM, kintu vaha janaka (AcArya), jo pUta veda kA jJAna detA hai, usa janaka (pitA) se mahattara hai, jo kevala zArIrika janma detA hai, kyoMki AdhyAtmika vidyA meM jo janma hotA hai vaha brAhmaNa ke lie ihaloka tathA paraloka donoM meM akSuNNa evaM akSaya hotA hai| kintu eka sthAna para manu (2 / 145) ne AcArya ko upAdhyAya se dasa gunA, pitA ko AcArya se sau gunA tathA mAtA ko pitA se sahasra gunI uttama mAnA hai| gautama (2156) ne AcArya ko sabhI guruoM meM zreSTha mAnA hai| kintu anya logoM ne mAtA ko hI sarvazreSTha sthAna diyA hai| yAjJavalkya (1135) ne mAtA ko AcArya se zreSTha mAnA hai| gautama (1 / 10-11), vasiSThadharmasUtra (321), manu (21140) evaM yAjJavalkya (1934) ne likhA hai ki jo brahmacArI kA upanayana karatA hai aura use sampUrNa veda par3hAtA hai vahI AcArya hai| nirukta (114) ne likhA hai ki AcArya vidyArthI ko samyak AcAra samajhane ko prerita karatA hai, yA usase zulka ekatra karatA hai, yA zabdoM ke artha ekatra karatA hai yA buddhi kA vikAsa karatA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 1 / 14) kahatA hai-"vidyArthI AcArya se apane kartavya (AcAra) ekatra karatA hai, isI lie vaha AcArya kahalAtA hai|" manu (2069) kA kahanA hai ki AcArya upanayana karane ke uparAnta ziSya ko zauca (zArIrika zuddhatA), AcAra (prati dina ke jIvana meM AdhAra ke niyama), agni meM samidhA DAlane evaM sanyA-pUjA ke niyama sikhAtA hai| yahI yAjJavalkya (1 / 15) kA bhI kahanA hai| yadyapi AcArya, guru evaM upAdhyAya zabda samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM, kintu prAcIna lekhakoM ne unameM antara dekhA hai| manu (2 / 141 evaM 142) ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI vidyArthI ko veda kA koI eka aMga yA vedAMga kA koI aMza par3hAtA hai aura apanI jIvikA isa prakAra calAtA hai, vaha upAdhyAya hai," aura guru vaha hai jo bacce kA saMskAra karatA hai aura pAlana-poSaNa karatA hai| antima paribhASA se guru to pitA hI ThaharatA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (3 / 22-23), viSNudharmasUtra (29 / 2) evaM yAjJavalkya (1135) ne manu ke samAna hI upAdhyAya kI paribhASA kI hai| yAjJavalkya (1934) ke anusAra guru vahI hai jo saMskAra karatA hai aura veda par3hAtA hai| spaSTa hai, Arambha meM pitA hI apane putra ko veda par3hAtA thaa| vAstava meM, 'guru' zabda puruSa yA strI ke prati zraddhA prakaTa karane ke lie adhikatara prayukta hotA thaa| viSNudharmasUtra (32 / 1-2) ke anusAra pitA, mAtA evaM AcArya tIna guru haiM aura manu (2 / 227-237) ne ina tInoM ke lie stuti-gAna kiye haiN| devala ke anusAra pitA, mAtA, AcArya, jyeSTha bhrAtA, pati (strI ke lie) kI guruoM meM gaNanA hotI hai / manu (21149) ke anusAra jo thor3A yA adhika jJAna detA hai, vaha guru hai|55 54. prAcIna kAla se hI vedAMga chaH mAne gaye haiM, yathA-zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nikkta, chanda (chandoviciti), jyotiSa / muNDakopaniSad (1 / 15) ne inake nAma diye haiM, ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 8 / 10-11) ne likhA hai-"palaMgo vedH| chandA kalpo vyAkaraNaM jyotiSa niruktaM zikSA chandovicitiriti / " zikSA meM svara, dhyAna Adi kA vivecana rahatA hai, kalpa meM vaidika evaM gharelU yajJoM kI vidhi-kriyA kA varNana hotA hai, vyAkaraNa to vyAkaraNa hI hai, mivakta meM sabdoM kI vyutpatti pAyI jAtI hai, chanda meM patra kI mAtrA Adi kA vivecana hotA hai tathA jyotiSa meM khagola vidyA kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| 55. prayaH puruSasyAtiguravo bhavanti / pitA mAtAcAryazca / viSNudharmasUtra 32 // 1-2; mana (22225-232) ke vacana vaise hI haiM jaise matsyapurANa (211 / 20-27) ke ; manu ke 230, 231 evaM 234; zAntiparva ke 108 / 6,7 evaM 12

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vedAdhyayana 233 upanayana karanevAle evaM vedAdhyayana karAnevAle AcArya kI guNa-viziSTatA ke bAre meM bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 1|1|1|11 ) meM AyA hai ki jo avidvAn se upanayana karatA hai, vaha andhakAra se andhakAra meM hI jAtA hai aura avidvAn AcArya bhI andhakAra meM hI praveza karatA hai / usI dharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 1 / 12-13 ) meM puna: likhA hai ki vaMzaparamparA se vidyAsampanna evaM gambhIra vyakti se hI upanayana saMskAra evaM vedAdhyapAna karAnA cAhie aura jaba taka vaha dharmamArga se cyuta nahIM hotA taba taka usase par3hate jAnA caahie| AcArya ko brAhmaNa, veda meM ekaniSTha, dharmajJa, kulIna, zuci, zrotriya honA cAhie, apanI zAkhA meM pravINa evaM apramAdI honA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/3/6 ) evaM bodhAyanagRhya (1 / 7 / 3) ne usI ko zrotriya kahA hai jisane veda kI eka zAkhA par3ha lI ho ( dekhie vAyupurANa, bhAga 1,59 / 29) / ApatkAla meM arthAt jaba brAhmaNa na mile taba kSatriya yA vaizya ko AcArya banAnA cAhie, kintu vidyArthI aise guru ke caraNa nahIM pakhAra sakatA, aura na usakI deha mala sakatA hai (Apa0 0 sU0 2/2/4/2528; gautama 0 7 / 1-3; bau0 gha0 sU0 112/40-42 evaM manu 2 / 241 ) / manu ( 2 / 238) ne zubhA vidyA ( pratyakSa lAbhakArI jJAna) ke lie brAhmaNa ko zUdra se bhI sIkhane ke lie chUTa dI hai| yahI bAta zAntiparva ( 165/31 ) meM bhI hai / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1 / 118) ne kahA hai ki brAhmaNa dvArA prerita kiye jAne para hI kSatriya yA vaizya ko zikSaNakArya karanA cAhie, apane mana se nahIM / kSatriya zikSaNa kArya se apanI jIvikA nahIM calA sktaa| " zikSaNa kArya maukhika thA / sarvaprathama praNava, vyAhRtiyA~ evaM gAyatrI hI par3hAyI jAtI thI / isake uparAnta bacce ko veda ke anya bhAga par3hAye jAte the| prAcIna bhAratIya vedAdhyayana kI praNAlI para saMkSipta vivecana yahA~ Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 418) ne varNana kiyA hai--'guru pUrva yA uttara mukha baiThatA hai, ziSya usake dAhine uttarAbhimukha baiThatA hai, yadi do se adhika ziSya hoM to sthAna ke anusAra jaisA cAheM baiTha sakate haiN| ziSya ko uccAsana para nahIM baiThanA cAhie aura na guru ke sAtha usI Asana para baiThanA cAhie; use apane paira nahIM phailAne cAhie, apanI bAhu se ghuTanoM ko pakar3akara bhI nahIM baiThanA caahie| kisI vastu kA sahArA bhI nahIM lenA cAhie; use apane pA~voM ko godI meM nahIM rakhanA cAhie aura na unheM kulhAr3I kI bhA~ti pakar3anA caahie| jaba ziSya " uccAraNa kIjie, mahodaya' kahatA hai, taba AcArya usase 'om' kahalavAtA hai aura ziSya ko 'om' kahanA caahie| isake uparAnta ziSya lagAtAra par3hanA Arambha kara detA hai| par3hane ke uparAnta ziSya ko guru ke pA~va - chUne cAhie aura kahanA cAhie, "mahodaya, aba hamane samApta kara liyA", yaha kahakara calA jAnA cAhie; kintu haiM, manu 2230, 233 evaM 234 viSNudharmasUtra ke 31 / 7, 9 evaM 10 samAna haiN| gurUNAmapi sarveSAM pUjyAH paJca vizeSataH / yo bhAvayati yA sUte yena vidyopadizyate // jyeSTho bhrAtA ca bhartA ca paJcate guravaH smRtAH / teSAmAcastriyaH zreSThAsteSAM mAtA supUjitA / devala (smRticantrikA, bhAga 1, pR0 35 meM uddhRta); vanaparva (21 / 4 / 28-29) meM pAMca guruoM ke nAma haiM jo kucha bhinna haiM, yathA--pitA, mAtA, agni, AtmA evaM guru / 56. dharmeNa vedAnAmekaMkAM zAkhAmadhItya zrotriyo bhavati / Apa0 gha0 sU0 223|6|4; eka zAzAmapItva bhotriyaH / bau0 gR0 1 / 7 / 3; vRddhA hyalolupAzcaiva Atbhavanto hyavambhakAH samyagvinItA RjavasthAnAcAryAn pracakSate // vAyupurANa bhAga 1,59 / 29 / 57. zraddadhAnaH zubhAM vidyAM hInAdapi samApnuyAt / suvarNamapi cAmedhyAdAdadIta / vicArayan // zAntiparva 16 / 5 / 31 / adhyApanaM tu kSatriyavaizyayorbrAhmaNapreritayorbhavati na svecchayA / mitA0 (yAjJa0 1 / 118 ) ; tadadhyApanamAtrakartR zvamAhmaNasyAbhyanujAnAti na tu vRttitvamapi / aparArka pU0 160 / 30

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234 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha logoM ke mata se guru ko "jAo, aba hama samApta kareM" kahanA caahie| manu (2 / 70-74), gautama (1 / 49-58) evaM gopatha brAhmaNa (1131) ko bhI isa viSaya meM dekha lenA caahie| thor3e-bahuta aMtara ke sAtha bAteM eka-sI hI haiN| dvijAtiyoM kA prathama kartavya vedAdhyayana thaa| taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 10-11) ke kAla meM bhI vaidika sAhitya bahuta bar3A thA, jaisA ki indra evaM bharadvAja kI kahAnI se jJAta hotA hai| bharadvAja 75 varSa kI avasthA taka brahmacArI the (par3hate rahe), taba bhI indra ne kahA ki itanA par3ha lene para bhI athAha veda kA bahuta thor3A bhAga tumane (tIna parvatoM kI tIna muTThiyA~ mAtra) par3hA hai| manu (2 / 165) ne eka Adarza upasthita kiyA hai ki pratyeka dvijAti ko upaniSadoM ke sAtha sampUrNa veda kA adhyayana karanA caahie| zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 7) kI vedAdhyayana-stuti (svAdhyAya karane kA Adeza) (svAdhyAyo'dhyetavyaH, arthAt veda avazya par3hanA cAhie) hama adhikatara dekhate haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra (124! 12 / 1 evaM 3) ne taittirIyAraNyaka (2 // 14 // 3) evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa (1115 / 6 / 8) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| mahAbhASya (bhAga 1, pR01) ne eka vaidika uddharaNa diyA hai-- "brAhmaNa ko binA kisI prayojana ke dharma evaM dedAMgoM ke sAtha veda kA adhyayana karanA caahie|" mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 239 / 13) kA kahanA hai ki ve par3ha lene se brAhANa apanA kartavya kara letA hai| yAjJavalkya (1140) kA kahanA hai ki veda dvijAtiyoM ko soca kalyANa detA jisake svarUpa de yajJa, tapa evaM saMskAra ko bhalI-bhAMti samajha sakate haiM aura kara sakate haiN| mahAbhASya (bhAga 1, pR0 2) meM cAroM vedoM ke paramparAgata vistAra-krama pAye jAte haiM, yathA yajurveda meM 101 zAkhAeM haiM, sAmaveda meM 1000, Rgveda me 21 evaM atharvaveda meM 9 / jIvana choTA honA hai, ata: gautama (2051), vasiSThadharma 0 (13), manu (3 / 2) gAjavalkya (2052) evaM anya logoM ne kevala eka veda ke adhyayana kA hI Adeza diyA hai| apanA veda par3ha lene ke uparAnta anya zAkhAe~ evaM veda par3he jA sakate haiN| adhikAMza smRtiyoM ne yahI Adezita kiyA hai ki apane pUrvajoM kI zAkhA ke veda kA adhyayana evaM usI ke anusAra dhArmika kRtya bhI karane caahie| jo apanI vaMzaparamparAgata zAkhA kA veda nahIM par3akara anya zAkhA par3atA hai use "zAkhAraNDa" kahA jAtA hai| zAkhAraNDa kI dhArmika kriyAe~ viphala hotI haiN| kintu apanI zAkhA meM na pAyI jAne vAlI kriyA anya zAkhA se sIkhI jA sakatI hai| agnihotra kA udAharaNa yahA~ paryApta hai, kyoMki yaha sabhI zAkhAo meM nahIM pAyA jAtA, kintu ise karate sabhI haiN| guruoM kA nivAsa prAyaH eka hI sthAna para hotA thaa| kintu prAcIna bhArata meM bhI ve eka deza se dUsare deza meM jAte hue pAye gaye haiN| kauSItakobrAhmaNopaniSad (41) meM hama vikhyAta bAlAki gArya ko uzInara, matsya, kuru-paMcAla evaM kAzi-videha meM bhramaNa karate hue pAte haiN| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (331) meM bhujya lATyAyani yAjJavalkya se kahate haiM ki ve tathA anya loga adhyayana ke lie madra deza meM ghUmate rhe| ziSyagaNa bahudhA eka hI guru ke mahA~.. rahate the, kintu ve jisa prakAra pAnI DhAla kI ora avazya baha jAtA hai usI prakAra vikhyAta guruoM ke yahA~ daur3akara cale bhI jAte the| aise vidyArthI jo isa AcArya se usa AcArya taka bhAgA karate the, unheM 'tIrthakAka' kahA gayA hai (mahAbhASya, bhAga 1, pR0 391, pANini 211141) / 58. tapaH svAdhyAya iti braahmnnm|...athaapi vaajsneyibraahmnnm| brahmayajJo ha vA eSa yatsvAdhyAyaH / Apa0 dha0 sUtra 1 / 4 / 12 / 1 evaM 3; milAie manu (20166) vedAbhyAso hi viprasya tapaH paramihocyate / dakSa (2 // 33) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| 'adhIyata ityadhyAyaH vedH| svasthAdhyAyaH svAdhyAyaH svaparaMparAgatA shaakhetyrthH| saMskAra prakAza, pR0 504 / 59. yathApaH pravatA yanti yathA mAsA aharjaram / evaM mAM brahmacAriNo ghAtarAyantu sarvataH // taittirIyopaniSad 1 / 4 / 3; yahA~ 'aharjara' kA tAtparya hai saMvatsara (vrss)| For Private & Personal use only.

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235 jisa prakAra vedAdhyayana brAhmaNa kA eka kartavya thA, usI prakAra par3hAnA bhI eka kartavya thaa| adhyApana-kArya ke lie prArthanA kiye jAne para jo mukara jAtA thA vaha viphala mAnA jAtA thaa| jaba satyakAma jAbAla ne apane ziSya upakozala ko lagAtAra 12 varSa taka sevA karane para bhI nahIM par3hAyA to unakI strI ne unakI martsanA kI (chAndogya0 4 / 10 / 1-2) / praznopaniSad (631) ne likhA hai ki jo guru apanA jJAna nahIM bAMTatA vaha sUkha jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 14 / 2-3 evaM 1 / 2 / 8 / 25-28) ne vistAra ke sAtha likhA hai| droNaparva (50121) meM bhI ziSya kI koTi putra ke uparAnta mAnI gayI hai| yadi AcArya sAla bhara Thahara jAne ke uparAnta bhI ziSya ko nahIM par3hAtA to use ziSya ke sAre pApa bhugatane par3ate the| aise AcArya tyAjya mAne gaye haiN| ziSyoM ke guNoM ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM ne niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| nirukta (214) dvArA uddhRta vidyAsUkta meM AyA hai ki jo ziSya vidyA ko ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhe, kuTila evaM asaMyamI ho aise ziSya ko vidyA-jJAna nahIM denA cAhie, kintu jo pavitra, dhyAnamagna, buddhimAn, brahmacArI, guru ke prati satya ho tathA jo apanI vidyA kI rakSA dhanakoSa kI bhA~ti kare use zikSA denI caahie|" manu (21109 evaM 112) ke anusAra 10 prakAra ke vyakti zikSaNa prApta karane yogya haiM---guru-putra, gurusevI ziSya, jo badale meM jJAna de sake, dharmajJAnI yA jo mana-deha se pavitra ho, satyavAdI, jo adhyayana karane evaM dhAraNa karane meM samartha ho, jo zikSaNa ke lie dhana de sake, jo vyavasthita mana kA ho aura jo nikaTasambandhI ho| yAjJavalkya (1 / 28) ne uparyuktoM ke sAtha kucha aura guNa bhI jor3e haiM, yathA kRtajJa, guru se ghRNA na karane vAlA yA guru ke prati asatya na hone vAlA, svastha tathA vyartha kA chidrAnveSaNa na karage vaalaa| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 2 / 19) ke anusAra brahmacArI ko sadA apane guru para Azrita evaM unake niyantraNa ke bhItara rahanA cAhie, use guru ko chor3a kisI anya ke pAsa nahIM rahanA cAhie / yahI bAta nArada ne bhI kahI hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI yaha bAta pracalita sI rahI hai ki vidyArthI guru ke pazuoM ko carAye (chAndogya0 4 / 4 / 5), bhikSA mA~ge aura guru kI usako jAnakArI karA de (vahI, 4 / 3 / 5), guru kI pavitra agni kI rakSA kare tathA guru-kArya ke sampAdana ke uparAnta jo samaya mile use vedAdhyayana meM lagAye (chAndogya0 8 / 15 / 1) / uparyakta bAtoM ke atirikta kucha anya bAteM haiM jinheM saMkSepa meM yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| gautama (2013, 14,18,19,22,23,25) kA kahanA hai ki vidyArthI ko asatya mASaNa nahIM karanA cAhie, prati dina snAna karanA cAhie, sUrya kI ora nahIM dekhanA cAhie tathA madhu-sevana, mAMsa, itra (gaMdha), puSpa-sevana, dina-zayana, tela-mardana, aMjana, yAnayAtrA, upAnaha (jUtA Adi) pahananA, chAtA lagAnA, prema-vyavahAra, krodha, lAlaca, moha, vyartha vivAda, vAdyayantra-vAdana, garma jala meM AnandadAyaka snAna, bar3I sAvadhAnI se dA~ta svaccha karanA, mana kI ullAsapUrNa sthiti, nAca, gAna, dUsaroM kI martsanA, bhayAvaha snAna, nArI ko ghUranA yA yuvA nAriyoM ko chUnA, juA, kSudra puruSa kI sevA (nIca kArya karanA), pazu-hanana, azlIla bAtacIta, Asava-sevana Adi se dUra rahanA caahie| manu (2 / 198 evaM 180-181) kA kahanA hai 60. asUyakAyAna jave'yatAya na mAjyA vIryavatI yayA syAm / yamevavidyAH zucimapramatta medhAvinaM brahmacaryopapannam / yaste na brokatamancanAha tasmai mA brUyA niSipAya brahman // nirukta 2 / 4 (vasiSTha0 268-8 viSNudharma0 29 / 9-10) / manu (23114-115) bhI isake bahuta samAna haiN| 61. na brahmacAriNo vidyArthasya paropavAso'pi AcAryAdhInaH syAdanyatra ptniiyemyH| hitakArI gurorprtilomytvaacaa| Apa0pa0 212 // 17 evaM 19-20; 'asvatantraH smRtaH ziSya AcArya tu svtntrtaa|'naard (RgAdAna, 33) /

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dharmazAla tihAsa ki use sATa yA caukI para nahIM sonA cAhie evaM pUrNa brahmacarya se rahanA cAhie, svapnadoSa ho jAne para use snAna karanA pahie, sUrya kI pUjA karanI cAhie tathA "punarmAm0" (taittirIya AraNyaka 1 / 30) mantra kA tIna bAra uccAraNa karanA caahie| aisI bAteM bApastambadharmasUtra (1112 / 21-30, 111 // 3 // 11-24) meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| Apastambaparma (111 / 2 / 28.30) kA kahanA hai ki vidyArthI ko sAdhAraNatayA garma jala se baMga nahIM dhone cAhie, yadi maMga gande evaM apavitra hoM to unheM guru se chipAkara garma jala se dho lenA cAhie; vidyArthI ko krImapUrvaka smAna nahIM karanA cAhie, balki pAnI meM raNDe ke samAna gatihIna snAna karanA caahie| Apastamba0 (111 / 2 / 26) ne saMbhoga se dUra rahane ko to kahA hI hai, yaha bhI kahA hai ki striyoM se tabhI bAta kare jaba ki atyAvazyaka ho / vidyArthI ko hesanA nahIM cAhie, yadi vaha apane ko roka na sake to use mukha ko hAthoM se banda karake haMsanA caahie|" gautama evaM poSAyanaparmasUtra (1234 evaM 37) kA kahanA hai ki ziSya ko guru ke sAtha jAnA cAhie, use smAna karane meM sahAyatA denI cAhie, usake zarIra ko dabAnA cAhie aura usakA ucchiSTa khAnA cAhie, use guru ko prasanna karanevAle kArya karane cAhie, guru ke bulAne para par3hanA cAhie, use kapar3e ke Tukar3e se apanA kaNTha nahIM DhakanA cAhie, apane pairoM ko Age kara guru ke samApa nahIM baiThanA cAhie, apane pAMva nahIM phailAne cAhie, jora se galA nahIM svaccha karanA cAhie, jora se haMsanA, jamAI lenA, aMgulI caTakAnA nahIM cAhie, bulAne para turanta AnA cAhie, bhale hI bahuta dUra baiThA ho, guru se nIce ke Asana para baiThanA cAhie, guru ke so jAne ke uparAnta sonA evaM unake jagane ke pahale jaganA cAhie (gautama 2120-21, 30-32) / manu (2 / 194-198) evaM Apastambadharma sUtra (1 / 2 / 5 / 26 evaM 13 2 / 6 / 1-12) meM bhI aise hI niyama haiN| ziSya ko apane guru kI cAla-DhAla, vANI evaM kriyAoM kI bhahI nakala nahIM karanI cAhie, arthAt majAka nahIM ur3AnA cAhie (manu 2 / 199) / manu (2 / 200-201) ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki ziSya ko apane guru ke virodha meM kahe jAte hue zabda nahIM sunane cAhie, yadi vaha svayaM unakI zikAyata karatA hai to Age ke janma meM gadahA yA kuttA hogaa| viSNudharmasUtra (28126) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| vidyArthiyoM ke sira ke bAloM ke viSaya meM kaI niyama banAye gaye haiN| Rgveda (4175 / 17; tai0 saM0 4 / 5 / 4 / 5) ne kaI zikhAoM vAle baccoM ke bAre meM likhA hai| gautama (1126) evaM manu (21219) ke anusAra brahmacArI kA sira mur3A rahanA cAhie, yA jaTAbaddha rahanA cAhie yA zikhA binA pUrA ghuTA rahanA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (12122 // 31-32), vasiSThadharmasUtra (7.11) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (28141) meM kucha vibhinnatA ke sAtha aisI hI bAteM pAyI jAtI hai| janamArga para calate samaya zikhA nahIM kholanI cAhie (hArIta, aparArka dvArA uddhRta, pR0 225) / vinA zrI, maTTa yA AcArya kI upAdhi lagAye ziSya apane guru kA nAma unakI anupasthiti meM bhI nahIM le sakatA thaa| gautama ke AdezAnusAra ziSya apane guru, muru-patnI, gurupuSa yA usa vyakti kA nAma jisane zrota yajJa karAyA ho, nahIM le sakatA (2 / 24 evaM 28) / Apastambadharma0 (11815) kA kahanA hai ki ghara lauTa Ane para bhI snAtaka ko guru kA kaMza aMgulI se nahIM chUnA cAhie, bAra-bAra kAna meM kucha nahIM kahanA cAhie, sammukha nahIM ha~sanA cAhie, jora se pukAranA, nAma lenA yA Adeza denA nahIM caahie| aura mI dekhie manu (2 / 128) evaM gautama (6 / 19) / smRtipatrikA (bhAga 1, pR. 45) evaM haradatta ne (gautama 229) eka smRti kA uddharaNa dete hue likhA hai ki apane 12. dekhie, yAjJavallaya (1 // 33) jisameM uparyukta bahuta-sI bAteM prAmAtI hai| pAmavallaya ne guru ko chor3akara kisI anya ko ucchiSTa bhojana khAnA manA kiyA hai| manu (23177-171) ne gautama ke samAna hI niyama kiye haiN| mozanasasmRti meM tyAgane yogya bAtoM kI eka bahuta lambI tAlikA pAyI jAtI hai|

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anivAla maura mamatkAra guru, guruputra, nurupatnI, dIkSita, anya guru, pitA, mAtA, cAcA. mAmA, hitecchu, vidvAn, zvazura, pati, mausI ke nAma nahIM lene caahie|" mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 193325.) ke anusAra kisI ko apane gurujana kA nAma nahIM lenA cAhie, yA unheM 'tuma' zabda se nahIM pukAranA cAhie, apane samakAlInoM yA choToM ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| eka zloka se yaha mI patA calatA hai ki apanA nAma, apane guru kA nAma, duSTa prakRtivAle vyakti kA nAma, apanI palI kA nAma apavA apane jyeSTha putra kA nAma bhI nahIM lenA caahie|" upasaMpahana meM apanA nAma evaM gotra "maiM praNAma karatA hU~" kahakara bolA jAtA hai| usa samaya apane kAnoM ko chUkara praNamya ke pairoM ko chU liyA jAtA hai evaM sira ko jhukA liyA jAtA hai| kintu abhivAdana meM hAthoM se pairoM kA pakar3anA mA chUnA nahIM hotaa| abhivAdana ke pUrva pratyutthAna hotA hai| kisI ke svAgata meM apane Asana ko chor3akara uThane ko pratyutthAna kahA jAtA hai| kisI ko praNAma karanA amivAla kahA jAtA hai| upasaMgrahana meM hAthoM se pairoM ko pakar3a liyA jAtA hai| pratyanivAra meM praNAma kA uttara diyA jAtA hai| namaskAra meM namaH ke sAtha sira jhukAnA hotA hai| ina sabake viSaya meM bar3e vistAra ke sAtha niyama batAye gaye haiN| isa viSaya meM ApastambadharmasUtra (122 / 5 / 19-22), manu (2171-72), gautama (1152-54), viSNudharmasUtra (28 / 15), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 24,28), mautama (611-6) Adi dekhane cAhie, jinameM paryApta mata-matAntara milate haiN| kisI ke mata meM jaba guru mileM, saba paira pakar3a lene cAhie, kisI ke mata se kevala prAtaH evaM sAyaM aisA karanA caahie| gurujanoM, mAtA-pitA tathA anya zraddhAspadoM ke viSaya meM bhI aise hI vibhinna mata haiM, jinheM yahA~ uddhRta karanA bAvazyaka nahIM hai| agviAla tIna prakAra kA hotA hai; nitya (prati dina ke lie Avazyaka), naimittika (viziSTa avasaroM para hI karane yogya) evaM kAnya (kisI viziSTa kAma mA abhikAMkSA se prerita hone para kiyA jaanevaalaa)| nitya ke viSaya meM ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 5 / 12-13) ne yoM likhA hai-"prati dina vidyArthI ko rAtri ke antima prahara meM uThanA cAhie aura guru ke sabhikaTa khar3e hokara yaha kahanA cAhie ki 'yaha maiM...praNAma karatA hU~', use anya gurujanoM evaM vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko prAtaH bhojana ke pUrva praNAma karanA cAhie" (dekhie yAjJavalkya 1126) / naimittika abhivAdana kacI-kabhI hotA hai, yathA kisI yAtrA ke uparAnta (ApastambadharmasUtra 102 / 5 / 14) / lambI Ayu kI AzA se, kalyANa ke lie koI bhI gurujanoM ko praNAma kara sakatA hai (Apa0 10 112 / 5 / 15 evaM baudhAyana0 122226) / manu (2 / 120-121)ne likhA hai ki jojyeSTha evaM zraddhAspadoM ko praNAma karatA hai vaha dIrSa Ayu, zAna evaM zakti prApta karatA hai...| isa viSaya meM hama ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 14 / 11), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (12 / 44), manu (3||130)evN vasiSThadharmasUtra (13 / 41) ko dekha sakate haiN| abhivAdana ke viSaya meM kucha matabheda bhI haiM, jinheM denA yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| 63. AcArya caiva tatputraM sadabhAryA dIkSitaM gurum / pitaraMgA pitRvyaMSa mAtura mAtaraM samAhitaiSiNaM ca vidyAsaM zvazuraMpatimeva ca / nayAnAmato vidvAnmAtuzca bhaginI tpaa|| smRtipatrikA (bhAga 1,5045) evaM haradatta (gautama 2 / 29) / 4. kAraM nAmavaMbajyeSThAnAparivarjayet / avarANAM samAnAnAmabhayeSAM na duSyati // zAntiparva 193 / 24; dekhie viSNudharmasUtra (3238) bhI; mAtmanAma guronAma yazAma kRpaNasya ca / bheyaskAmo nagarIyANeLApatyakalatrayoH / kintu abhivAdana meM apanA nAma lenA caahie| guroryeSThakalatrasya bhAturyeSThasya cAtmanaH / ApuSkAmona gRha gImAnAmAtikapaNatyA nArA (mavanasArijAta bArA ukta, pR0 119) /

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228 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa abhivAdana viSiyoM thI--bAhmaNa ko apanI dAhinI bAhu kAna ke sIdha meM phailAkara, kSatriya ko chAtI taka, vaizya ko kamara taka tathA zUdra ko paira taka phailAkara abhivAdana karanA cAhie aura donoM hAtha jur3e hone cAhie (Apa0 50 1 / 2 / 5 / 16-17) / 5 yadi koI brAhmaNa praNAma yA abhivAdana kA uttara na de sake to use zUdra ke samAna samajhanA cAhie, vidvAn ko cAhie ki vaha use praNAma na kre| brAhmaNoM ke lie yaha niyama thA ki ve kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ko abhivAdana na kreN| bhale hI ve loga vidvAn evaM zraddhAspada hoM, kevala 'svasti' kA uccAraNa paryApta hai| barAbara-jAti vAloM meM hI abhivAdana hotA hai| aisA na karane para arthAt yadi brAhmaNa kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra ko abhivAdana kareM, to unheM prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA (krama se 1, 2 yA 3 dinoM kA upvaas)| jUtA pahane, sira bA~dhe (pagar3I Adi se), donoM hAtha phaMse rahane para, sira para samidhA rakhe rahane para, hAtha meM puSpa-pAtra yA bhojana liye rahane para abhivAdana nahIM karanA cAhie, aura na pitaroM kA zrAddha karate samaya, agni yA devatA kI pUjA karate samaya tathA jaba svayaM guru aise kAryoM meM lage hoM abhivAdana nahIM karanA caahie| bahuta sannikaTa khar3e hokara bhI praNAma nahIM karanA cAhie (baudhAyana dha0 1 / 2 / 31-32) / jaba vyakti apavitra ho yA abhivAdana pAnevAlA azauca meM ho taba bhI abhivAdana niSiddha hai| vizeSa, Apastambadharma0 (1 / 4 / 14 / 14- 17 evaM 23), manu (2 / 135), viSNudharmasUtra (32 / 17) Adi sthala avalokanIya haiN| smRtyathasAra (pR0 7) ne likhA hai ki dharmavirodhI, pApI, nAstika, juArI, cora, kRtaghna evaM zarAbI ko abhivAdana nahIM karanA cAhie (dekhie manu 4 / 30 evaM yAjJavalkya 1 / 130) / kucha logoM kA sammAna kevala Asana se uTha jAne meM ho jAtA hai aura abhivAdana kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| assI varSa yA usase adhika varSa ke zUdra kA sammAna ucca varNa ke choTI avasthA vAle logoM dvArA honA cAhie, kintu abhivAdana nahIM honA caahie| lambI avasthA vAle zUdroM dvArA ucca varNa ke logoM (AryoM) kA sammAna Asana se uThakara honA caahie| brAhmaNa yadi vedajJa na ho to use Asana pradAna karanA cAhie, kintu uThanA nahIM cAhie, kintu yadi aisA vyakti lambI avasthA kA ho to usakA abhivAdana karanA cAhie (Apa0 dha0 2 / 2 / 4 / 16-18 evaM manu 2 / 134) / isI prakAra anya niyama bhI haiN| vibhinna TIkAkAroM ne pratyabhivAda ke viSaya meM bahuta-sI jaTila vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kara dI haiN| praNAma pAne para guru yA koI vyakti jo pratyuttara detA hai yA jo AzIrvacana kahatA hai use hI pratyabhivAda kahA jAtA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 5 / 18) meM kahA hai-"prathama tIna vargoM ke abhivAdana ke pratyuttara meM abhivAdanakartA ke nAma kA antima akSara tIna mAtrA taka (pluta) bar3hA diyA jAtA hai| isase bhinna vasiSTha (13 / 46) kA niyama hai| manu (2 / 125) ke anusAra brAhmaNa ko isa prakAra pratyabhivAda denA cAhie-"he bhadra, Apa dIrghajIvI hoM", aura nAma kA antima svara pluta kara denA cAhie, kintu yadi nAma kA antima akSara vyaMjana ho to usake pUrva kA svara pluta kara denA caahie| yahI bAta pANini (8 / 2 / 83) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| mahAbhASya ne isakI TippaNI kI hai aura do vArtikoM dvArA batalAyA hai ki yaha niyama striyoM ke prati lAgU nahIM hai, aura kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie vikalpa se lAgU ho sakatA hai| Apastamba 65. dakSiNaM bAhu zrotrasamaM prasArya brAhmaNo'bhivAdayItora:samaM rAjanyo madhyasamaM vaizyo nIcaH zUdraH praanyjli| Apa0 50 112 / 5 / 16-17, dekhie saMskAraprakAza, pa0 454 / 66. prtybhivaade'shuudre| pANini 82683; yadi abhivAdana karanevAlA brAhmaNa ho (jaisA ki "abhivAdaye devadatto'haM bhoH" meM pAyA jAtA hai) to pratyabhivAda hogA-"AyuSmAnedhi devadattA 3" (yahA~ 3 se tAtparya hai plupta,

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abhivAdana aura namaskAra 239 dharmasUtra prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke niyamoM ko mAnyatA detA hai| manu (21125) ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai, kintu unake lie 'akAra' zabda saba svaroM ke badale A jAtA hai| ucca varNa ke loga nIce varNa ke logoM ko abhivAdana nahIM karate, ataH unake viSaya meM pratyabhivAda kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 7 / 27) ke anusAra ziSya apane guru kI patnI ke sAtha vaisA hI vyavahAra karegA jaisA ki guru ke sAtha karatA hai, kintu na to usake pA~va chuegA aura na usakA ucchiSTa bhojana kregaa| gautama (2 / 31-32) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai aura jor3A hai ki ziSya guru-patnI ko nahAne-dhone meM na to sahAyatA karegA, na usake pA~va pakar3egA aura na unheM dbaaegaa| yahI bAta manu (2 / 211), baudhAyanadharma0 (1 / 2 / 37), viSNudharma0 (32 / 6) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| manu (22212) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (32 / 13) ke anusAra 20 varSIya ziSya ko apane AcArya kI navayuvatI patnI ke paira nahIM pakar3ane cAhie, pratyuta pRthivI para girakara praNAma karanA cAhie (abhivAdaye amukazarmAhaM bho:--khkr)| gurupatnI ke atirikta anya striyoM ke viSaya meM nimna niyama the| vivAhita striyoM ko unake patiyoM kI avasyA ke anusAra abhivAdana karanA cAhie (Apa0 dha0 1 / 4 / 14 / 18 evaM vasiSThadharma0 13 // 42) / viSNudharma0 (32 / 2) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai kintu yahA~ para abhivAdana kevala apanI jAti kI striyoM taka hI sImita hai| gautama (6 / 7-8) evaM manu (2 / 131-132) ke niyama bhI avalokanIya haiN| ___ ApastambadharmasUtra (11217 / 30), vasiSThadharma0 (13 / 54), viSNudharma0 (28131) evaM manu (2 / 207) ke anusAra ziSya guruputra ke sAtha vahI vyavahAra karegA jo guru ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai, kintu guruputra ke paira na pakar3egA aura na usakA ucchiSTa bhojana kregaa| manu (2 / 208) ke anusAra ziSya guruputra ko sammAna to degA, kintu usake nahAne-dhone evaM paira dhone meM koI sahAyatA na degA aura na usakA ucchiSTa khaayegaa| ___ApastambadharmamUtra (1 / 2 / 7 / 28 evaM 1 / 4 / 13 / 12) ke anusAra prAcIna kAla meM samAdiSTa (ziSyAdhyApaka) kI paripATI thI aura guru ke kahane para jo anya vyakti adhyApana-kArya karatA thA, usako guru ke samAna hI sammAna milatA thaa|" ___guru evaM sambandhiyoM ke atirikta anya logoM se milane para kyA vyavahAra karanA cAhie, isake viSaya meM Apastamba (1 / 4 / 14 / 26-29) evaM manu (2 / 127) kA kahanA hai ki kisI brAhmaNa se bheTa hone para 'kuzala' zabda se svAsthya ke viSaya meM pUchanA caahie| isI prakAra kSatriya se 'anAmaya', vaizya se 'kSema' evaM zUdra se 'Arogya' zabda kA vyavahAra karanA caahie| jo bar3A ho, use praNAma milanA cAhie, jo samAna yA choTI avasthA kA ho usakA 'kuzala mAtra arthAt tIna mAtrA tk)| yadi nAma vyaJjanAnta ho to pratyabhivAda hogA-"AyuSmAnbhava somazarmA 3 n|" yadi strI abhivAdana kare, yathA "abhivAdaye gAryahaM bhoH" taba pratyabhivAda hogA "AyuSmatI bhava gAgi". (arthAt yahA~ pluta nahIM hai)| yadi indravarmA nAmaka kSatriya abhivAdana kare to pratyabhivAda hogA "AyuSmAnepIndravarmA 3 n," yA "aayussmaanedhiindrvrmn"| yadi vaizya indrapAlita abhivAdana kare to pratyabhivAda hogA "AyuSmAnevIndrapAlitA 3, yA dhondrpaalit|" yadi zUdra tuSajaka abhivAdana kare to pratyabhivAda hogA "AyuSmAnedhi tuSajaka" (arthAt yahA~ pluta nahIM hai)| 67. tathA samAdiSTe adhyApayati / Apa0 dha0 1127 / 28; samAdiSTamadhyApayantaM yAvadadhyayanamuprasaMgRhaNIyAt / nityamahantamityeke / ApastambadharmasUtra 24 / 13 / 12-13 /

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240 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pUchanA caahie| gautama (5 / 37-38) ne bhI isI prakAra niyama diye haiN| manu" (2 / 129) ne kahA hai ki paranArI tathA jo apanI sambandhI na ho usa nArI ko 'bhavatI' kahanA caahie| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie Apa* gha0 (1 / 4 / 14 / 30) evaM viSNudharma0 (32 / 7) / barAbara avasthA vAlI ko bahina evaM choTI ko beTI samajhanA caahie| udvAhatattva ke anusAra 'zrI' zabda devatA, guru, gurusthAna, kSetra (tIrthasthAna), aSidevatA, siddha yogI, siddhAdhikArI Adi ke nAma ke sAtha prayukta honA caahie| raghunandana ne likhA hai ki jo loga jIvita hoM unhIM ke nAma ke pUrva 'zrI' zabda lagAnA caahie| isa prakAra dvijAtiyoM kI striyoM ke nAma ke pUrva 'devI' tathA zUdra nAriyoM ke nAma ke pUrva 'dAsI' laganA caahie| sammAna ke bhAgI kauna-kauna haiM ? isa viSaya meM thor3A-bahuta matabheda hai| sammAna karane ke lakSaNa haiM abhivAdana karanA, milane ke lie uTha par3anA, Age-Age calane denA, mAlA denA, candana lagAnA aadi| manu (21136) evaM viSNudharma0 (32 / 16) ke anusAra dhana, sambandha, avasthA, dhArmika kRtya evaM pavitra jJAna vAle ko sammAna milanA cAhie, jinameM dhana se zreSTha sambandha, sambandha se avasthA, avasthA se dhArmika kRtya evaM dhArmika kRtya se jJAna hai| gautama (6 / 1820) ne kucha antara darzAyA hai| unake anusAra dhana, sambandha, pezA (vRtti), janma, vidyA evaM Ayu ko sammAna milanA caahie| inameM kramazaH Age Ane vAle ko apekSAkRta acchA mAnA gayA hai, kintu veda vidyA ko sarvopari kahA gayA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (13 / 56-57) ke anusAra vidyA, dhana, avasthA, sambandha evaM dhArmika kRtya vAle sammAnArha haiM jinameM pratyeka pahale vAlA zreSThatara hai arthAt vidyA sarvazreSTha hai| yAjJavalkya ne krama se vidyA, karma, avasthA, sambandha evaM dhana ko mAnyatA dI hai| unhoMne dhana ko antima mAnyatA dI hai (1 / 116) / vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 1135) ke anusAra guru (mAtA-pitA), AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM mRtvik ko yadi sammAna na diyA jAya to pApa lagatA hai, kintu yadi vidyA, dhana Adi ko sammAna nahIM diyA jAya to pApa to nahIM lagegA, hA~ sukha evaM saphalatA na prApta ho skegii| manu (2 / 137) ne 90 varSa ke zUdra ko eka vidvAna brAhmaNa ke samakSa baccA mAnA hai| aura dekhie manu (21151-153), baudhAyanadharma0 (1 / 4 / 47), gautama (6 / 20) evaM tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa (13 / 3 / 24) / manu (2 / 155) ne likhA hai ki pavitra jJAna se hI brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA hai, parAkrama se kSatriya kI, anna-dhana se vaizyoM kI evaM avasthA se zUdra kI zreSThatA hai| kauTilya (3 / 20) ke anusAra vidyA, buddhi, pauruSa, abhijana (ucca kula) evaM karmAtizaya (ucca varNa) vAle ko sammAna milanA caahie| abhivAdana evaM namaskAra meM kyA antara hai ? abhivAdana meM na kevala jhukanA hotA hai, pratyuta "abhivAdaye... Adi" kahanA hotA hai, kintu namaskAra meM sira jhukAkara hAtha jor3a lenA mAtra hotA hai| namaskAra devatAoM, brAhmaNoM, saMnyAsiyoM Adi ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| viSNu ke anusAra brAhmaNa ko samA, yajJa, rAjagRha meM abhivAdana na karake namaskAra mAtra karanA caahie| namaskAra meM hAthoM kI AkRtiyA~ nimna rUpa se hotI haiM-vidvAna ko namaskAra karane meM bakarI ke kAna kI bhA~ti hAtha jor3ane cAhie, yatiyoM ko namaskAra karate samaya sampuTa hAthoM se / eka hAtha se, mUrkha ko tathA choToM ko namaskAra nahIM karanA caahie| devAlaya, devamUrti, baila, gauzAlA, gAya, ghI, madhu, pavitra taru (jisake 68. haradatta ke anusAra cAroM vargoM ke lie aise svAsthya-sambandhI prazna hone cAhie-api kuzalaM bhavataH, apyanAmayaM bhavataH, apyanaSTapazudhanosi, apyarogo bhavAn / 'kushlaanaamyaarogyaannaamnuprshnH| antyaM shuudrsy|' gautama (5 / 37-38); isa para haradatta kA kahanA hai ki 'api kuzalabhAyuSmanniti brAhmaNaH praSTavyaH, apyanAmayam atrabhavata iti kSatriyaH, apyarogo bhavAniti vaizyaH, apyarogo'sIti shuudrH|'

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adhyayana-viSi 241 cAro ora IMToM kA cabUtarA banA ho), caurAhA, vidvAn guru, vidvAn evaM dhArmika brAhmaNa, pavitra sthala kI miTTI kI pradakSiNA ( bAyeM se dAhine) karanI cAhie / " apane mAtA-pitA, AcArya, pavitra agni, ghara, rAjA (yadi rAjA ne Ane vAle ke bAre meM pahale kabhI kucha na sunA ho to) ke pAsa khAlI hAtha nahIM jAnA cAhie ( Apa0 60 1128/23 ) / mArga meM calate samaya kisa prakAra kisako Age jAne denA cAhie, isa viSaya meM brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAroM ke varNana meM hamane pahale hI par3ha liyA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa-paddhati kI eka vizeSatA thI binA pustakoM kI sahAyatA ke vidyA-jJAna (vizeSataH vaidika) pradAna karanA / veda ko jyoM-kA-tyoM Age kI pIr3hiyoM taka le jAne ke lie bar3e sundara evaM vyavasthita niyama banA diye gaye the / pada, krama, jaTA tathA anya rUpoM meM veda kA adhyayanAdhyApana hotA thA / tvaSTA kI gAthA isa viSaya meM prasiddha hai| usane "indrazatrurvardhasva" ke uccAraNa meM gar3abar3I kara dI aura indra ke virodha meM agni prajvalita karane kI apekSA use bujha jAne meM yoga diyaa|" pustaka se par3hanevAle ko nikRSTa pAThaka kahA gayA hai (pANinIya zikSA, 32) / veda kA pATha vyavasthita DhaMga se maukhika hI thA / kyA prAcIna bhArata meM lipi kalA kA jJAna thaa| kyA pANini ke samaya meM sAhityika kAmoM meM lipi kA vyavahAra hotA thA? kyA brAhmI lipi bhAratIya lipi hai yA kisI anya deza se yahA~ lAyI gayI hai ? maiksamUlara ne apanI prasiddha pustaka "hisTrI Ava aiMzyeNTa saMskRta liTarecara" ( pR0 507 ) meM likhA hai ki pANini ko sAhityika upayoga ke lie kisI lipi kA jJAna nahIM thA / yaha mata sacamuca Azcaryajanaka evaM anargala (asaMgatipUrNa) hai| yaha mata anta meM agrAhya ho gyaa| isake uparAnta buhalara ne azoka - lipi evaM semeTika lipi ke kucha akSaroM meM sAmya dekhakara yaha udghoSa kiyA ki brAhmI lipi lagabhaga 800 I0 pU0 semeTika lipi ke AdhAra para banI / buhalara mahodaya ke mastiSka meM yaha bAta na samA sakI ki yahI bAta brAhmI ke pakSa meM bhI kahI jA sakatI thI, arthAt brAhmI lipi ko semeTika logoM ne apnaayaa| isake atirikta yaha bhI to kahA jA sakatA hai ki brAhmI evaM semeTika donoM lipiyA~ kisI anya ati prAcIna lipi para AdhArita ho sakatI haiN| kintu isa prakAra ke siddhAnta aba prAcIna par3a gaye, kyoMki moheM 69. devAlayaM caityataruM tathaiva ca catuSpatham / vidyAdhikaM guruM devaM budhaH kuryAtpradakSiNam // mArkaNDeyapurAna ( 34041-42 ); zuci dezamanaDvAhaM devaM goSThaM catuSpatham / brAhmaNaM dhArmika caityaM nityaM kuryAtpradakSiNam // zAntiparva 1938; dekhie brahmapurANa ( 1 / 3 / 40 ), vAmanapurANa (14|52), gautama ( 9/66 ), manu ( 4139), yAza0 (10133) / zAntiparva ke 163 / 37 meM bhI vahI zloka hai| 70. mantro hInaH svarato varNato vA mithyAprayukto na tamarthamAha / sa vAgvatro yajamAnaM hinasti yacendrazatruH svarato'parAdhAt // paanniniiyshikss| 52; gItI zIghrI ziraHkampI tathA likhitapAThakaH / anarthazo'lpakaNThazca SaDete pAThakAdhamAH // pANinIyazikSA 32 | gAthA kA varNana taittirIya saMhitA ( 2 / 4 / 12 / 1) evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa (1260308) meM huA hai| tvaSTA 'indrazatru' (jisakA artha hotA hai indra kA nAzaka) zabda kA uccAraNa tatpuruSa samAsa meM karanA cAhatA thA jisameM samAsa ke aMtima aMza meM udAtta svara lagAnA cAhie), kintu usane bahubrIhi samAsa ke rUpa meM hI (indra hogA zatru jisakA) uccAraNa kara diyA (yahA~ samAsa ke prathama zabda meM udAtta svara A gayA) aura phala ulaTA huA arthAt "indra ke zatru " ke sthAna para indra ko hI pradhAnatA mila gayI aura svaSTA kI kAmanA pUrNa nahIM ho skii| dekhie, pANini 6 / 1 / 223 evaM 6 / 2 / 1 /

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242 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jodar3o evaM har3appA (siMdhu ghATI) kI lipi ati prAcIna ThaharA dI gayI aura yaha siddha ho gayA ki bhArata meM lagabhaga 5000-6000 varSa pUrva kisI pariSkRta lipi kA vyavahAra hotA thA / zikSA dene kA maulika DhaMga sarvocca evaM sabase sastA thaa| prAcIna kAla meM likhane kI sAmagrI saralatA se nahIM mila sakatI thI aura jo prApta thI vaha bahumUlya thI, ataH maukhika DhaMga ko hI vizeSa mahattA dI gyii| Aja bhI saMskRta vidyAlayoM meM yahI DhaMga apanAyA jAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM jaba ki likhane evaM mudraNa kI sArI suvidhAe~ prApta haiM, saikar3oM aise brAhmaNa mileMge jinheM na kevala sampUrNa Rgveda (lagabhaga 10,580 mantra ) kaNThastha haiM, pratyuta Rgveda ke pada, aitareya brAhmaNa, AraNyaka evaM cha: vedAMga (jinameM pANini ke 4000 sUtra evaM yAska kA vizAla nirukta bhI sammilita haiM) sabhI kaNThastha haiN| ina brAhmaNoM meM kucha to aise vibhrAT jana mileMge, jinheM itanA bar3A sAhitya kaNTha to hai, kintu ve isake eka zabda kA artha bhI nahIM kaha skte| 172 parAzaramAghavIya (bhAga 1, pR0 154 ) meM uddhRta nArada ke anusAra "jo vyakti pustaka ke AdhAra para hI adhyayana karatA hai, guru se nahIM, vaha sabhA meM zobhA nahIM pAtA / ...' 'vRddhagautama ne unakI bhartsanA kI hai jo veda beMcate haiM, jo veda kI bhartsanA karate haiM tathA use likhate haiM / yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 267-68) para likhate samaya aparArka ( pR0 1114 ) ne caturviMzatimata ko uddhRta karate hue veda, vedAMga, smRtiyoM, itihAsa, purANa, paJcarAtra, gAthA, nItizAstra vikraya karanevAloM ke lie vibhinna prakAra ke prAyazcittoM kI vyavasthA dI hai| pustaka - prayoga ke viruddha yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai| ki jJAnaprApti ke mArga meM yaha chaH avarodhoM meM eka avarodha hai| " guru saMskRta, prAkRta yA dezabhASA ke dvArA ziSyoM ko samajhAyA karatA thA (saMskRtaiH prAkRtairvAkyairyaH ziSyamanurUpataH / dezamASAdyupAyaizca bodhayetsa guruH smRtaH / vIramitrodaya dvArA uddhRta viSNudharma0 meM ) / brahmacarya kI avadhi upaniSadoM ke kucha aMzoM se patA calatA hai ki brahmacayaM ( vidyArthI jIvana ) kI avadhi 12 varSa kI thI ( chAndogya 0 4 / 10 / 1) / zvetaketu AruNeya 12 varSa kI avasthA meM brahmacArI hue aura 24 varSa kI avasthA meM sabhI vedoM ke paNDita ho gaye ( chAndogya0 6 / 1 / 2) / chAndogya0 (4 / 10 / 1 ) se yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki 12 varSa ke uparAnta bahudhA ziSya loga ke yahA~ se cale Ate the| kintu brahmacarya lambI avadhi kA bhI ho sakatA thA / chAndogya0 (8 / 11 / 3 ) meM likhA hai ki indra prajApati ke yahA~ 101 varSa taka ( 32 varSa kI tIna avadhiyA~ + 5 varSa) vidyArthI rUpa meM rahe / bharadvAja ne 75 varSa taka vedoM kA adhyayana kiyA ( taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 10 / 11) / gopatha brAhmaNa ( 215 ) ke anusAra sabhI devoM ke adhyayana kI avadhi 48 varSa thI / gopathabrAhmaNa ke isa kathana ko kucha gRhya evaM dharma sUtroM ne uddhRta kiyA hai, 71. Rgveda kA pada-pATha zAkalya kI kRti hai tathA vaha pATha pauruSeya (mAnava dvArA praNIta) hai| nirukta (6 / 28) nepada-bhAga ke vibhAjana kI AlocanA kI hai| vizvarUpa ( yAjJa0 3 / 242 ) ne kahA hai ki pada evaM krama ke praNetA mAnava haiN| 72. pustakapratyayAdhItaM nAdhItaM gurusaMnidhau / bhrAjate na sabhAmadhye jAragarbha iva striyAH // nArada (parAzaramArate, bhAga 1 pR0 154) / 73. dyUtaM pustakazuzrUSA nATakAsaktireva ca / striyastandrI ca nidrA ca vidyAvighnakarANi SaT // smRticandrikA (bhAga 1, pR0 52) dvArA uddhRta nArada /

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adhyayana-viSi 243 yathA pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 5) kA kahanA hai ki 48 varSa taka brahmacarya dhAraNa karanA cAhie aura pratyeka veda ke adhyayana meM 12 varSa lagAne cAhie (1244=48 vrss)| isa viSaya meM braudhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 2 / 1-5) bhI avalokanIya hai| jaimini (1 // 3 // 3) para zabara ne una smRtiyoM kI khillI ur3AyI hai jinhoMne 48 varSa kI avadhi ke lie bala diyA hai| kintu kumArila bhaTTa ne zabara kI bhartsanA kI hai ki smRtiyoM ne jo kucha kahA hai vaha zrutiviruddha nahIM hai, kyoMki jo vyakti brahmacarya ke uparAnta saMnyAsI honA cAhate haiM, ve 48 varSa taka par3ha sakate haiM, itanA hI nahIM, bahuta-se loga jIvana bhara vidyArthI rahanA cAhate haiN|" kramazaH vaidika sAhitya vizAla hotA calA gayA aura RSiyoM ne usakI surakSA ke lie tInoM vaNoM ke lie yaha eka kartavya-sA banA diyA ki ve isa pUta sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa evaM pAlana meM lage rheN| ataH bahuta-se vikalpa rakhe gaye, yathA 48 varSoM taka sabhI vedoM kA adhyayana, tIna vedoM kA 36 varSoM taka, yadi vyakti bahuta tIkSNa buddhi kA ho to vaha tIna vedoM ko 18 yA 9 varSoM meM hI samApta kara sakatA hai, yA vaha itanA samaya avazya lagAye ki eka veda kA yA kucha usameM adhika kA jJAna prApta kara sake, dekhie manu (3 / 1-2) evaM yAjJavalkya (1136 evaM 52) / sabake lie 12 varSoM taka vedAdhyayana sambhava nahIM thA, ataH mAradvAjagRhyasUtra (119) ne vikalpa se likhA hai ki vedAdhyayana godAna kRtya taka (16veM varSa meM godAna hotA thA, isake viSaya meM hama Age par3heMge) honA caahie| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 22 / 3-4) ke mata se 12 varSoM taka yA jaba taka sambhava ho vedAdhyayana karanA caahe| haradatta ne Apastambadharma0 (1 / 1 / 2 / 16) kI vyAkhyA karate samaya Apastambadharma0 (1 / 1 / 2 / 12-16 evaM 1 / 11 / 3 / 1) tathA manu (31) ke nicor3a ko upasthita karate hue kahA hai ki pratyeka brahmacArI ko kama-se-kama tIna varSa pratyeka veda ke par3hane meM lagAne caahie| tInoM ucca vargoM ke lie vedAdhyayana to atyanta mahatvapUrNa kartavya thA hI, sAtha-hI-sAtha vaidika yajJoM ke lie bhI vedAdhyayana Avazyaka ThaharAyA gayA thaa| jaimini ke anusAra vahI vyakti vaidika yajJa ke yogya hai jo yajJa-sambandhI aMza kA jJAtA ho| adhyayana ke viSaya vedAdhyayana kA tAtparya hai mantroM tathA viziSTa zAkhA yA zAkhAoM ke brAhmaNa-bhAga kA adhyayana / veda ko zAzvata evaM apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai| sabhI dharmazAstrakAroM ne veda ko anAdi evaM zAzvata mAnA hai / vedAntasUtra (1 / 3 / 2829) ke anusAra veda zAzvata hai aura sampUrNa brahmANDa (devoM sahita) veda se hI prasUta haiM (dekhie manu 1121, zAntiparva 233 / 24 aadi)| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 5 / 11) ke anusAra veda paramAtmA ke zvAsa haiN| isI upaniSad (1 / 2 / 5) meM AyA hai ki prajApati ne Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, yajJoM Adi kA nirmANa kiyA hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad 74. upanayana adhikatara garbhAdhAna se 8 varSa kI avasthA meM hotA thaa| yadi brahmacarya (vidyArthI jIvana) 48 varSoM taka calegA to usa samaya vyakti kI avasthA 56 (48. 8) varSa hogii| kevala gRhastha loga hI zreta agnihotra kara sakate the| yadi koI 56 varSa uparAnta vivAha kare, to usake bAla sapheda hote raheMge aura vaha isa prakAra smRti-niyama ko mAnatA huA vaidika Adeza ke virodha meM calA jaaygaa| smRti evaM zruti ke virodha meM smRti asvIkRta hotI hai yaha jaimini (1 // 3 // 3) kA kahanA hai| isa para zabara kA bhASya hai-aSTAcatvAriMzadvarSANi 'vedabrahmacaryacaraNaM jAtaputraH kRSNakezognInAdadhIta ityanena virukham / apuMstvaM pracchAdayantazcASTAcatvAriMzadvarSANi vedabrahmacarya caritavantaH / tata eSA smRtirityavagamyate / ' jaimini (1 // 3 // 4, pR0 186) para shbr| dekhie tantravAtika, pR0 192-193 /

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maMtra kA itihAsa (6118) ke anusAra paramAtmA ne brahmA ko utpanna kara unheM vedoM kA jJAna diyaa| isa viSaya meM zAntiparva ( 233 / 24 ) nIya hai| veda ke anAditya evaM apauruSeyatva ko kaI DhaMga se samajhAyA jAtA hai, yathA -- mahAbhASya ( pANini 10) ne likhA hai ki yadyapi veda kA artha zAzvata hai, kintu zabdoM kA pravandha azAzvata hai aura isI lie veda kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA kAThaka, kAlApaka, modaka, paippalAdaka Adi / 204 prAcIna kAla se hI adhyayana kA sAhitya bahuta vizAla rahA hai / taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 3|10|11 ) ne kahA hai ki ve ananta hai| svayaM Rgveda (10 / 71 / 11) meM aisA saMketa haiM ki cAra prakAra ke pramukha purohita the, yathA-- hotA, udgAtA evaM brhmaa| usameM (10/7117) yaha bhI jAvA hai ki jo loga sAtha par3hate haiM unameM bar3A vaiSamya pAyA jAtA hai aura sahapAThI apane mitra ko sabhA meM jItatA dekhakara prasanna hote haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 714-8) ne svAdhyAya ke antargata RcAoM, yajuoM, sAmoM, atharvA girasoM (atharvaveda), itihAsa-purANa, gAthAoM ko dinA hai| gopatha brAhmaNa (2010) ne likhA hai ki isa prakAra se sabhI veda kalpa, rahasya, brAhmaNoM, upaniSadoM, itihAsa, avAsthAna, purANa, anuzAsana, vAkovAkya Adi ke sAtha utpanna kiye gye| upaniSadoM meM aisA adhikatara AyA hai| ki brahmajJAna kI khoja meM Ane ke pUrva loga bahuta kucha par3hakara Ate the| chAndogyopaniSad (7 / 1 / 2) meM nArada sanatkumAra se kahate haiM ki unhoMne (nArada ne ) cAroM vedoM, pA~caveM veda ke rUpa meM itihAsa-purANa, vedoM ke veda (vyAkaraNa), pizya ( zrAddha para prabandha), rAzi (aMkagaNita), daiva (lakSaNa-vidyA), (gupta khanija khodane kI vidyA), vAkovAkya ( kathopakathana yA hetuvidyA ), ekAyana (rAjanIti), devavidyA (mukta), brahmavidyA (chanda evaM dhvani - vidyA), bhUtavidyA ( bhUta-preta ko dUra karane kI vidyA), kSatravidyA (dhanubaMda ) gAna, abhpaMjana Adi) sIkha lI thiiN| yaha sUcI chAndogya0 (711 / 4 eva mRdA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 2/4110, 11115) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| lie veda, dharmazAstroM, aMgoM, upavedoM evaM purANoM para Azrita rahane ke lie rAjA ko Adezita kiyA hai| Apastambadharma0 (238)10-11), viSNudharma0 (30/34-38), vasiSTha ( 3|19 evaM 23, 6 / 3-4 ) ne vedAMgoM kI carcA kI hai / pANini ko veda evaM brAhmaNoM kA jJAna to thA hI, unheM prAcIna kalpasUtroM, bhikSusUtroM evaM naTasUtroM tathA anya laukika granthoM kI jAnakArI bhI (413187-88, 105, 110, 111 evaM 116) / pataJjali (IsA pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI) ko saMskRta sAhitya kI vizAlatA kA jJAna thA (bhAga 1, pR0 9 ) / yAjJavalkya ( 113 ) meM 14 vidyAoM ke nAma Aye haiN| isI prakAra matsya (53 / 5-6), vAyupurANa ( bhAga 1161078), vRddha-gautama ( pR0 632) Adi meM bhI 14 vidyAoM kI carcA hai, yathA---4 veda 6 vedAMga, purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra / vAyupurANa (bhAga 1, 61 / 79), garur3apurANa (223 / 21) evaM viSNupurANa meM 4 vidyAe~ aura jor3akara 18 vidyAoM kI carcA kI gayI hai, yathA Ayurveda, dhanuveda, gAndharvaveda evaM arthazAstra nAmaka 4 upaveda / kumArila ne tantravArtika meM kahA hai ki vidyA- sthAna, jo dharma kI jAnakArI ke lie prAmANika mAne jAte haiM, 14 yA 18 haiM / kSatravidyA, sarpavidyA, devajanavidyA (nAva, / 7 / 1) meM punaH dI gayI hai| isI ke samAna gautama (11 / 19 ) ne prajA ko sa~bhAlane ke ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI dharmazAstra para vizAla sAhitya thA / mahAkAvyoM, kAvyoM, nATaka, kalpita kathA, phalita jyotiSa, auSadha tathA anya kalpanAtmaka zAkhAoM para vizAla sAhitya kA praNayana hotA gayA, jisake phalasvarUpa vedAdhyayana meM kucha DhilAI dikhAI par3ane lagI aura loga veda kI apekSA saMvegoM evaM buddhi ko santoSa denevAle sAhitya kI ora adhika jhukane lge| smRtiyoM ne sambhavata: isI kAraNa se dvijAtiyoM kA prathama kartavya veda par3hanA batAyA aura bAra-bAra isa para bala diyA hai| avaidika granthoM ko par3hane vAle brAhmaNoM kI bhatsaMnA maitrI - upaniSad (7 / 10) meM pAyI jAtI hai| aisI hI bAta manu ( 2 / 168 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| taittirIyopaniSad (1 / 9 ) ne svAdhyAya ( vedAdhyayana ) evaM pravacana ( zikSaNa karane yA pratidina par3hane) ko tapa kahA hai aura ina donoM ko RRRta, satya, tapa, dama, zama,

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bampayana-vidhi agniyoM, agnihotra evaM santAna ke sAtha jor3akara inakI mahattA ko aura bhI bala de diyA hai aura kahA hai ki para cale jAne para bhI vidyArthI ko vedAdhyayana nahIM chor3anA caahie| bedAdhyayana kA tAtparya kevala mantroM ko kaNThastha kara lenA nahIM, pratyuta artha bhI sapasanA hai (dekhie zaMkarAcArya, vedAntasUtra 1 / 3 / 30 evaM yAjJavalkya 3 / 300 para mitAkSarA kI vyaakhyaa)| nirakta (1118) ne likhA hai ki dinA artha jAne vedAdhyayana karanevAlA vyakti per3a evaM jar3a ke samAna hai aura kevala bhAra vahana karane vAlA hai, kintuko artha jAnatA hai use Ananda kI prApti hotI hai, jJAna se usake pApa hila jAte haiM aura use svayaM ko zApita hotI hai ! dakSa (2 / 34) ke anusAra vedAdhyayana meM pA~ca bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM-veda ko kaNThastha karanA, usake artha para vicAra karanA, bAra-bAra duharAkara sadA navIna banAye rakhanA, japa karanA (mana hI mana prArthanA ke rUpa meM duharAnA) evaM dUsare ko pddh'aanaa| isa viSaya meM dekhie manu (121102), zabara (pR. 6), vizvarUpa (yAGga0 1151), aparAka (pR074) evaM meghAtithi (manu 3319) / uparyukta AdezoM ke rahate hue bhI adhikAMza loga veda ko binA samajhe par3hate rahe haiN| mahAbhArata (udyogaparva 13216 evaM zAntiparva 1011) ne binA artha ke raTane vAle zrotriya kI bhartsanA kI hai| dhIre-dhIre eka vicitra bhAvanA ghara karane lagI; veda ko kevala yAda kara lene se pApa se mukti ho jAtI hai| kAlAntara meM yaha bhAvanA itanI pravala ho uThI ki Aja ke bahuta-se brAhmaNa yaha kahate sune jAte haiM ki veda kA artha jAnanA asambhava hai aura use jAnane kA prayatna karanA vyartha hai| vedAdhyayana ke mahatva kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie vasiSThadharma0 (2011), manu (11 // 245, 248, 260), yAjJavalkya (31307-310), viSNudharmasUtra (56 / 1-27, 2714, 28010-15) aadi| __ veda ko kaNThastha karane ke uparAnta use sadA smRti-paTala meM rakhanA paramAvazyaka thaa| veda ko alagAma pIne Adi pApoM ke samAna hai| yaha brahmahatyA ke samAna bhI kahA gayA hai (manu 11156 evaM pAjJavalkya 31228) / manu (41163) ne nAstikya evaM veda-bhatsanA ke virodha meM bahuta-kucha kahA hai aura eka sthAna 1156 / para vedanindA ko mahApApa batAyA hai| yAjJavalkya (3 / 288) ne vedanindA ko brahmahatyA ke samAna gambhIra rahA hai| gautama (21 / 1) ne nAstika ko patita mAnA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie viSNudharmasUtra (3714), manu (2111), basidha (12 / 41), anuzAsanaparva (37 / 11)! 75. igveva meM aisA saketa milatA hai (10 // 86 // 1) ki kucha loga ina ko devatA nahIM mAnI ( namaka sata) / dasyuoM ko 'avata, ayA, abhava' (R0 115118, 197513, 716 // 3) kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSatra (1520) meM naciketA kahate haiM ki kucha aise loga bhI the ki jo kahA karate the marane ke uparAnta AtmA bhI janTa ho jAtA hai| patra (216) kA kahanA hai ki joparaloka meM nahIM vizvAsa karatA vaha mere mAla meM bAra-bAra satA hai| pANini meM nArika zamba kI vyutpatti batAyI hai 'asti nAsti diSTaM matiH (44060), jisakA tAtparya hai "paraloka nahIM hai. aisI striI mati hai" (nAsti paraloka iti matirgasya) / prabhAkara kI bahatI (pUrvadhImAMsA sUtra kI Adhan)le baharayAra ko bAba, lokAyata yA bhautikavAda kA pravartaka mAnA hai aura usakI TIkA jimalA meM eka zloka 3 kA hai: "agnihotraM trayobebAstrivaNa bhasmaguSThanam / buddhigaruSahIlAnA jIviketi bRhsptiH|" sarvanarzanAsaha (dhAvati jarmana) meM bhI yaha iloka udata hai| mevAtithi (mana 41163) kA kahanA hai- "devapramANakAmArthAnA liyAmAho mAstivyam / zambena pratipAdanaM nimbA punarukto vebonyonyanyAhato mAtra sthrmstiiti|" mana (36) kI mAya meM smRtidhanikA kA kahanA hai-"nAsti kAlAntare phalanaM karma nAsti devatetyAdimanto nAstimA anu (94225)

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa - vedAdhyayana ke lie pahale se hI koI zulka nirdhArita nahIM thaa| prAcIna zikSaNa-paddhati kI vizeSatAoM meM yaha eka vicitra vizeSatA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 1 / 2) meM yaha AyA hai ki jaba janaka ne yAjJavalkya ko eka sahana gaue~, eka hAthI evaM eka baila (zaMkara ke matAnusAra hAthI ke samAna baila) denA cAhA to yAjJavalkya ne kahA-"mere pitA kA mata thA ki binA pUrNa par3hAye ziSya se koI puraskAra nahIM lenA caahie|" gautama (2154-55) ne likhA hai ki vidyA ke anta meM ziSya ko guru se dhana lene yA jo kucha vaha de sake, lene ke lie prArthanA karanI cAhie, jaba guru AjJApita kara de yA binA kucha liye jAne ko kaha de taba ziSya ko snAna karanA cAhie (arthAt ghara lauTanA caahie)|" ApastambadharmasUtra (112 / 7 / 19-23) ne likhA hai ki apanI yogyatA ke anusAra ziSya ko vidyA ke anta meM gurudakSiNA denI cAhie, yadi guru taMgI meM ho to ugra yA zUdra se bhI bhikSA mAMgakara usakI sahAyatA karanI cAhie; aisA karake ziSya ko ghamaNDa nahIM karanA cAhie, aura na isakA smaraNa rakhanA caahie| vAstava meM, vidyA ke anta meM dakSiNA denA guru ko prasanna mAtra karanA thA, kyoMki jo kucha jJAna ziSya grahaNa karatA thA, usakA pratikAra nahIM ho sakatA thaa| manu (2 / 245-246) ne likhA hai ki ziSya 'snAna' ke pUrva kucha nahIM bhI de sakatA hai, ghara lauTate samaya vaha guru ko kucha dhana de sakatA hai ; bhUmi, sonA, gAya, azva, jUte, chAtA, Asana, anna, sAga-sabjI, vastra kA alaga-alaga yA eka sAtha hI dAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 2 / 6) ne brahmavidyA kI stuti karate hue ise sampUrNa pRthivI evaM isake dhana se uttama mAnA hai| smRtiyoM meM AyA hai ki yadi guru eka akSara bhI par3hA de to isa RNa se uRNa honA asambhava hai (pRthivI meM kucha hai hI nahIM jise dekara ziSya uRNa ho sake) / mahAbhArata (Azvamedhika 56 / 21) ne likhA hai ki ziSya ke kAryo evaM vyavahAra se prApta prasannatA hI vAstavika guru-dakSiNA hai (dakSiNA paritoSo vai gurUNAM sadbhirucyate) / isa viSaya meM aura dekhie yAjJavalkya (1151), kAtyAyana (aparArka pR0 76) / pANDicerI ke pAsa bAhura nAmaka sthAna se prApta nRpa tuMgavarmA ke phalaka-patroM se patA calatA hai ki vidyA kI unnati ke lie 'vidyAsthAna' kA dAna kiyA gayA thaa| cAlukyarAja somezvara prathama ke samaya meM (zaka saMvat 981 meM) saMnyAsiyoM ke prAdhyApana meM prAdhyApakoM (prophesaroM) ko 30 mattara bhUmi tathA maTha meM ziSyoM ko par3hAne ke lie 8 mattara bhUmi dene kI vyavasthA kI gayI thI (epipraiphiyA pASaNDasthoM (nAstikoM) ke deza-nikAle ko vyavasthA dI hai| viSNupurANa (3 / 18 / 27-28) ne mAyAmoha ke upadeza ke bAre meM likhA hai-"yaharanekardevatvamavApyendreNa bhujyate / zamyAdi yadi cetkASThaM tadvaraM patrabhukpazuH // nihatasya pazoryajJe svrgpraaptirydiissyte| svapitA yajamAnena kiM nu tasmAna hanyate // " nArada (RNAdAna, 180) ne nAstika ko sAmAnya rUpa se sAkSI ke ayogya mAnA hai| sarvadarzanasaMgraha ne cArvAka ke matoM kA sAratattva upasthita kiyA hai tathA lagabhaMga 528 I0 meM praNIta haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya ne lokAyata ke matoM kA niSkarSa upasthita kiyA hai| mahAbhASya (bhAga 3, pR0 325-26) ne bhI lokAyata kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| yAvajjIvaM sukhaM jIveda RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pivet / bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM kutH||' vAlA prasiddha zloka sarvadarzanasaMgraha ke 'cArvAkadarzana' nAmaka aMza ke anta bhAga meM diye gaye niSkarSa meM milatA hai| SaDdarzanasamuccaya (80) ne lokAyata mata ko saMkSipta rUpa meM yoM rakhA hai-"lokAyatA vadantyevaM nAsti jIvo na nivRtiH| dharmAdhamau na vidyate na phalaM punnypaapyoH||" nirvRti kA artha hai mokSa / bhAratIya bhautikavAda (lokAyata, anAtmavAda yA cArvAkavAda) kA eka vyApaka athavA vistArapUrNa itihAsa bahuta hI manoraMjaka grantha ho sakatA hai, kintu abhI yaha itihAsa kisI ne likhA nhiiN| 76. vidyAnte gururarthena nimntryH| kRtvAnujJAtasya vA snaanm| gau0 (2154-55); vidyAnte gurumana nimantraM kRtvA'nujJAtasya vA snAnam / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 9 / 4) /

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iNikA, bhAga 15, 1083) / 181860 ke kucha hI pahale pezavA prati varSa vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA spa meM jo dhana dete ye vaha lagamaga 4 lAkha ke barAbara rahA karatA thaa| Aja bhI bIsavIM zatAbdI meM bahuta se aise brAhmaNa muka hai jo veva evaM zAstra ke prAdhyApana meM kucha bhI nahIM lete aura na lene kI AzA hI rakhate haiN| manu (2 / 141), zaMkhasmRti (32) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (29 / 2) ke anusAra jIvikA veda yA vedAMga par3hAne vAlA guru upAdhyAya kahalAtA hai| yAjJavalkya (3265), viSNudharmasUtra (37 / 20) tathA anya logoM ne dhana ke lie par3hAne evaM vetanabhogI guru se par3hane ko upapAtakoM meM ginA hai| mRtakAdhyApaka evaM unake ziSya zrAda meM bulAye jAne yogya nahIM mAne jAte the (manu 3 / 1567, anuzAsanaparva 23 / 17 evaM yAjJavalkya 1 / 223) / kintu medhAtithi (manu 2 / 112 evaM 3 // 146), mitAkSarA (yAza0 22235), smRticandrikA Adi ne likhA hai ki kevala ziSya se kucha le lene para hI koI guru bhRtakAdhyApaka nahIM kahA jAtA, pratyuta nirdiSTa dhana lene para hI par3hAne kI vyavasthA karane vAlA guru bhartsanA kA pAtra hotA hai| kintu ApatkAla meM jIvikA ke lie nirdiSTa dhana lene kI vyavasthA kI gayI thI (manu 10 / 16 evaM yAla. 3242) / mahAbhArata (Adiparva 133 / 2-3) meM AyA hai ki bhISma ne pAMNDavoM evaM kauravoM kI zikSA ke lie droNako dhana evaM susajjita AvAsa gRha diyA, kintu koI nirdiSTa dhana nhiiN| gautama (1019-12), viSNudharmasUtra (379-80), manu (7582-85) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 // 315-333) ke anusAra vidvAn logoM evaM vidyArthiyoM kI jIvikA kA prabandha karanA rAjA kA kartavya thA, rAjya meM koI brAhmaNa bhUkha se na mare, yaha dekhanA rAjyadharma thaa| yadi guru vidyA ke anta meM ziSya se adhika dhana mAMga to ziSya siddhAntataH rAjA ke pAsa pahuMca sakatA thaa| raghuvaMza (5) meM kAlidAsa ne darzAyA hai ki kisa prakAra varatantu ne kautsa se (14 vivAdoM ke anusAra) 14 karor3a kI bhArI dakSiNA mAMgI, jisake lie kautsa rAjA raghu ke pAsa pahuMcA thA aura isa dhana se kucha bhI adhika lene ko vaha sannaddha nahIM huaa| kabhI-kabhI guru yA guru-patnI (jaisA ki kucha AkhyAyikAboM se patA calatA hai) bhArI dakSiNA mAMgatI dekhI gayI haiM, yathA gurupatnI dvArA uttaMka se rAnI ke karNaphUla kA mAMgA jAnA (bAdiparva, adhyAya 3 evaM Azvamedhika parva 56) / zarIrAma ke viSaya meM prAcIna zikSA-zAstriyoM ne kyA vyavasthA kI thI? gautama (2048-50) ne likhA hai ki sAdhAraNataH binA mAre-pITe ziSyoM ko vyavasthita karanA cAhie, kintu yadi zabdoM kA prabhAva na par3e to patalI rassI yA bAMsa kI phaTTI (cIrI huI patalI Tukar3I) se mAranA cAhie, kintu yadi adhyApaka kisI anya prakAra (hAtha ityAdi) se mAre to use rAjA dvArA daNDita kiyA jAnA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (112 / 8 / 29-30) ne likhA hai ki zabdoM dvArA bhatsanA karanI cAhie aura aparAdha kI gurutA ke anusAra nimna daNDa meM se koI yA kaI diye jA sakate haiM; dhamakAnA, bhojana na denA, zItala jala meM snAna karAnA, sAmane na Ane denaa| mahAbhASya (mAga 1,5041) ne anudAtta ko udAtta aura udAtta ko anudAtta kahane para upAdhyAya dvArA capeTA (sambhavataH pITha para) mArane kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| manu (8 / 299-300), viSNudharmasUtra (71-81-82), nArada (abhyupetyAzuzrUSA, 13-14) ne gautama kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, kintu itanA aura jor3a diyA hai ki pITha para hI mArA jA sakatA hai, sira vA chAtI para kabhI nhiiN| niyama-viruddha jAne para zikSaka ko vahI daNDa milanA cAhie jo kisI cora ko milatA hai (manu 81300) / manu (2 / 159) ne kahA hai ki caritra-sambandhI sanmArga meM calane kI zikSA dete samaya madhura zabdoM kA prayoga karanA caahie| kSatriyoM, vaizyoM evaM zUdroM kI zikSA ke viSaya meM bhI kucha kahanA Avazyaka hai| gautama (1913) ke anusAra rAjA ko tInoM vedoM, AnvIkSikI (adhyAtma yA tarka-zAstra) kA paNDita honA cAhie, use apane kartavya pAlana meM vedoM, dharmazAstroM, veda ke sahAyaka granthoM, upavedoM evaM purANoM kA Azraya grahaNa karanA cAhie (gautama 19619) / manu

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248 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( 7143) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 311) ke anusAra rAjA ko tIna vedoM, AnvIkSikI, daNDanIti evaM vArtA (arthazAstra ) kA paNDita honA caahie| sambhavataH isa prakAra ke nirdeza Adarza mAtra the, vyAvahArika rUpa meM inakA pAlana bahuta hI kama hotA rahA hogA / mahAbhArata kI gAthAoM se yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki, rAjakumAra bahuta hI kama gurugRha meM vidyAdhyayana ke lie jAte the, unakI zikSA-dIkSA ke lie zikSakoM kI niyuktiyA~ huA karatI thIM (droNa ko bhISma ne niyukta kiyA thaa)| rAjakumAra loga sainika dakSatA avazya prApta karate the / rAjA loga dhArmika mAmaloM ko purohitoM para hI chor3a dete the aura unhIM ke parAmarza para kArya karate the / gautama ( 11 / 12 - 13 ) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 / 5 / 10 / 16) ke anusAra purohita ko vidvAn, acche kula kA, madhura vANI bolane vAlA, sundara AkRti vAlA, madhyama avasthA kA evaM ucca caritra kA honA cAhie aura use dharma evaM artha kA pUrNa paNDita honA caahie| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 3 / 12) se patA calatA hai ki purohita rAjA ko yuddha ke lie sannaddha karatA hai| kauTilya ne apane arthazAstra meM manu evaM yAjJavalkya ke samAna hI rAjakumAroM ke lie cAra vidyAoM ( uparyukta ) kI carcA kI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki caula karma ke uparAnta rAjakumAra ko akSara evaM gaNita kA jJAna karAnA cAhie aura jaba upanayana ho jAya taba use cAra vidyAe~ 16 varSa kI avasthA taka par3hAnI caahie| isake uparAnta vivAha karanA cAhie (15), dina ke pUrvArdha meM use hAthI, ghor3e, ratha kI savArI evaM astra-zastra calAnA sIkhanA cAhie, kintu uttarArdha meM purANoM, gAthAoM, dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra (rAjanIti) kA adhyayana karanA caahie| hAthIgumphA ke abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki khAravela ne uttarASikArI ke rUpa meM rUpa (sikkA), gaNanA (vitta evaM rAjyakoSa kA hisAba-kitAba ), lekha (rAjakIya patra vyavahAra ) evaM vyavahAra ( kAnUna evaM nyAyazAsana) kA adhyayana 15 varSa se 24 varSa kI avasthA taka kiyaa| kAdambarI meM AyA haiM ki rAjakumAra candrApIDa guru ke yahA~ par3hane nahIM gayA, pratyuta usake lie rAjadhAnI ke bAhara pAThazAlA nirmita kI gayI aura vahA~ usane 7 varSa se 16 varSa taka vidyAdhyayana kiyA / dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM meM sAmAnya kSatriyoM ke viSaya meM koI pRthak ullekha nahIM miltaa| kintu hameM bahuta-se kSatriya vidvAn evaM guru ke rUpa meM milate haiN| svayaM kumArila bhaTTa ne likhA hai ki adhyApana kArya kevala brAhmaNoM ke hI Upara nahIM thA, pratyuta bahuta se kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ne apane vAstavika jAti-guNoM ko chor3akara guru-pada grahaNa kiyA hai ( tantravArtika, pR0 108 ) / vaizyoM kI zikSA ke viSaya meM to aura bhI bahuta kama nirdeza prApta hote haiN| manu (10 / 1) ne likhA hai ki tInoM varNoM ko vedAdhyayana karanA cAhie; vyApAra, pazu-pAlana, kRSi vaizyoM kI jIvikA ke sAghana haiM, vaizyoM ko pazu-pAlana kabhI bhI nahIM chor3anA cAhie, unheM ratnoM, mUMgoM, motiyoM, dhAtuoM, vastroM, gandhoM, namaka, bIja ropanA, miTTI ke guNa-doSoM, vyApAra meM lAbha-hAni, bhRtyoM ke vetana kA mAna-krama, sabhI prakAra ke akSara, kraya-vikraya kI sAmagriyoM ke sthAna kA jJAna honA cAhie / yAjJavalkya (2 / 184) evaM nArada (abhyupetyAzuzrUSA, 16-20 ) se saMketa milatA hai ki lar3ake AbhUSaNa nirmANa, nAca-gAna Adi zilpoM ko sIkhane ke lie zilpa- guru ke yahA~ antevAsI rUpa meM rahate the| zilpavidyA ke ziSya ko nirdiSTa samaya taka zilpa- guru ke yahA~ rahanA par3atA thA, yadi vaha samaya se pahale sIkha le, taba mI use rahanA hI par3atA thA / zilpa- guru ko usake khAne-pIne kI vyavasthA karanI par3atI thI aura usakI kamAI para guru kA adhikAra hotA thaa| yadi ziSya bhAga jAya to zilpa-guru rAjadaNDa kA sahArA lekara use daNDita karA sakatA thA aura balapUrvaka apane yahA~ nirdiSTa samaya taka rahane ko bAdhya kara sakatA thaa| dharmazAstroM meM zUdra-zikSA ke viSaya meM koI niyama nahIM hai| zUdra kramazaH apanI sthiti se Upara uThe aura kAlAntara meM unheM zilpa evaM kRSi meM saMlagna rahane kI AjJA mila hI gayI / sambhavataH unake lie bhI vaise hI niyama bana gaye jo

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adhyayana kA adhikAra 249 vaizya jAti ke zilpavidyA ziSyoM ke lie bane the (yAza0 1 / 120, zAntiparva 295/4, laghvAzvalAyana 22/5 ) / zUdra jAti ke vivecana meM hamane isa viSaya ko dekha liyA hai| zUdra loga mahAbhArata evaM purANoM kA kahA jAnA suna sakate the| yaha eka vicitra bAta hai ki madhya evaM vartamAna kAla kI apekSA prAcIna kAla meM striyoM kI zikSA-sambandhI vyavasthA kahIM uccatara thii| bahuta-sI nAriyoM ne vaidika RcAe~ racI haiM, yathA -- atri - kula kI vizvavArA ne Rgveda kA 5 / 28 vAlA aMza racA hai, usI kula kI apAlA ne Rgveda kA 8 / 91 vAlA aMza racA hai, tathA ghoSA kAkSIvatI ke nAma se Rgveda kA 10 / 39 vAlA aMza kahA jAtA hai| prasiddha dArzanika RSi yAjJavalkya kI do striyA~ thIM, jinameM maitreyI satya jJAna kI khoja meM rahA karatI thI aura usane apane pati se aisA hI jJAna mA~gA jo use amara kara sake (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2 / 4 / 1) / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 3 / 68) ke anusAra videharAja janaka kI rAjasabhA meM kaI eka uttara- pratyuttarakartA the, jinameM gArgI vAcaknavI kA nAma bar3I zraddhA se liyA jAtA hai| gArgI vAcaknavI ne yAjJavalkya ke dAMta khaTTe kara diye the / usake praznoM kI bauchAra se yAjJavalkya kI buddhi cakarA uThatI thI / hArIta ne striyoM ke lie upanayana evaM vedAdhyayana kI vyavasthA dI thii| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 3/4 ) meM jahA~ katipaya RSiyoM ke tarpaNa kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai, vahIM gArgI vAcaknavI, vaDavA prAtitheyI evaM sulabhA maitreyI nAmaka tIna nArI zikSikAoM ke nAma Ate haiN| nArI zikSikAoM kI paramparA avazya rahI hogI, kyoMki pANini ( 4 / 1 / 59 evaM 3 / 3 / 21 ) kI kAzikA vRtti ne 'AcArya' evaM 'upAdhyAyA' nAmaka zabdoM ke sAdhanArtha vyutpatti kI hai / pataJjali ne apane mahAbhASya (bhAga 2 pR0 205, pANini ke 4 / 1 / 14 ke vArtika 3 para) meM batAyA hai ki kyoM evaM kaise brAhmaNa nArI 'ApizalA' (jo Apizali kA vyAkaraNa par3hatI hai) evaM kyoM 'kAzakRtsnA' (jo kAzakRtsna kA mImAMsA grantha par3hatI hai) kahI jAtI hai| unhoMne "audameSAH" upAdhi kI vyutpatti kI hai, jisakA tAtparya hai "audamedhyA nAmaka strI-zikSikA ke ziSya / " gobhilagRhyasUtra (2 / 1 / 19-20 ) evaM kAThakagRhyasUtra ( 25-23) se patA calatA hai ki dulahineM par3hI-likhI hotI thIM, kyoMki unheM mantroM kA uccAraNa karanA par3atA thA / spaSTa hai, sUtrakAla meM striyAM veda ke mantroM kA uccAraNa karatI thIM / vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra (1 / 211-3) meM AyA hai ki lar3akiyoM ko apane pitA ke ghara meM kAmasUtra evaM isake anya sahAyaka aMga (yathA 64 kalAe~ - gAna, nAca, citrakArI Adi) sIkhane cAhie tathA vivAhoparAnta pati kI AzA se inheM karanA caahie| 64 kalAoM meM prahelikAe~, pustakavAcana, kAvyasamasyA-pUraNa, piMgala evaM alaMkAra kA jJAna Adi bhI sammilita the| mahAkAvyoM evaM nATakoM meM nAriyA~ prema-patra likhatI dikhAI par3atI haiN| mAlatImAdhava meM AyA hai ki nAyaka evaM nAyikA ke pitA kAmandakI ke sAtha eka hI guru ke caraNoM meM adhyayana karate the / rAjazekhara Adi ke kAvyasaMgrahoM se vidita hotA hai ki vijjA, sItA Adi aisI prasiddha kavayitriyA~ thIM, jinakI kavitAe~ saMgRhIta hotI thiiN| kintu kAlAntara meM nAriyoM kI dazA adhogati ko prApta hotI gyii| dharmasUtroM evaM manu meM vedAdhyayana ke mAmale meM ucca varNa kI nAriyoM ko bhI zUdra kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| ve Azrita mAnI jAtI thIM ( gautama 18 1, vasiSThadharma 0 6 / 1, baudhAyanadharma0 22/45, manu 9/3 Adi) / hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM ki vivAha ko chor3akara striyoM ke anya sabhI saMskAroM meM veda mantroM kA uccAraNa nahIM hotA thA / jaimini ( 6 | 1|17-21) ne vaidika yajJoM meM pati-patnI ko sAtha to rakhA hai kintu mantroccAraNa pati hI karatA hai| jaimini ne donoM ko barAbara nahIM mAnA hai| zabara ne apanI vyApa meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki pati vidvAn hotA hai aura patnI vidyAhIna / meghAtithi ne manu ( 2/49 ) kI vyAkhyA meM eka manoraMjaka prazna uThAyA hai ki brahmacArI loga bhikSA mA~gate samaya striyoM se "bhavati bhikSAM dehi" vAlA saMskRta sUtra kyoM bolate haiM, jaba ki ve yaha bhASA nahIM jAnatIM ? vaidika kAla meM bhI striyoM ke prati eka durAgraha thA, aura una para pratyakSa evaM apratyakSa DhaMga se vyaMgyAtmaka chITe 32

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 250 DAle jAte the ! Rgveda ( 8|33|17 ) kA kahanA hai- "yahA~ taka ki indra ne kahA hai, striyoM kA mana saMyama meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA; unakI buddhi ( yA zakti) bhI thor3I hai|" punaH Tagveda ( 10 / 95/15 ) meM AyA hai - "striyoM kI mitratA meM satyatA nahIM haiM, unake hRdaya bher3iyA ke hRdaya haiN|" zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 14|1|1|3) meM AyA hai ki 'madhu vidyA par3hate samaya strI, zUdra, kutte evaM kauvA pakSI kI ora na dekho, kyoMki ye sabhI asatya haiN|' isI prakAra manu (2 / 213-214) evaM anuzAsanaparva ( 1991 94, 38, 39) meM striyoM kI kaTu bhartsanA kI gayI hai| madhya evaM vartamAna kAla meM uparyukta bAtoM, apavitratA evaM bAla vivAha ke kAraNa hI nArI zikSA aghogati ko prApta ho gayI hai / nArI-zikSA jaba itanI kama thI, yA nahIM ke barAbara thI to sahazikSA kI bAta hI kahA~ uTha sakatI hai| kintu prAcIna kAla meM 'sahazikSA' ke viSaya meM kucha dhuMdhale citra mila jAte haiN| satya hai, jaba ve par3hatI thIM to puruSoM ke sAtha hI par3hatI rahI hoMgI / bhavabhUti-jaise kaviyoM ne aise samAja ke bAre meM paryApta nirdeza kiyA hai| mAlatImAdhava meM nArI ziSyA kAmandakI puruSa ziSya bhUrivasu evaM devarATa ( jo kAlAntara meM mantrI ke pada para bhI AsIna hue the) ke sAtha eka hI guru ke caraNoM meM par3hatI thI / AcArya kA gRha jahA~ vidyArthI par3hA karate the AcAryakula kahalAtA thA (dekhie chAndogyopaniSad 2 / 23 / 2-4, 445 / 1, 4 / 9 / 1, 8 / 15 / 1) / jo guru bahuta-se ziSyoM kA adhiSThAtA thA, use kulapati kahA jAtA thA ( kaNva ko zAkuntala meM aisA hI kahA gayA hai ) / bahuta se zilAlekhoM evaM tAmrapatroM meM patA calatA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM rAjA evaM dhanika loga anudAna diyA karate the jinake bala para pAThazAlAeM, mahAvidyAlaya evaM vizvavidyAlaya calA karate the / inakA pUrA varNana karanA isa grantha kI paridhi ke bAhara hai| takSazilA, balabhI, banArasa, nAlandA, vikramazilA Adi prasiddha vizvavidyAlaya the / afrasia vizvavidyAlaya anudAna para hI calate the / bAgUra ke vidyAsthAna (eka kAleja) ke nivAsiyoM kI vidyonnati ke lie pallavarAja nRpa tuMgavarmA (bAgUra tAmapatra, epIgraiphiyA iNDikA, 18, pR0 5 ) ne vidyAbhoga rUpa meM tIna gA~voM kA dAna kiyA thaa| rAjazekhara ne kAvyamImAMsA (adhyAya 10) meM rAjAoM ko katriyoM evaM vidvAn logoM kI sabhA bulAne ko kahA hai, unakI parIkSA evaM unake puraskAra kI vyavasthA kI bAta calAyI hai. jaisA ki vAsudeva, sAtavAhana, zUdraka, sAhasAMka Adi rAjA kiyA karate the / rAjazekhara ne kAvyamImAMsA meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki ujjayinI meM kAlidAsa, meNTha, bhAravi evaM harizcandra kI tathA pATaliputra meM pANini, vyADi, vararuci, pataJjali, varSa, upavarSa evaM piMgala kI parIkSAe~ lI gayI thIM / dharmazAstroM meM ullikhita zikSaNa-paddhati kI vizeSatAe~ nimna rUpa se rakhI jA sakatI haiM - (1) AcArya ko ucca evaM sammAnanIya pada prApta thA, (2) guru-ziSya meM vyaktigata sambandha thA evaM ziSyoM para vyaktigata dhyAna diyA jAtA thA, (3) ziSya guru ke kula ke sadasya ke rUpa meM rahatA thA, (4) zikSaNa maukhika thA evaM pustakoM kI sahAyatA sarvathA nahIM lI jAtI thI, (5) anuzAsana kaThora thA, saMvegoM evaM icchA kA saMyama kiyA jAtA thA, (6) zikSA sastI thI, kyoMki koI nirdiSTa zulka nahIM liyA jAtA thA / bhAratIya zikSaNa-paddhati kI anya vizeSatAe~ bhI thIM, yathA-yaha vidyArthiyoM ko sAhityika zikSA detI thI, vizeSata: vaidika sAhitya, darzana, vyAkaraNa tathA inakI anya sahAyaka zAkhAe~ hI par3hI-par3hAyI jAtI thiiN| navIna sAhityanirmANa para utanA bala nahIM diyA jAtA thA, jitanA ki prAcIna sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa para / isa paddhati ke pramukha doSa nimna rUpa se varNita ho sakate haiM -- ( 1 ) yaha atyadhika sAhityika thI, (2) isameM atyadhika smRti vyAyAma karAyA jAtA thA, (3) vyAvahArika zikSA, yathA pratidina kAma AnevAle zilpa Adi kI

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brahmacArIketa 251 par3hAI para bahuta kama bala diyA jAtA thA, (4) anuzAsana kaThora evaM nIrasa thaa| bahuta-se doSa jAti-vyavasthA ke kAraNa the, kyoMki jAti-vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa viziSTa jAtiyoM ko viziSTa kAma karane par3ate the| cAra vedavrata gautama (8 / 15) dvArA varNita saMskAra-saMkhyA meM cAra veda-vrata nAmaka saMskAra bhI haiN| bahuta-sI smRtiyoM ne solaha saMskAroM meM inakI bhI gaNanA kI hai| gRhyasUtroM meM inake nAma evaM vidhiyoM ke viSaya meM bahuta vibhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra meM inakI carcA nahIM huI hai| yahAM hama saMkSepa meM ina cAra vedavratoM kA varNana upasthita kreNge| AzvalAyanasmRti (padya meM) ke anusAra cAra veda-vrata ye haiM--(9) mahAnAmnI vrata, (2) mahAvata, (aitareyAraNyaka 1 evaM 5), (3) upaniSad-prata evaM (4) godAna / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 22 / 20) ke anusAra vratoM meM caula karma se paridAna taka ke sabhI kRtya jo upanayana ke samaya kiye jAte haiM, pratyeka vrata ke samaya duharAye jAte haiN| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 11-12) ke anusAra pavitra gAyatrI se dIkSita hone ke uparAnta cAra vrata kiye jAte haiM, yathA zukriya (jo veda ke pradhAna bhAga ke adhyayana ke pUrva kiyA jAtA hai), zAkvara, vAtika evaM aupaniSada (antima tIna aitareyAraNyaka ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke adhyayana ke pUrva sampAdita hote haiN)| inameM zukriya vrata 3 yA 12 dina yA 1 varSa taka calatA thA tathA anya tIna krama se varSa-varSa bhara kiye jAte the (zAMkhAyanagR0 2011, 10-12) / antima tIna vratoM ke Arambha meM alaga-alaga upanayana kiyA jAtA thA tathA isake uparAnta uddIkSaNikA nAmaka kRtya kiyA jAtA thaa| 'uddIkSaNikA' kA tAtparya hai Arambhika vratoM ko chor3a denaa| AraNyaka kA adhyayana gAMva ke bAhara vana meM kiyA jAtA thaa| manu (2 / 174) ke anusAra ina cAroM vratoM meM pratyeka vrata ke Arambha meM brahmacArI ko navIna mRgacarma, yajJopavIta evaM mekhalA dhAraNa karanI par3atI thii| gomilagRhyasUtra (3 / 1 / 26-31), jo sAmaveda se sambandhita haiM, govAnika, vAtika, Aditya, aupaniSada, jyeSThasAmika nAmaka vratoM kA varNana karatA hai jinameM pratyeka eka varSa taka calatA hai| godAna vrata kA sambandha godAna saMskAra (jisakA varNana hama Age par3heMge) se hai| isa kRtya meM sira, dAr3hI-mUMche mur3A lI jAtI haiM, jhUTha, krodha, sambhoga, gandha, nAca, gAna, kAjala, madhu, mAMsa Adi kA parityAga kiyA jAtA hai aura gAMva meM jUtA nahIM pahanA jAtA hai| gobhila ke anusAra mekhalA-dhAraNa, bhojana kI bhikSA, daNDa lenA, pratidina snAna, samidhA denA. gurucaraNa vandana (prAtaHkAla) Adi sabhI vratoM meM kiye jAte haiN| godAnika vrata meM sAmaveda ke pUrvAcika (agni, indra evaM soma pavamAna ke lie likhe gaye mantroM ke saMgraha) kA Arambha kiyA jAtA thaa| vAtika se AraNyaka (zukriya aMza ko chor3akara) kA Arambha hotA thaa| isI prakAra Aditya se zukriya kA, aupaniSada se upaniSad-brAhmaNa evaM jyeSTha-sAmika se Ajya-doha kA Arambha kiyA jAtA thaa| Age ke vistAra meM par3anA yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| baudhAyanagRhya0 (3 / 2 / 4) ke anusAra kucha brAhmaNa-bhAgoM (kRSNa yajurvedIya) ke adhyayana ke pUrva eka varSa taka zukriya, aupaniSada, godAna evaM sammita nAmaka vrata kiye jAte the, jinakA varNana yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| saMskArakaustubha ne mahAnAmnI vrata, mahAvata, upaniSada-vrata evaM godAna vrata kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| kramazaH ina vratoM kA nAmollekha honA banda ho gayA aura nadhya kAla ke lekhakoM ne inake viSaya meM likhanA chor3a diyaa| ___ yadi koI vidyArthI viziSTa vratoM ko nahIM karatA thA, to use prAjApatya nAmaka tapa 3 yA 6 yA 12 bAra karake prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thaa| yadi brahmacArI apane pratidina ke kartavyAcAra meM gar3abar3I karatA thA tathA zauca, Acamana, sandhyA-prArthanA, darbha-prayoga, bhikSA, samidhA, zUdra se dUra rahanA, vastra-dhAraNa, laeNgoTI, yajJopavIta, mekhalA, daNDa evaM mRgacarma dhAraNa karanA, dina meM na sonA, chatra na dhAraNa karanA, jUtA na pahananA, mAlA na dhAraNa karanA, AmodapUrNa snAna se dUra rahanA, candana kA prayoga na karanA, kAjala na lagAnA, juA se dUra rahanA, nAca, saMgIta Adi se dUra rahanA, nAstikoM se

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252 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bAteM na karanA Adi niyamoM ke pAlana meM koI DhilAI karatA thA to use tIna kRcchoM kA prAyazcitta vyAhRtiyoM ke sAtha tathA pratyeka ke sAtha alaga-alaga homa karanA par3atA thaa| anya bar3e aparAdhoM ke lie anya prakAra ke kaThina prAyazcitta Adi kA vidhAna thaa| brahmacArI ke lie sambhoga sabase bar3A gahita aparAdha thaa| aise aparAdhI ko avakIrNI kahA jAtA thA (taittirIya AraNyaka 2 / 18) / anya aparAdhoM ke lie dekhie baudhAyanadharma0 (4 / 2 / 10-13), jaimini (6 / 8 / 22), Apastambadharma (19 / 2748), vasiSThadharmasUtra (23 / 1-3), manu (2 / 187, 101118-121), yAjJavalkya (3 / 280), viSNudharma0 (28149-50) / yahA~ inake vistAra kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| naiSThika brahmacArI brahmacArI do prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM; upakurvANa (jo guru ko kucha pratidAna detA thA, dekhie manu, 22245) evaM maiSThika (jo mRtyu-paryanta vaise hI rahatA thaa)| 'niSThA' kA artha hai anta yA mRtyu| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1149) ne naiSThika ko isa prakAra kahA hai-"AtmAnaM niSThAm utkAntikAlaM nayatIti naiSThikaH / " ye do nAma hArItadharmasUtra, dakSa (17) evaM kucha anya smRtiyoM meM Aye haiN| 'naiSThika' zabda viSNudharmasUtra (28 / 46), yAjJavalkya (.1149), vyAsa (1 / 41) meM bhI AyA hai| jIvana bhara brahmacArI raha jAne kI bhAvanA ati prAcIna hai| chAndogyopaniSad (2 / 23 / 1) meM AyA hai ki dharma kI tIsarI zAkhA hai usa vidyArthI (brahmacArI) kI sthiti jo apane guru ke kula meM mRtyu paryanta raha jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie gautama (3 / 4-8), Apastambavarma0 (111 / 4 / 29), hArItadharmasUtra, vasiSThadharma0 (7 / 4-6), manu (2 / 243, 244, 247-249) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 49-50) / guru ke mara jAne para guru-patnI evaM guruputra (yadi ye donoM yogya hoM to) ke sAtha raha jAnA cAhie, yA guru dvArA jalAyI huI agni kI sevA karate rahanA caahie| naiSThika brahmacArI paramAnanda prApta karatA hai aura punaH janma nahIM letaa| vaha jIvana bhara samidhA, vedAdhyayana, bhikSA, bhUmizayana evaM Atma-saMyama meM lagA rahatA hai| . kubja, vAmana, janmAndha, klIba,paMgu evaM ati rogI ko naiSThika brahmacArI ho jAnA cAhie, aisA viSNu (aparAka dvArA uddhRta, pR072)evaM smRticandrikA (bhAga 1, pR0 63, saMgraha kA uddharaNa) ne likhA hai| unheM vaidika kriyAoM ko karane evaM paitRka sampatti pAne kA koI adhikAra nahIM diyA gayA hai| kintu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki andhe evaM kucha aMgoM se zUnya loga vivAha nahIM kara sakate the| yadi sampattizAlI hoM, to ve vivAha kara sakate haiM, aisA dekhane meM AyA hai, ythaa-dhRtraassttr| ___ yadi ArUDha naiSThika brahmacArI apane praNa evaM vrata se cyuta ho jAya to usake lie koI prAyazcitta nahIM hai, aisA atri (8118) kA vacana hai| kucha loga yahI bAta saMnyAsI ke lie kahate haiN| saMskAraprakAza (pR0 564) ke mata se vrata-cyuta naiSThika brahmacArI ko vrata-vyuta upakurvANa brahmacArI se dUnA prAyazcitta karanA caahie| patitasAvitrIka jinakA upanayana saMskAra na huA ho, arthAt jinheM gAyatrI kA upadeza na karAyA gayA ho aura isa prakAra jo pApI haiM tathA Arya samAja se bahiSkRta haiM, unheM patita-sAvitrIka kI upAdhi dI gayI hai| gRhapa evaM dharmasUtroM ke anusAra brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie krama se 16veM, 22veM tathA 24veM varSa taka upanayana saMskAra kI avadhi rahatI hai, kintu ina sImAoM ke uparAnta upanayana na karane para ve sAvitrI upadeza ke ayogya ho jAte haiM (Azva. gR0 1 / 19 / 5-7, bI0 gu0 3 / 13 / 5-6, Apa0 dharma0 12121222, vasiSTha0 1171-75, manu 2138-39 evaM yAjJavalkya 1137-38) / aise hI logoM ko patita-sAvitrIka yA sAvitrI-patita yA vrAtya kahA jAtA hai (manu 2239 evaM yAjJa. 1138) / aise

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kSatriya, vaizya evaM kaliyuga o 253 loga vedAdhyayana nahIM kara sakate, unako yajJoM meM jAnA evaM unase sAmAjika sambandha sthApita karanA (vivAha Adi ) hai| Apastambadharma 0 ( 1 / 1 / 1 / 24-27) ne isake lie prAyazcitta likhA hai| isa dharmasUtra ke mata se avadhi bIta jAne para upanayana karake pratidina tIna bAra varSa bhara snAna karate hue veda kA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha sarala prAyazcita hai / kintu anya dharmazAstrakAroM ne kaThora prAyazcitta bhI batAye haiN| vasiSThagharma0 (11 / 76-79) evaM vaikhAnasa (smArta 213 ) ke anusAra patitasAvitrIka ko uddAlaka vrata karanA cAhie, yA azvamegha yajJa karanevAle ke sAtha snAna karanA cAhie yA vrAtyastoma yajJa karanA caahie| uddAlaka vrata meM do mAsa taka jau kI lapsI para, eka mAsa taka dUSa para, Adhe mAsa taka AmikSA (ubalate dUdha meM dahI DAlane para bane hue padArtha ) para, ATha dina ghRta para, chaH dina taka binA mAMge mikSA para, tIna dina pAnI para tathA eka dina binA anna-jala ke rahanA caahie| uddAlaka ne isa vrata kA Arambha kiyA thA, ata. ise yaha nAma mila gayA hai / manu ( 11 / 191), viSNudharma 0 ( 54 / 26) ne patitasAvitrIka ke lie halake prAjApatya" prAyazcitta tathA yAjJavalkya ( 1138 ) ; baughA0 gR0 (3 / 13 / 7 ), vyAsa ( 1 / 21 ) evaM anya logoM ne vrAtyastoma kA vidhAna kiyA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 1128, 111211-4) kA kahanA hai ki yadi tIna pIr3hiyoM taka upanayana na kiyA gayA ho to aise vyakti brahma (pavitra stutiyoM) ke ghAtaka kahe jAte haiN| inake sAtha sAmAjika sambandha, bhojana, vivAha Adi nahIM karanA caahie| kintu yadi ve cAheM to unakA prAyazcitta ho sakatA hai| prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM bar3A vistAra hai, jise yahA~ nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| kSatriya, vaizya evaM kaliyuga kaliyuga meM kSatriya evaM vaizya pAye jAte haiM ? isa viSaya meM madhya kAla ke lekhakoM ne bar3A vicAra kiyA hai| viSNu purANa (4 / 23 / 4-5 ), bhAgavatapurANa (12/1/6-9), matsyapurANa (272 / 18-19 ) Adi ne likhA hai ki mahApadmananda kSatriyoM kA nAza kara deMge aura zUdroM kA rAjya Arambha ho jaaygaa| viSNupurANa (4124144 ) ne likhA hai ki puru ke vaMzaja devApi, ikSvAku ke vaMzaja manu kalApagrAma meM rahate haiM, unheM yaugika zaktiyA~ prApta haiM, ve kaliyuga ke uparAnta kRtayuga (satyayuga) ke Arambha meM kSatriya jAti kA udbhava kreNge| kucha kSatriya Aja bhI pRthivI meM bIja kI bhA~ti haiM / yahI bAta vAyu ( bhAga 1, 32 39-40 ), matsya ( 27356-58) Adi meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| ina granthoM ke AdhAra para madhya kAla ke kucha lekhakoM ne likhA hai ki unake samaya meM kSatriya nahIM the| raghunandana ke zuddhitattva ne viSNupurANa (4 / 23 / 4) evaM manu (10 / 43 ) ko uddhRta karake yaha ghoSaNA kI hai ki kSatriya loga kevala mahAnandI taka hI pAye gaye, isa samaya ke tathAkathita kSatriya loga zUdra haiM tathA vaizyoM kI bhI yahI dazA hai| zUdrakamalAkara ke anusAra cAra varNoM meM kevala brAhmaNa evaM zUdra hI kaliyuga meM raha jaayeNge| kintu yaha mata sabhI lekhakoM ko mAnya nahIM hai, kyoMki kaliyuga ke sabhI cAroM varNoM ke kartavyoM kI tAlikA smRtiyoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| parAzarasmRti ne sabhI varNoM kI bAteM kahI haiN| isI prakAra adhikAMza sabhI nibandhakAroM (saMkSepa karanevAloM tathA TIkAkAroM) ne varNoM ke adhikAroM evaM kartavyoM kI carcA kI hai| mitAkSarA ne, jo sabase acchA nibandha kahA jAtA hai, kahIM bhI aisA nahIM likhA hai ki usake samaya 77. prAjApatya ke lie dekhie manu (11 / 211) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 320 ) / yaha 12 dinoM taka calatA hai, jinameM tIna dinoM taka kevala prAtaHkAla bhojana hotA hai, tIna dinoM kevala sandhyA kAsa, tIna dinoM taka binA mA~ga mikSA para bhojana hotA hai tathA antima tIna dinoM taka bilkula upavAsa rahatA hai|

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254 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM kSatriya nahIM the| bahuta-se rAjAoM ne apane ko sUrya evaM candra kula kA vaMzaja kahA hai| rAjasthAna evaM madhyabhArata ke rAjapUta apane ko AbU parvata ke agnikuNDa se utpanna mAnate haiM, yathA- - cauhAna, paramAra (parmAra), solaMkI (cAlukya) evaM par3iyAra (pratihAra) nAmaka cAra kula ke log| isa viSaya ko hama Age nahIM bar3hAnA cAhate, kyoMki mata-matAntara ke vivecana se abhI taka isa viSaya meM satya kA udghATana nahIM ho sakA hai| vaidika kAla meM bhI anArya jAtiyA~ thIM, yathA kirAta, andhra, pulinda, muutib| inheM aitareya brAhmaNa ( 3316 ) ne 'dasyu kahA hai| vaidika kAla meM prayukta 'mleccha' zabda mahatvapUrNa hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 3 / 2 / 1 / 23-24) kA kahanA hai ki asura loga isI lie hAra gaye ki ve truTipUrNa evaM doSapUrNa bhASA bolate the, ataH brAhmaNa ko aisI doSapUrNa bhASA kA vyavahAra nahIM karanA cAhie aura na isa prakAra mleccha evaM asura honA cAhie / gautama (9 / 17) kA kahanA hai ki logoM ko mleccha se nahIM bolanA cAhie aura na apavitra, adhArmika vyakti se hI bolanA caahie| haradatta ke anusAra mleccha loga laMkA yA vaise hI anya dezoM ke adhivAsI haiM, jahA~ varNAzrama kI vyavasthA nahIM hai| yahI bAta viSNudharma0 (64/15) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / mleccha deza meM zrAddhakarma bhI manA hai (viSNu dharma0 8411-2 evaM zaMkha 14-30 ) / manu ( 2 / 23 ) ke anusAra mleccha deza AryAvarta se bAhara hai, AryAvarta yajJa ke yogya deza hai aura yahA~ kAle hirana svAbhAvika rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM / yAjJavalkya (1 / 15) kI vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa ne bhI mleccha bhASA kI bhartsanA kI hai| yahI bAta vasiSThadharma 0 (6 / 41 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| manu (10 / 43-44) ko jJAta thA ki puNDraka, yavana, zaka mleccha bhASA bolate aura Arya bhASA bhI jAnate haiM ( mlecchavAcazcArya vAcaH sarve te dasyavaH smRtAH) / parAzara ( 9 / 36 ) meM gomAMsa khAne vAle ko mleccha kahA gayA hai| jaimini ne pika (kokila), nema (AghA), sata (kATha kA baratana ), tAmarasa (lAla kamala ) zabdoM ke viSaya meM prazna kiyA hai ki kyA ye zabda vyAkaraNa, nirukta evaM nighaNTu dvArA samajhAye jA sakate haiM yA inheM vaisA hI samajhA jAya jisa artha meM mleccha loga apanI bolI meM prayukta karate haiM ? unhoMne svayaM anta meM niSkarSa nikAlA hai| ki unakA vahI artha hai jo mlecchoM dvArA samajhA jAtA hai (zabara, jaimini 1 / 3 / 10 para) / pANini ne ' yavanAnI' zabda kI vyutpatti kI hai aura pataJjali ne yavana dvArA 'sAketa' evaM 'mAdhyamikA' ke avarodha kI bhI carcA kI hai| kucha aitihAsikoM ne isa yavana ko menANDara mAnA hai|" azoka ke zilAlekha meM 'yona', rudradAmana ke lekha meM azoka kA prAntapati ' yavanarAja' tuSAspha, prAkRta abhilekhoM kA 'yavana', hAthIgumphA kA 'yavana', mahAbhArata kA 'yavana' Adi zabda yaha batAte haiM ki yavanoM kA bhArata se sambandha thA aura ve abhAratIya the / droNaparva ( 119 / 45-46 ) meM AyA hai ki sAtyaki ke viruddha yavana, kamboja, zaka, zabara, kirAta evaM barbara loga lar3a rahe the / droNaparva ( 119-47-48) meM ve dasyu tathA lambI-lambI dAr3hiyoM vAle kahe gaye haiN| jayadratha ke antaHpura meM kamboja evaM yavana striyA~ thiiN| aura bhI dekhie, zAntiparva (65 / 17 - 28), atri ( 72 ) evaM vRddha-yAjJavalkya ( aparArka dvArA uddhRta, pR0 923) / vrAtyastoma tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa (yA paMcaviMza) ne cAra vrAtyastomoM kI carcA kI hai ( 17 / 1-4) jo ekAha ( eka dina vAle yajJa) kahe jAte haiN| tANDya ( 17 / 1 / 1) ne gAthA kahI hai ki jaba deva svargaloka cale gaye to unake kucha Azrita, jo vrAtya jIvana vyatIta karate the, yahIM raha gye| devatAoM kI kRpA se unake Azrita logoM ne marutoM se SoDazastoma 79. menANDara ke viSaya meM dekhie prAdhyApaka arjuna caube kAzyapa kRta 'Adi bhArata' nAmaka grantha ( pR0 276-78) /

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255 punaH saMskAra (16 stotra) evaM anuSTup chanda prApta kiye aura taba ve svarga gye| cAroM vrAtyastomoM meM SoDazastoma prayukta hotA hai| prathama prAtyastoma sabhI prakAra ke prAtyoM ke lie hai, dvitIya unake lie jo abhizasta (duSTa yA mahApApI) haiM aura vrAtya jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, tRtIya unake lie jo avasthA meM choTe evaM vrAtya jIvana meM saMlagna haiM tathA cauthA unake lie jo bUr3he haiM, kintu vrAtya jIvana vyatIta karate haiN| jo vrAtya jIvana vyatIta karate haiM ve duSTa prakRti ke evaM hIna hote haiM, be na to brahmacarya kA pAlana karate haiM aura na kRSi yA vyApAra karate haiN| aise loga kevala SoDazastoma dvArA hI ucca sthAna pA sakate haiM (tANDya0 17.12) / uparyukta bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki vrAtya loga na to upanayana karate the, na vedAdhyayana karate the aura na vaizyoM kI bhAMti jIvana-yApana karate the| vrAtya logoM kI anya vizeSatAoM ke bAre meM dekhie tANDya-mahAbrAhmaNa (17 / 119) / ve Arya samAja ke bAhara the, kintu vrAtyastoma dvArA parizuddha hokara Arya zreNI meM A sakate the| 'vAtya' zabda kA mala artha nikAlanA duSkara hai| atharvaveda kA 15vA khaNDa vrAtya kI mahimA (stuti) gAtA hai aura use vidhAtA yA paramAtmA ke samakakSa meM lAtA hai| sambhavataH yaha zabda 'vAta' (dala) se liyA gayA hai, aura isakA sambhavataH yaha artha hai-"vaha jo kisI dala kA hai yA kisI dala meM vicaraNa karatA hai|" isa zabda ko 'vrata' se bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'vAta' zabda Rgveda (13163 / 8, 3 / 26 / 6, 5 / 53 / 11) meM milatA hai| kAtyAyanIta0 (22 / 4 / 1-28) evaM Apastamba zrauta0 (22 / 5 / 4-14) ne bhI vrAtyastoma kI carcA kI hai| kAtyAyana ke anusAra vrAtyastoma karane se vrAtya loga Arya samAja meM sammilita hone yogya ho jAte haiN| vAtyatA-zuddhisaMgraha (pR0 23) meM AyA hai ki bAraha pIr3hiyoM ke uparAnta bhI vrAtya loga pavitra kiye jA sakate haiN| __ jAti-praveza yA zuddhi hindU dharma meM dharma-parivartana yA anya dharma-grahaNa kI bAta nahIM-kucha-jaisI pAyI gayI hai| siddhAntataH yaha sambhava bhI nahIM thaa| bAharI loga (anArya) varNAzrama dharma meM nahIM liye jA sakate the| yadi koI vyakti koI mahAn aparAdha kare aura smatiyoM dvArA nirmita prAyazcitta na kare to vaha apanI jAti se cyata samajhA jAtA thA aura hindU-dharma se bahikRta ho jAtA thaa| gautama (2015) ke anusAra bhayAnaka aparAdha karane para yadi prAyazcitta kA rUpa mara jAnA hI ho, to marakara hI vaha aparAdhI zuddha ho sakatA hai| brAhmaNa-hatyA, surApAna evaM vyabhicAra (mAtRgamana) Adi nAmaka aparAdhoM kA upAya mRtyu-daNDa hI thaa| kintu manu (11 / 72, 92, 108) ne ina tIna aparAdhoM ke lie apekSAkRta halake daNDa kI vyavasthA kI hai| manu (11186-187), yAjJavalkya (3 / 295), vasiSTha0 (15 / 2), gautama (20 // 10-14) Adi ne likhA hai ki yadi pApI zAstravihita prAyazcitta kara le to use niyamAnukUla apane varga, jAti yA dala meM sammilita kara lenA cAhie (patitAnAM tu caritavratAnAM prtyuddhaarH)| yadi pApI prAyazcitta nahIM karanA cAhatA thA so 'ghaTasphoTa' nAmaka eka vicitra kRtya kiyA jAtA thA, jisameM dAsI dvArA dakSiNAbhimukha ho eka ghar3e ke jala ko giravAyA jAtA thA tathA sapiNDa (apane sambandhI) logoM dvArA eka dina evaM rAta sUtaka manAyA jAtA thA; isa prakAra baha pApI mRtaka samajha liyA jAtA thA aura usake uparAnta usake pUre sAhacarya-sambandha se viccheda ho jAtA thA, arthAt vaha pApI 'ajAta', 'azuddha' evaM bahiSkRta samajha liyA jAtA thA (dekhie manu 11183-185, yAjJa0 3 / 294, gautama 2012-7) / isa prakAra haThI yA jiddI vyakti hindU-samAja se bahiSkRta ho jAtA thaa| prAcIna smRtiyoM meM isakI carcA nahIM dekhane meM AtI ki bAharI samAja yA dharma kA vyakti hindU samAja yA dharma meM kisa prakAra sammilita ho sakatA thaa| prAcIna smRtiyoM meM itara jAti yA dharma ke logoM ko hindU banAne ke viSaya meM

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256 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hameM koI vidhAna nahIM miltaa| hindU dharma ati udAra evaM sahiSNu rahA hai, isameM zAntipUrNa evaM beroka-Toka DhaMga se ghulanA-milanA hotA rahA hai| yadi koI itara jAti kA videzI bhArata meM rahakara apane bAhya vyavahAra dvArA bhAratIya samAja ke niyamoM ko mAnatA jAtA thA, to kAlAntara meM usake vaMzaja vaisA hI karane para kramaza: hindU samAja meM AtmasAt ho jAte the| yaha kriyA evaM gati lagabhaga 2000 varSoM taka calatI rahI hai| aisI bAtoM kI prArambhika gAthAe~ mahAbhArata meM bhI mila jAtI haiN| indra ne samrATa mAndhAtA se sabhI yavanoM ko brAhmaNavAda ke prabhAva meM lAne ko kahA hai (zAntiparva, adhyAya 65) / besanagara ke stammAbhilekha se patA calatA hai ki yona (yavana) heliyodora (heliyoDorasa), jo diya (DiyaoNna) kA putra thA, bhAgavata (vAsudeva kA bhakta) thA (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 1909, pR0 1053 evaM 1087 evaM bI0 Ara0 e0esa0.bhAga 23.10104) / nAsika. kArle evaM anya sthAnoM kIgaphAoM ke nirmAtA yavana the (epi0 iNDi0, bhAga 7, pR0 53-55; vahI, bhAga 8, pR0 90, vahI bhAga 18, pR0 325) bahuta se abhilekhoM se patA calatA hai ki bhAratIya rAjAoM ne hUNa kumAriyoM se vivAha kiye, "thA guhila vaMza ke allaTa ne hUNa kumArI hariya devI (iNDiyana eNTikverI, bhAga 39, pR0 191) se| kalacuri vaMza kA rAjA yazaHkarNadeva karNadeva evaM hUNakumArI avalladevI kI santAna thaa| ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki kAlAntara meM yahA~ videziyoM kI khapata hotI calI gyii| anArya loga kramaza: Arya hote cale gye| smRtiyoM ne balapUrvaka anya dharma meM le liye gaye hinduoM ke svajAti meM punaH praveza kI samasyA para vicAra kiyA hai| sindha kI dizA se musalamAnoM ne AThavIM zatAbdI meM bhArata para AkramaNa karake bahuta-se hinduoM ko balapUrvaka musalamAna banA liyaa| devala tathA anya smRtikAroM ne ina logoM ko punaH hindU samAja meM le lene kI bAta claayii| sindhu-tIra para baiThe hue devala se RSi loga pUchate haiM-"una brAhmaNoM evaM anya logoM ko, jinheM mlecchoM (musalamAnoM) ne balavaza apane dharma meM khIMca liyA hai, hama kisa prakAra zuddha kareM evaM jAti meM punaH lAyeM ?" devala ne vidhAna bnaayaa| cAndrAyaNa evaM parAka vrata se brAhmaNa, parAka evaM pAdakRccha se kSatriya, parAka ke Adhe se vaizya evaM pAMca dinoM ke parAka se 80. prAcIna bhArata meM rAjAoM kI dhArmika sahiSNutA apane DhaMga kI rahI hai| pAlavaMza ke rAjA mahIpAla prathama ne bhagavAn buddha ke sammAna meM vAjasaneyIzAkhA ke eka brAhmaNa ko eka grAma dAna meM diyA thA (epinaphikA iNDikA, bhAga 14,pR0 324) paramasaugata (buddha bhagavAn ke bhakta) zubhakarNa deva ne 200 brAhmaNoM ko do sau grAma dAna meM diye (neyulara avadAna, epinephiyA iNDiyA, bhAga 15, pR0 1); aura dekhie epi0 iNDi0 bhAga 15, pR0 293 / prasiddha samrATa harSa, jisakA pitA sUrya kA bhakta aura jo svayaM ziva kA bhakta thA, apane pama rasaugata bhAI rAjyavardhana ke prati asIma Avara prakaTa karatA hai (dekhie madhuvana tAmrapatra abhilekha; ipi0 iNDi0 bhAga 1, pR0 67 evaM vahI, bhAga 7, pR0 155) / uSavadAta ne brAhmaNoM evaM bauddhoM ke saMghoM ko dAna diye the (nAsika abhilekha naM0 10 evaM 12, epi0 i0, bhAga 8, pR0 78 evaM 82) / valabhIrAja guhasena ne, jo mAhezvara (zivabhakta) thA, eka mina-saMgha ko cAra prAma dAna diye the| gupta saMvat 159 (478-79 I.) ke pahAr3apura patra se patA calatA hai ki eka bihAra ke arhatoM kI pUjA ke prabandha ke lie eka brAhmaNa evaM usakI patnI ne nagara-nigama meM tIna dInAra jamA kiye the (epi0 iDi0, bhAga 20, pR059)| rASTrakUTa kRSNa dvitIya (902-3 I0) ke samaya ke mUlaguNDa abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki ballAla kula ke eka brAhmaNa ne jina ke eka mandira ke lie eka kheta dAna meM diyA thA (epi0 imi0, bhAga 13, pR0 190) / san 1368 I0 meM vijayanagara ke rAjA ne jainoM evaM zrIvaiSNavoM ke jhagar3e ko taya kiyA thA (dekhie maisUra epa kurga kAma iMskripzansa, pR0 113 evaM 207) /

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punaH saMskAra 257 zUdra pavitra ho sakatA hai| devala ke 17 se 22 taka zloka bar3e mahatva ke haiM- "jaba loga mlecchoM, cANDAloM evaM dasyuoM ! DAkuoM ) dvArA balavaza dAsa banA liye jAya~ aura unase gande kAma karAye jAyeM, yathA go-hatyA tathA anya pazu- hanana, mlecchoM dvArA chor3e hue jUThe ko svaccha karanA, unakA jUThA khAnA, gadahA-U~Ta evaM grAmazUkara kA mAMsa khAnA, mlecchoM kI striyoM se sambhoga karanA, yA una striyoM ke sAtha bhojana karanA Adi, taba eka mAsa taka isa dazA meM rahanevAle dvijAti ke lie prAyazcitta kevala prAjApatya hai; vaidika agni meM havana karanevAloM ke lie (yadi ve eka mAsa yA kucha kama taka isa prakAra raheM to ) cAndrAyaNa yA parAka; eka varSa raha jAnevAle ke lie cAndrAyaNa evaM parAka donoM; eka mAsa taka raha jAnevAle zUdra ke lie kRcchrapAda, eka varSa taka raha jAnevAle zUdra ke lie yAvaka-pAna ( kA vidhAna hai ) / yadi uparyukta sthitiyoM meM mlecchoM ke sAtha eka varSa kA vAsa ho jAya to vidvAn brAhmaNa hI nirNaya de sakate haiN| cAra varSa taka usI prakAra raha jAne ke lie koI prAyazcitta nahIM hai|"" prAyazcittaviveka ( pR0 456 ) ke anusAra cAra varSa bIta jAne para mRtyu hI pavitra kara sakatI hai| devala ke tIna zloka (53-55) avalokanIya haiM-"jo vyakti mlecchoM dvArA pA~ca, chaH yA sAta varSoM taka pakar3A raha gayA ho yA dasa se bAraha varSa taka unake sAtha raha gayA ho, vaha do prAjApatyoM dvArA zuddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake Age koI prAyazcitta nahIM hai| ye prAyazcitta kevala mlecchoM ke sAtha rahane ke kAraNa hI kiye jAte haiN| jo pA~ca se bIsa varSa taka sAtha raha gayA ho use do cAndrAyaNoM se zuddhi mila sakatI hai / " ye tIna zloka Upara ke 17 se 22 vAle zlokoM se mela nahIM khaate| kintu pAThakoM ko anumAna se soca lenA hogA ki dUsarI bAta una logoM ke lie kahI gayI hai, jo kevala mlecchoM ke sAtha rahate the, kintu varjita vyavahAra, AcAra-vicAra, khAna-pAna meM mlecchoM se alaga rahate the / isa viSaya meM dekhie paJcadazI (tRptidIpa, 239 ) - 'jisa prakAra mlecchoM dvArA pakar3A gayA brAhmaNa prAyazcitta karane ke uparAnta mleccha nahIM raha jAtA, usI prakAra buddhiyukta AtmA bhautika padArthoM evaM zarIra dvArA apavitra nahIM hotaa| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki zaMkarAcArya ke uparAnta ati mahimA vAle AcArya vidyAraNya kI dRSTi meM mlecchoM dvArA vandI kiyA gayA brAhmaNa apanI pUrva sthiti meM lAyA jA sakatA hai| zivAjI tathA pezavAoM ke kAla meM bahuta-se hindU jo balapUrvaka musalamAna banAye gaye the, prAyazcitta karAkara punaH hindU jAti meM le liye gye| kintu aisA bahuta kama hotA rahA hai / Adhunika kAla meM hinduoM meM zuddhi evaM patitaparAvartana ke Andolana cale, aura 'AryasamAja' ko isa viSaya meM paryApta saphalatA bhI milI, kintu adhikAMza kaTTara hindU isa Andolana ke pakSa meM nahIM rahe / itara dharmAvalambiyoM meM se bahuta thor3e hI hindU dharma meM dIkSita ho ske| isa prakAra kI dIkSA ke lie vrAtyastoma tathA anya kriyAe~ Avazyaka 81. balAddAsIkRtA ye ca mlecchacANDAlavasyubhiH / azubhaM kAritAH karma gavAdiprANihiMsanam // ucchiSTamArjanaM caiva tathA tasyaiva bhojanam / kharoSTravivarAhANAmAmiSasya ca bhakSaNam // tatstrINAM ca tathA saMgaM tAbhizca sahabhojanam / mAsoSite dvijAtau tu prAjApatyaM vizodhanam // cAndrAyaNaM tvAhitAgneH parAkastvathavA bhavet / cAndrAyaNaM parAkaM ca caretsaMvatsaroSitaH // saMvatsaroSitaH zUdro mAsArthaM yAvakaM pibet / mAsamAtroSitaH zUdraH kRcchrapAdena zudhyati // USyaM saMvatsarAtkalpyaM prAyazcittaM dvijottamaH / saMvatsaraMzcatubhizca taddbhAvamadhigacchati / devala 17-22 / yAjJavalkya (3290) kI vyAkhyA meM mitAkSarA ne tathA aparArka ne ina chaH zlokoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki ye Apastamba ke haiN| zUlapANi ke prAyazcittaviveka meM ye zloka devala ke kahe gaye haiN| 82. gRhIto brAhmaNo mlecchaH prAyazcittaM caranpunaH / mlecchaH saMkIryate naiva tathAbhAsaH zarIrakaiH // paMcadazI (tRptidIpa, 235) / 33

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa haiN| kintu itanA spaSTa hai ki devalasmRti tathA nibandhakAroM ne una logoM kI parizuddhi kI bAta calA dI hai, jo kabhI hindU the, kintu durbhAg ke cakra meM par3akara mlecchoM ke caMgula meM apanA priya dharma kho baiThe the| punaH upanayana kucha dazAoM meM punaH upanayama kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai, yathA jaba koI apane kula ke veda (jaise Rgveda) kA adhyayana kara letA hai, aura dUsare veda (jaise yajurveda) kA adhyayana karanA cAhatA hai to use punaH upanayana karanA pdd'egaa| AzvalAyanagRhA0 (za22022-26) ke anusAra punarupanayana meM caulakarma evaM meghAjanana nahIM bhI kiye jA sakate, paridAna (devatAoM ko samarpaNa) evaM samaya ko koI nizcita vidhi nahIM hai; kamI bhI punarupanayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| gAyatrI ke sthAna para kevala "tatsaviturvRNImahe0" (Rgveda 5182 // 1) kahA jAnA caahie| isa viSaya para kucha vibhinna mata bhI haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se yahAM nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| punarupanayana ke kaI prakAra haiN| eka prakAra kA varNana Upara ho cukaa| dUsarA prakAra vaha hai jo kucha kAraNoM se Avazyaka mAna liyA jAtA hai, yathA pahale upanayana meM bhrama se tithi truTipUrNa ho gayI, usa dina anadhyAya yA, tathA bhUla se kucha bAteM chUTa gyiiN| aisI sthiti meM dUsarI bAra upanayana kara denA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| tIsarA upanayana vaha hai jo kisI bhayAnaka pApa yA truTi ko dUra karane yA prAyazcitta ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| gItama (2332-5) ne taptakRcchra evaM punarupanayana kI vyavasthA aise logoM ke lie kI hai jo surApAna ke aparAdhI haiM, jinhoMne zruTi se mAnava-mUtra, mala, vIrya, jaMgalI pazuoM, U~ToM, gadahoM, grAma ke muragoM tathA grAma-zUkaroM kA mAMsa sevana kara liyA ho (dakhie vasiSTha 23130, baudhAyanadharma0 2 / 1 / 25 evaM 29, manu0 5 / 91, viSNudharma0 22 / 86 aadi)| kahIM-kahIM videza gamana para bhI punarupanayana kI vyavasthA pAyo jAtI hai (bau0 gR0 paribhASA mUtra 112 / 5-6) / vaikhAnasa smRti (6 / 9-10) meM tathA paiThInasi meM bhI punarupanayana kI vyavasthA hai| yadi koI prauDha (bar3I avasthA kA vyakti) bher3a, gadahI, U~TanI yA nArI kA dUdha pI le to use punarupanayana karanA par3atA thaa| kabhI-kabhI isake sAtha prAjApatya prAyazcitta bhI karanA par3atA thaa| anadhyAya (vedAdhyayana kI chuTTI yA bandI) kaI paristhitiyoM meM vedAdhyayana banda kara diyA jAtA thaa| taittirIyAraNyaka (2015) meM adhyayanakartA evaM sthAna kI apavitratA ko anadhyAya kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 6 / 9) ne bahuta-sI una sthitiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai jinameM anadhyAya hotA hai, kintu par3he hue pAThoM kA duharAyA jAnA hotA rahatA hai| andhar3a, bijalo kI bamaka, meghagarjana evaM vacapAta ke samaya mI brahmayajJa hotA rahanA cAhie, jisase ki "vaSaTkAra'vyartha na jAya / ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 12 // 3) ne zatapatha brAhmaNa ke uddharaNa dvArA batAyA hai ki vedAdhyayana ko brahmayajJa kahA jAtA hai, jaba meghagana hotA hai, bijalI camakatI hai, vajrapAta hotA hai, jaba andhar3a-tUphAna calatA hai to ye saba usake vaSaTkAra kahe jAte haiN| aitareyAraNyaka (5 / 3 / 3) ke anusAra jaba varSA Rtu ke na rahane para varSA ho to tIna rAtriyoM taka vedAdhyayana banda kara denA caahie| 83. vaSaT yA 'svAhA' zabda kA uccAraNa devatA ke lie Ahuti dete samaya kiyA jAtA hai| prama-garjana evaM vidyut brahmayA ke vaSaTkAra kahe jAte haiN| jisa prakAra vaSaT zana ke uccAraNa ke sAtha mAhuti dI jAtI hai, usI prakAra dhama-garjana ke sAtha sAjhayA ke rUpa meM kisI-na-kisI baidika mantra kA pATha karate rahanA caahie|

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anadhyAya 259 anadhyAya kI carcA gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM tathA smRtiyoM meM paryApta rUpa se huI hai| Apastambadharma0 (1 / 3 / 9 / 4 se 13911 taka), gautama0 (16 / 5 / 49), zAMkhAyanagRhya0 (47), manu (41102-128) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 // 144-151) meM anadhyAya kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha pAyA jAtA hai| smRticandrikA, smRtyarthasAra, saMskArakostuma, saMskAra-ratnamAlA tathA anya nibandhoM meM bhI anadhyAya kA vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai| tithiyoM meM pahalI, AThavIM, caudahavIM, pandrahavIM (paurNamAsI evaM amAvasyA) tithiyoM meM dina bhara vedAdhyayana banda rakhA jAtA thA (dekhie manu 4 / 113-114, yAjJa0 11146, haariit)| pratipadA ko spaSTa rUpa se manu evaM yAjJavalkya ne anadhyAya kA dina nahIM kahA hai| pataJjali ne mahAbhASya meM amAvasyA evaM caturdazI ko anadhyAya kA dina kahA hai| rAmAyaNa (sundarakANDa 59 / 32) ne pratipadA ko anadhyAya ke dinoM meM ginA hai| gautama ne kevala ASAr3ha, kArtika evaM phAlguna kI paurNamAsiyoM meM hI anadhyAya kI bAta kahI hai, anya paurNamAsiyoM meM par3hane ko kahA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1111142-43) meM AyA hai ki aSTamI tithi meM adhyayana karane se guru, caturdazI se ziSya evaM pandrahavIM se vidyA kA nAza hotA hai| aisI hI bAta manu (4 / 114) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| aparArka ne nRsiMhapurANa ke uddharaNa se batAyA hai ki mahAnavamI (zuklapakSa ke Azvina kI navamI), bharaNI (bhAdrapada kI paurNamAsI ke uparAnta jaba candra bharaNI nakSatra meM rahatA hai), akSayatRtIyA (vaizAkha ke zuklapakSa kI tRtIyA) evaM rathasaptamI (mAgha ke zuklapakSa kI saptamI) meM vedAdhyayana nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra yugAdi evaM manvantarAdi tithiyoM meM bhI anadhyAya hotA hai| viSNupurANa (3 // 14 // 13) ke anusAra vaizAkha zukla tRtIyA, kArtika zukla navamI, bhAdrapada kRSNa trayodazI evaM mAghapUrNimA (ye krama se kRta, tretA, dvApara evaM kali nAmaka cAra yugoM ke Arambha kI sUcikA tithiyAM haiM) nAmaka tithiyA~ yugAdi tithiyA~ kahI jAtI haiN| Azvina zukla navamI, kArtika zukla dvAdazI, caitramAsa kI tRtIyA, bhAdrapada kI tRtIyA, phAlguna kI amAvasyA, pauSa zukla kI ekAdazI, ASAr3ha kI dazamI, mAgha kI saptamI, zrAvaNa kRSNa kI aSTamI, ASAr3ha kI pUrNimA, kArtika, phAlguna, caitra evaM jyeSTha zukla kI paMcadazI nAmaka caudaha tithiyA~ manvAdi tithiyA~ kahI jAtI haiM (matsyapurANa 17 / 6-8) / jyeSTha zukla 2, Azvina zukla 10, mAgha zukla 4 evaM 12 kI tithiyoM ko somapAda tithiyA~ kahate haiM aura ina dinoM anadhyAya mAnA jAtA hai| yAjJavalkya (1 / 148-151) ne 37 tatkAlIna anadhyAyoM kI carcA kI hai| ye anadhyAya thor3e samaya ke lie mAne gaye haiM, yathA kuttA mUMkane yA siyAra, gadahA evaM ullU ke bolate rahane para, sAma-gAna ke samaya, bA~surI-vAdana yA ArtanAda para, kisI apavitra vastu ke sannikaTa hone para, zava, zUdra, antyaja (achUta), kabra, patita (mahApAtakI), ghana-garjana, bijalI kI lagAtAra camaka hone para, bhojanoparAnta gIle hAthoM ke kAraNa, jala meM, ardharAtri meM, andhar3a-tUphAna meM, dhUlivarSaNa meM, dizAoM ke acAnaka uddIpta ho jAne para, donoM sandhyAoM meM prAtaH evaM sAyaM kI saMdhiyoM meM), kuhare meM, bhaya utpanna ho jAne para (DAkU yA cora Ane para), daur3ate samaya, durgandhi utpanna ho jAne para, kisI bhadra atithi ke Agamana para, gadahe, UMTa, ratha, hAthI, ghor3A, nAva, per3a para baiTha jAne para yA registAna meM (nirjana sthAna meM) anadhyAya hotA hai| isI prakAra anya granthoM meM bhI anadhyAya sambandhI vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI yaha thor3e samaya ke lie aura kabhI-kabhI pUre dina yA pUrI rAta ke lie hotA hai| grahaNa, ulkApAta, bhUkampa Adi prakRti-viparyayoM meM bhI anadhyAya kI bAta kahI gayI hai| zrAddha meM bhojana kara lene ke uparAnta, zrAddha-dAna le lene para, guru evaM ziSya ke bIca pazu, meDhaka, nevalA, kuttA, sarpa, billI yA cUhA A jAne para vedAdhyayana banda kara diyA jAtA hai| manu (4110) ke anusAra ekoddiSTa zrAddha kA nimantraNa svIkAra kara lene para, rAjA kI mRtyu para yA grahaNa para (jaba sUrya-candra ke DUba jAne para bhI grahaNa lagA rahe) tIna dinoM kA anadhyAya hotA hai| isI prakAra anadhyAya ke sambandha meM bahuta lambA-caur3A vistAra pAyA jAtA hai|

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26. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha anadhyAya-kAloM ko 'AkAlika' kahA jAtA hai| AkAlika anadhyAya 60 ghaTikAoM kA arthAt pUre 24 ghaMTe kA hotA hai (dekhie, ApastambadharmasUtra 12331125-26, manu 4 / 103-105, gautama 41118 aadi)| bijalI kI camaka, vajrapAta, varSA Adi sAtha hoM to tIna dinoM taka anadhyAya hotA hai (Apastambadharma0 1 // 3 // 11 // 23) / vedoM ke utsarjana, upAkaraNa para, gurujanoM kI (zvazura Adi jaise logoM kI) matyu para, aSTakA (eka prakAra ke homa) para tathA bhAI, bhatIje Adi kI mRtyu para tIna dinoM kA anadhyAya hotA hai| isI prakAra hArIta ke bhI vacana haiM, jinameM thor3A antara pAyA jAtA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (23 / 10 / 4) ne mAtA-pitA evaM AcArya kI mRtyu para 12 dinoM kA anadhyAya kahA hai| kintu baudhAyana ne pitA kI mRtyu para tIna dinoM ke anadhyAya kI bAta kahI hai| smRticandrikA ne kucha aise avasaroM kI bhI carcA kI hai jaba ki eka mAsa, cha: mAsa yA sAla bhara taka anadhyAya calatA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 3 / 9 / 1) ne upAkarme ke uparAnta (jaba ki vaha zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ke dina kiyA jAya) eka mAsa taka rAtri ke prathama pahara meM vedAdhyayana karane ko manA kiyA hai| zleSmAtaka, zAlmali, madhUka, kovidAra evaM kapitthaka nAmaka per3oM ke nIce par3hanA manA hai (aparArka, pR0 192) / uparyukta vivecana se anadhyAya para prakAza to par3atA hai. kintu vedAdhyayana para dhakkA lagatA hai, yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ataH anadhyAya sambandhI kucha niyama bhI haiM, jinheM hama saMkSepa meM nIce de rahe haiN| ___ anadhyAya vAcika (vaidika zabdoM kA uccAraNa) evaM mAnasa (mana meM veda kA samajhanA) ho sakatA hai| yaha pahalI bAta hai, jise hameM smaraNa rakhanA caahie| viziSTa kAloM meM vAcika evaM mAnasa anadhyAya kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 121140-41; gautama 16646; ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 3 / 11 / 20) / ___ ApastambazrautasUtra (24 / 1137) ke anusAra anadhyAya ke niyama vaidika mantroM se hI sambandhita haiN| jaimini (12 // 3 // 18-19) tathA ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 12 / 9) meM bhI yahI bAta kucha antaroM ke sAtha pAyI jAtI hai| inake anusAra yajJa evaM anya dhArmika kRtyoM meM anadhyAya ke niyama lAgU nahIM hote| hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki anadhyAya ke niyama brahmayajJa (pahale par3he hue vaidika mantroM kA duharAnA yA pATha) ke lie lAgU nahIM hote (taittirIya AraNyaka 2 / 15) / manu (2 / 105) ke anusAra anadhyAya kA vyAkaraNa, nirukta nAmaka aMgoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai| homa, japa, kAmya kriyAoM, yajJa, pArAyaNa (par3he hue vaidika mantroM ke punaHpATha) se anadhyAya koI sambandha nahIM rkhtaa| vAstava meM prathama vedAdhyayana (vaidika mantroM ke adhyayana) evaM vedAdhyApana se hI anadhyAya ke niyama sambandha rakhate haiN| smRtyarthasAra (pR. 10) ke anusAra jinakI smRti durbala hotI hai, yA jinheM bahuta bar3A vaidika sAhitya smaraNa karanA hotA hai, unheM prathamA, aSTamI, caturdazI, pUrNimA tathA amAvasa ko chor3akara anya anadhyAya ke dinoM meM vedAMgoM, nyAya, mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstroM kA adhyayana karate rahanA caahie| kUrmapurANa (14182-83, uttarArdha) ke anusAra vedAMgoM, itihAsa, purANoM, dharmazAstroM evaM anya zAstroM ke adhyayana ke lie koI anadhyAya nahIM hotA, kintu parva ke dina inakA bhI adhyayana manA ho jAtA hai| spaSTa hai, parvo ke dina vedAdhyayana tathA anya prakAra ke zAstroM kA adhyayana banda ho jAyA karatA thaa| isa prakAra ke anadhyAya nitya nAma se tathA anya naimittika anadhyAya ke nAma se pukAre jAte haiN| Ajakala bhI vaidika tathA saMskRta pAThazAlAoM ke paNDitoM dvArA nitya anadhyAya mAne jAte haiM, vizeSataH amAvasyA-pUrNimA anadhyAya kI sUcaka haiN| ___anadhyAya ke kucha avasara vicitra evaM anAvazyaka-se lagate haiM, kintu kucha ke kAraNa to tarkasaMgata evaM samajhe . jAne yogya siddhAntoM para AdhArita haiN| vaidika adhyayana smRti para nirbhara hai| vaidika mantroM ko smaraNa karanA manoyoga se hI sambhava hai| ataH mana ko caMcala kara dene vAle avasaroM meM vedAdhyayana ke anadhyAya kI carcA kI gayI hai| kintu smRti

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bAla samApana pAsa meM rakhe hue mAna ke duharAne meM tathA homa, japa Adi meM unake prayoga meM utane manoyoga kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI, aise avasaroM para anadhyAya ko Avazyaka nahIM samajhA gyaa| eMsA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki yadi koI vyakti anadhyAya ke dinoM meM vedAdhyayana karatA hai to usakI Ayu baDhI ho jAtI hai, usakI santAnoM, pazuoM, buddhi evaM jJAna kI hAni hotI hai| kezAnta yA godAna isa saMskAra meM sira ke tathA zarIra ke anya bhAga (kAMkha, dAr3hI) ke keza banAye jAte haiM / pAraskaragRhya0, yAjJapralaya (1336) evaM manu (2065) ne kezAnta zabda kA tathA AzvalAyanagRhya0, zAMkhAyanagRhya, gobhila evaM anya gRhyasUtroM ne godAna zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (3 / 12 / 4) meM dIkSA ke viSaya kI carcA hote samaya kAna ke kamara sira ke eka bhAga ke bAla banAne ko 'godAna' kahA gayA hai| adhikAMza smRtikAroM ne isa saMskAra ko solahaveM varSa meM karane ko kahA hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 28 / 20) ke anusAra ise 16ve yA 18veM varSa meM karanA caahie| manu (265) ke anusAra yaha brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie kramazaH 16, 22kheM yA 24veM varSa meM sampAdita honA caahie| laghu AzvalAyanasmRti (1411) ke anusAra godAna 16veM varSa meM honA cAhie aura vaha bhI vivAha ke smy| sambhavataH yaha antima mata bhavabhUti ke mana meM bhI thA jaba ki unhoMne sItA ke mukha se yaha kahalavAyA ki rAma tathA unake tIna pAiyoM kA godAna-saMskAra vivAha ke kucha hI dera pUrva kiyA gayA thA (uttararAmacarita, aMka 1) / yaha eka vicitra bAta hai ki kauzikasUtra (54 / 15) ne godAna ko cUDAkarma ke pUrva tathA TIkAkAra kezava ne janma ke eka yA do varSa uparAnta karane ko kahA hai| ___kaba se 16vA varSa yA koI bhI varSa ginA jAnA cAhie? isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (11217) ne garbhAdhAna se hI gaNanA kI hai| isI niyama ke anusAra mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1136) tathA kullUka (manu 2069) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie garbhAdhAna se 16vA varSa tathA aparArka ne janma se 16vA~ varSa mAnA hai| vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 1 // 36) ne likhA hai ki brahmacarya kI avadhi cAhe jitanI ho (12, 24, 36, 48 Adi) kezAnta 16veM varSa ho jAnA caahie| yadi upanayana 16 varSa ke uparAnta ho to kezAnta saMskAra kiyA hI nahIM jaaygaa| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (222 // 3) ke TIkAkAra nArAyaNa ke anusAra upanayana ke uparAnta 16veM varSa meM tathA anya logoM ke anusAra janma se 16veM varSa meM godAna sampanna honA caahie| godAna tathA kezAnta kI vidhi kucha antara ke sAtha cUr3AkaraNa ke samAna hI hai| hama vistAra meM nahIM pdd'eNge| lar3akiyoM ke godAna meM mauna rUpa se hI kriyAe~ kI jAtI haiM, arthAt mantroccAraNa nahIM hotaa| isa saMskAra meM guru ko gau kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| sambhavataH isI se godAna zabda pracalita hai| yaha saMskAra kAlAntara meM samApta ho gayA, kyoMki madhya kAla ke nibandha, yathA saMskAraprakAza, nirNayasindhu isakI carcA nahIM krte| ApastambagRhya0 (16 / 15), hiraNyakezigRhya0 (6 / 16), bhAradvAjagRhya0 (1110), baudhAyanagRhya0 (3 / 2 / 55) ke anusAra ke zAnta yA godAna meM zikhAsahita sampUrNa sira kA muNDana hotA hai, kintu caula meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| snAna yA samAvartana vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta kA snAna-karma tathA gurugRha se lauTate samaya kA saMskAra snAna yA samAvartana kahA jAtA hai| kucha sUtrakAroM, yathA gautama (8 / 16), Apastamba0 (1211), hiraNyakezi0 (9 / 1) tathA yAjJavalkya (1151) ne 'snAna' zabda tathA AzvalAyanagRhya0 (3 / 8 / 1), baudhAyanagRhya0 (2 / 6 / 1), ApastambadharmasUtra (112 / 7 / 15 evaM

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212 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 31), bhAradvAjagRhya (2018) ne 'samAvartana' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| khAdiragRhya0 (33111 tathA 113 / 2-3), gobhila (31417) ne 'Aplavana' (arthAt snAna) zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| manu (3 / 4) ne 'snAna' tathA 'samAvartana' donoM zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai-"dvija guru se AjJApita hone para snAna karake ghara lauTa sakatA hai aura apane gRhyasUtra ke niyamoM ke anusAra kisI knyA se vivAha kara sakatA hai|" aparAka ne snAna evaM samAvartana meM antara batAyA haisnAna kA tAtparya hai vidyArthI jIvana kI parisamApti, ataH jo vyakti jIvana bhara brahmacArI rahanA cAhanA hai vaha yaha saMskAra nahIM bhI kara sktaa| samAvartana kA zAbdika artha hai "gurugRha se apane gRha ko lauTa aanaa|" yadi koI bAlaka apane pitA se hI par3hatA hai to zAbdika artha meM usakA samAvartana nahIM ho sktaa| meghAtithi (manu 3 / 4 para) ne likhA hai ki samAvartana vivAha kA koI Avazyaka aMga nahIM hai, ataH jo pitRgRha meM hI vedAdhyayana karatA hai, vaha binA samAvartana ke hI vivAha ke bandhana meM praveza kara sakatA hai| kucha logoM ke kathanAnusAra samAvartana vivAha kA aMga hai aura usameM saMskAramaya snAna kI prathA pAyI jAtI hai| ApastambagRhya0 (12 / 1) "vedamadhItya snAsyan" (vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta snAna-kriyA meM praviSTa hote samaya) nAmaka zabdoM ke sAtha isa saMskAra kA varNana karatA hai| pataJjali ke mahAbhASya (jilda 1,pR0 384) meM AyA hai ki vyakti vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta snAna-karma karake guru se AjJA lekara sone ke lie khATa prayoga meM lA sakatA hai| daidika sAhitya meM donoM zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 10 / 1) meM hama par3hate haiM ki upakosala kAmalAyana satyakAma jAbAla ke ziSya hokara guru ke gRhya agni kI sevA 12 varSoM taka karate rhe| guru ne anya ziSyoM ko to bidA kara diyA, kintu upakosala kAmalAyana ko roka liyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki upaniSad ko 'samAvartana' zabda kA jJAna thaa| zatapathabrAhmaNa (113 // 37) kA kahanA hai ki snAna-karma ke uparAnta bhikSA nahIM mAMganI caahie| isI brAhANa (12 / 1 / 1 / 10) ne snAtaka evaM brahmacArI ke antara ko samajhAyA hai| snAtaka ke viSaya meM aura dekhie ApastambadharmasUtra (206 / 14 / 13), aitareyAraNyaka (5 / 3 / 3), AzvalAyanagRhya0 (3 / 9 / 8) aadi| sUtrakAroM ne vedAdhyayanoparAnta brahmacArI ke lie snAna-kriyA kA varNana kiyA hai| adhyayana ke uparAnta guru ko nimantrita kara unase dakSiNA mAMgane kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai aura gurudvArA Adeza mila jAne para snAna kiyA jAtA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vedAdhyayana tathA anya zAstroM ke adhyayana ke uparAnta snAna kI paripATI sampAdita kI jAtI hai tathA binA adhyayana samApta kiye ziSya ko apane gRha lauTa Ane kI AjJA mila sakatI hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 6) / snAna kiye hue vyakti ko snAtaka kahA jAtA hai| pAraskaragRhya0 (25), gomila (3 / 5 / 21-22), baudhAyana gRhya paribhASA sUtra (1 / 15), hArIta Adi ne snAtakoM ko tIna koTiyoM meM bAMTA hai, yayA (1) vidyAsnAtaka (pA vedasnAtaka), (2) vratasnAtaka tathA (3) vidyAvatasnAtaka (yA vebara snaatk)| jisane vedAdhyayana samApta kara liyA ho, kintu vrata na kiye hoM, vaha vidyAsnAtaka kahalAtA hai; jisane vrata kara liye hoM kintu vedAdhyayana samApta na kiyA ho, vaha vrata-snAtaka kahA jAtA hai, kintu jisane vrata evaM veda donoM kI parisamApti kara lI ho, vaha vidyAvatasnAtaka kahA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM hameM yAjJavalkya (1151) meM bhI saketa milatA hai| snAtakoM ke prakAroM ke viSaya meM gedhAtithi (manu 4 / 31), gobhila (315 / 23), ApastambadharmasUtra (111113011-5) kA avalokana kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___snAna tathA vivAha kara lene ke bIca lambI avadhi pAyI jA sakatI hai| isa avadhi meM vyakti snAtaka kahA jAtA hai| kintu vivAhoparAnta vyakti gRhastha kahalAtA hai (baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 15 / 10) / hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (1 / 9 / 13), baudhAyanagRhmaparibhASA (1314), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 6) evaM gobhilagRhyasUtra (3 / 4-5) meM samAvartana kI vidhi vistAra se varNita hai| hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM AzvalAyanagRhma0 (318 evaM

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samAvartana aura snAtaka 193 9) dvArA varNita vidhi kI carcA kreNge| gurugeha se lauTate samaya brahmacArI ko 11 vastueM juTA rAnI cAhie, yathAgale meM laTakAne ke lie eka ratna, kAnoM ke lie do kuNDala, eka jor3A paridhAna, eka chAtA, eka jor3A jUtA, eka sotA ( lAThI), eka mAlA, zarIra para lagAne ke lie cUrNa (pAuDara), ubaTana, aMjana, pgdd'ii| ye sArI vastueM guru evaM apane lie (brahmacArI ke lie ) ekatra kI jAtI haiN| yadi donoM ke lie ye vastue~ ekatra na kI jA sake, to kevala guru ke lie inakA saMgraha kara lenA caahie| use kisI yajJa yogya per3a ( yathA palAza) kI uttara-pUrvI dizA se Idhana (samiyA ) prApta karanA cAhie / yadi vyakti bhojana, dhana, vaibhava kA premI ho to IMdhana zuSka nahIM honA cAhie, kintu yadi vyakti AdhyAtmika vaibhava kA anurAgI ho to use zuSka Ighana rakhanA caahie| kintu donoM guNoM ke premI ko kucha pAga zuSka tathA kucha bhAga azuSka rakhanA caahie| IMdhana ko kucha U~cAI para rakhakara, brAhmaNoM ko bhojana evaM eka gAya kA dAna karake vyakti ko godAna saMskAra kI pUrI vidhi sampAdita karanI caahie| kucha garama jala meM snAna karake tathA sarvanA navIna do paridhAna dhAraNa karake mantroccAraNa karanA cAhie (Rgveda 1 / 152 / 1) / A~khoM meM aMjana lagAnA cAhie, kAnoM meM kuNDala pahanane cAhie, hAthoM meM ubaTana lagAnA caahie| brAhmaNa ko sarvaprathama mukha, tana anya aMgoM meM una lagAnA cAhie, kSatriya ko apane donoM hAthoM meM ubaTana lagAnA cahie, vaizya ko apane peTa para, nArI ko apane kaTi - bhAga para tathA daur3akara jIvikA calAne vAle ko apanI jA~ghoM meM ubaTana lagAnA caahie| taba mAlA ( sak) dhAraNa karanI caahie| isake uparAnta jUtA pahananA caahie| taba krama se chAtA, bA~sa kA DaMDA (soTA yA lAThI), ba ratna, sira para pagar3I dhAraNa karake khar3e ho agmi meM samidhA DAlanI cAhie aura mantroccAraNa karanA cAhie ( 10 / 128 / 1) / Satara paribhASA ( 1 / 14 / 1 ) ke anusAra vratasnAtaka ke lie samAvartana kiyA binA vaidika ke kI jAtI hai / anya gRhyasUtroM meM bhI yahI vidhi pAyI jAtI hai| kintu mantroM meM antara hai, hama yahA~ para virodhoM evaM an kA vivecana upasthita nahIM kareMge / samAvartana saMskAra karane kI tithi ke viSaya meM bhI prabhUta matabheda rahA hai| madhyakAlIna evaM Adhunika lekhakoM tithi sambandhI bahuta lambA vivecana upasthita kara rakhA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie saMskAraprakAza (pu0 576-578) / snAtakoM ke lie smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM meM bahuta se niyama pAye jAte haiM (snAtakarmAH) / inameM kucha to jyoMtyoM gRhasthoM ke lie bhI haiM / hama inake vistAra meM nahIM pdd'eNge| kucha dharma ye haiM- rAtri meM svagna na karatA, naMge snAna na karanA, naMge na sonA, naMgI nArI ko na dekhanA, varSA meM na daur3anA, per3a para na car3hanA, kue meM na utaratA yaya se na pahanA Adi (AzvalAyanagRhya0 2/9/6-7 ) / bahuta se vrata bhI haiM, yathA anadhyAya ke niyama, malamUtra tyAga, bhakSyAbhak saMbhoga, Acamana. mahAyajJa, upAkarma evaM utsarga ke niyamoM kA pAlana Adi / pavitratA ke lie prati dina, candanalepa, dhairya dhAraNa, Atma-saMyama, udAratA Adi meM satarka evaM pravINa honA caahie| isI prakAra AvaraNa sAhasI goSa niyama haiM, jinakA vistAra sthAna-saMkoca se chor3A jA rahA hai ! manu (11 / 203) ne AcaraNa-niyama ke virodha meM jAne para eka dina ke upavAsa kA hai| haradatta ne gautama (9 / 2) kI TIkA meM batalAyA hai ki ye niyama kevala brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya snAnoM se lie haiN| Adhunika kAla meM samAvartana kI kriyA upanayana ke thor3e samaya ke uparAnta, yA kamI-kabhI dina kara dI jAtI hai| Ajakala adhikAMza brAhmaNa vedAdhyayana nahIM karate, tara mAnekI dikhAvaTI raha gayI hai| dUsare

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adhyAya 8 Azrama gata pRSThoM meM hamane brahmacarya-sambandhI katipaya praznoM para vicAra kiyA hai| dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ke siddhAnta ke anusAra brahmacarya cAra AzramoM meM sarvaprathama sthAna rakhatA hai, ataH anya saMskAra arthAt vivAha saMskAra ke vivecana ke pUrva Azrama-sambandhI vicAroM ke udbhava evaM vikAsa para prakAza DAlanA paramAvazyaka hai| atyanta prAcIna dharmasUtroM ke samaya meM bhI cAroM AzramoM kI carcA huI hai, yadyapi nAmoM evaM anukrama meM thor3A heraphera avazya pAyA jAtA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 9 / 21 / 1) ke anusAra Azrama cAra haiM, gArhasthya, gurugeha (AcAryakula) meM rahanA, muni rUpa meM rahanA tathA vAnaprasthya (vana meM rhnaa)| gArhasthya ko sarvaprathama sthAna dene kA kAraNa sambhavataH isakI prabhUta mahattA hai| gautama (3 / 2) ne bhI cAra AzramoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA brahmacArI, gRhastha, bhikSu evaM vaikhaans| vAnaprastha ko yahA~ vaikhAnasa kyoM kahA gayA hai, isakA uttara Age diyA jaaygaa| vasiSTadharmasUtra (7 / 1-2) ne cAra Azrama ginAye haiM-brahmacArI, gRhastha, vAnaprastha evaM privraajk| isI dharmasUtra ne anyatra (11 / 34) yati zabda kA prayoga karake cauthe Azrama ke vyakti kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 17) ne bhI vasiSTha kI bhAMti cAra nAma diye haiM, kintu usameM eka manoraJjaka sUcanA yaha dI gayI hai ki prahlAda ke putra asura kapila ne devatAoM kI zatrutA se hI yaha vibhAjana utpanna kiyA jisameM samajhadAra vyakti ko vizvAsa nahIM karanA caahie| manu (687) ne cAra AzramoM ke nAma diye haiM aura antima ko unhoMne yati tathA 'saMnyAsa' kahA hai (6396) / spaSTa hai, cauthe Azrama ko kaI nAmoM se dyotita kiyA gayA hai, yathA parivrAT yA parivrAjaka (jo eka sthAna para nahIM ThaharatA, sthAna-sthAna meM ghUmA karatA hai), bhikSu (jo bhikSA mAMgakara khA letA hai), muni (jo jIvana aura mRtyu ke rahasyoM para vicAra karatA hai), yati (jo apanI indriyoM ko saMyamita rakhatA hai)| ye zabba cauthe Azrama ke vyaktiyoM kI viSezatAoM ke sUcaka haiN| AzramoM ke viSaya meM manu kA siddhAnta nimna prakAra kA hai-mAnava-jIvana eka sau varSa kA hotA hai (zatAyurva purussH)| sabhI aisI Ayu nahIM pAte, kintu yaha vaha sImA hai jahA~ taka jIne kI koI bhI AzA kara sakatA hai| isa Ayu ko hama cAra bhAgoM meM bA~Tate haiN| koI bhI yaha nahIM kaha sakatA ki vaha sau varSa taka jiyegA hI, ataH uparyukta cAroM bhAgoM meM pratyeka kI sImA ko 25 varSa taka rakhanA yA batalAnA tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| ataH Azrama kI lambAI kama yA adhika sambhava hai| manu (411) ke anusAra manuSya ke jIvana kA prathama bhAga brahmacarya hai jisameM vyakti gurugeha meM rahakara vidyAdhyayana karatA hai, dUsare bhAga meM vaha vivAha karake gRhastha ho jAtA hai aura santAnotpatti dvArA pUrvajoM ke RNa se tathA yajJa Adi karake devoM ke RNa se mukti pAtA hai (manu 5 / 169) / jaba vyakti apane sira para ujale bAla dekhatA hai tathA zarIra para jhurriyA~ dekhatA hai taba vaha vAnaprastha (manu 6 / 1-2) ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra vana meM jIvana kA tRtIyAMza bitAkara zeSa bhAga ko saMnyAsI ke rUpa meM vyatIta karatA hai| aise hI niyama anya smRtiyoM meM bhI haiN| 'Azrama' zabda saMhitAoM yA brAhmaNa-granthoM meM nahIM miltaa| kintu isase yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki sUtroM meM pAye jAnevAle jIvana-bhAga vaidika kAla meM ajJAta the| hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki 'brahmacArI' zabda Rgveda evaM atharvaveda meM pAyA jAtA hai aura brahmacarya kI carcA taittirIyasaMhitA, zatapathabrAhmaNa tathA anya vaidika granthoM meM huI

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Abhama 265 hai| spaSTa hai, ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI brahmacarya nAmaka jIvana-bhAga prasiddha thaa| yahI bAta 'gRhastha' ke viSaya meM bhI lAgU hotI hai (Rgveda 2 / 1 / 2, 10 / 85 / 36) / agni ko "hamAre gRha kA gRhapati" kahA gayA hai| hA~, 'vAnaprastha' ke viSaya meM koI bhI spaSTa saMketa vaidika sAhitya meM nahIM miltaa| kucha loga tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa (14 / 4 / 7) ke 'vaikhAnasa' zabda ko 'vAnaprastha' kA samAnArthaka mAnate haiM, jaisI ki sUtroM meM aisI bAta hai bhii| yadi yaha anumAna ThIka hai to tIsare Azrama vAnaprastha kI ora bhI vaidika kAla meM parokSa rUpa se saMketa mila jAtA hai| sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM varNita caturtha Azrama meM 'yati' kI carcA prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| Rgveda (8 / 3 / 9) meM 'yati' zabda kaI bAra AyA, hai, kintu artha sandehAspada hai| taittirIya saMhitA (6 / 27 / 5), kAThaka saMhitA (85), aitareya brAhmaNa (35 / 2), kauSItakI upaniSad (3 / 1), atharvaveda (2 / 5 / 3), tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa (81114) meM jo yati zabda AyA hai, sambhavataH vaha kisI jAti-vizeSa kA sUcaka hai aura hai anArya tathA indr-virodhii| yadi 'yati' evaM yAtu zabdoM meM koI arthasAmya hai to sambhavataH 'yati' jAdUgara kA sUcaka ho sakatA hai| Rgveda (10 / 136 / 2) meM 'muni' kA varNana huA hai, jo gande paridhAna dhAraNa kiye hue kahA gayA hai|' Rgveda (8 / 17 / 14) meM indra muniyoM kA sakhA kahA gayA hai| eka sthAna para muni devoM kA mitra kahA gayA hai (Rgveda 10 // 136 / 4) / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM bhI daridra-sA jIvana bitAne vAle, dhyAna meM magna, zarIra ko sukhA denevAle loga the, jinheM muni kahA jAtA thaa| sambhavataH aise hI vyakti anAryoM meM yati kahe jAte the| kintu 'muni' evaM 'yati' zabda meM Azrama-sambandhI koI gandha nahIM prApta hotii| sambhavataH Azrama-sambandhI saMketa sarvaprathama aitareya brAhmaNa (33 / 11) meM milatA hai, "mala se kyA lAbha, mRgacarma se, dAr3hI evaM tapa se kyA lAbha ? he brAhmaNa, putra kI icchA karo, vaha vizva hai jisakI bar3I prazaMsA hogii...|" isa zloka meM prayukta 'ajina' zabda se, jisakA artha 'mRgacarma' hai, brahmacarya, 'zmazrUNi' se vAnaprastha (gautama 3 // 33 evaM manu 6 / 6 ke anusAra vAnaprastha ko dAr3hI, bAla, nAkhUna rakhane cAhie) kI ora saMketa hai| ataH 'mala' evaM 'tapa' ko gRhastha evaM saMnyAsI kA sUcaka mAnanA caahie| chAndogyaupaniSad (2 / 23 / 1) meM spaSTa saMketa hai ki dharma ke tIna vibhAga haiM, jinameM prathama yajJa, adhyayana evaM dAna meM pAyA jAtA hai (arthAt gRhasthAzrama), dUsarA tapa (arthAt vAnaprastha) meM aura tIsarA brahmacArI meN....|' 'tapa' to vAnaprastha evaM parivrAjaka donoM kA lakSaNa hai| ataH uparyukta vAkya meM tIna AzramoM, arthAt brahmacarya, gRhastha evaM vAnaprastha kI carcA hai| sambhavataH chAndogyopaniSad ke kAla taka vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa meM koI antara nahIM thaa| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 5 / 2) meM AyA hai ki yAjJavalkya ne apanI strI maitreyI se kahA ki aba ve gRhastha se pravrajyA dhAraNa karane jA rahe haiN| muNDakopaniSad (1 / 2 / 11) meM brahmajJAniyoM ke lie bhikSATana kI bAta calAyI gayI hai| isa upaniSad (36) ne saMnyAsa kA nAma liyA hai| jAbAlopaniSad (4) meM AyA hai ki janaka ne yAjJavalkya se saMnyAsa kI vyAkhyA karane ko khaa| 1. munayo vAtarazanAH pizaGgA vasate mlaaH| Rgveda 1011362 / 2. kiM nu malaM kimajinaM kimuzmabhUNi kitpH| putraM brahmANa icchadhvaM sarva loko vdaavH|| yahA~ 'mala' se sambhavataH saMbhoga kI ora saMketa hai, 'tapa se vAnaprastha kA tAtparya nikAlA jA sakatA hai, (gautama 3335, vaijJAnaso bane mUlaphalAzI tapazIla:), yA isase saMnyAsI kA saMketa samajhA jA sakatA hai (manu 675 ke anusAra saMnyAsI ko kaThina tapasyA karanI par3atI hai)| 3. prayo dharmaskanyA yazo'dhyayanaM vAnamiti prathamastapa evaM dvitIyo brahmacAryAcAryakulavAsI tRtIyo'tyantamAsmAnamAcAryakule'vasAdayansa ete puthalokA bhavanti brahmasaMsmo'mRtatvameti / chAndogya0 // 21 //

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266 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa isI upaniSad meM cAroM AzramoM kI vyAkhyA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| itanA spaSTa hai ki Arambhika upaniSadoM ke kAla meM kama-se-kama tIna Azrama bhalI bhAMti vidita the aura jAbAlopaniSad ko cAroM Azrama apane viziSTa nAmoM se jJAta the| zvetAzvataropaniSad (6 / 21) meM "atyAzramibhyaH" kA prayoga huA hai| vahAM isa prakAra kA ullekha huA hai ki brahmajJAnI zvetAzvatara ne una logoM ko, jo Azrama-niyamoM ke Upara uTha cuke the, jJAna diyA (arthAt brahmajJAna kA udghoSa kiyaa)| vidvAnoM ke mata se pANini kA kAla I0 pU0 300 ke pUrva hI mAnA jAtA hai| pANini ko pArAzarya evaM karmandakRta bhikSu-sUtroM kA patA thA aura unhoMne "maskarI" kA artha "parivrAjaka" lagAyA hai (pANini 6 / 1 / 154) / isase ni se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva mikSaoM kA Azrama sthApita thaa| pAli-sAhitya ke parizIlana se patA calatA hai ki bauddhadharma ne pabbajjA (pravrajyA) kI vidhi brAhmaNadharma se hI grahaNa kI thii| mAnava-jIvana ke astitva ke cAra lakSya mAne gaye haiM-dharma, artha kAma evaM mon| sarvottama lakSya hai mokSa, jise kaI nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai, yathA mukti, amRtatva, niHzreyasa, kaivalya (sAMkhyoM dvArA) yA apavarga (nyAyasUtra 1 / 1 / 2) / isakI prApti ke lie vyakti ko nirveda evaM vairAgya (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 5 / 1 yA muNDakopaniSad 112 / 12) dhAraNa karanA caahie| bhAratIya lekhakoM ne apane divya darzana evaM prakAza ke anusAra AzramoM ke siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra ke viSaya meM apane mata diye haiM / brahmacarya meM vyakti ko anuzAsana evaM saMkalpa ke anusAra rahanA par3atA thA, use atIta kAla ke sAhityika bhaNDAra kA jJAna prApta karanA par3atA thA, use AjJAkAritA, Adara, sAde jIvana evaM ucca vicAra ke sadguNa sIkhane par3ate the| brahmacarya ke uparAnta vyakti vivAha karatA thA, gRhastha hotA thA, saMsAra ke Ananda kA svAda letA thA, jIvana kA upabhoga karatA thA, santAnotpatti karatA thA, apanI santAnoM, mitroM, sambandhiyoM, par3osiyoM ke prati apane kartavya karatA thA, upayogI, parizramI evaM yogya nAgarika hotA thA tathA eka kula kA saMsthApaka hotA thaa| aisA kahA gayA hai ki 50 varSa ke lagabhaga kI avasthA ho jAne para vaha saMsAra ke sukha evaM vAsanAoM kI bhUkha se Uba uThatA thA tathA vana kI rAha le letA thA, jahA~ vaha Atma-nigrahI, tapasvI evaM niraparAdha jIvana bitAtA thaa| isake uparAnta saMnyAsa kA Azrama AtA thaa| vaha isI jIvana meM antima lakSya (mokSa) prApta kara sakatA hai, yA isI prakAra ke kaI jIvanoM taka vaha calatA jAyagA, jaba taka ki use mukti na prApta ho jaay| varNa kA siddhAnta sampUrNa samAja ke lie thA, kintu Azrama kA siddhAnta vyakti ke lie thaa| Arya samAja ke sadasya ke rUpa meM vyakti ke adhikAroM, kArya-kalApoM, svatvoM, uttaradAyitva evaM kartavyoM kI ora saMketa karanA varNasiddhAnta kA kArya thaa| kintu Azrama-siddhAnta yaha batAtA thA ki vyakti kA AdhyAtmika lakSya kyA hai, use apane jIvana ko kisa prakAra le calAnA hai tathA antima lakSya kI prApti meM use kyA-kyA taiyAriyAM karanI hai| nissandeha, AzramasiddhAnta eka utkRSTa dhAraNA thii| bhale hI yaha bhalI bhAMti kAryAnvita na kI jA sakI, kintu isake uddezya bar3e hI mahAn evaM viziSTa the| __ cAroM AzramoM ke sambandha meM tIna vibhinna pakSoM kI carcA kI jAtI hai-samuccaya, vikalpa evaM baap| prathama pakSa vAle kahate haiM ki pratyeka Azrama kA anusaraNa anukrama se hotA hai, arthAt sarvaprathama brahmacarya, taba gRhastha aura gRhastha ke uparAnta vAnaprastha aura anta meM saMnyAsa ; aisA nahIM hai ki koI eka yA adhika Azrama ko chor3akara kisI anya ko apanA le, yA saMnyAsI ho jAne para punaH gRhastha ho jAya (dakSa 28-9, vedAntasUtra 3 / 4 / 40) / isa pakSa ke anusAra koI 4. brahmacarya parisamApya gRhI bhaved gRhI bhUtvA vanI bhavedvanI bhUtvA pravajet / yadi betarapA brahmacaryAdeva pravajen gRhAvA vnaadvaa| yavahareva virajettadahareva pravajet / jAbAlopa0 4 / dekhie baudhAyanadharmasUka 20102 evaM 18.

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267 brahmacarya ke uparAnta turanta saMnyAsa nahIM grahaNa kara sakatA / manu (411, 6 1, 33-37, 87-88) isake prabala samarthaka haiN| isa pakSa vAle vivAha evaM saMbhoga ko apavitra evaM tapa ke lie burA nahIM mAnate, pratyuta vivAha evaM sambhoga ko tapa-jIvana se ucca mAnate haiM / dharmazAstrakAroM meM adhikAMza gRhasthAzrama ko bahuta gaurava dete haiM aura vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa ko vizeSa mahatva nahIM dete, kucha ne to vAnaprastha esaM saMnyAsa ko kaliyuga ke lie ayogya ThaharA diyA hai| dUsare pakSa vAle brahmacarya ke uparAnta vikalpa kI bAta karate haiM, arthAt adhyayana ke uparAnta yA gRhasthAzrama ke uparAnta parivrAjaka huA jA sakatA hai| prathama pakSa (samuccaya) ke sthAna para yaha vikalpa pakSa jAbAlopaniSad dvArA rakhA gayA hai (dekhie anya saMketa, vasiSTha 73, laghu viSNu 2 / 1, yAjJavalkya 3 / 56 ) / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/9/21 / 7-8 evaM 2 / 9 / 22 / 7-8) ne bhI isa pakSa kA samarthana kiyA hai / bAgha nAmaka tIsare pakSa kA samarthana prAcIna dharmasUtrakAroM ne kiyA hai, yathA gautama evaM baudhAyana / isa mata se kevala eka hI Azrama vAstavika mAnA jAtA hai aura vaha hai gRhasthAzrama (brahmacarya kevala taiyArI mAtra hai ) ; anya Azrama isase apekSAkRta kama mahatvapUrNa haiM ( gautama 3 / 1 evaM 35 ) / manu ( 6 / 89-90, 3177-80 ), vasiSThagharmasUtra ( 8114-17), dakSa (2 / 57-60), viSNudharmasUtra (59/29) Adi gRhasthAzrama ko sarvotkRSTa mAnate haiM / yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 56) kI TIkA mitAkSarA ne ina tInoM siddhAntoM kA vivecana kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki pratyeka mata ko vaidika samarthana prApta hai tathA inameM se koI bhI mata vyavahAra meM lAyA jA sakatA hai| 'Azrama' zabda 'zram' se banA hai ( A zrAmyanti asmin iti AzramaH) arthAt eka aisA jIvana stara jisameM vyakti khUba zrama karatA hai| Azrama

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adhyAya 9 vivAha vivAha saMskAra ko sarvotkRSTa mahattA pradAna kI gayI hai| vivAha sambandhI bahuta-se zabda vivAha saMskAra ke tatvoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM, yathA udvAha (kanyA ko usake pitR-gRha se uccatA ke sAtha le jAnA), vivAha (viziSTa DhaMga se kanyA ko le jAnA yA apanI strI banAne ko le jAnA), pariNaya yA pariNayana (agni kI pradakSiNA karanA ), upayama (sannikaTa le jAnA aura apanA banA lenA) evaM pANigrahaNa (kanyA kA hAtha pakar3anA) / yadyapi ye zabda vivAhasaMskAra kA kevala eka-eka tatva batAte haiM, kintu zAstroM ne ina sabakA prayoga kiyA hai aura vivAha saMskAra ke utsava ke katipaya karmoM ko inameM sameTa liyA hai| taittirIya saMhitA ( 7/2/87 ) evaM aitareya brAhmaNa (2715) meM 'vivAha' zabda ullikhita hai| tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa ( 7 / 10 / 1 ) meM AyA hai - " svarga evaM pRthivI meM pahale ekatA thI, kintu ve pRthak-pRthak ho gaye, taba unhoMne kahA - " Ao hama loga vivAha kara leM, hama logoM meM sahayoga utpanna ho jaay|"" kyA vivAha saMskAra kI sthApanA ke pUrva bhAratavarSa meM strI-puruSa sambandha meM asaMyama yA aviviktatA thI ? vaidika granthoM meM isa viSaya meM koI saMketa nahIM prApta hotA / mahAbhArata ( Adiparva 12214, 7) meM pANDu ne kuntI se kahA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM striyA~ saMyama ke bAhara thIM, jisa prakAra cAhatIM mithuna jIvana vyatIta karatI thIM, eka puruSa ko chor3akara anya ko grahaNa karatI thiiN| yaha sthiti pANDu ke kAla meM uttara kuru deza meM vidyamAna thI / uddAlaka ke putra zvetaketu ne sarvaprathama isa prakAra ke asaMyamita jIvana ke virodha meM svara U~cA kiyA aura niyama banAyA ki yadi strI puruSa ke prati yA puruSa strI ke prati asatya hogA to vaha bhayaMkara aparAdha yA pApa kA aparAdhI hogaa| isa viSaya meM sabhAparva ( 31 / 37-38) bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| mahAbhArata vAlI kathA kevala kalpanA prasUta hai| kucha dina pahale samAjazAstriyoM ne strI-puruSa ke prArambhika asaMyamapUrNa yaunika jIvana kI kalpanA kara lI thI, kintu aba yaha dhAraNA utanI mAnya nahIM hai / * Rgveda ke matAnusAra vivAha kA uddezya thA gRhastha hokara devoM ke lie yajJa karanA tathA santAnotpatti karanA (Rgveda 1085/36, 5/3/2, 5/28/3, 35314) / pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| strI ko 'jAyA' kahA gayA hai, kyoMki pati ne patnI ke garbha se putra ke rUpa meM hI janma liyA ( aitareya brAhmaNa 33 / 1 ) | zatapathabrAhmaNa (5 / 2 / 1 / 10) kA kahanA hai ki patnI pati kI AdhI (ardhAginI) hai, ata: jaba taka vyakti vivAha nahIM karatA, jaba taka santAnotpatti nahIM karatA, taba taka vaha pUrNa nahIM hai|" jaba ApastambaghamaMsUtra ( 2/5/11/12 ) prathama 1. imau ve loko sahAstAM tau viyantAvabhUtAM vivAhaM vivahAvahai saha nAvastviti / tANDya0 7 / 10 / 1 / 2. dekhie, zrImatI ema0 kola kRta pustaka, - maireja, pAsTa eMDa prejeMTa" pR0 10 / 3. ardhI ha vA eSa Atmano yajjAyA tasmAdyAvajjAyAM na vindate naiva tAvatprajAyate asarvo hi tAvad bhavati / atha yavaMda jAyAM vindate'ya taha hi sarvo bhavati / zatapatha brAhmaNa 5|2|1|10| aura dekhie zatapatha brAhmaNa

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patnI ke garbhavatI hone ke kAraNa dUsarI patnI grahaNa karane tathA dhArmika kRtya karane ko manA karatA hai, to isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vivAha ke do pramukha uddezya haiM--(1) patnI pati ko dhArmika kRtyoM ke yogya banAtI hai tathA (2) vaha putra yA putroM kI mAtA hotI hai aura putra hI naraka se rakSA karate haiN| manu (9 / 28) ke anusAra patnI para putrotpatti, dhArmika kRtya, sevA, sarvottama Ananda (paramAnanda), apane tathA apane pUrvajoM ke lie svarga kI prApti nirbhara rahatI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki dharma sampatti, prajA (tathA isake phalasvarUpa naraka meM girane se rakSA) evaM rati (yaunika tathA anya svAbhAvika Anandotpatti) ye tIna vivAha-sambandhI pramukha uddezya smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM ne mAne haiN| yahI bAta yAjJavalkya (1178) meM bhI dekhane ko milatI hai| jaimini (6 / 1 / 17) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (11 / 6 / 13 / 16-17) ne patnI ke mahatva para prakAza DAlA hai| acche vara ke lakSaNa kyA haiM ? vara kA cunAva kisa prakAra honA cAhie? AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1152) kA kahanA hai ki buddhimAn vara ko hI kanyAdAna karanA caahie| ApastambagRhyasUtra (3 / 20) ke anusAra acche vara ke lakSaNa haiM acchA kula, sat caritra, zuma guNa, jJAna evaM sundara svaasthy| anya bAtoM ke lie dekhie baudhAyanadharmasUtra (4 / 1 / 12), yama (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 78) / zAkuntala nA0 (4) meM bhI vara ke guNoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai|' yama ne vara ke lie sAta guNa ginAye haiM, yathA kula, zIla, vapu (zarIra), yaza, vidyA, dhana evaM sanAthatA (sambandhI evaM mitra logoM kA aalmbn)| bahatparAzara ne ATha lakSaNa kahe haiM-jAti, vidyA, yavAvasthA, bala, svAra logoM kA Alambana, abhikAMkSA (arthitva) evaM dhn| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 5 / 1) ne kula ko sarvopari sthAna diyA hai| aisA hI manu (4 / 244 evaM 3 / 6 / 7) ne bhI kahA hai| manu ne dasa prakAra ke kuloM se sambandha jor3ane ko manA kiyA hai, yathA jahA~ saMskAra na kiye jAte hoM, jahAM putrotpatti na hotI ho, jahA~ vedAdhyayana na hotA ho, jisake sadasyoM ke zarIra para keza adhika mAtrA meM hoM, jisameM loga bavAsIra yA kSayaroga yA ajIrNa yA mirgI yA galita yA zuSka kuSTha se pIr3ita hoN| aura bhI dekhie manu (2 / 238, 3163-65), harSacarita (4), yAjJavalkya (1154-55) / kAtyAyana ne vara ke doSa isa prakAra batAye haiM, yathA pAgalapana, pApa (aparAdha), kuSThatA, napuMsakatA, svagotratA, aMdhApana. bahirApana, apasmAra (mirgii)| kAtyAyana ne kanyA ke lie bhI ye hI bAteM kahIM haiN| kAtyAyana kI tAlikA vara evaM kanyA donoM pakSoM 87 / 2 / 3 / arka vA eSa Atmano yatpatnI / taittirIya saMhitA meM AyA hai (6311805) / tasmAt puruSo jAyAM visvA kRtsnataramivAtmAnaM manyate / aitareya brAhmaNa 1 / 2 / 5; na gRhaM gRhamityAhagaMhiNI gRhmucyte| zAntiparva 144 // 66; aba bhAryA manuSyasya bhAryA zreSThatamaH skhaa| bhAryA mUlaM trivargasya bhAryA mUlaM trissytH|| Adiparva 74 / 40; AmnAye smRtitantreca lokAcAre ca suuribhiH| zarIrAdha smRtA bhAryA puNyApuNyaphale smaa|| bRhaspati (aparArka dvArA ukta, pR0 740) / __4. buddhimate kanyA prayaccheta / Azva0 gR0 1 / 5 / 2; dadyAd guNavate kanyA nagnikAM brhmcaarinne| bau070 411020bandhuzIlalakSaNasapannaH zrutavAnaroga iti barasaMpat / Apa0 gR0 (123320); guNavate kanyakA pratipAdanIyetyayaM tAvatprathamaH saMkalpaH / zAkuntala (4) kulaM ca zIlaM ca vapuryazazca vidyAM ca vitaMca sanAyatAM ca / etAnguNAn sapta parIkya yA kanyA buSaH zeSamacintanIyam // yama (smRticandrikA, 1, pR. 7) / 5. unmattaH patitaH kuSThI tathA pachaH svagotrajaH / dhanuHzrotravihInazca tthaapsmaarduussitaaH| varavoSAH smRtA hote kanyAgoSAzca kiirtitaaH| smRticandrikA 1, pR0 59; unmattaH patitaH klIyo dubhaMgastyaktabAndhavaH // kanyAdoSI ca yo pUviSa boSagaNo vre|| nArada (strIpuMsayoga, 37) /

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barmazAstra kA itihAsa ke lie samAna hai| mahAbhArata meM barAbara dhana, barAbara vidyA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai (Adiparva 13 / 10, udyogaparva 33 / 117) / yadyapi bhanu evaM yAjJavalkya ne napuMsakoM ko vivAha ke lie ayogya ThaharAyA hai, kintu aise loga kabhI-kabhI vivAha kara lete the| manu, yAjJavalkya evaM anya logoM ne inake vivAha ko nyAyAnukUla mAnA hai aura inake (niyoga se utpanna) putroM ko aurasa patroM ke samAna hI dhana-sampatti kA adhikArI mAnA hai| dekhie manu (9 / 203) evaM yAjJavalkya (2 / 141-142) / ___kanyA ke cunAva ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta-sI bAteM kahI gayI haiM, kintu uparyukta bAtoM aura ina bAtoM meM bahuta samAnatA pAyI jAtI hai, yathA kula, roga Adi viSayoM meM (dekhie vasiSTha 1138, viSNudharmasUtra 24 / 11, kAmasUtra 3 / 11) / zatapathabrAhmaNa (1 / 2 / 5 / 16) ne bar3e evaM caur3e nitamboM evaM kaTiyoM vAlI kanyAoM ko AkRSTa karane vAlI kahA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1913) ne aisI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha karane ko kahA hai jo buddhimatI ho, sundara ho, saccaritra ho, zubha lakSaNoM vAlI ho aura ho svsth| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (11566), manu (3 / 4) evaM yAjJavalkya (1352) ne kahA hai ki kanyA ko zubha lakSaNoM vAlI honA cAhie aura unake anusAra zubha lakSaNa do prakAra ke haiM, yathA bAhya (zArIrika lakSaNa) evaM aabhyntr| manu (318 evaM 10) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (24 / 12-16) ke anusAra piMgala bAloM vAlI, atirikta aMgoM vAlI (yathA cha: aMguliyoM vAlI), TUTe-phUTe aMgoM vAlI, bAtUnI, pIlI AMkhoM vAlI kanyAoM se vivAha nahIM karanA cAhie, nirdoSa aMgoM vAlI, haMsa yA gaja kI bhAMti calane vAlI se, jisake zarIra ke (sira yA anya aMgoM para) bAla choTe hoM, jisake dAMta choTe-choTe hoM, jisakA zarIra komala ho, usase vivAha karanA caahie| viSNupurANa (3 / 10 / 18-22) kA kahanA hai ki kanyA ke adhara yA cibuka para bAla nahIM hone cAhie, usakA svara kaue kI mAMti karkaza nahIM honA cAhie, usake ghuTanoM evaM pAMvoM para bAla nahIM hone cAhie, hesane para usake gAloM meM gaDDhe nahIM par3ane cAhie, usakA kada na to bahuta choTA ho aura na bahuta lambA honA caahie....| manu (3 / 9) evaM Apastamba gRhyasUtra (3 / 13) kA kahanA hai ki vivAhita honevAlI kanyA kA nAma cAndra nakSatra vAlA, yathA-revatI, ArdrA Adi, vRkSoM yA nadiyoM vAlA nahIM honA cAhie, usakA mleccha nAma, parvata, pakSI, sarpa, dAsI Adi kA nAma nahIM honA caahie| ApastambagRhyasUtra (3 / 14) evaM kAmasUtra (3 / 1 / 13) ke mata se usa kanyA se jisake nAma ke anta meM ra yA la ho, yathA-gaurI, kamalA Adi, vivAha nahIM karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM dekhie nArada (strIpuMsayoga, 36), ApastambagRhyasUtra (3 / 11-12) evaM mArkaNDeyapurANa (24176-77) / bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1111) ke anusAra kanyA se vivAha karate samaya cAra bAteM dekhanI cAhie, yathA dhana, saundarya, buddhi evaM kul| yadi cAroM guNa na mileM to ghana kI cintA nahIM karanI cAhie, aura usake uparAnta saundarya kI bhI, kintu buddhi evaM kula meM kisako mahattA dI jAya, isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| kisI ne buddhi ko aura kisI ne kula ko mahattara mAnA hai| mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 7 / 6-7) ne pAMcavAM vivAha-kAraNa bhI mAnA hai, arthAt vidyA, aura ise saundarya ke uparAnta tathA prajJA ke pUrva sthAna diyA hai| kanyA ke cunAva meM AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 5 / 3), gobhilagRhyasUtra (2 / 1 / 4-9), laugAkSigRhyasUtra (14 // * tasmAtkanyAmabhijanopetAM mAtApitRmatI trivarSAtprabhRti nyUnavayasaM zlAghyAcAre dhanavati pakSavati kule saMbandhipriye saMbandhibhirAkule prasUtA prabhUtamAtApitRpakSAM rUpazIlalakSaNasapanAmanyUnAdhikAvinaSTabantanakhakarNakezAzistanImarogiprakRtizarIrAM tathAviSa eva zrutavAn zIlayet / kAmasUtra 3 / 12 /

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vivAha 271 4-7), vArAhagRhyasUtra (10), bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (1131), mAnavagRhyasUtra (11719-10) Adi ne lambI caur3I kalpanAtmaka bAteM kahI haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| gautama (4 / 1), vasiSTha (81), mAnavagR0 (11718), yAjJavalkya (1152) evaM anya dharmazAstrakAroM ne likhA hai ki kanyA vara se avasthA meM choTI (yavIyasI) honI caahie| kAmasUtra (3 / 1 / 2) to use kama-se-kama tIna varSa choTI mAnane ko taiyAra hai| vivAha ke yogya avasthA kyA hai, isa para hama Age likheNge| gautama (4 / 1), vasiSTha (811), yAjJavalkya (1152), manu (3 / 4 evaM 12) tathA anya logoM ke mata se akSatayoni tathA samAna jAti vAlI se hI vivAha karanA caahie| vidhavA-vivAha tathA antarjAtIya vivAha kahA~ taka Adezita thA, isa para Age vicAra kiyA jaaygaa| ___ mAnavagRhyasUtra (117 / 8), manu (3 / 11) evaM yAjJavalkya (1153) ne likhA hai ki kanyA bhrAtRhIna nahIM honI caahie| isa mata ke pIche eka lambA itihAsa pAyA jAtA hai, yadyapi yaha AvazyakatA Aja kisI rUpa meM mAnya nahIM hai| Rgveda (1112417) meM AyA hai-"jisa prakAra eka bhrAtRhIna strI apane puruSa-sambandhI (pitA ke kula) ke yahA~ lauTa AtI hai, usI prakAra uSA apane saundarya kI abhivyakti karatI hai|" atharvaveda (1 / 17 / 1) meM hama par3hate haiM"bhrAtahIna striyoM ke samAna unheM gauravahIna hokara baiThe rahanA caahie|" nirukta (3 / 4 / 5) ne donoM vaidika uktiyoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| prAcIna kAla meM putrahIna vyakti apanI putrI ko putra mAnatA thA aura usake vivAha ke samaya vara se yaha taya kara letA thA ki usase utpanna putra usakA (lar3akI ke pitA kA) ho jAyagA aura apane nAnA ko putra ke samAna hI piNDadAna degaa| isakA pratiphala yaha hotA thA ki isa prakAra kI lar3akI kA putra apane pitA ko piNDadAna nahIM karatA thA aura na apane pitA ke kula ko calAne vAlA hotA thaa| isI se bhrAtRhIna lar3akI ko dulahina banAnA use dUsare rUpa meM pati ke lie na prApta karanA hotA thaa| aisI bhAtahIna lar3akiyoM ke apane pitA ke ghara meM hI bUr3hI ho jAne kI bAta Rgveda ne kahI hai (R0 2 / 17 / 7) / vasiSThadharmasUtra (17316) ne Rgveda (1112417) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| bhrAtRhIna putrI ko putrikA kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usakA pitA usake honevAle pati se yaha taya kara letA hai ki usase utpanna putra usako (pitA ko) piNDadAna denevAlA ho jaaygaa| isI se manu (3 / 11) ne bhrAtRhIna lar3akI se vivAha karane ko manA kiyA hai, kyoMki usake sAtha yaha bhaya rahatA thA ki utpanna putra se hAtha dho lenA pdd'egaa| madhya kAla meM yaha pratibandha uTha-sA gayA, aura Aja to bAta hI dUsarI hai| vartamAna kAla meM bhrAtRhIna kanyA varadAna rUpa meM mAnI jAtI rahI hai, vizeSataH jaba usakA pitA bahuta hI dhanI ho| pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM aisA pAyA jAne lagA ki binA vivAha ke koI lar3akI svarga nahIM jA sakatI (mahAbhArata, zalyaparva, adhyAya 52) / . vivAha ke viSaya meM anya pratibandha bhI haiN| aisA niyama thA ki apanI hI jAti kI lar3akI se vivAha ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra ke vivAha ko aMgrejI meM 'iNDogaimI' kahA jAtA hai| kintu eka hI vizAla jAti ke bhItara kaI dala ho jAte haiM, jinameM kucha daloM ke loga kucha daloM se viAha-sambandha nahIM sthApita kara skte| isa prathA ko aMgrejI meM eksogaimI' kahA jAtA hai| hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (1 / 19 / 2), gobhila0 (3 / 4 / 4) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 115) ne kahA hai ki apane hI gotra se kanyA nahIM cunI jAnI caahie| kintu samAna pravara ke viSaya meM ve mauna haiM / gautama (4 / 2), 7. abhAteva puMsa eti pratIcI gAragiva sanaye dhanAnAm / jAyeva patya uzatI suvAsA uSA haneva niriNIte apsH|| 1 / 12417 / saMskAraprakAza (pR. 747) ne isa vaivika mantra ko, isa para yAska ko nirukta-vyAkhyA ko tathA basika ko bata kiyA hai|

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272 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vasiSThadharmasUtra (811), mAnavagRhyasUtra (1178), vArAhagRhyasUtra (9), zaMkhadharmasUtra ne samAna pravara vAlI kanyA se vivAha anucita ThaharAyA hai| kucha gRhyasUtra, yathA AzvalAyana, pAraskara gotra evaM pravara kI samatA ke viSaya meM eka zabda nahIM kahate, yaha eka vicitra bAta hai| kintu viSNudharmasUtra (24 / 9), vaikhAnasa (3 / 2), yAjJavalkya (1153), nArada (strIpuMsa, 7), vyAsa (212) tathA anya logoM ne samAna gotra evaM samAna pravara vAle logoM meM vivAha-sambandha manA kara diyA hai| gobhila (3 / 4 / 5), manu (3 / 5), vaikhAnasa (3 / 2) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 11 / 16) ke mata se kanyA sapiNDa nahIM honI cAhie, arthAt use vara kI mAtA kA sambandhI nahIM honA cAhie, kintu gautama (42), vasiSTha (812), viSNudharmasUtra (24 / 10), vArAha gR0 (9), zaMkhadharma0, yAjJavalkya (1153) tathA anya loga sAta por3hiyoM ke uparAnta pitA kI ora tathA pA~ca pIr3hiyoM ke uparAnta mAtA kI ora sapiNDa meM koI pratibandha nahIM rkhte| vyAsa-smRti ne na kevala sagotra vivAha manA kiyA hai, balki usa kanyA se bhI, jisakI mAtA tathA vara ke gotra meM samAnatA ho, vivAha karanA manA kiyA hai| . sagotra, sapravara yA sapiNDa vivAha para jo pratibandha lagAye gaye usake kAraNa the| pUrvamImAMsA kA eka niyama hai ki yadi koI dRSTa yA jAnane yogya kAraNa ho aura yadi usakA ullaMghana kara diyA jAya to pramukha kArya avaidha (radda) nahIM ho pAtA; kintu yadi koI adRSTa kAraNa ho aura usakA ullaMghana ho jAya to pramukha kArya kI vaidhatA kI samApti ho jA sakatI hai| rogI yA adhika yA kama aMgoM vAlI kanyA se vivAha na karane ke niyama kA kAraNa dRSTa hai aura aisA vivAha duHkha aura AlocanA kA viSaya bana jAtA hai| yadi aisI kanyA se koI vivAha kare to vaha vivAha pUrNa rUpa se vaiva mAnA jAtA hai| kintu sagotra evaM sapravara kanyA ke sAtha vivAha na karane kA kAraNa adaSTa hai aura yadi aisA sambandha ho jAya to yaha vivAha vivAha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH yadi koI kisI sagotra, sapravara yA sapiNDa kanyA se vivAha kare to vaha kanyA niyamapUrvaka usakI patnI nahIM ho sktii| sagotra, sapravara evaM sapiNDa para vistAra se Age likhA jaaygaa| aba puruSa evaM strI kI vivAha-avasthA para vivecana upasthita kiyA jaaygaa| isa viSaya meM itanA jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki samo kAloM meM, bhinna-bhinna prAntoM evaM bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM meM vivAha-avasthA pRthak-pRthak mAnI jAtI rahI hai| puruSa ke lie koI nizcita avadhi nahIM rakhI gyii| puruSa yadi cAhe to jIvana bhara avivAhita raha sakatA thA, kintu madhya evaM vartamAna kAla meM lar3akiyoM ke lie vivAha anivArya rUpa se mAnya rahA hai| vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta puruSa vivAha kara sakatA thA, yadyapi vedAdhyayana kI parisamApti kI avadhiyoM meM vibhinnatAe~ rahI haiM; yathA--12, 24, 36, 48 yA utane varSa jinameM eka veda yA usakA koI aMza par3ha liyA jA ske| prAcIna kAla meM bahudhA 12 varSa taka brahmacarya calatA thA aura brAhmaNoM kA upanayana saMskAra 8veM varSa meM hotA thA, ataH brAhmaNoM meM 20 varSa kI avasthA vivAha ke lie eka sAmAnya avasthA mAnI jAnI caahie| manu (9 / 94) ke mata se 30 varSa kA puruSa 12 varSa kI lar3akI se yA 24 varSa kA puruSa 8 varSa kI lar3akI se vivAha kara sakatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para viSNupurANa ne kanyA evaM vara kI vivAha-avasthAoM kA anupAta 113 rakhA hai|' aMgirA ke mata se kanyA vara se 2, 3, 5 yA adhika varSa choTI ho sakatI 8. ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 11-16) para haradatta ne zaMkha ko isa prakAra usta kiyA hai-pArAnAharet sdRshaansmaanaarsseyaansmbndhaanaasptmpNcmaatpitRmaatRbndhubhyH| 'ArSeya', 'ArSa' evaM 'pradara' kA artha eka hI hai| sapravara kanyA ke sAtha vivAha-sampAdana ke viSaya meM manu mauna haiN| 9. varSarekaguNAM bhAryAmahet triguNaH svayam / viSNupurANa 3 / 10 / 16; vayoSikA nopayacchan vIrghA kanyA

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276 vivAha kI avasthA hai| mahAbhArata (Azvamedhikaparva 56 / 22-23) meM eka sthala para yaha AyA hai ki vara kI avasthA 16 varSa kI honI cAhie, aura gautama apanI kanyA kA vivAha uttaMka se karane ko taiyAra hai yadi uttaMka kI avasthA 16 varSa kI ho| samAparva (64 / 14) evaM vanaparva (5 / 15) meM eka aisI lar3akI kI upamA dI gayI hai jo 60 varSa ke puruSa se vivAha nahIM karanA caahtii| isase spaSTa hai ki una dinoM 60 varSa ke puruSa se bhI kanyAoM kA vivAha sambhava thaa| mahAbhArata (anuzAsana-parva 44 / 14) meM vara evaM kanyA kI vivAha avasthAe~ krama se 30 tathA 10 yA 21 tathA 7 haiM, kintu uvAhatattva (pR0 123) evaM zrautapadArthanirvacana (pR0 766) ne mahAbhArata ko uddhRta kara likhA hai ki 30 varSa kA puruSa 16 varSa kI kanyA se vivAha kara sakatA hai (kintu yahA~ 'SoDaza-varSAm' ke sthAna meM 'daza-varSAm' honA cAhie, 'SoDazavarSAm' mudraNa-azuddhi hai)| ___ Rgveda meM vivAhAvasthA ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM prApta hotA, kintu kanyAe~ apekSAkRta bar3A avasthA prApta hone para hI vivAhita hotI thiiN| Rgveda (10 / 27 / 12) meM AyA hai ki jaba kanyA sundara hai aura AbhUSita hai to vaha svayaM puruSoM ke jhuNDa meM se apanA mitra DhUMr3ha letI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki lar3akiyoM itanI prauDha hone para vivAha karatI thIM, jaba ki ve svayaM apanA pati cuna skeN| vivAha-mantroM (Rgveda 1085 / 26-27, 46) se patA calatA hai ki vivAhita lar3akiyA~ baccI-patniyoM nahIM, pratyuta prauDha hotI thiiN| eka ora yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki nAsatyoM (AzvinI) ne usa vimada ko eka strI dI jo abhI abhaMga (kama avasthA kA) thaa| kintu yahA~ para vimada ko anya rAjAoM kI apekSA kama avasthA kA kahA gayA hai| Rgveda kI do RcAoM (11126 / 6-7) se patA calatA hai ki lar3akiyA~ yuvA hone ke pUrva vivAhita hotI thiiN| Rgveda (1151313) meM eka sthAna para aisA AyA hai ki indra ne buDDhe kakSIvAna ko vRcayA nAmaka strI dI jo arbhA (baccI) thii| kintu 'arbhA' zabda kevala 'mahate' ke virodha meM prayukta huA hai| 'mahate' zabda kA artha hai bar3A jo kakSIvAn ke lie prayukta huA hai aura kisI nizcita avasthA kA dyotaka nahIM hai| yahA~ kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki Rgveda meM kanyAeM kisI bhI avasthA meM (yuvA hone ke pUrva yA uparAnta) vivAhita ho sakatI thIM aura kucha jIvana bhara avivAhita raha jAtI thiiN| anya saMhitAeM evaM brAhmaNagrantha vivAha-avasthA para koI prakAza DAlate dRSTigocara nahIM hote| chAndogyopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki upasti cAkrAyaNa kuru deza meM apanI patnI ke sAtha rahate the jo 'ATikI' (zaMkarAcArya ke anusAra avikasita kanyA) thii| gRhyasUtroM evaM dharmasUtroM ke anuzIlana se patA calatA hai ki lar3akiyA~ yuvAvasthA ke bilakula pAsa pahu~ca jAne yA usake prArambha hone ke uparAnta hI vivAhita ho jAtI thiiN| hiraNyakezi0 (1 / 19 / 2), gomila0 (3 / 4 / 6), mAnava0 (11748), vaikhAnasa (6 / 12) ne anya lakSaNoM ke sAtha cunI jAne vAlI kanyA kA eka lakSaNa 'nagnikA' kahA hai| TIkAkAroM ne 'nagnikA' kI kaI vyAkhyAeM upasthita kI haiN| mAtRdatta ne hiraNyakezI kI vyAkhyA meM nagnikA' ko aisI kanyA kahA hai jisakA mAsika dharma bilakula sannikaTa hai arthAt jo saMbhoga ke yogya hai| mAnavagRhyasUtra ke TIkAkAra aSTAvakra ke mata se 'nagnikA' vaha kanyA hai jisane abhI javAnI kI bhAvanAoM kI anubhUti nahIM kI hai| unhoMne eka artha yaha batAyA hai-"nagnikA vaha hai jo binA paridhAna ke bhI sundara lge| gRhyasaMgraha ne ise ayuvA kanyA kA bodhaka pAnA hai|" vasiSThadharmasUtra (1770) ke mata se nagnikA zabda ayuvA kA dyotaka hai| svvehtH| svavarSAda vidhipazcAvimyUno kanyA samudhet // aMgirA (smRtimuktAphala meM uddhRta, varNAzramadharma, pR0 125) / 10. tAbhyAmanujJAto bhAryAmupayacchet sajAtAM nagnikAM brhmcaarinniimsgotraam| hiraNya0 1219 / 2; dharma035

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274 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa eka anya mahatvapUrNa saMketa yaha hai ki adhikAMza gRhyasUtroM ke mata se vivAhita vyaktiyoM ko vivAha ke uparAnta yadi adhika nahIM to kama-se-kama tIna rAtoM taka saMbhoga se dUra rahanA caahie| pAraskaragRhya0 (118) ke mata se vivAhita jor3e ko tIna rAtoM taka kSAra evaM lavaNa nahIM khAnA cAhie, pRthvI para zayana karanA cAhie; varSa bhara, 12 rAtoM taka, 6 rAtoM taka yA kama-se-kama 3 rAtoM taka saMbhoga nahIM karanA cAhie (dekhie AzvalAyana0 1,8 / 10, ApastambagR0 858-9, zAMkhAyana0 111715, mAnava0 1 / 14 / 14, kAThaka0 3011, khAdiragR0 1 / 4 / 9 aadi)| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki gRhyasUtra-kAla meM kanyA kA vivAha yuvatI hone para kiyA jAtA thA, nahIM to saMbhoga kisa prakAra sambhava ho sakatA thA, jaisA ki kama-se-kama tIna rAtoM ke pratibandha se prakaTa ho jAtA hai| lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI ke dharmazAstrakAra haradatta ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki unake samaya meM vivAha ke uparAnta saMbhoga Arambha ho jAtA thA, arthAt una dinoM kanyA ke vivAha kI avasthA kama-se-kama 14 varSa thii| adhikAMza gRhyasUtroM meM eka kriyA kA varNana hai jise caturthIkarma kahate haiN| yaha kriyA vivAha ke cAra dinoM ke uparAnta sampAdita hotI hai (dekhie gobhila 2 / 5, zAMkhAyana 1118-19, khAdira 1 / 4 / 12-16, pAraskara 1111, Apastamba 8 / 10-11, hiraNyakezi 1123-24 aadi)| ise hamane bahuta pahale ullikhita kiyA hai aura yaha pazcAtkAlIna garbhAdhAna kA dyotaka hai| vivAha ke cAra dinoM ke uparAnta ke saMbhoga se spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai ki una dinoM yuvatI kanyAoM kA vivAha sampAdita hotA thaa| kucha gRhyasUtroM meM aisA varNana AyA hai ki yadi vivAha kI kriyAoM ke bIca meM kabhI mAsika dharma prakaTa ho jAya to prAyazcitta karanA cAhie (dekhie baudhAyana0 4 / 1 / 10, kauzikasUtra 79 / 16, vaikhAnasa 6 / 13, atri)| isase bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki vivAha ke samaya lar3akiyA~ javAna ho cukI rahatI thiiN| gautama (18 / 20-23) ke anusAra yuvatI hone ke pUrva hI kanyA kA vivAha kara denA caahie| aisA na karane para pApa lagatA hai| kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki paridhAna dhAraNa karane ke pUrva hI kanyA kA vivAha kara denA caahie| vivAha ke yogya lar3akI yadi pitA dvArA na vivAhita kI jA sake to vaha tIna mAsa kI avadhi pAra karake apane mana ke anukUla kalaMkahIna pati kA varaNa kara sakatI hai aura apane pitA dvArA diye gaye AbhUSaNa lauTA sakatI hai| uparyukta kathana se vidita hotA hai ki gautama ke pUrva (lagabhA IsApUrva 600) bhI kucha loga the jo choTI avasthA meM kanyAoM kA vivAha kara dete the| gautama ne isa vyavahAra ko acchA nahIM mAnA hai aura yuvatI hone ke pUrva kanyA ke vivAha kI bAta calAyI hai evaM yahA~ taka kahA hai ki yuktI ho jAne para yadi pitA kanyA kA vivAha karane meM azakta ho to svayaM kanyA apanA vivAha raca sakatI hai| yuvatI hone ke uparAnta vivAha hone para pati yA patnI para koI pApa nahIM lgtaa| hA~, mAtA yA pitA ko kanyA ke yuvatI hone ke pUrva vivAha na kara dene para pApa lagatA hai| manu (9 / 89-90) ne likhA hai ki eka yuvatI bhale hI jIvana bhara apane pitA ke ghara meM avivAhita raha jAya, kintu pitA ko cAhie ki vaha use sadguNavihIna vyakti se vivAhita na kre| lar3akI yuvatI ho jAne ke uparAnta tIna varSa bATa johakara (isa bIca meM vaha apane pitA yA bhAI para vivAha ke lie bharosA karegI) apane guNoM ke anurUpa vara kA varaNa kara sakatI hai| yahI 'nagnikAmAsannAtavAm / ... tasmAdvastravikSepaNAhI gagnikA maithunAhetyarthaH', mAtRtta; 'bandhumatI kanyAmaspRSTamathunAmupayaccheta...yavIyasI nagnikA zreSThAm / ' mAnava0 (1178) / nagnikAM tu vadetkanyAM yAvartumatI bhavet / RtumatI tvanagnikA tAM prayacchettu nagnikAm // AptA rajaso gaurI prApte rajasi rohinnii| avyaMjitA bhavetkanyA kucahInA va nagnikA // gRhysNgrh|

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vivAha kI avasmA 275 bAta manuzAsanaparva ( 16), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (11 / 14) evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra (17167-68) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kintu antima donoM dharmasUtroM (vasiSTha0 1770-71 evaM baudhAyana 411 / 12) ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki avivAhita kanyA rahane para pitA yA abhibhAvaka kanyA ke pratyeka mAsika dharma para garma girAne ke pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai| yahI niyama yAjJavalkya (1164) evaM nArada (strIpuMsa, 26-27) meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isI kAraNa kAlAntara meM eka niyama-sA bana gayA ki kanyA kA vivAha zIghra ho jAnA cAhie, bhale hI vara guNahIna hI kyoM na ho (manu 9 / 89 ke virodha meM bhii)| isa viSaya meM dekhie bauSAyanadharmasUtra (4 / 1 / 12 evaM 13) / " / uparyukta vivecanoM se spaSTa hai ki lagabhaga I0 pU0 600 se IsA kI Arambhika zatAbdI taka yuvatI hone ke kucha mAsa idhara yA udhara vivAha.kara denA kisI gar3abar3I kA sUcaka nahIM thaa| kintu 200 I0 ke lagabhaga (yaha vahI kAla hai jaba ki yAjJavalkyasmRti kA praNayana huA thA) yuvatI hone ke pUrva vivAha kara denA Avazyaka-sA ho gayA thaa| aisA kyoM huA, isa para prakAza nahIM miltaa| sambhavataH yaha nimmalikhita kAraNoM se huaa| ina zatAbdiyoM meM bauddha dharma phA paryApta vistAra ho cukA thA aura sAdhu-sAdhuniyoM arthAt bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI saMsthAoM kI sthApanA ke lie dhArmika anumati-sI mila cukI thii| mikSuNiyoM ke naitika jIvana meM paryApta DhIlApana A gayA thaa| dUsarA pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki adhikAMza meM kanyAoM kA paThana-pAThanaM bahuta kama ho gayA thA, yadyapi kucha kanyAe~ aba bhI (arthAt pANini evaM pataMjali ke kAloM meM) vidyAdhyayana karatI thiiN| aisI sthiti meM avivAhita kanyAoM ko akAraNa nirarthaka rUpa meM rahane denA bhI samAja ko mAnya mahIM thaa| Rgveda (10 / 85 / 40-41) ke samaya se hI eka rahasyAtmaka vizvAsa calA A rahA thA ki soma, gandharva evaM agni kanyAoM ke devI abhibhAvaka haiM aura gRhyasaMgraha (gobhilagR0 3 / 4 / 6 kI vyAkhyA meM uddhRta) kA kahanA thA ki kanyA kA upabhoga sarvaprathama soma karatA hai, jaba usake kuca vikasita ho jAte haiM taba usakA upabhoga gandharva karatA hai aura jaba vaha RtumatI ho jAtI hai to usakA upabhoga agni karatA hai| ina kAraNoM se samAja meM eka ghAraNA ghara karane laga gayI ki kanyA ke aMgoM meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana hone ke pUrva hI usakA vivAha kara denA zreyaskara hai| saMvarta (64 evaM 67) ne bhI yahI abhivyakti dI hai| eka viziSTa kAraNa yaha thA ki aba kanyAoM ke lie vivAha hI upanayana-saMskAra mAnA jAne lagA thA, kyoMki upanayana ke lie ATha varSa kI avasthA nirdhArita thI, ataH vahI avasthA kanyA ke vivAha ke lie upayukta mAnI jAne lgii| yaha bhI eka vizvAsa-sA ho gayA ki avivAhita rUpa se mara jAne para strI ko svarga kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI thii| mahAbhArata ke zalyaparva (52 / 12) meM eka kanyA ke viSaya meM eka dAruNa kathA yoM hai-kuNi garga kI kanyA ne kaThina tapasyAeM kI aura isa prakAra bur3hApe ko prApta ho gayI, tathApi nArada ne yaha kahA ki vaha avivAhita rUpa se svarga nahIM prApta kara sktii| usa nArI ne gAlava kula ke zRMgavAn RSi se mRtyu ke eka dina pUrva vivAha kara lene kI prArthanA isa zarta para kI ki vaha use apanI tapazcaryA se 11. rabAda guNavate kanyAM nagnikAM brahmacAriNIm / api vA guNahInAya noparundhyAdrajasvalAm // avidyamAne sadRze guNahInamapi bhavet / baudhAyanadharmasUtra 431312 evaM 15 // 12. romakAle tu samprApte somo bhuMkte'tha kanyakAm / rajo dRSTvA tu gandharvAH kucau dRSTvA tu paavkH||... tasmAd vivAhayetkanyA yAvabhartumatI bhavet / vivAho hyaSTavAyAH kanyAyAstu prshsyte|| saMvarta, zloka 64 evaM 67 (smRticandrikA dvArA uta, bhAga 1, pR0 79, tathA camezvarakRta gRhastharatnAkara , pR0 46) / strINAmupanayanasthAnApanno vivAha iti taducitAvasthAyAM vivAhasyocitatvAt / saMskArakaustubha, pR0 699; vivAhaM copanayanaM strINAmAha pitAmahaH / tasmAd garbhASTamaH zreSTho janmato vaassttvtsrH|| yama (smRtimuktAphala, varNAzramadharma, pR0 136) /

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276 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ati guNoM (puNya) kA ardha bhAga de degii|" isa viSaya meM dekhie vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra (519) / " cAhe jo bhI kAraNa hoM, kama avasthA taka hI vivAha kara dene kI prathA prathama 5vIM evaM 6ThI zatAbdiyoM taka bahuta bar3ha gayI thI / laugAkSigRhya (19/2 ) meM AyA hai ki kanyA kA brahmacarya 10 veM yA 12veM varSa taka rahatA hai / vaikhAnasa ( 6 / 12) ke mata se brAhmaNa ko nagnikA yA gaurI se vivAha karanA caahie| unake mata se nagnikA 8 varSa ke Upara yA 10 varSa ke nIce hotI hai aura gaurI 10 tathA 12 varSa ke bIca meM, jaba taka ki vaha rajasvalA nahIM hotI hai / aparArka dvArA uddhRta ( pR0 85 ) bhaviSyapurANa se patA calatA hai ki nagnikA 10 varSa kI hotI hai / parAzara, yAjJavalkya evaM saMvarta isake Age bhI cale jAte haiM / parAzara (7 / 6-9) ke mata se 8 varSa kI lar3akI gaurI, 9 varSa kI rohiNI, 10 varSa kI kanyA tathA isake Upara rajasvalA kahI jAtI hai| yadi koI 12 varSa ke uparAnta apanI kanyA na byAhe to usake pUrvaja prati mAsa usa kanyA kA Rtu-pravAha pIte haiN| mAtA-pitA tathA jyeSTha bhAI rajasvalA kanyA ko dekhane se naraka ke bhAgI hote haiM / yadi koI brAhmaNa usa kanyA se vivAha kare to usase sambhASaNa nahIM karanA cAhie, usake sAtha paMkti meM baiThakara bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie aura vaha vRSalI kA pati ho jAtA hai|" isa viSaya meM aura dekhie vAyupurANa ( 83 / 44), saMvarta (65-66 ), bRhat ma ( 3 / 19-22), aMgirA (126 / 128) aadi| isI prakAra kucha vibhedoM ke sAtha anya dharmazAstrakAroM ke mata haiN| marIci ke matAnusAra 5 varSa kI kanyA kA vivAha sarvazreSTha hai| yahA~ taka ki manu ( 9188) ne yogya vara mila jAne para zIghra hI vivAha kara dene ko kahA hai| rAmAyaNa ( araNyakANDa 47110-11 ) ke anusAra rAma evaM sItA kI avasthAe~ vivAha ke samaya krama se 13 evaM 6 varSa kI thiiN| kintu yaha zloka spaSTa kSepaka hai, kyoMki bAlakANDa (77 / 1617) meM aisA AyA hai ki sItA tathA unakI anya bahineM vivAhoparAnta hI apane patiyoM ke sAtha saMbhoga - kArya meM parilipta ho gyiiN| yadi yaha ThIka hai to sItA vivAha ke samaya chaH varSIya nahIM ho sktiiN| isa viSaya meM ki brAhmaNa kanyAoM kA vivAha 8 aura 10 varSa ke bIca ho jAnA cAhie, jo niyama bane ve chaThI evaM sAtavIM zatAbdiyoM se lekara Adhunika kAla taka vidyamAna rahe haiM / kintu Aja bahuta-se kAraNoM se, jinameM sAmAjika, Arthika Adi kAraNa mukhya haiM, vivAha yogya avasthA bahuta bar3ha gayI hai, yahA~ taka ki Ajakala daheja Adi kuprathAoM ke kAraNa brAhmaNoM kI kanyAe~ 16 yA kabhI-kabhI 20 varSa ke uparAnta vivAhita ho pAtI haiM / aba kucha kanyAe~ to adhyayanAdhyApana meM lIna rahane ke kAraNa dera meM vivAha karane lagI haiN| aba to kAnUna mI bana gaye haiM, jisase bacapana ke vivAha avaidhAnika mAna liye gaye haiM / san 1938 ke kAnUna ke anusAra 14 varSa ke pahale kanyA vivAha aparAdha mAnA jAne lagA hai| vivAha avasthA sambandhI niyama kevala brAhmaNoM para hI lAgU hote the / saMskRta sAhitya ke kavi evaM nATakakAroM 13. asaMskRtAyAH kanyAyAH kuto lokAstavAnaghe / zalyaparva 52 / 12 / 14. tathaiva kanyAM ca mRtAM prAptayauvanAM tulyena puMsA prAptagRhavattAM dahet / vaikhAna sasmArtasUtra 5 / 9 / 15. dazavArSikaM brahmacaryaM kumArINAM dvAdazavArSikaM vA / laugAkSigRhya 1912 / brAhmaNo brAhmaNa nagnikAM gaurIM vA kanyAM varayet / aSTavarSAdA dazamAnagnikA / rajasyaprApte dazavarSAdA dvAvazAd gaurItyAmAnanti / vakhAnasa 6 / 12; saMgrahakAropi / yAvaccailaM na gRhahNAti yAvatkrIDati pAMsubhiH / yAvad doSaM na jAnAti tAvad bhavati nagnikA / / smRticandrikA, pR0 80 1 mAtA caiva pitA caiva jyeSTho bhrAtA tathaiva ca / trasyate narakaM yAnti dRSTvA kanyA rajasvalAm // yastAM samudvahetkanyAM brAhmaNo'jJAnamohitaH / asaMbhASyo hyapAMkteyaH sa vipro vRSalIpatiH / parAzara 718-9 /

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asavarNa vivAha 277 vaMzaja ne apanI kathAoM kI nAyikAoM ko paryApta prauDha rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| bhavabhUti ke nATaka mAlatImAdhava kI nAyikA mAlatI prathama dRSTi meM pyAra ke AkarSaNa meM par3a jAnevAlI kanyA thii| vaikhAnasa (6 / 12) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie nagnikA evaM gaurI kanyA kI bAta to kahI hai, kintu unhone kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie yaha niyama nahIM bnaayaa| harSacarita ke anusAra rAjyazrI vivAha ke samaya paryApta yuvatI thii| saMskAraprakAza ne spaSTa likhA hai ki kSatriyoM tathA anya logoM kI kanyA ke lie yavatI ho jAne para vivAha karanA amAnya nahIM hai| prAcIna kAla meM anuloma vivAha vihita mAne jAte the, kintu pratiloma vivAha kI bhartsanA kI jAtI thii| inhIM do prakAra ke vivAhoM se vibhinna upajAtiyoM kI udbhAvanA huI hai| kucha viziSTa vidvAnoM (udAharaNArtha, zrI senArTa apanI pustaka 'kAsTa ina iNDiyA' meM) kA kathana hai ki Aja ke rUpa meM Rgveda evaM vaidika saMhitAoM vAlA jAti kA svarUpa nahIM prApta hotaa| kintu hamane bahuta pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki saMhitA-kAla meM cAroM varNa svIkRta rUpa meM vidyamAna the aura una dinoM jAti ke AdhAra para uccatA evaM hInatA ghoSita ho jAyA karatI thii| kintu una dinoM apanI jAti se bAhara vivAha karanA athavA bhojana karanA utanA amAnya nahIM thA jitanA ki madhya kAla meM pAyA jAne lgaa| vaidika sAhitya ke kucha spaSTa udAharaNa ye haiM--zatapathabrAhmaNa (4 / 115) ke anusAra jIrNa evaM zithila RSi cyavana kA vivAha sukanyA se huA thaa|, cyavana bhArgava (bhUra yA AMgirasa the aura sukanyA manu ke vaMzaja gajA zaryAta kI putrI thii| zatapathabrAhmaNa (13 / 2 / 9 / 8) ne vAjasaneyI saMhitA (26 / 30) ko uddhRta kara likhA hai-"ata: vaha (rAjA) kaizya nArI se utpanna putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka nahIM krtaa|" isase spaSTa hai ki rAjA vaizya nArI se vivAha kara sakatA thaa| Rgveda ke 5 / 61 / 17-19 mantra yaha batAte haiM ki brAhmaNa RSi zyAvAzva kA vivAha rAjA rathavIti dArya kI putrI se huA thaa| aba hama dharmasUtroM evaM gRhyasUtroM kA anuzIlana kreN| kucha gRhyasUtra (yathA AzvalAyana, Apastamba) to vadhU kI jAti ke viSaya meM kucha kahate hI nhiiN| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 13 / 1 evaM 3) ne apane hI varNa kI kanyA se vivAha karane ko likhA hai| isa dharmasUtra ne asavarNa vivAha kI bhartsanA kI hai| mAnava-gRhya (1178) evaM gautama (4 / 1) ne savarNa vivAha kI hI carcA kI hai| kintu gautama ko asavarNa vivAha vidita the, kyoMki aise vivAhoM se utpanna upajAtiyoM kI carcA unhoMne kI hai| zUdrApati brAhmaNa ko zrAddha meM bulAne ko unhoMne manA kiyA hai| manu (3 / 12), zaMkha evaM nArada ne apane hI varNa meM vivAha karane ko sarvottama mAnA hai| ise pUrva kalpa (sarvottama vidhi) kahA gayA hai| kucha logoM ne anukalpa (kama sundara vidhi) vivAha kI bhI carcA kI hai, yathA brAhmaNa kisI bhI jAti kI kanyA se, kSatriya apanI, vaizya yA zUdra jAti kI kanyA se, vaizya apanI yA zUdra jAti kI kanyA se tathA zUdra apanI jAti kI kanyA se vivAha kara sakatA hai| isa viSaya meM baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 8 / 2), zaMkha, manu (3 / 13), viSNudharmasUtra (24 / 1-4) kI sammati hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 4) tathA vasiSThadharmasUtra (1 / 25) ne likhA hai ki kucha AcAryoM ke kathanAnusAra dvijoM ko zUdra nArI se vivAha karanA cAhie kintu binA mantroM ke uccAraNa ke| vasiSTha ne bhartsanA kI hai, kyoMki isase vaMza kharAba ho jAtA hai aura mRtyUparAnta svarga kI prApti nahIM hotii| viSNudharmasUtra, manusmRti Adi ne dvijAtiyoM ko zUdra se vivAha-sambandha karane kI jo mAnyatA dI hai, vaha unakI nahIM hai, unhoMne to kevala apane kAla kI pracalita vyavasthA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, kyoMki unhoMne kar3e zabdoM meM brAhmaNa evaM zUdra kanyA se vivAha kI bhartsanA kI hai| viSNudharmasUtra (26 / 5-6) ne likhA hai ki aise vivAha se dhArmika guNa nahIM prApta hote, hA~ kAmukatA kI tuSTi avazya ho sakatI hai| yAjJavalkya (1157) ne brAhmaNa yA kSatriya ko apane yA apane se nIce ke varNa se vivAha sambandha karane ko kahA hai, kintu yaha bAta joradAra zabdoM meM likhI gayI hai ki dvijAtiyoM ko zUdra kanyA se vivAha kabhI na karanA caahie| kintu apane samaya kI pracalita prathA ko mAnyatA na denA bhI kaThina hI thA, ataH donoM (manu 9 / 152-153 evaM yAjJavalkya 2 / 125) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki

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278 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yadi kisI brAhmaNa ko cAroM varNoM vAlI paliyoM se putra hoM to brAhmaNI-putra ko 10 meM se 4 bhAga milate haiM, kSatrANI-putra ko 3 vaizyA-putra ko 2 tathA zUdrA-putra ko 1 milatA hai| yAjJavalkya (1191-92) ne bhI brAhmaNa evaM zUdrA ke vivAha ko mAnyatA dI hai aura kahA hai ki unakI santAna ko pArazava kahA jAtA hai| yahI mAnyatA manu (3 / 44) ne bhI dI hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna smRtikAroM ne brAhmaNa kA kSatriya yA vaizya kanyA se vivAha-sambandha binA kisI sandeha athavA anutsAha ke mAna liyA hai| kintu brAhmaNa evaM zUdra kanyA ke vivAha-sambandha ke viSaya meM koI mataikya nahIM hai| aise vivAha huA karate the, kintu unakI bhartsanA hotI thii| 9vIM evaM 10vI zatAbdI taka anuloma vivAha hote rahe, kintu kAlAntara meM inakA pracalana kama hotA huA sadA ke lie lupta ho gayA, aura Aja aise vivAha avaidha mAne jAte haiN| abhilekhoM meM antarjAtIya vivAhoM ke udAharaNa milate haiN| vAkATaka rAjA loga brAhmaNa.the (unakA gotra thA vissnnuvRddh)| prabhAvatI guptA ke abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki vaha gupta samrATa candragupta dvitIya kI putrI thI (pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM) aura usakA vivAha vAkATaka kula ke rAjA rudrasena dvitIya se sampanna huA thaa| tAlaguNDa stambha-lekha se patA calatA hai ki kadamba-kula kA saMsthApaka mayUrazarmA thA, jo spaSTatayA brAhmaNa thaa| usake vaMzajoM ke nAma ke anta meM 'varmA' AtA hai, jo manu (2 / 32) ke anusAra kSatriyoM kI upAdhi hai| mayUrazarmA ke uparAnta cauthI pIr3hI ke kakutsthavarmA ne apanI kanyAe~ guptoM evaM anya rAjAoM ko dii| yazodharmA evaM viSNuvardhana ke ghaTotkacaabhilekha se patA calatA hai ki vAkATaka rAjA devasena ke mantrI hastibhoja ke vaMzaja soma nAmaka brAhmaNa ne brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya kula meM utpanna kanyAoM se vivAha kiyA thaa| lokanAtha nAmaka saradAra ke tipperA tAmrapatra se patA calatA hai ki usake pUrvaja bharadvAja gotra ke the, usake nAnA kezava pArazava (brAhmaNa puruSa edhaM zUdra nArI se utpanna) the aura kezava ke pitA vIra dvijasattama (zreSTha brAhmaNa) the| vijayanagara ke rAjA vRkka prathama (1268-1298 I0) kI putrI virUpAdevI kA vivAha Araga prAnta ke prAntapati brahma yA bomaNNa bodeya nAmaka brAhmaNa se huA thaa| pratihAra rAjA loga haricandra nAmaka brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya nArI se utpanna vyakti ke vaMzaja the| guhila vaMza kA saMsthApaka brAhmaNa guhadatta thA, jisake vaMzaja bhartRpaTTa ne rASTrakUTa rAjakumArI se vivAha kiyaa| __saMskRta sAhitya meM bhI asavarNa vivAha ke udAharaNa milate haiN| kAlidAsa kRta mAlavikAgnimitra nAmaka nATaka se patA calatA hai ki senApati puSyamitra ke putra agnimitra ne kSatriya rAjakumArI mAlavikA se vivAha kiyaa| brAhmaNavaMza meM utpanna puSyamitra ne zuMga vaMza ke rAjya kI sthApanA kI thii| harSacarita meM svayaM bANa ne likhA hai ki usakI bhramaNa-yAtrA ke mitroM evaM sAthiyoM meM usake do pArazava bhAI bhI the, jinake nAma the candrasena evaM mAtaSeNa (ye donoM bANa ke pitA kI zUdra patnI se utpanna hue the)| kanauja ke rAjA mahendrapAla ke guru rAjazekhara ne apanI karpUramaMjarI (1 / 11) meM likhA hai ki usakI guNazIlasampanna patnI avantisundarI cAhuANa (Adhunika cauhAna yA chavana) nAmaka kSatriya kula meM utpanna huI thii| smRtiyoM evaM nibandhakAroM ne kaba dvijAtiyoM ke bIca bhI asavarNa vivAha banda kara diyA, isake viSaya meM hameM koI prakAza nahI prApta hotaa| yAjJavalkya ke TIkAkAra vizvarUpa (9vIM zatAbdI) ne saMketa kiyA hai ki unake samaya meM brAhmaNa kSatriya kanyA se vivAha kara sakatA thA (yAjJavalkya 3 / 283) / manu ke TIkAkAra medhAtithi ne bhI nirdeza kiyA hai ki unake samaya meM (lagabhaga 900 I0) brAhmaNa kA vivAha kSatriya tathA vaizya kanyAoM se kabhI kabhI ho sakatA thA, kintu zUdra kanyA se nahIM (manu 3314) / kintu mitAkSarA ke kAla taka saba kucha varjita ho cukA thaa| AdityapurANa yA brahmapurANa kA havAlA dekara bahuta-se madhyakAlika nibandha lekhaka, yathA smRticandrikA, hemAdri Adi, kaliyuga kI varjita bAtoM meM antarjAtIya vivAha bhI sammilita karate haiN| ApastambasmRti kA kahanA hai ki dUsarI jAti kI kanyA se vivAha karane para mahApAtaka lagatA hai aura 24

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vivAha aura sapiTa 279 kRcchoM kA prAyazcitta karanA par3atA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa (113 // 34-36) ne rAjA nAmAga kI kathA kahI hai, jisane eka vaizya kanyA se rAkSasa vivAha kiyA thA aura vaha pApa kA bhAgI huA thaa| .. aba hama sapiNDa vivAha kA vivecana upasthita kreNge| sapiNDatA kA tIna bAtoM meM viziSTa mahatva hai, yathA vivAha, vasIyata evaM azauca (janma yA maraNa para apvitrtaa)| sapiNDa kanyA se vivAha karanA sabhI vargoM meM (zUdroM meM bhI) vajita hai| sapiNDa ke artha ke viSaya meM do sampradA eka mitAkSarA kA aura dUsarA jImUtavAhana (dAyabhAga ke lekhaka) kaa| donoM ke mata se sapiNDa kanyA se vivAha nahIM ho sakatA, kintu 'sapiNDa' zabda ke artha meM donoM ke do vicAra haiN| yAjJavalkya (1152-53) kI vyAkhyA meM vijJAnezvara "asapiNDA" usa nArI ko kahate haiM jo sapiNDa nahIM hai, aura "sapiNDa" kA tAtparya yaha hai ki usa vyakti kA vahI piNDa (zarIra yA zarIra kA avayava) hai| do vyaktiyoM ke sapiNDa-sambandha kA tAtparya yaha hai ki donoM meM samAna zarIra ke avayava haiN| isa prakAra putra kA pitA se sApiNDaya sambandha hai, kyoMki pitA ke zarIra ke kaNa (zarIrAMza) putra meM Ate haiN| isI prakAra pitAmaha aura pautra meM sApiNDayasambandha hai| isI prakAra putra kA mAtA se sApiNDya-sambandha hai| ataH nAnA evaM nAtI (putrI ke putra) meM sApiNDapa sambandha huaa| isI prakAra mausI evaM mAmA se bhI sapiNDatA kA sambandha hotA hai| cAcA evaM phUphI (pitA kI bahina) se bhI sapiNDatA-sambandha hai| patnI kA pati se sApiNDaya-sambandha hai, kyoMki vaha pati ke sAtha eka piNDa (putra) kA nirmANa karatI hai| isI prakAra bhAiyoM kI striyoM meM sapiNDatA pAyI jAtI hai, kyoMki ve sapiNDa saMtAna utpanna karatI haiM aura unake pati eka hI pitA ke putra haiN| isI prakAra jahA~ bhI kahIM sapiNDa zabda AtA hai, use eka hI piNDa ke satata pravAha ko sIdhe rUpa (pitA-putra rUpa) meM yA dUrI ke rUpa meM (yathA pitAmaha-pautra rUpa meM) samajhanA caahie| isa prakAra sapiNDatA kI vyAkhyA kI jAya to antatogatvA isa anAdi vizva meM saba koI eka hI sambandha vAle siddha kiye jA sakate haiN| isI lie RSi yAjJavalkya ne eka sImA kA nirdhAraNa kara diyA, pA~cavIM pIr3hI meM mAtA ke kula meM tathA sAtavIM pIr3hI meM pitA ke kula meM sapiNDatA kI antima sImA mAnI jAnI caahie| ataH pitA se cha: pIr3hiyA~ Upara aura putra se 6 pIr3iyA~ nIce (svayaM vyakti sAtavIM pIr3hI meM ginA jAyagA) ke vaMzaja sapiNDa kahe jaayNge| kisI bhI vyakti se cha:pIr3hiyA~ Upara yA nIce tathA usako lekara sAta pIr3hiyAM ginI jAtI haiM / arthAt koI pUrvaja tathA usake nIce kI chaH pIr3hiyA~ milakara sAta pIr3hiyoM ke dyotaka hue| isI prakAra koI vyakti tathA usake Upara cha: pIr3hiyA~ milakara sAta pIr3hiyoM ke dyotaka hue| isI prakAra kisI lar3akI ke viSaya meM pAMcavIM pIr3hI Upara (mAtA ke kula meM) tathA sAtavIM pIr3hI (pitA ke kula meM) nIce ginI jAtI hai| isI prakAra ginane kA krama calA karatA hai| uparyukta vyAkhyA mitAkSarA kI hai, jisake anusAra sApiNDaya para AdhArita pratibandhoM ke niyama bane haiN| yadi kisI pUrvaja ne brAhmaNa kanyA tathA kSatriya kanyA se vivAha kiyA to usake vaMzajoM meM vivAha tIsarI pIr3hI (sAtavIM yA pAMcavIM meM nahIM) ke uparAnta ho sakatA hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhie ki vijJAnezvara kI mitAkSarA ke niyama sArvabhauma mAne jAte rhe| mitAkSarA ke kathanoM meM tathA anya smRtiyoM ke kathanoM meM virodha pAyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta sampUrNa deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke rIti-rivAja evaM paraMparAeM bhAMti-bhAMti kI jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM meM calatI A rahI haiM, ataH kisI prakAra ke niyamoM kA sArvabhauma honA asambhava-sA hI rahA hai| do-eka udAharaNa paryApta hoNge| svayaM mitAkSarA ne likhA hai ki vasiSThadharmasUtra (82) ke anusAra eka vyakti mAtA ke kula se pAMcaveM tathA pitA ke kula se sAtaveM kula meM vivAha kara sakatA hai, kintu yAjJavalkya (jaisA ki mitAkSarA ne likhA hai) ke anusAra mAtA se chaThI pIr3hI tathA pitA se AThavIM pIr3hI meM kanyA se vivAha kiyA jAtA hai| paiThInasi ke anusAra mAtA se tIsarI pIr3hI kI tathA pitA se pAMcavIM pIr3hI kI kanyA se vivAha kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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280 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kyA koI apane mAmA yA phUphI kI lar3akI se, vizeSataH prathama se vivAha kara sakatA hai ? isa bAta para prAcIna kAla se hI gaharA matabheda rahA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1172118) ne apane mAtA-pitA evaM santAnoM ke samAnodara sambandhiyoM (mAtAoM evaM bahinoM) se saMbhoga karane ko pAtakIya kriyAoM (mahApApoM) meM ginA hai| isa niyama ke anusAra apane mAmA evaM phUphI kA lar3akI se vivAha karanA pApa hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1019-26) ke anusAra dakSiNa meM pA~ca prakAra kI vilakSaNa rItiyAM pAyI jAtI haiM-~-binA upanayana kiye hue logoM ke sAtha baiThakara khAnA, apanI palI ke sAtha baiThakara khAnA, ucchiSTa bhojana karanA, mAmA tathA phUphI kI lar3akI se vivAha krnaa| isase spaSTa hai ki baudhAyana ke bahuta pahale se dakSiNa meM (sambhavataH narmadA ke dakSiNa bhAga meM) mAmA tathA phUphI (pitA kI bahina) kI lar3akI se vivAha hotA thA, jise kaTTara dharmasUtrakAra, yathA gautama evaM baudhAyana nindya mAnate the| manu (11 / 72-173) ne mAtulakanyA, mausI kI kanyA yA pitA kI bahina kI kanyA (pitRSvasRduhitA) se saMbhoga-sambandha para cAndrAyaNa vrata ke prAyazcitta kI bAta kahI hai, kyoMki ye kanyAeM sapiNDa kahI jAtI haiM, inase vivAha karane para naraka kI prApti hotI hai| haradatta ne ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 116) kI vyAkhyA karate hue zAtAtapa kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki yadi koI mAtulakanyA se vivAha kara le yA sapiNDa gotra yA mAtA ke gotra (nAnA ke gotra)yA sapravara gotra kI kanyA se vivAha kara le to use cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA caahie| yAjJavalkya (3 / 254) kI vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa ne manu (11 // 172) tathA saMvarta ko uddhRta kara mAtulakanyA se saMbhoga kara lene para parAka prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI hai| manu (2 / 18) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi ne kucha pradezoM meM isa prathA kI carcA kI hai| madhya kAla ke kucha lekhakoM ne mAtulakanyA se vivAha-sambandha kI bhartsanA kI aura kucha ne ise svIkAra kiyaa| aparArka (pR0 82-84) ne bhartsanA kI hai aura yahI bAta nirNayasindhu meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai (pR0 286) / kintu smRticandrikA (bhAga 1, pR0 70-74), parAzaramAdhavIya (112, pR0 63-68) Adi ne mAtulakanyA se vivAha-sambandha vaidha mAnA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki manu, zAtAtapa, sumantu Adi ne ise bhartsanA kI dRSTi se dekhA hai, tathApi ve kahate haiM ki veda ke kucha vAkyoM, kucha smRtiyoM tathA kucha ziSToM ne ise mAnyatA dI hai, ataH aise vivAha sambandha sadAcAra ke antargata Ate haiN| ve isa viSaya meM zatapathabrAhmaNa (18 3 // 6) ko uddhRta karate haiN| vizvarUpa (yAjJavalkya 1153) ne bhI isa vaidika aMza ko uddhRta kiyA hai, kintu ve yaha nahIM kahate ki isase mAtulakanyA kA vivAha-sambandha vaidha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| smRticandrikA, parAzaramAdhavIya tathA anya granthoM ne khila sUkta ko uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA tAtparya yaha hai-"Ao he indra, acche mArgoM se hamAre yajJa meM Ao aura apanA aMza lo| tumhAre pujAriyoM ne ghRta se banA mAMsa tumheM usI prakAra diyA hai, jaise ki mAtulakanyA evaM phUphI kI kanyA vivAha meM logoM ke bhAgya meM par3atI hai|" vizvarUpa (yAjJavalkya 1153) ne isakI vyAkhyA anya DhaMga se kI hai| aparArka (yAjJavalkya 1153) ne bhI isa uddharaNa ke uttarAMza kI vyAkhyA dUsare DhaMga se karake mAtulakanyA ke vigraha ko amAnya ThaharAyA hai| vaidyanAthakRta smRtimuktAphala kA kahanA hai--"AndhroM meM ziSTa loga vedapAThI hote haiM aura mAtulasutA-pariNaya ko mAnyatA dete haiM; draviNoM meM ziSTa loga samAna pUrvaja se cauthI pIr3hI meM vivAha-sambandha vaidha mAnate haiN|" dakSiNa meM (madrAsa prAnta Adi meM) kucha jAtiyAM mAtulakanyA se vivAha karanA bahuta acchA samajhatI haiN| kucha brAhmaNa jAtiyA~, yathA karnATaka evaM karhAr3a ke dezastha brAhmaNa Aja bhI isa niyama ko mAnate haiN| saMskArakaustuma (pR0 6161620) evaM dharmasindhu mAtulasutA-pariNayana ko vaidha mAnate haiN| strI ke gotra ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM meM bahuta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 // 8 12) kI vyAkhyA meM kucha logoM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki vivAha ke uparAnta pati evaM patnI, donoM eka gotra ke ho jAte haiM (laghu haariit)| yama (86), likhita (25) kA kathana hai ki vivAha ke uparAnta cauthI rAtri ko patnI pati ke sAtha eka aura eka gotra vAlI ho jAtI hai, usakA piNDa evaM azIca eka ho jAtA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 12254)

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vivAha aura sapiNDa 281 ne do matoM kI carcA karake antima nirNaya yahI nikAlA hai ki vivAha ke uparAnta bhI strI piNDadAna ke lie apane pitA ke gotra vAlI banI rahatI hai, kintu yaha bAta tabhI sambhava hai, jaba ki vaha putrikA (binA bhAI vAlI) ho aura Asura vivAha-rIti se vivAhita huI ho; kintu yadi vaha brAhma yA kisI anya svIkRta vivAha prakAra se vivAhita huI ho to vikalpa se apane pitA ke gotra se apanI mA~ ko piNDa diyA jA sakatA hai (dekhie aparArka, pR0 432, 542, smRticandrikA, bhAga 1, pR0 69) / tIsarI zatAbdI ke nAgArjunakoNDA ke kucha abhilekhoM se patA calatA hai ki vAjapeya, azvamedha evaM anya yajJa karanevAle sirI chAntamUla ke putra rAjA sirI virapurisadata ne apanI phUphI (pitA kI bahina) kI lar3akI se vivAha kiyA thaa| kucha lekhakoM ne mAtulakanyA se vivAha ko ucita kintu phUphI kI kanyA se anucita ThaharAyA hai (nirNayasindhu 3, pR0 286, puurvaardh)| isI prakAra smRticandrikA (bhAga 1, pR0 71) evaM parAzaramAdhavIya (112, pR0 65) ne likhA hai ki yadyapi mausI yA mausI kI kanyA se vivAha-sambandha vaisA hI mAnya honA cAhie jaisA ki mAtulakanyA se, kintu ziSTa loga ise burA mAnate haiM ataH yaha amAnya hai| donoM grantha yAjJavalkya (1 / 156) para vizvAsa karate haiN| dakSiNa meM kucha loga, jinameM brAhmaNa mI sammilita. haiM (yathA-karnATaka evaM maisUra ke dezastha loga), aise haiM jo apanI bahina kI kanyA se vivAha kara lete haiN| velama jAti ke loga apanI bahina kI lar3akI se vivAha kara sakate haiN| uparyukta vivecanoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki vivAha-sambandhI pratibandhoM evaM niyamoM ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda rahA hai| ina vividha matabhedoM ko dekhakara saMskArakaustubha (pR0 620) evaM dharmasindhu (pR0 224) ke vacana bahuta tarkayukta evaM vyAvahArika jaMcate haiN| inakA kahanA hai ki kaliyuga meM bhI jinake kuloM meM yA jina pradezoM meM mAtulakanyA vivAha yugoM se pracalita rahA hai, unheM una logoM dvArA (jo loga mAtula-kanyAvivAha ke virodhI haiM) zrAddha meM bulAyA jAnA cAhie aura unakI kanyAoM se apane kula meM vivAha karane se nahIM hicakanA caahie| vimAtA ke kula kI kanyAoM se sapiNDatA kisa rUpa meM hotI hai ? isa prazna para udvAhatattva (pR0 118), nirNayasindhu (pR0 289), smRticandrikA (pR0 695-699), saMskArakaustubha (pR0 621-630) evaM dharmasindhu (pR0 230) ne vicAra kiyA hai| ve sabhI sumantu kA uddharaNa dete haiM--"pitA kI sabhI patniyA~ mA~ haiM, ina nAriyoM ke bhAI mAmA haiM, unakI bahineM apanI vAstavika mAM kI bahinoM (mausiyoM) ke samAna haiM, inakI kanyAeM apanI bahineM haiM, inakI santAneM apanI sagI bahinoM kI santAnoM ke sadRza haiM, anyathA (inase vivAha karane se) saMkara kI guMjAiza hai|" isa viSaya meM do mata haiN| prathama mata yaha hai, jise bahuta se loga mAnate haiM--koI vyakti apanI vimAtA ke bhAI yA bahina kI kanyA yA usa kanyA kI kanyA se vivAha nahIM kara sktaa| kintu dUsare mata se sApiNDya ke atideza ke niyama kA pratirodha ho jAtA hai| ___ kucha lekhakoM ne 'viruddha sambandha' ke AdhAra para kucha kanyAoM se vivAha karane para roga lagA dI hai, yadyapi ina dazAoM meM sApiNDya-sambandha kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| nirNayasindhu (pR0 239) meM uddhRta gRhya-pariziSTa ke anusAra usI kanyA se vivAha karanA cAhie jisake sAtha viruddha sambandha na ho, jaise apanI patnI kI bahina kI kanyA yA apane cAcA kI patnI kI bahina se vivAha viruddha-sambandha hai| Adhunika kAla meM aise vivAha hote rahe haiN| telugu evaM tamila jiloM ke brAhmaNoM evaM zUdroM meM apanI patnI kI bahina kI lar3akI se viAvaha vaidha mAnA jAtA hai| 16. pitRpalyaH sarvA mAtarastadbhAtaro mAtulAstabhaginyo mAtRsvasArastaduhitarazca bhaginyastadapatyAni bhaagineyaani| anyathA saMkarakAriNaH syuH| sumntu|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa goda liye hue putra ke sApiNDya-sambandha ke vivAha, azauca evaM zrAddha ke viSaya meM bahuta se grantha, yathA saMskArakaustubha ( pR0 182 - 186), nirNayasindhu ( pR0 290 291 ), vyavahAramayUkha, saMskAraprakAza ( pR0 688-694) evaM saMskAraratnamAlA - - vistAra ke sAtha kahate haiM / azauca evaM zrAddha ke sApiNDya ke bAre meM Age likhA jAyagA / dattasapiNDatA ke vivAha ke viSaya meM kaI eka virodhI mata haiN| saMskAraprakAza ( pR0 690 ) ke anusAra goda diye| hue putra kA vAstavika pitA ke sAtha sApiNDya sAta pIr3hiyoM taka rahatA hai aura goda lenevAle pitA ke sAtha tIna pIr3hiyoM taka / saMskArakaustubha ke anusAra yadi dattaka putra kA upanayana vAstavika pitA ke yahA~ gayA ho to usakA sApiNDya vAstavika pitA ke kula meM sAta pIr3hiyoM taka rahegA, kintu yadi jAtakarma se lekara upanayana taka sAre saMskAra pAlaka pitRkula meM hue haiM to usakA sApiNDya pAlaka - pitRkula meM sAta pIr3hiyoM taka rahegA, kintu yadi kevala upanayana hI pAlaka pitRkula meM huA hai to sApiNDya kevala pA~ca pIr3hiyoM taka rhegaa| nirNayasindhu ke anusAra donoM kuloM meM sAta pIr3hiyoM taka sApiNDya pAyA jAyagA / isI prakAra bahuta-se matabheda haiM, jinake pacar3e meM sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa nahIM par3A jA rahA hai| dakSiNa meM mAdhyandinI zAkhA ke dezastha brAhmaNa loga usa kanyA se vivAha nahIM karate jisake pitA kA gotra lar3ake ( honevAle pati) ke nAnA ke gotra ke samAna ho / manu ( 3 / 5 ) ne likhA hai- "vaha kanyA jo vara kI mAtA se sapiNDa sambandha na rakhanevAlI hai aura na vara ke pitA kI sagotra hai, vivAhita kI jA sakatI hai ( kintu yaha vivAha dvijoM meM mAnya hai ) / " manu ke isa zloka kI vyAkhyA meM kullUka, madanapArijAta, dIpakalikA, udvAhatattva nAmaka TIkAkAroM ke mata jAne jA sakate haiN| ina logoM ke mata se nAnA ke gotra vAlI kanyA se vivAha varjita hai / medhAtithi ne ( manu 315) to nAnA ke gotra vAlI kanyA se vivAha karane para cAndrAyaNa vrata kA prAyazcitta batAyA hai aura kanyA ko chor3a dene ko kahA hai| isa viSaya meM haradatta ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 / 5 / 11 / 16) kI TIkA meM zAtAtapa ko uddhRta karate hue haradatta ne apanI bAta kahI hai| aura dekhie kullUka, smRticandrikA (1, pR0 69), haradatta ( ApastambadharmasUtra 2/5/11/16 ), gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 10 ), udvAhatattva ( pR0 107 ) tathA anya nibandha, jinameM vyAsa kA yaha mata uddhRta kiyA gayA hai ki kucha loga mAtA ke gotra kI kanyA se vivAha karanA acchA nahIM samajhate, kintu yadi kanyA kA gotra ajJAta ho to vivAha kiyA jA sakatA hai, vivAha ho jAne para strI apanA maulika gotra tyAga kara pati ke gotra kI ho jAtI hai| ataH uparyukta " mAtA ke gotra" kA tAtparya hai mAtA kA maulika gotra arthAt nAnA kA gotra / 282 bAyabhAga evaM raghunandana kA mata, jise baMgAlI sampradAya bar3I mahattA detA hai, sapiNDa kI vyAkhyA meM mitAkSarA se mela nahIM khAtA / isa mata meM 'piNDa' kA artha hai vaha " bhAta kA piNDa yA golaka" jo pitaroM ko zrAddha ke samaya diyA jAtA hai / parantu jaisA ki hama Upara dekha cuke haiM, mitAkSarA ke anusAra 'piNDa' kA artha hai 'zarIra' yA 'zarIra ke avayava / ' sapiNDa kA artha hai "vaha jo dUsare se, bhojana Ahuti dene ke kAraNa, sambandhita ho / " dAyabhAga ke lekhaka ne isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana vasIyata ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA hai aura azoca ke sandarbha meM sApiNDagha -sambandha ko bhinna rUpa meM samajhane ko kahA hai| dAyabhAga ke praNetA jImUtavAhana ne yaha sApiNDya-sambandha vAlA siddhAnta vivAha ke viSaya meM nahIM rakhA hai| unakA siddhAnta hai ki vasIyata ke bAre meM mukhya bAta athavA kAraNa hai vaha upakArakatva ( AdhyAtmika lAbha ) jo piNDa dene para mare hue vyakti ko prApta hotA hai| jImUtavAhana ne isa viSaya meM apanA mata yA apanI vyAkhyA manu ( 9/106) para Azrita mAnI hai / apane sApiNDya siddhAnta ke lie ve do kathanoM meM vizvAsa karate haiM, yathA baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 1 / 5 / 113 - 115 ) evaM manu ( 9 / 186-187 ) / baudhAyana ke anusAra "prapitAmaha, pitAmaha, pitA evaM apane sahodara bhAI, savarNa patnI ke putra, pautra, prapotra, ye sabhI avibhAjita dAya ke bhAgI hote haiM aura sapiNDa kahe jAte haiM / kintu vibhAjita dAya ke bhAgI ko sakulya kahate haiN| isa prakAra santAna rahane para bhI unheM ghana prApta ho sakatA hai;

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vivAha aura sapina 283 sapiNDoM ke amAva meM sakulyoM ko dhana milatA hai|" manu (9 / 186-187) ke anusAra "tIna ko tarpaNa avazya denA cAhie, tIna ko piNDa milatA hai, cauthA tarpaNa evaM piNDa denevAlA hotA hai, pA~cavA~ koI nahIM hai| maranevAle ke sapiNDoM meM jo sarvasannikaTa hotA hai usI ko dhana mila jAtA hai|" jImUtavAhana ne manu ke uparyukta kathana kI vyAkhyA yoM kI haijIvita vyakti apane tIna puruSa-pitaroM ko piNDa detA hai, kintu jaba vaha svayaM mara jAtA hai, usakA putra sapiNDIkaraNa zrAddha karatA hai; " isa prakAra vaha apane pitaroM ke sAtha eka ho jAtA hai aura apane pitAmaha tathA pitA ke sAtha tIna piNDoM kA adhikArI hotA hai aura usakA putra isa prakAra apane prapitAmaha, pitAmaha tathA pitA ko piNDadAna karatA hai| ata: ve, jinheM vaha piNDa detA hai, aura ve jo use piNDa dete haiM, "avibhakta-dAyAda sapiNDa" kahe jAte haiN| jImUtavAhana ke virodha meM kaI eka siddhAnta rakhe jA sakate haiN| sarvaprathama ve baudhAyana ke vAkya ke AdhAra para piNDa ke artha ko dAya ke sAtha jor3ate haiM, jisake lie koI puSTa pramANa nahIM hai| baudhAyana ne kevala sapiNDa kI arthAt una logoM kI carcA kI hai, jo kevala avibhakta kula meM rahate haiM aura jinakA dhana abhI vibhAjita nahIM huA hai| dUsare, svayaM jImUtavAhana apane tarka para pUrA bharosA nahIM rakhate dRSTigocara hote| - dAyakramasaMgraha ke lekhaka evaM dAyabhAga ke TIkAkAra zrIkRSNa, smRtitattva tathA anya granthoM ke lekhaka raghunandana tathA anya lekhaka dAyabhAga ke niyamoM ko vistAra se samajhAte haiN| raghunandana ne apane prasiddha grantha udvAhatattva meM matsyapurANa kA uddharaNa diyA hai-"pUrvajoM meM cauthA evaM anya (usake Upara do) lepa (pake cAvala ke piNDa-nirmANa ke samaya piNDa banAne vAle ke hAtha meM bace hue aMza) ke bhAgI hote haiM, pitA evaM anya zeSa (arthAt kartA ke Upara do) piNDa ke bhAgI hote haiM, jo piNDa detA hai vaha sAtavA~ hotA hai; sApiNDya sAta pIr3hiyoM taka jAtA hai|" vivAha ke lie sApiNDaya kI koI paribhASA raghunandana dvArA nahIM dI gayI hai, kintu kaI granthoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI "pitA se sAtavIM pIr3hI tathA mAtA se pAMcavIM pIr3hI" kI carcA meM pAye jAnevAle matabheda para vivecana unhoMne avazya kiyA hai| unhoMne pitRbandhuoM evaM mAtRbandhuoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unake anusAra pitAmaha kI bahina ke lar3ake, pitAmahI kI bahina ke lar3ake aura apane pitA ke mAmA ke lar3ake pitRbandhu kahe jAte haiM; tathA vyakti kI mAtA ke pitA (nAnA) ke bhAI ke lar3ake, mAtA kI mAtA (nAnI) kI bahina ke lar3ake, mAtA ke mAmA ke putra mAtRbandhu kahe jAte haiN| vivAha ke lie hameM ina para vicAra karanA par3atA hai aura pratibandha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai| dAyamAga sapiNDa-vivAha ke lie kisI vaidika vacana kA uddharaNa nahIM detaa| kintu mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 1152) tIna vaidika vacanoM para Azrita hai, jisakI carcA Upara yathAsthAna ho cukI hai| sannikaTa sapiNDoM meM vivAha kyoM varjita mAnA jAtA hai ? isa viSaya meM mAnava-zAstriyoM ne kaI siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| vesTaramArka (hisTrI Ava hyUmana mairez2a, jilda 2, pU071-81) evaM rivarsa (maireja Ava kajinsa ina iNDiyA, je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 1907, pR0 611-640) ne kahA hai ki loga sannikaTa logoM meM vivAha karane ko vyabhicAra samajhate the| bhArata meM sapiNDa-vivAha para pratibandha sambhavataH do kAraNoM se thA-(1) yadi sannikaTa sambandhI Apasa meM vivAha sambandha sthApita kareM to unake doSa kaI gune rUpa meM unakI santAnoM meM bar3ha jAyeMge tathA (2) yadi sanikaTa logoM meM vivAha sambandha sthApita hoMge to gupta prema kI paramparAeM gUMja uThegI aura samAja meM anaitikatA kA rAjya bar3ha jAyagA aura una kanyAoM ke lie, jo eka hI ghara meM kaI sanikaTa evaM dUra ke sambandhiyoM ke sAtha rahatI haiM, vara pAnA kaThina ho jaaygaa| 17. 'sapijIkaraNa' meM cAra pipa banAye jAte haiM, eka mRtaka ke lie aura tIna usake tIna pitaroM ke lie| vA pina punaH eka banA diye jAte haiM, jisase vo preta hai vaha ina pitaroM ke sAtha milakara pitRloka meM nivAsa kre|

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284 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa parAzaramAdhavIya (1, bhAga 2, pR0 59) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki kevala vahI kanyA, jo vara kI sapiNDa nahIM hai, vivAha karane yogya hai| aba hama 'sapiNDa' zabda kI do vyAkhyAoM ke viSaya meM vaidika sAhitya kA havAlA deNge| mitAkSarA ne sapiNDa ko "zarIra yA zarIrAvayava" se tathA dAyabhAga ne "cAvala ke piNDa" se saMyojita kara rakhA hai| piNDa' zabda Rgveda (1 / 162 / 19) evaM taittirIya saMhitA (4 / 6 / 9 / 3) meM AyA hai, aura lagatA hai, usakA artha hai "agni meM Ahuti rUpa meM diye hue yajJiya pazu ke zarIra kA eka bhaag|" yahA~ 'piNDa' zabda kA artha cAvala kA golaka (piNDa) nahIM hai| kintu taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 3 / 82) evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa (2 / 4 / 2 / 24) meM "piNDa' zabda kA artha hai cAvala kA piNDa (golaka) jo pitaroM ko diyA jAtA hai| nirukta (3 / 4 evaM 5) ne "piNDadAnAya" (cAvala kA piNDa dene ke lie) zabda do bAra prayukta kiyA hai| kintu 'sapiNDa' zabda vaidika sAhitya meM kisa artha kA dyotaka thA, hameM isa para koI prakAza nahIM miltaa| dharmasUtroM meM 'sapiNDa' zabda bahudhA AyA hai aura ve piNda-dAna karane evaM dAya lene meM gaharA sambandha vyakta karate haiM (dekhie, gautama 14 / 13 / 28121, Apastamba0 2 / 6 / 14 / 2, vasiSTha 4 / 16-18, viSNu0 15 / 40) / ___hamane bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki kucha RSi sagotra kanyA aura kucha sapravara kanyA se vivAha karane ko manA karate haiN| bahuta-se RSiyoM ne, jinameM viSNu, nArada Adi mukhya haiM, sagotra evaM sapravara kanyA se vivAha amAnya ThaharAyA hai (viSNudharmasUtra 2419, yAjJavalkya 1153, nArada-strIpuMsa, 7) / ata: gotra evaM pravara ke viSaya meM kucha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai| Rgveda (105 / 113, 111711, 3,39 / 4, 3 / 43 / 7, 9 / 86 / 23, 10 / 4812, 10112018) meM gotra kA artha hai "gauzAlA" yA "gAyoM kA jhunndd"| svAbhAvika rUpaka meM 'gotra' avaruddha jala vAle bAdala yA vRtra (bAdala rAkSasa) yA pAnI denevAle bAdaloM ko chipA rakhane vAlA parvata-zikhara kahA gayA hai| aura dekhie Rgveda 2 / 23 / 3 (jahA~ bRhaspati kA ratha 'gotrabhid' kahA gayA hai), 10 / 10315 (taittirIya saMhitA 4 / 6 / 4 / 1, atharvaveda 5 / 2 / 8, vAjasaneyI saMhitA 17 / 39), 6 / 17 / 2, 10 / 103 / 6 / yahA~ 'gotra' kA artha 'durga' bhI hai| kahIM-kahIM gotra kA artha hai 'samUha' (Rgveda 2 / 23 / 28, 6165 / 5) / 'samUha' se manuSyoM kA dala' artha nikAlanA sarala hai| eka sthAna para "eka hI pUrvaja ke vaMzaja" ke artha meM bhI 'gotra' zabda prayukta huA hai| atharvaveda (5 / 21 / 3) meM "vizvagotryaH" (sabhI kuloM se sambandhita) zabda AyA hai| yahA~ 'gotra' zabda kA suspaSTa artha hai "Apasa meM sambandhita manuSyoM kA eka dl|" kauzikasUtra (4 / 2) meM eka mantra AyA hai jisameM gotra kA nizcayAtmaka artha hai "manuSyoM kA eka dl|" / taittirIya saMhitA ke bahuta se vacana vyakta karate haiM ki bar3e-bar3e RSiyoM ke vaMzaja una RSiyoM ke nAma se pukAre jAte the| taittirIya saMhitA (118118) meM AyA hai ki "hotA bhArgava (bhRgu kA vaMzaja) hai|" TIkAkAra ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki yaha kevala rAjasUya meM hotA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki una dinoM vaMzAnukrama guru evaM ziSya tathA pitA evaM putra se mAnA jAtA thaa| prAcIna kAla meM vyavasAya bahuta kama the, ataH yaha sambhava hai ki una dinoM putra apane pitA se hI vyavasAya sIkhatA thaa| taittirIya saMhitA (7 / 1 / 9 / 1) meM AyA hai--"ataH eka sAtha hI daridra (yA bUr3he) do jAmadagniya nahIM mila paate|" isase patA calatA hai ki una dinoM jamadagni bahuta prAcIna RSi kahe jAte the aura taba se unake bahuta-se vaMzaja ho cuke the, ve sabhI jAmadagnya (yA gniya) kahe jAte the, aura unameM do vaMzaja bhI lagAtAra daridra yA bUr3he nahIM pAye gye| Rgveda ke mantroM meM prasiddha RSiyoM ke vaMzaja bahuvacana meM kahe gaye haiM-"vasiSThoM ne apane pitA kI bhA~ti apane svara ucca kiye" (Rgveda 1066 / 14) / Rgveda (6135 / 5) meM bharadvAja AMgirasa kahe gaye haiN| AzvalAyana zrautasUtra ke anusAra bharadvAja vaha gotra hai jo aMgirAgaNa kI zreNI meM AtA hai| brAhmaNa-sAhitya meM kaI eka aise saMketa

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gotra aura pravara 285 haiM jinase patA calatA hai ki purohitoM ke kuloM ke kaI dala the, jo apane saMsthApakoM (vAstavika yA kAlpanika) ke nAma se vikhyAta the aura Apasa meM pUjA-arcA kI vidhiyoM meM bhinna the / taittirIya brAhmaNa (11114 ) meM AyA hai ki prUta After after AdhA ( pratiSThApana) mRguoM yA aMgirasoM ke lie "mRgUNAM (aMgirasAm) tvA devAnAM vratapate vratenAdadhAmi " nAmaka mantra se honA cAhie, kintu anya brAhmaNoM ke lie "AdityAnAM tvA devAnAM vratapate" ke sAtha / taitti meM saMhitA ( 2/2/3 ) meM "AMgirasI prajA" (aMgiras-dala ke loga ) kA prayoga huA hai| tANDyabrAhmaNa ( 18/2/12) kA mata hai ki udumbara kA camasa sagotra brAhmaNa ko dakSiNA svarUpa denA caahie| kauSItaki brAhmaNa (25 / 15) meM AyA hai ki vizvajita yajJa ( jisameM apanA sarvasva dAna kara diyA jAtA hai) karane ke uparAnta vyakti ko apane gotra ke * brAhmaNa ke yahA~ varSa bhara rahanA caahie| aitareya brAhmaNa (3017) meM eka gAthA hai jo aitaza evaM usake putra abhyagni ke bAre meM hai / vahA~ aisA likhA hai ki aitazAyana abhyagni loga auvoM meM sabase bar3e pAtakI haiN| kauSItaki brAhmaNa bhI yahI gAthA AyI hai aura likhA hai ki aitazAyana loga bhRguoM meM nikRSTa ho gaye, kyoMki unake pitA ne aisA zApa diyA thA / bodhAyana zrautasUtra ke anusAra aitazAyana loga bhRgugaNa kI upazAkhA the / vizvAmitra dvArA putra rUpa meM svIkRta kara liye jAne para zunaHzepa devarAta kahalAye aura aitareya brAhmaNa (33 / 5) kA kahanA hai ki kApileya evaM brAhma devarAta se sambandhita the| baudhAyana zrautasUtra ke anusAra devarAta evaM babhru vizvAmitra gotra kI upazAkhAeM the| zunaHzepa janma se AMgirasa the (aitareya brAhmaNa 23 / 5 ) / isase spaSTa hai ki aitareya brAhmaNa ke kAla meM gotra sambandha janma se thA na ki "AcArya se ziSya" dvArA sambandhita / upaniSadoM meM RSi loga brahmajJAna kI vyAkhyA karate samaya apane ziSyoM ko unake gotra- nAma se pukArate the, yathA bhAradvAja, gArgya, AzvalAyana, bhArgava evaM kAtyAyana gotroM se ( prazna 0 1 1 ) ; vaiyAghrapadya evaM gautama (chAndogya0 5 / 1411 ) ; gautama evaM bharadvAja, vizvAmitra evaM jamadagni, vasiSTha evaM kazyapa (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2 / 2 / 4) / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki brAhmaNoM evaM prAcIna upaniSadoM ke kAloM meM upazAkhAoM ke sAtha gotroM kI vyavasthA pracalita thI / kintu yahA~ gotroM kA ullekha yajJoM yA zikSA ke sambandha meM huA hai| kintu vivAha ke sambandha meM gotra yA sagotra kA saMketa nahIM milatA hai| lATyAyana zrautasUtra ( 8 28 evaM 10 ) kI vyAkhyA se patA calatA hai ki usake pUrva se hI sagotra vivAha varjita mAna liyA gayA thA / bahuta-se gRhyasUtroM evaM dharmasUtroM meM sagotra vivAha varjita mAnA gayA hai| isase yaha nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie ki sagotra vivAha kA niSedha sUtra - kAla se hI huA, pratyuta jaisA ki hamane uparyukta vivecana meM dekha liyA hai, bahuta pahale se, kama-se-kama brAhmaNa kAla se usa para suvicAraNA Arambha ho gayI thI / gotra kI bahuta mahattA hai| prAcIna AryoM meM isakI vyAvahArika mahattA thii| usakI kucha viziSTa bAteM hama nIce de rahe haiM-- ( 1 ) sagotra kanyAoM se vivAha niSiddha mAnA jAtA thaa| (2) dAya ke viSaya meM maranevAle manuSya kA dhana sannikaTa sagotra ko milatA thA ( gautama 28 / 19 ) / (3) zrAddha meM sagotra brAhmaNoM ko, jahA~ taka sambhava ho, nahIM nimantrita karanA cAhie (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 7 / 17 / 4, gautama 15 / 20 ) / (4) pArvaNa, sthAlIpAka evaM anya pAkayajJoM meM jahA~ anya loga havi kA madhya bhAga yA pUrvA bhAga kATate the, vahA~ jAmadagnya (jo paJcAvattI haiM) madhya, pUrvArdha evaM pazcArSa bhAga kATate the ( AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 10 / 18-19 ) / (5) preta ke tarpaNa meM usake gotra evaM nAma ko duharAyA jAtA thA ( AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 4|4|10 ) 1 (6) caula saMskAra meM bAloM kA gucchA (coTI) apane gotra evaM kulAcAra ke anusAra chor3A jAtA thA ( khAdiragRhya 2|3|30 ) /

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286 dharmazAna kA itihAsa (7) Adhunika kAla meM bhI sandhyA-vandana ke samaya apane gotra, pravara, vedazAkhA evaM sUtra ke nAma liye jAte haiN| zrIta yajJoM ke viSaya meM kucha udAharaNa avalokanIya haiN| jaimini kA kahanA hai ki satra (yajJiya avadhiyAM jo 12 dinoM yA kucha adhika dinoM taka calatI haiM) kevala brAhmaNa hI kara sakate haiM, kintu unameM bhI bhRguoM, zaunakoM evaM vasiSThoM ko manA hai (6 / 7 / 24-26) / atri, vadhrayazva, vasiSTha, vaizya (vainya?), zaunaka, kaNva, kazyapa evaM saMkRti gotra ke loga nArAzaMsa ko dvitIya prayAja ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate the, kintu anya loga tanUnapAt ko (dekhie, jaimini 6 / 6 / 1 para shbr)| pravara kI dhAraNA prAcIna kAla se hI gotra ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| donoM para prakAza sAtha hI par3anA caahie| 'pravara' kA zAbdika artha hai "varaNa karane yA AvAhana karane yogya (praarthniiy)|" agni kI prArthanA isalie kI jAtI thI ki vaha yajJa karanevAle kI AhutiyA~ devoM taka le jaay| isa prArthanA ke sAtha una RSiyoM (dUra ke pUrvajoM) ke nAma liye jAte the jo prAcIna kAla meM agni kA AvAhana karate the| isI se 'pravara' zabda kA saMketa hai yajJa karanevAle ke eka yA adhika zreSTha pUrvaja yA RSiyoM se| pravara kA samAnArthaka zanda hai ArSeya yA ArSa (yAjJavalkya 1152) / gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM ke anusAra hamAre katipaya gharelU utsavoM evaM AcAroM meM pravara kA prayoga hotA hai| kucha udAharaNa nimna haiM (1) vivAha meM sapravara kanyA se vivAha niSiddha hai| (2) upanayana-saMskAra meM mekhalA meM eka, tIna yA pA~ca gA~The hotI haiM jo ki bacce ke pravara vAle RSiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dyotaka haiM (zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 2) / (3) caula karma meM bacce ke sira para kitane bAla-guccha (coTI) raheM, yaha bacce ke kula ke pravara ke RSiyoM kI saMkhyA para nirbhara hotA hai (ApastambagRhyasUtra 16 / 6) / gotra evaM pravara para sUtroM, purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM matabhedoM se bharA itanA lambA-caur3A sAhitya hai ki use eka vyavasthA meM lAnA bahuta kaThina kArya hai| pravaramaJjarI ke lekhaka ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai| pahale hameM yaha samajhanA hai ki sUtroM evaM nibandhoM meM gotra kA kyA artha hai aura vaha pravara se kisa prakAra sambandhita hai| gotra evaM pravara ke viSaya meM hameM nimnalikhita zrauta sUtroM meM paryApta sAmagrI milatI hai-AzvalAyana (uttaraSaTka 6, khaNDa 10-15), Apastamba (24vA~ prazna) evaM baudhAyana (anta kA prvraadhyaay)| pravaramaJjarI ke kathanAnusAra baudhAyana kA pravarAdhyAya sarvocca hai| baudhAyanazrautasUtra ke anusAra vizvAmitra, jamadagni, bharadvAja, gautama, atri, vasiSTha evaM kazyapa sAta RSi haiM aura agastya AThaveM RSi haiN| inhIM AThoM kI santAne gotra haiN| yahI zrautasUtra yaha bhI kahatA hai ki yoM to sahasroM, lakSoM, arbudoM kI saMkhyA meM gotra haiM, kintu pravara kevala 49 haiN| purANoM meM matsya (195 / 202); vAyu (88 evaM 99), skanda (3 / 2) nAmaka purANa gotroM evaM pravaroM ke bAre meM ullekha karate haiN| mahAbhArata ne anuzAsanaparva (4 / 49-59) meM vizvAmitra gotra kI upazAkhAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| nibandhoM meM smRtyarthasAra (pR0 14-17), saMskAraprakAza (pR0 591-680), saMskArakaustuma (pR0 637692), nirNayasindhu, dharmasindhu, bAlaMbhaTTI ne bar3e vistAra se gotroM evaM pravaroM para likhA hai| pravaramaJjarI jaise viziSTa anya bhI haiN| gotra ke viSaya meM sAmAnya dhAraNA yahI hai ki isase kisI eka pUrvaja se calI AyI huI pakti jJAta hotI hai, jisameM sabhI loga A jAte haiN| jaba koI apanA jamadagni-gotra kahatA hai to isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha jamadagni RSi

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gotra aura pravara kA vaMzaja hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se gotroM ke ye puruSa saMsthApaka ATha rahe haiN| yaha bAta pANini ko bhI jJAta thii| pataJjali kA kahanA hai, -- " 80,000 RSiyoM ne vivAha nahIM kiyA, agastya ko lekara ATha vivAhita RSiyoM se hI vaMzaparamparA bddh'ii| ina AThoM ke apatya gotra haiM, aura inake atirikta gotrAvayava haiN|" kisI eka viziSTa puruSa pUrvaja ke vaMzaja eka gotra ke antargata A jAte haiM / gotra bhI brAhmaNa jAti evaM veda kI bhA~ti anAdi haiM, aisA meghAtithi kA kahanA hai| eka prakAra kA laukika gotra bhI hotA hai / yadi koI vyakti vidyA, dhana, zakti, dayA ke phalasvarUpa yazasvI ho sakatA hai, to sambhava hai ki usake vaMzaja apane ko usI ke nAma se ghoSita karanA caaheN| aisI sthiti meM ise laukika gotra kahate haiM / pratyeka gotra ke sAtha 1, 2, 3 yA 5 ( kintu 4 nahIM aura na 5 se adhika ) RSi hote haiM jo usa gotra ke pravara kahalAte haiM / gotroM ko daloM (gaNoM) meM gaThita kiyA gayA hai| AzvalAyana zrautasUtra ke anusAra vasiSTha gaNa kI cAra upazAkhAe~ haiM, yathA--upamanyu, parAzara, kuNDina evaM vasiSTha; jinameM pratyeka kI bahuta-sI zAkhAe~ haiM aura pratyeka gotra kahalAtI haiM / ataH vyavasthA pahale gaNoM meM, taba pakSoM meM aura taba pRthak-pRthak gotroM meM hotI hai / bhRgu evaM AMgirasa Aja bhI gaNa haiM / bauvAyana ke anusAra pramukha ATha gotra kaI pakSoM meM vibhAjita hue| upamanyu kA pravara hai vasiSTha, bharadvasu, indrapramada; parAzara gotra kA pravara hai vasiSTha, zAktya, pArAzarya; kuNDina gotra kA pravara hai vasiSTha, maitrAvaruNa, tatus evaM vasiSThoM kA pravara hai kevala vasiSTha / ataH kucha logoM ke mata se pravara kA tAtparya hai RSigaNa jo eka gotra ke saMsthApaka ko anya gotra - saMsthApakoM se pRthak karate haiM / yadyapi 'pravara' zabda Rgveda meM nahIM AtA, kintu isakA samAnArthaka zabda 'ArSeya' prayukta huA hai, ataH pravarapraNAlI kA AdhAra RgvedIya hai, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| Rgveda (9 / 97 / 51 ) meM AyA hai - "usase hama dhana evaM jamadagni sarIkhe ArSeya prApta kreN|" kabhI-kabhI agni kA AvAhana binA pravara yA ArSeya zabda kA prayoga kiye kiyA jAtA hai| Rgveda ( 811024 ) meM AyA hai - "maiM agni ko aurva, bhRgu, apnavAna kI bhA~ti bulAtA hU~ / " Azcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki ye tInoM pravara RSiyoM kI zreNI meM rakhe jAte haiM (baudhAyana 3 ) / Rgveda ( 1/45 / 3 ) meM AyA hai - "he jAtavedA (agni), praskaNva para bhI dhyAna do, jaisA ki priyamedha, atri, virUpa evaM aMgirA para dete ho / " isI prakAra Rgveda (7 / 18 / 21) meM parAzara, zatayAtu evaM vasiSTha ke nAma Aye haiM / isa mantra meM jisa prAzara kA nAma AyA hai| vaha pazcAtkAlIna kathAoM meM zakti kA putra evaM vasiSTha kA pautra kahA gayA hai| parAzara gotra kA pravara hai parAzara, zakti evaM vasiSTha (AzvAlayana evaM baudhAyana ke mata se ) / atharvaveda meM ( 11 / 1 / 16, 11 / 1 / 25, 26, 32, 33, 35, 12 .4 / 2 evaM 12, 16 / 8 / 12-13) ArSeya kA artha hai "RSiyoM ke vaMzaja yA ve jo RSiyoM se sambandhita haiM / " taittirIya saMhitA meM ArSeya evaM pravaraM sUtroM meM prayukta artha meM hI likhita haiM ( 2/5/8/7 ) / bhRgu kA pravara hai " bhArgava - cyavana apnavAnarva - jAmadagnya / " kauSItaki ( 3 / 2) evaM aitareya brAhmaNa ( 3417) meM pravara ke viSaya meM spaSTa saMketa prApta hote haiN| AzvalAyanazrautasUtra ( uttaraSaTka 6 / 15/4-5 ) evaM baudhAyana zrautasUtra ( pravaraprazna 54 ) ke mata se kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke pravara unake purohita ke pravara hote haiM yA "mAnava - aila paurUravasa" yA kevala "manuvat" / zatapathabrAhmaNa (1/(4/2/3-4) kA kahanA hai ki yazasvI pUrvaja, jinakA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai, pitA evaM putra kI bhA~ti sambandhita yA kalpita kiye gaye haiM, unake pIche koI daivI anukrama nahIM pAyA jAtA / mahAbhArata ke anusAra maulika gotra kevala cAra the - aMgirA, kazyapa, vasiSTha evaM mRgu (zAntiparva 297 / 17-18 ) / sambhavataH yaha kavi kI korI kalpanA mAtra hai / baudhAyana ne mUla gotra ATha mAne haiM kintu unake mata se bhRgu evaM aMgirA (jinake bhAga evaM upabhAga bahuta haiM) ATha gotroM meM nahIM aate| spaSTa hai, baudhAyana ko bhI vAstavika ATha gotroM ke nAma ajJAta se the / gautama evaM bharadvAja ATha meM do maulika gotra haiM, kintu ve eka sAtha hI AMgirasa gaNa meM rakha diye gaye haiM / 287

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 288 ataH baudhAyana kI sUcI bhI ati prAmANika nahIM ThaharatI / bAlaMbhaTTI ne 18 mukhya gotra ( baudhAyana vAle 8+10 jinameM kucha kathAoM ke rAjAoM ke nAma haiM) batAye haiM / baudhAyana ne sahasroM gotra batAye haiM aura unake pravarASyAya meM 500 gotroM evaM pravara RSiyoM ke nAma haiM / pravaramaMjarI ke anusAra tIna karor3a gotra haiM, isane lagabhaga 5000 gotra batAye haiM / ata: jaisA ki smRtyarthasAra kA kathana hai, nibandhoM ne asaMkhya gotroM kI carcA kI hai aura unheM 49 pravaroM meM bA~Ta diyA hai| mRgaNa evaM aMgirAgaNa kA ati vistAra hai / bhRguoM ke do prakAra haiM, jAmadagnya evaM ajAmadagnya / jAmadagnya bhRguoM ko punaH do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai, yathA-vatsa evaM bida ( yA vida) aura ajAmadagnya bhRguoM ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai, yathA--ASTiSeNa, yAska, mitrayu, vainya evaM zunaka / ina pA~coM ko kevala mRgu bhI kahA jAtA hai| ina upavibhAgoM ke antargata bahuta-se gotra haiM, jinakI saMkhyA evaM nAmoM ke viSaya meM sUtrakAroM meM mataikya nahIM hai| jAmadagnyavatsoM ke pravara meM pA~ca (baudhAyana) yA tIna ( kAtyAyana) RSi haiM, bidoM evaM ASTiSeNoM ke pravara meM pA~ca RSi haiN| ye tIna ( vatsa bida, ASTiSeNa) paJcAvatI (baudhAyana) kahe jAte haiM aura inameM paraspara vivAha nahIM ho sakatA / pA~ca ajAmadagnya mRguoM meM bahuta se upavibhAga haiM, Apastamba ne unakI cha: upazAkhAeM kintu kAtyAyana ne 12 batAyI haiM / aMgirAgaNa ke tIna vibhAga haiM, yathA- gautama, bharadvAja evaM kevalAMgirasa, jinameM gautamoM meM sAta upavibhAga, bharadvAjoM meM cAra (raukSAyaNa, garga, kapis evaM kevala bharadvAja) evaM kevalAMgirasoM meM chaH upavibhAga haiM aura inameM pratyeka bahuta se bhAgoM meM baTA huA hai| yaha saba vibhAjana baudhAyana ke anusAra hai| atri (mUla ATha gotroM meM eka) cAra bhAgoM meM baMTA hai (mukhya atri, vAdbhUtaka, gaviSThira evaM mudgala ) / vizvAmitra dasa bhAgoM meM ba~TA hai jinameM pratyeka 72 upazAkhAoM meM vibhAjita hai| kazyapa ke upavibhAga haiM--- kazyapa, nidhruva, rema evaM zaNDila / vasiSTha ke bhI cAra upavibhAga haiM (eka pravara vAle vasiSTha, kuNDina, upamanyu evaM parAzara), jinameM pratyeka ke 105 prakAra haiN| agastya ke tIna upavibhAga haiM (agastya, somavAha, yazavAha ), jinameM prathama 20 upavibhAgoM meM ba~TA hai| jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sagotra evaM sapravara vivAha varjita hai, to uparyukta sabhI pRthak rUpa se bAdhA rUpa meM A upasthita hote haiM / ataH eka lar3akI jo sapravara nahIM hai kintu sagotra hone ke nAte, tathA sagotra nahIM hai kintu sapravara hone ke nAte, vivAha ke yogya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| udAharaNArtha, yAskoM, vAghUloM, maunoM, maukoM ke gotra vibhinna haiM; kintu inameM vivAha sambandha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki inakA pravara hai " bhArgava-vaitahavya-sAvetasa / " isI prakAra saMkRtiyoM, pUtimAsoM, taNDiyoM, zambhuoM evaM zaMgavoM ke gotra vibhinna haiM kintu unameM paraspara vivAha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki unakA pravara samAna hai, yathA--- Agirasa, gaurIvIta, sAMkRtya ( AzvalAyana zrautasUtra ke mata se ) / yadi do gotroM ke pravaroM meM eka bhI samAna RSi ho gayA to donoM gotra sapravara kahe jaayeNge| kintu isa prakAra kI saprabaratA bhRgu evaM aMgirAgaNa nahIM hotI / raft adhikAMza gotroM ke tIna pravara RSi haiM, kintu kucha pravara eka RSi vAle, yA do RSi vAle, yA pA~ca RSi vAle hote haiM / mitrayuoM meM, AzvalAyana ke mata se eka RSi pravara hai, yathA--pravara vAdhyazva, vasiSThoM ( kuNDinoM, parAzaroM evaM upamanyuoM ko chor3akara) meM eka pravara RSi vAsiSTha hai, zunakoM meM eka pravara RSi gRtsamada yA zaunaka yA gArtsamada hai, agastiyoM meM eka pravara RSi agastya hai / isI prakAra anya gotroM ke pravara haiN| sthAna- saMkoca ke kAraNa hama vistAra chor3e jA rahe haiN| kucha aise kula haiM jo dvigotra kahe jAte haiN| inake lie AzvalAyana ne "dvipravAcanAH" zabda prayukta kiyA hai|

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sagotra-vivAha aura abhibhAvakatva 289 ve mUlataH tIna haiM, yathA zauMga-zaiziri, saMkRti evaM laugaakssi| bharadvAja gotra kI upazAkhA zuga dvArA vizvAmitra kI upazAkhA ke zaiziri kI patnI se eka putra utpanna huA (niyoga prathA dvArA), vaha putra zauMga-zaiziri khlaayaa| ataH zauMgazaiziri loga bharadvAja evaM vizvAmitra gotroM meM vivAha nahIM kara skte| inakA pravara hai aaNgirs-baarhspty-bhaardvaajkaatyaatkiil| eka pravara meM cAra RSi aura pA~ca se adhika nahIM ho skte| anya dvigotroM ke viSaya meM saMskArakaustuma (pR0 682-686), nirNayasindhu (pR0 300) Adi dekhe jA sakate haiN| dattaka putra ke viSaya meM zauMga-zaiziri kI bhA~ti donoM kuloM ke gotra evaM pravara gine jAte haiM aura isa prakAra donoM kuloM meM vivAha-sambandha varjita hai| isa viSaya meM hama manu (9 / 142) ko bhI par3ha sakate haiN| rAjAoM evaM kSatriyoM ke gotroM evaM pravaroM ke viSaya meM bhI kucha jAna lenA paramAvazyaka hai| aitareyabrAhmaNa (35 // 5) ke anusAra kSatriyoM ke pravara unake purohitoM ke pravara hote haiN| isase lagatA hai ki aitareya ke kAla taka bahuta-se kSatriya apane gotroM evaM pravaroM ke nAma bhUla gaye the| zrautasUtroM ne likhA hai ki kSatriya evaM rAjA loga apane purohitoM kA pravara kAma meM lA sakate haiM yA unakA pravara hai "maanv-ail-pauruurvs|" meghAtithi (manu 315)ne likhA hai ki gotroM evaM pravaroM kI bAteM mukhyataH brAhmaNoM se sambandhita haiM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM se nhiiN| yahI bAta mitAkSarA meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai, unake tathA anya nibandhakAroM ke anusAra kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke vivAha meM unake purohitoM ke gotroM evaM pravaroM kI gaNanA hotI hai, kyoMki unake lie viziSTa gotra evaM pravara hai hI nhiiN| yaha siddhAnta atideza' (AropaNa) kA sUcaka hai kyoMki hameM prAcIna sAhitya evaM abhilekhoM se yaha bAta jJAta hai ki rAjAoM ke gotra hote the| mahAbhArata meM AyA hai ki jaba yudhiSThira brAhmaNa ke rUpa meM rAjA virATa ke yahA~ gaye to unase gotra pUchA gayA aura unhoMne batAyA ki ve vaiyAghrapadya gotra ke haiM (virATaparva 7 / 8-12) / yaha gotra vAstava meM pANDavoM kA gotra thaa| pANDavoM kA pravara sAMkRti thaa| kAMcI ke pallavoM kA gotra thA bhaardvaaj| cAlukyoM kA gotra mAnava thaa| jayacandra deva kA gotra vatsa tathA pravara bhArgavacyavana-apnavAna-aurva-jAmadagnya thaa| isI prakAra aneka abhilekha prApta hote haiM jinameM rAjAoM ke gotroM evaM pravaroM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| koI bhI vidvAn sUtroM evaM nibandhoM meM diye gaye gotroM evaM pravaroM kI sUcI kI abhilekhoM se prApta sUcI se tulanA kara sakatA hai aura yaha adhyayana manohara evaM manoraMjaka hone ke sAtha-sAtha aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika mahatva rakha sakatA hai| dekhie epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pR0 5, jilda 6, pR0 337, jilda 16 pR0 27.4, jilda 19, pR0 115-117, 248-250, jilda 14, pR0 202, jilda 13, pR0 228, jinda 8, pR0 316-317, jilda 9, pR0 103, jilda 12, pR0 163-167, gupta iMskripzansa, naM0 55, epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 10, pR0 10, lyUDara kI sUcI naM0 158 / Apastamba zrautasUtra ke anusAra vaizyoM kA kevala eka pravara hai 'vAtsapra', kintu baudhAyana ke anusAra tIna pravara haiM, yathA maalndn-vaatspr-maaNktil| vaizya loga apane purohitoM ke pravara bhI prayoga meM lA sakate haiN| saMskAraprakAza (pR0 659) ke mata se bhAlandana vaizyoM kA gotra hai| Apastamba ke mata se yadi apanA gotra evaM pravara smaraNa na ho to AcArya (vedaguru) ke gotra evaM pravara kAma meM lAye jA sakate haiN| kintu isa viSaya meM smaraNIya yaha hai ki aisA vyakti kevala apane AcArya kI putrI se vivAha nahIM kara sakatA, kintu AcArya ke gotra evaM pravara vAle anya vyaktiyoM kI kanyAoM se vivAha kara sakatA hai| saMskArakaustubha evaM saMskAraprakAza (pR. 650) ke mata se yadi apanA gotra na jJAta ho to apane ko kAzyapa gotra kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu yaha tabhI kiyA jAyagA jaba ki guru (AcArya) kA gotra bhI na jJAta ho| smRticandrikA (zrAddhaprakaraNa, pR0 481) kA kathana hai ki yadi nAnA kA gotra na jJAta ho to piNDadAna karate samaya nAnA ko kAzyapa-gotra kA kahA jA sakatA hai| dharma0 37

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kAlAntara meM gotra se kula kA paricaya bhI diyA jAne lagA, aisI bAta abhilekhoM meM prApta hotI hai / kadamba kula ke rAjA kRSNavarmA ke tAmralekha meM eka seTha ( zreSThI) apane ko tuThiyalla gotra evaM pravara kA kahatA hai| rAjamahendrI ke reDDI rAjA (zUdra) allaya vemA apane ko polvolA gotra kA kahate haiM (dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 13, pR0 237 ) / eka bar3I vicitra bAta yaha hai ki sUtrakAroM ne pravaroM ke RSiyoM ke nAmoM meM bar3e-bar3e matabheda khar3e kara diye haiN| hama eka udAharaNa leM, yathA 'zANDilya gotra' / AzvalAyana ne do RSi-dala diye haiM; "zANDila - asita - daivala " yA "kAzyapa--asita--daivala", kintu Apastamba ke anusAra pravara meM kevala do RSi haiM, yathA "daivala - asita", kintu kucha anya logoM ke mata se tIna RSi haiM, yathA " kAzyapa - devala asita", kintu baudhAyana ne cAra dala prastuta kiye haiM, yathA "kAzyapa -- avatsAra -- daivala iti", "kAzyapa - avatsAra - asita iti", "zANDila--asita-daivala iti", "kAzyapa - avatsAra - zANDila iti / " ina vibhinna matoM ke lie hama kyA uttara deM sakate haiM ? baudhAyana ( pravaradhyAya 44) kA kathana hai ki logAkSi ( lokAkSi ) loga dina meM vasiSTha haiM, kintu rAtri meM kAzyapa aura unake pravara meM bhI yaha dvidhA sambandha hai / smRtyarthasAra ke anusAra isakA kAraNa hai prayAja, jisameM dina meM vasiSThoM kI vidhi ke anurUpa kriyA kI jAtI hai aura rAtri meM kAzyapoM kI vidhi ke anusAra / gotroM meM kucha nAma gAthAoM meM vizruta rAjAoM evaM kSatriyoM ke haiM, yathA vItahavya evaM vainya tathA pravaroM meM kucha kalpanAtmaka rAjAoM ke, yathA mAndhAtA, ambarISa, yuvanAzva, divodAsa / vItahavya kA nAma to mRgu se sambandhita Rgveda ( 6 / 15/2 - 3 ) meM bhI milatA hai| 290 hArIta kA pravara yA to "AMgirasa -ambarISa-yauvanAzva" hai yA "mAnghAtA-ambarISa-yauvanAzva" hai / bahuta-se kAlpanika rAjarSi bhI pAye jAte haiM / bhRguoM meM eka upazAkhA vainya hai jo punaH pArtho evaM bASkaloM meM vibhAjita hai / pRthu kI kathA, jinhoMne pRthvI ko duhA, prasiddha hai (droNa-parva 69), ve adhirAja kahe gaye haiM (anuzAsanaparva 166 / 55 ) / vAyupurANa meM kaI sthAnoM meM aisA AyA hai ki kucha kSatriyoM ne brAhmaNoM ke pravara apanA liye, aisA kyoM huA, isakA uttara Aja sarala nahIM hai| hama kalpanAtmaka DhaMga se kaha sakate haiM ki purANoM meM prAcIna paramparAeM saMgRhIta haiM, jinake anusAra prAcIna kAla meM varNoM meM koI viziSTa rekhA - vibhAjana nahIM thA aura prAcIna rAjA bhI vaidika vidyA meM pAraMgata hote the, apane ghara meM zrauta agni prajvalita rakhate the, ve kAlAntara meM RSivat ho gaye aura unake nAmoM ke sAtha agni kA AvAhana kiyA jAne lagA tathA brAhmaNa loga bhI inheM devatAoM ke yajana meM prArthanA ke sAtha bulAne lage / gotra evaM pravara meM jo sambandha hai, usake viSaya meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai - gotra prAcInatama pUrvaja hai yA kisI vyakti ke prAcInatama pUrvajoM meM eka hai, jisake nAma se yugoM se kula vikhyAta rahA hai, kintu pravara usa RSi yA una RSayoM se banatA hai jo ati prAcInatama rahe haiM, atyanta yazasvI haiM aura jo gotra RSi ke pUrvaja yA kucha dazAoM meM atyanta prakhyAta RSi rahe haiM / hamane dekha liyA hai ki sagotra evaM savara vivAha vivAha nahIM ginA jAtA aura aisI vivAhita kanyA patnI nahIM ho sakatI / isa prakAra ke vivAha kA pratiphala kyA hotA thA ? baudhAyana ( pravarAdhyAya, 54 ) ke mata se sagotra kanyA se saMbhoga karane para cAndrAyaNa vrata kiyA jAnA cAhie aura usake uparAnta usa nArI ko mAtA yA bahina ke samAna rakhanA caahie| yadi koI putra utpanna ho jAya to pApa nahIM lagatA aura usako kazyapa gotra de denA caahie| isa viSaya meM dekhie aparka ( pR0 80 ) / yadi jAna-bUjhakara sagotra yA sapravara se koI vivAha kara le to vaha jAticyuta ho jAtA hai aura usase utpanna putra cANDAla kahalAtA hai ( Apastamba, saMskAraprakAza dvArA uddhRta, pR0 680 ) / uparyukta Satara - niyama, jisake anusAra baccA kazyapa gotra kA kahalAegA, kevala anajAne meM sagotra kanyA se vivAha kara lene

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kanyA-vijaya aura abhibhAvakatva 291 ke viSaya meM hai| saMskAraprakAza dvArA uddhRta kAtyAyana ke mata se yadi sagotra kanyA se vivAha ho jAya to vaha kanyA puna: kisI anya se vivAhita kI jA sakatI hai| kintu saMskAraprakAza kAtyAyana ke isa mata ko Adhunika kAla meM vaidha nahIM mAnatA aura becArI kanyA, jisakA koI doSa nahIM hai, usake mata se jIvana bhara kumArI rUpa meM na to vivAhita aura na viSavA samajhI jAyagI / sagotra sambandha eka ora vivAha ke lie sapiNDa sambandha se vistatatara hai to dUsarI ora saMkIrNatara hai| eka vyakti sagotra kanyA se vivAha nahIM kara sakatA, cAhe vaha kitanI hI dUrI kI sagotra kyoM na ho| usI prakAra eka dattaka putra sagotra kI (apane janaka ke kula kI) kanyA se do kAraNoM se vivAha nahIM kara sakatA; (1) goda cale jAne para pitA ke ghara meM vasIyata, piNDadAna Adi para adhikAra nahIM rakha sakatA kintu pitA ke kula se anya sambandha jyoM-ke-tyoM rahate haiM, (2) manu (315 ) ke kathanAnusAra kanyA sagotra ( vara ke pitA ke gotra kI) nahIM honI cAhie, ataH goda cale jAne para bhI vAstavika pitA kA gotra dekhA jAtA hai| sapiNDa - vivAha meM pratibandha kevala sAta yA pA~ca pIr3hiyoM taka mAnA jAtA hai, kintu sagotra para pratibandha anaginata pIr3hiyoM taka calA jAtA hai / sapiNDa eka hI gotra ( sagotra ) kA yA vibhinna gotra kA saMbhava hai, kucha sImA taka sapiNDa meM sagotra evaM vibhinna gotra A jAte haiM / bhinna gotra vAle bandhu kahalAte haiM (mitAkSarA ), ve sabhI sajAti haiM aura dAya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate haiN|' vivAha sambandhI anya pratibandha bhI haiN| smRtimuktAphala ne hArIta ko uddhRta karake batAyA hai ki apanI kanyA dekara dUsare kI kanyA apane putra ke lie lenA, eka hI vyakti kI do kanyA denA ( usI samaya ) aura apanI do kanyAe~ do bhAiyoM ko eka sAtha hI denA varjita hai / kintu Aja ye niyama kevala niyama mAtra raha gaye haiM / Adhunika bhArata meM mRta patnI kI bahina se vivAha karanA varjita nahIM mAnA jAtA / kanyA kA vivAha kauna taya karatA hai aura kauna usakA dAna karatA hai ? viSNudharmasUtra ke mata se krama se pitA, pitAmaha, mAI, kuTumbI, nAnA, nAnI kanyA ko vivAha meM de sakate haiM (24138-39 ) / yAjJavalkya ( 1/63-64 ) ne thor3A antara kiyA hai| unhoMne nAnA ko chor3a diyA hai aura kahA hai ki jaba abhibhAvaka pAgala ho yA kisI doSa se parAbhUta ho to kanyA ko svayaMvara karanA cAhie arthAt apane se apanA pati cunanA caahie| nArada ne nimna prakAra kA anukrama rakhA hai; pitA, bhAI ( pitA kI rAya se ) pitAmaha, mAmA, sakulya, bAndhava, mAtA ( yadi tana-mana se svastha ho ), taba dUra ke sambandhI, isake uparAnta rAjAjJA se svayaMvara ( strIpuMsa, 20 - 23 ) / kanyAdAna karanA kevala adhikAra mAtra nahIM thA, pratyuta eka uttaradAyitva thA ( yAjJavalkya 1164 ) ; yadi samaya se kanyAdAna na kiyA jA sake to bhrUNahatyA kA pApa lagatA hai| svayaMvara kA pracalana rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata se jJAta hotA hai, kintu vaha kevala rAjakIya kuloM taka hI sImita thA / manu (9/90-91 ) ke mata se vivAha yogya ho jAne ke tIna varSa taka bATa johakara svayaMvara kiyA * jAnA caahie| viSNudharmasUtra ( 24140 ) ke anusAra yuvAvasthA prApta kara lene para tIna bAra mAsika dharma ho lene ke . uparAnta kanyA ko apanA vivAha kara lene kA pUrNa adhikAra hai| smRtiyoM meM puruSa ke vivAha ke viSaya meM vyavasthA denevAle kI carcA nahIM huI hai, kyoMki kama avasthA vAle lar3ake ke vivAha kA prazna hI nahIM thA / kanyAdAna ke silasile meM mAtA ko utanA ucca sthAna nahIM prApta hai, kyoMki vaha svayaM AzritAvasthA meM rahatI thI aura use yaha kArya kisI puruSa sambandhI se karAnA par3atA thA / Adhunika bhArata meM mAtA kanyA ke lie vara cunane kI adhikAriNI hai, kintu kanyAdAna kisI puruSa dvArA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| dharmasindhu ke mata se yadi kanyA svayaMvara kare, yA mAtA kanyAdAna kare to kanyA yA mAtA ko nAndIzrAddha evaM mukhya saMkalpa karanA cAhie, kintu anya kRtya kisI brAhmaNa dvArA kiyA jAnA caahie| vAstava meM mukhya bAta vivAhakarma hai, yadi vivAha saptapadI ke dvArA sampAdita ho cukA

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292 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ho to use amAnya nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakatA, bhale hI pitA ke rahate usakA sampAdana kisI anya vyakti dvArA huA ho / kintu vivAha ke pUrva adhikArI vyaktiyoM ke rahate kisI anya vyakti ko kanyAdAna karane se rokA jA sakatA hai| vivAha meM kanyA - kraya ke viSaya meM bhI kucha likha denA Avazyaka hai| maitrAyaNI saMhitA ( 1 / 10 / 11 ) meM AyA hai ki vaha vAstava meM pApI hai jo pati dvArA krIta ho jAne para anya puruSoM ke sAtha ghUmatI hai / jaimini ( 6 | 1|15 ) ke mata se 100 gAyeM evaM ratha dekara kanyA kA vivAha karanA kanyA kA kraya nahIM kahA jA sakatA, yaha to kevala bheTa - mAtra hai / jaimini ke kathana se vyakta hotA hai ki yadi maitrAyaNI saMhitA ke samaya kanyA - kraya kI prathA thI to vaha bhartsanA ke yogya thI / spaSTa hai, sUtrakAroM ke kAla meM kanyA - kraya kI bhartsanA pUrNarUpa se hotI thii| isa viSaya meM ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 | 6 / 13 / 10-11) kA kathana avalokanIya hai- "baccoM ko bheTa meM athavA kraya meM nahIM diyA jA sakatA; vivAha meM veda dvArA AjJApita jo meTa kanyA ke pitA ko dI jAtI hai (yathA 'ata: 100 gAyeM evaM eka ratha kanyA ke pitA ko diye jAne cAhie, aura vaha bheTa vivAhita jor3e kI hai), vaha kanyA ke pitA kI eka abhilASA mAtra hai, usakI kanyA ko tathA usake baccoM ko eka acchI Arthika sthiti prApta ho jAya; yaha rIti isakI dyotaka hai, na ki kanyA ke kraya yA vikraya kI sUcaka hai / 'vikraya' zabda kA prayoga kevala AlaMkArika hai, kyoMki pati-patnI kA sambandha vikraya se nahIM utpanna hotA pratyuta dharma se / " Rgveda (1 / 109 / 2), maitrAyaNI saMhitA ( 1 / 10 / 1), nirukta ( 6 / 9, 304), Rgveda ( 3|31|1 ), aitareya brAhmaNa (33), taittirIya saMhitA ( 5/2/13 ), taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 1 / 7 / 10) Adi ke avalokana se vidita hotA hai| ki prAcIna kAla meM vivAha ke lie lar3akiyoM kA kraya-vikraya hotA thA / yaha prathA anya dezoM meM bhI thI / kintu yaha dhAraNA kramazaH samApta ho gayI aura vara pakSa se kucha lenA pApamaya samajhA jAne lgaa| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 1 / 11 / 2021) ne do uddharaNa diye haiM, "jo strI dhana dekara lAyI jAtI hai, vaha vaidha patnI nahIM hai, vaha pati ke sAtha deva-pUjana, zrAddha Adi meM bhAga nahIM le sakatI; kazyapa RSi ne use dAsI kahA hai / jo lobha ke vaza ho apanI kanyAoM kA vivAha zulka lekara karate haiM, ve pApI haiM, apane AtmA ko becane vAle haiM, mahAn pAtaka karane vAle haiM aura naraka meM jAte haiM, Adi / " baudhAyana ne punaH likhA hai- " jo apanI kanyA ko becatA hai, apanA puNya becatA hai|" manu ( 3 / 51, 54-55 ) ne likhA hai--"pitA ko apanI kanyA ke bala para kucha bhI grahaNa nahIM karanA cAhie, yadi vaha kucha letA hai to kanyA ko becane vAlA kahA jAyagA, yadi kanyA ke sambandhI loga vara pakSa dvArA diye gaye padArtha kanyA ko de dete haiM, to yaha kanyAvikraya nahIM kahA jAyagA / isa prakAra kA dhana lenA ( arthAt varapakSa se lekara kanyA ko de denA) kanyA ko Adara denA hai| pitAoM, bhAiyoM, patiyoM evaM bahanoiyoM ko cAhie ki ve apane kalyANa ke lie lar3akiyoM ko AbhUSaNa Adi dekara unheM sammAnita kareM / " dekhie manu ( 9/98 ) / manu ( 9 | 61 ) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 236) ne kanyA -vikraya ko upapAtaka kahA hai| mahAbhArata (anuzAsanaparva 93 / 133 evaM 94 13 ) ne kanyA - vikraya kI bhartsanA kI hai| anuzAsanaparva (450 18-19) meM AyA hai (yama kI gAthAoM ke viSaya meM) ki jo "apane putra ko vecatA hai, yA jIvikA ke lie kanyA- vikraya karatA hai vaha bhayAnaka naraka arthAt kAlasUtra meM giratA hai| aparicita vyakti ko bhI nahIM becanA cAhie, apane baccoM kI to bAta hI nirAlI hai|" (anuzAsanaparva 45 | 23 ) / anuzAsanaparva ( 45 / 20 ) evaM manu ( 3 / 53 ) ne ArSa vivAha kI bhartsanA kI hai, kyoMki usameM vara ke pitA se yugma pazu lene kI bAta hai| kerala yA malAvAra meM aisA vizvAsa hai ki mahAn guru zaMkarAcArya ne 64 AcAroM meM kanyAvikraya pratibandha, satI- pratibandha Adi ko bhI rakhA hai ( dekhie iNDiyana eNTikverI, jilda 4, pR0 255-256, aura atri 389 evaM Apastamba (padya), 9 / 25 ) / arkATa jile ke uttarI bhAga ke padaivIDu abhilekha (1425 I0) se patA calatA hai ki karNATa, tamila, telugu evaM lATa (dakSiNa gujarAta ) ke brAhmaNa pratinidhiyoM ne eka saMmatipatra para hastAkSara kiye ki ve kanmA ke vivAha meM vara-kSa se sonA Adi nahIM

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kanyA kA zubhAspadatva aura vivAha-nizcaya 293 leMge, yadi koI aisA karegA to vaha rAjA dvArA daNDita hogA aura brAhmaNajAti se cyuta ho jaaygaa| lagabhaga 1800 I0 meM pezavA ne aisI AjJA nikAlI ki yadi koI kanyA-vikraya karegA to use tathA denevAle evaM aguA ko dhana-daNDa denA pdd'egaa| Adhunika kAla meM kucha jAtiyoM evaM kucha zUdroM meM kucha dhana lene kI jo prathA hai, vaha kevala vivAha-vyayabhAra vahana ke lie athavA kanyA ko de dene ke lie hai| . baccoM para pitA kA kyA adhikAra hai ? vivAha meM kanyA-vikrama kA prazna isa prazna se sambandhita-sA hai| Rgveda (11116 / 16) meM RzAzva kI gAthA prasiddha hai; RjAzva ke pitA ne usakI A~kheM nikAla lIM, kyoMki usane (RSAzva ne) eka sau bher3eM eka bher3iyA ko de dI thiiN| lagatA hai, yahAM koI rUpaka hai, kyoMki aisI bAta asvAbhAvika-sI lagatI hai| zunazzepa (aitareya brAhmaNa 33) kI AkhyAyikA se patA calatA hai ki pitA apane putra ko bece, aisA bahuta kama hotA thaa| vasiSThadharmasUtra (17 / 30-31) ke anusAra zunazzepa kA vRttAnta putra-kraya kA udAharaNa hai (putra 12 prakAra ke hote haiN)| isI sUtra (17 / 36-37) ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki 'apaviddha' putra vaha putra hai jo, apane mAtA-pitA dvArA tyAga diyA jAtA hai aura dUsare dvArA grahaNa kara liyA jAtA hai| yahI bAta manu (9 / 171) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (15 / 1-3) ke kathanAnusAra baccoM para mAtA-pitA kA sampUrNa adhikAra hai, ve unheM de sakate haiM, beca sakate haiM yA chor3a sakate haiM, kyoMki unhIM ke zukra-zoNita se baccoM kI utpatti hotI hai| kintu yadi eka hI putra ho to vaha na becA jA sakatA hai aura na kharIdA jA sakatA hai| manu (8416) evaM mahAbhArata (udyogaparva 33 / 64) ke anusAra strI, putra evaM dAsa dhanahIna hote haiN| kyoMki ve jo kamAte haiM vaha unakA hai, jinake ve hote haiN| manu (5 / 152) ke mata se "(kanyA ke pitA kI ora se) jo bheTa milatI hai, vaha pati ke svAmitva kI dyotaka hotI hai|" kramazaH kucha vicAroM ke utpanna ho jAne se pitA ke kaThora svAmitva kA bala kama hotA calA gayA, yathA-pUtra svayaM pitA ke rUpa meM bAra-bAra utpanna hotA hai, kyoMki putra zrAddha ke samaya pitA tathA pUrvajoM ko piNDadAna dekara AdhyAtmika lAbha karAtA hai| isa prakAra pitA kA putra para jo atyadhika svAmitva thA, vaha zithila par3a gyaa| kauTilya (3 // 13) ne likhA hai ki apane baccoM ko becakara yA bandhaka rakhakara mleccha loga pApa ke bhAgI nahIM hote, kintu Arya dAsa kI zreNI meM nahIM lAyA jA sktaa| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie yAjJavalkya (21175), nArada (dattApradAnika, 4), kAtyAyana (smRticandrikA dvArA uddhRta, pR0 132), yAjJavalkya (2 / 118-119), manu (8 / 389), yAjJavalkya (2 / 234); viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 113-114), kauTilya (3 / 20), manu (8 / 299-300) / kyA patnI evaM baccoM para svAmitva hotA hai ? jaimini (6 / 7 / 1-2) ne vizvajit yajJa ke bAre meM likhate samaya kahA hai ki isa meM apane mAtA-pitA evaM anya sambandhiyoM ko chor3akara saba kucha dAna kara diyA jAtA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 2 / 175) ke anusAra yadyapi patnI yA bacce bheTa rUpa meM kisI ko nahIM diye jA sakate, tathApi una para svAmitva rahatA hai| yahI bAta vIramitrodaya (pR0 567) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai ! bAlahatyA ke viSaya meM bhI kucha likha denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| vikhyAta samAjazAstrI vesTaramArka ne apanI prasiddha pustaka 'Arijina eNDa DevalapamenTa Ava maoNrala AiDiyA' (jilda 1, 1906) meM prAcIna evaM Adhunika kAla ke asabhya evaM sabhya dezoM meM bAlahatyA ke viSaya para prakAza DAlA hai| grIsa deza ke spArTA prAnta meM zaktizAlI evaM svastha lar3akoM kI prApti ke lie evaM rAjapUtoM meM kula-sammAna evaM vivAha meM dhana-vyaya rokane ke lie bAla-hatyAeM hotI thiiN| vesTaramArka kA yaha vacana ki vaidika kAla meM bAla-hatyAeM hotI thIM, bhrAmaka hai| Rgveda (2 / 29 / 1) kA "Are matkarta rahasUrivAgaH" kA saMketa bAlahatyA kI ora nahIM hai, balki yaha to kumArI ke bhrUNa tyAga kI ora saMketa hai, kyoMki aisI santAna gupta prema kI sUcaka hai aura asAmAjika mAnI jAtI rahI hai| kucha yUropiyana vidvAn, jinameM jimmara evaM Delabuka mukhya haiM, taittirIya saMhitA (5 / 10 / 3) kA ullekha karate haiM jisameM AyA hai-"ve avabhRSa (antima yaziya

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parmazAstra kA itihAsa snAna) ke pAsa jAte haiM, ve thAliyA~ alaga rakhate haiM, ve vAyu ke lie baratana le jAte haiM, ataH utpanna hone para kanyA ko alaga rakhate haiM aura Ananda ke sAtha putra ko grahaNa karate haiN|" kintu yahA~ to kevala itanA hI saMketa hai ki putrI kI apekSA putra kI Avabhagata adhika hotI hai, arthAt putrI ke janma kI apekSA putra ke Agamana para adhika harSa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha bAta aitareya brAhmaNa (33 / 1) meM varNita mAvanA kA eka rUpa mAtra hai; "patnI vAstava meM mitra hai, putrI kleza (kRpaNa yA apamAna) hai, putra sarvottama svarga meM prakAza hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie Adiparva (159 / 11) / ApastambagRhyasUtra (15 / 13) ne likhA hai ki yAtrA se lauTane para pitA ko putrI se bhI kuzala vacana kahanA cAhie, hAM antara yaha hai ki putra se milate samaya usa kA mAthA cUmanA cAhie aura dAhine kAna meM kucha mantra par3hane caahie| manu (9 / 232) ke mata se rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha usa vyakti ko mRtyu-daNDa de, jo strI, bacce yA brAhmaNa ko mAra DAlatA hai|" manu (9 / 130) evaM anuzAsanaparva (45 / 11) ke mata se; "jisa prakAra putra AtmA hai, usI prakAra putrI hai, pitA kI mRtyu para putrI ke rahate hue anya vyakti usakA ghana kaise le sakatA hai|" yahI bAta nArada (dAyabhAga, 50) evaM bRhaspati meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kanyA ke janma para pitA jo prasanna nahIM hotA, usakA kAraNa hai putrI ke bhaviSya ke viSaya meM cintA Adi, na ki pitA dvArA apanI putrI ko putra ke samAna pyAra nahIM krnaa| samAja ne sadaiva striyoM se ucca naitikatA kI apekSA kI hai, aura puruSoM ke bahuta-se anaitika karmoM ko apekSAkRta kSamyatA kI dRSTi se dekhA hai (rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa 9 / 10-11) / prAcIna sAhitya ne sabhI sthAnoM meM striyoM ko bhartsanA kI dRSTi se nahIM dekhA hai / patnI pati kI ardhAMginI kahI gayI hai| Rgveda (353 / 4) ne patnI ko ArAma kA ghara,kahA hai (jaayedstm)| yahI bAta dUsare rUpa meM chAndogyopaniSad meM pAyI jAtI hai, "svapna meM strI-darzana zubha hai, dhArmika kRtyoM kI saphalatA kA dyotaka hai|" manu (356-anuzAsanaparva 4 6 / 5) ne yadyapi anyatra striyoM ko kaThora vacana kahe haiM, kintu eka sthAna para likhA hai-"jahA~ nArI kI pUjA hotI hai, vahA~ devatA rahanA pasanda karate haiM, jahAM unakA sammAna nahIM hotA, vahA~ dhArmika kRtyoM kA lopa ho jAtA hai|" kumAriyoM ko pUta evaM zubha kahA gayA hai| raghuvaMza meM AyA hai ki jaba rAjA rAjadhAnI se nikalate the to kumAriyA~ bhune dhAna se unakA abhinandana karatI thIM (raghuvaMza 2 / 10) / zaunakakArikA ne kumArI ko ATha zubha padArthoM meM ginA hai| droNaparva (82 / 20-22) meM AyA hai ki yuddha-yAtrA ke pUrva arjuna ne zubha vastuoM meM alaMkRta kumArI kA bhI sparza kiyA thaa| gomilasmRti (2 / 163) ke anusAra prAtaHkAla uThate hI saubhAgyavatI nArI kA darzana kaThinAiyoM ko bhagAne vAlA hotA hai| vAmanapurANa (14135-36) ke anusAra ghara chor3ate samaya anya padArthoM ke sAtha brAhmaNa-kumAriyoM kA darzana bhI zubha hai| aba hama vivAha ke zubha kAloM kA varNana kreNge| Rgveda (1085 / 13) ke vivAhasUkta meM ye zabda Aye haiM"aghAoM para gAyeM saMhata kI jAtI haiM aura kanyA (vivAhita hone para pitA ke ghara se) phalguniyoM meM le jAyI jAtI hai|" gAyeM madhuparka meM saMhata kI gayI aura vivAha ke dina vara ko dI gyiiN| maghA nakSatra ke uparAnta do phalgunI turanta A jAte haiN| ApastambagRhyasUtra (3 / 1-2) meM bhI uparyukta kathana kI dhvani milatI hai-"madhAoM meM gAyeM svIkAra kI jAtI haiM aura phalguniyoM meM (vivAhita) kanyA (pati ke ghara ko) le jAyI jAtI hai| uparyukta RgvedIya sUkta meM 'aghA' kA tAtparya 'maghA' hotA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1141) ke anusAra sUrya ke uttarAyaNa meM, zukla pakSa meM, kisI 18. sakhA ha jAyA kRpaNaM hi duhitA jyotirha putraH parame vyoman / aitareya brAhmaNa (3331) / AtmA putraH sakhA bhAryA kRcchaM tu duhitA kila / Aniparva 159 / 11 / milAie manu (4.184-185)-'bhAryA putraH svakA tnH|| chAyA svo vAsavargazca duhitA kRpaNaM param //

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melApaka aura vivAha ke prakAra 295 cAndra nakSatra meM caula, upanayana, godAna evaM vivAha sampAdita hote haiM, kintu kitane hI vidvAnoM ke mata se vivAha kamI mI kiye jA sakate haiM (kevala uttarAyaNa Adi meM hI nahIM ) / ApastambagRhyasUtra (2 / 12-13) ke anusAra zizira ke do mAsa arthAt mAgha evaM phAlguna chor3akara tathA grISma ke do pAsa ( jyeSTha-ASAr3ha) chor3akara sabhI Rtu vivAha ke yogya haiM, isI prakAra sabhI zubha nakSatra bhI isake lie upayukta haiN| isI sUtra ( 3 / 3) ne punaH niSTyA arthAt svAti nakSatra ko uttama mAnA hai (dekhie taittirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 5 / 2 evaM baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 1 / 18-19 ) / ApastambagRhyasUtra ne vivAha ke lie rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, uttarA phAlgunI, svAti ko acche nakSatroM meM ginA hai, kintu punarvasu, tiSya ( puSya ), hasta, zravaNa evaM revatI ko anya utsavoM ke lie zubha mAnA hai| anya mata dekhie mAnavagRhyasUtra (1 / 7 / 5), kAThakagRhyasUtra ( 1419 | 10 ), vArAhagRhyasUtra ( 10 ) / rAmAyaNa ( bAlakANDa 72 / 13 evaM 71 / 24 ) evaM mahAbhArata ( Adiparva 8 / 16) ne bhagadevatA ke nakSatra ko vivAha ke lie ThIka mAnA hai| kauzikasUtra ( 75 / 2-4) ne Adhunika kAla ke samAna hI kahA hai ki kArtika pUrNimA ke uparAnta se vaizAkha pUrNimA taka vivAha karanA cAhie, yA kabhI bhI, kintu caitra ke Adhe bhAga ko chor3a denA caahie| madhya kAla ke nibandhoM ne phalita jyotiSa ke AdhAra para bahuta lambA caur3A AkhyAna prakaTa kiyA hai, jisakA varNana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| eka-do udAharaNa yahA~ de diye jAte haiM / udvAhatatva ( pR0 24) ne rAjamArtaNDa evaM bhujabalabhIma ko uddhRta karake batAyA hai ki caitra evaM pauSa ko chor3akara sabhI mAsa zubha haiN| usane yaha bhI likhA hai ki ucita avasthA se adhika avasthA pAra kara lene para kisI zubha muhUrtaM kI bATa nahIM johanI cAhie, kevala dasa varSa kI kanyA ke lie hI zubha muhUrtoM kI khoja karanI caahie| saMskAraratnamAlA ( pR0 460 ) kA kahanA hai ki sUtroM smRtiyoM meM zubha muhatoM ke viSaya meM matabheda haiM, ataH apane deza ke AcAra ke anusAra hI kArya karanA caahie| jyeSTha mAsa meM jyeSTha putra kA jyeSTha kanyA se vivAha nahIM karanA cAhie aura jyeSTha putra evaM putrI kA vivAha unake janma ke mAsa, dina yA nakSatra meM bhI nahIM karanA caahie| saptAha meM budha, soma, zukra evaM bRhaspati uttama dina haiM, kintu madanapArijAta ke anusAra rAtri meM vivAha karane se sabhI dina acche haiN| lar3akiyoM ke vivAha meM candra kA zaktizAlI sthAna meM rahanA Avazyaka hai| lar3akA aura lar3akI ke janma ke samaya ke nakSatra evaM rAzi se jyotiSa sambandhI gaNanA ATha prakAra se kI gayI hai, jise kUTa kahA gayA hai aura ve kUTa haiM- varNa, vazya, nakSatra, yoni, graha ( do rAziyoM para rAjya karane vAle graha), gaNa, rAzi evaM naadd'ii| inameM se pratyeka bAda vAlA apane se pUrva se adhika zaktizAlI kahA jAtA hai| gaNa evaM nAr3I kI vizeSa mahattA ataH yahA~ para unakA saMkSipta vivaraNa upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| 27 nakSatroM ko 3 daloM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| aura pratyeka dala devagaNa, manuSyagaNa evaM rAkSasagaNa ke sAtha lagA huA hai / yathA devagaNa azvinI mRgazirA punarvasu puSya hasta svAti anurAdhA zravaNa revatI manuSyagaNa bharaNI rohiNI ArdrA pUrvA phAlgunI uttarA phAlgunI pUrvASADhA uttarASADhA pUrvAbhAdrapada uttarAbhAdrapada rAkSasagaNa kRttikA AzleSA maghA citrA vizAkhA jyeSThA mUla dhaniSThA zatatArakA

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pUrvA mUla 296 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yadi vara evaM kanyA eka hI dala ke nakSatroM meM utpanna hue hoM, unheM sarvottama mAnA jAtA hai| kintu yadi unake janma ke nakSatra dibhinna daloM meM par3ate haiM to nimna niyamoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai-yadi unake nakSatra devagaNa evaM manuSyagaNa meM par3ate haiM to ise madhyama mAnA jAtA hai| yadi vara kA nakSatra devagaNa yA rAkSasagaNa meM par3e, to kanyA kA manuSyagaNa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu yadi kanyA kA nakSatra rAkSasagaNa meM par3e aura vara kA manuSyagaNa meM, to mRtyu ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra yadi vara evaM kanyA ke nakSatra krama se deva evaM rAkSasa gaNoM meM par3eM to donoM meM jhagar3A hogaa| nADI ke lie nakSatroM ko Adya nADI, madhya nADI evaM antya nADI meM isa prakAra vinAjita kiyA gayA hai-- AdyanADI madhyanArI antyanArI azvinI maraNI kRttikA ArdrA mRgazirA rohiNI punarvasu puSya AzleSA uttarA maghA citrA svAti jyeSThA anurAdhA vizAkhA pUrvASADhA uttarASADhA zatatArakA dhaniSThA zravaNa pUrvAbhAdrapadA uttarAbhAdrapadA revatI yadi vara evaM kanyA ke nakSatra eka hI nAMDI meM par3eM to mRtyu hotI hai, ataH vivAha nahIM karanA caahie| isalie donoM ke janma-nakSatra bhinna nADiyoM meM hone caahie| ____ kucha lekhakoM ke anusAra vivAha taya ho jAne para yadi koI sambandhI mara jAya to vivAha nahIM karanA caahie| kintu zaunaka ne isa viSaya meM kucha chUTa dI hai| unake mata se kisI bhI sambandhI ke marane se vivAha varjita nahIM mAnA jAtA; kevala pitA, mAtA, pitAmaha, nAnA, cAcA, bhAI, avivAhita bahina ke marane se hI vivAha ko pratikUla mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi nAndIzrAddha karane ke pUrva kanyA kI mAM yA vara kI mAM RtumatI ho jAye to vivAha Tala jAtA hai aura pA~caveM dina sampAdita ho sakatA hai| vivAha-prakAra-gRhyasUtroM, dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyo ka kAla se hI vivAha ATha prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM, yathA brAhma, prAjApatya, ArSa, daiva, gAndharva, Asura, rAkSasa evaM paizAca (de0 AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 116, gautama0 4 / 6-13, baudhAyanadharmasUtra 111, manu 3 / 21, Adiparva 73 / 8-9, viSNudharmasUtra 24 / 18-19, yAjJavalkya 1158, nArada-strIpuMsa, 38-39, kauTilya 331, 59vA prakaraNa, Adiparva 102 / 12-15) / inameM se kucha granthoM meM prathama cAra prakAra vibhinna DhaMga se rakhe gaye haiM, yathA brAhma, daiva, prAjApatya evaM ArSa (Azva0), brAhma, deva ArSa evaM prAjApatya (vissnnu0)| AzvalAyana ne paizAca ko rAkSasa se pahale rakhA hai| mAnavagRhyasUtra ne kevala brAhma evaM zaulka (arthAt Asura) ke hI nAma liye haiM, sambhavataH unake samaya ye donoM prakAra bahuta pracalita the| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 11 / 17-20, 2 / 5 / 12 / 1-2) ne kevala cha: prakAra batAye haiM aura prAjApatya evaM paizAca ko chor3a diyA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra ne brAhma, daiva, ArSa, gAndharva, kSAtra evaM mAnuSa (antima do krama se rAkSasa evaM Asura ke sUcaka haiM) nAma liye haiM (1 / 28-29) / vibhinna lekhakoM dvArA likhe gaye prakAroM kI arthavibhinnatA spaSTa karanA sarala nahIM hai| hama yahA~ manu dvArA kahe gaye lakSaNoM kA varNana

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vivAha ke prakAra 297 upasthita kareMge (manu 3 / 27-34) / jisa vivAha meM bahumUlya alaMkAroM evaM paridhAnoM se susajjita, ratnoM se maMDita kanyA veda-paNDita evaM sucaritra vyakti ko nimantrita kara (pitA dvArA) dI jAtI hai, use brAhma kahate haiN| jaba pitA alaMkRta evaM susajjita kanyA kisI purohita ko (jo yajJa karatA-karAtA hai) yajJa karate samaya de, to usa vivAha ko daiva kahA jAtA hai| yadi eka jor3A pazu (eka gAya, eka baila) yA do jor3A pazu lekara (kevala niyama ke pAlana hetu na ki kanyA ke vikraya ke rUpa meM) kanyA dI jAya to ise ArSa vivAha kahate haiN| jaba pitA vara aura kanyA ko "tuma zenoM sAtha-hI-sAtha dhArmika kRtya karanA" yaha kahakara tathA vara ko madhuparka Adi se sammAnita kara kanyAdAna karatA hai to use prAjApatya kahA jAtA hai| yAjJavalkya ise 'kAya' kI saMjJA dete haiM, kyoMki brAhmaNa-granthoM meM 'ka' kA tAtparya hai 'prjaapti'| jaba vara apanI zakti ke anurUpa kanyApakSa vAloM tathA kanyA ko dhana de detA hai, taba isa prakAra apanI icchA ke anukUla pitA dvArA datta kanyA ke vivAha ko Asura vivAha kahate haiN| vara evaM kanyA kI paraspara sammati se jo prema kI bhAvanA ke udreka kA pratiphala ho tathA sambhoga jisakA uddezya ho, usa vivAha ko gAndharva vivAha kahA jAtA hai| sambandhiyoM ko mArakara, ghAyala kara, ghara-dvAra tor3a-phor3akara jaba rotI bilakhatI huI kanyA ko balavaza chIna liyA jAtA hai to isa prakAra se prApta kanyA ke sambandha ko rAkSasa vivAha kahA jAtA hai| jaba koI vyakti cupake se kisI soyI huI, unmatta yA aceta kanyA se sambhoga karatA hai to ise nikRSTa evaM mahApAtakI kArya kahA jAtA hai aura ise paizAca vivAha kahate haiN| prathama cAra prakAroM meM pitA dvArA yA kisI anya abhibhAvaka dvArA vara ko kanyAdAna kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ 'dAna' zabda kA prayoga gauNa artha meM kiyA gayA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai pitA ke abhibhAvakIya uttaradAyitva kA bhAra tathA kanyA ke niyantraNa kA bhAra pati ko de diyA gayA hai| brAhmaNoM meM sabhI prakAra kA dAna jala ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai (manu 31354 evaM gautama 5 / 16-17) / usI prakAra prathama cAra prakAra ke vivAhoM meM alaMkAroM evaM paridhAnoM se susajjita kanyA kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| prathama prakAra ke vivAha ko sambhavataH 'brAhma' isalie kahA jAtA hai ki brahma kA artha hai pavitra veda, yA dharma, jise paramapUta kahA jAtA hai (smRtimuktAphala, bhAga 1, pR0 140) / 'ArSa' prakAra meM vara se eka jor3A pazu liyA jAtA hai, ataH yaha brAhma se ghaTiyA hai| deva vivAha kevala brAhmaNoM meM hI pAyA jAtA thA, kyoMki paurohitya kA kArya brAhmaNa hI karatA thaa| isakA nAma daiva isalie hai ki yajJa meM devoM kI pUjA hotI hai| yaha vivAha brAhma se ghaTiyA isalie hai ki pitA kanyAdAna kara apane mana meM isa lAbha kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai ki usakA yajJa bhalI bhA~ti sampAdita ho, kyoMki kanyA pAkara prasanna ho purohita bar3e mana se yajJa meM lagA rhegaa| vivAha ke sabhI prakAroM meM kanyA evaM vara ko sabhI dhArmika kRtya sAtha-sAtha karane par3ate haiM (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 6 / 12 / 16-18) / patnI-pati meM kabhI pRthaktva nahIM pAyA jAtA; pANigrahaga ke uparAnta ve sAre dhArmika kRtya sAtha hI sampAdita karate haiN| prAjApatya vivAha meM patnI ke jIte-jI pati ko gRhastha rahane, saMnyAsI na banane, dUsarA vivAha na karane Adi kA vacana denA par3atA hai| prAjApatya vivAha isI se brAhma se ghaTiyA kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki isameM zarta lagI rahatI hai, kintu brAhma meM svayaM vara prativacana detA hai ki dharma, artha evaM kAma nAmaka tIna puruSArthoM meM vaha sadaiva apanI patnI ke sAtha rhegaa| 19. baudhAyanadharmasUtra (111115) 'dakSiNAsu nIyamAnAsvantarvedi Rtvije sa vaivH|' baudhAyana ke mata se kanyA yaja kI vakSiNA kA eka bhAga ho jAtI hai| kintu vedoM evaM zrauta sUtroM meM kanyA (bulahina) ko kabhI dakSiNA nahIM kaha gayA hai| medhAtithi (manu 3 / 28) kanyA ko yajJa karAne ke zulka kA bhAga mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM haiN| yahI vizvarUpa kA bhI kahanA hai, kintu aparArka (pR0 89) ke mata se kanyA zulka ke rUpa meM dI jAtI hai|

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298 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Asura vivAha meM dhana tathA dhana ke mUlya kA saudA rahatA hai, ataH yaha svIkRta nahIM mAnA jaataa| ArSa evaM Asura meM antara yaha hai ki prathama meM eka jor3A pazu dene kI eka vyAvahArika sImA mAtra bAMdha dI gayI hai, kintu dvitIya meM dhana dene kI koI sImA nahIM hai| gAMdharva meM pitA dvArA dAna kI koI bAta nahIM hai, pratyuta usa kAla taka ke lie kanyA pitA ko usake adhikAra se vaMcita kara detI hai| prAcIna kAla meM RSiyoM dvArA vivAha eka saMskAra mAnA jAtA thA, isake mukhya uddezya the dhArmika kRtyoM dvArA sadguNoM kI prApti eva sntaanotptti| gAndhavaM vivAha meM kevala kAma-pipAsA kI zAnti kI bAta pramukha hai, ataH yaha prathama cAra prakAroM se tulanA meM nikRSTa hai aura asvIkRta mAnA jAtA hai| isakA nAma gAndharva isalie hai ki gandharva kAmAtura kahe gaye haiM, jaisA ki taittirIya saMhitA (6|1165-striikaamaa vai gandharvAH) tathA aitareya brAhmaNa (5 / 1) kA kathana hai| hAM, isa prakAra ke vivAha meM kanyA kI sammati le lI gayI rahatI hai| rAkSasa evaM pazAca meM kanyAdAna kI bAta uThatI hI nahIM, donoM meM kanyAdAna ke virodha kI bAta uTha sakatI hai| balavaza kanyA ko uThA le jAnA (bhale hI pitA Darakara luTere se yuddha na kare) rAkSasa vivAha ke mUla meM pAyA jAtA hai| rAkSasa loga apane krUra evaM zaktizAlI kAryoM ke lie prasiddha mAne gaye haiM, ataH isa prakAra ke vivAha ko yaha saMjJA milI hai| pizAca loga lukachipakara hI duSkarma karate haiM, ataH usa kArya ke sadRza kArya ko paizAca vivAha kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| jaba RSiyoM ne rAkSasa evaM paizAca ko vivAha-prakAroM meM ginA to isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hotA ki unhoMne pakar3I huI yA luka-chipakara bhraSTa kI gayI kanyA ke vivAha ko vaidhatA dI hai| unake kathana se itanA hI prakaTa hotA hai ki ve donoM apaharaNa ke do prakAra haiM, na ki vAstavika vivAha ke prkaar| RSiyoM ne paizAca kI bahuta bhartsanA kI hai| Apastamba evaM vasiSTha ne paizAMca evaM prAjApatya ke nAma nahIM liye haiM, isase prakaTa hotA hai ki unake kAla meM ina prakAroM kA anta ho cakA thaa| pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne kevala nAma ginAne ke lie sabhI prakAra ke pracalita evaM apracalita vivAhoM ke nAma de diye haiN| vasiSTha (17173) ke mata se apahRta kanyA yadi mantroM se abhiSikta hokara vivAhita na ho sakI ho, to usakA punarvivAha kiyA jA sakatA hai| smRtiyoM meM kanyA ke bhaviSya evaM kalyANa ke lie apaharaNakartA evaM balAtkAra karane vAle ko homa evaM saptapadI karane ko kahA gayA hai, jisase kanyA ko vivAhita hone kI vaidhatA prApta ho jaay| yadi apaharaNakartA evaM balAtkArakartA aisA karane para taiyAra na hoM to kanyA kisI dUsare ko dI jA sakatI thI aura apaharaNakartA tathA balAtkArakartA ko bhISaNa daNDa bhugatanA par3atA thA (manu 8 / 366 evaM yAjJavalkya 2 / 287288) / manu (81366) ke anusAra yadi koI vyakti apanI jAti kI kisI kanyA se usakI sammati se saMbhoga kare to use pitA ko (yadi pitA cAhe to) zulka denA par3atA thA aura meghAtithi kA kathana hai ki yadi pitA dhana nahIM cAhatA to premI ko cAhie ki vaha rAjA ko dhana-daNDa de; kanyA use de dI jA sakatI hai, kintu yadi usakA (kanyA kA) pyAra na raha gayA ho to vaha dUsare se vivAhita ho sakatI hai, kintu yadi premI svayaM use grahaNa karanA svIkAra na kare to usake sAtha balaprayoga karake usase svIkRta karAyA jaay| aisA hI (kucha antaroM ke sAtha) nArada (strIpuMsa, zloka 72) ne bhI kahA hai| nArada kA kathana hai ki yadi kanyA kI sammati se saMbhoga kiyA gayA hai to yaha koI aparAdha nahIM hai, kintu use (AbhUSaNa evaM paridhAna Adi se) alaMkRta evaM samAdRta karake vivAha avazya karanA caahie| __ smRticandrikA tathA anya nibandhoM ne devala evaM gRhyapariziSTa ko uddhRta karake yaha likhA hai ki gAndharva, Asura, evaM paizAca meM homa evaM saptapadI Avazyaka hai| mahAbhArata (Adiparva 1957) ne spaSTa kahA hai ki svayaMvara ke pazcAt bhI dhArmika kRtya kiyA jAnA caahie| kAlidAsa (raghuvaMza 7) ne varNana kiyA hai ki indumatI ke svayaMvara ke uparAnta madhuparka, homa, agni-pradakSiNA, pANigrahaNa Adi dhArmika kRtya kiye gye| sarvaprathama AzvalAyana ne hI ATha prakAroM kA varNana kiyA hai aura punaH homa evaM saptapadI kI vyavasthA kahI hai, ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki sabhI vivAha-prakAroM meM homa evaM saptapadI ke kRtya Avazyaka mAne jAte haiN|

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vivAha ke prakAra - 299 smRtiyoM ne vividha vargoM ke lie ina ATha prakAroM kI upayuktatA ke viSaya meM katipaya mata prakAzita kiye haiN| sabhI ne prathama cAra arthAt brAhma, daiva, ArSa evaM prAjApatya ko svIkRta kiyA hai (prazasta evaM dhrmy)| dekhie isa viSaya meM gautama (4 / 12), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 12 / 3), manu (3 / 24), nArada (strIpuMsa, 44) aadi| sabhI ne brAhma ko sarvazreSTha tathA krama se bAda vAle ko uttamatara batAyA hai (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 5 / 12 / 2, baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 11 / 1) / sabhI ne paizAca ko nikRSTatama kahA hai| eka mata se prathama cAra brAhmaNoM ke lie upayukta haiM (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 11 / 10 evaM manu 3 / 14) / dUsare mata se prathama cha: (ATha meM rAkSasa evaM paizAca ko chor3akara) brAhmaNoM ke lie, antima cAra kSatriyoM ke lie, gAMdharva, Asura, paizAca vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie haiM (manu 3 / 23) / tIsare mata se prAjApatya, gAndharva evaM Asura sabhI vargoM ke lie tathA paizAca evaM Asura kisI varNa ke lie nahIM haiM; kintu manu (3 / 24) ne Age calakara Asura ko vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie mAnya ThaharAyA hai| manu ne eka mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki gAMdharva evaM rAkSasa kSatriyoM ke lie upayukta (dharmya) haiM; donoM kA mizraNa (yathA--jahA~ kanyA vara me prema kare, kintu use mAtApitA yA abhibhAvaka na cAheM tathA avarodha upasthita kareM aura premI lar3AI lar3akara uThA le jAya) bhI kSatriyoM ke lie ThIka hai (manu 3 / 26 evaM baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1111113)! baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 11 / 14-16) ne vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie Asura evaM paizAca kI vyavasthA kI hai aura bahuta hI manohara kAraNa diyA hai; "kyoMki vaizya evaM zUdra apanI striyoM ko niyantraNa meM nahIM rakha pAte aura svayaM khetI-bArI evaM sevA ke kArya meM lage rahate haiN|" nArada (strIpuMsa, 40) ke kathana ke anusAra gAndharva sabhI vargoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| kAmasUtra (3 / 5 / 28) ArAma meM brAhma ko sarvazreSTha mAnatA hai, kintu anta meM usane apage viSaya ke prati satya hote hue gAndharva ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnA hai (3 / 5 / 29-30) / rAjakuloM meM gAndharva bahuta pracalita rahA hai| kAlidAsa ne zAkuntala (3) meM isake bahu vyavahAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata (Adiparva 229 / 22) meM kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM jaba arjuna sUmadrA ke prema meM par3a cuke the-"zUravIra kSatriyoM ke lie apanI premikAoM ko uThA le jAnA vyavasthA ke bhItara hai|" amoghavarSa ke saJjana-patroM (zakAbda 793) meM aisA AyA hai ki indrarAja ne cAlukyarAja kI kanyA se kher3A meM rAkSasa rIti se vivAha kiyA (epigaiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 1850 235) / pRthvIrAja cauhAna ne jayacandra kI kanyA saMyogitA ko rAkSasa DhaMga se hI prApta kiyA thA jo bahuta hI prasiddha aitihAsika ghaTanA mAnI jAtI hai| kintu isa viSaya meM yaha bAta vicAraNIya hai ki kannauja ke rAjA jayacanda kI kanyA kI sammati thI, ataH yaha vivAha gAMdharva evaM rAkSasa prakAroM kA mizraNa kahA jAyagA (manu 3 / 26) / jaisA ki vIramitrodaya TIkA se jJAta hotA hai, svayaMvara ko dharmazAstroM ne vyAvahArika rUpa meM gAndharva ke samAna hI mAnA hai (yAjJavalkya 161 kI TIkA meN)| svayaMvara ke kaI prakAra haiN| sabase sarala prakAra vaha hai jisameM yuvAvasthA prApta kara lene para kanyA tIna varSa (vasiSThadharmasUtra 17167-68, manu 9 / 90, baudhAyanadharmasUtra 4 / 1 / 13 ke anusAra) yA 3 mAsa (gautama 183109, viSNudharmasUtra 25 / 40-41 ke anusAra) johakara svayaM vara kA varaNa kara sakatI hai| yAjJavalkya (2064) ke mata se pitRhIna tathA abhibhAvakahIna kanyA svayaM yogya vara kA varaNa kara sakatI hai| svayaMvara karane para lar3akI ko apane sAre gahane utArakara mAtA-pitA yA mAI ko de dene par3ate the aura usake pati ko koI zulka nahIM denA par3atA thA, kyoMki samaya meM vivAha na karane para mAtA-pitA yA bhAI apane adhikAroM se vaMcita ho jAte 20. gAndharveNa vivAhena vihvaSo raajrssiknykaaH| zrUyante pariNItAstAH pitRbhizcAbhinanditAH // zAkuntala 3 / prasaha haraNaM cApi kSatriyANAM prshsyte| vivAhahetuH zUrANAmiti dharmadivo viduH|| Adiparva 21 // 22 //

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa the (gautama 18310 evaM manu 9 / 92) / isa prakAra kA sarala svayaMvara sabhI jAtiyoM kI lar3akiyoM ke lie sambhava thaa| sAvitrI ne isI prakAra kA svayaMvara kiyA thaa| kintu mahAkAvyoM meM varNita svayaMvara bar3e vizAla paimAne para hote the aura ve kevala rAjakuloM ke lie sambhava the| Adiparva meM AyA hai ki kSatriya loga svayaMvara karate the, kintu kanyAoM ke sambandhiyoM ko harAkara unakA apaharaNa karake vivAha karanA bahuta acchA samajhate the| bhISma ne kAzirAja kI tIna kanyAoM kA apaharaNa karake do (ambikA evaM ambAlikA) kA vivAha apane rakSya (Azrita)vicitravIrya se kara diyA (Adiparva 102 / 16) / sItA evaM draupadI kA svayaMvara unakI icchAoM para nahIM nirbhara thA, pratyuta ve unhIM ko byAha dI gayIM jinhoMne pUrva nirdhArita dakSatA pradarzita kii| damayantI ke viSaya meM usakA svayaMvara usake mana kA thA, yadyapi usane bar3e vizAla rUpa meM sajjita evaM ekatra rAjavaroM ke bIca meM nala ko hI cunaa| kAlidAsa ne bhI indumatI ke svayaMvara kA bar3A sundara dRzya khar3A kiyA hai| apane vikramAMkadevacaritra (sarga 9) meM vilhaNa ne karahATa (Adhunika karada) ke zilAhAra rAjA kI lar3akI candralekhA (candaladevI) ke aitihAsika svayaMvara kA citraNa kiyA hai, jisameM usane kalyANa ke cAlukyarAja vikramAMka yA Ahavamalla ko cunA thA (gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttraardh)| Adiparva (189 / 1) ke mata se aise svayaMvara brAhmaNoM ke lie anupayukta the| kAdambarI (pUrva bhAga, upAntya aMza) me patralekhA kahatI hai ki svayaMvara sabhI dharmazAstroM meM upadiSTa hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 12 / 4) ne eka sAmAnya vacana likhA hai ki jaisA vivAha hogA usI prakAra patipatnI kI santAneM hoMgI, arthAt yadi vivAha atyuttama DhaMga kA (yathA brAhma) hogA to santAna bhI saccaritra hogI, yadi vivAha nindita DhaMga se hogA to santAna bhI nindita caritra kI hogii| isI svara meM manu (3 / 49-42) ne kahA hai ki vivAha brAhma tathA anya tIna prakAra ke hue haiM to unase utpanna bacce AdhyAtmika zreSThatA ke hoMge aura hoMge sundara, guNI, dhanI, yazasvI evaM diirghaayu| kintu antima cAra prakAra ke vivAhoM se utpanna santAneM krUra, jhUThI, vedadrohI evaM dharmadrohI hogii| sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ne acche vivAhoM se utpanna baccoM se pIr3hiyoM ko pavitra banate dekhA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (16) ke mata se brAhma, daiva, prAjApatya evaM ArSa vivAhoM se utpanna bacce mAtA evaM pitA ke kuloM kI krama se 12, 10, 8 evaM 7 pIr3hiyoM taka ke pUrvajoM evaM vaMzajoM meM pavitratA lA dete haiN| manu (3 / 37-38) evaM yAjJavalpaya (1858-60) ne yahI bAta dUsare DhaMga se ullikhita kI hai, jise sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| yahI bAta gautama (4 / 2427) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vizvarUpa evaM meghAtithi ne apanI TIkAoM meM uparyukta bAteM jyoM-kI-tyoM nahIM mAna lI haiN| ve kevala brAhma prakAra ko ucca dRSTi se dekhate haiN| _ vivAhoM ke prakAroM ke mUla ke viSaya meM hameM vaidika sAhitya kI chAnabIna karanI hogii| Rgveda (10 / 85) meM brAhma vivAha kI ora saMketa hai (kanyAdAna Adi kI or)| Asura prakAra (dhana dekara) kA saMketa Rgveda (1 // 109 / 2) evaM nirukta (6 / 9) meM milatA hai| Rgveda (10 / 27 / 12 evaM 11119 / 5) meM gAMdharva yA svayaMvara prakAra kI ora bhI saMketa milatA hai| Rgveda (5 / 61) ke silasile meM bRhadevatA (5 / 50) meM zvAvAzva kI gAthA meM varNita vivAha daiva prakAra ke AsapAsa pahu~ca jAtA hai| aisA AyA hai ki Atreya arcanAnA ne rAjA rathavIti ke yajJa meM yajJa karate samaya apane putra zyAvAzva ke lie rAjA kI kanyA kA hAtha mAMgA thaa| Ajakala brAhma evaM Asura vivAha pracalita hai| brAhma meM kanyAdAna hotA hai, kintu Asura meM lar3akI ke pitA yA abhibhAvakoM ko unake lAbha ke lie zulka denA par3atA hai| gAndharva vivAha Ajakala eka prakAra se samAptaprAya hai, yadyapi kabhI-kabhI kucha mukadame kacaharI meM A jAyA karate haiN| kucha logoM ke vicAra se nayI rozanI meM pale navayuvaka evaM navayuvatiyA~ gAndharva vivAha kI ora unmukha ho rahe haiN| yadi koI vidhavA svayaM vivAha kare to vaha gAMdharva ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isa viSaya meM kanyAdAna nahIM hotaa|

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vivAha-vidhi vivAha ke dhArmika kRtya-vivAha-sambandhI kRtyoM ke vivecana ke pUrva hameM Rgveda (10185) ke varNana kI vyAkhyA kara lenI hogI, kyoMki Rgveda kA yaha aMza vivAha ke lie ati mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA rahA hai| Rgveda kA yaha sUkta savitA kI putrI sUryA tathA soma ke vivAha ke viSaya meM hai| isa vivAha ke viziSTa lakSaNa ye haiM--donoM AzvinI soma ke lie sUryA mAMgane gaye the (8-9), savitA lar3akI dene ko taiyAra ho gaye (9), vara kA sammAna kiyA gayA, use bheTeM dI gayIM, gAyeM saMhata kI gayIM (yA dI gayIM), soma ne sUryA kA pANigrahaNa kiyA aura yaha mantra kahA-"maiM tumhArA hAtha prema (sammati) ke lie grahaNa karatA hU~ jisase ki tuma mere sAtha vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hoo; maga, aryamA. savitA tathA vijJa pUSA devoM ne tumheM mujhe diyA ki tuma gRhiNI bano (gRhiNI kA kArya karane ke lie)|" kanyA apane pitA kA devoM evaM agni ke samakSa dAna hai (40-41); kanyA apane pitA ke adhikAra evaM niyantraNa se haTakara apane pati se mila jAtI hai (24); kanyA (vadhU) ko isa prakAra AzIrvacana diye jAye haiM- "tuma yahA~ sAtha raho, tuma pRthak na hone pAo, tuma dIrgha jIvana vAlI ho, apane ghara meM putroM evaM pautroM ke sAtha khelatI prasanna raho; he indra, ise yogya putra evaM sampatti do, ise dasa putra do aura isake pati ko gyArahavA~ puruSa (ghara kA sadasya) banAo; tuma apane zvazura, sAsa, devara evaM nanada para rAnI bano (42, 45-46) / " yaha bAta bhI vicAraNIya hai ki sUryA ke sAtha ramyA mI usakI anudeyI hokara gayI, jisase pati ke ghara prathama bAra jAne para sUryA ko bahuta bhAra na pdd'e| Adhunika kAla meM vadhU ke sAtha koI-na-koI nArI "pAtharAkhina" ke rUpa meM jAtI hai| vivAha-sambandhI kRtyoM ke viSaya meM bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI atyadhika mata-matAntara rahe haiN| svayaM AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra (117 / 1-2) kA kahanA hai-"vibhinna dezoM evaM grAmoM meM vibhinna AcAra haiM, unhIM kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie; unameM jo saba sthAnoM meM pAye jAte haiM, hama unhIM kA varNana kreNge|" ApastambagRhyasUtra (2015) ke mata se logoM ko striyoM evaM anya logoM se vivAha-vidhi jAnanI cAhie (arthAt paramparA se jo vidhi calI AyI hai)| TIkAkAra sudarzanAcArya kA kahanA hai ki kucha kRtya, yathA gRha-pUjana, aMkurAropaNa, pratisara (kaMgana) kA bAMdhanA saba sthAnoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki unake sAtha vaidika mantra kahe jAte haiM, kintu nAgabali, yakSabali evaM indrANI kI pUjA binA veda-mantra ke hotI hai| isI prakAra kAThakagRhya meM bhI varNana hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra meM vivAha-vidhi thor3e meM varNita hai aura yaha gRhyasUtra atyanta prAcIna bhI hai, ataH hama nIce isI kI varNita bAteM upasthita kreNge| kahIM-kahIM hama anya sUtrakAroM ke bhI vacana deNge| eka mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki Rgveda ke kAla se aba taka bahuta-sI bAteM jyoM kI tyoM calI AyI haiN| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1713-218) meM kahA gayA hai-"agni ke pazcima cakkI (ATA pIsane vAlI) tathA uttara-pUrva pAnI kA ghar3A rakhakara vara ko homa karanA cAhie (suva se), taba taka kanyA use (vara ke dAhine hAtha ko) pakar3e rahatI hai| apanA mukha pazcima karake khar3e hokara, jaba ki kanyA pUrva mukha kiye baiThI rahatI hai, use kanyA ke aMgUThe ko pakar3akara yaha mantra par3hanA cAhie-"maiM tumhArA hAtha sukha ke lie pakar3a rahA hU~" (Rgveda 10385 / 36), aisA vaha kevala putroM kI utpatti ke lie kahegA; yadi vaha putriyAM cAhe to anya beMguliyAM bhI pkdd'egaa| yadi vaha putra putriyA~ (donoM prakAra kI santAna) cAhe to vaha hAtha ke bAla vAle bhAga kI ora se aMgUThA pkdd'egaa| kanyA ke sAtha vara agni evaM kalaza kI dAhinI ora se tIna bAra pradakSiNA karegA aura kahegA-"maiM ama (yaha) hU~, tuma sA (strI); tuma sA ho aura maiM ama hU~; maiM svarga hU~,tuma pRthivI ho; maiM sAma hU~, tuma Rk ho| hama donoM vivAha kara leN.| hama santAna utpanna kreN| eka-dUsare ko pyAre, camakIle, eka-dUsare kI ora jhuke hue hama loga sau varSa taka jiiyeN|" jaba vaha use agni kI pradakSiNA karAtA hai taba prastara para paira rakhavAtA hai aura kahatA hai-"isa para car3ho, isI ke samAna acala hoo, zatruoM para vijaya prApta karo, unheM kucala do|" pahale kanyA kI aMjali meM ghRta chor3akara usakA bhAI yA jo koI mAI ke sthAna meM ho, do bAra bhunA huA anna (lAjA yA dhAna kA lAvA) chor3atA hai, jisakA gotra jamadagni ho (arthAt yadi vara kA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 302 yaha gotra ho) usake lie tIna bAra yaha kiyA jAtA hai| taba vaha havi ke zeSAMza para yA jo chUTa gayA hai usa para ghRta chor3atA hai| taba vara nimna mantroccAraNa karatA hai - "aryamA devatA ke lie lar3akiyoM ne yajJa kiyA, vaha devatA ( aryamA ) isa kanyA ko (pitA se) mukta kareM, kintu isa sthAna se (pati se) nahIM, svAhA / varuNa devatA ke lie lar3akiyoM ne yajJa kiyA, vaha devatA mI..... pUSA devatA ke lie lar3akiyoM ne yajJa kiyA, agni ke lie bhI, vaha pUSA...." inake sAtha kanyA apane hAthoM ko phailAkara lAvA kI haji de ( mAno donoM hAtha srucI haiM) / binA agni kI pradakSiNA kiye kanyA lAvA kI havi cauthI bAra mauna rUpa se detI hai / yaha kArya vaha sUpa ko apanI ora karake karatI hai| kucha loga sUpa meM se lAvA ko girAte samaya agni kI pradakSiNA bhI karAte haiM, jisase ki antima do havi lagAtAra na par3a jAya~ / taba vara kanyA ke sira ke do bAla-guccha DhIle karatA hai aura dAhine ko DhIlA karate samaya kahatA hai---"maiM tumheM varuNa ke bandhana se chuTakArA detA hU~" (Rgveda 10 / 85124) / taba vaha use uttara-pUrva dizA meM sAta paga ina zabdoM ke sAtha le jAtA hai -- "tuma eka paga drava (rasa) ke lie, dUsarA paga zakti ke lie, tIsarA dhana ke lie, cauthA ArAma ke lie, pA~cavA~ santAna ke lie, chaThA RtuoM ke lie rakho aura merI mitra bano ataH sAtavA~ paga rakho; tuma merI priya bano, hama bahuta se putra pAyeM aura ve dIrghAyu hoN|" vara aura kanyA ke sira ko sAtha milAkara AcArya kalaza se una para jala chir3akatA hai / usa rAtri meM kanyA aisI bUr3hI brAhmaNI ke ghara meM nivAsa karatI hai, jisake pati evaM putra jIvita rahate haiN| jaba vaha dhuva tArA dekha le aura arundhatI tArA evaM saptarSimaNDala dekha le to use apanA mauna tor3anA cAhie aura kahanA cAhie -- "merA pati jIye aura maiM santAna prApta karU~ / " yadi vivAhita daMpati ko sudUra grAma meM jAnA ho to patnI ko ratha meM isa mantra ke sAtha baiThAye -- " pUSA tumheM yahA~ se hAtha pakar3akara le cale" (Rgveda 1085 | 26 ) ; vaha use nAva meM baiThAye taba zlokArthaM par3he "prastaroM ko DhotI ( nadI azmanvatI) bahatI hai; taiyAra ho jAo" (Rgveda 10 / 5338) / yadi vaha rotI hai, to use yaha kahanA cAhie ki ve jInevAle ke lie rote haiM (Rgveda 10 / 40 / 10 ) / sAtha meM vivAha kI agni Age-Age le jAyI jAtI hai / ramaNIka sthAnoM, per3oM, caurAhoM para pati yaha kahatA hai - "rAste meM DAkU na mileM" (Rgveda 10 / 85 132) / mArga meM bastiyA~ par3ane para dekhane vAle ko dekhakara mantroccAraNa kare -- " yaha navavivAhita vadhU bhAgya lA rahI hai" (Rgveda 10 / 85133) / vaha use gRha meM praveza karAte samaya yaha kahe - " yahA~ santAnoM ke sAtha tumhArA sukha bar3he " Rgveda 1985/37 ) / vivAha kI agni meM lakar3iyA~ chor3akara aura usake pazcima baila kI khAla bichAkara use Ahuti denI cAhie, taba taka usakI vadhU pArzva meM baiThakara pati ko pakar3e rahatI hai aura pratyeka Ahuti ke sAtha eka mantra kahA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra cAra mantroM kA uccAraNa hotA hai - "prajApati hameM santAna de" (Rgveda 10 / 8514346) / taba vaha dahI khAtA hai aura kahatA hai- " samasta devatA hamAre hRdayoM ko jor3a deM" 'Rgveda 10 / 85/47 ) / zeSa dahI vaha patnI ko de detA hai| usake uparAnta ve donoM kSAra, lavaNa nahIM khAyeMge, brahmacarya se raheMge, gahane nahIM dhAraNa kareMge, pRthivI para soyeMge ( caTAI para nahIM ) / yaha kriyA 3 rAtoM, 12 rAtoM yA kucha logoM ke mata se sAla bhara taka calegI, taba unakA eka RSi (gotra) ho jAyagA / jaba ye saba kRtya samApta ho jAyeM to vara ko cAhie ki vaha vaghU ke vastra kisI aise brAhmaNa ko de de, jo sUryA sUkta jAnatA hai (Rgveda 10 / 85), taba vaha brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAye, isake uparAnta vaha brAhmaNoM se zubha svastivAcana kA uccAraNa sune / uparyukta varNita vivAha-saMskAra meM tIna bhAga haiN| kucha kRtya Arambhika kahe jA sakate haiM, unake uparAnta kucha aise kRtya haiM jinheM hama saMskAra kA sAra tattva kaha sakate haiM, yathA pANigrahaNa, homa, agni- pradakSiNA evaM saptapadI, tathA kucha kRtya aise haiM jo ukta mukhya kRtyoM ke pratiphala mAtra haiM, yathA dhruva tArA, arundhatI Adi kA darzana / mukhya kRtya sabhI sUtrakAroM dvArA varNita haiM, kintu Arambhika tathA anta vAloM ke vistAra meM paryApta bheda hai| yahA~ taka ki mukhya kRtyoM ke anukramoM ke viSaya meM bhI kucha grantha mataikya nahIM rakhate, arthAt kahIM eka kRtya Arambha meM hai to kahIM vaha tIsare yA cauthe

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vivAha-vidhi krama meM AyA hai, udAharaNArtha, AzvalAyanagRhya sUtra ( 117/7) ne agni- pradakSiNA kA varNana saptapadI ke pUrva kiyA hai, kintu ApastambagRhyasUtra ne saptapadI (4 / 16) ko agnipradakSiNA ke pUrva varNita kiyA hai| gobhilagRhyasUtra ( 2/2/16), khAdiragRhyasUtra (1/3/31 ) evaM baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 114) 10) ne pANigrahaNa ko saptapadI ke uparAnta karane ko kahA hai, kintu anya sUtroM ne pahale / AzvalAyana0 meM bahuta-sI bAteM chor3a dI gayI haiM, yathA- madhuparka (jo Apastamba 338, baudhAyana 0 1 2 / 1 evaM mAnava0 119 meM ullikhita hai) evaM kanyAdAna ( jo pAraskaragRhyasUtra 114 evaM mAnava0 2118, 69 meM varNita hai ) / vAstava meM AzvalAyana kA mantavya thA unhIM kRtyoM kA varNana jo sabhI sUtroM meM pAye jAte hai| vivAha saMskAra meM nimnalikhita bAteM pracalita haiN| jitane sUtra mila sake haiM unhIM ke AdhAra para nimna sUcI dI jA rahI hai| jo bahuta mahatvapUrNa bAteM haiM, unake sAtha kucha TippaNiyAM mI jor3I jA rahI haiM / vadhUvara-guNa parIkSA ( vara evaM vadhU ke guNoM kI parIkSA ) -- isa para hamane bahuta pahale hI vicAra kara liyA hai| aroor (poor ke lie bAtacIta karane ke lie logoM ko bhejanA ) --- prAcIna kAla meM kanyA ke pAsa vyakti bheje jAte the (Rgveda 10 / 8518- 9 ) / sUtroM ke kAla meM bhI yahI bAta thI ( zAMkhAyana 1161-4, baughA0 1 / 1 / 14-15, Apastamba0 2 / 16, 411-2 evaM 7 ) / madhya kAla ke kSatriyoM meM bhI aisI prathA thI / harSacarita meM varNana hai ki maukhari rAjakumAra grahavarmA ne harSavardhana kI bahina rAjyazrI ke sAtha vivAha ke hetu dUta bheje the| kintu Adhunika kAla meM brAhmaNoM tathA bahuta-sI anya jAtiyoM meM lar3akI kA pitA kara DhUMr3hatA hai, yadyapi zUdroM meM pAcIna paramparA aba bhI jIvita dekhI jAtI hai| vAgdAna yA vAnizcaya ( vivAha taya karanA ) -- isakA ullekha zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 6 / 5-6 ) meM pAyA jAtA hai / madhya kAla kI saMskAraratnamAlA ne bhI isakA varNana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai| upanayana, maNDapakaraNa ( vivAha ke lie paNDAla banAnA ) - pAraskaragR0 ( 114 ) ke mata se vivAha, caula, . kezAnta evaM sImanta ghara ke bAhara maNDapa meM karane caahie| dekhie saMskAraprakAza, pR0 817- 818 / nAnvAddha evaM puNyAhavAcana - isakA varNana baughAyanagR0 111 / 24 meM pAyA jAtA hai| adhikAMza sUtra isa viSaya meM mauna haiN| vadhUgRhagamanavara kA barAta ke rUpa meM vadhU ke ghara jAnA (zAMkhAyanagR0 1 / 12 / 1) / madhuparka (vadhU ke ghara meM vara kA svAgata ) -- ApastambagR0 (318), baudhAyana0 (1 / 2 / 1), mAnavagR0 (119 ) evaM kAThaka gu0 (24|1|3) ne isakA varNana kiyA hai| isa para Age ke adhyAya meM likhA bhI jaaygaa| zAMkhAyana ne do prakAra ke madhupakoM kA ( eka vivAha ke pUrva tathA dUsarA usake uparAnta jaba ki vara ghara lauTa AtA hai) varNana kiyA hai / kAThakagR0 ke TIkAkAra Adityadarzana ke mata se yaha sabhI dezoM meM vivAha ke pUrva kiyA jAtA hai| kintu kucha logoM ne ise vivAha ke uparAnta dene ko kahA hai| snApana, pariSApana evaM satvahana ( vadhU ko snAna karAnA, nayA vastra denA, usakI kaTi meM dhAgA yA kuza kI rassI bAMdhanA ) -- isa viSaya meM dekhie Apastamba0 (4 / 8, kAThaka0 2514) / pAraskara0 ( 114) ne kevala do AbhUSaNa pahanAne kahA hai, goma0 (211 / 17-18) ne snAna karane evaM vastra dhAraNa karane ko kahA hai| mAnava0 ( 1 / 11 / 4-6) ne paridhAna evaM sannahana kA ullekha kiyA hai / gobhila0 (2|1|10) ne kanyA ke sira para surA (zarAba) chir3akane ko kahA hai, jise TIkAkAra ne jala hI mAnA hai / 21. kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (7) meM vivAha sambandhI mukhya kRtya likhe haiM, yathA- madhuparka, homa, agnipradakSiNA, pANigrahaNa, lAjAhoma evaM ArdrAlatAropaNa /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa samaJjana (vara evaM vadhU ko ubaTana yA sugandha lagAnA) dekhie zAMkhAyana0 (111215), gobhila0 (2 / 2 / 15), pAraskara0 (114) / sabhI sUtroM meM Rgveda (1085 / 47) ke mantra pATha kI bhI carcA hai| pratisarabandha (badhU ke hAtha meM kaMgana bA~dhanA)-dekhie zAMkhAyana (1 / 12 / 6-8), kauzika sUtra (7618) / vadhUvara-niSkramaNa (ghara ke antaHkakSa se vara evaM vadhU kA maNDapa meM AnA)-dekhie pAraskara0 (14) / paraspara samIkSaNa (eka-dUsare kI ora dekhanA) dekhie pAraskara0 (1 / 4), Apastamba0 (4 / 4) baudhAyana0 (1 / 1 / 24-25) / pAraskara0 (114) ke anusAra vara Rgveda (1085 / 44-40,41 evaM 37) kI RcAeM par3hatA hai| Apastamba0 (414) evaM baudhAyana ke mata se Rgveda kA 10385 / 44 mantra par3hA jAnA caahie| AzvalAyanagRhyapariziSTa (1229) kA kahanA hai ki sarvaprathama vara evaM vadhU ke bIca meM eka vastra-khaNDa rakhA jAnA cAhie aura jyotiSaghaTikA ke anusAra haTA liyA jAnA cAhie, taba vara evaM vadhU eka dUsare ko dekhate haiN| yaha kRtya Aja bhI vyavahAra meM lAyA jAtA hai| jaba bIca meM vastra rakhA rahatA hai usa samaya brAhmaNa loga maMgalASTaka kA pATha karate haiN| kanyAvAna (ghara ko kanyA denA)-dekhie pAraskara0 (1 / 4), mAnava0 (1 / 8 / 6-9), vArAha0 13 / AzvalAyanagRhyapariziSTa kA varNana Aja bhI jyoM-kA tyoM calA A rahA hai| saMskArakaustubha (pR0779) ne kanyAdAna ke vAkya ko chaH prakAra se kahane kI vidhi likhI hai| isI kRtya meM pitA vara se kahatA hai ki vaha dharma, artha evaM kAma meM kanyA ke prati jhUThA na ho, aura vara uttara detA hai ki maiM aisA hI karU~gA (naaticraami)| yaha kRtya Aja bhI hotA hai| __ agnisthApana evaM homa (agni kI sthApanA karanA evaM agni meM Ajya kI AhutiyA~ DAlanA)-yahA~ para AhutiyoM kI saMkhyA evaM mAntroM ke uccAraNa meM mataikya nahIM hai / dekhie AzvalAyana0 117 / 3 evaM 11413-7, Apastamba0 51 (16 AhutiyAM eva 16 mantra), gobhila0 2 / 1 / 24-26, mAnava0 118, bhAradvAja 1 / 13 aadi| pANigrahaNa (kanyA kA hAtha pkdd'naa)| lAjahoma (kanyA dvArA agni meM dhAna ke lAve (khIloM) kI Ahuti denA)-dekhie AzvalAyana0 (1 / 77-13), pAraskara0 (136), Apastamba0 (5 / 3-5), zAMkhAyana0 (1 / 13 / 15-17), gobhila0 (2 / 2 / 5), mAnava0 (1 / 11 / 11), baudhAyana0 (1 / 4 / 25) aadi| AzvalAyana ke anusAra kanyA tIna AhutiyA~ vara dvArA mantra par3hate samaya agni meM DAlatI hai aura cauthI Ahuti mauna rUpa se hI detI hai| kucha granthoM ne kevala tIna hI AhutiyoM kI bAta calAyI hai| agnipariNayana- vara vadhU ko lekara agni evaM kalaza kI pradakSiNA karatA hai| pradakSiNA karate samaya vaha "amohamasmi" Adi (zAMkhAyana0 1 / 13 / 4, hiraNyakezi0 102081 Adi) kA uccAraNa karatA hai| azmArohaNa (vadhU ko patthara para car3hAnA)---lAja-homa, agnipariNayana evaM azmArohaNa eka-ke-bAda-dUsarA tIna bAra kiye jAte haiN| saptapadI (vara evaM vadhU kA sAtha-sAtha sAta paga calanA)--yaha agni kI uttara ora kiyA jAtA hai| cAvala kI sAta rAziyAM rakhakara vara vadhU ko pratyeka para calAtA hai| pazcima dizA se pahale dAhine paira se calanA Arambha hotA hai| mUrdhAbhiSeka (vara-vadhU ke sira para, kucha logoM ke mata se kevala vadhU ke sira para hI, jala chir3akanA)-dekhie AzvalAyana0 (17 / 20), pAraskara0 (108), gobhila0 (2 / 2 / 15-16) aadi| bharyovIkSaNa (vadhU ko sUrya kI ora dekhane ko kahanA)-pAraskara0 (118) ne isakI carcA kI hai aura "tac bakSuH" Adi (Rgveda 7 / 66 / 16, vAjasaneyI saMhitA 36 / 24) mantra ke uccAraNa kI bAta kahI hai|

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limahI 305 hasvasparza (mantra ke sAtha baghU ke hathakA sparma)-dekhie pAraskara0 (118), bhAradvAja0 (2017), joSAyana0 (1 / 4 / 1) / prekSakAnumatraca (bava vivAhita dampati kI mAra saketa karake darzakoM ko samboSita karanA)-dekhie mAnava0 (1 / 12 / 1), pAraskara0 (108) / donoM ne Rgveda ke mantra (1085 / 33) ke uccAraNa kI bAta kahI hai| rakSimAvAna (kSAcArya ko bheMTa)-velie pAraskara0 (108), zAMkhAyana0 (114 / 13-17) / donoM ne brAhmaNoM ke vivAha meM eka gAya, rASAyoM evaM bar3e logoM ke vivAha meM eka prAma, vaizya ke vivAha meM eka ghor3A Adi denA kahA hai| momila0 (2233) evaM baudhAyana0 (1 // 4 // 38) ne kevala eka gAya dene kI bAta kahI hai| gRhapraveza (bara ke ghara meM prdesh)| gRhapravezanIma homa (bara ke pUha meM praveza karate samaya homa)-dekhie zAMkhAyana0 (1 / 16 / 1-12), gomila (2 / 3 / 8-12) evaM Apastamba (616-10) / dhruvArandhatI-darzana (vivAha ke dina vadhU ko dhruva evaM arundhatI tAre kI ora dekhane ko kahanA)--AzvalAyana (117 / 7 / 22) ne saptarSi maNDala ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| mAnava0 (1 / 14 / 9) ne dhruva, arundhatI evaM saptarSi maNDala ke sAtha-sAtha jIvantI ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| bhAkhAja0 (1319) ne dhruva, arundhatI evaM anya nakSatroM ke nAma liye haiN| isI prakAra kaI mata hai| Apastamba0 (6 / 12) ne kevala dhruva evaM arundhatI kI carcA kI hai| pAraskara0 (118) ne kevala dhruva kI bAla uThAyI hai| zAMkhAyana0 (111742), hiraNyakezi0 (1 / 12 / 10) ne vara-vadhU ko rAtri bhara mauna rahane ko likhA hai, kintu AzvalAyana ke mata se kevala vadhU mauna rahatI hai| gobhila0 (2|3|8-12)ne dhratArundhatI-- darzana ko bAta gRhapraveza ke pUrva kahI hai| Agyeya sthAlIpAka(agni ko bhAvAna kI Ahuti denA)-dekhie Apastamba0 (7 / 1-5), gobhila0 (2 // 3 // 19-21), bhAradvAja0 (1118) / trirAtravata (vivAha ke uparAnta bIna rAtriyoM saka kucha niyama pAlana)-dekhie AzvalAyana0, jisakA varNana sabhI sUtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| Apastamba0 (818110) evaM baudhAyana (1 / 5 / 16-17) ke anusAra nava-vivAhita dampati pRthvI para eka hI zayyA para tIna rAtriyoM taka soyeMge, kintu apane bIca meM udumbara kI lakar3I rakheMge, jisa para gandha kA lepa huA rahegA, vastra yA sUtra baMdhA rhegaa| cauthI rAtri ko vaha lakar3I RgvedIya (10385 / 21-22) mantra ke sAtha jala meM pheMka dI jaaygii| patu karma (vivAha ke uparAnta caupI rAtri kA kRtya)-isa saMskAra kA varNana bahuta pahale ho cukA hai| madhya kAla ke nibandhoM meM kucha anya kRtya bhI vaNita haiM jo Adhunika kAla meM kiye jAte haiN| inameM se kucha kA varNana hama karate haiN| ina kRtyoM ke anukrama meM mataikya nahIM hai| sImAnta-pUjana (apU ke grAma para para evaM usake bala (barAta) ke pahuMcane para unakA sammAna)--Adhunika . kAla meM vAgdAna ke pUrva yaha kiyA jAtA hai ; dekhie saMskArakaustuma, pR0 768 evaM dharmasindhu 3, pR0 261 / hara-gaurI-pUjA (ziva evaM gaurI kI pUjA)-dekhie saMskArakaustubha (pR0 766), saMskAraratnamAlA (pR0 534 evaM 544), dharmasindhu (pR0 261) / gaurI aura hara kI mUrtiyA~ sone yA cA~dI kI hoM yA unake citra dIvAra para TeMge raheM, yA vastra yA prastara para citra khIMca diye gaye hoN| inakI pUjA kanyAdAna ke pUrva, kintu puNyAhavAcana ke uparAnta honI caahie| dekhie laghu-AzvalAyana (15635) / / indrANI-pUjA (ina kI rAnI kI pUjA)-dekhie saMskArakaustubha (pR0 756), saMskAraratnamAlA (pR0 545) / yaha prAcIna kRtya rahA hogA, kyoMki kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (73) meM saMbhavataH isa ora saMketa kiyA hai (svayaMvara

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM bAdhA denevAloM kA abhAva thA, kyoMki vahA~ zacI kI upasthiti thii)| ho sakatA hai svayaMvara kI prathA prArambha hAna ke pUrva zacI kI pUjA hotI rahI ho| tala-haridvAropaNa (vadhU ke zarIra para tela evaM haldI ke lepa ke uparAnta bace hue bhAga se ghara ke zarIra kA lepana) -dekhie saMskArakostuma (pR0 757) evaM dharmasindhu (3, pR0 257) / ArakSitAropaNa (vara evaM vadhU dvArA bhIge hue akSatoM ko eka-dUsare para chir3akanA) -eka cA~dI sarIkhI dhAtu ke baratana meM thor3A dUdha chor3akara usa para thor3A ghI chir3aka diyA jAtA hai, taba usameM binA TUTe hue cAvala chor3e jAte haiN| vara dUdha evaM ghI vadhU ke hAthoM meM do bAra lagAtA hai aura tIna bAra bhIge cAvala isa prakAra DAlatA hai ki usakIyaMjali mara jAtI hai aura phira do bAra ghRta chir3akatA hai| koI anya vyakti yahI kRtya vara ke hAtha meM karatA hai aura kanyA kA pitA donoM ke hAtha meM svarNima Tukar3e rakha detA hai| isa prakAra isa kriyA kA bahuta vistAra hai| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa zeSAMza chor3a diyA jAtA hai (dekhie kAlidAsa kA raghuvaMza (7), jo ArdrAkSatAropaNa ko vivAha ke aMtima kRtya ke rUpa meM ullikhita karatA hai)| ____ maMgalasUtra-bandhana (vadhU ke gale meM svaNima evaM anya prakAra ke dAne gaire meM lagAkara gAMdhanA)-yaha Adhunika kAla meM eka AbhUSaNa ho gayA hai, jise pati ke jIte rahane taka dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| sUtrakAra isa viSaya meM sarvathA mauna haiN| zaunakasmRti, laghu-AzvalAyana-smRti (15 // 33) Adi ne isakA varNana kiyA hai| uttarIya-prAnta-bandhana (vara evaM vadhU ke vastra ke kone meM haldI evaM pAna bAMdhakara donoM konoM ko eka meM bAMdhanA)-dekhie saMskArakaustuma, pR0 799 evaM saMskAraprakAza, pR0 829 / eriNIdAna (eka bar3e Dale yA daure meM jalate hue dIpaka ke sApa bhAMti-bhAMti kI meTeM sajAkara vara kI mAtA ko denA, jisase ki vaha sayA anya sambandhI vadhU ko sneha se rakha)-dekhie saMskArakaustuma (pU0811), dharmasindhu (pR0 267) / vaMza (bA~sa) kA banA huA daurA (bar3I DaliyA) isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki kula (vaMza.) bahuta dinoM taka calA jaay| yaha taba kiyA jAtA hai jaba vadhU apane pati ke ghara jAne lagatI hai| devakotthApana evaM maNDapodvAsana (bulAye gaye devI-devatAoM se chuTTI lenA tathA mApa ko haTAnA)dekhie saMskArakaustubha (pR0 532-533) evaM saMskAraratnamAlA (pR0 555-556) / do mahattvapUrNa prazna haiM--(1) vivAha kaba sampAdita evaM ananyathAkaraNIya mAnA jAtA hai ? evaM (2) yadi dhokhe se tathA balavaza vivAha kara liyA jAya to kyA kiyA jA sakatA hai ? / manu (81168) jora-jabaradastI yA balavaza kiye gaye kAryoM ko kiyA huA nahIM maante| kintu isa siddhAnta ko vigAha ke viSaya meM mAna lenA kaThina hai| hamane Upara vasiSThadharmasUtra (17 / 73) evaM baudhAyanadharmasUtra ke vacana par3ha liye haiM ki yadi kanyA apahRta ho jAya aura usakA vivAha ho jAya, kintu vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa na huA rahe, to kanyA kisI dUsare se vivAhita ho sakatI hai| vizvarUpa (pR074) evaM aparAkaM (pR0 79) ke anusAra yaha kArya kanyA dvArA prAyazcitta kiye jAne para hI ho sakatA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki yadi vivAhakRtya (yathA saptapadI) sampAdita ho gaye hoM to prAcIna dharmazAstrakAra bhI usa vivAha ko anyathA nahIM siddha kara sakate the, bhale hI kanyA dhokhe se yA balavaza chIna lI gayI ho| kintu Adhunika kAnUna kucha aura hai; yadi vivAha ghokhe se yA jora-jabadarastI se kara diyA ga ho to use kacaharI dvArA anyathA siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai, bhale hI vivAha ke sabhI dhArmika kRtya kyoM na sampAdita kara diye gaye hoN| vasiSThadharmasUtra (17372) kA kathana hai ki jaba kanyA pratizruta ho cukI ho, aura jala se vacana pakkA kara diyAM mayA ho, kintu yadi vara kI mRtyu ho jAya aura vaidika mantra na par3he gaye hoM, to kanyA aba bhI pitA kI hI kahI jaaygii| yahI

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vivAha kI patA bAta kAtyAyana meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai; 'yadi kanyA ke cunAva ke uparAnta vara mara jAya yA usake viSaya meM kucha bhImAta na ho sake, to tIna mahInoM ke uparAnta kanyA kA vivAha kisI anya vyakti se ho sakatA hai| yadi koI vyakti lar3akI ke lie zulka dekara tathA usake lie strI-dhana dekara kahIM bAhara calA jAya, to vaha lar3akI sAla bhara taka avivAhita rakhakara kisI anya ko vivAha meM dI jA sakatI hai|' manu (8 / 227) ne likhA hai--"vaidika mantra vivAha tathA patnItva ke sUcaka hote haiM, kintu vijJa loga antima svarUpa saptapadI ke uparAnta hI mAnate haiN|" yaha bAta aparArka ne yAtavalkya (1165) kI TIkA meM likhI hai (pR0 94) / aura dekhie udvAhatattva (pR0 129) / uparyukta bAtoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki saptapadI ke uparAnta vivAha anyathA nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| saptapadI ke pUrva hI yadi vara kI mRtyu ho jAya, to vadhU kumArI raha jAtI hai, vidhavA nahIM hotI aura usakA vivAha punaH ho sakatA hai| vivAha ke sabase mahatvapUrNa kRtya haiM homa evaM sptpdii| yahI bAta mahAbhArata (droNaparva 55 / 15-16) meM bhI hai, yahAM saptapadI ko hI antima mahattA prApta hai| patnItva kA pada saptapadI ke uparAnta hI prApta hotA hai| kAmasUtra (3 / 5 / 13) ke anusAra agni ke sAkSya ke uparAnta vivAha anyathA nahIM siddha kiyA jA sktaa| zUdroM ke viSaya meM vaidika mantra nahIM par3he jAte, ataH vahA~ paramparAeM evaM rUDhiyo mAnya hotI hai| gRhastharatnAkara jaise nibandhoM ke mata se zUdroM ke viSaya meM kanyA dvArA vara ke paridhAna kA sparza hI vivAha ke sampAdana kA dyotaka hai| manu (9:47) ke mata se dAya-vibhAjana eka bAra hI hotA hai, kumArI eka hI bAra vivAhita hotI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki saptapadI ke uparAnta kanyA kisI anya se vivAhita nahIM kI jA sktii| kintu eka vara ke viSaya meM pratizruta hone para yadi koI dUsarA acchA vara mila jAya to pitA apanA vacana tor3a sakatA hai aura apanI kanyA kitI se vivAhita kara sakatA hai (manu 971 evaM 8198) / yAjJavalkya (1965) kahate haiM-"kanyA eka hI bAra dI jAtI hai, yadi koI vyakti eka sthAna para pratizruta hone para kahIM aura vivAha kara detA hai to use cora kA daNDa diyA jaaynaa| kintu yadi use kahIM pahale se 'acchA vara' mila jAtA hai to vaha pahale vara ko tyAga sakatA hai|" mahAbhArata (anuzAsana parva 44135) ke anusAra pANigrahaNa taka kanyA ko koI bhI mAMga sakatA hai| yahI bAta nArada meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| isI prakAra vara ke pakSa meM bhI bAteM kahI gayI hai| yadi pratizruta ho jAne para vara ko patA calatA hai ki usakI bAlI patnI rogI hai, usakA satItva naSTa ho cukA hai, yA kaI bAra pokhe se logoM ko dI jA cukI hai to vaha usase vivAha nahIM bhI kara sakatA hai (manu 9 / 72) / yadi koI abhibhAvaka kanyA ke doSa ko sipAkara usakA vivAha kara detA hai aura vivAhoparAnta bheda khula jAtA hai to use yAjJavalkya (1166) ke anusAra bahuta adhika tayA nArada (strIpuMsa, 33) ke mata se bahuta kama daNDa diyA jAtA hai| aparAkaM (pR. 95) ke anusAra batAyA gayA doSa gupta honA cAhie, naki lakSita evaM jAna diyA jAne vaalaa| yadi koI vara doSahIna lar3akI kA parityAga karatA hai to use kaThorAtikaThora daNDa milanA cAhie; yadi vaha use jhUTha-mUTha doSI ThaharAtA hai to usa para eka sau paNa kA daNDa laganA cAhie (pAnavalapa 1 / 66 evaM nArada, strIpuMsa, 34) / nArada ke anusAra jo vyakti doSahIna lar3akI ko chor3atA hai use daNDita honA cAhie aura usI ke sAtha vivAhita bhI rahanA caahie| kucha smRtiyA~ evaM nibandha vivAhakatya ke samaya tumatI lar3akI ke viSaya meM apanI vibhinna dhAraNAeM upasthita karate haiN| adhi (bhAga 1, pR0 11) ke anusAra kanyA ko haviSmatI mantra (gveda 101889yA 87211) ke sAtha snAna karAkara tathA dUsarA vastra pahanA aura ghRta kI Ahuti dekara Rgveda ke 5 / 811 mantra ke sAtha kutya samApta kara dene caahie| kintu smRtyarthasAra (pR0 17) ne dUsarI vidhi dI hai| tIna dinoM ke uparAnta cauthe dina para evaM ko snAna karAkara usI Agna meM homa karA denA caahie|

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adhyAya 10 madhuparka tathA anya AcAra madhuparka kisI viziSTa atithi ke Agamana para usake sammAna meM jo madhu Adi kA pradAna hotA hai use madhuparka-vidhi kahate haiN| isakA zAbdika artha hai-vaha kRtya jisameM madhu kA (kisI vyakti ke hAtha para) girAnA yA mocana hotA hai| yaha zabda jaiminIya upaniSad brAhmaNa (1814) meM prayukta huA hai| madhuparka zabda kA prayoga nirukta (1 / 16) ne bhI kiyA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa (3 / 4) meM saMbhavataH madhuparka kI ora hI saMketa hai yadyapi isameM 'madhuparka' zabda prayukta nahIM huyA hai, tathApi isa prakAra ke sammAna se madhuparka karma kA saMketa mila hI jAtA hai| gRhya-sUtroM meM isakA vistAra ke sAtha varNana milatA hai| unakI bahuta sI bAteM samAna haiM, antara kevala mantroM ke prayoga meM hai, yadyapi bahuta-se mantra bhI jyoM-ketyoM haiN| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 24 / 1-4) ke anusAra yajJa karAnevAle Rtvika, ghara meM Aye hue snAtaka evaM rAjA ko, AcArya, zvazura, cAcA evaM mAmA ke Agamana para inheM madhuparka diyA jAtA hai| mAnava0 (1 / 9 / 1) khAdira0 (4 // 521), yAjJavalkya (1 / 110) ke anusAra chaH prakAra ke vyakti ayaM (madhuparka ke bhAgI) hote haiM, yathA Rtvika, AlA, vara, sajA, snAtaka tathA vaha jo apane ko bahuta pyArA ho| baudhAyana0 (12065) ne isa sUcI meM atithi ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| dekhie gautama (5 / 25), ApastambagR0 (13 // 19-20), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 8 / 5-7), baudhAkArmasUtra (2 // 3 // 63-64), manu (3 / 119), sabhAparva (36323-24), momilgR0(4|10|23-24) / yadi vyakti eka bAra madhuparka pAne ke uparAnta varSa ke bhItara hI punaH calA Aye to dubArA dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kintu yadi gRha meM vivAha yA yajJa ho rahA ho to una vyaktiyoM ko punaH (sAla bhara ke bhItara bhI) madhuparka denA caahie| dekhie gautama0 (5 / 26-27), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 33816), yAjJavalkya (1 / 110), khAdira0 (4 / 4 / 26), gobhila0 (4 / 10 / 26) / Rtvik ko pratyeka yajJa meM sammAnita karanA cAhie (yAjJavalkya 11110) / jaba yajJa meM rAjA evaM snAtaka AyeM tabhI unakA madhuparka se sammAna karanA caahie| vizvarUpa (yAjJavalkya 13109) ke anusAra kevala rAjA ko hI madhuparka denA cAhie, kisI anya kSatriya ko nhiiN| medhAtithi (marnu 3 / 119) ke anusAra zUdra ko chor3akara sabhI jAti ke 1.saM hogA ki vidvAno bAlmyAnAmantrya madhuparka pibasIti / jaiminIya upaniSad-mAhmaNa (1964); jAnate maparka praah| nikAta (1116) / 1. tApavAvo manuSyarAja AgatejyasminvAhati umAnaM vA behataM vA saante| aitareya brAhmaNa (24) / mevAtipine manu (33119) ko tathA haradatta ne gautama (17 / 30) kI TIkA meM ise ubta kiyA hai| 3. Rtvijo vRtvA mavaparkamAharet / snaatkaayopsthitaay| raamec| AcAryazvazurapitaSyamAtulAnA ca pAzvalAyana gu0 102411-4||vr jaba vadhU ke ghara AtA hai to use bhI madhuparka diyA jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha bhI sAmAnyataH snAtaka hI hotA hai| AcArya vaha hai jo upanayana karAtA hai aura veba par3hAtA hai|

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madhuparka talA mAmAcAra rAjA ko madhuparka denA caahie| gRhyapariziSTa ke anusAra madhuparka kA kRtya pAnevAle kI zAkhA ke anusAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, na ki denevAle kI zAkhA ke anusaar| ___ madhuparka kI vidhi AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 24 / 5-26) meM nimna prakAra ke varNita hai-"vaha madhu ko vahI meM milAtA hai| yadi madhu na ho to ghRta se kAma liyA jAtA hai| viSTara (25 kuzoM kA Asana-vizeSa), paira dhone ke lie jala, argha-jala (gandha, puSpa Adi se sugaMdhita jala), Acamana-jala, madhu-mizraNa (madhuparka), eka gAya-inameM se pratyeka kA uccAraNa (atithi yA sammAnArha vyakti ke A jAne para) tIna bAra kiyA jAtA hai|smmaanaarh vyakti ko uttara kI ora mur3e hue kuzoM ke bane viSTara para baiThanA cAhie aura yaha kahanA cAhie-"maiM apane sambandhivoM meM usI prakAra sarvocca hU~ jaisA ki prakAzakoM meM sUrya, aura maiM yahAM una sabhI ko jo mujhase vidveSa rakhate haiM, kucala rahA hU~", yA use viSTara para baiThane ke uparAnta isa mantra kA uccAraNa bAra-bAra karanA caahie| taba use apanA paira AtithyakartA se ghulavAnA cAhie, sabase pahale brAhmaNa kA dAyAM paira tathA taditara kA bAyA~ paira dhoyA jAnA caahie| isake uparAnta vaha apane jaDe hae hAthoM meM ardha-jala letA hai aura taba Acamana-jala se Acamana karatA hai aura kahatA hai-"tU amRta kA bichaunA yA prathama stara hai|" jaba madhuparka lAyA jAya to vaha use dekhe aura isa mantra kA pATha kare-"maiM tumheM mitra (devatA) kI A~khoM se dekha rahA huuN|"tb vaha madhuparka nimna sUkta ke sAtha grahaNa karatA hai-"savitA kI preraNA se azvinI ke bAhuoM evaM pUSA ke hAthoM se ise grahaNa kara rahA hU~" (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 1124) / vaha madhuparka ko tIna RcAoM 1 / 90168) ke sAtha (unheM par3hakara) dekhatA hai / vaha use bAyeM hAtha meM letA hai, bAyIM ora se dAhinI ora a~gUThe evaM anAmikA aMgulI se tIna bAra hilAtA hai, aMguliyoM ko pUrva kI ora dhotA hai aura par3hatA hai-"tumheM vasu loga gAyatrI chanda ke sAtha khAyeM", "tumheM rudra triSTup chanda ke sAtha khAyeM," "tumheM Aditya gaNa jagatI chanda ke sAtha khAyeM," "tumheM vizve deva anuSTup chanda ke sAtha khAyeM", "tumheM bhUta (jIva) loga khaayeN|" pratyeka bAra vaha bIca se madhuparka uThAkara pheMkatA hai aura prati bAra nayI dizA meM pheMkatA hai, yathA vasuoM ke lie pUrva meM, rudroM ke lie dakSiNa kI ora, AdityoM ke lie pazcima kI ora tathA vizvedevoM ke lie uttara kI or| vaha use khAte samaya pahalI bAra "tuma virAja ke dUdha ho," dUsarI bAra "maiM virAja kA dUdha pA sakU" tathA tIsarI bAra "mujhameM pAdyA virAja kA dUdha rahe" kahatA hai| use pUrA madhuparka nahIM khA jAnA cAhie aura na santoSa bhara khAnA caahie| usa zeSAMza kisI brAhmaNa ko uttara dizA meM de denA cAhie, yadi koI brAhmaNa na ho to zeSAMza jala meM chor3a denA cAhie, yA pUrA khA jAnA caahie| isake uparAnta vaha Acamana-jala se Acamana karatA hai aura yaha par3hatA hai-"tuma amRta ke apidhAna (Dhakkana) ho" (ApastambIya mantrapATha 2 // 10 // 4, evaM ApastambagRhyasUtra 13 / 13) / vaha dUsarI bAra "he satya ! yaza! bhAgya ! bhAgya mujhameM base" ise par3hatA hai| Acamana ke uparAnta use gAya dene kI ghoSaNA kI jAtI hai| "merA pApa naSTa ho gayA hai" aisA kahakara vaha kahatA hai--"rudroM kI mAtA, vasuoM kI putrI....(R0 8 / 101 / 15) ise jAne do, madhuparka binA mAMsa kA hI ho|" kucha gRhyasUtroM (yathA mAnava) ne madhuparka ko vivAhakRtya kA eka aMga mAnA hai, kintu kucha ne (yathA AzvalAyana ne) ise svatantra rUpa meM ginA hai| hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra (1212-13) ne ise samAvartana kA aMga mAnA hai| madhuparka meM 4. Rgveva kI tInoM RcAeM (119016-8) 'madhu' zana se Arambha hotI haiM, "madhu vAtA tAyate madhu kSaranti sidhayaH" (6), "madhu naktamutoSaso" (7), "madhumAnoM vanaspatiH" (8), aura ye madhuparka ke lie bar3I samIcIna bhI haiN| ye RcAeM vAjasaneyI saMhitA (13 / 27-29) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai aura madhumatI kahI jAtI haiN| inakA prayoga pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 // 3) evaM mAnavagRhyasUtra (139 / 14) meM huA hai|

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310 DAle jAne vAle padArthoM ke viSaya meM bahuta matabheda hai| AzvalAyana evaM Apastamba0 (13 / 10) ke anusAra madhu evaM dahI yA ghRta evaM dahI kA mizraNa hI madhuparka hai| pAraskara0 Adi ne maghu, dahI evaM ghRta-tInoM ke mizraNa kI carcA kI hai| kucha ne ina tInoM ke sAtha bhunA yava (jo) anna evaM binA bhunA huA yava anna bhI jor3a diyA hai| kucha ne dahI, madhu, ghRta, jala evaM anna ko madhuparka ke lie ullikhita kiyA hai (hiraNyakezi0 1 / 12 / 10-12) / kauzikasUtra (92) ne nau prakAra ke mizraNa kI carcA kI hai-nAma (madhu evaM dahI),aina (pAyasa kA), saumya (dahI evaM ghRta), pauSma (ghRta evaM maTThA), sArasvata (dUdha evaM ghRta), mAMsala (Asava evaM ghRta, inakA prayoga kevala sautrAmaNi evaM rAjasUya yajJoM meM hotA hai), vAraNa (jala evaM ghRta), zrAvaNa (tila kA tela evaM ghRta), pArivAjaka (tila-tela evaM khlii)| kucha gRhyasUtroM ke anusAra isameM yathAsaMbhava vehat, bakarI, hirana Adi ke mAMsa kA bhI vidhAna hai| jaba mAMsa khAnA acchA nahIM samajhA jAne lagA to usake sthAna para pAyasa kI carcA hone lgii| Adiparva (60 / 13-14) meM AyA hai ki janamejaya ne vyAsa ko madhuparka diyA thA aura vyAsa ne usameM se mAMsa kA tyAga kara diyA thaa| Adhunika kAla meM vivAha ko chor3akara prAyaH kisI anya avasara para madhuparka nahIM diyA jAtA, ataH isakI paripATI TUTa-sI gayI hai| kumbha-vivAha aba hama vivAha-sambandhI kucha anya kRtyoM kA varNana upasthita kreNge| vaidhavya ko haTAne ke lie kumbha-vivAha nAmaka kRtya kiyA jAtA thaa| isakA vizada varNana hameM saMskAraprakAza (pR0 868), nirNayasindhu (pR0 310), saMskArakaustubha (pR0 746), saMskAraratnamAlA (pR0 528) Adi granthoM meM prApta hotA hai| vivAha ke eka dina pUrva puSpa Adi se eka dhar3A sajAyA jAtA thA jisameM viSNu kI eka svarNima mUrti rakhI rahatI thii| kanyA cAroM ora se sUtroM se ghera dI jAtI thI, aura vara ko lambI Ayu dene ke lie varuNa kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| isake uparAnta kumbha ko pAnI meM phor3a diyA jAtA thA aura usakA jala pAMca TahaniyoM se kanyA para chir3aka diyA jAtA thA aura Rgveda (7 / 49) kA pATha kiyA jAtA thA, anta meM brahmabhoja kiyA jAtA thaa| azvattha-vivAha saMskAraprakAza (pR0 868-869) ne kumbha-vivAha ke samAna azvattha-vivAha kA varNana saubhAgya (sohAga) ke lie arthAt vaidhavya na ho, isake lie kiyA hai| yahA~ kumbha ke sthAna para azvattha kI pUjA hotI hai aura svarNima viSNumUrti pUjA ke uparAnta kisI brAhmaNa ko de dI jAtI hai| __ arka-vivAha yadi eka-eka karake do patniyoM kI mRtyu ho jAya to tIsarI patnI se vivAha karane ke pUrva vyakti ko arkavivAha nAmaka kRtya karanA par3atA thaa| isakA varNana saMskAraprakAza (pR0 876-889), saMskArakaustuma (pR0 819), nirNayasindhu (pR0 328) Adi meM pAyA jAtA hai| baudhAyanagRhmazeSasUtra (5) meM bhI isakA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| parivedana parivedana ke viSaya meM prAcIna pranthoM meM vistAra ke sAtha varNana milatA hai, kintu yaha kRtya Adhunika kAla meM avidita-sA hI hai| jaba koI vyakti apane jyeSTha mAtA ke rahate, athavA jaba koI vyakti bar3I bahina ke rahate usakI choTI bahina se vivAha karatA to ise parivedana kahA jAtA thA, aura isakI ghora rUpa meM bhartsanA kI jAtI thii| kyoMki

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parivedana 311 aise sambandha se bar3e bhAI athavA bar3I bahina ke adhikAroM kI avahelanA ho jAtI thI tathA pApa lagatA thA / gautama ( 15/18) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 / 5 / 12-22 ) ke anusAra yadi choTA bhAI bar3e bhAI ke pUrva vivAha kara le tathA bar3A bhAI choTe bhAI ke uparAnta vivAha kare to donoM pApa ke bhAgI hote haiM aura unheM zrAddha meM nahIM bulAyA jAnA caahie| Apastamba kA Age kahanA hai ki jo bar3I bahina ke rahate choTI bahina se tathA jo choTI bahina kA vivAha ho jAne ke uparAnta bar3I bahina se vivAha karatA hai vaha pApI hai| isI prakAra jo apane choTe bhAI dvArA pavitra agni sthApita kiye jAne tathA somayajJa karane ke uparAnta vaisA karatA hai, vaha bhI pApI hai / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 1 / 18 ), viSNudharma sUtra ( 37 / 15-17) Adi ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 2017- 10) ne choTI bahina ke pati tathA bar3I bahana ke pati ke lie 20 dinoM ke kRcchra nAmaka prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI hai aura donoM ko eka-dUsare kI patnI kI adalA-badalI (kevala dikhAvaTa mAtra ) karane kI AjJA dI hai aura eka-dUsare kI AjJA lekara punaH vivAha karane kI vyavasthA dI hai (dekhie isa viSaya meM baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 1 / 40 ) / choTe bhAI ko, jo bar3e se pahale vivAhita ho jAtA hai, parivesA yA parivividAna ( manu 3 | 171, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 5 / 12 / 21 ) yA parivindaka (yAzavalkya 1 / 223 ) kahA jAtA hai, tathA bar3e bhAI ko, jo apane choTe mAI ke uparAnta vivAhita hotA hai, parivitti yA parivina yA parivitta (manu 3 / 171) kahA jAtA hai| choTI bahina ko, jo apanI bar3I bahina ke pUrva vivAhita ho jAtI hai, apre-vidhiSU (gautama0 15/15, vasiSTha0 1 / 18) yA parivedinI kahA jAtA hai| bar3I bahina ko, jo choTI bahina ke vivAha ke uparAnta vivAhita hotI hai, vidhiSu kahA jAtA hai| uparyukta antima do ke patiyoM ko krama se avidhiSUpati eva vidhiSUpati kahate haiN| pitA athavA abhibhAvaka ko, jo parivedana kI uparyukta kanyAoM kA vivAha racAte haiM, parivAsI yA parivAtA kahA jAtA hai| choTe bhAI ko, jo apane bar3e bhAI ke pUrva pUta agni jalAtA hai, paryAbAtA tathA isa prakAra ke bar3e bhAI ko paryAhita kahA jAtA hai| gautama ( 15/18), manu ( 3 / 172), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 1 / 30) evaM viSNudharmasUtra ( 54/16 ) ke anusAra parivettA, parivitta evaM vaha lar3akI, jisase choTA bhAI bar3e mAI ke pUrva vivAha karatA hai, vivAha karA denevAlA ( pitA yA abhibhAvaka ) evaM purohita ye pAMcoM naraka meM girate haiN| viSNu ke mata se inheM chuTakAre ke lie cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA caahie| yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 265 ) kI TIkA mitAkSarA meM bhI yahI bAta ullikhita hai| isa viSaya meM anya matoM ke lie dekhie manu (3 / 171) para meghAtithi kI TIkA, aparArka pR0 446, trikANDamaNDana ( 1 / 76-77 ), smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 13 ) / viSNudharmasUtra ( 37 / 15-17) ne parivedana kI gaNanA upapAtakoM meM kI hai| anya matoM ke lie dekhie gautama (18118-19 ) evaM aparArka ( pR0 445) / kucha dazAoM meM, yathA bar3e bhAI ke unmAdI, pApI, kor3hI hone tathA napuMsaka yA yakSmA se pIr3ita hone para, bATa johanA vyartha hai ( medhAtithi-manu 3 / 171, atri 105 -106, gobhilasmRti 1 / 72-74, trikANDamaNDana 1168-74, smRtyarthasAra pu0 13 evaM saMskAraprakAza pR0 760 - 766 ) / parivedana ke viSaya meM hameM vaidika sAhitya meM bhI saMketa milatA hai (dekhie taittirIya saMhitA 3 / 229, 31414) / taittirIya saMhitA meM prayukta upAdhiyA~ haiM sUryAbhyudita, sUryAbhinirmukta, kunakhI, zyAvadan, agredidhiSU, parivitta, vIrahA, brahmahA / yahI krama vasiSThaSarmasUtra ( 1 / 18) meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| taittirIya saMhitA ( 3 / 4/4) meM puruSameSa ke viSaya meM carcA karate samaya parivitta ko abhAgya ( nirRti), parivividAna ko Ati ( kaSTa yA kleza) tathA vidhiSUpati ko arASi ke havAle kiyA gayA hai|

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adhyAya 11 bahupatnIkatA, bahubhakatA tathA vivAha ke adhikAra evaM kartavya bahupatnIkatA yadyapi vaidika sAhitya ke avagAhana se patA calatA hai ki una dinoM eka-patnIkatA kA hI niyama evaM Adarza thA, kintu bahu-patnIkatA ke katipaya udAharaNa mila hI jAte haiN|' Rgveda (10 / 145) evaM atharvaveda (3 / 18) meM patnI dvArA sauta ke prati pati-prema ghaTAne ke lie mantra par3hA gayA hai| yahI bAta jyoM-kI-tyoM ApastambamantrapATha (1115) evaM ApastambagRhyasUtra (9 / 6 / 8) meM hai, jisameM pati ko apanI ora karane tathA sauta se vigAr3a karA dene kI carcA hai / Rgveda (10 / 159) ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki indra kI kaI rAniyA~ thIM, kyoMki usakI rAnI zacI ne apanI bahuta-sI sautoM ko harA diyA thA yA mAra galA thA tathA indra evaM anya puruSoM para ekAdhipatya sthApita kara liyA thaa| isa mantra ko ApastambamantrapATha (1 / 16) meM tathA ApastambagRhyasUtra (9 / 9) meM usI kArya ke lie uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| Rgveda (13105 / 4) meM ullekha hai ki trita kue meM gira jAne para kue kI dIvAroM ko usI prakAra kaSTadAyaka pAtA hai, jisa prakAra kaI paliyAM kaSTa detI haiM (patiyoM ke lie yA apane lie saTakara atIva uSNatA utpanna karatI haiN)| isa viSaya meM anya saMketa hai taittirIya saMhitA (6 / 6 / 4 / 3), aitareya brAhmaNa (12 / 11), taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 8 / 4), zatapatha brAhmaNa (13 / 4 / 1 / 9), vAjasaneyI saMhitA (23324, 26, 28), taittirIya saMhitA (16819), aitareya brAhmaNa (33 // 1) meN| taittirIya saMhitA (6643) meM eka bahuta manoraMjaka udAharaNa hai-"eka yazapUpa para vaha do mekhalAe~ (karaSaniyA~) bAMdhatA hai, ataH eka puruSa do paliyA~ grahaNa karatA hai, vaha do yUpoM (khUToM yA stambhoM) para eka mekhalA nahIM bAMdhatA, ataH eka patnI ko do pati nahIM prApta hote|" isI prakAra aitareya brAhmaNa (12 / 11) meM ghoSita huA hai| "ataH eka puruSa ko kaI striyA~ haiM, kintu eka patnI eka sAtha kaI pati nahIM prApta kara sktii|" taittirIya brAhmaNa (31844) meM azvamegha kI carcA meM aisA AyA hai-"paliyAM (ghor3e ko) ubaTana lagAtI haiM, patniyAM sacamuca sampatti ke samAna hai|" zatapatha brAhmaNa (13429) meM AyA hai-"cAra patniyAM sevA meM lagI haiM-mahiSI (abhiSikta rAnI). vAdAtA (cahetI patnI), parivattA (tyAgI huI) evaM pAlAgalI (nimna jAti kii)|" taisirIya saMhitA ne bhI parivRttA evaM mahiSI kI carcA kI hai (1989) / vAjasaneyI saMhitA (23 / 24; 26, 28) meM kucha mantra aise haiM 1. delie agveda (10185 / 26 evaM 46), yathA-pUSA tvato nayatu hastagRhAzvinA tyA prabahatA rkhen| gRhApaccha gRhapatnI yayAsI tvaM vizvamA pdaasi|...snaamii aSidevRSa / bampatI zamma gveda meM kaI sthAnoM para mAyA hai aura eka-patnIkatA kI bora saMketa karatA hai, yathA-veba 5 / 312, 8 / 31 / 5 evaM 10602 // 2. saM mA tapantyabhitaH sapatnIriva parzakAgveda 13105 / 8; dekhie Rgveda 10 / 116 // 10 (AditpatimakRta kanInAm) jahAM likhA hai ki AzvinI ne vyavana ko kaI kumAriyoM kA pati banA diyaa|

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hupatnItva 313 jinheM brahmA, udgAtA, hotA ne krama se mahiSI, vAvAtA evaM parivRktA ke sambodhana ke lie prayukta kiyA hai| harizcandra kI eka sau patniyAM thIM (aitareya brAhmaNa 33|1) / bahupatnIkatA kevala rAjAoM evaM tathAkathita maga puruSoM taka hI sImita nahIM thI; prasiddha dArzanika yAjJavalkya kI do patniyoM meM kAtyAyanI mautika sukha kI icchA rakhanevAlI tathA maitreyI brahmajJAna evaM amaratA kI icchuka thI ( bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 5 / 5 / 1-2 evaM 2 / 4 / 1) / sUtrakAla ke kucha RSiyoM ne Adarza kI bAta kahI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 / 5 / 11 / 12-13) ke anusAra dharma evaM santati se yukta eka hI patnI yatheSTa hai, kintu dharma evaM santAna meM eka ke abhAva meM usakI pUrti ke lie eka anya patnI bhI kI jA sakatI hai| eka anya sthAna para isa sUtra ( 1|10|28|19 ) ne likhA hai ki yadi koI apanI nirdoSa patnI kA tyAga karatA hai to use gadhe kI khAla (jisakA bAla vAlA bhAga Upara ho) or3hakara chaH mahInoM taka sAta, gharoM meM bhikSA mAMganI caahie|' yahI bAta nArada ne bhI kucha hera-phera ke sAtha kahI hai-yadi patnI anukUla, madhurabhASI, dakSa, sAdhvI evaM prajAvatI (putra vAlI) ho aura use usakA pati tyAga de to rAjA aise duSTa pati ko daNDita kara ThIka kara de (nArada-strIpuMsa, 95) / kauTilya ( 3 / 2 ) ne bhI likhA hai ki pati ko prathama santAnotpatti ke uparAnta yadi santAna na ho to 8 varSa taka johakara hI punarvivAha karanA caahie| yadi mRta bacce hI utpanna hoM to 10 varSa johakara tathA yadi putriyA~ hI utpanna hoM to 12 varSa johakara punarvivAha karanA caahie| kintu yadi pati ina niyamoM kA ullaMghana karatA hai to use patnI ko strIghana tathA bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie dhana denA cAhie aura rAjA ko 24 paNa kA ghanadaNDa denA caahie| yaha to kauTilya kA Adarza vAkya mAtra hai, kyoMki unhoMne punaH likhA hai - " eka vyakti kaI patniyoM se vivAha kara sakatA hai, kintu usa patnI ko, jise strIghana yA koI dhana vivAha ke samaya na milA ho, use zulka de den| hogA, jisase ki vaha apanA bharaNa-poSaNa kara ske...|" manu ( 5/80 ) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 1180 ) ne likhA hai ki yadi patnI madirA pItI ho, kisI purAne roga se pIr3ita rahatI ho, dhokhebAja ho, kharcIlI ho, kaTubhASI ho aura kevala putriyA~ hI janatI ho to pati dUsarA vivAha kara sakatA hai| manu (5 / 81) evaM baudhAyana - dharma 0 ( 2/2/65 ) ke matAnusAra kaTuvAdinI patnI kA tyAga kara dUsarA vivAha kiyA jA sakatA hai| caNDezvara ne apane gRhastharatnAkara meM devala ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki zuddha eka se, vaizya do se, kSatriya tIna se, brAhmaNa cAra se tathA rAjA jitanI cAhe utanI striyoM se vivAha kara sakatA hai| Adiparva (160 / 36) ne gambhIratApUrvaka likhA hai- " kaI patniyA~ rakhanA koI adharma nahIM hai, kintu striyoM ke lie prathama pati ke prati apane kartavya na karanA adharma hai|"" mahAbhArata (mausala parva 5/6 ) ke anusAra vAsudeva ( zrI kRSNa ) kI 16 sahasra patniyAM thIM / aitihAsika yugoM meM bahuta-se rAjAoM kI eka-eka sau rAniyA~ thIM / cedirAja gAMgeyadeva urpha vikramAditya ne prayAga meM apanI sau patniyoM ke sAtha mukti pAyI (dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 2, pR0 4 evaM vahI, jilda 12, pR0 205 ) / baMgAla ke kulInavAda kI nindya kathAe~ sarvavidita haiN| kucha aise 3. dharmaprajAsampanne vAre nAnyAM kurvIta / anyatarAbhAve kAryA prAgagnyAdheyAt / apa0 0 2 / 5 / 11 / 12-13; larAjinaM mahiloMma pariSAya dAravyatikramaNe bhikSAmiti saptAgArANi kharet / sA vRtiH vacmAsAn / Apa0 Sa0 1|10|28|19; belie bRhatsaMhitA (74113), jisameM yahI prAyazcita likhA huA hai kintu yaha bhI kiyA huA hai ki puruSa loga yaha prAyazcita karata nhiiN| 'anukUlAmavAgduSTAM dakSa sAdhvIM prajAvatIm / tyajan bhAryAmavasthApyo rama daNDena bhUyasA // ' nArava (strIpuMsa, 15) / 4. na cApyadharmaH kalyANa bahupatnIkatA nRnnaam| strINAmadharmaH sumahAnbhartuH pUrvasya laMghane / / Adiparva 160236 / dharma0 40

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314 . dharmazAstra kA itihAsa viziSTa kula the, jinameM kanyAoM kA vivAha kara denA zreyaskara mAnA jAtA thA, ataH isake phalasvarUpa eka-eka kulIna vyakti kI agaNita paliyA~ thIM, jinameM kucha to apane pati kA darzana bhI nahIM kara pAtI thiiN| striyoM ke prati yaha sAmAjika durvyavahAra kyoM? isake kaI kAraNa the--(1) putroM kI atyadhika AdhyAtmika mahattA, (2) bAla-vivAha evaM usake phalasvarUpa (3) striyoM kI azikSA, (4) striyoM ko apavitra mAnane kI prathA kA kramazaH vikAsa evaM (2) unheM zUdroM ke samAna mAnanA tathA (6) striyoM kI puruSoM para pUrNa aashrittaa| ___ yadyapi bahupatnIkatA siddhAnta rUpa se vidyamAna thI, kintu vyavahAra meM bahudhA loga prathama patnI kI upasthiti meM dUsarA vivAha nahIM karate the| 19vIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM sTIla ne apanI pustaka 'lA eNDa kasTama Ava hindU kAsTsa' meM yahI bAta siddha kI hai| Adhunika kAla meM hindU samAja meM naye kAnUna ke anusAra eka-patnIkatA ko gaurava prApta ho gayA hai| vahubhartRkatA taittirIya saMhitA (6 / 6 / 4 / 3, 6 / 5 / 1 / 4) evaM aitareya brAhmaNa (12 / 11) ke mata se spaSTa vidita hai ki unake praNayana-kAloM evaM unake pUrva bahumartRkatA kA kahIM nAma bhI nahIM thaa| "eka yUpa meM vaha do mekhalAe~ bA~dhatA hai, isI prakAra eka puruSa do patniyA~ prApta karatA hai; vaha do yUpoM ke cadurdika eka hI mekhalA nahIM bA~dhatA, isI prakAra eka patnI do pati nahIM prApta karatI" (tai0 saM0 6 / 6 / 4 / 3) / aitareya brAhmaNa (12 / 11) ne likhA hai--"ataH eka puruSa kI kaI paliyA~ haiM, kintu eka patnI ke eka hI sAtha kaI pati nahIM haiN|" hameM koI bhI aisI vaidika ukti nahIM milatI jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki una dinoM bahumartRkatA pAyI jAtI thii| saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarvaprasiddha udA. haraNa hai draupadI kA, jo pA~ca pANDavoM kI patnI thii| mahAbhArata ne spaSTa likhA hai ki jaba anya logoM ko yaha bAta jJAta huI ki yudhiSThira ne draupadI ko sabhI pANDavoM kI patnI mAna liyA hai, to ve sabhI cakita ho uThe the| dhRSTadyumna (Adiparva 295 / 27-29) ne yudhiSThira ko bahuta samajhAyA, kintu yudhiSThira Tasa-se-masa nahIM hue aura kahA--"aisA kArya pahale bhI hotA thA aura hama pANDadoM meM yaha taya hai ki hamameM jo bhI jo kucha prApta karegA, vaha sabako barAbara bhAga meM milegaa| isa viSaya meM yudhiSThira ne kevala do udAharaNa diye-(1) jaTilA gautamI saptaSiyoM kI patnI thI tathA (2) sabhI dasa prAcetasa mAI vAI ke pati the| ye gAthAe~ koI aitihAsikatA nahIM rkhtiiN| tantravAtika meM kumArila bhaTTa ne draupadI ke sambandha meM tIna vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiN| eka vyAkhyA ke anusAra kaI draupadiyAM thIM jo eka-dUsarI se milatI 5. yadekasminyUpe dve razane parivyayati tasmAdeko jAye vindate yannekAM razanAMdvayoPSpayoH parivyayati tasmAgnakA nau patI vindate / tai0 saM0 666 / 4 / 3; aura dekhie tai0 saM0 6 / 5 / 14 tasmAdeko bahvorjAyA vindate; tasmAdekasya bahvayo jAyA bhavanti naikasyai bahayaH sahapatayaH / ai0 vA0 12 / 11 / 6. ekasya bahvayo vihitA mahiSyaH kurunandana / nekasyA bahavaH puMsaH bhUgante patayaH kvacit // lokavera rukhaM tvaM mAdhama dhrmvicchuciH| kartumarhasi kaunteya kasmAtte bukhiriidRshii|| Adiparva 195 / 27-29; sabhAparva (68135) meM karNa ne draupadI ko bandhakI (vezyA) mAnA hai, kyoMki use kaI puruSa pati ke rUpa meM prApta the| Adiparva (196) meM SiSThira ne uttara diyA hai-"sUkSmo dharmo mahArAja nAsya vizo vayaM gatim / pUrveSAmAnupUryeNa yAtaM mAmaniyAmahe // "

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bahupatitva evaM vivAha ke uddezya 315 julatI thI aura mahAbhArata ne unheM AlaMkArika rUpa se eka hI draupadI ke rUpa meM rakha diyA hai| vAstava meM pAMca draupadiyAM thIM, jinameM pratyeka pratyeka pANDava se vivAhita huI thii| dharmazAstra-granthoM meM bahubhartukatA saMbaMdhI vyAvahArikatA kI ora kucha saMketa mila jAte haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 10 / 27 / 2-4) kA kathana hai-"(niyoga dvArA putra ke lie) apanI strI ko kisI anya vyakti ko nahIM, pratyuta apane sagotra ko hI denA cAhie, kyoMki kanyA kA dAna bhAiyoM ke sAre kuTumba ko, na ki kevala eka bhAI ko, kiyA jAtA hai ; puruSoM ke jJAna kI durbalatA ke kAraNa (niyoga) varjita hai|" bRhaspati kA kathana hai--"kucha dezoM meM eka atyanta ghRNAspada bAta yaha hai ki loga bhAI kI mRtyu ke uparAnta usakI vidhavA se vivAha kara lete haiM ; yaha bhI ghRNAspada hai ki eka kanyA pUre kuTumba ko de dI jAtI hai| isI prakAra phArasa vAloM (pArasIkoM) meM loga mAtA se bhI vivAha kara lete haiN|" DA0 jAlI kA yaha kathana ki dakSiNa meM bahubhartRkatA pAyI jAtI thI, sarvathA nirAdhAra hai| DA0 jAlI ne bRhaspati ke nayana ko kaI bhAgoM meM karake vyAkhyA nahIM kI hai| vAstava meM dakSiNa meM, 'mAtulakanyA'...se hI vivAha kI carcA mAtra siddha hotI hai, aura anya bAteM anya dezoM kI haiN| pro0 kItha ne DA0 jAlI kI hI bhramAtmaka vyAkhyA mAna lI hai| bahubhartRkatA ke do svarUpa haiM-(1) mAtRpakSIya (jaba koI strI kinhIM do yA adhika vyaktiyoM se sambandha jor3atI hai, jo eka-dUsare se sambandhita nahIM bhI hoM aura kula kA krama strI se hI calatA ho) tathA (2) bhrAtRpakSIya (jisameM eka nArI kaI bhAiyoM kI patnI ho jAtI hai)| prathama prakAra kI prathA malAvAra taTa ke nAyara-kuloM meM pAyI jAtI thI, kintu aba vahA~ aisI bAta nahIM hai| kintu dUsare prakAra kI prathA aba bhI kumAyUM, gar3havAla tathA himAlaya ke prAntoM meM AsAma taka pAyI jAtI rahI hai| paNDita bhagavAnalAla indrajI (iNDiyana eNTikverI, jilda 8, pR0 88) kA kahanA hai ki ToMsa evaM yamunA ke bIca kAlasI, kumAyUM Adi kI ora kaI vargoM ke loga bahu-martRkatA ke anugAmI haiM aura usase utpanna putra ko jIvita jyeSTha mAI se utpanna putra mAnate haiN| mahAbhArata ke TIkAkAra nIlakaNTha ne apane samaya kI nIca jAtiyoM meM bahu-bhartRkatA ke pracalana kI bAta likhI hai (Adiparva 104 / 35) para niilknntth)| pati evaM patnI ke pArasparika adhikAra evaM kartavya manu (9 / 101-102) ne pati-patnI ke dharmoM kI carcA saMkSepa meM yoM kI hai-"unheM (dharma, artha evaM kAma ke viSaya meM) eka-dUsare ke prati satya rahanA cAhie, aura sadA yahI prayatna karanA cAhie ki ve kabhI bhI alaga na ho sakeM..." nIce hama unake sabhI prakAra ke adhikAroM evaM kartavyoM kI carcA kramAnusAra kreNge| pati kA prathama kartavya tathA patnI kA prathama adhikAra hai krama se dhArmika kRtyoM meM sammilita hone denA tathA honaa| yaha bAta ati prAcIna kAla se pAyI jAtI rahI hai| Rgveda (1172 / 5) meM AyA hai--"apanI patniyoM ke sAtha unhoMne pUjA ke yogya agni kI pUjA kii|" eka anya sthAna (R0 5 / 3 / 2) para AyA hai-"yadi tuma pati evaM patnI ko eka 7. athavA bahara eva tAH sadRzalpA draupatha ekatvenopacaritA iti vyavahArArthApattyA gamyate // tantravAtiya, pR0 209 / 8. viruvAH pratidRzyante vAkSiNAtyeSu saMprati / svamAtulasutodvAho mAtRbandhutvadUSitaH // abhartRkabhrAtRbhAyograhaNaM cAtidUSitam / kule kanyApradAnaM ca vezeSvanyeSu dRshyte| tathA mAtRvivAhopi pArasIkeSu dRzyate // bRhaspati (smRbicandrikA 1, pR0 10, smRtimuktAphala, varNAzrama, pR0 130) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mana ke banA do to ve acche mitra kI bhA~ti tumheM ghRta kA lepa kreNge|" taittirIya brAhmaNa (375) meM AyA hai"satkarmoM dvArA pati evaM patnI eka-dUsare se yukta ho jAyeM, hala meM bailoM kI bhA~ti unheM yaza meM juTa jAnA cAhie; ve donoM eka mana ke hoM aura zatruoM kA nAza kareM; ve svarga meM na ghaTane vAlI (ajara) jyoti prApta kreN|" yahI bAta kucha antaroM ke sAtha kAThaka saMhitA (5 / 4) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai aura zabara ne jaimini (631121) kI vyAkhyA meM isako AdhAra banAyA hai| isa vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki kartavyoM kA pratiphala pati-patnI sAtha hI bhogate the| patnI azvamedha meM ghor3e ko lepa karatI hai (le0 prA0 3 / 8 / 4) tadhA vivAha ke sAe agni meM lAvA kI Ahuti detI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (206 / 13 / 16-18) ke anusAra vida hoparAnta pati eka patnI pAka karatA sAtha karate haiM, puNyaphala meM samAna bhAga pAte hai, dhana-sampatti meM samAna bhAga rakhate haiM tathA patI pati kodhili meM aksara par3ane para bheTa Adi de sakatI hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (158 / 5) ke anusAra patnI ko pati jI anusthiti meM gRha kI bahana kI pUjA (agnihotra) karanI par3atI thI aura usake bujha jAne para use upavAsa karanA par3atA thA; vaha sandhyAkAla ke homa meM Ahuti ve. sAtha "agnaye svAhA", prAtaHkAla kI Ahuti ke sAtha "sUryAya svAhA" kahatI thI aura donoM kAloM meM mauna rUpa se eka Ahuti prajApati ko detI thii| isa viSaya meM anya vicAra dekhie gautama0 (5 / 6-8), gobhilaga (1 / 4 / 16-19) evaM ApastambagR0 (813-4) / manu (3 / 121) ke mata se sandhyA kAla ke pake hue bhojana kI AhutiyA~ patnI dvArA binA mantroM ke dI jAnI caahie| spaSTa hai, yadyapi manu ke samaya meM striyoM ko vaidika mantroM para adhikAra nahIM diyA gayA thA, kintu ve dhArmika kRtya binA kisI roka ke kara sakatI thiiN| yajJoM meM patnI ko nimna kArya karane par3ate the--(1) sthAlIpAka (hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra 1123 // 3) meM anna ko chA~TanA arthAt bhUsI-rahita, sApha karanA, (2) upaskRta pazu ko dhonA (zatapathabrA0 3 / 8 / 2 evaM gobhila0 3 / 10 / 29), (3) zrIta yajJoM meM Ajya kI ora dekhnaa| pUrva mImAMsA (6 / 1 / 17-21) meM aisA AyA hai ki jahA~ taka sambhava ho pati-patnI dhArmika kRtya sAtha kareM, kintu pati sAdhAraNata: bhakelA.sabhI kArya kara letA hai, aura patnI brahmacarya vrata, kalyANaprada athavA AzIrvacana Adi karatI hai| dhArmika kRtya sAmAnyataH pati-patnI sAtha hI karate haiM, isI se rAma ko yajJa karate samaya sItA kI svagAma mUrti pAsa meM rakhanI par3I thI (rAmAyaNa 7 / 91 / 25) / pANini (4 / 1 / 33) ne 'patnI' zabda kI vyutpatti karake batAyA hai ki usI ko patnI kahA jAtA hai jo yajJa tathA yajJa karane ke phala kI bhAgI hotI hai| isase spaSTa vidita hai ki jo striyA~ apane patiyoM ke sAtha yajJoM meM bhAga nahIM letI thIM, unheM jAyA yA bhAryA (patnI nahIM) kahA jAtA thaa| mahAbhASya ke anusAra kisI zadra kI strI kevala sAdazya bhAva se hI usakI patnI kahI jAtI hai (kyoMki zadra ko yajJa karane kA adhikAra nahIM, usakI bhAryA kI to bAta hI kyA hai)| striyoM kA yajJoM se sannikaTa sAhacarya hone ke kAraNa hI yadi ve pati ke pUrva mara jAtI thIM to unakA zarIra pavitra agni se yajJa ke sAre upakaraNoM evaM baratanoM (pAtroM) ke sAtha jalAyA jAtA thA (manu 5 / 167 9. saMjAnAnA upasIdannabhiju patnIvanto namasyaM namasyan / R0 117215; aJjanti mitraM sudhitaM na gobhiryad bampatI samanasA kRNoSi / R0 5 / 3 / 2; sa patnI patyA sukRtena gacchatAm / yajJasya yuktau puryaavbhuutaam| saMjAnAnA vijhtaamraatiiH| divi jyotirajaramArabhetAm / ta0 bA0 375 / 10. jAyApatyorna vibhAgo vidyte| pANigrahaNAdi sahatvaM karmasu / tathA puNyaphaleSu dravyaparigraheSu ca / Apa pa. (206 / 13 / 16-18) / 11. patyunoM yjnysNyoge| pANini 4 / 1 / 33; 'evamapi tupajakasya patnIti na simyati / upamAnAtsivam / ptniivtpaaniiti|' mahAbhASya, jilda 2, pR0 214 /

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pati-patnI ke adhikAra aura kartavya 168, yAjJavalkya 1189) / taittirIya saMhitA (37.1) ke anusAra rajasvalA patnI vAle pati dvArA sampanna yAtrA kevala AdhA hI phala detA thA, kyoMki vaha usa sthiti meM pati ke sAtha baiThakara yajJa nahIM kara sakatI thii| phintu palI binA pati ke tathA binA urAkI Aja ke sAtantra rUpa se koI dhArmika kRtya sampAdita nahIM kara sakatI dhI (manu 5 / 155 viSNudharmasUtra 25 / 25) / yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki vivAha ke pUrva pitA kI AjJA binA yA vivAhoparAnta pati yA putra kI AjJA bitA bhI jo kucha AdhyAtmika lAbha ke lie karatI hai, vaha saba niSphala jAtA hai (vyavahAramayUkha, pR0 113 meM uddhRta, dekhie vyAsasmRti 2 / 19) / yadi kisI kI kaI patniyA~ hotI thI to unameM sadako samAna adhikAra nahIM the| viSNudharmasUtra (26 / 1-4) ne isa gitA meM niyama batalAye haiN| yadi sabhI patniyA~ pakA hI varNa kI hoM, to unameM sabase pahale jisase vivAha huA ho usI ke sAtha dhArmika kRtya kiye jAte haiM, yadi kaI khAkI paliyA~ hoM (jaba antarjAtIya vivAha vaidha the), to pati ke varNa vAlI patnI ko pradhAnatA dI jAtI thI, bhale hI usakA vivAha bAda ho| yadi apane varNa kI patnI na ho to apane se bAda vAlI jAti kI patnI ko adhikAra prApta hote the, kintu dvijAti ko zUdra patnI ke sAtha kamI bhI vAbhika kRtya nahIM karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM dekhie madanapArijAta (pR0 134) / vasiSThadharmasUtra (18118) ne kA hai--"kAve varNa vAlI (zUdra)nArI kevala Amoda-pramoda ke lie hai, na ki dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie|" aisI hI bAta gobhila. smRti (11103-4), viSNudharmasUtra, yAjJavalkya (1988) evaM sasmRti (2 / 12) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| yAjJavalkya kI vyAkhyA meM vizvarUpa ne likhA hai ki yadyapi dhAmika kRtyoM meM jyeSTha patnI ko hI adhikAra prApta hai, kintu zUdra patnI ko chor3akara sabhI patniyA~ zrIta agni dvArA jalAyI jA sakatI haiM (smRticandrikA 1,10 165) / trikANDamaNDana (1 / 43-44) ne bahuta striyoM ke rahane para tIna matoM kI carcA kI hai-"(1) sabhI patniyA~ dhArmika kRtyo pati kA sAtha de sakatI haiM, (2) kevala savarNa jyeSTha patnI hI aisA kara sakatI hai tathA (3) kevala Amo ... ke lie vivAhita patnI ke sAtha pati dhArmika kRtya nahIM kara sktaa|" manu (9 / 86-87) ke mata se apane varNa vAlI patnI ko sadaiva pramukhatA milanI cAhie, kintu savarNa patnI ke rahate yadi koI vANa kisI anya jAti vAlI patnI se dhArmika kRtya karAtA hai to vaha cANDAla ho jAtA hai| ati prAcIna kAla se vizvAsa kI dhArAoM meM eka pArA yaha thI ki vyakti tIna RNoM ke sAtha janma letA hai; RSi-RNa, deva-RNa evaM pitR-zraNa aura ina RNoM se vaha kama se brahmacarya (sAtra-jIvana dvArA, yajJa karake evaM santAno tpatti karake uRNa hotA hai| Rgveda (5 / 4 / 10) meM prArthanA (prajAmiragne amRtatvamamAm)AtI hai---"maiM santAna ke dvArA amaratA prApta kruuN|" vasiSThadharma sUtra (17 / 1-4) ne taittirIya saMhitA, aitareya brAhmaNa evaM Rgveda kI etatsambandhI sabhI uktiyA~ uddhRta kI haiM / Rgveda (1085 / 45) ne navavivAhita dulahina ko 10 putroM ke lie AzIrvAda diyA hai| 12. savargAsu bahubhAryAsu vidyamAnAsu jyeSThayA saha dharmakArya turyAt / mizrAsu ca kaniSThayApi samAnavarNayA samAnavAyA abhAve svanantarayavApavi ca / na tveva dvijaH shuuyaa| vinuSa0 (26 / 24) / 13. jAyamAno brAhmaNastribhitraNavAM jaayte| brahmacaryeNa RSibhyo yamena devebhyaH prajayA pitRbhyH| eSa vA anRNo yaH putrI yajvA brhmcaarivaasii| te0 saM0 6 / 3 / 10 / 5 pUrNa ha va jAyate yo'sti| sa jAyamAna eva devebhya RSibhyaH pitRmyo mnussyebhyH| zatapaya brAhmaNa 1 / 7 / 2 / 11, masminsaMnayatyamRtatvaM ca gcchti| pitA putrasya jAtasya pazyecchajjIvato mukhm|...naaputrsy loko'stiti tatsarve pazavo viduH| ai0 brA0 33 // 1, vasiSThadharma0 (1947) ne prathama ukti utta kI hai|

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318 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sabhI sthAnoM para Rgveda ne putrotpatti kI carcA calAyI hai (Rgveda 1 / 91 / 20 1 / 92 / 13, 3 / 1 / 23 Adi) / manu (6)35 ) ne likhA hai ki binA tInoM RNoM se mukta hue kisI ko mokSa kI abhilASA nahIM karanI caahie| jyeSTha putra ke janma lene se hI pitRRNa se chuTakArA mila jAtA hai / isa viSaya meM dekhie manu (9 / 137), vasiSTha 0 ( 17/5), viSNu 0 ( 15 / 46), manu (9 / 132), Adi-parva (129/14), viSNugha0 (15144) / putra saMjJA isIlie vikhyAta hai ki vaha (putra) apane pitA kI put nAmaka naraka se rakSA karatA hai| nirukta ( 2 / 2 ) ne putra kI vyutpatti isI artha meM kI hai| isake atirikta pitaroM ko tarpaNa evaM piNDa dene kI carcA bar3e hI mahatvapUrNa DhaMga se huI hai| viSNudharmasUtra ( 85/70), vanaparva ( 84 /97 ) evaM matsyapurANa (207/39) meM AyA hai - "vyakti ko kaI putroM kI AzA rakhanI cAhie, jinameM se eka to gayA meM ( zrAddha karane) avazya jAyagA / " uparyukta vivecanoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki patnI apane pati ko do RNoM se mukta karatI hai - ( 1 ) yajJa meM sAtha dekara devaRNa se tathA ( 2 ) putrotpatti kara pitRRNa se / ataH pratyeka nArI kA dhyeya ho jAtA hai vivAha karake santAnotpatti karanA / putrahIna strI nirRti vAlI (abhAgI) hotI hai (zatapathabrAhmaNa 5/3/2/2 ) / isa viSaya meM aura dekhie manu ( 9/96 ) evaM nArada ( strIpuMsa, 19 ) / patnI ke kartavya ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM, purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM paryApta carcAe~ huI haiN| sabako vistAra se yahA~ upasthita karanA kaThina hai| bahuta hI saMkSepa meM kucha pramukha bAteM yahA~ ullikhita hoNgii| isa viSaya meM sabhI dharmazAstrakAra ekamata haiM ki patnI kA sarvapramukha kartavya hai pati kI AjJA mAnanA evaM use devatA kI bhA~ti sammAna denA / jaba rAjakumArI sukanyA kA vivAha bUr3he evaM jIrNa-zIrNa RSi cyavana se ho gayA ( sukanyA ke bhAiyoM ne cyavana kA apamAna kiyA thA ) to usane kahA -- "maiM apane pati ko, jinheM mere pitA ne mere pati ke rUpa meM cunA hai, unake jIte-jI nahIM chor3a sakatI" (zatapatha brAhmaNa, 6 / 1 / 5 / 9 ) / zaMkhalikhita ke mata se patnI ko cAhie ki vaha apane napuMsaka, koSavRddhi-grasta, patita, aMga ke adhUre, rogI pati ko na chor3e, kyoMki pati hI patnI kA devatA hai| yahI bAta kucha antara ke sAtha manu (5 / 154), yAjJavalkya (1 / 77), rAmAyaNa (ayodhyAkANDa 24 / 26-27), mahAbhArata (anuzAsanaparva 146 55, Azvamedhikaparva 90 / 91, zAntiparva 148 / 6-7 ), matsyapurANa (210 / 18), kAlidAsa ( zA0 5) Adi meM pAyI jAtI haiN| manu (5/150 -156), yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 83-87 ), viSNudharma sUtra ( 25/2), vanaparva ( 233 / 19-58), anuzAsanaparva ( 123), vyAsasmRti ( 2 / 20- 32), vRddha hArIta (1984), smRticandrikA ( vyavahAra0 pR0 241), madanapArijAta ( pR0 192 - 195 ) tathA anya nibandhoM ne patniyoM ke kartavya ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha vivecana kiyA hai / kucha kartavyoM kA varNana nIce diyA jAtA hai / patnI ko sadA ha~samukha, jAgarUka, dakSa, kuzala gRhiNI, baratanoM, pAtroM Adi ko svaccha rakhanevAlI evaM mitavyayI honA cAhie ( manu 5 / 150 ) / manu ne patnI ke Upara nimna kArya chor3e haiM- -dhana sa~jonA, vyaya karanA, vastuoM ko svaccha evaM taratIba se rakhanA, dhArmika kRtya karanA, bhojana pakAnA tathA sabhI prakAra ke gRha sambandhI kArya karanA - dharanA ( manu 9 / 11) / manu (9 / 13) ke anusAra Asava pInA, duSTa prakRti ke logoM ke sAtha rahanA, pati se dUra rahanA, dUra-dUra ( tIrthayAtrA meM yA kahIM ) ghUmanA, dina meM sonA, ajanavI ke ghara meM raha jAnA- ye chaH doSa vivAhita nAriyoM ko caupaTa kara DAlate haiN| Adiparva ( 74 / 12) evaM zAkuntala (5/17) meM pati se dUra rahane ko bahuta burA kahA gayA hai| yahI bAta mArkaNDeyapurANa meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai (77/19) / yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 83 evaM 87 ) ke anusAra patnI ke ye kartavya haiM--ghara ke baratana, kursI Adi ko usake ucita sthAna para rakhanA, dakSa honA, ha~samukha rahanA, mitavyayI honA, pati ke mana ke yogya kArya karanA, zvazura evaM sAsa ke paira dabAnA, sundara DhaMga se calanA-phiranA evaM apanI indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhanA / zaMkha ne nimnalikhita bAteM kahI haiM- binA pati yA bar3oM kI AjJA ke ghara ke bAhara na jAnA, binA dupaTTA

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(uttarIya) or3he bAhara na jAnA, teja na calanA, vyApArI, saMnyAsI, bUr3he AdamI yA vaidya ko chor3akara kisI anya aparicita puruSa se vArtAlApa na karanA, nAbhi ko na dikhAnA, sAr3I ko er3I taka pahananA, kuca na dikhAnA, hAtha se yA vastra se mukha DhaMkakara hI jora se haMsanA, apane pati yA sambandhI se ghRNA na karanA, gaNikA, juA khelane vAlI strI, abhisArikA (premiyoM se milane ke lie sthAna evaM kAla ThIka karane vAlI): sAdhunI, bhaviSya kahane vAlI strI, jAdU-TonA evaM guptakriyA karanevAlI duzcaritrA strI kA sAtha na karanA cAhie, kyoMki jaisA ki vijJa logoM ne kahA hai, acche ghara kI strI bhI duzcaritroM ke sAtha se bigar3a sakatI haiN| kucha hera-phera ke sAtha ye bAteM viSNudharmasUtra (25 / 1 / 6) meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| draupadI ne kahA hai-"merA pati jo nahIM khAtA, pItA yA pAtA, maiM bhI use nahIM khAtI, pItI yA paatii| maiM pANDavoM kI kula sampatti, Aya evaM vyaya kA byaurA jAnatI hU~" (vana-parva 233) / kAmasUtra (631 // 32) ne bhI sAla bhara ke Aya-vyaya kI jAnakArI ke lie strI ko Adezita kiyA hai| manu (8 / 361) ne vajita nArI se bAta karane para puruSa ke lie eka suvarNa daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai, yAjJavalkya (2 / 285) ne (pati yA pitA dvArA varjita) puruSa se bAta karane para strI ke lie eka sau paNa daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai tathA vajita nArI se bAta karane para puruSa ke lie do sau paNa daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai| bRhaspati ke anusAra strI ko apane pati evaM anya gurujanoM ke pUrva hI sokara uTha jAnA cAhie, unake khA lene ke uparAnta bhojana evaM vyaMjana lenA cAhie tathA unase nIce Asana para baiThanA cAhie (smRticandrikA. vyavahAra, pR0 257 meM uddhRt)| zaMkha-likhita ke ansAra pati kI AjJA se hI patnI prata, upavAsa, niyama, deva-pUjA Adi kara sakatI hai|5|| purANoM ne bhI strIdharma ke viSaya meM bahudhA vistAra se likhA hai| do-eka udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| bhAgavata (7 / 2 / 29) ke anusAra jo nArI pati ko hari ke samAna mAnatI hai, vaha hari ke loka meM pati ke sAtha nivAsa karatI hai| skandapurANa (brahmakhaNDa, dharmAraNya-pariccheda, adhyAya 7) ne pativratA strI ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha likhA hai-"patnI ko pati kA nAma nahIM lenA cAhie, ese cAla-calana se (pati kA nAma na lene se) pati kI Ayu bar3hatI hai, use dUsare puruSa kA nAma bhI nahIM lenA caahie| cAhe pati use ucca svara se aparAdhI hI kyoM na siddha kara rahA ho, pITI 14. nAnuktA gRhAnigacchet / naanuttriiyaa| na tvaritaM vrajet / na parapuruSamabhibhASetAnyatra vnnikprvjitvRkssvaidyebhyH| na nAbhiM darzayet / A gulphAdAsaH priddhyaat| na stanau vivRtau kuryAt / na hsednpaavRtaa| bhartAra tabandhanvA na dvissyaat| na gaNikA-dhUrtAbhisAriNI-pravrajitAprekSaNikAmAyAmUlakuhakakArikAduHzIlAdibhiH sahakatra tiSThet / saMsargeNa hi kulastrINAM cArityaM dussyti|-mitaakssraa dvArA yAjJavalkya (1187) TokA meM uddhRta, aparAkaM (pR0 107), madanapArijAta (pR0 195), smRticandrikA (vyavahAra, pR0 249-250 evaM vivAdaratnAkara (pR0 430); parapuruSa se bAta karane ke viSaya meM dekhie vanaparva (266||3)--ekaa hyahaM samprati te na vAcaM dadAni ve bhadra nibodha cedam / ahaM tvaraNye kathamekamekA svAmAlapeyaM niratA svdhrm| milAie anuzAsanaparva (146 / 43) / zaMkha dvArA prayukta 'mUlakArikA' kA artha hai jar3I-bUTI dvArA vazIkaraNa karanevAlI / aura dekhie vanaparva (23317-14), jisameM antima vAkya hai "mUlapracAraihi viSaM prayacchanti jighaaNsvH|" 15. pUrvotthAnaM guruSvarvAg bhojnvynyjnkriyaa| jaghanyAsanazAyitvaM karma strINAmudAhRtam // bRhaspati (smRticandrikA, vyavahAra, pR0 257 meM uddhRt)| bharturanujJayA vratopavAsaniyamejyAdInAmArambhaH striidhrmH| zaMkhalikhita (smRtidhandrikA, vyavahAra, pR0 252 meM udd't)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAne para use jora se ronA bhI nahIM cAhie, use haMsamukha hI rahanA caahie| pativratA ko haldI, kuMkuma, sindUra, aMjana kaMcukI (colI), tAmbUla, zubha AbhUSaNoM kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie tathA apane kezoM ko saMvAra rakhanA caahie| padmapurANa (sRSTikhaNDa, adhyAya 47, zloka 55) kA kahanA hai ki vaha strI pativratA hai jo kArya meM dAsI kI mAMti, saMbhoga meM apsarA jaisI, bhojana dene meM mAM kI mAMti ho tathA vipatti meM mantrI (acchI-acchI rAya dene vAlI) ho| jaba pati yAtrA meM ghara se dUra ho to patnI ko kisa prakAra rahanA cAhie? isa viSaya meM viziSTa niyamoM kI vyavasthA kI gayI thii| zaMkhalikhita (aparArka dvArA uddhRta, pR0 108, smRticandrikA, vyavahAra, pR0 253) ke anu. sAra pati ke dUra rahane para(yAtrA meM)patnI ko jhUlA, nRtya dRzyAvalokana, zarIrAnulepana, vATikA-paribhramaNa, mule sthAna meM zayama, sundara evaM susvAdu bhojana evaM peya, geMda-krIDA, sugaMdhita dhUpa-gaMdhAdi, puSyoM, AbhUSaNoM, viziSTa DhaMga se vaMtamaMjana, aMjana se dUra rahanA caahie| yAjJavalkya (1984) ne yahI bAta saMkSepa meM kahI hai-"jisa svI kA pati videza gayA ho, use krIDA-kautuka, zarIra sajjA, samAjoM evaM utsavoM kA darzana, heMsanA, aparicita ke ghara meM jAnA mAdi chor3a denA caahie|" anuzAsanaparva (123 / 17) ke anusAra videza gaye hue puruSa kI patnI ko aMjana, rocana, naiyamika snAna, puSpa, anulepana evaM AbhUSaNa chor3a dene caahie| manu (9 / 74-75) ne pati ko videza gamana ke samaya apanI patnI ko jIvikA kA prabandha kara dene ko kahA hai, kyoMki aisA na karane se patnI kumArga meM jA sakatI hai| unhoMne likhA hai-- "patnI kI jIvikA, bharaNa-poSaNa kA prabandha karake jaba pati videza calA jAtA hai to patnI ko vyavasthA ke bhItara hI rahanA cAhie; yadi pati binA vyavasthA kiye calA jAya to patnI ko silAI-bunAI jase zilpa dvArA apanA pratipAlana kara lenA caahie|" yahI bAta viSNudharmasUtra meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai (25 / 6 / 10) / nyAsa-smRti (2052) ke anusAra videza gaye hue pati kI patnI ko apanA ceharA pIlA evaM dukhI banA lenA cAhie, use apane zarIra kA zRMgAra nahIM karanA cAhie, use patiparAyaNa honA cAhie, use pUrA bhojana nahI karanA cAhie tathA apane zarIra ko sukhA denA naahie| vikANDa maNDana (1980-81 evaM 85) ke anusAra videzastha pati bAlI palIko purohita kI sahAyatA se agnihotra ke neyamika kartavya, Avazyaka iSTiyA~ evaM pitRyajJa karane cAhie, kintu somayaza nahIM karanA caahie|" smati-granthoM meM patniyoM kI pati-makti evaM niyamoM ke pAlana Adi ke viSaya meM bahata vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| manu (9 / 29-30, 5 / 165 evaM 164) kA kathana hai.---"jo patnI vicAra, zabda evaM kArya se pati ke prati satya rahatI hai vaha pati ke sAtha svargika lokoM ko prApta karatI hai aura sAdhvI (pativratA) kahIM jAtI hai; jo pati ke prati asatya rahatI hai, vaha nindA kI pAtra hotI hai, Age ke janma meM siyArina ke rUpa meM utpanna hotI hai aura bhayaMkara rogoM se pIr3ita rahatI hai|" yahI bAta yAjJavalkya (1175 se 87) ne kucha dUsare DhaMga se kahI hai| bRhaspati ne pativratA kI paribhASA yoM kI hai-"(vahI strI pativratA hai jo) pati ke Arta hone para Arta hotI hai, prasanna hone para prasanna hotI hai, pati ke videza gamana para malina veza dhAraNa karatI aura durbala ho jAtI hai evaM pati ke maro para 16 jAtI hai|" 16. amana rohanA ra mAna mAlyAmuvanam / prasAdhanaM va niSkrAnte nAbhinavAmi bhari // anuzAsanaparva 123 // 17 // vivarSapInavadanA dehsNskaarvaanaa| palikatA nirAhAra zoSyara propite patau // vyAsatyati 2052 / ato'gnihotraM nityeSTiH pitRpama prasi jayam : kartabdha provite paro nAnyAyAminyiASitam // trikANDamaNDana (1982) / 17. mAtA mupita haTA ghoSite malinA kRzAH mate tripeta yA tyo sAstrI yA ptiptaa| bRhaspati, ise bharA ne '10 109 meM pitAsarA (yAmapanyaya 2 / 86 ne hArIta kA vacana kahakara) uddhRta kiyA hai|

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striyoM kA kartavya 321 mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM pativratA ke viSaya meM atiraMjita kathAe~ bharI par3I hai| vanaparva (63 / 38139) meM AyA hai ki damayantI ne usa navayuvaka zikAro ko zApa diyA, jo usakI ora kAma ka rUpa se bar3ha rahA thA, aura vaha mara gyaa| anuzAsanaparva (123) meM zANDilI ne sumanA kaikeyI se kahA ki usane binA kASAya vastra (saMnyAsiyoM ke vastra) dhAraNa kiye, binA valkala dhAraNa kiye, binA sira muMDAye yA jaTA rakhAye devatva prApta kiyA, kyoMki vaha patiparAyaNa patnI ke lie vyavasthita sAre niyamoM kA pAlana karatI thI, yathA--pati ko karkaza vacana na kahanA, pati dvArA na khAye jAnevAle bhojana kA tyAga, aadi| anuzAsanaparva (146 / 4-6) meM pativratA striyoM ke nAma tathA unake guNoM kA bakhAna pAyA jAtA hai| sAvitrI ne pativratA hone ke kAraNa yama ke hAtha se apane pati ke prANa chur3A liye| sAvitrI evaM sItA ke Adarza bhAratIya nAriyoM ke gauravapUrNa Adarza rahe haiN| vanaparva (205-206) meM bhI pativratA kI gAthA hai| zalyaparva (63) meM pativratA nArI gAndhArI kI zakti kA varNana hai; gAndhArI cAhane para vizva ko bhasma kara sakatI thI, sUrya evaM candra kI gati banda kara sakatI thii| skandapurANa (3, brahmakhaNDa, brahmAraNya-bhAga, adhyAya 7) ne katipaya pativratAoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA--arundhatI, anasUyA, sAvitrI, zANDilyA, satyA, menA, tathA likhA hai ki pativratAe~ apane patiyoM ko yamadUtoM kI pakar3a se usI prakAra khIMca sakatI haiM, jisa prakAra vyAlagrAhI (sa~perA) bila meM se balapUrvaka sarpa khIca letA hai, pativratAe~ pati ke sAtha svargArohaNa karatI haiM aura yamadUta unheM dekhakara turaMta bhAga jAte haiN| patnI kA pramukha kartavya hai pati kA Adara-satkAra evaM sevA karanA, ataH use sadA pati ke sAtha rahanA cAhie aura pati ke ghara meM nivAsasthAna pAne kA usakA adhikAra hai| pati ke yahA~ use apane bharaNa-poSaNa kA pUrNa adhikAra prApta hai| manu (10 / 11) ke anusAra 'bUr3he mAtA-pitA, pativratA strI, choTe bacce kA bharaNa-poSaNa eka sau nikRSTa kArya karake bhI karanA cAhie' (medhAtithi-~manu 3162 evaM 4 / 251, mitAkSarA, yAjJavalkya 1 / 224 evaM 2 / 175) / dakSa (2056, laghu AzvalAyana 1674) ne poSyavarga (ve loga, jinakA pratipAlana pratyeka vyakti ko, cAhe vaha kitanA hI daridra ho, karanA par3atA hai) ke viSaya meM yoM likhA hai-"mAtA-pitA, guru, patnI, bacce, zaraNa meM Aye hue dIna tryakti, atithi evaM agni poSyavarga ke antargata Ate haiN|" manu (83389) ke kathanAnusAra jo vyakti apane mAtA-pitA, patnI evaM putra ko jAticyuta na hone para bhI chor3a detA hai tathA unakA bharaNa-poSaNa nahIM karatA hai, vaha rAjA dvArA 600 paNa kA daNDa pAtA hai| yAjJavalkya (1674) ke mata se patnI ke bharaNa-poSaNa para dhyAna na denevAlA vyakti pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai| puna: yAjJavalkya (1176) ke anusAra AjJAkArI, parizramI, putravatI evaM madhurabhASiNI patnI ko chor3a dene para sampatti kA 1/3 bhAga de denA cAhie, tathA sampatti na rahane para usake bharaNa-poSaNa kA prabandha karanA caahie| yahI bAta nArada (strIpuMsa, 95) ne bhI kahI hai| viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 163) ke bhata se patnI ko chor3ane para cora kA daNDa milanA caahie| yAjJavalkya (1981) ke anusAra pati ko patnIparAyaNa honA cAhie, kyoMki patnI kI (garta meM girane se) rakSA karanI cAhie, arthAt usakI rakSA karanA Avazyaka hai| yAjJavalkya (1178), manu (4 / 133-134), anuzA0 parva (104 / 21) evaM mArkaNDeyapurANa (34162-63) ne vyabhicAra kI bar3I nindA kI hai| yAjJavalkya (1980) kI TokA meM vizvarUpa ne likhA hai ki strI kA rakSaNa usake prati niSThA rakhane se sambhava hai, mArane-pITane se nahIM. kyoMki mArane-pITane se usake (patnI ke) jIvana kA Dara rahatA hai| manu (015-9, 9 / 10-12) ne strI-rakSA kI bAta calAyI hai aura kahA hai ki yaha bandI banAkara rakhane yA zakti se sambhava nahIM hai, pratyuta patnI ko nimnalikhita kAryoM meM saMlagna kara dene se hI sambhava hai, yathA Aya-vyaya kA byaurA rakhanA, kursI-meja (upaskara) ko ThIka karanA, ghara ko sundara evaM pavitra rakhanA, mojana bnaanaa| use (patnI ko) sadaiva pativratadharma ke viSaya meM batAnA caahie| kintu pati ko guru yA pitA kI bhAMti zArIrika daNDa dene kA bhI adhikAra hai, yathA rassI yA bA~sa kI patalI char3I se pITha para, sira para nahIM, maarnaa| isa viSaya meM dekhie manu (8 / 299-300) evaM matsyapurANa (227 / 152-154) / 41

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pati ko patnI kI jIvikA kA prabandha to karanA hI par3atA thA, sAtha hI sAtha use usake sAtha saMbhoga bhI karanA par3atA thA, kyoMki aisA na karane para usa para bhrUNa hatyA kA doSa lagatA thA / patnI ko bhI pati kI sambhoga icchA pUrNa karanI par3atI thI, kyoMki aisA na karane para vaha bhI bhrUNahatyA kI aparAdhinI, nindanIya aura tyAjya ho jAtI thii|** 322 vyabhicAra evaM striyAM bhAratIya RSiyoM ne apanI mAnavatA kA paricaya sadaiva diyA hai| yadi patnI kA vyabhicAra siddha ho jAya to pati use ghara ke bAhara kara use chor3a nahIM sakatA thaa| gautama (22/35 ) ke mata se satItva naSTa karane para strI ko prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA, kintu khAnA kapar3A dekara usakI rakSA kI jAtI thI / yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 70-72 ) ne ghoSita kiyA hai--" apanA satItva naSTa karanevAlI strI kA adhikAra ( naukara-cAkara Adi para ) chIna lenA cAhie, use gande vastra pahanA dene cAhie, use utanA hI bhojana denA cAhie jisase vaha jI sake, usakI bhartsanA karanI cAhie aura pRthivI para hI sulAnA cAhie, mAsika dharma kI samApti ke uparAnta vaha pavitra ho jAtI hai| kintu yadi vaha vyabhicAra saMbhoga se garbhavatI ho jAya to use tyAga denA caahie| yadi vaha apanA garbha girA de (bhrUNahatyA kara le ), pati ko mAra DAle yA koI aisA pApa kare jisake kAraNa vaha jAticyuta ho jAya to use ghara se nikAla denA caahie|" mitAkSarA ne yAjJavalkya (1 / 72) kI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai ki brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM kI patniyAM yadi zUdra se vyabhicAra karake garma dhAraNa na kiye hoM to prAyazcitta karake pavitra ho sakatI haiM, kintu anya paristhitiyoM meM nahIM / mitAkSarA ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki tyAge jAne kA tAtparya hai dhArmika kRtya na karane denA tathA saMbhoga na karanA, na ki use ghara ke bAhara sar3aka para rakha denA / use ghara meM hI pRthak rakhakara usake bhojana-vastra kI vyavasthA kara denI cAhie (yAjJavalkya 3 / 297 ) / vasiSTha ( 21 / 10 ) ke mata se kevala cAra prakAra kI patniyA~ tyAge jAne yogya haiM--ziSya se saMbhoga karanevAlI, pati guru se saMbhoga karane vAlI, vizeSa rUpa se vaha jo pati ko mAra DAlane kA prayatna kare aura cauthe prakAra kI vaha jo nIcI jAti ( yathA zUdra jAti) ke kisI puruSa se saMbhoga kre|" nArada ( strIpuMsa, 91) ne likhA hai - " vyabhicAriNI strI kA muNDana kara diyA jAnA cAhie, use pRthivI para sonA cAhie, use nikRSTa bhojana-vastra milanA cAhie aura usakA kArya honA cAhie pati kA ghara-dvAra svaccha karanA / " nIca jAti ke puruSa ke sAtha vyabhicAra karane para gautama ( 23/14), zAntiparva ( 165 / 64), manu ( 81371) ne bahuta kar3e daNDa kI vyavasthA kI hai, arthAt use rAjA kI AjJA se kuttoM dvArA nocavAkara maravA DAlanA caahie| vyAsa ( 2 / 49-50) ne likhA hai -- " vyabhicAra meM pakar3I gayI patnI ko ghara meM hI rakhanA cAhie, kintu dhArmika kRtyoM evaM saMbhoga ke usake sAre adhikAra chIna lene cAhie, dhana-sampatti para usakA koI adhikAra nahIM rahegA; usakI bhartsanA kI jAtI rahegI; kintu jaba vyabhicAra ke uparAnta usakA mAsika dharma Arambha ho 18. trINi varSANyatumatIM yo bhAryAM nAdhigacchati / sa tulyaM bhrUNahatyAyA doSamucchatyasaMzayam // RtusnAtAM tu yo bhAryAM sannidhau nopagacchati / pitarastasya tanmAsaM tasminrajasi zerate // bhartuH pratinivezena yA bhAryA skandayedRtum / tAM grAmamadhye vikhyApya bhrUNaghnIM nirdhamed gRhAt // bau0 gha0 sU0 (4 / 1 / 18-20, 22 ) / vizvarUpa ne yAjJavalkya( 1179 ) kI TIkA meM ina zlokoM ko baudhAyana- racita mAnA hai| saMvarta (98) ne bhI baudhAyana kI bAta kahI hai| yahI bAta parAzara (4 / 14-15) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| 19. brAhmaNakSatriyavizAM bhAryAH zUdreNa saMgatAH / aprajAtA vizudhyanti prAyazcittena netarAH // catastrastu parityAjyAH ziSyanA gurugA ca yA / patighnI ca vizeSeNa juMgitopagatA ca yA // vasiSTha (21 / 12 evaM 10 ) /

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fran aura pAtaka 323 jAya aura vaha punaH vyabhicAra meM saMlagna na ho to use punaH patnI ke sAre adhikAra mila jAne caahie| "": manu (11) 177) ne ati duSTA evaM vyabhicAriNI nArI ko eka prakoSTha meM banda kara dene ko kahA hai aura vyabhicArI puruSoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI hai|" isa viSaya meM aura dekhie atri ( 511-5), parAzara (4 / 20 evaM 1987) tathA bRhadyaga ( 4136 ) / uparyukta vivecanoM ke uparAnta hama nimna niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM- (1) vyabhicAra ke AdhAra para pati patnI ko chor3ane kA sampUrNa rUpa se adhikArI nahIM hai / ( 2 ) vyabhicAra sAdhAraNataH eka upapAtaka hai aura patnI dvArA upayukta 'prAyazcitta karane para kSamya ho sakatA hai| (3) vyabhicAra karane ke uparAnta prAyazcitta kara liye jAne para patnI ke sAre adhikAra punaH mila jAte haiM (vasiSTha 21 / 12, yAjJavalkya 1 / 72 para mitAkSarA evaM aparArka, pR0 98) / (4) jaba taka prAyazcitta na pUrA ho jAya, vyabhicAriNI ko alpa bhojana milanA cAhie aura adhikAra- cyuta honA cAhie (yAjJavalkya 1 / 70, zAntiparva 165 / 63 ) | ( 5 ) zUdra se vyabhicAra kara lene para yadi patnI ko baccA ho jAya, yadi vaha bhrUNa hatyA kI aparAdhinI ho, pati ko mAra DAlane kI ceSTA karane vAlI ho, yA kisI mahApAtaka aparAdhinI ho, to vaha dhArmika kRtyoM tathA saMbhoga ke sAre adhikAroM se vaMcita ho jAyagI, eka koTharI yA ghara ke nikaTa hI kisI jhopar3A meM banda rahegI, jahA~ use alpa bhojana tathA nikRSTa vastra milegA, bhale hI usane prAyazcitta kara liyA ho ( dekhie vasiSTha 21 10, manu 11 / 177, yAjJavalkya 3 / 297-98 tathA usa para mitAkSarA ) / (6) jo patnI yAjJavalkya (1 / 72, 3 / 297 - 298), vasiSTha ( 21 / 10 yA 28 / 7 ) meM varNita duSkarmoM ko na karane vAlI ho, use alpa bhojana tathA ghara ke nikaTa nivAsa sthAna diyA jAyagA, cAhe vaha prAyazcitta kare yA na kare ( yAjJavalkya 3 / 298 para mitAkSarA ) / (7) una patniyoM ko, jo vyabhicAra tathA yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 72 tathA 2 / 297 - 298) dvArA varNita duSkarmoM ko karane vAlI hoM kintu prAyazcitta karane ke lie sannaddha na hotI hoM, alpa bhojana tathA ghara ke nikaTa nivAsasthAna bhI nahIM diye jAne cAhie (yAjJavalkya 3 / 298 para mitAkSarA ) / ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 13 / 16-18) ne pati-patnI ko dhArmika kRtyoM meM samAna nAnA hai, kyoMki manu ke mata se pati aura patnI eka hI haiM ( manu 9 / 45 ) / kintu prAcIna RSiyoM ne vyAvahArika evaM kAnUnI bAtoM meM yaha samAnatA nahIM maanii| eka-dUsare kI sammati para pati evaM patnI ke adhikAroM evaM svatvoM tathA eka-dUsare ke RNoM para pati evaM patnI ke uttaradAyitva para hama vistAra ke sAtha Age par3heMge / yahA~ itanA hI kaha denA paryApta hogA ki patnI kA pati ke RNa para tathA pati kA patnI ke RNa para sAdhAraNataH koI uttaradAyitva nahIM thA, jaba taka ki vaha RNa kuTumba ke upamoga ke lie na liyA gayA ho ( yAjJavalkya 2/46 ) / isI prakAra strIdhana para pati kA koI adhikAra nahIM thA, jaba taka ki akAla na par3e yA koI dhArmika kRtya karanA Avazyaka. na ho jAya, yA koI roga na ho jAya yA svayaM pati bandI na ho jAya ( yAjJavalkya 2 / 147 ) / nArada (strIpuMsa, 89 ) ke mata ve pati yA patnI ko yaha AjJA nahIM hai ki se eka-dUsare ke viruddha rAjA 20. vyabhicAra striyA mauNDyamadhaH zayanameva ca / kadanaM vA kuvAsazca karma cAvaskaromandam // nArada ( strIpuMsa, 91 ) / vyabhicAreNa tuSTAM tAM patnImA darzanAvRtoH / hRtatrivarga karaNAM dhikkRtAM ca vasetpatiH // punastAmArtavastAta pUrvavad vyavahArayet // vyAsa ( 2 / 49-50 ) / 21. vyabhicArI kI jAti ke anusAra hI prAyazcitta halakA yA bhArI hotA hai| manu (11 / 60) ke anusAra defear eka uparies hai, aura isake lie sAdhAraNa prAyazcitta hai govrata yA cAndrAyaNa ( manu 110118 )

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324 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yA sambandhiyoM ke samakSa Avedana-patra ke rUpa meM koI abhiyoga upasthita kara skeN| yAjJavalkya (2 / 294) kI vyAkhyA mitAkSarA kA kathana hai ki yadyapi pati evaM patnI vAdI evaM prativAdI ke rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke viruddha nahIM jA sakate, tathApi yadi rAjA ke kAnoM meM pati yA patnI dvArA eka-dUsare ke virodha meM kiye gaye aparAdha kI dhvani pahu~ca jAya to usakA kartavya hai ki vaha pati yA patnI meM jo bhI doSI yA aparAdhI ho, use ucita rUpa se daNDita kare, nahIM to vaha pApa kA bhAgI mAnA jaaygaa| kucha aparAdhoM meM binA abhiyoga Aye rAjA apanI ora se saMlagna ho sakatA hai, aura aise aparAdha 10 haiM, yathA strI-hatyA, varNasaMkara, vyabhicAra, pati ke atirikta kisI anya vyakti dvArA vidhavA kA garbhAdhAna, bhrUNa hatyA aadi| yadi pati apanI satI strI (patnI) kA parityAga karatA thA to use apanI sampatti kA 1/3 bhAga strI ko de denA par3atA thA (yAjJavalkya 176, nArada, strIpuMsa, 95) / striyoM kI dazA aba hama prAcIna bhArata kI sAmAnya striyoM evaM patiyoM kI dazA evaM unake caritra ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI prApta kreNge| yaha hamane bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki patnI pati kI ardhAMginI kahI gayI hai (zatapathabrAhmaNa 5 / 2 / 1 / 10; 8 / 7 / 2 / 3; taittirIya sahitA 6 / 1 / 8 / 5; aitareyavAhmaNa 1 / 2 / 5; bRhaspati, aparArka dvArA uddhRta, pR0 740) / vaidika kAla meM striyoM ne Rgveda kI RcAe~ banAyI, veda par3he tathA patiyoM ke sAtha dhArmika kRtya kiye| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki taba pazcAtkAlIna yaga se unakI sthiti apekSAkRta bahuta acchI thii| kintu vaidika kAla meM bhI kucha logoM ne striyoM ke virodha meM svara U~cA kiyA, unakI avamAnanA kI tathA unake sAtha ghRNA kA baratAva kiyaa| vaidika evaM saMskRta sAhitya ke bahuta-se vacana striyoM kI prazaMsA meM pAye jAte haiM (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 63-64, manu 355-62, yAjJavalkya 1171, 74, 78, 82, vasiSThadharmasUtra 2811-9, atri 140-141 evaM 193-198, Adiparva 74 / 140152, zAntiparva 144 / 6 evaM 12-17, anuzAsanaparva 46, mArkaNDeyapurANa 21169-76) / kAmasUtra (3 / 2) ne striyoM ko puSpoM ke samAna mAnA hai (kusumasadharmANo hi yossitH)| do-eka apavAdoM ko chor3akara striyoM ko kisI bhI dazA meM mAranA varjita thaa| gautama (23 / 14) evaM manu (8 / 371) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi strI apane se nIca jAti ke puruSa se avaidha rUpa se sabhoga kare to use kuttoM dvArA nucavAkara mAra DAlanA caahie| Age calakara isa daNDa ko bhI aura sarala kara diyA gayA aura kevala parityAga kA daNDa diyA jAne lgaa| (vasiSTha 21 / 10 evaM yAjJavalkya 1172) / kucha smRtikAroM ne bar3I udAratA pradarzita kI hai, yathA atri evaM devala, jinake mata se yadi koI strI para-jAti ke puruSa se saMbhoga kara le aura use garbha raha jAya to vaha jAticyuta nahIM hotI, kevala baccA janane yA mAsika dharma ke prakaTa hone taka apavitra rahatI hai| pavitra ho jAne para usase punaH sambandha sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura utpanna baccA kisI anya ko pAlane ke lie de diyA jAtA hai (atri 195-196, devala 50-51) / yadi kisI nArI ke sAtha koI balAtkAra kara de to vaha tyAjya nahIM samajhI jAtI, vaha kevala AgAmI mAsika dharma ke prakaTa hone taka apavitra rahatI hai (atri 197-198) / devala ne mlecchoM dvArA apahRta evaM unake dvArA praSTa kI gayI tathA garbhavatI huI nAriyoM kI zuddhi kI bAta 22. asavarNastu yo garbhaH strINAM yonau nissicyte| azuddhA sA bhakSetrArI yAvadgabhaM na muJcati // viyukte tu tataH zalye rajazcApi prdRshyte| tavA sA zudhyate nArI vimalaM kAMcanaM yathA // atri 195-196; devala 50-51 / atri ne punaH kahA hai-balAnArI prabhuktA vA caurabhuktA tayApi vaa|n tyAjyA dUSitA nArI na kAmo'syA vidhiiyte|| RtukAla: upAsIta puSpakAlena zudhyati // 197-198 /

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striyoM kI dazA 325 calAyI hai| zAntiparva (267 / 38) ke anusAra yadi strI kumArga meM jAya to doSa usake pati kA hai na ki patnI kaa| varuNapraghAsa (cAturmAsyoM meM eka yajJa) meM yajJa karane vAle kI patnI ko, yadi usakA koI premI hotA thA to use yaha bAta aMgIkAra karanI par3atI thI, aura isa prakAra saca kaha dene para bhI use yajJa meM bhAga lene diyA jAtA thA (taittirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 6 / 5, zatapathabrAhmaNa 2 / 5 / 2120, kAtyAyanazrautasUtra 5 / 5 / 6-10) / ___aba hama kucha aisI uktiyoM kA bhI avalokana kareM, jo striyoM ke virodha meM par3atI haiN| maitrAyaNIsaMhitA meM strI ko 'anRta' arthAt jhUTha kA avatAra kahA gayA hai (1 / 10 / 11) / Rgveda (8 / 33 / 17) ke eka kathana meM "nArI kA mana durdamanIya" kahA gayA hai| Rgveda (10 / 95 / 15) evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 1 / 9) ne ghoSita kiyA hai-"striyoM ke sAtha koI mitratA nahIM hai, unake hRdaya bher3iyoM ke hRdaya haiM (arthAt kaThora evaM dhokhebAja yA dhuurt)|" Rgveda (5 / 30 / 9) ke anusAra striyA~ dAsa kI senA evaM astra-zastra haiN|" taittirIyasaMhitA (6 / 5 / 8 / 2) kA kathana hai-ataH striyA~ binA zakti kI haiM, unheM dAya nahIM milatA, ve duSTa se bhI bar3hakara durbala DhaMga se bolatI haiN| yaha ukti (jo vAstava meM striyoM ko soma rasa kI adhikAriNI nahIM mAnatI) baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 53) evaM manu (9 / 18) dvArA isaartha meM prayukta kI gayI hai ki striyoM ko vasIyata yA dAya meM bhAga nahIM milatA aura na unheM vaidika. mantroM kA adhikAra hI hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa ke anusAra strI, zUdra, kuttA evaM kauA meM asatya, pApa evaM aMdhakAra virAjamAna rahatA hai (14 / 1 / 1 / 31) / isI brAhmaNa ne punaH likhA hai-"patniyA~ ghRta yA vaz2a se hata hone para tathA binA puruSa ke hone para na to apane para rAjya karatI haiM aura na dAya (sampattimAga) pr|"" zatapathabrAhmaNa ne punaH likhA hai-"vaha isa prakAra striyoM ko Azrita banAtA hai, ataH striyA~ puruSa para avazyameva Azrita rahatI haiM" (13 / 2 / 2 / 4) / uparyukta kathanoM se spaSTa hai ki vaidika kAla meM bhI striyA~ bahudhA nIcI dRSTi se dekhI jAtI thiiN| unheM sampatti meM koI bhAga nahIM milatA thA tathA ve Azrita thiiN| striyoM ke caritra ke viSaya meM jo uktiyA~ haiM ve vaisI hI haiM jaisA ki pratyeka kAla meM vakra bhAva evaM kuTila vicAra vAle logoM ne kahA hai-"he nArI, tuma durbalatA kI khAna ho|" dharmazAstrasAhitya meM striyoM kI dazA burI hI hotI calI gayI, kevala sampatti ke adhikAroM ke bAre meM apavAda pAyA gyaa| gautama (1811), vasiSThaparmasUtra (5 / 1 evaM 3), manu (5 / 146-148 evaM 9 / 2-3), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 50-52), nArada (dAyabhAga, 31) Adi ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki striyA~ svatantra nahIM haiM, sabhI mAmaloM meM Azrita evaM paratantra haiM, bacapana meM, vivAhoparAnta evaM bur3hApe meM ve krama se pitA. pati evaM putra dvArA rakSita hotI haiN| manu (9 / 2-3) ne hAni evaM vipatti se strI-rakSA karane kI bAta kahI hai| manu (5 / 146-148) kA kathana hai ki sabhI gharelU bAtoM meM tathA sabhI avasthAoM meM strI kA jIvana kisI puruSa para Azrita hai| nArada (dAyabhAga, 28-30) kA kathana hai--"jaba vidhavA putrahIna hotI hai, usake pati ke sambandhI usake bharaNa-poSaNa, dekha-rekha, sampatti-rakSA karane vAle haiM, jaba koI sambandhI evaM pati kA sapiNDa rakSaka na ho to pitA kA kula rakSaka hotA hai| vidhAtA ne strI ko Azrita banAyA hai, acche kula kI 23. striyo hi dAsa AyudhAni cake kiM mA karabalA asya senaaH| Rgveda 5 / 39 / 9; tasmAstriyo niritriyA adAyAvIrapi pApAtpuMsa upastitaraM vadanti / te0 saM0 652 / nirindriyA adAyAzca striyo matA iti shrutiH| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 // 2 // 53); nAsti strINAM kriyA mantrariti dharme vyvsthitiH| nirindriyA hyamantrAzca striyo'mRtamiti sthitiH|| manu (9 / 18) / vaso vA Ajyametena ve devA vajraNAjyenAghnanneva patnInirAdhamuvaMstA hatA niraSTA nAtmanazna naizata na dAyastha gha naisht| zatAya 4 / 4 / 2 / 13 /

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326 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nAriyA~ bhI svatantra hone para garta meM gira jAtI haiN|" strI kA pramukha kartavya hai pati sevA, anya kArya ( vrata, upavAsa, niyama Adi ) vaha binA pati kI AjJA se nahIM kara sakatI ( hemAdri, vratakhaNDa 1, pR0 362 ) / ' 24 mahAbhArata, manusmRti, anya smRtiyoM evaM purANoM meM striyoM para ghora naitika lAchana lagAye gaye haiM / nIce kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiM / anuzAsanaparva ( 19/6 ) ke anusAra, "sUtrakAra kA niSkarSa hai ki striyA~ anRta (jhUThI ) haiM ", "striyoM se bar3hakara koI anya duSTa nahIM hai, ye eka sAtha hI usturA kI dhAra (kSuradhAra) haiM, viSa haiM, sarpa aura agni haiM, (anuzAsanaparva 28 / 12 evaM 29 ) ; "saikar3oM-hajAroM meM kahIM eka strI pativratA milegI" (anuzAsanaparva 19 / 93); "striyA~ vAstava meM durdamanIya haiM, ve apane pati ke bandhanoM meM isIlie rahatI haiM ki unheM koI anya pUchatA nahIM ( pyAra nahIM karatA) aura kyoMki ve naukaroM-cAkaroM se DaratI haiM" (anuzAsanaparva 38 / 16 ) / aura dekhie anuzAsanaparva (381 24-25 evaM 39 / 6-7 ) "striyoM meM rAkSasoM, zambara, namuci tathA anya logoM kI dhUrtatA pAyI jAtI hai / " rAmAyaNa ne bhI mahAbhArata kI bhA~ti striyoM kA ronA royA hai aura unakI bharapUra nindA kI hai - ".... ve dharmabhraSTa haiM. caMcala haiM, krUra haiM, aura haiM virakti utpanna karane vAlI" (araNyakANDa, 45 / 29-30 ) / eka sthAna para manu mahArAja ( 9 1415) bahuta anadAra ho gaye haiM- "ve kAmI haiM, caMcala haiM, premahIna haiM, pati-drohI haiM, para-puruSa premI haiM, cAhe vaha parapuruSa sundara ho yA asundara unheM to basa puruSa cAhie / " "puruSoM ko apanI ora AkRSTa karanA striyoM kA svabhAva-sA hai, ataH vijJa loga navayuvatiyoM se sAvadhAnI se bAtacIta karate haiM, kyoMki navayuvatiyA~ sabhI ko, cAhe ve vijJa hoM yA avijJa, pathabhraSTa kara sakatI haiM" ( manu 2 / 213214, anuzAsanaparva 48 / 37-38) / bRhatparAzara ke anusAra striyoM kI kAma-zakti puruSoM kI kAma-zakti ko AThagunI hotI hai| Adhunika kAla meM kucha vRddha loga striyoM ke doSoM kI gaNanA karate haiM- anRta (jhUTha bolanA ), sAhasa (vivekazUnya kArya), mAyA ( dhUrtatA ), mUrkhatva, ati lobha, azauca ( apavitratA ), nirdayatA - ye striyoM ke svAbhAvika doSa hai / 25 24. asvatantrA dharme strI / gautama 18 |1; asvatantrA strI puruSapradhAnA / vasiSTha 5 / 1; asvatantrAH striyaH kAryAH puruSasva divAnizam / viSayeSu ca sajjantyaH saMsthApyA Atmano vaze / / pitA rakSati kaumAre bhartA rakSati yauvane / rakSanti sthAvire putrA na strI svAtantryamarhati / manu 9 / 2-3 / antima bAta vasiSTha (513), baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 2/2/52 ). nArada ( dAyabhAga, 31 ) evaM anuzAsanaparva ( 20 / 21) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| mRte bhartaryaputrAyAH pratipakSaH prabhuH striyAH / viniyogAtmarakSAsu bharaNe sa ca IzvaraH // parikSINe patikule nirmanuSye nirAdhaye / tatsapiNDeSu vAsatsu pitRpakSaH prabhuH striyAH // svAtantryAdvipraNazyanti kule jAtA api striyaH / asvAtantryamatastAsAM prajApatirakalpayat / nArada ( dAyabhAga prakaraNa, 28-30) / bhedhAtithi evaM kullUka ne manu (5 / 147) kI TIkA meM AdhA zloka "tatsapiNDeSu striyAH" uddhRta kiyA hai aura dUsarA AdhA jor3a diyA hai--- "pakSadvayAvasAne tu rAjA bhartA striyA mataH" jisake anusAra rAjA ko striyoM kA pati evaM pitA ke kula meM kisI puruSa ke na rahane para antima rakSaka mAna liyA gayA hai| nAsti strINAM pRthagyajJo na zrAddhaM nApyupoSitam / bhartR zuzrUSaryavaMtA lokAniSTAn vrajanti hi // mArkaNDeya 16 / 61 / 25. (1) prajApatimataM hyetanna strI svAtantryamarhati / ( anuzAsanaparva 20114 ) ; anRtAH striya ityevaM sUtrakAro vyavasyati / anRtAH siratraya ityeva veveSvapi hi paThyate // ( anuzAsana parva 19 / 6-7 ) ; na strIbhyaH kicidanyadvai pApIyastaramasti vai / . . kSuradhArA viSaM sarpo vahnirityekataH striyaH / (anuzAsanaparva 38 / 12 evaM 29 ) /

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striyoM kI AlocanA prAcIna kAla meM bhI kucha aise lekhaka ho gaye haiM, jinhoMne striyoM ke virodha meM kahI gayI anargala, nirarthaka tathA AdhArahIna uktiyoM kA virodha evaM unakI kaTu AlocanAe~ kI haiN| varAhamihira (chaThI zatAbdI) ne bRhatsaMhitA (74) meM striyoM ke pakSa kA ojasvI samarthana kiyA hai, tathA unakI prazaMsA meM bahuta kucha kaha DAlA hai| varAhamihira ke mata se striyoM para dharma evaM artha Azrita haiM, unhIM se puruSa loga indriya-sukha evaM santAna-sukha prApta karate haiM, ye ghara kI lakSmI haiM, inako sadaiva sammAna evaM dhana denA caahie| isake uparAnta varAhamihira ne una logoM kI bhartsanA kI hai jo vairAgyamArga kA anusaraNa kara striyoM ke doSoM kI carcA karate haiM aura unake guNoM ke viSaya meM mauna ho jAte haiN| varAhamihira nindakoM se pUchate haiM-"saca batAo, striyoM meM kauna se doSa haiM jo tuma logoM meM nahIM pAye jAte ? puruSa loga dhRSTatA se striyoM kI bhartsanA karate haiM, vAstava meM ve (puruSoM kI apekSA) adhika guNoM se sampanna hotI haiN|" varAhamihira ne manu ke vacanoM ko apane samarthana meM uddhRta kiyA hai; "apanI mA~ yA apanI patnI bhI strI hI hai, puruSoM kI utpatti unhIM se hotI hai ; are kRtaghnI evaM duSTa, tuma jaba isa prakAra unakI bhartsanA karate ho to tumheM sukha kyoMkara milegA? zAstroM ke anusAra donoM pati evaM patnI pApI haiM yadi ve vivAha ke prati sacce nahIM hote, puruSa loga zAstroM kI bahuta kama paravAha karate haiM (kintu striyA~ bahuta paravAha karato haiM), ataH striyA~ puruSoM kI apekSA ati ucca haiN|" varAhamihira punaH kahata haiM-"duSTa logoM kI dhRSTatA kitanI bar3I hai, oha ! ve pavitra evaM niraparAdha striyoM para gAliyoM kI bauchAra karate haiM, yaha to vaisA hI hai jaisA ki coroM ke sAtha dekhA jAtA hai, arthAt cora svayaM corI karate haiM aura punaH zora-gula karate haiM, 'Thaharo,o cora !' akele meM puruSa strI kI cATakArI karate haiM, kintu usake mara jAne para unake pAsa isI prakAra ke mIThe zabda nahIM hote; kintu striyA~ kRtajJatA ke vaza meM Akara apane pati ke zavoM kA AliMgana karake agni meM praveza kara jAtI hai|" kAlidAsa, bANa evaM bhavabhUti jaise sAhityakAroM ko chor3akara vArahamihira ke atirikta kisI anya lekhaka ne striyoM ke pakSa meM tathA unakI prazaMsA meM itane sundara vAkya nahIM kahe haiN|" ___ (2) anuzAsana parva ke 3815-6 aura manu ke 9 / 14 meM koI antara nahIM hai| svabhAvastveSa nArINAM triSu lokeSu dRzyate / vimuktadharmAzcapalAstIkSNA bhedakarAH striyH|| araNyakANDa 45 / 29-30 / (3) strINAmaSTaguNaH kAmo vyavasAyazca ssddgunnH| lajjA caturguNA tAsAmAhArazca tdrdhkH|| bRhatparAzara, pR0 121 / (4) anRtaM sAhasaM mAyA mukhtvmtilobhitaa| azaucatvaM nirdayatvaM strINAM doSAH svbhaavjaaH|| 26. yepyaMganAnAM pravadanti doSAnvairAgyamArgeNa guNAn vihAya / te durjanA meM manaso vitarkaH sadbhAvavAkyAni na tAni teSAm // prabUta satyaM kataroM'ganAnAM doSastu yo nAcarito mnussyaiH| ghASyena puMbhiH pramadA nirastA guNAdhikAstA manunAtra coktam / jAyA vA syAjanitrI dA syAtsaMbhavaH strIkRto nRNAm / he kRtaghnAstayonindAM kurvatAM yaH kutaH sukham // aho pASyamasAdhUnAM nindatAmanaghAH striyH| muSNatAmiva caurANAM tiSTha caureti jalpatAm // puruSazcaTulAni kAminInAM kurute yAni raho na tAni pazcAt / sukRtajJatayAMganA gatAsUnavaguhya pravizanti saptajihvam / bRhatsaMhitA 7415 6, 11, 15, 16 / 7vA evaM 9vA zloka baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 2 / 63-64) meM, 10vA~ manu (3158) meM tathA 7vA~ evaM 8vAM vasiSTha (2814 evaM 9) meM pAye jAte haiN| 27. kAlidAsa evaM bhavabhUti ne bar3e hI komala DhaMga se pati evaM patnI ke priya evaM madhura saMbaMdha kI ora saMketa kiyA hai-'gRhiNI sacivaH sakhI mithaH priyaziSyA lalite klaavidhau| karuNAvimukhena mRtyunA haratA tvAM yada ki na mehatam // raghuvaMza 8066; 'preyo mitra bandhutA vA samagrA sarve kAmAH zevadhi vitaM vaa| strINAM bhartA dharmadArAzca puMsA

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328 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa striyoM ko sAmAnyataH bhartsanA ke zabda sunane par3e haiM, kintu smRti-granthoM meM mAtA kI prazaMsA evaM sammAna meM bahutakucha kahA gayA hai| gautama (2056) kA kahanA hai--"AcArya (vedaguru) guruoM meM zreSTha hai, kintu kucha logoM ke mata se mAtA hI sarvazreSTha hai|" ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 10 / 2819) kA kahanA hai ki putra ko cAhie ki vaha apanI mAtA kI sadA sevA kare, male hI vaha jAticyuta ho cukI ho, kyoMki vaha usake lie mahAn kaSToM ko sahana karatI hai| yahI bAta bodhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 48) meM bhI hai, kintu yahA~ putra ko apanI jAticyuta mAtA se bolanA manA kiyA gayA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (13 / 47) ke mata se "patita pitA kA tyAga ho sakatA hai, kintu patita mAtA kA nahIM, kyoMki putra ke lie vaha kabhI bhI patita nahIM hai|"28 manu (2 / 145) ke anusAra AcArya dasa upAdhyAyoM se mahattA meM Age hai, pitA sau AcAryoM se Age hai, mAtA eka sahasra pitAoM se bar3hakara hai (vasiSThadharmasUtra 13148) / zaMkhalikhita ne eka bahuta hI upakArI sammati dI hai.---"putra ko pitA evaM mAtA ke yuddha meM kisI kA pakSa nahIM lenA cAhie, kintu yadi vaha cAhe to mAtA ke pakSa meM bola sakatA hai, kyoMki mAtA ne use garbha meM dhAraNa kiyA evaM usakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyA; putra, jaba taka vaha jIvita hai, apanI mAtA ke RNa se chuTakArA nahI pA sakatA, kedala sautrAmaNi yajJa karane se hI uRNa ho sakatA hai|" yAjJavalkya (1135) ke anusAra apane guru, AcArya evaM upAdhyAya se mAtA bar3hakara hai| anuzAsanaparva (105 / 14-16) kA kahanA hai ki mAtA mahattA meM dasa pitAoM se, yahA~ taka ki sArI pRthivI se bar3hakara hai. mAtA se bar3hakara koI gusa nahIM hai| zAntiparva (267) meM bhI mAtA kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| atri (151) ke mata se mAtA se bar3hakara koI anya guru nahIM hai| pANDavoM ne apanI mAtA kuntI ko sarvocca sammAna diyA thaa| Adiparva (37 / 4) meM AyA hai-"sabhI prakAra ke zApoM se chuTakArA ho sakatA hai kintu mAtA ke zApa se chuTakArA nahIM prApta ho sktaa|"22 striyoM ke dAyAdhikAroM evaM vasIyata ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha Age kheNge| yahA~ para saMkSepa meM hI likhA jA rahA hai| Apastamba, manu evaM nArada ne putrahIna puruSa kI vidhavA ko uttarAdhikArI nahIM mAnA hai, kintu gautama (28 / 19) ne use sapiNDoM evaM sagotroM ke samAna hI sampatti kA uttarAdhikArI mAnA hai| prAcIna kAla meM vidhavA ko dAyAdhikAra mityanyonyaM vtsyotimstu||' mAlatImASaya 6 / aura dekhie uttararAmacarita (1) kA prasiddha zloka 'ataM sukhduHkhyornugunnN...aadi| 28. AcAryaH zreSTho gurUNAM mAtetyeke / gautama 2156; mAtA putratvasya bhUyAMsi karmApyArabhate tasyAM zuzrUSA nityA ptitaayaampi| Apa0 50 110 / 189; patitAmapi tu mAtaraM bibhRyaavnbhibhaassmaannH| bau0 50 212148, patitaH pitA parityAjyo mAtA tu putre na ptti| vasiSTha 13 / 47 / / 29. (1) na mAtApitrorantaraM gcchetputrH| kAvaM mAturevAnubayAtsA hi pAriNI poSadhI ca / na putraH prati mucyetAnyatra sautrAmaNiyAgAjIvaNAnmAtuH / zaMkhalikhita (saMskAraprakAza pR0 479); aura dekhie vivAdaratnAkara (pR0 357), smRticandrikA (jilda 1, pR. 35) / / (2) nAsti mAtRsamA chAyA nAsti mAtRsamA gtiH| nAsti mAtRsamaMtrANaM nAsti mAtRsamA priyA // zAntiparva (267-31); mAtA gurutarA bhUmeH / vanaparva 313160; nAsti vedAtparaM zAstraM nAsti mAtuH paro guruH / nAsti dAnAtparaM mi maha loke paratra ca // atri 151; nAsti satyAtparo dharmo nAsti mAtRsamo guH| zAntiH 343 // 18 // (3) sarveSAmeva zApAnA pratiSAto hi vidyte| na tu mAtrAbhizaptAnAM mokSaH kvacana vidyte|| Adiparva 37 // 4 // For Private & Personal use only

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striyoM kA adhikAra nahIM thA; isa viSaya meM hameM zAkuntala (6) se prakAza milatA hai, jahA~ mantrI ne rAjA ko likhA hai ki maraNazIla vaNik kI sampatti vidhavA ko na milakara rAjA ko milegii| kintu yAjJavalkya (2 / 135), viSNu evaM kAtyAyana ne kahA hai ki putrahIna puruSa kI vidhavA prathama uttarAdhikArI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki madhya kAla meM prArambhika sUtrakAla kI apekSA vidhavA ke adhikAra adhika surakSita the| kintu anya bAtoM meM striyoM kI dazA meM avanati hotI gayI, ve zUdra ke samAna samajhI jAne lgiiN| yAska ke samaya meM uttara bhArata meM vidhavA ko uttarAdhikAra nahIM prApta thA, kyoMki unhoMne dakSiNa ke dezoM kI vidhavA ke hI uttarAdhikAra kI carcA kI hai---"dakSiNI dezoM meM putra-hIna puruSa kI vidhavA sabhA meM jAtI hai, caukI para khar3I hotI hai, saba loga usa para akSa calAte haiM aura vaha pati kI sampatti pAtI hai|"

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adhyAya 12 vidhavAdharma, striyoM ke kucha vizeSAdhikAra evaM paradA prathA vidhavAdharma Rgveda (4 / 18 / 12, 10 / 1817, 10 / 40 / 2 evaM 8) meM vidhavA' zabda kaI bAra AyA hai, kintu inameM antima arthAt Rgveda 10 / 40 / 2 ko chor3akara anya aMza vidhavA kI dazA para koI vizeSa prakAza nahIM ddaalte| Rgveda (1187 / 3) meM AyA hai ki marutoM kI ati zIghra gatiyoM se pRthivI patihIna strI kI bhA~ti kA~patI hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki vidhavAe~ yA to duHkha ke mAre yA balAtkAra ke Dara se kA~patI thiiN|' baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 66-68) ke mata se vidhavA ko sAla bhara taka madhu, mAMsa, madirA evaM namaka chor3a denA cAhie tathA bhUmi para zayana karanA cAhie, kintu maudgalya ke mata se kevala cha: mAsa (taka hI aisA karanA caahie)| isake uparAnta yadi vaha putrahIna ho aura gurujana Adeza deM to vaha apane devara se eka putra utpanna kara sakatI hai| yahI bAta vasiSThadharmasUtra (17 / 55-56) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| manu (5 / 157-160) kI batAyI huI vyavasthA adhikAMza meM sabhI smRtiyoM meM pAyI jAtI hai ; "pati ke mara jAne para strI, yadi vaha cAhe to, kevala puSpoM, phaloM evaM mUloM ko hI khAkara apane zarIra ko galA de (durbala banA de), kintu use kisI anya vyakti kA nAma bhI nahIM lenA caahie| mRtyu-paryanta use saMyama rakhanA cAhie, vrata rakhane cAhie, satItva kI rakSA karanI cAhie aura pativratA ke sadAcaraNA evaM guNoM kI prApti kI AkAMkSA karanI caahie| pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta yadi sAdhvI nArI avivAha ke niyama ke anusAra cale arthAt apane satItva kI rakSA meM lagI rahe, to vaha putrahIna rahane para bhI svargArohaNa karatI hai, jaisA ki prAcIna naiSThika brahmacAriyoM (yathA sanaka) ne kiyA thaa|" kAtyAyana ke anusAra "putrahIna vidhavA yadi apane pati ke viSTara (bistara yA seja) ko binA apavitra kiye garujanoM ke sAtha rahatI haI apane ko saMyamita rakhatI hai to use mRtyu-paryanta pati kI sampatti prApta ho jAtI hai| usake uparAnta usake pati ke uttarAdhikArI loga sampatti ke adhikArI hote haiN| dhArmika vratoM, upavAsoM evaM niyamoM meM saMlagna, brahmacarya ke niyamoM se pUrNa, indriyoM ko saMyamita karatI eva dAna karatI huI vidhavA putrahIna hone para bhI svarga ko jAtI hai| parAzara (4 / 31) ne bhI manu (5 / 160) ke samAna hI kahA hai| bRhaspati kA kathana hai-"palI pati kI ardhAginI ghoSita ho cukI hai, vaha pati ke pApoM evaM puNyoM kI bhAgI hotI hai, eka sadguNI patnI, cAhe vaha pati kI citA para bhasma ho jAtI hai yA jIvita raha jAtI 1. preSAmajmeSu vithureva rejate bhUmiryAmeSu yasa yuJjate shubhe| Rgveda (118733) / 2. aputrA zayanaM bhartuHpAlayantI gurau sthitA / bhuJjItAmaraNAtyAntA dAyAdA ardhvamApnuyuH ||vrtopvaasnirtaa brahmacarye vyvsthitaa| damadAnaratA nityamaputrApi divaM vrajet // kAtyAyana (vIramitrodaya pR0 626-627 meM uddhRt)| prathama zloka dAyabhAga, smRticandrikA, evaM anya granthoM meM uddhRta hai|

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viSavA-dharma 331 hai, apane pati ke AdhyAtmika lAbha ko avazya prApta karatI hai|' vRddhahArIta (11 / 205-210) ne usakI AmaraNa dinacaryA dI hai--"use bAla sa~vAranA chor3a denA cAhie, pAna khAnA, gandha, puSpa, AbhUSaNa evaM raMgIna paridhAna kA prayoga chor3a denA cAhie, pItala-kA~se ke baratana meM bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, do bAra bhojana karanA, aMjana lagAnA Adi tyAga denA cAhie, use zveta vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie, use indriyoM evaM krodha ko dabAnA cAhie, dhokhAdhar3I se dUra rahanA cAhie, pramAda evaM.nindA se mukta honA cAhie, pavitra evaM sadAcaraNa vAlI honA cAhie, sadA hari kI pUjA karanI cAhie, rAtri meM pRthivI para kuza kI caTAI para zayana karanA cAhie, manoyoga evaM satsaMgati meM lagA rahanA caahie|" bANa ne harSacarita (6, antima vAkyAMza) meM likhA hai ki vidhavAe~ apanI A~khoM meM aJjana nahIM lagAtI thoM aura na mukha para pIlA lepa hI karatI thIM, ve apane bAloM ko yoM hI bAMdha letI thiiN| pracetA ne saMnyAsiyoM evaM vidhavAoM ko pAna khAnA, tela vagairaha lagAkara snAna karanA evaM dhAtu ke pAtroM meM bhojana karanA manA kiyA hai| Adiparva (160 / 12) meM AyA hai-"jisa prakAra pRthivI para par3e hue mAMsa ke Tukar3e para pakSIgaNa TUTa par3ate haiM, usI prakAra patihIna strI para puruSa TUTa par3ate haiN|" zAntiparva (148 / 2) meM AyA hai-"bahuta putroM ke rahate hue bhI sabhI vidhavAe~ duHkha meM haiN|"5 skandapurANa (kAzIkhaNDa, 4 / 55 / 75 evaM 3, brahmAraNya bhAga 5055) meM vidhavAdharma ke viSaya meM lambA vivecana hai, jisakA adhikAMza madanapArijAta (pR0 202-203), nirNayasindhu, dharmasindhu evaM anya nibandhoM meM uddhRta hai| kucha bAteM yahA~ avalokanIya hai---"amaMgaloM meM vidhavA sabase amaMgala hai, vidhavA-darzana se siddhi nahIM prApta hotI (hAtha meM liyA huA kArya siddha nahIM hotA), vidhavA mAtA ko chor3a sabhI vidhavAe~ amaMgalasUcaka haiM, vidhavA kI AzIrvAdokti ko vijJa jana grahaNa nahIM karate, mAno vaha sarpaviSa ho|" skandapurANa ke kAzIkhaNDa (adhyAya 4) meM nimna uktiyA~ AyI haiM--"vidhavA ke kabarIbandha (sira ke kezoM ko saMvAra kara bA~dhane) se pati bandhana meM par3atA hai, ataH vidhavA ko apanA sira muNDita rakhanA cAhie ! use dina meM kevala eka bAra khAnA cAhie, yA use mAsa bhara upavAsa karanA cAhie yA cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA caahie| jo strI paryaMka para zayana karatI hai vaha apane pati ko naraka me DAlatI hai| vidhavA ko apanA zarIra sugaMdhita lepa se nahIM svaccha karanA cAhie, aura na use sugaMdhita padArthoM kA sevana karanA cAhie, use prati dina tila, jala evaM kuza se apane pati, pati ke pitA evaM pati ke pitAmaha ke nAma evaM gotra se tarpaNa karanA cAhie, use marate samaya bhI bailagAr3I meM nahIM baiThanA cAhie, use kaMcukI (colI) nahIM pahananI cAhie, use raMgIna paridhAna nahIM dhAraNa karane cAhie tathA vaizAkha, kAttika evaM mAgha mAsa meM vizeSa vrata karane caahie|" nirNayasindhu ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta kara kahA hai ki zrAddha kA bhojana anya gotra vAlI vidhavA dvArA nahIM banAnA caahie| hindU vidhavA kI sthiti atyanta zocanIya thI aura usakA bhAgya to kisI bhI sthiti meM spRhaNIya nahIM mAnA ___ 3. zarIrAdha smRtA jAyA puSyApuNyaphale smaa| anvArUDhA jIvatI ca sAdhvI bhatuhitAya saa|| bRhaspati (aparAka. pR0 111 meM udd't)| 4. tAmbUlAbhyaJjanaM caiva kAMsyapAtre ca bhojanam / yatizca brahmacArI ca vidhayA ca vivarjayet // pracetA (smRticantikA 1, pR0 222 tathA zuyitatva, pR0 325 meM ubRta); milAie "tAmbUlo'bhartRkastrINAM yatInA brAhmacAriNAm / ekaka mAMsatulyaM syAnmilitaM tu surAsamam // (smRtimuktAphala, varNAzrama, 50 161 meM upt)| 5. utsRSTamAmiSaM bhUmau prArthayanti yayA khgaaH| prArthayanti janAH sarve patihInAM tathA striyam // Adiparva 160312; sarvApi vidhavA nArI bahuputrApi shocte|| zAntiparva 148 / 2 /

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332 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jA sktaa| vaha amaMgala sUcaka thI aura kisI bhI utsava meM, yathA vivAha meM, kisI prakAra kA bhAga nahIM le sakatI thii| use na kevala pUrNa rUpa se sAdhvI rahanA par3atA thA, cAhe vaha bacapana se hI vidhavA kyoM na ho, pratyuta use saMnyAsI kI bhA~ti rahanA par3atA thA, kama bhojana aura kama vastra dhAraNa karanA par3atA thaa| usake sampatti-adhikAra na-kucha the| yadi usakA pati putrahIna mara gayA to use maulika rUpa se uttarAdhikAra nahIM milatA thaa| kAlAntara meM uttarAdhikAra ke viSaya meM usakI sthiti meM sudhAra huaa| kintu taba bhI use kevala sampatti kI Aya mAtra milatI thI, jise vaha ghara kI vaidhAnika AvazyakatAoM tathA pati ke AdhyAtmika lAbha ke lie hI hastAntarita kara sakatI thI (anya kAryoM meM nhiiN)| hinda saMyakta parivAra meM vidhavA ko kevala bharaNa-poSaNa kA adhikAra hai adhikAra haiM), jise vaha vyabhicAriNI ho jAne para kho detI hai| yadi vaha punaH naitika jIvana vyatIta karane lage to use jIvana-caryA kA adhikAra prApta ho sakatA hai| yadi pati kI pRthaka rUpa se sampatti ho gayI ho aura use eka putra yA kaI putra hoM to usakI vidhavA ko kevala bharaNa-poSaNa kA hI adhikAra milatA hai| yaha sthiti abhI kucha dinoM taka rahI hai kintu aba vidhavA kI avasthA meM sudhAra ho gayA hai| vidhavA kA muNDana ho jAyA karatA thA (dekhie skandapurANa kA uparyukta uddharaNa) / madanapArijAta meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai, ataH 14vIM zatAbdI meM yaha karma pracalita thaa| yaha prathA kaba se calI kahanA kaThina hai| sambhavataH yaha pazcAtkAlIna hai| isa viSaya meM hameM do siddhAnta dekhane par3eMge--(1) pati kI mRtyu para vidhavA kA muNDana usI prakAra hotA thA jisa prakAra putroM kA, tathA (2) vidhavA ko AmaraNa muNDana karAnA par3atA thA; yadyapi yaha vAta pitAhIna putroM ke sAtha nahIM lAgU hotii| muNDana ke pakSapAtI tIna vaidika uktiyoM kA havAlA dete haiN| yathA Rgveda (10 / 4012), ApastambamantrapATha (1 / 4 / 9) evaM atharvaveda (1412 / 60) / Rgveda (1040 / 2) kevala vidhabA kI ora saMketa karatA hai yA niyoga kI bAta karatA hai, kintu usare kathana meM muNDana kI ora koI saMketa nahIM prApta hotaa| Aja ke kucha kaTTara paNDita loga nirukta (3 / 15) ke "bidhAvanAd vA iti carmazirAH" meM "carmazirAH" ko muvita vidhavA kA dyotaka mAnate haiN| kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai, vAstava meM 'cazirA' mahodaya, nirukta ke TIkAkAroM ke mata se, nirukta ke lekhaka yAska ke pUrva koI AcArya the| ApastambamantrapATha (11519) meM 'vikezI' zabda kA artha "muNDita vidhavA" nahIM hai, jaisA ki logoM ne samajha rakhA hai| isakA sAdhAraNataH artha hai "vikhare hue kezoM pAlI strii|" atharvaveda kI ukti meM bhI vikezI' zabda vivAha ke samaya prayukta huA hai| eka dUsare sthAna para (atharvaveda 9 / 9 / 14) sAyaNa ne 'vikezI' kA artha "vikIrNakezI" arthAt "bikhare hue bAloM vAlI nArI" lagAyA hai| spaSTa hai ki veda meM vidhavA ke muNDita hone kI ora koI spaSTa saMketa nahIM miltaa| baudhAyana-pitRmeghasUtra meM atyeSTi-kriyA ke varNana meM mRtAtmA ke nikaTa sambandhiyoM ke muNDana kI carcA hai kintu phlI ke muNDana kA koI ullekha nahIM hai (dekhie baudhAyanapitRmedhasUtra 1 / 4 / 3, 1 / 4 / 13, 1 / 12 / 7 evaM 2 / 3 / 17) / __ manu evaM yAjJavalkya vidhavAdharma kI carcA meM vidhavA ke muNDana kI carcA nahIM krte| kisI anya smRti meM bhI isakI carcA nahIM huI hai| kucha dharmazAstrakAroM ne mighavA ko keza-zrRMgAra se dUra rahane kI bAta kahI hai (vRddhahArIta 9 / 206), ataH spaSTa hai ki vidhavAe~ kaiza rakhatI thiiN| kama-se-kama zAtriyoM kI vidhAe~ kabhI bhI muNDita-sira nahIM hotI thI, jaisA ki mahAbhArata kI viSayAoM ke citraNa khe vyakta hotA hai| mahAbhArata meM te "prakIrNake zAH' arthAt bisare kezI vAlo kahI gayI hai (strIpada 16 / 18; 17325, 2116, 207; mAdhagadAsiparva 25 / 16; mausalaparva 7 / 15) / bAga ne harSacarita meM vidhavA ke keza-bandhana kA ullekha kiyA hai (gayA--lAtu vaidhavyaveNI vrmnussytaa| harSacarita, 5) / kanauja ke rAjA mahendrapAla kI pehoza prasArita meM zatruoM kI vidhavAe~ lambe bAloM vAlI kahI gayI haiM (epirophiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pR0 246, zloka 16) /

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viSavA-dharma kaTTara paNDitoM ne vyAsasmRti (2053) para bhI apanA mata Azrita rakhA hai; "(pati ke mara jAne para) brAhmaNI ko pati kA zava goda meM lekara agni-praveza karanA cAhie, yadi vaha jIvita rahatI (satI nahIM hotI) hai to use tyaktakeza hokara tapa se apane zarIra ko sukhA DAlanA caahie|" yahA~ "tyaktakezA" zabda ke tIna artha sambhava haiM-- (1) vaha jisane keza-zRMgAra chor3a diyA ho, yA (2) vaha jisake keza kucha smRtiyoM ke matAnusAra kevala do aMgula kI lambAI meM kATe gaye hoM, jaisA ki govadha Adi ke prAyazcitta meM kiyA jAtA hai, yA (3) vaha jisakA sira muNDita ho cukA ho| jo bhI ho, anya smRtiyoM ne vidhavA ke kezamuNDana kI carcA nahIM kI hai| mitAkSarA ne yAjJavalkya (3 / 325) kI vyAkhyA meM manu ke eka kathana kI carcA kI hai-"vidvAnoM, rAjAoM, striyoM ke viSaya meM sira-muNDana kI bAta nahIM uThatI, kevala mahApAtaka karane yA gohatyA karane yA brahmacArI dvArA saMbhoga kiye jAne para hI sira-muNDana kI bAta uThatI hai|" mitAkSarA ne vidhavA ke lie kahIM bhI sira-muNDana Avazyaka karma nahIM mAnA hai| nirNayasindhu (san 1612 I0 meM praNIta) ke lekhaka evaM bAlamaTTI (18vIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM praNIta) ne vidhavA ke muNDana kI carcA kI hai aura ina logoM ne ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 3 / 10 / 6) evaM mitAkSarA (3.17) kI vyAkhyA apane DhaMga se karake vidhavA ke muNDita rahane kI bAta kahI hai| kintu inakI vyAkhyA meM bahuta khIMcAtAnI hai jo vAstavikatA ko prakaTa karane meM asamartha hai| uparyukta vivevana se hama nimna niSkarSoM taka pahu~cate haiN| vighavA ke muNDana ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa vaidika pramANa nahIM miltaa| gRhya tathA dharmasUtra isakI ora saMketa nahIM karate; aura na manu evaM yAjJavalkya kI smRtiyA~ hI aisA karatI haiN| yadi do-eka smRti-granthoM ke zloka, jinake artha ke viSaya meM kucha sandeha hai, vidhavA ke muNDana kI carcA karate haiM to vRddha-hArIta ke samAna anya smRtiyA~ isakA virodha karatI haiN| kucha smRtiyoM ne kevala eka bAra, pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta, muNDana karane kI bAta calAyI hai, kahIM mo kisI smRti ne AmaraNa muNDana karAne kI carcA nahIM kI hai| mitAkSarA evaM aparArka isa viSaya meM mauna haiN| lagatA hai, muNDana kI prathA 10vIM yA 11vIM zatAbdI se udita huii| kAlAntara meM vidhavAe~ yatiyoM ke samAna mAnI jAne lagI, aura yati loga apanA sira mur3AyA karate the, ataH vidhavAe~ bhI vaisA karane lgiiN| unheM isa prakAra asundara banAkara sAdhvI rakhA jAne lgaa| ho sakatA hai, bauddha evaM jaina sAdhuniyoM ke udAharaNoM ne bhI isa krUra prathA kI ora saMketa kiyA ho| hameM yaha bAta cullavarga se jJAta hotI hai ki bauddha sAdhuniyA~ (bhikSuNiyA~) sira ke keza kaTA DAlatI thIM aura nAraMgI ke raMga (picchila) ke paridhAna dhAraNa karatI dii| mahArASTra meM kucha dina pUrva brAhmaNa vidhavAe~ lAla raMga kA vastra dhAraNa karatI thIM (abhI Aja bhI kucha purAnI bUr3hiyA~ mila hI jAtI haiN)| yaha prathA bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai| madanapArijAta (14vIM zatAbdI) ko chor3akara koI anya nibandha skandapurANa ke kathana uddhRta nahIM krtaa| yaha prathA aba samApti para hai| rAmAnujAcArya ke anuyAyI zrIvaiSNavoM ke teMgala sampradAya meM zatAbdiyoM se vidhavA kA sira-muNDana manA hai, yadyapi yaha sampradAya anya bAtoM be bar3A kaTTara hai| zUdrakamalAkara ke kathanAnusAra gaur3a deza kI vidhavAe~ zikhA rakhatI haiN| bahuta prAcIna kAla se yaha dhAraNA rahI hai ki striyoM ko kisI dazA meM bhI mAranA nahIM caahie| zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 4 / 3 / 2) kA kahanA hai--"lopa striyoM kI hatyA nahIM karate, balki unase sArI vastue~ chIna lete haiN|" 6. dekhie saikeDa buksa Ava vi IsTa (S. B. E.) jilla 20 (vinaya), pRSTha 321 / jaina sAdhuniyA~ apane keza kaTA DAlatI thIM yA unheM noca DAlatI thIM, dekhie uttarAdhyayana 22 / 30 (S. B. E., jilba 45, 10 116) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 334 vizvarUpa ( yAjJavalkya 3 / 268 ) ne likhA hai ki nIca jAti ke sAtha ( gautama 23|14, manu 8|371 ) vyabhicAra karane para strI ko kevala rAjA hI prANa-daNDa de sakatA hai, yadyapi aisA karane para rAjA ko halakA prAyazcitta bhI karanA par3a jAtA thA / manu (9 / 190 ) ke anusAra nArI ke hatyAre ke sAtha kisI prakAra kA sambandha nahI rakhanA cAhie, bhale hI usane ucita prAyazcitta kara liyA ho / manu (9 / 232 ) ne spaSTa likhA hai -- "striyoM, baccoM evaM brAhmaNoM kI hatyA karane vAle ko rAjA kI ora se prANa daNDa milanA caahie|" mahAbhArata ne bhI isa sAhasapUrNa niyama kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| Adiparva ( 158 / 31 ) kahatA hai -- "dharmajJa loga ghoSita karate haiM ki striyoM kI hatyA nahIM karanI caahie|" sabhAparva (41-43 ) meM vyavasthA hai -- "striyoM, gAyoM, brAhmaNoM tathA usakI ora jisane jIvikA yA Azraya diyA hai, Ayudha nahIM calAnA caahie|" zAntiparva ( 135 / 14 ) meM aisA nirdeza AyA hai ki cora bhI striyoM kI hatyA na kareM (aura dekhie Adiparva 15512, 21714, vanaparva 206 / 46 ) / rAmAyaNa ( bAlakANDa) meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai jaba ki rAma ko tAr3akA nAmaka rAkSasI ke mArane ke lie prerita kiyA gayA thA / yAjJavalkya (2 / 286) ne nIca jAti ke sAtha vyabhicAra karane para strI ke lie kAna kATa lene kA daNDa batalAyA hai / vRddha hArIta (7 / 192) ne pati evaM bhrUNa kI hatyA karane para strI kI nAka, kAna evaM adhara kATa lene kI vyavasthA dI hai| dekhie yAjJavalkya 2 / 278-279, jisameM kucha viziSTa aparAdhoM ke lie strI ko prANa-daNDa taka de dene kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai / yaha hamane bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki striyA~ kramazaH upanayana, vedAdhyayana tathA vaidika mantroM ke sAtha saskArasampAdana ke sAre adhikAroM se vaJcita hotI calI gayIM, aura isa prakAra ve pUrNata: puruSoM para Azrita ho gayIM / unakI dazA, isa prakAra, zUdra kI dazA ke samAna ho gyii|' sabhI dvijoM ko pavitra hone ke lie tIna bAra Acamana karanA Avazyaka hai / kintu nArI evaM zUdra ko kevala eka bAra ( manu 5 / 139, yAjJavalkya 1 / 21 ) / dvijAtiyA~ vaidika mantroM ke sAtha snAna karatI thIM, kintu striyA~ evaM zUdra binA mantroM ke, arthAt mauna rUpa se / zUdra evaM striyA~ AmazrAddha (binA pake bhojana ke sAtha) karatI thiiN|' striyo evaM zUdroM kI hatyA para samAna daNDa milatA thA ( baudhAyanadhasUtra 2 / 1 / 11-12, parAzara 6 / 16 ) / sAdhAraNataH striyA~, bacce evaM jIrNa puruSa sAkSya nahIM de sakate the (yAjJavalkya 2 / 70, nArada, RNAdAna 178, 190, 192), kintu manu ( 8167-70 ), yAjJavalkya (2 / 72) evaM nArada (RNAdAna 155) ne striyoM ke jhagar3oM meM striyoM ko sAkSya dene ko kaha diyA hai| anya sAkSiyoM ke abhAva meM striyA~ corI, vyabhicAra evaM anya zakti sambandhI aparAdhoM meM sAkSya de sakatI thiiN| meTa dAna, bhUmi evaM ghara kI bikrI evaM bandhaka meM striyoM dvArA likhe gaye kAgada-patra sAdhAraNataH asvIkRta mAne jAte the; aisI likhApar3hI balAtkAra yA dhokhe se kI 7. avadhyA striya ityAhurSa maMjJA dharmanizcaye / Adiparva 158 / 31; strISu goSu na zastrANi pAtayed brAhmaNeSu ca / yasya cAnnAni bhuJjIta yatra ca syAtpratizrayaH // sabhAparva 41 / 13 / 8. "strIzUdrAzca sadharmANaH" iti vAkyAt / vyavahAramayUkha, pR0 112; dvijastrINAmapi zratajJAnAmyAse'dhi - kAritA / vadanti kecidvidvAMsaH strINAM zUdrasamAnatAm // sUtasaMhitA ( zUdrakamalAkara, pR0 231 meM uddhRta) / 9. brahmakSatravizAM caiva mantravatsnAnamiSyate / tUSNImeva hi zUdrasya strINAM ca kurunandana / viSNu (smRtidhandrikA 1, pR0 181 meM uddhRta) / strI zUdraH zvapacazcaiva jAtakarmaNi cApyatha / AmazrAddhaM tathA kuryAdvidhinA pArvaNena tu // pracetA (smRticandrikA, zrAddhaprakaraNa, pR0 491-92 meM uddhRta) /

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striyoM ke vizeSAdhikAra 335 gayI likhApar3hI ke samAna mAnI jAtI thI (dekhie nArada, RNAdAna 26, yAjJavalkya 2 / 31 ) / una dinoM striyA~ par3hI likhI kama thIM, ataH aise vyavadhAna varadAna hI the / nArAyaNa ke tristhalIsetu nAmaka grantha meM bRhannAradIya purANa kI eka ukti AyI hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki striyA~, jinakA upanayana saMskAra nahIM huA ho tathA zUdra viSNu evaM ziva kI mUrti sthApanA nahIM kara sakate the ( zUdrakamalAkara pR0 32 ) / 1 yadi kucha bAtoM meM striyA~ bhArI asamarthatAoM evaM ayogyatAoM ke vazIbhUta mAnI jAtI thIM, to kucha viSayoM meM ve puruSoM kI apekSA adhika adhikAra evaM svatva rakhatI thiiN| striyoM kI hatyA nahIM kI jA sakatI thI aura na ve vyabhicAra meM pakar3e jAne para tyAgI hI jA sakatI thiiN| mArga meM unheM pahale Age nikala jAne ( agragamana) kA adhikAra prApta thA / patita kI kanyA patita nahIM mAnI jAtI thI, kintu patita kA putra patita mAnA jAtA thA ( vasiSThadharmasUtra 13 / 51-53, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 6 | 13|4, yAjJavalkya 3 / 261 ) / eka hI prakAra kI truTi ke lie puruSa kI apekSA nArI ko AdhA hI prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA ( viSNudharmasUtra 54 | 3 3, devala 30, Adi) / cAhe striyoM kI jo avasthA ho, unheM pati kI avasthA ke anusAra Adara milatA thA ( ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 4 / 14018 - - pativayasaH striyaH) / vedajJa brAhmaNoM kI bhA~ti sabhI varNoM kI striyA~ ( pratiloma jAti yoM kI striyoM ko chor3akara) mI kara-mukta thIM (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 10 / 26 / 10-11 ) / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 19 / 23 ) ne una striyoM ko jo yuvA yA abhI jaccA thIM, binA kara vAlI ( akara) mAnA hai| tIna mAsa kI garbhavatI, vana meM rahane vAle sAdhu loga, saMnyAsI, brAhmaNa evaM brahmacArI ghATa ke kara se mukta the (manu 8|407 evaM viSNu 51 132 ) / gautama ( 5 / 23), yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 105) Adi ke anusAra baccoM, putriyoM evaM bahnioM, jinakA vivAha ho gayA ho, kintu abhI apane mAtA-pitA tathA bhAiyoM ke sAtha hoM, garbhavatI striyoM, avivAhita putriyoM, atithiyoM evaM naukaroM ko ghara ke mAlika evaM mAlikina se pahale khilAnA cAhie / manu ( 4|114 ) evaM viSNudharmasUtra ( 67 / 39 ) to kucha aura Age bar3ha jAte haiM -- "kula kI navavivAhita lar3akiyoM, avivAhita putriyoM, garbhavatI nAriyoM ko atithiyoM se bhI pahale khilAnA caahie|" usa abhiyoga kA vicAra, jisameM koI strI pha~sI ho, yA jisakI sunavAI rAtri meM, yA gA~va ke bAhara, yA ghara ke bhItara, yA zatruoM ke samakSa huI ho, puna: honA cAhie ( nArada, 1143) / sAmAnyataH striyoM kA abhiyoga divya ( jala, agni Adi dvArA kaThina parIkSA) se nahIM siddha kiyA jAtA thA, cAhe vaha vAdI ho yA prativAdI ho, kintu yadi divya anivArya - sA ho jAya to tulA-divya kI hI vyavasthA thI (yAjJavalkya 2 / 98 evaM mitAkSarA TIkA) / strIdhana ke uttarAdhikAra meM putriyoM ko putroM kI apekSA pramukhatA dI gayI thii| pratikUla adhikAra prApti meM strI kA strIghana nahIM pha~sa sakatA thA ( yAjJavalkya 2 / 25, nArada, RNAdAna, 82-83 ) / AcAra ke viSaya meM mantraNA avazya lI jAtI thI / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 / 2 / 29 / 15 ) ne aisA mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki sUtroM meM jo niyama na pAye jAya~ unheM kucha AcAryoM ke kathanAnusAra striyoM evaM sabhI vargoM ke puruSoM se jAna lenA caahie| ApastambagRhyasUtra, AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 1 | 1418 ), manu ( 2 / 223) evaM vaikhAnasa smArta ( 3 / 21 ) ke anusAra vivAha meM ziSTAntara kI jAnakArI striyoM se prApta karanI caahie| 10. vAla-vRddha strINAmardha prAyazcittam / aparArka dvArA vyavana / akaraH zrotriyaH / sarvavarNAnAM ca striyaH / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2010 / 26 / 10-11 ) ; vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 19/23 ) akaraH zrotriyo rAjapumAnanAthaprabrajitabAlavRddhataraNaprajAtAH /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paradA kI prathA kyA Adhunika kAla meM pAyI jAne vAlI paradA-prathA jo musalamAnoM evaM bhArata ke kucha bhAgoM meM vidyamAna hai, prAcIna kAla se calI AyI hai ? Rgveda (10 / 8533) ne logoM ko vivAha ke samaya kanyA kI ora dekhane ko kahA hai-"yaha kanyA maMgalamaya hai, ekatra hoo aura ise dekho, ise AzISa dekara hI tuma loga apane ghara jA sakate ho|" AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1987) ke anusAra dulahina ko apane ghara le Ate samaya dUlaha ko cAhie ki vaha pratyeka niveza sthAna (rukane ke sthAna) para darzakoM ko Rgveda (10 / 85 / 33) ke uparyukta mantra ke sAtha dikhaaye| isase spaSTa hai ki una dinoM dulahinoM yA vadhuoM dvArA avaguNThana (paradA yA cUMghaTa) nahIM dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA, pratyuta ve sabake sAmane niravaguNThana AtI thiiN| Rgveda ke vivAhasUkta (10185 / 46) meM eka svastivacana hai ki vadhU apane zvazura, sAsa, nanada, devara Adi para rAjya kare, kintu yaha kevala hRdaya kI abhilASA mAtra hai, kyoMki vAstavikatA kucha aura thii| aitareya brAhmaNa (12111) meM AyA hai ki vadha apane zvazara se lajjA karatI hai aura apane ko chipAkara calI jAtI hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki gurujanoM ke samakSa navayuvatiyoM para kucha pratibandha thaa| kintu gRhya evaM dharma-sUtroM meM idharaudhara janasamudAya meM ghUmatI huI striyoM ke parade ke viSaya meM koI saMketa nahIM prApta hotaa| pANini (3 / / 26) ne 'asUryapazyA' (jo sUrya ko bhI nahIM dekhatI) kI, jo rAniyoM ke lie prayukta huA hai, vyutpatti kI hai| isase kevala itanA hI prakaTa hotA hai ki rAniyA~ rAjaprAsAdoM kI sImA ke bAhara jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa nahIM AtI thiiN| rAmAyaNa (ayodhyAkANDa 33 / 8) meM AyA hai ki Aja sar3aka para calate hue loga usa sItA ko dekha rahe haiM, jise pahale AkAzagAmI jIva bhI na dekha sake the| vahIM Age (yuddha0 116 / 28) phira AyA hai-"vipatti ke samaya, yuddhoM meM, svayaMvara meM, yajJa meM evaM vivAha meM strI kA bAhara janatA meM AnA koI aparAdha nahIM hai|" sabhAparva (69 / 9) meM draupadI kahatI hai-"hamane sunA hai, prAcIna kAla meM loga vivAhita striyoM ko janasAdhAraNa kI sabhA yA samUha meM nahIM le jAte the, cira kAla se calI AyI huI prAcIna prathA ko kauravoM ne tor3a diyA hai|" draupadI kA darzana rAjAoM ne svayaMvara ke samaya kiyA thA, usake uparAnta yudhiSThira dvArA jue meM hAra jAne para hI logoM ne use dekhaa|" ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki ucca kula kI nAriyA~ kucha vizeSa avasaroM ko chor3akara bAhara nahIM nikalatI thIM, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki ve paradA (avaguNThana) karatI thiiN| zalyaparva (29 / 74) meM AyA hai ki kauravoM kI pUrNa hAra ke uparAnta unakI striyoM ko, jinheM sUrya bhI nahIM dekha sakatA thA, rAjadhAnI meM Aye hue loga dekha rahe the| aura dekhie isa viSaya meM sabhAparva (974-7), zalyaparva (19 / 63), strIparva (9.9-10), AzramavAsiparva (15 / 13) / harSacarita (4) meM AyA hai ki rAjakumArI rAjyazrI, jise usakA bhAvI pati grahavarmA vivAha ke pUrva dekhane AyA thA, apane mukha para sundara lAla raMga kA paridhAna DAle thii| eka anya sthAna para sthANvIzvara (thAnesara) kA varNana karate samaya bANa kahatA hai ki nAriyA~ avaguNThana DAle hue thiiN| kAdambarI meM bhI bANa ne patralekhA ko lAla raMga ke avaguNThana ke sAtha citrita 11. (1) yA na zakyA purA vaSTaM bhUtairAkAzagarapi / tAmadya sItA pazyanti rAjamArgagatA jnaaH|| ayodhyAkANDa 3338; vyasaneSu na kRccheSu na yuddheSu svyNvre| na Rtau no vivAhe vA darzanaM dRSyate striyH|| yuddhakANa 116 // 28 // (2) dhA striyaM sabhA pUrve na nayantIti naH shrutm| sa naSTaH kauraveyeSu pUrvo dharmaH snaatnH| samAparSa 69 / 9 /

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paravA-zravA 338 kiyA hai| zAkuntala (5/13) meM duSyanta kI rAjasabhA meM lAyI jAtI huI zakuntalA ko avaguNThana DAle citrita ki gayA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki ucca kula kI nAriyA~ binA avaguNThana ke bAhara nahIM AtI thIM, kintu sAdhAraNa striyoM ke sAtha aisI bAta nahIM thii| uttarI evaM pUrvI bhArata meM paradA kI prathA jo sarvasAdhAraNa meM pAyI jAtI hai usaka Arambha musalamAnoM ke Agamana se huaa| isa viSaya meM iNDiena eNTikverI (san 1933, pR0 15) paThanIya hai, jahA~ vAcaspati kI sAMkhyatattvakaumudI ( navIM zatAbdI) kI eka uddhRta ukti se prakaTa hotA hai ki ucca kula kI nAriyA~ paradA karake hI bAhara nikalatI thiiN| aura bhI dekhie pAThaka-smRtigrantha (pRSTha 72), jahAM paradA prathA ke praca lana ke viSaya meM bauddha granthoM se nirdeza diye gaye haiM /

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adhyAya 13 niyoga niyoga kA artha hai-kisI niyukta puruSa ke sammoga dvArA putrotpatti ke lie patnI yA vidhavA kI niyukti / isa prathA ke udgama evaM upayoga ke viSaya meM vividha mata-matAntara haiN| sarvaprathama hama isa prathA ke samarthaka dharmazAstragranthoM kI uktiyoM kI jAMca kreNge| gautama (18 // 4-14) ne isakI carcA kI hai; "pativihIna nArI yadi putra kI abhilASA rakhe to apane devara dvArA prApta kara sakatI hai| kintu use gurujanoM se AjJA le lenI cAhie aura sambhoga kevala RtakAla meM (prathama cAra dinoM ko choDakara) hI karanA caahie| vaha sapiNDa, sagotra, sapravara yA apanI jAti vAle se hI (jaba devara na ho to) putra prApta kara sakatI hai| kucha logoM ke mata se yaha prathA kevala devara se hI saMyukta hai| vaha do se adhika putra (isa prathA dvArA) nahIM prApta kara sktii|' gautama (18 / 11) kA kahanA hai ki jIvita pati dvArA prArthita strI jaba (niyoga se) putra utpanna karatI hai to vaha usI (puruSa) kA putra hotA hai / gautama (28132) aise putra ko kSetraja aura usakI mAtA ko kSetra kI saMjJA dete haiN| isI prakAra usa strI yA vidhavA kA pati kSetrI yA kSetrika (jisakI vaha patnI yA vidhavA hotI hai) tathA putrotpatti ke lie niyukta puruSa bIjI (jo bIja botA hai) yA niyogI (vasiSTha 17 / 64, arthAt jo niyukta ho) kahalAtA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (17156-65) ne likhA hai-vighayA kA pati yA bhAI (yA mRta pati kA bhAI) guruoM ko (jinhoMne par3hAyA ho yA mRtAtmA ke lie yajJa karayA ho) tathA sambandhiyoM ko ekatra kare aura use (vidhavA ko) mRta ke lie putrotpatti ke lie niyojita kre| unmAdinI vidhavA, apane ko na sa~bhAla sakane vAlI (duHkha ke mAre), rogI yA bUr3hI vidhavA ko isa kArya ke lie nahIM niyojita karanA caahie| yuvAvasthA ke Upara 16 varSa taka hI niyoga honA caahie| bImAra puruSa ko nahIM niyukta karanA caahie| niyukta vyakti ko pati kI bhA~ti prajApati vAle maMgala muhUrta meM vidhavA ke pAsa jAnA cAhie aura usake sAtha na to ratikrIDA karanI cAhie, na azlIla bhASaNa karanA 1. aptirptylipsurvevraat| guruprasUtA nrtumtiiyaat| piNDagotraSisambandhebhyo yonimaatraadvaa| naadevraadityeke| nAtidvitIyam // gautama (1814-8) / haradatta ne 'nAtidvitIyam' ko dUsare DhaMga se samajhAyA hai ; 'prathamaapatyamatItya dvitIyaM na janayediti', arthAt eka se adhika putra nahIM utpanna karanA caahie| 2. dekhie manu (9 / 32, 33 evaM 53) jahA~ kSetra, kSetrika, bIjI Adi kA artha diyA huA hai / gautama (18 / 11) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 13 / 6) ne 'kSetra kA prayoga patnI ke lie kiyA hai| gautama (4 / 3) meM 'bIjI' "da AyA hai| manu (9 / 60-61) ne vyakta kiyA hai ki kucha logoM ke mata se niyoga dvArA kevala eka aura kucha logoM ke mata se do putra utpanna kiye jA sakate haiN| __3. prAjApatya muhUrta ko hI brAhmamuhUrta kahA jAtA hai, arthAt rAtri kA antima prahara (sUryodaya ke pUrva eka ghaNTe 13 : Paa, arthAta sUryojana ke 4 minaTa puurv)| dekhie vasiSTha (12 / 47) evaM mana (4 / 92) /

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niyoga 239 cAhie aura na durvyavahAra karanA caahie| dhana-sampatti (rikya) kI prApti kI abhilASA se niyoga nahIM karanA caahie| baudhAyanadharma sUtra (2 / 2 / 17) ke anusAra kSetraja putra vahI hai, jo nizcita AjJA ke sAtha vidhavA se yA napuMsaka yA rugNa pati kI patnI se utpanna kiyA jAya / manu (9 / 59-61) kA kayana hai ki putrahIna vidhavA apane devara yA pati ke sapiNDa se putra utpanna kara sakatI hai, niyukta puruSa ko aMdhere meM hI vidhavA ke pAsa jAnA cAhie, usake zarIra para ghRta kA lepa honA cAhie aura use eka hI (do nahIM) putra utpanna karanA cAhie, kintu kucha logoM ke mata se do putra utpanna karane caahie| yahI bAta baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 68-70), yAjJavalkya (1168-69) evaM nArada (strIpuMsa, 80-83) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kauTilya (1117) ne likhA hai ki bUr3he evaM na acche kiye jAne vAle roga se pIr3ita rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha apanI rAnI ko niyukta kara kisI mAtRbandhu yA apane hI samAna guNa vAle sAmanta dvArA putra utpanna kraaye| eka anya sthAna para kauTilya ne punaH kahA hai ki yadi koI brAhmaNa binA sannikaTa uttarAdhikArI ke mara jAya, to kisI sagotra yA mAtRbandhu ko niyojita kara kSetraja putra utpanna karanA cahie, vaha putra riktha prApta karegA (kauTilya 36) / niyoga ke lie nimnalikhita dazAe~ Avazyaka thIM-(1) jIvita yA mRta pati putrahIna honA caahie| (2) kula ke gurujanoM dvArA hI nirNIta paddhati se pati ke lie putra utpanna karane ke lie patnI ko niyojita karanA cAhie; (3) niyojita puruSa ko pati kA bhAI (devara), sapiNDa yA pati kA sagotra (gautama ke anusAra sapravara yA apanI jAti kA) honA cAhie; (4) niyojita puruSa evaM niyojita vidhavA meM kAmukatA kA pUrNa abhAva evaM kartavyajJAna kA mAra rahanA cAhie; (5) niyojita (niyukta) puruSa ke zarIra para ghRta yA tela kA lepa lagA rahanA cAhie, use na to bolanA cAhie, na cumbana karanA cAhie aura na strI ke sAtha kisI prakAra kI ratikrIDA meM saMyukta honA cAhie; (6) yaha sambandha kevala eka putra utpanna hone taka (anya matoM se do putra utpanna hone taka) rahatA hai; (7) niyukta vidhavA ko apekSAkRta yuvA honA cAhie, use bUr3hI yA vandhyA (bA~jha), atItaprajanana-zakti, bImAra, icchAhIna yA garbhavatI nahIM honA cAhie; evaM (8) eka putra kI utpatti ke uparAnta donoM ko eka-dUsare se arthAt niyukta puruSa ko zvazura-sA evaM niyukta vidhavA yA strI ko vadha-sA vyavahAra karanA cAhie (manu 9 / 62) / smRtiyoM meM yaha spaSTa AyA hai ki binA garujanoM dvArA niyakti ke yA anya upayakta dazAoM ke na rahane (yathA, yadi pati ko patra ho) para yadi devara apanI bhAbhI se sammAga re to zaha balAtkAra kA aparAdhI (agamyAgAmI) kahA jAyagA (dekhie mana 1 / 58, 63. 143.144 evaM nArada-strIpusa, 85-86 / sa prakAra ke sambhoga se utpanna pura jAraja (kulaTotpanna) kahA jAyagA tathA sampatti kA adhikArI nahIM hogA nArada-strIpama,84-85) aura vaha utpanna karanevAle (janaka) kA putra kahA jAyagA (tasiSTha dhargamatra 17 / 63) / nArada ke mata se yadi koI vidhavA yA puruSa niyoga ke niyamoM ke pratikala jAya to gajA dvArA una donoM ko daNDa milanA cAhie, nahIM to gar3abar3I utpanna ho jaaygii| ina saba niyantraNoM se spaSTa hai ki dharmasUtrakAla meM bhI niyoga utanA sarala nahIM thA aura gaha prathA utanI pracalita nahIM thI! jahA~ gautama aise dharmasUtrakAroM ne niyoga ko vaidha ThaharAyA hai, vahIM katipaya anya dharmasUtrakAroM ne, jo kAla gautama ke AsapAsa kI ghaM, ne mApada mAnakara varjita kara diyA yA! Apastamba sUtra (2 / 10 / 27/5-7), vodhAyanakA mUtra ( 38) niyoga kI bhartsanA kI hai| manu (9964-68) ne niyoga kA varNana karane ke uparAnta isakI burI taraha se bhartsanA kI hai| manu ne ise niyamaviruddha evaM anaitika ThaharAyA hai| unhoMne rAjA vena ko isakA prathama pracAlaka mAnA hai aura use varNa-saMkaratA kA janaka mAnakara nindA kI hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki bhadra evaM vijJa loga niyoga kI nindA karate haiM, kintu kucha loga ajJAnavaza ise apanAte haiN| manu (9 / 69-70) ne niyoga kA artha yaha kahakara samajhAyA hai ki niyoga ke viSaya meM niyama kevala usI kanyA ke lie hai, jo vadhUrUpa meM pratizruta ho

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340 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa cukI thI kintu mAvI pati mara gayA, aisI sthiti meM mRta pati ke bhAI ko usa kanyA se vivAha karake kevala RtukAla meM eka bAra sambhoga taba taka karanA par3atA thA jaba taka ki eka putra utpanna na ho jAya; aura vaha putra mRta vyakti kA putra mAnA jAtA thA / yadyapi manu ne niyoga kI prAcIna prathA kI nindA kI hai, kintu uttarAdhikAra evaM riktha ke vibhAjana meM kSetraja putra ke lie vyavasthA rakhI hai (9/120-121, 145) / bRhaspati ne likhA hai - "manu ne prathama niyoga kA varNana karake ise niSiddha kiyA hai, isase spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM logoM meM tapobala evaM jJAna thA, ataH ve niyamoM kA pAlana tathaiva kara sakate the, kintu dvApara evaM kaliyugoM meM logoM meM zakti evaM bala kA hrAsa ho gayA hai, ataH ve niyoga ke niyamoM ke pAlana meM asamartha haiN|"" putroM ke aneka prakAroM ke viSaya meM hama 'vyavahAra' nAmaka adhyAya meM pddh'eNge| viSNudharmasUtra (1513) kI eka bAta gautama evaM vasiSTha meM nahIM pAyI jAtI; "kSetraja vaha putra hai jo niyukta patnI yA vidhavA tathA pati ke sapiNDa yA brAhmaNa se utpanna hotA hai|" mahAbhArata meM niyoga ke katipaya udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| Adiparva ( 95 evaM 103 ) hai AyA hai ki satyavatI ne mISma ko usake choTe bhAI vicitravIrya (jo mRta ho cukA thA ) ke lie usakI rAniyoM se putra utpanna karane ko udvelita kiyA, kintu bhISma ne aMgIkAra nahIM kiyA / antatogatvA satyavatI ne apane putra vyAsa ko niyukta kiyA aura isake phalasvarUpa dhRtarASTra evaM pANDu utpanna hue| svayaM ne apanI rAnI kuntI ko kisI tapoyukta brAhmaNa se putra utpanna karAne ko khaa| pANDu ne kuntI se niyoga kI kaI eka gAthAe~ kahIM haiM (Adiparva 120 - 123 ) aura niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki adhika-se-adhika tIna putra utpanna kiye jA sakate haiM, kintu yadi cauthe yA pA~caveM putra kI utpatti ho jAya to strI svairiNI ( vilAsI) yA bandhakI (vezyA) kahI jaaygii| Adiparva (64 evaM 104) meM AyA hai ki parazurAma ne jaba kSatriyoM kA nAza Arambha kiyA to sahasroM kSatrAfirat brAhmaNoM ke pAsa putrotpatti ke lie pahu~cane lgiiN| anya udAharaNoM evaM niyoga-sambandhI saMketoM ke lie dekhie Adiparva (104 evaM 177), anuzAsanaparva (44152-53 ) evaM zAntiparva ( 72 /12 ) / smRtiyoM meM niyoga sambandhI niyamoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se mata-matAntara ataH vizvarUpa, meghAtithi aise TIkAkAroM ne apane mata - prakAzana meM paryApta chUTa rakhI hai| vizvarUpa ne yAjJavalkya (1 / 69 ) kI vyAkhyA karate hue isa viSaya maiM kaI mata prakAzita kiye haiM- (1) Aja ke yuga meM niyoga nikRSTa hai aura smRti - viruddha (manu 9 / 64 evaM 68 ), (2) yaha uparyukta varNita manu kA hI mata hai; (3) yaha vikalpa se kiyA jAtA hai (niyoga varjita evaM AzApita donoM hai); (4) niyoga ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM kI uktiyA~ zUdroM ke lie (manu ne 9164 meM 'dvijAti' zabda prayukta kiyA hai ) haiM (yaha ukti sambhavataH svayaM vizvarUpa kI hai) ; yaha rAjAoM ke lie AjJApita thA jaba ki uttarAdhikAra ke lie koI putra nahIM hotA thA / vizvarUpa ne apanI uktiyA~ vRddha manu evaM vAyu kI gAthA para AdhArita kI haiN| vizvarUpa ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki vIrya kI rAniyoM se vyAsa dvArA utpanna putroM kI bAta draupadI ke pA~ca patiyoM ke vivAha kI bhA~ti nirAdhAra hai| niyoga se utpanna putra kisakA hai ? isa viSaya meM bhI mataikya nahIM hai / vasiSThaSamaMsUtra ( 17 / 6) ne spaSTataH isa prakAra ke vibhinna matoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai; (1) prathama mata ke anusAra putra janaka kA hotA thA, kintu isa 4. ukto niyogo manunA niSiddhaH svayameva tu / yugakramAvazasyoyaM kartumabhyavidhAnataH // tapozAnasamAyuktAH tretAyuge narAH / dvApare ca kalau mAM zaktihAmivinirmitA / / anekathA kRtAH putrA RSibhizca purAtanaH / na zakyate'bhunA kartuM zaktihInaMribansanaMH // gRhaspati (yAzayatyaya 1268-69 kI TIkA meM aparArka dvArA tathA manu 9 / 68 kI TIkA meM kullUka dvArA uddhRt)|

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niyoga mata se niyoga kI upayogitA hI nirarthaka siddha ho jAtI hai| nirukta (3 / 1-3) ne isa mata kA samarthana kiyA hai aura Rgveda (7 / 4 / 7-8) ko udAharaNa mAnA hai / gautama (1819) evaM manu (2 / 181) ne bhI yahI bAta mAnI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 13 / 5) kA kahanA hai ki eka brAhmaNa-grantha ke anusAra putra janaka kA hI hotA hai| (2) dvitIya mata yaha thA ki yadi vidhavA ke gurujanoM evaM niyukta puruSa meM yaha taya pAyA ho ki putra-pati kA hogA to putra pati kA hI mAnA jAyagA (dekhie gautama 18 / 10-11, vasiSTha 17-8 evaM Adiparva 104 / 6) / (3) tRtIya mata yaha thA ki putra donoM kA arthAt janaka evaM vidhavA ke svAmI kA hotA hai / yaha mata nArada (strIpuMsa,58), yAjJavalkya (2 / 127), manu (9 / 53) evaM gautama (18 / 13) kA hai| niyoga kI prathA kaliyuga meM varjita mAnI gayI hai (bRhspti)| bahuta-se granthakAroM ne ise kaliyuga meM niSiddha karmoM meM ginA hai (dekhie yAjJavalkya 2 / 117 kI vyAkhyA meM mitAkSarA evaM brahmapurANa, aparArka dvArA uddhRta, pR0 97) / ___ pati ke bhAI se vidhavA kA vivAha tathA usase putrotpatti eka ati vistRta prathA rahI hai (dekhie vesTaramArka kI pustaka 'hisTrI Ava hyUmana maireja, 1921, jilda 3, pR0 206-220) / Rgveda (104012) meM hama par3hate haiM"tumheM, he Azvinau, yajJa karanevAlA apane ghara meM vaise hI pukAra rahA hai, jisa prakAra vidhavA apane devara ko pukAratI hai yA yuvatI apane premI kA AhvAna karatI hai|" kintu isase yaha nahIM spaSTa ho pAtA ki yaha ukti vidhavA tathA usake devara ke vivAha kI ora yA niyoga kI ora saMketa karatI hai| nirukta (3 / 15) kI kucha pratiyoM meM Rgveda kI isa RcA meM 'devara' kA artha "dvitIya vara" lagAyA gayA hai| meghAtithi (manu 9 / 66) ne isakI vyAkhyA niyoga ke artha meM kI hai| sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ke anusAra niyoga evaM vivAha meM antara hai| bahuta se prAcIna samAjoM meM striyAM sampatti ke samAna vasIyata ke rUpa meM prApta hotI thiiN| prAcIna kAla meM bar3e bhAI kI mRtyu para choTA bhAI usakI sampatti evaM vidhavA para adhikAra kara letA thaa| kintu Rgveda kA kAla isa prathA ke bahuta Upara uTha cukA thaa| maiklennAna ke anusAra niyoga kI prathA ke mUla meM bahu-martRkatA pAyI jAtI hai| kintu vesTaramArka ne isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai, jo ThIka hI hai| jaba sUtroM meM niyoga kI prathA mAnya thI, taba bahu-bhartakatA yA to vismRta ho cukI thI yA varjita thii| jaoNlI kA yaha kayana ki gauNa putroM ke mUla meM Arthika kAraNa the, nirAdhAra hai| niyoga kI prathA prAcIna thI aura usake kaI kAraNa the, kintu ve sabhI ajJAta evaM rahasyAtmaka haiM, kevala eka hI satyatA spaSTa hai-vaidika kAla se hI putrotpatti para bahuta dhyAna diyA gayA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (17 / 1-6) ne yaha mata mAnA hai aura vaidika uktiyoM ke AdhAra para pitRRNa se. mukta hone ke lie putrotpatti kI evaM svargika lokoM kI prApti kI mahattA prakaTa kI hai| kisI bhI RSi ne isake pIche Arthika kAraNa nahIM rakhA hai| yadi Arthika kAraNoM se gauNa putra prApta kiye jAyaM to eka vyakti bahuta-se putra prApta kara legaa| kintu dharmazAstrakAroM ne isakI AjJA nahIM dI hai| jise aurasa putra hotA thA vaha kSetraja athavA dattaka putra nahIM prApta kara sakatA thaa| ataH spaSTa hai ki niyoga ke pIche Arthika kAraNa nahIM the| vintaranitza (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1897, pR0 758) ne niyoga ke kAraNoM meM daridratA, striyoM kA abhAva evaM saMyukta parivAra mAnA hai| kintu isake viSaya meM ki aitihAsika kAla meM bhArata meM striyoM kA abhAva thA, koI pramANa nahIM prApta hotaa| hA~, yuddhoM ke kAraNa. puruSoM kA abhAva avazya rahA hogaa| aura na anya kAraNa, yathA dAridraya tathA saMyukta parivAra, hI vizleSaNa se Thahara pAte haiN| yahI kahanA uttama jaMcatA hai ki niyoga ati atIta prAcIna prathA kA avazeSa mAtra thA jo kramazaH vilIna hotA huA IsA kI Arambhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhArata meM sadA ke lie vajita ho gyaa|

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adhyAya 14 vidhavA-vivAha, vivAha viccheda (talAka) ___ vidhavA kA punarvivAha 'punarmU' zabda usa vidhavA ke lie prayukta hotA hai, jisane punarvivAha kiyA ho| nArada (strIpusa, 45) ke anusAra sAta prakAra kI paliyAM hotI haiM jo pahale kisI vyakti se vivAhita (parapUrvA) ho cukI rahatI haiM; unameM puna' ke tIna prakAra hote haiM aura svairiNI ke cAra prakAra hote haiN| tIna punarmU haiM- (1) vaha, jisakA vivAha meM pANigrahaNa ho cukA ho kintu samAgama na huA ho; isake viSaya meM vivAha eka bAra punaH hotA hai; (2) vaha strI, jo pahale apane pati ke sAtha rahakara use chor3a de aura anya martA kara le kintu punaH apane maulika pati ke yahA~ calI Aye; (3) vaha strI, jo apane pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta usake sambandhiyoM dvArA, devara ke na rahane para, kisI sapiNDa ko yA usI jAti vAle kisI ko de dI jAya (yaha niyoga hai, jisameM koI dhAgi ko devI jAya (yaha niyoga hai. jisameM koI dhArmika kRtya nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| cAra svariNIye haiM-(1) vaha strI, jo putrahIna yA putravatI hone para apane pati kI jIvitAvasthA meM premavaza kisI anya puruSa ke yahA~ calI jAya; (2) vaha strI, jo apane mRta pati ke bhAiyoM tathA anya logoM ko na cAhakara kisI anya ke prema meM phaMsa Aya; (3) vaha strI, jo videza se Akara yA krIta hokara bhUkha-pyAsa se vyAkula hokara kisI vyakti kI zaraNa meM Akara kaha de 'maiM tumhArI hU~'; (4) vaha strI, jo kisI ajanavI ko dezAcAra ke kAraNa apane gurujanoM dvArA supurda kara dI jAya, kintu svairiNI ho jAne kA aparAdha kare (jaba ki unake dvArA yA usa (strI) ke dvArA niyoga ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM ke niyama na pAlita hoN)| nArada ke anusAra uparyukta donoM prakAroM meM sabhI kramAnusAra nikRSTa kahe jAte haiN| yAjJavalkya (1 // 67) itane bar3e vistAra meM nahIM par3ate, ve punarmU ko do bhAgoM meM bA~Tate haiM; (1) vaha, jisakA pati se amI samAgama na A ho, tathA (2) vaha, jo samAgama kara cukI ho; ina donoM kA vivAha punaH hotA hai (punarmU vaha hai, jo punaH saMskRtA ho)| yAjJavalkya ne svairiNI usako mAnA hai jo apane vivAhita pati ko chor3akara kisI anya puruSa ke prema meM phaMsakara usI ke sAtha rahatI hai| dvitIya pati yA dvitIya vivAha se utpanna putra ko "paunarbhava" (krama se pati yA putra, yayA ponarmava-pati yA ponarbhava-putra) kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai (dekhie saMskAraprakAza, pR0740-741)| kazyapa ke anusAra punarmU ke sAta prakAra haiM-(1) vaha kanyA, jo vivAha ke lie pratizruta ho cukI ho, (2) vaha, jo mana se dI jA cukI ho, (3) vaha, jisakI kalAI meM vara dvArA kaMgana bA~dha diyA gayA ho, (4) vaha, jisakA jala ke sAtha (pitA dvArA) dAna ho cukA ho, (5) vaha, jisakA vara dvArA pANigrahaNa ho cukA ho, (6) vaha, jisane agnipradakSiNA kara lI ho tathA (7) jise vivAhoparAnta baccA ho cukA ho|' inameM prathama pAMca prakAroM se hameM yaha samajhanA cAhie ki vara yA to mara gayA yA usane Age kI vaivAhika kriyA nahIM kI aura lauTa gyaa| ina lar3akiyoM ko bhI, inakA 1. vAcA pattA manoratA kRtkautukmNglaa| udakaspazitA yA ca yA ca pANigRhItikA // agni parigatA pAca punaH prasavA ca yaa| ityetAH kazyapenoktA vahanti kulamagnivat // kazyapa (smRticandrikA, 1, 75 meM upt)|

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punarvivAha punarvivAha ho jAne para, puna' kahA jAtA hai, yadyapi inakA prathama vivAha vivAha nahIM thA, kyoMki usameM saptapadI nahIM sampAdita huI thii| chaThe prakAra meM agni-pradakSiNA ke kAraNa vivAha ho jAne kI gandha milatI hai| baudhAyana dvArA upasthApita prakAroM meM thor3I-sI vibhinnatA hai| prathama do kazyapa ke prakAra-jaise haiM, anya prakAra haiM--(3) vaha, jo (bara ke sAtha) agni ke caturdik ghUma gayI hai, (4) vaha, jisane saptapadI samApta kara lI hai, (5) vaha, jisane sambhoga kara liyA ho (cAhe vivAhoparAnta yA binA vivAha ke hI), (6) vaha, jo garbhavatI ho cukI ho tathA (7) vaha, jite baccA utpanna ho gayA ho| veda meM prayukta 'punarmU' kA artha karate samaya uparyukta arthoM kA smaraNa rakhanA caahie| zatapathabrAhmaNa (4 / 1 / 5 / 9) meM sukanyA kI kathA spaSTa hai-vaha kevala cyavana ko de dI gayI thI, abhI usakA bIpacArika DhaMga se vivAha nahIM huA thA, kintu usane apane ko cyavana kI patnI mAna liyA thaa| manu (9 / 69-70) ne niyoga ke niyamoM ko kevala usa kanyA taka sImita mAnA hai jo kevala vAgdattA mAtra thI; kintu vasiSThadharmasUtra (27172) ne vAgdattA evaM udakasparzitA (jo mana se jala-sparza karake dI jA cukI ho) ko vedamantroccAraNa ke pUrva abhI kumArI hI mAnA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (27174) ne baudhAyana ke cauthe prakAra kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| yAjJavalkya (2067) jaba akSatA ke bAre meM likhate haiM to kazyapa ke samI cha: prakAroM kI ora saMketa karate haiM yA baudhAyana ke prathama cAra prakAroM kI ora nirdeza karate haiM, kintu jaba ve kSatA kI bAta karate haiM to kazyapa ke sAtaveM evaM baudhAyana ke antima tIna prakAroM kI aura nirdeza karate haiN| vasiSThadharmasUtra (17 / 19-20) ne ponarbhava ko usa strI kA putra kahA hai, jo apanI yuvAvasthA ke pati ko tyAga kara kisI anya kA sAtha karatI hai aura punaH pati ke ghara Akara rahane lagatI hai, yA jo apane napuMsaka, jAticyuta yA pAgala pati ko tyAga kara yA apane pati kI mRtyu para dUsarA pati kara letI hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 31) ne paunarmava putra ko usa strI kA putra mAnA hai, jo apane napuMsaka yA jAticyuta pati ko chor3akara anya pati karatI hai| nArada (strIpuMsa, 97), parAzara (4 / 30) evaM agnipurANa (154 / 5-6) meM eka hI zloka AyA hai, yathA "naSTe mRte pravajite klIbe ca patite pto| paJcasvApatsu nArINAM patiranyo vidhIyate // " nArada (strIpuMsa prakaraNa 97) / isakA artha hai-"pA~ca vipattiyoM meM striyoM ke lie dvitIya pati AjJApita hai; jaba pati naSTa ho jAya (usake viSaya meM kucha sunAI na par3e), mara jAya, saMnyAsI ho jAya, napuMsaka ho yA patita ho|" isa zloka ko lekara bahuta vAda-vivAda calatA rahA hai| parAzaramAdhavIya (2, bhAga 1, pR0 53) ne sabase sarala mata yaha diyA hai ki yaha bAta yA sthiti kisI anya yuga ke samAja kI hai, isakA kaliyuga meM koI upayoga nahIM hai| anya logoM ne, yathA medhAtithi (manu 5 / 157) ne likhA hai ki 'pati' zabda kA artha kevala 'pAlaka' hai| medhAtithi (manu 3 / 10 evaM 5 / 163) niyoga ke virodhI nahIM haiM, kintu ve vidhavA ke punarvivAha ke kaTTara virodhI haiN| smRtyarthasAra (lagabhaga 1150 I0 se 120060 taka) ne kaI mata prakAzita kiye haiM, yathA-(1) kucha logoM ke mata se yadi saptapadI ke pUrva hITara mara jAya to kanyA kA vika jAnA cAhie, (2) anyoM kA kahanA hai ki samAgama (sambhoga ho jAne ke) ke pUrva yadi pati mara jAya to punarvivAha ho jAnA cAhie, (3) kucha logoM ke mata se yadi vivAhoparAnta kanyA ke rajasvalA hone ke pUrva pati mara jAya to punarvivAha ho jAnA cAhie tathA (4) kucha anya logoM ke anusAra garbha Thaharane ke pUrva punarvivAha AjJApita hai| 2. vAgvattA manovattA agni parigatA saptamaM padaM nItA bhuktA gRhItagarbhA prasUtA yeti saptaviyA punarbhavati / atastAM gRhItvA na prajA dharma ca vindet|| baudhAyana (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 75 tathA saMskAraprakAza, pR0 735 meM upt)|

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dharmazAlA itihAsa mApastambadharmasUtra (206 / 13 / 3-4) ne punarvivAha kI bhartsanA kI hai-"yadi koI puruSa usa strI se, jisakA koI pati raha cukA ho, yA jisakA vivAha-saMskAra na huA ho, yA jo dUsare varNa kI ho, sambhoga karatA hai to pApa kA mAgI hotA hai, aura usakA putra kI pApa kA bhAgI kahA jaaygaa|" haradatta ne manu (36174) kI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai ki dUsare kI patnI se, jisakA pati jIvita ho, utpanna kiyA huA putra 'kuNa' tathA usase, jisakA pazi mara gayA ho, utpatra kiyA huA putra 'golaka' kahalAtA hai| manu ( 41162) ne vidhavA ke punarvivAha kA virodha kiyA hai-"sadAcArI nAriyoM ke lie dUsare pati kI ghoSaNA kahIM nahIM huI hai"; yahI bAta vibhinna daMgoM meM unhoMne kaI bAra kahI hai|' brahmapurANa ne kaliyuga meM vidhavA-vivAha niSiddha mAnA hai| saMskAraprakAza ne kAtyAyana kA mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki unhoMne sagotra meM vivAhita viSavA ke punarvivAha kI bAta calAyI hai, kintu aba yaha mata kaliyuga meM vamAnya hai| yahI bAta sabhI nibandhoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| manu (9 / 176) ne usa kanyA ke punapilAha ke saMskAra kI bAla uThAyI hai, jisakA abhI samAgama na huA ho, yA jo apanI yuvAvasthA kA pati chor3akara anya ke sAtha rahakara punaH apane vAstavika pati ke yahA~ A gayI ho| yahA~ manu ne apane samaya kI rUDhigata paramparA kI ora saMketa mAtra kiyA hai, vAstava meM jaisA ki pahale hI vyakta kie jA cukA hai, ve viSavA ke punarvivAha ke ghora virodhI the| spaSTa hai, manu ne punarvivAha meM mantroM ke prayoga kA virodha nahIM kiyA hai, pratyuta mantroM se abhiSikta punarvivAha ko adharma hI malA hai| mahAbhArata meM AyA hai ki dIrghatamA ne punarvivAha evaM niyoga varjita kara diyA hai (Adiparva 104 / 34-37) / manu (9 / 172-173) ne svayaM garbhavatI kanyA ke saMskAra kI bAta calAyI hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (4 / 1 / 18), vasiSThadharmasUtra (17174), yAjJavalkya (11167) ne punarvivAha ke saMskAra (paunarbhava saMskAra) kI bAta kahI (3 / 155) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 222) ne zrAddha meM na bulAye jAne vAle brAhmaNoM meM pAnava (punarmU ke putra) ko bhI vinA hai| aparAka (097) dvArA uddhata brahmapurANa meM yaha AyA hai ki bAlavidhavA,yA jo balavaza tyAga dI gayI ho, yA kisI ke dvArA apahata ho cukI ho, usake vivAha kA nayA saMskAra ho sakatA hai| bahuta-sI smRtiyoM ne usa patnI ke lie, jisakA pati bahuta varSoM ke lie bAhara gayA huA ho, kucha niyama banAye haiN| nArada (strIpuMsa, 98-101) ne ye Adeza diye haiM-"yadi pati videza gayA ho to brAhmaNa patnI ko ATha varSoM taka johanA cAhie, kintu kevala cAra hI varSoM taka johanA cAhie jaba ki use baccA na utpanna huA ho, usake uparAnta (8 yA 4 varSoM ke uparAnta) vaha dUsarA vivAha kara sakatI hai (nArada ne kSatriya aura vaizya patniyoM ke lie kama varSa nirdhArita kiye haiM); yadi pati jIvita hai to dUne varSoM taka johanA cAhie; prajApati kA mata yaha hai ki yadi pati kA koI patA na ho to dUsarA pati karane meM koI pApa nahIM hai|" manu (976) kA kahanA hai-"yadi puruSa dhArmika kartavya ko lekara videza gayA ho to patnI ko ATha varSoM taka, yadi jJAna yA yaza kI prApti ke lie gayA ho to chaH varSoM taka, yadi prema ke vaza hokara (dUsarI strI ke phera meM) gayA ho to tIna varSoM taka johanA caahie|" manu ne yaha nahIM batAyA ki uparyukta 3. na dvitIyazca sAdhvInAM kvacid bhaapvishyte| manu 51162; na vigAhavidhAyuktaM vidhavAvevanaM punH| manu 9165; sakRtkanyA prdiiyte| manu 9 / 47; pANiprahaNikA mantrAH kanyAsveva prtisstthitaaH| manu 8 / 226 / dekhie AzvalAyanagRhAmUtra 17113; Apa tambamantrapATha 1|57-'arymnnN nu devaM kanyA agnimayakSata' Adi, jahA~ kevala 'kanyA' na huA hai| 4. yadi kArajAlavidhavA basAtyaktAthavA kvacit / tavA bhUbastu saMskAryA gRhItA yena kenacit // brahmapurANa (aparAkaM pR0 97 meM upt)|

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punarvivAha avadhiyoM ke uparAnta patnI ko kyA karanA cAhie / vasiSTha (17 / 75-76) ne batAyA hai ki yadi pati bAhara calA gayA ho to pA~ca varSo taka bATa dekhakara use pati ke pAsa calA jAnA caahie| yaha to ThIka hai, kintu yadi pati kA koI patA-ThikAnA na jJAta ho taba usa becArI patnI ko kyA karanA cAhie ? isa prazna ke uttara meM vasiSTha mauna haiN| vizvarUpa ( yAjJavalkya 1 / 69 ) ne likhA hai ki videza gaye hue pati ko niyamAnusAra niyata samaya taka johakara niyoga ko nahIM apanAte hue use pati ke pAsa calA jAnA caahie| kauTilya ( 314 ) ne manohara niyama diye haiM- "videza gaye hue, yA saMnyAsI, yA mare hue pati ko patnI ko sAta RtumAsa taka jokara, tathA yadi use eka baccA ho, to sAla bhara taka jokara apane pati ke sage bhAI se vivAha kara lenA caahie| yadi kaI bhAI hoM to use apane pati kI sannikaTa avasthA vAle bhAI se, jo sadAcArI ho, usakA bharaNa-poSaNa kara sake yA yaha jo loTA ho yA avivAhita ho, usase vivAha karanA caahie| yadi koI bhAI na ho to vaha apane pati ke sapiNDa se yA usI jAti ke kisI se bhI vivAha kara sakatI hai / " damayantI kI gAthA yaha spaSTa karatI hai ki jana kA varSoM patA na cale to patnI punavivAha sampAdita kara sakatI hai ( vanaparva 70124 ) / eka prazna uThatA hai jaba viSaya vivAha kare to usakA gotra kyA hogA ? ( usake pitA kA athavA prathama pati kA ? ) isa viSaya meM prAcIna smRtiyoM evaM TIkAoM meM koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| vizvarUpa ( yAjJavalkya 1 / 63 ) kanyAprada' kI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM ki kucha logoM ke mata se pitA kanyA kA yadi vaha akSatayoni ne ho taba mI, dAna karatA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki vidhavA ke punarvivAha meM pitA kA gotra hI dekhA jAtA hai| yahI mata vidyAsAgara kA, jisakA DA0 banarjI ne anusaraNa kiyA hai, bhI hai| vidhavA ke punarvivAha ke viSaya meM atharvaveda kI kucha uktiyAM bhI vIya hai| atharvaveda (511718-9) meM AyA hai --"yadi koI strI pahale dasa abrAhmaNa padi kareM, kintu anta meM yadi vaha brAhmaNa se vivAha kare to vaha u vAstavika pati hai / kevala brAhmaNa hI ( vAstavika) pati hai, na ki kSatriya yA vaizya; yaha bAta sUrya paMca mAnavoM (paMca vargoM yA paMca prakAra ke manuSya gaNoM meM) meM ghoSita karatA calatA hai|" isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi strI ko prathama kSatriya yA vaizya pati ho, to yadi vaha usakI mRtyu ke uparAnta kisI brAhmaNa se vivAha karatI hai to vahI usakA vAstavika pati kahA jAyagA / atharvaveda (9 / 5 / 27-28 ) meM punaH AyA hai---"yadi koI strI eka pati se vivAha karane ke uparAnta dUsare se vivAhita hotI hai, yadi ve (donoM) eka bakarI aura bhAta kI pA~na thAliyA~ dete haiM to ye donoM eka-dUsare se alaga nahIM hoNge| dUsarA pati apanI punavavAhita patnI ke sAtha vahI loka prApta karatA hai, yadi vaha pA~ca bhAta kI thI ke sAtha eka bakarI detA hai, tathA dakSiNA jyoti: ( zulka kA dIpaprakAza) pradAna karatA hai|" yahA~ para bhI punarbhU zabda prayukta huA hai| ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ manodattA kanyA ke ho purnavivAha kI carcA ho / cAhe jo ho, yaha spaSTa lakSita hotA hai ki isa prakAra kA vivAha taba taka acchA nahIM ginA jAtA thA jaba taka ki kanyA kA pApa yA lokApavAda yajJa 345 5. DA0 banarjI, 'maeNreja eNDa strIdhana' (5vA~ saMskaraNa, pR0 309 ) / 6. kanyAprava iti vacanAvakSatAyA eva na yamika dAnam / pitA tvakanyAmapi dadyAditi kecit / vizvarUpa ( yAjJavalkya 1 / 63) / 7. usa yatpatayo daza striyAH pUrve abrAhmaNAH / brahmA veddhastamagrahItsa evaM patirekadhA // brahmaNa eva patirna rAjanyo na vaizyaH / tatsUryaH pranuvanneti paJcabhyo mAnavebhyaH / / atharvaveda 5 / 17 / 8-9 / 'uta' zabda kA artha nirukta ne 'api' lagAyA hai, vizeSataH jaba yaha pAda yA zloka ke Arambha meM AtA hai| dharma 0 44

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346 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se dUra na kara diyA jaay| anya uktiyoM kI carcA Age hogii| itanA spaSTa hai ki arthavaveda ke mata meM vidhavA kA puna vivAha niSiddha evaM vajita nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| taittirIya saMhitA (3 / 2 / 4 / 4) meM 'daidhiSavya' (vidhavAputra) zabda AyA hai| gRhyasUtra vidhavA-punarvivAha ke viSaya meM mauna haiN| lagatA hai, taba taka vaha vivAha varjita sA ho cukA thA, kevala yatra-tatra aisI ghaTanAeM ghaTa jAyA karatI thiiN| brAhmaNoM evaM unake samAna anya jAtiyoM meM sammAna ke vicAra se vidhavA-vivAha zatAbdiyoM se vajita rahA hai| prAcInatama aitihAsika udAharaNoM meM rAmagupta kI rAnI dhruvadevI kA (pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta) apane devara candragupta se vivAha ati prasiddha rahA hai| zUdroM evaM anya nIcI jAtiyoM meM vidhavApunarvivAha sadA se paramparAgata evaM niyamAnumodita rahA hai, yadyapi unameM bhI kumArI kanyA ke vivAha se yaha vivAha apekSAkRta anuttama mAnA jAtA rahA hai| kucha jAtiyoM ke aise vivAha paMcAyata se taya hote haiN| Rgveda evaM atharvaveda kI kucha uktiyoM se kaI vivAda khar3e ho gaye haiM, yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA ki niyoga, vidhavApunarvivAha yA vidhavA-agnipraveza meM kisa kI ora unakA saMketa hai| Rgveda kI antyeSTi kriyA-sambandhI ye do uktiyAM haiM (Rgveda 10 / 18 / 7-8)- 'ye striyA~, jo vidhavA nahIM haiM, jinake acche pati haiM, aMjana ke rUpa meM prayukta ghRta ke sAtha baiTha jAyeM, ve patniyA~, jo azruvihIna haiM, rogavihIna haiM, acche paridhAna dhAraNa kiye hue haiM, yahA~ sammukha (sabase pahale) baiTha jaayeN| he strI, tuma jIvita loka kI ora uTho, tuma isa mRta (pati) ke pAsa leTa jAo, Ao, tumhArA patnItva usa pati se jisane tumhArA hAtha pakar3A aura tumheM pyAra kiyA, saphala ho gyaa|" yaha vicitra bAta hai ki sAyaNa ne uparyukta ukti kI antima ardhacaM (ardhAlI) meM mRta pati ke bhAI dvArA usakI patnI ko vivAha ke lie nimantraNa denA samajhA hai| kintu sAyaNa kA yaha artha khIMcAtAnI mAtra hai aura isase 'hastagrAbhasya', 'patyuH' evaM 'babhUtha' ke vAstavika artha para prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| vivAhaviccheda (talAka) vaidika sAhitya meM kucha aisI uktiyA~ haiM, jinheM hama vidhavA-punarvivAha ke artha meM le sakate haiN| 'punarbhU' zabda se paryApta prakAza milatA hai| kintu vivAha-viccheda yA talAka ke viSaya meM vahA~ kucha bhI prApya nahIM hai aura pazcAtkAlIna vaidika sAhitya meM bhI hameM kucha vizeSa prakAza nahIM mila paataa| dharmazAstrakAroM kA siddhAnta hai ki homa evaM saptapadI ke uparAnta vivAha kA viccheda nahIM ho sktaa| manu (9 / 101) ne likhA hai-"pati-patnI kI pArasparika niSThA AmaraNa calatI jAya, yahI pati evaM patnI kA parama dharma hai|" manu ne eka sthAna (9 / 46) para aura kahA hai--"na to vikraya se aura na bhAga jAne se patnI kA pati se chuTakArA ho sakatA hai| hama samajhate haiM yaha niyama purAtana kAla meM sRSTikartA ne banAyA hai|" dharmazAstrakAroM kA kathana hai ki vivAha eka saMskAra hai, patnItva kI sthiti kA udbhava usI saMskAra se hotA hai, yadi pati yA patnI patita ho jAya, to saMskAra kI parisamApti nahIM ho jAtI, yadi patnI vyabhicAriNI ho jAya to bhI vaha patnI hai, aura prAyazcitta kara lene ke uparAnta use vivAha kA saMskAra punaH nahIM karanA par3atA (vizvarUpa, yAjJavalkya 3 / 253-254 pr)| hamane dekha liyA hai ki puruSa eka patnI ke rahate dUsarA yA kaI vivAha kara sakatA hai, aura kucha sthitiyoM meM apanI strI ko chor3a sakatA hai| kintu yaha vivAha-viccheda yA talAka nahIM hai, yahA~ aba bhI vivAha kA bandhana apane sthAna para dRDha hI hai| hamane yaha dekha liyA hai ki nArada, parAzara evaM anya dharmazAstrakAroM kI anumati se eka strI kucha sthitiyoM meM, yathA pati ke mRta ho jAne, guma ho jAne Adi se, punarvivAha kara sakarda grI, kintu nibandhoM evaM TIkAkAroM ne ise pUrva yuga kI bAta kahakara TAla diyA hai| ataH vivAha-viccheda kI bAta dharmazAstroM evaM hindU samAja meM lagabhaga do sahasra varSoM se anasUnI-sI rahI hai, hA~, paramparA ke anusAra yaha bAta nIcI jAtiyoM meM pracalita rahI hai| yadi pati use usakI truTiyoM ke kAraNa chor3a de to bhI patnI bharaNa-poSaNa kI adhikArI mAnI jAtI

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vivAha-viccheda rahI hai| ataH isa prakAra kA tyAga vivAha-viccheda kA dyotaka nahIM rahA hai| pazcAtkAlIna smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM meM nArada ko chor3akara koI yaha bAta soca hI nahIM sakatA thA ki patnI apane pati kA tyAga kara sakatI hai| nArada ne avazya kahA hai ki napuMsaka, saMnyAsI evaM jAticyuta pati ko patnI chor3a sakatI hai| yAjJavalkya (1177) kI TIkA meM mitAkSarA kA kahanA hai ki jaba pati patita (jAticyuta) ho patnI usake niyantraNa ke bAhara rahatI hai, kintu use taba taka johate rahanA cAhie jaba taka ki vaha prAyazcitta dvArA punaH pavitra na ho jAya evaM jAti meM na le liyA jAya; aura isake uparAnta vaha punaH usake niyantraNa meM calI jAtI hai| bar3e se bar3A pApa prAyazcitta se kaTa jAtA hai, ataH patnI apane pati ko madA ke lie nahIM chor3a sakatI (manu 10 / 89, 92, 101, 105-196) / kevala tyAga yA varSoM taka bAhara rahane yA vyabhicAra se hindU vivAha kI itizrI nahIM ho jaatii| kauTilya ke arthazAstra (3 / 3) meM kucha aise manoraMjaka niyama haiM jo vivAha-viccheda para kucha prakAza DAlate haiM"yadi pati nahIM cAhatA to patnI ko chuTakArA nahIM mila sakatA, isI prakAra yadi patnI nahIM cAhatI to pati ko chuTakArA nahIM prApta ho sakatA; kintu yadi donoM meM pArasparika vidveSa hai to chuTakArA sambhava hai| yadi pati patnI se Darakara usase pRthak honA cAhatA hai to use (patnI ko) vivAha ke samaya jo kucha prApta huA thA use de dene se pati ko chuTakArA mila sakatA hai| yadi patnI pati se Darakara usase pRthak honA cAhatI hai to pati patnI ke vivAha ke samaya jo kucha prApta huA thA, use nahIM lauTAyegA / aMgIkRta rUpa meM (dharmya) vivAha kA viccheda nahIM hotaa|" kauTilya (312) ne likhA hai ki vivAha ke brAhma, prAjApatya, ArSa evaM daiva nAmaka cAra prakAra dharmya haiM, kyoMki ye pitA ke pramANa dvArA svIkRta athavA kiye jAte haiN| a" ina cAroM prakAra ke vivAhoM kA viccheda, kauTilya ke mata se, sambhava nahIM hai| kintu yadi vivAha gAndharva, Asura evaM rAkSasa prakAra ke rahe haiM, to vidveSa utpanna ho jAne para eka-dUsare kI sammati se uname viccheda ho sakatA hai| kintu kauTilya ke kathana se itanA spaSTa hai ki yadi eka (pati yA patnI) viccheda nahIM cAhatA to dUsare ko chuTakArA nahIM prApta ho sakatA, kintu yadi zarIra para kisI prakAra kA Dara yA khatarA utpanna ho jAya to apavAda rUpa se donoM pakSoM kA chuTakArA sambhava hai|

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adhyAya 15 satI-prathA Ajakala bhArata meM satI honA aparAdha hai, kintu lagabhaga savA sau varSa pUrva (san 1829 ke pUrva ) isa deza meM vidhavAoM kA satI jAnA eka dharma thaa| vidhavAoM kA satI, arthAt pati kI citA para jalakara bhasma ho jAnA kevala brAhmaNa dharma meM hI nahIM pAyA gayA hai, pratyuta yaha prathA mAnava samAja kI prAcInatama dhArmika dhAraNAoM evaM andhavizvAsapUrNa kRtyoM meM samAviSTa rahI hai| satI hone kI prathA prAcIna yUnAniyoM, jarmanoM, slAvoM evaM anya jAtiyoM meM pAyI gayI hai (dekhie DAI phrau, pR056, 82-83 evaM racaMDara kA grantha 'prIhisTArika eNTIkvIrija Ava di Aryan pIpula', aMgrejI anuvAda, 1890, pR0 391 evaM vesTaramArka kI pustaka 'Arijina eNDa DevalapameNTa oNva maoNrala AiDiyAja', 1906, jilda 1, pR0 472-476 ) / kintu isakA pracalana bahudhA rAjagharAnoM evaM bhadra logoM meM hI rahA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM satI hone ke viSaya meM na to koI nirdeza milatA hai aura na koI mantra hI prApta hote haiN| gRhyasUtroM ne bhI isake viSaya meM koI vidhi nahIM prastuta kI hai| lagatA hai ki IsA kI kucha zatAbdiyoM pahale yaha prathA brAhmaNavAdI bhArata meM pracalita huii| yaha prathA yahIM utpanna huI, yA kisI abhAratIya jAti se lI gayI, isa viSaya meM pramANayukta ukti denA kaThina hai| viSNudharmasUtra ko chor3akara kisI anya dharmasUtra ne bhI satI hone ke viSaya meM koI nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai / manusmRti isake viSaya meM sarvathA mauna hai| sTraibo (15 / 1 / 30 evaM 62 ) meM AyA hai ki "alekjeNDara ke sAtha yUnAniyoM ne paMjAba ke kaThAiyoM (kaThoM) meM satI prathA dekhI thI; unhoMne yaha bhI vyakta kiyA hai ki yaha prathA isa Dara se umarI ki patniyA~ apane patiyoM ko chor3a deMgI yA viSa de deMgI" (haimilTana evaM phailkonara kA anuvAda, jilda 3 ) | viSNudharmasUtra ( 25 / 14 ) ne likhA hai -- " apane pati kI mRtyu para vidhavA brahmacarya rakhatI thI yA usakI citA para car3ha jAtI thI ( arthAt jala jAtI thI ) / ": mahAbhArata ne, yadyapi vaha raktaraMjita yuddhoM kI gAthAoM se bharA par3A hai, satI hone ke bahuta kama udAharaNa diye haiM; "pANDu kI pyArI rAnI mAdrI ne pati ke zava ke sAtha apane ko jalA diyA / " virATaparva meM kIcaka ke sAtha jala jAne ke lie sairandhrI ko AjJA dI gayI hai (238) / prAcIna kAla meM mRta rAjA ke sAtha dAsa yA dAsoM ko gAr3a dene kI prathA thI; mausalaparva ( 7 / 18 ) meM AyA hai ki vasudeva kI cAra patniyoM devakI, bhadrA, rohiNI evaM maMdirA ne apane ko pati ke sAtha jalA DAlA, aura (7173-74) kRSNa kI rukmiNI, gAndhArI, zaibyA, haimavatI evaM jAmbavatI ne apane ko unake ( zrI kRSNa ke) zarIra ke sAtha jalA diyA tathA satyabhAmA evaM anya rAniyoM ne tapa ke lie vana kA mArga liyA / viSNupurANa (5 / 3812 ) ne likhA hai ki kRSNa kI mRtyu para unakI ATha rAniyoM ne agni meM praveza kara 1. mRte bhartari brahmacayaM tadanvArohaNaM vA / viSNudharmasUtra ( 25/14 ) : yAjJavalkya ke 1186 kI vyAkhyA maM mitAkSarA dvArA uddhRta / 2. Adiparva 95 / 65 -- tatrainaM citAgnisyaM mAdrI samanvAruroha / Adiparva 125-29 - - rAjJaH zarIreNa saha mamApIdaM kalevaram / dagdhavyaM supraticchannametadAyeM priyaM kuru "

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satI prathA liyaa| zAntiparva (148) meM AyA hai ki eka kapotI apane pati (kapota) kI mRtyu para agni meM praveza kara gyii| strIparva (26) meM mRta kauravoM kI antyeSTi-kriyA kA varNana huA hai| jisameM kauravoM ke rayoM, paridhAnoM, AyadhoM ke jalA dene kI bAta AyI hai, kintu unakI patniyoM ke satI hone kI bAta para mahAbhArata mauna hI hai|| uparyukta bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki satI-prathA vizeSataH rAjagharAnoM evaM bar3e-bar3e vIroM taka hI sImita rahI hai, aura vaha bhI bahuta kama / aparArka ne paiThInasi, aMgirA, vyAghrapAda Adi kI uktiyA~ uddhRta karake batAyA hai ki ina dharmazAstrakAroM ne brAhmaNa vidhavAoM ke lie satI honA vajita mAnA hai| nibandhakAroM ne isa niSedha ko dUsare DhaMga se samajhAyA hai-"brAhmaNoM kI patniyA~ apane ko kevala patiyoM kI citA para hI masma kara sakatI haiM, yadi pati kahIM dUra videza meM mara gayA ho aura vahIM jalA diyA gayA ho, to usakI patnI mRtyu ke samAcAra se apane ko jalA nahIM sktii|" uzanA meM AyA hai ki brAhmaNa vidhavA apane ko pati se alaga nahIM jalA sktii| sambhavataH isI ukti ko nibandhakAroM ne apane matoM ke pramANa meM rakhA hai| vyAsasmRti (2153) meM AyA hai--"pati ke zava kA AliMgana karake brAhmaNI ko agnipraveza karanA cAhie; yadi vaha pati ke uparAnta jIvita rahatI hai to use apanA keza-zRGgAra nahIM karanA cAhie aura tapa se zarIra ko galA denA caahie|" rAmAyaNa (uttarakANDa 17 / 15) meM eka brAhmaNI ke satI ho jAne kI ora saMketa hai-brahmarSi kI patnI evaM vedavatI kI mAtA ne rAvaNa dvArA cher3e jAne para apane ko jalA ddaalaa| mahAbhArata (strIparva 23 // 34) meM droNAcArya kI patnI kRpI vikIrNakezI ke rUpa meM rotI huI yuddhabhUmi meM AtI hai kintu apane ko jalA DAlane kI koI carcA nahIM karatI hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki brAhmaNiyoM kA vidhavA rUpa meM jala jAnA kSatriya vidhavAoM ke jala jAne kI prathA ke bahuta dinoM uparAnta Arambha huA hai| pati kI mRtyu para vidhavA ke jala jAne ko sahamaraNa yA sahagamana yA anvArohaNa (jaba vidhavA mRta pati kI citA para car3hakara zava ke sAtha jala jAtI hai) kahA jAtA hai, kintu anumaraNa taba hotA hai jaba pati aura kahIM mara jAtA hai tathA jalA diyA jAtA hai, aura usakI masma ke sAtha yA pAdukA ke sAtha yA binA kisI cihna ke usakI vidhavA jalakara mara jAtI hai (dekhie aparArka, pR0 111 nathA madanapArijAta, pR0 198) / kAlidAsa ke kumArasambhava (4 / 34) meM kAmadeva ke bhasma ho jAne para usakI patnI agni-praveza karanA cAhatI hai, kintu vargika svara use aisA karane se roka dete haiM / gAthAzaptazatI (7 / 32) meM anumaraNa karane vAlI eka nArI kA ullekha huA hai| kAmasUtra (6 / 3 / 53) ne bhI anumaraNa kI carcA kI hai| varAhamihira ne una vidhavAoM ke sAhasa kI prazaMsA kI hai jo pati ke marane para agni-praveza kara jAtI haiM (bRhatsaMhitA 74 / 16) / bANa ke harSacarita (ucchvAsa 5) meM harSa ke pitA prabhAkaravardhana ko maratA dekhakara mAtA yazomatI ke agni praveza kA ullekha hai kintu yaha satI hone kA udAharaNa nahIM kahA jAyagA, kyoMki yazomatI ne pati ke maraNa ke pUrva hI apane ko jalA diyaa| bANa ne harSacarita (5) meM anumaraNa kA bhI AlaMkArika rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai| bANa kI kAdambarI ne anamaraNa kI bar3e-kar3e zabdoM meM nindA kI hai| bhAgavatapurANa (1.13 / 57) ne dhRtarASTra ke zava ke sAtha gAndhArI ke bhasma hone kI bAta likhI hai| rAjataraMgiNI meM kaI sthAnoM (6 / 107, 195; 7 / 103, 478) para satI hone ke udAharaNa milate haiN| bahuta-se abhilekhoM meM satI hone ke udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| inameM sabase prAcIna gupta saMvat 191 (510 I0) kA hai (gupta iMskripzaMsa, phlITa, pa.0 21) / dekhie irana yA eraNa prastara stambha-abhilekha, jisameM goparAja kI patnI kA pati ke sAtha satI ho jAnA utkIrNa hai ; iNDiyana eNTIkvero, jilda 9, pR0 164 meM nepAla abhilekha (705 I0), jisameM dharmadeva kI vidhavA rAjyavatI apane putra mahAdeva ko zAsana-bhAra saMbhAlane ko kahatI hai aura apane ko satA kara denA cAhatI hai ; belaturu abhilekha (979 zaka saMvat), jisameM dekabba nAmaka zUdra strI apane pati kI mRtyu para mAtApitA ke manA karane para bhI bhasma ho jAtI hai aura usake mAtA-pitA usakI smRti meM stambha khar3A karate haiM; epipraiphiyA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 350 iNDikA, jilda 14, pR0 265, 267, jahA~ para sindha mahAmaNDalezvara rAcamalla ne apane saradAra becirAja kI do vidhavAoM ke, jo ki satI ho gayIM, kahane para zaka saMvat 1903 meM eka mandira banavAyA / isI prakAra kaI eka abhilekha prApta hote haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahAM nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| san 1772 I0 meM pezavA mAdhavarAva kI patnI ramA bAI satI ho gayI thI / ciMttaur3a tathA anya sthAnoM para rAjaputriyoM, rAniyoM Adi dvArA khele gaye jauhara kI kahAniyA~ abhI bahuta tAjI haiN| musalamAnoM ke krUra hAthoM meM par3ane tathA balAtkAra sahane kI apekSA rAjapUtoM kI rAniyA~, putriyA~ tathA anya rAjapUta kumAriyA~ apane ko agni meM jhoMka detI thiiN| puruSa bhI sahamaraNa yA anumaraNa karate the| dekhie iNDiyana eNTikverI, jilda 35 pR0 129, jahAM isa prakAra ke bahuta se udAharaNa uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| bahuta-se puruSa apanI svAmi-bhakti tathA anya kAraNoM se bhasma ho jAyA karate the| ina satiyoM evaM puruSoM kI smRti meM prastara-stambha khar3e kiye jAte the, jinheM mAstikkala ( mahAsatI ke lie prastara-stambha yA yazastambha) yA virakkala ( vIra evaM bhakta logoM ke lie yazastambha ) kahA jAtA thaa| harSacarita meM bANa ne likhA hai ki prabhAkaravardhana kI mRtyu para kitane hI mitroM, maMtriyoM, dAsoM evaM snehapAtroM ne apane ko mAra DAlA / rAjataraMgiNI (7 / 481) meM AyA hai ki ananta kI rAnI jaba satI ho gayI to usakA caTAI DhonevAlA, kucha anya puruSa tathA tIna dAsiyA~ usakI anugAmI ho gyiiN| eka udAharaNa mAtA kA mI milatA hai jo apane putra ke sAtha satI ho gayI ( rAjataraMgiNI 7 / 1380 ) / prayAga jaise sthAnoM para svarga prApti ke lie AtmahatyA taka ho jAyA karatI thI / aitihAsika kAloM meM jo satI-prathA pracalita thI, usake pIche koI paurohitaka yA dhArmika dabAva nahIM thA, aura na anicchuka nAriyA~ aisA karatI thiiN| yaha prathA kAlAntara meM bar3hatI gayI, para yaha kahanA ki puruSoM ne isake bar3hane meM sahAyatA kI, anucita hai| eka rocaka manobhAva ke kAraNa hI satI prathA kA vikAsa huaa| prathamataH yaha rAjakuloM evaM bhadra logoM taka hI sImita thI, kyoMki prAcIna kAla meM vijita rAjAoM evaM zUroM kI patniyoM kI sthiti bar3I hI dayanIya hotI thI / jIte hue loga vijita logoM kI patniyoM se hI badalA cukAte the aura unheM bandI banAkara le jAte the aura unake sAtha dAsiyoM jaisA vyavahAra karate the| manu (7/96) ne sainikoM ko yuddha meM prApta vastuoM ke sAtha striyoM ko mI pakar3a lene kI AjJA dI hai| prabhAkaravardhana kI strI yazomatI apane putra harSa se varNana karatI hai ki vijita rAjAoM kI patniyA~ usako paMkhA jhalA karatI haiM ( harSacarita 5 ) / kSatriyoM se yaha prathA brAhmaNoM meM bhI pahu~ca gayI, yadyapi jaimA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai, smRtikAroM ne brAhmaNiyoM ke lie satI honA ucita nahIM mAnA hai| eka bAra jaba yaha prathA jar3a pakar3a gayI to nibandhakAroM evaM TIkAkAroM ne isako bala de diyA aura satiyoM ke lie bhaviSya meM milane vAle puraskAroM (puNya) kI carcA calA dii| satiyoM ke lie nimnalikhita pratiphala (puNyaprApti) kI carcA kI gayI hai - zaMkha-likhita evaM aMgirA ke anusAra jo nArI pati kI mRtyu kA anusaraNa karatI hai, vaha manuSya ke zarIra para pAye jAnevAle romoM kI saMkhyA ke tulya varSo taka svarga meM birAjatI hai, arthAt 3 || karor3a varSa / jisa prakAra saMperA sA~pa ko usake bila se khIMca letA hai, usI prakAra satI honevAlI strI apane pati ko (cAhe jahA~ bhI vaha ho) khIMca letI hai aura usake sAtha kalyANa pAtI hai / .... satI hone vAlI strI arundhatI ke samAna hI svarga meM yaza pAtI hai|' hArIta ke mata meM jo strI satI hotI hai, vaha tIna kuloM ko, 3. tisraH koTyo'rthakoTI ca yAni lomAni mAnuSe / tAvatkAlaM vasetsvagaM bhartAraM yAnugacchati // vyAlaya hI yathA sarpa balAbuddharate bilAt / tadubutya sA nArI saha tenaiva modate // tatra sA bhartR paramA stUyamAnApsarogaNaiH / krIDate patinA sAvaM yAvadindrAzcaturdaza // brahmaghno vA kRtaghno yA mitraghno vA bhavetpatiH / punAtyavidhavA nArI tamAdAya mutA

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satI-prathA 354 arthAt mAtA, pitA evaM pati ke kuloM ko pavitra kara detI hai / mitAkSarA ne satI prathA arthAt avarohaNa ko brAhmaNa se lekara cANDAla taka kI striyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se zreyaskara mAnA hai, kintu usa strI ko, jo garbhavatI hai yA choTe baccoM vAlI hai, satI hone se roka diyA hai (yAjJavalkya 1486 ) / kucha prAcIna TIkAkAroM ne satI hone kA virodha kiyA hai| meghAtithi ( manu 5 / 157 ) ne isa prathA kI tulanA zyenayAga ( jisake dvArA loga apane zatru para kAlA jAdU karake use mArate the) se kI hai| meghAtithi kA kahanA hai ki yadyapi aMgirA ne anumati dI hai, kintu yaha AtmahatyA hai aura striyoM ke lie varjita hai / yadyapi veda kahatA hai; " zyenenAbhicaran yajeta", kintu ise arthAt zyenayAga ko loga acchI dRSTi se nahIM dekhate arthAt use dharma nahIM mAnate for adharma kahate haiM (jaimini 1 / 1 / 2 para zabarara), usI prakAra yadyapi aMgirA ne ( satI prathA kA ) anumodana kiyA, tathApi yaha adharma hai / avarohaNa isa vedokti ke viruddha hai - "jaba taka Ayu na bIta jAya kisI ko yaha loka chor3anA nahIM caahie|" mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 1 / 86) ne medhAtithi kA tarka na mAnakara kahA hai- " zyenayAga vAstava meM anucita hai ataH adharma hai, vaha isalie ki usakA uddezya hai dUsare ko kaSTa meM DAlanA, kintu anugamana vaisA nahIM hai, yahA~ pratizruta phala hai svarga prApti jo ucita kahA jAtA hai aura jo zrutisammata hai, yathA- 'sampatti kI prApti ke lie vAyu hat bakarI denI caahie|' isI prakAra anugamana ke bAre meM smRti zruti ke viruddha nahIM hai, vahA~ usakA artha hai - "kisI ko svargika Ananda ke lie apane jIvana kA durupayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki svargika Ananda brahmajJAna kI tulanA kucha nahIM hai / kyoMki strI anugamana dvArA svarga kI icchA karatI hai, ataH vaha zrutivAkya ke virodha meM nahIM jAtI hai|" aparArka ( pR0 111 ), madanapArijAta ( pR0 199), parAzaramAghavIya (bhAga 1, pR0 55-56) ne mitAkSarA kA tarka svIkAra kiyA hai| smRticandrikA kA kahanA hai ki anvArohaNa, jise viSNudharmasUtra ( 25 / 14 ) evaM aMgirA ne mAnA haiM, brahmacarya se nikRSTa hai, kyoMki anvArohaNa ke phala brahmacarya ke phala se halake par3a jAte haiM (vyavahAra, pR0 254) / isake viruddha aMgirA kA mata hai - " pati ke mara jAne para citA para bhasma ho jAne se bar3hakara striyoM ke lie koI anya dharma nahIM hai|" zuddhitattva ke anusAra aisI dhAraNA kevala sahamaraNa kI mahattA kI abhivyakti mAtra hai / " hamane Upara dekha liyA ki brAhmaNiyoM ko kevala anvArohaNa kI anumati thI, anugamana kI nahIM / sahamaraNa viSaya meM aura bhI niyantraNa haiM- "ve patniyA~, jinake bacce choTe-choTe hoM, jo garbhavatI hoM, jo abhI yuvA na huI hoM aura tu yA // mRte bhartari yA nArI samAroheddhRtAzanam / sArundhatIsamAcArA svargaloke mahIyate // yAvajcAgnau mRte patyau strI nAtmAnaM pradAhayet / tAvaza mucyate sA hi strIzarIrAtkathaMcana // yAjJavalkya ( 1186) para mitAkSarA, aparArka, pR0 110, zuddhitattva, pR0 234 / prathama ke vo zloka 'tisraH koTyo... Adi parAzara (4 / 32 evaM 33), brahmapurANa evaM gautamImAhAtmya (10 / 76 evaM 74) meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| 4. ayaM ca sarvAsAM ] strINAmargAbhaNInAmabAlApatyAnAmAcANDAlaM sAdhAraNo dharmaH / bhartAraM yAnugacchatItyavizeSopAdAnAt / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1 186 ) ; dekhie madanapArijAta, pR0 186 evaM smRtimuktAphala ( saMskAra, pR0 162 ) / 5. yattu viSNunA dharmAntaramuktaM mRte bhartari brahmacaryaM tadanvArohaNaM vA tavetaddharmAntaramapi brahmacaryadharmAjjadhanyam / nikRSTaphalatvAt / smRticandrikA ( vyavahAra, pR0 254) / sarvAsAmeva nArINAmagniprapatanAvRte / nAnyo dharmo hi vijJeyo mRte bhartari karhicit // aMgirA ( aparArka dvArA pU0 109 meM, parAzarabhAghavIya dvArA 21, pR0 58 meM uddhRta ) /

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351 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jo rajasvalA hoM, ve pati kI citA para nahIM car3hatIM" (bRhannAradIya puraann)| bRhaspati ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai| usa patnI ko, jo pati kI mRtyu ke samaya rajasvalA rahatI thI, snAna karane ke cauthe dina jala jAne kI anumati thii| ___ Apastamba (padya) ne usa nArI ke lie, jo pati kI citA para jala jAne kI pratijJA karake lauTa AtI hai, prAjApatya prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI hai| rAjataraMgiNI (6 / 196) ne eka aisI rAnI kA citraNa kiyA hai| zuddhitattva ne satI hone kI vidhi para isa prakAra prakAza DAlA hai| vidhavA nArI snAna karake do zveta vastra dhAraNa karatI hai, apane hAthoM meM kuza letI hai. pUrva yA uttara kI ora mukha karatI hai, Acamana karatI hai ; jaba brAhmaNa kahatA hai "om tatsat", vaha nArAyaNa ko smaraNa karatI hai tathA mAsa, pakSa evaM tithi kA saMketa karatI hai, taba saMkalpa karatI hai| isake uparAnta vaha AThoM dikpAloM kA AvAhana karatI hai, sUrya, candra, agni Adi kA bhI AvAhana karatI hai ki ve loga citA para jala jAne kI kriyA ke sAkSI bneN| taba vaha agni ke cAroM ora tIna bAra jAtI hai (tIna bAra agni pradakSiNA karatI hai), tavaM brAhmaNa vaidika mantra kA pATha (Rgveda 1011817) tathA eka purANa ke mantra (ye acchI aura parama pavitra nAriyAM, jo patiparAyaNa haiM, apane pati ke zavoM ke sAtha agni meM praveza kareM) kA pATha karatA hai ; taba strI namo namaH" kahakara jalatI huI pitA para car3ha jAtI hai| kamalAkara maTTa dvArA praNIta nirNayasindhu (kamalAkara bhaTTa kI mAtA mI satI ho gayI thI, aura inhoMne apanI mAtA kI smRti meM bar3e marmasparzI vacana kahe haiM) meM uparyukta vidhi kucha bhinnasI hai aura usakA dharmasindhu ne bhI anusaraNa kiyA hai| yAtriyoM evaM anya logoM ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki satI prathA banda hone ke pUrva kI zatAbdiyoM meM deza ke anya bhAgoM kI apekSA baMgAla kI vidhavAe~ adhika saMkhyA meM jalA karatI thiiN| yadi yaha bAta thI to isake lie upayukta kAraNa mI vidyamAna the| baMgAla ko chor3akara anya prAntoM ke saMyukta parivAroM meM vidhavA ko bharaNa-poSaNa ke atirikta sampatti meM koI anya adhikAra prApta nahIM the| baMgAla meM, jahA~ para 'dAyabhAga' kA pracalana thA, putrahIna vidhavA ko saMyukta parivAra kI sampatti meM vahI adhikAra thA jo usake pati kA hotA thaa| aisI sthiti meM parivAra ke anya loga pati kI mRtyu para patnI kI patimakti ko paryApta mAtrA meM uttejita kara dete the, jisase ki vaha pati kI citA meM bhasma ho jAya / yaha hai mAnava kI sampatti-moha-bhAvanA kI parAkASThA!! vidhavA kA isa prakAra kA adhikAra sarvaprathama dAyabhAga ke lekhaka jImUtavAhana ne hI nahIM ghoSita kiyA thaa| unhoMne svayaM likhA hai ki unhoMne jitendriya kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kramazaH satI prathA kI bhAvanA bhAratIya samAja-mana se kSINatara hotI calI gayI aura jaba lArDa viliyama beMTika ne san 1829 I0 meM ise avaidha ghoSita kara diyA to janatA ne ise svIkAra hI kara liyA, kucha svArthI janoM ne hI galata dhArmikatA kA moha pradarzita kara privI kauMsila meM isa kAnUna ke virodha meM Avedana-patra diyA thaa| isake pIche koI gambhIra dhArmika bhAvanA nahIM thI ki loga ise Avazyaka smjhte|

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adhyAya 16 vezyA isa grantha meM jaba striyoM ke viSaya meM tathA vivAha Adi saMskAroM ke viSaya meM paryApta vistAra kiyA gayA hai, to saMkSepa meM vezyA ke jIvana para bhI prakAza DAlanA paramAvazyaka hai / vezyAvRtti kA itihAsa ati prAcIna hai aura yaha prAyaH saMsAra ke sabhI bhAgoM meM pracalita rahI hai| Rgveda se prakaTa hai ki usa kAla meM kucha aisI bhI nAriyA~ thIM, jo sabhI kI thIM, aura ve thIM vezyA yA gaNikA / Rgveda (1 / 167 / 4) meM marut-gaNa ( anghar3a ke devatA) vidyut ke sAtha usI prakAra saMyukta mAne gaye haiM, jisa prakAra yuvatI vezyA se puruSa loga saMyukta hote haiN|' Rgveda (2 / 29 / 1 ) ke eka saMketa se abhivyakta hotA hai ki usa samaya bhI aisI nAriyA~ thIM jo gupta rUpa se baccA janakara use mArga ke eka ora rakha detI thIM / Rgveda ( 1664, 1 117 18 1 / 134 / 3 Adi) meM kaI sthAnoM para jAra (gupta premI) kA ullekha huA hai / gautama ( 22/27 ) ke anusAra brAhmaNI vezyA ko mArane para prAyazcitta kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kevala 8 muTThI anna dAna kara denA hI paryApta hai / manu (4 | 209) ne vezyA ke hAtha kA bhojana brAhmaNa ke lie varjita mAnA hai ( aura dekhie 4 / 219 ) / manu ( 8/259 ) ne ghUrta vezyAoM ko daNDita karane ke lie rAjA ko prerita kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM vezyAvRtti eka sthira saMsthA ke rUpa meM pracalita pAyI jAtI hai| Adiparva ( 115 / 39) meM AyA hai ki gAndhArI ke garbhavatI rahane ke kAraNa dhRtarASTra kI sevA meM eka vezyA rahatI thii|' udyogaparva ( 30 / 38) meM AyA hai ki yudhiSThira ne kauravoM kI vezyAoM ko zubha-sandeza bheje the| jaba zrI kRSNa kauravoM kI sabhA meM zAnti sthApanA kA sandeza lekara Aye the to vezyAe~ bhI unake svAgatArtha AyI thIM (udyogaparva 86 / 15) / jaba pANDavoM kI senA ne yuddha ke lie kUMca kiyA to gAr3iyA~, hArTa evaM vezyAe~ usake sAtha calI (udyogaparva 151 / 58 ) / aura dekhie vanaparva ( 239 / 37), karNaparva ( 94 / 26 ) / yAjJavalkya (2 / 290) ne rakhailoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai' - ( 1 ) avaruddhA (jo ghara meM rahatI hai aura usake sAtha koI anya vyakti saMbhoga nahIM kara sakatA ) tathA (2) bhujiSyA (jo ghara meM nahIM rahatI, kintu eka vyakti kI rakhaila ke rUpa meM aura kahIM rahatI hai)| yadi inake sAtha koI anya vyakti saMbhoga kare to use 50 paNa kA daNDa denA par3atA thA / ' nArada (strIpuMsa, 78-79 ) kA kathana hai- "abrAhmaNI svairiNI, vezyA, dAsI, niSkAsinI yadi apanI jAti se nimnajAti kI hoM to saMbhoga kI anumati hai, kintu ucca jAti kI striyoM se aisA vyavahAra varjita hai / yadi ye striyA~ kisI kI rakhaila hoM to unase saMbhoga karane para vahI aparAdha hotA hai jo kisI kI patnI se karane para hotA hai / ina striyoM 1. parA zubhrA ayAsI yagyA sAdhAraNyeva maruto mimikSuH / Rgveda (1 / 167 / 4) / 2. gAndhAryA klizyamAnAyAmudareNa vivardhatA / dhRtarASTraM mahArAjaM vezyA paryacaratkila / Adiparva (115 / 39) / 3. avaruddhAsu dAsISu bhujiSyAsu tathaiva ca / gamyAsvapi pumAndApyaH paJcAzatpaNikaM damam // yAjJabalkya ( 2290) / dharma0 45

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354 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke pAsa nahIM jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ye dUsare kI haiN| mitAkSarA ne yAjJavalkya (1 / 290) kI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai ki vezyAe~ apsarAoM se utpanna paJcacUDA nAmaka viziSTa jAti haiM, yadi ve kisI kI rakhaila nahIM haiM to yadi ve apanI jAti yA ucca jAti ke puruSoM se saMbhoga karatI haiM to pApa kI bhAgI yA rAjA se daNDita nahIM hotIM, yadi ve avaruddhA nahIM haiM no unake pAsa jAnevAlA vyakti bhI daNDita nahIM hotaa| kintu unake pAsa jAnevAloM ko pApa lagatA hai, kyoMki smRtiyoM ke anusAra unheM patnIparAyaNa honA cAhie (yAjJavalkyaM 1981) / jo loga vezyAgamana karate the unheM prAjApatya prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA (atri 271) / nArada (vetanasyAnapAkarma, 18) ne likhA hai ki yadi zulka pA lene para vezyA saMbhoga nahIM karatI thI to usa para zulka kA dUnA daNDa lagatA thaa| aura isI prakAra yadi saMbhoga kara lene para vyakti zulka nahIM detA thA to usa para zulka kA dUnA daNDa lagatA thaa| yahI vyavasthA yAjJavalkya (2 / 292) evaM matsyapurANa (2271144-145) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| matsyapUrANa ne vezyAdharma para likhA hai (adhyAya 70) / kAmapatra (1 // 3 // 20) ne gaNikA ko vaha vezyA kahA hai jo 64 kalAoM meM pAraMgata ho| aparArka (yAjJavalkya 2 / 198) ne nArada evaM bhatsyapurANa meM vezyA ke viSaya meM likhate samaya bahuta-se zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| samAja ne rakhaila (avaruddhA strI yA vezyA) ko svIkRti dI thI arthAt use aMgIkAra kiyA thaa| ataH smRtiyoM ne usake bharaNa-poSaNa kI vyavasthA bhI kii| vyakti ke jIte-jI rakhaila ko usake viruddha koI abhiyoga karane kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| nArada (dAyabhAga, 52) evaM kAtyAyana ke mata se yadi vyakti kI sampatti uttarAdhikArI ke abhAva meM rAjA ke pAsa calI jAtI thI, to rAjA ko mRta vyakti kI rakhailoM, dAsoM evaM usake zrAddha ke lie usa sampatti se prabandha karanA par3atA thaa| mitAkSarA ne yahA~ para prayukta rakhaila ko avaruddhA 'rakhaila' ke rUpa meM mAnA hai na ki bhujiSyA ke rUpa meM ; yoM to mRta brAhmaNa kI rakhailo ko sampatti se bharaNa-poSaNa kA adhikAra prApta thaa| rakhailoM lI anaurasa santAnoM ke dAyAdhikAroM ke viSaya meM hama Age pddh'eNge|

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adhyAya 17 Ahnika evaM AcAra dharmazAstra meM Ahnika evaM AcAra para paryApta mahattvapUrNa vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| hamane brahmacAriyoM ke (pratidina ke karma ) ke viSaya meM par3ha liyA hai aura vAnaprasthoM evaM yatiyoM ke viSaya meM Age pddh'eNge| isa adhyAya meM hama mukhyataH snAtakoM (bhAvI gRhasthoM) evaM gRhasthoM ke kartavyoM athavA dharmoM ke viSaya meM pddh'eNge| sarvaprathama hama gRhasthAzrama kI mahattA ke viSaya meM prakAza ddaaleNge| gautama evaM baudhAyana ne gRhasthAzrama ko hI pramukhatA dI hai| dharmazAstra-granthoM ne gRhasthAzrama kI mahattA gAyI hai / gautama ( 313) ke anusAra gRhastha sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra hai, kyoMki anya tIna Azrama ( brahmacarya, vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa) santAna nahIM utpanna krte|" manu (3 / 7778) ne bhI yahI bAta aura sundara DhaMga se kahI hai| eka sthAna para manu ( 6 / 89-90) ne yoM kahA hai- "jisa prakAra bar3I yA choTI nadiyA~ anta meM samudra se mila jAtI haiM, usI prakAra sabhI AzramoM ke loga gRhastha se hI Azraya pAte haiM, veda evaM smRtiyoM ke matoM se anya tIna AzramoM kA AdhAra svarUpa hone ke kAraNa gRhasthAzrama sarvocca Azrama kahA jAtA hai / " yahI manobhAva viSNudharmasUtra (59/27 - 29), vasiSTha (7 / 17 tathA 8 / 14-16), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 211), udyogaparva (40 / 25 ), zAntiparva ( 296 / 39) Adi meM bhI vibhinna DhaMgoM se vyakta hue haiN| zAntiparva (27016-7 ) meM AyA hai -- "jisa prakAra sabhI prANI mAtA ke Azrita hote haiM usI prakAra anya Azrama gRhasthoM ke Azraya para sthita haiN|' isI adhyAya (270 / 10-11) meM kapila ne una logoM kI bhartsanA kI hai jo yaha kahate haiM ki gRhastha ko mokSa sambhava nahIM hai / zAntiparva (12 / 12 ) ke mata se yadi tarAjU para tolA jAya to eka palar3e para gRhasthAzrama rahegA, dUsare para anya tInoM Azrama eka sAtha (dekhie zAntiparva 11 / 15 23 / 2 - 5, vanaparva 2 ) / rAmAyaNa ( ayodhyAkANDa 106 / 22 ) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| brAhmaNa gRhastha kaI matoM ke anusAra kaI zreNiyoM meM ba~Te hue haiN| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 3 / 1 / 1), devala ( yAjJavalkya kI 11128 kI vyAkhyA meM uddhRta ) tathA anya granthoM ne gRhastha ko do zreNiyoM meM bA~TA hai, yathA (1) zAlIna evaM (2) jinameM dUsarA pahale se apekSAkRta acchA hai| zAlIna zAlA (gRha) meM rahatA hai, usake pAsa naukara-cAkara, pazu yAyAvara, 1. teSAM gRhastho yoniraprajanatvAditareSAm / gautama ( 33 ) | 2. nityokI nityayajJopavItI nityasvAdhyAyI patitAnnavajIM / tau sa gacchanyidhiyanna huna brAhmaNacyavate brahmalokAt // vasiSTha (8117) / 3. yathA mAtaramAzritya sarve jIvanti jantavaH / evaM gArhasthyamAnitya darzana tarAzramAH // zAntipardha 270 / 6-6 ( vasiSTha 8116, jahA~ antima pAda hai--sarve jIvanti bhikSukAH) / 4. atha zAlIna yAyAvara-cakravara-dharmakAMkSiNA navabhim tibhirvartamAnAnAm / zAlApayathAkAlImA vRtyA varayA yAtIti yAyAvaratvam / anukrameNa dharaNAccakracaratvam / bau0 60 sa0 (3101, 3-5) me

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356 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Adi hote haiM, vaha sthira rUpa se kisI grAma meM rahatA hai, usake pAsa anna evaM sampatti hotI hai, vaha sAMsArika jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| yAyAvara atyuttama jIvikA vAlA hotA hai, vaha kheta se le jAte samaya jo anna pRthivI para gira jAtA hai use hI cunatA hai aura sampatti nahIM jor3atA hai, vaha purohitI karake jIvikA nahIM calAtA hai, vaha na to adhyApana kArya karake aura na dAna lekara jIvikA calAtA hai| manu ne brAhmaNa gRhasthoM ko cAra zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai, yathAvaha jisake pAsa paryApta anna hai, jo eka ghar3A anna rakhatA hai, jo adhika-se-adhika tIna dinoM ke lie ikaTThA kara pAtA hai, jo AnevAle kala kI cintA nahIM krtaa| dekhie, yahI bAta zAntiparva (24411-4) evaM laghuviSNu (2 / 17) meN| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 11128) ne 'zAlIna' ko cAra zreNiyoM meM bA~TA hai-(1) jo paurohitya karake, vedAdhyApana karake, dAna lekara, kRSi, vyavasAya evaM pazu-pAlana karake apanA bharaNa-poSaNa karatA hai, (2) jo uparyukta chaH vRttiyoM meM kevala prathama tIna, arthAt paurohitya karake, vedAdhyayana karake, dAna lekara apanA kAma calAtA hai, (3) jo kevala paurohitya karma tathA adhyApana karake jIvikA calAtA hai tathA (4) jo kevala adhyApana-kArya karake jIvikA calAtA hai| mitAkSarA kI vyAkhyAnusAra manu (49) ne bhI cAra zreNiyA~ batAyI haiN| ApastambazrautasUtra (5 / 3 / 22) ne zAlIna evaM yAyAvara kA bheda batAyA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 5 / 4) ne yAyAvara kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| 'yAyAvara' zabda taittirIya saMhitA (5 / 2 / 117) meM bhI AyA hai, kintu vahAM usakA artha kucha dUsarA hai|| vaikhAnasagRhyasUtra (815) meM gRhastha cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTe gaye haiM-(1) vArtA vRtti vAlA; jo kRSi, pazupAlana vyavasAya Adi karatA hai, (2) zAlIna; jo niyamoM kA pAlana (yAjJavalkya 3 / 313) karatA hai, pAkayajJa karatA hai, zrauta agni jalAtA hai,prati ardha mAsa para darza evaM pUrNamAsa yajJa karatA hai, cAturmAsya karatA hai,pratyeka cha: mAsa meM pazu-yajJa karatA hai tathA pratyeka varSa meM somayajJa karatA hai, (3) yAyAvara; jo chaH karmoM meM lagA rahatA hai, yathA-havi evaM soma yajJa karanA, yajJa meM paurohitya karanA, veda ke adhyayana-adhyApana meM lage rahanA, dAna denA evaM lenA, zrauta evaM smAtaM agni kI nirantara sevA karanA tathA Agata atithiyoM ko bhojana denA, (4) ghorAcArika (jisake niyamoM kA pAlana ati kaThina hai); jo niyama-vratI hai, yajJa karatA hai kintu dUsaroM ke yajJa meM purohitI (paurohitya) nahIM karatA, vedAdhyayana karatA hai, kintu vedAdhyApana nahIM karatA, dAna detA hai letA nahIM, khetoM meM gire hue annoM se apanA bharaNa-poSaNa karatA hai, nArAyaNa meM lIna rahatA hai, prAtaH evaM sAyaM agnihotra karatA hai, mArgazIrSa evaM jyeSTha meM aise vratAdi karatA hai jo talavAra kI dhAra jaise tIkSNa haiM tathA vana kI oSadhi-vanaspatiyoM se agni kI sevA karatA hai| ye cAroM prakAra bRhatparAzara (290) meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| bahuta-sI smRtiyoM, purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM gRhasthadharma vistAra ke sAtha varNita haiM (dekhie gautama 5 evaM 9, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 1 / 1, 2 / 4 / 9, vamiSThadharmasUtra 8 / 1-17 evaM 11 / 1-48, manu, yAjJavalkya 1 / 96-127, viSNudharmasUtra 60-70, dakSa 2, vyAsa 3, mArkaNDeyapurANa 29-30 evaM 34, nRsiMhapurANa 58 / 75-106, kUrmapurANa uttarArdha, adhyAya 15-16, laghu-hArIta 4, pR0 183, droNaparva 82, vanaparva 2 / 53-63, Azvamedhika 45 / 16-25, anuzAsana parva 97 / nibandhoM meM isa viSaya meM smRticandrikA (1, 88-232), smRtyarthasAra (pR0 18-48), madanapArijAta 'zAlIna' ko vyutpatti zAlA' (ghara ) se kI hai aura 'yAyAvara' ko 'yA' (jAnA) evaM vara (zreSThatama) se| pANini (5 / 2 / 20 jaisA ki mahAbhASya ne artha diyA hai) ke anusAra 'zAlIna', 'aghRSTa' (jo dhRSTatA na kare) ke artha meM 'zAlA' se nikalA huA hai| sambhavataH pANini ke samaya taka gRhastha 'zAlIna' evaM 'yAyAvara' bhAgoM meM nahIM ba~TA thaa| baudhAyana ne gRhastha kI tIsarI koTi dI hai cakacara, jo anyatra nahIM pAyA jaataa|

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Ahnika kRtya ( 204-345), gRhastharatnAkara, raghunandana kA Ahnikatattva, vIramitrodaya (AhnikaprakAza), smRtimuktAphala ( kANDa) adhika prasiddha haiN| sthAna-saMkoca se hama yahA~ gRhasthadharmoM kA varNana vistAra se nahIM kareMge, kevala ati mahatvapUrNa bAteM hI ullikhita kI jAyeMgI / udAharaNArtha, anuzAsanaparva ( 141 / 25-26 ) meM AyA hai"ahiMsA, satyavacana, sabhI jIvoM para dayA, rAma, yathAzakti dAna - gRhastha kA yaha sarvazreSTha dharma hai / parastrI se asaMsarga, apanI strI evaM dharohara kI rakSA, na dI huI vastu ke grahaNa-bhAva se dUra rahanA, maghu evaM mAMsa se dUra rahanA - ye pA~ca dharma haiM, jinakI kaI zAkhAe~ haiM aura unase sukha kI utpatti hotI hai|"" yaha bAta dakSa ( 2266-67) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kintu ina sAdhAraNa dharmoM kI carcA bahuta pahale hI ho cukI hai ( dekhie isa bhAga kA adhyAya 1 ) / divasa - vibhAjana bahuta prAcIna kAla se dina ko kaI bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| kabhI-kabhI " ahaH " zabda 'rAtri' se pRthak mAnA gayA hai aura kabhI-kabhI yaha sUryodaya se sUryodaya ( dina evaM rAtri) taka kA dyotaka mAnA gayA hai| Rgveda ( 6 / 9 / 1) meM "kRSNam ahaH" arthAt rAtri evaM " arjunam aha " arthAt dina kA prayoga huA hai| dina ko kabhI-kabhI do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai, yathA pUrvAhna ( dopahara ke pUrva ) evaM aparAhna ( dopahara ke uparAnta ) / dekhie isa viSaya meM Rgveda ( 10 | 24|11 ) evaM manu ( 3 / 278) / dina ko tIna bhAgoM meM bhI bA~TA gayA hai, yathA prAtaH, madhyAhna (dopahara) evaM sAyaM, jo somarasa ke tIna tarpaNoM kA dyotaka hai - prAtaH savana, mAdhyandina savana evaM sAyaM savana (Rgveda 31538, 332811, 4 evaM 5, 3 / 32 / 1, 3152/5-6 ) / 12 ghaNTe ke dina ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai, yathA-- prAtaH yA udaya, saMgava, mAdhyandima yA madhyAhna ( dopahara ), aparAhna evaM sAyAhna yA astagamana yA saayN| inameM pratyeka kA kAla tIna muhUrtoM kA hotA hai| kucha smRtiyoM evaM purANoM ne ina pAMcoM vibhAgoM kA varNana tathA vyAkhyA kI hai, yathA prajApatismRti 156-157, matsyapurANa 22 / 82-84, 124 / 88-90, vAyupurANa 50 / 170-174 / aparArka ( pR0 465) ne bhI yAjJavalkya (1 / 226) kI vyAkhyA meM zruti ke vAkya evaM vyAsa kI uktiyA~ uddhRta kI haiM / 24 ghaNTe ke "ahaH " ( dina) ko 30 muhUrtoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai (dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa 12/3/2/5, jahA~ varSa ko 10800 muhUrtIoM meM bA~TA gayA hai, arthAt 360 x 30 = 10800 ) / taittirIyasaMhitA ne dina ke 15 muhUrtoM ke nAma diye haiM, yathA citra, ketu Adi / madanapArijAta ( pR0 496) ne vyAsa ko uddhRta kara dina ke pandraha bhAgoM ke nAma diye haiN| smRtiyoM ne sAmAnyataH dina ko ATha bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| dakSa ne dina ko ATha bhAgoM meM bA~Takara pratyeka bhAga meM kiye jAne vAle kartavyoM kA varNana kiyA hai (2 / 4-5 ) / kAtyAyana ne dina ko ATha bhAgoM meM bA~Takara prathama ko chor3a Age ke tIna bhAgoM meM rAjA ke lie nyAya karane kI bAta kahI hai| kauTilya ne rAta evaM dina ko 8-8 bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai aura unameM rAjA ke dharma kA varNana kiyA hai / vasiSTha (11136 ), laghu hArIta (99); laghu zAtAtapa (108) Adi 357 5. ahiMsA satyavacanaM sarvabhUtAnukampanam / zamo vAnaM yathAzakti gArhasthyo dharma uttamaH // para-dAreSvasaMsargo parirakSaNam / avattAdAnaviramo madhumAMsasya varjanam / eSa paMcavidho dharmo bahuzAkhaH sukhodayaH // anuzAsana parva 141 / 25-26 / 6. ahAca kRSNamahararjunaM ca vivartate rajasI vedyAbhiH / vaizvAnaro jAyamAno na rAjAvAtirajjyotiSAgnistamAMsi // R0 6 / 9 / 1 / nirukta ( 2 / 21) ne isakI vyAkhyA kI hai--ahazca kRSNaM rAtriH zuklaM ca ahararjunam Adi /

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dharmazAstra ra itihAsa 358 kA kahanA hai" dina ke AThaveM bhAga meM sUrya manda ho jAtA hai, usa kAla ko kutapa kahA jAtA hai|" bANa ne kAdambarI meM dina ke AThoM bhAgoM ke prathama bhAga meM sUrya ke prakAza ko bar3hate hue evaM spaSTa hote hue kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM chaThe bhAga meM bhojana karane ko derI meM bhojana karanA mAnA gayA hai (banaparva 176 16, 180 16, 293 9 evaM Azvamedhika parva 80 / 26-27) / fe ke antargata pramukha viSaya haiM-- zayyA se uThanA, zauca (zArIrika zuddhatA), dantadhAvana ( dA~ta svaccha karanA), snAna, sandhyA, tarpaNa, paMcamahAyajJa (brahmayajJa evaM atithi satkAra ke sAtha), agni-sevA, bhojana, ghana-prApti, par3hanA-par3hAnA, sAyaM kI sandhyA, dAna, sone jAnA, nirdhArita samaya para yajJa karanA / parAzarasmRti ( 1 / 39 ) ne dina ke kartavyoM ko isa prakAra kahA hai-sandhyA prArthanA, japa, homa, deva-pUjana, atithi satkAra evaM vaizvadeva -- ye hI pramukha SaT karma haiN| manu ( 4|152, anuzAsanaparva 104 / 23 ) ne bhI pramukha karmoM kA varNana kiyA hai- " mala-mUtra tyAga (maitra), dantadhAvana, prasAdhana ( tela- phulela), snAna, aMjana lagAnA evaM devapUjana / " jaisA ki sUryasiddhAnta ( madhyamAdhikAra, 36 ) meM AyA hai, dina kI gaNanA sUryodaya se kI jAtI thI, kintu vyAvahArika rUpa meM sUryodaya ke kucha pUrva yA kucha pazcAt hI dina kA Arambha mAnA jAtA rahA hai|' brahmavaivarta purANa ke anusAra sUryodaya ke pUrva cAra nAr3iyoM (ghaTikAoM ) se lekara sUryAsta ke uparAnta cAra nAr3iyoM taka dina kA kAla rahatA hai, arthAt jaba koI sUryodaya ke pUrva snAna kara letA hai to vaha snAna sUryodaya ke uparAnta vAle dina kA hI kahA jAtA hai / manu ( 4/92), yAjJavalkya (1 / 115) tathA kucha anya smRtiyoM ke anusAra brAhma muhUrta meM uThanA cAhie, dharma evaM artha ke viSaya meM, jise vaha usa dina prApta karanA cAhatA hai, use socanA cAhie, use dina ke zArIrika karma ke viSaya meM bhI socanA cAhie aura socanA cAhie vaidika niyamoM ke vAstavika artha ke viSaya meM / kullUka tathA anya logoM ke mata se manu (4/12) dvArA prayukta zabda 'muhUrta' sAmAnyataH samaya kA hI dyotaka hai, na ki do ghaTikAoM kI avadhi kA, aura brAhya zabda isalie prayukta hai ki yaha vahI samaya hai jaba ki kisI kI buddhi evaM kavitA banAne kI zakti apane sarvocca rUpa meM rahatI hai| parAzaramAdhavIya ( 111, pR0 220 ) ke anusAra sUryodaya : pUrva prathama prahara meM do muhUrta hote haiM, jinameM prathama ko grAhya aura dUsare ko raudra kahate haiM / pitAmaha (smRticandrikA, pR0 82 meM uddhRta) ke mata se rAtri antima prahara 'brAhma muhUrta' kahalAtA hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI sUryodaya ke pUrva uTha jAnA, sAmAnyataH sabake lie kintu vizeSataH vidyArthiyoM ke lie uttama mAnA jAtA rahA hai| gautama (23 / 21) ne likhA hai ki yadi brahmacArI sUryodaya ke uparAnta uThe to use prAyazcitta rUpa meM binA khAye pIye dina bhara khar3e rahakara gAyatrI mantra kA japa karanA cAhie, isI prakAra yadi vaha sUryAsta taka sotA rahe to use rAtri bhara jagakara gAyatrI japa karanA cAhie / yahI bAta ApastambasUtra (2 / 5 / 12 / 13-14 evaM manu ( 2 / 220 - 221 ) meM mI pAyI jAtI hai, aura inameM sUryAsta ke samaya so jAne vAle ko abhinirmukta yA abhinisrukta kahA gayA hai / gobhilasmRti (padya meM 1 / 139 ) ke anusAra sokara uThane para A~kheM dho lenI caahie| RgvidhAna meM aisA AyA hai ki sokara uThane ke uparAnta jala se A~kheM dho lenI 7. saMdhyA smAnaM japI homI devatAtithipUjanam / AtithyaM vaizvadevaM ca SaT karmANi dine dine // parAzara 1139 / 8. maitraM prasAdhanaM snAnaM vantadhAvanabhaJjanam / pUrvAhna eva kurvIta devatAnAM ca pUjanam // manu 4 / 152 / mitra devatA gudA ke devasta haiM, ataH maMtra kA tAtparya hai mUtrapurISotsagaM / 9. upayAnudayaM bhAnorbhUmisAvanavAsaraH / sUryasiddhAnta ( madhyamAdhikAra, 36 ) /

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Ahnika kRtya cAhie, kintu usake pUrva Rgveda (10 / 73 / 11) kA pATha kara lenA cAhie, jisake antima argha pada kA artha hai "andhakAra se dUra karo, hamArI A~kheM bhara do, aura hama meM unheM chor3a do jo zikanjoM meM phaMse hoN|" prAtaHkAla uThanA kUrmapurANa ko uddhRta kara smRticandrikA (1, pR0 88) ne likhA hai ki sUryodaya ke kucha pUrva uThaka bhagavAn kA smaraNa karanA caahie| AhnikaprakAza (pR0 16) ne vAmanapurANa (14 / 23-27) ke pA~ca zlokoM ko uddhRta kara batAyA hai ki inheM prati dina prAtaHkAla uThakara par3hanA caahie| Aja bhI bahuta-se bUr3he loga ina zlokI ko prAtaHkAla jAgakara bolA karate haiN| kucha granthoM ke anusAra jo bhAratasAvitrI nAmaka cAroM zlokoM kA pATha prAtaHkAla karatA hai vaha sampUrNa mahAbhArata sunane kA phala prApta karatA hai aura brahma kI prApti karatA hai|" Ahnikatattva (pR0 327) ne eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jise sokara uThane ke uparAnta par3hA jAtA hai aura usameM karkoTaka nAga, damayantI, rAjA nala evaM RtuparNa ke nAma kali ke prabhAvoM se mukta hone ke lie liye gaye haiM (mahAbhArata, vanaparva 79 / 10) / smRtimuktAphala ne aisA zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jisameM nala, yudhiSThira, sItA evaM kRSNa puNyazloka kahe gaye haiM, arthAt jinake yaza kA gAna karanA pavitra kArya hai| AcAraratna (pR0 10) ne kucha ciraJjIviyoM ke nAma lene ko kahA hai, yathA azvatthAmA, bali, vyAsa, hanumAna, vibhISaNa, kRpa, parazurAma evaM mArkaNDeya, aura pAMca pavitra striyoM ke nAma bhI ginAye haiM, yathA ahalyA, draupadI, sItA, tArA evaM mndodrii| Aja bhI prAcIna paramparA ke abhyAsI, vizeSataH bUr3he loga, inakA nAma prAtaHkAla uThane para lete haiN| kucha granthoM meM aisA AyA hai ki prAtaHkAla uThane para yadi vedajJa brAhmaNa, saubhAgyavatI strI, gAya, vedI (jahA~ agni jalAyI gayI ho) dikhalAI par3eM to vyakti vipattiyoM se chuTakArA pAtA hai, kintu yadi pApI, vidhavA, achUta, naMgA, nakaTA dikhalAI par3a jAyeM to kali (vipatti yA jhagar3A-TaMTA) ke dyotaka haiM (gobhilasmRti 2 / 163 evaM 165) / parAzara (12 / 47) ke mata se vaidika yajJa karanevAle, kRSNapiMgala-varNa gAya, satra karanevAle, rAjA, saMnyAsI tathA samudra ko dekhane se pavitratA AtI hai, ataH inheM sadaiva dekhanA caahie| mala-mUtra tyAga prAtaHkAla uThane evaM usake kRtya ke uparAnta mala-mUtra tyAgane kA kRtya hai| ati prAcIna sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM isake viSaya meM paryApta lambA-caur3A varNana hai| bahuta-se niyama to svacchatA-svAsthya-sambandhI haiM, kintu prAcIna granthoM meM dharma, vyavahAra-niyama, naitika-niyama,svAsthya evaM svacchatA ke niyama eka-dUsare se mile hue pAye jAte haiM, ataH inakA dharmazAstroM meM upadiSTa honA Azcarya kA viSaya nahIM hai| atharvaveda (13 / 1156) meM bhI AyA hai-"maiM tumhArI jar3a ko, jo tuma gAya ko paira se mArate ho, sUrya kI ora mUtra-tyAga karate ho, kATa detA huuN| tuma isake Age chAyA na 10. brahmA murAristripurAntakArI bhAnuH zazI bhUmisuto buSazca / guruzca zukaH zanirAhuketavaH phurvantu sarve mama suprabhAtam // vAmanapurANa (14123) / 11. dekhie nityAcArapaddhati, pR0 15-16, AhikaprakAza, pR0 21 / ye zloka, yathA-mahAbhArata, svargArohaNika parva 5 / 60-63, bhAratasAvitrI kahe jAte haiN| unake prathama pAda haiM "mAtApitasahasrANi, harSasthAnasahakhAni, UrdhvabAhuviraumyeSa, na jAtu kAmanna bhayAnna lobhaat|"

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa doge|"2 atharvaveda ke anusAra khar3e hokara mUtratyAga nindAjanaka mAnA jAtA hai (7 / 102 yA 107 / 1); "maiM khar3A hokara mUtra na tyAgUMgA, devatA merA amaMgala na kreN|" gautama (9 / 13, 15,37-38), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 11 / 30, 15-30 evaM 111 / 31 / 1-3), vasiSThadharmasUtra (6 / 10-19 evaM 12 // 11-13), manu (4,45-52, 56, 151), yAjJavalkya (1316-17, 134, 154), viSNudharmasUtra (60 / 1-26), zaMkha" (mitAkSarA, yAjJavalkya 13134 dvArA uddhRta), vAyupurANa (78.59-64 evaM 79 / 25-31) evaM vAmanapurANa (14 / 30-32) ke kathanoM ko hama isa prakAra saMkSipta kara sakate haiM deha kI svacchatA evaM zuddhi ke niyama mArga, rAkha, gobara, jote evaM boye hue khetoM, vRkSa kI chAyA, nadI yA jala, ghAsa yA sundara sthaloM, vedI ke lie banI iMToM, parvatazikharoM, gire-par3e deva-sthaloM yA gozAlAoM, cIMTiyoM ke sthaloM, kaboM yA chidroM, anna phaTakArane ke sthaloM, bAlukAmaya taToM meM mala-mUtra tyAga nahIM karanA caahie| agni, sUrya, candra, brAhmaNa, jala, kisI devamUrti, gAya, vAyu kI ora mukha karake bhI malamUtra-tyAga nahIM karanA cAhie / khulI bhUmi para bhI ye kRtya nahIM kiye jAne cAhie, hA~, sUkhI TahaniyoM, pattiyoM evaM ghAsoM vAlI bhUmi para ye kRtya sampAdita ho sakate haiN| dina meM yA godhUli ke samaya "sara DhaMkakara uttarAbhimukha tathA rAtri meM dakSiNAbhimukha malamUtra-syAga karanA cAhie, kintu jaba bhaya ho yA koI Apatti ho to kisI bhI dizA meM ye kRtya sampAdita ho sakate haiN| khar3e hokara yA calate hue mUtra-tyAga nahIM karanA cAhie (manu 4 / 47) aura na bolanA hI caahie|" bastI se dUra dakSiNa yA dakSiNa-pazcima jAkara hI malamUtra tyAga karanA caahie| manu (5 / 126.) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 17) ke anusAra malamUtra-tyAga ke uparAnta aMgoM ko pAnI se evaM miTTI ke bhAgoM se itanA svaccha kara denA cAhie ki gandha yA gandagI dUra ho jaay| manu (5 / 136 evaM 137) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (60 / 25-26) ke anusAra miTTI kA eka bhAga liMga (mUtrendriya) para, tIna mAga malasthAna para, dasa bAyeM hAtha meM, sAta donoM hAthoM meM tathA tIna donoM pairoM meM lagAne caahie| zauca kI itanI sImA gRhasthoM ke lie hai, kintu brahmacAriyoM, vAnaprasthoM evaM saMnyAsiyoM ko dUne, tigune, caugune, jitane kI AvazyakatA ho utane miTTI ke bhAgoM se svacchatA karanI caahie| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 1117) ne likhA hai ki itane bhAgoM kI vyavasthA kevala isalie hai ki prayukta aMga ThIka se svavacha ho jAyeM, yoM to utanI hI miTTI prayoga meM lAnI cAhie jitanI se svacchatA prApta ho jaay| yahI bAta gautama (1145-46), vasiSThadharmasUtra (3 / 48), manu (5 / 134) evaM devala meM pAyI jAtI hai| bhadra loga miTTI ke bhAga kI, jaisA ki smRtiyoM meM varNita hai, cintA nahIM karate, ve unanI hI miTTI prayoga meM lAte 12. yazca gAM padA sphurati pratyaG sUrya ca mehati / tasya vRzcAmi te mUlaM na cchAyAM karavo'param // aparvaveda 13 // 1156, mekyAmyUdhvaMstiSThanmA mA hiNsipuriishvraaH|| atharvaveda 7 / 102 (107) / 1 / / 13. na gomaya-kRSTopta-bhAvala-citi-smazAna-valmIka-cama-sala-goSTha-bila-parvata-pulineSu meheta bhuutaassaartvaat| zaMkha (mitAkSarA dvArA yAjJavalkya 12134 ko vyAkhyA meM uvRt)| 14. ucAre maicUne va pranAye bntpaavne| snAne bhojanakAle ca SaT mAna samAcaret // hArIta (AhnikaprakAza, 10 26 meM udd't)| yahI laghu-hArIta kA 40vA zloka hai| atri (323) ne likhA hai-"purI madhune home pranAye bntpaavne| snAnabhojanajapyeSa savA maunaM samAcaret //

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prAtaH kRtya 361 jisase pavitratA yA zauca prApta ho jAya / " smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 19 ) ne dakSa (5 / 12) kA anusaraNa karate hue likhA hai ki rAtri meM dina ke lie vyavasthita zauca kA AdhA, rogI ke lie eka-cauthAI tathA yAtrI ke lie kevala aSTamAMza honA cAhie, tathA striyoM, zUdroM, baccoM (jinakA upanayana abhI na huA ho) ke lie miTTI ke bhAga kI nirdhArita saMkhyA nahIM hai| svaccha karane meM prastara, vastra khaNDa evaM per3a kI nayI TahaniyA~ prayoga meM nahIM lAnI cAhie ( ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 11 / 30 30, gautama 9 / 15 ), aura na nadI yA jhIla ke bhItara kI, maMdira kI, valmIka ( cIMTiyoM ke TIle) kI, cUhoM ke chipane ke sthaloM kI, gobara-sthala kI tathA kAma meM lAne se avaziSTa miTTI prayoga meM lAnI cAhie ( vasiSThadharmasUtra 6 / 17 ), aura na kabra yA mArga vAlI yA kIr3oM se bharI, yA koyale, haDDiyoM yA bAlU vAlI miTTI hI prayoga meM lAnI caahie| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie dakSa (5/7 ), jo miTTI kI mAtrA ke viSaya meM vyavasthA dete haiM / prathama bAra utanI miTTI jitanI Adhe hAtha meM A sake, dUsarI bAra usakA AdhA bhAga... aura isI prakAra kama karate jAnA cAhie / miTTI kA aMza Amalaka phala ke AkAra kA honA cAhie (kUrmapurANa, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 182 meM uddhRta ) / jUtA pahanakara mala-mUtra tyAga nahIM karanA cAhie ( Apastamba dharmasUtra 1 / 11 / 30 / 18 ) ; usa samaya yajJopavIta ko dAhine kAna para laTakA lenA cAhie yA nivIta rUpa meM pITha para car3hA lenA caahie| yAjJavalkya (1116) ke mata se yajJopavIta ko kevala dAhine kAna para laTakA lenA caahie| vanaparva (59/2 ) meM AyA hai ki jaba nala ne mUtra tyAga ke uparAnta apanA paira nahIM dhoyA to kali ( durguNa evaM jhagar3A Adi kA devatA ) unameM praviSTa ho gyaa| zauca ke prakAra prAtaH samaya zarIra svacchatA to sAmAnya zauca kA kevala eka aMga hai / gautama ( 8 / 24) ke mata se zauca e AtmaguNa hai| Rgveda (7/56 / 12 Adi) ne zucitva para bala diyA hai| hArIta ke anusAra " zauca dharma kI ora prathama mArga hai| yahA~ brahma (veda) kA nivAsa sthAna hai, zrI (lakSmI) bhI yahIM rahatI hai, isase mana svaccha hotA hai, devatA isase prasanna rahate haiM, isake dvArA Atma bodha hotA hai aura isase buddhi kA jAgaraNa hotA hai|"" baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 3 / 1 / 26), hArIta, dakSa (513) evaM vyAghrapAda (smRticandrikA 1, pR093 meM uddhRta) ke anusAra zauca ke do prakAra haiM, yathA bAhya ( bAharI) evaM Antara yA Abhyantara, jinameM prathama pAnI evaM gIlI yA bhurabhurI miTTI se tathA dUsarA apane manobhAvoM kI pavitratA se prApta hotA hai| hArIta ne bAhya zauca ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai; (1) kula (kula meM janma evaM maraNa ke samaya utpanna azauca se pavitra honA ), artha ( sabhI prakAra ke pAtroM evaM padArthoM ko svaccha rakhanA) evaM zarIra ( apane zarIra ko zuddha rakhanA) / unhoMne Abhyantara ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai; (1) mAnasa, (2) cAkSuSa ( na dekhane yogya padArthoM ko na dekhanA ), (3) prApya ( na sUMghane yogya vastuoM ko na sUMghanA ), 15. yAvatsAdhviti manyeta tAvacchaucaM vidhIyate / pramANaM zaucasaMkhyAyAM na ziSTaMrupavizyate // devala (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 147 meM evaM smRticandrikA 1, pR0 93 meM uddhRta ) / 16. tatra hArItaH / zaucaM nAma dharmAviSayo brahmAyatanaM zriyodhivAso manasaH prasAdanaM devAnAM priyaM zarIre kSetravarzanaM buddhiprabodhanam / gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 522 / zaucaM ca dviviSaM proktaM bAhyamAbhyantaraM tathA / mRjjalAbhyAM smRtaM bAhya bhAvazuddhistathAntaram // vakSa 513 evaM vyAghrapAda / 46

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362 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (4) vAcya (vANI kA), (5) svAdha (jihvA kA) / gautama (8 / 24) kI vyAkhyA meM haradatta ne zauca ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM--(1) dravya (kisI dvArA prayukta pAtra evaM padArtha kA), (2) mAnasa, (3) vAcya evaM (4) zArIra / vRddhagautama ne pA~ca prakAra ke zauca batAye haiM-(1) mAnasa, (2) karma kA, (3) kula kA, (4) zarIra kA evaM (5) vANI kaa| manu (5 / 135), viSNudharmasUtra (22 / 81) evaM atri (31) ke anusAra bAraha prakAra ke mala hote haiM-(1) carbI, (2) vIrya, (3) rakta, (4) majjA, (5) mUtra,.(6) viSThA, (7) nAsAmala, (8) khUTa, (9) khakhAra (kapha), (10) AMsU, (11) netramala evaM (12) psiinaa| inameM prathama chaH pAnI evaM miTTI se kintu antima cha: kevala pAnI se svaccha ho jAte haiN| Acamana zauca kRtya samApta karane ke uparAnta mukha ko 12 kulloM (gaNDUSoM) se svaccha karanA cAhie (smRtimuktAphala, Ahnika, pR0.220)| isake uparAnta Acamana karanA caahie| upanayana ke adhyAya meM Acamana ke viSaya meM bahutakucha kahA jA cukA hai| zi khA bA~dhakara evaM pIche se paridhAna ko mor3akara Acamana karanA cAhie, pAnI ko karatala meM itanI mAtrA meM DAlanA cAhie ki mASa (urda) kA bIja DUba sake; a~gUThe evaM kAnI a~gulI ko chor3akara anya tInoM aMguliyoM ko milAkara brAhma tIrya (hathelI ke UparI bhAga) se jala pInA caahie| 'tIrtha' zabda kA artha hai dAhine hAtha kA vaha bhAga jisake dvArA dhArmika kRtyoM meM jala grahaNa kiyA jAtA evaM girAyA jAtA hai, zarIra ke aise bhAgoM ko devatAoM ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| bahuta-sI smRtiyoM meM cAra tIrthoM ke nAma Aye haiN| yathA prAjApatya yA kAya, pitrya, brAhma evaM deva (manu 259, viSNudharmasUtra 62 / 1-4, yAjJavalkya 1119 aadi)| kintu zATyAyanakalpa, vRddha dakSa (2 / 18) Adi meM pAMca nAma Aye haiM, yathA deva (jaba brAhmaNa apane dAhine hAtha ke agale bhAga ko pUrvAbhimukha karatA hai), pitrya (dAhine hAtha kA dAhinA bhAga), brAhma (aMguliyoM ke sAmane kA bhAga arthAt hathelI vAlA bhAga), prAjApatya (kAnI aMgulI ke pAsa vAlA bhAga) evaM pArameSThya (dAhine karatala kA madhyabhAga) / pAraskaragRhyasUtra meM pArameSThya ko Agneya kahA gayA hai| zaMkhasmati (10 / 1-2) ne kAya evaM prAjApatya meM antara batAyA hai, brAhma kA nAma chor3a diyA hai aura usake sthAna para prAjApatya rakhA hai| vaikhAnasa (15) ne cha: tIrthoM ke nAma diye haiM, jinameM prathama cAra jyoM-ke-tyoM haiM, pA~cavA~ Agneya (hathelI kA madhya bhAga) evaM chaThA ArSa (sabhI aMguliyoM kI jar3e evaM pora) hai| kucha logoM ke mata se deva tIrtha a~guliyoM kI poroM para hai tathA saumya evaM Agneya hathelI ke madhya meM haiN| hArIta ke mata se daiva tIrtha kA upayoga mArjana, deva-pUjana, bali dene yA bhojana meM hotA hai; kAya tIrtha kA upayoga lAjA-homa, Ahnika homa meM tathA pitrya tIrtha kA upayoga pitaroM ke kRtyoM meM hotA hai| kamaNDala-sparza meM, dahI evaM navAnna khAne meM saumya tIrtha kA upayoga hotA hai (smRtyarthasAra, pR0 20) / jaba jala kI durlabhatA ho aura Acamana karanA Avazyaka ho to dAhinA kAna chU lenA paryApta mAnA jAtA hai (smRtyarthasAra, pR0 21) / Acamana ke viSaya meM nibandhoM ne bar3A vistAra kiyA hai| jise hama sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ upasthita nahIM kara rahe haiM / isa viSaya meM dekhie smRticandrikA (1, pR0 95-104), smRtimuktAphala, AhnikaprakAza (pR0 221-240), Ahnika-tattva (10 333-344), gRhastharatnAkara (pR0 150-172) aadi| Apastambasmati (padya meM) ke mata se Acamana kI 17. tIrthamiti - dkssinnhste'vtaarprdeshnaamdheym| lokepyudakAdyavatAre tIrthazabdaH prsiddhH| tAni ca viSakAryopayikatvAt stutya devtaabhiraakhyaaynte| vizvarUpa (yAjJavalkya 1119) /

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jAtaH kRtya 363 vidhi cAra prakAra kI hai-- paurANika (jisameM pratyeka Acamana meM kezava, nArAyaNa, mAdhava Adi ke nAma liye jAte haiM), smArta (jaisA ki manu 2 / 60 Adi smRtiyoM meM kahA gayA hai), Agama (jaisA ki zaiva evaM vaiSNava sampradAyoM kI pavitra pustakoM meM sikhAyA gayA hai) evaM zrauta (jaisA ki vaidika yajJoM ke lie zrautasUtroM meM kahA gayA hai) / Adhunika are meM paurANika vidhi hI bahudhA brAhmaNoM dvArA prayoga meM lAyI jAtI hai / dantadhAvana dantadhAvana kA sthAna zauca evaM Acamana ke uparAnta evaM snAna ke pUrva hai ( dekhie yAjJavalkya 1 / 98 evaM dakSa 26) / bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI dantadhAvana kI vyavasthA bhArata meM rahI hai / taittirIya saMhitA ( 2/5/1/7 ) meM AyA hai ki rajasvalA striyoM ko dantadhAvana nahIM karanA cAhie, nahIM to utpanna putra ke dota kAle ho jAyeMge / dantaghAvana eka svatantra kRtya hai, yaha snAna tathA prAtaH kAla kI sandhyA kA koI aMga nahIM hai / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 1122815) ne likhA hai ki jo gurukula se adhyayana samApta karake lauTa AyA hai use bAda meM bhI yadi guru kA samparka ho jAya to dantadhAvana, zarIra-mardana, kezavinyAsa nahIM karanA cAhie aura na vedAdhyayana ke samaya yaha saba kRtya hI karanA cAhie (1 / 3 / 11 / 10-12 ) / gautama (2 / 19) evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra (7/15) ke anusAra brahmacArI ko bahuta dera taka dantaghAvana karane kA Ananda nahIM lenA cAhie / gomilasmRti (jise chandoga pariziSTa bhI kahA jAtA hai) meM AyA hai ki jaba vyakti jala se yA ghara para muMha dhotA hai to mantroccAraNa nahIM karatA hai, kintu jaba vaha dAtuna (lakar3I kA DaNThala ) prayoga meM lAtA hai to yaha mantra kahatA hai - "he vRkSa, mujhe Ayu, bala, yaza, jyoti, santAna, pazu, ghana, brahma (veda), smRti evaM buddhi do / " pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 6) evaM ApastambagRhyasUtra ( 12 / 6 ) meM samAvartana ke samaya udumbara ( gUlara ) kI lakar3I kI dAtuna karane kI vyavasthA hai / dAtuna kI lambAI, vRkSa (jisakI lakar3I upayoga meM lAyI jA sakatI hai yA niSiddha hai), dina evaM avasara ( jisa dina yA avasara para dantadhAvana nahIM kiyA jAtA ) ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha niyama diye gaye haiM / do-eka niyama yahA~ ullikhita ho rahe haiN| aise vRkSa kI TahanI jisake tane meM kaNTaka hoM aura TahanI tor3ane para jisase dUdha aisA rasa nikale, prayoga meM lAnI cAhie tathA vaTa, asana, arka, khadira, karaJja, badara, sarja, nimba, arimeda, apAmArga, mAlatI, kakubha, bilva, Ama, punnAga, zirISa kI TahaniyA~ prayoga meM lAnI caahie|" ye TahaniyA~ svAda meM kaSAya, tikta evaM kaTu honI cAhie, na ki mIThI yA khaTTI / dantadhAvana meM nimnalikhita vRkSa prayoga meM nahIM lAye jAte - palAza, zleSmAtaka, ariSTa, vibhItaka, dhava, bandhUka, nirguNDI, zigru, tilva, tinduka, iMguda, guggulu, zamI, pIlu, pippala, kovidAra Adi (viSNudharmasUtra 61 / 1 / 5 ) / TahaniyA~ zuSka yA azuSka donoM ho sakatI haiM, kintu per3a para kI sUkhI nahIM 18. vaTAsanArkakhadirakaraJjabadarasarjanimbAribhedApAmArgamAlatIkakubhabilvAnAmanyatamam / kASAyaM tiktaM kaTukaM ca / viSNudharmasUtra ( 61 / 14-15) / AmrapAlAzabilvAnAmapAmArgazirISayoH / khAdirasya karaJjasya kadambasya tathaiva ca // arkasya karavIrasya kuTajasya, vizeSataH / vAgyataH prAtarutthAya bhakSayeddantadhAvanam // atharvaveda kI mANDUkI zikSA ( 411-2 ); sarve kaNTakinaH puNyAH kSIriNazca yazasvinaH / nArava; AmrapunnAgabilvAnAmapAmArgazirISayoH / bhakSayet prAtarutthAya vAgyato dantadhAvanam // aMgirA / ye sabhI uddharaNa smRticandrikA (1, pR0 105-106) meM pAye jAte haiN| "sarve kaNTakinaH -- yazasvinaH " nRsiMhapurANa (58/49 ) kA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (viSNudharmasUtra 6118 evaM nRsiMhapurANa 58646) / uttara yA pUrva kI ora mukha karake dantadhAvana karanA cAhie, na ki pazcima yA dakSiNa (viSNudharmasUtra 61 / 12-13) / viSNudharmasUtra (61 / 16-17) ke mata se TahanI bAraha aMgula lambI evaM kAnI aMgulI kI pora jitanI moTI honI caahie| use dhokara prayoga meM lAnA cAhie tathA prayoga ke uparAnta gande sthAna meM nahIM pheMkanA caahie| lambAI ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| nRsiMhapurANa (58149,50) ke mata se ATha aMgula yA eka bittA (prAdeza), garga (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 105 meM uddhRta) ke mata se cAroM varNo tathA striyoM ke lie kama se 10, 9,8,7 yA 4 aMgula lambI TahanI honI caahie| IMTa ke Tukar3oM, miTTI yA prastaroM yA khAlI aMgaliyoM se (aMgaThA evaM anAmikA ke sivA) maMha nahIM dhonA cAhie (lagha zAtAtapa 8,73, smaticandrikA 1, pR0 106) / ___ laghu hArIta evaM nRsiMhapurANa (58 / 50-52) ke mata se pratipadA, parva kI tithiyoM (jisa dina candra dikhAI par3e, pUrNa mAsI, amAvasa, aSTamI, caturdazI tathA usa dina jaba sUrya nayI rAzi meM jAya, dekhie viSNupurANa 3 / 113118), SaSThI, navamI yA jisa dina dAtuna na mile, dantadhAvana kA tyAga honA cAhie tathA kevala 12 kulloM (gaNDUSoM) se muMha dho lenA caahie| paThInasi (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 106) ke mata se ghAsa, pattiyoM, jala evaM anAmikA ko chor3akara kisI bhI a~gulI se dantadhAvana ho sakatA hai| dantavihIna loga gaNDUSoM (kulloM se yA mukha meM pAnI bharakara) se mukha svaccha kara sakate haiN| jisa dina vajita na ho, usa dina jihvA ko bhI isI prakAra ragar3akara svaccha karanA caahie| zrAddha ke dina, yajJa ke dina, niyama pAlate samaya, pati ke videza rahane para, ajIrNa hone para, vivAha ke dina, upavAsa yA vrata meM (smRtyarthasAra, pR0 25) dantadhAvana nahIM honA caahie| viSNudharmasUtra (61 / 16) ne na kevala prAtaHkAla, pratyuta pratyeka bhojana ke uparAnta dantadhAvana kI bAta kahI hai, aisA kevala (devala ke anusAra) dA~toM ke bIca ke annAMza ko nikAlane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| snAna dantadhAvana ke uparAnta snAna kiyA jAtA hai| Acamana, snAna, japa homa evaM anya kRtyoM meM kuza ko dAhine hAtha meM rakhanA hotA hai, ataH kuza ke viSaya meM yahA~ kucha likha denA anivArya hai| kuzoM kA upayoga-kUrmapurANa ke anusAra binA darbha evaM yajJopavIta ke jo kRtya kiyA jAtA hai, usase ihaloka evaM paraloka meM koI phala nahIM milatA (kRtyaratnAkara, pR0 48 meM uddhRt)| zAtAtapa ke anusAra "japa, homa, dAna, svAdhyAya (vedAdhyayana) yA pitRtarpaNa ke samaya dAhine hAtha meM sonA, cAMdI evaM kuza rakhane cAhie" (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 108) / Acamana Adi karate samaya dAhine hAtha yA donoM hAthoM meM darbha kA pavitra (a~gUThI ke samAna kuzoM kA gola challA) rakhanA cAhie, jo anAmikA a~gulI meM pahanA jAtA hai; yA usa samaya dAhine hAtha meM kevala kuza rakhanA caahie| kuza-dhAraNa kaI prakAra se hotA hai| bhAdrapada (amAnta zrAvaNa) mAsa kI amAvasa ko kuza ekatra karane cAhie, kyoMki usa dina ekatra kiye gaye kuza kamI bAsI (purAne) nahIM par3ate aura punaH prayoga meM lAye 19. shaataatpH| jape home tathA dAne svAdhyAye pitRtrpnne| azUnyaM tu karaM kuryAtsuvarNarajataH kushH|| smAtacandrikA 1, 10 108; dekhie smRtyrysaar| atra catvAraH pkssaaH| hattadvaye varbhadhAraNaM hastadvaye pavitradhAraNaM dakSiNe pavitra vAme kuzA dakSiNa evobhymiti| AcAraratnAkara, pR0 24 / dekhie gobhilasmRti 1028 (aparArka dvArA pa0 43 evaM 480 meM uddhRt)|

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snAna jA sakate haiN| cAroM vargoM kA pavitra 4 darbho yA krama se 3, 2 yA 1 darma kA honA cAhie yA sabake lie do darmoM kA pavitra honA caahie| jisameM Age koI aMkura nahIM phUTate. vaha darbha kahA jAtA hai, jisameM punaH aMkura nikalate haiM vaha kuza kahalAtA hai, kintu jar3a ke sAtha darbha ko kutapa tathA jisake UparI pora kATa DAle gaye haiM vaha tRNa kahalAtA hai| tila ke kheta meM ugane vAle tathA jinameM sAta aMkura hoM aise kuza bar3e maMgalamaya samajhe jAte haiN| ___ yajJoM meM prayukta honevAle darmoM kA raMga harA evaM pAkayajJoM meM prayukta honevAloM kA raMga pIlA honA cAhie, pitaroM ke zrAddha vAle darbha samUla hone cAhie tathA vaizvadeva ke lie vibhinna raMga vAle hone caahie| piNDadAna, pitRtarpaNa yA malamUtra-tyAga ke samaya prayukta darma pheMka dene cAhie (smRtyarthasAra, pR0 37) / yadi darbha (kuza) na mile to kAsa kA dUrvA kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| snAna-isakA varNana kaI prakAra se ho sakatA hai| yaha yA to mukhya (jala ke sAtha) yA gauNa (binA jala ke) hotA hai, aura pUnaH ye donoM prakAra kaI mAgoM meM ba~Te haiN| dakSa (2148) ke mata se snAna nitya (Avazyaka prati dina vAlA), naimittika (kinhIM vizeSa avasaroM para kiyA jAne vAlA) evaM kAmya (kisI phala-prApti kI icchA se kiyA jAne vAlA) hotA hai| sabhI vargoM ko prati dina jala meM yA jala se pUre zarIra ke sAtha (sazira) snAna karanA cAhie (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 4 / 4, manu 2 / 176 evaM 4 / 8 / 82) tathA dvijAtiyoM ko vaidika mantroM ke sAtha snAna karanA caahie| ise hI nitya snAna kahate haiN| binA nitya snAna ke homa, japa evaM anya kRtya nahIM sampAdita ho sakate (zaMkha 852 evaM dakSa 2 / 9) / zarIra gandA hotA hai, kyoMki isase dina aura rAta gandagI nikalA karatI hai, ataH prati prAtaH snAna karake ise svaccha karanA caahie| isa prakAra se snAna dvArA dRzya evaM adRzya phala prApta kiye jAte haiN| yAjJavalkya (1195 evaM 100), laghu-AzvalAyana (1116, 75), dakSa (219 evaM 43) Adi ke anusAra brAhmaNa gRhasthoM ko do bAra, prathama prAtaH aura dUsarA madhyAhna meM, snAna karanA caahie| brahmacAriyoM ke lie eka bAra tathA vAnaprasthoM ke lie do bAra snAna karane kI vyavasthA hai (manu 616) / kintu manu (6 / 28) evaM yAjJavalkya (3 / 48) ke anusAra vAnaprasthoM evaM yatiyoM ke lie prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaM (tIna bAra) snAna karane kI vyavasthA hai| smRtyarthasAra (pR0 27) ke anusAra Ajakala bahudhA madhyAhna ke pUrva snAna hotA hai, yati loga prAtaH snAna karate haiM, aura prAtaH hI vrata karane vAle, brahmacArI, yajJa karAne vAle purohita, vedapAThI chAtra tathA tapa meM lage hue loga snAna karate haiN| dantaghAvana ke uparAnta sUryodaya ke pUrva hI snAna kara lenA cAhie (viSNudharmasUtra 64 / 8) / gomilasmati (2024) ke anasAra snAna ke samaya mantrapATha karane meM adhika samaya nahIM lagAnA cAhie, kyoMki homa ke samaya (pUrva dizA meM eka bittA bhara sUrya ke uTha jAne taka) pATha to hotA hI hai (dekhie manu 2 / 15) / mAdhyAhna snAna dina ke cauthe bhAga meM (dina ATha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karake) karanA cAhie tathA sAtha meM bhurabhurI miTTI, gobara, puSpa, akSata cAvala, kuza, tila evaM candana honA cAhie (dakSa 2 / 43 evaM laghu-vyAsa 2 / 9) / rogI vyakti ko mAdhyAhna snAna nahIM karanA caahie| tIsarA snAna (vAnaprasthoM evaM yatiyoM ke lie) sUryAsta ke pUrva (sUryAsta ke uparAnta yA rAtri meM nahIM) kara lenA caahie| rAtri-snAna varjita hai, kintu grahaNa, vivAha, janma-maraNa yA kisI vrata ke samaya yaha vajita nahIM hai| manu (41129 tathA kullaka kI isa para vyAkhyA) evaM parAzara (12 / 27) ke anusAra rAtri kI gaNanA vizeSataH do prahara ke uparAnta hotI hai| nitya snAna zItala jala se honA caahie| sAdhAraNataH garbha jala varjita hai| zaMkha (8 / 9-10) evaM dakSa (2 / 64) ke anusAra garma jala yA dUsare ke lie rakhe hue jala se snAna karane para adRzya AdhyAtmika sundara phala nahIM prApta hotaa| naimittika evaM kAmya snAna to pratyeka dazA meM zItala jala se hote hI haiM, kevala nitya snAna meM hI kamI kabhI apavAda pAyA jA sakatA hai (garga, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 123 meM uddhRt)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa manu (4/203), viSNudharmasUtra (64 / 1-2 evaM 15-16), yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 159), dakSa ( 2/43 ), vyAsasmRti ( 3 / 7-8), zaMkha ( 812) tathA anya logoM kA kathana hai ki prati dina svAbhAvika jala meM arthAt nadiyoM, vApiyoM ( mandiroM se sambaddha), jhIloM, gahare kuNDoM evaM parvata-prapAtoM meM snAna karanA caahie| kisI dUsare ke jala ( kUpa yA kuNDa Adi) meM snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu anyatra jala na ho to kuNDa ke jala meM se 3 yA 5 muTThI miTTI nikAlakara yA kUpa meM se 3 yA 5 ghar3A jala nikAlakara snAna karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM bAta yaha hai ki aisA na karane se kuNDa yA kUpa vAlA vyakti snAna karanevAle ke puNya kA bhAgI ho jAyagA (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 3 / 7 ), yA snAna karanevAlA usake pApa kA bhAgI ho jAyagA (manu 4 / 201 202 ) / yadi uparyukta DhaMga kA svAbhAvika jala na prApta ho sake to apane ghara ke A~gana meM kUpajala se isa prakAra snAna karanA cAhie ki vastra bhIga jaayeN| manu (41203 ) meM prayukta nadI evaM garta kA artha yoM hai--nadI vaha hai jo kama-se-kama 8000 dhanuSa kI lambAI kI ho, isase choTe anya nadInAle garta kahe jAte haiN| zrAvaNa evaM bhAdoM meM nadiyA~ rajasvalA hotI haiM (gande jala vAlI hotI haiM) ataH unameM snAna varjita hai, kevala unhIM nadiyoM meM ina mahInoM meM snAna karanA cAhie jo samudra meM milatI haiM / kintu upAkarma, utsarga, maraNa, grahaNa ke samaya ina nadiyoM meM bhI snAna karanA cAhie / viSNudharmasUtra (64 / 17 ) ke anusAra krama se nimnokta jala apekSAkRta acchA mAnA jAtA hai; pAtra meM rakhA huA jala, kuNDa-jala prapAta - jala, nadI kA jala, bhadra logoM dvArA prAcIna samaya se prayukta jala evaM gaMgA nadI kA jala / 366 vibhinna sUtroM, smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM meM snAna - vidhi vibhinna DhaMgoM se varNita hai / gomilasmRti ( 11137 ) ke mata se prAtaH evaM madhyAhna snAna kI vidhi samAna hai / zrauta yajJa karanevAloM ke lie prAtaHkAla kA snAna saMkSipta hotA hai| viSNudharmasUtra ( 64 / 18-22 ) ke anusAra zarIra se dhUla jhAr3akara tathA jala meM evaM bhurabhurI miTTI se gandagI svaccha karake jala meM utaranA cAhie, taba RRRgveda kI tIna RcAoM ( 10/9/1- 3 ) ke sAtha jala kA abhimantraNa (AhvAna) karanA cAhie ("ApohiSThA 0"), isI prakAra cAra mantra ( " hiraNyavarNAH", taittirIya saMhitA 5 / 6 / 1 / 1-2 evaM "idamApaH pravahata", Rgveda 1 / 23 / 22 yA 10 / 9 / 8) kahane cAhie / pAnI meM khar3e hokara tIna bAra 'aghamarSaNa' sUkta (Rgveda 10 / 109 / 1-3, RtaM ca satyam Adi) yA "tad viSNoH paramaM padam " (Rgveda 1 / 22 / 20 ) yA drupadA gAyatrI ( vAjasaneyI saMhitA 2020) yA " yuJjate manaH" ke sAtha anuvAka (gveda 5 / 8111-5) yA puruSasUkta (Rgveda 10 / 10 / 1-16) par3hanA caahie| snAna karane ke uparAnta bhIge kapar3oM ke sAtha jala meM hI devatAoM evaM pitaroM kA tarpaNa karanA cAhie / yadi vastra parivartana kara liyA ho to pAnI se bAhara Ane para bhI tarpaNa ho sakatA hai| Ajakala bhI bahuta-se brAhmaNa pAnI meM khar3e hokara puruSasUkta kA pATha karate / aura dekhie zaMkhasmRti (9), madanapArijAta ( pR0 270 - 271), gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 206 208 ) evaM parAzaramAdhavIya ( 1 / 1, pR0 274 -275) Adi, jahA~ zaMkhasmRti (adhyAya 9) uddhRta hai / kAtyAyana ke snAnasUtra ( gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 208-211 meM uddhRta ) meM mI snAna - vidhi savistara varNita hai, jise yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| aparArka dvArA uddhRta yogiyAjJavalkya meM AyA hai ki yadi koI vistAra ke sAtha snAna na karanA cAhe to saMkSepa meM itanA hI karanA cAhie- -jala kA abhimantraNa, Acamana, tatra mArjana (kuza se zarIra para jala chir3akanA), isake uparAnta snAna tathA aghamarSaNa (Rgveda 10 / 19011 - 3 ) / gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 215-217) padmapurANa evaM nRsiMhapurANa kI vidhi uddhRta karake kahatA hai ki padmapurANa kI vidhi sabhI varNoM ke lie mAnya hai, sabhI vaidika zAkhAoM ke lie samAna hai, kevala zUdroM ke lie vaidika mantrapATha varjita hai / smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 28) ne bhI snAna kA eka saMkSipta varNana upasthita kiyA hai| snAna karate samaya kucha niyamoM kA pAlana paramAvazyaka hai / gautama ( 9 / 60 ) ke anusAra vastrahIna hokara

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367 snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, aura na sAre kapar3oM ke sAtha hI, kevala nIce kA vastra paryApta hai / manu (4 / 29 ) ke anusAra khAne ke uparAnta snAna nahIM karanA caahie| jala ke mItara mUtra tyAga karanA evaM zarIra ragar3anA nahIM cAhie, yaha kRtya kinAre para Akara karanA caahie| jala ko pairoM se na pITanA cAhie aura na eka ora se halakorA dekara sAre jala ko hilA denA cAhie ( gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 191-192; vasiSTha 6 / 36-37 ) / Adhunika kAla ke sAbuna kI bhA~ti prAcIna kAla meM miTTI kA prayoga hotA thA / Ajakala dehAtoM meM nAriyA~ apane sira ko cikanI miTTI se yA besana se ghotI haiN| miTTI pavitra sthAna se lI jAtI thI, na ki valmIka, cUhoM ke bila yA jala ke bhItara vAlI na mArga, per3a kI jar3a, mandira ke pAsa kii| kisI vyakti ke prayoga ke uparAnta avazeSa miTTI kA prayoga nahIM karanA caahie| laghu hArIta ( 70-71 ) ke mata se ATha aMgula nIce kI miTTI kA prayoga karanA cAhie, yA vahA~ kI jahA~ loga bahuta kama jAte haiM / snAna brahmacAriyoM ko Ananda lekara tathA krIDA-kautuka ke sAtha snAna nahIM karanA cAhie; kevala lakar3I kI bhA~ti pAnI meM Dubakara nahAnA caahie| mahAbhArata, dakSa evaM anya logoM ke mata se snAna dvArA dasa guNoM kI prApti hotI hai, yathA bala, rUpa, svara evaM varNa kI zuddhi, zarIra kA madhura evaM gandhayukta sparza, vizuddhatA, zrI, saukumArya evaM sundara strI / " naimittika snAna zaMkhasmRti ( 811-11), agnipurANa tathA anya logoM ke mata se jala-snAna chaH zreNiyoM meM bA~TA gayA hainitya, naimittika, kAmya, kriyAMga, malApakarSaNa (yA abhyaMga snAna) evaM kriyA-snAna / nitya snAna ( prati dina kA snAna ) Upara varNita hai, nIce hama anya snAnoM para thor3A-thor3A likha rahe haiM / kinhIM viziSTa avasaroM para yA kucha viziSTa vyaktiyoM yA padArthoM se sparza ho jAne para jo snAna kiyA jAtA hai, (bhale hI isake pUrva nitya snAna ho cukA ho) use naimittika snAna kahate haiM, yathA putrotpatti para, yajJa ke anta meM, kisI sambandhI ke mara jAne para, grahaNa ke samaya Adi (parAzara 12 / 26 evaM devl)| isI prakAra kisI jAti cyuta vyakti ko ( jisane koI bhayaMkara aparAdha kiyA ho), cANDAla ko, sUtikA ko, rajasvalA ko, zava ko zava chUnevAle yA zava le jAnevAle ko chU lene para vastrasahita snAna karane ko naimittika snAna kahate haiM ( gautama 14 / 28-29, vasiSTha 4 / 38, manu 5 / 85 evaM 103, prAjJavalkya 3 / 30, laghu- AzvalAyana 20/24) / manu ( 5 | 144), zaMkhasmRti ( 813), mArkaNDeyapurANa (34132-33), brahmapurANa (113 / 79), parAzara (7 / 28 ) ke anusAra ulaTI karane para, kaI ( dasa yA adhika) bAra mala-tyAga karane para, keza banavA lene para, duHsvapna dekhane para, saMmbhoga kara lene para kabragAha yA zmazAna meM jAne para, citA ke dhUma se zarIra ghira jAne para, yajJa kA stambha (yUpa) chU lene para ( jisameM bA~dhakara pazu ko bali dete haiM), mAnava-asthi chU jAne para apane ko pavitra karane ke lie snAna karanA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 115/15/16) ne likhA hai ki kuttA ke kATa lene para yA chU lene para snAna karanA caahie| isI prakAra bauddhoM, pAzupatoM, jainoM, lokAyatoM, nAstikoM, ghRNita kArya karanevAle dvijAtiyoM evaM zUdroM kA sparza hone para vastra ke sAtha snAna karanA caahie| yAjJavalkya ( 3330) kI TIkA 20. guNA daza snAnazIlaM bhajante balaM rUpaM svaravarNaprazuddhiH / sparzazca gandhazca vizuddhatA ca zrIH saukumArya pravarAzca nAryaH // udyogaparva 37|33| bakSa (2 / 13 ) ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai (smRtyarthasAra, pu0 25) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mitAkSarA, smRtiMcandrikA (1, pR0 117-119) evaM anya nibandhoM ke mata se kucha pakSiyA (yathA kauA) tathA kucha pazuoM (yathA-muragoM yA grAmINa sUaroM) ko chU lene para snAna karanA caahie|' kAmya snAna tathA anya prakAra kisI tIrtha ko jAte samaya yA puSya nakSatra meM candrodaya para jo snAna hotA hai, mAgha evaM vaizAkha mAsoM meM puNya ke lie prAtaHkAla jo snAna hotA hai, tathA isI prakAra ke jo snAna kisI icchA kI pUrti ke lie kiye jAte haiM unheM kAmya snAna kI saMjJA milI hai (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 122-123) / kUpa-mandira, bATikA tathA anya jana-kalyANa ke nirmANa kArya ke samaya jo snAna hAtA hai, use kriyAMga snAna kI saMjJA milI hai| jaba zarIra meM tela evaM AMvalA lagAkara kevala zarIra ko svaccha karane kI icchA se snAna hotA hai, to use malApakarSaka yA abhyaMga-snAna kahA jAtA hai| sUkhe AMvaloM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM mArkaNDeyapurANa (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 122), vAmanapurANa (14149) Adi meM carcA huI hai| saptamI, navamI evaM parva kI tithiyoM meM Amalaka-prayoga niSiddha mAnA gAyA hai| jaba koI kisI tIrtha-sthAna para yAtrA ke phala-prAptyartha snAna karatA hai to use kriyA-snAna kahate haiN| bImAra vyakti garma jala se snAna kara sakatA hai| yadi vaha use saha na sake to usakA zarIra (sira ko chor3akara) poMcha denA caahie| isa snAna ko kApila-snAna kahate haiN| jaba rogI ke lie snAna karanA atyanta Avazyaka ho jAtA hai aura vaha isa yogya nahIM hai ki snAna karAyA jA sake to kisI dUsare vyakti ko use chUkara snAna karanA cAhie, aura jaba yaha kriyA dasa bAra sampAdita ho jAtI hai to rogI vyakti pavitra samajhA jAtA hai (yama, aparArka pR0 135, AhnikaprakAza, pR0 197) / jaba rajasvalA strI cauthe dina jvara se pIr3ita ho jAya, to kisI anya strI ko dasa yA bAraha bAra use bAra-bAra sparza karake vastrayukta snAna karanA caahie| anta meM rajasvalA kI dhotI badala dI jAnI caahie| isa prakAra vaha pavitra ho jAtI hai (uzanA, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 121 meM uddhRt)| 21. (1) putrajanmani yajJe ca tathA caatyykrmnni| rAhozca darzane snAnaM prazastaM nAnyadA nizi // parAzara 12 / 26 / (2) patitacaNDAlasUtikodakyAzavaspRSTitatspRSTyupasparzane sclodkopsprshnaacchudhyet| zavAnugamane ca / gautama 1428-29: sapiNDamaraNe caiva putrajanmani vai tyaa| snAnaM naimittika zastaM pravadanti mhrssyH|| laghvAzvalAyana 20124 // (3) duHsvapne maiyune vAnte virikte bhurakarmaNi / citiyUpazmazAnAsthnA sparza snAnamAcaret // parAzara (yAjJavalkya 3.30 para mitAkSarA dvArA uddhRta); kSurakarmaNi vAnte ca strIsaMbhoge ca putraka / snAyIta celavAnprAjJaH kaTabhUmimupetya ca // mArkaNDeyapurANa 34182-83; dekhie baudhAyanadharmasUtra 115 / 52 / (4) zaivAnpAzupatAn spRSTvA lokaaytiknaastikaan| vikarmasthAna dvijAn zUgrAnsavAsA jalamAvizet // brahmApurANa (yAjJavalkya 330 kI TIkA mitAkSarA); smRticandrikA (1, pR0 118) ne patrizammata ko uddhRta kiyA hai--baukhAn pAzupatAjanAn lokAyatikakApilAn / vika. . .spRSTvA savAsA jalamAvizet //

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snAna 369 gauNa snAna jala dvArA snAna ko vAraNa snAna kahA jAtA hai (Rgveda 7 / 49 / 3 ke anusAra varuNa pAnI ke devatA haiN)| anya gauNa snAna cha: haiM-mantra-snAna, bhauma snAna, Agneya snAna, vAyavya snAna, divya snAna, mAnasa snaan| isa prakAra vAraNa ko lekara sAta gauNa snAna kahe jAte haiN| ye snAna rogiyoM ke lie, samayAbhAva yA usa samaya ke lie haiM, jaba ki sAdhAraNa mukhya snAna karane meM koI kaThinAI yA gar3abar3I ho| dakSa (2015-16) evaM parAzara (12 / 9-11) ne bhauma evaM mAnasa prakAroM ko chor3akara sabhI gauNa snAnoM kI carcA kI hai, aura mantra-snAna ke sthAna para brAhma-snAna rakhA hai| vaikhAnasa gRhyasUtra (112 evaM 5) ne mantra evaM gurvanujJA ko samAnArthaka mAnA hai| garga evaM bRhaspati ne bhauma evaM mAnasa ko chor3a diyA hai aura sArasvata-snAna jor3a diyA hai| sArasvatasnAna meM koI vidvAn vyakti AzIrvacana bhI kahatA hai, yathA--"tuma gaMgA tathA anya pavitra jaloM se yukta sone ke ghar3oM se snAna karo" (AhnikaprakAza, pR0 196-197) / mantra-snAna meM 'Apo hi SThA' (Rgveda 10 / 9 / 1-3) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha jala kA chir3akAva hotA hai, bhauma (yA pArthiva) meM bhurabhurI miTTI zarIra meM pota dI jAtI hai, Agneya meM pavitra vibhUtiyoM (yajJa yA homa kI rAkhoM) se zarIra svaccha kiyA jAtA hai, vAyavya meM gau ke khuroM se uThatI huI dhUli se snAna karanA hotA hai| divya meM sUrya kI kiraNoM ke rahate (dhUpa meM) varSA meM snAna karanA hotA hai tathA mAnasa meM bhagavAn viSNu kA smaraNa mAtra paryApta hotA hai| tarpaNa devatAoM, RSiyoM evaM pitaroM ko jala denA snAna kA eka aMga hai| tarpaNa brahma-yajJa kA bhI aMga mAnA jAtA hai| jala meM sira taka DubakI le lene ke uparAnta jala meM khar3e rUpa meM hI tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai (dekhie manu 21176, viSNudharmasUtra 64 / 23-24, parAzara 12 / 12-13) / aMjali se dhArA kI ora jala diyA jAtA hai| vastra-parivartana karake taTa para bhI tarpaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| tarpaNa ke viSaya meM kaI eva mata haiN| kucha logoM ke mata se snAna ke uparAnta turaMta hI tarpaNa karanA cAhie, yaha sandhyA-pUjana ke pUrva honA cAhie, aura punaH usI dina ise brahmayajJa ke aMga ke rUpa meM karanA caahie| kintu kucha anya logoM ke mata se dina meM kevala eka bAra sandhyA-prArthanA ke uparAnta ise karanA cAhie (AhnikaprakAza, pR0 191) / apanI-apanI zAkhA (vaidika sampradAya) ke anusAra hI tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| brahmayajJa ke varNana meM hama punaH tarpaNa ke viSaya meM kucha likheNge| viSNudharmasUtra (64 / 9-13) ke anusAra snAna ke uparAnta pAnI ko haTAne ke lie sira nahIM jhaTakanA cAhie, hAtha se bhI pAnI ko nahIM poMchanA cAhie aura na kisI anya vyakti dvArA prayukta vastra prayoga meM lAnA cAhie, apane sira ko tauliyA se Dhaka denA cAhie aura dhule hue evaM sUkhe do vastra dhAraNa kara lene caahie| yastra-dhAraNa brahmacArI ke vastra dhAraNa ke viSaya meM pahale hI carcA ho cukI hai (bhAga 2, adhyAya 7) / yahA~ gRhasthoM ke paridhAna ke viSaya meM saMkSipta carcA kI jA rahI hai| vaidika sAhitya meM katAI-bunAI kI carcA AlaMkArika rUpa meM huI hai (Rgveda 1 / 115 / 4, 2 / 3 / 6, 5 / 29 / 15, 10 / 106 / 1) / Rgveda (6 / 9 / 2-3) meM 'tantu' evaM 'otu' ke nAma Aye haiN| paridhAna meM pahanane ke lie vAsas yA vastra zabda prayukta hue haiN| taittirIya saMhitA (6 / 1 / 1 / 3) meM AyA hai ki vaidika yajJa ke lie dIkSA lete samaya vyakti ko kSauma (sana kA banA huA) vastra dhAraNa karanA par3atA thaa| kAThaka saMhitA (51 / 1) ke ullekha se patA calatA hai ki kucha kRtyoM meM kSauma vastra zulka rUpa meM diyA jAtA thaa| atharvaveda meM

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370 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bAharI vastra ko vAsaH evaM bhItarI ko nIbi kahA gayA hai (812 / 16) / Rgveda (11162116) meM 'adhivAsa' zabda bhI AyA hai jo sambhavataH AvaraNa yA cUMghaTa kA dyotaka hai| taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 4 / 9 / 2) meM kAle mRga ke carma kA varNana huA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (5 / 2 / 118) meM kuza-vAsaH kA nAma AyA hai| 'kauza' zabda kA artha 'kuza ghAsa kA banA huA' yA kauzeya arthAt 'rezama kA banA huA' ho sakatA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 3 / 6) meM lAla raMga meM raMge hue vastra ke sAtha zveta raMga ke UnI vastra kI carcA huI hai| uparyukta bAtoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM vastra UnI yA sana kA banA hotA thA, rezamI (kauzeya) vastra pUta avasaroM para dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA, mRgacarma bhI vastra ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA thA tathA vastra lAla raMga meM raMge bhI jAte the| sUtI vastra hote the ki nahIM, isa viSaya meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sUtroM evaM manusmRti meM sUtI kapar3oM kI spaSTa carcA milatI hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki isake kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva sUtI kapar3e kA AviSkAra ho cukA thA (viSNudharmasUtra 71 / 15 evaM 63 / 24) tathA manu 8 / 326 evaM 12 / 64) / yUnAnI eriyana ke ullekha se patA calatA hai ki bhAratIya vastra ruI kA banA hotA thaa| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 22-23) ke anusAra gRhastha ko UparI tathA nIce ke aMgoM ke lie do vastra tathA yadi daridra ho to eka janeU dhAraNa karanA par3atA thaa| vasiSThadharmasUtra (12 / 14) ke anusAra snAtaka ko (jo chAtra-jIvana samApta karake lauTatA hai) Upara aura nIce vAlA vastra tathA eka jor3A janeU (do yajJopavIta) dhAraNa karane par3ate the| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 3 / 2) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai, kintu yaha bhI jor3a diyA hai ki snAtaka ko pagar3I pahananI cAhie, mRgacarma UparI vastra ke rUpa meM dhAraNa karanA cAhie tathA jUte aura chAtA prayoga meM lAne caahie| aparArka (pR0 133-134) ne vyAghra evaM yogayAjJavalkya ko uddhata karake uparyukta bAteM duharAyI haiM tathA yogayAjJavalkya kI yaha vAta bhI likhI hai ki yadi dUsarA svaccha kiyA huA vastra na mila sake to Una kA kambala yA sana kA banA huA vastra dhAraNa karanA caahie| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 6 / 5-6, 10-11) ne yajJa evaM pUjA ke samaya navIna yA svaccha vastra dhAraNa kI bAta kahI hai| yajJa karanevAle, usakI strI tathA purohitoM ko svaccha evaM havA meM sukhAye hue vastra dhAraNa karane cAhie, kintu abhicAra (zatruoM kI hAni) karane ke lie jo yajJa kiye jAte haiM, unameM purohitoM ko lAla raMga meM raMge hue vastra evaM pagar3I dhAraNa karanI caahie| vaidika yajJoM meM sana ke bane hue vastra, unake abhAva meM sUtI yA UnI kapar3e dhAraNa kiye jAne caahie| jaimini (10 / 4 / 13) kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ne zruti-uktiyA~ uddhRta kI haiM aura kahA hai ki yajJa karanevAle tathA usakI patnI ko Adarza yajJa meM navIna vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie tathA mahAvrata meM navIna vastra ke atirikta tArya (rezamI vastra) tathA kuza ghAsa kA banA huA vastra (patnI ke lie) dhAraNa karanA caahie| vedAdhyayana, devAlaya, kUpa, tAlAba Adi ke nirmANa ke samaya, dAna dete samaya, bhojana karate samaya yA Acamana karate samaya uttarIya dhAraNa karanA caahie| yahI bAta viSNupurANa (3 / 12 / 20) ne bhI kahI hai| isa viSaya meM anya mata dekhie, 22. mahAvate zrUyate tApyaM yajamAna paridhatte darbhamayaM patnI iti / asti tu prakRtau ahataM vAsaH paridhatte iti / zabara (jaimini 10 / 4 / 13) / tArya kisa prakAra pavitra kiyA jAtA hai, isake lie dekhie baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 6 / 13) / 'ahata' zabda ke vo artha haiM; (1) karaghe para se sIdhe AyA huA navIna vastra (vivAha yA isake samAna maMgalamaya kRtyoM meM), (2) vaha yastra jo dhokara svaccha kara diyA gayA hai, kintu mahInoM se prayukta nahIM huA hai aura vAstava meM bilkula navIna hai aura usakI kora Adi durusta haiN| dekhie smRticandrikA (1, pR0 113) / / 23. homadevArcanAdyAsu kriyAsu paThane tthaa| nekavastraH pravartata dvijo nAcamane jpe|| viSNupurANa 3 / 12 / 20 (hemAdri dvArA vratakhaNDa, pR0 35 meM uvRt)|

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vastradhAraNa 371 yathA gautama (9 / 4-5), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 11 / 30 / 10-13), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 8 / 24), mArkaNDeyapurANa (34 / 42-43) / gautama, ApastambadharmasUtra, manu (4 / 34-35), yAjJavalkya (1 / 131) tathA anya logoM ke mata se snAtaka evaM gRhastha ko zveta vastra dhAraNa karane cAhie aura ve vastra raMgIna, mahaMge yA kaTe-phaTe, gande yA dUsare dvArA prayukta nahIM hone caahie|" lAla (kASAya) kapar3A dhAraNa karake japa, homa, dAna, zrAddha nahIM karanA cAhie, nahIM to ve devatA ke samIpa nahIM pahuMca skte|" nIla ke raMga meM raMgA huA vastra bhI varjita hai, yadi aisA koI karatA thA to use upavAsa karanA par3atA thA aura paJcagavya pInA par3atA thaa| gautama (9 / 5-7), manu (4 / 66), viSNudharmasUtra (71 / 47), mArkaNDeyapurANa (34 / 42-43) ke anusAra dUsare ke dvArA prayoga meM lAye gaye jUte, kapar3e, yajJopavIta, AbhUSaNa, mAlA, ghar3A apane prayoga meM nahIM lAne cAhie, kintu yadi ye mila na sakeM to jUte, mAlA evaM vastra ghokara kAma meM lAye jA sakate haiN| smRticandrikA (1, pR0 113) meM uddhRta garga ke mata se brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ko krama se zveta, lAla ke sAtha camakIle tathA pIle evaM zUdra ko kAle tathA gande vastra dhAraNa karane caahie| mahAbhArata ke anusAra devapUjana ke samaya ke vastra mArga meM calate samaya yA sote samaya ke vastroM se bhinna hone caahie| parAzaramAdhavIya dvArA uddhRta prajApati ke anusAra tarpaNa ke samaya rezamI vastra pahananA cAhie, yA vaha jisakA raMga nAraMgI ho, kintu mar3akole raMga kA vastra nahIM dhAraNa karanA caahie| sambhavataH isI kAraNa kAlAntara meM bhojana evaM devapUjana ke samaya, bhArata ke kucha prAntoM meM rezamI vastra ke dhAraNa kA niyama-sA ho gayA hai / manu (4 / 18) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (7115-6) ke mata se apanI avasthA, vyavasAya, dhana, vidyA, kula evaM deza ke anusAra vastra dhAraNa karane caahie| vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsiyoM ke vastra dhAraNa ke viSaya meM hama Age pddh'eNge| nIce ke vastra ke dhAraNa kI vidhiyoM ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM meM niyama pAye jAte haiN| nicalA vastra tIna sthAnoM para baMdhA huA (tri-kaccha) yA khoMsA huA honA cAhie, yathA-nAbhi ke pAsa, bAyIM ora aura pIche kI ora / vaha brAhmaNa zUdra hai jo pIche kI lA~ga yA pichuA ko pIche kI ora nahIM bA~dhatA yA eka chora ko pIche pUMcha kI bhA~ti laTakA detA yA galata DhaMga se galata sthAna para bA~dhatA hai, yA isake ghUme hue bhAga ko usane kaTi ke cAroM ora bA~dha liyA hai, yA zarIra ke UparI bhAga ko nIce ke vastra se Dhaka liyA hai (dekhie smRtimuktAphala, Ahnika, pR0 351-353 evaM smRticandrikA 1, pR0 113-114) / 24. sati vibhave na jIrNamalavadvAsAH syAt ' na raktamulbaNamanyaghRtaM vAso bibhRyaat| gau0 9 / 4-5; sarvAn rAgAn vAsasi vrjyet| kRSNaM ca svaabhaavikm| anUdbhAsi vAso vsiit| apratikRSTaM ca shktivissye| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 11 / 30 / 10-13) / 25. kASAyavAsA yAnkurute jphomprtigrhaan| na taddevagamaM bhavati havyakavyeSu ydviH|| baudhAyanadharmasUtra 228124 (aparArka, pR0 461 meM uddhRtN)| 26. upAnadvastramAlyAvi dhRtamanyana dhaaryet| upavItamalaMkAraM karakaM caiva vrjyet| mArkaNDeyapurANa 34 // 42-43 / 27. anyadeva bhavedvAsaH zayanIyenyadeva tu| anyadrazyAsu devAnAma yAmanyadeva tu|| anuzAsana parva 104 // 46 (aparArka dvArA pR0 173 meM tatha, gRhastharatnAkara dvArA pR0 501 meM uddhRt)| mAdhavIye prjaaptiH| kSaumaM vAsaH prazaMsanti tarpaNe sadRzaM tthaa| kASAyaM dhAturaktaM vA nolbaNaM tattu khicit|| AcAraratna, pR0 33 / For Private & Personal use on

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tilaka yA cihna aMkana snAnoparAnta Acamana karake (dakSa 2 / 20 ) apanI jAti evaM sampradAya ke anusAra mastaka para cihna banAnA cAhie, jise tilaka, UrdhvapuNDra, tripuNDra Adi kahA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM AhnikaprakAza ( pR0 248-252), smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 292 - 310 ) meM vistAra ke sAtha niyama diye gaye haiM / brahmANDapurANa meM AyA hai ki UrdhvapuNDra (mastaka para eka yA adhika khar3I rekhAoM) ke lie parvata-zikhara, nadI-taTa (gaMgA, sindhu Adi pavitra nadiyoM Ta), viSNu ke pavitra sthala, valmIka evaM tulasI kI jar3a se miTTI lenI caahie| a~gUThA, madhyamA evaM anAmikA kA hI prayoga tilaka dete samaya honA cAhie, nakha kA sparza miTTI se nahIM honA caahie| cihna ke svarUpa nimna prakAra ke hone cAhie; dIpa kI jvAlA, bA~sa kI pattI, kamala kI kalI, machalI, kachuA, zaMkha ke samAna cihna kA AkAra do se lekara dasa aMgula taka ho sakatA hai| ye cihna mastaka, chAtI, gale evaM gale ke nIce ke gaDDhe, peTa, vAma evaM dakSiNa bhAgoM, bAhuoM, kAnoM, pITha, gardana ke pIche hone cAhie aura ina bArahoM sthAnoM para cihna lagAte samaya viSNu ke bAraha nAmoM ( kezava, nArAyaNa Adi) kA uccAraNa honA caahie| tripuNDra cihna (tIna Ter3hI rekhAe~) bhasma se tathA tilaka candana se kiyA jAtA hai / " brahmANDapurANa ke anusAra snAna karane ke uparAnta bhurabhurI miTTI se UrdhvapuNDra isa prakAra banAyA jAtA hai ki vaha hari ke caraNa ke samAna lagane lage, isI prakAra homa ke uparAnta tripuNDra tathA devapUjA ke uparAnta candana se tilaka lagAyA jAtA hai|" smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0292) ne vAsudevopaniSad kA mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki gopIcandana yA usake abhAva meM tulasI kI jar3a kI miTTI se mastaka tathA anya sthAnoM para UrdhvapuNDra cihna banAnA caahie| smRtimuktAphala dvArA uddhRta (Ahnika, pR0 292) viSNu ke mata se yadi binA UrdhvapuNDra ke yajJa, dAna, japa, homa, vedAdhyayana, pitR tarpaNa kiyA jAya to niSphala hotA hai / vRddha hArItasmRti ( 2 / 58-72 ) meM UrdhvapuNDra ke viSaya meM bar3e vistAra ke sAtha likhA hai| smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 296) ne likhA hai ki pAzupata evaM anya zaiva sampradAya ke logoM ne UrdhvapuNDra kI nindA kI hai aura tripuNDra kI prazaMsA kI hai, isI prakAra pAJcarAtra ke kathanoM se tripuNDra kI nindA tathA zaMkha, cakra, gadA evaM viSNu ke anya Ayudha cihnoM kI prazaMsA jhalakatI hai| mAdhva sampradAya ke vaiSNava bhakta loga apane zarIra para viSNu ke AyudhoM yathA-- zaMkha, cakra Adi ko garama dhAtu (tapta mudrA) dvArA aMkita karate haiM (Arambhika kAla meM IsAI loga bhI lAla lohe se mastaka para 'kAsa' kA cihna banAte the ) / vRddhahArIta ( 2144-45), pRthvIcandrodaya Adi granthoM ne isa prakAra ke cihnAMkana (garama lohe se zarIra para zaMkha Adi ke cihna dAgane) kI bhartsanA kI hai aura use zUdra ke lie hI yogya mAnA hai| kintu vAyupurANa evaM viSNupurANoM ne aise cihnAMkana kA samarthana kiyA hai (smRtyarthasAra dvArA uddhRta ) | kAlAgnirudropaniSad meM tripuNDra lagAne kI vidhi kA varNana hai| isI prakAra smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 301), AcAramayUkha Adi ne bhI isake bAre meM vibhinna mata pradarzita kiye haiN| smRtimuktAphala 372 28. parvatAgre nadItIre mama kSetre vizeSataH / sindhutIre ca valmIke tulasImUlamAzrite // mRda etAstu saMgrAhya varjayedanyamRttikAH // brahmANDapurANa (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 115 ); aura dekhie nityAcArapradIpa, pR0 42-43 / 29. UrdhvapuNDraM mRdA kuryAttripuNDraM bhasmanA sadA / tilakaM vai dvijaH kuryAccandanena yadRcchayA / AhnikaprakAza, pR0 250 evaM madanapArijAta, pR0 279 dvArA uddhRta / tripuNDra kI paribhASA yoM kI gayI hai--bhruvormadhyaM samAramya yAvadanto bhaved bhruvoH / madhyamAnAmikAMgulyormadhye tu pratilomataH / aMguSThena kRtA rekhA tripuNDrAkhyAbhidhIyate // 30. dvAravatyudbhavaM gopIcandanaM veMkaTodbhavam / sAntarAlaM prakurvIta puNDraM haripadAkRtim // zrAddhakAle vizepeNa kartA bhoktA ca dhArayet / vRddhahArIta 8267-68 /

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nityakarma 373 (Ahnika, pR0 310) ne una logoM kI bhartsanA kI hai jo vaiSNavoM evaM zaivoM ke cihnoM kA bheda evaM jhagar3A khar3A karate haiN| snAna ke uparAnta sandhyA (yAjJavalkya 1198) kI jAtI hai| isakA varNaja hamane upanayana ke adhyAya (7) meM kara diyA hai| sandhyA-vandana ke uparAnta homa kiyA jAtA hai (dakSa 2 / 28 evaM yAjJavalkya 1198-99) / yadi brAhmaNa prAtaH snAna karake lambI sandhyA kare to use homa karane kA samaya nahIM prApta ho sktaa| eka mata se sUryodaya ke pUrva hI homa ho jAnA cAhie (anudite juhoti), aura dUsare mata se sUryodaya ke uparAnta (udite juhoti) / kintu dUsare mata se bhI sUrya ke eka bittA Upara car3hane ke pUrva hI homa ho jAnA cAhie (gobhilasmRti 11123) / " sAyaMkAla kA homa tava honA cAhie jaba tAre nikala Aye hoM aura pazcima kSitija meM aruNAbhA samApta ho gayI ho (gobhilasmRti 1 / 124) / AzvalAyanazrautasUtra (2 / 2) evaM AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 9 / 5) ke anusAra homa saMgava (dina kI avadhi ke pA~ca bhAgoM ke dvitIya bhAga) ke uparAnta honA cAhie / isI se kucha logoM ne prAtaH sandhyA ke uparAnta homa kI bAta calAyI hai (dekhie, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 163 meM uddhRta bharadvAja ; nityAcArapaddhati, pR0 314 evaM saMskAraprakAza, pR0 890) / yaha hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM ki manuSya para tIna RNa hote haiM; devaRNa, RSiRNa evaM pitRRNa, jinameM prathama ko hama homa dvArA cukAne kA prayatna karate haiM aura isI lie jIvana bhara agnihotra yajJa karane kI vyavasthA hai| jisa agni meM homa hotA hai, vaha dhauta yA smArta ho sakatI hai| zrauta agni ke lie kucha niyama the| kevala vahI vyakti, jisake keza pake na hoM, jo putravAn hai yA usa avasthA kA hai jaba ki vaha putravAn ho sakatA hai, zrauta agni prajvalita kara sakatA thaa| zrauta agni utpanna karane ke viSaya meM do mata haiN| vasiSThadharmasUtra (21145-48.) ke mata se "brAhmaNa ke lie tIna zrauta agniyA~ prajvalita karanA anivArya thA aura unameM darza-pUrNamAsa (amAvasyA evaM pUrNamAsI ke yajJa), AgrayaNa iSTi, cAturmAsya, pazu evaM somayajJa kiye jAte the, kyoMki aisA karane kA niyama thA aura ise RNa cukAnA mAnate the|32 jaimini (5 / 4 / 16) kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ne likhA hai ki pavitra agni kI sthApanA kA koI viziSTa nizcita dina nahIM hai, kisI bhI dina pavitra abhilASA utpanna hone para agni sthApita kI jA sakatI hai| trikANDamaNDana (1 / 6-7) ne do mata prakAzita kiye haiM--eka mata se AdhAna (zrauta agni kA prajvalita karanA) nitya (anivArya) hai, kintu dUsare mata meM yaha kevala kAmya (kisI uddezya kI pUrti ke lie kiyA gayA) hai| jo vyakti pavitra agni 31. sandhyAkarmAvasAne tu svayaM homo vidhiiyte| dakSa 2 / 28; prAduSkaraNamagnInAM prAtA ca darzanAt / hastAdUrdhva raviryAvad giri hitvA na gacchati / tAvaddhomavidhiH puNyo nAnyo'bhyuditahominAm // gobhilasmRti 13122123 / homakAla ke viSaya meM manu (2015) ne kaI mata diye haiN| aura dekhie smRticandrikA 1, pR0 161; baudhAyanagRhya saM0 pariziSTa 1 / 72 / smRtyarthasAra pR0 35--prAta)me saMgavAntaH kAlastvanudite tthaa| sAyamastamite homakAlastu nava naaddikaaH|| 32. manu (4 / 26) ke mata se varSAkAla ke uparAnta navIna anna ke Agamana para 'AgrayaNeSTi' kI jAtI thI, pazu-yajJa utarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana ke Arambha meM kiyA jAtA thA (arthAt do bAra) aura somayajJa varSa ke Arambha meM kevala eka bAra kiyA jAtA thaa| dekhie yAjJavalkya (13125-126) /

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374 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prajvalita karatA thA, vaha usameM prati dina AhutiyA~ DAlatA thaa| bahuta prAcIna kAla meM bhI bahuta hI kama loga zrauta agni prajvalita rakhate the / gRhyasUtroM evaM dharmasUtroM meM aise spaSTa saMketa milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki kucha loga agni prajvalita rakhate the aura kucha loga nahIM (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1/1/4 ) / vedAdhyayana karanA, namaskAra karanA evaM agni meM samidhA DAlanA bhI vAstavika yajJa mAnA jAtA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki zrauta agni sabake lie anivArya nahIM thI / kintu prAcIna bhArata meM agnihotra kI bar3I mahattA thI ( chAndogyopaniSad 5 / 24 / 5 ) / tIna pavitra agniyA~ ( tretA) thIM; AhavanIya, gArhapatya evaM dakSiNAgni / AhavanIya agni-sthAna vargAkAra, gArhapatya kA vRttAkAra (kyoMki pRthivI gola hai) evaM dakSiNAgni-sthAna candra ke golArdha ke barAbara hotA thaa| brAhmaNoM evaM zrautasUtroM meM agnyAdhAna ( agni prajvalita karane ), katipaya yajJoM evaM unake vistAra ke viSaya lambA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / hama sthAna - saMkoca ke kAraNa ina bAtoM kA vivecana yahA~ nahIM upasthita kreNge| isa bhAga ke anta meM zrIta yajJoM ke viSaya meM thor3A vivecana upasthita kara diyA jAyagA / lagabhaga do sahasra varSoM se pazu-yajJa evaM soma-yajJa bahuta kama hue haiM, kevala kucha rAjAoM, sAmantoM evaM dhanika logoM ne hI aisA kiyA hai| madhya kAla meM kucha brAhmaNa loga amAvasyA evaM pUrNamAsI ke yajJa, AgrayaNa iSTi evaM cAturmAsya yajJa karate the / kintu Adhunika kAla meM aise bhI yajJa nahIM hote dikhAI par3ate / sahasroM brAhmaNoM meM eka agnihotrI kA milanA bhI kaThina hI hai| jo vyakti pavitra agni prajvalita karatA thA vaha prAtaH evaM sAyaM nitya zrautAgni meM agnihotra arthAt ghRta kI AhutiyA~ DAlatA thA / pratyeka gRhastha ko prAtaH evaM sAyaM homa karanA par3atA thA ( manu 4 / 25, yAjJavalkya 199, ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 4 / 13 / 22 evaM 1 / 4 / 14 / 1 ) / jo loga zrauta agni nahIM jalAte the, kintu homa karate the, unakI agni ko aupAsana, Avasathya, aupasada, vaivAhika, smArta yA gRhya yA zAlAgni kahA jAtA thaa| kucha logoM ke mata se gRhyAgni vaivAhika agni hai aura yaha vivAha ke dina hI prajvalita kI jAtI hai| hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki jaba vara vivAhoparAnta apane grAma ko lauTatA thA to vivAhAgni bhI usake Age-Age le jAyI jAtI thii| jisa pAtra meM vaivAhika agni le jAyI jAtI thI use ukhA kahate the (dekhie ApastambagRhyasUtra 5 / 14-15) / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 1/9/1 - 3 ) ke mata se pANigrahaNa ke uparAnta use yA usakI patnI yA putra yA putrI yA ziSya ko gRhyAgni kI pUjA karanI par3atI hai| isakI pUjA (homa) lagAtAra honI caahie|" ho sakatA hai ki kisI kAraNa vaivAhika agni bujha jAya, yathA patnI ke mara jAne yA asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa, to aisI sthiti meM vyakti ko laukika agni yA pacana agni ( bhojana banAne vAlI agni) meM prati dina homa karanA caahie| isa prakAra aba taka hamane pA~ca prakAra kI agniyoM ke nAma - par3he, yathA--tIna zrauta agni ( AhavanIya, gArhapatya evaM dakSiNAgni), aupAsana yA gRhyAgni tathA laukika / eka anya agni bhI hotI hai, jise sabhya ( aura yaha hai chaThI agni ) kahate haiM / manu ( 3|185 ) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi ne likhA hai ki sabhya agni vaha hai jo kisI dhanika ke prakoSTha meM zIta haTAne evaM uSNatA lAne ke lie prajvalita kI jAtI hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa ke anuvAdaka ne likhA hai ki sabhyAgni kSatriyoM dvArA prajvalita kI jAtI thI / kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (4) 9/20 ) ke anusAra sabhya agni bhI gArhapatya kI bhA~ti manthana se utpanna kI jAtI thI / ApastambazrautasUtra ( 4/4/7 ) likhA hai ki AhavanIya agni ke pUrva sabhya agni prajvalita rakhanI caahie| smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 14 ) ne likhA hai ki gRhastha ko 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 yA 1 agni jalAnI cAhie, binA agni ke use nahIM rahanA cAhie / jaba koI netA (AhavanIya, gArhapatya evaM dakSiNAgni), aupAsana, sabhya evaM laukika (sAdhAraNa agni) rakhatA hai, use cha: agniyoM bAlA (gni) kahA jAtA hai, jisake pAsa tretA, aupAsana evaM sabhya agniyA~ rahatI haiM, vaha paJcAgni kahalAtA hai, isI vyakti ko 'paMktipAvana' brAhmaNa (jo bhojana ke samaya paMkti meM baiThanevAloM ko apanI upasthiti se pavitra karatA hai) kahA jAtA hai (dekhie gautama 15/29, ApastambadharmasUtra 27 / 17 / 22, vasiSThadharmasUtra 3|19, manu 3 / 185, yAjJa

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freekarma 375 valkya 1 / 221 ) / jo yetA evaM aupAsana agni rakhatA hai use caturagni kahA jAtA hai| jo kevala netA rakhatA hai use yagni kahA jAtA hai| jo kevala aupAsana evaM laukika agni rakhatA hai use dvagni kahA jAtA hai aura jo kevala laukika agni rakhatA hai use ekAgni kahA jAtA hai| " kisI vyakti kI zAkhA ke gRhyasUtra meM varNita kRtya aupAsanAgni meM kiye jAte the, kintu smRtiyoM meM varNita kRtya laukika agni meM sampAdita hote the| kintu yadi kisI ke pAsa laukika agni ko chor3akara koI anya agni na ho to usI agni meM sabhI prakAra ke kRtya kiye jA sakate haiN| agni-pUjA para itanA jo dhyAna diyA gayA hai vaha sUrya ke prati kRtajJatA kA prakAzana hai| agni meM jo AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM ve sUrya taka pahu~catI haiM, sUrya hameM varSA detA hai jisase anna milatA hai aura hama sabakA peTa palatA hai| yahI hai agni-pUjA ke pIche vAstavika rahasya (manu 376, zAntiparva 264 11, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 155 evaM parAzaramAghavIya 111, pR0 130 ) / gRhyAgni rakhane ke kAla ke bAre meM anya mata bhI haiN| gautama ( 5/6 ), yAjJavalkya (1197), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (112) evaM anya logoM ke mata se jaba koI kuTumba se pRthak ho, taba bhI gRhyAgni rakhI jA sakatI hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 1 / 1 / 2-5 ) ne saba milAkara cAra vikalpa rakhe haiM, jinameM do ke bAre meM pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai| zeSa do ye haiM -- ziSya gurukula se calate samaya jisa agni meM antima samidhA DAlatA hai, usameM se agni lekara ghara A sakatA hai; pitA kI mRtyu para jyeSTha putra yA jyeSTha bhAI kI mRtyu para choTA bhAI agni prajvalita kara sakatA hai (yadi abhI bhI saMyukta parivAra cala rahA ho aura sampatti kA ba~TavArA na huA ho) / baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 6 / 17 ) ke mata se vahI gRhyAgni hai jisake dvArA upanayana saMskAra huA hai, upanayana se samAvartana taka homa kevala samidhA tathA vyAhRtiyoM ke uccAraNa se hotA hai, samAvartana se vivAha taka vyAhRtiyoM evaM ghRta se hotA hai tathA vivAha se Age pake hue cAvala yA jau kI AhutiyoM se hotA hai / jina devatAoM ke lie prAtaH evaM sAyaM agnihotra kiyA jAtA hai, ve haiM agni evaM prajApati / kucha logoM ke mata se prAtaHkAla sUrya agni kA sthAna grahaNa karatA hai ( dekhie, baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 7 / 21, hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra 142609, mAradvAjagRhyasUtra 3 / 3 evaM ApastambagRhyasUtra 7/21 ) / prAtaH evaM sAyaM pake hue bhojana kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM, kintu unhIM annoM kI havi banAyI jAtI hai jo agni ko diye jAne yogya hoM (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 2 / 1) / pakA huA cAvala yA jau hI bahudhA diyA jAtA hai (ApastambagRhyasUtra 7 / 19) / gobhilasmRti ( 1 / 131, 3 / 114 ) ke anusAra haviSyoM meM pramukha haiM yava (jau), phira cAvala, kintu mASa, kodrava evaM gaura kI kabhI bhI havi nahIM banAnI cAhie, cAhe aura kucha ho yA na ho / yava aura cAvala ke abhAva meM dahI, dUdha yA inake abhAva meM yavAgU (mA~r3a) yA jala denA caahie| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 119/6 ) kI TIkA meM nArAyaNa ne eka zloka uddhRta karake agni meM chor3ane ke lie dasa prakAra ke haviSyoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA dUdha, dahI, yavAgU, ghRta, pakA cAvala, chA~TA huA (bhUsI nikAlA huA ) cAvala, soma, mAMsa, tila yA tela evaM jala ( isa viSaya meM aura dekhie manu 3 / 257 evaM ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 6 / 15 / 12- 14 ) / kucha yajJoM meM mAMsa kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM, kintu prAtaH evaM sAyaM ke homa meM isakA prayoga nahIM ho sakatA ( AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 9 / 6 ) | eka sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki yadi kisI viziSTa vastu kA nAma nahIM liyA gayA ho to ghRta kI hI Ahuti dI jAnI cAhie, aura yadi kisI 33. gRhasthastu SaDagniH syAtpaJcAgnizcaturagnikaH / syAu dvidhyagnirathaM kAgnirnAgnihInaH kathaMcana / smRtyarthasAra, pu0 14 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 376 devatA kA nAma na liyA gayA ho to prajApati ko hI devatA samajhanA caahie| eka aura niyama yaha hai ki tarala padArtha ko sruva se tathA zuSka havi ko dAhine hAtha se denA cAhie / 4 gomalagRhyasUtra (1 / 1 / 15-19 ) ne kahA hai- "yadi gRhyAgni bujha jAya to kisI vaizya ke ghara se yA bharjanapAtra (bhAr3a) se yA usake ghara se jo yajJa karatA hai (cAhe vaha brAhmaNa, ho yA kSatriya yA vaizya ho ) use lAnA cAhie yA gharSaNa se (yaha pavitra to hotI hai, kintu sampatti nahIM lAtI) utpanna karanA caahie| jaisI kAmanA ho vaisA hI karanA cAhie / " yahI bAta zAMkhAyanagRhyapUtra ( 1 ) 118), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1/2), ApastambagRhyasUtra ( 5 / 16-17) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| yadi gRhyAgni bujha jAya to pati evaM patnI ko usa dina prAyazcitta rUpa meM upavAsa karanA cAhie ( ApastambagRhyasUtra 5 / 19 ) / jisa agni meM AhutiyA~ chor3I jAya~, usameM sUkhI lakar3iyA~ paryApta mAtrA meM honI cAhie, use acche prakAra se dhUmahIna ho jalate rahanA cAhie aura lAla-lAla hokara use jvAlA pheMkate rahanA cAhie ( chAndogyopaniSad 5 / 24 / 1 evaM muNDakopaniSad 1 / 2 / 2 ) / Apastamba dharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 15 / 18-21), manu (4153) evaM anya logoM ke mata se apavitra vyakti ko isa agni ke pAsa nahIM jAnA cAhie, muMha se phUMkakara ise jalAnA bhI nahIM cAhie, apanI khATa ke nIce bhI nahIM rakhanA cAhie, isase paira bhI nahIM sekane cAhie aura na sote samaya apane pairoM kI ora rakhanA caahie| gobhilasmRti (1 / 135-136) kA kahanA hai ki 'ise hAtha se, sUpa se yA dava ( karachula) se nahIM jalAnA cAhie, balki paMkhA se jalAnA caahie|' kucha loga agni ko muMha se jalAte haiM, kyoMki yaha muMha se hI utpanna kI gayI thI ( manu 4|53 ) / laukika agni kI bhA~ti isa agni ko muMha se nahIM jalAnA cAhie (kevala zrauta agni muMha se jalAyI jA sakatI hai) / " nitya kA homa svayaM karanA cAhie, kyoMki dUsare dvArA karAne se utanA phala nahIM prApta hotA, kintu yadi ise purohita, putra, guru, bhAI, bhAnajA, dAmAda kare to ise apane dvArA kiyA huA samajhanA cAhie (dakSa 2 / 28-29, aparArka, pR0 125 dvArA udUghRta) / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 9 / 1) ne patnI, avivAhita putrI yA ziSya ko gRhyAgni ke homa meM sammilita hone kI AjJA dI hai| yahI bAta zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 34) ne yaha jor3A hai ki patnI evaM putrI paryukSaNa ko chor3akara homa ke sAre kArya kara sakatI haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra (6 / 15 / 15-16) evaM manu (9 / 26-27 ) ke mata se patnI, ahivAhita putrI, vivAhita yuvA putrI, kama par3hA-likhA, mUrkha vyakti, rogI tathA jisakA upanayana na huA ho vaha gRhastha ke sthAna para agnihotra nahIM kara sakatA, yadi ve aisA kareM to ve tathA gRhastha naraka meM par3eMge, ataH jo dUsare ke lie agnihotra karanA cAhe use zrIta yajJoM meM dakSa evaM vedajJa honA caahie| ye pratibandha kevala zrauta yajJoM ke lie haiM, kintu nitya homa ke lie patnI tathA ve loga, jinheM AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ne chUTa dI hai, samartha haiM, jaba ki yajJa karanevAlA bImAra ho yA bAhara gayA ho| haradatte ( AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 9 / 1-2 ) ne likhA hai ki pati yA patnI ko gRhyAgni ke samIpa rahanA caahie| laghu - AzvalAyana ( 1/69 ) ke mata se gRhyAgni rakhanevAle ko binA apanI patnI ke grAma kI sImA nahIM chor3anI caahie| kyoMki jahA~ strI rahatI hai vahIM homa hotA 34. dravaM suveNa hotavyaM pANinA kaThinaM haviH / smRtyarthasAra, pR0 35 / oSadhyaH saktavaH puSpaM kASThaM mUlaM phalaM tRNam / etaddhastena hotavyaM nAnyat kiMcidacodanAt // baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra 1138 / " 35. purupasUkta (Rgveda 10 / 10 / 13 ) kA kahanA hai- " mukhAdindrazcAgnizca prANAdvAyurajAyata / " gRhyasaMgrahapariziSTa (1170 ) meM AyA hai ki jalAnA mukha se honA cAhie; 'mukhenopadha medagna mukha/veSo'dhyajAyata', na ki vastrakhaNDa, hAtha yA sUpa se / dekhie isa viSaya meM kaI vidhiyoM ko haravatta meM ( ApastambadharmasUtra 1/5/15/20 ) /

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nityakarma 377 hai| brAhmaNa kisI purohita ko niyukta kara apanI patnI kI adhyakSatA meM gRhyAgni chor3akara vyApAra ke lie bAhara jA sakatA hai, kintu binA kisI kAraNa use bAhara bahuta dinoM taka nahIM rahanA caahie| jaba pati-patnI bAhara gaye hoM to purohita ko gRhastha ke sthAna para homa nahIM karanA caahie| kyoMki unake abhAva meM aisA homa niSphala evaM nirarthaka hotA hai (gomilasmRti 311) / jaba gRhastha kI apanI jAti vAlI kaI patniyA~ hoM tathA anya jAti vAlI patniyAM bhI hoM to dhArmika kRtya kisake sAtha hoM; isa viSaya meM pahale hI likhA jA cukA hai (viSNudharmasUtra 2661-47, dekhie adhyAya 9) / patnI kI mRtyu para zrauta agniyoM kA parityAga nahIM karanA cAhie, pratyuta vyakti ko jIvana bhara dhArmikatA ke rUpa meM agnihotra karate jAnA caahie| gomilasmRti (39) ne to yahA~ taka kaha DAlA hai ki isake lie dUsarI savarNa yA asavarNa nArI se sambandha kara lenA caahie| rAma ne sItA-parityAga ke uparAnta sone kI sItApratimA ke sAtha yajJAdi kiye the| kintu satyASADha dvArA apane zrauta sUtra meM varNita niyama ke anusAra aparArka ne upayukta chUTa kI bhartsanA kI hai| satyASADha kA niyama hai-"yajamAna, patnI, putra, samyak sthAna evaM kAla, agni, devatA tathA dhArmika kRtya evaM vacanoM kA koI pratinidhi nahIM ho sakatA (3 / 1) / " satyASADha kA tarka yaha hai ki ghRta kI ora nihArane, cAvala ko binA bhUsI kA karane Adi meM vAstavika patnI kA kArya patnI ke abhAva meM usakI pratimA, kuza-pratimA Adi nahIM kara sktii| kintu smRticandrikA ke kathana se prakaTa hotA hai ki anya smRtiyoM ne satyASADha kI bAta dUsare artha meM lI hai-"satyASADha ne patnI ke pratinidhi ko kisI mAnava ke rUpa meM avazya svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne sone yA kuza kI pratimA kA virodha nahIM kiyA hai|" vRddhahArIta (9 / 2 / 4) ne likhA hai ki yadi patnI mara jAya to agnihotra tathA paMcayajJa patnI kI kuza-pratimA ke sAtha kiye jA sakate haiN| yadi patnI mara jAya, vaha svayaM bAhara calA jAya yA patita ho jAya to usakA putra agnihotra kara sakatA hai (atri 108) / aitareyabrAhmaNa (3218) ke anusAra vidhara vA apatnIka ko bhI agnihotra karanA cAhie, kyoMki veda yajJa karane kI AjJA detA hai| yAjJavalkya (3 / 234, 239) tathA viSNudharmasUtra (37 / 28 evaM 54 / 14) ke mata se yadi samartha vyakti vaidika, zrauta evaM smArta agni prajvalita na kare (yajJa na kare) to vaha upapAtaka kA bhAgI hotA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (3 / 1) ke anusAra jo veda kA adhyayana yA adhyApana nahIM karatA yA jo pavitra agniyoM ko prajvalita nahIM rakhatA vaha zUdra ke samAna hotA hai| yahI bAta gArya ne kahI hai-"yadi vivAhoparAnta dvija samartha rahane para bhI binA agni ke eka kSaNa bhI rahatA hai, to vaha vrAtya evaM patita ho jAtA hai| muNDakopaniSad (1 / 2 / 3) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki jo darza-pUrNamAsa evaM anya yajJa tathA vaizvadeva nahIM karatA usake sAtoM loka naSTa ho jAte haiN| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie taittirIya saMhitA (1 / 5 / 2 / 1) evaM kAThakasUtra (9 / 2) / japa yAjJavalkya (1199) Adi ne japa (gAyatrI evaM anya vaidika mantroM ke japa) ko sandhyA-pUjana kA eka bhAga mAnA hai| isa ora adhyAya 7 meM saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai| yAjJavalkya (1199) ne prAtaH homa ke uparAnta sUrya ke lie sambodhita mantroM ke japa kI tathA (11101) madhyAhna snAna ke uparAnta dArzanika uktiyoM (yathA upaniSadoM kI vANI-gautama 19 / 12 evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra 22 / 9) ke japa kI bAta kahI hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (28 / 10-15) ne vizeSataH Rgveda kI RcAoM ke mauna pATha se pavitra hone kI bAta kahI hai| kucha viziSTa mantra ye haiM-aghamarSaNa (Rgveda 10 / 190 / 1-3), pAvamAnI (Rgveda 9), zatarudriya (taittirIya sahitA 4 / 5 / 1-11), trisuparNa (taittirIyAraNyaka, 10 / 48-50) aadi| manu (2187), vasiSTha (26 / 11.), zaMkhasmRti (12 / 28), viSNudharmasUtra (55 / 21) kA kahanA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa aura kucha na kare kintu japa avazya kare to vaha pUrNatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| 48

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa gobhilasmRti (2 / 17 ) ke mata se veda kA mantroccAraNa Arambha se jitanA ho sake cupacApa karanA cAhie / tarSaNa ke pUrva yA prAyaH homa ke uparAnta yA vaizvadeva ke anta meM japa honA cAhie aura isI ko brahmayajJa kahate haiM (gobhilasmRti 2 / 28-29 ) / viSNudharmasUtra ( 64 36- 39 ) ke mata se japa meM vaidika mantra, vizeSataH gAyatrI evaM puruSasUkta kahe jAte haiM, kyoMki ve sarvottama mantra haiM / 378 japa tIna prakAra kA hotA hai; vAcika (spaSTa uccArita), upAMzu (aspaSTa arthAt na sunAI dene yogya) evaM mAnasa ( mana meM kahanA ), jinameM antima sarvottama, dUsarA madhyama tathA prathama tatIya zreNI kA mAnA jAtA hai ( dekhie manu 285, vasiSTha 26 9, zaMkha 12029) / japa se pApa kaTa jAtA hai ( gautama 19 / 11 ) / japa kuza ke Asana para baiThakara kiyA jAtA hai / ghara, nadI ke taTa, gozAlA, agni-prakoSTha, tIrtha, deva-pratimA ke sAmane japa karanA cAhie; inameM eka ke bAda dUsarA uttama mAnA jAtA hai aura krama se Age bar3hane para deva-pratimA ke samakSa kA japa sarvottama mAnA jAtA hai| japa karate samaya bolanA nahIM caahie| brahmacArI tathA pavitra agni prajvalita karane vAle gRhastha ko gAyatrI mantra 108 bAra kahanA cAhie, kintu vAnaprastha tathA yati ko 1000 bAra se adhika kahanA cAhie ( manu 2110 ) / madhya kAla meM jaba vedAdhyayana avanati ke mArga para thA aura purANoM ko adhika mahattA dI jAne lagI thI to nibandhoM ne ghoSita kiyA ki jo sampUrNa veda jAnate hoM, unheM pratidina jitanA sambhava ho sake veda kA pATha karanA cAhie, jinhoMne veda kA alpa aMza par3hA ho, unheM puruSasUkta (Rgveda 10/90 ) kA japa karanA cAhie aura jo brAhmaNa kevala gAyatrI jAnatA hai use purANoM kI uktiyoM kA japa karanA cAhie (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 249 ) / vRddhahArIta (633, 45, 163, 213 ) ke mata se 6 akSaroM ( oM namo viSNave ), yA 8 akSaroM (oM namo vAsudevAya ), yA 12 akSaroM ( oM namo bhagavate vAsudevAya ) kA japa 1008 bAra yA 108 bAra karanA cAhie / mantra kI saMkhyA ginanA kaI DhaMga se pracalita hai, a~guliyoM dvArA (a~gUThe ko chor3akara), pRthivI yA bhIta para rekhAeM khIMcakara yA mAlA kI maNiyA~ gina kr| binA saMkhyA jAne japa karanA niSphala mAnA jAtA hai / zaMkhasmRti ( 12 ) ke anusAra mAlA kI maNiyA~ sone kI, ratnoM kI, motiyoM kI, sphaTika kI, rudrAkSa kI, padmAkSa ( kamala ke bIja ) kI yA putrajIvaka kI honI caahie| saMkhyA kA ginanA kuzamUla kI gA~ThoM se yA bAyeM hAtha kI a~guliyoM ko jhukAkara bhI sambhava hai| mAlA 108 (sarvottama ) yA 54 (madhyama) yA 27 ( kama-se-kama ) maNiyA~ ho sakatI haiN| kAlidAsa ( raghuvaMza 11 / 66 ) ne likhA hai ki parazurAma ke dAhine kAna para akSabIja kI mAlA thI / bANa ( kAdambarI) ne rudrAkSa kI carcA kI hai| mAlA-sambandhI anya bAtoM kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie smRticandrikA 1, pR0 152 - 153, parAzaramAdhavIya 11, pR0 308-311, madanapArijAta, pR0 80, AhnikaprakAza, pR0 326-328 / maMgalamaya evaM amaMgala padArtha yA vyakti homa evaM japa ke uparAnta kucha kAla taka maMgalamaya padArthoM ko dekhanA yA una para dhyAna denA cAhie; aura ve padArtha haiM - gurujanoM kA darzana, darpaNa yA ghRta meM mukha darzana, keza-sa~vAranA, A~kha meM aMjana lagAnA yA dUrvA-sparza (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 183 tathA manu 4 / 152 ) / nArada ( prakIrNaka, 54/55 ) ke mata se ATha prakAra ke maMgalamaya padArtha haiM - brAhmaNa, gAya, agni, sonA, ghRta, sUrya, jala evaM rAjA / inheM dekhane para jhukanA cAhie yA inakI pradakSiNA karanI cAhie, kyoMki isase Ayu bar3hatI hai| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie vAmanapurANa ( 14 / 35-37), matsyapurANa (243), viSNudharmasUtra ( 2358), Adiparva ( 29 / 43), droNaparva ( 127 / 14 ), zAntiparva (40 / 7), anuzAsanaparva ( 126 / 18 evaM 1318 ) / viSNudharmasUtra ( 63 / 26 ) ke mata se brAhmaNa, vezyA, jalapUrNa ghar3A, darpaNa, dhvajA, chAtA, prAsAda, paMkhA, caMvara Adi padArthoM ko dekhakara yAtrA Arambha karanI caahie| yadi prasthAna karate samaya zarAbI, pAgala, laMgar3e,

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tarpaNa 379 aise vyakti ko jo vamana evaM kaI bAra mala tyAga kara cukA ho, pUrNa muNDita sira vAle, gande vastra vAle, jaTila sAdhu, baune, saMnyAsI yA nAraMgI vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ko dekha le to ghara meM lauTa Akara punaH prasthAna karanA caahie| zauca, dantadhAvana, snAna, sandhyA, homa evaM japa ke kRtya dina ke ATha bhAgoM ke prathama bhAga meM sampAdita ho jAte haiN| dina ke dUsare bhAga meM brAhmaNa gRhastha ko veda pATha doharAnA, samidhA, puSpa, kuza Adi ekatra karanA par3atA thA (dakSa 2 / 33, 35, yAjJavalkya 1199 ) / isa viSaya meM upanayana ke adhyAya meM carcA ho cukI hai| dina ke tIsare bhAga meM gRhastha ko vaisA kArya karanA par3atA thA jisake dvArA vaha apane AzritoM kI jIvikA calA sake ( dakSa 2035 ) / isa viSaya meM brAhmaNoM ke jIvana para prakAza bahuta pahale DAlA jA cukA hai (adhyAya 3 ) / gautama ( 9163), yAjJavalkya (1 / 100), manu (4 / 33), viSNu (63 / 1) Adi ke anusAra brAhmaNa gRhastha ko rAjA yA dhanika ke pAsa apanI, apane kula kI jIvikA ke lie jAnA caahie| jo jitane hI bar3e kula kA yA jitane hI adhika logoM kA pratipAlana kara sake vahI uttama hai tathA jIvita hai, jo kevala apanA hI peTa pAlatA hai, vaha jItA huA marA-sA hai (dakSa 2140 ) / dina ke caturtha bhAga ( madhyAhna ke pUrva ) meM tarpaNa ke sAtha madhyAhnasnAna kiyA jAtA thA aura madhyAhna sandhyA, devapUjA Adi kI vyavasthA thI ( dakSa 2043 evaM yAjJavalkya 1 / 100 ) / kintu kucha loga kevala eka hI bAra snAna karate haiM, ataH uparyukta sandhyA Adi kevala unake lie hai jo madhyAhna snAna karate haiM / madhyAhna ke pUrva ke snAna ke sAtha deva, RSi evaM pitR tarpaNa, devapUjA evaM paMcayajJa kiye jAte haiN| aba hama inhIM kA savistara varNana upasthita kreNge| tarpaNa manu (2 / 176) ke mata se prati dina devoM, RSiyoM evaM pitaroM ko tarpaNa karanA cAhie, arthAt jala dekara unheM parituSTa karanA caahie| yaha tarpaNa devatAoM ke lie dAhine hAtha ke usa bhAga se jise devatIrtha kahate haiM, denA cAhie tathA pitaroM ko usI prakAra pitRtIrtha se| jo vyakti jisa vaidika zAkhA kA rahatA hai vaha usI ke gRhyasUtra ke anusAra tarpaNa karatA hai / vibhinna gRhyasUtroM meM vibhinna bAteM likhI huI haiN| yahA~ hama AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 3 / 4 11-5) ke varNana kA ullekha kreNge| devatarpaNa meM nimnokta devatAoM ke nAma Ate haiM aura 'tRpyatu', 'tRpyetAm' yA 'tRpyantu' kA uccAraNa eka devatA, do devatAoM tathA do se adhika devatAoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai aura pratyeka ko jala diyA jAtA hai ( prajApatistRpyatu, brahmA tRpyatu... dyAvApRthivyau tRpyetAm Adi) / devatA 31 haiM, yathA prajApati, brahmA, veda, deva, RSi, sabhI chanda, oMkAra, vaSaTkAra, vyAhRtiyA~, gAyatrI, yajJa, svarga aura pRthivI, antarikSa, dina evaM rAtri, sAMkhya, siddha, samudra, nadiyAM, parvata, kheta, jar3I-bUTiyA~, vRkSa, gandharva evaM apsarAe~, sA~pa, pakSI, gAyeM, sAdhya, vipra, yakSa, rakSas, bhUta (prANI) / Adhunika kAla meM kheta, jar3I-bUTiyA~, vRkSa, gandharva evaM apsarAoM ko eka sAmAsika pada meM rakhA jAtA hai aura unheM eka hI devatA mAnA jAtA hai, tathA bhUtoM ke uparAnta evamantAni tRpyantu' nAmaka eka anya devagaNa jor3a diyA jAtA hai / haradatta (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 3 / 3 / 2 ) ne kucha logoM ke mata se 'evamantAni' ko eka pRthak mantra ghoSita kiyA hai kintu apane mata ke anusAra 'evamantAni' ko pIche vAle devatA ke artha meM prayukta kiyA hai aura devatAoM kI gaNanA 'rakSAMsi taka samApta kara dI hai| haradatta ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki ina devatAoM kA tarpaNa prAjApatya tIrtha se kiyA jAtA hai| tarpaNa karane yogya RSiyoM ko do bhAgoM yA daloM meM bA~TA gayA hai| prathama dala ke 12 RSi haiM, jinake tarpaNa meM yajJopavIta nivIta DhaMga se dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / ye bAraha RSi haiM-sau RcAoM ke RSi, madhyama RSi (Rgveda ke dUsare maNDala se naveM maNDala taka ke RSi), gutsamada, vizvAmitra, vAmadeva, atri, bharadvAja, vasiSTha, pragAtha, pAvamAnI mantra

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380 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke, choTe mantroM ke RSi, bar3e mantroM ke RSi / inake tarpaNa kA sUtra hai - zatacanastRpyantu madhyajAstRpyantu, gRtsamadastupyatu... Adi / gRtsamada, vizvAmitra, vAmadeva, atri, bharadvAja, vasiSTha krama se dUsare se lekara sAtaveM maNDala ke RSi haiM / kaNva gotra ke pragAyoM kA sambandha AThaveM maNDala ke Arambhika mantroM se hai tathA AThaveM maNDala kA zeSa bhAga anya ava gotra vAloM kA mAnA jAtA hai| naveM maNDala kI RcAe~ "pAvamAnI" kahI jAtI haiN| "zartAcanaH" kA saMketa prathama maNDala ke RSiyoM se hai| isI prakAra "kSudrasUktA:" (choTe mantroM ke RSi) evaM " mahAsUktA: " ' ( bar3e mantroM ke RSi) dasaveM maNDala ke RSi haiN| RSiyoM ko dAhine hAtha ke devatIrthaM se tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| dUsare dala ke RSiyoM kA tarpaNa yajJopavIta ko prAcInAvIta DhaMga se (dAhine kaMdhe se vAma bhAga meM laTakatA huA) karake kiyA jAtA hai / dUsare dala meM do upadala haiM / prathama upadala meM 'tRpyantu' evaM 'tRpyatu' kriyAe~ AyI haiM aura RSi haiM- "sumantu jaiminivaizampAyana - paila - sUtra - bhASya-bhArata-mahAbhArata-dharmAcAryAstRpyantu ""; "jAnanti bAhavi- gArgya-gautama- zAkalya - bAbhravya - mANDavya-mANDUkeyAstRpyantu"; " gArgI - vAcaknavI tRpyatu, vaDavA -- prAtitheyI tRpyatu, sulabhA - maitreyI tRpyatu / " ina RSiyoM meM cAra ve haiM jo mahAbhArata meM vyAsa ke ziSya rUpa meM ullikhita haiM ( sabhAparva 4 / 11, zAntiparva 328 / 26-27) / uparyukta pA~ca vAkyoM meM tIna nAriyA~ bhI RSirUpa meM varNita haiM, yathA--gArgI, vaDavA evaM sulabhA / dUsare upadala meM 17 RSi haiM, aura 18veM RSi ke rUpa meM sabhI AcArya A jAte haiM, yathA-kahor3a kauSItaka, mahAkauSItaka, paigya, mahApagya, suyaza, sAMkhyAyana, aitareya, mahaitareya, zAkala, bASkala, sujAtavaktra, audavAhi, mahaudavAhi, saujAmi, zaunaka, AzvalAyana, aura 18veM haiM "ye cAnye AcAryAste sarve tRpyantu !" ye sabhI RSi Rgveda, Rgveda ke brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM evaM anya sambandhita granthoM ( zaunaka dvArA praNIta prAtizAkhya, sUtra Adi) se sambandhita haiM / AzvalAyana ne svayaM apanA nAma RSiyoM meM rakhA hai| zaunaka RSi AzvalAyana ke AcArya the| -- AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 4/5 ) ne pitRtarpaNa ke viSaya meM ati sUkSma DhaMga se likhA hai -- "pratyeka pIr3hI ke pitaroM ko pRthak-pRthak jala dekara vaha apane ghara lauTatA hai aura jo kucha vaha detA hai vaha brahmayajJa kA zulka ho jAtA hai" ( tarpaNa to brahmayajJa kA hI eka aMza hai ) / Adhunika kAla meM nimnAMkita DhaMga apanAyA jAtA hai - pratyeka ko (mAtA, mAtAmahI evaM pramAtAmahI ke atirikta anya striyoM ko chor3akara) tIna bAra pitR tIrtha se jala diyA jAtA hai aura vaisA karate samaya pitaroM kA sambandha, nAma evaM gotra bolA jAtA hai (yathA pitA ke lie - " asmatpitaram amukazarmANam amukagotraM vasurUpaM svadhA namastarpayAmi " ) / krama se ina pitaroM ko jala diyA jAtA hai - pitA, pitAmaha, prapitAmaha, mAtA, mAtAmahI, pramAtAmahI, vimAtA, nAnA ( nAnA ke sAtha mAtAmahaM se saMyukta sapatnIkam ), paranAnA, paranAnA ke pitA ( unakI patniyoM ke sAtha), apanI patnI, apanA putra yA apane putra ( yadi kaI mara cuke hoM) evaM unakI patniyA~ ( yadi mara cukI hoM), putrI (dAmAda ke sAtha, yadi donoM kI mRtyu ho gayI ho ), cAcA (mRta cAcI ke sAtha), mAmA (mRta mAmI ke sAtha), bahina (mRta bahanoI ke sAtha), zvazura ( mRta sAsa evaM mRta sAloM ke sAtha), guru ( gAyatrI evaM veda ke AcArya ke rUpa meM pitAtulya) evaM ziSya / strI pitaroM ke nAmoM ke sAtha 'dA' jur3A rahatA hai / pitAmahoM evaM pitA mahiyoM ko 'rudrarUpA tathA prapitAmahoM evaM prapitAmahiyoM ko 'AdityarUpA' kahA jAtA hai| mAtA ke tIna pitaroM ko unakI patniyoM ke sAtha krama se 'vasurUpa', 'rudrarUpa' evaM 'AdityarUpa' kahate haiN| uparyukta pitaroM ke atirikta anya puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ko 'vasurUpa' kahA jAtA hai| 36. zAntiparva ( 350011-12) se patA calatA hai ki sumantu, jaimini, vaizampAyana evaM paila; ye loga zuka ( vyAsa-putra evaM vyAsa ke ziSya) ke sAtha the|

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tarpaNa 281 bahuta-se gRhyasUtroM meM bahuta-se matabheda pAye jAye haiN| kevala thor3e-se vibheda upasthita kiye jA rahe haiM / pratyeka sUtra meM tarpaNa ke devatA vibhinna haiN| bahuta-se sUtroM meM "svadhA namaH" AtA hI nhiiN| kucha sUtroM ke mata se sambandhiyoM ke gotroM ke nAma pratidina ke tarpaNa meM nahIM liye jAne caahie| baudhAyanagharmasUtra ( 2 / 5 ) meM tarpaNa ke viSaya kA sabase adhika vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| isake anusAra pratyeka devatA, RSi evaM pitRgaNoM ke pUrva 'om' zabda AtA hai / isane bahuta-se anya devatAoM ke bhI nAma ginAye haiM aura eka hI devatA ke kaI nAma diye haiM (yathA -- vinAyaka, vakratuNDa, hastimukha, ekadanta, yabha, yamarAja, dharma, dharmarAja, kAla, nIla, vaivasvata Adi ) / isane RSiyoM kI zreNI meM bahuta-se sUtrakAroM ko bhI rakha diyA hai, yathA kaNva, baudhAyana, Apastamba, satyASADha tathA yAjJavalkya evaM vyAsa / hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra ( 2 / 19-20 ), baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 319 ) evaM bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra ( 319-11 ) meM devatAoM evaM vizeSataH RSiyoM ke bahuta se nAma Aye haiM / yadi kisI vyakti ko lambA tarpaNa karane kA samaya na ho to dharmasindhu evaM anya nibandhoM ne eka sUkSja vidhi batalAyI hai; "vyakti do zloka kahakara tIna bAra jala pradAna kre|" ina zlokoM meM devoM, RSiyoM evaM pitaroM, mAnavoM tathA brahmA se lekara tRNa taka ke tarpaNa kI bAta hai / pAraskaragRhyasUtra se saMlagna kAtyAyana ke snAnasUtra ( tRtIya kaNDikA) meM tarpaNa kA varNana hai / baudhAyana ke samAna yaha bhI pratyeka devatA ke sAtha 'om' lagAne kI bAta kahatA hai aura isameM tRpyatAm yA tRpyantAm (bahuvacana ) kriyA kA ullekha hai| isameM devatA kevala 28 haiM aura AzvalAyana kI sUcI se kucha mitra haiN| RSiyoM meM kevala sanaka, sanandana, sanAtana, kapila, Asuri, voDhu evaM paJcazikha ( kapila, Asuri evaM paMcazikha ko sAMkhyakArikA ne sAMkhyadarzana ke pravartaka mAnA hai aura ve guru evaM ziSya kI paramparA meM Ate haiM) ke nAma Aye haiN| RSitarpaNa ke uparAnta gRhastha ko jala meM tila milAkara evaM yajJopavIta ko dAyeM kaMdhe ke Upara se bAyeM hAtha ke nIce laTakAkara kavyavAD anala (agni), soma, yama, aryamA, agniSvAttoM, somapoM evaM barhiSadoM ko jala denA caahie| pAnI meM tila milAkara uparyukta logoM ko tIna tIna aMjali jala diyA jAtA hai| aisA tarpaNa pitA ke rahate bhI kiyA jAnA caahie| kintu tarpaNa kA zeSAMza (pitRtarpaNa) kevala apitRka ko hI karanA cAhie / gobhilasmRti ( 2 / 18-20 ) evaM matsyapurANa ( 102 14-21 ) ne bahuta kucha snAnasUtra kI hI bhA~ti vyavasthA dI hai| AzvalAyana tathA anya logoM ke mata se tarpaNa dAyeM hAtha se hotA hai, kintu kAtyAyana evaM kucha anya logoM ke matAnusAra donoM hAthoM kA prayoga karanA caahie| smRticandrikA (1, pR0 191) ne matabheda upasthita hone para gRhyasUtra ke niyama jAnane ke lie prerita kiyA hai| kArSNAjini ke anusAra zrAddha evaM vivAha meM kevala dAhine hAtha kA prayoga honA cAhie, kintu tarpaNa meM donoM hAthoM kA / devatAoM ko ekaeka aMjali jala, do-do sanaka evaM anya RSiyoM ko tathA tIna-tIna aMjali pratyeka pitara ko denA caahie| bhIge hue vastroM ke sAtha jala meM khar3e hokara tarpaNa dhArA meM hI kiyA jAtA hai, kintu zuSka vastra dhAraNa kara lene para sone cA~dI, tA~be yA kA~se ke pAtra se jala girAnA cAhie, kintu miTTI ke pAtra meM tarpaNa kA jala kabhI na girAnA caahie| yadi uparyukta pAtra na hoM to kuza para jala girAnA cAhie (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 192 ) / isa viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| (dekhie gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 263 - 264), Ajakala Ahnika tarpaNa bahuta kama kiyA jAtA hai, kevala thor3e se kaTTara brAhmaNa, vyAkaraNajJa tathA zAstrajJa prati dina tarpaNa karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| sAmAnyataH Ajakala zrAvaNa mAsa meM eka dina brahmayajJa ke eka aMza ke rUpa meM adhikAMza brAhmaNa tarpaNa karate haiM / mAsa ke kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI ko yadi maMgalavAra AtA ho to yama ko viziSTa tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 197-198, madanapArijAta, pR0 296, parAzaramAghavIya, 111, pR0 361 ) / dakSa ( 2/52 - 55 ) ke mata me uparyukta dina ko yama tarpaNa yamunA meM hotA thA aura bahuta-se nAmoM se yama kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA thA

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282 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (dekhie matsyapurANa 213 // 2-8) / taittirIya saMhitA (65) meM yama ke sammAna meM prati mAsa bali dene kI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| mAgha mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI ko bhISma ke sammAna meM bhI tarpaNa hotA thA (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 198) / gomilasmRti (2122-33) ne likhA hai ki saMsAra meM sabhI prakAra ke jIva (sthAvara evaM cara) brAhmaNa se jala kI apekSA rakhate haiM, ataH usake dvArA inako tarpaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie, yadi vaha tarpaNa nahIM karatA hai to mahAn pApa kA bhAgI hai, yadi vaha tarpaNa karatA hai to isa prakAra vaha saMsAra kI rakSA karatA hai| kucha logoM ke mata se tarpaNa prAtaH snAna ke uparAnta kiyA jAnA cAhie; kucha logoM ne likhA hai ki ise prati dina do bAra karanA cAhie, kintu kucha logoM ne kevala eka bAra karane kI vyavasthA dI hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ne svAdhyAya (yA brahmayajJa) ke turata uparAnta hI tarpaNa kA samaya rakhA hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki tarpaNa svAdhyAya kA mAno eka aMga thaa| gobhilasmRti (2 / 29) kA kahanA hai ki brahmayajJa (jisameM vaidika mantroM kA japa kiyA jAtA hai) tarpaNa ke pUrva yA prAtaH homa ke uparAnta yA vaizvadeva ke anta meM kiyA jAnA cAhie, aura vizeSa kAraNa ko chor3akara kisI anya samaya meM isakA sampAdana varjita hai| AhnikaprakAza (pR0 336-377) ne kAtyAyana, zaMkha, baudhAyana, viSNupurANa, yoga-yAjJavalkya, AzvalAyana evaM gomilagRhya ke anusAra tarpaNa kA sArAMza upasthita kiyA hai|

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adhyAya 18 paJca mahAyajJa vaidika kAla se hI paJca mahAyajJoM ke sampAdana kI vyavasthA pAyI jAtI hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 6 / 1) kA kathana hai- "kevala pA~ca hI mahAyajJa haiM, ve mahAn satra haiM aura ve haiM bhUtayajJa manuSyayajJa, pitRyajJa, devayajJa evaM brahmayajJa / "" taittirIyAraNyaka (11 / 10 ) meM AyA hai - "vAstava meM, ye paJca mahAyajJa ajastra rUpa se bar3hate jA rahe haiM aura ye haiM bevayaza, pitRyajJa, bhUtayajJa, manuSyayajJa evaM brahmayajJa / " jaba agni meM Ahuti dI jAtI hai, bhale hI vaha mAtra samidhA ho, to yaha vevayajJa hai; jaba pitaroM ko svadhA ( yA zrAddha) dI jAtI hai, cAhe vaha jala hI kyoM na ho, to vaha pitRyajJa hai; jaba jIvoM ko (bhojana kA grAsa yA piNDa) dI jAtI hai to vaha bhUtayajJa kahalAtA hai; jaba brAhmaNoM (yA atithiyoM) ko bhojana diyA jAtA hai to use manuSyayajJa kahate haiM aura jaba svAdhyAya kiyA jAtA hai, cAhe eka hI RcA ho yA yajurveda mA sAmaveda kA eka hI sUkta ho, to vaha brahmayajJa kahalAtA hai / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 3 / 1 / 1-4 ) ne bhI paJca mahAyajJoM kI carcA karake taittirIyAraNyaka kI bhA~ti hI unakI paribhASA dI hai aura kahA hai ki unheM prati dina karanA caahie|' AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ( 3 / 1 / 2 ) kI vyAkhyA meM nArAyaNa evaM parAzaramAdhavIya (1 / 1, pR0 11) ne likhA hai ki paJca mahAyajJoM kA AdhAra taittirIyAraNyaka meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| yahI bAta ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 12 / 13 - 15 evaM 1 / 4 / 13 / 1 ) ne bhI kahI hai|' gautama (5 / 8 evaM 8 / 17), baughA - yanadharmasUtra ( 2 / 6 / 1-8), gobhilasmRti (2 / 16) tathA anya smRtiyoM ne bhI paJca mahAyajJoM kA varNana kiyA hai| gautama ( 817) ne to ina mahAyajJoM ko saMskAroM ke antargata ginA hai| paJca mahAyajJoM kI mahattA paJca mahAyajJoM evaM zrauta yajJoM meM do prakAra ke antara haiM / paJca mahAyajJoM meM gRhastha ko kisI vyAvasAyika purohita kI sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM hotI, kintu zrauta yajJoM meM purohita mukhya haiM aura gRhastha kA sthAna kevala gauNa rUpa meM rahatA hai| dUsarA antara yaha hai ki paJca mahAyajJoM meM mukhya uddezya hai vighAtA, prAcIna RSiyoM, pitaroM, jIvoM evaM 1. paJcaiva mahAyajJAH / tAnyeva mahAsatrANi bhUtayajJo manuSyayajJaH pitRyajJo brahmayajJa iti / zatapatha brAhmaNa 11 / 5 / 6 / 7 / yAjJavalkya (10101) ko TIkA meM vizvarUpa ne bhI ise uddhRta kiyA hai| 2. athAtaH paJca yajJAH / devayajJo bhUtayajJaH pitRyajJo brahmayajJo manuSyayajJa iti / Azva0 gR0 3|1|1-2; paJcayajJAnAM hi taittirIyAraNyakaM mUlaM paJca vA ete mahAyajJA ityAdi / 3. atha brAhmaNoktA viSayaH / teSAM mahAyajJA mahAsatrANi ca saMstutiH / aharaharbhUtabalirmanuSyebhyo yathAzakti dAnam / devebhyaH svAhAkAra A kASThAt pitRbhyaH svadhAkAra odapAtrAvRSibhyaH svAdhyAya iti / Apa0 gha0 sU0 ( 1|4|12|13 evaM 1|4|13|1) /

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384 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sampUrNa brahmANDa ke prati (jisameM asaMkhya jIva rahate haiM) apane kartavyoM kA paaln| kintu zrauta yajJoM meM kriyA kI pramukha preraNA hai svarga, sampatti, putra Adi kI kaamnaa| ataH eJca mahAyajJoM kI vyavasthA meM zrauta yajJoM kI apekSA adhika naitikatA, AdhyAtmikatA, pragatizIlatA evaM sadAzayatA dekhane meM AtI hai| paJca mahAyajJoM ke mUla meM kyA hai ? inake pIche kauna se sthAyI bhAva haiM ? brAhmaNoM evaM zrautasUtroM meM varNita pavitra zrauta yajJoM kA sampAdana sabake lie sambhava nahIM thaa| kintu svarga ke mukha agni meM eka samidhA DAlakara sabhI koI devoM ke prati apane sammAna kI bhAvanA ko abhivyakta kara sakate the| isI prakAra do-eka zlokoM kA japa karake koI bhI prAcIna RSiyoM, sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke prati apanI kRtajJatA prakaTa kara sakatA thA; aura isI prakAra eka aJjali yA eka pAtra-jala ke tarpaNa se koI bhI pitaroM ke prati bhakti evaM priya smRti prakaTa kara sakatA thA aura pitaroM ko santuSTa kara sakatA thaa| sAre vizva ke prANI eka hI sRSTi-bIja ke dyotaka haiM, ataH sabama AdAna-pradAna tathA 'jio evaM jIne do' kA pramakha siddhAnta kArya rUpa meM upasthita rahanA caahie| uparyukta vaNita bhakti, kRtajJatA, sammAna, priya smRti, udAratA, sahiSNutA kI bhAvanAoM ne prAcIna AryoM ko paJca mahAyajJoM kI mahattA prakaTa karane ko prerita kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, isIlie gautama aise sUtrakAroM tathA manu (2 / 28) aise vyavahAra-nirmAtAoM (kAnUna banAne vAloM) ne paJca mahAyajJoM ko saMskAroM meM parigaNita kiyA, jisase ki paJca mahAyajJa karanevAle svArtho se bahuta Upara uThakara apane AtmA ko ucca banAyeM aura apane zarIra ko pavitra kara use uccatara padArthoM ke yogya bnaayeN|' kAlAntara meM prati dina ke mahAyajJoM ke sAtha anya uddezya bhI A jutte| manu (3168-71), viSNudharmasUtra (59 / 19-20), zaMkha (5 / 1-2), hArIta, matsyapurANa (52 / 15-16) tathA anya logoM ke mata se pratyeka gRhastha agnikuNDa, cakkI, jhADU, sUpa, jalaghaTa tathA anya gharelU sAmagriyoM (yathA cUrNalepa) se prati dina prANiyoM ko Ahata karatA evaM mAratA hai, ataH inhIM pApoM se chuTakArA pAne ke lie prAcIna RSiyoM ne paJca mahAyajJoM kI vyavasthA kii| ye pA~ca atipUta yajJa haiM brahmayajJa (beda kA adhyayana evaM adhyApana), pitRyajJa (pitaroM kA tarpaNa), devayajJa (agni meM AhutiyA~ denA), bhUtayajJa (jIvoM ko aha dAna denA) evaM manuSyayajJa (atithi-satkAra) / jo apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra paJca mahAyajJa karatA hai vaha uparyukta vaNita pA~coM sthAnoM se utpanna pApoM se mukti pAtA hai| manu (3173-74) kA kahanA hai ki prAcIna RSiyoM ne paJca mahAyajJoM kA anya nAmoM se ullekha kiyA hai, yathA ahuta, huta, prahuta, brAhamya-huta evaM prAzita jo krama se japa (yA brahmayajJa), homa (devayajJa), bhUtayajJa, manuSyayajJa evaM pitRtarpaNa (pitRyajJa) haiN| atharvaveda (67112) meM upayukta pA~ca meM cAra kA varNana milatA hai| huta evaM prahuta to bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 / 5 / 2) meM homa (devayajJa) evaM bali (bhUtayajJa) ke artha meM prayukta hue haiN| kintu gRhyasUtroM meM inake artha vibhinna rUpa se lagAye gaye haiM, yathA zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (15) evaM pAraskaragRhyasUtra (1 / 4) ke anusAra cAra pAkayajJa haiM-huta, ahuta, prahuta evaM prAzita, jo zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 10 / 7) ke mata se kramaza: agnihotra (yA devayajJa), bali (bhUtayajJa), pitRyajJa evaM brAhamya-huta (yA. manuSyayajJa) haiN| hArItadharmasUtra ne bar3e hI manorama DhaMga se eka ukti kahI hai-"aba hama sUnAoM (ghAtaka sthaloM kI vyAkhyA kreNge| ye sUnA isI lie kahI jAtI haiM ki cala evaM acala prANiyoM kI hatyA karatI hai| prathama sUnA vaha hai jo acAnaka jala meM praveza, jala meM DubakI lene, jala meM hiloreM lene, vibhinna dizAoM meM thaper3e dene, vastra se binA chAne hue jala grahaNa karane evaM gAr3iyoM ke calAne Adi kI kriyAoM se utpanna hotI hai| dUsarI vaha hai jo andhakAra meM idhara-udhara calane, mArga ko 4. svAdhyAyena vrata.mastravidyenejyayA sutaiH| mahAyajJazca yajJazca brAhmIyaM kriyate tnuH|| manu (2028) / |

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paJca mahAyajJa 385 chor3akara calane, zIghratA se hila jAne yA kIr3e-makor3oM para car3ha jAne Adi se utpanna hotI hai| tIsarI vaha hai jo pITane yA kATane (kulhAr3I se vRkSa kATane Adi), cUrNa karane, cIrane (lakar3I Adi) Adi se utpanna hotI hai; cauthI vaha hai jo anAja kUTane, ragar3ane yA pIsane se utpanna hotI hai; aura pAMcavIM vaha hai jo gharSaNa (lakar3I se) karane, garma karane (jala Adi), bhUnane, chIlane yA pakAne se utpanna hotI hai| ye pA~coM sUnA, jo hameM naraka meM le jAtI haiM, logoM dvArA pratidina sampAdita hotI haiN| brahmacArI prathama tIna sUnAoM se chuTakArA pAte haiM agni-homa, guru-sevA evaM vedAdhyayana se; gRhastha loga evaM vAnaprastha loga ina pAMcoM sUnAoM se chuTakArA pAMca yajJa karake pAte haiM; yati loga prathama do sUnAoM se chuTakArA pavitra jJAna evaM manoyoga se prApta karate haiM. kintu binA pakAye gaye bIjoM ko dAMtoM tale dabAne se jo sUnA hotI hai vaha uparyukta kisI bhI sAdhana se dUra nahIM hotii|" yadyapi ApastambadharmasUtra evaM anya granthoM meM pAMcoM yajJoM kA krama hai --bhUtayajJa, manuSyayaza, devayajJa, pitRyaza evaM svAdhyAya, kintu unake sampAdana ke kAloM ke anusAra unakA krama honA cAhie brahmayajJa (japa Adi), devayajJa, bhUtayajJa, pitRyajJa evaM mnussyyjny| hama isI krama se pAMcoM kA vivecana kreNge| brahmayajJa evaM pitRyajJa ke kAla evaM svarUpa ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| hama una matoM kA vivecana yahIM upasthita kara de rahe haiN| gobhilasmRti (2 / 28-29) ke anusAra sandhyApUjA ke samaya ke japa ko hI brahmayajJa mAna lenA cAhie, ataH brahmayajJa ko tarpaNa ke pUrva prAtaH-homa ke pUrva yA vaizvadeva ke uparAnta karanA caahie| AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra (3 / 2 / 1) kI vyAkhyA meM nArAyaNa ne kahA hai ki brahmayajJa vaizvadeva ke pUrva yA uparAnta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAtyAyana ke snAnasUtra ke anusAra brahmayajJa tarpaNa ke pUrva hotA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra ne, jaisA ki hamane Upara tarpaNa ke vivecana meM dekha liyA hai, tarpaNa ko brahmayajJa kA aMga mAna liyA hai| manu (3 / 82, viSNudharmasUtra 67 / 23-25) ke mata se mojya yA jala yA dUdha yA kanda-mUla-phaloM se Ahnika zrAddha sampAdita karake pitaroM ko paritRpta karanA caahie| manu (370 evaM 283) ne punaH kahA hai ki (snAna ke uparAnta kiyA huA) tarpaNa pitRyajJa kA aMga hai| ataH gobhila (2 / 28) ke mata se pitRyajJa meM zrAddha, tarpaNa evaM bali pAyI jAtI haiM, inameM se eka ke prayoga se pitRyajJa pUrNa ho jAtA hai aura tInoM ke sampAdana kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| baliharaNa meM (jisakA varNana Age kiyA jAyagA) bali kA zeSAMza pitaroM ko diyA jAtA hai (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 12 / 11 evaM manu 3 / 91) / brahmayajJa brahmayajJa ke viSaya meM sambhavataH atyanta prAcIna varNana zatapathabrAhmaNa (1 / 5 / 6 / 3-8) meM milatA hai| isa brAhmaNa ne batAyA hai ki brahmayajJa pratidina kA vedAdhyayana (yA svAdhyAya) hai| isa brAhmaNa ne brahmayajJa ke kucha Avazyaka upakaraNoM ke nAma diye haiM, yathA juhU camasa, upamRta, dhruvA, nuva, avamRtha (yajJa ke uparAnta pavitra snAna) / (ina pAtroM kI vyAkhyA zrauta yajJoM ke adhyayana meM hogii|) vANI, mana, A~kha, mAnasika zakti, satya evaM niSkarSa (jo brahmayajJa meM upasthita rahate haiM) svarga ke pratinidhi-se haiM / zatapathabrAhmaNa meM likhA hai ki jo dina-prati-dina svAdhyAya karatA (vaidika pATha par3hatA) hai use usa loka se tigunA phala hotA hai, jo dAna dene yA purohita ko dhana-dhAnya se pUrNa sArA saMsAra dene se prApta hotA hai| devoM ko jo dUdha, ghI, soma Adi diye jAte haiM unakI aura RcAoM, yajuoM, sAmoM evaM atharvAgirasoM kI tulyatA kahI gayI hai| yaha bhI AyA hai ki devatA loga prasanna hokara brahmayajJa karane vAle ko surakSA, sampatti, Aya, bIja, usakA sampUrNa sattva tathA sabhI prakAra ke maMgalamaya padArtha dete haiM, aura usake pitaroM ko ghI evaM madhu kI dhArA se santuSTa karate haiN| zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 6 / 8) ne vedoM ke atirikta brahmayajJa meM anya granthoM ke adhyayana kI bAta calAyI hai, yathA-anuzAsana (vedAMga), vidyA (sarpa evaM devajana vidyA-chAndogyopaniSad 7 / 1 / 1), vAkovAkya (brahmodya nAmaka 49 Jain Education international

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386 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dhArmika vAda-vivAda-vAjasaneyI saMhitA 23 / 9-12 evaM 45-62), itihAsa-purANa, gAthAe~, nArAzaMsA (nAyakoM kI prazaMsA meM kahI gayI kvitaaeN)| inake par3hane se bhI deva loga prasanna hokara uparyukta varadAna dete haiN| taittirIyAraNyaka (2010-13) meM brahmayajJa ke viSaya kA bar3A vistAra hai| isameM AyA hai ki athavAgirasa kA pATha madhu kI AhutiyA~ hai, tathA brAhmaNa granthoM, itihAsoM, purANoM, kalpoM (zrauta kRtya-sambandhI granthoM), gAthAoM evaM nArAzaMsiyoM kA pATha mAMsa kI AhutiyoM ke barAbara hai| brahmayajJa se prasanna hokara deva loga jo puraskAra dete haiM ve haiM dIrgha Ayu, dIpti, camaka (teja), sampatti, yaza, AdhyAtmika uccatA evaM bhojn| taittirIyAraNyaka (2011) ne brahmayajJa karane ke sthala ke viSaya meM yoM likhA hai--"brahmayajJa karane vAle ko itanI dUra pUrva, uttara yA uttara-pUrva meM calA jAnA cAhie ki gA~va ke gharoM ke chAjana na dikhAI par3eM; jaba sUryodaya hone lage to use yajJopavIta (upavIta DhaMga se) apane dAhine hAtha ke nIce DAla lenA cAhie; eka pUta sthala para baiTha jAnA cAhie, apane donoM hAthoM ko svaccha karanA cAhie, tIna bAra Acamana,karanA cAhie, hAtha ko jala se do bAra dho lenA cAhie, apane agharoM para jala chir3akanA cAhie; sira, A~khoM ko, nAka-chidroM ko, kAnoM ko, hRdaya ko chUnA cAhie; darma kI eka bar3I caTAI bichAkara usa para pUrvAbhimukha ho padmAsana (bAyA~ paira nIce tathA dAhinA paira bAyIM jA~gha para) se baiTha jAnA cAhie aura taba veda kA pATha karanA cAhie; (aisA kahA gayA hai ki) darbha bhAMti-bhAMti ke jaloM evaM jar3I-bUTiyoM kI madhuratA apane meM sameTe rahatA hai, ataH vaha (doM para Asana grahaNa karane ke kAraNa) veda ko mAdhurya se bhara detA hai| apane bAyeM hAtha ko dAhine paira para rakhakara, karatala ko dAhine karatala se Dhakakara aura do hAthoM ke bIca meM darbha (pavitra) ko rakhakara 'om' kahanA cAhie jo yaju' hai, aura hai tInoM vedoM kA pratinidhi, jo vANI hai, aura hai sarvottama zabda; yaha bAta Rgveda meM (11164 / 39 ko uddhRta karake) kahI gayI hai| taba vaha bhUH, bhuvaH, svaH kA uccAraNa karatA hai aura isa prakAra (vyAhRtiyoM kA pATha karake) vaha tInoM vedoM kA prayoga karatA hai| yaha vANI kA satya (satta yA sAra) hai; vaha isake dvArA vANI kA satya apanAtA hai| taba vaha tIna bAra gAyatrI par3hatA hai, jo savitA ko sambodhita, hai; pRthak-pRthak pAdoM ke sAtha, isake uparAnta isakA AdhA aura punaH pUrA binA ruke kahatA jAtA hai| sUrya yaza kA sraSTA hai, vaha svayaM yaza ko prApta karatA hai; taba vaha (dUsare dina) Age kA veda-pATha karatA hai|" taittirIyAraNyaka (2012) kA kahanA hai ki yadi vyakti bAhara na jA sake to use gA~va meM hI dina yA rAtri meM brahmayajJa karanA cAhie; yadi vaha baiTha na sake to khar3e hokara yA leTakara brahmayajJa kara sakatA hai, kyoMki mukhya viSaya hai veda-pATha (kAla evaM sthAna gauNa hai)| taittirIyAraNyaka (2013) kahatA hai ki use brahmayajJa kA anta "namo brahmaNe namo svagnaye namaH pRthivyai nama ossdhiimyH| namo vAce namo vAcaspataye namo viSNave bRhate kromi|" nAmaka mantra ko tIna bAra kahakara karanA caahie| isake uparAnta Acamana karake ghara A jAnA cAhie; aura taba vaha jo kucha detA hai vaha brahmayajJa kA zulka ho jAtA hai|" __ uparyukta brahmayajJa-vidhi AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 2 / 2, 3 / 3 / 4) meM jyoM-kI-tyoM pAyI jAtI hai| lagatA hai, anya granthoM ne taittirIyAraNyaka ko hI isa viSaya meM Adarza mAnA hai| do-eka sthAnoM para kucha vibheda dikhAI par3ate haiN| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 3 / 4) ne dhyAnamagnatA ke lie kSitija kI ora dekhate rahane, yA AMkheM banda kara rakhane Adi kI vyavasthA dI hai| isa sUtra ne brahmayajJa kA sUkSma rUpa yoM batAyA hai-"oM bhUrbhuvaH svaH, tIna bAra gAyatrI mantra, kama-se-kama eka Rgveda mantra aura 'namo brahmaNe...' vAlA mantra tIna bAra kahanA caahie|" AhnikaprakAza (pR0 329) kA kahanA hai ki jo veda kA kevala eka aMza jAnatA hai, use puruSasUkta (Rgveda 10 / 90) evaM anya RcAoM kA pATha brahmayajJa meM karanA cAhie, aura jo kevala gAyatrI jAnatA hai, use 'om' kA japa brahmayajJa ke rUpa meM prati dina karanA caahie| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 3 / 1) ne svAdhyAya ke lie nimna granthoM ke nAma liye haiM-Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharva

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387 veda, brAhmaNa, kalpa, gAthA, nArAzaMsI, itihAsa evaM puraann| kintu manoyogapUrvaka jitanA svAdhyAya kigA jA sake utanA hI karanA caahie| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 4) ne brahmayajJa ke lie Rgveda ke bahuta-se sUktoM evaM mantroM ke pATha kI bAta kahI hai| anya gRhyasUtroM meM apane veda evaM zAkhA ke anusAra brahmayajJa ke lie vibhinna mantroM ke pATha yA svAdhyAya kI bAta kahI gayI hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti (11101) meM likhA hai ki samaya evaM yogyatA ke anusAra brahmayajJa meM atharvaveda sahita anya vedoM ke sAtha itihAsa evaM dArzanika grantha bhI par3he jA sakate haiN| _Adhunika kAla meM atyanta kaTTara vaidikoM evaM zAstriyoM ko chor3akara brahmayajJa prati dina koI nahIM krtaa| Ajakala varSa meM kevala eka bAra zrAvaNa mAsa meM nirdhArita eka sUtra ke anusAra brahmayajJa kiyA jAtA hai| Rgveda ke chAtra ke lie vaha sUtra yoM hai-"oM bhUrbhuvaH svaH evaM gAyatrI ke pATha ke uparAnta vaha Rgveda ke 121 / 1-9 mantroM kA pATha karatA hai, taba aitareya brAhmaNa kA prathama vAkya, aitareya brAhmaNa ke pAMcoM vibhAgoM ke prathama vAkyoM, kRSNa evaM zukla yajurveda ke prathama vAkyoM, sAmaveda, atharvaveda ke prathama vAkyoM, evaM cha. vedAMgoM (AzvalAyanazrautasUtra, nirukta, chanda, nighaNTu, jyotiSa, zikSA) ke prathama vAkyoM, pANini vyAkaraNa ke prathama sUtra, yAjJavalkyasmRti (111) ke prathama zlokArSa, mahAbhArata (11111) ke prathama zlokArgha, nyAya, pUrva mImAMsA evaM uttara mImAMsA ke prathama sUtra, taba kalyANaprada sUtra, yathA 'tacchaMyorAvRNImahe...catuSpade', aura anta meM 'namo brahmaNe...' nAmaka mantra kA pATha karatA hai|" isa brahmayajJa ke uparAnta devoM, RSiyoM evaM pitaroM kA tarpaNa Arambha hotA hai| dharmasindhu (3, pUrvArdha, pR0 299) ke mata se brahmayajJa eka bAra prAtaHhoma yA. madhyAhna-sandhyA yA vaizvadeva ke uparAnta karanA cAhie, kintu AzvalAyanasUtrapAThI ko madhyAhna-sandhyA ke uparAnta hI karanA caahie| Acamana evaM prANAyAma ke uparAnta yaha saMkalpa karanA cAhie-"zrIparamezvaraprItyartha brahmayajJaM kariSye tadaMgatayA devAcAryatarpaNaM krissye|' yadi pitA na ho to saMkalpa meM itanA jor3a denA cAhie-"pitRtarpaNaM ca krissye|" isake uparAnta dharmasindhu una logoM ke lie brahmayajJa kI vyavasthA karatA hai jo sabhI veda jAnate haiM yA eka hI veda jAnate haiM yA kevala eka aMza jAnate haiM yA unake pAsa samaya nahIM hai| dharmasindhu kA kahanA hai ki taittirIya zAkhA ke anuyAyI 'vidyudasi vidyA meM pApmAnamRtAt satyayupaimi' Arambha meM tathA 'vRSTirasi vRzca me pApmAnamRtAt satyamupAgAm' anta meM kahate haiN| yadi koI vyakti baiThakara brahmayajJa na kare sake to vaha leTe hue bhI ise sampAdita kara sakatA hai| dharmasindhu kA kahanA hai ki taittirIya zAkhA ke anuyAyiyoM evaM vAjasaneyI saMhitA ke anusAra tarpaNa brahmayajJa kA koI aMga nahIM hai, ataH tarpaNa kA sampAdana brahmayajJa ke pUrva yA isake kucha samaya uparAnta ho sakatA hai|

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adhyAya 19 devayajJa devayajJa kA sampAdana agni meM samidhA DAlane se hotA hai (taittirIyAraNyaka 2 / 10) / ApastambadharmasUtra (1 4 / 13 / 1), baudhAyanadharmasUtra' (2 / 6 / 4) evaM gautama (5 / 8-9) ke anusAra devatA kA nAma lekara 'svAhA' zabda ke uccAraNa ke sAtha agni meM havi yA kama-se-kama eka samidhA DAlanA devayajJa hai| manu (370) ne homa ko devayajJa kahA hai| vibhinna gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM ke anusAra vibhinna devatAoM ke lie homa yA devayajJa kiyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 2 / 2) ke mata se devayajJa ke devatA ke haiM-"agnihotra ke deva (sUrya yA agni evaM prajApati), soma vanaspati, agni evaM soma, indra evaM agni, dyau evaM pRthivI, dhanvantari, indra, vizve deva, brhmaa|" gautama ke anusAra devatA haiM "agni, dhavantari, vizve deva, prajApati evaM agni sviSTakRt / " mAnavagRhyasUtra (2 / 12 / 2) meM vibhinna nAma milate haiN| pazcAtkAlIna smRtiyoM ne homa (yA devayajJa) evaM devapUjA meM antara batAyA hai| yAjJavalkya (1 / 100) tarpaNa tathA deva-pUjA kI carcA karane ke uparAnta paJcayajJoM meM homa ko sammilita karate dekhe jAte haiN| manu (2 / 176) ne bhI yahI antara darzAyA hai| madhya kAla ke granthakAroM ne vaizvadeva ko hI devayajJa mAnA hai, kintu anya logoM ne devoM ke homa ko vaizvadeva se bhinna mAnA hai (dekhie Apastambadharmasatra 14 / 13 / 1 para hrdtt)| smatimaktAphala (Ahnika, pR0 383) meM uddhRta marIci evaM hArIta ke anusAra prAtaH-homa ke uparAnta yA madhyAhna meM brahmayajJa evaM tarpaNa ke uparAnta devapUjA kI jAtI hai| madhya evaM Adhunika kAla meM homa-sambandhI prAcIna vicAra nimna mUmi meM calA gayA aura usakA sthAna devapUjA (ghara meM hI rakhI mUrtiyoM ke pUjana) kI vistRta vidhi ne le liyA hai| yahA~ para mUrti-pUjA ke viSaya meM thor3A sA likhA jA rahA hai| mUrti-pUjA kA udgama prAcIna vaidika kAla meM mUrti-pUjA hotI thI ki nahIM, isa viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Rgveda evaM anya vedoM ke lekhAnusAra agni, sUrya, varuNa evaM anya devatAoM kA pUjana hotA thA, kintu vaha parokSa rUpa meM hotA thA aura ye deva yA to eka hI daivI yA divya vyakti kI zaktiyA~ yA abhivyaktiyA~ the, yA prAkRtika dRzya yA Akasmika vastu the, yA sampUrNa vizva kI vibhinna gatiyA~ the| Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para deva loga bhautika (zArIrika) upAdhiyoM se yukta bhI mAne gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha, Rgveda (8 / 17 / 3) meM indra ko 'tuvigrIva' (zaktizAlI yA moTI garadana vAlA), 'vapodara' (bar3e udara vAlA) evaM 'subAhu' (sundara bAhuoM vAlA) kahA gayA hai| Rgveda (831715) meM indra ke aMgoM evaM pAzvoM kA varNana hai aura use apanI jihvA se madhu pIne ko kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra indra ko raMgIna bAloM evaM dAr3hI 1. aharahaH svAhA kuryAdAkASThAtarthataM devayajJaM samApnoti / bau050 26 / 4; devapitRmanuSyayanAH svAdhyAyazca blikrm| agnAvagnidhanvantari vizvedevAH prajApatiH sviSTakRditi homaH / gautama (5 / 8-9) / mantra hote haiM-'somAya vanaspataye svAhA, agnISomAbhyAM svAhA...Adi'; jaba svAhA kahA jAtA hai to Ahuti agni meM DAlI jAtI hai|

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devayajJa 389 vAlA (R0 10 / 97 / 8), hare raMga kI ThuDDI vAlA ( R0 10 105/7 ) kahA gayA hai| rudra ko 'RdUra' (jisakA peTa komala ho), babhru (bhUre raMga kA) evaM 'suzipra ' ( sundara ThuDDI yA nAka vAlA) kahA gayA hai (R0 2 / 23 / 5 ) / vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM rudra ko gahare AsamAnI (nIla) raMga vAle gale kA evaM lAla raMga kA ( 16 / 7 ) tathA carma (kRtti ) pahanane vAlA kahA gayA hai ( 16 / 51) / Rgveda (11155/6 ) ne viSNu ko bRhat zarIra evaM yuvA rUpa meM yuddha meM jAte dekhA hai| Rgveda ( 3 / 53 / 6 ) meM indra ko somarasa pIkara ghara jAne ko kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usakI strI sundara evaM AkarSaka hai aura usakA ghara ramaNIka hai| Rgveda (10 / 2617 ) meM pUSA ko dAr3hI hilAte hue kahA gayA hai| Rgveda ( 4/5 302 ) meM savitA ko drApi (kavaca ) pahanane vAlA kahA gayA hai; aura isI prakAra Rgveda (1 / 25 / 13 ) ne varuNa ko sone kI dvApi vAlA kahA hai| isI prakAra aneka udAharaNa upasthita kiye jA sakate haiN| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha saba varNana kavitvamaya evaM AlaMkArika mAtra hai| kintu Rgveda ke do udAharaNa kaThinAI upasthita kara dete haiN| Rgveda (4 / 24 / 10) meM AyA hai - "mere isa indra ko dasa gAyoM ke badale kauna qharIdegA aura jaba yaha (indra) zatruoM ko mAra DAlegA taba ise lauTA degA ?" Rgveda ( 811/5) meM punaH AyA hai -- "he indra, maiM tumheM bar3e dAmoM para bhI nahIM dUMgA, cAhe eka sau, eka sahasra, yA eka ayuta ( 10 sahasra ) kyoM na mile| ina donoM udAharaNoM se artha nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki inameM indra kI pratimA kI ora saMketa hai| kintu yaha ja~canevAlI bAta nahIM hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| ki ina udAharaNoM meM indra ke prati usake bhaktoM kI aTUTa zraddhA kA saMketa prApta hotA hai| yadi hama brAhmaNa-granthoM meM vaNita yajJoM evaM yajJa kI sAmagriyoM kA avalokana kareM to yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna RSiyoM ne devatAoM ko parokSa rUpa meM hI pUjA hai, hA~, kavitvamaya DhaMga se unheM hAthoM, pairoM evaM anya aMgoM se rUpAyita mAnA hai / yatra-tatra kucha aise varNana avazya milate haiM jinase mUrti-pUjA kA nirdeza mila jAtA hai, yathA taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 2 / 6 / 17 ) meM AyA hai -- " hotA yAjaka una tIna deviyoM kI pUjA kare jo suvarNamayI haiM, sundara haiM aura bRhat haiN|" lagatA hai, tInoM deviyoM kI sone kI mUrtiyA~ thiiN| itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki uccastarIya AryoM ke dhArmika kRtyoM meM ghara yA mandira meM mUrtipUjA kA koI sthAna nahIM thA / kintu vaidika bhArata ke nimnastarIya logoM ke dhArmika AcAra-vyavahAroM ke viSaya meM hameM koI sAhityika nirdeza nahIM prApta hotA / Rgveda ( 7 / 21 / 5 ) meM vasiSTha indra se prArthanA karate haiM- "hamAre dhArmika AcAra-vyavahAra (Rta) para ziznadevoM kA prabhAva na pdd'e|" isI prakAra Rgveda (10/99/3 ) kI prArthanA hai - "indra ziznadevoM ko mAra-pITakara apane svarUpa evaM zakti se jIta le|" "ziznadeva' zabda ke artha ke viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai| kucha loga ziznadevoM ko liMga pUjA karanevAle mAnate haiM (dekhie vedika iNDeksa, jilda 2, pR0 382 ) / kucha loga aisA kahate haiM ki yaha zabda gauNa evaM rUpaka kI bhA~ti prayukta huA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai " ve loga, jo maithuna-tRpti meM saMlagna rahate haiM aura kisI anya kArya ko mahattA nahIM dete|" yAska ne Rgveda ( 7 / 21 / 5 ) ko uddhRta kara samajhAyA hai ki ziznadeva loga ve haiM jo brahmacarya ke niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM karate / adhikAMza vidvAn loga isI dUsare mata ko svIkAra karate haiM / 2. ka imaM dazabhirmamendra krINAti dhenubhiH / yadA vRtrANi jaMghanavardhanaM me punarvavat // Rgveda ( 4124|10); mahe cana tvAmadrivaH parA zulkAya veyaam| na sahasrAya nAyutAya vajrivo na zatAya zatAmagha // Rgveda ( 81115) / 3. hotA yakSatvezasvatIH / tisro devIrhiraNyayIH / bhAratI haMtImaMDIH / taM0 brA0 (2/6/17 ) | ye tInoM deviyA~ haiM bhAratI, iDA evaM sarasvatI / 4. mA ziznadevA api taM naH // R0 7/2/5 ' mA ziznadevAH jaH saMyateniH devAM abhi varSa sA bhUt // R0 10/99/36 vAyavA / ' nirukta (4|19) / *

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa moheMjodar3o (dekhie sara jaoNna mArzala, jilda 1, pR0 58-63 ) meM liMga-pUjA ke cihna mile haiN| inake atirikta liMga-mUrtiyA~ IsApUrva pahalI zatAbdI ke Age kI nahIM prApta ho sakI haiN| kintu IsA se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva bhArata meM mUrti pUjA kA vistAra ho cukA thA / ApastambagRhyasUtra (20 / 1 / 3) kI TIkA meM likhita haradatta ke mata se IzAna, unakI patnI evaM putra jayanta ( vijetA skanda ) kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA hotI thii| mAnavagRhya ( 2 / 15 / 6 ) ne likhA hai ki yadi (kASTha, prastara yA dhAtu kI ) mUrti jala jAya, usakA aMga bhaMga ho jAya, yA vaha gira jAtI hai aura usake kaI Tukar3e ho jAte haiM, vaha ha~satI hai yA sthAnAntarita ho jAtI hai, to mUrti vAle gRhastha ko vaidika mantroM ke sAtha agni meM dasa AhutiyA~ denI cAhie / " baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 2 / 2 / 13) ne upaniSkramaNa ( prathama bAra bacce ko ghara se bAhara le jAne) ke samaya pitA dvArA mUrti-pUjA kI bAta kahI hai| laugAkSigRhya (1813) ne devatAyatana ( devAlaya yA mandira) kI bAta kahI hai| isI prakAra gautama ( 9113-14 evaM 9 / 66 ), zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (4/12/15 ), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 11 / 30/28) meM devatAyatana kI carcA huI hai / manu (2 / 176) ne likhA hai ki brahmacArI ko mUrti pUjA karanI cAhie, logoM ko yAtrA meM jaba mUrtiyA~ mileM, to pradakSiNA karanI cAhie ( 4139), mUrti kI chAyA ko lA~ghanA nahIM cAhie ( 4 | 130 ) / manu ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki sAkSiyoM ko devamUrtiyoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke samakSa zapatha lenI cAhie ( 8187) / aura dekhie manu ( 3 | 117 evaM 9 / 285) / viSNudharmasUtra ( 23 / 34, 63 / 27) ne devatArcAoM ( devamUrtiyoM) kI tathA bhagavAn vAsudeva kI mUrti kA ullekha kiyA hai / vasiSTha (11 / 31 ) evaM viSNudharmasUtra ( 69 / 7, 30 / 15, 70/13, 91 / 10 ) meM 'devatAyatana' evaM 'devAyatana' zabda Aye haiM / kintu ina granthoM kI tithiyA~ abhI nizcita nahIM kI jA sakI haiN| kintu itanA to ThIka hI hai ki mAnava, baudhAyana evaM zAMkhAyana nAmaka gRhyasUtra tathA gautama evaM Apa stamba ke dharmasUtra IsA pUrva 5vIM yA 4thI zatAbdiyoM ke bAda ke nahIM ho skte| pANini ne bhI devamUrti kI carcA kI hai| (5/3/99 ) aura unakI tithi I0 pU0 300 ke uparAnta nahIM rakhI jA sktii|' pataJjali ( mahAbhASya, jilda 2, pR0 222, 314, 429) ne bhI mUrtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata (Adiparva 70 / 49, anuzAsanaparva 10 / 20- 21, Azvamedhika 70 / 16, mISma0 112 / 11 Adi meM devAyatanoM kA ullekha huA hai| kaliMga ke rAjA khAravela (I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI kA uttarArdha) ne nandarAja dvArA le jAyI gayI jina-mUrti kI sthApanA kI thI, aura use 'sarvadevAyatanasaMkhAra-kAraka' (sabhI maMdiroM kI surakSA evaM jIrNoddhAra karanevAle) kI upAdhi milI thI / kauTilya ke arthazAstra ( 2/4 ) meM (jisakI tithi I0 pU0 300 se IsA bAda 250 taka vibhinna vidvAnoM dvArA rakhI gayI hai) AyA hai ki rAjadhAniyoM ke madhya meM aparAjita, apratihata, jayanta, vaijayanta kI tathA ziva, vaizravaNaM, lakSmI evaM madirA ke mandiroM kI sthApanA honI caahie| uparyukta vivecanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki pANini ke bahuta pahale se hI mUrti - 390 5. yadyaca dohA nazyedvA prapatedvA prabhajedvA pracaledvA etAbhirjuhuyAt iti vazAhutayaH / mAnavagRhya (2/156) / 6. jIvikA cApaSye / pANini 5 / 3 / 19; 'apaNya ityucyate / tatraivaM na sidhyati zivaH skandaH vizAkha iti / kiM kAraNam / mauharaNyArthibhirarcAH prakalpitAH / bhavetAsu na syAt / yAssvetAH saMprati pUjAryAstAsu bhaviSyati / mahAbhASya, jilba 2, pR0 429; dIrgha nAsikya ca tuMganAsikyaca / mahAbhASya, jilda 2, pR0 222 ( pANini 4 / 1 / 54 para); 'vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun / pANini 4 / 3 / 98; 'athavA naivA kSatriyAsyA / saMjJeSA tatrabhavataH / ' mahAbhASya, jilva 2, pR0 314; dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA, jilva 20, pR0 80 evaM DA0 Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kRta "vaiSNavijma eNDa zaivijma" (1913), pU0 3 / 4 /

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devayajJa aura mUrtipUjA 391 pUjA se utpanna jIvikA vAle loga pracalita ho cuke the tathA cauthI yA pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsA pUrva meM devAlaya upasthita the| bhArata meM mUrti pUjA evaM devAyatana- nirmANa kA pracalana sAtha- sAtha huA yA vaidika AryoM ne isa viSaya meM kisI anya jAti yA sampradAya se vicAra grahaNa kiyA ? isa viSaya meM bahudhA vAda-vivAda hotA rahA hai| tIna mata adhika prasiddha haiM - ( 1 ) mUrti-pUjA zUdroM evaM dravir3oM se grahaNa kI gayI aura brAhmaNa dharma meM samAhita ho gayI / ( 2 ) mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa bauddhoM kI anukRti hai, tathA ( 3 ) yaha prathA svAbhAvika vikAsa kA pratiphala hai| dUsarA mata satya se bahuta dUra hai, kyoMki parinirvANa ke uparAnta bahuta dinoM taka buddha pratimA kA nirmANa nahIM huaa| Arambha meM buddha kevala pratIkoM dvArA vyakta kiye jAte the / buddha kA kAla hai I0 pU0 563-483, jo bahuta se vidvAnoM ko mAnya hai / hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki mUrti pUjA evaM devAyatana- nirmANa kA pracalana I0 pU0 cauthI yA pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM ho cukA thA / prathama mata kA samarthana DA0 pharkuhara ( je0 Ara0 e0 es0, 1928, pR0 15 - 23 ) evaM DA0 kArpeTiyara (iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, 1927, pR0 89 evaM 120 ) ne kiyA hai| kintu ina logoM kA tarka ucita nahIM ja~catA / brAhmaNoM ne IsA pUrva 400 ke lagabhaga zUdroM se mUrti pUjA grahaNa kI, isa viSaya meM koI spaSTa tarka nahIM prApta hotA / jaisA ki puruSasUkta se prakaTa hai, zUdra loga lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa I0 pUrva meM bhAratIya samAja kA eka aMga bana cuke the| sUtrakAla meM brAhmaNa loga zUdroM kA pakAyA huA anna grahaNa kara sakate the aura zUdra nAriyoM se vivAha bhI kara lete the / ataH yadi mUrti-pUjA zUdroM kI dena thI to ise IsA pUrva 400 kI apekSA eka sahasra varSa pUrva se pravalita rahanA cAhie thaa| devaloka brAhmaNa ( vaha brAhmaNa jo mUrti pUjA kA vyavasAya karatA hai yA pUjA meM jo kucha prApta hotA hai use grahaNa karatA hai) ko zrAddha ke samaya nahIM bulAyA jAtA thA, aura use samAja meM apekSAkRta nIcA sthAna prApta thA ( manu 3 / 152) / mUrti pUjakoM kI saMsthA manu ke samaya meM zrata evaM gRhyayajJoM kI apekSA bahuta purAnI nahIM thii| lagatA hai, mUrtipUjakoM ne kramazaH brAhmaNa- karttavya ( yathA vedAdhyayana ) chor3a diyA thA, ataH aise brAhmaNa heya dRSTi se dekhe jAte the / brAhmaNa-granthoM ke kAla meM bhI sAdhAraNa gRhya yajJa zrIta kRtyoM ke stara para lAye jA rahe the, kyoMki zrauta kRtya aba utane adhika nahIM kiye jAte the, arthAt unakA pracalana kramazaH kama hotA jA rahA thA / aitareya brAhmaNa ( 28 ) meM AyA hai ki jaba koI kisI devatA ko kucha (havi ) denA cAhatA thA, to 'vaSaT' kahane ke pUrva use usa devatA kA dhyAna karanA par3atA thA / isase pUjaka svabhAvataH apane devatA ko mAnavIya svarUpa evaM upAdhiyA~ yA guNa dene kI preraNA grahaNa kregaa| nirukta ne vaidika mantroM meM nirdezita devatA''kRtiyoM ke prazna para kucha likhA hai (7 / 6-7 ) / isane tIna mata prakAzita kiye haiM- ( 1 ) devatA loga puruSavidha ( puruSa AkAra vAle) haiM, (2) ve apuruSavigha haiM tathA (3) ve ubhayavidha haiM, arthAt ve haiM to apuruSavidha kintu kisI kAryavaza yA uddezya se kaI prakAra ke svarUpa dhAraNa kara sakate haiN|" isa antima mata meM avatAroM kA siddhAnta pAyA jAtA hai| jaba kaI kAraNoM se vaidika yajJa kramazaH kama manAye jAne lage (ahiMsA ke siddhAnta, vibhinna upAsanAoM evaM upaniSadoM meM varNita parabrahma ke dArzanika mata Adi ke kAraNa ), taba kramazaH mUrti pUjA ko pradhAnatA dI jAne lgii| Arambha meM mUrti-pUjA kA itanA vistAra nahIM thA, jaisA ki madhya evaM Adhunika kAla meM pAyA jAne lagA / 7. yasyai devatAyaM havirgR hotaM syAttAM dhyAyedvaSaTkariSyan / ai0 bra40 2 / 8 ( vedAntasUtra, pU0 1 / 3 / 33 meM zaMkarAcArya dvArA uddhRt)| 8. aAkAracintanaM devatAnAm / puruSavidhAH syurityekam / ubhayaviSAH syuH api vA apuruSavidhAnAmeva satAmete karmAtmAnaH syuH / nirukta 7 6-7 / apuruSaviSAH syurityaparam / api vA

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392 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mUrti-pUjA-sambandhI viSaya mUrti-pUjA sambandhI sAhitya bahuta lambA-caur3A hai| mUrti-pUjA se sambandha rakhanevAle viSaya ye haiM-ve padArtha jinase mUrtiyA~ banatI hai, ve pramukha devatA jinakI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA hotI thI yA hotI hai, mUrti-nirmANa meM zarIrAvayavoM ke AnupAtika krama, mUrtiyoM evaM devAlayoM kI sthApanA evaM mUrti-viSayaka kRty| ___ varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 58, jahA~ 8 yA 4 yA 2 bAhuoM vAlI rAma evaM viSNu kI mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM tathA baladeva, ekAnaMzA, brahmA, skanda, ziva, girijA-ziva kI ardhAginI ke rUpa meM, buddha, jina, sUrya, mAtRkA, yama, varuNa evaM kubera kI mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM ullekha hai) meM, matsyapurANa (adhyAya 258-264) meM, agnipurANa (adhyAya 44 / 53) meM, viSNudharmottara (3 / 44) tathA anya purANoM meM, mAnasAra, hemAdri kI caturvargacintAmaNi (vratakhaNDa, jilda 2, 1, pR0 76-222) evaM katipaya Agama granthoM meM, 15vIM zatAbdI ke sUtradhAra maNDana kRta devatAmUrtiprakaraNa meM tathA anya pustakoM meM pratimAlakSaNa ke viSaya meM vistRta niyama diye gaye haiN| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama vistAra meM nahIM jaayNge| Adhunika kAla meM bahuta-sI adhyayana-sAmagrI, grantha evaM lekha prakAzita hue haiN| ___ madhyakAla ke nibandhoM meM smRticandrikA, smRtimuktAphala, pUjAprakAza Adi grantha devapUjA tathA usake vibhinna svarUpoM para vistAra ke sAtha prakAza DAlate haiN| pUjAprakAza 382 pRSThoM meM mudrita huA hai| hama nIce kucha viSayoM para saMkSipta prakAza ddaaleNge| mUrtipUjA kA adhikArI, sthala Adi pANini ke vArtika ('upAd devapUjA0', 113 / 25 para) meM 'devapUjA' zabda AyA hai| nibandhoM ne yaha dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki yAga (yajJa) evaM pUjA samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki donoM meM devatA ke lie dravya-samarpaNa kI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| aba prazna uThatA hai; devapUjA karane kA adhikArI kauna hai ? nRsiMhapurANa evaM vRddha hArIta (6 / 6 evaM 256) ke mata se nRsiMha ke rUpa meM viSNu kI pUjA sabhI vargoM ke strI-puruSa, yahA~ taka ki achUta loga bhI kara sakate haiN| vyavahAramayUkha (pR0 133) meM uddhRta zAkala ke mata se saMyukta parivAra ke sabhI sadasya alaga alaga rUpa se sandhyA, brahmayajJa evaM agnihotra (yadi unhoMne zrauta evaM gRhya agniyA~ prajvalita kI hoM) kara sakate haiM, kintu devapUjA evaM vaizvadeva pUre parivAra ke ikaTThe hoNge| devapUjA kA samaya madhyAhna ke tarpaNa ke uparAnta evaM vaizvadeva ke pUrva hai; kintu kucha loga ise vaizvadeva ke uparAnta bhI karate haiN| dakSa (2 / 30-31) ke anusAra sabhI devakArya dina ke pUrvArdha bhAga ke bhItara hI ho jAne caahie| hindU dharma meM eka vicitra bAta hai adhikAra-bheda (buddhi, saMvega evaM AdhyAtmika bala ke AdhAra para adhikAroM, katavyoM, utsavoM evaM pUjA meM antr)| sabhI vyakti eka hI prakAra ke anuzAsana evaM annapAna-vidhi yA pathyApathya niyama ke yogya nahIM mAne jA skte| mUrti-pUjA bhI sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie atyAvazyaka nahIM thii| prAcIna granthakAroM ne yaha kabhI nahIM socA ki ve mUrti kI pUjA bhautika vastu kI pUjA ke rUpa meM karate haiN| unheM yaha pUrNa vizvAsa thA ki mUrti ke rUpa meM ve paramAtmA kA dhyAna karate haiN| nArada, bhAgavatapurANa (11 / 2719) evaM vRddha hArIta (6 / 128-129) ke mata se hari kI pUjA jala, agni, hRdaya, sUrya, vedI, brAhmaNoM evaM mUrtiyoM meM hotI hai| zAta pa kA kahanA hai-"sAdhAraNa logoM ke deva jala meM haiM, jJAniyoM ke svarga meM, ajJAniyoM evaM alpa buddhi vAloM ke kATha evaM miTTI (arthAt mUrti) meM tathA yogiyoM ke deva unake sattva (yA

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393 mUrti-pUjA hRdaya) meM rahate haiM / Izvara kI pUjA agni meM AhutiyoM se hotI hai, jala meM puSpa arpaNa karane se, hRdaya meM dhyAna se evaM sUrya ke maNDala meM japa karane se hotI hai / "" pratimA nirmANa ke upakaraNa evaM pratimA-AkAra ratna, suvarNa, rajata, tAmra, pittala, loha, kASTha yA miTTI se pratimAe~ bana sakatI haiM, jinameM bahumUlya ratnoM se nirmita sarvazreSTha evaM miTTI se nirmita ghaTiyA mAnI jAtI haiN| bhAgavatapurANa (11 / 27 / 12 ) ke anusAra mUrtiyA~ ATha prakAra kI hotI haiM, prastara, kASTha, loha, candana ( yA tAdRza kisI lepa vAlI), citra, bAlukA kI, bahumUlya ratnoM kI tathA mAnasika / matsyapurANa ( 258 20-21) ne uparyukta sUcI meM sIse evaM kA~se kI banI mUrtiyA~ bhI jor3a dI haiM (dekhie vRddha hArIta 8 / 120 ) / viSNu- pUjA ke lie prastara mUrtiyoM meM zAlagrAma prastara ( gaNDakI nadI ke udgama para zAlagrAma nAmaka grAma meM pAye jAnevAle kAle prastara -khaNDa ) evaM dvArakA ke prastara (gomatIcakra jina para cakra bane hoM) bar3e mahattva ke mAne jAte haiM / vRddha hArIta ( 8 / 183-189 ) ne zAlagrAma-pUjA kI bar3I mahattA gAyI hai / unake mata se zAlagrAma kI pUjA kevala dvija hI kara sakate haiM, zUdra nahIM / kintu kaI purANoM ke mata se (pUjAprakAza, pR0 20-21 meM uddhRta) nAriyA~ evaM zUdra bhI binA sparza kiye zAlagrAma kI pUjA kara sakate haiN| RSiyoM dvArA atIta meM saMsthApita liMgoM kI pUjA bhI striyA~ evaM zUdra nahIM kara sakate the| zAlagrAma-pUjA paryApta prAcIna hai, kyoMki vedAntasUtrabhASya (1 / 2 / 7) meM zaMkarAcArya ne hari ke pratIka ke rUpa meM isakI carcA kI hai| pUjA meM pA~ca prakAra ke prastara prayoga meM Ate rahe haiM -- ( 1 ) ziva-pUjA meM narmadA kA bANa-liMga, (2) viSNu-pUjA meM zAlagrAma, (3) durgA pUjA meM dhAtuma prastara, (4) sUrya - pUjA meM sphaTika prastara evaM gaNeza-pUjA meM lAla prstr| rAjataraMgiNI ( 2 / 131 evaM 7 / 185) ne kazmIra meM narmadA se prApta ziva ke bANaliMgoM kI sthApanA kI carcA kI hai| ghara meM pUjane kI mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM matsyapurANa ( 258 / 22 ) ne kahA hai ki unakA AkAra a~gUThe se lekara 12 aMgula se adhika nahIM honA cAhie, kintu mandira meM sthApita honevAlI mUrtiyoM kA AkAra 16 aMgula se adhika nahIM honA cAhie, yA ucita U~cAI ke lie nimna niyama kAma meM lAnA cAhie-- mandira ke dvAra kI U~cAI ko ATha bhAgoM meM bA~Tie, punaH sAta bhAgoM ko eka-tihAI evaM do-tihAI bhAgoM meM bA~Tie; mUrti kA AdhAra sAta bhAgoM kI eka tihAI tathA mUrti do-tihAI ( arthAt dvAra ke 7/8 kA 2/3 ) honI cAhie (matsyapurANa 258 / 23-25) / 9. ( ka ) sAkArA vikRtijJeyA tasya sarvaM jagatsmRtam / pUjAdhyAnAdikaM kAryaM sAkArasyaiva zasyate // viSNudharmottara 3046/3; nAradoSi / apsvagnau hRdaye sUrye sthaNDile pratimAsu ca / SaTsthAneSu hareH samyagarcanaM munibhiH smRtam // pUjAprakAza ( pR0 10) evaM smRticandrikA (Ahnika, pR0 384 ) meM uddhRta; RgvidhAna 3 / 29 / 2 meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| hRdaye pratimAyAM vA jale savitRmaNDale / vahnau ca sthaNDile vApi cintayedviSNumavyayam // bRddhahArIta 6 / 128-129; arcAyAM sthaNDile'gnau vA sUrye vApsu hRdi dvije / dravyeNa bhaktiyuktorcet svaguruM mAmamAyayA // bhAgavata 11 / 27 / 9; dekhie vRddhahArIta 8191-92 / (kha) apsu devA manuSyANAM divi devA manISiNAm / kASThaleoSTheSu mUrkhANAM yuktasyAtmani devatA // zAtAtapa (AhnikaprakAza, pR0 382 meM uddhRta); agnau kriyAvatAM devo divi devo manISiNAm / pratimA svalpabuddhInAM yoginAM hRdaye hariH // pUjA prakAza ( pR0 8) meM uddhRta (nRsiMhapurANa 62 / 5 evaM RgvidhAna 3 / 29 / 3 ) : haviSAgnau jale purvA hRdaye harim / arcanti sUrayo nityaM japena ravimaNDale / smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 384) / dharma0 50

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mUrtipUjA ke deva, paJcAyatana pUjA evaM dazAvatAra jina devoM kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA hotI hai, unameM mukhya haiM viSNu ( bahuta-se nAmoM evaM avatAroM ke sAtha), ziva (apane bahuta se svarUpoM ke sAtha), durgA, gaNeza evaM sUrya / ina devoM kI pUjA (paJcAyatana pUjA) kI prasiddhi kA zreya zrI zaMkarAcArya ko hai / Ajakala bhI ina pAMcoM devoM kI pUjA hotI hai, kintu unake sthAna krama meM nimna prakAra kI vizeSatA pAyI jAtI hai 394 uttara viSNupaJcAyatana zaMkara 2 devI 5. gaNeza viSNu 3 2 viSNu 1 zivapacAyatana sUrya | devI 4 zaMkara 1 pUrva sUryapaJcAyatana | devIpaJcAyatana gaNeza viSNu zaMkara 3 2 sUrya zaMkara 3 gaNeza | devI 4 5 viSNu 4 devI 1 * gaNezapaJcAyatana viSNu 2 gaNeza | devI 4 5 gaNeza 1 zaMkara 3 pazcima madhya evaM Adhunika kAla ke dhArmikoM ne viSNu ko jagat evaM isakI saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie avatAra rUpa meM kaI bAra isa saMsAra meM dekhA hai / aba hama saMkSepa meM avatAroM ke siddhAMnta ke viSaya meM carcA kreNge| viSNu ke bahuta prasiddha dasa avatAra mAne gaye haiM-- matsya, kUrma, varAha, narasiMha, vAmana, parazurAma, rAma, kRSNa, buddha evaM kalki / prArammika vaidika sAhitya meM avatAra kI dhAraNA ke viSaya meM dhuMdhalA-sA saMketa mila jAtA hai| Rgveda (8 / 17 / 13) meM indra dakSiNa RSi zrRMga kA pautra mAnA gayA hai, jisakA tAtparya huA ki indra isa pRthivI para manuSya rUpa meM utare the / Rgveda ( 4126 / 1 ) meM RSi vAmadeva ne kahA hai- "maiM manu thA, maiM sUrya bhI thA / " isa ukti kI ora bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 1/4/10 ) meM mI saMketa milatA hai aura ise AtmA ke AvAgamana ke siddhAnta ke samarthana meM bahudhA uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai| cAhe jo ho, itanA to kahanA ThIka hI ja~catA hai ki vaidika RSi ne sUrya ko isa pRthivI para manuSya rUpa meM avatarita hote hue kalpita kiyA thA / zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 1 8 1 1 6 ) meM manu kI kathA AyI hai; jaba atyadhika bAr3ha meM manu hatar basI rahI thI to unhoMne ( manu ne use eka sIMga vAlI machalI ke sIMga meM bAMdha diyA thA aura usa machalI ne manu kI rakSA kI thii| isa gAthA se matsyAvatAra kI dhuMdhalI jhalaka mila jAtI haiN| 10 zatapatha brAhmaNa (7 / 5 / 1 / 5 ) ke kathana se sambhavataH kUrmAvatAra kI jhalaka bhI milatI hai| vahA~ aisA AyA hai ki prajApati ne kUrma kA rUpa dhAraNa karake prANiyoM kI sRSTi kii| 'kUrma' evaM 'kazyapa' zabdoM kA artha eka hI hai, ataH 10. sa audha utthite nAvamApede taM sa matsya upanyApupluve tasya zaMge nAva: pAzaM pratimumoca tenaMtamuttaraM girimatidudrAva / zatapatha brAhmaNa 118 115 / aura dekhie je0 Ara0 e0 e0, 1895, pR0 165-189 meM pro0 maikDonela kA lekha jisameM avatAroM se sambandha rakhane vAlI janazrutiyoM kI chAyA prastuta kI gayI hai|

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mUrti-pUjA 395 sabhI prANI kazyapa ke vaMzaja yA usase sambandhita mAne jaayeNge|" isI prakAra zatapatha brAhmaNa (14 / 1 / 2 / 11) meM varAha avatAra kI kathA jhalakatI hai-"emUSa nAmaka varAha ne pRthivI ko Upara uThAyA, vaha usakA (pRthivI kA) svAmI prajApati thaa|" Rgveda (116117) meM AyA hai ki viSNu ne varAha ko phAr3a diyaa| vaha indra dvArA prerita hokara pUjaka ke pAsa eka sau maiseM, khIra evaM emUSa nAmaka varAha lAtA hai (R0 8177 / 10) / taittirIya AraNyaka (1 / 1 / 3) ne isa kiMvadantI kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| kAThakasaMhitA (8 / 2) meM prajApati ko varAha banakara pAnI meM DubakI lete kahA gayA hai (dekhie taittirIya saMhitA 71 / 5 / 1 evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 1 / 3) / nRsiMhAvatAra kI kathA kI jhalaka hameM indra evaM namuci kI gAthA meM mila jAtI hai| hiraNyakazipu kA viSNu dvArA satyAnAza bahuta kucha unhIM paristhitiyoM meM huA jinameM indra ne namuci kA nAza kiyA 'indra ne namudi se kahA thA--"tumheM dina yA rAta meM nahIM mArU~gA, sUkhe yA gIle, hathelI yA mukke se, yA char3I yA dhanuSa Adi se nahIM jAU~gA" (zatapathabrAhmaNa 12 / 7 / 3 / 1-4) / hameM zatapathabrAhmaNa dvArA uddhRta Rgveda (8 / 14 / 13) se patA calatA hai ki indra ne namuci kA sira pAnI ke phena se kATa DAlA thaa| 'silappadikAram' nAmaka prAcIna tamila grantha meM narasiMhAvatAra kI ora saMketa hai| vAmanAvatAra kI kathA kI ora saMketa (vAmana ne tIna pada bhUmi kI yAcanA kI thI) Rgveda se prApta hotA hai jahAM viSNu ke pramukha parAkrama haiM tIna pada rakhanA evaM pRthivI ko sthira kara denaa| dekhie vAmanAvatAra ke lie zatapathabrAhmaNa (1 / 2 / 5 / 1) / chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 17 / 6) meM AyA hai ki RSi dhora AMgirasa ne devakI ke putra kRSNA ko koI upadeza diyaa| isane mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ke kRSNa kI AkhyAyikAoM para kucha prabhAva DAlA hogaa| pataMjali ne vAsudeva ko kevala kSatriya nahIM pratyuta paramAtmA kA avatAra mAnA hai (mahAbhASya, jilda 2, pR0 314) / pataMjali ne kaMsa, ugrasena (andhaka jAti ke sadasya), vizvaksena (vRSNi), baladeva, satyabhAmA evaM akrUra kA ullekha kiyA hai (dekhie krama se mahAbhASya jilda 2, pR0 36 evaM 119, jilda 2, pR0 257, jilda 1, pR0 111, jilda 2, pR0 295) / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki kRSNa evaM unake sAtha ke logoM kI kathAe~ (jo mahAbhArata evaM harivaMza meM pAyI jAtI haiM) pataMjali evaM kucha sImA taka pANini ko jJAta thiiN| heliyoDorasa ke vesanagara stambha-lekha (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 10, anusUcI pR0 63, naM0 669) se patA calatA hai ki yUnAnI bhI viSNu ke bhakta ho jAyA karate the| eraNa prastara-lekha (gupta iskripzaMsa, pU0 158, naM0 36) meM varAhAvatAra kA ullekha huA hai| bhAgavata purANa (2 / 4 / 18) ne likhA hai ki jaba kirAta, hUNa, Andhra, pulinda, pukkasa, AbhIra, suhma, yavana, khaza evaM anya 11. sa yatkarmo nAma / etadvai rUpaM kRtvAM prajApatiH prajA asRjata yadasRjatAkarottadakarottasmAtkUrmaH kazyapo kUrmastasmAdAhuH sarvAH prajAH kAzyapya iti / zatapatha brAhmaNa 7 / 5 / 115 / 12. iyatI ha vA iyamapre pRthivyAsa prAdezamAtrI tAmemUSa iti varAha ujjadhAna so'syAH patiH prjaaptiH| zatapatha brAhmaNa 143102011; utAsi varAheNa kRSNena shtbaahunaa| bhUmidhenurdharaNI lokdhaarinnii| taittirIyAraNyaka 1011 / Rgveda meM barAha kA artha 'varAha ke samAna bAMdala-rAkSasa' yA 'rAha' ho sakatA hai| dekhie nirukta 5 / 4 / 13 idaM viSNuvicakrame SA nidadhe pdm| samUDhamasma paaNsure|| trINi padA vicakrame viruNurgopA adAbhyaH / Rgveda 1122 / 17-18; aura dekhie Rgveda 1315411-4, 11155 / 4, 5 / 49 / 13 Adi; na te viSNo jAyamAno na jAto deva mahimnaH prmntmaap| udastamnA nAkamajvaM bRhantaM dArtha prAcI kakubhaM pRthivyaaH||...vystmnaa rodasI viSNavete dAdharya pRthivImabhito myuukhH|| Rgveda 7199 / 2-3 /

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396 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pApI gaNa bhakta rUpa meM viSNu kI zaraNa meM Ate haiM to pavitra ho jAte haiM / ina bAtoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki viSNu ke avatAra ( dasa se kama yA adhika) IsA ke kaI zatAbdiyoM pahale se prasiddhi pA cuke the| mahAbhArata evaM rAmAyaNa meM aisA AyA hai ki duSToM ko daNDa dene, sajjanoM kI rakSA karane evaM dharma ke saMsthApana ke lie bhagavAn isa pRthivI para Ate haiN| " zAntiparva ( 339 / 103-104) meM bhI dasa avatAroM ke nAma Aye haiM, kintu yahA~ buddha ke sthAna para nayA nAma 'haMsa' AyA hai evaM kRSNa ko sAtvata kahA gayA hai| purANoM meM se bhI kucha buddha ko avatAra rUpa meM nahIM ghoSita karate / mArkaNDeyapurANa (47 / 7 ) ne matsya, kUrma evaM varAha ko avatAra mAnA hai aura 4 / 53-54 meM varAh se Arambha kara nRsiMha, vAmana evaM mAthura (kRSNa) ke nAma liye haiM / matsyapurANa (47 / 39-45 ) ne 12 avatAra batAye haiM jinameM kucha sarvathA bhinna haiM, isane yaha bhI likhA hai ki mRgu ne viSNu ko sAta bAra manuSya rUpa meM janma lene kA zApa diyA, kyoMki unhoMne apanI strI ko mAra DAlA thA / kintu matsyapurANa ( 285/6-7 ) meM ullikhita avatAroM meM buddha kA bhI nAma hai / isa purANa (47 / 240 ) ne buddha ko navA~ avatAra mAnA hai| nRsiMha purANa (adhyAya 36), agnipurANa (adhyAya 2 se 16) evaM varAhapurANa (4/2 ) ne prasiddha dazAvatAroM ke nAma liye haiM / vRddhahArItasmRti (10 / 145 - 146 ) meM dazAvatAroM meM buddha ke sthAna para hayagrIva AyA hai, aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki buddha kI pUjA nahIM honI caahie| rAmAyaNa ( ayodhyAkANDa, 109 / 34 ) meM buddha ko cora evaM nAstika kahA gayA hai / " kintu yaha ukti kSepaka bhI ho sakatI hai| bhAgavatapurANa meM avatAroM kI tIna sUciyA~ haiM - ( 1 ) 1 / 3 meM 22 avatAra haiM, jinameM buddha, kalki, vyAsa, balarAma evaM kRSNa pRthak-pRthak Aye haiM, (2) 270 meM prasiddha avatAroM ke sAtha kapila, dattAtreya evaM anya nAma haiM tathA ( 3 ) 648 meM buddha aura 617 meM buddha evaM kalki donoM ullikhita haiN| kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 159-160 ) ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta kara batAyA hai ki vaizAkha zukla saptamI ko vrata karanA cAhie, kyoMki usI dina viSNu ne buddha rUpa meM zAkyadharmaM calAyA; vaizAkha kI saptamI ko puSya nakSatra meM buddhapratimA ko zAkyavacana ke sAtha snAna karAnA cAhie aura zAkya sAdhuoM ko vastra dAna karanA caahie| isI grantha meM buddha dvAdazI kI carcA hai jaba ki sone kI buddhapratimA ko snAna karAkara brAhmaNa ko dAna kara dene kA ullekha hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI ke eka abhilekha meM bhI buddha kA nAma dazAvatAroM meM varNita hai / " ina vivecanoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki avatAra rUpa meM buddha kI pUjA lagamaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se hone lagI thii| usa samaya taka bhI kucha loga unheM avatAra mAnane ko udyata nahIM the, yathA kumArila bhaTTa (lagabhaga 650 se 750 I0 ) / varAhamihira ne bRhatsaMhitA (60 / 19) meM likhA hai - "jo loga devatAoM ke 14. viSNu ke avatAroM ke viSaya meM vistAra se adhyayana ke lie dekhie hApkinsa kI 'epika maMyolAjI', 1915, pR0 209-219 evaM iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, jilda 11, pR0 121; par3hie 'asatAM nigrahArthAya dharmasaMrakSaNAya ca / avatIrNo manuSyANAmajAyata yavukSaye // vanaparva 272|71; bahvIH saMsaramANo vaM yonIvartAmi sattama / dharmasaMrakSaNArthAya dharmasaMsthApanAya ca // Azvamedhika parva 54|13; bhagavadgItA 4 / 7-8; vanaparva 272 / 61-10, 276 / 8 Adi; ayodhyAkANDa 117, uttarakANDa 8 27; haMsaH kUrmazca matsyazca prAdurbhAvAd dvijottama / varAho nArasiMhazva vAmano rAma eva ca // rAmo dAzarathizcaiva sAtvataH kalkireva ca // zAntiparva 339 / 103-104 / 15. yathA hi cIraH sa tathA hi buddhastathAgataM nAstikamatra viddhi / ayodhyAkANDa 109 / 34 / 16. matsyaH kUrmo varAhazca narrAsaho'tha vAmanaH / rAmo rAmazca kRSNazca buddhaH kalkI ca te daza // varAhapurANa 412; dekhie DA0 Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kRta "vaiSNavijma eNDa zaivijma", pR0 41 / 42 / aura dekhie abhilekha ke lie AlAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA ( memvAyara saMkhyA 26 ) /

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mUti-pUjA mandiroM meM pujArI honA cAhate haiM, yathA viSNu ke bhAgavata, sUrya-mandiroM meM maga (zAkadvIpIya brAhmaNa), ziva-mandiroM meM vibhUti lagAye dvija, devI ke maMdiroM meM mAtRmaMDala jAnane vAle, brahmA ke mandira meM brAhmaNa, zAntipriya evaM udArahRdaya buddha ke mandiroM meM bauddha, jinoM ke mandiroM meM nagna sAdhu tathA isI prakAra ke anya loga ; inako apane sampradAya meM vyavasthita vidhi ke anusAra devapUjA karanI caahie| kSemendra (1066 I0 ke lagabhaga) ne apane dazAvatAra-carita meM evaM jayadeva (lagabhaga 1180-1200 I0) ne apane gItagovinda meM buddha ko viSNu kA avatAra mAnA hai| ataH lagabhaga 10vIM zatAbdI meM buddha sAre bhAratavarSa meM viSNu ke avatAra rUpa meM vikhyAta ho cuke the| bhAratavarSa meM bauddhadharma kA lupta ho jAnA eka ati vicitra ghaTanA hai| yadyapi buddha ne veda evaM brAhmaNoM ke Adhipatya ko na mAnA, na to vyaktigata AtmA evaM paramAtmA ke astitva meM hI vizvAsa kiyA, kintu unhoMne 'karma' evaM punarjanma tathA virakti evaM icchArahita hone para saMskAroM se chuTakArA pAne ke siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa kiyaa| jaba bauddhoM ne buddha kA pUjana Arambha kara diyA, jaba pazubali eka prakAra se samApta ho gayI; jaba sArvabhauma dayAzIlatA, udAra bhAvanA evaM Atma-nigraha kI bhAvanA sabhI ko svIkRta ho gayI aura vaidika dharmAvalambiyoM ne bauddha dharma ke vyApaka siddhAnta mAna viSNu ke avatAra rUpa meM svIkRta ho gye| taba unake anya-dharmatva kI AvazyakatA na pratIta hii| kintu bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke naitika patana se bauddha dharma kI avanati kI gati ati tIvra ho gayI aura anta meM musalamAnoM ke Akra. maNoM ne lagabhaga 1200 I0 meM bauddhadharma ko sadA ke lie bhArata se bidA kara diyaa| IsA kI kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva se rAma evaM kRSNa ko avatAroM ke rUpa meM pUjA jA rahA thaa| kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (11 / 22) evaM meghadUta meM vAmana ko rAma ke samAna hI avatAra mAnA hai| isI prakAra kAdambarI meM varAha evaM narasiMha ke avatAroM kA ullekha hai| trimUrti (brahmA, viSNu evaM maheza-ziva ko eka deva ke rUpa meM mAnane) kI dhAraNA ati 17. viSNorbhAgavatAnmagAMzca savituH zambhoH sabhasmadvijAn, mAtaNAmapi mAtRmaNDalavido viprAn vidubrahmaNaH / zAkyAnsarvahitasya zAntamanaso nagnAjinAnAM viduyeM yaM devamupAzritAH svavidhinA tastasya kAryA kriyaa|| bRhatsaMhitA 60 / 11 / dekhie vilsana kA viSNupurANa (jilda 5, pR0 382), jahA~ bhaviSyapurANa kA (antima 12 adhyAyoM kA) vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| abhizapta hone para sAmba ne ziva kA mandira banavAyA aura zakadvIpa se magoM ke 18 kuTumba bulA liye, jinake sAtha yAdavoM ke eka varga bhojoM ne vaivAhika sambandha sthApita kiyA aura taba maga loga bhojaka khlaaye| nANa ke harSacarita (4) meM bhojaka jyotiSAcArya tAraka kA ullekha huA hai, jisane harSa ke janma para usakI mahattA kA varNana kiyA hai aura TIkAkAra ke anusAra 'bhojaka' kA artha hai 'mg'| dekhie zeriMga kI pustaka 'hindU TrAibja eNDa kAsTsa (jilba 1, pR0 102-103) jisameM unhoMne zAkadvIpI brAhmaNoM ko mAgadha brAhmaNa kahA hai| na ki 'mg'| "maga aura sUrya-pUjA" ke viSaya meM dekhie DA0 Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kRta "vaSNavijma eNDa zaivijma", pR0 1511155 / dekhie maga brAhmaNoM ke lie bevara kA lekha 'magavyakti Ava kRSNadAsa' (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 2, 10 330), maga kavi gaMgAdhara kA govindapura prastara-lekha (1059 zakAgda-1137-38 I0), jisameM aisA ullekha hai ki maga loga sUrya ke zarIra se udbhUta hue haiM, kRSNa ke putra sAmba dvArA zakadvIpa se lAye gaye haiM aura prathama maga bhAradvAja thaa| aura dekhie epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 9,10 279-pratihAra kakkaka kA ghaTiyAlaka zilAlekha, jo mAtaravi nAmaka maga dvArA likhita hai (saMvat 918-861-862 ii.)| dekhie bhaviSyapurANa (adhyAya 139-40), jahA~ dAr3hI bar3hAne vAle bhojaka kahe gaye haiM, Adi / bhISmaparva (adhyAya 11) ne zAkadvIpa kA ullekha kiyA hai aura 36veM zloka ne maMgoM (magoM) ke deza kI bAta calAyI hai|

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398 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prAcIna rahI hai| mahAbhArata meM AyA hai ki prajApati brahmA rUpa meM sRSTi karatA hai, mahAn puruSa ke rUpa meM rakSA karatA hai tathA rudra rUpa meM nAza karatA hai ( vanaparva ) / brahmA ke mandira aba bahuta hI kama pAye jAte haiM; atyanta prasiddha mandira hai ajamera ke pAsa puSkara kA mandira / sAvitrI ke zApa se brahmA kI pUjA avanati ko prApta huI kahI gayI hai (padmapurANa, sRSTikhaNDa, 15) / ziva-pUjA sambhavataH prAcInatama pUjA hai| sara jaoNna mArzala ke grantha mohenjodar3o ( jilda 1, pR0 52-53 evaM citra 12, saMkhyA 17 ) se patA calatA hai ki sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA ke samaya sambhavataH ziva pUjA pracalita thI, kyoMki eka citra meM eka yogI ke caturdik hAthI, vyAghra, gaiMDA evaM maiMsa pazu haiM (ziva ko pazupati bhI kahA jAtA hai) / kAlidAsa ke bahuta pahale se ziva kI pUjA ardha puruSa evaM ardha nArI ke rUpa meM pracalita thI ( mAlavikAgnimitra kA prathama padya evaM kumArasambhava 7 / 28) / ziva ko bahudhA paMcatuNDa (paMcamukha ---- paMcAnana ) bhI kahA jAtA hai aura inake pA~ca svarUpa haiM krama se sadyojAta, vAmadeva, aghora, tatpuruSa evaM IzAna (dekhie taittirIya AraNyaka 10143-47 evaM viSNudharmottara 3 / 48 / 1) / kAlAntara meM zaivoM evaM vaiSNavoM meM eka-dUsare ke viruddha paryApta kahA-sunI huI, kintu mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ke kAloM meM ina meM koI vaimanasya nahIM thA pratyuta bar3A sauhArda evaM sahiSNutA thI / dekhie vanaparva 39 / 76 evaM 189 / 5-6, zAntiparva 343 | 132, matsyapurANa 52 / 23 / anuzAsanaparva ( 149 / 14- 120 ) meM viSNu ke 1000 nAma tathA anuzAsana (17) evaM zAntiparva ( 285 / 74 ) meM ziva ke mI 1000 nAma diye gaye haiM / gaNeza ke viSaya meM hamane pahale bhI par3ha liyA hai (adhyAya 7) / jainoM ne bhI gaNeza kI pUjA kI hai ( dekhie AcAradinakara, saMvat 1468, jarnala Ava iNDiyana hisTrI, jilda 18, 1939, pR0 158, jinameM gaNeza kI vibhinna AkRtiyoM evaM eka AkRti meM 18 bAhuoM kA varNana hai ) / AcAradinakara ke anusAra gaNeza kI pratimAoM ke 2, 4, 6, 9, 18 yA 108 hAtha ho sakate haiN| agnipurANa ( adhyAya 71), mudgalapurANa evaM gaNezapurANa meM gaNeza-pUjA kA varNana hai, kintu ina purANoM kI tithiyA~ anizcita haiM / varAhapurANa (adhyAya 23) ne gaNeza ke janma ke viSaya meM eka vicitra kathA likhI hai| gaNapatyatharvazIrSa ne gaNeza ko brahma mAnA hai / grahoM kI pratimAoM kA pUjana apekSAkRta prAcIna hai / yAjJavalkyasmRti (1 / 296-298) ne likhA hai ki nau grahoM (sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu evaM ketu) kI pUjA ke lie unakI mUrtiyA~ krama se tAmra, sphaTika, lAla candana, sonA (budha evaM bRhaspati ke lie), rajata, lohA, sIsA evaM kA~se kI banI honI caahie| vidyA kI devI sarasvatI ke bAre meM daNDI ( 600 I0 ke pazcAt nahIM) ne likhA hai ki ve sarva zuklA haiN| dattAtreya kI pUjA bahudhA dakSiNa meM hotI hai| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se hI dattAtreya kI pUjA avazya Arambha ho gayI thii| jAbAlopaniSad meM ve paramahaMsa kahe gaye haiM aura unake nAma para eka upaniSad bhI hai| vanaparva (115), anuzAsana (153) evaM zAntiparva (49136) kA kahanA hai ki unhoMne kArtavIrya ko varadAna diye / mArkaNDeya purANa (adhyAya 16-19) ne unake janma ke bAre meM likhA hai aura unheM yogI mAnA hai tathA kahA hai ki unake bhaktagaNa unheM zarAba evaM mAMsa dete the / mAgavatapurANa (9 / 22 / 23), matsyapurANa (47 / 242-246 ) tathA anya purANoM ne mI inake bAre meM likhA hai / mAgha ne zizupAlavadha meM inheM avatAra mAnA hai| devapUjA kI vidhi, SoDaza upacAra viSNudharmasUtra (adhyAya 65) meM ( vAsudeva yA viSNu kI ) devapUjA kA sabase Arambhika svarUpa pAyA jAtA hai : " acchI taraha snAna karake, hAtha-paira dhokara tathA Acamana karake yajJa sthala para mUrti ke samakSa anAdi evaM ananta vAsudeva kI pUjA karanI caahie| mana meM mantra " prANavanta azvin loga tumheM prANa deM" (maitrAyaNI saMhitA 2|3|4) kahakara

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SoDaza upacAra 399 'yuJjate manaH' nAmaka anuvAka (Rgveda 5 / 81) ke sAtha viSNu ko Amantrita kara ghuTane, hAtha evaM sira Tekakara viSNu kI pUjA karanI caahie| Rgveda ke tIna mantroM (10 / 9 / 1-3) ko kahakara aj (hAtha dhone ke lie sammAna sahita jala dene) kI ghoSaNA karanI caahie| isake uparAnta cAra mantroM ke sAtha (taittirIya saMhitA 5 / 6 / 1 / 1-2) pAdya (paira dhone ke lie jala) denA cAhie (atharvaveda 1 / 6 / 4); aura phira AcamanIya karAnA caahie| taba snAna ke lie jala denA caahie| isake uparAnta "rathoM, kulhAr3iyoM, bailoM kI zakti" maMtra ke sAtha lepa evaM AbhUSaNa dene cAhie; Rgveda (3 / 8 / 4) ke sAtha vastra denA cAhie; taba puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa, madhuparka denA cAhie; taba bhojya padArtha, cAmara, darpaNa, chatra, raya, Asana dete samaya gAyatrI mantra kahanA caahie| pratyeka kArya ke sAtha vaidika mantra kahane kA vidhAna hai|" yahA~ saba vistAra se nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| isa prakAra pUjA ke uparAnta puruSasUkta kA pATha karanA caahie| taba kalyANArthI ko dhUta ko AhutiyAM denI caahie| baudhAyanagRhyaparizeSasUtra (2014) meM viSNu-pUjA kA vistRta varNana hai| isI prakAra isa parizeSasUtra (2017) meM mahAdeva (ziva) kI pUjA kA bhI vidhAna pAyA jAtA hai| viSNu evaM ziva kI pUjA-vidhi meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai, hA~ ziva-pUjA meM ziva ke kaI nAma, yathA--mahAdeva, bhava, rudra evaM nyambaka Aye haiM, kahIM-kahIM kucha mantroM meM bhI antara hai / jaba sthApita mUrti kI pUjA hotI hai to AvAhana aura visarjana kI vidhi nahIM kI jaatii| pUjAprakAza (pR0 97-149) evaM anya nibandhoM meM zaunaka, gRhyapariziSTa, RgvidhAna, viSNudharmottarapurANa, bhAgavatapurANa, narasiMhapurANa ke anusAra devapUjA kI vidhi dI huI hai, jise hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| uparyukta vivecana se vyakta huA hogA ki devapUjA meM kaI upacAra pAye jAte haiM, jo sAmAnyataH 16 kahe jAte haiM, yathA-AvAhana, Asana, pAdya, adhya, AcamanIya, snAna, vastra, yajJopavIta, analepana yA gandha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa, naivedya (yA upahAra), namaskAra, pradakSiNA evaM visarjana yA udvAsana / vibhinna granthoM meM kucha antara bhI hai| kucha granthoM meM yajJopavIta ke uparAnta bhUSaNa, pradakSiNA yA naivedya ke uparAnta tAmbUla (yA mukhavAsa) bhI dene kI vyavasthA hai (vRddhahArIta 6 / 31-32 evaM pUjAprakAza, pR0 98) / ataH isa prakAra upacAra 18 ho gye|" kucha ne 'AvAhana' chor3akara 'Asana' ke uparAnta svAgata', 'AcamanIya' ke uparAnta 'madhuparka' jor3a diyA hai| isI prakAra kucha logoM ne 'stotra' (stuti) evaM 'praNAma' ko upacAra se pRthak mAnA hai, aura kucha logoM ne ina donoM ko eka hI tathA pradakSiNA ko visarjana kA aMga mAnA hai (pUjAprakAza, pR0 98) / yadi kisI ke pAsa vastra evaM alaMkAra na hoM to vaha 16 meM 10 upacAra hI kara sakatA hai (kevala pAdya se naivedya taka), yadi ye dasa bhI na ho sakeM to kevala pAMca (paJcopacAra-pUjA) arthAt gandha se navedya taka kre| kintu yadi pAsa meM kucha bhI na ho to puSya se hI solahoM upacAra sampAdita ho sakate haiN| jaba mUrti acala rahatI hai to AvAhana evaM visarjana kI bAta nahIM uThatI aura upacAra kevala 14 hI raha jAte haiM, kintu yadi solaha pUre karane hoM to unake sthAna para mantra ke sAtha puSpoM kA vyavahAra ho sakatA hai| jo loga puruSasUkta kaha sakeM, unheM pratyeka upacAra 18. solaha upacAroM ke lie dekhie narasiMhapurANa 62 / 9-13 (aparArka, pR0 140-141 meM ur3ata); RgvidhAna (3 / 31 / 6 / 10); smRticandrikA (1, pR0 199); parAzaramAdhavIya 111, pR0 367; nityAcArapaddhati (vidyAkara likhita, pR0 536-37); saMskAraratnamAlA (pR. 27); AcAraratna (pR0 71) / 19. dekhie, nityAcArapaddhati, pR0 549 / jayavarmA dvitIya (saM0 1317--1250-51 I0) ke mAndhAtA lekha meM paMcopacAra pUjA kA ullekha hai (epi4phiyA iNDikA, jilda 9, pR0 117, 119) / pratiSThitapratimAyAmAvAhanavisarjanayorabhAvena caturdazopacAraiva puujaa| athavAvAhanavisarjanayoH sthAne mantrapuSpAJjalidAnam / nUtanapratimAyAM tu SoDazopacArava puujaa| saMskAraratnamAlA, pR0 27 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke sAtha usakA eka eka mantra kahanA caahie| striyoM evaM zUdroM ko kevala " zivAya namaH" yA "viSNave namaH" kahanA cAhie | vRddhahArIta ( 11 / 81 ) ke mata se striyoM ko bAla kRSNa tathA vidhavAoM ko hari kI pUjA (101208) karanI caahie| snAna, vastra, yajJopavIta evaM naivedya meM pratyeka ke uparAnta Acamana honA cAhie (narasiMhapurANa 62 / 14 ) / kucha upacAroM ke nAma AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (4/7/10 evaM 4 / 8 / 1 ) meM bhI zrAddha ke samaya Amantrita brAhmaNoM kI pUjA meM prayukta hue haiM, yathA--snAna, arddha, gandha, mAlya (puSpa), dhUpa, dIpa evaM AcchAdana (vastra) / devapUjA evaM pitR kRtya ke lie jala usI dina kA lAyA huA honA cAhie ( viSNudharmasUtra 66 / 1 ) / pUjA karanevAle ko bA~sa yA prastara, yajJa kAma meM na AnevAle kASTha, khAlI pRthivI, ghAsa se bane yA harI ghAsa se nirmita Asana para nahIM baiThanA cAhie, balki use kambala, rezama ke vastra yA mRgacarma para baiThanA cAhie (pUjAprakAza, pR0 95) / adhyaM meM nimnalikhita ATha yA jitanI sambhava ho sakeM, sAmagriyA~ DAlanI cAhie - dahI, dhAna, kuza ke UparI bhAga, dUdha, dUrvA, madhu, va evaM sapheda sarasoM (matsyapurANa 267 / 2, pUjAprakAza, pR0 34 meM uddhRta) / yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki viSNu ko ardhya dene ke lie zaMkha meM jala ke sAtha candana, puSpa evaM akSata hone cAhie / Acamana ke jala meM ilAyacI, lavaMga, uzIra (khasa) tathA jitanA sambhava ho utanA kakkola milA denA caahie| mUrti ke snAna ke lie paJcAmRta (dUdha, dahI, ghRta, madhu evaM zakkara) honA caahie| inameM sabakA prayoga krama se honA cAhie aura zakkara anta meM par3anI cAhie, jisase ki ghRta Adi se utpanna masRNa aMza samApta ho jaay| isake uparAnta pavitra jala se snAna hotA hai | paMcAmRta snAna meM pAMca mantra kahe jAte haiM, yathA Rgveda 1 / 91/16, 4139/6, 2/3/11, 119026, 98526 / kintu citra evaM miTTI kI mUrti ko snAna nahIM karAyA jAtA / yadi snAna ke lie anya padArtha na hoM to viSNu ko unakI priya tulasI kI pattiyA~ jala meM DAlakara snAna karA denA caahie| mUrti ke snAna vAlA jala bar3A pavitra mAnA jAtA hai, pUjA karane vAlA, kuTumba ke loga, mitra-gaNa usakA Acamana karate haiM aura usa jala ko tIrtha kahA jAtA hai| loga ise apane sira para bhI chir3akate haiM / anulepa yA gandha ke viSaya meM bahuta se niyama bane haiN| anulepa kA nirmANa candana, devadAru, kastUrI, karpUra, kuMkuma evaM jAtiphala ( yA jAtIphala) se hotA hai| AbhUSaNa ke lie saccA sonA yA bahumUlya ratna hone cAhie, nakalI nahIM ( viSNudharmasUtra 66 / 2, 66 / 4) / puSpoM ke viSaya meM bar3e lambe niyama bane haiN| pUjAprakAza ( pR0 42 / 49 ) ne viSNupUjA meM tulasI kI bar3I mahimA gAyI hai| isakI pattiyA~ puSpa ke abhAva meM prayukta hotI haiM / puSpa-sambandhI niyamoM ko hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa chor3a rahe haiN| pUjA ke dina jo puSpa car3hAye jAte haiM, unheM dUsare dina pUjA ke samaya uThA liyA jAtA hai aura unheM nirmAlya kahA jAtA hai; unakA bar3A mahattva mAnA jAtA hai aura unheM sira para car3hAyA jAtA hai| ziva pUjA meM krama se ye puSpa acche kahe jAte haiM, yathA -- arka, karavIra, bilvapatra, droNa, apAmArga-patra, kuza-puSpa, zamIpatra, nIla kamaladala, dhatUra puSpa, zamI-puSpa, nIla kamala / nIla kamala ko sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai| puSpAbhAve phala, phalAbhAve patra, yA kevala akSata yA kevala jala prayoga meM lAnA caahie| bIpa meM ghRta honA cAhie kintu ghRtAbhAve sarasoM kA tela diyA jA sakatA hai| mUrti ke samakSa karpUra jalAnA caahie| eka prathA hai ArAtrika (AratI) kI ( mUrti ke caturdik dIpa ghumAne kI kriyaa)| AratI kA kRtya eka thAla meM dIpa yA karpUra ke Tukar3e jalAkara mUrti ke caturdik tathA sira para ghumAkara sampAdita hotA hai| naivedya meM varjita bhojana nahIM honA cAhie aura na bakarI yA bhaiMsa kA dUdha honA cAhie (yadyapi hamAre lie isakA upayoga varjita nahIM hai); isI prakAra pA~ca nakhoM vAle pazuoM, machalI tathA sUara kA mAMsa bhI varjita hai / sAmAnya niyama hai - "jo bhojana vyakti karatA hai vahI devatAoM ko bhI denA cAhie (ayodhyAkANDa 103 / 30 ) / naivedya sone, cA~dI, kA~se, tAmra yA miTTI ke pAtra, palAza-patra yA kamaladala meM denA caahie| brahmapurANa (aparArka, pR0 153 / 154 evaM pUjAprakAza, pR0 82 meM uddhRta) ke mata se brahmA, viSNu, ziva, sUrya, devI, mAtRkA, bhUta, preta, pizAca ko diyA gayA naivedya brAhmaNoM, sAtvatoM (bhAgavatoM), bhasma lagAnevAloM, magoM, 400

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SoDaza upacAra 401 zAktoM, striyoM evaM daridra ko denA caahie| svayaM pUjA karanevAlA bhI naivedya le sakatA hai| naivedya ke uparAnta tAmbUla diyA jAtA hai| prAcIna gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM meM tAmbUla evaM mukhavAsa kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM huA hai| sambhavataH IsA ke kucha zatAbdiyoM pahale yA Arambha meM tAmbUla sarvaprathama dakSiNa bhArata meM prayukta huA aura phira kramazaH uttara bhArata meM bhI pracalita ho gyaa| smRtiyoM meM saMvarta (55), laghu-hArIta, laghu-AzvalAyana ( 1 / 160 - 161 evaM 23|105 ), auzanasa ne bhojana ke uparAnta tAmbUla carvaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai / kAlidAsa ( raghuvaMza 6 / 64 ) ne tAmbUla paudhoM ko tAmbUla- latAoM se ghirA huA likhA hai| kAmasUtra (1 / 4 / 16) ne likhA hai ki vyakti ko prAtaH mukha dhokara, Adarza (darpaNa) meM mukha dekhakara aura tAmbUla khAkara apane zvAsa ko sugandhita karate hue pratidina ke kAryoM meM laga jAnA cAhie ( anya tAmbUla - sambandhI saMketoM ke lie dekhie kAmasUtra 3/4 40, 4 / 1 36, 5/2/21 evaM 24, 6 / 1 / 29, 6 / 28) / varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA ( 77/25-37 ) meM tAmbUla evaM isake anya upakaraNoM ke guNoM kA bakhAna hai / kAdambarI (35) meM rAjaprAsAda kI tulanA tAmbUlika (tamolI) ke ghara se kI gayI hai, jisameM lavalI, lavaMga, ilAyacI, kakkola saM gRhIta rahate haiM / parAzaramAghavIya (1 / 1, pR0 434 ) ne vasiSTha ke uddharaNa dvArA batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra tAmbUla kI donoM nokoM ko kATakara khAyA jAtA hai / caturvargacintAmaNi ( jilda 2, bhAga 1, pR0 242 ) ke vratakhaNDa meM hemAdri ne ratnakoSa kA uddharaNa dekara samajhAyA hai ki tAmbUla kA artha hai tAmbUla kA patra evaM cUnA tathA mukhavAsa kA tAtparya hai ilAyacI, karpUra, kakkola, copra evaM mAtuluMga ke Tukar3oM kA eka sAtha prayoga / nityAcArapaddhati (10549) meM tAmbUla ke nau upakaraNoM kA varNana hai, yathA-supArI, tAmbUla patra, cUnA, karpUra, ilAyacI, lavaMga, kakkola, copra, mAtuluMga phala / " Adhunika kAla meM bAdAma ke Tukar3e, jAtIphala evaM usakI chAla, kuMkuma, khadirasAra liyA jAtA hai, kintu mAtuluMga chor3a diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra tAmbUla ke 13 upakaraNa haiN| Ajakala tAmbUla ke 13 guNa (yA to 13 upakaraNoM ke kAraNa yA anya guNoM ke kAraNa ) vikhyAta haiN| kucha logoM ke mata se pradakSiNA (dAhinI ora se mUrti ke caturdik jAnA) evaM namaskAra kevala eka upacAra kahe jAte haiN| namaskAra yA to aSTAMga (ATha aMgoM ke sAtha) hotA hai yA paMcAMga (pAMca aMgoM ke sAtha) hotA hai| aSTAMga meM vyakti pRthivI para isa prakAra par3a jAtA hai ki hatheliyA~, paira, ghuTane, chAtI, mastaka pRthivI ko sparza karate haiM, mana, vANI evaM A~kheM mUrti kI ora lagI rahatI haiM tathA paMcAMga meM hAthoM, pairoM evaM sira ke bala pRthivI para par3a jAnA hotA hai| Ajakala sUrya ke lie 12 namaskAra yA 12 ke kaI gune namaskAra pracalita haiN| sUrya ko 12 nAmoM se namaskAra hotA hai, jo ye haiM- mitra, ravi, sUrya, bhAnu, khaga, pUSA, hiraNyagarbha, marIci, Aditya, savitA, arka evaM bhAskara / pUjAprakAza ( pR0 166-188) ne 32 aparAdha ginAye haiM, jinase pUjA ke samaya dUra rahanA caahie| varAhapurANa (13015 ) ne bhI ina 32 aparAdhoM kI carcA kI hai| 20. sa prAtarasthAya kRtaniyatakRtyo gRhItavantadhAvanaH... dRSTvAboM mukhaM gRhItamukhavAsatAmbUlaH kAryAnyanutiSThet / kAmasUtra 1 / 4 / 16 21. mukAvizrayaM gandhakarpUramelakA tathA / lavaMgaM caiva kanakola nArikelaM supkvkm| mAtuluMgaM tathA pakvaM tAmbUlAMgAnyamUni vai // iti navAMgatAmbUlaM pradhAnatayA dadyAt / nityAcArapaddhati, pR0 549 / 22. tAmbUlaM kaTutiktamuSNamadhuraM kSAraM kaSAyAnvitaM vAtaghnaM kaphanAzanaM kRmiharaM durgandhividhvaMsakam / vaktrasyAbharaNaM vizuddhikaraNaM kAmAgnisaMdIpanaM tAmbUlasya sakhe trayodaza guNAH svargepi te durlabhAH // subhASita / dharma0 51

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102 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa - ziva-pUjA zrI Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara ne apanI pustaka "vaSNavijma eNDa zavijma" meM darzAyA hai ki Rgveda meM rudra eka mahattvapUrNa devatA haiM, taittirIyasaMhitA (4 / 5 / 1-11) meM (rudra nAmaka) 11 anuvAka haiM, jinameM rudra ke viSaya meM eka ucca stuti hai| katipaya zaiva sampradAya evaM siddhAnta bhI kAlAntara meM uTha khar3e hue| ziva ke cAra nAmoM ko lekara pANini (411149) ne bhavAnI, zarvANI, rudrANI evaM mRDAnI nAmaka cAra zabda banAye haiN| gRhyasUtroM meM varNita 'zUlagava' nAmaka yajJa meM rudra ko mahAn devatA mAnakara pUjA gayA hai / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (4 / 9 / 16) ne rudra ke 12 nAma ginAye haiM aura kahA hai ki isa saMsAra ke sabhI nAma, sabhI senAe~ evaM sabhI mahAn vastue~ rudra kI haiN| pataJjali ne ziva-bhAgavata (ziva ke bhakta) kA ullekha kiyA hai (jilda 2, pR0 386-388) / zaMkarAcArya ke mata se vedAntasUtra kI eka ukti (2 / 2 / 37) zaMvoM ke pAzupata sampradAya ke virodha meM likhI gayI hai| zAntiparva (284 / 121-124) meM pAzupata loga varNAzramadharma ke virodhI kahe gaye haiN| kUrmapurANa (pUrvArdha, adhyAya 16) ne zaiva sampradAyoM ke zAstroM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura nimnokta sampradAyoM ko saMsAra ko bhrAmaka mArga meM le jAnevAle mAnA hai, yathA-kApAla, nAkula (lAkula ? ), vAma, bhairava, pAzupata / ziva ke asura bhakta bANa ne vibhinna sthAnoM para 14 karor3a liMgoM kI sthApanA kI thii| ina ligoM ko bANa-liMga kahate haiM (nityAcArapaddhati, pR0 556) aura narmadA, gaMgA evaM anya pavitra nadiyoM meM pAye jAnevAle zveta prastara bANa-liMga hI kahe jAte haiN| prasiddha 12 jyotiliMga ye haiM mAndhAtA meM oMkAra, ujjayinI meM mahAkAla, nAsika ke pAsa gyambaka, elorA meM dhUSNezvara, ahamadanagara se pUrva nAganAtha, sahyAdri parvata meM bhImA nadI ke udgama-sthala para bhImAzaMkara, gar3havAla meM kedAranAtha, banArasa (vArANasI) meM vizvezvara, saurASTra meM somanAtha, paralI ke pAsa vaidyanAtha, zrIzaila para mallikArjuna tathA dakSiNa meM raameshvr| inameM bahuta-se mandira madhya evaM pazcima bhArata meM pAsapAsa pAye jAte haiN| pUjAprakAza (pR0 194) ne hArIta ko uddhRta kara batAyA hai ki mahazvara kI pUjA pA~ca akSaroM se (namaH zivAya) yA rudragAyatrI se yA 'oma' se yA 'IzAnaH sarvavidyAnAm' (taittirIyAraNyaka 10 // 47) nAmaka mantra se yA rudra-mantra (taittirIya saMhitA 4 / 5 / 1-11) se yA 'zyambakaM yajAmahe' (Rgveda 7 / 59 / 12) nAmaka mantra se ho sakatI hai| ziva ke bhakta ko rudrAkSa kI mAlA pahananA Avazyaka hai, jo hAtha para, bAhu para, gale meM yA sira para dhAraNa kI jA sakatI hai| zivaliMga kA gAya ke dUdha, dahI, ghRta, madhu, Ikha ke rasa, paMcagavya, karpUra evaM agaru-mizrita jala Adi se abhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se mAsa ke kRSNa pakSa kI caturdazI ziva ke lie pavitra mAnI jAtI rahI hai| durgA-pUjA bahuta prAcIna kAla se durgA-pUjA kI paramparAeM gUMjatI rahI haiN| durgA kaI nAmoM evaM svarUpoM se pUjita hotI rahI haiM / taittirIyAraNyaka (10 / 18) meM ziva ambikA yA umA ke pati kahe gaye haiN| kenopaniSad meM umA haimavatI kA indra ko brahmajJAna denA varNita hai (3 / 25) / durgA ke vibhinna nAma ye haiM-umA, pArvatI, devI, ambikA, gaurI, caNDI (yA caNDikA), kAlI, kumArI, lalitA aadi| mahAbhArata (virATaparva 6 evaM bhISmaparva 23) meM durgA ko vindhyavAsinI, rakta evaM madirA pInevAlI kahA gayA hai| vanaparva meM AyA hai ki umA ne ziva ke kirAta banane para (arjuna 23. satpuruSAya vidmahe mahAdevAya dhImahi tanno naH pracodayAt // te0 A0 10 / 1 evaM kAThakasaMhitA 17 / 11 /

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devapUjA 403 kI parIkSA ke lie) kirAtI kA veza dhAraNa kiyA thA (39 / 4) / kumArasambhava (1 / 26 evaM 5 / 28) meM kAlidAsa ne pArvatI, umA evaM aparNA kI carcA karake antima do kI vyutpatti kI hai| yAjJavalkya (11290) ne ambikA ko vinAyaka kI mAtA kahA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa (adhyAya 81-93) ke devImAhAtmya kA uttara bhArata meM prabhUta mahattva hai| epiraeNphiyA iNDikA (jilda 9, pR0 189) se patA calatA hai ki san 625 I0 ke lagabhaga durgA kA AvAhana eka mahatI devI ke rUpa meM hotA thaa| bANa ne kAdambarI meM caNDikA ke mandira, rakta-dAna, trizUla evaM mahiSAsura ke vadha kA varNana kiyA hai| kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 351) ne devIpurANa kA uddharaNa dekara vyakta kiyA hai ki mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI (vizeSataH Azvina mAsa kI) devI ke lie pavitra hai aura usa dina bakare yA meMse kI bali honI caahie| baMgAla ke kAlImandira evaM durgA ke anya mandiroM meM raktaraMjita kRtya aba bhI sampAdita hotA hai| baMgAla meM Azvina mAsa kI durgA pUjA eka viziSTa parva hotA hai| raghunandana ne durgArcana-paddhati meM Azvina mAsa kI dUrgA-pUjA kA vizada varNana kiyA hai| durgA kI pUjA zakti ke rUpa meM bhI hotI hai| zAkta pUjA kA sAre bhArata meM prabhAva rahA hai| isa para hama Age likheNge| ___ IsA kI Arambhika zatAbdiyoM se hI tAntrika sAhitya ne deva-pUjA ke kRtyoM para prabhAva DAlA hai aura bahuta pahale se pUjA karanevAloM ke mana meM pUjA-sambandhI mudrAoM, nyAsoM evaM anya rahasyapUrNa AsanoM ne ghara kara rakhA hai| bhAgavatapurANa (11 / 27 / 7) ke mata se deva-pUjA ke tIna prakAra haiM, vaidikI, tAntrikI evaM mizrA, jinameM prathama evaM tRtIya ucca vargoM ke lie tathA dvitIya zUdroM ke lie hai| 24. svAsarapiratavI tuSpati vai bhRshm| mahipIchAgameSAnAM rudhirega tathA nRpa // evaM nAnAmlecchAH pUjyate srvrsyubhiH| aMgavaMgakaligazca kinararvaraH shkH|| kRtparatnAkara (pR0 357) meM udata bhvissypuraann|

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adhyAya 20 vaizvadeva vazvadeva kA artha hai devatAoM ko pakvAnna denaa| dakSa (2056) kA kahanA hai ki dina ke pAMcaveM bhAga meM gRhastha ko apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra devatAoM, pitaroM, manuSyoM, yahA~ taka ki kIr3oM-makor3oM ko bhojana denA caahie| zAtAtapa (manu 517 kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi dvArA evaM aparArka pR0 142 dvArA uddhRta) ke mata se vaizvadeva bali, yadi surakSita ho to gRhyAgni meM, nahIM to laukika agni (sAdhAraNa agni) meM denI caahie| yadi agni na ho to ise jala meM yA pRthivI para chor3a denA caahie| yahI bAta laghu-vyAsa (2052) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kucha madhyakAlika granthoM, yathA smRtyarthasAra, parAzaramAdhavIya (111, pR0 389) Adi ke anuAsara vaizvadava kA tAtparya hai prati dina ke lie tIna yajJa, arthAt devayajJa, bhUtayajJa evaM pitRyjny| ise vaizvadeva isalie kahA gayA hai ki isa kRtya meM sabhI devatAoM ko AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM, yA isa kRtya meM sabhI devatAoM ke lie bhojana pakAyA jAtA hai|' zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (2014) ne vaizvadeva kI carcA kI hai, kintu gobhilagR0 (1 / 4 / 1-15), khAdiragR0 (115 / 2235) ne kevala baliharaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| sambhavataH AzvalAyanagRhya0 ne bhI sAMketika DhaMga se isakI carcA kI hai| pANini (6 / 2 / 39) ne kSullaka-vaizvadeva kA sAmAsika prayoga kiyA hai| vaikhAnasa (6 / 17) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki devayajJa devatAoM kA vaha yajJa hai jisameM sabhI devatAoM ko pakvAnna diyA jAtA hai| gautama (519) ke anusAra vaizvadeva ke devatA haiM agni, dhanvantari, vizvedeva, prajApati evaM sviSTakRt (agni) / manu (3384-86) ke anusAra devatA haiM agni, soma, agnISoma, vizvedeva, dhanvantari, kuha, anumati, prajApati, dyAvApRthivI, (agni) svissttkRt| zAMkhAyanagR0 (2 / 14 / 4) ne 10 devoM ke nAma diye haiM, kintu usakI sUcI tathA manu kI sUcI meM kucha antara hai| pAraskaragR0 (2 / 9) ke anusAra vaizvadeva-devatA ye haiM--brahmA, prajApati, gRhyA, kazyapa, anumti| viSNudharmasUtra (67 / 1 / 3) ke mata se vaizvadeva ke devatA haiM vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, aniruddha, puruSa, satya, acyuta, agni, soma, mitra, varuNa, indra, indrAgni, vizve deva, prajApati, anumati, dhanvantari, vAstoSpati, (agni) sviSTakRt / isI prakAra anya gRhyasUtroM ne apanI-apanI sUciyA~ upasthita kI haiN| isI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa madanapArijAta (pR0 317) ne likhA hai ki vaizvadeva-devatA do prakAra ke haiM-(1) eka to ve jo sabake lie eka-se haiM aura jinake nAma manusmRti Adi meM haiM, aura (2) dUsare ve jo apane-apane gRhyasUtroM meM pAye jAte haiN| yahI bAta smRticandrikA (1, 10 212) ne bhI kahI hai| 1. ete devayajJabhUtayajJapitRyajJA vaizvadeva ucyte| smRtyarthasAra, pR0 47; ta ete devayamabhUtayajJapitRyajJAstrayopi vaishvdevshndenocynte| yatra vizve devA ijyante tavazvadeSikaM krm| devayoM ca etanAma mukhym| pitRyajJe chbinyaayen| parAzaramAdhavIya (111, pR0 389) / 2. pakvenAnnena vaizvadevena devemyo homo devyjnyH| vaikhAnasasmArta (6 / 17) / 3. vaizvadevaM prakurvIta svazAlAvihitaM yyaa| dhana (stRtivandrikA, pR0 212 meM udn)|

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zvAMva, bali 405 sabhI prAcIna smRtiyoM meM aisA vidhAna hai ki vazvadeva prAtaH evaM sAyaM donoM bAra karanA cAhie, kintu kAlAntara meM prAtaH kI hI paramparA raha gayI aura saMkalpa meM donoM kAloM ko eka meM bAMdha diyA gyaa| Rgveda (5 / 15) ke mantra 'juSTo damUnA' evaM 'ehyagne' (R0 1176 / 2) agni ke AvAhana ke lie prayukta haiM aura isI prakAra agni ke kucha anya lakSaNa bhI agni-dhyAna ke lie prayukta kiye gaye haiN| apane khAne ke lie jo bhojana banAyA jAtA hai, usakA thor3A bhAga pRthak pAtra meM rakha diyA jAtA hai aura usa para ghRta chor3a diyA jAtA hai, taba use tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta bAyeM hAtha ko apane hRdaya para rakhakara dAhine hAtha se eka AMvale ke barAbara bhojana ko (tIna bhAgoM meM se eka ko) uThAkara tathA aMgUThe se dabAkara usameM se thor3A-thor3A anna kA bhAga dAhine hAtha se hI sUrya, prajApati, soma, vanaspati, agnI-Soma, indrAgni, dyAvApRthivI, dhanvantari, indra, vizve-devoM evaM brahmA ko diyA jAtA hai| tava agni meM se 'mAna nastoke' (R0 1111418) mantra ke sAtha bhasma lekara mastaka, gale, nAbhi, dAhine evaM bAyeM kaMdhoM evaM sira para lagAyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta agni kI antima pUjA kI jAtI hai jisase ki buddhi, smRti, yaza Adi kI prApti ho| kucha madhyakAlika nibandhoM meM vAda-vivAda khar3A ho gayA hai (yathA mitAkSarA, yAjJavalkya 11103); kyA vaizvadeva puruSArtha mAtra (kucha kalyANakArI lAbha ke lie puruSa kA kartavya) hai yA puruSArtha ke sAtha-sAtha pakvAnna dene kA eka saMskAra bhI hai ? dUsare pakSa meM bhojana pradhAna aura vaizvadeva gauNa ho jAyagA, kintu pahale rUpa meM (jaba ki vaizvadeva kevala puruSArtha hai) bhojana gauNa tathA vaizvadeva pradhAna ho jaaygaa| AzvalAyanagR0 (12 / 1) ke AdhAra para kucha logoM ke mata se vaizvadeva pakvAnna kA saMskAra hai aura AzvalAyanagR0 (33131.evaM 4) ke AdhAra para yaha puruSArtha hai| mitAkSarA ne manu (2028) ke AdhAra para vaizvadeva ko puruSArtha mAnA hai| yahI bAta smRticandrikA (1, pR0 212) evaM parAzaramAdhavIya (111, pR0 390) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kintu smRtyarthasAra (pR0 46) evaM laghu AzvalAyana (1 / 116) ke anusAra vaizvadeva gRhasthoM evaM pakvApna donoM kA saMskAra hai| vaizvadeva kA kRtya zrAddha ke pUrva ho yA uparAnta tathA zrAddha ke lie bhojana pRthak bane yA sAtha ? isa prazna ke uttara meM mataikya nahIM hai| aparArka (pR0 462) ne isa viSaya meM tIna mata diye haiM-(1) vaizvadeva bhojana taiyAra hone ke turanta bAda hI honA cAhie, yA (2) baliharaNa ke uparAnta honA cAhie, yA (3) zrAddha samApta ho jAne para ise karanA caahie| madanapArijAta (pR0 320, bRhatparAzara (pR0 156) Adi ke mata se vaizvadeva zrAddha ke pUrva avazya ho jAnA cAhie (dekhie isa viSaya meM smRtimuktAphala, pR0 406-407), kintu anuzAsanaparva (97 / 16-18) ke anusAra zrAddha ke dina pahale pitRtarpaNa hotA hai, taba baliharaNa aura anta meM vaizvadeva / madanapArijAta (pR0 318) ke mata se vaizvadeva kA bhojana zrAddha-bhojana se pRthak bananA caahie| saMyukta parivAra meM pitA yA jyeSTha mAI vaizvadeva karatA hai| kisI asamarthatA ke kAraNa pitA evaM jyeSTha bhrAtA dvArA AzApita hone para putra yA choTA bhAI bhI ise sampAdita kara sakatA hai (laghu AzvalAyana 11117-119) / pakvAnna para ghRta, dahI yA dUdha chir3akanA cAhie kintu tela evaM namaka nhiiN| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 15 / 12 4. Adhunika saMkalpa yaha hai-mamopAttaduritakSayadvArA zrIparamezvaraprItyarthamAtmAnasaMskArapaJcasUnAanitoSaparihArArya prAtavaizvadevaM sAyaM vaizvadevaM ca saha mantreNa krissye| 5. gRhastho vaizvadevAkhyaM karma prArabhate divaa| annasya cAtmanazcava susNskaaraarthmissyte|| smRtyarthasAra, 10 46; zurya cAtmano'nasya vaizvadevaM smaacret| laghvAzvalAyana (1 / 116) /

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406 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 14) ke mata se kSAra evaM lavaNa kA homa nahIM hotA aura na ghaTiyA annoM (yathA kulattha Adi) kA hI vaizvadeva hotA hai, kintu yadi daridratA ke kAraNa acche anna na mila sakeM to jo kucha pakA ho usI ko gR hyAgni yA sAdhAraNa agni ko uttara dizA meM le jAkara usake bhasma para DAla denA caahie| smRtyarthasAra (pR0 47) ne bhI canA, masUra Adi ko vaizvadeva-vajita mAnA hai| bhale hI usa dina svayaM bhojana, kisI kAraNa se, na kare, kintu vaizvadeva to honA hI cAhie (aparAkaM, pR0 145) / bhojana na rahane para phala, kandamUla yA kevala jala diyA jA sakatA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 3 / 1 evaM 4) ke mata se vaizvadeva kA anna AryoM (dvija logoM) dvArA snAna karane ke jAnA cAhie, kinta AryoM kI adhyakSatA meM zadra bhI pakA sakatA hai| madhyakAla ke nibandhoM ke mata se zUdra dvArA bhojana banAne kI bAta prAcIna yuga kI hai| arthAt yaha yugAntara kA viSaya hai, kaliyuga meM varjita hai (smRtimuktAphala, Ahnika, pR0 399) / yadi kisI dina vaizvadeva kA bhojana kisI kAraNa se na banAyA jA sake to gRhastha ko eka rAta aura dina taka upavAsa karanA cAhie (gobhilasmRti 3 / 120) / jo vyakti binA vaizvadeva ke svayaM khA letA hai, vaha naraka meM jAtA hai (smRticandrikA, 1, pR0 213) / hA~, Apatti yA koI parezAnI yA kleza mA jAne para bAta dUsarI hai| zUdra ina paMca mahAyajJoM ko binA vaidika yA paurANika mantroM ke kara sakatA hai, kintu 'namaH' zabda kA uccAraNa kara sakatA hai| vaha binA pakA huA bhojana vaizvadeva ke lie prayoga meM lA sakatA hai (dekhie yAjJavalkyasmRti 1 / 121, mitAkSarA evaM AhnikaprakAza, pR0 401) / baliharaNa yA bhUtayajJa baliharaNa ke viSaya meM bhI prAcIna gRhyasUtroM, madhyakAlika nibandhoM evaM Adhunika vyavahAroM meM matakya nahIM hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (1 / 2 / 3-11) ne isake viSaya meM vistAra kiyA hai| nimna devatAoM ko bali (yA vaizvadeva karate samaya pakvAnna kA eka aMza) dI jAtI hai--devayajJa vAle devatAoM, jaloM, jar3I-bUTiyoM, vRkSoM, ghara, gharelU devatAoM (kuladevatAoM), jahA~ para ghara banA rahatA hai usa sthala ke devatAoM, indra tathA usake anucaroM, yama tathA usake anucaroM, varuNa tathA varuNa ke anucaroM, soma tathA usake anucaroM (kaI dizAoM meM),brahmA tathA brahmA ke anucaroM (madhya meM), vizvedevoM, dina meM calane vAle sabhI prANiyoM evaM uttara meM rAkSasoM ko bali dI jAtI hai| "pitaroM ko svA" zabdoM ke sAtha zeSAMza dakSiNa meM chor3a diyA jAtA hai| baliharaNa karate samaya janeU ko dAhine kaMdhe para rakhanA caahie| jaba baliharaNa rAtri meM ho to "dina meM calane vAle sabhI prANiyoM" ke sthAna para "rAtri meM calane vAle sabhI prANiyoM" bolakara bali denI caahie| isa viSaya ko lekara gobhilagRhyasUtra (1 / 4 / 5-15), pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 9) evaM anya gRhyasUtroM tathA ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 3 / 15 evaM 2 / 2 / 4 / 9) evaM gautama (5 / 10-15) meM paryApta matabheda hai, jise hama sthAnAmAva se yahA~ chor3a rahe haiN| bhUtayajJa meM bali agni meM na dekara pRthivI para dI jAtI hai| pahale mU-sthala hAtha se svaccha kara diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ jala chir3aka diyA jAtA hai, taba bali rakhakara usa para jala chor3A jAtA hai (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 3 / 15) / 6. krodravaM caNakaM mASaM masUraM ca kulatyakam / bhAraM ca lavaNaM sarva vaizvadeve vivarjayet // smRtyarpasAra (pR. 45) /

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vaizvadeva, bali 407 ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/4/9/5 - 6 ) ke mata se kuttoM evaM cANDAloM ko vaizvadeva kA pakvAnna denA caahie| manu (338793) ke mata se vaizvadeva ke uparAnta sabhI dizAoM meM indra, yama, varuNa, soma tathA unake anucaroM ko, dvAra para marutoM ko, jaloM ko, vRkSoM ko, ghara ke zikhara kI lakSmI (zrI) ko, ghara kI nIMva kI madrakAlI ko, ghara ke madhya ke brahmA evaM vAstoSpati ko, vizvedevoM ko (AkAza meM pheMkakara ), dina meM calane vAle prANiyoM ko (jaba baliharaNa dina meM kiyA jAtA hai) aura rAtri meM calane vAle prANiyoM ko bali dI jAtI hai| ghara ke prathama khaNDa meM sabakI bhalAI ke lie bali denI cAhie, dakSiNa meM bali kA zeSAMza pitaroM ko denA caahie| gRhastha ko cAhie ki bahuta sAvadhAnI tathA dhIre se ( jisase dhUla bhojana meM na mila sake ) kuttoM, cANDAloM, jAticyutoM, kor3ha jaise roga se pIr3itoM, kauoM, kIr3oM-makor3oM ko bali de / yAjJavalkya ( 11103) ne gRhasthoM se kahA hai ki ve kuttoM, cANDAloM evaM kauoM ko bali pRthivI para hI deN|' isa viSaya meM dekhie zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 2/14), vanaparva ( 2/59) evaM aparArka ( pR0 145 ) / manu (3 // 121 ) ne kahA hai ki striyAM binA mantroccAraNa ke sAyaMkAla kI bali de sakatI haiN| kintu ve devatAoM kA dhyAna kara sakatI haiN| pitRyajJa yaha zabda Rgveda (10 / 16 / 10 ) meM AyA hai, kintu isakA artha anizcita hai / pitRyajJa tIna prakAra se sampAdita hotA hai; (1) tarpaNa dvArA ( manu, 3 / 70 evaM 283), (2) baliharaNa dvArA, jisameM bali kA zeSAMza pitaroM ko diyA jAtA hai (manu 3 / 91 evaM AzlAyanagRhyasUtra 102011 ) evaM (3) prati dina zrAddha dvArA, jisameM kama se kama eka brAhmaNa ko khilAyA jAtA hai (manu 3 / 82-83) / prati dina ke zrAddha meM piNDadAna nahIM hotA hai aura na pArvaNa zrAddha kI vidhi evaM niyamoM kA pAlana hI hotA hai| zrAddha ke viSaya meM Age likhA jAyagA / tarpaNa evaM baliharaNa ke viSaya meM pahale hI likhA jA cukA hai| 7. sarvAn baizvadeve bhAginaH kurvItAzvacaNDAlebhyaH / nAnarhadmyo baccAdityeke / Apa0 Sa0 (224 / 9 / 5-6 ) / 8. devebhyazca hutAzAccheSAd bhUtabala haret / annaM bhUmau zvacANDAlavAyasebhyazca nikSipet // yAjJavalkya ( 11103) /

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adhyAya 21 nRyajJa yA manuSyayajJa nRyajJa yA manuSyayajJa kA tAtparya hai atithi kA satkAra yA sammAna / yahI artha manu ko mAnya hai ( manu 3 / 70 ) / Rgveda ke prAcInatama sUktoM meM agni ko yajJa karane vAle ke ghara kA atithi kahA gayA hai (Rgveda 173 1, 5 / 1189,5/415, 7142 / 4) / Rgveda (4|4|10) meM AyA hai - "tuma usake rakSaka evaM mitra bano, jo tumheM vidhivat Atithya detA hai|"" 'Atithya' zabda ke lie dekhie Rgveda (4 / 33 / 7 ) evaM taittirIyasaMhitA ( 1 / 2 / 10 / 1) / atharvaveda (9/6 ) meM atithi satkAra kI prazasti gAyI gayI hai| taittirIyasaMhitA ( 512/2/4 ) meM likhA hai - " jaba atithi kA padArpaNa hotA hai, to use Atithya ( jisameM ghI kA Adhikya rahatA hai) diyA jAtA hai|" usameM punaH AyA hai - "jo ratha yA gAr3I meM AtA hai vaha bahuta sammAnanIya atithi hai|" isa saMhitA meM eka sthAna ( 6 |2| 112 ) para AyA hai ki rAjA ke sAtha jo Ate haiM, unakA Atithya hotA hai / aura dekhie zAMkhAyanabrAhmaNa ( 2/9 ), taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 2113), aitareya brAhmaNa ( 25/5), zatapatha brAhmaNa (2211412 ) Adi / zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 3/4 | 112 ) ne likhA hai ki "rAjA yA brAhmaNa ke atithi rUpa meM rahane para eka baila yA bakarA pakAyA gyaa|" aitareya brAhmaNa ( 3 / 4) ne mI rAjA yA kisI anya sAmarthyavAn ke Atithya meM baila yA bA~jha ( bandhyA) gAya kI bali kI bAta kahI hai| yAjJavalkya (1 / 109 ) ne likhA hai ki vedaza ke Atithya ke lie eka bar3A baila yA bakarA rakhA rahatA thaa| aitareya brAhmaNa ( 1|1|1 ) meM AyA hai - "jo acchA hai aura prasiddhi pA cukA hai, vaha ( vAstavika ) atithi hai, ayogya vyakti kA loga Atithya nahIM krte|" samAvartana ke samaya guru ziSya se kahatA hai - " atithidevo bhava" ( atithisatkAra karo), taittirIyopaniSad (1 / 11 / 2) / isI upaniSad ( 3 / 10 / 1 ) meM Atithya kI bhI carcA huI hai / kaThopaniSad ( 1/7/9) meM brAhmaNa atithi ko agni (vaizvAnara ) kahA gayA hai|' nirukta ( 4/5 ) ne Rgveda (5/4/5 ) (juSTo damUnA atithirduroNa) kI vyAkhyA meM 'atithi' kI vyutpatti kI hai| manu (3 / 102), parAzara (1142) evaM mArkaNDeyapurANa (29/2 - 9 ) ne bhI atithi kI vyutpatti kI hai| manu evaM anya logoM ke mata se 'atithi' use kahA jAtA hai jo pUre dina ( tithi) nahIM rukatA hai, yA atithi vaha brAhmaNa hai jo eka rAtri ke lie rukatA hai (ekarAtraM hi nivasan brAhmaNo hyatithiH smRtaH / anityAsya sthitiryasmAttasmAdatithirucyate / / manu 3 / 102 ) / 1. priyo vizAmatithirmAnuSINAm / R0 5 / 119, "agni sabhI mAnava prANiyoM kA atithi evaM priya hai|" tasya bhAsA bhavati tasya sakhA yasta atiSyamAnuSagjujoSat / R0 4|4|10 / 2. atra yadyapi gRhAgatatriyatRptyarthaM govadhaH kartavya iti zrutate tathApi kaliyuge nAyaM dharmaH kintu yugAntare / AhnikaprakAza, pR0 451 / 3. vaizvAnaraH pravizatyatithirbrAhmaNo gRhAn / tasyetAM zAntiM kurvanti hara vaivasvatovakam // kaThopaniSad 117; Apa0 ba0 2 / 3 / 6 / 3 / vasiSTha (11113) ne prathama bhAga uddhRta kiyA hai|

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manuSyayA yA ativistAra baliharaNa ke uparAnta atithi satkAra kiyA jAtA hai| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 9 / 1-2), vasiSTha (1936), viSNupurANa (3 / 2 / 55) kI AzA hai ki baliharaNa ke uparAnta gRhastha ko apane ghara ke Age atithi ke svAgata ke lie utanI dera taka vATa dekhanI cAhie jitanI dera meM gAya duha lI jAtI hai (yA apane mana se paryApta dera taka johanA cAhie ) / mArkaNDeyapurANa (29 / 24-25) ke anusAra eka muhUrta ke AThaveM mAga taka z2ohanA cAhie (smRticandrikA 41, pR0 217 meM uddhRt)|' ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 6 / 3 se 2 / 09 / 6 taka) ne atithi satkAra para vizada rUpa se likhA hai| gautama (5 / 36), manu (3 / 102-103) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 107 evaM 111) ne likhA hai ki vahI vyakti atipi hai jo dUsare grAma kA hai, eka hI rAtri rahane ke lie sandhyAkAla meM pahuMcatA hai; vaha jo khAne ke lie pahale se hI AmaMtrita hai atithi nahIM kahalAtA, vaha jo apane grAma kA hai, mitra hai yA sahapAThI hai atithi nahIM khlaataa| apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra atithi-satkAra karanA cAhie, atithiyoM kA satkAra-krama varNoM ke anusAra honA cAhie aura brAhmaNoM meM zrotriya ko yA use jisane kama-se-kama eka veda par3ha liyA hai apekSAkRta pahale sammAna denA caahie| vasiSThadharmasUtra (116) ke anusAra yogyatama vyakti kA sammAna sarvaprathama honA caahie| gautama (5 / 39-42), manu (3 / 110-112) ke mata se kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra brAhmaNoM ke atithi nahIM ho sakate, yadi koI kSatriya brAhmaNa ke yahA~ atithi rUpa se calA AtA hai (yAtrI ke rUpa meM, pAsa meM jaba bhojana-sAmagrI na ho tathA bhojana ke samaya bA gayA ho) to usakA sammAna brAhmaNa atithi ke uparAnta hotA hai tathA vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ko bhojana ghara ke naukaroM ke sAtha diyA jAnA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 9 / 5) kA kahanA hai ki vaizvadeva ke uparAnta jo bhI Aye use bhojana denA cAhie, yahA~ taka ki cANDAloM ko bhii| haradatta kA kahanA hai ki yadi yogya vyakti ko Atithya nahIM diyA jAtA to pApa lagatA hai, kintu ayogya ko bhojana na dene se pApa nahIM lagatA hai parantu de dene se puNya prApta hotA hai| parAzara (1 / 40) evaM zAtAtapa (smRticandrikA 10 pR0 217 meM uddhRta) ne likhA hai ki jaba vaha vyakti, jise gRhastha ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai yA yaha jo mUrkha hai, bhojana ke samaya upasthita ho to gRhastha ko bhojana denA caahie| zAntiparva (146 / 5) ne likhA hai ki jisa prakAra per3a kATane vAle ko bhI chAyA detA hai, usI prakAra yadi zatru bhI A jAya to usakA Atithya satkAra karanA caahie| kintu ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 6 / 19), manu (4 / 213) evaM yAjJavalkya (11162) isake virodhI haiM aura kahate haiM ki atithi AtithyakartA kA vidveSI hai, to use bhojana nahIM karAnA cAhie, aura na aise AtithyakartA kA bhojana karanA cAhie jo doSa mar3hatA hai yA usa para kisI aparAdha kI zaMkA karatA hai| vRddha gautama (pR0 535-536) ne cANDAla taka ko bhojana dene kI vyavasthA dI hai| vRddha hArIta (85239-240) ne apanI mAnavatA isa prakAra pradarzita kI hai-yadi yAtrI zUdra ho yA pratiloma jAti kA (yathA cANDAla) ho, jaba vaha yakA-mAMdA, bhUkhA-pyAsA ghara A jAya to gRhastha ko use bhojana denA cAhie; kintu yadi nAstika, dharmavidveSI yA patita (pApoM ke kAraNa jAticyuta) ho aura usI thakI evaM bhUkhI sthiti meM Aye to use pakA bhojana na dekara anna denA caahie| milAie manu (4 / 30) / baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 9 / 21) meM cANDAla sameta sabhI prakAra ke yAtriyoM ke atiSi-satkAra kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| 4. atha vaizvadevaM hatvAtithimAkAnevAgobohakAlam / agaM bovRtya bcaat| vijJAyate yato vA eSa paJcamo ytissiH| baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 9 / 1-3 evaM bhavAnagRhya0 // 14; dekhie manu 394 bhii| muhUrtasthASTamaM bhAgamudInyo raatissirbhvet|| mArkaNDeyapurANa 29 / 25 / / __5. bAhmaNasyAnatipiraNAhmaNaH...bhojana tu kSatriyasyomvaM braahmnnebhyH| anyAn mRtyaH shaanushNsthaarthm| gautama 5 / 39-42 dharma0 52

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 16 atithi satkAra ke niyama ye haiM--Age bar3hakara svAgata karanA, paira dhone ke lie jala denA, Asana denA, dIpaka jalA kara rakha denA, bhojana evaM Thaharane kA sthAna denA, vyaktigata dhyAna denA, sone ke lie khaTiyA - bichAvana denA aura jAte samaya kucha dUra taka pahu~cA denA (dekhie gautama 5 / 29 - 34 evaM 37, Apa0 60 2 / 3 / 6 / 7 -15, manu 3199, 107 evaM 4 / 29, dakSa 3 / 5-8 ) / vanaparva ( 200/22 - 25 ) evaM anuzAsanaparva ne Atithya kI mahattA gAyI hai / anuzAsanaparva (7 / 6) meM AyA hai - "AtithyakartA ko apanI A~kha, mana, mIThI bolI, vyaktigata dhyAna evaM anugamana ( jAte samaya sAtha-sAtha kucha dUra taka jAnA ) dene cAhie; isa yajJa ( Atithya ) meM yahI pAMca prakAra kI dakSiNA hai / " ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 16 - 21) kA kahanA hai ki yadi veda na jAnane vAlA brAhmaNa yA kSatriya yA vaizya ghara A jAya to use Asana, jala evaM bhojana denA cAhie, kintu uThakara Avabhagata nahIM karanI cAhie, kintu yadi zUdra atithi banakara brAhmaNa ke ghara Aye to brAhmaNa ko usase kAma lekara use bhojana denA cAhie, kintu yadi usake pAsa kucha na ho to use apanA dAsa bhejakara rAjakula se sAmagrI ma~gAnI caahie| haradatta ne eka rocaka TippaNI kI hai ki rAjA ko cAhie ki zUdroM ke atithi satkAra ke lie grAma-grAma meM kucha dhana yA anna rakhane kI vyavasthA kare / " gautama ( 5/33), manu ( 3|101 ), vanaparva ( 2/54 ), udyogaparva ( 36 / 34), ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/2/4 / 13-14), yAjJavalkya (1 / 107), baudhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 2/9/21-23 ) kA kahanA hai ki yadi gRhastha ke pAsa aura kucha sAmagrI na ho to use jala, nivAsa, ghAsa evaM mIThI bolI se hI sammAna karanA caahie| gautama (5/37-38 ) ke mata se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya jAti ke atithiyoM kA krama se 'kuzala', 'anAmaya' evaM 'Arogya' zabdoM se svAgata karanA caahie| zUdroM se bhI Arogya kahanA cAhie ( manu 2 / 127 ) / atithi satkAra ke pIche ekamAtra preraka zakti sArvabhauma dayA bhAvanA thii| kintu isa kartavya kI bhAvanA ko mahattA dene ke lie smRtiyoM ne anya preraka bhI jor3a diye haiN| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra ( 2 / 17 / 1 ) kA kahanA hai-"kheta meM girA huA anna ikaTThA karake jIvikA calAne vAle evaM agnihotra karane vAle gRhastha ke ghara meM yadi brAhmaNa binA Atithya satkAra pAye raha jAtA hai to vaha usa gRhastha ke sAre puNyoM ko prApta kara letA hai, arthAt hara letA hai|" yahI bAta manu ( 3 / 100) bhI kahate haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/3/6/6 ) ke mata se atithi satkAra dvArA svarga evaM vipatti-mukti prApta hotI hai| dekhie ApastambadharmasUtra (22/7/16), viSNudharmasUtra (67 / 33), zAntiparva ( 191 / 12), viSNupurANa ( 3 / 9 / 15), mArkaNDeyapurANa (29 / 31), brahmapuraNa ( 114 / 36 ) / brahmapurANa kA kathana hai--yadi atithi nirAza hokara lauTa jAtA hai to vaha apane pApa gRhastha ko dekara usake puNyoM ko lekara jAtA hai / vAyupurANa ( 71/74) evaM bRhatsaMhitA kA kahanA hai ki yogI evaM siddha loga manuSyoM ke kalyANa ke lie vibhinna svarUpa dhAraNa kara ghUmA karate haiM, ataH donoM hAtha jor3akara atithi kA svAgata karanA cAhie, yadi koI 410 6. cakSurvadyAnmano dadyAd vAcaM dadyAcca sUnRtAm / anubrajevupAsIta sa yajJaH paJcadakSiNaH // anuzAsana 716 / 7. brAhmaNAyAnadhIyAnAyAsanamudakamannamiti deyaM na pratyuttiSTheta / rAjanyavaizyau ca / zUdramabhyAgataM karmaNi niyujyAt / athAsmai dadyAt / dAsA vA rAjakulAdAhRtya tithivacchUdraM pUjayeyuH // Apa0 dha0 2222416-21; ataeva jJAyate zUdrANAmatithInAM pUjArthaM brIhyAdikaM rAjJA grAme grAme sthApayitavyamiti / haravatta ( ApastambadharmasUtra 224 / 21) / 8. tasya pUjAyAM zAntiH svargazca / Apa0 Sa0 2|3|6| 6; dekhie viSNudharmasUtra 67 / 32 / atithiryasya bhagnAzo gRhAtpratinivartate / sa datvA duSkRtaM tasmai puNyamAdAya gacchati // mArkaNDeya 29/6; siddhA hi viprarUpeNa caranti

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manuSyayajJa yA atithisatkAra 411 bahuta-se atithiyoM kA satkAra karane meM asamartha ho to use krama se zreSTha guNoM se sampanna vyakti kA, yA prathama AnevAle kA, yA zrotriya ( vedajJa) kA satkAra karanA cAhie (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 3 / 15 - 18 ) / parAzara ( 1046-47 ) kA kahanA hai ki brahmacArI tathA yati ko satkAra meM pramukhatA milatI hai / inheM binA bhojana diye khA lene para cAndrAyaNa prAyazcitta karane para hI chuTakArA milatA hai| yadi koI yati ghara Aye to use jala, bhojana aura puna: jala denA caahie| aisA karane se bhojana meru parvata ke samAna tathA jala samudra ke samAna ho jAtA hai / yati ke atithi satkAra kA mAhAtmya apane DhaMga kA hotA hai| yadi gRhastha ke ghara yati eka dina bhI Thahara jAya to usake sAre pApa kaTa jAte haiN| isI prakAra kahA gayA hai ki yati kA ThaharatA svayaM viSNu ThaharanA hai (laghu-viSNu 2 / 12- 14, dakSa 7 / 42-44 evaM vRddha hArIta 8 / 89 ) / yadi kucha atithiyoM ke khA lene para anya atithi A jAya~ to punaH bhojana banavAnA cAhie, kintu isa bAra vaizvadeva evaM baliharaNa Avazyaka nahIM hai ( manu 3 / 105 evaM 108 ) / atithi se pUrva khA lene para ghara kI sampatti, santAna, pazu evaM puNya naSTa ho jAte haiM ( ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 3 / 7 | 3 ) | manu ( 3 / 114, viSNudharmasUtra 67139 ) ke mata se navavivAhita putriyoM evaM bahinoM, avivAhita kanyAoM, rogiyoM evaM garbhavatI nAriyoM ko atithiyoM se pUrva khilA denA cAhie, kintu gautama (5123 ) ne unheM atithi ke khilAne ke samaya hI khilAne ko kahA hai| manu (3 / 113, 116-118), viSNudharmasUtra (67138-43), yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 105, 108), ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/4 | 9|10), baudhA-yanadharmasUtra ( 2 / 3 / 19 ) ke mata se gRhastha tathA usakI patnI ko cAhie ki ve mitroM, sambandhiyoM evaM naukaroM ko khilAkara hI svayaM khAyeM, unheM atithiyoM Adi ko khilAne ke lie naukaroM ke bhojana meM kaTautI nahIM karanI cAhie / jo anya logoM kI paravAha na karake svayaM khAtA hai, vaha kevala apane pApoM ko nigalatA hai, kintu jo devatAoM, prANiyoM, pitaroM evaM atithiyoM ko khilAkara khAtA hai, vahI vAstavika rUpa se khAtA hai / manu ( 3 / 285, vanaparva 260 ) ne likhA hai ki brAhmaNoM evaM atithiyoM ke khA lene ke uparAnta jo zeSa rahatA hai, use vighasa tathA yajJa karane ke uparAnta jo zeSa rahatA hai, use amRta kahate haiM, aura inheM hI khAnA caahie| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 2 / 3 / 68 evaM 21 - 22 ) kA kahanA hai - sabhI loga bhojana para nirbhara rahate haiM, veda ke anusAra bhojana jIvana (prANa) hai, ataH bhojana denA cAhie, kyoMki vaha sarvottama havi hai, binA kisI anya vyakti ko diye bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie / " Apastamba dharmasUtra ( 2/4/9/2 - 4 ) kA kahanA hai ki atithi ke lauTate samaya AtithyakartA ko atithi kI savArI (gAr3I) taka jAnA cAhie, yadi savArI na ho to vahA~ taka jAnA cAhie jahA~ atithi lauTane ko kaha de, kintu pRthivImimAm / tasmAdatithimAyAntamabhigacchet kRtAJjaliH // vAyupurANa 71174; ; yogino viviSairvaSairbhramanti dharaNItale / narANAmupakArAya te cAjJAtasvarUpiNaH / tasmAdabhyarcayetprAptaM zrAddhakAle'tithi dvijaH // bRhatparAzara ( pR0 99 ) / 9. yatiryasya gRhe bhuMkte tasya bhuMkte hariH svayam / vRddhahArIta 889; saMcitaM yad gRhasthena pApamAmaraNAntikam / nirvahatyeva tatsarvamekarAtroSito yatiH // vRkSa 7143 / 10. ane zritAni bhUtAni anaM prANamiti zrutiH / tasmAdannaM pradAtavyamannaM hi paramaM haviH // na tveva kadAcidavatvA bhuJjIta / athApyatrAhmagItau zlokAbudAharanti / yo mAmadatvA pitRdevatAbhyo bhRtyAtithInAM ca suhRjjanasya / saMpannamaznanvivamasi mohAttamadmyahaM tasya ca mRtyurasmi // bau0 pa0 sU0 22368 21-22 / 'anaM prANaH / aitareya brAhmaNa 33 / 1 evaM 'anaM prANamasamapAnamAhu:' ( taittirIya brAhmaNa 2rATA8 ) /

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412 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yadi atithi lauTane ko na kahe to gA~va kI sImA taka jAnA cAhie / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 11 / 15) evaM yAjJavalkya ne sImA taka jAne kI vyavasthA dI hai| aparArka ke anusAra sImA AtithyakartA ke ghara-dvAra yA usake kheta yA gA~va taka pariNata ho sakatI hai / zaMkha-likhita ke anusAra vahA~ taka sAtha-sAtha jAnA cAhie jahA~ jana upavana yA jana-sabhAgRha (ArAma yA sabhA) ho, prapA ( dharmArtha pAnI pilAne kA sthAna ) ho, yA tAlAba, mandira, koI pavitra vRkSa ( pIpala yA baragada) yA nadI ho / vahA~ atithi kI pradakSiNA karake kahanA cAhie ki hama punaH mileNge| " 11. sametya nyAyato nivarteta / ArAmasabhAprapAtaDAgadevagRhamahAdrumanadInAmanyatarasmina pradakSiNaM kuryAd vAcamutsRjya punarvarzanAyeti / zaMkhalikhita ( gRhastharatnAkara pu0 292 ) /

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adhyAya 22 bhojana dharmazAstrakAroM ne bhojana-sambandhI niyamoM evaM pratibandhoM ke viSaya meM jo vivecana upasthiA kiyA hai, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki unhoMne niyama-nirmANa ke viSaya meM vivAha-saMskAra ke uparAnta isI ko sarvAdhika pramukhatA dI hai| mojana karane ke silasile meM dakSa (2 / 56 evaM 68) ne likhA hai ki dina ke pAMcaveM bhAga meM gRhastha ko apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra devoM, pitaroM, manuSyoM evaM kITa-pataMgoM ko khilAkara hI zeSa kA upabhoga karanA caahie| dina ke pAMcaveM bhAga meM bhojana karane kA tAtparya hai dopahara (madhyAhna) ke uparAnta lagabhaga 1 // ghaNTe ke bhItara hI gRhastha ko bhojana kara lenA caahie| yahA~ bhojana sambandhI vivecana meM nimna bAtoM para prakAza DAlA jAyagA-(1) kitanI bAra bhojana karanA cAhie, (2) bhojya evaM peya padArthoM ke prakAra tathA tatsambandhI AjJA evaM pratibanna, (3) bhojana dUSita kaise ho jAtA hai, (4) mAMsa-bhojana evaM madyapAna, (5) kisakA bhojana karanA cAhie tathA (6) bhojana ke pUrva bhojana karate samaya evaM bhojana ke uparAnta ke kRtya evaM shissttaacaar| AhArazuddhi para prAcIna kAla se hI bala diyA gayA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (7 / 26 / 2) ne likhA hai ki AhArazuddhi se sattvazuddhi, sattvazuddhi se sundara evaM aTala smRti prApta hotI hai evaM aTala smRti (vAstavika sattvajJAna) se sAre bandhana (jinase AtmA isa saMsAra meM baMdhA rahatA hai) kaTa jAte haiN|' bhojana karanA vaidika sAhitya meM pAyI jAne vAlI vidhiyoM evaM niyamoM kA udghATana hama saMkSepa meM kreNge| Rgveda (6 / 30 / 3) se patA calatA hai ki baiThakara bhojana kiyA jAtA thA ('jisa prakAra loga khAne ke lie baiTha jAte haiM, usI prakAra parvata nIce phaMsa gayA !') / taittirIya brAhmaNa (1 / 4 / 9) evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa (2 / 4 / 2 / 6) ke anusAra bhojana do bAra kiyA jAtA thaa| prAcIna granthoM meM bhI bhojana-sambandhI pratibandha the| taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 5 / 1 / 1) ke anusAra vRkSa kA lAla dravarasa yA kATane para vRkSa se jo srAva nikalatA hai use nahIM khAnA cAhie, kyoMki vaha raMga yA varNa brahmahatyA ke barAbara mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra baccA dene para gAya kA dUdha dasa dinoM taka nahIM pInA cAhie (taittirIya brAhmaNa 2 / 1 / 1, 3 / 113) / vaidika yajJa ke lie dIkSita vyakti kA bhojana vapAhoma ke samApta hone ke pUrva nahIM karanA cAhie (aitareya brAhmaNa 6 / 9) / Rgveda (13187 / 1-7) ne bhojana kI stuti kI hai| chAndogyopaniSad meM varNita upasti cAkrAyaNa kI kathA batAtI hai ki Apatti kAla meM bhojana na milane para kucha bhI khAyA jA sakatA hai, 1. paJcame ca tathA bhAge saMvibhAgo ythaarhtH| devapitRmanuSyANAM kITAnAM copdishyte|| saMvibhAgaM tataH kRtvA gRhasthaH zeSabhugbhavet / vakSa 256 evaM 68 / prathama padya kA ubaraNa aparArka (pR0 143) ne bhI diyA hai| 2. AhArazuddhau satvazuddhiH sattvazuddhau dhruvA smRtiH smRtilamme sarvagranthInAM viprmokssH| chAndogya0 7 / 26 / 2 /

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414 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yahA~ taka ki jUThA bhojana bhI khAyA jA sakatA hai| aitareyAraNyaka (5 / 3 / 3) evaM kauSItakibrAhmaNa (12 // 3) ne mI kucha pratibandhoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| mAMsa-bhojana evaM madya-pAna ke bAre meM Age likhA jaaygaa| manu (5 / 4) ne brAhmaNoM kI mRtyu ke cAra kAraNa batAye haiM-(1) vedAdhyayana kA abhAva, (2) samyak kartavyoM evaM kAryoM kA tyAga, (3) pramAda evaM (4) bhojana sambandhI doss| gRhastharatnAkara (pR0 347) ke mata se dUsare kA bhojana karanA usakA pApa lenA hai...| bhojana-sambandhI sabhI prakAra ke viSayoM ke bAre meM vistAra ke sAtha niyama evaM pratibandha nirmita hue haiM / ApastambadharmasUtra (1111 / 31 / 1), vasiSThadharmasUtra (12 / 18), viSNudharmasUtra (48 / 40), manu (2 / 5) ke anusAra khAte samaya pUrvAbhimukha honA cAhie tathA viSNudharmasUtra (68 / 41) evaM ApastambadharmasUtra (118 / 19 / 1-2) ke anusAra dakSiNAbhimukha hokara bhI (kintu mAtA ke jIvita rahate) khAyA jA sakatA hai| manu (2 / 52 =anuzAsanaparva 104 / 57) ke mata se pUrva, dakSiNa pazcima evaM uttara kI ora mukha karake khAne se krama se dIrghAyu, yaza, dhana evaM satya kI prApti hotI hai| kintu vAmanapurANa evaM viSNupurANa ne dakSiNa evaM pazcima ora mukha karane ko manA kiyA hai (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 312 meM uddhRt)| bhojana ekAnta meM logoM kI dRSTi se dUra hokara karanA caahie| smRticandrikA ne devala, uzanA evaM padmapurANa ko uddhRta kara likhA hai-ekAnta meM bhojana karanA cAhie, kyoMki isase dhana prApti hotI hai, sabake sAmane khAne se dhanAbhAva hotA hai / jisa prakAra bahuta logoM ke samakSa (jo khA na rahe hoM) nahIM khAnA cAhie, usI prakAra bahuta-se logoM ko eka vyakti ke samakSa (jo khA na rahA ho, kevala tRSNAlu hokara dekha rahA ho) nahIM khAnA caahie| apane putroM, choTe bhAiyoM, bhRtyoM Adi ke sAtha khAyA jA sakatA hai (brahmapurANa, gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 311 meM uddhRt)| kintu kucha granthakAroM ne kucha sAthiyoM ke virodha kI bAta kahI hai, yathA---'ekAnta meM khAnA cAhie, apane sage sambandhI ke sAtha bhI nahIM khAnA cAhie, kyoMki kisI ke gupta pApa ko kauna jAnatA hai ?' bRhaspati ne likhA hai ki eka paMkti meM khAne se eka kA pApa dUsare ko laga jAtA hai (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 228 meM uddhRt)| uttara bhArata meM bhojana-sambandhI bahuta-se pratibandha haiN| kahAvata bhI hai-"tIna prANI teraha cUlhe" yA "ATha kanaujiyA nau cUlhe" aadi| jahA~ bhojana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sthala gobara se lipA rahanA caahie| nAva yA lakar3I se bane ucca sthala para bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, pavitra pharza para khAnA cAhie (ApastambadharmasUtra 115 / 17-6-8) / hAthI, ghor3A, U~Ta, gAr3I, kabra, mandira, bistara yA kursI para nahIM khAnA cAhie, hathelI meM lekara bhI nahIM khAnA cAhie (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 325 meM uddhRta brhmpuraann)| bhojana karane ke pUrva hAtha-paira dho lenA caahie| yahI bAta manu (476), anuzAsanaparva (104 / 61-62) evaM atri meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vyAsa ne bhojana ke samaya donoM hAtha, donoM paira evaM mukha (pA~ca aMgoM) ke dhone kI bAta kahI hai (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 221) / sabhI dharmazAstroM ne bhojana karate samaya mauna rahane kI bAta kahI hai (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 7 / 2, laghu-hArIta 40 aadi)| vRddha manu (smRticandrikA, 1, pR0 223 meM uddhRta) ke anusAra pA~ca grAsoM taka mahAmauna rahanA cAhie evaM usake uparAnta jahA~ taka ho sake vANI para niyantraNa karanA caahie| gautama (9 / 59), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 7 / 36), manu (2056), saMvarta (12) Adi ke matAnusAra gRhastha ko kevala do bAra khAnA cAhie, use sandhikAla meM nahIM khAnA caahie| gobhilasmRti (2 / 23) ne aura jor3a diyA hai-rAtri ke 4 // ghaNToM (1 // prahara) ke uparAnta taka bhojana kiyA jA sakatA hai| na to prAtaH bahuta pahale na argharAtri meM aura na sandhikAla meM bhojana karanA cAhie (manu 4 / 55 evaM 62 evaM viSNudharmasUtra 68 / 48) / hA~, donoM bhojanoM ke madhya meM kanda-mUla, phala Adi khAye jA sakate haiM (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 8 / 19 / 10) / mojana-pAtra (thAlI, pattala Adi) ke nIce jala se yA pavitra bhasma se rekhAe~ khIMca denI caahie| brahmapurANa (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 311 uddhRta) ke mata se brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM, vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie krama se tribhuja, vRtta evaM ardhacandra kA maNDalA yA rekhA

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bhojana-vidhi 415 honI caahie| zaMkha, laghu-zAtAtapa (133), atri ke mata se zUdroM ko pAtra ke nIce chir3aka denA paryApta hai| maNDala. banAne se Aditya, vasu, rudra, brahmA tathA anya devatA bhojana grahaNa karate haiM, nahIM to rAkSasa-pizAca A dhamakate haiN| bhojana karanevAle ko cAra paira bAle por3he para, Una ke Asana para yA bakarI ke carma para baiThakara khAnA cAhie (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 8 / 19 / 1) / upaloM (gobara se banI cipariyoM, yA ThIkaroM yA goharoM) para baiThakara yA miTTI ke Asana para, azvattha yA palAza yA arka ke pattoM para yA lakar3I ke do takhtoM ko jor3akara bane Asana para, aghajale yA lohe kI kaoNTiyoM se jur3e hue takhtoM vAle pIr3he para baiThakara nahIM khAnA cAhie (smRtyarthasAra pR0 69) / pRthvI para khice maNDala para hI bhojana-pAtra rahanA caahie| bhojana-pAtra sone, cA~dI, tAmra, kamaladala yA palAza-dala kA ho sakatA hai (dekhie, vyAsa 3 / 67-68, paitthiinsi)| tAmra ke sthAna para kA~se kA pAtra acchA mAnA jAtA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 8 / 19 / 3) ke mata se madhyasthita sone vAle tAmrapAtra meM khAnA caahie| lohe evaM miTTI ke pAtra meM nahIM khAnA cAhie (hArIta, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 222 meM uddhRt)| kintu ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 17 / 9-12) ne vikalpa se ina pAtroM ke prayoga kI bAta kahI hai, yathA--jisameM bhojana na pakA ho yA jo bhojana pakA lene ke uparAnta agni meM garma kara liyA gayA ho, usa miTTI ke pAtra ko hama bhojana-pAtra ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra bhasma se mAMjakara lohe ke pAtra ko bhojana ke lie zaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| usa lakar3I ke pAtra ko, jo bhItara se bhalI bhAMti kharAdA gayA ho, hama bhojana-pAtra ke rUpa meM kAma meM lA sakate haiN| manu (4 / 65) ne TUTe pAtra meM khAne ko manA kiyA hai, kintu paiThInasi ke mata se sone, cA~dI, tAmra, zaMkha yA prastara ke TUTe hue pAtroM meM bhojana kiyA jA sakatA hai|' kucha smRtiyoM ne kamala-dala evaM palAza-patra ko bhojana-pAtra ke rUpa meM vajita mAnA hai, kintu AhikaprakAza (pR0 467) kA kahanA hai ki yaha pratibandha kevala pRthivI para uge hue (jala yA tAlAba meM nahIM) kamala-dala yA choTe choTe palAza ke patroM ke lie hI hai| paiThInasi ke anusAra dhanecchuka logoM ko vaTa, arka, azvattha, kumbhI, tinduka, kovidAra evaM karaMja kI pattiyoM se nirmita pAtroM athavA pattaloM para bhojana nahIM karanA caahie| vRddha hArIta (8 / 250256) ne likhA hai ki bhojana-pAtra sone, rajata, tAmra yA kisI bhI zAstrAnumodita vRkSa-patra se nirmita ho sakatA hai, kintu gRhasthoM ke lie kamala-dala evaM palAza ke patra vajita haiM, inheM kevala yati, vAnaprastha evaM zrAddha karanevAle loga hI prayoga meM lA sakate haiN| ___bhojana karane ke pUrva Acamana do bAra pahale hI kara lenA cAhie aura bhojanoparAnta bhI yahI krama honA caahie| isa prakAra kA Acamana bahuta prAcIna hai (chAndogyopaniSad 5 / 2 / 2 evaM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6 / 1314, ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 5 / 16 / 9, manu 2 / 52, 5 / 138 aadi)| bhojana karane ke lie baiThate samaya janeU (yajJopavIta) ko upavIta DhaMga se pahana lenA cAhie aura upavastra dhAraNa (binA sira DhaMke) karanA cAhie (manu 4 / 45, 3 / 238, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 4 / 22-23 evaM 2 / 8 / 19 / 12) / ghI, tela, pakvAnna, sabhI prakAra ke vyaJjana, namaka (ye vastueM khAlI hAthoM se nahIM dI jAtI) Adi ko darvI (cammaca Adi) se denA cAhie, kintu anya vastue~, yathA jala, na pakAyI gayI vastue~ Adi yoM hI dI jAnI cAhie, arthAt inake lie darvI kA prayoga Avazyaka nahIM hai| bhojana ke samaya gRhastha ko sonA, javAharAta (a~gUThI Adi) dhAraNa kara lenA caahie| jaba bhojana A jAya to usakA sammAna karanA cAhie, use dekhakara prasannatA prakaTa karanI cAhie aura usameM doSa na khojanA cAhie (gautama 9 / 59, vasiSThadharmasUtra 369, manu 2 / 54-55) / vasiSThadharmasUtra (3 / 69-71) kA kahanA hai ki 'rocate iti' (arthAt mujhe yaha priya 3. tAmrarajatasuvarNazaktyazmaghaTitAnAM bhinnamabhinnamiti paThInasiH (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 222) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai) kA uccAraNa prAtaH evaM sAyaM ke bhojana ke samaya karanA cAhie, zrAddha ke bhojana ko 'svaditamiti (arthAt khAne meM yaha svAdiSTha thA) tathA Abhyudayika kRtyoM (vivAha Adi) ke bhojana ko 'sampannamiti (arthAt yaha pUrNa thA) kahanA caahie| bhojana ko dekhakara donoM hAtha jor3ane cAhie aura jhukakara praNAma karanA cAhie aura kahanA cAhie "yahI hameM sadaiva milA kare", bhagavAn viSNu ne kahA hai ki jo aisA karatA hai, vaha mujhe sammAnita karatA hai (brahmapurANa, gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 314) / bhojana prApta ho jAne para pAtra ke caturdika jala chir3aka kara kahanA cAhie-"maiM tumheM, jo Rta ke sAtha satya hai, jala chir3akatA hU~" (prAtaH), "maiM tumheM, jo satya ke sAtha Rta hai, jala chir3akatA hU~" (saayN)| kucha logoM ke mata se taba bhojana-pAtra ke dAhine pRthivI para thor3A bhojana pazcima se pUrva dharmarAja (yama), citragupta evaM preta ke lie rakha diyA jAtA hai (bhaviSyapurANa, smRticandrikA, pR0 224 meM uddhRta evaM AhnikaprakAza, pR0 465) / anya logoM ke mata se bhUpati, bhuvanapati evaM bhUtAnAMpati ko bali dI jAtI hai| kintu Ajakala ye baliyA~ citra, citragupta, yama evaM yamadUta (kula logoM ne pAMcavAM bhI jor3a diyA hai, yathA-sarvebhyo bhUtebhyaH svAhA) ko dI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta "amRtopastaraNamasi" (tuma amRta ke upastaraNa ho) ke sAtha Acamana karanA cAhie aura bhojanoparAnta "amRtApidhAnamasi" (tuma amRta ke apidhAna ho) se Acamana karanA caahie| yaha saba bahuta prAcIna kAla se calA AyA hai| yAjJavalkya (11106) ne isa prakAra ke Acamana ko "Apozana" (jala grahaNa karanA) kahA hai| isake uparAnta pA~ca kaura bhojana para ghRta chir3aka kara prANoM ke pAMcoM prakAroM ko samarpita kiyA jAtA hai aura pratyeka bAra pahale 'om' aura bAda meM 'svAhA' kahA jAtA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 19-23) meM ina pAMcoM prakAroM ko krama se prANa, vyAna, apAna, samAna evaM udAna kahA mayA hai| inheM prANAhutiyAM kahA jAtA hai| madhyakAla ke nibandhoM meM prANAhutiyoM ke atirikta chaThI bali brahmA ko dene kI vyavasthA hai, jo Aja bhI pracalita hai| prANAhutiyoM ke samaya pUrNa mauna dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, yahAM taka ki hU~' kA uccAraNa taka nahIM kiyA jaataa| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 7 / 6) ke anusAra pUre bhojana-kAla taka mauna rahanA cAhie aura yadi kisI prakAra bolanA hI par3e to "oM bhUrbhuvaH svaH om" kahakara taba punaH bhojana Arambha karanA caahie| kintu kucha loga prANAhutiyoM ke uparAnta bhojana lene yA dharma ke lie bolanA manA nahIM karate (smRticandrikA, Ahnika, pR0 423)-"gRhasthoM ke lie bhojana ke samaya mauna dhAraNa zavazyaka nahIM hai, jinake sAtha bhojana kiyA jA rahA ho unake prati autsukya Adi prakaTa karane ke lie bolanA yA umase bAtacIta bhI karanI caahie|" prANAhutiyAM kitanI aMguliyoM se dI jAyeM, isameM matabheda rahA hai| smRticandrikA (1, pR0 226) meM uddhRta hArIta ke anusAra mArjana, bali, pUjA evaM bhojana aMguliyoM ke poroM se karanA caahie| zrAddha-bhojana karate samaya pAtra pRthivI para rakhA rahanA cAhie aura bAyeM hAtha ke aMgUThe tathA usake pAsa kI do aMguliyoM se bhojana-pAtra dabA rakhanA cAhie, kintu yadi bahuta bhIr3a ho aura kisI samaya dhUla Adi ur3a jAya to pAMca kaura khA lene ke uparAnta bhojana-pAtra Upara uThAyA jA sakatA hai| pAMcoM aMguliyoM se kaura mukha meM DAlanA caahie| vyaJjanoM ke cunAva meM viSNupurANa (3 / 2 / 83-84) evaM brahmapurANa (gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 224 meM uddhRta) ne niyama batalAye haiM--sarvaprathama mIThA evaM tarala padArtha khAnA cAhie, taba namakIna evaM khaTTA padArtha, taba kaTu evaM tAkSNa vyaJjana aura anta meM dUdha, jisake uparAnta dahI kA sevana nahIM honA caahie| gRhastha ko ghRtamizrita bhojana karanA caahie| bhojana arthAt roTI, kanda-mUla, phala yA mAMsa dAMta se kATakara nahIM khAnA cAhie (baudhAyanadharmasUtra 4. RtaM tvA satyena pariSiJcAmIti sAyaM prissinycti| satyaM svartena pariSiJcAmIti praatH| taittirIya brAhmaNa (2 / 1 / 11) /

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bhojana-vidhi 417 2 / 7110 ) | khAte samaya Asana kA parivartana nahIM honA cAhie aura na pairoM meM jUte, cappala Adi hone cAhie / usa samaya camar3e kA sparza varjita hai / manu ( 41413), viSNudharmasUtra ( 68 / 46 ) evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 12 / 31 ) ke mata se patnI ke sAtha baiThakara nahIM khAnA caahie| yAtrA meM brAhmaNa apanI brAhmaNI ke sAtha eka hI thAlI meM khA sakatA hai (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 227 ) / smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 69 ) evaM mitAkSarA ( yAjJavalkya 1 / 131 ) ke mata se vivAha ke samaya pati-patnI kA eka hI thAlI meM sAtha-sAtha khAnA manA nahIM hai / bhojana kI mAtrA ke viSaya meM kaI niyama bane haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2/4/9/13), vasiSThadharmasUtra (6 / 2021) evaM baudhAyanagharmasUtra (2 / 7 / 31-32 ) ke anusAra saMnyAsI ko 8 kaura, vAnaprastha ko 16, gRhastha ko 32 evaM brahmacArI ( vedapAThI ) ko jitane cAhe utane kaura khAne caahie| gRhastha ko paryApta bhojana karanA cAhie, jisase ki vaha apanA kArya ThIka se kara sake ( Apastambadharma sUtra 2/4/9/12 ) / isI prakAra zabara (jaimini 5 / 1120 ) ne likhA hai ki AhitAgni gRhastha dina meM kaI bAra khA sakatA hai|" bhojana ke samaya ziSTAcAra, paMktipAvana evaM paMktidUSaka brAhmaNa paMkti meM prathama sthAna tabhI grahaNa karanA cAhie jaba ki usake lie vizeSa rUpa se Agraha kiyA jaay| kintu prathama Asana para baiTha jAne para sabase pahale bhojana nahIM Arambha karanA cAhie, pratyuta sabake bhojana Arambha karane ke bAda meM (zaMkha, aparArka dvArA pR0 150 meM uddhRta) / yadi eka hI paMkti meM kaI brAhmaNa baiThe hoM aura koI vyakti sabase pahale Acamana kara le yA apanA avaziSTa bhojana ziSya ko de de yA uTha par3e to anya logoM ko bhI bhojana chor3akara uTha jAnA caahie| isa prakAra jo vyakti samaya se pahale uTha jAtA hai, use brahmahA (brAhmaNa ko mArane vAlA) yA brahmakaSTaka kahA jAtA hai| ye niyama smRticandrikA ( 1, pR0 227 ), gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 331 ) evaM smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 427) meM uddhRta haiN| isa prakAra ke aziSTa vyavahAra ko rokane ke lie kaI vidhiyA~ kAma le lAyI gayI haiM / eka paMkti kI zrRMkhalA taba TUTa jAtI hai jaba ki khAne vAloM ke bIca meM agni ho, rAkha ho, stambha ho, mArga ho, dvAra ho yA pRthivI meM DhAla par3a jAya / isI prakAra kA vyavadhAna DAlakara vibhinna jAti ke logoM ko baiThAyA jA sakatA hai| janma, caritra evaM vidyA ke kAraNa ayogya vyaktiyoM kI paMkti meM nahIM baiThanA cAhie ( ApastambadharmasUtra 1/5/17/2) / hamane bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki katipaya udyoga-dhaMdhoM vAle brAhmaNa zrAddha meM nimantrita karane yogya nahIM hote (adhyAya 2 ) / gautama ( 15 / 28-29), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2282), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 7 / 17 / 21-22), vasiSTha sUtra ( 3|19), viSNu ( 83 / 2 / 21), manu ( 3 | 184-86), zaMkha (1411-8), anuzAsanaparva ( 90 / 34), vAyu (adhyAya 79 evaM 83 ) tathA anya purANoM meM aise brAhmaNoM kI sUciyA~ haiM jo paMktipAvana evaM paMktidUSaka kahe jAte haiN| jo apanI upasthiti se paMkti meM baiThane vAloM ko pavitra karate haiM, unheM paMktipAvana kahA jAtA hai, aura jo paMkti dUSita karate haiM unheM paMktidUSaka kahA jAtA hai| paMktipAvana unheM kahA jAtA hai jo veda ke chaH aMgoM ko jAnate haiM, jo jyeSTha sAma par3he rahate haiM, jinhoMne nAciketa agni meM homa kiyA hai, jo tIna madhupada jAnate haiM, jo 5. mamA bevadattaH prAtarapUpaM bhakSayati madhyandina viviSamasamaznAti aparAnha modakAnbhakSayatIti / eka. smitanIti gamyate / zabara (jaimini 5 / 1 / 20 ) / 53

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418 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa trisuparNa par3he rahate haiM, jo paMcAgni rakhate haiM, jo vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta samAvartana-snAna kiye rahate haiM arthAt jo snAtaka hote haiM, jo apane veda ke brAhmaNa evaM mantra jAnate haiM, jo dharmazAstrajJa hote haiM aura hote haiM brAhma-vivAha vAlI saMskRta mAtA kI sntaan| ApastambadharmasUtra eka lakSaNa aura joDatA hai-"jo cAroM medha (azvamegha, sarvamedha, puruSamedha evaM pitamedha) sampAdita kara ca pAdita kara cuke haiN|" manu ne vedajJa, vedavyAkhyAtA, brahmacArI, dAtA (sahasra gauoM kA dAna karanevAle) evaM sau varSa kI avasthA vAle vyakti ko bhI paMktipAvana kahA hai| zaMkha ne yogiyoM, unako jo sone aura miTTI ke Tukar3e ke barAbara samajhate haiM, aura dhyAna meM magna rahane vAle yatiyoM ko paMktipAvana kahA hai| anazAsanaparva (90 / 34) ne bhASya, vyAkaraNa evaM purANa par3hanevAle ko bhI paMktipAvana kahA hai| kor3hI, khalvATa, vyabhicArA, AyudhajIvI ke putra (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 7 / 17 / 21), brAhmaNoM ke lie ayogya kArya karane vAle, dhUrta, kama yA adhika aMga vAle, jisane veda, pavitra agniyoM, mAtA-pitA, guruoM kA tyAga kara diyA ho tathA ve loga jo zUdroM ke bhojana para jIte hoM, paMktidUSaka kahe jAte haiM (dekhie zaMkha 14 / 2-4 evaM aparArka, pR0 453-455) / eka paMkti meM baiThe hue logoM ko eka hI prakAra ke vyaJjana parose jAne cAhie, kisI prakAra kA vibheda karane se brahmahatyA kA doSa lagatA hai (vyAsasmRti 4 / 63) / khAte samaya yadi koI brAhmaNa dUsare brAhmaNa ko chU le to bhojana karanA chor3a denA cAhie yA bhojanoparAnta gAyatrI kA 108 bAra japa kara lenA caahie| Ajakala aisA ho jAne para jala se A~khoM kA sparza kara liyA jAtA hai| yadi bhojana karanevAlA parosane vAle ko chU le to parosane vAle ko cAhie ki vaha bhojana ko pRthivI para rakhakara Acamana kare, aura usa para jala chir3akane ke uparAnta use punaH prose| bAyeM hAtha se khAnA evaM pInA vajita hai| khAnA khAte samaya gilAsa se yA pAnI pIne ke pAtra se pAnI pInA cAhie, donoM hAthoM ko milAkara pAnI nahIM pInA cAhie (yAjJavalkya 11138) / kintu jaba khAnA na khAyA jA rahA ho to dAhine hAtha se jala grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhojanoparAnta 'Apozana' ('amRtApidhAnamasi' kA uccAraNa) karanA cAhie aura thor3A jala grahaNa karanA cAhie; taba hAtha dhonA, do bAra Acamana karanA, dA~toM ke bIca ke bhojana-kaNoM ko haTAne ke lie halake DhaMga se dAMtoM ko ghonA tathA anta meM tAmbUla grahaNa karanA caahie| AzvalAyana ne bhojanoparAnta makha dhone ke lie 16 kUlle (gaNDaSa) karane kI bAta calAyI hai| yati, brahmacArI tathA vidhavA ko pAna nahIM khAnA caahie| bhojyAnna meM se sabhI kucha nahIM khA DAlanA cAhie, pratyuta bhojana-pAtra meM dahI, madhu, ghRta, dUdha evaM saktu (sattU) ke atirikta anya vyaJjanoM kA kucha aMza chor3a denA caahie| jo baca rahatA hai vaha patnI yA naukara ko de diyA jAtA hai (parAzaramAdhavIya 111, pR0 422) / kisI ko dUsare kA jUThA na to khAnA cAhie aura na denA caahie| hA~, baccA apane mAtA-pitA yA guru kA jUThA khA sakatA hai (smRtimuktAphala, Ahnika, pR0 431) / apane Azrita zUdra ke atirikta kisI anya zUdra ko apanA jUThA nahIM denA cAhie (manu 4180, ApastambadharmasUtra 111 / 31 / 2526) / jaba taka bhojana-pAtra haTA nahIM liyA jAtA, sthala ko gobara se lIpa nahIM diyA jAtA aura jaba taka svayaM khAnevAlA dUra nahIM haTa jAtA taba taka vaha Acamana kara lene para bhI apavitra hI kahA jAtA hai| dekhie ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 4 / 24) bhii| brAhmaNa kA bhojana-pAtra brAhmaNa hI uThA sakatA hai (koI anya nahIM), zrAddha karane vAlA putra yA ziSya zrAddha ke bhojana-pAtra ko uThA sakatA hai, kintu vaha jisakA upanayana na huA ho, patnI tathA koI anya vyakti nahIM uThA sakatA (laghu-AzvalAyana 13165-166) / grahaNa yA kisI viSama sthiti meM bhojana-tyAga sUrya evaM candra ke grahaNoM ke samaya bhojana na karane ke viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama bane haiN| smRticandrikA (1, pR0

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bhojya-abhogya vicAra 419 228-229), smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 69), matsyapurANa (67), aparArka ( pR0 151, 427-430) Adi ne niyama likhe haiM / grahaNa ke samaya bhojana karanA varjita hai| baccoM, bUr3hoM evaM rogiyoM ko chor3akara anya logoM ko sUrya grahaNa evaM candra grahaNa lagane ke krama se 12 ghaMTA (4 prahara) evaM 9 ghaMTA (3 prahara) pUrva se hI khAnA banda kara denA cAhie / isa niyama kA pAlana abhI hAla taka hotA rahA hai| grahaNa Arambha ho jAne para snAna karanA, dAna denA, tarpaNa karanA evaM zrAddha karanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| grahaNoparAnta snAna karake bhojana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi grahaNa ke sAtha sUryAsta ho jAya to dUsare dina sUrya ko dekhakara tathA snAna karake hI bhojana karanA caahie| yadi grahaNayukta candra udita ho to dUsare dina bhara bhojana nahIM karanA caahie| ye niyama paryApta prAcIna haiM ( viSNudharmasUtra 68 / 1 - 3 ) / Rgveda (5140 / 5 - 9) meM bhI sUrya grahaNa varNita hai, kintu vahA~ yaha asura dvArA lAyA gayA kalpita kiyA gayA hai| asura svarbhAnu ne sUrya para andhakAra DAla diyA, aisA kAThakasaMhitA (11 / 5 ) evaM taittirIya saMhitA ( 2/1/2/2 ) meM AyA hai| zAMkhAyanabrAhmaNa (24 / 3) evaM tANDya brAhmaNa ( 4/5/2, 4 / 6 / 13 ) bhI grahaNa kI carcA karate haiN| atharvaveda (19/9/10 ) meM sUrya aura rAhu eka sAtha lA khar3e kara diye gaye haiN| chAndogyopaniSad ( 8|13|1 ) meM AyA hai - "brahmaloka meM jAte samaya saceta AtmA zarIra ko usI prakAra hilAkara chor3a detA hai jisa prakAra ghor3A apane bAloM ko chiTakA detA hai yA rAhu ke mukha se candra chuTakArA pAtA hai| " viSNudharmasUtra (68 / 4-5 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki jaba gAya yA brAhmaNa para koI Apatti A jAya yA rAjA para kleza par3e yA usakI mRtyu jAya to bhojana nahIM karanA caahie| vihita aura niSiddha kyA khAnA cAhie aura kyA nahIM khAnA cAhie tathA kisakA khAnA cAhie aura kisakA nahIM khAnA cAhie; isa viSaya meM vistRta niyama bane haiN| yoM to sabhI smRtiyoM ne bhojana ke vidhi-niSedha ke viSaya meM vyavasthAeM dI haiM, kintu gautama ( 17 ), ApastambadharmasUtra ( 15 16 17 - 1 / 6 / 19 ), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14), manu ( 6 / 207-223) tathA yAjJavalkya (1 / 167-181) ne vistAra ke sAtha carcA kI hai / zAntiparva (adhyAya 36 evaM 73 ), kUrmapurANa (utta , adhyAya 17), padma ( AdikhaNDa, adhyAya 56) tathA anya purANoM ne bhI niyama batalAye haiM / nibandhoM meM smRticandrikA (2, pR0 418-429), gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 334-395), madanapArijAta ( pR0 337-343), smRtimuktAphala ( Ahnika, pR0 433- 451), AhnikaprakAza ( pR0 488-550 ) ne grAhya-agrAhya ke viSaya meM vizada varNana upasthita kiyA hai| hama krama se ina niyamoM kI carcA kreNge| aparArka ( pR0 241 ) ne bhaviSyapurANa ko uddhRta kara varjita bhojana kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA jAtiduSTa yA svabhAvaduSTa (svabhAva se hI varjita ), jaise lahasuna, pyAja Adi; kriyAduSTa (kucha kriyAoM ke kAraNa varjita ), yathA khAlI hAtha se parosA huA, yA patita ( jAticyuta), cANDAloM, kuttoM Adi dvArA dekha liyA gayA bhojana yA paMkti meM baiThe hue kisI vyakti dvArA Acamana karake sabase pahale uTha jAne ke kAraNa apavitra bhojana; kAlavuSTa ( samaya bIta jAne para yA anucita yA anupayukta samaya kA bhojana ), yathA bAsI bhojana, grahaNa meM pakAyA huA, baccA dene ke uparAnta pazu kA dasa dinoM ke bhItara kA dUdha; saMsargaduSTa (nikRSTa saMsarga yA saMsparza se bhraSTa huA bhojana ), yathA kutte, madya, lahasuna, bAla, kITa Adi ke samparka meM AyA huA bhojana; sahallekha ( ghRNA yA aruci utpanna karane vAlA bhojana ), yathA mala aadi| ina pA~coM prakAroM ke sAtha rasaduSTa (jisakA svAda samApta ho gayA ho ), yathA dUsare dina pAyasa yA kSIra evaM pariprahaduSTa (jo patita, vyabhicArI Adi kA ho ) jor3e jA sakate haiM / aparArka ne likhA hai ki varjita bhojana, jisake khAne se upapAtaka lagatA hai, chaH prakAra ke kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai, yathA-svabhAva, kAla, samparka

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420 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (saMsarga), kriyA, bhAva evaM parigraha / Ikha ke rasa se madirA banatI hai, yadi yaha jAnakara usakA pAna kiyA jAya to yaha bhAvaduSTa khlaaegaa| kintu gautama (17 / 12) ke mata se bhAvapuSTa bhojana use kahate haiM jo anAdara ke sAtha diyA jAya, yA jise khAne vAlA ghRNA kare yA jisase vaha Uba utthe|' mAMsa-bhakSaNa-Age kucha kahane ke pUrva mAMsa-makSaNa para kucha likha denA atyAvazyaka hai| Rgveda meM devatAoM ke lie baila kA mAMsa pakAne kI ora kaI saMketa kiye gaye haiM; udAharaNArtha, indra kahatA hai-"ve mere lie 15+20 baila pakAte haiM" (Rgveda 1086 / 14, aura milAie Rgveda 10 / 27 / 2) / Rgveda (10191114) meM AyA hai ki agni ke lie ghor3oM, bailoM, sAMDoM, bA~jha gAyoM evaM bher3oM kI bali dI gyii| dekhie Rgveda (8 / 43 / 11, 1079 / 6) / kintu usI meM gau ko 'aghnyA ' (Rgveda 11164 / 27 evaM 40, 4 / 116, 5 / 8318, 8169 / 21, 1087 / 16 Adi) bhI kahA gayA hai, jisakA artha nirukta (1043) ne yoM lagAyA hai-"aghnyA ahantavyA bhavati apaghnI iti vA", arthAt "vaha jo mAre jAne yogya nahIM hai|" kamI-kamI yaha zabda (aghnyA) 'dhenu' ke virodha meM bhI prayukta huA hai (Rgveda 4116, 8069 / 2), ataH yaha tarka upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM dUdha denevAlI gAyeM kATe jAne yogya nahIM mAnI jAtI thiiN| hama isI tarka ke AdhAra para gAyoM ke prati prazaMsAtmaka sUktoM kA bhI artha lagA sakate haiM, yathA--Rgveda (6 / 28 / 1-8 evaM 81101115 evaM 16) / Rgveda (8110111516) meM gAya ko rudroM kI mAtA, vasuoM kI putrI, AdityoM kI bahina evaM amRta kA kendra mAnA gayA hai aura RSi ne anta meM kahA hai-"gAya kI hatyA na karo, yaha nirdoSa hai aura svayaM aditi hai|" Rgveda (8 / 10 / 16) meM gAya ko devI bhI kahA gayA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki gAya kramazaH devatva ko prApta hotI jA rahI thii| dUdha ke viSaya meM gAya kI atyadhika mahattA, kRSi meM bailoM kI upayogitA tathA parivAra meM AdAna-pradAna evaM vinimaya sambandhI arthanItika upayo gitA evaM mahattA ke kAraNa gAya ko devatva prApta ho gyaa| atharvaveda (12 / 4) meM bhI gAya kI pUtatA (pavitratA) mArna gayI hai| brAhmaNa-granthoM se patA calatA hai ki taba taka gAya kI bali dI jAtI thI (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 9 / 8, zatapatha brAhmaNa 3 / 1 / 2 / 21) / aitareya brAhmaNa (68) ke mata se ghor3A, baila, bakarA, bher3a bali ke pazu haiM, kintu kimpuruSa, gauramRga, gavaya, U~Ta evaM zarabha (ATha pairoM vAlA kalAtmaka jantu) nAmaka pazuoM kI na to bali ho sakatI hai aura na ve khAye jA sakate haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa (112 / 3 / 9) meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa (11371 / 3) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki mAMsa sarvazreSTha bhojana hai| Age calakara gAya itanI pavitra ho gayI ki bahuta-se doSoM ke nivAraNArtha usake dUdha, dahI, ghRta, mUtra evaM gobara se 'paJcagavya' banane lgaa| paMcagavya ke viSaya meM jo niyama bane haiM, unakI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie yAjJavalkya (3 / 314), baudhAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 20), parAzara (11128-34), devala (62-65), laghu-zAtAtapa (158-162), matsyapurANa (267 / 5-6) / parAzara evaM atri meM paMcagavya nirmANa kI vidhiyA~ haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiM / paMcagavya ko brahmakUrca bhI kahA jAtA hai| gAya ke sabhI aMga (mukha ke atirikta) pavitra mAne gaye hai| manu (5 / 128) ne gAya dvArA sUMghe yA cATe gaye padArthoM ke pavitrIkaraNa kI bAta calAyI 6. bhvissypuraannnnm| jAtiduSTaM kriyAduSTaM kaalaashryviduussitm| saMsargAzrayaduSTaM ca sahallekhaM svbhaavtH|| aparArka pR0 241 / milAie vRddhahArIta 113122-123-bhAvaduSTaM kriyAduSTaM kAladuSTaM tathaMva c| saMsargaduSTaM ca tathA varjayedyajJakarmaNi // annasya ca ninditatvaM svabhAva-kAla-saMparka-kriyA-bhAva-parigrahaH SoDhA bhvti| aparAkaM pR0 1157 / inameM se kucha zabda vasiSThadharmasUtra (14128) meM bhI pAye jAte haiM--'annaM paryuSitaM bhAvaduSTaM sahallekhaM punaH siddhabhAmamAMsaM pakvaM c|'

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mAMsa bhakSaNa vicAra hai, kyoMki usakA mukha apavitra mAnA gayA hai| manu (11179) ne gAya kI prazaMsA kI hai jo brAhmaNoM evaM gAyoM kI rakSA meM apane prANa de detA hai vaha brahmahatyA-jaise jaghanya pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (16 / 18) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki brAhmaNoM, gAyoM, striyoM evaM baccoM kI rakSA meM prANa dene vAle achUta (bAhya) bhI svarga ko cale gye|| rudradAman (epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 8, pR0 44) ke zilAlekha meM "go-brAhmaNa-hita" (gAyoM evaM brAhmaNoM kA kalyANa) zabda prayukta huA hai (IsA ke uparAnta dUsarI shtaabdii)| aura dekhie rAmAyaNa (bAlakANDa 2615, araNyakANDa 23 // 28) evaM matsyapurANa (104116) / kapilA gAya atyadhika maMgalakArI mAnI gayI hai aura isakA dUdha agnihotra evaM brAhmaNoM ke lie uttama mAnA gayA hai, kintu yadi use zudra piye to vaha naraka kA bhAgI hotA hai (vRddhagautama, pR0 568) / kAlAntara meM mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke prati na kevala aMnicchA pratyuta ghRNA kA bhAva bhI rakhA jAne lgaa| zatapathabrAhmaNa ne yaha bhI siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai ki mAMsabhakSI Age ke janma meM unhIM pazuoM dvArA khAyA jAyagA, arthAt udAharaNArtha, jo isa janma meM gAya kA mAMsa khAyegAto Age ke janma meM use isa janma vAlI khAyI gayI gAya khaayegii| chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 17) ne tapa, dayA, (dAna) saralatA (RjutA), ahiMsA evaM satya ko pratIkAtmaka yajJa kI dakSiNA mAnA hai| isI upaniSad (8 / 15 / 1) ne punaH kahA hai ki brahmajJAnI samasta jIvoM ke prati ahiMsA prakaTa karate haiN| jo bahuta-se logoM ne Age calakara mAMsa-bhakSaNa chor3a diyA usake kaI kAraNa the; (1) AdhyAtmika dhAraNA-eka hI brahma sarvatra virAjamAna hai, (2) sabhI jIva eka haiM, (3) choTe-choTe kITa bhI usI daivI zakti ke. abhinnyaMjana-mAtra haiM, kyoMki (4) ve loga jo apanI vAsanAoM evaM kaThora vRttiyoM tathA tRSNAoM para niyantraNa nahIM rakhate aura sArvabhauma dayA evaM sahAnubhUti nahIM prakaTa karate, dArzanika satyoM kA darzana nahIM kara skte| eka anya kAraNa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai--mAMsa-bhakSaNa se azuddhi prApta hotI hai (isa vicAra se bhI ahiMsA ke prati jhukAva bddh'aa)| jyoM-jyoM Arya bhArata ke madhya, pUrva evaM dakSiNa meM phailate gaye, jala-vAyu evaM atyadhika sAga-sabjiyoM (zAka-mAjiyoM) evaM annoM ke kAraNa mAMsa-bhakSaNa meM kamI pAyI jAne lgii| sacamuca, yaha eka Azcarya hai ki bhAratavarSa meM Aja mAMsa-bhakSaNa uttama nahIM kahA jAtA, jaba ki hamAre pUrvaja RSi Adi mAMsa-bhojI the| yaha eka vilakSaNa aitihAsika tathya hai aura saMsAra ke itihAsa meM anyatra durlabha hai| prAcIna dharmasUtroM ne bhojana evaM yajJa ke lie jIva-hatyA kI vyavasthA kI thii| Azcarya ki usa samaya karma evaM AvAgamana ke siddhAnta pracalita the taba mI jIvahatyA kI vyavasthA kI gayI thii| vedAntasUtra (3 / 1 / 25) meM bhI yajJa ke lie pazu-hanana apavitra nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6 / 2) ne AvAgamana ke siddhAnta kA vivecana kiyA hai| kintu sAtha-hI-sAtha isane usa vyakti ke lie, jo buddhimAn putra kA icchuka hai, baila yA sA~r3a yA kisI anya pazu ke mAMsa ko cAvala evaM ghRta meM pakAne kA nirdeza kiyA hai (6 / 4 / 18) / gRhya evaM dharma sUtroM ke anusAra katipaya avasaroM para na kevala anya pazuoM kI pratyuta gAya kI bhI bali dI jAtI thI, yathA (1) zrAddha meM (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 7 / 16 / 25), (2) sammAnita atithi ke lie madhuparka meM (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1124122-26, vasiSThadharmasUtra 418), (3) aSTakA dhAra meM (hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra 2 / 15 / 1, baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 2 / 5, vaikhAnasa 413) evaM (4) zUlagava yajJa meM eka baila (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 4 / 9 / 10) / dharmasUtroM meM katipaya pazuoM, pakSiyoM evaM machaliyoM ke mAMsa bhakSaNa ke viSaya meM niyama diye gaye haiN| gautama ( 17 / 27 / 31), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 17 / 35), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14 / 39-40), yAjJavalkya (1 / 177), viSNudharmasUtra (51 / 6), zaMkha (aparArka, pR0 1167 meM uddhRta), rAmAyaNa (kiSkighAkANDa 17 // 39), mArkaNDeyapurANa (35 / 2-4) ne sAhI, kharagoza, zvAvidh (sUara), godhA yA goha (eka prakAra kI chipakalI), gaiDA, kachuA ko

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422 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa chor3akara anya pA~ca nAkhUna vAle (paJcanakha) pazuoM ko khAne se manA kiyA hai| gautama ne jabar3oM meM dA~ta bAle pazuoM, bAla vAle tathA binA bAla vAle (yathA sarpa) pazuoM, grAmINa murgoM, grAmINa sUaroM, gAyoM evaM bailoM ko khAne se manA kiyA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 5 / 15) ne eka khura vAle pazuoM, U~ToM, gavayoM (ghur3arojoM), grAmINa sUaroM, zaramoM evaM gAyoM ke mAMsa ko vajita kiyA hai, kintu bailoM ke mAMsa ko vAjasaneyaka ke anusAra pavitra mAnA hai| isI dharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 5 / 15) ne upAkarma se utsarjana taka ke mAsoM meM vedAdhyApaka ko mAMsa khAne se manA kiyA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki anya mAsoM meM brAhmaNa AcArya loga mAMsa-bhakSaNa karate the| bAsI bhojana evaM binA pakA mAMsa khAne vAle chAtra ko anadhyAya nahIM karanA par3atA thA (ApastambadharmasUtra 113 / 11 / 4) / isa dharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 7 / 4) ne likhA hai ki atithi ko mAMsa dene se dvAdazAha yajJa karane kA phala milatA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (11 // 34) ne likhA hai ki zrAddha yA devapUjA meM diye gaye mAMsa ko yadi prArthanA karane para yati nahIM khAtA hai to vaha asaMkhya varSoM taka naraka meM rahatA hai| kintu kramazaH logoM ke manobhAvoM meM parivartana huaa| megasthanIja (pR0 99) evaM sTraivo (16 / 1159) ne likhA hai ki dArzanikoM kI prathama jAti, jo do upavibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai, yathAacamanesa (brAhmaNa) evaM sarmanesa (zramaNa), pazu-mAMsa nahIM khAtI aura na maithuna karatI hai (sambhavataH brahmacArI ke rUpa meM), kintu 37 varSoM taka isa prakAra rahakara yaha jAti una pazuoM kA, jo kRSi ke lie bekAra hote haiM, mAMsa khAtI hai| samrATa azoka bhI pahale mAMsabhojI thA, kintu kramazaH usane apane rAjakIya bhojanAlaya meM pazu-mAMsa bananA banda karA diyaa| prAcIna RSiyoM ne devayajJa, madhuparka evaM zrAddha meM mAMsa-bAla kI vyavasthA dA hai ataH manu evaM vasiSTha ne isa viSaya meM do bAteM kahI haiN| manu (5 / 27-44) ne kevala madhuparka, yajJa, devakRtya evaM zrAddha meM pazu-hanana kI AjJA dI hai| manu (5 / 27 evaM 32) ne likhA hai ki jaba prANa saMkaTa meM hoM (akAla yA roga ke kAraNa) to mAMsa-makSaNa se pApa nahIM lgtaa| yahI bAta yAjJavalkya (1 / 179) ne bhI kahI hai| manu ne Age calakara likhA hai ki pazu-hanana se vyakti mAre gaye pazu ke romoM kI saMkhyA vAle janmoM taka svayaM mArA jAtA hai (viSNudharmasUtra 51 / 60) / manu (5 / 40 evaM 44-viSNudharmasUtra 2 / 63, 67) ne likhA hai ki paudhe, pazu, vRkSa (jinase yajJa ke lie stamma Adi banate haiM), choTe jIva, pakSI Adi, jo yajJa karane ke silasile meM Ahata hote haiM, acchI yoniyoM meM punaH janma lete haiN| vaidika hiMsA hiMsA nahIM kahalAtI kyoMki veda se hI dharma kA prakAza nikalA hai| yahI bAta dUsare DhaMga se vasiSThadharmasUtra (14 / 39-40, 6 / 5-6) ne bhI kahI hai| Age calakara manu (5 / 46-55) ne yajJoM meM bhI pazubali ko vajita kara diyA (viSNudharmasUtra 51169-78) / manu (5 / 53) ne anta meM apanA niSkarSa diyA hai-mAMsabhakSaNa, madyapAna eva maithuna meM doSa nahIM hai, kyoMki ve svAbhAvika pravRttiyA~ haiN| kucha avasaroM evaM kucha logoM ke lie ye zAstrAnumodita haiM, kintu inase dUra rahane para (una avasaroM para bhI jinake lie zAstroM kI AjJA mila cukI hai) mahAphala kI prApti hotI hai| manu, 7. madhuparka ca yajJe ca pitRdevtkrmnni| atreva pazavo hisyA naanytretynviinmnuH|| manu 5 / 41 / yahI bAta vasiSTha (46), viSNudharmasUtra (51164) evaM zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (2016 / 1) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| 8. na mAMsabhakSaNe doSo na madye na ca maiyune| pravRttireSA bhUtAnAM nivRttistu mahAphalA // manu 5 / 56 / tantravArtika . (pR0 191) ne ise uddhRta kiyA hai| bRhaspati ne isakA vAstavika artha batAyA hai-sautrAmacyA tayA macaM zrutau bhkssymudaahRtm| Rtau ca mathunaM dhayaM putrotpttinimitttH|| svarga prApnoti naivaM tu pratyavAyena yujyte|| manu (5 / 50) kI vyAkhyA meM sarvajJa nArAyaNa dvArA uddhRt|

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mAMsa-manana vicAra viSNu evaM vasiSTha kI uparyukta uktiyoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake samaya meM do prakAra ke vyakti the; eka ve jo mAMsamakSaNa ko vaidika mAnate the, kintu veda ke kathanAnusAra yajJAdi avasaroM para hI pazu-bali karate the, aura dUsare loga ve the jo binA niyantraNa ke mAMsa-bhakSaNa karate the| manu yaha jAnate the ki zrAddha Adi aise avasaroM para mAMsa-bhakSaNa hotA thA aura unhoMne svayaM likhA hai ki zrAddha ke samaya vibhinna prakAra ke mAMsa ke sAtha bhAMti-bhA~ti ke vyaJjana banane cAhie (31227) / yAjJavalkya (12258-260) ne likhA hai ki zrAddha ke samaya brAhmaNoM ko bhAMti-bhAMti ke pazuoM kA mAMsa dene se pitaroM ko bahuta dinoM taka santoSa milatA hai| kramazaH mAMsa-makSaNa kama hotA gyaa| vaiSNava dharma ke vikAsa se bhI paza-bali meM kamI hotI gyii| bhAgavata 7 / 157-8) meM mAMsa-bhakSaNa vajita mAnA gayA hai| madhya evaM vartamAna kAla meM uttarI evaM pUrvI bhArata ko (jahA~ ke kucha brAhmaNa machalI ko vajita nahIM mAnate, yathA maithila brAhmaNa Adi) chor3akara anyatra brAhmaNa mAMsa nahIM khAte haiN| vaizya loga bhI vizeSataH jo vaiSNava haiM, mAMsa nahIM khAte haiN| bahuta-se zUdra mI mAMsa se dUra rahate haiN| kintu prAcIna kAla se hI kSatriya loga mAMsabhojI rahe haiN| mahAbhArata meM kSatriyoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke mAMsa-makSaNa kI carcAeM bahuta huI haiM, yathA vanaparva (50 / 4) meM AyA hai ki pANDavoM ne viSarahita tIroM se hirana mAre aura unakA mAMsa brAhmaNoM ko dene ke uparAnta svayaM khAyA, yudhiSThira ne (sabhAparva 411-2) mayasabhA / ke udghATana ke avasara para dasa sahana brAhmaNoM ko vanya sUkara evaM hiranoM ke mAMsa bhI khAne ko diye| isI prakAra dekhie vanaparva (208 / 11-12), anuzAsanaparva (116 / 3, 16-19) / kintu mahAbhArata ne bhI manu ke manobhAva prakaTa kiye haiM aura kahA hai ki mAMsa-makSaNa se dUra rahanA cAhie (anuzAsana 115) / manu (5 / 51) ne to yahAM taka kahA hai ki jo vyakti pazu ko mArane kI sammati detA hai, jo pazu-hanana karatA hai, jo aMga-aMga pRthak karatA hai, jo mAMsa becatA yA kharIdatA hai, jo pakAtA hai, jo parosatA hai aura jo khAtA hai-inameM sabhI mArane ke aparAdhI hote haiN| yama ne kahA hai ki mAMsamojI sabase bar3A pApI hai, kyoMki yadi vaha na hotA to koI bhI pazu hanana na karatA (AhnikaprakAza, pR0 kina pakSiyoM ko khAyA jAya aura kinheM na khAyA jAya, isa viSaya meM gautama (17 / 29 evaM 34-35), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 17 / 32-34), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14148), viSNudharmasUtra (51129-31), manu (5 / 11-14), yAjJavalkya (11172-175) Adi meM lambI sUciyA~ haiN| kaccA mAMsa khAne vAle pakSI (giddha, cIla Adi), cAtaka, totA, haMsa, grAmINa pakSI (kabUtara Adi), baka, gohar3aura yA bila khoda-khodakara apanA bhojana DhUMr3hane vAle pakSI varjita mAne gaye haiM, kintu jaMgalI murga evaM tItara varjita nahIM haiN| zabara ne jaimini (5 / 3 / 26-28) kI TIkA meM likhA hai ki agnicit ko (jisane yajJa ke lie vedI banA lI ho) pakSI taba taka nahIM khAnA cAhie jaba taka yajJa samApta na ho jaay| machalI ke bhakSaNa ke viSaya meM koI mataikya nahIM hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (105 / 17 / 36-37) ke mata se ceta (magara yA ghar3iyAla?) varjita haiN| sarpa kI bhA~ti sira vAlI, makara, zava khAnevAlI tathA vicitra AkRti vAlI machaliyAM nahIM khAnI caahie| manu (5 / 14-15) ne sabhI prakAra kI machaliyoM ke bhakSaNa ko nikRSTa mAMsa-makSaNa mAnA hai, kintu devakRtyoM tathA zrAddha meM pAThIna, rohita, rAjIva, siMha kI mukhAkRti vAlI evaM valkala vAlI machaliyoM kI chUTa dI gayI hai (5 / 16) / dekhie vasiSThadharmasUtra (14141-42), gautama (17636) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 // 177-178) / dugdha-prayoga-dUdha ke viSaya meM smRtiyoM ne bahuta-se niyama banAye haiN| gautama (17 / 22-26), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 17 / 22-24), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14334-35), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 156-158), manu (5 / 8-9),

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa viSNudharmasUtra ( 51 / 38-41), yAjJavalkya (1 / 170 ) ke anusAra jo sandhinI' gAya ho, jisakA bachar3A mara gayA ho, jise jur3avA~ bachar3e utpanna ho gaye hoM, bachar3A dene para abhI jisako dasa dina pUre na hue hoM, jisake stana se apaneApa dUdha nikalatA ho, usakA dUdha nahIM pInA caahie| bachar3A dene ke dasa dina taka bakarI evaM bhaiMsa kA dUdha bhI nahIM pInA caahie| bher3oM, U~TaniyoM tathA eka khura vAle pazuoM kA dUdha sarvathA varjita mAnA gayA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya (1 / 170 ) ke anusAra varjita dUdha kA dahI bhI varjita hai, kintu vizvarUpa ke kathanAnusAra varjita dUdha kA dahI tathA usake anya padArtha varjita nahIM haiN| apavitra bhojana karane vAlI gAya kA dUdha bhI varjita mAnA gayA hai (viSNudharmapUtra 51 / 41 evaM atri 301 ) / vAyupurANa meM bhaiMsa kA dUdha bhI varjita mAnA gayA hai|" bodhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 159 - 160) ne gAya ke dUdha ko chor3akara anya varjita dUdha pIne para prAjApatya prAyazcitta karane kI tathA varjita gAya kA dUdha pIne para tIna dinoM ke upavAsa kI vyavasthA dI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (padya) meM brAhmaNoM ko chor3akara anya logoM ke lie kapilA gAya kA dUtra varjita mAnA gayA hai, kintu bhaviSyapurANa meM deva kRtyoM se baca rahe kapilA gAya ke dUdha ko hI brAhmaNoM ke prayoga ke lie ucita ThaharAyA gayA hai| brahmapurANa ke anusAra rAtri meM yAtrA karate samaya bhI dahI kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu rAtri ke samaya madhuparka meM ise DAlA jA sakatA hai| dina meM bhune anna, rAtri meM dahI evaM jI tathA sabhI kAloM meM kovidAra evaM kapittha ( vRkSa yA phala) ke prayoga se durbhAgya kA Agamana hotA hai| zAka-bhAjI, tarakArI kA prayoga--ati prAcIna kAla se kucha zAka- mAjiyAM vajita ThaharAyI gayI haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 17 / 25-27 ) ke mata se ve sabhI zAka, jinase madirA nikAlI jAtI hai, kalaJja ( lAla lahasuna ), palANDu (pyAja), parArika ( kAlA lahasuna) tathA ve zAka- mAjiyAM jinheM bhadra loga nahIM khAte, khAne ke prayoga meM nahIM lAyI jAnI caahie| isI prakAra 'kyAku' (kavaka, kukuramuttA) bhI nahIM khAnA caahie| gautama ( 17/32-33) ne per3oM kI komala pattiyoM, kyAku, lazuna ( lahasuna ), vRkSoM kI rAla tathA vRkSoM para kSata kara dene para chAla se jo lAla srAva nikalatA hai, ina saba ko varjita mAnA hai / vasiSThaSarmasUtra ( 14 / 33 ) ne lazuna, palANDu, gRJjana (zikhAmUla yA zalajama ), zleSmAtaka, vRkSa-srAva evaM chAla se nikale lAla jhAga ko varjita mAnA hai / manu ( 515-6 ) ne lazuna, palANDu, gRJjana, kavaka ( kukuramuttA), apavitra miTTI se upajI huI sabhI prakAra kI zAka-mAjiyoM, lAla vRkSa-vAva evaM lAla vRkSa jhAga tathA zelu phaloM ko varjita mAnA hai| yAjJavalkya (1 / 171) ne zitru jor3a diyA hai aura vajita padArthoM ke prayoga para cAndrAyaNa vrata kI vyavasthA dI hai| prAcIna kAla meM prayukta zAka-bhAjiyoM ke Adhunika paryAya nAmoM kI jAnakArI bahuta kaThina hai| gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 356 ) meM uddhRta smRtimaJjarI ke anusAra palANDu ke dasa prakAra haiM, jinameM gRJjana ( zalajama) bhI eka / " isI prakAra aparArka ( pR0 249), gRhastharatnAkara 424 9. 'sandhinI' ke tIna artha batAye gaye haiM- (1) gama gAya arthAt jo garbhavatI honA cAhatI hai, (2) vaha gAya jo dina meM kevala eka bAra dUdha detI hai tathA (3) vaha gAya jo dUsare bachar3e ke lAne para dUdha detI hai, arthAt jisakA bachar3A mara gayA ho aura dUsare bachar3e se abhisaMdhAnita ho cukI ho| 10. ajA gAvo mahiSyazca ameSyaM bhakSayanti yAH / dugdhaM havye ca kavye ca gomayaM na vilepayet // atri 301 / AvikaM mArgamauSTraM ca sarvamekazakaM ca yat / mAhiSaM cAmaraM caiva payo vajyaM vijAnatA / / vAyupurANa 78 / 17 / 11. rasono dIrghapatrazca picchagandhI mahauSadham / hiraNyazva palANDuzca navatakkaH parArikA / guJjanaM yavaneSTaM ca palANDovaMza jAtayaH // iti smRtimaJjarIkAralikhitavaidyakazlokAt / gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 356 evaM AhnikaprakAza ( pR0 514) /

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bhojya-amojya vicAra 425 (10 354-356) Adi ne bhI vajita zAka-sabjiyoM kI sUcI upasthita kI hai| sumantu ke eka sUtra (yAjJavalkya 31290 kI TIkA meM mitAkSarA dvArA uddhRta) ke anusAra davA ke rUpa meM lahazuna kA prayoga vajita nahIM hai| gautama (17 / 32) kI TIkA meM haradatta ne likhA hai ki yaha nahIM jJAta hai ki hiMgu (hIMga) kisI per3a kA srAva hai yA kATa diye jAne para nikalA huA mAga hai, kintu sabhI bhadra vyakti ise prayoga meM lAte haiM, aura kapUra kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki na to yaha lAla hai, na srAva hai aura na hai kATe hue per3a kI chAla kA jhAga yA rs| smRticandrikA (pR0 413) ne likhA hai ki kucha smRtiyoM ne hIMga ko varjita mAnA hai kintu AdipurANa ne nahIM, ataH apanI ruci ke anusAra isakA prayoga ho sakatA hai| gRhastharatnAkara (pR0 354) ne likhA hai ki gola alAbu (lokI) varjita hai| varjita zAka-mAjiyoM ke nAmoM ke lie dekhie vRddha-hArIta (7 / 113-119) evaM smRtimuktAphala (Ahnika, pR0 434-435) / barjita anna-ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 8 / 18 / 2) ne zrAddha meM mASa jaise kAle anna varjita mAne haiN| mahAbhASya (jilda 1, pR0 127) ne viziSTa avasaroM para mASa ko varjita anna mAnA hai aura likhA hai ki jaba yaha ghoSita hai ki mASa nahIM khAnA cAhie. to use. anya annoM ke sAtha milAkara bhI nahIM khAnA caahie| rAjamASa, sthala madaga, masUra Adi ko varjita mAnA gayA hai (brahmapurANa, gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 359) / AhnikaprakAza (pR0 394) meM uddhRta zaMkhalikhita meM AyA hai ki kodrava, caNaka (canA), mASa, masUra, kulattha evaM uddAlaka ko chor3akara sabhI anna. devayajJa meM prayukta ho sakate haiN| vRddha-hArIta (7 / 110-111) ne bhI varjita annoM kI sUcI dI hai| vajita pakva pavArtha-gautama (17 / 14), ApastambadharmasUtra (115 / 17 / 17-19), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14 / 28-29 evaM 37-38), manu (5 / 10, 24-25) evaM yAjJavalkya (1167) ke anusAra bAsI pakvAnna (banAkara bahuta dera se rakhA huA bhojana) yA jo anya padArthoM se mizrita kara rakha diyA gayA ho, yA vaha bhojana jo rAta aura dina arthAt lagabhaga 24 ghaNTe kA ho cukA ho, nahIM khAnA caahie| dahI, makkhana, tarakAriyoM, roTiyoM, bhune annoM, haluvA, pApar3oM, tela yA ghI meM pakAye hue anna, dUdha tathA madhu meM mizrita padArthoM ko chor3akara dobArA pakAye hue padArthoM ko nahIM khAnA caahie| vaha bAsI bhojana jisameM ghI yA dahI milA ho yA jo devoM kA prasAda ho khA lenA caahie| manu (5 / 25), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14 / 37-38), ApastambadharmasUtra (105 / 17 / 19) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 169) ke mata se gehU~ evaM jo ke bAsI bhojya padArtha tathA dUdha ke bAsI padArtha, binA ghI ke mizraNa ke bhI dvijAtiyoM dvArA prayoga meM lAye jA sakate haiM, kintu ye padArtha jaba khaTTe ho jAye to khAne ke yogya nahIM hote| vajita yA tyAjya bhojana-uparilikhita varjita mAMsa, dugdha evaM zAka-bhAjiyA~ jAtiduSTa yA svabhAvaduSTa bhojana ke antargata AtI haiN| samaya bIta jAne se utpanna bAsI yA khaTTe bhojana kAladuSTa kahe jAte haiM / ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 16 / 19-20 evaM 24-29), manu (4 / 207-209, 212, 217) evaM yAjJavalkya ke anusAra bhojya padArtha yadi palAMDu jaise varjita padArthoM se mizrita ho jAyeM, yA apavitra dravya ke samparka meM A jAya~, yA jisameM bAla yA kITa par3a jAyeM, yA jisameM cUhe kI bITa, aMga yA pUMcha par3I mila jAya, yA jo rajasvalA nArI se chU jAya, yA jisameM koe kI coMca laga jAya, yA jise sUara chU le yA gAya sUMgha le, yA jo aise ghara se AyA ho jahA~ koI mara gayA ho yA baccA utpanna huA ho arthAt jahA~ sUtaka lagA ho, to use varjita mAnanA caahie| yadi khAte samaya sUara, apapAtra, cANDAla, kuttA, kauA, murgA yA rajasvalA nArI dikhAI par3a jAya to bhojana chor3akara uTha jAnA caahie| manu (33239-240) ne uparyukta sUcI meM napuMsaka vyakti bhI jor3a diyA hai aura kahA hai ki inheM devakRtya, zrAddha yA dAnakarma ke silasile meM yA khAte samaya nahIM dekhanA caahie| kAtyAyana ne to yahA~ taka kaha DAlA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa khAte pamaya cANDAla, patita, rajasvalA nArI kA svara suna le to use bhojana chor3akara uTha jAnA cAhie, kintu yadi usane dharma0 54

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426 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa svara sunane ke uparAnta eka kaura bhI khA liyA hai to use eka dina kA upavAsa karanA caahie| mRtyu-zoka vAle ghara ke bhojana ko nimittaduSTa (kisI avasara yA saMyoga ke kAraNa jita) kahA jAtA hai| asvastha yA apavitra vastuoM yA lahazuna Adi ke samparka meM Agata bhojana saMsargaduSTa kA udAharaNa hai| kuttA Adi se dekhA gayA bhojana kriyAduSTa (kucha viziSTa kAraNoM se dUSita, kahA jAtA hai| smRtikAroM ne vyAvahArika jJAna kA bhI pradarzana kiyA hai / baudhAyanavarmasUtra (27 / 7) evaM vaikhAnasa (9 / 15) kA kathana hai ki yadi vipula bhojana-rAzi meM bAla, nAkhUna ke Tukar3e, carma, kITa, mUse kI laiMr3iyA~ dikhAI par3a jAyeM, to vahAM se thor3A bhojana nikAla lenA cAhie, usa para pavitra bhasma (bhabhUta) chir3akakara, pAnI chir3akakara tathA brAhmaNoM dvArA use pavitra ghoSita karavAkara khAnA caahie| parAzara (671-74) ne bhI yahI bAta dUsare DhaMga se kahI hai aura pavitrIkaraNa ke lie sone kI zalAkA kA sparza, agni-sparza (jalate kuza se) tathA brAhmaNa dvArA par3he gaye mantra kI vidhi batAyI hai| kevala apane lie pakAye hue bhojana ko (jisakA kucha bhI aMza devoM yA atithi ke lie nahIM ho) vajita mAnA gayA hai (gautama 17 / 19 evaM manu 4 / 213) / aise bhojana ko saMskAraduSTa (pavitra kriyAoM yA kRtyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa dUSita yA tyAjya) kahA gayA hai (smRtyartha sAra, pR068)| parigrahaduSTa bhojana (bhojana bhale hI acchA ho kintu viziSTa vyaktiyoM dvArA lAye jAne athavA upasthita kiye jAne ke kAraNa jo tyAjya mAnA jAtA hai) ke viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama bane haiN| isa sambandha meM ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 6 / 18-16-33 evaM sh6|19|1), gautama (15 / 18 evaM 17 / 17-18), vasiSThadharmasUtra (14 / 2-11), manu (4 / 205-220), yAjJavalkya (1 / 160-165), vyAsa (3 / 50-54), brahmapurANa tathA anya granthoM meM nimnalikhita vyaktiyoM kI carcA huI hai-- pavitra agniyoM (zrauta evaM gRhya agniyoM) ko na rakhane vAlA, kaMjUsa (jo apane mAtA-pitA, baccoM evaM patnI ko lobha ke kAraNa bhUkhe rakhatA hai), vandI, cora, napuMsaka, pahalavAna (yA abhinaya karake jIvikA calAne vAlA), vaiNa (bA~sa kA kAma karane vAlA yA vizvarUpa ke anusAra naTa), gAyaka, abhinetA, abhizasta (mahApAtaka kA aparAdhI), balAt grAhI (arthAt jabaradastI har3apa jAne vAlA yA dUsare kI sampatti para balAt adhikAra karane vAlA), vezyA, saMgha yA gaNa (duSTa brAhmaNoM yA duSTa logoM kA dala), vaidika yajJa karane ke lie dIkSita (jisane abhI yajJa samApta na kiyA ho, arthAt jisane abhI soma nahIM ma~gAyA hai aura agni tathA soma ko pazu-bali nahIM dI hai), vaidya (jo auSadha se jIvikA calAtA hai), cIra-phAr3a karane vAlA (jarrAha), vyAdha, AkheTaka (yA machalI vecane vAlA), na acche honevAle roga se pIr3ita, krUra, vyabhicAriNI, matta (madirA ke naze meM yA dhana-sampatti yA vidyA ke mada meM cUra), vairI, ugra (krodhI svabhAva vAlA yA ugra jAti kA vyakti), patita (jAticyuta), vrAtya, kapaTI, jUThA khAnevAlA, vidhavA, aputra, svarNakAra, straiNa (strI ke vaza meM rahane vAlA), grAmapurohita, astra-zastra becane vAlA, lohAra, niSAda, darjI, zvavRtti (kutte kA vyavasAya karane vAlA yA sevaka), gajA, rAjapurohita, dhobI (yA raMgareja), kRtaghna, pazu mArakara jIvikA calAne vAlA, madirA banAne evaM becane vAlA, jo apanI patnI ke jAra (prebhI) ke ghara meM ThaharatA hai, soma latA becane vAlA, cagalakhora, jhUThA, telI, mATa, dAyAda (jaba taka use santAna na ho jAya), putrahIna, binA beda par3he yajJa karane vAlA, yajJa karane vAlI strI, bar3haI, jyotiSI (jyotiSa se jIvikA calAne vAlA), ghaNTI bajAne vAlA (rAjA ko jagAne ke lie ghaNTI bajAne vAlA), grAmakuTa (grAma kA adhikArI), parivitti, parivividAna, zUdra nArI kA pati, (punarvivAhita ) vidhA kA pati, punarbhU kA putra, khAla kA kAma karane vAlA, kumbhakAra, guptacara, saMnyAsa Azrama ke niyamoM kA pAlana na karane vAlA saMnyAsI, pAgala, jo dharNa (dharane) meM apane RNI ke ghara para baiTha gayA ho| man (122:) ne uparyukta vyaktiyoM kA bhojana binA jAne hae kara lene para bhI tIna dinoM ke vrata kI vyavasthA tathA jAnakArI meM inakA bhojana khA lene para kRccha kI vyavasthA dI hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 10) ne gveda

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bhojya- abhojya vicAra 427 ( 9/58 ) ke japa kI vyavasthA dI hai, aura yahI vyavasthA manu ( 9/253) evaM viSNudhamaMsUtra (5/6/6 ) ne bhI dI hai| vihita bhojana evaM bhojyAnna - gautama evaM Apastamba ke kAla meM brAhmaNa loga kSatriyoM, vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke yahA~ khA sakate the, kintu kAlAntara meM yaha chUTa niyantrita ho gayI aura kevala unhIM zUdroM ke yahA~ brAhmaNa khA sakate jo brAhmaNa kI kRSi sAjhe meM karate hoM, kuTumba yA parivAra ke mitra hoM, apane caravAhe hoM, apane nAI ( nApita) yA dAsa hoN| isa viSaya meM dekhie gautama ( 17 / 6), manu ( 4 253), viSNudharma sUtra (57 / 16), yAjJavalkya (1 / 166), aMgirA ( 120-121), vyAsa ( 3 / 55) evaM parAzara (11 / 21) / manu evaM yAjJavalkya ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki aisA zUdra jo yaha kahe ki vaha brAhmaNa kA Azrita hone jA rahA hai, usake jIvana ke kArya-kalApa isa prakAra ke rahe haiM, aura vaha brAhmaNa kI sevA karegA, to vaha bhojyAnna (jisakA bhojana khAyA jA sakatA hai) kahalAtA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 1 / 166 para eka sUtra uddhRta kara) tathA devala ne kumbhakAra ko bhI bhojyAnna ghoSita kiyA hai / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 1414 ), manu (4 / 211 evaM 223) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 160 ) ne zUdroM ke bhojana kI varjitatA ke viSaya meM sAmAnya niyama diye haiN| aMgirA ( 121) ne likhA hai ki uparyukta varNita pA~ca prakAra ke zUdroM ke atirikta anya zUdroM ke yahA~ bhojana karane para cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA par3atA hai| atri (172- 173) ne dhobI, abhinetA, bA~sa kA kAma karane vAle ke yahA~ bhojana karane vAloM ke lie cAndrAyaNa vrata tathA antyajoM ke yahA~ bhojana karane yA rahane vAloM ke lie parAka prAyazcitta vyavasthA dI hai| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie vasiSThadharmaM sUtra ( 6 / 26-29), aMgirA (69-70 ), Apastamba (padya) 819-10) Adi / aMgirA (75) evaM Apastamba (padya, 84819) ne likhA hai ki yadi agnihotrI zUdra ke yahA~ khAtA hai| to usakI pA~ca vastue~ naSTa ho jAtI haiM, yathA- AtmA, vaidika jJAna evaM tIna pavitra agniyAM / manu ( 5184 ) kI TIkA meM meghAtithi ne spaSTa likhA hai ki nApita (nAI ) spRzya aura mojyAnna hai ( usakA bhojana khAyA jA sakatA hai)| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki navIM zatAbdI taka kucha zUdroM ke yahA~ bhojana karanA bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM meM varjita nahIM thaa| aMgirA (77-78), Apastamba ( padya, 8111 - 13 ) evaM yama ( gRhastharatnAkara, pR0 334 meM uddhRta ) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki brAhmaNa brAhmaNoM ke yahA~ sabhI samayoM meM, kSatriya ke yahA~ kevala ( pUrNamAsI Adi) parva ke samaya, vaizyoM ke yahA~ kevala yaza ke lie dIkSita hote samaya bhojana kara sakatA hai, kintu zUdroM ke yahAM kabhI bhI nahIM khA sakatA; cAroM varNoM kA bhojana krama se amRta, dUSa, bhojana evaM rakta hai / yadi koI anya jIvikA na ho to manu (4 / 223 ) ke anusAra brAhmaNa zUdra ke yahA~ eka rAtri ke lie binA pakAyA huA bhojana le sakatA hai| kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke yahA~ bhojana karanA kaba varjita huA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai / gautama ( 17 / 1) ne likhA hai ki IMdhana, jala, bhUsA (cArA ), kandamUla, phala, madhu, rakSA, binA mAMge jo mile, zayyA, Asana, Azraya, gAr3I, dUdha, dahI, bhunA anna, zapharI (choTI machalI), priyaMgu (jvAra), mAlA, hirana kA mAMsa, zAka Adi jaba acAnaka diye jAya~ to asvIkAra nahIM karane cAhie / yahI bAta vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 14 / 12 ) evaM manu (4|50) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 337) dvArA uddhRta aMgirA ke mata se zUdra ke ghara se gAya kA dUdha, jau kA ATA, tela, tela meM bane khAdya, ATe kI banI roTiyA~ tathA dUdha meM banI sabhI prakAra kI vastueM grahaNa kI jA sakatI haiN| bRhatparAzara ( 6 ) ke anusAra binA pakA mAMsa, ghRta, maghu tathA phaloM se nikAle hue tela yadi mleccha ke baratanoM meM rakhe hue hoM to jyoM hI ve usase nikAla liye jAte haiM pavitra samajhe jAte haiM / isI prakAra AbhArAM (ahIroM) ke pAtroM meM rakhA huA dUdha evaM dahI pavitra hai aura ve pAtra bhI ina vastuoM ke kAraNa pavitra haiM / laghu-zAtAtapa (128) ke anusAra kheta yA khalihAna kA anna, kue~ se khIMcA huA jala, gozAlA kA dU Adi unase bhI grahaNa kiye jA sakate haiM jinakA bhojana varjita samajhA jAtA hai| pazcAtkAlIna granthakAroM (yathA haradatta) ne manu (41253) dvArA varNita pA~ca prakAra ke zUdroM ke yahA~ kevala ApatkAla meM bhojana karane ko likhA hai|

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428 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha vizeSa padArtha viziSTa kAloM taka hI nahIM khAye jA sakate, pathA--brahmacArI ko madhu, mAMsa evaM kSAralavaNa khAnA varjita hai (ApastambadharmasUtra 111246. mAnavagRhyasUtra 111 / 12); kintu ApatkAla meM vaha inheM khA sakatA hai (medhAtithi, manu 5 / 27) / isI prakAra vAnaprastha evaM yati loga bahuta-sI vastue~ nahIM khA sakate the (isakA ullekha Age kiyA jaaygaa)| kSatriyoM ko soma pInA varjita thaa| bhojana banAne evaM parosane vAle--pAcakoM (mojana banAne vAloM) evaM parosane vAloM ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta-se niyama bane hue haiN| prAcIna kAla meM brAhmaNa sabhI vargoM ke yahA~ bhojana kara sakatA thA, yahA~ taka ki pA~ca prakAra ke zUdroM ke yahA~ bhI, ata: pAcakoM evaM parosane vAloM ke viSaya meM una dinoM koI kaThinAI nahIM thii| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 2 / 3 / 1-6) ke anusAra vaizvadeva ke lie Arya loga (tIna vargoM ke loga) snAna se pavitra hokara bhojana banA sakate haiM, para ve bhojana kI ora muMha karake bola, khA~sa evaM thUka nahIM sakate, yadi ve bAla, zarIrAMga evaM apanA paridhAna chU leM to unheM jala-sparza karanA caahie| AryoM kI adhyakSatA meM zUdra loga bhojana banA sakate haiN| ApastambadharmasUtra kA kahanA hai ki zUdra pAcaka ko prati dina yA AThaveM dina yA parva ke dinoM meM apane keza, dAr3hI evaM nAkhUna kaTA lene cAhie aura sAre vastroM ke sAtha snAna karanA cAhie / laghu-AzvalAyana (11176) ke mata se patnI, vadhU, putra, ziSya bar3I avasthA ke sambandhI, AcArya bhojana banA sakate haiN| nArAyaNa (aparArka, pR0 500) ke mata se dvijAtiyoM ko apanI jAti vAlI patnI bhojana parosa sakatI hai| Adarza to yaha thA ki koI gRhastha kisI ke yahA~ yathAsambhava bhojana na kare, ki dopahita vyakti dvArA nimantrita hone para bhojana karanA hI cAhie (gautama 1748, manu 3 / 104, yAjJavalkya 1 / 112) / manu (3 / 104) ke mata se jo vyakti sadA dUsaroM ke anna para hI jIvita rahanA cAhatA hai vaha mRtyu ke uparAnta bhojana denevAle ke yahA~ pazu rUpa meM janma pAtA hai| madyapAna-Rgveda ne soma evaM surA meM antara batAyA hai| soma madamatta karane vAlA peya padArtha thA aura isakA prayoga kevala devagaNa evaM purohita loga kara sakate the, kintu surA kA prayoga anya koI bhI kara sakatA thA, aura vaha bahudhA devatAoM ko samarpita nahIM hotI thii| Rgveda (7 / 8616) meM vasiSTha RSi ne varuNa se prArthanAbhare zabdoM meM kahA hai ki manuSya svayaM apanI vRtti yA zakti se pApa nahIM karatA, pratyuta bhAgya, surA, krodha, juA evaM asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa vaha aisA karatA hai| soma evaM surA ke viSaya meM anya saMketa dekhie Rgveda (8 / 2 / 12, 1 / 11617, 1 / 191 / 10, 10 / 107 / 9, 10 / 13 / 4 evaM 5) / atharvaveda (4 / 3456) meM aisA AyA hai ki yajJa karane vAle ko svarga meM ghRta evaM madhu kI jhIleM evaM jala kI bhA~ti bahatI huI surA milatI haiN| Rgveda (10 / 131 / 4) meM soma-mizrita surA ko surAma kahate haiM aura isakA prayoga indra ne asura namuci ke yuddha meM kiyA thaa| atharvaveda meM surA kA varNana kaI sthAnoM para huA hai, yathA 14 / 1 / 35-36, 15 / 9 / 2-3 / bAjasaneyI saMhitA (19 / 7) meM bhI surA evaM soma kA antara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 5 / 1) tathA zatapathabrAhmaNa (1 / 6 / 3 evaM 5 / 5 / 4) meM tvaSTA ke putra vizvarUpa kI gAthA AyI hai| vizvarUpa ke tIna sira the, eka se vaha soma pItA thA, dUsare se surA tathA tIsare se bhojana karatA thaa| indra ne vizvarUpa ke sira kATa DAle, isa para tvaSTA bahuta krodhita huA aura usane somayajJa kiyA jisameM indra ko Amantrita nahIM kiyaa| indra ne binA nimantrita hue sArA soma pI liyaa| itanA pI lene se indra ko mahAn kaSTa huA, ataH devatAoM ne sItrAmaNI nAmaka iSTi dvArA use acchA kiyaa| sautrAmaNI yajJa usa purohita ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA thA jo adhika soma pI jAtA thaa| isase madamatta vyakti vamana yA virecana karatA thA (dekhie kAtyAyanazrautasUtra 19 // 114) / zatapatha brAhmaNa (12 / 7 / 3 / 5) evaM kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (191 / 20-27) meM surA banAne kI vidhi batAyI gayI hai| jaimini (3 / 5 / 14-15) meM sautrAmaNI yajJa ke viSaya meM carcA hai| isa yajJa meM koI brAhmaNa bulAyA jAtA

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thA aura use surA kA talachaTa pInA par3atA thaa| zatapaya brAhmaNa (5 / 5 / 4 / 28) ne soma ko 'satya, samRddhi evaM prakAza' tathA surA ko 'asatya, kleza evaM andhakAra' kahA hai| isI brAhmaNa (5 / 5 / 4 / 21) ne soma evaM surA ke mizraNa ke bhayAnaka rUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| kAThakasaMhitA (12 / 12) meM manoraMjaka varNana AyA hai ; "ataH prauDha, yuvaka, vadhue~ aura zvazura surA pIte haiM, sAtha-sAtha pralApa karate haiM; mUrkhatA (vicArahInatA) sacamuca' aparAdha hai, ataH brAhmaNa yaha socakara ki yadi maiM pIU~gA to aparAdha karU~gA, surA nahIM pItA, ata: yaha kSatriya ke lie hai| brAhmaNa se kahanA cAhie-yadi kSatriya surA piye to usakI hAni nahIM hogii|" isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki kAThakasaMhitA ke kAla meM sAmAnyataH brAhmaNa loga surA pInA chor3a cuke the| sautrAmaNI yajJa meM surA kA talachaTa pIne ke lie bhI brAhmaNa kA milanA kaThina ho gayA thA (taittirIya brAhmaNa 11806) / aitareya brAhmaNa (37 / 4) meM abhiSeka ke samaya purohita dvArA rAjA ke hAtha meM surApAtra kA rakhA jAnA varNita hai| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 10 / 9) meM surApAna karane vAle ko pAMca pApiyoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| isI upaniSad (5 / 1125) meM kekaya ke rAjA azvapati ne kahA hai ki usake rAjya meM madyapa nahIM pAye jaate| kucha gRhyasUtroM meM eka vicitra bAta pAyI jAtI hai--anvaSTakA ke dina jaba puruSa pitaroM ko piNDa diyA jAtA hai to mAtA, pitAmahI (dAdI) evaM prapitAmahI ko piNDadAna ke sAtha surA bhI dI jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha, AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (2 / 5 / 5) meM AyA hai-"pitaroM kI paliyoM ko surA dI jAtI hai aura pake hue cAvala kA avazeSa bhii|" yahI bAta pAraskaragRhyasUtra (313) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| kAThakagRhyasUtra (65 / 7-8) meM AyA hai ki anvaSTakA meM nArI pitaroM ke piNDoM para camasa se surA chir3akI jAnI cAhie aura ve piNDa naukaroM yA niSAdoM dvArA khAye jAne cAhie, yA unheM pAnI yA agni meM pheMka denA cAhie yA brAhmaNoM ko khAne ke lie de denA caahie| isa vicitra bAta kA kAraNa batAnA kaThina hai| yadi anumAna dvArA kAraNa batAyA jA sake to kahA jA sakatA hai ki (1) una dinoM nAriyAM surApAna kiyA karatI thIM (sambhavataH luka-chipakara), yA (2) gRhyasUtroM ke kAla meM antajarjAtIya vivAha calate the aura gharameM. kSatriya evaM vaizya patniyA~ surApAna kiyA karatI thiiN| manu (11395) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie surApAna varjita mAnA hai, kintu kullU ka kA kathana hai ki kucha TIkAkAroM ke mata se yaha pratibandha nAriyoM para lAgU nahIM hotA thaa| gRhyasUtroM kI dRSTi meM uparyukta chUTa ke lie jo bhI kAraNa rahe hoM, kintu yaha bAta kAThakasaMhitA evaM brAhmaNa granthoM ke lie hI nahIM pratyuta ekamata se dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ke lie pUrNarUpeNa amAnya rahI hai| gautama (2025), ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 5 / 17 / 21), manu (11194) ne eka svara se brAhmaNoM ke lie sabhI avasthAoM meM sabhI prakAra kI nazIlI vastuoM ko varjita jAnA hai| surA yA madya kA pAnaM eka mahApAtaka kahA gayA hai (Apastambadharma sUtra 11742118, vasiSThadharmasUtra 1120, viSNudharmasUtra 1531, manu 11154, yAjJavalkya 3 / 227) / yaha saba hote hue bhI baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 4) ne likhA hai ki uttara ke brAhmaNoM ke vyavahAra meM lAyI jAne vAlI vicitra pA~ca vastuoM meM sIdhu (Asava) bhI hai| isa dharmasUtra ne una sabhI vilakSaNa pAMcoM vastuoM kI karsanA kI hai| manu (11193-94) kI ye bAteM nibandhoM evaM TIkAkAroM ne uddhRta kI haiM-"surA bhojana kA mala hai, aura pApa ko mala kahate haiM, ataH brAhmaNoM, rAjanyoM (kSatriyoM) evaM vaizyoM ko cAhie ki ve surA kA pAna na kreN| surA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai-gur3a vAlI, ATe vAlI tathA madhUka (mahuA) ke phUloM vAlI (gaur3I, paiSTI evaM mAdhvI), inameM kisI ko bhI brAhmaNa na piye|"12 mahAbhArata (udyogaparva 55 / 5) meM vAsudeva evaM arjuna madirA pIkara matta hue 12. surA va malamannAnAM pApmA ca mlmucyte| tasmAd brAhmaNarAjanyau vaizyazca na surAM pibet // gaurI paiSTI

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 430 kahe gaye haiN| yaha madirA madhu se banI thI / tantravArtika ( pR0 209 - 210) ne likhA hai ki kSatriyoM ko yaha varjita nahIM thI ataH vAsudeva evaM arjuna kSatriya hone ke nAte pApI nahIM hue| manu ( 11 / 93-94) evaM gautama (2 / 25 ) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie sabhI prakAra kI surA varjita mAnI hai, kintu kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie kevala paiSTI varjita hai / zUdroM ke lie madyapAna varjita nahIM thA, yadyapi vRddha hArIta (9 / 277-278) ne likhA hai ki kucha logoM ke mata se sat-zUdroM ko surApAna nahIM karanA caahie| manu kI bAta karate hue bRddha hArIta ne kahA hai ki jhUTha bolane, mAMsa bhakSaNa karane, madyapAna karane, corI karane yA dUsare kI patnI curAne se zUdra bhI patita ho jAtA hai| pratyeka varNa ke brahmacArI ko surApAna se dUra rahanA par3atA thA ( ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 1 / 2 / 23, manu 2 / 177 evaM yAjJavalkya 1 / 33 ) / yAjJavalkya ( 1333 ) kI TIkA meM vizvarUpa ne caraka zAkhA kI bAta kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai ki jaba zvetaketu ko kilAsa nAmaka carma roga ho gayA to azvinI ne usase madhu (zahada yA Asava ) evaM mAMsa auSadha ke rUpa meM khAne ko khaa| jaba zvetaketu ne yaha kahA ki vaha brahmacArI ke rUpa meM ina vastuoM kA prayoga nahIM kara sakatA, to azvinau ne kahA ki manuSya ko roga evaM mRtyu se apanI rakSA karanI cAhie, kyoMki jIkara hI to vaha puNyakArI kArya kara sakatA hai| aparArka ( pR0 63 ) ne brahmapurANa kA havAlA dete hue likhA hai ki kaliyuga meM naramedha, azvamedha, madyapAna tInoM ucca varNoM ke lie varjita haiM aura brAhmaNoM ke lie to sabhI yugoM meN| kintu yaha ukti aitihAsika tathyoM evaM paramparAoM ke virodha meM par3atI hai| mahAbhArata (Adiparva 76/77 ) ne zukra, unakI putrI devayAnI evaM ziSya kaca kI gAthA kahI hai aura likhA hai ki zukra ne sabase pahale brAhmaNoM ke lie surApAna varjita mAnA aura vyavasthA dI ki usake uparAnta surApAna karane vAlA brAhmaNa brahmahatyA kA aparAdhI mAnA jAyagA / mauzalaparva ( 1129-30 ) meM AyA hai ki balarAma ne usa dina se jaba ki yAdavoM ke sarvanAza ke lie mUsala utpanna kiyA gayA, surApAna varjita kara diyA aura AjJA dI ki isa anuzAsana kA pAlana na karane se loga zUlI para car3hA diye jaayeNge| zAntiparva ( 110 / 29 ) ne likhA hai ki janma kAla se hI jo madhu, mAMsa evaM madirA ke sevana se dUra rahatA hai vaha kaThinAiyoM para vijaya prApta karatA hai / zAntiparva ( 34 / 20 ) ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki yadi koI maya yA ajJAna se surApAna karatA hai to use punaH upanayana karanA caahie| viSNudharmasUtra ( 22383-85 ) ke anusAra brAhmaNoM ke lie varjita madya 10 prakAra kI haiM - mAdhUka ( mahuA vAlI), aikSava ( Ikha vAlI), TAMka (TaMka yA kapittha phala vAlI), kaula ( kola yA badara yA unnAva nAmaka bera vAlI), khArjUra (khajUra vAlI), pAnasa ( kaTahara vAlI), aMgUrI, mAdhvI ( madhu vAlI), maireya (eka paudhe ke phUloM vAlI) evaM nArikelaja ( nArikela vAlI ) / kintu ye dasoM kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie varjita nahIM haiN| surA nAmaka madirA cAvala ke ATe se banatI thii| manu (9/80 ) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 73 ) ke matAnusAra madyapAna karane vAlI patnI ( cAhe vaha zUdra hI kyA na ho aura brAhmaNa ko hI kyoM na byAhI gayI ho ) tyAjya hai / mitAkSarA ne uparyukta yAjJavalkya ke kathana kI TIkA meM parAzara (10) 26) evaM vasiSThagharmasUtra kA havAlA dete hue kahA hai ki madyapAna karane vAlI strI ke pati kA ardha zarIra bar3e bhArI pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai|" vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 21 / 1 ) ne likhA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa-patnI surApAna ca mAdhvI ca vijJeyA trividhA surA / yathaivaikA tathA sarvA na pAtavyA dvijottamaiH // manu ( 11 / 93-94 ) / sarvajJa nArAyaNa ne mAvI kI vyAkhyA tIna prakAra se kI hai-- mAdhvI drAkSArasakRteti kecit / madhUkapuSpeNa madhunA vA kRtA vAcyaH / 13. patatyarthaM zarIrasya yasya bhAryA surAM pibet / patitArdhazarIrasya niSkRtinaM vidhIyate // vasiSTha 21 / 15 evaM parAzara 10 / 26 /

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bhojanAnantara ke kRtya 431 karatI hai to vaha apane pati ke loka ( mRtyUparAnta) ko nahIM prApta kara sakatI, vaha isI loka meM joMka evaM sIpI-ghoMghA banakara jala meM ghUmatI rahatI hai| yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 256) ne kahA hai ki surApAna karane vAlI patnI apane Age ke janmoM meM isa saMsAra meM kutiyA, cIla yA sUara hotI hai| yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 140 ) kI TIkA meM vizvarUpa ne likhA hai ki madya yA surA becane vAle ko cAhie ki vaha apanI dUkAna ke Age eka jhaMDA gAr3a de ki loga use jAna sakeM, usakI dUkAna grAma ke madhya meM honI cAhie, use cAhie ki vaha antyajoM ko, ApatkAla ko chor3akara anya samayoM meM, surA na bece / megasthanIja ( pR0 69) evaM sTraibo (15 / 1 / 53) ne likhA hai ki yazoM ke kAloM ko chor3akara bhAratIya kamI bhI surApAna nahIM karate ( cauthI zatAbdI IsA pUrva ) / gautama ( 23|1), manu, (11 / 90-91 ) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 3 | 253) ne likhA hai ki yadi koI jAna-bUjhakara aura bahudhA surA ( = paiSTI) pItA hai to vaha mukha meM khaulatI huI surA yA jala yA ghRta yA gAya kA mUtra yA dUdha DalavAkara mara jAne ke uparAnta hI pavitra ho sakatA hai| ajJAna meM surA pI lene para kRcchra prAyazcitta se hI pavitra huA jA sakatA hai ( vasiSThagharmasUtra 2019, manu 11 / 146, yAjJavalkya 3 / 255) / aparArka ( pR0 1070) ne kumAra kI smRti ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki pA~ca varSa kI avasthA vAle bacce ke lie surApAna karane para koI prAyazcitta nahIM hai, kintu usake Upara evaM upanayana ke pUrva surApAna karane para usake mAtA-pitA, anya sambandhI evaM mitra ko tIna kRcchroM kA prAyazcitta karanA par3atA hai| manu (7/47-52 ) ne rAjAoM ke avaguNoM meM dasa ko Ananda - kAma se utpanna tathA ATha ko krodha se utpanna mAnA hai aura ina avaguNoM meM Ananda ke lie surApAna, juA, nAriyoM evaM mRgayA ko nikRSTa mAnA hai, kintu surApAna ko to sabase nikRSTa doSa ginA hai| yahI bAta kauTilya ( 813 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| gautama (12 / 38) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 2/47) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki yadyapi santAnoM ko pitaroM ke RNa se mukta honA cAhie aura aisA karanA unakA pAvana kArya hai, kintu pitaroM dvArA surApAna ke lie kiye gaye RNa ko adA karanA unakA koI kartavya nahIM hai / brAhmaNa ke varjita pezoM ( vyavasAyoM) meM surA-vyApAra bhI hai ( manu 10 / 89 evaM yAjJavalkya 3 / 27) / bhojana ke uparAnta ke kRtya aba hama punaH bhojana ke viSaya kI carcA meM laga jaayeN| dina ke bhojana (madhyAhnakAla ke bhojana) ke uparAnta nAmbUla yA mukhavAsa khAyA jAtA thaa| prAcIna kAla meM bhI loga dhuAM-dhakkar3a (dhUmapAna ) karate the, jo sugaMdhita jar3I-bUTiyoM se ( Ajakala ke tambAkU se nahIM) nirmita padArthoM se hotA thA / kAdambarI meM bANa ne likhA hai ki rAjA zUdraka dina ke bhojana ke uparAnta sugandhita bUTiyoM kA dhUmapAna karake tAmbUla kA carvaNa karatA thA / carakasaMhitA ( sUtrasthAna, adhyAya 5 ) meM AyA hai ki ATha aMgula laMbe evaM a~gUThe-jaise moTe, khokhale padArtha meM candana, jAtIphala, ilAyacI tathA anya bUTiyA~ evaM masAle bharakara sukhA diyA jAtA thA aura anta meM khokhale padArtha se nikAlakara sUkhI huI vastu kA dhUmapAna hotA thaa| isa viSaya kA vistAra dekhie, iNDiyana aikTIkverI ( jilda 40, pR0 37-40 ) / viSNupurANa (3 | 1|1| 94 ) ke anusAra dina ke bhojana ke uparAnta koI zArIrika parizrama nahIM karanA caahie| dakSa (268-69 ) ke anusAra dina ke bhojana ke uparAnta cupacApa ArAma karanA cAhie, jisase ki bhojana paca jAya / itihAsa evaM purANoM kA zravaNa dina ke chaThe evaM sAtaveM bhAga taka karake AThaveM bhAga meM gRhastha ko ghara-gRhasthI kA yA sAMsArika kArya dekhanA cAhie aura isa prakAra sandhyA Ane para sandhyA-vandana karanA caahie| yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 113 - 114) ke mata se mandhya hone taka kA samaya ziSTa logoM evaM priya saMbaMdhiyoM kI saMgati meM bitAnA cAhie / isake uparAnta sandhyA-vandana karake, tInoM pavitra (vaidika) agniyoM meM AhutiyA~ dekara yA gRhya agni meM havana karake

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12 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa gRhastha ko cAhie ki vaha atithi ko (yadi vaha AyA ho to) khilAye aura phira baccoM evaM naukaroM se ghirakara svayaM bhojana kare, kintu adhika na khAya aura phira so jaay| dakSa (2070 / 71) kA kahanA hai ki sandhyA hone ke uparAnta (gRhastha ko) homa karanA cAhie, taba khAnA cAhie, ghara-gRhasthI ke anya kArya karane cAhie, isake uparAnta veda kA kucha aMza duharAnA cAhie aura do praharoM (6 ghaMToM) taka sonA cAhie, gRhastha ko cAhie ki vaha pahale ke par3he hue veda ko prathama evaM antima prahara meM avazya duhraaye| nidrA gautama (2 / 13 evaM 9 / 10), manu (4157, 175-176), yAjJavalkya (1 / 136), viSNupurANa (3 // 11 // 107-109) Adi tathA nibandhoM ne sone ke viSaya meM (yathA sira kahA~ rahe, zayyA kaisI rahe, kahA~ soyA jAya, kauna sA vedAMza par3hA jAya Adi) bahuta-se niyama batalAye haiN| hama yahAM viSNudharmasUtra (adhyAya 70) kA varNana upasthita karate haiM-"bhIMge paira nahIM sonA cAhie. sira usara yA pazcima yA zarIra ke anya aMgoM se nIce na rahe. nagna nahIM sonA cAhie, chata kI dharana kI lambAI ke nIce nahIM sonA cAhie, khule sthAna meM nahIM sonA cAhie, palAza vRkSa kI banI khATa para nahIM sonA cAhie aura na paMca prakAra kI lakar3iyoM (udumbara-gUlara, vaTa, azvattha-pIpala, plakSa evaM jambU) se banI khATa para hI sonA cAhie, hAthI dvArA tor3e gaye per3a kI lakar3I evaM bijalI se jalI huI lakar3I ke paryaka para bhI nahIM sonA cAhie, TUTI khATa para bhI nahIM sonA cAhie, jalI khATa tathA ghar3e se sIMce gaye per3a kI khATa para bhI nahIM sonA caahie| zmazAna yA kabragAha meM, jisa ghara meM koI na rahatA ho usameM, maMdira meM, duSTa logoM kI saMgati meM, nAriyoM ke madhya meM, anAja para, gauzAlA meM. bar3e logoM (bujurgoM) kI khATa para, agni para, mUrti para, bhojanoparAnta binA muMha evaM hAtha dhoye, dina meM, sAyaMkAla, rAkha para, gande sthAna para, bhIge sthAna para aura parvata para nahIM sonA caahie|" anya vistRta varNana ke lie dekhie smRtyarthasAra (pR070), gRhastharatnAkara (pR0 397-399), smRtimuktAphala (Ahnika, pR0 453-458), AhnikaprakAza (pR0 556-558) aadi| do-eka bAteM nimnokta haiN| smRtyarthasAra ke anusAra sone ke pUrva apane priya devatA ko mAthA navAnA cAhie aura sote samaya pAsa meM bAMsa kA DaNDA rakhanA caahie| smRtirala ne likhA hai ki A~kha ke rogI, kor3hI tathA unake sAtha jo yakSmA, damA, khAMsI yA jvara se AkrAnta hoM yA janheM mRgI AtI ho unake sAtha eka hI bistara para nahIM sonA caahie| ratnAvalI (smRtimuktAphala, Ahnika, pR0 457 meM uddhRta) ke anusAra zayyA ke pAsa meM jalapUrNa ghar3A honA cAhie, vaidika mantra bolane cAhie, jisase ki viSa se rakSA ho, rAtri-sambandhI vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie, ghanaghora sonevAle pAMca mahApuruSoM, yathA-agasti, mAdhava, mucakunda, kapila evaM AstIka ke nAma smaraNa karane cAhie, viSNu ko praNAma karake taba sonA caahie| vRddha-hArIta (8 / 309-320) ne likhA hai ki yati, brahmacArI, vAnaprastha, vidhavA ko khATa para na sokara pathivI para magacarma, kambala yA kuza bichAkara sonA caahie| strI-prasaMga-rAtri meM sone ke viSaya meM carcA karate samaya smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM ne pati-patnI ke saMbhoga ke viSaya meM prabhUta carcA kara rakhI hai| saMbhoga ke ucita kAloM ke viSaya meM hamane kucha niyamoM kI carcA pahale bhI kara dI hai (adhyAya 6, grbhaadhaan)| gautama (5 / 1-2 evaM 9 / 28-29) aura ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 1 / 1 / 16-23) kA kahanA hai ki gRhastha ko ucita dinoM meM, yA varjita dinoM ko chor3akara kabhI bhI, yA jaba patnI kI icchA ho, usake pAsa jAnA cAhie; dina meM yA jaba patnI bImAra ho, saMbhoga nahIM karanA cAhie; jaba patnI RtumatI ho taba usase dUra rahanA cAhie, yahA~ taka ki AliMgana bhI nahIM karanA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 1 / 1 / 19), vasiSThadharmasUtra (12 / 24) evaM yAjJavalkya (1981) ne indra dvArA striyoM ko diye gaye eka varadAna kI kathA likhI hai jo taittirIyasaMhitA (2 / 5 / 1)

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rajasvalA-dharma 433 meM varNita hai| jaba indra ne tvaSTA ke putra vizvarUpa ko mAra DAlA to sabhI logoM ne use 'brahmA' (brAhmaNa kI hatyA karane vAlA) kahanA Arambha kara diyA / indra apane pApa (brahmahatyA ke pApa) ko bA~Tane ke lie bhAgIdAroM ko sampUrNa vizva meM khojane lgaa| usake pApa kA eka tihAI bhAga pRthivI ne liyA / use varadAna milA ki yadi usameM kahIM gaDDhA ho jAya to vaha varSa ke bhItara mara jAyagA, eka-tihAI vRkSoM ne liyaa| unheM varadAna milA ki jaba ve kATa, tor3a yA chA~Ta liye jAyeM to punaH aMkurita ho uttheNge| unameM se jo srAva nikalatA hai vaha brahmahatyA kA hI bhAga hai, ataH lAla srAva yA jhAga nahIM khAnA caahie| eka-tihAI bhAga striyoM ne grahaNa kiyA aura unheM varadAna milA ki ve mAsika dharma ke prathama solaha dinoM meM hI garma dhAraNa kareMgI, aura baccA utpanna hone taka ve saMbhoga kara sakatI haiM, striyoM meM brahmahatyA prati mAsa rajodharma ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| viSNudharmasUtra ( 69 ) ne sabhI niyama eka sAtha diye haiM, jinameM kucha ye haiM-- zrAddha meM nimantrita hone, zrAddha bhojana karane, zrAddha bhojana khilAne yA soma-yajJa ke Arambhika kRtya kara cukane para maithuna nahIM karanA cAhie; maMdira, zmazAna, khAlI makAna, vRkSa kI jar3a (Ar3a) evaM dina yA sAyaMkAla saMbhoga nahIM karanA cAhie; itanA hI nahIM, apane se bar3I avasthA vAlI nArI, garbhavatI yA adhika yA kama aMgoM vAlI nArI ke sAtha bhI saMbhoga nahIM karanA cAhie (dekhie viSNupurANa 3 / 11 / 110-123) / uparyukta niyamoM bahuta se prajanana-viSayaka yA svAsthya sambandhI haiM, inameM kucha to dhArmika evaM andhavizvAsapUrNa haiN| gautama (9/26), Apastamba dharmasUtra ( 2 / 1 / 1 / 21 - 23 evaM 2/1/2/1 ), manu ( 414 evaM 5 | 144) ke kathanAnusAra saMbhoga ke uparAnta pati-patnI ko snAna karanA cAhie yA kama-se-kama hAtha muMha dhokara tathA Acamana karake zarIra para jala chir3akakara pRthak-pRthak bistaroM para sonA caahie| anya lekhakoM ne vibhinna niyama evaM mata uddhRta kiye haiM / meM rajasvalA-dharma taittirIyasaMhitA ke kAla se hI rajasvalA nArI, usake pati tathA anya logoM ke dharmoM ke viSaya meM niyama Adi kI carcA hotI AyI hai / taittirIyasaMhitA ( 2/511 ) meM AyA hai - " rajasvalA nArI (jo gandI rahatI hai) se na to bolanA cAhie, na usake pAsa baiThanA cAhie aura na usakA diyA huA kucha khAnA cAhie, kyoMki vaha brahmahatyA ke raMga se yukta hai ( dekhie indra kI Upara vAlI kathA ); logoM kA kahanA hai ki rajasvalA nArI kA bhojana abhyaJjana (saMbhoga-mala) hai ataH use grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie|" taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 3 / 7 / 1) meM AyA hai ki yadi yajJa karane ke pUrva patnI RtumatI (rajasvalA) ho jAya to AghA yajJa naSTa ho jAtA hai| kintu yadi yAjJika apanI rajasvalA patnI ko kahIM alaga yA dUsare ghara meM rakhakara yajJa karatA hai to pUrNa phala milatA hai / taittirIyasaMhitA ne isa saMbaMdha meM 13 niyama diye haiM aura kahA hai ki unake ullaMghana se bure phaloM kI prApti hotI hai| ve niyama ye haiM(rajasvalA ke sAtha) maithuna nahIM honA cAhie, snAnoparAnta vana meM maithuna nahIM honA cAhie, snAnoparAnta bhI patnI ke mana ke viruddha maithuna nahIM honA cAhie, rajasvalA ko prathama tIna dinoM taka snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, tela bhI una dinoM nahIM lagAnA cAhie, kaMghI nahIM karanA cAhie, aMjana nahIM lagAnA cAhie, dantadhAvana nahIM karanA cAhie, nAkhUna nahIM kATanA cAhie, na to rassI baTanA cAhie aura na sUta kAtanA cAhie, palAzapatra ke pAtra (droNa = donA) meM pAnI nahIM pInA cAhie aura na agni meM pake (miTTI ke baratana meM hI jala grahaNa karanA caahie| ina niyamoM ke ullaMghana se krama se nimnalikhita phala milate haiM; usakA utpanna putra bhayAnaka aparAdha ke sandeha meM pakar3A jAtA hai, cora, lajjAlu, jala meM DUbakara mara jAnevAlA, carmarogI, khalvATa khopar3I vAlA, durbala, Ter3hI A~kha vAlA, kAle dA~ta vAlA asundara nAkhUnoM vAlA, napuMsaka, AtmahatyArA, pAgala yA baunA ho jAtA hai / taittirIyasaMhitA ne likhA hai ki niyamoM kA pAlana tIna rAtriyoM taka hotA hai, usa samaya rajasvalA aMjali se pAnI pItI hai yA aise pAtra se jo agni meM dharma * 55

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L dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kAyA huA nahIM ho / bRhadAraNyakapaniSad (5 / 4 / 13) meM AyA hai ki vivAhata nArI ko rajasvalA hone para kA~se ke pAtra meM jala na grahaNa karanA cAhie, use apane kapar3e nahIM dhone cAhie, zUdra nArI yA puruSa use na chUe, tIna rAtriyoM ke uparAnta use snAna karanA cAhie aura taba use cAvala sApha karane kA kAma yA dhAna kUTane kA kAma karanA caahie| bahuta-se sUtroM (yathA-- ApastambagRhyasUtra 8112, hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra 1 24 7, bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra 120, baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 7 / 22-26, baudhAyana dharma sUtra 1 / 5 / 139 ) ne taittirIyasaMhitA ke niyamoM kA havAlA diyA hai / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 5/7 - 9 ) ne indra evaM usake varadAna kI gAthA kA ullekha kiyA hai aura rajasvalA ke dharmoM kI carcA kI hai| isake bahuta se niyama uparyukta niyamoM ke samAna hI haiM, kucha viziSTa ye haiM-- rajasvalA ko pRthivI para sonA cAhie, usake lie dina meM sonA, mAMsa khAnA, grahoM kI ora dekhanA aura ha~sanA varjita hai / laghu-hArIta (38) ke anusAra rajasvalA ko apane hAtha para hI khAnA caahie| vRddha-hArIta ( 111210-11 ) ne bhI yahI likhA hai aura jor3A hai| ki vidhavA rajasvalA ko tIna dina vrata tathA suhAginI rajasvalA ko dina meM kevala eka bAra bhojana karanA caahie| rajasvalA nAriyA~ bhI eka-dUsarI ko sparza nahIM kara sakatI thiiN| viSNudharmasUtra ( 22 / 73-74) ke mata se yadi rajasvalA nArI apane se nimna jAti kI rajasvalA nArI ko chU le to use taba taka upavAsa karanA cAhie jaba taka cauthe dina kA snAna na ho jAya, yadi vaha apanI hI jAti vAlI yA apane se ucca varNa kI rajasvalA nArI ko chU letI hai to use snAna karake hI bhojana karanA caahie| anya niyamoM ke lie dekhie aMgirA ( 48, yahA~ paMcagavya kI vyavasthA hai), atri ( 279 - 283), Apastamba ( padya, 7 / 20- 22 ), bRhad - yama ( 3 / 64-68) evaM parAzara ( 7 / 11-15) / yadi rajasvalA ko cANDAla yA koI antyaja yA kuttA yA kauA chU le to use cauthe dina snAnoparAnta hI bhojana karanA cAhie (aMgirA 47, atri 277-279 evaM Apastamba 715-8) / yadi jvarAkrAnta avasthA meM nArI rajasvalA ho jAya to use pavitra hone ke lie snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, pratyuta use sparza karake dUsarI nArI vastrasahita snAna kare aura yaha kRtya ( snAna ) pratyeka bAra Acamana karake dasa bAra karanA caahie| aisA karane ke uparAnta bImAra nArI kA vastra badala diyA jAtA hai aura sAmarthya ke anusAra dAna Adi diyA jAtA hai, taba kahIM pavitratA prApta hotI hai (mitAkSarA dvArA yAjJavalkya 3 / 20 kI TIkA meM uddhRta uzanA, aura dekhie aMgirA 22-23) / yahI kRtya yadi rogI puruSa rajasvalA ko chU le to usake lie kiyA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM eka svastha puruSa sAta se dasa bAra snAna karatA hai (aMgirA 21, parAzara 7119-2, mitAkSarA dvArA yAjJavalkya 3 / 20 kI TIkA meM uddhRta) / yadi rajasvalA mara jAya to usakA zava paMcagavya se nahalAyA jAnA cAhie tathA use anya vastra se Dhakakara hI jalAnA caahie| kintu aMgirA (42) ne likhA hai ki tIna dinoM ke bAda hI zava ko nahalAkara jalAnA caahie| mitAkSarA ( yAjJavalkya 3 / 20 ) ne likhA hai ki yadi mAsa meM ThIka samaya se RtumatI honevAlI nArI 17 dinoM ke bhItara hI RtumatI (rajaMsvalA) ho jAya to vaha apavitra nahIM mAnI jAtI, kintu 18veM dina para vaha eka dina meM, 19 veM dina para do dinoM meM tathA usake bAda ke dinoM para tIna dinoM meM hI pavitratA prApta karatI hai ( dekhie aMgirA 43, Apastamba, padya 7 2, parAzara 7 / 16-17) / rAjA ke dharma aba taka hamane sAdhAraNa manuSyoM (vizeSataH brAhmaNoM) ke Ahnika kartavyoM kI carcA kI hai| rAjA ke Ai dharmo ( kartavyoM) ke viSaya meM manu ( 7 / 145 - 147, 151-154, 216-226), yAjJabalkya ( 1 / 327-333) evaM kauTilya (1 / 19 ) ne prabhUta carcA kI hai| kauTilya ne rAta aura dina donoM ko pRthak-pRthak ATha bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai aura likhA hai ki dina ke prathama bhAga meM rAjA ko apanI surakSA ke lie upacAra Adi karanA cAhie evaM Aya-vyaya

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satriya, vaicopa kA mArA dekhanA cAhie, dUsare bhAga meM nagara evaM grAma ke logoM ke jhagar3oM kA nipaTArA karanA cAhie, gatare bhAga meM snAna, vedAdhyayana yA vedapATha evaM bhojana karanA cAhie, bApa bhAga meM sone ke rUpa meM kara lenA tathA adhyaSoM kA niyukti karanI cAhie, pAMcaveM bhAga meM mantripariSad se vArtA yA likhA-par3hI karanA tathA guptacaroM dvArA prApta samAcAra sunanA cAhie, chaThe bhAga meM use krIr3A-kautuka Adi meM laganA tathA rAjakIya kAryoM para vicAra-vimarza karanA cAhie, sAtaveM meM use hAthiyoM, ghor3oM, rathoM evaM sainikoM kA nirIkSaNa yA dekhabhAla karanI cAhie, tayA AThaveM bhAga meM rAjA ko apane pradhAna senApati ke sAtha AkramaNa karane kI yojanAoM para vicAra vimarza karanA caahie| divasAvasAna para rAjA ko sandhyA-vandana karanA caahie| rAtri ke prathama bhAga meM use gupta dUtoM se bheTa karanI cAhie, dUsare bhAga meM vaha snAna kara sakatA hai, pATha duharA sakatA hai evaM bhojana kara sakatA hai, tIsare bhAga meM use dundumi evaM nagAr3oM kI dhuna meM paryaka para par3a jAnA cAhie aura cauthe evaM pAMcaveM bhAga taka sonA caahie| chaThe bhAga meM use vAdyayantroM kI dhuna ke sAba jaga jAnA cAhie, zAstroM meM likhita anuzAsanoM kA dhyAna karanA cAhie tathA unheM kAryAnvita karane kI vidhi para suvicAraNA karanI cAhie, sAtaveM bhAga meM use nirNaya karanA cAhie evaM gupta dUtoM ko bAhara bhejanA cAhie, tathA AThaveM bhAga meM use yajJa karAne vAle AcAryoM evaM purohitoM ke sAtha AzIrvacana grahaNa karanA cAhie tathA apane baMba, pradhAna pAcaka evaM jyotiSI ko dekhanA caahie| isake uparAnta bachar3e sahita gAya evaM baila kI pradakSiNA kara use rAjyasabhA meM jAnA caahie| rAjA apanI yogyatA ke anusAra rAta evaM dina ko (apane mana ke anusAra) vibhAjita kara sakatA hai| anya smRtikAroM ke matoM meM yatra-tatra kucha aMtara pAyA jAtA hai| yAjJavalkya (11327-333) ne kAMTilya kI tAlikA ko saMkSipta rUpa meM mAna liyA hai| manusmRti meM bhI kauTilya dvArA upasthita samaya tAlikA evaM rAjakartavya kA byaurA pAyA jAtA hai, aura koI anya mahattvapUrNa bAta nahIM jor3I gayI hai| dazakumAracarita (ucchvAsa 8) ke lekhaka ne kauTilya kI tAlikA jyoM-kI-tyoM mAna lI hai| usameM varNita vidUSaka vihAranadra dvArA kauTilya ke prati upasthApita hAsya avalokanIya hai| anya vargoM ke dharma smRtiyoM meM vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie koI viziSTa Ahnika kartavya nahIM rakhe gaye haiN| brAhmaNoM ke lie race gaye niyamoM ke anusAra unheM apane ko abhiyojita karanA par3atA thaa| vaizya bhI dvijAtiyoM meM Ate haiM, ve kevala paurohitya, vedAdhyApana evaM dAna-grahaNa ke kAryoM ko chor3akara anya sabhI brAhmaNa-dharmoM ke anusAra cala sakate the| zUdroM ke vizeSAvikAroM evaM unakI ayogyatAoM yA sImAoM ke viSaya meM dekhie isa mAga kA tIsarA adhyaay|

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adhyAya 23 upAkarma yA upAkaraNa evaM utsarjana yA utsarga upAkarma yA upAkaraNa kA tAtparya hai 'udghATana karanA yA prArambha karanA' (mitAkSarA, yAjJavalkya 13142) tathA utsarjana yA utsarga (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 3 / 5 / 13) kA artha hai 'varSa meM kucha kAla ke lie vedAdhyayana se viraam|' kintu ApastambagRhyasUtra (811) evaM Apastambadharma sUtra (1 / 3 / 11 / 2) ne 'utsarjana' ke sthAna para 'samApana' kA prayoga kiyA hai| ati prAcIna kAla meM ye donoM kRtya vibhinna mAsoM evaM vibhinna tithiyoM meM sampAdita hote the, kintu vedAdhyayana ke hrAsa ke kAraNa madhyakAla meM eka hI dina sampAdita hone lge| bahuta-se sUtroM meM upAkarma ko adhyAyopAkaraNa (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 351) yA adhyAyopAkarma (pAraskaragRhyasUtra 2 / 10, vasiSThadharmasUtra 13 / 1) kahA gayA hai / ataH yahA~ para 'adhyAya' kA artha hai 'vedAdhyayana' yA kevala 'veda', kyoMki isameM veda kA adhyayana (viziSTa rUpa se ) hotA hai| ataH vaha kRtya jo varSa meM vedAdhyayana ke Aramma-kAla meM hotA hai, upAkarma kahalAtA hai|' gautama (16 / 1) meM upAkarma ke kRtya ko 'vArSika' sambhavataH isIlie kahA gayA hai ki yaha yA to varSA (varSAkAla) meM Arambha hotA mA yA yaha varSa meM eka bAra hotA thaa| bhAzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 5 / 19) ne bhI isa kRtya ko vArSika kahA hai| upAkarma kAla evaM tithi-sUtroM meM upAkarma kA kAla kaI DhaMgoM se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (315 / 2-3) kA kahanA hai--"jaba oSadhiyA~ (vanaspatiyAM) upaja jAtI haiM, zrAvaNa mAsa ke zravaNa evaM candra ke milana meM (arthAt pUrNamAsI ko) yA hasta nakSatra meM zrAvaNa kI paMcamI ko (upAkarma hotA hai)|"2 pAraskaragR0 (2010) ke anusAra oSadhiyoM ke nikala Ane para zrAvaNa kI pUrNamAsI ko yA zrAvaNa kI paMcamI ko hasta nakSatra meM upAkarma honA caahie| gautama (16 / 1) evaM vasiSThadharmasUtra (13 // 1) ke anusAra upAkarma zrAvaNa yA bhAdrapada kI pUrNamAsI ko sampAdita honA caahie| khAdiragR0 (3 / 2 / 14-15) evaM gobhila (3 / 3 / 1 evaM 13) ke anusAra yaha bhAdrapada kI 1. 'adhyayanamadhyAyastasyopAkaraNaM prArambho yena karmaNA tadadhyAyopAkaraNam'-nArAyaNa (AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 3 / 5 / 1); 'adhIyante ityadhyAyA vedAsteSAnupAkarma upakramanoSadhInAM prAdurbhAve'-mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 13142) / 2. oSadhInAM prAdurbhAva zravaNena zrAvaNasya / paJcamyA hastena vaa| Azva0 gR0 3 / 5 / 1-2; oSadhAnAM prAdurbhAve zravaNena zrAvaNyAM paurNamAsyAM zrAvaNasya paJcamI hastena vaa| pAraskaragR0 2 / 10; prauSThapadI haste paadhyaayaanRpaakuryuH| shraavnniimityeke| khAviraga0 3 / 2 / 14-15; prauSThapadI hstenopaakrnnm|...shrdnnaamek upAkRtyatamA sAvitrAtkAlaM kaaNkssnte| gobhilagR0 3 / 3 / 1 evaM 13; athAtaH svAdhyAyopAkarma zrAvaNyAM paurNamAsyAM prauSThapadyAM vaa| vasiSTha 13 / 1; hutaanukRtirupaakrm| zrAvaNyAM paurNamAsyAM kiyetApi vA aassaayaam| bau0 gR0 3 / 1 / 1-2; zrAvaNapakSe oSadhISu jAtAsu hastena paurNamAsyAM vaadhyaayopaakrm| hiraNyakezigR0 2 / 18 / 2 /

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upAkarma (bhAvaNI) 437 pUrNamAsI gApaMcamI ko nA kucha logoM ke mata te trAvaNa kI pUrNamAsI ko kiyA jAnA caahie| baudhAyanagR0 (3 / 12) ke mata se upAkarma zrAvaNa yA ASAr3ha kI pUrNamAsI ko sampAdita karanA caahie| manu (4 / 95) ne upAkarma ke lie zrAvaNa yA bhAdrapada kI pUrNamAsI ThIka samajhI hai| isI prakAra vibhinna mata haiN| isI se mitAkSarA ne apane-apane gRhyasUtra ke anusAra calane ko kahA hai| saMskAraprakAza (pR0 497-498), smRtimuktAphala (pR0 32-33), nirNayasindhu (114-120) ne vibhinna tithiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| zrAvaNa mAsa hI vedAdhyayana ke lie kyoM cunA gayA, isakA kAraNa batAnA kaThina hai| ho sakatA hai, varSA ho jAne se yaha samaya apekSAkRta ThaNDA rahatA hai, brAhmaNa loga bahudhA ina dinoM ghara para hI rahate haiM aura prakRti meM hariyAlI ke kAraNa saundarya nikhara uThatA hai| zrAvaNa mAsa kI pUrNamAsI sarvottama dina samajhA jAtA hai ('soma' dUsare artha meM brAhmaNoM kA rAjA kahA jAtA hai)| pUrNamAsI ke atirikta hasta nakSatra kI zukla paMcamI tithi sarvottama mAnI jAtI hai| zravaNa nakSatra kA yoga hone ke kAraNa zrAvaNa kI pUrNamAsI ko zrAvaNI mI kahate haiM, ata: vedAdhyayana ke vArSika satra-prArambha ke lie zravaNa nakSatra ko viziSTa mahattA lgii| vAstava meM zravaNa nakSatra kA upAkarma se koI sIdhA samparka nahIM thaa| kyoMki bahuta-se sUtroM ne usakA ullekha taka nahIM kiyA hai| gobhila evaM khAdira ne zrAvaNa kI zrAvaNI (pUrNamAsI) ko na mAnakara bhAdrapada evaM hasta nakSatra ko upAkarma ke lie mahattA dI hai| hasta ke devatA haiM savitA, vedAdhyayana gAyatrI maMtra se Arambha hotA hai, ataH vedAdhyayana ke lie upAkarma kA sambandha hasta nakSatra se ho sakatA hai| upAkarma prAtaHkAla kiyA jAtA hai| yaha brahmacAriyoM, gRhasthoM evaM vAnaprasvoM dvArA sampAdita hotA hai| adhyApakaise ziSyoM (cAhe ve brahmacArI hoM yA na hoM) ke sAtha karate haiM aura apanI gRhyAgni meM hI homa karate haiM (pAraskaragR0 2 / 11) / pAraskaragR0 ke TIkAkAra karka ke kathanAnusAra yadi adhyApaka yA guru ke pAsa ziSya na hoM to use gRhyAgni meM upAkarma karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| harihara kA kahanA hai ki sAdhAraNa laukika agni meM vedapAThI chAtra ke sAtha upAkarma karanA prAmANika nahIM hai, yaha kevala vyavahAra mAtra hai| vidhi-AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 5 / 4-12) meM upAkarma kI vidhi yoM varNita hai-do AjyabhAgoM (ghRta ke kucha aMza) kI AhutiyAM dene ke uparAnta nimnalikhita devatAoM ko Ajya denA cAhie, yathA sAvitrI, brahmA, zraddhA, medhA, prajJA, dhAraNA (smRti), sadasaspati, anumati, chanda evaM Rssi| isake uparAnta jau ke ATe (saktu) meM dahI milAkara AhutiyAM Rgveda ke maMtroM ke sAtha dI jAtI haiM, ye mantra haiN--1|1|1, 1 / 191316, 2 / 4313, 3 / 62 / 18, 4158 / 11, 5687 / 9, 675 / 19, 7 / 104 / 25, 8.103 / 14, 9 / 11414, 101191 / 4 / vedAdhyayana prArambha karate samaya, jaba anya ziSya garu ke sAtha ho lete haiM (usakA hAtha pakar3a kara baiTha jAte haiM taba use devatAoM ke lie havana karanA cAhie, tadanantara sviSTakRt agni ko Ahati denI cAhie aura saktu (jau kA ATA) ke sAtha mizrita dahI khAkara mArjana karanA caahie| agni ke pazcima aise darbhAsana para baiThakara jisakI noke pUrva kI ora hoM, kuza-pavitroM ko jalapAtra meM rakha denA cAhie, isake uparAnta AcArya mahodaya brahmAjali ke rUpa meM hAthoM ko jor3akara ziSyoM ke sAtha nimna pATha karate haiM-om ke sAtha tathA kevala tInoM vyAhRtiyAM, sAvitrI mantra (Rgveda 3 / 621 10) kA tIna bAra pATha tathA Rgveda kA prArambhika aMza (kevala eka mantra yA eka anuvaak)| anya gahyasUtroM meM mantroM, devatAoM evaM Ahuti ke padArthoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se mata haiN| hama yahA~ sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa matamatAntara meM nahIM pdd'eNge| pAThakoM se anurodha hai ki vistAra ke lie ye pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2010) kA adhyayana kreN| ApastambagRhyasUtra (8 / 1-2) ne bahuta saMkSepa meM upAkarma kA varNana kiyA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki vedAdhyayana prArambha evaM samApta karane ke kRtyoM ke samaya kANDa (taittirIyasaMhitA ke bhAga) ke RSi hI devatA hote haiM, unhIM ko

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pakSAva kA itihAsa pramukhatA dI jAtI hai aura sara sthAna para sadasaspati kI pUjA hotI hai| sudarzanAcArya ne isa gRhasUtra ke donoM sUtroM kI laMbI vyAkhyA kI hai jo saMkSepa meM yoM hai-sampUrNa veda (kRSNa yajurveda) ke adhyayana kA prArambha (upAkarma) zrAvaNa kI pUrNamAsI ko hotA hai, RSiyoM kA tarpaNa hotA hai, jinheM Ajya kI nau AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM aura navIM Ahuti 'sadasaspatim' (Rgveda 111816-ApastambIya mantrapATha 1 / 9 / 8) ke sAtha dI jAtI hai| kintu jaba kisI kANDa kA prArambha hotA hai to dUsarA upAkarma hotA hai aura isake lie bhI homa kiyA jAtA hai| kramaza: gRhyasUtroM meM varNita sIdhI upAkarma-vidhi meM bahuta-se nirarthaka vistAra jur3ate cale gye| Adhunika kAla meM bar3e vistAra ke sAtha upAkarma sampAdita hotA hai| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama yahA~ koI vistAra nahI de pA rahe haiM upAkarma kRtya ke uparAnta gRhyasUtroM ne anabhyAya (chuTTI) kI vyavasthA dI hai, kintu anadhyAya kI avadhi ke viSaya meM mataikya hI hai| pAraskaragRhyasUtra (2 / 10) ne tIna dina-rAta ke lie anadhyAya sUcita kiyA hai aura kahA hai usa avadhi meM bAla banavAnA evaM nAkhUna kaTavAnA varjita hai| kucha logoM ke mata se utsarjana taka arthAt lagabhaga 5 // mahIne taka ke lie bAla evaM nAkhUna kaTavAnA vajita mAnA gayA hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (405 / 17) evaM manu (5119) ne upAkarma evaM utsarjana ke uparAnta tIna dinoM kI chuTTI (anadhyAya) kI bAta kahI hai| anya matoM ke lie dekhie go lagRhyasUtra (3 / 3 / 9 evaM 11), bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra (368) / utsarjana kAla evaM tiSi-utsarjana ke kAla ke viSaya meM bhI vibhinna mata haiN| baudhAyanagR. (1 / 5 / 163) ne pauSa mA mApa kI pUrNamAsI tithi ko upayukta mAnA hai| AzvalAyanagR0 (3 / 5 / 14) ne vedAdhyayana ke lie upAkarma se utsarjana taka 6 mAsa kI avadhi ThaharAyI hai, ataH yadi upAkarma zrAvaNI (zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA) ko sampAdita huA to mAgha kI pUrNimA ko utsarjana hogaa| pAraskaragR0 (2011) ke mata se 5 / / yA 6 mAsa taka vedAdhyayana karake guru evaM ziSyoM ko utsarjana (utsarga arthAt vedAdhyayana kI Avadhika samApti) karanA caahie| isI prakAra gobhilagR0 (3 / 3 / 14), vAdiragR0 (3 / 124), zAMkhAyana gRhma0 (4 / 6 / 1) ne krama se taiSa (pauSa) kI pUrNamAsI, vahI arthAt pauSa kI pUrNimA, mAgha ke zukla pakSa kI pratipadA ko utsarjana kI tithi mAnA hai| isI prakAra anya dharmazAstrakAroM ne apane mata diye hai, jinameM kAla 4 // , 5 thA 5 // , 6 yA 6 // mahInoM taka batalAyA gayA hai| phalataH pauSa yA mAgha mAsa hI utsarjana ke lie upayukta mAnA gayA hai| vidhi-AzvalAyanagRhya0 (3 / 5 / 13) ne upAkarma se utsarjana taka kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai| utsarjana meM ghRta ke sthAna para pake hue cAvala kI AhutiyAM dI jAtI hai, usake uparAnta snAna tathA devatAoM, AcAryoM, RSiyoM, pitaroM (jaisA ki brahmayajJa meM hotA hai) ko tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| nArAyaNa ke mata se upAkarma ke samAna utsarjana meM jI ke sattU meM dahI mizrita karake khAnA tathA mArjana nahIM hotA hai| pAraskaragRhya0 (2012) ne utsarjana kI vidhi isa prakAra dI hai-unheM (AcArya evaM ziSyoM ko) jala ke kinAre (nadI, tAlAba Adi para) jAnA cAhie, devatAoM, chandoM, vedoM, RSiyoM, prAcIna AcAryoM, gandhoM, anya guruoM, vibhAga ke sAtha varSa, pitaroM, AcAryoM tathA unake mRta sambandhiyoM kA tarpaNa karanA caahie| isake uparAnta sAvitrI kA zIghratA se cAra bAra pATha karake kahanA cAhie'hamane (vedAdhyayana) banda kara diyaa| utsarjana meM bhI upAkarma kI bhAMti anadhyAya hotA hai aura tadanatara bedapATha arthAt par3he hue vedamantroM kA duharAnA hotA hai| isa viSaya meM anya mata dekhie gobhila (3 / 3 / 15), manu (4197) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 14) /

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utsarjana 439 kaI mahInoM taka vedAdhyayana chor3a denA sambhavataH acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA thA, ataH manu (4 / 98), vasiSThadharmasUtra tathA ozanasa ( pR0 115 ) ne utsarjana ke uparAnta upAkarma taka mahInoM ke zukla pakSoM meM vedAdhyayana tathA kRSNa pakSoM meM yA jaisI icchA ho, vedAMgoM kA adhyayana karane kI vyavasthA dI hai| kramazaH pauSa evaM mAgha ke utsarjana kRtya kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| mAnavagRhya (1 / 51 ) kI TIkA meM aSTAvakra ne apane samaya kI bhartsanA kI hai jaba ki utsarjana kRtya banda sA ho gayA thA / smRtyarthasAra ( pR0 11) ne likhA hai ki upAkarma ke pazcAt eka varSa taka vedAdhyayana karane ke uparAnta upAkarma ke dina utsarjana kiyA jA sakatA hai yA nahIM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| Ajakala utsarjana usI dina sampAdita hotA hai jisa dina upAkarma hotA hai| ye donoM zrAvaNI (zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA) ko yA zravaNa nakSatra meM yA zrAvaNa zukla paJcamI ko sampAdita hote haiM, ataH inheM zrAvaNI mI kahate haiM /

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adhyAya 24 apradhAna gRhya tathA anya kRtya sUtroM ne varSa kI kucha nizcita tithiyoM ke kucha anya kRtyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| aba inakI bahuta-sI vidhiyA~ rAmApta ho cukI haiM, kintu kucha ke avazeSa cihna aba bhI pAye jAte haiN| gautama ( 8/19 ) ne apane cAlIsa saMskAroM meM sAta pAkayajJa saMsthAoM kI bhI gaNanA kI hai| ina sAta pAkayajJoM meM aSTakA, pArvaNa evaM zrAddha kA varNana hama zrAddha nAmaka adhyAya meM Age kreNge| sAta haviryajJoM evaM sAta somasaMsthAoM kA varNana zrauta sambandhI TippaNI meM kiyA jAyagA / kucha kRtyoM kA varNana nIce kiyA jA rahA hai| pArvaNa sthAlIpAka gautama dvArA varNita sAta pAkayajJa saMsthAoM meM eka hai pArvaNa sthaaliipaak| jaba koI vivAha karake patnI ko ghara lAtA hai to usa nava-vivAhitA se bahuta-se bhojya padArtha pakavAkara unheM devatAoM ko agni homa dvArA arpita karatA hai / patnI cAvala kUTatI hai aura usase sthAlIpAka banAtI hai| vaha bhojana pakAkara usa para Ajya chir3akatI hai aura agni se uThAkara le jAtI hai| taba pati use vaidika darza-pUrNamAsa ke devatAoM ko car3hAtA hai aura phira sviSTakRt agni ko detA hai| bace hue bhojana ko vaha eka vidvAn brAhmaNa ko detA hai aura use eka baila dakSiNA meM detA hai| usa samaya se 'gRhastha sabhI pUrNimA evaM amAvasyA ke dinoM meM aisA hI pakA bhojana agni ko car3hAtA hai| jo vyakti tIna vaidika agniyA~ nahIM pratiSTita karatA, usakA sthAlIpAka dravya agni ke lie (Agneya) hotA hai| jo tInoM vaidika agniyA~ sthApita rakhatA hai usakA pUrNimA vAlA sthAlIpAka agnISomIya evaM amAvasyA vAlA aindra yA mahendra yA aiAgna kahalAtA hai (khAdiragRhyasUtra 2 / 2 / 1-3, AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 3 / 8-12 ) / pati evaM patnI pUrNimA evaM amAvasyA ke dina upavAsa karate haiM yA kevala eka bAra prAtaH kAla khAte haiN| saMkSepa meM yaha pArvaNa sthAlIpAka hai| yaha vivAhoparAnta prathama pUrNimA ko prArambha hokara pati-patnI ke jIvana bhara calatA rahatA hai| baila kI dakSiNA kevala prathama bAra hI hotI hai, jIvana bhara nahIM / vistAra ke lie dekhie AzvalAyanagR* ( 1110), ApastambagR0 (7/1-19), saMskArakaustubha ( pR0 823 ) evaM saMskAraprakAza ( pR0 904-6) / caitrI yaha kRtya caitra mAsa kI pUrNimA ko hotA hai| gautama ( 8119 ) kI TIkA meM haradatta ne likhA hai ki ApastambagR0 (19 / 13 ) ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie caitrI zUlagava (IzAnabali) ke samAna hai| vaikhAnasa ( 418) ne isakA varNana kiyA hai-- caitra kI pUrNimA ko ghara svaccha evaM alaMkRta kiyA jAtA hai; pati-patnI naye vastra, puSpa Adi se alaMkRta hote haiM, agni meM jaba do AdhAra' de diye jAte haiM tathA devoM ke lie pAtra meM cAvala pakA liyA jAtA hai to 'grISmo hemantaH' 1. lagAtAra eka dhAra se ghRta kA agni meM DhAranA 'AdhAra' kA sUcaka hotA hai| yaha AdhAra prajApati ke lie uttara-pazcima se dakSiNa-pUrva meM tathA indra ke lie dakSiNa-pazcima se uttara-pUrva meM hotA hai|

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kucha apradhAna gRhya kRtya . (taittirIyasaMhitA 5 / 7 / 2 / 4), 'UnaM me pUryatAm', 'zriye jAtaH' (Rgveda 9 / 94 / 4), 'vaiSNavam' (taittirIyasaMhitA 1 / 2 / 13 / 3) nAmaka mantroM ke sAtha ghRta kI AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM, taba pake hue cAvala ko ghI meM mizrita kara madhu,' mAdhava, zukra, zuci, namaH, nabhasya, iSa, Urja, sahaH, sahasya, tapaH, tapasya ko, RtuoM, oSadhiyoM, oSadhipatiyoM, zrI, zrIpati tathA viSNu ko AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM; agni ke pazcima zrI kI evaM pUrvAbhimukha zrIpati kI pUjA karake havi arpita kI jAtI hai / isake uparAnta anna kI stuti ke sAtha pakA huA caizya bhojana brAhmaNoM ko dekara sapiNDa logoM kI saMgati meM svayaM khA liyA jAtA hai| . sItAyajJa isa yajJa kA tAtparya hai "jote hue kheta kA yjny|" gomilagRhya 0 (4 / 4 / 27) meM isa yajJa kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| yaha yajJa smArta yA aupAsana agni vAle vyakti dvArA kheta jotane ke samaya kiyA jAtA hai| zubha muhUrta meM yajJa kA bhojana banAkara ina devatAoM ko AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM-indra, marudgaNa, parjanya, azani evaM bhg| sItA, AzA, araDA evaM anadhA ko ghRta kI AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN| pAraskaragR0 (2017) meM yaha yajJa vistAra se varNita hai, jise hama sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| pAraskaragRhya0 (2013) ne hala ko nikAlane evaM jotane ke prayoga meM lAne ke samaya kaI prakAra ke kRtyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| (uttara pradeza meM bhI kahIM kahIM 'samahuta' ke samaya kucha aisI hI pUjA Aja bhI kI jAtI hai|) zrAvaNI yA zravaNAkarma evaM sarpavali gRhyasUtroM meM AzvalAyana (2 / 1 / 1-15), pAraskara (2 / 14), gobhila (3 / 741-23), zAMkhAyana (4 / 15), bhAradvAja (21), Apastamba Adi ne ina donoM kRtyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| ye kRtya zrAvaNa kI pUrNamAsI ko sampAdita hote haiN| AzvalAyanagR0 ne inakA varNana nimna rUpa se kiyA hai-"eka naye ghar3e meM bhune hue jo rakhakara use eka naye zikya (sikahara-ghar3A Adi rakhane ke lie patalI char3iyoM se bane DhAMce) para bali dene ke lie eka cammaca ke sAtha rakha diyA jAtA hai| jo ke bhune hue anna kA AdhA mAga ghRta meM milA diyA jAtA hai| sUryAsta ke samaya sthAlIpAka bhojana banAyA jAtA hai aura mRtpAtra para eka roTI pakAyI jAtI hai tathA cAra mantroM (Rgveda 1 / 18961-4) ke sAtha bhojana kI AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN| roTI ghRta meM pUrNarUpeNa Dubo dI jAtI hai yA usakA UparI bhAga dikhAI par3atA rahanA cAhie / roTI kA mantra ke sAtha (Rgveda 13189-5) havana kara sArA ghRta (jisameM roTI DuboyI gayI thI) ur3ela diyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta munA huA jo aMjali meM lekara agni meM DAlA jAtA hai| jisa bhune jau meM ghRta nahIM mizrita rahatA vaha anya logoM (putra Adi) ko de diyA jAtA hai| ghar3e meM se jo kA anna cammaca meM bharakara ghara ke bAhara pUrvAbhimukha eka pavitra sthala para pAnI girAyA jAtA hai aura sarpo ko vaha bhunA anna diyA jAtA hai ('sarpadevajanebhyaH svAhA' kahA jAtA hai) aura unakI saba prakAra se abhyarthanA kara pUjA kI jAtI hai aura bali dI jAtI hai| isa prakAra sarpa-pUjA kA eka lambA vidhAna hai, jisakA vistAra sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa chor3A jA rahA hai| pariskaraga0 (2114) ne sarpa-bali kA lambA vistAra diyA hai| pati kI anupasthiti meM patnI sarpabali kara sakatI hai| 2. madhu se rokara tapasya taka prAcIna kAla ke mahInoM ke nAma hai (taittirIya saMhitA 1 / 4 / 14 / 1) evaM vAjasaneyI saMhitA 730) / dharma0 56

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sarpa-daMza ke bhaya se hI sarpa-pUjA kI paramparA calI hai| sarpa-pUjA bahuta prAcIna hai (taittirIyasaMhitA 1322813) / isa viSaya meM aparvaveda (8723 evaM 11 / 9 / 16 evaM 24) meM diye gaye soM ke nAma prasiddha hai, yathA takSaka, dhRtarASTra evaM airaavt| varSA ke dinoM meM sAMpoM kA vizeSa bhaya hotA hai, kyoMki ve biloM meM jala praveza ho jAne ke kAraNa tathA cUhe, meMDhaka Adi AhAra ke lie bastI meM A jAte haiN| isI se loga zrAvaNa mAsa meM sarpayajJa, sarpapUjA yA nAgapUjA karate the| phira lagAtAra cAra mahInoM, arthAt mArgazIrSa kI pUrNamAsI taka prati dina so ko bali dI jAtI thii| mArgazIrSa kI pUrNimA ko hI pratyavarohana (punaH utaranA, arthAt palaMga se utarakara pRthivIpara sonA) bhI hotA thaa| mahAbhArata meM nAgoM kI carcA bahudhA huI hai (Adiparva 35 evaM 123171; udyogaparva 103, 9-16; anuzAsanaparva 150 / 41), jahA~ vAsuki, ananta Adi sAta soM ke nAma Aye haiN| anuzAsanaparva (14155) meM ziva ko apane zarIra para yajJopavIta kI bhAMti nAga rakhane vAlA kahA gayA hai| purANoM meM bhI nAgoM ke viSaya meM kahAniyAM haiN| nAgapUjA dakSiNa bhArata meM khUba hotI hai| Ajakala nAgapUjA zrAvaNI (zrAvaNa kI pUrNamAsI) ko na hokara zrAvaNa zukla paJcamI ko hotI hai| isa tithi ko Ajakala nAgapaMcamI kahA jAtA hai| vratoM ke ullekha meM hama nAgapaMcamI ke viSaya meM thor3A vivaraNa deNge| bhArata meM jitane prakAra ke sarpa pAye jAte haiM utane kahIM bhI nahIM dekhane meM Ate aura anya dezoM kI apekSA bhArata meM sarpa-daMza se prati varSa sahasroM vyakti mara jAte haiN| nAgabali kucha madhyakAlika nibandhoM tathA saMskArakaustuma (pR0 122) me nAgabali nAmaka kRtya kA varNana milatA hai| yaha kRtya sinIvAlI (vaha dina jaba candra dikhAI par3atA hai, kintu dUsare dina amAvasyA par3a jAtI hai) ke dina yA pUrNimA ke dina yA paMcamI yA navamI ko (jaba candra AzleSA nakSatra meM rahatA hai, isa nakSatra ke devatA haiM sarpa) sampAdita hotA hai| yaha kRtya yA to so ko mAra dene para pApa-mocana ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, yA santAna utpanna hone ke lie (sarpa mAra dene ke kAraNa sarpa-krodha zAntyartha) kiyA jAtA hai| cAvala, gehU~ yA sarasoM ke ATe kI eka sAMkRti banAyI jAtI hai, taba usakA solahoM upacAroM ke sAtha pUjana hotA hai aura pAyasa (cAvala-dUdha yA khIra) kI bali dI jAtI hai| ghRta kI eka Ahuti 'om' evaM tIna vyAhRtiyA~ kahakara sarpAkRti ke muMha meM dI jAtI hai aura Ajya kA zeSAMza usake zarIra para chir3aka diyA jAtA hai| taittirIya saMhitA (4 / 2 / 8 / 3) evaM kucha purANoM ke maMtra par3he jAte haiM aura sarpAkRti agni meM jalA dI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta pati apanI patnI ke sAtha tIna dinoM yA eka dina kA azauca manAtA hai| taba 8 brAhmaNoM ko Amantrita kiyA jAtA hai| ve jalI huI sarpAkRti ke sthAna para kalpita rUpa se khar3e hote haiM, taba ve solahoM upacAroM se pUje jAte haiM, bhojana evaM dakSiNA dI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta jalapUrNa ghar3e (kalaza) meM sone kI sarpAkRti rakhI jAtI hai aura vaha AkRti yA eka gAya brAhmaNa ko dAna kara dI jAtI hai| indrayajJa proSThapada (bhAdrapada) kI pUrNamAsI ke dina indrayajJa hotA thaa| isakA varNana hameM pAraskaragR0 (2 / 15) meM prApta hotA hai| indrayajJa saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai--indra ke lie pAyasa evaM roTiyA~ pakAkara agni ke caturdik cAra roTiyA~ rakhakara aura do AjyamAga dekara indra ko pAyasa diyA jAtA hai; Ajya-AhutiyA~ indra, indrANI, aja ekapAda, ahirbudhnya evaM proSThapadAoM ko dI jAtI haiM; indra ko pAyasa diyA jAtA hai, indra ko dene ke uparAnta marutoM ko bali dI jAtI hai (kyoMki maruta ahuta ko khAte haiM-zatapathabrAhmaNa 4 / 5 / 2 / 16); marutoM ko bali azvattha ke pattoM para dI jAtI hai (kyoMki masta azvattha vRkSa para rahate haiM-zatapathabrAhmaNa 4 / 3 / 3 / 6) / vAjasaneyI saMhitA (17 / 80

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kucha ayAna W 85) evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa (9 / 3 / 1 / 26 ) aura punaH vAjasaneyI saMhitA ( 17/86 ) ke mantroM kA pATha hotA hai aura anta ma brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA hai| kauzikasUtra (140) ne rAjAoM ke lie indra ke sammAna meM eka utsava karane kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha utsava bhAdrapada yA Azvina ke zuklapakSa kI aSTamI ko kiyA jAtA hai| isameM zravaNa nakSatra meM eka jhaMDA khar3A kiyA jAtA hai / yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 147) ne indra kA jhaMDA phaharAne evaM utArane ke dina ko anadhyAya (chuTTI) ghoSita kiyA hai| aparArka ne garga ko uddhRta kara batAyA hai ki rAjA dvArA patAkA bhAdrapada zukla pakSa kI dvAdazI ko phaharAyI jAtI hai (jaba ki candra uttarASAr3ha, zravaNa yA ghaniSThA meM rahatA hai) tathA mAdrapada kI pUrNamAsI yA bharaNI ko utArI jAtI hai / kRtyaratnAkara ( pR0 292-93 ) meM AyA hai ki isa utsava ke dinoM meM Ikha ke Tukar3oM ke bane indra, zacI ( indrANI yA indra kI strI) evaM jayanta ( indra ke putra) kI mUrtiyoM ( AkRtiyoM) kI pUjA hotI hai, patAkAe~ zanivAra yA maMgala yA janma-maraNa ke azauca ke dina yA bhUkampa ke dina nahIM khar3I kI jAtI haiN| Adiparva (63 / 1-29 ) se patA calatA hai ki isa utsava (indramaha) kA prArambha uparicara vasu ne kiyA thaa| vahA~ aisA AyA hai ki indra ne rAjA ko vAnaprastha grahaNa karane se rokA aura cedi rAjya para rAjA rUpa meM bane rahane ko vivaza kiyaa| indra ne rAjA ko eka bA~sa kA DaNDA prItiupahAra ke rUpa meM diyA / rAjA ne kRtajJatA prakAzita karane ke lie usa DhaNDe ko pRthivI meM gAr3a diyaa| taba se prati varSa rAjA tathA anya sAdhAraNa loga bA~sa ke DaNDe pRthivI meM gAr3ane lage aura dUsare dina usameM sugandhita dravya evaM AbhUSaNa Adi bAMdhakara mAlAe~ laTakAne lge| yaha sambhava hai ki caitra mAsa ke prathama dina dakSiNa bhArata evaM anya sthAnoM meM bA~sa gAr3ane kI jo prathA hai, vaha sambhavataH indra ke sammAna meM dhvajA khar3I karane kI paramparA kI hI dyotaka ho / brahmasaMhitA ( adhyAya 43 ) ne indramaha utsava manAne kI vidhi kA varNana lagabhaga 60 zlokoM meM kiyA hai| hama sthAnAbhAva se usa vidhi kA varNana nahIM kara rahe haiN| AzvayujI gautama (8/19 ) ne apane 40 saMskAroM ke antargata sAta pAkayajJoM meM AzvayujI kI bhI parigaNanA kI hai| AzvalAyanagU0 (2 / 2 / 1-3) ne isa kRtya kA varNana yoM kiyA hai-- Azvayuja arthAt Azvina kI pUrNimA ko AzvayujI kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| ghara ko alaMkRta karake, snAnoparAnta svaccha zveta vastra dhAraNa kara pakA huA bhojana "pazupataye zivAya zaMkarAya pUSAtakAya svAhA " maMtra ke sAtha pazupati ko denA caahie| cAvala evaM ghRta milAkara use aJjali se "UnaM me pUryatAM pUrNa me mopasadat pRSAtakAya svAheti" mantra ke sAtha denA caahie| zAMkhAyanagRhya (4 / 16) kA kahanA hai ki isa kRtya meM ghRta kI AhutiyA~ azvino, azvayuk nakSatra ke donoM tAroM, Azvina kI pUrNimA, zarad evaM pazupati ko dI jAnI cAhie; Ajya kA dAna RRgveda ke mantra "A gAvo agman" ke sAtha honA caahie| usa dina rAtri meM bachar3e apanI mAtAoM kA dUdha pIne ke lie chor3a diye jAte haiN| pAraskaragR0 ( 2 / 16 ) ne isa kRtya ko "pUSAtakAH" kahA hai, gomilagRhA0 (328/1) ne 'pUSAtaka' nAma diyA hai| aura dekhie khAdiragR0 ( 3 / 3 / 1-5) evaM vaikhAnasa ( 419 ) / AgrayaNa bahuta-se gRhyasUtroM meM AzvayujI ke uparAnta AgrayaNa kRtya kA varNana huA hai| gomilasmRti (padma, 3 / 103 ) evaM manu (4/27) ne ise krama se navayajJa evaM navasasyeSTi kahA hai| yaha vaha kRtma hai jisameM "nava phala ( upaja) sarvaprathama

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa devoM ko diye jAte haiM" yA jisameM "nava anna sarvaprathama diyA yA khAyA jAtA hai|"" AzvalAyanazrautasUtra (2 / 9) ke anusAra AprayaNa iSTi kevala AhitAgniyoM (jinhoMne tInoM vaidika agni sthApita kI hoM) dvArA hI kI jAnI caahie| nArAyaNa ne TIkA meM likhA hai ki AhitAgni ko zrautasUtra ke anusAra nava anna kA yajJa karanA cAhie, yadi kaThinAI ho to yaha kRtya AzvalAyanagR0 (2 / 2 / 4) ke anusAra tretA agniyoM meM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA jinhoMne tIna agniyAM na jalAyI hoM to ve zAlA (arthAt aupAsana) agni meM bhI ise kara sakate haiN| cAvala, jau evaM zyAmAka nAmaka annoM kA upayoga binA AgrayaNa kiye nahIM ho sakatA thaa| kintu anya annoM evaM zAkoM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM aisI bAta nahIM thii| zrauta AgrayaNa ke devatA tIna haiM, yathA indrAgnI (yA agnIndrau), vizve deva evaM dyAvApRthivI, kintu gRhya AgrayaNa meM sviSTakRt agni bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai| AzvalAyanagRhya0 (2 / 2 / 4-5) meM isa kRtya kA varNana hai, jise hama yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se nahIM de rahe haiN| isa kRtya kA varNana ApastambagR0 (1966-7), zAMkhAyanagR0 (3.8), pAraskaragR0 (31), gomilagR0 (3 / 8 / 9-24), khAdiragR0 (3 / 3 / 6-15), vaikhAnasa (4 / 2), mAnavagR0 (2 / 3 / 9-14) Adi meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| vaikhAnasa ne devatAoM ke sAtha pitaroM ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| mAnavagR0 ne vasanta meM kisI parva ke dina jo anna kA tathA zarad meM cAvala kA isa kRtya ke sAtha sambandha jor3A hai| vaikhAnasa ne binA AgrayaNa kRtya kiye.navAna prayoga karane para pAdakRccha prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA dI hai (6 / 19) / AgrahAyaNI yaha kRtya gautama (8 / 19) dvArA varNita cAlIsa saMskAroM meM parigaNita hai, aura sAta pAkayajJoM meM eka pAkayajJa hai| mArgazIrSa (agahana) kI pUrNamAsI ko AgrahAyaNI kahA jAtA hai, ataH usa dina jo kRtya sampAdita ho use bhI vahI saMjJA milI hai| isameM pratyavarohaNa kRtya dvArA paryaka evaM khAToM para sonA chor3a diyA jAtA hai| zAMkhAyabhagR0 (4 / 15 / 22)ke mata se zrAvaNI (zrAvaNa mAsa kI pUrNamAsI) se loga pRthivI para sonA chor3a dete haiM, kyoMki sarpa-daMza kA Dara rahatA hai| kucha loga AgrahAyaNI evaM pratyavarohaNa ko do viziSTa kRtya mAnate haiM, jinameM prathama mArgazIrSa kI pUrNimA ko tathA dUsarA hemanta kI prathama rAtri ko manAyA jAtA hai (dekhie ApastambagRhya 1913-5 evaM 8-12) / isa kRtya ke kAla evaM vidhi ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiM, jinake pacar3e meM hama yahA~ nahIM pdd'eNge| pAraskaragR0 (3 / 2) evaM gobhilagR0 (3 / 9 / 1-23) meM isake viSaya kA vistAra diyA huA hai| Ajakala yaha kRtya bilkula nahIM kiyA jAtA, ataH bahuta hI saMkSepa meM yahAM isakA varNana kiyA jA rahA hai| ghara ko punaH (arthAt 'AzvayujI' ke uparAnta) svaccha kiyA jAtA hai (lIpA-potA jAtA hai, cikanI miTTI tathA gobara se svaccha karane kI prathA rahI hai) / pharza ko samatala kara diyA jAtA hai| sAyaMkAla pAyasa kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| isameM sviSTakRt agni ko Ahuti nahIM dI jaatii| agni ke pazcima meM ghAsa bichA dI jAtI hai jisa para gRhastha apane ghara vAloM ke sAtha sira ko pUrva dizA meM rakhakara uttarAbhimukha ho Rgveda (1 / 22 / 15) ke mantra ke sAtha baiTha jAtA hai| isI prakAra mantroM ke uccAraNa ke sAtha sabako uThanA par3atA hai| brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA hai| aMguttara-nikAya (pAli-grantha) meM bhI 'paccorohanivagga' nAmaka khaNDa meM brAhmaNoM dvArA sampAdita pratyavarohaNa kRtya kA varNana hai| isa kRtya kA varNana anya gRhyasUtroM meM bhI pAyA 3. ApastambagRhma0 (19 / 6) kI TIkA meM sudarzana likhate haiM-yena karmaNA apanavadravyaM deyAnprApayatIti yatkarma kRtvava vArayaNaM prathamAyanaM nvaannpraashnpraaptirbhvtiiti| haradatta ne isakI vyAkhyA meM kahA hai-etiratra praashnaarthH|

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pAttu (gRha) pratiSThA jAtA hai, yathA svAdira (3 / 3 / 1-26), gobhila (39), mAnava (2 / 7 / 1-5), bhAradvAja (2 / 2), Apastamba (2 / 17 / 1) / baudhAyana (2010) ne pratyavarohaNa nAmaka kRtya kA varNana kiyA hai jo sabhI RtuoM ke Arambha meM tathA adhika mAsa (malamAsa) meM kiyA jAtA thA, kintu yaha kRtya dUsarA hI hai, AgrahAyaNI nhiiN| zUlagava yA IzAnavali Arambhika rUpa meM yaha kRtya ziva ko baila kA mAMsa dene se sambandhita thaa| isake kAla ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| AzvalAnagRhya0 (4 / 9 / 2) ke anusAra yaha zarad yA vasanta meM ArdrA nakSatra meM kiyA jAtA thaa| kintu baudhAyanagR0 (2 / 7 / 1-2) ke mata se yaha mArgazIrSa kI pUrNimA yA ArdrA nakSatra meM sampAdita honA caahie| isI prakAra anya mata bhI haiN| isa kRtya ke nAma ke viSaya meM kaI vyAkhyAe~ prasiddha haiN| nArAyaNa ne kahA hai ki yahA~ 'zUla' kA artha hai vaha jo nokIlA daNDa rakhe, arthAt ziva, jinako 'zUlI' kahA jAtA hai aura isa yajJa meM baila yajJapazu ke rUpa meM zUlI rudra ko diyA jAtA hai| haradatta kA kahanA hai ki isameM baila para (ziva ke) daNDa kA cihna aMkita hotA hai| isa kRtya kA varNana ina gRhyasUtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai--AzvalAyana (4 / 9), baudhAyana (27), hiraNyakezi (228-9), bhAradvAja (2 / 8-10), pAraskara (3.8) / lagatA hai ki gRhyasUtroM ke kAloM meM bhI bahuta loga isa kRtya ko nahIM pasanda karate the, kyoMki baudhAyana (2 / 7 / 26-27) meM AyA hai ki baila na milane para bakarA yA bher3A diyA jA sakatA hai yA IzAna ke lie kevala sthAlIpAka paryApta hai| kAThaka (52 / 1) ke TIkAkAra devapAla kA kahanA hai ki kevala bakarA car3hAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki loga vRSabha-bali ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN|' yaha kRtya aba nahIM kiyA jAtA, ataH bahuta saMkSepa meM hama isakA varNana kara rahe haiN| mAnavagRhya0 (2 / 5 / 1-6) kA kahanA hai-rudra ke anuraMjana ke lie zarad meM zUlagava kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| rAtri meM grAma kI uttara-pUrva dizA meM kucha dUra para bailoM ke bIca meM eka yUpa gAr3a diyA jAtA hai| sviSTakRt agni ke homa ke pUrva (arthAt pake hue cAvala ke sAdhAraNa homa ke uparAnta) pattiyoM kI ATha doniyoM (droNoM) meM rakta bharakara dikpAloM ko diyA jAtA hai aura ATha done anuvAka mantroM ke sAtha madhyavartI dizAoM ko diye jAte haiN| binA pakA huA upahAra grAma meM nahIM lAyA jaataa| pazu ke avazeSa cihna (carmasahita) pRthivI meM gAr3a dene caahie| vAstu-pratiSThA isa kRtya kA artha hai navIna gRha kA nirmANa evaM usameM prvesh| naye makAna ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM gRhyasUtroM (AzvalAyana 217-9, zAMkhAyana 3 / 2-4, pAraskara 3 / 4, Apastamba 17 / 1-13, khAdira 4 / 2 / 6-22 Adi) meM paryApta varNana hai / AzvalAyana (217) ke matAnusAra sarvaprathama sthala kI parIkSA karanI cAhie, kyoMki sthala kSArarahita honA cAhie, usameM oSadhiyA~ (vanaspatiyA~.), kuza, vIraNa tRNa, ghAsa jamI rahanI caahie| usameM se ka~TIle paudhe tathA aisI jar3eM, jinase dUdha nikalatA ho, nikAla bAhara karanI cAhie aura apAmArga, tilvaka Adi paudhe bhI nikAla dene caahie| usa sthala para cAroM ora se pAnI Akara dAhinI ora bahatA huA pUrva dizA meM nikala jAnA caahie| aise 4. aba yadi gAM na labhate meSamajaM vaalbhte| IzAnAya sthAlIpAkaM yA apayati tasmAdetatsarva karoti yad gavA kAryam // bau0 gu0 2 / 7 / 26-27 / avadAnahomAntatvaM ca chAgapakSa ev| goH punarutsarga eva lokvirodhaat| devapAla (kAThakagu0 52 // 1) /

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yve dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sthala meM zubha guNa hote haiN| usa sthala para kahIM gaja bhara khodakara dekha lenA cAhie aura punaH nikAlA huI miTTI hI bhara denI caahie| yadi bharate samaya kucha miTTI baca jAya to sthala ko sarvottama samajhanA cAhie, yadi gaDDhA marane ke lie miTTI pUrI ho jAya to use madhyama tathA yadi gaDDhA bharane ke lie miTTI kama par3a jAya to use nikRSTa sthala samajhakara chor3a denA caahie| sthala - pahacAna kI dUsarI vidhi bhI hai| gaDDhe meM pAnI bharakara rAta bhara chor3a denA cAhie, yadi prAtaH kAla taka pAnI pAyA jAya to sthala sarvottama, yadi mIMgA rahe to madhyama tathA sUkhA rahe to nikRSTa samajhakara chor3a denA caahie| dvijAtiyoM ko krama se zveta, lAla evaM pIta sthala khojanA caahie| sthala vargAkAra yA catu kAra honA cAhie aura svAmI ko cAhie ki vaha usa para jota kI eka sahasra harAiyA~ kara de| zamI yA udumbara kI TahanI se tIna bAra pradakSiNA karake dAhine hAtha se usa para jala chir3akanA cAhie aura zAntAtIya stotra (Rgveda 7 / 35 / 1-15) kA pATha karanA caahie| yaha binA ruke tIna bAra karanA cAhie tathA 'Apo hi SThA' (Rgveda 10|9| 1-3) kA pATha karanA caahie| isa prakAra kI eka bahuta vistRta vidhi hai| matsyapurANa (adhyAya 252 - 257) ne vAstuzAstra para eka lambA vivaraNa upasthita kiyA hai| usake anusAra ( 256 / 10-11) vAstuyajJa pA~ca bAra kiyA jAnA cAhie; nIMva rakhate samaya, prathama stambha gAr3ate samaya, prathama dvAra ke sAtha caukhaTa khar3I karate samaya, gRha praveza ke samaya tathA vAstu-zAnti ke samaya ( jaba koI upadrava Adi uTha khar3A ho taba ) / isake uparAnta matsyapurANa ne anya vidhiyoM kA vizada varNana upasthita kiyA hai, jise hama yahA~ upasthita nahIM kara rahe haiN| Ajakala gRha praveza kA utsava bar3e ThATha-bATa se kiyA jAtA hai| jyotiSI se pUchakara eka zubha dina nizcita kiyA jAtA hai| gRha praveza kI vidhi bar3I lambI-caur3I hotI hai| do-eka bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| eka maNDala banAyA jAtA hai jisameM 81 varga banAye jAte haiM aura usameM Agamana ke lie 62 devatAoM kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta samidhA, tila evaM Ajya kI 28 AhutiyoM ke sAtha 9 grahoM kA homa kiyA jAtA hai| ghara ko pUrva dizA se Arambha kara tIna bAra sUtra se ghera diyA jAtA hai aura usake sAtha rakSoghna (Rgveda 4 / 4 / 1-15, yA 1018711-25 ) tathA pavamAna (Rgveda 9 / 1 / 1-10) nAmaka sUktoM kA pATha hotA hai| isI prakAra anya bAteM vidhivat kI jAtI haiM aura bAje-gAje ke sAtha svAmI apanI patnI, baccoM brAhmaNoM ke sAtha hAtha jor3akara tathA anya zubha sAmagriyA~ lekara gRha meM praveza karatA hai| isake uparAnta puNyAhavAcana kiyA jAtA hai| brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta gRha svAmI apane mitroM ke sAtha bhojana karatA hai|

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adhyAya 25 dAna manu ( 1186 ) ke kathanAnusAra kRta ( satyayuga), tretA, dvApara evaM kaliyugoM meM dhArmika jIvana ke pramukha rUpa krama se tapa, AdhyAtmika jJAna, yajJa evaM dAna haiN| manu ( 3 / 78) ne gRhasthAzrama kI mahattA gAyI hai aura kahA hai ki anya AzramoM se maha zreSTha hai, kyoMki isI ke dvArA anya AzramoM ke logoM kA paripAlana hotA hai| yama ne cAroM AzramoM ke viziSTa lakSaNa isa prakAra dyotita kiye haiM-"yatiyoM kA dharma hai zama, vanaukasoM ( vAnaprasthoM) kA sAdhAraNa bhojana kA tyAga, gRhasthoM kA dAna evaM brahmacAriyoM kA dharma hai zuzrUSA ( yA AjJApAlana ) / " dakSa ( 1 / 12 - 13 ) ne bhI cAroM AzramoM ke vizeSa lakSaNoM kA varNana kiyA hai| hama isa adhyAya meM 'dAna' kA vivecana kareMge / vaidika kAla meM dAna kI mahattA Rgveda ne vividha prakAra ke dAnoM evaM dAtAoM kI prazasti gAyI hai ( 1/125, 1126-115, 5/61, 64472 22-25, 7 / 18 / 22-25, 805137-39, 826 / 46-48, 8246 / 21-24 8268 / 14-19 ) / dAnoM meM go-dAna kI mahattA vizeSa rUpa se pracalita hai| dAnoM meM gAyoM, rathoM, azvoM, U~ToM, nAriyoM (dAsiyoM ), bhojana Adi kA viziSTa ullekha huA hai / chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 1-2 ) meM AyA hai ki jAnazruti pautrAyaNa ne sthAna-sthAna para aisI bhojanazAlAe~ banavA rakhI thIM, jahA~ para sabhI dizAoM se loga Akara bhojana prApta kara sakate the, aisI thI unakI sadAzayatA evaM mAnava ke prati zraddhA / Rgveda meM tIna sthAnoM para (10 / 107/2, 7) AyA hai - "jo ( gAyoM yA dakSiNA kA) dAna karatA hai vaha svarga meM ucca sthAna para jAtA hai, jo azva-dAna karatA hai vaha sUrya-loka meM nivAsa karatA hai, jo svarNa kA dAnI hai vaha devatA hotA hai, jo paridhAna kA dAna karatA hai vaha dIrgha jIvana kA lAbha karatA hai. 1" kramazaH azva ke dAna kI mahattA 'antara par3atA calA gyaa| pahale usakA sthAna gAya ke bAda thA, kintu kAlAntara meM azva ke dAna kI mahimA ghaTa gayI / taittirIya saMhitA ( 2 / 3 / 12 / 1) kA kahanA hai - "jo azva-dAna letA hai use varuNa pakar3atA hai, arthAt vaha jalodara yA zotha se grasta ho jAtA hai|" kAThakasaMhitA (12/6) meM bhI AyA hai ki azva kA dAna nahIM lenA cAhie, kyoMki isake jabar3oM meM do danta-paktiyA~ hotI haiM / taittirIya brAhmaNa (21214) meM sone, paridhAna, gAya, azva, manuSya, paryaMka evaM anya kaI prakAra kI vastuoM ke dAna karane kI ora saMketa milatA hai, aura ina padArthoM ke devatA haiM agni, soma, indra, varuNa, prajApati aadi| taittirIya saMhitA (22/63 ) ke mata se jo vyakti do dantapaktiyoM vAle jIva, yathA azva yA manuSya ko, dAna rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai. use vaizvAnara ko 12 kapAloM meM sthAlIpAka denA caahie| manu (10 / 89 ) ke mata se azva tathA anya binA phaTe 1. tapaH paraM kRtayuge tretAyAM jJAnamukhyata: dvApare yajJamevAhunamekaM kalau yuge / manu 1186 = zAntiparva 232|28=praashrN 1 / 23 = bAyupurANa 8265-66 / yatInAM tu zamo dharmastvanAhAro banaukasAm / bAmameva gRhara thAnAM zuzrUSA brahmacAriNAm // yama (hemAdri, bAma, pU06 meM uddhRta) /

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roc dharmazAstra kA itihAsa khura vAle pazuoM kA vyApAra vajita hai, kintu garIbanAtha ke pehovA zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki brAhmaNa loga bhI azva ke kraya-vikraya kA vyApAra karate the aura isa vyApAra se utpanna lAma ko mandiroM ke prabandha meM vyaya kiyA jAtA yA (epigrephiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pR0 186) / gautama (1916) ne aparAdhoM ke prAyazcitta ke lie azva-dAna kI carcA kI hai| dAna ke viSaya meM aura dekhie zAMkhAyana brAhmaNa (25 / 14) evaM aitareya brAhmaNa (3019) / zatapathabrAhmaNa (2 / 2 / 10 / 6) kA kahanA hai-"deva do prakAra ke hote haiM; svarga ke deva evaM mAnava deva, arthAt vedajJa brAhmaNa; inhIM donoM meM yajJa kA vibhAjana hotA hai, arthAt AhutiyAM devoM ko milatI haiM tathA dakSiNA mAnava devoM (vedajJa brAhmaNoM) ko|" taittirIyasaMhitA (6 / 1 / 6 / 3) kA kahanA hai ki vyakti jaba apanA sarvasva dAna kara detA hai to vaha bhI tapasyA hI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (5 / 2 / 3) ke anusAra tIna viziSTa guNa hai dama, dAna evaM dyaa| aitareya brAhmaNa (39 / 6-7) ne bhI sone, pRthivI evaM pazu ke dAna kI carcA kI hai| chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 2 / 4-5) meM AyA hai ki jAnazruti ne saMvarga vidyA ke adhyayana hetu raikva ko eka sahasra gaue~, eka sone kI sikar3I, eka ratha jisameM khaccara jute the, apanI kanyA (patnI ke rUpa meM) evaM kucha grAma dAna meM diye the| rakva ko pradatta gA~va kAlAntara meM mahAvarSa deza meM rakvaparNa grAma ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| __ dAna-sambandhI sAhitya bahuta lambA-caur3A hai| mahAbhArata ke sabhI poM meM dAna-sambandhI sAmAnya saMketa milate haiM tathA anuzAsana parva meM vizeSa rUpa se dAna ke vibhinna svarUpoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| purANoM meM vizeSataH agni (adhyAya 208-215 evaM 217), matsya (adhyAya 82-91 evaM 274-289) evaM varAha (adhyAya 99-111) dAna ke viSaya meM katipaya carcA karate haiN| kucha nibandhoM ne dAna para pRthak prakaraNa upasthita kiye haiN| isa viSaya meM hemAdri kA dAnakhaNDa (caturvargacintAmaNi), govindAnanda kI dAnakriyAkaumudI, nIlakaNTha kA dAnamayUkha, vidyApati kI dAnavAkyAvali, vallAlasena kA dAnasAgara evaM mitra mizra kA dAnaprakAza adhika prasiddha haiN| nIce hama inakA saMkSipta Azaya de rahe haiN| 'dAna' kA artha 'dAna' kA artha prAcIna kAla meM hI spaSTa kara diyA gayA thaa| yAga, homa evaM dAna meM antara hai| yAga meM devatA ke lie vaidika mantroM ke sAtha kucha vastuoM kA tyAga hotA hai, homa meM apanI kisI vastu kI Ahuti kisI devatA ke lie agni meM dI jAtI hai, dAna meM kisI dUsare ko apanI vastu kA svAmI banA diyA jAtA hai| dAna lene kI svIkRti mAnasika yA vAcika yA zArIrika rUpa se ho sakatI hai (dekhie jaimini 4 / 2 / 28, 7 / 115 evaM 9 / 4 / 32 para zabara, tathA yAjJavalkya 2 / 27 para mitAkSarA) / mitAkSarA kA kahanA hai ki zArIrika (kAyika) svIkRti eka hAtha meM le lene yA chU dene se ho jAtI hai| dAnakriyAkaumudI (pR0 7) meM uddhRta viSNudharmottara, bRhatparAzara (adhyAya 8, pR0 242) Adi meM dAna lene kI vidhiyoM kA vizada varNana pAyA jAtA hai| dharmazAstra meM 'pratigraha' zabda kA viziSTa artha hotA hai| manu (415) 2. eSa ca yajiH yadravyaM devatAmuddizya mantreNa tyjyte| jaimini 7 / 15 ko vyAkhyA meM shbr| svasvatvanivRttiH parasvatvApAdanaM ca daanm| parasvatvApAdanaM ca paro yadi svIkaroti tavA sampadyate naanyyaa| svIkArazca trividhaH / mAnaso vAcikaH kaayikshceti|... kAyikaH punrupaadaanaabhimrshnaadiruupo'nekvidhH| tatra ca niyamaH smyte| dadyAtkRSNAjinaM pRSThe gAM pucche phariNaM kre| kesareSu tathaivAzvaM dAsI zirasi dApayet // iti...kSetrAvI punaH phalopabhogavyatirekeNa kAyikasvIkArAsambhavAt svalpenApyupabhogena bhvitvym| mitAkSarA (yAmavalkya 2 / 27) /

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bAna kI vyAkhyA 49 kI TIkA meM medhAtithi kA kathana hai-"grahaNa mAtra pratigraha nahIM hai| usI ko pratigraha kahate haiM jo viziSTa svIkRti kA paricAyaka ho, arthAt jaba use svIkAra kiyA jAya to dAtA ko adRSTa AdhyAtmika puNya prApta ho aura jise dete samaya vaidika mantra par3hA jaay| jaba koI bhikSA detA hai taba vaha koI mantroccAraNa (yathA 'devasya tvA') nahIM karatA, ataH vaha zAstravihita dAna nahIM hai aura na sneha se mitra yA naukara ko diyA gayA padArtha hI pratigraha hai|" isI prakAra jaba 'vidyAdAna' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai to yahA~ dAna zabda mAtra AlaMkArika hai, nahIM to guru ko ziSya ke lie dakSiNA denI par3a jAyagI, kintu aisI bAta hai nahIM, kyoMki vAstava meM ziSya hI guru ko dakSiNA detA hai| isI prakAra jaba kisI mUrti ko dAna diyA jAtA hai to vahA~ bhI 'dAna' zabda kA prayoga gauNa artha meM hI hai, kyoMki vAstava meM mUrti koI dAna grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| devala ne zAstrokta 'dAna' kI paribhASAyoM kI hai-"zAstra dvArA ucita mAne gaye vyakti ke lie zAstrAnumodita vidhi se pradatta dhana ko dAna kahA jAtA hai| jaba kisI ucita vyakti ko kevala apanA kartavya samajhakara kucha diyA jAtA hai to use dharmadAna kahA jAtA hai|" dAnamayUkha (pR. 3) ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki devala kI paribhASA kevala sAttvika dAna se sambandhita hai na ki sAmAnya dAna se| yadi dAtA dAna bheje kintu vaha mArga me hI kho jAya aura pAne vAle ke yahA~ na pahuMce to vaha dAna nahIM hai aura na usake dene se dAna kA phala hI prApta ho sakatA hai| dAna ke cha: aMga devala ne dAna ke cha: aMga varNita kiye haiM; dAtA, pratigrahItA, zraddhA, dharmayukta deya (ucita DhaMga se prApta dhana), ucita kAla evaM ucita deza (sthAna) / inameM prathama cAra kA spaSTa ullekha manu (41226-227) meM bhI hai| ina cha: aMgoM kA varNana hama kreNge| iSTApUrta-Age kucha likhane ke pUrva hama iSTApUrta zabda kA artha samajha leN| yaha zabda Rgveda meM bhI AyA hai (10 / 14 / 8) / isakA artha hai "yajJa-karmoM tathA dAna-karmoM se utpanna puNya / " Rgveda (10 / 14 / 8) meM hAla meM (turaMta) mare hue eka AtmA ke viSaya meM AyA hai-"tuma pitaroM se mila sako, tuma yama se mila sako tathA mila sako svarga meM apane iSTApUrta se|" 'iSTa' kA artha hai jo yajJa ke lie diyA gayA hai aura 'pUrta' kA artha hai 'jo bhara gayA hai| atharvaveda meM bhI AyA hai-"hamAre pUrvajoM ke iSTApUrta (zatruoM se) hamArI rakSA kareM... (2 / 12 / 4) / " aura dekhie atharvaveda (3 / 29 / 1) / isI.prakAra taittirIya saMhitA (5 / 7 / 7 / 1-3), taittirIya brAhmaNa (2 / 5 / 57, 3 / 9 / 14), vAjasaneyI saMhitA (15 / 54), kaThopaniSad (1 / 1 / 8) evaM mANDUkyopaniSad (1 / 2 / 10) meM bhI iSTApUrta kA prayoga huA hai| kaThopaniSad meM AyA hai ki jo atithi ko binA bhojana karAye ghara meM ThaharAtA hai vaha Apane iSTApUrta kA, santAnoM evaM pazuoM kA nAza karatA hai| mANDUkyopaniSad ne una logoM kI bhartsanA kI hai jo iSTApUrta ko sarvocca 3. nava grahaNamAtraM prigrhH| viziSTa eva svIkAre pratipUrvo gRhnnaativtNte| adRSTayuSyA vIyamAnaM mantrapUrva gRhNataH pratimaho bhvti| na ca bhaikye devasya svaadimntroccaarnnmsti| na prItyAdinA daangrhnne| nae tatra prtimhvyvhaarH| meghAtiyi (manu 5 / 4) / 4. aryAnAmuvite pAtre yathAvatpratipAdanam / dAnamityabhiniviSTaM vyAkhyAnaM tasya vakyate // devala (aparArka pu. 287 meM, pAnakriyAkImuvI pR0 2, hemAdi, vAnakhaNDa, pR0 13, dAnavAkyAvali Adi dvArA uddhRt)| pAtrebhyo bIyate nityamamavekSya pryojnm| kevalaM dharmabuddhyA yAmabAnaM tducyte|| devala (hemAdri dvArA dAna, pR0 14 meM upt)| dharma0 57

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mahattA dete haiM aura usake Upara kisI anya ko mAnate hI nhiiN| isa upaniSad ne tarka upasthita kiyA hai ki iSTApUrta vyakti ko antima Ananda nahIM de sakatA, usase to vyakti ko kevala svargAnanda milatA hai, jise bhogakara vyakti punaH isa saMsAra meM yA isase bhI nIce ke loka meM utara AtA hai| aparArka ne 'iSTa' evaM 'pUrta' ke arthoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie mahAbhArata kA havAlA diyA hai-"jo kucha eka agni (gRhya agni) meM DAlA jAtA hai tathA jo kucha tInoM zrauta agniyoM meM DAlA jAtA hai evaM vedI (zrIta yajJoM) meM dAna kiyA jAtA hai use 'iSTa' kahate haiM; kintu gahare kUpoM, AyatAkAra kUpoM, tar3AgoM (tAlAboM), devatAyatanoM (mandiroM) kA samarpaNa, annadAna evaM ArAma (jana-vATikA) kA prabandha 'pUrta' kahalAtA hai|"5 aparArka ne nArada ko uddhRta kara likhA hai-"Atithya tathA vaizvadeva-karma iSTa haiM, kintu tAlAboM, kUpoM, mandiroM, ArAmoM kA lokahitArtha samarpaNa pUrta hai, isI prakAra candra evaM sUrya ke grahaNoM ke samaya kA dAna bhI pUrta hai|" rogiyoM kI sevA bhI pUrta hai (hemAdri, dAna, pR020)| manu ne bhI iSTa evaM pUrta karane kI bAta kahI hai| unake anusAra iSTa evaM pUrta sadaiva karate jAnA cAhie, kyoMki zraddhA evaM ucita DhaMga se prApta dhana se kiye gaye iSTa evaM pUrta akSaya hote haiM (manu 4 / 226) / sabhI loga, yahA~ taka ki nAriyAM evaM zUdra bhI, dAna de sakate haiN| dAnadharma kI bar3I mahattA kahI gayI hai| aparArka ne eka padya uddhRta kiyA hai-"do prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ke gale meM zilA bAMdhakara Dubo denA cAhie; adAnI dhanavAn evaM atapasvI daridra / " sabhI dvijAtiyoM ke lie iSTa evaM pUrta karanA dharma mAnA jAtA thA; zUdra loga pUrta dharma kara sakate the kintu vaidika dharma nhiiN| devala ke anusAra dAtA ko pAparoga se hIna, dhArmika, ditsu (zraddhAlu), durguNahIna, zuSi (pavitra), nindita vyavasAya se rahita honA caahie| bahuta-sI smRtiyoM ne aisA likhA hai ki bahuta kama loga svAjita dhana dAna meM dete dekhe jAte haiN| vyAsa ne likhA hai-"sI meM eka zUra, sahasroM meM eka vidvAn, zata sahanoM meM eka vaktA milatA hai, dAtA to zAyada hI mila sakatA hai aura nahIM bhii|" bAna ke pAtra-isa bhAga ke adhyAya 3 meM yogya eva ayogya pAtroM ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha likhA jA cukA hai| do-eka zabda yahA~ bhI kahe jAte haiN| dakSa (3317-18) ne likhA hai-"mAtA-pitA, guru, mitra, caritravAn vyakti, upakArI, daridra (dIna), asahAya (anAtha), viziSTa guNa vAle vyakti ko dAna dene se puNya prApta hotA hai, kintu dhUtA, bandiyoM (vandanA karanevAloM), malloM (kuztI lar3anevAloM), kuvaidyoM, juAriyoM, vaJcakoM, cAToM, cAraNoM evaM coroM ko diyA gayA dAna niSphala hotA hai| manu (4|193-200=vissnnudhrmsuutr 937-13) ne kapaTI evaM veda na jAnanevAle 5. mahAbhAratam / ekAgnikarma havanaM tretAyo yacca huuyte| antarvAMca mahAnamiSTamityabhidhIyate ||vaapiikuuptddaagaani devatAyatanAni ca / annapradAnamArAmaH pUtamityabhidhIyate // aparArka pR0 290, dUsarA para atri (1) kA hai| atri ne iSTa ko yoM kahA hai-"agnihotraM tapaH satyaM vedAnAM caMba paalnm| AtithyaM vaizvadevazca issttmitybhidhiiyte||" atri (43) / 6. dAvevApsu praveSTavyo gale bada svAmahAzilAm |dhnvntmraataarNpricaatpsvinm // aparAka (10199); dAnavAkyAvali; yaha udyogaparva (30160) kA paca hai| 7. iSTApUrtI dvijAtInAM dharmaH sAmAnya iSyate / adhikArI bhavenyUDo pUrta dharmena vaidike atri 46, lilita ise aparAkaM (pR024) ne jAtukarNa kA mAnA hai| apAparogI dharmAtmA bitsuravyasanaH shuciH| animbAcIvakarmAcaSaDbhitA prshsyte|| devala (aparArka pR0 288 evaM hemAdi, dAna,pa014) / pAparoga mA prakAra ke hote hai-mA maavi| zateSa jAyate zUraH sahaleSaka pndditH| vaktA zatasahasrapa rAtA bhavati naambaa|| vyAsa // 6 //

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dAna kI vyAkhyA 451 brAhmaNa ko dAna kA pAtra nahIM mAnA hai| bRhadyama ( 3 / 34 / 38) ne bhI kupAtroM ke nAma ginAye haiM, yathA kor3hI, na acche honevAle roga se pIr3ita, zUtroM kA yajJa karAnevAle, devalaka, veda becanevAle ( pahale se zulka nizcita karake veda par3hAne vAle) brAhmaNoM ko na to zrAddha meM bulAnA cAhie aura na unheM dAna denA caahie| bRhadyama ne punaH likhA hai ki nikRSTa karma karanevAle, lomI, veda, sandhyA Adi karmoM se hIna, brAhmaNocita dharmoM se cyuta, duSTa evaM vyasanI brAhmaNoM ko dAna nahIM denA caahie| isI prakAra kupAtroM evaM supAtroM kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie vanaparva (20015-9), bRhatparAzara (8, pR0 241-242), gautama ( 3, pR0 508-509) Adi / vaizvadeva ke uparAnta sabako bhojana denA caahie| viSNudharmottara ne likhA hai ki bhojana evaM vastra ke dAna meM manuSya kI AvazyakatA dekhanI cAhie na ki usakI jAti / kisI sacce prArthI ko dekhate hI jisake mukha para sukha kI lahareM utpanna ho jAtI haiM aura jo premapUrvaka evaM sammAna ke sAtha detA hai, vaha vAstavika zraddhA kI abhivyakti karatA hai| Adara se denevAle evaM Adara se lenevAle svarga prApta karate haiM aura isa niyama ke apavAdI naraka meM jAte haiM ( manu 4 / 235 ) / beya-dAna ke padArthoM evaM upakaraNoM ke viSaya meM bahuta se niyama bane haiN| anuzAsanaparva (5017 ) ke mata se saMsAra ke sarvazreSTha pyAre padArtha tathA jise vyakti bahuta mUlyavAn samajhatA hai usakA guNavAn vyakti ko diyA jAnA akSaya guNa evaM puNya denevAlA dAna kahA jAtA hai| devala ke mata se vaha vastu deya hai jise dAtA ne binA kisI ko satAye, cintA evaM duHkha diye svayaM prApta kiyA ho, vaha cAhe choTI ho yA mUlyavAn ho / deya kI bar3AI yA choTAI athavA nyUnatA yA adhikatA para puNya nahIM nirbhara rahatA, vaha to manobhAva, dAtA kI samarthatA tathA usake dhanArjana ke DhaMga para nirbhara rahatA hai| zraddhA se jo kucha supAtra ko diyA jAya vaha saphala deya hai, kintu azraddhA se yA kupAtra ko diyA gayA ghana niSphala hotA hai / apanI samarthatA ke anusAra denA caahie|' deya padArthoM meM kucha uttama, kucha madhyama evaM kucha nikRSTa mAne jAte haiM / uttama padArtha haiM- bhojana, dahI, madhu, rakSA, gAya, bhUmi, sonA, azva evaM hAthI / madhyama haiM--vidyA, AzrayagRha, gharelU upakaraNa ( yathA palaMga Adi ), auSadheM tathA nikRSTa haiM-- jUte, hiMDole, gAr3iyA~, chatra (chAtA), baratana, Asana, dIpaka, lakar3I, phala yA anya jIrNazIrNa vastue~ (dekhie devala, aparArka, pR0 289-90 meM uddhRta evaM hemAdri, dAna, pR0 16) / yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 210-11 ) kI tAlikA bhI avalokanIya hai| Upara kI tAlikA evaM yAjJavalkya kI tAlikA meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai, ataH hama use yahA~ uddhRta nahIM kara rahe haiN| tIna prakAra ke deya sarvottama kahe gaye haiM, yathA gAya, bhUmi evaM sarasvatI (vidyA) aura inheM ativAna kahA jAtA hai ( vasiSThadharmasUtra 29 / 19 evaM bRhaspati 18 ) / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 29 / 19 ), man (4/233), atri (340) evaM yAjJavalkya (1 / 212) kA kahanA hai ki vidyA sarvazreSTha deya hai, arthAt yaha jala, bhojana, gAya, mUji, vastra, tila, sone evaM madhu se zreSTha hai| kintu anuzAsanaparva (62/2) evaM viSNudharmottara ( aparArka, pR0 369 meM uddhRta) kI dRSTi meM bhUmi kA dAna sarvazreSTha hai| viSNudharma sUta ne abhayadAna ko sarvazreSTha mAnA hai| kucha padArthoM kA dAna mahAdAna kahA jAtA hai, jisakA varNana hama Age kreNge| bAna-prakAra-dAna ke prakAra haiM nisva (Ajanika, devala ke mata se), naimittika evaM kAmya / jo pratidina diyA 8. anyAyAdhigatAM vasvA sakalAM pRthivImapi / zraddhAvarjamapAtrAya na kAMcid bhUtimApnuyAt / / pradAya zAkamuSTi vA bhaddhA bhaktisamudyatAm / mahate pAtrabhUtAya sarvAbhyudayamApnuyAt // devala ( aparArka 290); sahala - zaktizca zataM zatazaktirva zApi ca / bakhAdapazca yaH zaktyA sarve tulyaphalAH smRtAH // Azvamedhikaparva ( 90 / 96-97); ekat go vazagurvadyA yaza dadyAcca gozatI / zataM sahasragurvadyAtsarve tulyaphalA hi te // agnipurANa (211 / 1) /

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452 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAya ( yathA vaizvadeva Adi ke uparAnta bhojana) use nitya, jo kinhIM viziSTa avasaroM (yathA grahaNa) para diyA jAya use naimilika tathA jo santAnotpatti, vijaya, samRddhi, svarga yA patnI ke lie diyA jAya use kAmya kahate haiN| vATikA, kUpa Adi kA samarpaNa dhruvadAna kahA jAtA hai (devl)| kUrmapurANa ne ina tInoM prakAroM meM eka aura jor3a diyA hai, yathA vimala (pavitra), jo brahmajJAnI ko zraddhAsahita bhagavatprApti ke lie diyA jAtA hai| bhagavadgItA ( 17 / 20- 22) ne dAna ko krotvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa nAmaka zreNiyoM meM bA~TA hai aura kahA hai- "jaba deza, kAla evaM pAtra ke anusAra apanA kartavya samajha kara dAna diyA jAtA hai aura lenevAlA asvIkAra nahIM karatA, to aise dAna ko sAtvika dAna kahA jAtA hai; jaba kisI icchA kI pUrti ke lie yA anutsAha se diyA jAya to use rAjasa dAna tathA jo dAna anucita kAla, sthAna evaM pAtra ko binA zraddhA tathA ghRNA ke sAtha diyA jAya use tAmasa dAna kahate haiN| yogI-yAjJavalkya kA kahanA hai ki gupta dAna, binA ahaMkAra kA jJAna tathA binA anya logoM ko dikhAye japa karanA ananta phala dene vAlA hotA hai| devala ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai| binA mA~gA dAna -mana (4/247 - 250), yAjJavalkya ( 11214 - 215), ApastambadharmasUtra ( 1 | 6 |19| 13-14), viSNudharmasUtra (57 / 11) ke mata se kuza, kaccI tarakAriyA~, dUdha, zayyA, Asana, bhunA huA jau, jala, mUlyaAn ratna, samidhA, phala, kandamUla, madhura bhojana yadi binA mAMge mile to asvIkAra nahIM karanA cAhie ( kintu napuMsaka, vezyAoM evaM patitoM dvArA diye jAne para asvIkAra kara denA cAhie ) / adeya padArtha --- kucha vastue~ dAna meM nahIM dI jAnI caahie| adeya padArthoM meM kucha to aise haiM jina para apanA svatva nahIM hotA tathA kucha aise haiM jinheM RSiyoM ne dAna ke lie varjita ThaharAyA hai| jaimini (6 / 7 / 1-7) ne isa viSaya meM kucha siddhAnta diye haiM- ( 1 ) apanI hI vastu kA dAna ho sakatA hai, (2) vizvajit yajJa meM apane sambandhiyoM, yathA mAtA-pitA, putroM evaM anya logoM kA dAna nahIM ho sakatA, (3) rAjA apane sampUrNa rAjya kA dAna nahIM kara sakatA, (4) usa yajJa meM azvoM kA dAna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yaha usa yajJa meM zrutirvAjita hai, (5) zUdra jo kevala naukarI ke lie yAjJika kI sevA karatA hai, dAna meM nahIM diyA jA sakatA tathA (6) vizvajit yajJa meM vahI padArtha dakSiNAsvarUpa diyA jA sakatA hai jisa para vyakti kA pUrNa adhikAra evaM svAmitva ho / nArada ( dattApradAnika 4-5 ) ne ATha prakAra ke dAna varjita mAne haiM- (1) RNa cukAne ke lie RNI dvArA RNadAtA ko dene ke lie tIsare vyakti ko diyA gayA dhana, (2) prayoga meM lAne ke lie udhAra lI gayI sAmagrI ( yathA utsava ke avasara para udhAra liyA gayA AbhUSaNa), (3) nyAsa (TrasTa), (4) saMyukta yA kaI logoM ke sAjhe vAlI sampatti, ( 5 ) nikSepa arthAt kisI kA jamA kiyA huA dhana, (6) putra evaM patnI, (7) santAnoM ke rahane para apanI pUrI sampatti evaM (8) dUsare ko pahale se hI diyA huA padArtha / dakSa (3 / 19-20 ) ne uparyukta sUcI meM do bAteM aura jor3a dI haiM ( mitra kA dhana evaM bhaya se dAna ) tathA eka bAta nikAla dI hai ( vaha padArtha jo dUsare ko pahale se hI de diyA gayA ho) / yAjJavalkya (1 / 175 ) meM bhI yahI uni hai / aparArka ( pR0 779) meM vRhaspati evaM kAtyAyana ke isI prakAra ke vacana uddhRta kiye haiN| dharmazAstrakAroM ne dAna-kriyA ke Upara pratibandha bhI lagA rakhA hai| dAna Tensa cAhie aura avazya denA cAhie, kintu bhUtAnukampA ( dayAlutA ) apane ghara ke viSaya meM bhI honI cAhie ( vyAsa 4116, 18, 24, 26, 30-31; agnipurANa 209/32-33 ) / ApastambadharmasUtra (211110-12), baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 2 / 3 / 19 ) ne likhA hai ki apane AzritoM (jinakA bharaNa-poSaNa karanA apanA viziSTa uttaradAyitva hai), naukaroM evaM dAsoM kI cintA (paravAha ) na karake atithiyoM evaM anya ko bhojana bA~Ta denA anucita hai| yAjJavalkya (2 / 175) ne likhA hai ki apane kuTumba kI paravAha karate hue dAna denA caahie| bRhaspati evaM manu ( 1119-10 ) ne paise dAna kI bhartsanA kI hai jo apane kuTumba ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI paravAha na karake diyA jAtA hai, ise unhoMne dharma kA galata anukaraNa mAnA hai / "apane loga bhUkhoM

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dAna ke kAla aura deza 453 mareM aura anya loga gharoM meM dAna lekara mIz2a ur3AyeM" yaha buddhimAnI nahIM hai| yahI bAta anuzAsanaparva (3712-3) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| hemAdri ne zivadharma' ko uddhRta kara likhA hai ki manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha apane dhana ko pAMca bhAgoM meM karake tIna bhAga apane tathA apane kuTumba ke bharaNa-poSaNa meM lagAye aura zeSa do bhAga dharma-kArya me, kyoMki yaha jIvana kSaNabhaMgura hai| asvIkAra ke yogya dAna-kucha padArthoM ko dAna rUpa meM svIkAra karanA vajita mAnA gayA hai| zruti ne do dantapaMktiyoM vAle pazuoM ko dAna rUpa meM grahaNa karanA vajita kiyA hai (jaimini 6 / 7 / 4 para zabara kI vyAkhyA) vasiSThadharmasUtra (13 / 55) ne brAhmaNoM ke lie astra-zastra, viSaile padArtha evaM unmattakArI padArthoM kA grahaNa vajita ThaharAyA hai| manu (41188) kA kahanA hai ki avidvAn brAhmaNa ko sone, bhUmi, azvoM, gAya, bhojana, vastra, tila evaM ghRta kA dAna nahIM lenA cAhie, yadi vaha legA to lakar3I kI mA~ti bhasma ho jAyagA (arthAt naSTa ho jaaygaa)| hemAdri (dAna, pRSTha 57) ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta kara likhA hai ki brAhmaNa ko cAhie ki vaha bher3oM, azvoM, bahumUlya ratnoM, hAthI, tila evaM lohe kA dAna na le, yadi brAhmaNa mRgacarma yA tila svIkAra karatA hai to vaha punaH puruSa rUpa se nahIM janmegA, aura vaha jo mare hue kI zayyA, AbhUSaNa evaM paridhAna grahaNa karatA hai vaha naraka meM jaaygaa| dAna ke kAla-dAna karane ke ucita kAloM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama bane hue haiN| prati dina ke dAna-karma ke atirikta anya viziSTa avasaroM ke dAna kI vyavasthA karate hue dharmazAstrakAroM ne likhA hai ki prati dina ke dAnakarma se viziSTa avasaroM ke dAna-karma adhika saphala evaM puNyaprada mAne jAte haiM (yAjJavalkya 12203) / laghu-zAtAtapa (145-153) ne likhA hai ki ayanoM (sUrya ke uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana) ke prathama dina meM, SaDazIti ke prArambha meM, sUrya-candra grahaNoM ke samaya dAna avazya denA cAhie, kyoMki ina avasaroM ke dAna akSaya phaloM ke dAtA mAne jAte haiN|'' vanaparva (200 / 125) ne bhI yahI kahA hai| amAvasyA ke dina, tithikSaya meM, viSuva ke dina (jaba rAta-dina barAbara hoM) evaM vyatipAta ke dina kA dAna krama se sau gunA, sahasra gunA, lAkha gunA evaM akSaya phala denevAlA hai| saMvarta (208209) kA kahanA hai ki ayana, viSuva, vyatipAta, dinakSaya, dvAdazI, saMkrAnti ko diyA huA dAna akSaya phala denevAlA hotA hai ; isI prakAra uparyukta dinoM yA tithiyoM ke atirikta ravivAra kA dina snAna, japa homa, brAhmaNa bhojana, upavAsa evaM dAna ke lie upayukta ThaharAyA gayA hai| zAtAtapa (146), vizvarUpa (yAjJavalkya 11214-217), 9. tasmAt tribhAgaM vitasya jIvanAya prakalpayet / bhAgadvayaM tu dharmArthamanityaM jIvitaM ytH|| hemAdri (bAna, pR0 44) evaM dAnamayUkha (pR0 5) dvArA uddhRta; bhAgavata, zukrAcArya kA rAjA bali ke prati upadeza (37 / 19 / 8) / 10. apane viSuve caiva SaDazItimukheSu c| candrasUryoparAge ca dtmkssymucyte|| vanaparva 200 / 125; ayanAdau sadA dadyAda vyamiSTaM gRhe vsn| SaDazItimukhe caiva vimukte cndrsuuryyoH|| laghuzAtAtapa (aparArka, pR0 291 meM zAtAtapa nAma se uddhRt)| mithuna, kanyA dhanu evaM mIna rAziyoM meM jaba sUrya kA pravezahotA hai to use SaDazIti kahate haiM; bRhatparAzara pR0 245 evaM aparAka pR0 292, jahA~ vasiSTha, agnipurANa (209 / 9-10) uddhRta haiN| 11. zatamindukSaye dAnaM sahasra tu dinkssye| viSuve zatasAhasra vyatIpAte tvanantakam // laghuzAtAtapa (150), aparAka dvArA vyAsa ke uddharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRt| jaba tIna tithiyA~ eka hI dina par3a jAtI haiM to ise dinakSaya kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki bIca vAlI tithi paMcAMga meM dabA dI jAtI hai (dekhie aparArka pa0 292); vyatipAta 27 yogoM meM, jinakA Arambha viSkambha se hotA hai, eka yoga hai, isakI paribhASA yoM dI gayI hai-zravaNAzvidhaniSThA naagdevtmstke| yadmamA ravivAreNa vyatIpAtaH sa ucyate // (vRddha manu, aparArka pR0 426) arthAt jaba candra zravaNa, azvinI,

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prajApati (25 eva 28), atri (327) ne dAna-kAla ke viSaya meM niyama diye haiN| viSNudharmasUtra (adhyAya 89) ne varSa kI pUrNimAoM ke dina vibhinna prakAra ke padArthoM ke dAna karane se utpanna phaloM kI carcA kI hai| anuzAsanaparva (adhyAya 64) ne kRttikA se Age ke 27 nakSatroM ke dAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| eka sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki rAtri meM dAna nahIM diyA jAnA caahie| kintu kucha apavAda bhI haiN| atri (327) ne likhA hai ki grahaNoM, vivAhoM, saMkrAntiyoM evaM putraratna-lAbha ke avasara para rAtri meM dAna diye-liye jA sakate haiN| aura dekhie parAzaramAdhavIya 111, pR0 194 meM uddhRta devl| uparyukta avasaroM evaM niyamoM kA digdarzana zilAlekhoM meM bhI ho jAtA hai| do-eka udAharaNa yahAM diye jAte haiN| sUrya-grahaNa ke avasara para bhUmi evaM grAmoM ke dAna kI carcA tAmrapatroM evaM zilAlekhoM meM huI hai, yathA rASTrakUTa nannarAja kA tivarakheDa patra (epigrephiyA iNDikA, jilda 11, pR0 279, iNDiyana aiSTIkverI, jilda 6, pR073, san 613 I0), cAlukya kIrtivarmA dvitIya ke samaya kA lekha (epipaeNphiyA iNDikA, jilda 3,pR0 100, san 660 ii0)| candragrahaNa ke avasara para pradatta dAnoM kA ullekha je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0 (jilda 20, pR0 135), epipraiphiyA iNDikA (jilda 1,pR0 341, jilda 19pR0 41, jilda 20,pR0 125) meM huA hai| ayanoM (uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana) ke avasara vAle dAnapatroM ke lie dekhie iNDiyana eNTiaverI, jilda 12, pR0 193, saMjana-patra (amoSavarSa kaa)| saMkrAntiyoM ke avasara ke dAnapatroM kI carcA ke lie dekhie epinaphiyA iNDikA, jilda 8, pR0 182, jilda 12, pR0 142, jilda 8, pR0 159 / isa prakAra anya tithiyoM para diye gaye dAnapatroM kI carcA ke lie dekhie epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 7, pR0 93, jilda 14, pR0 324, jilda 14, pR0 198, jilda 7, pR0 98, jilda 10, pR0 75 / bAna ke sthala-smRtiyoM, purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM deza (sthAna yA sthala) ke viSaya meM prabhUta carcAe~ huI haiN| dAnamayUla (pR08) meM AyA hai ki ghara meM diyA gayA dAna dasa gunA, gauzAlA meM sau gunA, tIrthoM meM sahasragunA tathA ziva kI mUrti (liMga) ke samakSa kA dAna ananta phala denevAlA hotA hai| skandapurANa (hemAdri, dAna, pR0 83 meM udghRta) ke mata se vArANasI, kurukSetra, prayAga, puSkara (ajamera), gaMgA evaM samudra ke taTa, naimiSAraNya, amarakaNTaka, zrIparvata, mahAkAla (ujjayinI meM), gokarNa, veda parvata tathA inhIM ke samAna anya sthala pavitra haiM, jahA~ devatA evaM siddha rahate haiM; sabhI parvata, sabhI nadiyAM evaM samudra pavitra haiM; gozAlA, siddha evaM RSi logoM ke vAsa-sthala pavitra haiM, ina sthAnoM meM jo kucha dAna diyA jAtA hai vaha ananta phala denevAlA hotA hai| rAna kI dakSiNA--kisI bhI vastu kA dAna karate samaya dAna denevAle ke hAtha para jala girAnA caahie| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 9 / 9-10) ke anusAra sabhI prakAra ke dAnoM meM jala-prayoga hotA hai (kevala vaidika yajJoM ko chor3akara, jinameM vaidika uktiyoM ke anusAra kRtya kiye jAte haiM), sabhI prakAra ke dAnoM meM dakSiNA denA bhI anivArya hai| kintu agnipurANa (211331) ne sone-cAMdI, tAmra, cAvala, anna ke dAna meM tathA Ahnika zrAva evaM Ahika paniSThA, mAnA, AzleSA meM par3a jAtA hai evaM amAvasyA ravivAra ko par3atI hai to ise vyatIpAta kahate haiN| pAla ne bhI harSacarita (1) meM likhA hai ki harSa kA janma vyatIpAta-sI azubha par3iyoM se rahita samaya meM humaayaa| ___ 12. vArANasI kurukSetra prayAgaH puSkarAniyA banA samudratIra miyAmarakaNTakam // zrIparvatamahAkAla mokaparvatam / ityAcAH kIrtitA yezaH surativaniveditA sarva silonyayAH pucaH sarvAnA staanraaH| polinivAlA belAH puyAH prkiirtitaaH|| etA yahata kalasyAnanyAhA bhavet / syapurANa (hemAti, pAla,083meM udd't)|

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dAna ke prakAra devapUjA ke samaya dakSiNA denA anivArya nahIM mAnA hai| dakSiNA sone ke rUpa meM hI dI jAtI thI, kintu sone ke dAna meM cAMdI kI dakSiNA dI jA sakatI thii| bahumUlya vastu ke dAna meM, yathA tulApuruSa dAna meM dakSiNA eka sau yA pacAsa yA pacIsa yA dasa niSkoM kI yA dAna kI huI vastu kA eka-dasavA~ bhAga yA sAmarthya ke anusAra ho sakatI hai| dAna ke devatA-bahuta se padArthoM ke devatA hote haiM / hemAdri (dAna, pR0 96-97) evaM dAnamayUkha (pR0 11-12) ne viSNudharmottara ko uddhRta kara dAna-padArtha ke devatAoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA sone ke devatA haiM agni, dAsa ke prajApati, gAyoM ke rudra aadi| jaba kisI padArtha ke koI viziSTa devatA nahIM hote to viSNu ko hI devatA mAna liyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kA vicAra brAhmaNa-granthoM evaM zrautasUtroM se liyA gayA hai, jahA~ rudra, soma, prajApati Adi krama se gAyoM, paridhAnoM, mAnavoM Adi ke devatA kahe gaye haiM (dekhie taittirIya brAhmaNa 2 / 2 / 5, ApastambadharmasUtra 14 / 123) / pAna dene kI viSi-dAtA evaM pratigrahItA ko snAna karake do pavitra dhavala vastra dhAraNa kara lene cAhie, dAtA ko pavitrI pahanakara Acamana karanA cAhie, pUrvAbhimukha hokara upavIta DhaMga se yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA cAhie, svayaM pavitra Asana (kuzAsana) para baiThakara pratigrahItA (dAna lene vAle) ko uttarAbhimukha baiThAkara dAna ke padArtha kA nAma, usake devatA kA nAma tathA dAna dene kA uddezya uccArita karanA cAhie aura kahanA cAhie-"maiM isa padArtha kA dAna Apako kara rahA hU~", taba pratigrahItA ke hAtha para jala girAnA caahie| jaba pratigrahItA kahe "dIjie", taba dAtA ko deya padArtha para jala chir3akanA cAhie aura use pratigrahItA ke hAtha para rakha denA cAhie, taba pratigrahItA "om" kahakara "svasti" kA uccAraNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta pratigrahItA ko dakSiNA dI jAtI hai| agnipurANa (209 / 59-61) ne nimnalikhita uddezyoM ke lie dAna kI carcA kI hai-putra, pautra, gRhezvarya, patnI, dharmArtha, kIti, vidyA, saubhAgya, Arogya, sarvapApopazAnti, svargArSa, bhuktimukti|" samaya evaM deya padArthoM ke anusAra vidhi meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai, yathA bhUmi kA dAna hAtha se nahIM liyA jA sakatA, vaisI sthiti meM dAna kI huI bhUmi kI pradakSiNA yA usameM praveza mAtra paryApta hai| rAjAdvArA rAna-yAjJavalkya (13133) ke mata se rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha pratidina vedajJa (zrotriya) brAhmaNoM ko dudhArU gAyeM, sonA, bhUmi, ghara, vivAha karane ke upakaraNa Adi de| yaha bahuta prAcIna paramparA rahI hai| vanaparva (186 / 15) meM AyA hai ki jo brAhma vivAha ke lie kanyA dAna evaM bhUmi dAna karatA hai, vaha indraloka ke Ananda kA upabhoga karatA hai| nahapAna ke dAmAda uSavadAta (prathama zatAbdI I0 san) ke zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki vaha prati varSa tIna lAkha gAyeM evaM 16 grAma brAhmaNoM evaM devatAoM ko dAna detA thA; prati varSa eka lAkha brAhmaNoM ko bhojana detA thA; usane prabhAsa (saurASTra) meM apane vyaya se ATha brAhmaNoM ke vivAha karAye; usane bAsA nadI ke kinAre sIr3hiyAM banavAyIM; bharukaccha (Adhunika bharoMca), dazapura (mAlavA), govardhana (nAsika) evaM zUrpAraka (sopArA) meM catuHzAlAe~, gRha evaM pratizraya (Thaharane ke sthAna) banavAye; kUpa evaM tAlAba banavAye ; ibA, pAradA, damaNA, tApI, karabeNA, dAhAnukA (ye sabhI thAnA evaM sUrata ke bIca meM haiM) nAmaka nadiyoM para niHzulka nAveM calavAyIM; jala vitaraNa ke lie Azraya-sthala evaM sabhAgRha banavAye ; zUrpAraka meM rAmatIrtha evaM anya tIna sthAnoM ke caraka zAkhA ke brAhmaNoM kI sabhA meM nanagolA (Adhunika nargola) meM, 32000 nAriyala diye| uSavadAta ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki usane eka brAhmaNa se 13. putrpautrgRheshvryptniidhrmaapNsdgunnaaH| kiitivivaamhaakaam-saubhaagyaaraagyvRddhye| sarvapApopazAntyarSa svargA bhuktimuktye| etattubhyaM saMprabane prIyatA me hariH shivH|| agnipurANa (209159-61) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 4000 kArSApaNa dekara bhUmi kharIdI aura use apane (arthAt uSavadAta) dvArA nirmita guphA meM cAroM ora se AnevAle bhikSuoM ko de diyaa| vivAha ke lie brAhmaNa ko tathA use pUrNarUpeNa vyavasthita karane ke lie jo dAna diyA jAtA hai, usakI bhI prabhUta mahattA gAyI gayI hai| dakSa ne likhA hai-"mAtRpitRvihIna brAhmaNa ke saMskAra evaM vivAha Adi karAne se jo puNya hotA hai use kUtA nahIM jA sakatA, eka brAhmaNa ko vyavasthita karane se jo phala prApta hotA hai, vaha agnihoma evaM agniSToma yaza karane se prApta nahIM hotA" (dakSa 3 / 32-33) / naivezika dAna ke viSaya meM aparArka (pR0 377) ne kAlikApurANa se lambI ukti uddhRta kI hai, jisakA saMkSepa yoM hai--"dAtA ko zrotriya 11 brAhmaNa cunakara unake lie 11 makAna banavA dene cAhie, apane vyaya se unakA vivAha sampAdita karA denA cAhie, unake gharoM ko anna-bhaNDAra, pazu, naukarAniyoM, zayyA, Asana, miTTI ke bhANDoM, tAmra Adi ke baratanoM evaM vastroM se susajjita kara denA cAhie; aisA karake use cAhie ki vaha pratyeka brAhmaNa ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie 100 nivartanoM kI bhUmi yA eka gA~va yA AdhA gA~va de aura una brAhmaNoM ko agnihotrI banane kI preraNA kre| aisA karane se dAtA sabhI prakAra ke yajJa, vrata, dAna evaM tIrthayAtrAe~ karane kA puNya pA letA hai aura svargAnanda prApta karatA hai| yadi koI dAtA itanA na kara sake to kama-se-kama eka zrotriya ke lie vaisA-kara dene para utanA hI puNya prApta karatA hai|" zilAlekhoM ke anuzIlana se patA calatA hai ki bahuta-se rAjAoM ne brAhmaNoM ke vivAhoM meM dhana-vyaya kiyA hai| Adityasena ke aphasAda zilAlekha (dekhie gupta iMskripzaMsa, saM0 42, pR0 203) meM agrahAroM ke dAnoM se 100 brAhmaNa kanyAoM ke vivAha karAne kA varNana AyA hai| zilAhAra rAjakumAra gaNDarAditya ke zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki rAjA ne 16 brAhmaNoM ke vivAha karAye aura unake bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie tIna nivartanoM kA prabandha kiyA (dekhie je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0, jilda 13, pR0 1) / brAhmaNoM kA jIvana sAdA, sarala aura unake vicAra ucca the, ve deza ke pavitra sAhitya ko vasIyata ke rUpa meM kI rakSA karate the aura use dUsaroM taka pahu~cAte the, ve logoM ko niHzalka paDhAte the| una dinoM rAjya meM Adhunika kAla kI bhAMti zikSaNa-saMsthAe~ nahIM thIM, ataH rAjAoM kA yaha kartavya thA ki ve brAhmaNoM kI aisI sahAyatA karate ki ve apane kAryoM ko samyak rUpa se sampAdita kara paate| yAjJavalkya (2 / 185) ne rAjAoM ke lie yaha likhA hai ki unheM vidvAn evaM vedajJa brAhmaNoM kI sukha-suvidhA kA prabandha karanA cAhie, jisase ki ve svadharma sampAdita kara skeN| aparArka (pR0 792) ne bRhaspati kI uktiyA~ uddhRta karake likhA hai ki rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha agnihotrI evaM vidvAn brAhmaNoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie niHzulka bhUmi kA dAna kare aura brAhmaNoM ko cAhie ki ve apanA kartavya kareM aura dhArmika kArya karate hue loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA se pUrNa apanA jIvana vyatIta kreN| brAhmaNoM ko yaha bhI cAhie ki ve janatA ke sandeha dUra kareM aura grAmoM, gaNoM evaM nigamoM ke lie niyama, vidhAna tathA paramparAe~ sthira kreN| kauTilya (2 / 1) ne bhI brAhmaNoM ke lie niHzulka bhUmi ke dAna kI bAta calAyI hai| bhUmi-dAna bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI bhUmi-dAna ko sarvocca puNyakArI kRtya mAnA gayA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (29 / 16), bRhaspati (7), viSNudharmottara, matsyapurANa (aparArka, pR0 369-370 meM uddhRta), mahAbhArata (anuzAsanaparva 62 / 19) Adi meM bhUdAna kI mahattA gAyI gayI hai| anuzAsanaparva (62 / 19) ne likhA hai-"paristhitivaza vyakti jo kucha pApa kara baiThatA hai vaha gocarma mAtra bhUdAna se miTa sakatA hai| aparArka (pRSTha 368, 370) ne viSNudharmottara, 14. yatkicitkurute pApaM puruSo vRttikshitH| api gocamamAtreNa bhUmidAnena zudhyati // basiSTha (29 / 16),

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dAna ke prakAra AdityapurANa evaM matsyapurANa ko uddhRta kara likhA hai ki bhUdAna se ucca phaloM kI prApti hotI hai| vanaparva (93 // 78-79) ne likhA hai ki rAjA zAsana karate samaya jo bhI pApa karatA hai, use yajJa evaM dAna karake, brAhmaNoM ko bhUmi evaM mahasroM gAyeM dekara naSTa kara detA hai| jisa prakAra candra rAhu se chuTakArA pAtA hai, usI prakAra rAjA mI pApamukta ho jAtA hai| anuzAsanaparva (5915) meM kahA hai--sone, gAyoM evaM bhUmi ke dAna se duSTa vyakti chuTakArA pA bhUmi-dAna kI mahattA ke kAraNa smRtiyoM ne isake viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama banAye haiN| yAjJavalkya (11318320) ne likhA hai--"jaba rAjA bhU-dAna yA nibandha-dAna (nizcita dAna jo prati varSa yA prati mAsa yA viziSTa avasaroM para kiyA jAtA hai) kare to use AgAmI bhadra (acche) rAjAoM ke lie likhita Adeza chor3ane caahie| rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha apanI mudrA ko kisI vastra-khaNDa yA tAmrapatra ke Upara cihnita kara de aura nIce apanA tathA pUrvajoM kA nAma aMkita kara de aura dAna kA parimANa evaM una smRtiyoM kI uktiyA~ likha de jo diye hue dAna ke lauTA lene para (dAtA kI) bhartsanA karatI haiN|"" yAjJavalkya ke sabase prAcIna TIkAkAra vizvarUpa ne likhA hai ki dAna-patra para AjJA, dUtaka Adi rAjakarmacAriyoM evaM rAjasenA ke ThaharAva ke sthala Adi ke nAma bhI aMkita hone cAhie, striyoM (rAnI yA rAjamAtA) ke nAma bhI ullikhita hone cAhie aura honI cAhie carcA una kuphaloM kI jo dAna lauTA lene se prApta hote haiN| isI viSaya para aparArka (pR0 579-580) ne bRhaspati evaM vyAsa ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yadi hama aba taka ke prApta sahasroM zilAlekhoM yA dAna-patroM kA avalokana kareM to patA calatA hai ki smRtiyoM kI uparyukta uktiyoM kA akSarazaH pAlana hotA rahA hai, vizeSataH pAMcavIM zatAbdI se yAjJavalkya, bRhaspati evaM vyAsa Adi kI uktiyoM ke anusAra hI dAna-patra likhe jAte rahe haiN| atyanta prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM dAna-phala evaM dAna dekara loTA lene ke viSaya meM kucha nahI pAyA jAtA (dekhie gupta iMskripzaMsa, saMkhyA 8, pR0 36, jahA~ kevala itanA hI AyA hai anuzAsana (62 / 19), bRhaspati (7), bhaviSyapurANa (4 / 164 / 18) / yAjJavalkya (1 / 210) ko TIkA meM mitAkSarA ne ise manu kI ukti mAnA hai aura dvitIya pAda ko 'jJAnato'jJAnato'pi vA' likhA hai| bRhaspati ne 'gocarma' ko 10 nivartanoM ke samAna tathA eka nivartana ko 30 laTThoM ke samAna tathA eka laTThe ko 10 hAthoM ke samAna mAnA hai| dazahastena daNDena triMzaddapanivartanam / daza tAnyeva vistAro gocarmatanmahAphalam // bRhaspati (8) / gRhaspati (9) ne gocarma kI eka anya paribhASA ko hai-gocarma use kahate haiM, jahA~ eka sahasra gAyeM apane bachar3oM evaM sAr3a ke sAtha svatantra rUpa se khar3I rahatI haiM-'savRSaM gosahasra tu yatra tisstthtytndritm| bAlavatsAprasUtAnAM tad gocarma iti smRtam // ' gocarma kI anya paribhASAoM ke lie dekhie parAzara (12 / 49), viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 181), aparArka (pR. 1225), hemAdri (pratakhaNDa bhAga 1, pa.0 52-53) / kauTilya (2 / 20) ne eka daNDa ko cAra araliyoM ke barAbara, dasa vaNDoM ko eka rajz2a ke barAbara tathA tIna ranjuoM ko eka nivartana ke barAbara mAnA hai| nivartana zamba nAsika zilAlekha (saMkhyA 5-epigraMphiyA iNDikA, jilda 8, pR0 73) evaM pallavoM ke rAjA zivaskanda dharmA (epi phiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pRSTha 6) ke zilAlekha meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ko vyAkhyA ke lie draSTamya epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 11, pR0 280 / 15. dattvA bhUmi nibandhaM vA kRtvA lekhyaM tu kaaryet| AgAmibhadranupatiparijJAnAya paarthivH|| paTe vA tAmapaTTe vA svamudroparicihnitam / abhilekhyAtmano vaMzyAnAtmAnaM ca mhiiptiH| pratigrahaparImANaM bAnacchedopavarganam / svahastakAlasampannaM zAsanaM kAgyesthiram // yAjJavalkya (11318-320) / dharmaH 58

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458 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 'jo bhI koI isa dAtavya ko samApta karegA vaha paMca mahApApoM kA bhAgI hogA', isI prakAra saMkhyA 5 (pR0 32) meM AyA hai-'jo isa dAtavya ko samApta karegA vaha brahmahatyA evaM gohatyA evaM paMca mahApApoM kA aparAdhI hogaa|') Arambhika abhilekhoM meM dAna-mahattA evaM dAna lauTA lene ke viSaya meM koI vizeSa carcA nahIM dekhane meM AtI, kintu pazcAtkAlIna abhilekhoM meM prabhUta carcAeM huI haiN| kucha uktiyA~ to sAmAnya rUpa se sAre bhArata meM uddhRta kI jAtI rahI haiM-"sagara tathA anya rAjAoM ne pRthivI kA dAna kiyA thA; jo bhI rAjA pRthivIpati hotA hai vaha bhUmi-dAna kA puNya kamAtA hai| bhUmidAtA svarga meM 60,000 varSoM taka Ananda grahaNa karatA hai, aura jo dAna lauTA letA hai vaha utane hI varSoM taka naraka meM vAsa karatA hai|" ina vidhAnoM ke rahate hue bhI kucha rAjAoM ne dAna meM dI gayI sampatti lauTA lI hai, yathA indrarAja tRtIya ke abhilekha (836 zakAbda) se patA calatA hai ki rAjA ne 400 grAma dAnapAtroM ko lauTAye, jo ki usake pUrva ke rAjAoM ne japta kara liye the (epigrephiyA iNDikA, jilda 9, pR.14)| cAlukya vikramAditya prathama (660 I0) ke talamaMtri tAmrapatra se patA calatA hai ki rAjA ne mandiroM evaM brAhmaNoM ko punaH tIna rAjyoM meM hRta dAna lauTA diye (epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 9,pR0 100) / rAjataraMgiNI (166-170) se patA calatA hai ki avantivarmA ke putra zaMkaravarmA ne apane aiza-ArAma (vyasanoM) se khAlI hue koza ko mandiroM kI sampatti chInakara pUrA kiyaa| parAzara (12 / 51) ne likhA hai ki dAna meM pUrvadatta sampatti ko chIna lene se eka sau vAjapeya yajJa karane yA lAkhoM gAyeM dene para bhI prAyazcitta nahIM hotaa| parivrAjaka mahArAja saMkSobha ke koha patroM se eka viciva ukti kA patA calatA hai'jo vyakti mere isa dAna ko tor3egA use maiM dUsare janma meM rahakara bhI bhayaMkara zAmAgni meM jalA dUMgA....' (dekhie, gupta iMskripzaMsa, saMkhyA 23, pR0 107) / bahuta se zilAlekhoM meM varNita dAnoM meM aisA ullekha hai ki "isa pUrva-dAna se rahita bhUmi-khaNDa yA sthala meM saba kucha diyA jA rahA hai...", yathA "puurvprtt-dev-brhm-daay-rhitH"| paramardideva (candeloM ke rAjA) ke eka dAna meM (epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 22 10 129) buddha (buddha-mandira) ko diye gaye pA~ca haloM (bhUmi-mApa) ko chor3akara anya bhU-bhAga dene kI carcA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vedAnuyAyI rAjA bhI buddhamandira ko diye gaye dAna kA sammAna karatA thA (devazrIbuddha-satka-paMca-halaM bhisskRty)| bahuta-se aise udAharaNa mile haiM jo yaha siddha karate haiM ki rAjAoM ne pratigrahItA kI bhUmi kharIdakara punaH use vaha dAna meM de dI (dekhie epigraphiyA iNDikA, jilda 17, pR0 345) / rAjA loga dAna dI huI bhUmi se kisI prakAra kA kara nahIM lete the (epipraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 8, pR0 65, vahI, jilda 6, pR0 87, gupta iMskripzaMsa, saMkhyA 55, pR0 235) / bhUmi yA grAma ke dAna-patroM meM ATha bhogoM kA varNana AyA hai (dekhie epigraMphiyA iNDikA, jilda 6, pR097)| virUpAkSa ke zrIzaila-patroM meM bhogoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA niSi, nikSepa (bhUmi para jo kucha diyA gayA ho), bAri (jala), azmA (prastara, khAne), akSiNI (vAstavika vizeSAdhikAra), AgAmI (bhaviSya meM honevAlA lAma), siddha (jo bhU-khaMDa kRSi ke kAma meM le liyA hai) evaM sAdhya (baMjara bhUmi, jo kamI khetI ke kAma meM A sakatI hai)| ina zabdoM ke artha ke lie dekhie epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 13, pR0 34 evaM iNDiyana eNTikverI, jilda 19, pR0, 244 / marAThoM ke kAla meM bhUmi-khaNDoM evaM grAmoM ke dAnoM meM 'jalatarutRNakASThapASANanidhinikSepa' (jala, taru. pAsa, lakar3I, patthara, koza evaM jamA) likhA rahatA thaa| bhUmi para svAmitva kisakA?--isa prazna ke viSaya meM bahuta prAcIna kAla se vAda-vivAda hotA AyA hai| jaimini (673) ne likhA hai ki vizvajit yajJa meM (jisameM yAjJika arthAt yajJa karane vAlA apanA sarvasva dAna kara detA hai) samrAT mI sampUrNa pRthivI kA dAna nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki pRthivI saba kI hai (samrAT tathA unakI jo jotate haiM aura prayoga meM lAte haiN)| zabara ne jaimini kI isa ukti kI vyAkhyA kI hai aura anta meM kahA hai ki pRthivI para samrATa

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pAna ke prakAra 459 evaM anya logoM ke adhikAroM meM koI antara nahIM hai| vyavahAramayukha (pR0 91) ne bhI uparyukta bAta duharAyI hai| uparyukta mata ke anusAra pRthivI ke bhU-khaNDoM para adhikAra unakA hai jo jotate haiM, bote haiM, rAjA ko kevala kara ekatra karane kA adhikAra hai| jaba rAjA svayaM bhUmi kharIda letA hai to use usa bhUmi ko dAna rUpa meM dene kA pUrNa adhikAra hai| isase spaSTa hai ki bhUmi para rAjya kA svAmitva nahIM hai, vaha kevala kara lene kA adhikArI hai| eka dasarA mata yaha hai ki rAjAhI mami kA svAmI hai.prajAjana kevala mogI yA adhikArI mAtra haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 11318) ne likhA hai ki yAjJavalkya ke zabdoM se nirdeza milatA hai ki bhU-dAna karane yA nibandha dene kA aghikAra kevala rAjA ko hai na ki kisI janapada ke zAsaka ko|" mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 2 / 114) ne eka smRti kI ukti uddhRta kI hai-"chaH paristhitiyoM meM bhUmi jAtI hai arthAt dI jAtI hai apane Apa, grAma, jJAtiyoM (jAti bhAI logoM), sAmantoM, dAyAdoM kI anumati tathA saMkalpa-jala se|" yahA~ rAjA kI anumati kI carcA nahIM hai| kintu kabhI kabhI rAjA kI AzA kI bhI AvazyakatA samajhI gayI hai (dekhie gupta iMskripzaMsa, saMkhyA 31, pR0 135) / . dAna-sambandhI tAmrapatroM kI bar3I mahattA thI aura kabhI-kabhI loga kapaTalekha kA sahArA lekara bhU-sampatti para adhikAra jatAte the| harSavardhana ke dhuvana tAmrapatra (epipraiphiyA iMDikA, jilda 7, pR0 155) meM vAmarathya nAmaka brAhmaNaM ke (somakuNDa ke grAma ke viSaya meM) kUTa lekha kA pramANa diyA huA hai| manu (9 / 232) ne kapaTAcaraNa se rAjakIya AjJAoM kI prApti para mRtyu-daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai (dekhie phlITa kA "spUriesa iNDiena rekArDasa" nAmaka lekha, iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 30, pR. 201) / manu tathA anya smRtikAroM ke kathanAnusAra yaha patA calatA hai ki karSita bhUmi (khetI ke kAma meM lAyI jAtI bhUmi) para kRSakoM kA svAmitva thA aura rAjA ko usakI rakSA karane ke hetu kara diyA jAtA thaa| manu (7 / 130-132) meM AyA hai-"rAjA ko pazuoM evaM sone kA 1/50 bhAga, anAjoM kA 1/6, 1/8 yA 1/12 bhAga tathA vRkSoM, mAMsa, madhu, ghRta, gaMdhoM, jar3I-bUTiyoM (oSaSiyoM), tarala padArthoM (madirA Adi, puSpoM), jar3a-mUloM, phaloM Adi kA 1/6 bhAga lenA caahie| manu (11118) ne apratyAzita avasaroM para bhUmi kI upaja para 1/4 bhAga taka kara lagA dene kI vyavasthA dI hai| manu (9 / 44) ne likhA hai ki bhUmi usI kI hai, jo pAsa, phUsa, jhADa Adi ko dUra kara use khetI ke yogya banAtA hai| manu (8139) ne likhA hai ki bhUmi meM gar3e dhana yA khAna meM pAye gaye dhana kA bhAgI rAjA isIlie hotA hai ki vaha pRthvI kA zAsaka aura rakSaka hai| isa ukti se spaSTa hai ki manu rAjA ko bhUmi kA svAmI nahIM mAnate the| nahIM to gar3e hue dhana tathA khAnoM kI sampatti para ve usakA (rAjA kA) pUrNa adhikAra batAte aura kevala thor3A bhAga pA lene kA adhikArI na btaate| manu (8 / 243) ne samaya para khetI na karane vAle kRSakoM para daNDa dI yavasthA kI hai| isa daNDa kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki khetI na karane se rAjA kA bhAga mArA jAtA hai, kyoMki dUsare vyakti ko jotane-bone tathA samaya se khetI karane se rAjA ko kara ke rUpa meM apanA bhAga milatA hai| uparyukta uktiyoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki manu kRSakoM ko arthAt khetI karane vAloM ko hI bhUmi kA svAmI mAnate the, ve rAjA ko kevala kara yA bhAga lene kA adhikArI mAnate the| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, kucha acche rAjA kRSakoM se bhUmi kharIdakara pratigrahItA brAhmaNoM yA dhArmika sthAnoM ko 16. anena bhUpatereva bhUmidAne nibandhavAne bAdhikAro na bhogapateriti vshitm| mitAkSarA, yAjJavalkya 11318 / bahuta-se kAnapatra rASTrapatiyoM, viSayapatiyoM, bhogapatiyoM Adi ko samboSita hai| delie gupta iMskripzaMsa, saMsthA 24,10 110, epivaiphiyA igikA, billa 11,1082 evaM jilba 12, 1.0 34 meM 'bhoga' zaba (jo rAjya meM bile vA janapada kA ghotaka hai) ko vyAlyA delie; yahI artha bhakti' zama kA bhI hai|

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460 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dAna karate the| hA~, vaha bhUmi jo karSita nahIM thI, vaha rAjA ke pUrNa adhikAra meM thii| manu (7 / 115, 119) ke mata se rAjA ko eka grAma ke lie eka mukhiyA tathA dasa, bIsa, sau evaM eka sahasra grAmoM ke lie adhikArI niyukta karane cAhie, jinameM pratyeka ko apane Upara ke adhikArI ko apanI sImA ke aparAdhoM tathA anya bAtoM kI sUcanA denI caahie| mukhiyA ko bhojana, IMdhana Adi ke lie arthAt apanI jIvikA ke lie gAMva para hI nirbhara rahanA par3atA thA (vaha utanA pA sakatA thA, jitanA ki rAjA gA~va se prati dina pAne kA adhikArI thA), tathA anya adhikAriyoM ko bhUmi dAna meM milatI thI (vaisI hI bhUmi jo karSita nahIM hotI thii)| kauTilya (2 / 1) kA kahanA hai ki khetI ke yogya banAyI gayI bhUmi kRSakoM ko dI jAnI cAhie, kyoMki ve jIvana para kara deMge, kintu jo kheta nahIM jotate unakI bhUmi japta kara dUsare ko de dI jAnI cAhie, kintu adhyakSoM, Aya-vyaya kA byaurA rakhanevAloM tathA anya logoM ko dI gayI bhUmi na to unake dvArA becI jA sakatI aura na bandhaka rakhI jA sakatI hai| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa isa mahattvapUrNa prazna ko hama Age nahIM le jA skte| bhUmi para lagI mAlagujArI kirAyA hai yA kara hai? isa prazna kA uttara kaI DhaMga se diyA jAtA hai| baiDena pAvela ne apanI pustaka "laNDa sisTama Ava briTiza iNDiyA" (pR0 240, 280) meM likhA hai ki bhUmi kA lagAna kirAyA nahIM kara hai| __ agrahAra--ati prAcIna kAla se brAhmaNoM ko dAna meM diye gaye grAma yA bhUmikhaNDa agrahAra ke nAma se prasiddha rahe haiN| mahAbhArata meM isakI carcA bahuta bAra huI hai (vanaparva 68 / 4, AzramavAsiparva 2 / 2, 10 / 41, 13 // 11, 14 / 14, 25 / 5) / aura dekhie isa viSaya meM epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda, 1pR0 88, madhuvana tAmrapatra (vahI, jilda 1 pR0 73 evaM jilda 7 pR0 158) / mahAdAna kucha vastuoM ke dAna mahAdAna kahe jAte the| agnipurANa (209 / 23-24) ke anusAra dasa mahAdAna ye haiM-- sone, azvoM, tila, hAthiyoM, dAsiyoM, rathoM, bhUmi, ghara, dulahina evaM kapilA gAya kA daan| purANoM meM sAmAnyataH mahAdAnoM kI saMkhyA 16 hai jo nimnokta haiM-tulApuruSa (manuSya ke barAbara sonA yA cA~dI tolakara brAhmaNoM meM bA~Ta denA), hiraNyagarbha, brahmANDa, kalpavRkSa, gosahasra, kAmadhenu (yA hiraNya-kAmadhenu), hiraNyAzva, hiraNyAzvaratha (yA kevala azvaratha), hemahastiratha (yA kevala hastiratha),paMcalAMgala, dharAdAna (yA haimagharAdAna), vizvacakra, kalpalatA (yA mahAkalpa), saptasAgara, ratnadhenu, mhaabhuutghtt| liMgapurANa (uttarArdha, adhyAya 28) meM ina nAmoM meM kucha vibhinnatA hai| inameM se kucha nAma bahuta prAcIna haiN| mahAbhArata (AzramavAsiparva 3131, 13 / 15) meM 'mahAdAnAni' zabda AyA hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha (epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 20, pR0 79) meM 'kalpavRkSa' dAna kA nAma AyA hai| bANa ne bhI mahAdAnoM tathA gosahasra nAmaka mahAdAna kI carcA kI hai (harSacarita 3) / uSavadAta ne jina vastuoM kA dAna kiyA thA, unameM kucha mahAdAnoM kI sUcI meM A jAte haiM (epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 7 pRSTha 57 evaM jilda 8 pR0 78) / abhilekhoM meM tulApuruSa kA ullekha kaI bAra huA hai (dekhie epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 7 pR0 26; 10, pR0 112; 9, pa0 24; 11:10 20; 14, pa0 197; 7, pR017)| baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ne, hemAzvaratha nAmaka mahAdAna karate samaya eka grAma dAna meM diyA thA (epigrephiyA iNDikA, jilda 12 pR0 10) / amoghavarSa ke sajana patroM meM hiraNyagarbha nAmaka mahAdAna kI carcA huI hai (epigraMphiyA iNDikA, jilda 18, pR0 235, 238) / isI prakAra paMcalAMgala vrata kA bhI ullekha huA hai (je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 es. jilda 13 pR0 1) / mahAdAna-vidhi-matsyapurANa (adhyAya 274-289) ne lagabhaga 400 zlokoM meM mahAdAnoM kI vidhi kI carcA kI hai, inameM se tathA bhaviSyottarapurANa se bahuta se padya lekara aparArka (pR0 313-244) ne uddhRta kiye haiN| hemAdri (dAga

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dAna ke prakAra khaNDa, pR0 166-345) ne bahuta vizada varNana upasthita kiyA hai aura liMga, garur3a tathA anya purANoM evaM tantra tathA Ama granthoM se uddharaNa diye haiN| dAnamayakha ne 86 se 151 pR0 taka 16 mahAdAnoM ke viSaya meM likhA hai| matsyapurANa (274 / 11-12) ne likhA hai ki vAsudeva, ambarISa, bhArgava, kArtavIrya-arjuna, rAma, prahlAda, pRthu evaM bharata ne mahAdAna kiye the| isake uparAnta isa purANa ne 'maNDara' ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM niyama diye haiM, maNDapa kaI prakAra ke hote haiM, arthAt unakI AkRtiyA~ kaI prakAra kI ho sakatI hai aura unake AkAra bhI vividha DhaMga ke ho sakate haiM, yathA-16 arasniyoM vAle (1 aranidAtA ke 21 aMgala kI) yA 12 yA 10 hAtha vAle, jinameM cAra dvAra aura eka vedI kA honA Avazyaka hai| vedI IToM se banI 7 yA 5 hAtha kI honI cAhie, chAdana saMbhAlane ke lie eka tanovA cAhie, 9 yA 5 kuNDa hone caahi| do-do maMgala-ghaTa maNDapa ke pratyeka dvAra para hone cAhie."tulA do palar3e vAlI honI cAhie, jisakI DaoNr3I azvattha, billa, palAza Adi kI lakar3I kI honI cAhie aura usameM sone ke AbhUSaNa jar3e hone caahie| anya vistAra sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa nahIM diye jA rahe haiN| cAroM dizAoM meM cAra vedaja brAhmaNa baiThane cAhie, yathA pUrva meM RgvedI, dakSiNa meM yajurvedI, pazcima meM sAmavedI evaM uttara meM athrvvedii| isake uparAnta gaNeza, graha, lokapAloM, ATha vasuoM, AdityoM, marutoM, brahmA, viSNu, ziva, sUrya, oSadhiyoM ko cAra cAra Ahuti homa kiyA jAtA hai, tathA inase sambandhita vaidika mantra paDhe jAte haiN| tulA-puruSa-homa ke uparAnta guru puSpa evaM gandha ke sAtha pIrANika mantroM kA uccAraNa karake lokapAloM kA AvAhana karate haiM, yathA--indra, agni, yama, nirbhani, varuNa, vAyu, soma, IzAna, ananta evaM brhmaa| isake uparAnta dAtA sone ke AbhUSaNa, karNAbhUSaNa, sone kI mikar3iyA~, kaMgana, aMgUThiyA~ evaM paridhAna purohitoM ko tathA inake dUne (jo pratyeka Rtvik ko diyA jAya usakA dUnA) padArtha guru ko dene ke lie prastuta karatA hai| taba brAhmaNa zAnti-sambandhI vaidika mantroM kA pATha karate hai| isake uparAnta dAtA punaH snAna karake, zveta vastra dhAraNa karake, zveta puSpoM kI mAlA pahana kara tatha hAthoM meM puSpa lekara tulA kA (kalpita viSNa kA) AvAhana karatA hai aura tulA kI parikramA karake eka palar3e para car3ha jAtA hai, dUsare palar3e para brAhmaNa loga sonA rakha dete haiN| isake uparAnta pRthivI kA AvAhana hotA hai aura dAtA tulA ko chor3akara haTa jAtA hai| phira vaha sone kA eka AdhA bhAga guru ko tathA dUmarA mAga brAhmaNoM ko, unake hAthoM para jala girAte hue detA hai| dAtA apane guru evaM RtvijoM ko grAma-dAna bhI kara sakatA hai| jo yaha kRtya karatA hai vaha ananta kAla taka viSNuloka meM nivAsa karatA hai| yahI vidhi rajata yA karpUra tulAdAna meM bhI apanAyI jAtI hai (apagarka pR0 320, hemAdri-dAnagyaNDa, pR0214)| rAjA loga kabhI-kabhI svarNa kA tulAdAna arthAt tulApuruSa mahAdAna to karate hI the, kabhI-kabhI mantriyoM ne bhI aisA kiyA hai, jaisA ki mithilA ke rAjAoM ke mantrI caNDezvara ne apanI pustaka vivAdaratnAkara meM abhimAna ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| 17. nIlakaNTa ke putra zaMkara dvArA praNIta kuNDA nAmaka grantha ne 15 padyoM meM kuNDoM ke viSaya meM ullekha kiyA hai| kula basa prakAra ke hote haiM-vRttAkAra, kamalAkAra, candrAkAra, yonivat, tribhujAkAra, paMca bhujAkAra, SabhujAkAra, saptabhujAkAra evaM assttbhujaakaar| usara-pUrva se dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM khIMcA huA karNa eka, do, cAra, chaH yA ATha hAthoM kA ho sakatA hai, jo 1000 se 10,000 AhutiyoM yA 10,000 se lekara eka lAkha yA eka lAkha AhutiyoM se eka karor3a AhutiyoM vAlA (8 hAtha lambA karNa) ho sakatA hai| karNa ko itanI bar3I lambAI kA kAraNa yahI hai ki AhutiyA~ kuNDa ke bAhara na gireN| vibhinna prakAra ke kuNDa vibhinna prakAra ke kRtyoM ke lie nirdhArita haiN| vistAra ke lie par3hie hemAdi (dAnakhaNDa, pR0 125-134) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa - hiraNyagarbha-isa viSaya meM dekhie matsyapurANa (275) evaM liMgapurANa (2 / 29) / maNDapa, kAla, sthala, padArtha (sAmagriyA~), puNyAhavAcana, lokapAloM kA AvAhana Adi isa mahAdAna tathA anya mahAdAnoM meM vaisA hI hai jaisA ki tulApuruSa meM hotA hai| dAtA eka sone kA kuNDa (thAla yA parAta yA baratana), jo 72 aMgula UMcA evaM 48 aMgula caur3A hotA hai, lAtA hai| yaha kuNDa murajAkAra (mRdaMgAkAra) hotA hai yA sunahale kamala (ATha dala vAle) ke bhItarI bhAga ke AkAra kA hotA hai| yaha svarNima pAtra, jo hiraNyagarbha kahalAtA hai, tila kI rAzi para rakhA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta paurANika mantroM ke sAtha sone ke pAtra ko sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai aura use hiraNyagarbha (sraSTA) ke samAna mAnA jAtA hai|" taba dAtA usa hiraNyagarbha ke andara uttarAbhimukha baiTha jAtA hai aura garbhastha zizu kI bhAMti pAMca zvAsoM ke kAla taka baiThA rahatA hai, usa samaya usake hAthoM meM brahmA evaM dharmarAja kI svarNAkRtiyAM rahatI haiN| taba guru svarNapAtra (hiraNyagarbha) ke Upara garbhAdhAna, puMsavana evaM sImantonnayanaM ke mantroM kA uccAraNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta guru vAdyayantroM yA maMgalagAnoM ke sAtha hiraNyapAtra se dAtA ko bAhara nikala Ane ko kahatA hai| isake uparAnta zeSa bArahoM saMskAra pratIkAtmaka DhaMga se sampAdita kiye jAte haiN| dAtA hiraNyagarbha ke lie mantrapATha karatA hai aura kahatA hai"pahale maiM maraNazIla ke rUpa meM mAM se utpanna huA thA, kintu aba Apa se utpanna hone ke kAraNa divya zarIra dhAraNa kruuNgaa|" isake uparAnta dAtA sone ke Asana para baiThakara 'devasya tvA' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha snAna karatA hai aura hiraNyagarbha ko guru evaM anya RtvijoM meM bA~TatA hai| brahmANDa-dekhie matsyapurANa (276) / isa dAna meM do aise svarNa-pAtra nirmita hote haiM, jo golArdha ke do bhAgoM ke samAna hote haiM, jinameM eka dyau (svarga) tathA dUsarA pRthivI mAnA jAtA hai| ye donoM ardha pAtra dAtA kI sAmarthya ke anusAra bIsa se lekara eka sahasra paloM ke vajana ke ho sakate haiM aura unakI lambAI-caur3AI 12 se 100 aMgula taka ho sakatI hai| ina donoM aqa para ATha diggajoM, vedoM, cha: aMgoM, aSTa lokapAloM, brahmA (madhya meM), ziva, viSNu, sUrya (Upara), umA, lakSmI, vasuoM, AdityoM, (bhItara) marutoM kI AkRtiyA~ (sone kI) honI cAhie, donoM ko rezamI vastra se lapeTakara tila kI rAzi para rakha denA cAhie aura unake caturdika 18 prakAra ke anna sajA dene caahie| isake uparAnta AThoM dizAoM meM, pUrva dizA se Arambha kara anantazayana (sarpa para soye hue viSNu), pradyumna, prakRti, saMkarSaNa, cAroM vedoM, aniruddha, agni, vAsudeva kI svarNima AkRtiyAM krama se sajA denI caahie| vastroM se Dhake hue dasa ghaTa pAsa meM rakha dene caahie| svarNa jaTita sIMgoM vAlI dasa gAyeM, dUdha duhane ke lie vastroM se Dhake hue kAMsya-pAtroM ke sAtha dAna meM dI jAnI caahie| cappaloM, chAtAoM, AsanoM, darpaNoM kI bheTa bhI dI jAnI caahie| isake uparAnta sone ke pAtra (jise brahmANDa kahA jAtA hai) kA paurANika mantroM ke sAtha sambodhana hotA hai aura sonA guru evaM RtvijoM yA purohitoM meM (do bhAga guru ko tathA zeSAMza ATha RtvijoM ko) bA~Ta diyA jAtA hai| kalpapAdapa yA kalpavRkSa-(matsya 277, liMga 2033) / bhAMti-bhAMti ke phaloM, AbhUSaNoM evaM paridhAnoM se susajjita kalpavRkSa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra sone kI mAtrA tIna paloM se lekara eka sahala taka ho sakatI hai| Adhe sone se kalpapAdapa banAyA jAtA hai aura brahmA, viSNu, ziva evaM sUrya kI AkRtiyA~ raca dI jAtI haiN| pA~ca zAkhAe~ bhI rahatI haiN| inake atirikta bace hue Adhe sone kI cAra TahaniyA~, jo kama se santAna, mandAra, pArijAtaka evaM haricandana kI hotI haiM, banAyI jAtI haiM, jinheM krama se pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara meM rakha diyA 18. Rgveda kA 10 / 12111-10 vAlA aMza hiraNyagarbha ke lie hai aura usakA mArambha hiraNyagarbhaH samavartatAle bhUtasya pAtaH patireka AsIt' se hotA hai|

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dAna ke prakAra 463 jAtA hai| kalprapAdapa (kalpavRkSa) ke nIce kAmadeva evaM usakI cAra striyoM kI sone kI AkRtiyAM rakha dI jAtI haiN| jalapUrNa ATha kalaza vastra se Dhakakara dIpakoM, cAmaroM evaM chAtoM ke sAtha rakha diye jAte haiN| inake sAtha 18 dhAnya rahate haiN|" saMsArarUpI samudra se pAra karAne ke lie kalpavRkSa kI stutiyAM kI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta kalpavRkSa guru ko tathA anya cAra TahaniyA~ cAra purohitoM ko de dI jAtI haiN| santAnahIna puruSa evaM strI ko yaha mahAdAna karanA cAhie (aparArka, pR. 326) / gosahana-(matsya 278 evaM liMga 2 / 38) / dAtA ko tIna yA eka dina kevala dUdha para rahanA cAhie aura taba lokapAloM ke AvAhana, puNyAhavAcana, homa Adi kRtyoM kA sampAdana honA caahie| isake uparAnta eka suvarNamaya baila ke zarIra para sugaMdhita padArtha kA lepa karake use vedI para khar3A karanA cAhie aura eka sahasra gAyoM meM se 10 gAyoM ko cuna lenA caahie| ina gAyoM para vastra ur3hAyA rahanA cAhie, inake sIMgoM ke Upara sunaharA pAnI car3hA denA yA sone kA patra lagA denA cAhie, khuroM para cA~dI car3hA denI cAhie aura taba unheM maNDapa meM lAkara sammAnita karanA caahie| ina dasoM gAyoM ke madhya meM nandikezvara (ziva ke baila) ko khar3A kara denA caahie| nandikezvara ke gale meM sone kI paNTiyAM, Upara rezamI vastra, gandha, puSpa hone cAhie tathA usake sIMgoM para sonA car3hA rahanA caahie| isake uparAnta dAtA ko savauM SadhiyoM se pUrita jala meM snAna karake hAthoM meM puSpa lekara mantroM ke sAtha gAyoM kA AhvAna karanA cAhie aura unakI mahattA kI prazaMsA karanI caahie| isI prakAra dAtA ko cAhie ki vaha nandikezvara baila (nandI) ko dharma kahakara pukaare| isake uparAnta dAtA do gAyoM ke sAtha nandI kI svarNAkRti guru ko tathA ATha parohitoM meM pratyeka ko eka-eka gAya detA hai| zeSa gAyoM ko, 5 yA 10 kI saMkhyA meM, anya brAhmaNoM meM bA~Ta diyA jAtA hai| dAtA ko punaH eka dina dUdha para hI raha jAnA par3atA hai tathA pUrNa santoSa rakhanA par3atA hai| isa mahAdAna ke karane se dAtA zivaloka kI prApti karatA hai tathA apane pitaroM, nAnA evaM anya mAtRpitaroM kI rakSA karatA hai| ____ kAmadhenu-(matsya 279, liga 2 / 35) / bahuta acchI sone kI do AkRtiyAM banAyI jAtI haiM; eka gAya kI aura dUsarI bachar3e kii| sone kI tola 1000 yA 500 yA 250 paloM kI yA sAmarthya ke anusAra kevala tIna paloM kI ho sakatI hai| vedI para eka kAle mRga kA carma bichA denA cAhie jisa para sone kI gAya ATha maMgala-ghaToM, phaloM, 18 prakAra ke anAjoM, cAmaroM, tAmrapAtroM, dIpoM, chAtA, do rezamI vastroM, ghaMTiyoM, gale ke AbhUSaNoM Adi ke sAtha rakha dI jAtI hai| dAtA paurANika mantroM ke sAtha gAya kA AhvAna karatA hai aura taba guru ko gAya evaM bachar3e kA dAna hiraNyAzva-(matsya 280) / vedI para mRgacarma bichAkara usa para tila rakha dene caahie| kAmadhenu ke barAbara tola vAle sone kA eka ghor3A banAnA caahie| dAtA ghor3e kA bhagavAn ke rUpa meM AhvAna karatA hai aura vaha AkRti 19. shyaamaakdhaanyyvmudgtilaannumaassgodhuumkodrykultystiinshimbH| ___ aSTAdazaM caNakalAyamayoSTarAjamASapriyaMgusahitaM ca msuurmaahuH|| (aparAka pR0 323) / matsyapurANa (2767) ne bhI 18 anna batAye haiN| 20. paJcate devataravo mandAraH paarijaatkH| santAnaH kalpavRkSazsa puMsi vA haricandanam / arthAt kalpavRkSa (abhikAMkSA kI pUrti karanevAle) pA~ca hai-mandAra, pArijAtaka, santAna, kalpavRkSa evaM hricndn| 21. sarvopaSiyoM basa haiM-"kuSThaM mAMsI harita vemurA zaileyacayanam / vAcampakamuktaM ca sayauMSabhyo vaza smRtaaH|| chandogapariziSTa (dAnamayUkha pR0 17 meM upt)|

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464 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa guru ko dAna meM de detA hai| hemAdri ne ghor3e kI AkRti ke cAroM pairoM evaM mukha para cAMdI kI caddara lagAne kI bAta kahI hai (dAnakhaNDa, pR0 278) / hiraNyAzvaratha-(matsya 281) / sAta yA cAra ghor3oM, cAra pahiyoM evaM dhvajA vAlA eka sone kA ratha banavAnA caahie| dhvajA para nIle raMga kA kalaza rahanA caahie| cAra maMgala-ghaTa hote haiN| isakA dAna cAmaroM, chAtA, rezamI paridhAnoM evaM sAmarthya ke anusAra gAyoM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| hemahastirapa-(matsya 282) / cAra pahiyoM evaM madhya meM ATha lokapAloM, brahmA, ziva, sUrya, nArAyaNa, lakSmI evaM puSTi kI AkRtiyoM ke sAtha eka sone kA ratha (choTA arthAt khilaune ke AkAra kA) banavAnA caahie| dhvajA para garur3a evaM stambha para gaNeza kI AkRti honI caahie| ratha meM cAra hAthI hone caahie| AhvAna ke uparAnta ratha kA dAna kara diyA jAtA hai| paJcAMgalaka-(matsya 283) / puSTa vRkSoM kI lakar3I ke pAMca hala banavAne caahie| isI prakAra pAMca phAla sone ke hone caahie| dasa bailoM ko sajAnA cAhie; unake sIMgoM para sonA, pUMcha meM motI, khuroM meM cAMdI lagAnI caahie| uparyukta vastuoM kA dAna sAmarthya ke anusAra eka kharbaTa ke barAbaraM bhUmi, kheTa yA grAma yA 100 yA 50 nivatanoM ke sAtha honA caahie| eka sapatnIka brAhmaNa ko sone kI sikar3iyoM, aMgUThiyoM, rezamI vastroM evaM kaMganoM kA dAna karanA caahie| dharAdAna yA hemagharAdAna-(matsya 284) / apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra 5 paloM se lekara 1000 pala sone kI pRthivI kA nirmANa karAnA caahie| pRthivI kI AkRti jambUdvIpa-jaisI honI cAhie, jisameM kinAre para aneka parvata, madhya meM meru parvata aura saikar3oM AkRtiyAM evaM sAtoM samudra bane rahane caahie| isakA puna: AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai| AkRti kA 1/2 yA 1/4 guru ko tathA zeSa purohitoM ko bAMTa diyA jAtA hai| vizvacakra-(matsya 285) / eka sone ke cakra kA nirmANa honA cAhie, jisameM 16 tIliyA~ evaM 8 maNDala (paridhi) hoM aura usakI tola apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra 20 paloM se lekara 1000 paloM taka honI caahie| prathama madhyabhAga para yogI kI mudrA meM viSNu kI AkRti honI cAhie, jisake pAsa zaMkha evaM cakra tathA ATha deviyoM kI AkRtiyA~ rahanI caahie| dUsare maNDala para atri, bhRgu, vasiSTha, brahmA, kazyapa tathA dazAvatAroM kI AkRtiyA~ khudI rahanI caahie| tIsare para gaurI evaM mAtA-deviyoM, cauthe para 12 AdityoM tathA cAra vedoM, pAMcaveM para pAMca bhUtoM (kSiti, jala, pAvaka, gagana evaM samIra) evaM 11 rudroM, chaThe para ATha lokapAloM evaM dizAoM, ATha hastiyoM, sAtaveM para ATha astra-zastroM evaM ATha maMgalamaya vastuoM tathA AThaveM para sImA ke devatAoM kI AkRtiyA~ banI rahatI haiN| dAtA cakra kA AvAhana karake dAna kara detA hai| ___ mahAkalpalatA-(matsya 286) / vibhinna puSpoM evaM phaloM kI AkRtiyoM ke sAtha sone kI dasa kalpalatAe~ banAnI cAhie, jina para vidyAgharoM kI jor3iyoM, lokapAloM se milate hue devatAoM evaM brAhmI, anantazakti, AgneyI, bAruNI tathA anya zaktiyoM kI AkRtiyA~ honI cAhie tathA sabake Upara eka vitAna kI AkRti bhI honI caahie| 22. ATha prakAra ke astra-zastra ye haiM-khaDga zUlagavAzaktikuntAMkuzadhaSi ca / svapitizceti zastrANi teSu cApaMprazasyate // gApurANa (hemAdri, vAnakhaNDa, pR0 333) / ATha prakAra ke maMgalya padArtha ye haiM-dakSiNAvartazaMkharaca rocanA candanaM tpaa| muktAphalaM hiraNyaM ca chatraM cAmarameva c| Avazceti vijJayaM maMgalyaM maMgalAbaham // parAzara (hemAdri, vhii)|

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dAna ke prakAra 465 vedI para khiMce hue eka vRtta ke madhya meM do kalpalatAe~ tathA vedI kI AThoM dizAoM meM anya ATha kalpalatAe~ rakha dI jAnI caahie| dasa gAyeM evaM maMgala-ghaTa bhI hone caahie| do kalpalatAe~ guru tathA anya ATha kalpalatAe~ purohitoM ko dAna meM de dI jAnI caahie| saptasAgaraka-- ( matsya 287 ) / sAmarthya ke anusAra 7 paloM se lekara 1000 paloM taka ke sone se 10%, aMgula (prAdeza) yA 21 aMgula karNa vAle sAta pAtra (kuNDa) banAye jAne cAhie, jinameM krama se namaka, dUdha, ghRta, ikSurasa, dahI, cInI evaM pavitra jala rakhA jAnA caahie| ina kuNDoM meM brahmA, viSNu, ziva, sUrya, indra, lakSmI evaM pArvatI kI AkRtiyA~ Dubo denI cAhie aura unameM sabhI ratna DAle jAne cAhie tathA unake caturdik sabhI dhAnya sajA dene caahie| varuNa kA homa karake sAtoM samudroM kA ( kuNDoM ke pratIka ke rUpa meM) AvAhana karanA cAhie aura isake uparAnta unakA dAna karanA caahie| ratnadhenu bahumUlya ratnoM se eka gAya kI sundara AkRti banAyI jAtI hai| usa AkRti ke mukha meM 81 padmarAga-dala rakhe jAte haiM, nAka kI pora ke Upara 100 puSparAga-dala, mastaka para svarNima tilaka, AMkhoM meM 100 motI, bhauMhoM para 100 sIpiyAM rakhI jAtI haiM, kAna ke sthAna para sIpiyoM ke do Tukar3e rahate haiN| sIMga sone ke hote haiN| sira 100 hIraka maNiyoM kA hotA hai| garadana (grIvA) para 100 hIraka maNiyAM hotI haiN| pITha para 100 nIla maNiyAM, donoM pAvoM meM 100 baidUrya maNiyAM, peTa para sphaTika patthara, kamara para 100 saugandhika patthara hote haiM / khura sone ke evaM pUMcha motiyoM kI hotI hai| isI taraha zarIra ke anyAnya bhAga vibhinna prakAra ke bahumUlya ratnoM se alaMkRta kiye jAte haiN| jIbha zakkara kI, mUtra ghRta kA, gobara gur3a kA hotA hai| gAya kA bachar3A gAya kI sAmagriyoM ke Adhe bhAga kA banA hotA hai| gAya evaM bachar3e kA dAna ho jAtA hai| mahAbhUtaghaTa - - ( matsya 289 ) 10%, aMgula se lekara 100 aMgula taka ke karNa para rakhe hue bahumUlya ratnoM para eka sone kA ghaTa rakhA jAtA hai| ise dUdha evaM ghI se bharA jAtA hai aura isa para brahmA, viSNu evaM ziva kI AkRtiyA~ racI jAtI haiN| kUrma dvArA uThAyI gayI pRthivI, makara (vAhana) ke sAtha varuNa, bher3e (vAhana) kre sAtha agni, mRga ( vAhana ) ke sAtha vAyu, cUhe (vAhana) ke sAtha gaNeza kI AkRtiyA~ ghaTa meM rakhI jAtI haiN| inake atirikta japamAlA ke sAtha Rgveda, kamala ke sAtha yajurveda, bAMsurI ke sAtha sAmaveda evaM sruk sruvoM ( karachuloM) ke sAtha atharvaveda evaM japamAlA tathA jalapUrNa kalaza ke sAtha purANoM (pA~caveM veda ) kI AkRtiyAM bhI ghaTa meM rakhI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta sone kA ghar3A dAna meM de diyA jAtA hai| / godAna godAna - mahimA -- adhikAMza smRtiyoM ne gAya ke dAna kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| manu (4 / 23.1 ) ke anusAra godAna karanevAlA sUryaloka meM jAtA hai| yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 204 - 205 ) evaM agnipurANa (210130) ke anusAra deya gAya ke sIMga tathA khura krama se sone evaM cAMdI se jaTita hone caahie| gAya ke gale meM ghaNTI, usako duhane ke lie pAtra evaM usake Upara vastrAvaraNa honA caahie| gAya sIdhI honI cAhie (marakahI mArane vAlI, lAta, sIMga calAne vAlI na ho ) / dAna ke sAtha dakSiNA honI caahie| jo isa prakAra kI gAya kA dAna karatA hai vaha utane hI varSoM taka svarga meM rahatA hai jitane ki gAya ke zarIra para bAla hote haiM (dekhie saMvataM, 71, 74-75 ) / anuzAsanaparva ( 51 | 26-34) meM godAna kI mahimA kA varNana hai / " anuzAsanaparva ( 83 / 17- 1) ne likhA hai ki gAya yaza kA mUlabhUta 23. gobhistulyaM na pazyAmi dhanaM kiJcidihAcyuta / kIrtanaM zravaNaM dAnaM darzanaM cApi pArthiva / / gavAM prazasyate dharma0 59 --

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466 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sAdhana hai, kyoMki yaha manuSya kA dUdha se pratipAlana karatI hai evaM isakI santAnoM (bailoM) se kRSi kA kArya hotA hai, ataH isakI prazaMsA kA gAna honA caahie| aparArka ( pR0 295-297) ne purANoM dvArA kI gayI prazaMsA uddhRta kI hai| gAyoM meM kapilA gAya ke dAna kI prabhUta mahattAM gAyI gayI hai; isa gAya kA dAna sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai (anuzAsana -73 / 42 evaM 77 / 8) / yAjJavalkya (1 / 205 ) ne likhA hai ki kapilA gAya kA dAtA apane sAtha apanI sAta pIr3hiyoM ko tAra detA hai (pApa se rakSA karatA hai)| eka kapilA gAya anya 10 sAdhAraNa gAyoM ke samAna hai ( aparAkaM, pR0 297, saMvarta kA uddharaNa) / govAna kI vidhi - varAhapurANa (111) ne godAna kA varNana kiyA hai jise hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM dete haiN| kapilA gAya ko bachar3e ke sAtha pUrvAbhimukha karake dAtA (snAna karake tathA zikhA bA~dhakara ) usakI pUjA karatA hai| vaha usakI pUMcha ke pAsa baiThatA hai aura pratigrahItA uttarAbhimukha baiThatA hai| dAtA apane hAtha meM ghRtapUrNa pAtra letA hai jisameM sone kA eka Tukar3A rakha diyA jAtA hai| gAya kI pUMcha ko makkhana meM Dubokara pratigrahItA ke dAhine hAtha meM pakar3A diyA jAtA hai, kintu gAya kI pUMcha kA bAla vAlA bhAga pUrva dizA meM hI rakhA jAtA hai| pratigrahItA ke hAtha meM jala, tila evaM kuza rakha diye jAte haiN| dAtA apane hAtha meM jalapAtra lekara paurANika mantroM ke sAtha jala chir3akatA hai, dakSiNA detA hai aura jaba gAya pratigrahItA ke sAtha calane lagatI hai to vaha kucha kadama Age anusaraNa karake gAya kI stuti karatA hai| agnipurANa ne maraNAsanna manuSya ke lie kAlI gAya kA dAna zreyA kara mAnA hai, kyoMki usase yamaloka kI nadI vaitaraNI ko pAra karane meM sugamatA hotI hai| isI se gAya ko bhI 'vaitaraNI' kahA gayA hai| ubhayatomukhI - godAna -- yAjJavalkya (1 / 206-207), agnipurANa (210 / 33), viSNudharmasUtra ( 88/1-4), vanaparva (200 / 69-71), atri (333), varAhapurANa (112) Adi ne ubhayatomukhI gAya (jo turanta hI bachaDA dene bAlI ho ) ke dAna kI viziSTatA prakaTa kI hai aura kahA hai ki dAtA svarga meM utane hI varSa rahatA hai jitane ki gAya evaM bachar3e ke zarIra para roma hote haiN| cyavana ko uddhRta kara aparArka ( pR0 299-301) ne isa prakAra ke dAna kI far batAyI hai| jaba gAya ke peTa se bachar3e kA sira bAhara prakaTa ho to dAtA ko pratigrahItA se kahanA cAhie; mere kalyANa ke lie, na ki kevala dAna kI icchA se, isa gAya ko svIkAra karo aura Rgveda (4 / 19 / 6) kA pATha karo / isake uparAnta dAtA gAya ko pakar3akara 'ka idaM kasmA adAt' ke sUkta (atharvaveda 3 / 29 / 7, AzvalAyanazrautasUtra 5 / 13, ApastambazrautasUtra 14 / 11 / 2) par3hakara bachar3e ko nIce utAratA hai aura ucca svara se 'garme nu' (Rgveda 4/27/1) kA pATha karatA hai| isake uparAnta agni prajvalitaM karake dAtA devoM, pitaroM, nadiyoM, parvatoM, pauSoM, samudroM, sarpoM evaM oSadhiyoM ko sambodhita mantroM (Rgveda 1 / 139 / 11, 10 / 16 12, 10755, 9 7514, 3 / 8 / 11, 7 / 49 / 1, 6 / 75 / 14, 1 / 9016) kA pATha karatA hai| phira vaha pRthivI ko mantrapATha (Rgveda 1 / 112 / 1, 1122 / 13, 1 / 1857, 1 / 164 / 41 ) se prasanna karatA hai| taba dAtA ko ghRta kI 84 AhutiyA~ denI cAhie, brAhmaNoM ko bhojana dekara unase AzIrvAda lenA cAhie, yathA "svasti no" (Rgveda 5/51 / 17 ) / isa prakAra ke govAna ke sAtha sone, cAMdI, kheta, anAja, vastra, namaka, candana Adi kA dAna karanA caahie| isase varjita bhojana karane, brAhmaNa bIra sarvapApaharaM zivam / ... * svAhAkAravaSaTkArau goSu nityaM pratiSThitau / gAvo yazasya mebhyo vaM tathA yajJasya tA mukham // gAvaH svargasya sopAnaM gAvaH svargepi pUjitAH // anuzAsana 51 / 26 evaM 31; anuzAsana 71 / 33 vA dhenuM suvratAM kAMsyavohAM kalyANavatsAmapalAyinoM va / yAvanti romANi bhavanti tasyAstAvadvarSAvyaznute svargalokam // yaha mAzavalkya (1 / 205 ) ke sadRza hai|

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dAna ke prakAra 4670 hatyA karane, vyabhicAra karane (agamyAgamana, yathA mAtRgamana, svasRgamana Adi varjita gamana) se utpanna pApoM se chuTakArA ho jAtA hai| dhenudAna dhenu- saMkhyA-godAna kI anukRti me kucha anya padArthoM kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| una padArthoM ko dhenu kahA jAtA hai| matsyapurANa (82 / 17-22) ne dasa dhenuoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA-gur3a, ghRta, tila, jala, kSIra, madhu, zarkarA, dadhi, rasa ( anya tarala padArtha) evaM godhena ( svayaM gAya ) / isa purANa ne gur3adhenu kA varNana karate hue likhA hai ki tarala dhenuoM ko ghar3oM meM rakhanA cAhie tathA anya dhenuoM ko rAzi ke rUpa meM rakhanA caahie| sabake dAna kI vidhi eka-sI hai| kucha logoM ne anya dhenuoM ke nAma bhI liye haiM, yathA-suvarNadhenu, navanItadhenu ( makkhana kI gAya ) evaM ratnadhenu / agnipurANa (210 / 11-12 ) ne bhI dasa dhenuoM ke nAma liye haiN| anuzAsanaparva ( 71 39-41 ) meM ghRta, tila evaM jalaM nAmaka dhenuoM kA varNana hai| varAhapurANa (adhyAya 99-110) ne 12 dhenuoM kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| isakI sUcI meM matsyapurANa ke ghRta evaM godhenu nahIM haiM tathA navanIta, lavaNa, kArpAsa ( kapAsa - ruI) evaM dhAnya (anAja) nAma naye jor3e gaye haiM / vidhi - cAra hAtha lambA kAlA mRgacarma gobara se lipI bhUmi para bichA diyA jAtA hai| jisa sthala para mRgacarma bichA rahatA hai usa para kuza, jinakI nokeM pUrvAbhimukha hotI haiM, biche rahate haiN| yaha rUpa gAya kA pratIka mAnA jAtA hai / usI kI bhA~ti bichA huA eka choTA sA mRgacarma bachar3e kA pratIka mAnA jAtA hai| yadi yaha gur3adhenu hai, to yaha 2 yA 4 mAroM kI tathA bachar3A isake cauthAI bhAga kA banA hotA hai| gAya ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke pratIka ke rUpa meM bahuta se padArtha, yathA-- zaMkha, Ikha ke Tukar3e, motI, camara, sIpI Adi rakhe jAte haiM aura dhUpa-dIpa se pUjA karake paurANika mantroM se gau kA AhvAna kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta vastuoM kA dAna kara diyA jAtA hai| hemAdri (dAnakhaNDa, pR0 401 ), dAnamayUkha ( pR0 172 -184 ) ne anya vistAra bhI diye haiM, jinheM hama sthAnAmAva ke kAraNa yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiM / varjita godAna godAna kI mahattA ke phalasvarUpa dAtA loga kabhI-kabhI bUr3hI evaM durbala gAyeM bhI dAna meM de dete the| kaThopaniSad ((1113) ne isa prakAra ke vyavahAra kI bhartsanA kI hai--"jo loga kevala jala pInevAlI evaM ghAsa khAnevAlI, kintu so dUdha denevAlI yA na biAne vAlI gAya kA dAna karate haiM, ve ananda (Ananda na denevAle) loka meM pahu~cate haiN|" yahI bAta anuzAsanaparva ( 77/5-6 ) meM pAyI jAtI hai| anuzAsanaparva meM eka sthala (66 / 53) para yaha bhI AyA hai| ki brAhmaNa ko kuza, binA bachar3e kI, bA~jha, rogI, vyaMga (jisakA koI aMga bhaMga ho gayA ho ) evaM thakI huI gAya nahIM 24. 5 kRSNala= 1 mASa, 16 bhASa= 1 suvarNa, 4 suvarNa = 1 pala, 100 pala = 1 tulA, 20 tulA = 1 bhAra / apara kaM ( pR0 303 ) evaM agnipurANa (210 / 17-18 ) / bhaviSyapurANa ko uddhRta kara hemAdri ( vratakhaNDa, pR0 67) evaM parAzaramAdhavIya (2 / 1, pR0 141 ) me kI tola ke baTalaroM kI sUcI yoM dI hai -2 pala= : - prasUti, 2 prasUti kuDava, 4 kuDala prastha, 4 prastha ADhaka, phona, 16 droNa baarii| kintu deza-deza meM vibhinna baTalare calate the|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 468 denI caahie| hemAdri ( dAna, pR0 448-449 ) ne ise uddhRta kiyA hai aura likhA hai ki isa prakAra ke godAna se naraka milatA hai / parvata-dAna vibhinna nAma -- matsyapurANa (adhyAya 83 / 92 ) ne isa prakAra ke parvatavAnoM yA merudAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai jo ye haiM--" dhAnya (anAja), lavaNa, gur3a, hema (sonA), tila. kArpAsa (kapAsa), ghRta, ratna, rajata (cA~dI) evaM zarkarA / " agnipurANa (21016 - 10 ) meM bhI yahI sUcI pAyI jAtI hai| hemAdri ( dAna, pR0 346-396) ne kAlottara nAmaka eka zaiva grantha ko uddhRta kara 12 dAnoM kI carcA kI hai| inheM parvata, zaila yA acala dAna isalie kahA jAtA hai ki deya padArtha pahAr3oM kI bhA~ti rakhakara dAna meM diye jAte haiN| vidhi -- sabhI prakAra ke parvata - dAnoM kI vidhi eka-sI hai| eka uttara-pUrva yA pUrva kI ora jhukA huA vargAkAra sthAna banAyA jAtA hai jisa para gobara se lIpakara kuza bilA diye jAte haiN| isake madhya meM eka rAzi parvatAkAra tathA anya rAziyA~ pahAr3iyoM kI bhA~ti banA dI jAtI haiN| anAja ke parvata ke nirmANa meM 1000 yA 500 yA 300 droNa kI tola kI anna- rAzi honI caahie| isa rAzi ke madhya bhAga meM sone ke tIna vRkSa hone cAhie aura cAroM dizAoM meM krama se motiyoM ke, gomeda evaM puSparAga ke, marakata evaM nIlamaNiyoM ke tathA vaidUrya ke kamalavat paudhe hone cAhie / matsyapurANa ne 81 devatAoM kI svarNa evaM rajata AkRtiyoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| homa ke lie eka guru aura cAra purohitoM kA cunAva hotA hai aura pratyeka devatA ko 13-13 AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| lavaNa ke dAna meM 1 se 16 droNoM, sone ke dAna meM 1 se 1000 paloM, tila ke dAna meM 3 se 10 droNoM, kapAsa ke dAna meM 5 se 20 bhAroM, ghI ke dAna meM 2 kumbhoM se 20 kumbhoM, ratnoM ke dAna meM 200 motiyoM se 1000 motiyoM taka kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai tathA bahumUlya ratnoM vAlI pahAr3iyoM meM motiyoM ke 1/4 bhAga kA, kapAsa meM 20 paloM se 10,000 paloM kA, zarkarA meM 1/2 bhAra se 8- bhAroM kA prayoga hotA hai| pazuoM, vastroM, mRgacarma tathA prapA Adi kA dAna smRtiyoM, purANoM evaM nibandhoM ne hAthiyoM, ghor3oM, bhaMzoM, vastroM, mRgacarmoM, chAtoM, jUtoM Adi ke dAna kI carcA kI hai jise hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ chor3a rahe haiM / kintu inameM se do yA tIna dAnoM kA varNana mahattvapUrNa hai / aparArka ne bhaviSyottara se eka lambA vivaraNa upasthita kiyA hai, jisameM caitra mAsa meM yAtriyoM ko jala pilAne ke lie eka maNDapa nirmANa kI carcA huI hai| nagara ke madhya meM yA marubhUmi meM yA kisI mandira ke pAsa irA maNDapa kA nirmANa hotA thaa| eka brAhmaNa ko pAnI pilAne ke lie zulka para niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha maNDapa 4 yA 3 mahInoM taka calatA thaa| ise uttara bhArata meM pIsarA ( pyAU ) bhI kahate haiM / pustaka- dAna rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, dharmazAstroM evaM purANoM kI hastalikhita pratiyoM kA bhI dAna huA karatA thA / aparArka ( pR0 389-403 ) eva hamAdri ( dAna, pR0 526-540) na bhaviSyottara, matsya tathA anya purANoM ko uddhRta kara isa prakAra ke dAnoM kI mahattA gAyI hai| bhaviSyapurANa ne likhA hai ki jo vyakti viSNu, ziva yA sUrya ke mandiroM meM logoM ke prayoga ke lie pustakoM kA prabandha karate haiM ve godAna, bhUmidAna evaM svarNadAna kA phala pAte haiN| kucha zilAlekhoM

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vAna ke prakAra 469 meM bhI aisA varNana AyA hai (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 18, pR0 340) / agnipurANa (211 / 61) ne siddhAnta nAmaka granthoM ke paThana kI vyavasthA karane vAle dAtAoM ke dAnoM kI prazasti gAyI hai| grahazAnti ke lie dAna madhya eva Adhunika kAloM meM grahoM kI zAnti ke lie bhI dAna karane kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| isa prakAra ke manobhAva sUtrakAla meM bhI pAge jAte the| gautama (11 / 15) ne rAjA ko jyotiSiyoM dvArA batAye gaye kRtya karane ke lie utsAhita kiyA hai / grahoM ke bure prabhAva se bacane ke lie AcAryoM ne kucha viziSTa kRtyoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 12 / 16). ne likhA hai ki purohita ko cAhie ki vaha rAjA ko mUrya kI dizA se (jaba yuddha rAtri meM ho rahA ho yA) usa dizA se jahA~ zukra rahatA hai, yuddha karane ko khe| yAjJavalkya (11295-308) ne bhI grahazAnti para likhA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki samRddhi ke lie, ApattiyA~ dUra karane ke lie, acchI varSA ke lie, dIrghAyu evaM svAsthya tathA zatru-nAza ke lie graha-yajJa karanA caahie| unhoMne nau grahoM, yathA-sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, vRhaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu evaM ketu, aura unakI AkRtiyA~ banAne ke lie padArtha batAye haiM, yathA-tAmra, sphaTika, lAla candana, sonA (budha evaM bRhaspati donoM ke lie), cAMdI, lohA, sIsA evaM kaaNsy| ye AkRtiyAM padArthoM ke raMgoM se bhI kapar3e para banAyI jAtI haiM yA yoM hI pRthivI para vRttAkAra evaM raMgayukta banAyI jAtI haiN| inheM puSpa, vastra car3hAye jAte haiM jinake raMga grahoM ke raMga ke hote haiN| sugaMdhita padArtha, dhUpa, guggula Adi car3hAye jAte haiM aura mantroM (Rgveda 1135 / 2, vAjamaneyo saMhitA 9 / 40, Rgveda 8144 / 16, vAjasaneyI saMhitA 15 / 54, Rgveda 2 / 23 / 15, vAjasaneyI saMhitA 19 / 75, Rgveda 10 / 9 / 4, vAjasaneyI saMhitA 1320, Rgveda 166 / 3) ke sAtha agni meM pake bhojana kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM / nau grahoM ke lie krama se nimnalikhita vRkSoM kI samidhA honI cAhie---arka, palAza, khadira, apAmArga, pippala, udumbara, zamI, dUrvA evaM kush| ghRta, madhu, dahI evaM dUdha meM lipaTI pratyeka kI 108 yA 28 samidhAe~ agni meM DAlI jAnI caahie| grahyajJa ke avasara para brAhmaNoM ko jo bhojana karAyA jAtA hai vaha nimna prakAra kA hotA hai---gur3a mizrita cAvala, dUdha meM pakAyA gayA cAvala, haviSya bhojana (jisa para saMnyAsI jIte haiM), sAThI cAvala jo dUdha meM pakAyA gayA ho , dahI-bhAta, ghRta-mizrita cAvala, pise hue tila meM mizrita cAvala, cAvalamizrita dAla, kaI raMgoM vAle caavl| dakSiNA ke rUpa meM nimna vastueM haiM--dudhArU gAya, zaMkha, baddhI baila, sonA, vastra, zveta azva, kAlI gAya, lohe kA astra, eka bkrii| yAjJavalkya (11308) ne likhA hai ki rAjAoM kA utkarSApakarSa evaM saMsAra kA astitva evaM nAza grahoM para AdhArita hai ataH grahoM kI jitanI pUjA ho sake, kI jAnI caahie| Ajakala dharmasindhu ke niyamoM ke anusAra grahazAnti kI jAtI hai| saMskAraratnamAlA (pR. 123-164) meM grahamakha (grahazAnti ke lie eka kRtya) kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai| grahamakha yA to nitya (viSuva ke dina, ayana ke dina yA janma-nakSatra ke dina) yA naimittika (upanayana-jaise avasaroM para sampAdita) yA kAmya (vipatti Adi dUra karane ke lie yA kisI anya abhilASA yA kAmanA se kiyA jAne vAlA ) hotA hai| ArogyazAlA-sthApanA aparArka (pR0 365-366) ne yAjJavalkya (11209) kI TIkA meM nandipurANa se ArogyazAlA (aspatAla) kI sthApanA ke viSaya meM eka lamyA vivaraNa uddhRta kiyA hai| isa prakAra kI ArogyazAlA meM auSadhe niHzulka dI jAtI hai| "dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa nAmaka cAroM puruSArtha svAsthya para nirbhara haiM, ataH svAsthya kI prApti ke lie jo prabandha karatA hai vaha sabhI prakAra kI vastuoM kA dAnI kahA jAtA hai|" isake lie eka acche vaidya kI niyukti

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470 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa karanI caahie| hemAdri (dAna, pR0 893-95 ) ne bhI ise tathA skandapurANa ko uddhRta kara ArogyazAlA kI sthApanA ke mahatva para prakAza DAlA hai| asatpratigraha rabhRtiyoM ke anusAra varjita dAna grahaNa karane para pApa lagatA hai, jo datta vastu ke parityAga, vaidika mantroM ke (gAyatrI ke samAna) japa evaM tapoM (prAyazcittoM) se dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai ( dekhie manu 11 / 193, viSNudharmasUtra 54 / 28) / isa pApa kA kAraNa hai asatpratigraha, jo jAti yA dAtA kI kriyA (dAtA cANDAla yA patita ho sakatA hai) Adi se utpanna hotA hai| yaha kisI viziSTa kAla aura deza meM (yathA kurukSetra meM yA grahaNa ke samaya ) lene se yA kisI deya padArtha (madya yA bher3a yA mRtaka kI zayyA yA ubhayatomukhI gAya ) ke grahaNa karane se utpanna hotA hai / manu (11 / 194), viSNudharmasUtra (54 / 24) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 3 / 289 ) ne asatpratigraha ke pApa se mukta hone ke lie gauzAlA meM eka mAsa rahane, kevala dUdha para rahane, pUrNarUpeNa brahmacarya pAlana karane evaM prati dina 3000 bAra gAyatrI mantra ke japa kI vyavasthA dI hai| uparyukta donoM dazAoM meM dAtA ko koI pApa nahIM lgtaa| kevala dAna lene vAlA (dAna pratigrahItA ) hI pAna kA mAgI hotA hai / dAnaviyAkaumudI ( pR0 84-85 ) ne katipaya purANoM se uddharaNa dekara likhA hai ki gaMgA tathA anya pavitra nadiyoM para dAna nahIM lenA cAhie, isI prakAra hAthiyoM, ghor3oM, rathoM, mRta logoM kI zayyA evaM AsanoM, kAle mRga ke carma evaM ubhayatomukhI gAya kA dAna nahIM lenA caahie| dAnacandrikA ne padmapurANa kA uddharaNa dekara samajhAyA hai ki ApatkAla meM brAhmaNa gaMgA tathA anya pavitra nadiyoM para dAna le sakatA hai| kintu use dAna kA dazamAMza dAna kara denA cAhie; aisA karane se pApa nahIM lagatA / pratizrutadAna kI deyatA yAjJavalkya ( 2 / 176) ne likhA hai ki pratizruta dAna diyA jAnA cAhie aura pradatta dAna vApasa nahIM lenA caahie| nArada ( dattApradAnika, 8) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki paNyamUlya ( sAmAna ke kraya meM diyA gayA mUlya), vetana ( naukara Adi ko ), Ananda ke lie diyA gayA ghana (saMgIta, nRtya Adi meM ), sneha dAna, zraddhA-dAna, kanyA ke krama meM diyA gayA dhana evaM dhArmika tathA AdhyAtmika uddezyoM se diyA gayA dAna vApasa nahIM liyA jaataa| kintu yadi dAna abhI diyA na gayA ho, kevala abhI vacana diyA ho to use pUrA nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie aura usakA anyathAkaraNa ho sakatA hai| gautama (5 / 21) ne likhA hai ki yadi dAna lene vAlA vyakti kupAtra ho, adhArmika yA vezyAgAmI ho to use pratizruta dAna nahIM denA cAhie / yahI bAta manu ( 8212, meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / kAtyAyana ne likhA hai ki brAhmaNa ko pratizruta dhana na dene se vyakti usa brAhmaNa kA isa loka evaM paraloka meM RNI ho jAtA hai (aparArka pR0 783) / aprAmANika dAna gautama (5 / 22) ne likhA hai ki bhAvAveza meM Akara yathA krodha yA atyadhika prasannatA ke kAraNa, bhayabhIta hokara, rugNAvasthA meM, lobha ke kAraNa, alpAvasthA ( 16 varSa ke bhItara) ke kAraNa, atyadhika bur3hApe meM, mUrkhatAvaza, mattAvasthA meM yA pAgalapana ke kAraNa pratizruta kiyA gayA dAna nahIM bhI diyA jA sktaa| nArada ne 16 prakAra ke aprAmANika dAnoM kI carcA kI hai- uparyukta varNita ( gautama 5 / 23, jisameM prasannatA evaM lobha-janita dAnoM ko chor3a diyA gayA hai) dAna, ghUsa meM, parihAsa meM, binA pahacAne anya ko vacana rUpa meM diyA gayA dAna, chala se pratizruta ho jAne meM, asvAmitva

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dAna ke prakAra hone meM, pratilAma kI dazA meM, kupAtra evaM pApI ko vacana rUpa meM diye gaye dAna aprAmANika mAne jAte haiN| kAtyAyana (aparArka pR0 781 meM uddhRta) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai, kintu yaha bhI jor3a diyA hai ki yadi koI prANabhaya ke kAraNa apanI sampatti de dene ke lie pratizruta ho gayA ho to vaha apane vacana se palaTa sakatA hai / aura dekhie bRhaspati (aparArka, pR0 782) / manu (8 / 165) ke mata se chala dvArA sampAdita bikrI, ijArA (bandhaka), dAna yA ve sAre kAravAra jitameM kapaTAcaraNa pAyA jAya, rAjA dvArA radda kara diye jAne caahie| kintu kAtyAyana ne eka apavAda diyA hai| svasthatA yA asvasthatA kI dazA meM dhArmikaM upayoga ke lie pitA dvArA pratizruta dAna pitA ke mara jAne para putra dvArA diyA jAnA cAhie. (aparArka pR0 782) / 25. kuraahnnttbhiitaatlmpbaalsthvirmuutmttonmtvaakyaanynRtaanypaatkaani| gautama 52 / avataM tu bhykossshokbegsmnvitH| tbotkovpriihaasvytyaaschlyogtH|| baalmuuddhaasvtntraatmttonmttaapjitH| kartA mamA karmeti pratisAbhecchayA ca yt|| apAtra pAnamityukte kArya vA dhrmsNhite| yahataM syAvavijJAnAvaratamiti tatsmRtam // nArara (dattAtrayAnika 1.10) /

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adhyAya 26 pratiSThA evaM utsarga gata adhyAya meM hamane dAna ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha adhyayana kiyaa| isake uparAnta hama svabhAvataH pratiSThA evaM utsarga kI carcA para A jAte haiM / janakalyANa ke lie mandiroM kA nirmANa, unameM devoM kI pratimAoM kI sthApanA evaM kUpa, tAlAba, vATikA Adi kA samarpaNa pratiSThA evaM utsarga ke nAma se pukAre jAte haiN| hamane bahuta pahale par3ha liyA hai ki mandiroM, kUpoM tathA anya dhArmika saMsthAoM kA nirmANa pUrta dharma ke antargata AtA hai aura zUdra loga yaha kArya kara sakate the / yAjJavalkya ( 2 / 114 ) kI TIkA mitAkSarA ke mata se striyAM (vidhavA bhI) pUrva kAryoM ke lie dhana vyaya kara sakatI thIM (yadyapi ve vaidika yajJa Adi nahIM kara sakatI thIM ) / bahuta prAcIna kAla se sArvajanika lAbha evaM upayoga ke lie dAtavya kAryoM evaM vastuoM se sambandhita niyama bane hue haiN| zabara ne smRtiyoM ke pratiSThA viSayaka niyamoM zruti para AdhArita mAnA hai (jaimini 1 / 3 / 2 ) / Rgveda (10 / 107 / 10 ) meM puSkariNI (tAlAba) kA ullekha huA hai| viSNudharmasUtra ( 91 / 1-2 ) ke mata se jo vyakti jana hita ke lie kUpa khudavAtA hai, usake Adhe pApa usameM pAnI nikAlane ke samaya hI naSTa ho jAte haiM, jo vyakti tAlAba khudavAtA hai vaha sadA prasanna (niSpApa ) rahatA hai aura varuNa-loka meM nivAsa karatA hai / bANa ne kAdambarI meM likhA hai ki smRtiyoM ke anusAra logoM ko jana-sabhAbhavana, Azraya, kUpa, prapAe~ (pausare), vATikAe~, mandira, bA~dha, jala-yantra (ghaTayantra ) Adi banavAne caahie| kucha RSiyoM ne to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki yajJoM se kevala svarga milatA hai, kintu pUrta, arthAt mandiroM, tAlAboM evaM vATikAoM ke nirmANa se saMsAra se mukti ho jAtI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki jana-kalyANa ke lie kiye gaye kArya, yajJAdi kRtyoM se, jinameM kevala brAhmaNoM ko lAbha hotA thA, kaI gune acche mAne jAte the / kUpa yA tAlAba kI pratiSThA vidhi - zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra (5/2 ) ne kUpa yA tAlAba khudAne evaM unakI pratiSThA ke viSaya meM vidhi likhI hai, yathA zukla pakSa meM yA kisI maMgalamaya tithi ke dina dUdha meM jau kA caru ( ubAlA huA bhojana ) pakAkara dAtA ko 'tvaM no agne' (Rgveda 4 / 1 / 4-5) tathA 'aba te heDa' (Rgveda 1 | 24|14), 'imaM me varuNaM' (Rgveda 12519), 'uduttamaM varuNa' (Rgveda 1 / 24 / 15), 'imAM dhiyam' (Rgveda 8142/3 ) nAmaka mantroM ke sAtha yaza karanA caahie| madhya meM dUdha kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM aura mantroccAraNa (Rgveda 10 / 81137, 1 / 22 / 17 evaM 718915) hotA hai| isa yajJa kI dakSiNA hai eka jor3A dhotI tathA eka gaay| isake uparAnta brahma-bhoja hotA hai / kUpa evaM jalAzaya ke pradAna tathA pratiSThA ke viSaya meM anya dharmazAstra - sambandhI granthoM meM paryApta vistAra pAyA jAtA hai (AzvalAyanagRhyapariziSTa 449, pAraskaragRhyapariziSTa, matsyapurANa 58, agnipurANa 64) / kintu hama isa vistAra meM nahIM pdd'eNge| kramaza: purANoM meM varNita vidhi ko hI saMprati mahatva diyA jAne lagA hai ( aparArka pR0 15 ) / 1. iSTApUta smRtau dharmoM bhutau tau ziSTasammatau / pratiSThAcaM tayoH pUrtamiSTaM yajJA vilakSaNam // bhuktimuktipradaM pUrtamiSTaM bhogArthasAdhanam // kAlikApurANa ( kRtya ratnAkara, pR0 10 meM uddhRta ) /

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bRkSa-vATikAropana 472 aparArka (pR0 409-414), hemAdri ( dAna, pR0 997 - 1029), dAnakriyAkaumudI ( pR0 160 181), jalAzayotsargatattva ( raghunandana kRta), nIlakaMTha kRta pratiSThAmayUkha evaM utsargamayUkha, rAjadharmakaustubha ( pR0 171 - 223 ) Adi granthoM ne kUpoM, jalAzayoM, puSkariNiyoM Adi kI pratiSThA ke viSaya meM vizada vidhi dI hai| yaha vidhi gRhyapariziSToM, purANoM (matsya 58 Adi), tantroM, pAJcarAtra tathA anya granthoM para AdhArita hai| hama isa vidhi kA varNana yahA~ nahIM de skeNge| vistArapUrNa vidhi ke mUla meM jo bAta hai vaha kevala jalAzaya ke jala kI pavitratA se sambandhita hai, kyoMki pUjA-pATha tathA dhArmika kriyA-kalApa se vastu kI pavitratA pratiSThita ho jAtI hai| pratiSThA kA sAmAnya tAtparya hai vyavasthita kRtyoM ke sAtha janatA ko samarpaNa / pratiSThA kI vidhi meM cAra mukhya stara haiM- (1) saMkalpa, (2) homa, (3) utsarga ( isakA udghoSa ki vastu de dI gayI hai) tathA (4) dakSiNA evaM brAhmaNa bhojana / mandira ke lie ucita zabda hai pratiSThA na ki utsarga / bAma evaM utsarga meM bheda -- dAna evaM utsarga ke pAribhASika artha meM kucha antara hai| dAna meM svAmI apanA svAmitva kisI anya ko de detA hai aura usakA usa vastu se koI sambandha nahIM raha jAtA, arthAt na to vaha usakA prayoga kara sakatA aura na usa para kisI prakAra kA niyantraNa hI rakha sakatA hai| kintu jaba utsarga kiyA jAtA hai to vastu janatA kI ho jAtI hai aura dAtA janatA ke sadasya ke rUpa meM usakA upayoga kara sakatA hai| yaha dhAraNA adhikAMza lekhakoM kI hai, kintu kucha lekhaka utsarga kI huI vastu kA dAtA dvArA prayoga anucita ThaharAte haiM / jalAzayoM ke prakAra jana-kalyANa ke lie khudAye hue jalAzayoM ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-- kUpa, vApI, puSkariNI evaM tar3Aga / kucha granthoM ne likhA hai ki caturbhujAkAra yA vRttAkAra hone se kUpa kA vyAsa 5 hAtha se 50 hAtha taka ho sakatA hai, aura isameM sAdhAraNataH pAnI taka pahu~cane ke lie sIr3hiyA~ nahIM hotIM / vApI vaha kUpa hotA hai jisameM cAroM ora se yA tIna, do yA eka ora se sIr3hiyA~ hoM aura jisakA mukha 50 se 100 hAtha taka ho| puSkariNI 100 se 200 hAtha vyAsa kI hotI hai / tar3Aga 200 se 300 hAtha lambA hotA hai| matsyapurANa ( 154 / 5 12 ) ke anusAra vApI 10 kUpoM ke barAbara evaM hRda (gaharA jalAzaya) 10 vApiyoM ke barAbara hotA hai; eka putra 10 hRdoM ke barAbara tathA eka vRkSa 10 putroM ke barAbara hotA hai| raghunandana dvArA uddhRta vasiSThasaMhitA ke anusAra puSkariNI 400 hAtha lambI aura tar3Aga isakA pA~ca gunA bar3A hotA hai| vRkSa - mahattA evaM vRkSAropaNa Adi vRkSa mahataH -- bhArata meM vRkSoM kI mahattA sabhI kAloM meM gAyI gayI hai / ve yajJa meM yUpoM (jinameM bali kA pazu baudhA jAtA 1 ke lie, idhma ( IMdhana yA samidhAoM) ke lie, sruva, juhU Adi yajJapAtroM evaM karachuloM Adi ke lie upayogI hote haiM / taittirIya brAhmaNa (1 / 1 / 3) ne sAta prakAra ke pavitra vRkSa batAye haiN| taittirIya saMhitA ( 3 / 4)814) ke mata se ima (mamiSAe~) nyagrodha, udumbara, azvattha evaM plakSa nAmaka vRkSoM kI hotI haiM, kyoMki unameM gandhavoM evaM 2. savA jalaM pavitraM syAdapavitramasaMskRtam / kuzAgreNApi rAjendra na spraSTavyamasaMskRtam / vApIkUpataDAgAvI yajjalaM syAvasaMskRtam / apeyaM tad bhavetsarvaM pItvA cAndrAyaNaM caret // bhaviSyapurANa (nirNayasindhu, 3 pUrvArdha, pU0 334 meM uddhRta) / pratiSThApanaM savidhikotsarjanamityarthaH / dAnakriyAkaumudI, pR0 166 / dharma 0-60

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474' dharmazAstra kA itihAsa apsarAoM kA nivAsa hai| isake atirikta vRkSa apane harita patrAMkoM meM pakSiyoM ko zItala evaM uSNa nIMda dete haiM, bahutase vRkSoM kI harI pattiyA~ (yathA Ama Adi vRkSoM kI) Ajakala bhI zubhAvasaroM para maNDapoM yA dvAroM para toraNa rUpa meM bA~dhI jAtI haiN| hemAdri ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta kara likhA hai ki azvattha, udumbara, plakSa, Ama (Amra) evaM nyagrodha kI TahaniyA~ evaM pattiyA~ paJcabhaMga kahI jAtI haiM aura sabhI kRtyoM meM maMgalamaya mAnI jAtI haiN| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 3 / 25) meM AyA hai ki palAza parama pavitra hai, ataH usake bhAga se Asana, khar3AmU, dantadhAvata Adi nahIM banane caahie| vRkSa dhUpa se bacAte haiM tathA devoM evaM pitaroM ko car3hAne ke lie puSpa-phala dete haiN|' gira jAne para unakI lakar3iyoM se ghara banAte haiM, unase nAnA prakAra ke sAmAna banAye jAte haiM tathA unheM jalAkara bhojana banAyA jAtA hai evaM zIta se rakSA kI jAtI hai| apane sAtaveM stambhAmilekha meM azoka ne ATha kosa kI dUrI para kUpa-nirmANa evaM vaTa vRkSa lagAne kI carcA kI hai (dekhie kArpasa iMskripzanam iNDikeram, jilda 1, pR0 134-135) / mahAbhASya (jilda 1, pR0 14) ne eka ati prAcIna padya kA aMza uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA tAtparya hai ki jo Ama ko pAnI detA hai aura usakI sevA karatA hai usake pitRgaNa usase prasanna rahate haiN| manu (4 / 29) evaM yAjJavalkya (13133) ne snAtakoM ke lie mArga ke prasiddha vRkSoM (yathA azvattha) kI parikramA karanA Avazyaka mAnA hai| bANa ne kAdambarI meM putra kI icchA karanevAlI strIdvArA vakSoM kI pUjA kI carcA kI hai| vRkSoM ke prakAra evaM unakI sevA-mahAbhArata (anuzAsanaparva 58 / 23-32) ne per3a-paudhoM ke jIvana kI prabhUta prazaMsA kI hai aura unheM 6 bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai, yathA-vRkSa (per3a), latA (jo vRkSoM ke sahAre laTakI rahatI haiM), ballI ((jo pRthivI para phailatI haiM), gulma (jhAr3iyA~), tvarasAra (aise vRkSa jinakA UparI bhAga pravala yA majabUta rahatA hai, kintu jo bhItara se pole rahate haiM, jaise bA~sa Adi) evaM ghAsa / mahAbhArata meM vahIM yaha bhI AyA hai ki jo vRkSa lagAte haiM ve unase rakSA pAte haiM, ataH unakI sevA putroM ke samAna karanI caahie| yahI bAta dUsare DhaMga se viSNudharmasUtra (1964) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / hemAdri (dAna, pR0 1030-31) ne padmapurANa ko uddhRta kara batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra azvattha, azoka, amlikA (imalI), dADima (anAra) Adi per3a-paudhe lagAne se krama se sampatti, pApamocana, dIrghAyu, strI Adi kI prApti hotI hai| vRddha -gautama ne azvattha kI samatA zrI kRSNa se kI hai| mahAbhArata ne caitya (samAdhistUpa yA vizrAmasthala) vAle azvattha vRkSa kI pattiyAM taka tor3anA varjita mAnA hai (zAntiparva 69 / 42) / zAntiparva (18411-17) / 3. vRkSa kI upayogitA se prabhAvita ho kadi ne usakI AlaMkArika prazaMsA meM nimna udgAra kahA hai eka paira se mUka ar3A hai, rAta-divasa taha vahIM khar3A hai! jhaMjhA aura pravAtoM meM RSi, le kisalaya mRtu phUla bar3A hai| 4. AmrAzca siktAH pitarazca priinnitaaH| mahAbhASya, jinda 1, pR0 14 / vRkSoM se jo lAbha hote haiM, unake viSaya meM dekhie anuzAsanaparva (58028-30) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (9135-8) / Adhunika bhArata meM svatantratA ke uparAnta prati varSa vana mahotsava manAyA jAtA hai aura sthAna-sthAna para vRkSA ropaNa ho rahA hai| pahAr3oM ke vRkSoM ke kaTa jAne se jala kA abhAva hotA jA .hA hai, anAvRSTi se kahIM-kahIM hAhAkAra ho rahA hai| bhArata sarakAra aba.vRkSoM ke mahattva ko samajha rahI hai| hamAre RSiyoM ne vRkSoM kI mahattA para jo kucha likhA hai vaha sArthaka pA, kyoMki Ajakala ke bhUgarbha-zAstriyoM tathA bhUgola vidyA-vizAradoM ne vRkSa-mahattA kI vaijJAnikatA spaSTa kara dI hai| (a0) 5. vRkSavaM putravad vRkSAstArayanti paratra c| tasmAttaDAge savRkSA ropyAH zreyothinA sdaa|| putravatparipAlyAzca putrAste dharmataH smRtaaH| anuzAsana 58.30-31; vRkSAropayiturvRkSAH paraloke putrA bhavanti / viSNudharmasUtra 914 /

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deva-pratiSThA 475 per3a-paudhoM meM jIvana mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki ve bhI sukha-dukha (harSa -kleza) kA anubhava karate haiM aura kATa liye jAne para aMkurita hote haiM / utsargamayUkha ( pR0 16 ) meM uddhRta bhaviSyapurANa ke mata se jo vyakti eka azvattha yA eka picumarda (nIma) yA eka nyaproSa yA dasa imalI yA tIna kapittha, bilva tathA Amalaka yA pA~ca Ama ke per3a lagAtA hai. vaha naraka meM nahIM jaataa|' matsyapurANa (270 / 28-29 ) ke anusAra mandira ke maNDapa ke pUrva phaladAyaka vRkSa lagAye. jAne cAhie, dakSiNa meM dUdha kI taraha rasa vAle vRkSa lagAye jAne cAhie, pazcima bhAga meM kamaloM se pUrNa jalAzaya rahanA cAhie tathA uttara meM puSpa vATikA tathA sarala evaM tAla ke vRkSa hone cAhie / vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 19 / 11-12 ) ne yajJaAne vAle vRkSa tathA khetI kI bhUmi vAle vRkSoM ke atirikta anya phUla-phala dene vAle vRkSoM ko kATane se manA kiyA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 55/59). ne phala dene vAle, puSpa dene vAle vRkSoM ko tor3ane tathA latA, gulma yA ghAsa kATane vAle logoM ke lie rAjA dvArA daNDa diye jAne kI vyavasthA dI hai| vATikA - vAnavidhi - hemAdri (dAna, pR0 1029-1055) ne vRkSAropaNa, vATikA - samarpaNa tathA vRkSa-dAna se utpanna puNya ke viSaya meM savistara likhA hai| zAMkhAyanagRhyapariziSTa (4110 ), matsyapurANa (59), agnipurANa ( 70 ) tathA anya granthoM meM vATikA ke samarpaNa kI vidhi batAyI gayI hai| yaha vidhi kUpoM evaM tar3AgoM ke samarpaNa kI vidhi para AdhArita hai, kevala mantroM meM vibhinnatA hai| saMkSepa meM zAMkhAyana gRhya (5 / 2) dvArA upasthita vidhi yoM haivATikA meM pavitra agni prajvalita kara, sthAlIpAka (bhojana) taiyAra karake dAtA ko "viSNave svAhA, indrAgnibhyAM svAhA, vizvakarmaNe svAhA" tathA Rgveda (32826 ) ke mantra par3hakara homa karanA caahie| isake uparAnta vaha vATikA meM 'vanaspate zatavalzo viroha' (Rgveda 3 / 8 / 11) nAmaka mantra par3hatA hai| isa yajJa kI dakSiNA sonA hotI hai| deva-pratiSThA devapUjA ke prakAra yadyapi dharmasUtroM meM mandiroM evaM pratimAoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, kintu devatApratiSThApana kI vidhi kI carcA kisI bhI pramukha gRhya yA dharmasUtra meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| purANoM evaM kucha nibandhoM meM devapratiSThA para savistara likhA gayA hai (matsyapurANa 264, agnipurANa 60 evaM 66 Adi) / viSNu, ziva Adi kI pratimAoM ke pratiSThApana para alaga-alaga adhyAya likhe gaye haiN| yahA~ sabakA vistAra denA kaThina hai / devatA-pUjA do rUpoM meM ho sakatI hai; (1) binA kisI pratIka ke tathA (2) pratIka ke sAtha / prathama prakAra kI pUjA stuti evaM havana se sampAdita hotI hai ora dUsare prakAra kI mUrti pUjA ke rUpa meN| mUrtipUjaka bhI yaha jAnate haiM ki devatA kevala cit, advitIya, binA avayavoM kA evaM binA zarIra kA hotA hai, vibhinna mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM rahane vAle devatA kI sthiti kalpanA mAtra hai| mUrti rUpa meM deva pUjA ke prakAra-mUrti ke rUpa meM deva-pUjA bhI do prakAra kI hotI hai; (1) apane ghara meM kI jAne vAlI tathA (2) jana-mandira meM / dvitIya prakAra sarvottama kahA gayA hai (kucha granthoM dvArA ), kyoMki isake dvArA 6. azvatthamekaM picumarvamekaM nyaproSamekaM daza - ciciNIkam / kapitthabilvAmalakatrayaM ca paJcAnavApI narakaM na pazyet // bhaviSyapurANa ( utsargamayUla 50 16 evaM rAjadharmakaustubha, pR0 193 meM uddhRta ) / 7. cinmayasyAdvitIyasya niSkalasyAzarIriNaH / upAsakAnAM kAryAM brahmaNo rUpakalpanA // ( raghunandana ke devapratiSThAtattva, pu0 50 meM ubUta) /

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dharmazAstrakA itihAsa 476 utsavoM kA manAnA tathA upacAra ke vividha DhaMgoM ko pUrNatA ke sAtha apanAnA sarala evaM sambhava hotA hai| hamane devapUjA ke adhyAya meM vyaktigata mUrti pUjA ke viSaya meM likhA hai| hama yahA~ mandira kI deva pUjA kA varNana upasthita kreNge| mandiroM meM mUrti sthApanA ke prakAra- mandiroM meM mUrti sthApanA ke do prakAra haiM; (1) calArcA ( jisameM mUrti uThAyI jA sakatI hai aura anyatra bhI rakhI jA sakatI hai) tathA (2) sthirAca (jahA~ mUrti sthira rUpa se phalaka para jamI rahatI hai aura idhara-udhara haTAyI nahIM jA sakatI ) / ina donoM prakAra kI pratiSThAoM ke vivaraNa meM kucha antara hai / matsyapurANa ( adhyAya 264-266 ) meM vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai, jise hama yahA~ sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa nahIM de rahe haiM / jijJAsu pAThakoM ko cAhie ki ve matsyapurANa kA adhyayana kara leN| madhya kAla ke nibandhoM (yathA devapratiSThAtattva Adi) meM kucha tAntrika granthoM ke uddharaNoM se vistAra bar3ha gayA hai| matsyapurANa, agnipurANa, nRsiMhapurANa nirNayasindhu tathA anya granthoM meM vAsudeva, zivaliMga evaM anya devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM kI sthApanA ke viSaya meM vizada varNana pAyA jAtA hai| ina granthoM meM tAntrika prayogoM ke anusAra mAtRkAnyAbha, tattvanyAsa evaM yantranyAsa nAmaka kaI nyAsoM kI carcA huI hai| vaikhAnasasmAta sUtra ( 4110-11 ) meM viSNumUrti kI sthApanA ke viSaya meM varNana milatA hai| kintu mUrtisthApanA kA yaha vivaraNa kisI viziSTa vyakti ke ghara meM sthApita mUrti ke viSaya meM hI hai| isa vivaraNa ko hama uddhRta nahIM kara rahe haiM / devadAsI bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI mandiroM se saMlagna nartakiyoM kI vyavasthA rahI hai| isa vyavasthA kA udgama roma kI vesTala varjinsa nAmaka saMsthA ke samAna hI hai| rAjataraMgiNI (4/269) meM do mandira-nartakiyoM kI carcA huI hai ( devagRhAzrite nartakyau ), jo pRthivI meM dabe eka mandira ke sthala para nAcatI gAtI thiiN| vAlI (khAnadeza jilA ) ke zilAlekha ( 1069-1070 I0 ) meM govindarAja ke dAna varNana se patA calatA hai ki unhoMne nAcane-gAne vAlI vilAsiniyoM kA prabandha kiyA thA (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 2, pR0 227 ) / cAhamAna rAjA jojaladeva ke zilAlekha (1010 91 I0 ) se jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne eka utsava meM sabhI mandiroM kI nartakiyoM ko sundara se su dara vastrAbharaNoM se susajjita hokara Ane kA Adeza diyA thA aura jo nahIM A sakI thIM, unake prati apanA Akroza prakaTa kiyA (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 9, pR0 26-27) / isa viSaya meM aura dekhie, epigraiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 13, pR058 / uparyukta prathA ko devadAsI kI prathA kahate haiM / ratnAgiri jile ( dakSiNa bhArata ) meM isa prathA ko bhAvinoM ko prathA kahA jAtA thaa| aba yaha prathA gairakAnUnI ThaharA dI gayI hai| pahale mandiroM kI sthApanA tathA mUrti pratiSThA ke sAtha kanyAoM kA bhI dAna hotA thA, jo devadAsI kahalAtI thIM / devadAsiyoM ko pavitra DhaMga se rahate hue deva-pUjA ke samaya yA samaya-samaya para nRtya-gAna karanA par3atA thA / kintu kAlAntara meM yaha prathA vyabhicAra kI sRSTi karane lagI aura mandiroM se saMlagna devadAsiyA~ vezyAoM ke samAna samajhI jAne lagI / bhAgyavaza aba yaha prathA samApta ho gayI hai / devadAsI kA mAnasika vivAha mUrti se hotA thA / 8. ( mandiroM kI mUrtiyoM se nAbAliga kanyAoM kA vivAha kara diyA jAtA thaa|) 'devadAsI' kA artha hai 'deva ko dAsI' aura 'bhAvin' zabda 'bhAvinI' zabda se nikalA hai aura isakA artha hai 'bhAva rakhane vAlI nArI; 'bhAva' kA artha 'deva kA prema' ( ratirdevAdi viSayAbhAva iti proktaH, kAvyaprakAra 4135) hai|

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deva-pratiSThA punaH pratiSThA devapratiSThAtattva evaM nirNayasindhu ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki nimnokta dasa dazAoM meM devatA mUrti meM nivAsa karanA chor3a dete haiM; jaba mUrti khaNDita ho jAya, cakanAcUra ho jAya, jalA dI jAya, phalaka (AdhAra) se haTA dI jAya, usakA apamAna ho jAya, usakI pUjA banda ho gayI ho, gadahA-jaise pazuoM se chU lI gayI ho, apavitra sthAna para gira jAya, dUsare devatAoM ke mantroM se pUjita ho gayI ho, patitoM yA jAticyutoM se chU lI gayI ho, jaba mUrti kA sparza brAhmaNa-rakta se, zava se yA patita se ho jAya to usakI punaH pratiSThA honI caahie| jaba mUrti ke Tukar3e ho jAya~ yA cakanAcUra ho jAya to use haTAkara usake sthAna para dUsarI mUrti sthApita karanI caahie| jaba mUrti tor3a dI jAya yA curA lI jAya to upavAsa karanA caahie| yadi dhAtuoM kI mUrtiyA~ coroM yA cANDAloM dvArA chU lI jAya~ to unheM anya pAtroM kI bhAMti pavitra kara phira se pratiSThita karanA caahie| jaba ucita rUpa se sthApita ho jAne ke uparAnta mUrti kI pUjA mUla se eka rAtri yA eka mAsa yA domAsoM taka na ho yA use koI zUdra yA rajasvalA nArI chU le, to usakA jala-adhivAsa ( jala meM rakhanA) honA cAhie, use ghaTa jala se nahalAkara, paMcagavya se dhonA cAhie, isake uparAnta ghar3oM ke svaccha jala se puruSa sUkta par3hakara nahalAnA cAhie (Rgveda 10/90 ) / puruSasUkta kA pATha 8000 bAra yA 800 bAra yA 28 bAra honA caahie| isake uparAnta candana evaM puSpa se pUjA kara, naivedya (gur3a ke sAtha cAvala pakAkara ) denA caahie| yaha punaH sthApana kI vidhi hai| 477 jIrNoddhAra punaH pratiSThA ke sAtha yaha viSaya sambandhita hai / agnipurANa (adhyAya 67 evaM 103 ) meM varNita bAtoM ke AdhAra para nirNayasindhu (3, pUrvArdha, pR0 353) evaM dharmasindhu ( 3, pUrvArdha, pR0 335 ) ne vistRta vivaraNa upasthita kiyA hai| mandira kI mUrti ke jala jAne, ukhar3a jAne yA sthAnAntarita kiye jAne para jIrNoddhAra kiyA jAtA hai| agnipurANa (10334) ne likhA hai ki yadi koI liMga yA mUrti tIvra dhArA meM baha jAya to usakA zAstra ke niyamoM ke anu-sAra punaHsthApana honA caahie| agnipurANa (103 / 21) ke mata se asuro (bANAsura Adi) yA muniyoM yA devatAoM yA tantravidyAvizAradoM dvArA sthApita liMga ko, cAhe vaha purAnA ho gayA ho yA TUTa gayA ho, dUsare sthAna para nahIM le jAnA cAhie, cAhe bhalI bhA~ti pUjA Adi sampAdita kara dI gayI ho|' agnipurANa (6713-6) ne likhA hai ki jIrNazIrNa kASTha-pratimA jalA DAlI jAnI cAhie, vaisI hI prastara mUrti jala meM pravAhita kara denI cAhie, dhAtu evaM ratnoM (motI Adi) kI banI jIrNa-zIrNa mUrti gahare jala yA samudra meM DAla dI jAnI caahie| yaha kArya bar3e ThATha-bATa tathA bAje-gAje ke sAtha tathA mUrti ko vastra se lapeTa kara karanA cAhie aura usI dina usI vastu se nirmita tathA utanI hI bar3I dUsarI mUrti vidhivat pUjA ke uparAnta sthApita kara denI caahie| jaba pratidina kI pUjA banda ho jAya, yA jaba mUrti ko zUdra Adi chU leM to punaH pratiSThApana ke uparAnta hI pavitrIkaraNa ho sakatA hai| nirNayasindhu, dharmasindhu tathA anya granthoM meM jIrNoddhAra - vidhi vizada rUpa se varNita hai / vRddha hArIta ( 91409415) ne bhI isa para likhA hai| vivAdaratnAkara dvArA uddhRta zaMkhalikhita meM AyA hai ki jaba pratimA, vATikA, kUpa, pula, dhvajA, bA~dha, jalAzaya ko koI tor3a-phoDa de to unakA jIrNodvAra honA cAhie tathA aparAdhI ko 6 9. nAveyena pravAheNa tavapAkriyate yadi / tatonyatrApi saMsthApyaM vidhidRSTena karmaNA // asurarmunibhirgotrasvatantravidbhiH pratiSThitam / jINaM vApyathavA bhagnaM vidhinApi na vAlayet // agnipurANa, 103 / 4 evaM 21 /

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178 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa daNDa milanA caahie| pUjA banda ho jAne para kucha lekhakoM ne punaHpratiSThA kI bAta calAyI hai, kintu kucha anya logoM ne kevala 'prokSaNa' kI vyavasthA dI hai (devapratiSThAtattva, pR0 512 evaM dharmasindhu 3, pUrvArSa, pR0 334) / musalamAnoM dvArA tor3I gayI eka pratimA ke punaHsthApana kA varNana epipraiphiyA iNDikA (jilda 20, anukramaNikA, pR0 56, saMkhyA 3.81) meM varNita eka zilAlekha (1178-79 I0) meM pAyA jAtA hai| maTha-pratiSThA maThoM kA artha-maTha pratiSThA kA tAtparya hai munivAsa, Azrama, bihAra yA maTha kI yA adhyApakoM tathA chAtroM ke lie mahAvidyAlaya kI sthaapnaa| maTha-sthApanA bahuta prAcIca prathA nahIM hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (3 / 1 / 16) ne agnihotrI brAhmaNa ke viSaya meM likhA hai-"apane gRha se prasthAna karane ke uparAnta vaha (gRhastha) grAma kI sImA para Thahara jAtA hai, vahAM vaha eka kuTI yAparNazAlA (maTha) banAtA hai aura usameM praveza karatA hai|" yahA~ 'maTha' zabda kA koI pAribhASika artha nahIM hai / amarakoza meM maTha kI paribhASA yoMdI huI hai-"vaha sthAna jahA~ ziSya (aura unake guru) rahate haiN|" mandira yA maTha ke nirmANa ke pIche eka hI prakAra kI dhArmika preraNA yA manobhAva hai, kintu unake uddezya pRthak-pRthak haiN| mandira kA nirmANa mukhyataH pUjA evaM stuti karane ke lie hotA hai, kintu isameM dhArmika zikSA, mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa evaM purANoM kA pATha tathA saMgItamaya kIrtana Adi kI bhI vyavasthA hotI thI; kintu ye bAteM gauNa mAtra thiiN| maThoM kI gate nirAlI thIM, vahAM aise ziSyoM yA anya sAdhAraNa janoM kI zikSA kA prabandha thA, jina ke guru kisI sampradAya ke siddhAntoM yA kisI darzana ke siddhAntoM yA vyAkaraNa, mImAMsA, jyotiSa Adi vidyA-zAkhAoM kI zikSA diyA karate the| bahuta se maThoM meM devasthala yA mandira Adi bhI sAtha-sAtha saMsthApita rahate the, kintu kisI viziSTa devatA kI pUjA karanA maThoM kA pramukha kartavya nahIM thaa| sambhavataHvaidika dharmAvalambiyoM ke maThoM kI sthApanA bauddha vihAroM kI anukRti prhiihuii|" Adya zaMkarAcArya ne cAra maThoM kI sthApanA kI thI; zRMgerI, purI (govardhana maTha), dvArakA (zAradA maTha) evaM babarI (jyotirmtth)| advaitaguru zaMkarAcArya ne apane vedAnta-siddhAnta ke prasAra ke lie hI uparyukta maThoM kI sthApanA kI thii| bhAratavarSa meM vividha prakAra ke maTha pAye jAte haiN| rAmAnuja evaM mAdhva jaise AcAryoM ne apane-apane maTha sthApita kiye| Aja to sambhavataH sabhI prakAra ke dhArmika evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ke maTha pAye jAte haiN| maulika rUpa meM zaMkarAcArya jaise saMnyAsiyoM dvArA sthApita maThoM meM koI sampatti nahIM thI, kyoMki zAstroM ne saMnyAsiyoM ke lie sampatti ko varjita ThaharAyA hai| saMnyAsI loga kevala khar3AmU, paridhAna, bhojapatra yA tAr3apatra para likhita yA kAgada para likhita dhArmika pustakeM tathA anya sAdhAraNa vastuoM ke atirikta apane pAsa kucha nahIM rakha sakate the| saMnyAsI logoM ko eka sthAna para bahata dinoM taka rahanA bhI varjita thaa| ataH loga saMnyAsiyoM ke Ane para unake Azraya ke lie apane kasabe yA grAma meM kuTiyAM banavA dete the, jinheM maTha kahA jAtA thA, jisakA saMkIrNa rUpa meM artha hai 'vaha sthAna jahA~ saMnyAsI rahate haiN| kintu isakA vistIrNa rUpa meM artha hai vaha sthAna yA saMsthA jahA~ AcArya yA guru kI adhyakSatA meM bahuta-se ziSya dhArmika siddhAntoM, AcAroM tathA tatsambandhI vivecanoM kA adhyayana karate haiM yA zikSA-dIkSA pAte haiN| kintu kAlAntara meM bar3e-bar3e AcAryoM ke anuyAyiyoM evaM ziSyoM ke atyadhika utsAha, zraddhA evaM lagana se maThoM ko cala evaM acala sampattiyAM prApta ho gyiiN| 10. pratimArAmakUpasaMkramadhvajasetunipAnabhaMgeSu tatsamutthApanaM pratisaMskAro'STazataM c| vivAdaratnAkara (pR. 364) / 11. belie vihAroM evaM unakI bazA ke viSaya meM bullabagga (6 / 2 evaM 15) /

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* mahanta kI niyukti -- - maTha ke mukhya saMnyAsI ko svAmI, maThapati, maThAdhipati yA mahanta kahA jAtA hai / mahanta kI niyukti pratyeka maTha ke rIti-rivAjoM yA paramparAoM ke anusAra hotI hai, niyukti mukhyatayA tIna rUpoM meM hotI hai; (1) maTha kA adhipati ( mahanta ) apane ziSyoM meM kisI eka yogya vyakti ko cunakara apanA uttarAdhikArI banA letA hai, (2) ziSya loga apane meM se kisI eka ko apane guru kA uttarAdhikArI cuna lete haiM tathA (3) zAsana karanevAlA yA maTha kA saMsthApaka yA usake uttarAdhikArI loga mahanta kI gaddI khAlI hone para kisI kI niyukti kara dete haiN| maTha-sthApanA mandira evaM maTha mandira evaM maTha dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika kAryoM meM eka dUsare ke pUraka rahe haiN| mandiroM meM itihAsoM, purANoM Adi kA pATha huA karatA thaa| bANa ne likhA hai ki ujjayinI ke mahAkAla mandira meM mahAbhArata kA niyamita pATha huA karatA thaa| rAjataraMgiNI (5 / 29) meM AyA hai ki kazmIra ke rAjA avantivarmA ne rAmaTa upAdhyAya kI niyukti mandira meM vyAkaraNa ke vyAkhyAtA ke pada ( adhyApaka pada) para kI (900 I0 ke lagabhaga) / agnipurANa (211/57) ke mata se jo vyakti ziva, viSNu yA sUrya ke mandira meM grantha kA vAcana karatA hai vaha saba prakAra kI vidyA ke dAna kA puNya pAtA hai / " kucha maThoM meM na kevala AdhyAtmika vidyA kA dAna kiyA jAtA thA, pratyuta vahAM dharma-nirapekSa arthAt laukika vidyA dAna karane kI vyavasthA thI / (dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pRSTha 338 tathA epiphiyA karnATikA, jilda 6, saMkhyA 11) / arrefront dvArA upasthApita skandapurANa ke uddharaNa se patA calatA hai ki maTha meM caukiyoM evaM AsanoM kI vyavasthA rahatI thI, maTha tRNoM se AcchAdita hotA thA aura usameM unnata sthAna (vedikAe~) Adi bane rahate the| aise maTha brAhmaNoM yA saMnyAsiyoM ko maMgalamaya muhUrta meM dAna kiye jAte the| isa prakAra ke dAna se icchAoM kI pUrti hotI thI aura niSkAma dAna dene para mokSa prApta hotA thA / " 'saTha' zabda kA prayoga kabhI-kabhI 'dharmazAlA' (jahA~ dUra-dUra se Akara yAtrI kucha dinoM ke lie Thahara jAte haiM) ke artha meM bhI huA hai| rAjataraMgiNI ( 6 / 300 ) meM AyA hai ki rAnI diddA ne madhyadeza, lATa evaM saurASTra se AnevAle logoM ke Thaharane ke lie maTha kA nirmANa karAyA ( 972 I0 ke lagabhaga ) / maThoM evaM mandiroM kI sampatti kA prabandha sAre bhAratavarSa meM mandiroM evaM maThoM ke sthala pAye jAte haiM aura unameM bahutoM ke pAsa paryApta sampatti hai| ina dhArmika saMsthAoM kI saMpatti kA prabandha tathA unase sambandhita nyAya kArya kisa prakAra hotA thA tathA unake kuprabandhoM para . kisa prakAra ke pratibandha the, isa viSaya meM hameM vistAra ke sAtha vivaraNa kahIM nahIM prApta hotA / vAstava meM bAta yaha thI ki prAcIna kAla ke dharmAdhikArI, devasthalAdhikArI, purohita Adi itane ujjvala caritra vAle the ki unake prabandha meM koI hastakSepa hI nahIM karatA thA aura dharmazAstrakAroM ne unake pUta jIvana evaM dharmAcaraNa ke Upara kisI viziSTa kAnUna 12. zivAlaye viSNugRhe sUryasya bhavane tathA / sarva vAnapradaH sa syAtpustakaM vAcayettu yaH // agnipurANa 211 / 57 // 13. kRtvA maThaM prayatnena zayanAsanasaMyutam / tRNairAcchAditaM caiva vevikAbhiH suzobhitam // puNyakAle dvijebhyo yatibhyo vA nivedayet / sarvAn kAmAnavApnoti niSkAmo mokSamApnuyAt // skandapurANa (vAnacandrikA, pR0 152 meM ubuut)|

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48. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vyavasthA kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM smjhii| manu (11 / 26) ne likhA hai ki 'jo vyakti deva-sampatti yA brAhmaNa-sampatti chInatA hai vaha dUsare loka meM gRddhoM kA ucchiSTa bhojana karatA hai| jaimini (9 / 119) kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ne likhA hai ki yadi yaha kahA jAya ki grAma yA kheta devatA kA hai, to isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki devatA usa grAma yA kheta kA prayoga karatA hai, pratyuta isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki devatA ke pujArI Adi kA usa sampatti se bharaNa-poSaNa hotA hai aura vaha sampatti usI kI hai jo use apane mana ke anusAra kAma meM lAtA hai| ataH anya dAnoM tathA mUrti ke lie diye gaye dAnoM meM antara hai| meghAtithi (manu 11 / 26 evaM 2 / 189) ne likhA hai ki mUrtiyA~ yA pratimAe~ zAbdika artha meM svAmI-pada nahIM pA sakatIM, kevala gauNa artha meM hI unheM sampatti ke svAmI kA pada mila sakatA hai, kyoMki ve apanI icchA ke anusAra sampatti kA upabhoga nahIM kara sakatIM aura na unakI rakSA hI kara sakatI haiN| sampatti kA svAmitva to usI ko prApta hotA hai jo use apanI icchA ke anusAra apane prayoga meM lA sake aura usakI rakSA kara ske|" ____ Adhunika kAla ke bhAratIya nyAyAlayoM ne mUrti ko sampatti kA svAmI mAna liyA hai, kintu vAstava meM svAmitva evaM prabandha mainejara yA TrasTI ko prApta hai| maTha, isI sthiti meM eka mUrti hai| mUrti yA maTha ke adhikAroM kI rakSA evaM pratipAdana krama se mandira ke mainejara (prabandhaka) yA TrasTI tathA mahanta ke hAtha meM hai| manu evaM anya smRtikAroM ne likhA hai ki mandiroM kI sampatti meM kisI prakAra ke avarodha upasthita karanevAle tathA usakA nAza karanevAle vyaktiyoM ko daNDita karanA rAjA kA kartavya hai| yAjJavalkya ( 21228) ne mandiroM ke pAsa ke yA pavitra sthaloM ke yA zmazAna ghAToM ke vRkSoM yA nirmita unnata sthaloM para jame hue per3oM kI TahaniyoM yA per3oM ko kATane para 40, 80 yA 180 paNa daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai| yAjJavalkya (2 / 240 evaM 295) ne rAjA dvArA diye gaye dAnapatroM meM apanI ora se kucha jor3a dene yA ghaTA dene para kaThina-se-kaThina daNDa kI vyavasthA dI hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 2 / 186) ke mata se tar3AgoM, mandiroM evaM gAyoM ke carAgAhoM kI rakSA ke lie bane niyamoM kI rakSA karanA rAjA kA kartavya hai| manu (9 / 280) ne likhA hai ki jo rAjya ke bhaNDAra-gRha meM seMdha lagAtA hai yA zastrAgAra yA mandira meM corI karane kI icchA se praveza karatA hai use prANa-daNDa milanA cAhie, jo mUrti ko tor3atA hai use jIrNoddhAra kA pUrA vyaya tathA 500 paNa juramAne meM dene caahie| kauTilya (3 / 9) ne bhI mandiroM para anadhikAra ceSTA karanevAle ko daNDita karane kI vyavasthA dI hai| kauTilya (52) ne 'devatAdhyakSa' nAmaka rAjyakarmacArI kI niyukti kI bAta kahI hai, jo AvazyakatA par3ane para mandiroM kI sampatti durgoM meM lAkara rakha sakatA thA aura prayoga meM lA sakatA thA (aura sambhavataH vipatti Tala jAne para use lauTA detA thaa)| nArada (3), smRticandrikA (vyavahAra, pR0 27), kAtyAyana tathA anya lekhakoM kI kRtiyoM se patA calatA hai ki rAjA loga mandiroM, tar3AgoM, kUpoM Adi kI sampattiyoM para nigarAnI rakhate the aura una para kisI prakAra kI vipatti Ane para unakI rakSA karate the| prAcIna kAla meM (lagabhaga I0 pU0 tIsarI yA dUsarI zatAbdI se hI) dhArmika saMsthAoM kI bhI eka samiti hotI thI, jise goSThI kahA jAtA thA, aura usake sadasyoM ko goSThika kahA jAtA thaa| kucha zilAlekhoM meM mandiroM ke adhIkSakoM 14. devagrAmo devakSetramiti upcaarmaatrm| yo yadabhipretaM viniyoktumarhati tattasya svm| na ca prAmaM kSetra vA yayAbhiprAya viniyukte devtaa|... devaparicArakANAM tu tato bhUtirbhavati devatAmuddizya yattyaktam / zabara (jaimini 9 / 119) / nahi devatAnAM svasvAmibhAvosti mukhyArthAsaMbhavAd gauNa evArtho praahaaH| medhAtithi (manu 2 / 189); devAnuddizya yAgAditriyArtha yavanamRtsRSTaM taddevaravaM mukhyasya svasvAmisambandhasya devAnAmasambhavAt / na hi devatA icchayA dhanaM niyunyjt| na ca paripAlanavyApArastAsAM dRshyte| svaM loke ca tAdRzamucyate / medhAtithi (manu 9 / 26) /

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devotara sampatti 481 ko sthAnapati kahA gayA hai (zrIraMgam dAna-patra, dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 18, pR0 138 ) / mahAzivagupta (8vIM yA 9vIM zatAbdI) ke sirapura prastara - zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki mandiyoM kI sampatti ke lena-dena meM rAjA kI AzA kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI jAtI thii| aparArka . ( pR0 746 ) dvArA uddhRta paiThInasi ke kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA ko mandiroM evaM saMsthAoM kI sampatti lenA varjita thaa| kintu mandiroM kI sampatti se sambandhita jhagar3oM meM rAjA hastakSepa karate the aura Age calakara aMgrejI sarakAra ne purAne rAjAoM kA havAlA dekara maMndiroM evaM maThoM kI sampattiyoM para prabandha-sambandhI doSa Adi mar3hakara hastakSepa karanA Arambha kara diyA, aura bahuta-se kAnUna banAye / dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM devatA ko dI gayI sampatti ko devottara kahA jAtA hai| manu (9 / 219 ) ne avibhAjya padArthoM meM yogalema ko parigaNita kiyA hai| 'yogakSema' ke kaI artha kahe gaye haiM, kintu mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 2 / 118-119 ) ne ise 'iSTa' evaM 'pUrta' ke varSa meM ginA hai|" ataH mitAkSarA ne aisA ghoSita kiyA hai ki kisI vyakti dvArA bApa-dAdoM kI sampatti se banavAye gaye tar3Aga, ArAma ( vATikA) evaM mandira Adi kA dAna avibhAjya hai, arthAt ye dAna usa dAnIya ke putroM evaM pautroM meM bA~Te nahIM jA skte| yahI niyama Aja taka rahA hai| mandiroM tathA anya dhArmika upayogoM ke lie dI gayI sampatti bhI sAdhAraNataH avicchedya hai / kintu svayaM mandiroM tathA saMsthAoM ke lAbha ke lie sampatti kA hera-phera ho sakatA hai| kyA utsarga kI huI vastu para utsargakartA kA koI adhikAra pAyA jAtA hai ? vIramitrodaya (vyavahAra) ne isa prazna kA uttara diyA hai| jisa prakAra agni meM Ahuti DAlane vAle kA Ahuti para koI adhikAra nahIM rahatA, kintu vaha kisI anya vyakti dvArA use naSTa kiye jAte hue nahIM dekha sakatA, pratyuta vaha use agni meM bhasma ho jAte dekhanA cAhatA hai, usI prakAra utsargakartA apanI utsarga kI vastu para koI svAmitva nahIM rakhatA, kintu vaha usa para kisI tIsare vyakti kA svAmitva nahIM dekha sakatA / utsargakartA kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha utsarga kI huI vastu kA jana-kalyANa ke lie sadupayoga hone de| isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki dAnI kA itanA adhikAra hai ki vaha apanI utsarga kI huI vastu ko naSTa hone se bacAtA rhe| prabandhakartA yA TrasTI prAcIna mUrti ko haTA sakatA hai ? kyA vaha nayI mUrti kI sthApanA kara sakatA hai ? isa viSaya meM dharmazAstra mUka hai| Aja ke kAnUna ke anusAra yadi pujArI loga na cAheM to mandira kA mainejara yA TrasTI mUrti kA sthAnAntaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| 15. yogazca kSemaM ca yogakSemam / yogazabdenAlamdhalAbhakAraNaM zrautasmArtAgnisAdhyamiSTaM karma lakSyate / mazabdena sammaparirakSaNa hetubhUtaM bahirvedi bAnataDAgArArmAnirmAnAdi pUrta karma lakSyate / tadubhayaM paitRkamapi pitRdravyavirodhArjitamapyavibhAjyam / yathAha logAziH / kSemaM pUrvaM yogamiSTamityAhustatvadarzinaH / avibhAjye ca te prokte zayanAsanameva ca // iti mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 2 / 118-119) / dharma0 61

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adhyAya 27 vAnaprastha vAnaprastha evaM vaikhAnasa 'vAnaprastha' ke lie prAcIna kAla meM sambhavata: 'vaikhAnasa' zabda prayukta hotA thaa| Rn-anukramaNI meM 100 vaikhAnasa Rgveda 9 / 66 ke RSi kahe gaye haiM, aura Rgveda 10/99 ke RSi hai vana vaikhAnasa / taittirIyAraNyaka (1 / 23) ne 'vaikhAnasa' zabda kA sambandha prajApati ke nakhoM se sthApita kiyA hai|" lagatA hai, ati prAcIna kAla meM 'vaikhAnasazAstra' nAmaka koI grantha thA, jisameM vana ke muniyoM ke viSaya meM niyama likhe hue the| gautama (32) ne vAnaprastha Azrama ke lie 'vaikhAnasa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 3 / 6 / 19 ) ne usI ko airprastha mAnA hai jo vaikhAnasa zAstra se anumodita niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai|' vRddha-gautama (adhyAya 8, 10 564 ) ne sambhavataH vaiSNavoM ke do sampradAya batAye haiM; vaijJAnasa evaM pAJcarAtrika jinameM prathama sampradAya ne viSNu ko puruSa, acyuta evaM aniruddha upAdhiyoM se pukArA hai tathA dUsare sampradAya ne viSNu ko vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, pracumna evaM aniruddha nAmaka cAra mUrtiyoM yA vyUhoM vAlA mAnA hai| parAzaramAdhavIya ( bhAga 2, pR0 139 ) ne vasiSThabarmasUtra ( 9/11) ko ur3ata karake (zrAmaNakenAgnimASAya) likhA hai ki 'zrAmaNaka' vaha vaikhAnasa sUtra hai jisane tapasviyoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| kAlidAsa ne zAkuntala meM kaNva RSi kI parNakuTI meM rahatI huI zakuntalA ke jIvana ko vaijJAmasa-yata kahA hai (1127) / manu (6 / 21) ne vAnaprastha ko vaikhAnasa ke mata ke anusAra calane ko kahA hai aura meghAtithi ne vaikhAnasa ko aisA zAstra mAnA hai jisameM vana meM rahane vAle muniyoM yA yatiyoM (vAnaprastha) ke kartavyoM kA varNana ho / mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 2016 evaM 26 / 6 ) ke anusAra vaikhAnasoM kA vicAra yaha hai-"dhana ke pIche par3ane kI apekSA dhana ekatra karane kI icchA na rakhanA hI acchA hai|" zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra bhASya ( 3 / 4 / 20 ) meM tIsare Azrama ko vaikhAnasa kahA hai aura chAndogyopaniSad ( 2 / 23 / 1 ) meM prayukta 'tapas' zabda kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| mitAkSarA ( zavalkya 3 / 45 ) ke anusAra vAnaprastha zabda vanaprastha hI hai, jisakA tAtparya hai 'vaha jo bana meM sarvottama DhaMga se ( jIvana ke kaThora niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue) rahatA hai| kintu kSIrasvAmI ne isakI vyutpatti dUsare DhaMga se kI hai| ' vAnaprastha kA kAla arrasser hone kA samaya do prakAra se hotA hai| jAbAlopaniSad (4) ke mata se koI vyakti chAtra-jIvana ke 1. ye nalAste vaijJAnasAH / ye vAlAste bAlalisthAH / taM0 A0 1 / 23 / 2. vAnaprastho vaikhAnasazAstra samudAcAraH / bau0 gha0 sU0 226 19 / 3. vane prakarSeNa niyamena ca tiSThati caratIti vanaprasthaH vanaprastha evaM vAnaprasyaH / saMjJAyAM vairghyam / mitAkSarA ( yAza0 3 / 45) / kSIrasvAmI ne dUsare DhaMga se kahA hai- 'pratiSThante asmin prasyaH dhanaprasve bhayo mAgagrasyaH vaijJAnasAsyaH /

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bAnaprastha bAthama 485 uparAnta yA grahastha rUpa meM kucha varSa vyatIta kara lene ke uparAnta vAnaprastha ho sakatA hai| manu (62) ke anusAra 'jaba gRhastha apane zarIra para muriyAM dekheM, usake bAla paka jAyeM, aura jaba usake putroM ke putra ho jAye to use bana kI rAha lenI caahie| isa viSaya meM TIkAkAroM ke vibhinna mata haiN| koI tInoM dazAoM (muriyA~, keza paka jAnA, pauna utpanna ho jAnA)ko, koI inameM kisI eka ke utpanna ho jAne ko tathA koI 50 varSa kI avasthA prApta ho jAne ko vAnaprastha bana jAne kA upayukta samaya samajhatA hai| kullUka (manu 3 / 50) ne eka smRti kA uddharaNa dekara 50 varSa kI avasthA ko vAnaprastha ke lie upayukta ThaharAyA hai| vAnaprastha ke niyama gautama (3225-34), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 9 / 21 / 18 evaM 2 / 9 / 23 / 2), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (23), vasiSThadharmasUtra (9), manu (6 / 1-32), yAjJavalkya (3 / 45-55), viSNudharmasUtra (95), vaikhAnasa (1.5), zaMsasmRti (6 / 1-7), zAntiparva (245 / 1-14), anuzAsanaparva (142), Azvamedhikaparva (46 / 9-16), laghu-viSNu (3), kUrmapurANa (uttarArSa, 27) Adi ne vAnaprastha ke katipaya niyamoM kA byaurA diyA hai| hama nIce pramukha bAteM (1) bana meM apanI patnI ke sAtha yA use putroM ke Azraya meM chor3akara jAnA ho sakatA hai (manu 63 evaM yAta. 3 / 45) / yadi strI cAhe to sApa jA sakatI hai| meghAtithi ne TippaNI kI hai ki yadi patnI yuvatI ho to vaha putroM ke sAba raha sakatI hai, kintu bUr3I ho to vaha pati kA anusaraNa kara sakatI hai| (2) vAnaprastha apane sAtha tInoM vaidika agniyAM, gaNAgni tathA yajJa meM kAma Ane vAle pAtra, yathA-puru sabamAdi se letA hai| sAdhAraNataH yajJoM meM palI kA sahayoga Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jaba vaha apane putroM ke sApa raha sakatI hai, to yahoM meM usake sahayoga kI bAta nahIM bhI uThAyI jA sktii| vana meM pahuMca jAne para vyakti ko manAvasyA-pUrNimA ke dina zrota yA karane cAhie, yathA-AgrayaNa iSTi, cAturmAsya, turAyaNa evaM dAkSAyaNa (manu / / 4,9-10 evaM yAmavalkya 3 / 45) / yajJa ke lie bhojana vana meM utpanna hone vAle nIvAra nAmaka anna se banAnA paahie| kucha logoM ke anusAra vAnaprastha ko zrota evaM gRhma agniyoM kA tyAga kara zrAmaNaka (arthAt vaikhAnasa-sUtra) 4. yadi vyakti ne mAvAna DaMga kA anusaraNa kiyA hai to usake pAsa mauta evaM gRha aggiyAM pRSaka para hotI hai| kintu yadi usane sAvAna raMga svIkAra kiyA hai to usake pAsa kevala cauta agniyAM hotI , gaura yaha pala rAhIko sAtha lekara calatA hai| jaba koI tInoM mauta maniyAM jalAtA hai, to yaha apanI smAta malikAmAcA manasApa rakha sakatA hai, isI ko apanA raMga kahA jAtA hai| jaba koI smAta agni pRSakama se nahIM rakhatA, to use sAMvalana kahA jAtA hai (dekhie mApastambamautasUtra 5-4012-15 evaM 578 evaM nirNayasindhupa, pUrva, .70) / parivyakti ke pAsa mauta maniyAM nahIM hotI to vaha kevala gRhmAgni kara calatA hai| jisakI pallI paramavI hoyaha bhI mAnamatva grahaNa kara sakatA hai (mitAkSarA, yAra. 345) / bAlAyana nAmaka yasa varSa pUrNamAsa yA parimArjana mAtra hai (mApa0 pI0 // 14 evaM 11, AzvalAyanamauta* 217 tA kAtyAyanI PRIM) / turAvaNa tomAsa. mI(2014-1) anusAra salyayana tathA Apastamba0 (23 // 11)

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484 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke niyamoM ke anusAra navIna agni prajvalita karake yajJAhutiyAM denI caahie| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie gautama (3336), Apa0 50 mU0 (2 / 9 / 21 / 20) evaM vasiSThadharma0 (9 / 10) / anta meM vAnaprastha ko apane zarIra meM hI pavitra agniyoM ko sthApita kara bAhya rUpa se unakA tyAga kara denA cAhie (vaikhAnasa suutr)| dekhie manu (25) evaM yAjJavalkya (3 / 45) / (3) manu (65) evaM gautama (3 / 26 evaM 28) ke mata se vAnaprastha ko apane gAMva vAlA bhojana tathA gRhasthI ke sAmAna (gAya, azva, zayanAsana Adi) kA tyAga kara denA cAhie, aura phUla, phala, kanda-mUla para tathA vana meM yA pAnI meM ugane vAlI vanaspatiyoM yA yatiyoM ke yogya nIvAra, zyAmAka (sA~vA) Adi anAjoM para nirbhara rahanA caahie| kintu use madhu, mAMsa, pRthivI para ugane vAle kukuramuttA, bhUstRNa, zigruka tathA zleSmAtaka phala kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie (manu 6 / 14) / gautama ne kucha nahIM milane para mAMsabhojI pazuoM dvArA mAre gaye pazuoM ke mAMsa ke sevana kI vyavasthA dI hai| yAjJavalkya (3154-55) evaM manu (6 / 27-28) ne anya yatiyoM ke yahA~ bhikSA mAMgane yA gAMvoM meM jAkara ATha mAsa bhojana mAMgane kI chUTa dI hai| manu (6 / 12) ke mata se vaha apane dvArA banAyA huA namaka khA sakatA (4) use prati dina-paMca mahAyajJa karane cAhie, arthAt devoM, RSiyoM, pitaroM, mAnavoM (atiSiyoM) evaM bhUtoM (prANiyoM) kI pUjA kara unheM yatiyoM ke yogya bhojana denA cAhie yA phaloM, kandamUloM evaM vanaspatiyoM se satkAra karanA cAhie, inhI kI bhikSA denI caahie| (5) use tIna bAra snAna karanA caahie| prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaMkAla (manu 6 / 22 evaM 24, yAjJa0 3 / 48, vasiSTha0 9 / 9) / manu (6 / 6) ne do bAra (prAtaH evaM sAyaM) ke snAna kI bhI vyavasthA dI hai| (6) ume mRgacarma, vRkSa kI chAla yA kuza se zarIra DhaMkanA cAhie, aura sira ke bAla evaM nakha bar3hane dene cAhie (mana 6 / 6, gautama 3 / 34, vasiSTha0 9 / 11) / (7) use vedAdhyayana meM zraddhA rakhanI cAhie aura veda kA mauna pATha karanA cAhie (Apa0 50 2 / 9 / 22 / 9, manu 68 evaM yAjJavalkya 3.48) / (8) use saMyamI, Atma-nigrahI, hitaiSI, saceta tathA sadaya (udAra) honA caahie| kullUka kA yaha mata ki vAnaprastha ko, sAtha meM patnI ke rahane para, niyamita kAloM meM maithuna karanA cAhie, bhrAmaka hai, kyoMki manu (6 / 26), yAjJa0 (3 / 45) evaM vasiSTha (9 / 5) ne ise varjita mAnA hai| (9) use hala se jote hue kheta ke anna kA, cAhe vaha kRSaka dvArA chor3a hI kyoM na diyA gayA ho, prayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, aura na gA~voM meM utpanna phaloM evaM kaMda-mUloM kA hI prayoga karanA cAhie (manu 6 / 16 evaM yAjJavalkya 3 / 46) / (10) vaha vana meM utpanna anna ko pakA sakatA hai yA jo svayaM paka jAya (yathA phala) use khA sakatA hai yA anna ko pattharoM se kucalakara khA sakatA hai, apane dAMtoM se cabAkara khA sakatA hai| vaha apane bhojana tathA dhArmika kRtyoM meM ghI kA prayoga nahIM kara sakatA; vaha kevala vana meM utpanna hone vAle tela kA hI prayoga kara sakatA hai (manu 6 / 17 evaM yAjJa0 3 / 49) / 5. medhAtithi (manu 69) ke anusAra 'bAmaNaka' agni usI ke dvArA prajvalita kI jAtI thI jisakI patnI 'mara jAtI thI athavA jo chAtra-jIvana ke turata bAda hI vAnaprastha ho jAtA thaa|

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(11) baha rAta yA dina meM kevala eka bAra lA sakatA hai, yA eka dina yA do yA tIna dinoM ke antara para khA sakatA hai (viSNudharma0 95 / 5-6 tathA manu 6 / 19) / vaha cAndrAyaNa vrata (manu 11 / 216) bhI kara sakatA hai yA kevala bana meM utpanna phaloM, kandamUloM, phUloM (manu 6 / 20-21 evaM yAtra0 350) ko khA sakatA hai yA apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra eka pakSa ke uparAnta khA sakatA hai| kramazaH use isa prakAra kevala jala yA vAyu para hI nirbhara rahanA cAhie (Apastambadharma0 2 / 9 / 2332, manu 6 / 31, viSNudharma0 95 / 7-12) / (12) use bhojana-sAmagrI eka dina ke.lie yA eka mAsa yA kevala eka varSa ke lie ekatra karanI cAhie bAra prati varSa ekapa kI huI sAmagrI Azvina mAsa meM vitarita kara denI cAhie (manu 6 / 15, yAza0 3147, Apa. pa0 2 / 9 / 22 / 24) / (13) use paMcAgni (cAroM dizAoM meM cAra agni evaM Upara sUrya) ke bIca baiThakara, varSA meM bAhara khar3e hokara, bAre meM bhIge vastra dhAraNa kara(manu 6 / 23, 34, yAja0 3152 evaM viSNudharma0 95 / 2 / 4) kaThina tapasyA karanI pAhie aura apane zarIra ko mAMti-bhAMti ke kaSTa dekara apane ko saba kucha saha sakane kA abhyAsI banA lenA caahie| (14) use kramazaH kisI ghara meM rahanA banda kara per3a ke nIce nivAsa karanA cAhie aura kevala phaloM evaM kandamUloM para nirvAha karanA cAhie (manu 6 / 25, vasiSTha0, 9 / 11, yAtra0 3154, Apastambadharma0 2 / 9 / 21 / 20) / (15) rASi meM use lAlI pRthivI para zayana karanA caahie| jAgaraNa kI dazA meM baiThakara yA calate hue yA yogAbhyAsa karate hue samaya bitAnA caahie| use Ananda lene vAlI vastu ke sevana se dUra rahanA cAhie (manu 22 evaM 26 tavA yAjJavalkya 251) / (15) use apane zarIra kI pavitratA, mAna-vardhana evaM anta meM mokSa-pada-prApti ke lie upaniSadoM kA pATha karanA cAhie (manu 6 / 29-30) / (17) yadi vAnaprastha kisI asAdhya roga se pIr3ita hai, apane kartavya nahIM kara pAtA aura apanI mRtyu ko pAsa meM mAyI huI samajhatA hai, to use uttara-pUrva kI bora mukha karake mahAprasthAna kara denA cAhie aura kevala jala evaM gAya para rahanA cAhie aura taba taka calate rahanA cAhie jaba taka ki vaha aisA gire ki punaH na uTha sake (manu 6 / 31, yAjJavalkya 3255) / mitAkSarA evaM aparArka (pR. 945.) ne yAjJavalkya (3355) kI vyAkhyA meM kisI smRti kA ubaraNa diyA hai ki vAnaprastha ko kisI lambI yAtrA meM laga jAnA cAhie yA jala yA agni meM apane ko chor3a denA cAhie yA apane ko pAI se nIce Dhakela denA caahie|' vAnaprasyoM ke prakAra baudhAyanavarmasUtra (13) me bAnaprasthoM ke prakAra yo batAye hai-pacamAnako pakA havA bhojana yA phala sAte hai) evaM mAnaka (jo apanA bhojana pakAte nahIM), ye donoM punaH pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| pAMca pacamAnaka ye parivArika jo kevala phaloM, kandamUloM bAdi para nirbhara rahate haiM, jo kevala phaloM para rahate haiM tayAM dekho vaha cAka-pAsAte hai| ina pAMcoM meM sarvAraNyaka loga do prakAra ke hote hai jApatipata (jo satA, gulma pArikara pakAte hai, unase magnihona karate hai aura unheM mativi ko samarpita kara svayaM sAte haiM) evaM revAvasita (ko + purAnA peja mA bAlatiyat / iti svaramA / milara (Im

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 486 vyAghroM, bher3iyoM evaM bAja dvArA mAre gaye jantuoM kA mAMsa khAte haiM, pakAkara agni ko car3hAte haiM aura svayaM khAte haiM) / apacamAnaka ke pA~ca prakAra ye haiM- ummajjaka (jo bhojana rakhane ke lie lohe yA patthara kA sAdhana nahIM rakhate), pravRttAzinaH (jo binA pAtra liye kevala hAtha meM hI lekara khAte haiM), mukhenAvAyinaH (jo binA hAtha ke prayoga ke pazuoM kI mati kevala mukha se hI khAte haiM), toyAhAra (jo kevala jala pIte haiM) tathA vAyubhakSa (jo pUrNa rUpa se upavAsa karate haiN)| baudhAyana ke anusAra ye hI vaikhAnasa kI dasa dIkSA haiN| manu ( 6 / 29 ) ne bhI vana kI dIkSAoM ke lie kucha niyamoM kI vyavasthA batalAyI hai| bRhatparAzara (adhyAya 19, pR0 290 ) ne vAnaprasthoM ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM; vaikhAnasa, udumbara, vAlasitya evaM banevAsI / vaikhAnasa ( 817 ) ke mata meM vAnaprastha yA to sapatnIka yA apatnIka hote haiM, jinameM sapatnIka punaH cAra prakAra ke haiM; audumbara, vairiva, vAlakhilya evaM phenv| rAmAyaNa (araNyakANDa, adhyAya 19 / 2-6) ne vAnaprasthoM ko bAlakhilya, azmakuTTa Adi nAmoM se pukArA hai| vAnaprastha ke adhikArI zUdroM ko chor3akara anya tIna varNoM meM koI bhI vAnaprastha ho sakatA hai / zAntiparva (21 / 15) meM AyA hai ki kSatriya ko rAjyakArya putra para sauMpakara vana meM cala jAnA cAhie aura vana meM utpanna khAdya padArthoM kA sevana karanA cAhie tathA zrAvaNa ( zrAmaNaka) zAstroM ke anusAra calanA caahie| " Azvamedhika parva ( 35 43 ) meM spaSTa zabdoM meM likhita hai ki vAnaprastha Azrama tInoM dvijAtiyoM ke lie hai| mahAbhArata ne bahuta-se vAnaprastha rAjAoM kI carcA kI hai| rAjA yayAti ne apane putra puru ko rAjA banAkara svayaM vAnaprastha grahaNa kiyA (Adiparva 86 / 1 ) aura vana kaThina tapa karake upavAsa se zarIra tyAga diyA ( Adiparva 86 / 12 - 17 evaM 75 / 58 ) / Azvamedhikaparva (adhyAya 19) meM AyA hai ki dhRtarASTra ne apanI strI gAndhArI ke sAtha vAnaprastha grahaNa karake vRkSa kI chAloM evaM mRgadharma ko vastra rUpa meM dhAraNa kiyaa| parAzaramAghavIya ( 12, pR0 139 ) ne manu (6 / 2), yama tathA anya lekhakoM kA ullekha karake tInoM ucca varNoM ko vAnaprastha ke yogya ThaharAyA hai| striyAM bhI vAnaprastha ho sakatI thiiN| mauzalaparva (7/74) meM AyA hai ki zrI kRSNa ke svarga-gamana ke uparAnta unakI satyabhAmA Adi patniyAM vana meM calI gayIM aura kaThina tapasyA meM lIna ho gyiiN| yAdiparva (128 / 12-13) ne likhA hai ki pANDu kI mRtyu ke uparAnta satyavatI apanI do putravadhuoM ke sAtha tapa karane ko vana meM calI gayI aura vahIM mara gyii| aura dekhie zAntiparva (147 / 10, mahAprasthAna ke lie) evaM AzramavAsiparva (37/27-28 ) / vaikhAnasa ( 811) evaM vAmanapurANa (1|4|117- 118 ) ke anusAra brAhmaNa cAra AzramoM, kSatriya tIna ( saMnyAsa ko chor3akara), vaizya do (brahmacaryaM evaM gRhastha ) evaM zUdra kevala eka (gRhastha ) Azrama kA adhikArI hotA hai| zambUka nAmaka zUdra kI gAthA prasiddha hI hai| Atma-hatyA kA prazna evaM vAnaprastha kA prANa-tyAga vAnaprastha kA mahAprasthAna evaM ucca zikhara Adi se girakara prANa tyAga karanA kahA~ taka saMgata hai, isa para dharmazAstra ke lekhakoM ke vibhinna mata haiN| dharmazAstrakAroM ne sAmAnyataH AtmahatyA kI bhartsanA kI hai tathA AtmahatyA 7. putrasaMkAmitamIzca vane vanyena vrtyn| vidhinA zrAvaNenaiva kuryAtkarmAvyatandritaH // zAntiparva 21|15| bhAvaNa zabda sambhavataH amana yA bhrAmaka kA hI eka bheda hai|

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svayaM dehatyAga 187 karane ke prayatna ko mahApApa mAnA hai| parAzara (4 / 1-2) ne likhA hai ki jo strI yA puruSa ghamaNDa yA krodha yA kleza yA bhaya ke kAraNa AtmahatyA karatA hai vaha 60 sahasra varSa taka naraka vAsa karatA hai| manu ne likhA hai ki jo apane ko mAra galatA hai usakI AtmA kI zAnti ke lie tarpaNa nahIM karanA cAhie (5 / 89) / Adiparva (179 / 20) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki AtmahatyA karane vAlA kalyANaprada lokoM meM nahIM jA sktaa| vasiSThadharmasUtra (23 // 14-16) ne kahA hai jo AtmahatyA karatA hai vaha abhizapta ho jAtA hai aura usake sapiNDa loga usakA zrAddha nahIM karate ; jo vyakti apane ko agni, jala, mRtkhaNDa (DhelA), patthara, hathiyAra, viSa yA rassI se mAra DAlatA hai vaha AtmahantA kahalAtA hai| jo dvija snehavaza AtmahantA kI antima kriyA karatA hai use taptakRccha ke sAtha cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA par3atA hai| AtmahatyA karane kA praNa karane para bhI prAyazcitta Avazyaka hai (vasiSThadharmasUtra 23618) / yama (2021) ne likhA hai ki jo rassI se laTakakara mara jAnA cAhatA hai, vaha yadi.mara jAya to usake zava ko apavitra vastuoM se lipta kara denA cAhie, yadi vaha baca jAtA hai to usako 200 paNa kA daNDa denA cAhie, usake mitroM evaM putroM meM pratyeka ko ekaeka paNa kA daNDa milanA cAhie aura zAstra meM kahe hue prAyazcitta evaM vrata Adi karane caahie| uparyukta sAmAnya dhAraNA ke rahate hue bhI smRtiyoM. mahAkAvyoM evaM purANoM meM apavAda kahe gaye haiN| manu (11 // 73) evaM yAjJavalkya (3 / 248) meM AyA hai ki brahmahatyA karanevAlA vyakti yuddha meM dhanuriyoM se apanI hatyA karA sakatA hai yA vaha apane ko agni meM jhoMka sakatA hai| isI prakAra madya pIne vAlA kholatI huI madirA, jala, ghI, gAya kA dUdha yA gAya kA mUtra pIkara apane prANoM kI hatyA kara sakatA hai (manu 11190-91, yAjJa0 3 / 253, gautama 2331, vamiSThadharma0 20122) / isI prakAra vyabhicArI, cora Adi ke lie vasiSThadharma0 (13614),gautama (231),Apastamba (109 / 25 / 1-3 evaM 6) ne mara jAne kI vyavasthA dI hai| zalyaparva (39 / 33-34) ne likhA hai-"jo sarasvatI ke uttarI taTa para pRSUdaka nAmaka sthala para vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa karatA huvA apanA zarIra chor3a detA hai vaha punaH mRtyu kA kleza nahIM paataa|" anuzAsanaparva (25 / 62-64) meM AyA hai ki jo vedAnta ke anusAra apane jIvana ko kSaNika samajhakara pavitra himAlaya meM upavAsa karake prANa tyAga detA hai vaha brahmaloka pahuMca jAtA hai (dekhie vanaparva 85 / 83, prayAga meM AtmahatyA karane ke viSaya meN)| matsyapurANa (186334-35) meM AyA hai ki jo amarakaNTaka kI coTI para agni, viSa, jala, upavAsa se yA girakara mara jAtA hai vaha punaH isa saMsAra meM lauTa kara nahIM aataa| __uparyukta dhAraNAvoM ke sAkAra udAharaNa zilAlekhoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| yazaHkarNadeva ke ravairA dAnapatra se patA calatA hai ki kalacuri rAjA gAMgeya ne apanI eka sau rAniyoM ke sAtha prayAga meM mukti prApta kI (san 1073 I0) (dekhie isa viSaya meM epi4phiyA iNDikA, jilda 12,pR0 205) / candela kula ke rAjA dhaMgadevane 100 varSa kI avasthA meM runa kA dhyAna karate karate prayAga meM apanA zarIra chor3a diyA (epipraiphiyA iNikA, bilda 1, pR0 140) / cAlukya-rAja somezvara ne yoga sAdhana karane ke uparAnta tuMgabhadrA meM apane ko Dubo diyA (san 1068 60, epiphiyA karnATikA, jilda 2, saMketa 136) / raghuvaMza (8194) meM AyA hai ki rAjA raghu ne vRddhAvasthA meM roga se pIr3ita hone para gaMgA aura sarayU ke saMgama para upavAsa karake apane ko Dubokara mAra DAlA aura turaMta hI svarga kA bAsI ho gyaa| 8. atimAnAvatikomAsnehAhA yadi vA syAt / udbAnIyAstrI pumAncA gatirevA vidhIyate / pUyakSojitasampUrne manye tamasi mannati basTi varSasAhasAnimAraka prtipaate|| parAzara (12) 9. mAtmAnaM ghAtayecastu rkhvaadibhilyaamH| mRto'meyena leptavyo bIvato disataM pmH|| mAtAnimAvi pratyeka pani bamam / prAyazcitatApUrvapAzAlacoditam // yama (2021) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa __ uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa huA ki dharmazAstrakAroM ne Atma-hatyA ke mAmale meM kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara anya AtmahantAoM ko kisI prakAra bhI kSambha nahIM mAnA hai| vrata-upavAsoM se evaM pavitra sthaloM para mara jAne ko dharmazAstrIya chUTa milI thI, aura isa prakAra kI AtmahatyA ko mukti aise paramocca lakSya kA sAdhana bhI mAna liyA gayA thaa| smRtiyoM ne vAnaprasthoM ke lie bhI AtmahatyA kI chUTa de dI thii| ve mahAprasthAna karake mRtyu kA AliMgana kara sakate the, ve kucha paristhitiyoM meM agnipraveza, jala-praveza, upavAsa karake tathA parvata-zikhara se girakara mara sakate the| vAnaprasthoM ke patirikta kucha anya loga bhI, jinakI carcA Upara kI jA cukI hai, ina vidhiyoM se AtmahatyA kara sakate the| gautama (14 / 11) ne likhA hai ki jo loga icchApUrvaka upavAsa karake, hathiyAra se apane ko kATakara, agni se, viSa se, jala praveza se, rassI se laTakakara yA parvata-zikhara se girakara mara jAte haiM unake lie kisI prakAra ke zoka karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kintu atri (218-219) ne kucha apavAda diye haiM-yadi vaha jo bahuta bUr3hA ho (70 varSa ke Upara), jo (atyabhika daurbalya ke kAraNa) niyamAnukUla zarIra ko pavitra na rakha sake, jo asAdhya roga se pIr3ita ho, vaha parvatazikhara se pirakara, agni yA jala meM praveza kara yA upavAsa kara apane prANoM kI hatyA kara de to usake lie tIna dinoM kA azauca karanA cAhie aura usakA zrAddha bhI kara denA caahie|" aparArka (pR0536) ne brahmagarbha, vivasvAn evaM gAgya kI uktiyoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai-'yadi koI gRhastha asAdhya roga yA mahAvyAdhi se pIr3ita ho, yA jo ati vRddha ho, jo kisI bhI indriya se utpanna Ananda kA abhilASI na ho aura jisane apane kartavya kara liye hoM, vaha mahAprasthAna, agni yA jala meM praveza karake yA parvata-zikhara se girakara apane prANoM kI hatyA kara sakatA hai| aisA karake vaha koI pApa nahIM karatA hai, usakI mRtyu tapoM se bhI bar3hakara hai, zAstrAnumodita kartavyoM ke pAlana meM azakta hone para jIne kI icchA rakhanA vyartha hai|" aparArka (pR0 877) evaM parAzaramAdhavIya (22, pR0 228) ne Adi purANa se bahuta-se zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jo yaha batAte haiM ki upavAsa karake, yA agni-praveza yA gambhIra jala meM praveza karake yA UMcAI se girakara yA himAlaya meM mahAprasthAna karake yA prayAga meM vaTa kI DAla se kUdakara prANa dene se kisI prakAra kA pApa nahIM lagatA, balki kalyANaprada lokoM kI prApti hotI hai| rAmAyaNa (araNyakANDa, adhyAya 9) meM varNita zarabhaMga ne agni-praveza se AtmahatyA kii| mRcchakaTika nATaka meM rAjA zUdraka ko agni meM praveza karake marate hue vyakta kiyA gayA hai| guptAbhilekha (saMkhyA 42) se patA calatA hai ki samrAT kumAragupta ne upaloM kI agni meM praveza kara AtmahatyA kara lI thii| jainoM meM bahuta se niyama uparyukta niyamoM se milate-julate haiN| samantabhadra (lagabhaga dvitIya zatAbdI, IsA ke uparAnta) ke grantha ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM sallekhanA ke viSaya meM likhA hai| ApattiyoM, akAloM, ati vRddhAvasthA evaM 17. vRddhaH zaucasmRterluptaH prtyaakhyaatbhisskriyH| AtmAnaM ghAtayedyastu bhgvaanynshnaambubhiH|| tasya trirAtramAzaucaM dvitIye tvasthisaJcayam / tRtIye tUbakaM kRtvA caturthe bhAbamAcaret // atri 218-219 (manu 5 / 89 kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi dvArA, yAjJavalkya 3 / 6 ko TIkA meM mitAkSarA dvArA udhRta), yaha aparAkaM pR0 902 meM aMgirA kA tathA parAzaramAdhavIya 122, pR0 228 meM zAtAtapa kA uddharaNa mAnA gayA hai| 11. tathA ca brhmgrbhH| yo jIvituM na zaknoti mhaavyaadhyuppiidditH| sonyuSakamahAyAtrA kurvanAmutra yuSyati // vivasvAna / sarvendriyaviraktasya vRddhasya kRtakarmaNaH / vyAdhitasyenchayA tIrtha maraNaM tapasodhikam // tathA gAryopi gRhasthamadhikRtyAha / mahAprasthAnagamanaM jvalanAmba prveshnm| bhRguprapatanaM caiva vRthA necchatu jIvitum // aparAka dvArA uddhRta (pR0 536) /

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489 vAnaprastha Azrama asAdhya rogoM meM zarIra tyAga ko sallekhanA kahate haiN|2 kAlandrI (sirohI) ke abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki saMvat 1389 meM eka jana-samAja ke sabhI logoM ne sAmUhika AtmahatyA kI thI (epigrephiyA iNDikA, jilda 22, anukramaNikA pR0 89, saMkhyA 691 / megasthanIja ke vivaraNa se patA calatA hai ki I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI meM bhI dhArmika AtmahatyA pracalita thii| Traibo ne likhA hai ki bhAratIya rAjadUtoM ke sAtha agasTasa sIz2ara ke yahA~ eka aisA vyakti bhI AyA thA, jisane kailAnosa (eka yUnAnI) ke samAna apane ko agni meM jhoMka diyA thaa| kailAnosa ne alekjeMDara (sikandara) ke samakSa aisA hI kiyA thA (dekhie mariDila, pR0 106 evaM sTraibo 15 / 1 / 4) / purANoM ke samaya meM mahAprasthAna, agni-praveza evaM bhRguprapatana se AtmahatyA karanA vajita mAna liyA gayA aura use kalivayaM meM parigaNita kara diyA. gayA hai| vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa vAnaprasthoM ke lie bane bahuta-se niyama evaM kartavya jyoM-ke-tyoM saMnyAsiyoM ke lie bhI vyavasthita pAye jAte haiN| manu (6 / 25-29) ne jo niyama vAnaprasthoM ke lie vyavasthita kiye haiM ve hI parivrAjakoM ke lie bhI haiM (manu 6 // 38, 43 evaM 44) / yahI bAta ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 9 / 21 / 10 evaM 20) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vAnaprastha hI anta meM saMnyAsI ho jAtA hai| donoM ko brahmacarya, indriya-nigraha, bhojananiyama Adi kA pAlana karanA par3atA thA aura niSadoM ko manoyoga se paDhanA paDatA thA tathA brahmajJAna ke lie prayatna karanA par3atA thaa| dono AzramoM meM kucha antara bhI the| vAnaprastha Arambha meM apanI strI bhI sAtha meM rakha sakatA thA, kintu saMnyAsI ke sAtha aisI bAta nahIM pAyI jaatii| vAnaprastha ko Arambha meM agni prajvalita rakhanI par3atI thI, Ahnika evaM anya yajJa karane par3ate the, kintu saMnyAsI agni kA tyAga kara dete the| vAnaprastha ko tapa karane par3ate the, AhArAdi ke abhAva kA kleza sahanA par3atA thA, apane ko tapAnA par3atA thaa| kintu saMnyAsI ko mukhyataH apanI indriyoM para saMyama rakhanA par3atA thA evaM paramatattva kA dhyAna karanA par3atA thA, jaisA ki svAmI zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtrabhASya (3 / 4 / 20) meM likhA hai| vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa meM bahuta sAmya thA ataH kAlAntara meM loga gRhasthAzrama ke uparAnta sIdhe saMnyAsa meM praviSTa ho jAte the| isI se govindasvAmI ne baudhAyanadharmasUtra (3 / 3 / 14-17) kI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai-"vAnaprasthasaMnyAsabhedaH kimarthamAcAryakRta ityasAveva praSTavyaH", arthAt AcArya se pUchanA cAhie ki unhoMne vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa ko pRthak-pRthak kyoM likhA hai| donoM meM itanA sAmya hai ki unheM pRthak nahIM rakhanA caahie| isI se kAlAntara meM koI vAnaprastha hotA hI nahIM thA aura ise kaliyuga meM varjita bhI mAna liyA gayA (bRhannAradIya, pUrvArdha 24 / 14, smRtyarthasAra, pR0 2 zloka 17) / 12. upasarge durbhikSe jarasi rujAyAM ca nissprtiikaare| dharmAya tanuvimocanamAhuH sllekhnaamaaryaaH|| ralakaraNDabhAvakAcAra (adhyAya 5) / 13. mahAprasthAnagamanaM gomedhazca tathA mkhH| etAn dharmAn kaliyuge vAnAhurmanISiNaH // bRhannAradIya, pUrvArSa, adhyAya 24316; smRticandrikA, bhAga 1, pR0 12 / dharma0 62

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adhyAya 28 saMnyAsa chAndogyopaniSad (2 / 23 / 1) meM brahmacarya, gRhastha evaM vAnaprastha nAmaka tIna AzramoM kI ora saMketa milatA hai| sambhavataH isa upaniSad ne saMnyAsa ko cauthe Azrama ke rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad jaisI prAcIna upaniSadoM meM sAMsArika mohakatA ke tyAga, bhikSA-vRtti evaM parabrahma-dhyAna para bala avazya diyA gayA hai, kintu isa prakAra kI dhAraNAoM ke sAtha saMnyAsa nAmaka kisI Azrama kI carcA nahIM huI hai| jAbAlopaniSad (4) ne saMnyAsa ko cauthe Azrama ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane ko rucyadhIna chor3a diyA hai aura kahA hai ki isakA grahaNa prathama do AzramoM meM kisI ke uparAnta ho sakatA hai| vRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 4 / 1) meM AyA hai ki yAjJavalkya ne parivrAjaka hone ke samaya apanI strI maitreyI se sampatti ko usa (maitreyI) meM aura kAtyAyanI (maitreyI kI sauta) meM bA~Ta dene kI carcA kii| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki una dinoM parivrAjakoM ko ghara-dvAra, patnI evaM sArI sampatti kA parityAga kara denA par3atA thaa| isI upaniSad (3 / 5 / 1) meM AyA hai. ki Atmavid vyakti santAna, sAMsArika sampatti, moha Adi chor3a dete haiM aura bhikhArI kA jIvana vyatIta karate haiM; ataH brAhmaNa ko cAhie ki vaha sampUrNa pANDitya-prApti ke uparAnta bAlaka-sA banA rahe (arthAt use apane pANDitya kI abhivyakti nahIM karanI cAhie), jJAna evaM bAlya (baccoM jaise vyavahAra) ke Upara uThakara use muni kI sthiti meM AnA cAhie tathA mani (mauna rUpa meM rahane) yA amanikerUpa se Upara uThakara use vAstavika brAhmaNa (jisane brahma kI anubhUti kara lIho) bana jAnA caahie|' isI prakAra ke anya zabdoM evaM manobhAvoM ke adhyayana ke lie dekhie bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 4 / 22) / jAbAlopaniSad (5) ne likhA hai ki parivrAT loga vivarNa-vAsa (zveta vastra nahIM) dhe, muNDita sira, binA sampatti vAle, pavitra, adrohI, bhikSA vRtti karane vAle the tathA brahma-saMlagna rahate the| paramahaMsa, brahma, nArada-parivrAjaka evaM saMnyAsa upaniSadoM meM saMnyAsa ke viSaya meM bahuta se niyama haiN| kintu ina upaniSadoM kI aitihAsikatA evaM sacAI para sandeha hai, ataH hama dharmasUtroM evaM prAcIna smRtiyoM ke niyamoM kI hI carcA kreNge| saMnyAsa-dharma yatidharma athavA saMnyAsa-dharma ke viSaya meM hama nimnalikhita granthoM kA vivecana upasthita kareMge, yathA--gautama (3310-24), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 9 / 21 / 7-20), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 21-27 evaM 210) vasiSTha 1. maitreyIti hovAca yAjJavalkya udyAsyanvA are'hamasmAt sthAnAvasmi hanta sa'nayA kAtyAyanyA'ntaM kara. vANoti / bRha0 u0 2 / 4 / 1; etaM vai samAtmAnaM viditvA brAhmaNAH putraSaNAyAzca vittaSaNAyAzca lokaMSamAyAzca vyutthAvAtha bhikSAvayaM crnti|...tsmaad brAhmaNaHpANDityaM nividha bAlyena tiSThAset / bAlyaM ca pANityaMba nividyApa muniramaunaM ca maunaM ca nividyAtha braahmnnH| bRha0 u0 3 / 5 / 1 / aura dekhie vedAntasUtra 3447-49 evaM 50, jahA~ antima aMza para vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai|

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saMnyAsI ke kartavya dharmasUtra (10), manu (6 / 33-86), yAjJavalkya (356-66), vaikhAnasa (9 / 9), viSNudharmapUtra (96), zAntiparva (adhyAya 246 evaM 279), Adiparva (119 / 7-21), Azvamedhikaparva (46 / 18-46), zaMkharagati (7, zlokabaddha), dakSa (7 / 28-38), kUrmapurANa (uttarArdha, adhyAya 28), agnipurANa (161) aadi| hama ra.nyAsa ke kartavyoM evaM lakSaNoM kI carcA nimna rUpa se kreNge| (1) saMnyAsa Azrama grahaNa karane ke lie vyakti ko prajApati ke lie yajJa karanA par3atA hai, apanI sArI sampatti purohitoM, daridroM evaM asahAyoM meM bA~Ta denI hotI hai (manu 6 / 38, yAjJa0 3 / 56, viSNudha0 96 / 1, zaMkha 71) / jo loga tIna vaidika agniyA~ rakhate haiM unheM prAjApatyeSTi tathA jinake pAsa kevala gRhya agni hotI hai ve agni ke lie iSTi karate haiM (yatidharmasaMgraha, pR0 13) / jAbAlopaniSad (4) ne kevala agni kI iSTi kI bAta kahI hai aura prAjApatyeSTi kA khaNDana kiyA hai| nRsiMhapurANa (6012-4) ke anusAra saMnyAsAzrama meM praviSTa hone ke pUrva ATha zrAddha karane caahie| nRsiMhapurANa (58 / 36) ne pratyeka vaidika zAkhAnuyAyI ko saMnyAsI hone kI chUTa dI hai, yadi vaha vANI, kAmasaMvega, bhUkha. jihvA kA saMyamI ho / ATha prakAra ke zrAddha ye haiM-vaMva (vasuoM, rudroM evaM AdityoM ko), ArSa (marIci Adi dasa "SiyoM ko), divya (hiraNyagarbha evaM vairAja ko), mAnuSa (sanaka, sanandana evaM anya pA~ca ko), bhautika (paMcabhUtoM, pRthivI Adi ko pataka (kavyavAD agni, soma, aryamAoM-agniSvAtta Adi pitaroM ko), mAtRbhADa (gaurI-papA Adi dasa mAtAoM ko) tathA AtmavAda (paramAtmA ko)| isa viSaya meM dekhie yatidharmasaMgraha (pR0 89) evaM smRticandrikA (pR0 177) / manu (6 / 35-37) ne satarkatA se likhA hai ki vedAdhyayana, santAnotpatti evaM yajJoM ke uparAnta (deva- Na, RSi-RNa evaM pitR-RNa cukAne ke uparAnta) hI mokSa kI cintA karanI caahie| baudhAyanagha0 (2 / 10 / 3-6) evaM vaikhAnasa (9 / 6) ne likhA hai ki vaha gRhastha, jise santAna na ho, jisakI patnI mara gayI ho yA jisake lar3ake ThIka se dharma-mArga meM laga gaye hoM yA jo 70 varSa se adhika avasthA kA ho cukA ho, saMnyAsI ho sakatA hai| kauTilya (2 // 1) ne likhA hai ki jo vyakti binA baccoM evaM patnI kA prabandha kiye saMnyAsI ho jAtA hai use sAhasa-daNDa milatA hai| manu (6 / 38) ke mata se saMnyAsI honevAlA apanI agniyoM ko apane meM samAhita kara ghara-tyAga karatA hai| (2) ghara, patnI, putroM evaM sampatti kA tyAga karake saMnyAsI ko gAMva ke bAhara rahanA cAhie, use beghara kA honA cAhie, jaba sUryAsta ho jAya to per3oM ke nIce yA parityakta ghara meM rahanA cAhie, aura sadA eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka calate rahanA caahie| vaha kevala varga ke mausama meM eka sthAna para Thahara sakatA hai (manu 6 / 41, 43-44, vasiSThadharma0 10.12-15, zaMkha 76) / mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 358) dvArA uddhRta zaMkha ke vacana se patA calatA hai ki saMnyAsI varSA Rtu meM eka sthAna para kevala do mAsa taka ruka sakatA hai| kaNva kA kahanA hai ki vaha eka rAtri gAMva meM, yA pAMca dina kasave meM (varSA Rtu ko chor3akara) raha sakatA hai| ASAr3ha kI pUrNimA se lekara cAra yA do mahInoM taka varSA Rtu meM eka sthAna para rukA jA sakatA hai| saMnyAsI yadi cAhe to gaMgA ke taTa para sadA raha sakatA hai| (3) saMnyAsI ko sadA akele dhUmanA cAhie, nahIM to moha evaM bichoha se vaha pIr3ita ho sakatA hai| dakSa (7 / 34-38) ne isa bAta para yoM bala diyA hai-"vAstavika saMnyAsI akelA rahatA hai ; jaba do eka sAtha Tikate haiM to donoM eka jor3A ho jAte haiM, jaba tIna sAtha Tikate haiM to ve grAma ke samAna ho jAte haiM, jaba adhika (arthAt tIna se adhika) eka sAtha Tikate haiM to ve nagara ke samAna ho jAte haiN| tapasvI ko jor3A, grAma evaM nagara nahIM banAnA cAhie, nahIM to vaisA karane para vaha dharmacyuta ho jaaygaa| kyoMki do ke sAtha rahane se rAjavArtA (lokavArtA) hone lagatI hai, eka-dUsare kI mikSA ke viSaya meM carcA hone lagatI hai aura atyadhika sAnnidhya se sneha, IrSyA, duSTatA Adi manobhAvoM kI utpatti ho jAtI hai| kutapasvI loga bahuta-se kAryoM meM saMlagna ho jAte haiM, yathA dhana-sampatti yA Adara prApti ke lie vyAkhyAna dekara ziSyoM ko ekatra karanA Adi / tapasviyoM ke lie kevala cAra prakAra kI kriyAe~ haiM-(1) dhyAna,

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492 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (2) zauca, (3) bhikSA evaM (4) ekAntazIlatA (sadA akele rhnaa)|' nArada ke anusAra yatiyoM ke lie cha: prakAra ke kArya rAjadaNDavat anivArya mAne gaye haiM--bhikSATana, japa, dhyAna, snAna, zauca, devArcana / (4) saMnyAsI ko brahmacArI honA cAhie aura sadA dhyAna evaM AdhyAtmika jJAna ke prati bhakti rakhanI cAhie evaM indriya-sukha, Anandaprada vastuoM se dUra rahanA cAhie (manu 6 / 41 evaM 49, gautama 3311) / (5) saMnyAsI ko binA jIvoM ko kaSTa diye ghUmanA-phiranA cAhie, use apamAna ke prati udAsIna rahanA cAhie, yadi koI usase krodha prakaTa kare to krodhAveza meM nahIM AnA caahie| yadi usakA koI burA kare to bhI use kalyANaprada zabdoM kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie aura use kabhI bhI asatya bhASaNa nahIM karanA cAhie (manu 6 / 40, 47-48, yAjJa0 3161, gautama 323) / (6) use zrautAgniyAM, gRhyAgni evaM laukika agni (bhojana banAne ke lie) nahIM jalAnI cAhie aura kevala bhikSA se prApta bhojana karanA cAhie (manu 6 / 38 evaM 43, ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 9 / 21 / 10 evaM Adiparva 91312) / (7) use grAma meM bhikSATana ke lie kevala eka bAra jAnA cAhie, varSA ko chor3akara rAtri ke samaya grAma meM nahIM rahanA cAhie, kintu yadi rukanA hI par3e to eka rAtri se adhika nahIM rukanA cAhie (gautama 3313 evaM 20, manu 6 / 43 evaM 55) / (8) use binA kisI pUrva yojanA yA cunAva ke sAta gharoM se bhikSA mAMganI cAhie (vasiSThadharma0 107, zaMkha 7 / 3, Adiparva 119 / 12-5 yA 10 ghr)| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 10 / 57-58) ke mata se zAlIna evaM yAyAvara prakAra ke brAhmaNa gRhasthoM ke yahA~ hI bhikSA ke lie jAnA cAhie aura utane hI samaya taka rukanA cAhie jitane meM eka gAya duha lI jAtI hai| baudhAyanadharma0 (2 / 10 / 69) ne anya logoM ke matoM ko uddhRta kara batAyA hai ki saMnyAsI kisI bhI varNa ke yahAM bhikSA mAMga sakatA hai, kintu bhojana kevala dvijAtiyoM ke yahAM kara sakatA hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (10 / 24) ke mata se vaha kevala brAhmaNa ke yahA~ hI bhikSA mAMga sakatA hai| vAyupurANa (1118.17) ke anusAra saMnyAsI ko kevala eka vyakti ke yahAM hI nahIM, balki kaI vyaktiyoM ke yahAM se mAMgakara khAnA caahie| use mAMsa thA madhu kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, Ama zrAddha (binA pake bhojana kA zrAddha) nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie aura na Upara se namaka kA prayoga karanA cAhie (namaka ke sAtha pakAyI huI sAga-mAjI khA lenI caahie)| uzanA ke matAnusAra bhikSA se prApta bhojana pAMca prakAra kA hotA hai--(1) mAdhukara (kinhIM tIna, pAMca yA sAta gharoM se prApta mikSA, jisa prakAra madhumakkhI vibhinna prakAra ke puSpoM se madhu ekatra karatI hai), (2) prAkANIta (jaba zayana sthAna se uThane ke pUrva hI bhaktoM dvArA bhojana ke lie prArthanA kI jAtI hai), (3) ayAcita (bhikSATana karane ke lie uThane ke pUrva hI jaba koI mojana ke lie nimantrita kara de), (4) tAtkAlika (saMnyAsI ke pahuMcate hI jaba koI brAhmaNa bhojana karane kI sUcanA de de) tathA (5) upapanna (makta ziSyoM yA anya logoM ke dvArA maTha meM lAyA gayA pakA bhojn)| uzanA kI yaha ukti smRtimuktAphala (pR0 200) evaM yatidharmasaMgraha (pR0 74-75) meM uddhRta hai| vasiSThadharmasUtra (1031) ke mata se ____2. eko bhikSuryapoktastu do minU mithumaM smRtm| yo prAmaH samAlyAta Urya tu ngraayte|| magaraM hima kartavyaM prAmo vA mithunaM tthaa| etatvayaM prakurvANaH svadharmAccyavate ytiH|| rAjavArtA tatasteSAM milAvArtA parasparam / snehapaanyamAtsarva saMnikAla sNshyH|| lAbhapUjAnimittaM tu vyAkhyAnaM shissysNgrhH| ete cAnye ca bahavaH prapaJcAH kutapasvinAm // dhyAnaM zaucaM tayA bhikSA nitymekaasshiiltaa| bhikSopacatvAri kaSi paJcama mopapavate // vakSa 734-38 (aparArka pR0 952 meM tathA mitAkSarA, yAna0 3 / 58 meM upt)|

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saMnyAsI ke kartavya brAhmaNa saMnyAsI ko zUdra ke ghara meM bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, aura aparArka (pR0 963) kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra brAhmaNa hastha ke ghara ke abhAva meM kSatriya yA vaizya ke yahA~ bhojana karanA caahie| Age calakara hara kisI ke ghara meM bhikSATana karanA kalivayaM mAna liyA gayA (yatestu marvavarNeSu na bhikSAcaraNaM klau)| dekhie, smRtimuktAphala (pR. 201) / parAzara evaM kratu ne bur3he evaM rugNa saMnyAsI ke lie chUTa do hai, vaha eka dina yA kaI dinoM taka eka hI vyakti ke yahA~ bhojana kara sakatA hai yA apane putroM, mitroM, AcArya, bhAiyoM yA patnI ke yahA~ khA sakatA hai (smRtisuktAphala, pR0 201, yatidharmasaMgraha, pR0 75) / parAzara (1151) evaM sUtamaMhitA (jJAna-yoga khaNDa, 4 / 15-16) ke mata se ghara meM bhojana karane kA prathama adhikAra hai manyAmI evaM brahmacArI kA, yadi koI vyakti binA unhe bhikSA diye khA letA hai to use cAndrAyaNa vrata karanA caahie| saMnyAsI ko bhojana dene ke pUrva usake hAtha para jala chor3A jAtA hai aura bhojana dene ke uparAnta punaH jala cholA jAtA hai (haradatta dvArA gautama 5116 kI vyAkhyA meM uddhRta parAzara 1153, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 4 / 10 eva yAjJavalkya 11107) / (9) saMnyAsI ko saMdhyA samaya bhikSA mAMganI cAhie, jaba ki rasoIghara se ghUma kA nikalanA banda ho cukA ho, agni bujha cukI ho, baratana Adi alaga rakha diye gaye hoM (manu 6 / 56, yAja0 3,59, vasiSTha 108 evaM zaMkha 712) / use mAMsa evaM madhu nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie (vamiSTha 10 / 24) / manu (6 / 50-51) ke mata se saMnyAsI ko na to bhaviSyavANI karake, zakunAzakuna batAkara, jyotiSa kA prayoga karake, vidyA, jJAna Adi ke siddhAntoM kA udghATana karake aura na vivecana Adi karake bhikSA mA~gane kA prayatna karanA cAhie: use aise ghara meM bhI nahIM jAnA cAhie jahAM pahale se hI yati loga. brAhmaNa, pakSI evaM kutte, bhikhArI yA anya loga A gaye hoN| (10) saMnyAsI ko bharapeTa bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, use kevala utanA hI pAnA cAhie jisase vaha apane zarIra evaM AtmA ko eka sAtha rakha sake, use adhika pAne para na to santoSa yA prasannatA prakaTa karanI cAhie aura na kama milane para nirAzA (manu 6 / 57 evaM 59, vasiSTha 10 / 21-22 evaM 25 yAjJa0 3 / 59) / kahA bhI gayA hai; saMnyAsI (yati) ko 8 grAsa, vAnaprastha ko 16 grAsa, gRhastha ko 32 grAsa tathA brahmacArI ko jitanA cAhe utanA khAnA cAhie (ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 4 / 9 / 13 evaM baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 10 / 68) / (11) saMnyAsI ko apane pAsa kucha bhI ekatra nahIM karanA cAhie, usake pAsa kevala jIrNa-zIrNa paridhAna. jalapAtra evaM bhikSApAtra honA cAhie (manu 4 / 43-44, gautama 3 / 10, vasiSTha 1016) / devala (mitAkSarA dvArA uddhRta, yAjJa0 3 / 58) ke mata se usake pAsa kevala jala-pAtra, pavitra (jala chAnane ke lie vastra), pAdukA, Asana evaM kanthA (ati jAr3e se bacane ke lie katharI) honI caahie| mahAbhArata (vedAntakalpatara-parigala pR0 639 meM uddhRta) meM AyA hai ki kApAya dhAraNa, moNDya, kamaNDala, jalapAtra evaM triviSTabdha se bhojana kI prApti ho sakatI hai, kintu mokSa kI prApti nhiiN| mahAbhASya ne (jilda 1, pR0 365, pANini 2 // 111 kI vyAkhyA meM) ghoSita kiyA hai ki triviSTabyaka (vidA?) se hI kisI ko parivrAjaka samajhA jA sakatA hai| vAyupurANa (118) ne una sAmagriyoM ke nAma diye haiM, jinheM saMnyAsI apane pAsa rakha sakatA hai (aparArka, pR0 949-950 meM uddhRt)| 3. kASAyapAraNaM mauNDyaM triviSTabdhaM kmnnddlu| liGgAnyannAryametAni na mokSAyeti me mtiH|| vedAntasUtra 3 // 4 // 18 ko sthAsyA meM vedAntakalpataruparimala (pR0 639) dvArA uddhRta mahAbhArata kA eka aMza, jisameM janaka evaM sulabhA kI bAtacIta kA varNana hai| 'triviSTabdhakaM ca dRSTvA parivAjaka iti|' mahAbhASya, jilda 1, pR0 365 (pANini 2011) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (12) saMnyAsI ko kevala apanA guptAMga Dhakane ke lie vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie, use anya logoM dvArA chor3A huA jIrNa-zIrNa kintu svaccha vastra pahananA cAhie (gautama 3617-18, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 9 / 21 / 11-12) / kucha logoM ke mata se use naMgA rahanA cAhie / vasiSTha (10 / 9-11) ke mata se use apane zarIra ko vastra ke Tukar3e se arthAt zATI (gAtrikA) se DhakanA cAhie yA mRgacarma yA gAyoM ke lie kATI gayI pAsa se| baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 6 / 24) ke anusAra usakA vastra kASAya honA cAhie (aparAka, pR0 962 meM uddhRt)| (13) saMnyAsI kA bhikSApAtra tathA jalapAtra miTTI, lakar3I, tumbI yA binA chidra vAle bAMsa kA honA cAhie, kisI bhI dazA meM use dhAtu kA pAtra prayoga meM nahIM lAnA caahie| use apanA jala-pAtra yA bhojana-pAtra jala se yA gAya ke bAloM se gharSaNa karake svaccha rakhanA cAhie (manu 6 / 53-54, yAjJa0 3160 evaM laghu-viSNu 4 / 29-30) / (14) use apane nakha, bAla evaM dAr3hI kaTA lenI cAhie (manu 6152, vasiSThadharmasUtra 10 / 6) / kintu gautama ne vikalpa bhI diyA hai (3 / 21), arthAt vaha cAhe to muNDita rahe yA kevala jaTA rkhe| (15) use sthaNDila (khAlI cabUtare) para sonA cAhie, yadi roga ho jAya to cintA nahIM karanI caahie| na to use mRtyu kA svAgata karanA cAhie aura na jIne para prasannatA prakaTa karanI caahie| use dhairyapUrvaka mRtyu kI bATa usI prakAra johanI cAhie jisa prakAra naukara naukarI ke samaya kI bATa dekhatA rahatA hai (manu 6 / 43 evaM 46) / (16) kevala vaidika mantroM ke japa ko chor3akara use sAdhAraNataH mauna-vrata rakhanA cAhie (manu 6 / 43, gautama 3 / 16, baudhAyanadharma0 2 / 1079, ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 9 / 21 / 10) / (17) yAjJavalkya (3158) ke anusAra use tridaNDI (tIna char3iyoM vAlA) honA cAhie, kintu manu (6 / 52) ne use daNDI (eka char3I lekara calanevAlA) hI kahA hai| 'daNDa' zabda do arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai; (1) bAMsa kA daNDa yA (2) niyntrnn| baudhAyanadharma0 (2 / 10 / 53) kA kahanA hai ki saMnyAsI ekadaNDI yA tri-daNDI ho sakatA hai: use prANiyoM ko vANI, kriyAoM evaM vicAroM se hAni nahIM pahu~cAnI cAhie (bau0 2 / 6 / 25) / manu (12 / 10) evaM dakSa (7 / 30) ke mata se jo vyakti vANI, mana evaM zarIra para saMyama yA niyantraNa rakhatA hai, vahI tridaNDI hai| dakSa kA kahanA hai ki deva loga bhI, jo sattvaguNa vAle hote haiM, indriya-sukha ke vazIbhUta ho sakate haiM, to manuSyoM kA kyA kahanA hai ? ataH jisane Ananda kA svAda lenA chor3a diyA hai vahI daNDa dhAraNa kara sakatA hai; anya loga aisA nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki ve bhoga-vilAsa ke vazIbhUta ho sakate haiN| kevala bAMsa ke daNDoM ke dhAraNa se koI saMnyAsI tridaNDI nahIM ho jAtA, vahI tridaNDI hai jo apane meM AdhyAtmika daNDa rakhatA hai| bahuta-se loga kevala tridaNDa dhAraNa karake apanI jIvikA calAte haiM (7 / 27-31) / vANI ke daNDana yA niyantraNa kA nAtparya hai mauna-dhAraNa, karma-niyantraNa hai kisI jIva ko hAni na pahuMcAnA tathA mAnasika niyantraNa hai prANAyAma evaM anya yaugika abhyAsa Adi krnaa| dakSa ke anusAra tridaNDa yatiyoM kA viziSTa bAhya cihna hai; mekhalA, mRgacarma evaM daNDa vaidika chAtroM kA tathA lambe-lambe nakha evaM dAr3hI vAnaprastha kA lakSaNa hai| laghu-viSNu (4 / 12) ke mata se saMnyAsI ekavaNI yA trivaDI ho sakatA hai| (18) use yajJoM, devoM evaM dArzanika vicAroM se sambandhita vaidika bAtoM kA adhyayana evaM uccAraNa karanA cAhie (yathA-'satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma-taittirIyopaniSad 2 // 1) / dekhie manu (6 / 83) / (19) use bhalI bhAMti Age bhUgi-nirIkSaNa karake calanA cAhie, pAnI chAnakara pInA cAhie (jisase cIMTI Adi jIva peTa ke bhItara na cale jAya~), satya se pavitra hue zabdoM kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie tathA vahI karanA cAhie jise karane ke lie antaHkaraNa kahe (manu 6 / 46, zaMkha 77, viSNudharmasUtra 96 / 14-17) / (20) vairAgya (icchAhInatA) kI utpatti evaM apanI indriyoM ke nigraha ke lie use yaha socanA cAhie ki yaha zarIra rogapUrNa hogA hI. eka-na eka dina yaha bUr3hA hogA hI, yaha bhAMti-bhAMti ke apavitra padArthoM se bharA huA hai|

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saMnyAsiyoM ke meva use isa saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA para dhyAna denA cAhie, use garbhAdhAna se lekara mRtyu taka kI anaginata parezAniyoM tathA janma-maraNa ke ajasra pravAha kI kalpanA karate rahanA cAhie (manu 6176-77, yAjJa0 3 / 63-64, viSNudharmasUtra 96 / 25-42) / (21) satyatA, apravaJcanA, krodhahInatA, vinItatA, pavitratA, male evaM bure kA bheda, mana kI sthiratA, mananiyantraNa, indriya-nigraha, AtmajJAna Adi sabhI vargoM ke dharma haiN| saMnyAsI ko to inheM prApta karanA hI hai, kyoMki kevala veza-bhUSA, kamaNDalu Adi se kucha hotA-jAtA nahI-inheM to vaJcaka bhI dhAraNa kara sakatA hai (manu 6 // 36, 92-94, yAjJa0 365-66, vasiSTha 10130, baudhAyana0 2 / 10 / 55-56, zAntiparva 111113-14, vAyupurANa, jilda 1, 81176-178) / (22) saMnyAsI ko prANAyAma evaM anya yogAMgoM dvArA apane mana ko pavitra rakhanA cAhie, jisase ki vaha kramazaH brahma ko samajha le aura anta meM mokSa pada prApta kara le (manu 670-75, 81 evaM yAja0 3162, 64) / saMnyAsiyoM ke prakAra bahuta-se granthoM meM saMnyAsiyoM ke prakAroM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| anuzAsana-parva (141189) ne cAra prakAra batAye haiM; kuTIcaka, bahudaka, haMsa evaM paramahaMsa, jinameM pratyeka Age vAlA pichale se zreSTha kahA jAtA hai| vaikhAnasa (819), laghu-viSNu (4 / 14-23), sUtasaMhitA (mAnayogakhaNDa, adhyAya 6), bhikSukopaniSad, prajApati (aparAka, pR0 952 meM uddhRta) ne ina cAroM prakAroM kI paribhASAe~ dI haiM, jinameM bahuta matabheda hai| kuTIcaka saMnyAsI apane gRha meM hI saMnyAsa dhAraNa kara rahatA hai, zikhA, janeU, tridaNDa, kamaNDalu dhAraNa karatA hai tathA apane putroM yA kuTumbiyoM se bhikSA mAMgakara khAtA hai| vaha apane putroM dvArA nirmita kuTiyA meM hI rahatA hai| kuTIcaka loga gautama, bharadvAja, yAzavalkya evaM hArIta nAmaka zApiyA ke AzramoM meM bhI Thaharate the, ve prati dina kevala 8 grAsa bhojana karate the, yoga-mArga jAnate the aura mokSa-prApti ke sAdhanoM meM lage rahate the| baharakoM ke pAsa tridaNDa, kamaNDalu, kASAya vastra rahate haiM, ve RSitulya sAta brAhmaNoM ke yahA~ se bhikSA mAMgate haiM, kintu mAMsa, namaka evaM bAsI bhojana nahIM lete| haMsa loga prAma meM eka rAtri, nagara meM pAMca rAtriyoM se adhika mikSA gA~gane ke lie nahIM Thaharate, ve gomUtra yA gobara pIte-khAte haiM yA eka mAsa kA upavAsa karate haiM yA sadaiva cAndrAyaNa vrata karate rahate hai| smRtimuktAphala (varNAzrama, pR0 184) meM uddhRta pitAmaha ke mata se haMsa saMnyAsI ekadaNDI hote haiM aura kevala bhikSATana ke lie hI grAma meM praveza karate haiM, nahIM to deva khoha (guphA) meM, nadI-taTa para yA per3a ke nIce rahate haiN| paramahaMsa sadaiva per3a ke nIce hI khAlI makAna yA zmazAna meM nivAsa karate haiN| yA to venaMge rahate haiM yA vastra dhAraNa karate haiN| ve dharmAdharma, satyAsatya, pavitrApavitra ke dvandvoM yA daitoM ke pare rahate haiN| ve sabako eka-samAna mAnate haiM, sabako AtmA ke sAmana samajhate haiM aura sabhI vargoM ke yahA~ mikSA mAMgate haiN| parAzaramASavIya (122, pR0 172176) ke mata se paramahaMsoM ko eka daNDa dhAraNa karanA cAhie, isake anusAra paramahaMsa ke do prakAra haiM; vidvatparamahaMsa (jisane brahmAnubhUti kara lI ho) tathA vividiSu (jo AtmajJAna prApti ke lie satata saceSTa rahate haiN)| parAzaramAdhavIya ne bit kI vyAkhyA ke lie bRhadAraNyakopaniSad para tathA viviviSa ke lie jAbAlopaniSad para jora diyA hai| yAjJavalkya vidvatsaMnyAsa ke udAharaNa haiM, jisase jIvanmukti prApta hotI hai (jIvanmukti se isI jIvana meM arthAt isI zarIra ke sAtha mokSa prApta hotA hai)| vividiSA-saMnyAsa se mRtyUparAnta mokSa prApta hotA hai, jise vivaha mukti bhI kahA jAtA hai| dekhie jIvanmuktiviveka (pR. 4) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAbAlopaniSad (6) meM paramahaMsoM kA vizada varNana pAyA jAtA hai| kucha aise RSi haiM, yathA---saMvartaka, AruNi, zvetaketu, durvAsA Rbhu, nidAgha, jar3abharata, dattAtreya, raivataka, jo apane lie koI viziSTa cihna nahIM rakhate / ve yadyapi pAgala nahIM haiM, kintu pAgaloM jaisA vyavahAra karate haiM; kevala deha evaM AtmA ko sAtha rakhane ke lie ye loga mikSA ke lie bAhara jAte haiM; bhikSA kI prApti yA aprApti se aprabhAvita rahate haiM; unake pAsa ghara nahIM hotA, ve sadA ghUmA karate haiN| aura mandira meM yA ghAsa ke jhuNDa para yA valmIka para yA per3a ke nIce yA nadI-taSTa para yA guphA meM rahate haiM; ve kisI bhI vastu se moha nahIM rakhate, ve kevala paramAtmA ke dhyAna meM magna rahate haiM / * sUtasaMhitA ( 2 / 6 / 3-10) ke anusAra kevala haMsa evaM paramahaMsa hI zikhA evaM janeU kA tyAga kara sakate haiN| 496 saMnyAsopaniSad (13) meM do anya prakAra pAye jAte haiM, yathA--- -- turIyAtIta evaM avadhUta / turIyAtIta (jo cauthe stara arthAt paramahaMsa se Upara ho ) gAya ke samAna phalaM khAtA hai (hAthoM kA prayoga nahIM karatA), yadi vaha pakA bhojana le to kevala tIna gharoM se hI letA hai, vaha vastra nahIM dhAraNa karatA, usakA zarIra yoM hI jItA rahatA hai (kintu vaha usake viSaya meM bilkula saceta nahIM hotA), vaha apane zarIra se aisA vyavahAra karatA hai mAno vaha mara cukA hai| avadhUta kisI bhI prakAra kA niyantraNa nahIM maantaa| vaha kisI bhI varNa ke yahA~ bhojana kara sakatA hai, kintu patitoM evaM pApiyoM kA bhojana nahIM grahaNa krtaa| vaha ajagara ke samAna khAtA hai ( arthAt kabhI bhUkhA hI par3A rahatA thA kabhI binA kisI prayatna ke mukha kholate hue khUba khA letA hai ) / vaha sadA parabrahma ke vAstavika dhyAna meM nimagna rahatA hai / saMnyAsa tathA varNa kyA saMnyAsa tInoM varNoM ke loga dhAraNa kara sakate haiM yA kevala brAhmaNa ho ? isa prazna ke uttara meM gaharA matabheda rahA hai| zrutiyoM (vRhadAraNyakopaniSad 4 / 4 / 22, 3 / 5 / 1, muNDakopaniSad 1 / 2 / 12 Adi) ne to kevala brAhmaNoM ko hI sanyAsa ke yogya mAnA hai| yahI bAta manu ( 6 / 38) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / laghu-viSNu ( 5113 ) meM AyA hai ki saMnyAsa brAhmaNoM ke lie hai, anya dvijAtiyoM ke lie kevala tIna hI Azrama haiM / kintu anya lekhakoM ne zrutiyoM meM prayukta 'brAhmaNa' zabda ko 'upalakSaNa' arthAt udAharaNa ke rUpa meM mAnA hai aura sUtrakAra kAtyAyana ne to spaSTa kahA hai-"vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta tInoM varNaM cAroM AzramoM meM praveza kara sakate haiN|" jAbAlopaniSad (4) meM AyA hai- " cAhe vyakti vrata na kiye hoM, usane samAvartana ( vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta kRtyamaya snAna ) cAhe na kiyA ho, cAhe usakI vaidika afrat abhI nabujhI hoM; yadi vaha isa bhautika saMsAra se Uba cukA ho to vaha parivrAjaka saMnyAsI ho sakatA hai|"" spaSTa hai, isa ukti se brahmacArI bhI saMnyAsI ho sakatA hai, kSatriya evaM vaizya bhI saMnyAsI ho sakatA hai / yAjJavalkya (3 / 32) kA kahanA hai ki dvijAtiyoM ke viSaya meM manaH zuddhi kA eka sAghana hai saMnyAsa / kUrmapurANa (uttarArdha 28 / 2 ) ne bhI sabhI dvijoM ke lie saMnyAsI honA likhA hai / 4. taMtra paramahaMsA nAma saMvartakAruNizvetaketudurvAsa RbhunidAghajaubharatada saH zreyazvatakaprabhRtayo'vyaktaliMgA avyaktAcArA anunmattaH unmattavadAcarantaH prANasaMdhAraNArtha yayoktakAle vimukto bhaikSama (caran... lAbhAlAbhayoH rAmo bhUtvA zUnyAgAradevagRhatRNakUTavalmIkavRkSamUlasthaNDileza tevaniketavAsyaprayatno nirmamaH zukladhyAnaparAyaNo azubha karmanirmUlanaparaH saMnyAsena dehatyAgaM karoti sa paramahaMso nAma / jAvAlopaniSad ( 6 ) / 5. tatIvratAko vAsnAtaka vatsannagniko vA yadahareva virajetadahareva pravrajet / jAvAlopaniSad (43) /

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saMnyAsakA adhikAra 497 bahuta-se lekhakoM ne uparyukta donoM matoM kA samarthana kiyA hai| mahAn vicAraka zaMkarAcArya ne bRhadAraNyakaupaniSad (3 / 5 / 1 evaM 4 / 5 / 15) ke bhASya meM kevala brAhmaNoM ko hI saMnyAsa ke yogya mAnA hai| kintu zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya surezvara ne zAMkarabhASya ke vArtika meM apane guru ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| medhAtithi (manu 6 / 97), mitAkSarA, madanapArijAta (pR0 365-373), smRtimuktAphala (varNAzrama, pR0 176) ne kevala brAhmaNoM ko saMnyAsAzrama ke yogya ThaharAyA hai| kintu smRticandrikA (1, pR0 65) ne dUsare mata kA samarthana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata (Adiparva 119) ke anusAra kSatriya bhI saMnyAsI ho sakate haiN| zAntiparva (63 / 16-21) ne rAjAoM ko jIvana ke antima kSaNoM meM saMnyAsI ho jAne ko likhA hai| kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (8 / 14 evaM 16) meM raghu ke saMnyAsa kA kavitvamaya varNana upasthita kiyA hai aura saMnyAsI vRddha rAjA tathA naye abhiSikta rAjA kI tulanA bar3e manoraJjaka DhaMga se kI hai| saMnyAsa evaM zUdra smRtiyoM evaM madhya kAla ke granthoM ke anusAra zUdra saMnyAsa nahIM dhAraNa kara sktaa| zAntiparva (63 / 11-14) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki zUdra bhikSu nahIM ho sktaa| isameM eka sthAna (18132) para aisA AyA hai ki kucha loga (sambhavataH zUdra bhI) bAhya rUpa se saMnyAsI banakara bhikSA tathA dAna grahaNa karate haiN| ve sira muMDAkara, kASAya vastra dhAraNa kara idhara-udhara ghUmA karate haiM aura vaJcakatA pradarzita karate haiN| kintu prAcIna smRtiyoM ke avalokana se patA calatA hai ki zUdra loga bhI saMnyAsI bana sakate the| viSNudharmasUtra (5 / 115) evaM yAjJavalkya (2 / 241) meM spaSTa likhA hai ki jo loga zUdra saMnyAsI ko devoM evaM pitaroM ke pUjana-kRtyoM ke samaya bhojana dete haiM, una para 100 paNa kA daNDa laganA caahie| AzramavAsikaparva (26 / 33) meM AyA hai ki vidura saMnyAsI ke rUpa meM gAr3e gye| isa para TIkAkAra nIlakaNTha ne likhA hai ki isase spaSTa hotA he zUdra bhI saMnyAsI bana sakate the| saMnyAsa evaM nAriyAM prAcIna brAhmaNavAdI kAloM meM kabhI-kabhI nAriyA~ bhI saMnyAsa dhAraNa kara letI thiiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 3158) ne baudhAyana ke eka sUtra (strINAM caike) kA uddharaNa dete hue likhA hai ki kucha AcAryoM ke mata meM nAriyA~ bhI saMnyAsAzrama meM praviSTa ho sakatI thiiN| pataJjali ne apane mahAbhASya (2, pR0 100) meM zaMkarA nAmaka parivAjikA kA ullekha kiyA hai| smRticandrikA ne yama (vyavahAra, pR0 254) ko uddhRta kiyA hai-"nAriyoM ke lie na to vedoM meM aura na dharmazAstroM meM saMnyAsAzrama meM praviSTa hone kI vyavasthA pAyI jAtI hai, unakA ucita dharma hai apanI jAti ke puruSoM se santAnotpatti krnaa|" atri (136-137) ne likhA hai ki nAriyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie cha: kArya varjita haiM, jinake karane se pApa lagatA hai-japa, tapa, pravrajyA (saMnyAsa-jIvana), tIrthayAga, mantrasAdhana, devatArAdhana / kAlidAsa ne apane nATaka mAlavikAgnimitra meM paNDitA kauzikI ko saMnyAsI ke veza meM darzAyA hai (1314) / uparyukta vivecana se prakaTa hotA hai ki hindU dharma meM sAmAnyataH nAriyoM ke lie agRhI hokara saMnyAsiyoM-jaisA idhara-udhara ghUmanA acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA rahA hai| saMnyAsa tathA zUdra evaM nArI kI yogyatA ___ zUdroM evaM nAriyoM ke saMnyAsI banane kA prazna ulajhA huA-sA / 'saMnyAsa' zabda se do bhAvanAe~ prakaTa hotI haiM; (1) kisI uddezya kI prApti kI abhikAMkSA se utpanna sabhI prakAra ke kAryoM (kAmya karma) kA parityAga, evaM (2) kisI viziSTa jIvana-laMga (Azrama) kA anusaraNa, jisake bAhya lakSaNa haiM daNDa, kASAya AtilA dhAraNa karanA, dharma0 63

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498 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aura jisameM praveza karane ke pUrva preSa mantra kA uccAraNa karanA par3atA hai| jIvanmuktiviveka (pR. 3) ke anusAra mokSa (amRtatva) tyAga para nirbhara rahatA hai, jaisA ki kaivalyopaniSad (2) meM AyA hai-"na to karmoM se, na santAnotpatti se aura na dhana se hI balki tyAga se kucha logoM ne mokSa prApta kiyaa|" aise tyAga ke lie zUdroM evaM nAriyoM, donoM ko chUTa hai, nAriyoM ke tyAga meM sarvottama tyAga yAjJavalkya kI patnI maitreyI kA mAnA jAtA hai, jisane RSi yAjJavalkya se spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA thA-"jo mujhe amara nahIM banAyegA maiM use lekara kyA karU~gI?" (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 4 / 5 / 3-4) / bhagavadgItA (18 // 2) meM bhI AyA hai ki saMnyAsa (kisI uddezya kI prApti kI lAlasA se utpanna) karmoM kA tyAga hai| jIvanmuktiviveka meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki saMnyAsI kI mAtA evaM patnI ke saMnyAsAzrama meM praviSTa hone para ve punaH strI ke rUpa meM janma nahIM letI (pratyuta ve puraSa rUpa meM utpanna hotI haiN)| ataH nAriyA~ evaM zUdra bhI karmoM kA tyAga kara sakate haiM, bhale hI ve saMnyAsiyoM kI vilakSaNa veza-bhUSAe~ evaM anya bAhya upakaraNa dhAraNa na kara ske| vedAntasUtra (1 / 3 / 34) ke eka bhASyakAra zrIkara ke mata se saMnyAsa kevala tIna vargoM ke lie hai, kintu nyAsa (bhautika AnandoM evaM kAMkSAoM kA tyAga) to zUdroM, nAriyoM evaM varNasaMkaroM (mizrita jAti vAloM) dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMnyAsa tathA andhe, lule-la~gar3e, napuMsaka Adi kucha logoM ke mata se saMyAsa kevala anvoM, lUle-la~gar3oM tathA napuMsakoM ke lie hai, kyoMki ye loga vaidika kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke anadhikArI haiN| vedAntasUtra (3 / 4 / 20) ke bhASya meM svAmI zaMkarAcArya ne tathA surezvara ne zaMkarAcArya ke bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke bhASya meM isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| manu (6 / 36) kI vyAkhyA meM medhAtithi ne bhI upayukta mata kA khaNDana karate hue likhA hai ki andhe, lUle-laMgar3e, napuMsaka Adi saMnyAsa ke ayogya haiM, kyoMki saMnyAsa ke niyamoM kA pAlana unase nahIM ho sktaa| andhoM evaM lUle-la~gar3oM kA eka gA~va meM eka hI rAtri taka ThaharanA tathA napuMsakoM kA binA upanayana hue saMnyAsa dhAraNa karanA yuktisaMgata nahIM jaMcatA (napuMsakoM kA upanayana-saMskAra nahIM hotaa)| yahI lAta mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 3156) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| smRtimuktAphala (pR0 173) evaM yatidharmasaMgraha (pR0 5-6) ne uddharaNa diyA hai-"saMnyAsadharma se cyuta kA putra, asundara nakhoM evaM kAle dA~toM vAlA vyakti, kSaya roga se durbala, lUlA yA la~gar3A vyakti saMnyAsa nahIM dhAraNa kara sktaa| isI prakAra ve loga jo aparAdhI, pApI, vrAtya hote haiM, satya, zauca, yajJa, vrata, tapa, dayA, dAna, vedAdhyayana, homa Adi ke tyAgI hote haiM, unheM saMnyAsa grahaNa karane kI AjJA nahIM hai|" saMnyAsa evaM niyamabhraSTatA yatiyoM ke mukhya niyamoM meM eka niyama thA patnI evaM gaha kA tyAga tathA maithuna ke viSaya meM kabhI na socanA yA punaH gRhastha bana jAne kI icchA para niyantraNa rkhnaa| avi (8 / 16 evaM 18) ne ghoSita kiyA hai-"maiM usa vyakti ke lie kisI prAyazcitta kI kalpanA taka nahIM kara sakatA ko saMnyAsI ho jAne ke uparAnta bhraSTa yA cyata ho jAtA hai; vaha na to dvija hai aura na zudra hai, usakI santati cANDAla ho jAtI hai aura vidUra kahalAtI hai|" zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra ke bhASya (3 / 442) meM atri ke uparyukta bacana ko uddhRta karake kahA hai ki prAyazcina na hone kI bAta kevala kAmukatA ke pralobhana se bacane para bala dene ke lie kahI gayI hai, vAstava meM prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| yadi koI bhikSu maithuna kara baiThatA hai to usakA prAyazcitta hai| dakSa (7133) ne likhA hai ki rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha usa vyakti ke mastaka para kutte ke paira kI muhara lagAkara deza-nikAlA kara de, jo saMnyAsI ho jAne ke uparAnta niyamoM (brahmacarya rahane yA 'la~goTA kasakara bA~dhane Adi niyamoM) kA pAlana nahIM krtaa| jo saMnyAsI ke dharma se cyata ho jAtA hai, vaha jIvana bhara rAjA kA dAsa rahatA hai| atri ke mata se saMnyAsI ko usa sthAna para, jahA~ usake mAtA, pitA, bhAI,

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maTha tathA mahanta mahina, patnI, putra, vadhU, sambandhI, sajAtIya, mitra, putrI yA putrI ke putra Adi rahate haiM, eka dina bhI nahIM rahanA cAhie (smRtimuktAphala, pR0 206) / saMnyAsI tathA maTha evaM unake jhagar3e Arambha me uparyukta niyamo kA pAlana bharapUra hotA thaa| svamI zaMkarAcArya jIvana paryanta brahmacArI rahe, kintu unhoMne apane siddhAntoM evaM darzana ke pracAra ke lie cAra maTha sthApita kiye (zRMgerI, purI, dvArakA evaM bdrii)| zraddhAluoM eva bhaktoM ne ina maThoM ko bahuta dAnAdi diye| maThoM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI aura unameM sampatti mI ekatra hone lagI, jisa para svAmitva pramukha dharmAdhyakSoM yA mahantoM kA rahane lgaa| kevala advaitI saMnyAsiyoM meM dasa zAkhAe~ ho gayI, yaza-tIthe, Azrama, vana, araNya, giri, parvata, sAgara, sarasvatI, bhAratI evaM purii| inheM svAmo zaMkarAcArya ke cAra viSyoM ke uttarAdhikArI ziSyoM ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai, yathA- padmapAda ke ziSya the tArtha eva Azrama, tAmalaka ke the vana evaM araNya, troTaka ke the giri, parvata evaM sAgara tathA surezvara ke the sarasvatA, bhAratI evaM purii| zRMgerI, kAsnI, kumbhakoNam, kur3algi, saMkezvara, zivagaMgA nAmaka maThoM ke adhikAra-kSetra, dhArmika pramukhatA Adi viSayoM meM bahuta matabheda evaM jhagar3e hote rahe haiN| apane adhikAroM kI abhivyakti evaM puSTatA ke lie bahuta se maThoM ne guruoM evaM ziSyoM kI kamAvaliyoM meM hera-phera kara DAlA hai aura bahuta sI managaDhanta bAteM jor3a lI haiN| isa prakAra vibhinna maThoM dvArA upasthApita sUciyoM ke nAmoM meM sAmya nahIM pAyA jaataa| eka sUcI ke anusAra surezvara 700 yA 800 varSa taka jIte rhe| svAmI zaMkarAcArya ke samAna rAmAnujAcArya evaM madhvAcArya ke bhI bahuta-se ziSyoM ne maTha sthApita kiye| vallabhAcArya tathA unake ziSyoM ne saMnyAsa nahIM grahaNa kiyaa| unake mata se saMnyAsa kaliyuga meM vajita hai; caudhe Azrama meM kevala praveza hone se saMnyAsa nahIM prApta ho jAtA, balki uddhava aise bhakta ke vyavahAra se parityAga kA sAra sAmane AtA hai (bhAgavata, 314) / bahuta-se maThoM meM apAra sampatti hai jo zAna-zaukata (sone kA mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa evaM anya kharcIle kAryoM) meM kharca hotI hai| bahuta kama hI maThAdhIza par3he-likhe haiM, yahA~ taka ki bahutoM ko saMskRta bhASA taka kA jJAna nahIM hotA, bahudhA ve Adhunika vicAroM evaM AvazyakatAoM ke prati nirapekSa hote haiM aura sudhAra-sambandhI kAryoM ke viruddha rahate haiN| kevala ine-gine maThoM ke kucha mahanta jIvana bhara brahmacarya rakha sake haiN| mahantoM meM adhikAMza gRhastha hone ke uparAnta saMnyAsI hue the| isake atirikta gaddI prApta karane ke lie bhayaMkara hor3a evaM jhagar3e calate haiN| bahuta-se maThoM ke mahantoM kI mRtyu pAsa A jAne para kucha loga kisI icchuka gRhastha ko pakar3akara bAbA (mahanta) kA celA banA dete haiM, jo bAbA kI mRtyu ke uparAnta svayaM maThAdhIza ho jAtA hai| svabhAvataH aisA mahanta apane ghara kA moha nahIM chor3atA aura kramazaH maTha kI sampatti ghara yA bAla-baccoM ko bhejatA rahatA hai| jaba taka upayukta uttarAdhikArI kA cunAva nahIM hotA taba taka maThoM kA sudhAra nahIM ho sktaa| vAstaya meM mahanta ke bahuta-se ziSya hone cAhie, mahanta kI mRtyu-zayyA para cunAva nahIM honA cAhie, 6. yogapaTTaM ca dAtavyaM vedAntAbhyAsataH param / tato nAma prakartavyaM guruNA sarvasammatam // tiirthaashrmvnaargiriprvtsaagraaH| sarasvatI bhAratI ca purI nAma yatedaMza ||shriipaadsNjnyyaa vAkyaM (dhAcyaM ?) nAma tasya yathAtavam / bArambha tvayA kArya bImAbyAkhyAdikaM sadA / yogapaTTopi rAtavyaH ziSye samyak parIkSite // smRtinuktAphala (pAMgama, 10 182 tathA yatidharmasaMgraha, pR0 103) meM ubRt| aura dekhie vilasana kRrata 'Religious Sects of the Hinus' in works, Vol 1 (1861), p. 202 evaM 10 phakuMhara kRta 'Outlines of the Religious Literature of India (1920) p. 174 jisameM basanAmiyoM ke bAre meM likhA huA hai|

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500 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha viziSTa vyaktiyoM kI eka pratinidhi-sabhA ke svara kA mAna honA caahie| saMnyAsiyoM ke maThoM ke adhipati athavA mahanta kabhI-kamI sampatti, mAna-sammAna evaM adhikAra-kSetra kA mAmalA lekara kacaharI taka pahuMcate haiN| udAharaNArtha hama nimna mAmaloM kI jAMca kara sakate haiN| zrRMgerI maTha ke zaMkarAcArya mahanta ne dAvA kiyA ki kevala unheM hI pAlakI para car3hakara mArga para calane kA adhikAra hai, liMgAyatoM ke svAmI aisA nahIM kara sakate (dekhie, 3, mUra kI iNDiyana apIlsa, pR0 198) / dvArakA ke zAradA maTha ke zaMkarAcArya ne mAmalA peza kiyA ki prativAI ko zaMkarAcArya kI upAdhi evaM mAna-sammAna kA adhikAra nahIM milanA cAhie aura na use ahamadAbAda kI janatA kI dAna-dakSiNA aura na gujarAta ke anya sthAnoM ke dAnAdi prApta karane kA adhikAra hai| vaha na to zaMkarAcArya hai aura na zAradA maTha ke zaMkarAcArya kI padavI kA vAstavika adhikArI hai. (dekhie, madhusUdana parvata banAma zrI mAdhava tIrtha, 33, bambaI, 278) / vidyAzaMkara banAma vidyAnarasiMha (51, bambaI 442, privI kauMsila) ke mAmale meM privI kauMsila ko cAra vyaktiyoM ke jhagar3e ko taya karanA par3A thA, jisameM vAdI evaM prativAdI donoM apane ko saMkezvara evaM karavIra maTha ke zaMkarAcArya kahate the, aura unhoMne apane uttarAdhikArI bhI pahale se niyukta kara liye the| isa prakAra isa mAmale meM cAra vyaktiyoM kA svArtha nihita thaa| ina donoM udAharaNoM se vyakta hotA hai ki mahAn saMnyAsI evaM dArzanika vidvAn zaMkarAcArya ke AdarzoM kI pUjA Adhunika samaya meM kisa prakAra ho rahI hai ! Azcarya hai, una mahAn vicAraka evaM parama medhAvI dArzanika tathA advitIya brahmacArI saMnyAsI ke nAmadhArI Aja ke saMnyAsI maThoM kI gaddI para baiThakara unakA nAma beca rahe haiN| unheM jIvanmuktiviveka evaM usake dvArA uddhRta medhAtithi ke zabda smaraNa rakhane cAhie; "yadi nivAsasthAna ke rUpa meM koI saMnyAsI koI maTha prApta karatA hai to usakA mana maTha kI unnati evaM hAni se calAyamAna ho uThegA, ataH kisI saMnyAsI ko maTha kI prApti nahIM karanI cAhie, use apane prayoga ke lie sone evaM cA~dI ke pAtra evaM baratana bhI nahIM rakhane cAhie aura na apanI sevA sammAna, yaza-prasAra evaM dhana-lAbha ke lie ziSya-saMgraha karanA cAhie, use kevala logoM kI abodhatA yA ajJAna dUra karane ke lie ziSya-saMgraha karanA caahie|" uttarakAlIna saMnyAsI vedAntI.saMnyAsiyoM ke viSaya meM DA0 je0 ena0 pharkuhara (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1925, pR0 479-486)ne eka bahuta hI vidvattApUrNa lekha likhA hai| usameM isakA varNana hai ki kisa prakAra astroM evaM zastroM se susajjita musalamAna phakIroM ne hindU saMnyAsiyoM ko kaSTa diyA tathA bahutoM ko talavAra ke ghATa utAra diyA, kisa prakAra madhusUdana sarasvatI ne samrATa akabara ke pAsa jAkara usase prArthanA kI, kisa prakAra pUrI sahAyatA na pAne para madhusUdana sarasvatI ne dasanAmiyoM meM sAta nAmoM ke saMnyAsiyoM ke rUpa meM kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ko dIkSita kara unheM astra-zastra se susajjita kiyA, kisa prakAra ina saMnyAsiyoM ne musalamAna phakIroM se tathA apane meM yuddha kiyA, kisa prakAra abrAhmaNa nAriyA~ giri evaM purI ke rUpa meM dIkSita ra kisa prakAra uttara bhArata meM Aja kevala tIrtha, Athama evaM sarasvatI nAmaka saMnyAsI hI ekAntika rUpa meM bace hue haiN| uparyukta nayI rIti se dIkSita saMnyAsiyoM kI paramparA ne Age calakara bhayaMkara pariNAma upasthita 7. yadi niyatavAsArtha kaMcinmaThaM saMpAdayettadAnoM tasminmamatve sati tadIyahAnivRkhacozcittaM vikssipyet|.. payA maTho na parigrahItavyastathA sauvarNarAjatAdImA bhikSAcamanAdipAtrANAmekamapi na gRhnniiyaat|...medhaatithirpi / AsanaM pAtralopazcAsaMyamaH shissysNgrhH| divAsvApo vRthAlApo yatendhakarANi SaT // ... zuzrUSAlAbhapUjArthaM yazoyaM - vA prigrhH| ziSyANAM na tu kAruNyAtsa jJeyaH shissysNgrhH|| jIvanmuktiviveka, pR0 158-9 /

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maTha tathA mahatta 501 kiye| saMnyAsiyoM evaM phaqIroM ne baMgAla prAnta ko chopa- sA liyaa| briTiza zAsana ke Arambhika dinoM meM ( 18vIM zatAbdI ke dvitIya caraNa meM) ^ unake AkramaNoM evaM upadravoM ne baMgAla ko parezAna evaM tabAha kara rakhA thaa| isase hama samajha sakate haiM ki kisa prakAra saMnyAsiyoM kA ahiMsA nAmaka prabala sUtra kAlAntara meM badala gayA / saMnyAsI evaM unake dAya- samvandhI adhikAra prAcIna evaM Adhunika hindU qAnUnoM ke anusAra saMnyAsI ho jAne para vyakti kA apane parivAra, sampatti evaM yasIyata se viccheda ho jAtA hai (vasiSTadharmasUtra 17 / 52) / kintu yaha pariNAma kevala geruA dhAraNa mAtra se hI nahIM hotA pratyuta usake lie ( saMnyAsa - dhAraNa ke lie) Avazyaka kRtya sampAdita karane par3ate haiN| isI prakAra saMnyAsI kI sampatti ( yathA -- vastra, khar3AmU, pustakeM Adi ) usake ghara vAloM ko nahIM, pratyuta usake ziSya yA ziSyoM ko prApta hotI haiM (dekhie yAjJavalkya 2 / 137 evaM usI para mitAkSarA ) / yadi koI zUdra saMnyAsI ho jAya to ye niyama usa para nahIM lAgU hote the / Adarza-cyuta saMnyAsI evaM gharabArI gosAIM saMnyAsa ke Adarza para bhayaMkara kuThArAghAta par3A usa chUTa se jisameM saMnyAsI logoM ko strI yA rakhaila rakhane kI AjJA mila gayI / tidharmasaMgraha ( pR0 108 ) meM uddhRta vAyupurANa ke kathana se patA calatA hai ki jo vyakti saMnyAsI hone ke uparAnta maithuna karatA hai, vaha 60,000 varSoM taka nAbadAna kA kIr3A banA rahatA hai aura usake uparAnta cUhe, giddha, kutte, bandara, sUara, per3a, puSpa, phala, preta kI yoniyoM ko pAra karatA huA cANDAla ke rUpa meM janma letA hai| rAjataraMgiNI ( 3112) kA kahanA hai ki meghavAhana kI rAnI dvArA nirmita maTha ke eka bhAga meM niyamoM ke anusAra calane vAle saMnyAsI rahate the aura dUsare bhAga meM vaise aniyamita saMnyAsI rahate the, jinake sAtha unakI patniyA~, dhana-sampatti evaM pazu Adi the ( arthAt dUsare bhAga meM gRhastha saMnyAsI rahate the) / aise saMnyAsiyoM ko, jo gRhastha rUpa meM rahate haiM, gharabArI gosAIM kahate haiM / bambaI prAnta meM unheM gharabhArI gosAvI kahA jAtA hai| saMnyAsa evaM nRpati-parivrAjaka kucha gupta abhilekhoM se patA calatA hai ki gupta samrAToM ke sAmantoM meM kucha aise rAjA the jinakI upAdhi thI nRpati-parivrAjaka, arthAt rAjakIya saMnyAsI / DA0 phlITa (guptAbhilekha, pR0 95, pAdaTippaNI 1) ne isa upAdhi ko 'rAjarSi' nAmaka upAdhi ke samakakSa rakhA hai| kintu yaha bAta ja~catI nahIM / nRpati-parivrAjakoM kA gotra thA bharadvAja aura unake saMsthApaka kapila ke avatAra mAne jAte the ( pR0 115 ) / ho sakatA hai ki kula ke saMsthApaka mahodaya rAjya karane ke uparAnta bur3hautI meM parivrAjaka ho gaye hoM aura unake vaMzaja loga bhI usI paramparA meM rAjya karane ke uparAnta saMnyAsI hote gaye hoN| isI se sambhavataH unheM nRpati-parivrAjaka kahA jAtA thA / smRtimuktAphala ( pR0 176 ) meM 'uddhRta vyAsa evaM yatidharmasaMgraha ke mata se kaliyuga meM saMnyAsa varjita hai, kintu unake mata se yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki jaba taka varNAzramadharma kI paramparA calatI rahegI, saMnyAsa kI paramparA kaliyuga meM bhI mAnya rhegii| apane vrAtyatA 8. belie rAya sAhaba yAminImohana ghoSa dvArA likhita (1930) grantha Sannyasi and Fakir raiders in Bengal. 9. vyAsaH / agnyAdheyaM gavAlambhaM saMnyAsaM palyaMtukam / bebarena sutotpatti kalau paJca vivarjayet // iti /

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502 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prAyazcittanirNaya meM nAgeza ne vyAsakRta saMnyAsapaddhati ke anusAra eka vilakSaNa ukti yaha dI hai ki jaba kaliyuga ke 4400 varSa bIta jAya~ (1299 I0 ke uparAnta) to samajhadAra brAhmaNa ko saMnyAsa nahIM dhAraNa karanA caahie| lagatA hai, taba taka musalima AkrAmakoM ne saMnyAsiyoM para apane AkramaNa Arambha kara diye the, aura tabhI dharmazAstrakAroM ne saMnyAsiyoM ko niyamaviruddha calate dekhakara tathA una para kaTTara musalamAnoM ke AkramaNa hote dekhakara uparyukta uddharaNa pracArita kiyaa| nirNayasindhu (3, pUrvArdha, antima) ne bhI vyAsa kI uparyukta ukti doharAyI hai aura kahA hai ki saMnyAsa-sambandhI varjanA kevala tridaNDI saMnyAsiyoM ke lie hai| saMnyAsa kI vidhi saMnyAsa-vidhi kA varNana baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 10 / 11-30), baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (4 / 16), vaikhAnasa (9 / 6-8) meM huA hai| sambhavataH baudhA0 dharma0 kA varNana sabase prAcIna hai| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama yahA~ vidhi kA vistAra upasthita nahIM kreNge| jo bhI vidhi kI jAtI hai, usakA tAtparya hai bhautika sambandhoM kA tyAga, sAMsArika evaM pRthivI-sambandhI dhana ke prati ghRNA, ahiMsAmaya jIvana, brahma kA cintana evaM usakI svAnubhUti krnaa| sira, dAr3hI tathA zarIra ke sabhI aMgoM ke bAla banavAkara, tIna daMDoM ko eka meM jor3akara, eka vastra-khaNDa (jala chAnane ke lie), eka kamaNDalu evaM eka bhikSA-pAtra lekara vyakti japa-dhyAna . kRtyoM meM saMlagna hotA hai| madhya kAla ke granthoM meM, vizeSataH smRtyarthasAra (pR0 96-97), smRtimuktAphala (pR0 177-182), yatidharmasaMgraha (pR0 10-22), nirNayasindhu (3, uttarArdha, pR0 628-632), dharmasindhu ne saMnyAsa-vidhi para vizada rUpa se prakAza DAlA hai| aise kaI granthoM evaM paddhatiyoM ne saMnyAsa-sambandhI 'brahmAnandI' nAmaka grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo abhI taka aprApya hai| Atura-saMnyAsa jAbAlopaniSad (5) ne una logoM ke saMnyAsa kA bhI varNana kiyA hai, jo rogI haiM yA maraNAsanna haiN| aise logoM ke lie vistRta vivi yA kRtyoM kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kevala zabdoM dvArA udghoSa evaM manaH saMkalpa hI paryApta hai| smRtimuktAphala (pR0 174 evaM 182) meM uddhRta aMgirA evaM sumantu kA kahanA hai-"jaba vyakti bur3hApe se jIrNa-zIrNa ho gayA ho, zatruoM se bahuta kaSTa pA rahA ho yA kisI asAdhya roga se pIr3ita ho, to vaha kevala 'preSa' mantra kA uccAraNa karake saMnyAsI ho sakatA hai", arthAt usake lie vistArapUrNa vidhi kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| aise logoM ke lie, jo mRtyu ke dvAra para khar3e haiM, kevala saMkalpa, preSa (yathA "maiMne saba kucha tyAga diyA hai" jo vyAhRtiyoM ke sAtha kahA jAtA hai) evaM ahiMsA ke lie praNa kara lenA hI yatheSTa hai, anya kRtya paristhitiyoM ke anusAra kiye yA nahIM bhI kiye jA sakate haiN| Ajakala aise saMnyAsa (Atura saMnyAsa) meM dhArmika vyakti bahudhA pravRtta hote haiM aura saMkalpa, kSaura (sira Adi kA muNDana), sAvitrIpraveza evaM preSoccAra nAmaka kRtya hI paryApta mAna liye jAte haiN| saMnyAsa tathA zikhA evaM yajJopavIta (janeU) kyA saMnyAsI ko apanI zikhA evaM janeU kA tyAga kara denA cAhie? isa viSaya meM prAcIna kAla se hI mata tasyApavAdamAha sa eva / pAvavarNavibhAgo'sti yAvadaH prvrtte| tAvanyAso'gnihotraM ca kartavyaM tu kalau yuge|iti / smRtimuktAphala, pR0 176 (varNAzrama), yatidharmasaMgraha, pR0 2-3 /

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ziSTa-pariSad aura dharmanirNaya 503 bheda rahA hai / jAbAlopaniSad (5) ke ullekha ke anusAra jaba atri ne yAjJavalkya se pUchA ki saMnyAsI ho jAne para jaba vyakti apane janeU kA tyAga kara detA hai to vaha brAhmaNa kaise kahalA sakatA hai, taba yAjJavalkya ne uttara diyA ki saMnyAsI kI AtmA hI usakA janeU (yajJopavIta) hai / jAbAlopaniSad (6) meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki paramahaMsa ko jala meM apane tInoM daNDoM, kamaNDalu, zikya, bhikSApAtra, jala chAnanevAle vastra khaNDa, zikhA evaM yajJopavIta ko chor3a denA cAhie aura AtmA kI khoja meM lagA rahanA cAhie / yahI bAta AruNikopaniSad (2) meM mI pAyI jAtI hai| zaMkarAcArya bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 2/511 ) ke bhASya meM donoM pakSoM kI bAteM kahate hue anta meM apanA mata dete haiM ki yajJopavIta evaM zikhA kA parityAga ho jAnA caahie| yahI bAta vizvarUpa (yAjJavalkya 3 / 66) ne bhI kahI hai| kintu vRddha- hArIta ( 8157) kA kahanA hai- "yadi saMnyAsI brahmakarma arthAt zikhA evaM janeU kA parityAga kara detA hai to vaha jIte-jI cANDAla ho jAtA hai aura mRtyu ke pazcAt kutte kA janma pAtA hai|" jIvanmuktiviveka ( pR0 6) evaM parAzaramAghavIya (12, pR0 164 ) ne isa ukti kA vivecana upasthita kara anta meM zaMkarAcArya kI bAta doharAyI hai| yahI bAta mitAkSarA (yAza 0 3 / 58 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| Ajakala ke saMnyAsI zikhA evaM janeU nahIM dhAraNa karate / saMnyAsa evaM kucha viziSTa niyama saMnyAsiyoM ke Ahnika kRtyoM ke viSaya meM kucha viziSTa niyama nirmita haiM ( yatidharmasaMgraha, pR0 95 ) / unako zauca, dantadhAvana, snAna Adi gRhasthoM kI bhA~ti hI karanA caahie| manu (5 / 137, vasiSThadharmasUtra 4 19, viSNudharmasUtra 60 / 26, zaMkha 16 / 23-24) kA kahanA hai ki vAnaprasthoM evaM saMnyAsiyoM ko gRhasthoM ke samAna hI krama se tIna evaM cAra bAra zauca karma ( zarIra-zuddhi) karanA caahie| bhojana kevala eka bAra aura vaha bhI kevala 8 grAsa khAnA caahie| saMnyAsiyoM ko puruSottama ( cAra svarUpoM ke sAtha vAsudeva), vyAsa ( sumantu, jaimini, vaizampAyana evaM paila nAmaka cAra ziSyoM ke sAtha), bhASyakAra zaMkara (cAroM ziSyoM arthAt padmapAda, hastAmalaka, troTaka evaM surezvara ke sAtha) Adi kI pUjA karanI caahie| Adara-sammAna ke AdAna-pradAna ke viSaya meM bhI kucha niyama bane haiN| saMnyAsI ko cAhie ki vaha devoM evaM apane se bar3e saMnyAsiyoM ko, jo niyamAnukUla apane mArga para calate hoM, namaskAra kare, kintu kisI gRhastha ko, cAhe vaha AcAravAn evaM vicAravAn hI kyoM na ho, namaskAra nahIM karanA caahie| yadi use koI namaskAra kare to use kevala 'nArAyaNa' kahanA cAhie, na ki AzIrvAda denA caahie| jaba saMnyAsI mara jAya ( yahA~ taka ki vaha bhI jisane mRtyu - zayyA para hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho ) to use jalAnA nahIM cAhie balki pRthivI meM gAr3a denA cAhie / yati kI mRtyu para rodana Adi nahIM karanA cAhie aura na zrAddha hI karanA cAhie, kevala 11veM dina pArvaNa kara denA cAhie ( aparArka pR0 538 ) / yadi saMnyAsI apane putra kI mRtyu yA kisI sambandhI kI mRtyu kA samAcAra sune to vaha apavitra nahIM hotA, aura na use snAna hI karanA cAhie, kintu mAtA yA pitA kI mRtyu sunakara vaha snAna avazya karatA hai, kintu vilApa nahIM karatA / pariSad, ziSTa aura dharmanirNaya dharmazAstra ke siddhAnta ke anusAra rAjA na kevala paura evaM janapada ke zAsana kA mukhyAdhikArI hai, pratyuta vaha nyAya kA pramukha srota hai| rAjA dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika saMsthAoM kA sayamanakartA evaM rakSaka hai| vaha janatA ko dharma meM niyojita karatA hai evaM dhArmika tathA AdhyAtmika ullaMghanoM para daNDa detA hai| saMkSepa meM, vaha dharma kA rakSaka hai ( gautama 111911, viSNudharmasUtra 32- 3, nArada, prakIrNaka 5/7 yAjJavalkya 11337 evaM 359, atri 17 - 20, manu 7 / 13 ) / kintu rAjA dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika bAteM svataH nahIM taya karatA thA, pratyuta vaha purohita evaM mantriyoM kI sammati evaM vidvAn logoM kI sabhAoM arthAt pariSad kI rAya se hI karatA thaa| jaba kabhI koI dhArmika yA prAyazcitta-sambandhI yA patita

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504 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke niSkAsana Adi ke mAmale uTha khar3e hote the to pariSad kI sammati lI jAtI thii| ataH dharmazAstroM (dharmasUtroM, smRtiyoM, nibandhoM Adi) meM pariSad ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM niyama Adi batalAye gaye haiN| taittirIyopaniSad (1 / 11) meM vidyAdhyayana ke uparAnta guru ziSya se kahatA hai--"yadi tumheM kisI kRtya yA AcAra ke viSaya meM kisI prakAra kI AzaMkA ho to tumheM vaisA hI karanA cAhie jaisA ki tumhAre yahA~ ke vicAravAn, kartavyapAlana meM parAyaNa, sadaya evaM dhArmika brAhmaNa loga karate haiM.. .tumheM bhI vaisA hI honA caahie...|"" Rgveda (10 / 34 / 6) meM prayukta sabhA' evaM 'samiti' (10 / 9716) nAmaka zabdoM kA samyak tAtparya abhI vivAdagrasta hai| kahIM-kahIM to sabhA zabda dyUta-sthala kA bhI dyotaka samajhA gayA hai| kintu upaniSadoM meM 'samiti' evaM 'pariSad' jaise zabdoM ne eka nizcita artha pakar3a liyA hai, arthAt kisI viziSTa sthAna meM vidvAn logoM kI smaa|' chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 3 / 1) meM AyA hai ki jaba zvetaketu AruNeya paJcAloM kI samiti meM gayA to vahA~ usase pravAhaNa jaivali ne tattvajJAna evaM gUDhArtha sambandhI pA~ca prazna kiye| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6 / 2 / 1) ne isI ghaTanA ke varNana meM pariSad' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| ina uktiyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki upaniSadoM ke kAla meM vidvAn logoM kI samAe~ hotI thI, jahA~ kaThina praznoM para vivecana hotA thaa| gautama (28 / 46) ne bhI taittirIyopaniSad (1 / 11) kI bhA~ti saMdehAtmaka praznoM ke lie vidvAn logoM se pUcha lene kI bAta calAyI hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 // 3 // 11 // 34) kA kahanA hai ki usake dvArA nirdiSTa chuTTiyoM ke atirikta anya chuTTiyA~ pariSadoM dvArA taya kI jAtI haiN|" baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 1 / 44-45) ne pariSad evaM usake kArya kI carcA kI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki IsA se lagabhaga pA~ca zatAbdI pUrva pariSadoM ko itanA zaktizAlI banA diyA gayA thA ki ve sabhI prakAra ke nirNaya dene meM samartha thIM, yathA adhyayanAghyApana meM avakAza-nirNaya, mUr3ha praznoM kA vivecana, prAyazcitta-sambandhI vyavasthA aadi| vasiSThadharma0 (1116) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki dharmazAstra evaM tInoM vedoM ke jJAtA loga jo kucha kahate haiM, vaha dharma hai| yahI bAta Apastambadharma0 (1 / 11 / 2) ne dUsare DhaMga se kahI hai-"dharmavid logoM dvArA sthApita paramparAe~ anya logoM ke lie pramANa hotI haiN|" jaba smRtiyA~ yaha kahatI haiM ki "veda, smRti evaM ziSTAcAra dharma ke tIna upakaraNa haiM" (vasiSThadharma0 114-5), to isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ziSToM ko samaya-samaya para dhArmika AcaraNa ke svarUpa kA nirNaya karanA caahie| dharma ke nirNaya ke sambandha meM tarka kI mahattA gAyI gayI hai (manu 12 / 106, gautama 1023-24) / mana (12 / 108) kA kahanA hai-"jaba isa pastaka meM kisI viziSTa bAta ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa nirNaya na pAyA jAya to ziSTa brAhmaNa loga jo nirNaya deM use hI ucita niyama mAnanA caahie|" yAjJavalkya (3 / 300) ne likhA hai ki doSI yA aparAdhI ko vidvAn brAhmaNoM ke samakSa apane doSa evaM aparAdha kaha dene cAhie aura pariSad dvArA jo vrata Adi karane ko kahe jAyeM unakA samyak pAlana karanA caahie| zaMkarAcArya ne bRhadAraNyako 10. atha yadi te karmavicikitsAmAvRttavicikitsA vA syAt / ye tatra brAhmaNAH sNmshinH| yuktA aayuktaaH| bhalamA dharmakAmAH syuH| yathA te tatra vartana tathA tatra brtessaaH| ayAmyAkhyAteSu / ye tatra brAhmaNAH...teSu vrtmaaH| te0 upa0 211 // 11. zvetaketuhariNeyaH paJcAlAna samitimeyAya ta ha pravAhaNo jaivaliruvAca / chA0 upa0 5 / 3.1; zvetaketuI AraNeyaH paJcAlAnAM pariSadamAjagAma / bRha. upa0 6 / 2 / 1 / 12. anAzAte dazAvaraH ziSTalahavibhiralugdhaH prazasta kAryam / gautama 28 / 46; yathoktamanyavataH pariSatsu / Apa0 dharma0 1 // 3 // 1 // 34 //

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ziSTa-pariSad aura dharmanirNaya 505 paniSad ke bhASya meM likhA hai-"ataH dharma ke sUkSma nirNaya meM kisI pariSad kA honA Avazyaka hai tathA vizeSa rUpa se kisI prasiddha vyakti kA nirNaya Avazyaka hai, jaisA ki niyama bhI hai-eka pariSad meM kama-se-kama dasa yA tIna yA eka viziSTa vyakti kA honA paramAvazyaka hai|"" zaMkarAcArya kI uparyukta ukti se spaSTa hotA hai ki unase lagabhaga 1500 varSa pahale pariSadoM kI paramparAe~ vidyamAna thI, jo dharma evaM AcAra-sambandhI nirNaya diyA karatI thiiN| pariSad meM kitane vyakti hone cAhie aura unakI yogyatA kitanI honI cAhie? isa viSaya meM gautama (28) 46-47) ke anusAra pariSad meM kama-se-kama dasa vyakti hone cAhie, yathA-cAra vedajJa, eka naiSThika brahmacArI, eka gRhastha, eka saMnyAsI tathA tIna dhrmshaastrjny| vasiSThadharma0 (3 / 20), baudhAyana0 (13138), parAzara (8 / 27) evaM aMgirA ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki pariSad meM dasa vyakti hone cAhie, yathA-cAra vedajJa, eka mImAMsaka, eka SaDvedAMgaza, eka dharmazAstrajJa, tIna anya vyakti, jinameM eka gRhastha, eka vAnaprastha evaM eka saMnyAsI ho / manu (12 / 111) ke mata se dasa pArSada ye haiM-tIna vedajJa (eka-eka veda ko jAnanevAle, atharvaveda ko chor3akara), eka tarkazAstrI, eka mImAMsaka, eka niruktajJa, eka dharmazAstrajJa, ekaM gRhastha, eka vAnaprastha tathA eka sNnyaasii| parAzaramAdhavIya (2 / 1, pR0 218) dvArA uddhRta bRhaspati ke anusAra eka pariSad meM 7 yA 5 vyakti baiTha sakate haiM, jinameM pratyeka ko vedajJa, vedAMgajJa, dharmazAstrajJa honA caahie| isa prakAra kI pariSad pavitra evaM yajJa ke samAna mAnI jAtI hai (aura dekhie aparArka, pR0 23) / vasiSThadharmasUtra (37), yAjJavalkya (119), manu (12 / 112), parAzara (8.11) ke anusAra pariSad meM kama-se-kama 4-yA 3 vyakti hone cAhie, jinameM pratyeka ko vedajJa, agnihotrI evaM dharmazAstrajJa honA caahie| gautama (28 / 48) kA kahanA hai ki yadi tIna vyakti na pAye jA sakeM to saMzaya upasthita hone para viziSTa guNoM se samanvita eka vyakti hI paryApta hai| aise vyakti ko sarvazreSTha brAhmaNa, ziSTa, veda kA gambhIra adhyetA honA cAhie (gautama 2848, manu 12 / 213 evaM atri 143) / yAjJavalkya (17), parAzara (8 / 13), aMgirA kA kahanA hai ki eka hI vyakti yadi vaha sarvottama saMnyAsI ho evaM Atmavit ho, pariSad kA rUpa le sakatA hai aura saMzaya upasthita hone para yathocita niyama kA udghoSa kara sakatA hai| yadyapi samaya par3ane para eka vyakti dvArA saMzaya meM nirNaya dene kI bAta kahI gayI hai, kintu sAtha hI dharmazAstrakAroM ne yaha bhI ghoSita kiyA hai ki jahAM taka sambhava ho eka vyakti hI pariSada na mAnA jAya; baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1113) kA kahanA hai-"dharma kI gati bar3I sUkSma hotI hai, usakA anusaraNa karanA bahuta kaThina hai, isameM bahuta se dvAra haiM (arthAt dharma vibhinna paristhitiyoM yA avasaropara vibhinna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai), ataH bahujJa hone para bhI saMzaya kI sthiti meM sarvathA akele hI dharmAcAra ke viSaya meM udghoSa nahIM karanA caahie|"" dharma kI bAteM mUrkha logoM ke mata se nahIM taya kI jAnI cAhie, cAhe ve sahasroM kI saMkhyA 13. ataeva dharmasUkSmanirNaye pariSad-vyApAra ityte| puruSavizeSazcApekSyate dazAbarA pariSat trayo ko beti| zAMkarabhASya (yahavAraNyakopaniSad 4 // 32) / 14. munInAmAtmavidyAnAM dvijAnA yajayAjinAm / bedakhateSu snAtAnAmekopi pariSad bhavet // parAzara 13; patInAM satyatapatA maanvijnyaancetsaam| zirojatena snAtAnAmekopi pariSad bhavet // (aparArka pR0 23 evaM parAzaramAdhavIya 21, pR0 217 dvArA uddhRta aNgiraa)| muNDakopaniSad (3 / 2 / 10) meM AyA hai ki jinhoMne ziroSata kara liyA hai, ye brahmavidyA par3hane ke yogya mAne jAte haiN| 15. bahudvArasya dharmasya sUkSmA duranugA gtiH| tasmAnna vAdhyo hokena bahujenApi sNshye|mau050 sU0 13113 // matsyapurANa 143127 ( vAyupurANa 57 / 112) / dharma064

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506 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM hI kyoM na upasthita hue hoN| manu (126114-15, baudhAyanadharmasUtra 3 / 5-6, parAzara 816 evaM 15) kA kahanA hai-"avratI, vedavihIna evaM kevala jAtibala se hI jIvikA calAne vAle sahasroM brAhmaNa pariSad kA rUpa nahIM dhAraNa kara skte| yadi aise vyakti dharma kA udghoSa (pApa ke lie prAyazcitta kA nirNaya) karate haiM to vaha pApa saikar3oM gunA bar3hakara unhIM ke (udghoSa karane vAloM ke) pAsa calA jAtA hai|" mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 3 / 300) ne likhA hai ki pariSad ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA utanI mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, vAstava meM choTe-choTe pApoM ke lie thor3e-se vidvAnoM dvArA prAyazcita-nirNaya paryApta hai, kintu bhayAnaka aparAdhoM ke prAyazcitta-nirNaya meM pariSad ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA lambI honI caahie| devala (yAjJavalkya 3 / 300 kI vyAkhyA meM mitAkSarA dvArA uddhRta) ne likhA hai ki jaba pApa gambhIra na ho to brAhmaNa loga binA rAjA ko batAye prAyazcitta kA nirNaya de sakate haiM aura pApI ko usake adhikAra vApasa kara sakate haiM, kintu gambhIra pApoM meM rAjA tathA brAhmaNa loga sAvadhAnIpUrvaka jA~ca karake prAyazcitta kA nirNaya dete haiN| parAzara (8128-29) ne AjJA dI hai"brAhmaNoM ko rAjA kI AjJA se pApoM ke prAyazcittakA udghoSa karanA cAhie, unheM apane se hI prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA nahIM denI cAhie, aura na rAjA ko hI binA brAhmaNoM kI sahamati ke prAyazcitta kA udghoSa karanA cAhie, nahIM to pApa bar3hakara sau gunA ho jAtA hai|" jaba vyakti pariSad ke pAsa Aye, apanI truTiyA~ kahe aura chuTakAre kA upAya mAMge to yadi pariSad prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA jAnakara bhI use santuSTa na kare to usake sadasyoM ko aparAdhI kA pApa bhAtA hai| parAzara (82) kA kahanA hai ki apane pApa ke jJAna ke uparAnta pApI ko pariSada ke logoM ke pAsa jAkara unake sAmane pRthivI para daNDavat gira jAnA cAhie aura apane pApa kI prAyazcitta-vyavasthA kI mAMga karanI caahie| mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkya 3 / 300) ne kahA hai ki pApI ko eka gAya yA eka baila yA aisA hI kucha dekara pariSad ke samakSa apane pApa kA udghoSa karanA caahie|" saMnyAsI evaM pariSad madhyakAla meM smRtiyoM dvArA nirdhArita pariSad-sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana rAjAoM evaM vidvAn brAhmaNoM dvArA akSarazaH kiyA jAtA thaa| kucha varSoM ke uparAnta, vizeSataH dakSiNa meM zaMkarAcArya ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ne pariSad ke gurutara mAra ko apane durbala kaMdhoM para le liyaa| yaha vicitra paramparA kaba cala uThI, isakA nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| san 1200 I. ke uparAnta uttara bhArata kA adhikAMza lagabhaga 500 varSoM taka tathA dakSiNa bhArata kA alpAMza lagabhaga 300 varSoM taka musalamAnoM ke adhikAra meM rhaa| svargIya zrI vizvanAtha ke0 rAjavAr3e (jinhoMne marAThA itihAsa, marAThI bhASA evaM marAThI sAhitya para apane anusaMdhAnoM se abhUtapUrva prakAza DAlA hai) evaM unake mitroM ne bahuta se lekhya "mANa prakAzita kiye haiM, jinase patA calatA hai ki marAThA-Adhipatya ke samaya rAjA yA rAjyamantrI dvArA dhArmika .maloM meM paiThana, nAsika evaM karAr3a ke vidvAn brAhmaNoM kI sammati lI jAtI thI, kabhI-kabhI saMkezvara evaM karavIra 16. svayaM tu brAhmaNA bayuralpadoSeSu niSkRtim / rAjA ca brAhmaNAzcaMya mahatsu ca parIkSitam ||yebl (mitAarA dvArA yA0 3 / 300 kI vyAkhyA meM ur3ata); rAjA cAnumate sthitvA prAyazcittaM vinirdizet / svayameva na kartavyaM kartavyA svlpnisskRtiH|| brAhmaNAMstAna krimya rAjA katuM ydicchti| tatpApaM zataSA bhUtvA rAjAnamanugacchati // parAzara 8 / 28-29; ArtAnAM mArgamANAnAM prAyazcittAni ye dvijaaH| jAnanto na prayacchanti te yAnti samatA tu tH|| aMgirA (mitAkSarA dvArA yAna0 3 / 300 meM uddhRta); yathAha praashrH| pApaM yilyApayetyApI datvA dhanu tathA vRkSam / ti| etccoppaatkvissym| mahApAtakAviSvadhika klpniiym| mitAkSarA (yAza0 3300) /

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saMnyAsI evaM dharmanirNaya 507 kI gaddiyoM ke zaMkarAcArya se bhI rAya lI jAtI thii| kintu aMgrejI zAsana kAla meM zaMkarAcAryoM ne dhArmika mAmaloM meM sammati dene, jAticyuta karane yA jAti meM sammilita kara lene kA pUrNa adhikAra prApta kara liyA thA / gautama (28146) ne likhA hai ki pariSad meM ziSTa logoM ko rahanA caahie| katiyapaya smRtiyoM ne ziSTa kI paribhASA vibhinna DhaMga se kI hai| baudhAyanadharmasUtra ( 1 / 1 / 5-6 ) ke mata se "ziSTa ve haiM, jo matsara evaM ahaMkAra se dUra hoM, jinake pAsa utanA anna ho jo eka kumbhI meM aTa sake, jo lobha, kapaTa, darpa, moha, kroSa Adi se rahita hoM / ziSTa ve haiM, jo niyamAnukUla itihAsa evaM purANoM ke sAtha vedAdhyayana kara cuke hoM aura jo veda meM ucita saMketa pA sakeM tathA jo anya logoM ko veda kI bAteM mAnane ke lie prerita kara skeN| 1117 1 ziSToM ke viSaya meM aura dekhie vasiSThadharmasUtra (1 / 6), matsyapurANa ( 145134-36) evaM vAyupurANa (jilda 1, 59 / 33-35) / zivAjI kI mantripariSad meM eka mantrI (paMDitarAva ) bhI thA, jo dhArmika mAmaloM tathA anya bAtoM meM ziSTa logoM kI sammatiyoM kA Adara karatA thaa| paMDitarAva dharma yA prAyazcitta-sambandhI saMzayapUrNa mAmaloM meM vAI, nAsika, karADa Adi sthAnoM ke brAhmaNoM kI sammati liyA karate the| paMDitarAvaM isa prakAra balapUrvaka musalamAna banAye gaye brAhmaNoM ko jAti meM sammilita karAte the / kamI-kamI saMkezvara maTha ke mahanta bhUmi evaM grAmoM se sambandhita mAmaloM meM bhI phaisalA dete the| rAjArAma nAmaka rAjA ne zrIkarAcArya nAmaka vyakti ko eka grAma kA dAna diyA thA, jisako lekara eka vivAda khar3A huA aura usake pA~ca sambandhiyoM ne usa grAma para apane adhikAra bhI jatAne Arambha kara diye| yaha mAmalA karavIra ke zaMkarAcArya ke samakSa upasthita kiyA gayA, jinhoMne vijJAnezvara, vyavahAramayUkha evaM dAnakamalAkara ke pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha taya kiyA ki yadyapi grAma ke dAna kA lekhya-pramANa pA~ca vyaktiyoM ke nAma se huA hai kintu vAstavika adhikArI zrIkarAcArya hI haiM / isI prakAra karavIra maTha ke mahanta kI eka AjJA kA patA calA hai, jisase yaha vyakta hotA hai| ki unhoMne eka brAhmaNa ke yahA~ anya brAhmaNoM ko bhojana kara lene ko kahA hai| bAta yaha thI ki usa brAhmaNa kI strI kA eka gosAvI se anucita sambandha thaa| jaba brAhmaNa ne ucita prAyazcitta kara liyA to mahanta ne usa prakAra kI AzA nikaalii| isI prakAra bahuta se aise udAharaNa prApta hote haiM, jinase patA calatA hai ki madhyakAla meM ziSToM, vidvAn brAhmaNoM evaM mahantoM ko bahuta se aise adhikAra prApta the, jinake dvArA ve dhArmika Adi mAmaloM meM nirNaya de sakate the / uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki saikar3oM varSoM taka vidvAn brAhmaNa loga dhArmika mAmaloM evaM AcAra-sambandhI pApoM evaM unake prAyazcittoM ke viSaya meM nirNaya diyA karate the| aMgrejI rAjya kI sthApanA ke pUrva taka yahI dazA thI aura vidvAn brAhmaNoM, ziSToM evaM AcAravAn dharmazAstriyoM se samanvita pariSadeM kaThina evaM saMzayAtmaka mAmaloM meM nirNaya diyA karatI thiiN| kucha dinoM se aura vaha bhI kabhI-kabhI maThoM ke mahanta loga saMnyAsI hone ke nAte nirNaya dene laga gaye / bahudhA zaMkarAcArya padadhArI vyakti jo dharmazAstra kA 'ka' akSara bhI nahIM jAnate the, kucha svArthI janoM ke phera meM par3akara apanI muhara lagA diyA karate the / brAstava meM dhArmika tathA saMzayAtmaka viSayoM kA nirNaya vidvAn logoM ke hAtha meM hI rahanA caahie| 1 17. ziSTAH khalu vigatamatsarA nirahaMkArAH kumbhodhAnyA alolupA bambhavarpalAbhamohakroSavivarjitAH / dharmeNAdhigato yeSAM vedaH saparibRMhaNaH / ziSTAstadanumAnajJAH zrutipratyakSahetavaH // bau0 Sa0 sa0 1|1|5-6 / aura dekhie manu (12/109) evaM vasiSTha (6043), ziSTaH punarakAmAtmA / vasiSTha 116 | milAie mahAbhASya, jilva 3, pR0 174 etasminnAryanivAse ye brAhmaNAH kumbhIdhAnyA alolupA agRhyamANakAraNAH kicidantaraNa kasyAzcira faster: pAragAstatrabhavantaH ziSTAH / "

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adhyAya 29 zrauta (vaidika) yajJa upodghAta vaidika sAhitya ko bhalI bhA~ti samajhane, usa sAhitya ke nirmANa-kAla, vikAsa evaM usake vibhinna bhAgoM ke staroM ke sambandha meM apekSAkRta eka nizcita mAnyatA sthira karane, cAroM varNoM evaM jAti-vyavasthA para usa sAhitya ke prabhAva kI jAnakArI, brAhmaNoM ke katipaya upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita ho jAne ke kAraNoM ke jJAna tathA vibhinna gotroM evaM pravaroM ke yathAtathya vivecana ke lie vaidika yajJoM kA gambhIra adhyayana paramAvazyaka hai| bahuta-se Arambhika yUropIya lekhakoM ne binA vaidika yajJoM kA gambhIra adhyayana kiye, vedoM kA artha kevala vyAkaraNa, tulanAtmaka bhASAzAstra Adi ke AdhAra para kiyA, jo Age calakara bahuta aMzoM meM bhramAtmaka siddha huaa| yUropIya vidvAn vedoM ko ati prAcIna kahane meM saMkoca karate the, ataH adhikAMza yUropIya bhArata-tattvAnveSakoM ne vaidika mantroM ko IsApUrva 1400 varSoM se pUrva race hue nahIM maanaa| isa viSaya meM sarvaprathama saMskRta sAhitya evaM bhAratIyatA ke vivecaka evaM prasiddha vidvAn maiksamUlara se hI truTi ho gayI aura Age calakara kucha anya yUropIya vidvAnoM ne unhIM kI bAteM duharAyIM / hama yahA~ vaidika sAhitya ke vibhinna aMgoM ke kAla-vibhAjana ke pacar3e meM nahIM par3eMge, kyoMki yaha viSaya isa grantha kI adhyayana-pariSi ke bAhara hai| isameM sandeha nahIM raha gayA hai ki vaidika mantra I0 pU0 1400 ke bahuta pahale, aneka zatAbdiyoM pUrva nirmita hue the| vaidika vAGamaya meM adhikAMza (kucha sImA taka Rgveda ko chor3akara) saMhitAe~ yajJoM ke sampradAya - sambandhI svarUpoM ke AdhAra para gaThita haiN| vibhinna yajJoM ke lie vibhinna purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI, aura ye vibhinna purohita apane pAsa vibhinna mantroM ke saMgraha rakhate the / vaidika yajJoM ke samyak jJAna ke lie katipaya vaidika saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM evaM zrautasUtroM kA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka adhyayana apekSita hai / aMgrejI meM isa sambandha kI pustakeM ye haiM-hAga dvArA aitareya brAhmaNa kA TippaNI sahita anuvAda, pro0 iggeliMga dvArA zatapatha brAhmaNa kA TippaNI sahita anuvAda, pro0 kItha likhita " veda evaM upaniSadoM kA dharma evaM darzana" ( rilijiena eNDa philaoNsaoNphI Ava di veda eNDa upaniSadsa) nAmaka pustaka, kRSNa yajurveda evaM Rgveda-brAhmaNa kA anuvAda, zrI kunte kRta "visisiTyUDsa Ava Aryan sivilijezana ina iNDiyA" (1880), vizeSataH pR0 167-232 // inake atirikta sarvazrI vebara evaM hillegrAMTa ne jarmana bhASA meM vaidika yajJoM ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa grantha likhe haiM / sarvazrI laNDa evaM henarI ne agniSToma para (1906) eka bahuta hI vizada, vidvattApUrNa evaM vyavasthita grantha kA praNayana phAMsIsI kiyA hai| isI prakAra jarmana bhASA meM pro0 DumANTa kRta 'la agnihotra' (1939) nAmaka pustaka tathA hillegrAMTa kRta kucha pustakeM ati prasiddha haiN| isa adhyAya meM maulika granthoM ke AdhAra para hI vivecana upasthita kiyA jAyagA, kintu kahIM-kahIM Adhunika lekhakoM ke granthoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA jAyagA / jaimini ne 'pUrvamImAMsAsUtra' meM mImAMsA sambandhI siddhAntoM ke viSaya meM sahasroM uktiya saMgRhIta kI haiM aura katipaya yajJoM ke vistAra ke viSaya meM apane nizcita niSkarSa diye haiN| isa adhyAya meM jaimini ke niSkarSo kI vizeSa carcA kI jaaygii|

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moba 509 vaidika agniSToma evaM pArasiyoM ke homa meM bahuta-kucha samatA hai| pArasiyoM kI prAcIna dhArmika pustakoM evaM vaidika sAhitya meM prayukta yajJa-sambandhI zabdoM meM jo sAdRzya dikhAI par3atA hai, usase prakaTa hotA hai. ki yajJa-sambandhI paramparAeM bahuta prAcIna haiM, yathA--- atharvan, Ahuti, uktha, barhis, mantra, yaza, soma, savana, sToma, hotR Adi zabda prAcIna pArasI - sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiN| yadyapi vaidika yajJa Ajakala bahuta kama kiye jAte haiM. (darza- pUrNamAsa evaM cAturmAsya ko chor3akara), kintu ve IsA se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva bahuta pracalita the / bauddha dharma kI sthApanA evaM prasAra ke kaI zatAbdiyoM uparAnta bhI ye yajJa yathAvat calate rahe haiM, jaisA ki zilAlekhoM meM varNita rAjAoM dvArA kiye gaye yajJoM se patA calatA hai| harivaMza ( 3 / 2 / 39-40), mAlavikAgnimitra (aMka 5, jisameM rAjasUya kA varNana hai ), ayodhyA ke zuMgAmilekha (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 20, pR0 54 ) meM senApati puSpamitra dvArA kRta azvamegha ( yA rAjasUya yajJa kA varNana milatA hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 20, pR0 79) meM rAjA khAravela dvArA kiye gaye rAjasUya yajJa kA varNana milatA hai| samudragupta ne bhI azvamegha yajJa kiyA thA, jaisA ki kumAragupta ke bilasada abhilekha se patA calatA hai (gupta iMskripzaMsa, pRSTha 43) / pardI dAnapatra meM kUTaka rAjA dahasena ko azvamegha yajJa karane vAlA kahA gayA hai (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 10, pR0 53 ) / pIkira dAnapatra meM pallava rAjA azvameSa yajJa karane vAle tathA eka anya dAnapatra meM agniSToma, vAjapeya evaM azvamegha nAmaka yajJa karane vAle kahe gaye haiM (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pR0 2 ) / vAkATaka rAjA pravarasena dvitIya (gupta iMskripzaMsa, saMkhyA 55, pR0 236 ) ke chammaka dAnapatra meM pravarasena prathama bahuta se zrauta yajJa karane vAlA ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| agni-pUjA mUla rUpa meM vyaktigata evaM jAtIya yA vargIya rahI hogii| Ahnika agnihotra vyaktigata kRtya thA; kintu darza- pUrNamAsa ke samAna sarala iSTiyoM meM cAra purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| somayajJa meM 16 purohitoM evaM anya bahumUlya vastuoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI aura isa prakAra ke yajJA ma bahuta-se lAga Ata ye tathA unakA svarUpa kucha sAmAjika thaa| Arambhika kAla meM agnihotrI loga kama hI rahe hAMga, kyoMki brAhmaNa loga apekSAkRta nirdhana hote haiM aura agnihotrI hone se unheM ghara para hI rahanA par3atA tathA jIvikA kamAne meM gar3abar3I hotI thI / madhyama vaya prApta ho jAne para hI brAhmaNoM ke lie agnyAdhAna kI vyavasthA thI ( jaimini 1 / 3 / 3 kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ) / Ahnika agnihotra ke lie saikar3oM kaMDoM (gAya ke gobara se bane upaloM) evaM samidhAoM ke atirikta kama se kama do gAyoM kI parama AvazyakatA hotI thI / agnihotra kI vyavasthA ke lie tathA darza- pUrNamAsa ( jisameM cAra purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai) evaM cAturmAsya ( jisameM pA~ca purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai) karane ke lie dhanavAn honA Avazyaka hai / somayajJa to kevala rAjAoM, sAmantoM, ghanI vyaktiyoM ke yA jo adhika dhana ekatra kara sake usI ke bUte kI bAta thI / rAjAoM ne dAnapatroM meM spaSTa likhA hai ki brAhmaNa isa dAna se bali, caru degA tathA agnihotra karegA ( yathA buddharAja sannI dAnapatra, san 609-10 I0, dAmodarapura dAnapatra, san 447-48 I0 ) / musalamAnoM ke samaya meM bAdazAhoM se aiseM dAna nahIM prApta ho sakate the, ataH vaidika yajJoM kI paramparAe~ samApta sI ho gayIM / hAla ke lagabhaga sau varSoM ke bhItara vaidika yajJa bahuta hI kama kiye gaye haiN| Rgveda (10190116) ne yajJoM ko prathama dharmo arthAt kartavyoM meM ginA hai aura dharmazAstra jaise viSaya se sambandhita grantha meM unakI carcA honI caahie| ataH saMkSepa meM, hama yahA~ vaidika yajJoM kA varNana kareMge i 1. dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 6, pR0 291, 'balivaizvadevAgnihotrAdikriyotsarpaNArtham' (sarsanI patra); vahI, jilda 15, pR0 113 'agnihotropayogAya' ( pR0 130), 'paJcamahAyajJapravartanAtha' ( pR0 133), 'balicara satrapravartanagavyaSUpapuSpamadhuparkadIpAdyupayogAya' ( pR0 143 ) -- dAmodarapura dAnapatra /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prAcIna kAla meM kiye jAne vAle yajJoM kA varNana zrautasUtroM meM vizada rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| zrautasUtra to vaidika yajJa karane vAloM ke lie mAno vyAvahArika carcAe~ yA paddhatiyA~ mAtra haiM aura unameM prAcIna brAhmaNa granthoM ke uddharaNa paryApta mAtrA evaM saMkhyA meM pAye jAte haiM / hama yahA~ kevala kucha hI vaidika yajJoM kA varNana upasthita kareMge aura vaha bhI saMkSepa meM, kyoMki hamArA uddezya hai kevala unake rUpa kA paridarzana mAtra karA denA / hama yahA~ AzvalAyana, Apastamba, kAtyAyana, baudhAyana evaM satyASADha ke zrautasUtroM ke AdhAra para hI apanA vivecana upasthita kareMge, kahIM kahIM saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA jAtA rahegA / sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama sUtroM ke paraspara vibhedoM, paddhatiyoM ke antaroM evaM Adhunika vyavahAroM kI carcA karane meM saMkoca kreNge| vArANasI se nAgezvara zAstrI ne " zrautapadArthanirvacana" nAmaka eka saMgraha prakAzita kiyA hai, jo kaI arthoM meM bar3A upayogI hai, kintu abhAMgyavaza saMgrahakartA ne jo uddharaNa diye haiM unakA sthala- saMketa nahIM diyA, arthAt yaha nahIM likhA ki ye uddharaNa kisa zrautasUtra meM kahA~ para haiN| pUnA ke mImAMsA - vidyAlaya ne vaidika yajJoM ke kAma AnevAle pAtroM ke nAmoM kI sUcI banAyI hai aura pAtroM evaM vediyoM ke citra evaM mAnacitra upasthita kiye haiN| isa adhyAya meM cAturmAsyoM, pazubandha, jyotiSToma kA varNana evaM darza - pUrNamAsa kA vivecana bhI vistAra se kiyA jAyagA tathA anya yajJa saMkSipta rUpa se varNita hoNge| Rgveda meM zrI yajJa jina dinoM Rgveda ke mantroM kA praNayana evaM saMgraha ho rahA thA, unhIM dinoM yajJoM ke pramukha prakAra (lakSaNa) bhI prakaTa hote jA rahe the / tIna agniyA~ prakaTa ho cukI thiiN| Rgveda (203614 ) meM agni ko tIna sthAnoM para baiThane ko kahA gayA hai| Rgveda (1 / 15 / 4 evaM 5/2/2 ) meM yaha bhI AyA hai-manuSya tIna sthAnoM para agni prajvalita karate haiN| Rgveda (1 / 15 / 12 ) meM 'gArhapatya' nAmaka agni kA nAma bhI A gayA hai| Rgveda meM tIna savanoM (prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaM meM soma kA rasa nikAlane ) kA varNana AyA hai, meM prAtaH savana, 322814 meM mAdhyandina savana, 3 / 28 / 5 meM tRtIya savana / Rgveda ke 3|28|1 ythaa-3|52|5-6 evaM 4 / 12 / 1 AyA hai ki sabhI dinoM meM yajJa dvArA agni ko tIna bAra bhojana milatA hai| aura bhI dekhie Rgveda ( 4133 / 11 ) / somayajJa meM kArya karane ke lie 16 purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| sambhavataH inake sabhI vividha nAma Rgveda 510 2 zrauta yajJoM meM 'AhavanIya', 'gArhapatya' evaM 'dakSiNAgni' nAmaka tIna agniyA~ prajvalita kI jAtI haiN| 3. solaha purohita yA Rtvik ye haiM- ' hotA maMtrAvaruNo'cchAvAko grAvastudadhvaryuH pratiprasthAtA neSTotA brahmA brAhmaNAcchaMsyAgnIdhraH potodgAtA prastotA pratihartA subrahmaNya iti / ' AzvalAyanazrautasUtra 4 / 116, ApastambazrautasUtra 10 / 1 / 9 / inameM hotA, adhvaryuM brahmA evaM udgAtA cAra pramukha purohita haiM aura uparyukta sUcI meM ina cAroM meM pratyeka ke Age ke tIna purohita usake sahAyaka hote haiN| isa prakAra kula 12 purohita sahAyaka hue| cAroM pramukha RtvioM ke kArya Rgveda (10 / 71 / 11) meM varNita haiN| Rgveda ( 2 / 43 / 1 ) meM hameM sAmoM (sAmaveda ke mantroM) ke gAyaka kI carcA milatI hai| agnihotra meM kevala adhvaryu kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| agnyAdheya, varza-pUrNamAsa evaM anya iSTiyoM meM cAra purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai, yathA---adhvaryu, AgnIdhra, hotA evaM brahmA / cAturmAsyoM meM pA~ca purohitoM kI, yathA darzapUrNamAsa ke cAra purohita tathA pratiprasthAtA / pazubandhayajJa meM maMtrAvaruNa nAmaka eka chaThA purohita bhI rahatA hai / soma yajJoM meM sabhI 16 purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| sAkamedha nAmaka cAturmAsya meM AgnIdhra ko 'brahmaputra' (dekhie Azva0 zra0 2 / 18 / 12) nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| purohitoM kI Avazyaka saMkhyA ke viSaya meM dekhie taittirIya brAhmaNa (2 / 3 / 6) evaM baudhA 0 0 (23) / kucha logoM ne eka satrahavAM purohita

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bhautA meM prApta ho jAte haiM, yathA Rgveda (13162 / 5) meM hotA, adhvaryu, agniminSa (agnIt yA AgnIdhra), grAvagrAma, (grAvastut), zaMstA (prazAstA yA maitrAvaruNa), suvipra (brahmA?); Rgveda (2012) meM hotA, neSTA. agnIt, prazAstA (maitrAvaruNa), adhvarya, brahmA; Rgveda (2 / 36) meM hotA, potA (2), AgnIdhra (4), brAhmaNa (brAhmaNAcchaMsI), evaM prazAstA (6) / Rgveda (2 // 43 // 2) meM udgAtA kA nAma AyA hai| Rgveda (3 // 10 // 4, 9 / 10 / 7, 10 // 35 / 10, 10 / 61 / 1) meM sAta hotAoM kI carcA huI hai, aura Rgveda (2 / 5 / 2) meM potA ko AThavAM purohita kahA gayA hai| Rgveda meM 'purohita' zabda aneka bAra AyA hai. (1 / 11, 1144 / 10 evaM 12, 3 / 2 / 8, 9 / 66 / 20, 10. 987) / Rgveda ne atirAtra (7.103 / 7), trikadruka (2 / 22 / 1, 8 / 13 / 18, 8 / 9 / 21, 10 / 14 / 16) ke nAma liye haiN| Rgveda (111 6226) meM yUpa (jisameM bali kA pazu bA~dhA jAtA thA) evaM usake zIrSabhAga caSAla kA varNana AyA hai| gveda kA 338 vAlA aMza yUpa kI prazaMsA se bharA par3A hai| jisa vyakti ne yajJa ke pazu ko mArA (zamitA) usakA varNana Rgveda (1162 / 10 evaM 5 / 434) meM huA hai| dharma (pravardI kRtya ke lie ubale hue dUdha ke pAtra yA sambhavataH mAdhyandina savana meM dadhidharma) kA ullekha Rgveda (3153 / 14, 5 / 30 / 15, 5 / 4317) meM huA hai| aisA vizvAsa thA ki yajJa meM bali kiyA huA pazu svarga meM calA jAtA hai (Rgveda 11162 / 21, 16163 / 13) / do araNiyoM ke gharSaNa se yajJAgni utpanna kI jAtI thI (Rgveda 3 / 29 / 1-3, 5 / 9 / 3, 6 / 48 / 5) / darvI (Rk 5 / 6 / 9), suk (R0 4 / 12 / 1, 6 // 215), juhU (R0 10 / 21 // 3) kA ullekha huA hai| donoM kI prazaMsA meM bhI Rgveda meM mantra Aye haiM (R0 1112613, 8 / 5 / 37) / Rgveda (315313) meM hotA (AhAva) kA AhvAna tathA adhvaryu (pratigara) dvArA svIkRti kA uttara spaSTa rUpa se varNita hai| Rgveda (10|11415)meN soma ke bArahoM grahoM (pAtroM yA kalazoM) kA ullekha huA hai| Rgveda (1 / 28 / 1-2) meM caur3I sataha vAle patthara (pAvA) kA, jisa para soma ke DaNThala kUTe jAte the, varNana hai| isI prakAra khala kA, jisameM soma kA cUrNa banAyA jAtA thA, tathA adhiSavaNa kA, jisa para soma kA rasa nikAlA jAtA thaa| soma pIne ke upayoga meM Ane vAle camasa (cammaca) nAmaka pAtra kA bhI ullekha huA hai (R0 1020 / 6, 1111013, 1316111 evaM 813217) / somayajJa ke anta meM kiye jAne vAle avamUtha snAna kI carcA Rgveda (8193 / 23) meM huI hai| Rgveda ke dasa AprI mantroM se patA calatA hai ki zrota sUtroM meM varNita pazu-yajJa ke bahuta se lakSaNa usa samaya pracalita ho gaye the| zrautakRtyoM ke kucha sAmAnya niyama-Age kucha likhane ke pUrva zrauta kRtyoM ke kucha sAmAnya niyamoM kI jAnakArI karA denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| isa viSaya meM AzvalAyanazrautasUtra (1 / 118-22) paThanIya hai| jaba taka kahA na jAya, yAjJika ko sadaiva uttarAbhimukha rahanA cAhie, palthI mArakara (vyatyastapAda arthAt eka paira ko dUsare ke sAtha mor3akara) baiThanA cAhie, aura yajJiya upakaraNoM (yajJa ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI sAmagrI, yathA kuza Adi) ko pUrvAmimukha karake rakhanA caahie| jaba taka nivIta yA prAcInAvIta DhaMga se pahanane ko na kahA jAya taba taka yajJopavIta ko upavIta DhaMga se pahane rahanA caahie| jaba taka kisI anya zarIrAMga kA nAma na liyA jAya dAhine aMgoM kA hI prayoga kiyA jAnA cAhie (yathA hAtha, paira, aMgulI) / jaba 'dadAti' zabda kahA jAya to ise yajamAna (yAjJika) ke lie hI prayukta samajhanA caahie| kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (1 / 10 / 12) ke matAnusAra 'vAcayati' zabda kA saMketa hai yajamAna kI bhI jora diyA hai, yathA sdsy|bii0 (2 // 3) ne to use tIna sahAyaka purohita bhI de diye haiM, kintu zatapaya brAhmaNa (10 / 4 / 2 / 19) ne satrahaveM purohita kI niyukti ko varjita mAnA hai| yajJa meM RtvikoM ke atirikta kucha anya loga bhI hote haiM, yathA zamitA, bmsaadhvryu| Apa0 bI0 (113-6) meM trikabuka kojyotiH, gauH evaM AyuH kahA gayA hai|

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512 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ora jaba ki vaha dAna detA hai yA mantroccAraNa karatA hai| yahI bAta anvArambhaNa yA varadAna ke cunAva yA vrata (satyatA Adi) karane meM yA U~cAI lene (yAjJika kI hI U~cAI mApa-daNDa kA kArya karatI hai) ke silasile meM samajhanI caahie| jaba binA kartA kA nAma liye kisI kRtya kA varNana hotA hai to vahA~ adhvaryu ko hI kartA samajhanA cAhie, prAyazcittoM ke viSaya meM 'juhoti' evaM 'yajati' zabdoM kA sambandha hai brahmA purohita (Rtvika) se| jaba kevala eka hI pAda' kA ullekha kiyA jAya, to isakA tAtparya hai sampUrNa mantra kA uccAraNa krnaa| jaba kisI kRtya meM kevala Arambhika zabda vyakta kiye gaye hoM to usase yaha samajhanA cAhie ki sampUrNa sUkta kA uccAraNa karanA hai| jahA~ eka pAda se kucha adhika kahA gayA ho vahA~ yaha samajhanA cAhie ki Age ke anya do mantra (kula milAkara tIna mantra) bhI par3he jAne haiN| japa, AmantraNa, abhimantraNa, ApyAyana, upasthAna ke maMtra aura ve mantra jo kiye jAne vAle kRtya kI ora saMketa kareM, upAMzu DhaMga (manda svara) se kahe jAne caahie| sAmAnya niyama (prasaMga) se viziSTa niyama (apavAda yA vizeSa vidhi) adhika zaktizAlI samajhA jAtA hai| kucha anya sAmAnya siddhAnta-yAga (yajJa) meM dravya, devatA evaM tyAga tIna vastu makhya haiM, ataH yAga kA tAtparya hai devatA ke lie dravya kA tyaag| homa kA artha hai kisI devatA ke lie agni meM dravya kI aaiti| yajatiyAM (yajJa-sambandhI kRtya), jinake lie koI phala nahIM milatA, yAga ke pramukha aMga haiN| mantroM kI zreNiyA~ cAra haiM; Rk, yajuH, sAma evaM nigada, jinameM Rk to mAtrika haiM, yajuH ke lie mAtrAbaddha yA chandabaddha honA Avazyaka nahIM hai, kintu ve pUrNa vAkya ke rUpa meM avazya hote haiM (kAtyA0 11312), sAma kA gAyana hotA hai, nigada ko preSa kahate haiM, arthAt aise zabda jo kisI ko koI kArya karane ke lie sambodhita kiye jAte haiM, yathA 'prokSaNIrAsAdaya', 'srucaH sammRDDhi' (kAtyA. yana0 2 / 6 / 34) / nigada, vAstava meM yajuH hI hote haiM, kintu donoM meM antara yaha hai ki nigadoM kA uccAraNa jora se kintu yajuH kA dhIre se hotA hai / jaimini (2 / 1138-45) ne sAdhAraNa yajuH evaM nigada ke antara ko samajhAyA hai aura Rk, sAma evaM yajuH ke bhedoM ko bhI prakaTa kiyA hai (211135-37) / Rgveda evaM sAmaveda ke pada jora se, kintu yajuH ke manda svara se (kucha padoM ko chor3akara, yathA--'Azruta' arthAt-'AzrAvaya' ke samAna anya, 'pratyAzruta' arthAt-- uttara-'astu zrauSaT', 'pravara-mantra' arthAt-'agnidevo hotA' Adi, saMvAda arthAt prArthanAe~ evaM AjJAe~--'kyA maiM pAnI chir3A ? hA~, chir3ako', sampreSa arthAt--kucha karane ke lie bulAnA, yathA 'prokSaNIrAsAdaya') kahe jAte haiN| ucca svara tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-ati ucca, madhyama ucca evaM kama ucca / sAmidhenI pada madhyama svara se uccArita hote haiN| jyotiSToma evaM prAtaHsavana meM anvAdhAna se lekara AjyabhAga taka manda svara se. kintu darza-pUrNamAsa ke kRtyoM meM AjyabhAga se lekara sviSTakRt taka sabhI mantra manda svara meM uccArita hote haiN| sviSTakRt ke uparAnta darza-pUrNamAsa tathA tRtIya savana ke saba mantra ucca svara meM kahe jAte haiN| utkara vaha sthala hai jahA~ vedI kI dhUla baTorakara (buhArakara) rakhI jAtI hai, AhavanIya se uttara ke pAtra meM rakhA gayA jala praNItA kahalAtA hai| yAjJika sthala, jahA~ agni prajvalita rakhI jAtI hai, vihAra kahA jAtA hai| iSTiyoM meM vihAra se AnA-jAnA praNItA evaM utkara ke bIca se hotA hai (arthAt utkara se pUrva evaM praNItA se pazcima), kintu anya sthitiyoM meM utkara evaM cAtvAla ke bIca se hotA hai (Azva0 1 / 1 / 4-6 evaM kAtyAyana0 1 / 3 / 42-43) / vihAra kI ora jAne ke isa mArga ko yA patha ko tIrtha kahA jAtA hai / cAtyAla vaha gaDDhA hai jo soma evaM pazu-yajJoM meM Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| bahuta-se pAtroM evaM baratanoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jinameM khuva khadira nAmaka kASTha se banAyA jAtA hai| sruva eka aratnI (hAtha bhara) lambA hotA hai aura usakA mukha golAkAra evaM aMgUThe ke barAbara hotA hai| buka (Ahuti dene vAlI khucI darvI yA camasa cammaca) eka hAtha lambA hotA hai aura usakA mukha hathelI kI bhA~ti hotA hai, kintu nikAsa haMsa kI coMca ke samAna hotA hai| sruka tIna prakAra kA hotA hai--juhU (darvI) jo palAza kA banA hotA hai, upabhRta jo pIpala se banA hotA hai tathA dhruvA jo vikaMkata kASTha se banA

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agnyAdheya 513 hotA hai| anya yAjJika pAtra vikakata ke bane hote haiN| kintu ve pAtra, jinakA sambandha homa se pratyakSa rUpa meM nahIM hotA varaNa vRkSa se bane hote haiM / 'spaya' nAmaka talavAra khadira kI banI hotI hai| mukhya-mukhya yajJapAtra yA yajJAyuSa nIce pAda-, TippaNI meM diye gaye haiN| sabhI prakAra ke saMskAra (yathA avizrayaNa, paryagnikaraNa, kisI yajJapAtra kA garma karanA Adi ) gArhapatya agni ( jaba taka ki spaSTa rUpa se kucha kahA na jAya ) meM kiye jAte haiM, kintu hatri kA pakAnA yA to gArhapatya agni meM yA AhavanIya meM apanI zAkhA yA sUtra ke anusAra hotA hai| jaba kisI viziSTa vastu kA nAma na liyA gayA ho to homa ghRta se kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra jaba koI dUsarI bAta na kahI jAya sabhI prakAra ke homa AhavanIya meM kiye jAte haiM, aura juhU kA prayoga bhI isI prakAra kiyA jAtA hai ( kAtyA0 118 / 44-45) / jo kRtya Rgveda ke mantroM se kiye jAte haiM unameM hotA rahatA hai, isI prakAra yajurveda ke mantroM ke sAtha adhvaryu, sAmaveda ke mantroM ke sAtha udgAtA tathA brahmA sabhI vedoM ke mantroM ke sAtha rahatA hai ( aitareya brAhmaNa 25/8 ) / purohita kA kArya kevala brAhmaNa hI kara sakate haiN| ( jaimini 12 / 4 / 42-47) / yAjJika kI patnI gArhapatya agni ke dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM uttara-pUrva kI ora mukha karake baiThatI hai ( kAtyA0 2 / 7 / 1 ) / kisI iSTi yA kRtya ke Arambha meM pA~ca prakAra ke bhU-saMskAra AhavanIya ke khara ( mRttikAsaMcaya yA vedI) tathA dakSiNAgni para kiye jAte haiM aura ve ye haiM- ( 1 ) parisamUhana ( gIle hAtha se buhAranA ) jo pUrva se uttara taka tIna bAra kiyA jAtA hai, (2) gomaya - upalepana ( gobara se tIna bAra lIpanA ), (3) sphya ( lakar3I kI talavAra) se dakSiNa se pUrva yA pUrva se pazcima tIna rekhAe~ khIMcanA, (4) aMgUThe evaM anAmikA aMgulI se rekhAoM kI miTTI haTAnA tathA ( 5 ) tIna bAra abhyukSaNa karanA ( jala chir3akanA) / agnyAdheya (agnyAdhAna ) gautama (8/20-21) ne sAta haviryajJoM evaM sAta somasaMsthAoM ke nAma ginAye haiM / agnyAdheya sAta haviryajJoM meM prathama haviryajJa hai / yaha eka iSTi hai| 'iSTi' zabda kA artha hai aisA yajJa jo yajamAna ( yAjJika ) evaM usakI patnI dvArA 4. taMttirIya saMhitA (1648/2-3 ) ke mata se dasa yajJAyudha ye haiM- "yo vai daza yajJAyudhAni veda mukhatosya yajJaH kalpate spayazca kapAlAni cAgnihotrahavaNI ca zUpaM ca kRSNAjinaM ca zamyA colUkhalaM ca musalaM ca vRSaccopalA tAni me yaza yazAyudhAni / " isa viSaya meM zatapathabrAhmaNa (1 / 1 / 1 / 22) evaM kAtyA0 (22338) bhI praSTavya haiN| ina mukhya basa yajJapAtroM ke atirikta anya haiM--jUha, upabhRt, luk, dhruvA, prAzitraharaNa, iDApAtra, mekSaNa, piSTodvapanI, praNItApraNayana, AjyaspAlI, veda, vArupAtrI, yoktra, vedaparivAsana, ghRSTi, idhmapravrazcana, anvAhAryasthAlI, madantI, phalIkaraNapAtra, antardhAnakaTa (dekhie kAtyA0 1 / 3 / 36 para bhASya, jisameM ina upakaraNoM ke AkAra, nAma evaM jinase ye banate the una vastuoM ke nAma Adi diye hue haiM) / pavitra agniyoM ko prajvalita karane vAlA jaba mara jAtA hai to vaha vaidika agniyoM evaM sAre yajJapAtroM (yajJAyuSoM) ke sAtha jalA diyA jAtA hai (AhitAgnimagnibhirbahanti yajJapA ---zabara, jaimini 11 / 3 / 34) / isI ko pAtroM kA pratipattikarma kahA jAtA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki pAtra vyakti ke zava ke vibhinna aMgoM para ( yathA juhU dAhine hAtha meM, upabhRt bAyeM hAtha meM, dhruvA dhar3a meM Adi) rakhe jAte haiM aura unheM zava ke sAtha bhasma kara diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra yajJapAtroM kI antima pratipatti yA 'gati' hotI hai| 5. agnyAdheya ke pUrNa vivecana ke lie dekhie taMsirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 1 / 2-10, 112 11; zatapatha brAhmaNa 201 evaM 2; azva0 2 19; apa0 511-22; kAtyA0 4 / 7-10: baughA0 2 / 6-21 / dharma 0 65

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514 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa cAra purohitoM kI sahAyatA se sampAdita hotA hai / 'iSTi' kA namUnA Age calakara darza- pUrNamAsa ke sAtha upasthita kiyA jAyagA / agnyAdheSa meM do dina laga jAte haiN| prathama dina (jise upavasatha kahA jAtA hai) Arambhika kRtyoM meM nikala jAtA hai aura dUsarA dina pramukha kRtyoM ke sampAdana meM bIta jAtA hai| isakA sampAdana do bAra kiyA jAtA hai; ( 1 ) yaha nimnokta sAtoM nakSatroM meM kisI ko upayukta mAnakara kiyA jA sakatA hai, yathA -- kRttikA, rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, pUrvA phAlgunI, uttarA phAlgunI, vizAkhA, uttarA bhAdrapadA / Apastamba ne anya nakSatroM ke bhI nAma diye haiM, yathA-hasta, citrA Adi, tathA kucha aise nakSatroM ke bhI nAma haiM jinameM viziSTa phaloM kI abhikAMkSA lekara yajamAna isa iSTi kA sampAdana kara sakatA hai ( 5 / 3 / 3-14) / zatapathabrAhmaNa ( 2/1/2/17) evaM Apa0 (5 / 3 / 13 ) ke mata se kSatriya ko citrA nakSatra meM pavitra agni prajvalita karanI caahie| (2) dvitIya vAra agnyAdheya brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM, vaizyoM tathA upakruSToM (jo dvijAti nahIM haiM, kintu vaidika yajJa kara sakate haiM, Azva0 2 / 1 / inheM bar3haIgirI karane vAlA vaizya mI kahA jAtA hai) dvArA krama se vasanta, grISma, varSoM yA patajhar3a meM kisI parva ke dina kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu RtuoM ke cunAva meM uparyukta varNita nakSatroM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai / sampAdana -kAla ke lie dekhie Apa0 (5 / 3 / 1720), jaimini (2 / 3-4), tai0 brA0 (1 / 1 / 2), zatapatha 0 ( 3 | 1 |2| 19 evaM 11 / 1 / 1 / 7 ) | kaThinAI upasthita hone para agnyAdheya kisI bhI Rtu meM sampAdita ho sakatA / yadi kisI ne somayajJa karane kI ThAna lI hai to use Rtu yA nakSatra kI bATa johane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| agnyAdheya karane vAle ko na to bahuta choTA aura na bahuta bUr3hA hona cAhie / agnyAdheya kA tAtparya hai gArhapatya evaM anya agniyoM ko sthApita karane ke lie prajvalita aMgAroM ko viziSTa mantroM ke sAtha kisI viziSTa vyakti dvArA kisI viziSTa kAla evaM sthala meM rkhnaa| araNiyoM ( lakar3I ke do kundoM) ke lAne se lekara pUrNAhuti taka ke bahuta-se kRtya agnyAdheya meM sammilita haiN| pUrNAhuti ke uparAnta kRtya karane vAlA vyakti AhitAgni kI koTi ( jisane vaidika agniyA~ prajvalita kara lI haiM) meM A jAtA hai / agnyAdheya sabhI yajJa - sambandhI kRtyoM ke lie sampAdita hotA hai, na ki kevala darzapUrNamAseSTi karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai (jaimini 3 / 6 / 14-15, 11 / 3 / 2 ) / 'yo azvatthaH zamIgarbhaH' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha zamI vRkSa kI chAyA meM ugane vAle azvattha (pIpala) vRkSa do araNiyoM ko yajamAna adhvaryu ke dvArA ghara lAtA hai ( Azva0 2 / 1 / 17 ) / isake uparAnta araNiyoM ke chA~Tane evaM unakI lambAI Adi kI vidhiyAM batAyI gayI haiM, jinheM hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa chor3a rahe haiN| adhvaryu vedI para sAta evaM sAta kASTha-sambandhI upakaraNa lAtA hai yA pratyeka kI pA~ca vastue~ yA ATha bhaumika upakaraNa ekatra karatA hai| ATha bhaumika padArtha ye haiM- bAlU, kSAra miTTI, cUhe ke bila kI miTTI, valmIka kI miTTI, na sUkhane vAle jalAzaya ke tala kI miTTI, sUara se khodI gayI miTTI, kaMkar3a evaM sonA ( Apa 0 5 / 1 / 4 ) / sAta kASTha sambandhI padArtha ye haiM azvattha, udumbara, parNa ( palAza), zamI, vikaMkata, vidyuta, andhar3a yA tuSAra se mAre hue vRkSa ke Tukar3e evaM pAna kI eka pattI / baudhA0 (2012) ne ina padArthoM ko dUsare DhaMga se varNita kiyA hai| yajamAna devayajana (pUjA) ke lie eka ucca sthala kA nirmANa karatA hai jo pUrva kI ora DhAlU hotA hai, usa para jala chir3akatA hai aura mantroccAraNa Adi karatA hai| uttara yA pUrva kI ora pramukha bA~sa kI noka jhukAkara vedI ke Upara eka chAjana (maNDapa) kara diyA jAtA hai / chAjana ke madhya ke eka ora gArhapatya agni kA Ayatana (sthala) rahatA hai, gArhapatya agni ke pUrva AhavanIya agni rahatI hai jo brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie krama se gArhapatya agni se ATha, gyAraha evaM bAraha prakramoM ( eka prakrama do yA tIna padoM ke barAbara hotA hai) kI dUrI para rahatI hai, yA sabhI ke lie 24 padoM kI dUrI honI caahie| dakSiNAgni gArhapatya ke nikaTa dakSiNapazcima dizA meM gArhapatya evaM AhavanIya kI dUrI kI tihAI dUrI para hotI hai| bar3e-bar3e yajJoM meM AhavanIya evaM gAIpatya nAmaka agniyoM ke lie pRthaka-pRthaka maNDapa bane hote haiM kintu darzapUrNamAsa aise sAdhAraNa yajJoM meM tInoM prakAra kI

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agnyAya 515 agniyAM eka hI maNDapa ke bhItara pratiSThita kI jAtI haiN| ina tIna agniyoM meM kevala vaidika kriyAe~ yA kRtya hI sampAdita ho sakate haiM, unameM sAdhAraNa bhojana nahIM pakAyA jA sakatA aura na anya laukika upayoga meM Ane vAle kArya hI kiye jA sakate haiM (jaimini 12 / 2 / 1-7) / gArhapatya agni ko prAjahita agni bhI kahA jAtA hai (jaimini 1211 / 13) tathA dakSiNAgni ko anvAhAryapacana, kyoMki isI para cAvala pakAkara amAvasyA ke dina 'piNDa-pitRyajJa' kiyA jAtA hai| yajamAna sira muMDAkara evaM nakha kaTAkara snAna karatA hai| usakI patnI bhI muMDana ke sivA vahI karatI hai| pati-patnI do-do rezamI vastra dhAraNa karate haiM, jo agnyAdheya yajJa ke uparAnta adhvaryu ko de diye jAte haiN| yajamAna ko agnyAdheya karane kA saMkalpa karanA cAhie aura apane purohitoM kA cunAva (Rtvig-varaNa) ucita mantroM ke uccAraNa ke sAtha unake hAthoM ko sparza karake karanA cAhie tathA unheM madhuparka denA cAhie (Apa0 10 / 1113-14) / dopahara ke uparAnta (aparAhma meM) jaba sUrya vRkSoM ke Upara calA jAya to adhvaryu ko cAhie ki vaha aupAsana (gRhyAgni) kA eka aMza le Aye aura brAhmaudanika (jo brahmaudana ke lie taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai) nAmaka agni gArhapatya agni vAle sthala ke pazcima kI ora prajvalita kare yA gharSaNa se hI agni utpanna kre| isake uparAnta use sthaNDila (bAla Adi kI vedI) banAnA cAhie aura usa para pazcima se pUrva tIna rekhAe~ tathA dakSiNa se uttara tIna rekhAe~ khIMca denI caahie| sthaNDila para jala chir3akane ke uparAnta aupAsana agni se jalate hue koyale lAkara khIMcI huI rekhAoM para rakha dene caahie| yadi vaha sampUrNa aupAsana agni uThA letA hai to use cAhie ki udumbara kI do pattiyoM meM eka para jau kI roTI tathA dUsarI para cAvala kI roTI lekara unheM brAhmaudanika agni ke sthala para rakha de (jau kI roTI ko pazcima tathA cAvala vAlI ko pUrva kI ora) aura taba una para agni rkhe| adhvaryu rAtri meM brAhmaudanika agni ke pazcima baila kI lAla khAla para, jisakA mukha pUrva kI ora rahatA hai aura bAla vAlA bhAga Upara rahatA hai, yA bAMsa tana meM cAvala kI cAra thAliyA~ rakhatA hai| yaha kArya mantroM ke sAtha yA mauna rUpa se hI kiyA jAtA hai| vaha cAra baratanoM meM pAnI ke sAtha cAvala yA jau pakAtA hai| pake bhojana (brahmaudana) se darvI (karachula) dvArA kucha nikAlakara agni ko detA hai aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai (R0 5 / 15 / 1, 30 brA0 12 / 1) / use "yaha brahmA ke lie hai, mere lie nahIM" kahanA caahie| cAra thAliyoM meM pakA bhojana rakhakara tathA usa para paryApta mAtrA meM ghI DAlakara unheM (thAliyoM ko) RSiyoM ke vaMzaja cAra purohitoM ko detA hai| zeSa bhojana (brahmaudana) baratanoM se nikAlakara tathA usa para zeSa ghI girAkara tathA usameM citriya azvattha kI eka bittA vAlI gIlI tIna samidhAoM ko pattiyoM sahita DubAkara agni meM DAla diyA jAtA hai| aisA karate samaya brAhmaNoM ke lie tIna gAyatriyA~ (agni ko sambodhita kara), kSatriyoM ke lie tIna triSTup tathA vaizyoM ke lie tIna jagatiyA~ kahI jAtI haiM (Apa0 5 / 6 / 3) / jisa samaya agni meM samidhA DAlI jAtI hai, yajamAna dvArA adhvaryu ko tIna bachar3e tathA utane hI bachar3e brahmaudana khAne vAle anya sabhI brAhmaNoM ko diye jAte haiN| agnyAdhAna kI tithi ke pUrva eka varSa taka bachar3oM ke dAna evaM samidhAAhuti ke sAtha isa prakAra brahmaudana sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai / agnyAdheya ke dina se 12, 3, 2 yA 1 dina pUrva pratyeka vyakti ko, jo tIna pavitra agniyA~ sthApita karanA cAhatA hai, isa prakAra kI samidhAoM kI Ahuti denI par3atI hai| yajamAna kucha vrata karatA hai, yathA--mAMsa-tyAga, brahmacarya, ghara kI agni kisI ko na denA, kevala dUdha yA mAta para tIna dinoM taka rahanA, satya bolanA, pRthvI para sonA aadi| yadi kisI kAraNavaza yajamAna varSa (yA 12 dina Adi) meM brahmaudana ke uparAnta agnyAdheya nahIM karatA hai to use punaH brahmaudana pakAnA par3atA hai tathA samidhAe~ DAlanI par3atI haiM, taba kahIM vaha agnyAdhAna sampAdita kara pAtA hai| agnyAdhAna-dina ke pUrva kI rAtri meM adhvaryu tathA anya purohita bhI kucha vrata karate haiM, yathA-mAMsa-tyAga tathA saMbhoga se dUra rhnaa| usa rAtri kAle dhabboM vAlI eka bakarI gArhapatya agni ke lie

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516 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bane sthala ke uttara bA~dha rakhI jAtI hai| usa rAtri meM yajamAna mauna rahatA hai aura anya loga use bA~surI-vINA Adi bajAkarajagAye rakhate haiM (vikalpa bhI hai, vaha mauna tathA jagA nahIM bhI raha sakatA hai)| yajamAna rAtri bhara jAgakara brAhmaunika agni meM lakar3iyA~ DAlA karatA hai| yadi vaha rAtri bhara jAganA na cAhe to eka bAra hI bahuta-sI lakar3iyA~ DAla detA hai| prAtaHkAla adhvaryu agni meM do araNiyA~ garma karatA hai aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai ( tai0 brA0 1 / 2 / 19 ) / isake uparAnta brAhmaudanika agni bujhA dI jAtI hai aura donoM araNiyoM kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai| adhvaryu unheM yajamAna ko de detA hai| yaha saba mantroccAraNa ke sAtha hotA hai| isake uparAnta adhvaryu gArhapatya agni ke lie sthala kI vyavasthA karatA hai aura usa para jala chir3akatA hai| yahI kriyA vaha dakSiNAgni (dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM ), AhavanIya, sabhya evaM sadhya nAmaka agniyoM ke sthaloM (AyatanoM) ke lie karatA hai / sambhAroM (sAmagriyoM) ke sAtha AnIta bAlU * bhAga kA eka bhAga gArhapatya tathA dUsarA bhAga dakSiNAgni ke sthaloM para bikhera diyA jAtA hai| zeSa bAlU ko tIna bhAgoM meM kara AhavanIya, sabhya tathA Avasathya nAmaka agniyoM ke sthaloM meM bikhera diyA jAtA hai| yadi sabhya evaM Avasathya agniyoM ko jalAnA na 'to bAlU ko AhavanIyAgni ke sthala para rakha diyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra anya sAmagriyA~ ( sambhAra) agniyoM ke sthaloM para rakha dI jAtI haiN| ina kRtyoM ke sAtha yathocita mantroM kA uccAraNa bhI hotA rahatA hai| vibhinna sthaloM para cUne ke prastarakhaNDoM evaM DheloM ko rakhakara vaha apane zatru kA smaraNa karatA 1 brAhmaudanika agni kI rAkha ko haTAkara vaha vahA~ donoM araNiyoM ko rakhakara gharSaNa se agni utpanna karatA hai| jaba sUrya pUrva meM nikalane ko rahatA hai, usake pUrva hI vaha Upara kI araNI ko nIce rakha detA hai aura 'daza hotR' nAmaka sUkta par3hatA hai / gharSaNa se agni prajvalita karate samaya eka zveta yA lAla ghor3A (jisakI A~khoM se pAnI na giratA ho, jisake ghuTane kAle hoM yA jisake aNDakoSa pUrNarUpeNa vikasita hoM) upasthita rahanA caahie| usa samaya 'zaktisAMkRti' kA gAna hotA hai| jaba dhUma nikalatA hai to gAthina kauzika sAma gAyA jAtA hai aura 'araNyornihito' (R0 3 / 29 / 2) kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| agni prajvalita hote hI adhvaryu 'upAvaroha jAtaveda:' ( tai0 brA0 2 / 518 ) nAmaka mantra kA uccAraNa kara agni kA AhvAna karatA hai| isake uparAnta adhvaryu yajamAna se 'caturhotR' ( tai0 A0 3 / 1-5) nAmaka mantra par3havAtA hai / agni utpanna ho jAne ke uparAnta yajamAna adhvaryu ko gAya kI dakSiNA detA hai / yajamAna agni ke Upara sA~sa letA hai aura 'prajApatistvA' kahatA hai ( tai0 saM0 4 / 2 / 9 / 1 ) / adhvaryu apane jur3e hAthoM ko nIce jhukAkara agni ke Upara rakhatA hai aura lakar3iyoM se use aura prajvalita karatA hai ( tai0 saM0 4|3|6| 2 ) / usa samaya ' rathantara' evaM 'yajJAyaziya' nAmaka sAmoM kA gAna hotA rahatA hai aura adhvaryu sambhAroM para gArhapatya agni pratiSThApita karatA hai / yajamAna ke gotra evaM pravara ke anusAra mantrapATha kiyA jAtA hai| 'dharmazirasa' ke mantroM kA bhI pATha kiyA jAtA hai| AhavanIya agni kI pratiSThA pUrva dizA meM sUrya ke Adhe bimba ke nikalate-nikalate kara dI jAtI hai / adhvaryu gArhapatya para vaisI lakar3iyA~ jalAtA hai, jinheM vaha Age le jAtA hai| unheM vaha bAlU se bhare baratana meM hI rakhakara le jAtA hai aura yajamAna se 'agnitanu sUkta kA pATha karAtA hai| isake uparAnta agni ko AhavanIya ke sthala para rakhavAtA hai| isake pazcAt AgnIdhra purohita gRhyAgni lAtA hai yA gharSaNa se utpanna karatA hai aura ghuTanoM ko uThAkara baiThatA hai tathA dakSiNAgni kI pratiSThA karatA hai| usa samaya yajJAyajJiya sAma kA gAyana hotA rahatA hai| aneka sUktoM ke pATha ke uparAnta dakSiNAgni sambhAroM para rakha dI jAtI hai (Apa0 5 / 1338 ) / dakSiNAgni kI pratiSThA ke lie agni kisI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra ke gRha se lI jAtI hai, kintu yadi yajamAna samRddhi kA icchuka hai to jisake ghara se vaha agni lAyI jAtI hai use samRddhizAlI honA caahie| agni lAne ke uparAnta yajamAna usa ghara meM phira kabhI bhojana nahIM kara sktaa| baudhAyana ( 2017 ) ke anusAra agni gArhapatya

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agnihotra 517 agni se aura AzvalAyana ke anusAra vaizya ke ghara se yA kisI dhanika ke ghara se lAyI jA sakatI hai yA gharSaNa se utpanna kI jA sakatI hai| gArhapatyAgni kI vedI vRttAkAra, AhavanIyAgni kI vargAkAra tathA dakSiNAgni kI ardhavRttAkAra hotI hai| uparyukta tInoM pavitra agniyoM kI pratiSThA ke viSaya meM bahuta vistAra se varNana pAyA jAtA hai jise sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ chor3A jA rahA hai| ___ samya evaM Avasathya nAmaka agniyoM kI pratiSThA gRhyAgni se yA gharSaNa se utpanna agni se kI jAtI hai| inakI sthApanA gotra ke anusAra kRtya karake AhavanIyAgni se agni lekara bhI kI jAtI hai| adhvaryu inameM pratyeka agni para azvatya kI tIna samidhAe~ rakhatA hai aura Rgveda ke tIna mantroM (9 / 66 / 19, 20 evaM 21) kA uccAraNa karatA hai, isI prakAra vaha zamI kI tIna samiSAe~ ghRta ke sAtha saMyukta kara anya tIna mantroM (R0 415811-3) ke sAtha una agniyoM para rakhatA hai| yadi ye donoM agniyAM nahIM prajvalita kI jAtI to samidhA AhavanIyAmni para hI rakha dI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta adhvaryu pUrNAhuti detA hai, yajamAna dAna karatA hai, mantroccAraNa karatA hai aura pAMcoM (yA kevala tIna) agniyoM kI pUjA karatA hai| yadi yajamAna kSatriya hai to vahIM juA khelA jAtA hai| cAroM purohitoM ko vastra, eka gAya evaM eka baila, eka naye ratha kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai, isI prakAra brahmA ko eka bakarI, eka pUrNapAtra evaM eka ghor3A, adhvaryu ko eka baila tathA hotA ko eka dhenu kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| yajamAna kI zakti ke anurUpa dAna kI saMkhyA evaM mAtrA meM adhikatA ho sakatI hai| ____ kAtyAyana0 (4 / 10 / 16) ke mata se vaidika agniyoM kI pratiSThApanA ke uparAnta yajamAna 12 rAtriyoM yA 6 rAtriyoM yA 3 rAtriyoM taka brahmacarya se rahatA hai aura agniyoM ke pAsa pRthivI para hI zayana karatA hai tathA agniyoM meM dUdha kA homa karatA hai| baudhAyana (2050) ne to 12 dinoM taka ke lie kucha vratoM kI bhI vyavasthA dI hai| punarAdheya-varSa ke bhItara hI yadi vyakti vaidika agniyoM kI pratiSThApanA ke uparAnta kisI bhayaMkara roga (yathA jalodara) se pIr3ita ho jAtA hai, yA daridra ho jAtA hai, yA usakA putra mara jAtA hai, yA usake nikaTa-sambandhI kaSTa pAne lagate haiM yA zatruoM dvArA bandI banA liye jAte haiM, yA vaha svayaM lUlA-laeNgar3A ho jAtA hai, yA vaha samRddhi kA icchuka hotA hai yA yaza-kIrti kamAnA cAhatA hai, to punaH agniyA~ prajvalita karatA hai| agni prajvalita karane kI vidhi agnyAdheya kI bhA~ti hI hai, kevala kucha antara hai, tathA agniyoM ko kuza ghAsa dI jAtI hai na ki lakar3I yA IMdhana, donoM hI AjyabhAga kevala agni ke lie hote haiM na ki yajJa kI bhAMti agni evaM soma donoM ke lie| punarAdheya varSA Rtu evaM dopahara meM kiyA jAtA hai| anya antaroM ko sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ upasthita nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai (dekhie tai0 saM0 1 / 5 / 1-4, tai0 brA0 113 / 1, zatapatha brAhmaNa 2 / 2 / 3, Azva0 2 / 8 / 4-14, Apa0 5 / 26-29, kAtyA0 4111, bodhA0 3 / 1-3) / jaimini (6 / 4 / 26-27) ke mata se panarAdheya eka prakAra kA prAyazcitta bhI hai jo gAIpatyAgni evaM AhavanIyAgni ke bujha jAne yA samApta ho jAne ke prAyazcitta svarUpa kiyA jAtA hai| kintu jaimini (10 / 3 / 30-33) ke mata se jaba kisI viziSTa icchA se utpanna punarAdheya kiyA jAtA hai to agyAdheya kI dakSiNA na dekara dUsare prakAra kI dakSiNA dI jAtI hai| agnihotra gautama (8 / 20) dvArA nirdiSTa sAta haviryajJoM meM agnihotra kA sthAna dUsarA hai| agnyAdheya ke sAyaMkAla se hI gRhastha ko agnihotra karanA par3atA hai| agnihotra prAtaH evaM sAyaM do bAra jIvanaparyanta yA saMnyAsI hone taka yA jaisA ki

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518 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zatapatha brAhmaNa ne likhA hai, mRtyu taka karanA par3atA hai| satyASADha (31) ke mata se pratyeka dvija ke lie tInoM vaidika agniyoM kI sthApanA ke uparAnta agnihotra evaM darzapUrNamAsa nAmaka yajJa karanA anivArya hai, yahA~ taka ki rathakAroM tathA niSAdoM ko bhI aisA karanA cAhie, kintu isa antima nAma para anya sUtrakAroM ne apanI sahamati nahIM dI hai| jaimini (6 / 3 / 1-7 evaM 8-10) ke mata se agnihotra anivArya hai, ataH ve loga bhI jo sampUrNa vistAra ke sAtha ise sampAdita nahIM kara sakate, ise kara sakate haiM, kintu una logoM ko jo kisI icchA kI pUrti ke lie ise karanA cAhate haiM, ise sampUrNatA ke sAtha sampAdita karanA caahie| bahuta-se sUtroM meM mantroM evaM vistAra ke viSaya meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha logoM ke mata se gRhastha ko sabhI vaidika agniyA~ prajvalita rakhanI cAhie (kAtyA0 4 / 13 / 5), kucha logoM ke anusAra kevala gArhapatyAgni ko hI satata rakhanA cAhie (Apa0 6 / 2 / 12), kintu kucha logoM ke mata se yadi agnyAgheya ke samaya dakSiNAgni araNi-manthana se utpanna kara sthApita kI gayI ho to use sadA ke lie rakhanA caahie| gRhastha adhvaryu dvArA gArhapatyAgni se AhavanIyAgni ma~gAtA hai aura adhvaryu yaha kArya prAtaH evaM sAyaM karatA hai| kintu yadi yajamAna yaha kArya prati dina karatA hai to use adhvaryu kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| Azva0 (2 / 2 / 1) ke mata se prati dina ke agnihotra meM dakSiNAgni kaI prakAra se prApta kI jA sakatI hai, yathA baizya ke ghara se yA kisI dhanika ke ghara se yA gharSaNa se, yA svayaM satata rUpa meM prajvalita rakhI jA sakatI hai| anya vistAra ke lie dekhie Azva0 (2 / 2 / 3 evaM 6), Apa0 (6 / 117), baudhA0 (3 / 4) / __gRhastha ko prajvalita gArhapatyAgni se eka baratana meM jalate hue aMgAra lekara AhavanIyAgni ke pAsa mantroccAraNa (devaM tvA devebhyaH zriyA uddharAmi) ke sAtha jAnA cAhie aura pUrva kI ora jAte samaya anya mantroM kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie, yathA "mujhe pApa se Upara uThAie....jo bhI pApa maiMne jAna-anajAna meM kiye hoM, unase bcaaie|" dina ke pApoM ke lie sAyaMkAla meM tathA rAtri ke pApoM ke lie prAtaHkAla meM prArthanA kI jAtI hai| prAtaH evaM sAyaM sUryAbhimukha hokara agnihotra kiyA jAtA hai| kAtyA0 (4 / 13 / 3) ke anusAra prAtaHkAla kA agnihotra sUryodaya ke tathA sAyaMkAla kA sUryAsta ke pUrva ho jAnA cAhie, kintu AzvalAyana ke mata se agnihotra udayAsta ke uparAnta hI karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM prAcIna kAla se hI do mata cale A rahe haiN| kucha logoM ne sUryodaya ke pUrva aura kucha logoM ne sUryodaya ke uparAnta agnihotra karane kI vyavasthA dI hai / aitareya brAhmaNa (24 / 4 / 6) evaM kauSItakibrAhmaNa (2 / 9) bhI isa viSaya meM avalokanIya haiN| Apa0 (6 / 4 / 7-9) ne isa viSaya meM cAra matoM kA udghATana kiyA hai| agnihotra prAtaH evaM. sAyaM arthAt rAtri evaM dina ke saMdhikAla meM karanA cAhie, yA taba jaba prathama tArA AkAza meM dikhAI par3e, yA rAtri ke prathama yA dvitIya prahara meM, yA prAtaH jaba sUrya ke maNDala kA eka aMza dikhAI par3e yA jaba sUrya Upara A cuvA ho| gRhastha ko sandhyA-pUjA ke uparAnta hI agnihotra karanA taahie| gRhyAgni meM homa agnihotra ke pUrva honA cAhie ki usake 6. tai0 brA0 (2 / 112) meM agnihotra zabda kI vyutpatti kI gayI hai| yaha vaha kRtya hai jisameM Agna ke lie homa kiyA jAtA hai| sAyaNa kA kahanA hai-agnaye hotraM homo'sminkarmaNi iti bahuvrIhivyutpattyA'gnihotramiti krmnaam| agnaye hotramiti tatpuruSavyutpattyA hvirnaam| dekhie jomani (1 / 4 / 4), jisameM AyA hai-"agnihotraM juhoti svargakAmaH", yahA~ 'agnihotraM' eka kRtya kA nAma hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa (12 / 4 / 1 / 1) meM AyA hai- dIrghasatraM ha vA eta upayanti ye'gnihotraM juhvatyetadvai jarAmayaM satraM yadagnihotraM jarayA vAva hovAsmAnmucyate mRtyunA vaa|" satyASAta (3 // 1) kA kahanA hai--"AdhAnAdagnihotraM darzapUrNamAsau ca niytau| niSAdarathakArayorAdhAnAdagnihotraM darzapUrNamAsau ca niymyete|"

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agnihotra uparAnta? isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| kucha logoM ke mata se agnihotra ke pUrva gRhyAmni meM homa honA cAhie aura kucha loga kahate haiM ki vaidika agnihotra ke uparAnta hI gRhyAgni meM homa honA caahie| sanyAvandana ke uparAnta mahastha yA to gArhapatyAgni evaM dakSiNAgni ke bIca meM AhavanIyAgni kI ora jAtA hai yA ina donoM agniyoM ke sthaloM ke rakSiNa ora ke mArga se AhavanIyAgni kI pradakSiNA kara dakSiNa meM apane sthAna para baiTha jAtA hai aura usakI patnI bhI apane sthAna para baiTha jAtI hai (kaatyaa04|13|12 evaM 4 / 15 / 2, aap06|5|3 tathA kAtyA0 4113 / 13 evaM Apa0 6 / 5 / 1-2) / gRhastha 'vidyudasi vidyA me pApmAnamRtAtsatyamupaimi mayi zraddhA' (Apa0 6 / 5 / 3) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha Acamana karatA hai, usakI patnI bhI Acamana karatI hai| isake uparAnta pati evaM palI agnihotra hone taka mauna sAdhe rahate haiN| binA palI vAle gRhastha bhI donoM samaya agnihotra sampAdita kara sakate haiM (aitareyabA0 3228) / tInoM agniyoM (gArhapatya, mAhavanIya evaM dakSiNa) ke lie parisamUhana (gIle hAtha se uttara pUrva se uttara taka poMchane) kA kArya adhvaryu hI karatA hai| adhvaryu hI AhavanIyAgni ke cAroM ora darbha bichAtA hai arthAt paristaraNa karatA hai| pUrva evaM pazcima vAle kuzoM kI noka dakSiNa kI ora tathA uttara evaM dakSiNa vAloM kI pUrva kI ora hotI hai| paristaraNa-kRtya pUrva se prArambha kara krama se dakSiNa pazcima tathA uttara kI ora kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra adhvaryu anya donoM vaidika agniyoM (gArhapatya evaM dakSiNAgni) kI cAroM dizAoM meM darbha bichA detA hai| dAhine hAtha meM jala lekara vaha AhavanIyAgni ke caturdika (uttarapUrva se Arambha kara punaH uttara dizA meM samApta kara) chir3akatA hai| isake japasanta vaha pazcima kI ora se ajasra dhArA girAtA AhavanIyAgni se gArhapatyAgni taka calA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta paryukSaNa-kRtya kiyA jAtA hai jo gArhapatya se Arambha kara bAyIM ora se dAhinI ora bar3hakara dakSiNAgni taka jala chir3akane ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| yA sarvaprathama gArhapatyAgni ke cAroM ora jala chir3akA jA sakatA hai aura taba dakSiNAgni ke cAroM or| isake uparAnta gArhapatya se pUrva kI ora AhavanIya ke caturdik jala kI dhArA girAyI jAtI hai (Azva0 2 / 2 / 14) / mantroccAraNa ke viSaya meM dekhie Azva0 (2 / 2 / 11-13), kAtyA0 (4 / 13 / 16-18) evaM Apa0 (6 / 5 / 4) / jo vyakti kevala pavitra kartavya samajhakara agnihotra karatA hai use gAya ke dUdha se homa karanA cAhie, kintu jo vyakti kaI grAma yA adhika bhojana yA zakti yA yaza cAhatA hai, use cAhie ki vaha yavAga, bhAta, dahI yA ghata se homa kare (aashv02|3|1-2)| isake uparAnta gAya duhane vAle vyakti ko AjJA dI jAtI hai| gAya yajJa-sthala kI dakSiNa dizA meM khar3I rakhanI cAhie aura usakA baccA bachar3A honA caahie| gAya duhate samaya bachar3e ko gAya ke dakSiNa meM rakhanA caahie| pahale bachar3A dUdha pI le taba use haTAkara duhanA caahie| gAya ko duhane vAlA zUdra nahIM honA cAhie 7. saMdhyAvandanAnantaraM pUrvamagnihotrahomastataH smaarte'gnau| taduktam-homa vaitAnike kRtvA smArtaM kuryAd vickssnnH| smRtInAM vebamUlatvAtsmA kecitpurA viduH // iti / kAtyA0 4 / 13 / 12 kA bhASya; candrodaya meM ur3ata bharavAja / dekhie AcAraratna (pR. 52) / 8. kAtyA0 (4 / 13) ke bhASya meM AyA hai-upavezanavyatiriktaM patnI kimapi na karotIti saMpradAyaH / tacca sAputaram / isase spaSTa hai ki striyoM kI yajJa-kRtya-sambandhI sArI mahattA kramazaH vilIna hotI calI gayI aura ve aba yajJAdi kamoM meM patiyoM ko bagala meM baiThI sAre kRtyoM ko mauna rUpa se dekhatI rahatI haiN| aba to kevala yajamAna evaM purohita mAtra vAcAla rahate haiM, striyA~ mUka banI gaTharI-sI baiThI rahatI haiN| jaimini (6 / 1 / 17-21) ne likhA hai ki yaza-sampAdana meM pati evaM ..tnI ko eka-dUsare se sahayoga karanA cAhie, kintu punaH isI sUtra meM AyA hai (6 / 1124) ki patnI yajJa ke sAre kArya nahIM kara sakatI, vaha kevala utanA hI bolegI jisake lie paddhati meM chUTa hai|

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520 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (kAtyA0 4 / 14 / 1), kintu Apa0 (6 / 3 / 11-14) ne aisA pratibandha nahIM rakhA hai| baudhA0 (3 // 4) ke mata se gAya duhane vAlA brAhmaNa hI honA caahie| gAya duhane ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta-se niyama bane haiM (zatapatha brA0 317, 0 mA0 2 / 1 / 8) / sUryAsta hote hI duhanA cAhie (Apa0 6 / 4 / 5) / kisI Arya dvArA nirmita miTTI ke baratana meM hI dUdha duhA jAnA caahie| pAtra cakra para nahIM banA rahanA caahie| usakA muMha bar3A tathA gherA vRttAkAra yA DhAlU nahIM honA cAhie, balki sIdhA.khar3A (kAtyA0 41411, Apa0 6 / 3 / 7) / isako agnihotrasthAlI kahA jAtA hai (aap06| 3215) / adhvaryu gArhapatyAgni se jalatI huI agni lekara (dUdha ubAlane ke lie) usake uttara alaga sthala para rakhatA hai| taba vaha gAya ke pAsa jAkara dUdhapAtra ko uThAkara AhavanIyAgni ke pUrva rakhakara gArhapatyAgni ke pazcima meM baiThatA hai aura pAtra ko garma karatA hai| vaha atirikta darbha lekara use jalAkara dUdha ke Upara prakAza karatA hai| taba vaha muva se jala kI kucha bUMdeM kholate hue dUdha meM chir3akatA hai (Azva0 2 / 3 / 3 evaM 5) / isake uparAnta vaha punaH prayukta darbha ko jalAkara garma dUdha ke Upara prakAza karatA hai| yaha tona bAra kiyA jAtA hai| dUdha ko khaulA denA cAhie ki kevala garma kara denA cAhie, isa viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai / isake uparAnta tIna mantroM ke sAtha dUdha kA pAtra dhIre-se utAra liyA jAtA haiM aura jalatI agni ke uttara rakha diyA jAtA hai| taba jalatI huI bacI agni gArhapatyAgni meM DAla dI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta sruva evaM sruk ko hAtha se jhAr3a-poMchakara gArhapatyAgni para garma kara liyA jAtA hai| yahI kriyA punaH kI jAtI hai aura yajamAna se pUchA jAtA hai-"kyA maiM khuva se dUdha nikAla sakatA hU~?" yajamAna kahatA hai-"hA~, nikAlie," taba adhvaryudAhine hAtha meM sruva le tathA bAyeM hAtha meM agnihotra-havaNI lekara usameM dUdha ke pAtra se dUdha nikAlatA hai| yaha kRtya cAra bAra kiyA jAtA hai aura sruva dUdha ke pAtra meM hI chor3a diyA jAtA hai| Apastamba (677-8) evaM Azva0 (2 / 3 / 13-14) ke matAnusAra adhvaryu gRhastha kA abhimata jAnate hue sruva se bharapUra dUdha nikAlatA hai, kyoMki aisA karane se gRhastha ko sabase yogya putra lAbha kI bAta hotI hai, jitanA hI kama dUdha khuva meM hotA jAyagA usI anupAta meM anya putroM ke lAbha kI bAta mAnI jaaygii| isake uparAnta adhvaryu eka hAtha lambA palAza-daNDa sruvadaNDa ke Upara rakhakara gArha patyAgni kI jvAlA ke pAsa rakhatA hai aura sruva ko apanI nAka ke barAbara U~cA rakhakara AhavanIya taka le jAtA hai; gArhapatya evaM AhavanIya kI dUrI ke bIca meM vaha sruva ko apanI nAbhi taka lAtA hai, aura punaH mukha kI U~cAI taka uThAkara Aha vanIya ke pAsa pahu~catA hai aura usake pazcima sruva tathA palAza-daNDa kI samidhA ko darbha para rakhatA hai| vaha svayaM pUrvAbhimukha ho AhavanIya kI uttara-pUrva dizA meM baiThatA hai| usake ghuTane mur3e rahate haiM, bAyeM hAtha meM khuva evaM dAhine meM samidhA lekara vaha AMhavanIyAgni meM 'rajatAM tvAgnijyotiSam' (Azva0 2 / 3 / 15) mantra ke sAtha Ahuti detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha 'vidyudasi vidyA me pApmAnam' (Apa0 6 / 9 / 3, Azva0 27 / 16) mantra ke sAtha Acamana karatA hai| jaba DAlI huI samidhA jalane lagatI hai to vaha 'oM bhUrbhuvaH svarom, agniyotiyotirgniH svAhA' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha samidhA para dUdha kI Ahuti chor3atA hai| mantroM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| isa viSaya meM dekhie vAjasaneyI saMhitA (3 / 9), Apa0 (6 / 10 / 3), tai0 brA0 (2 / 1 / 2) / isake uparAnta vaha khuda ko kuza para rakha detA hai aura gArha patyAgni kI ora isa vicAra ke sAtha dekhatA hai--"mujhe pazu diijie|" punaH vaha sruva uThAtA hai aura pahale se dUnI mAtrA meM dUdha kI dUsarI Ahuti detA hai| isa bAra mauna sAdhakara prajApati kA dhyAna karake Ahuti dI jAtI hai| yaha dUsarI Ahuti prathama Ahuti ke pUrva yA uttara meM isa prakAra dI jAtI hai ki donoM meM kisI prakAra kA sambandha na hone paaye| isake uparAza sruva meM dUsarI Ahuti vAle dUdha se adhika dUdha liyA jAtA hai| taba vaha muk ko do bAra (Apa0 6 / 11 / 3 ke anusAra tIna bAra) isa prakAra uThAtA hai ki agni-jvAlA uttara ora ghUma uThe aura aisA karake uk ko kUrca para rakha detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha sruva ke mukha ko nIce kara hAtha se ragar3akara svaccha kara detA hai aura punaH kurca (uttara vAle kuzoM kI noka) kI uttara dizA meM apane hAtha para lage dUdha kI bUMdeM poMchakara svaccha kara letA hai aura "devatAoM ko

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agnihotra 521 praNAma" (kAtyA0 4114130) yA "tumheM pazu prApti ke lie" nAmaka zabdoM kA uccAraNa karatA hai| Apa0 (6 / 10 / 10) ne prAtaH evaM sAyaMkAla ke samaya sruva ko svaccha karane kI eka alaga vidhi dI hai aura tai0 saM0 (1312131) ke mantra ke uccAraNa kI bAta kahI hai| isake uparAnta hathelI ko Upara tathA janeU ko prAcInAvIta DhaMga se dhAraNa karate vaha apanI aMguliyoM ko mauna rUpa se "svadhA pitRmyaH pitan jinva" (Apa0 6 / 11 / 4) yA "svadhA pitRbhyaH" (kAtyA0 4 / 14 / 21 evaM Azva0 2 / 3 / 21) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha dakSiNa dizA meM kuzoM kI noka para rakhatA hai| taba vaha pUrvAbhimukha ho upavIta DhaMga se janeU rakhakara Acamana karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha gArhapatyAgni ke pAsa jAtA hai aura eka samidhA khar3e-khar3e uThAtA hai| punaH pUrvAbhimukha ho gAI patyAgni kI uttara-pazcima dizA meM baiTha jAtA hai aura ghuTane jhukA kara gArhapatyAgni meM samidhA DAlatA hai, phira sruva meM dUdha lekara "tA asya sUdadohasaH" (R0 8 / 69 / 3) yA koI anya yathA "iha puSTim puSTipatiH...puSTipataye svAhA' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha Ahuti detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha kAtyA0 (4 / 14 / 24) evaM Azva0 (2 / 3127-29) ke anusAra kisI bhI vidhi se dUsarI Ahuti mauna rUpa meM yA mantroccAraNa (R0 9 / 66 / 19-21) ke sAtha detA hai| taba vaha "annAdAyAnapataye svAhA" zabdoM ke sAtha dakSiNAgni meM truva dvArA dugdhAhuti detA hai aura dUsarI Ahuti mauna rUpa se detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha jala sparza karatA hai, uttarAbhimukha hotA hai aura apanI eka a~gulI (kAtyA0 4 / 14 / 26 ke mata se anAmikA) se sruva meM bace hue bhAga ko nikAlakara binA svara utpanna kiye tathA binA dA~ta ke sparza se cATa jAtA hai| vaha phira Acamana karake punaH cATakara Acamana karatA hai| isake uparAnta sruka meM bace hue dUdha Adi ko hathelI meM yA kisI pAtra meM lekara jIbha se cATatA hai| Apa0 (6 / 115 evaM 6 / 12 / 2) evaM baudhA0 (3 / 6) meM zeSa ko cATane kI vidhi meM kucha anya bAteM bhI haiM, jinheM yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se chor3A jA rahA hai| isake uparAnta vaha apanA hAtha dhotA hai, do bAra Acamana karatA hai, AhavanIyAgni ke pAsa jAtA hai aura baiTha jAtA hai, muk ko jala se bharatA hai aura sruva se jala ko AhavanIyAgni ke uttara "devAM jinva" zabdoM ke sAtha chir3akatA hai| prAcInAvIta Dhaga se janeU dhAraNa karake vaha yahI kRtya punaH karatA hai, kintu isa bAra AhavanIyAgni ke dakSiNa pitaroM ko "pitan jinva" nAmaka zabdoM ke sAtha jaladhArA detA hai| taba vaha yahI kriyA "saptarSIn jinva" kahakara usarapUrva meM Upara ko jala se karatA hai| cauthI bAra vaha suk ko bharatA hai, AhavanIyAgni ke pazcima meM rakhe (kUrca sthAna ke) darbha ko haTAtA hai, vahA~ tIna bAra pUrva se uttara kI ora jala detA haiN| isake uparAnta vaha sruva evaM sUk ko eka sAtha hI AhavanIyAgni meM garma karatA hai aura unheM antarvedI para rakha detA hai yA unheM kisI paricAraka ko de detA hai| taba vaha paryukSaNa vAle krama ke anusAra (AhvanIya, gArhapatya, dakSiNAgni yA gArhapatya, dakSiNAgni, AhavanIya ke krama se) pratyeka agni meM samidhA DAlatA hai| isake uparAnta gRhastha agni kI pUjA vAtsaprastutiyoM ke sAtha karatA hai yA vAja0 (3137) ke anusAra "bhUrbhuvaH svaH"...Adi ke uccAraNa ke sAtha saMkSepa meM pUjA karatA hai aura eka kSaNa AhavanIya ke pAsa baiTakara maunArAdhanA karatA hai| taba vaha gArhapatya ke pAsa baiThatA hai yA leTa jAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha sabhI agniyoM ke lie paryukSaNa karatA hai| taba gRhastha apanA mauna tor3akara Acamana karatA hai aura bAhara nikala jAne para dakSiNAgni kA dhyAna karatA hai| anta meM patnI bhI mauna rUpa meM Acamana karatI hai| kAtyA0 (4 / 12 / 1-2) ke mata se sAyaMkAla vAtsapra mantroM (vAja0 saM0 332-36 evaM zata0 brA0 2 / 3 / 4 / 9-41) ke sAtha AhutiyA~ dene ke uparAnta upasthAna karanA (agniyoM kI stuti karanA) icchA para AdhArita hai, gRhastha cAhe to nahIM bhI kara sakatA hai yA kevala eka mantra kA uccAraNa mAtra (vAja0 saM0 3 / 37 evaM zatapatha brA0 2 / 4 / 111-2) kara sakatA hai| Apa0 (6 / 16 / 4 evaM 6) ne to upasthAna ke lie cha: mantroM tathA anya mantroM ke gAyana kI bAta calAyI hai, jisakI vyAkhyA sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM kI jA rahI hai| kucha loga upasthAna ko kevala sAyaMkAla ke lie dharma0 66

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 522 hI ucita mAnate haiM aura kucha loga prAtaH evaM sAyaM donoM samayoM ke lie (dekhie Apa 0 6 / 19 / 4-9 se lekara 6 / 23 taka ) / kSatriyoM ke viSaya meM agnihotra ke lie Apa0 (6 / 15 / 10-13) ne kucha manorama niyama diye haiN| Apastamba kahanA hai ki kSatriya ko AhavanIyAgni sadaiva rakhanI cAhie. cAhe vaha Ahnika agnihotra kare yA na kre| jaba sAdhAraNa rUpa se agnihotra kiyA jAya to kSatriya ko cAhie ki vaha apane ghara se brAhmaNa ke lie bhojana bheje, jisase ki use agnihotra karane kA pUrNa lAbha prApta ho, aura adhvaryu ko cAhie ki vaha kSatriya ( rAjanya ) se agnyupasthAna (agnistuti ke mantroM) kA pATha kraaye| jisa rAjanya ne somayajJa kara liyA ho aura jo satya bolatA ho, vaha Ahnika agnihotra kara sakatA hai| Azva0 (21113-5 ) ke matAnusAra kSatriya evaM vaizya amAvasyA evaM pUrNimA ke dina agnihotra kara sakate haiM tathA anya dinoM meM unheM kisI kartavyaparAyaNa brAhmaNa ke yahA~ pakA huA bhojana bhejanA caahie| kintu vaha kSatriya yA vaizya, jo vicAra evaM zabda (vacana) se satyavAdI hai aura somayajJa kara cukA hai, Ahnika (prati dina vAlA) affair kara sakatA hai / lagatA hai, ina niyamoM dvArA kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ko anya kArya karane ke lie adhika samaya evaM avasara pradAna kiye gaye the / Apa0 ( 6 15 | 14-16), Azva0 ( 3 / 4 / 2-4 ) tathA anya logoM ke mata se gRhastha ko svayaM prati dina agnihotra karanA cAhie, yadi vaha aisA na kara sake to kama-se-kama parva ke dinoM meM to use agnihotra avazya karanA caahie| usake lie purohita, ziSya yA putra bhI agnihotra kara sakatA hai| 2 1 Azva0 prAtaH evaM sAyaMkAla ke agnihotra kI vidhiyA~ sAmAnyataH eka-sI haiM, kevala vistAra meM kucha bheda hai, yathA ( 2/4/25 ) meM prAtaH kA paryukSaNa - mantra kucha aura hai aura sAyaM kA kucha aura ( Azva0 2 / 2 / 11) / isI prakAra kucha anya antara bhI haiM ( Azva0 2 / 4 / 25 evaM 2 |2| 16 ) / anya bAtoM ke lie dekhie kAtyA0 (4115) / eka rAtri ke lie yA lambI avadhi ke lie jaba gRhastha bAhara jAtA hai, to use agnihotra ke viSaya meM kyA karanA cAhie ? isake viSaya meM sUtroM meM bahuta se niyama pAye jAte haiN| dekhie zatapatha brA0 ( 224 / 9 / 3-14), Azva0 ( 225), Apa0 (6 / 24-27), kAtyA0 (4 / 12 / 13-14 ) / Azva0 ke mata se mahatvapUrNa niyama ye haiM vaha agni uddIpta kara detA hai (jvAlA meM pariNata kara detA hai), Acamana karatA hai aura AhavanIya, gArhapatya tathA dakSiNAgni pAsa jAkara unakI pUjA 'zaMsya pazUn me pAhi', 'narya prajAM me pAhi' evaM 'atharva pituM me pAhi' nAmaka mantroM (vAjasaneyI saM0 3 / 37 ) ke sAtha karatA hai| isake uparAnta dakSiNAgni ke pAsa khar3e hokara use anya donoM agniyoM kI ora 'imAn meM mitrAvaruNau gRhAn * gopAyataM... punarAyanAt' (kAThaka saM0 613, maitrAyaNI saMhitA 1 / 5 / 14 - kucha antaroM ke sAtha ) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha dekhanA caahie| vaha punaH AhavanIya ke pAsa Akara usakI pUjA karatA hai ( tai0 saM0 1151011 nAmaka mantra ke sAtha ) / isake uparAnta use vinA pIche dekhe yAtrA ' laga jAnA cAhie aura 'mA praNama' nAmaka stuti kA pATha karanA caahie| jaba vaha aise sthala para pahu~ca jAtA hai, jahA~ se usake ghara kI chata nahIM dikhAI par3atI, taba vaha apanA mauna tor3atA hai / jaba apane ghara se gantavya sthAna ke mArga kI ora pahu~ce to use 'sadA sugaH' (R0 3 / 54 / 21) kA pATha karanA caahie| jaba vaha yAtrA se ghara lauTa Aye, use 'api panthAm' (R0 6 / 51/16 ) kA pATha karanA caahie| isake uparAnta use mauna sAdhanA cAhie, apane hAtha meM samidhAe~ lenI cAhie aura yaha sunane para ki usake putra yA ziSya ne agniyA~ uddIpta kara dI haiM, use AhavanIya kI ora Azva0 (2/5/9 ) ke do mantroM ke sAtha dekhanA caahie| isake uparAnta samidhAe~ DAlakara use 'mama nAma tava ca' ( tai0 saM0 115/10/1) nAmaka mantra se AhavanIya kI pUjA 'karanI caahie| taba use vAja0 saM0 (3128-30) ke eka-eka mantra ke sAtha AhavanIya, gArhapatya evaM dakSiNAgni meM samidhAe~ DAlanI caahie|

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pravAsa meM agnihotra 523 uparyukta niyama tabhI lAgU hote haiM ki jaba gRhastha apanI patnI ko chor3akara bAhara jAtA hai| jaba taka vaha bAhara rahatA hai use agnihotra evaM darzapUrNamAsa ke samaya mAnasika japa se apane sAre kartavya karane cAhie aura sabhI prakAra ke vratoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie (yathA, jahA~ taka sambhava hoM phala-phUla, kanda-mUla para hI jIvana vyatIta karanA caahie)| dekhie Apa 0 (4|16| 18 ) evaM kAtyA0 (4 / 12 / 16) tathA isakA maassy| ghara se bAhara rahane para use apanI patnI para agniyoM kA bhAra saupa denA cAhie tathA Avazyaka kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke lie kisI purohita kI vyavasthA kara denI caahie| jaba gRhastha apanI patnI ke sAtha yAtrA karatA hai to use agniyA~ sAtha meM hI rakha lenI caahie| yadi vaha sapatnIka yAtrA kare kintu agniyA~ sAtha na rakhe to ghara para purohita kA rakhanA nirarthaka hai, kyoMki pati-patnI kI anupasthiti meM agnihotra homa nahIM sampAdita ho sakatA, lauTakara Ane para gRhastha ko agni kI pratiSThA puna: ( punarAdhAna) karanI hI par3egI /

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adhyAya 30 darza- pUrNamAsa sabhI iSTiyoM (aise yajJa jinameM pazu bali dI jAtI hai) kI prakRti para darza-pUrNamAsa nAmaka yajJa ke varNana evaM vyAkhyA se prakAza par3a jAtA hai| isI se sabhI zrauta sUtra sarva prathama darzapUrNamAsa kA varNana vistAra se karate haiM, yoM to krama ke anusAra agnyAdhAna kA sthAna sarvaprathama hai| Azva0 (2 / 1 / 1) kA kahanA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI iSTiyoM para pauNumAsa iSTi ke vivecana se prakAza par3a jAtA hai| Apa0 ( 3|14|11 -13 ) ke anusAra tInoM agniyoM (gArhapatya, AhavanIya evaM dakSiNAgni) kI pratiSThApanA ke uparAnta pratiSThApaka ko darzapUrNamAsa kA sampAdana jIvana bhara (yA jaba taka saMnyAsI na ho jAya ) yA 30 varSoM taka yA jaba taka bahuta jIrNa (kRtya karane meM pUrNarUpeNa ayogya) na ho jAya, karate jAnA caahie|' 'amAvasyA' zabda kA artha hai 'vaha dina jaba ( sUrya evaM candra ) sAtha raheM / ' yaha vaha tithi hai, jisa dina sUrya evaM candra eka dUsare ke bahuta pAsa ( arthAt nyUnatama dUrI para ) rahate haiN| 'pUrNamAsI' vaha tithi hai, jisa dina sUrya evaM candra eka-dUsare se adhikatama dUrI para rahate haiM / 'pUrNamAsa' kA tAtparya hai 'vaha kSaNa jaba ki candra pUrNa ( pUrA yA bharapUra ) rahatA hai / ' 'darza' kA tAtparya vahI hai jo 'amAvasyA' kA hai| darza kA artha hai 'vaha dina jaba candra ko kevala sUrya hI dekha sakatA hai aura anya koI nahIM / ' 'darza' evaM 'pUrNa mAsa' ke gauNa artha haiM 've kRtya jo krama se amAvasyA evaM pUrNamAsI ke dina sampAdita hote haiM / ' 'iSTi' kA tAtparya usa yajJa se hai jisameM yajamAna cAra purohitoM ko niyukta karatA hai| nIce hama satyASADha evaM AzvalAyana ke zrautasUtroM para AdhArita darza- pUrNa mAsa - sambandhI vivecana upasthita kareMge / agnyAdheya kara cukanevAlA Age kI prathama pUrNamAsI ko darza- pUrNamAsa kA sampAdana kara sakatA hai| pUrNamAsI ke dina kI iSTi do dina ho sakatI hai, kintu sAre kRtya saMkSipta kara eka hI dina meM sampAdita ho sakate haiN| yadi do dinoM taka kRtya kiye jAyeM, to ve prathama dina (pUrNamAsI ke dina ) tathA pratipadA ( pUrNamAsI ke Age ke kRSNa pakSa ke prathama dina ) taka samApta ho jAte haiM; prathana dina ko upavasaya dina tathA dUsare dina ko yajanIya dina kahA jAtA hai| pUrNamAsa kRtya ke silasile meM upavasatha ke dina agnyanvAdhAna ( agni meM IMdhana DAlanA) evaM paristaraNa kRtya kiye jAte haiM aura zeSa kRtya yajanIya dina meM sampAdita hote haiM / yadi prAraMbhika pUrNamAsa iSTi yA darza iSTi ho to yajamAna hat anvArambhaNIyA iSTi sampAdita karanI par3atI hai, jise nIce pAda-TiptaNI meM par3hie / 1. 'yAvajjIvaM darzapUrNa mAsAbhyAM yajeta' - jaimini ( 10/8/36 ) kI zyAmA meM zabara dvArA uddhRta | aura dekhie za0 brA0 (11 / 12 / 13), jahA~ 30 varSoM kI carcA hai| 'tAbhyAM yAvajjIvaM yajeta / trizataM vA varSANi / jIrNo vA virmet|' Apa0 (3 | 14|11-13) / 2. sarvaprathama tai0 saM0 ( 3 / 5 / 1 / 1) ke mantroM ke sAtha sarasvatI ko do AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM aura taba anvArambhaNIyA kA sampAdana hotA hai| isameM agni evaM viSNu ko 11 kapAloM (ghaTa-zakaloM, miTTI ke kasoroM yA bhinna pAtroM) meM pakAyI gayI roTI dI jAtI hai| sarasvatI ko caru (eka sAtha cAvala, jau, dUdha Adi ubAlakara banAyI

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varza-pUrNamAsa "25 pUrNamAsI ke dina prAtaHkAla yajamAna apanI strI ke sAtha Ahnika agnihotra karane ke uparAnta gArhapatya ke pazcima darzoM para baiThakara, apane hAtha meM kuza lekara tathA prANAyAma karake 'zrIparamezvaraprItyartha paurNamAseSTyA yakSye' (amAvasyA ke dina vaha 'paurNamAseSTyA ' ke sthAna para 'darzaSTyA ' kahatA hai) nAmaka saMkalpa karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha adhvaryu, brahmA, hotA evaM AgnIdhra nAmaka cAra purohitoM se kahatA hai-"maiM Apako apanA adhvaryu, apanA brahmA, apanA hotA evaM apanA AgnIghra cunatA huuN|" adhvaryu gArhapatya se agni lekara AhavanIya evaM dakSiNAgni ke pAsa jAtA hai aura eka samidhA kI noMka ko pUrvAbhimukha karake AhavanIya para rakhatA aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai (Rgveda 10 // 12811, tai0 saM0 4 / 7 / 14 / 1) / adhvaryu evaM yajamAna tIna padyoM kA (zatapatha brA0 112 meM varNita tai0 brA0 375 ke padya) japa karate haiN| jaba vaha AhavanIya evaM gArhapatya ke madhya meM rahatA hai to khar3e-khar3e 'antarAgni...manISayA' (tai0 brA0 3 / 7 / 4) kA pATha karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha mantra ke sAtha (R0 10 / 12812, te 0 saM0 4 / 7 / 14 / 1) gAI patya meM samidhA DAlatA hai| adhvarya evaM yajamAna 'iha prajA...' evaM 'iha pazavaH' (le0 prA0 3 / 7 / 4, za0 brA0 122) kA uccAraNa karate haiN| isake uparAnta adhvaryu dakSiNAgni meM 'mayi devA' (R0 10 // 128134, tai0 saM0 4 / 3 / 14 / 1) ke sAtha samidhA rakhatA hai| taba donoM 'ayaM pitANAm' (tai0 brA0 3 / 74) kA pATha karate haiN| jo sabhya evaM Avamathya agniyA~ prajvalita rakhate haiM, ve unameM mantroM ke sAtha (tai0 brA0 3714) samidhAe~ DAlate haiN| __ usa yajamAna ko, jisane somayajJa pahale hI kara liyA ho, zAkhAharaNa nAmaka kRtya karanA par3atA hai| use sAnnAmya (tAje dUdha meM khaTTA dUdha yA pichalI rAtri ke dUdha kA dahI milAne se banA huA padArtha) denA par3atA hai| te0 saM0 (2 / 5 / 4 / 1) ke mata se kevala somayAjI hI sAnnAyya detA hai| indra yA mahendra ko bhI sAnAyya diyA gayA thA (zatapatha brA0 106 / 4 / 21 evaM kAtyA0 4 / 2310) / te 0 saM0 (2 / 5 / 4 / 4) ke mata se kevala gatazrI mahendra ko sAnnAyya de sakatA hai, kintu zata0 brA0 (114) ke anusAra somayAga ke uparAnta eka yA do varSoM taka indra evaM mahendra ko sAnnAyya diyA jAnA caahie| pUrNamAsI kI iSTi meM agni evaM agnISoma ko puroDAza (roTI) diyA jAtA hai aura isameM do puroDAzoM ke sAtha mauna rUpa se prajApati ko Ajya diyA jAtA hai| darza kI iSTi meM puroDAza ke devatA haiM agni evaM indrAgnI tathA sAnAyya indra yA mahendra ko diyA jAtA hai (Azva0 113 / 9-12) / zAkhAharaNa--yaha kRtya kevala usI se sambandhita hai jisane kevala darzaSTi aura somayajJa kara liyA ho| adhvarya palAza yA samI vRkSa kI esI DAla se nayI zAkhA lAtA hai jo kahIM se sUkhI na ho aura jisameM adhika saMkhyA meM pattiyAM huI vastu), sarasthAna ko 12 ghaTa-zakaloM para pakAyI gayI roTI tathA agni bhagin ko 8 ghaTa-zakaloM para pakAyI gayI roTI dI jAtI hai| jaimini (9 / 1 / 34-35) ke matAnusAra anyArambhaNIyA prati bAra nahIM kI jAtI, kevala eka bAra isakA sampAdana paryApta hai| anya vistAroM ke lie dekhie tai0 saM0 (315 / 1), Azva0 (238), Apa0 (5 / 23 / 4-9), boSA0 (2221) / 3. sAmAnyataH mantroccAraNa 'om' se Arambha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu zrauta kRtyoM meM yaha koI niyama nahIM hai aura isI se zrauta sUtroM meM isakA ullekha bhI kahIM nahIM huA hai| yajamAna evaM adhvaryu donoM meM se koI bhI samiSA gala sakatA hai (kAtyA0 2 / 112) / 4. gatazrI loga tInoM agniyoM ko savA rakhate haiM (kAtyA0 4 / 13 / 5 evaM Apa0 6 / 212) / ve loga pUrva rUpeNa par3he-likhe evaM paNDita brAhmaNa, vijayI kSatriya evaM grAma ke sabase bar3e vaizya hote haiM-"gatazribhistu sarve'gnayaH savA paarynte| trayo ha vai gatazriyaH zuzruvAn brAhmaNaH kSatriyo vijayI rAjA vaizyo grAmaNIriti" (kAtyA0 4.13) /

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526 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hoN| zAkhA vRkSa kI pUrva, uttara yA uttara-pUrva dizA se lI jAtI hai (jaimini 4 / 27) / vaha use 'iSe tyA' (te. saM0 1211111) zabdoM ke sAtha kATatA hai, jala-sparza karatA hai aura 'Urje tvA' (le0 saM0 121301) ke sAtha zAkhA ko sIdhI karatA hai yA svaccha karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha usa zAkhA ko 'iyaM prAcI' (le0 prA0 3 / 4 / 7) ke sAtha yajJa-sthala para lAtA hai| isa zAkhA dvArA vaha chaH bachar3oM ko unakI mAtAoM (gAyoM) se pRthak karatA hai (tai0 sN01111111)| adhvaryu yajamAna kI gAyoM ko tai0 saM0 ke mantra (1 / 1 / 1 / 1) ke sAtha carane ko chor3a detA hai, jaba ve cala detI haiM to unheM pukAratA hai (R0 6 / 28 / 7, te0 prA0 2 / 8 / 8) / taba vaha yajamAna ke ghara lauTa AtA hai aura zAkhA ko paricita sthala para (jisase vaha mulAyI na jA sake) yA yajJa-sthala para yA agniyoM ke pAsa kATha ke bane dhere (kaThaghare) meM rakha detA hai| jaimini (3 / 6 / 28-29) kA kahanA hai ki zAkhAharaNa prAtaH evaM sAyaM donoM samayoM meM gAya ke duhe jAne se sambandhita hai| yajamAna AhavanIya ke pazcima se jAkara usake dakSiNa meM ho jAtA hai aura Acamana karatA hai| taba vaha sAgara kA dhyAna karatA hai aura agni, vAyu, Aditya evaM vratapati kI pUjA karatA hai (le0 saM0 115 / 10 / 3 evaM te0 prA0 3274) / bahirAharaNa-isa kRtya kA tAtparya hai prayoga meM lAne ke lie pavitra kuzoM kI pUliyAM laanaa| isa kRtya ke kaI stara haiM jinameM pratyeka ke apane viziSTa mantra haiN| sabhI mantra choTe-choTe gadyAtmaka sUtra haiM jo tai0 saM0 meM pAye jAte haiM (1 / 1 / 2) / unheM hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| katipaya stara nimna haiM-adhvaryu ha~siyA yA ghor3e yA baila kI chAtI kI eka haDDI letA hai jo gArhapatya ke uttara rakhI rahatI hai aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai| sAtha sAtha vaha gArhapatya kI stuti karatA hai| ha~siyA (haDDI nahIM) gArhapatya meM garma kara lI jAtI hai, taba vaha vihAra (yajJa-sthala) ke uttara yA pUrva kucha dUra jAtA hai aura kuza-sthala kA cunAva karatA hai, eka darbha-guccha ke sthala ko chor3akara AvazyakatA ke anusAra anya sthaloM para cihna banA detA hai| "ise pazuoM ke lie chor3a rahA hU~" aura "ise devoM ke lie kATa rahA hU~" kahakara vaha apane bAyeM hAtha kI aMguliyoM meM kuza ko dabAkara mantroM ke sAtha ha~siyA se kATa letA hai| ina prathama muTThI bhara kuzoM ko prastara kahA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha viSama saMkhyA meM kaI muThiyoM meM kuza kATa letA hai (3,5,7,9, 11) / pratyeka muTThI ke sAtha pUrvavat kRtya kiye jAte haiM aura adhvaryu kahatA hai-"he bahi devatA, tuma saikar3oM zAkhAoM meM hokara ugo|" vaha apane hRdaya-sthala ko chUkara kahatA hai--"hama bhI sahasroM zAkhAoM meM bddh'eN|" vaha jalasparza karake eka zulva (rassI) meM muTThI bhara darbha bAyeM se dAhine rakhatA hai aura una para anya 3 yA 5 kuza-pUliyoM ko rakhatA hai aura rassI (zulva) se bA~dha detA hai| pUliyoM kI noMkeM uttara yA pUrva pRthvI para rakhI jAtI haiN| isa prakAra eka bar3A gaTThara banA liyA jAtA hai aura usake Upara prastara rakhA jAtA hai| sArA gaTThara punaH kasakara bAMdha diyA jAtA hai| adhvaryu usI mArga se gaTThara yajJa-sthala meM lAkara vedI para kuza ke Upara (khulI pRthivI para nahIM) madhya pariSi vAle sthala ke pAsa hI use rakha detA hai| vaha barhi ko isa prakAra rakhakara mantroccAraNa karatA hai aura gArhapatya ke pAsa eka caTAI yA usI ke samAna kisI anya vastu para use rakha detA hai| adhvaryu mauna rUpa se bahi ke sAtha anya darzoM ko, jinheM paribhojanIya kahA jAtA hai, lAtA hai| vaha isI prakAra zuSka kuza (ulaparAji) mI lAtA hai| idhmAharaNa-isa kRtya kA tAtparya hai IMdhana lAnA / palAza yA khAdira kI 21 samidhAoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI 5. paribhojanIya darbho se purohitoM, yajamAna evaM yajamAnapatnI ke lie Asana banAye jAte haiN| dekhie aitareya brAhmaNa kA haoNga-kRta anuvAda, pR0 79, jisameM barhi, paribhojanIya evaM veda para TippaNiyoM kI huI haiN|

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varza-pUrNamAsa 527 hai, jinameM 15 sAmidhenI mantroM ke uccAraNa ke sAtha agni meM DAlane ke lie hotI haiM, 3 paridhiyA~ hotI haiM, 2 kA prayoga do AdhAroM ke lie tathA antima arthAt 21vIM samidhA anuyAja ke lie hotI hai| darna se banI rassI ko pRthivI para bichA diyA jAtA hai jisa para mantra ke sAtha (Apa0 11661, zata0 brA0 112,1089) idhmoM kA Dhera rakha diyA jAtA hai| idhma kA gaTThara barhi ke gaTThara ke pAsa hI rakha diyA jAtA hai| idhma kATate samaya lakar3I ke jo bhAga baca rahate haiM unheM idhmapravacana kahA jAtA hai| darbha ke eka guccha se veda kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA AkAra eka bachar3e ke ghuTane ke barAbara hotA hai| veda se mantra ke sAtha vedI kA sthala svaccha kiyA jAtA hai| yajamAna kI strI ko yaha veda de diyA jAtA hai| veda banAne se darbha ke jo bhAga baca rahate haiM unheM veda-parivAsana kahA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta idhmapravazcana evaM veda-parivAsana ko eka sAtha rakha diyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha eka TahanI letA hai, usakI pattiyA~ (kucha ko chor3akara) kATa detA hai, aura nokadAra eka kASThakudAla banA letA hai, jise upaveSa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| upaveSa kA mantra par3hA jAtA hai (Apa. 116 / 7) / pUrNamAsI ke yajJa meM upaveSa kA nirmANa mauna rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai| taba vaha upaveSa para tIna darbhaguccha rakhatA hai aura unakA mantra ke sAtha AhvAna karatA hai| darbha ke isa rUpa ko pavitra kahA jAtA hai (le0 prA0 3 / 7 / 4, Apa0 1 / 6 / 10, zata0 brA0 1 // 3, pR0 92) / isake uparAnta aparAla meM piNDa-pitRyajJa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha kRtya darzaSTi meM hI hotA hai na ki pUrNamAseSTi meN| hama piNDapitRyajJa kA varNana Age kreNge| sAyaMdoha-yadi yajamAna ne kabhI somayajJa kara liyA hai to use sAyaMdoha kA sampAdana karanA par3atA hai| mAya agnihotra sampAdana ke uparAnta gRhastha gArhapatya ke uttara darbha phailA detA hai, sAnnAyya pAtroM ko (jo sAyaMdoha meM bhI prayukta hote haiM) do-do karake dhotA hai aura unheM darbha para adhomukha karake rakha detA hai| isake uparAnta vaha samAna AkRti evaM varNa vAle do darbho ke do pavitra letA hai, jo eka bittA lambe hote haiM aura jinakI noMka kaTI huI nahIM hotI, aura jo tane se cAkU yA ha~siyA dvArA kATe gaye haiM na ki nakhoM se, aura jinako kATate samaya mantroccAraNa kiyA gayA hai (te. 6. paridhi kA tAtparya he lakar3I kI vaha char3I jo vRttAkAra ho; 'agneH parito dhIyante tAni dArUNi paridhayaH' (zata0 brA0 12 kA bhASya0, pR0 88) / aisI lakar3iyA~ (samidhAe~) palAza, kAzmarya, khadira, udumbara Adi yajJiya (yajJa ke kAma meM Ane vAle) vRkSoM kI hotI haiN| ve golI yA sUkhI ho sakatI haiM, kintu chilake ke sAtha hI prayukta hotI haiN| madhya vAlI sabase moTI, dakSiNa vAlI sabase lambI tathA uttara vAlI sabase patalI evaM choTI honI cAhie (Apa0 1157-10 evaM kAtyA0 21811) / paridhiyA~ tIna bittoM kI yA eka bAhu lambI hotI haiM, samidhAeM do bittoM kI (prAdeza, arthAt aMgUThaM se lekara tarjanI taka ko) hotI haiN| 7. sAnnAyya yA sAyaMvoha pAtroM kI tAlikA yoM hai-agnihotrahavaNImukhAmupaveSaM zAkhApavitramabhiSAnI nivAne vohanamayaspAtraM dArupAtraM vA pidhaanaarthm| satyASADha 113, pR.0 93 / ye pAtra ATha haiN| inake lie dekhie Apa. (131115) / agnihotrahavaNI evaM upaveza meM prathama vaha pAtra haiM jisake dvArA agnihotra kiyA jAtA hai aura vaha vikaMkata kASTha kA banA hotA hai / aGgArapreSaNArtha kASThamupaveSa iti samAkhyAyate', arthAt upaveSa vaha hai jisake dvArA aMgAra haTAyeMyA bar3hAye jAte haiN| ukhA to Apastamba kI kumbhI hI hai, yaha miTTI kA eka bar3A pAtra hotA hai| abhidhAnI vaha rassI hai, jisase gAya yA bachar3A bA~dhA jAtI hai| donoM nidAna ve rassiyA~ haiM jinase gAya ke pIche ke paira (khura evaM jAMdha ke pAsa) bA~dhe jAte haiN| dohana vaha pAtra hai jisameM gAya duhI jAtI hai| dohana ko DhaMkane ke lie kATha yA dhAtu kA Dhakkana hotA hai| zAkhApavitra usa zAkhA se nimita hotA hai jisase upaveSa banA hotA hai|

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528 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa brA0 317/4) / adhvaryu unheM nIce se Upara kI ora jala se dho detA hai| jaimini (3 / 8 / 32) kA kahanA hai ki do pavitra aura vidhutiyA~ kaTe hue bahinoM se nahIM banAyI jAtI haiM, pratyuta paribhojanIya nAmaka kuzoM se banAyI jAtI haiN| adhvaryu ucca svara se udghoSa karatA hai--"gAya, rassiyoM evaM sabhI pAtroM ko pavitra kro|" taba vaha agnihotrahavaNI ke bhItara dopavitra rakha detA hai, usameM jala chor3atA hai, pavitroM ko pUrva dizA meM rakhakara jala kA pabhitra karatA hai, isI prakAra pavitroM ko punaH unake sthAna para lAtA hai aura unake UparI choroM ko tIna bAra uttara kI ora uThAkara tai0 saM0 (11115 / 1) kA mantra par3hatA hai| taba vaha jala kA AhvAna karatA hai (tai0 saM0 111 / 5 / 1, vAja0 112-13), pAtroM ke mukha ko Upara karatA hai, una para tIna bAra jala chir3akatA hai aura kahatA hai-"Apa deva-pUjA ke lie isa divya kRtya ko pavitra kareM" (taM0 saM0 131 / 3 / 1) / vaha donoM pavitroM ko suparicita sthAna para rakha detA hai| vaha 'etA Acaranti' ('tai0 brA0 3 / 7 / 4) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha carAgAha se AnevAlI gAyoM kI bATa johatA hai| adhvaryu mantra ke sAtha (tai0 saM0 1111741) upaveSa dvArA gArhapatya se aMgAra lekara uttara kI ora le jAtA hai| ukhA ko una aMgAroM para rakha detA hai aura usake cAroM ora koyale sulagA detA hai aura kahatA hai-"Apa loga bhRguoM evaM aMgirAoM ke tapa kI bhA~ti garma ho jAyeM" (tai0 sN01|17|2)| taba vaha dUdha duhane vAle ko AjJA detA hai-"jaba bachar3A gAya ke pAsa calA jAya to mujhase khnaa|" vaha mantra ke sAtha ukhA meM pUrva kI ora noMka karake zAkhApavitra ko rakhatA hai aura usakA sparza karake mauna ho jAtA hai tathA zAkhApavitra ko pakar3e rahatA hai; dUdha duhane vAlA abhidhAnI (rassI) ko 'aditya rAsnAsi' (tai0 saM0 111 / 2 / 2) ke sAtha evaM do nidAnoM (rassiyoM) ko cupacApa uThAtA hai aura 'tuma pUSA ho' kahakara bachar3e ko gAya se milA detA hai| adhvaryu kahatA hai---"bachar3e ko pilAtI huI gAya aura vihAra (yajJa-sthala) ke bIca se koI na aaye-jaaye|" sabhI loga AjJA kA pAlana karate haiN| adhvaryu eka mantra ke sAtha gAya kA AhvAna karatA hai aura duhane vAlA gAya ke pAsa baiTha jAtA hai| duhane vAlA bhI mantra par3hatA hai ! gAya duhe jAte samaya gRhastha mantrapATha karatA hai aura java pAtra meM dugdha dhArA girane lagatI hai aura vaha sunane lagatA hai to dUsare mantra kA pATha karatA hai| duhane vAlA adhvaryu ke pAsa AtA hai aura adhvaryu usase pUchatA hai-"tumane kise duhA? ghoSaNA karo yaha indra ke lie hai, yaha zakti hai|" duhane vAlA gAya kA nAma (yathA gaMgA) batAtA huA kahatA hai-"isameM devoM evaM mAnavoM ke lie dUdha pAyA jAtA hai|" adhvaryu kahatA hai--"yaha (gAya) sabakA jIvana hai|" taba vaha ukhA (yA kumbhI) meM pavitra rakhatA hai aura usama pavitra ke dvArA mantroccAraNa ke sAtha dUdha DAlatA hai| isI prakAra adhvaryu do anya gAyeM duhAtA hai| yahA~ gAyoM ke nAmo meM antara hogA (yathA yamunA Adi) aura dUsarI evaM tIsarI gAyeM krama se 'vizvavyAcAH' evaM 'vizvakarmA' kahI jAyeMgI na ki 'vishvaayuH| jaba tIna gAyeM duha lI jAtI haiM to vaha udghoSa karatA hai----"indra ke lie adhika dUdha duho, devoM, bachar3oM, mAnavoM ke lie Ahuti bar3he, duhane ke lie punaH taiyAra ho jaao|" padi anya gAyeM bhI ho (sAdhAraNataH cha: hotI haiM) to unheM bhI isI prakAra duhanA cAhie, kintu adhvaryu bolatA rahatA hai aura kumbhI nahIM chUtA hai| usa rAtri ghara ke logoM ko dUdha nahIM milatA, kyoMki sArA-kA-sArA dUdha sAnnAyya ke lie rakha liyA jAtA hai / jaba pUrI gAyeM duha lI jAtI haiM aura vaha sthala jahA~ dUdha kI kucha bUMdeM Tapaka gayI rahatI haiM, svaccha kara liyA jAtA hai, taba mantra ke sAtha adhvaryu usa pAMtra kA AhvAna karatA hai jisameM ki sAnnAya banAyA jAtA hai| dUdha ke pAtra kA 8. bachar3e ke dvArA gAya duhI jAtI hai na ki stana para hastatriyA se, "vatsena ca dohArtha prasavaH sAdhyaH" (zata. brA0 113, pR0 96 para bhaassy)| yahI bAta tai0 brA0 (23118) meM bhI hai| Apa0 (1 / 12 / 15) ke mata se isa yajJa meM gAya ko duhune vAlA zUdra bhI ho sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai|

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varNa-pUrNamAsa 529 bhItarI bhAga jala dvArA gho diyA jAtA hai, aura vaha jala sAnnAyya vAle pAtra meM chor3a diyA jAtA hai| adhvaryu dUdha garma karatA hai aura usameM ghRta chor3atA hai (abhighAraNa) / aMgAroM se vaha garma pAtra isa prakAra khIMcatA hai ki pRthivI para eka rekhA bana jAtI hai aura use pUrva, uttara yA pUrvottara bhAga meM mantra ke sAtha rakha detA hai| jaba pAtra ThaNDA ho jAtA hai to usameM vaha dahI DAla detA hai jisase ki dUdha jama jAya aura kahatA hai-"maiM soma (dahI) milAtA hU~, jisase ki indra ke lie dahI bana jAya" ( tai0 saM0 1 / 1 / 3 ) / agnihotra ho jAne ke uparAnta pAtra meM yA sruk meM jo dravya bacA rahatA hai, vaha isameM milA diyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta Dhakkana vAle pAtra meM jala chor3akara use garma dUdha ke Upara rakha diyA jAtA hai| yadi Dhakkana miTTI se banA pAtra ho to usa para ghAsa yA TahaniyA~ rakha dI jAtI haiM / taba adhvaryu zAkhApavitra ko mantra ke sAtha ( yadi vaha palAza kA ho ) yA mauna rUpa se (yadi zamI kA ho) uThAtA hai aura surakSita sthala meM rakhatA hai / adhvaryu sAnnAyya ko gArhapatya ke bhAga meM eka zikya (chIkeM) para rakha detA hai aura kahatA hai - "he viSNu, isa Ahuti kI rakSA kro| " pramukha dina meM adhvaryu dUsarI zAkhA se yA darbhoM se gAyoM ke bachar3oM ko prAtardoha ke lie alaga karatA hai / prAtadaha meM bhI sAyaMdoha kI vidhi lAgU hotI hai| do-eka mantroM meM kucha antara pAyA jAtA hai / prAtardoha vAle dUdha meM jamAne ke lie jAmana (dahI Adi ) nahIM milAyA jaataa| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa anya antara nahIM batAye jA rahe haiN| sAyaMdoha ke uparAnta adhvaryu AgnIdhra yA kisI anya purohita yA apane ko Adeza detA hai- "agniyoM ke caturdika, pahale AhavanIya, taba gArhapatya aura anta meM dakSiNAgni ke caturdik kuza phailA do", yA krama yoM ho sakatA hai ki pahale gArhapatya, taba dakSiNAgni aura anta meM AhavanIya / dakSiNa aura uttara dizAoM meM phailAye gaye dama kI noMka pUrva kI ora rahatI hai| kuzoM ko phailAte samaya yajamAna mantra par3hatA hai| uparyukta kRtyoparAnta vaha amAvasyA ko upavasatha ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| amAvasyA ke dina vaha agnyanvAghAna (agniyoM meM IMdhana kI AhutiyAM denA) karatA hai, zAkhA se bachar3oM ko (gAyoM se) alaga karatA hai, sAyaMdoha ( sAyaMkAla meM gAya duhAnA) karatA hai, bahi evaM IMdhana lAtA hai, veda aura vedI banAtA hai aura vrata karatA hai / kintu bachar3oM ko pRthaka karane kA kRtya evaM sAyaMdoha sampAdana ve hI kara sakate haiM, jinhoMne somayajJa kara liyA ho / yadi pUrNamAsa- iSTi do dinoM meM sampAdita kI jAne vAlI ho to pUrNamAsI ke dina kevala agnyanvAdhAna evaM agniyoM ke caturdik kuza bichAne ke kRtya sampAdita hote haiM, dUsare dina bahi, iSma ( IMdhana ) lAye jAte haiM tathA veda- nirmANa evaM anya kRtya kiye jAte haiM / kintu yadi iSTi eka hI dina meM kI jAtI hai to veda-nirmANa ke uparAnta kuza bichAye jAte haiM / mukhya dina ( pUrNamAsa ke silasile meM kRSNapakSa ke prathama dina ) meM yajamAna sUryodaya ke pUrva agnihotra karatA hai aura sUryodaya ke uparAnta pUrNa mAsa iSTi Arambha karatA hai (darza - iSTi ke silasile meM sUryodaya ke pUrva hI kRtya Arambha ho 9. vahI milAne ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| upavasatha ke eka dina pUrva (arthAt 14veM dina ) eka, vo yA tIna gAyeM duha lI jAtI haiM, unakA dUdha upavasaya dina ke sAyaM vAle garma dUdha meM milA diyA jAtA hai| dUsarI vidhi yaha hai- 12vaM dina buha lI jAtI haiM, usa dUdha ko 13veM dina ke dUdha meM milA diyA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra do dina se prApta vahI ko 14veM dina ke dUdha meM milA diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra dUdha duhanA aura milAnA 12, 13veM evaM 14veM dina taka yA 13veM yA 14veM dina taka calA karatA hai| bekhie Apa0 (1113/12) evaM zata0 vA0 (1 / 3, 50 99 ) / jaba dUdha na mile to cAvala yA palAza kI chAla ke Tukar3e yA grAmya yA jaMgalI badara phala yA pUtIka paudhA (soma kA pratinidhi) DAla diyA jAtA hai, jisase ki dUdha khaTTA ho jAya / dharma0 67

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530 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAtA hai)| vaha mantra (tai0 saM0 111 / 4 / 1) ke sAtha apane donoM hAtha ghotA hai| gArhapatyAgni se AhavanIyAgni taka kuzoM kI noMkoM ko pUrvAbhimukha karake tai0 saM0 ke mantra (3 / 2 / 4) kA uccAraNa karate hue unheM eka rekhA meM bichAtA hai| vaha isa rekhA ke dakSiNa evaM uttara meM mauna rUpa se kuza bichA detA hai| AhavanIya ke dakSiNa kuzAsana banAye jAte haiM, jina para brahmA evaM yajamAna baiThate haiM (brahmA yajamAna ke pUrva meM baiThatA hai)| yajamAna kA Asana vedI ke pUrvadakSiNa kone meM hotA hai| gArhapatyAgni ke uttara kuzoM ko (noMkoM ko pUrva yA uttara meM karake) bichA diyA jAtA hai, jina para jala se dhokara tathA mukhoM ko nIce jhukAkara (spaya evaM kapAla Adi) yajJiya pAtroM ko jor3e meM rakha diyA jAtA hai| isa kRtya ko pAtrAsAvana kahate haiN| 'pAtrAsAdana' kA tAtparya hai pAtroM ko pAsa meM rkhnaa| brahmavaraNa-apane Asana para uttarAbhimakha baiThakara yajamAna 'brahmA' nAmaka purohita ko canatA hai, jo tai0 brA0 ke mantra (3716) ke sAtha pUrvAbhimukha utkara ke pAsa baiThatA hai| brahmA eka lambA mantra-pATha karatA hai (Apa0 3 / 18 / 4, tai0 brA0 3 / 7 / 6) / isake uparAnta vaha ucca svara se kahatA hai-"he bRhaspati, yajJa kI rakSA kIjie" aura AhavanIya ke pazcima se vedI ko pAra karatA dakSiNa kI ora jAtA huA vaha apane Asana ke dakSiNa meM uttarAbhimukha ho khar3A ho jAtA hai aura apane Asana ke kuzoM se eka kuza uThAkara dakSiNa-pazcima dizA (niti, durbhAgya kI dizA) meM pheMkatA hai aura kahatA hai-"are daighiSavya (vivAhita vidhavA ke putra), isa sthala se uTha aura mujhase adhika nAsamajha ke yahA~ virAjamAna ho" (tai0 saM0 2 / 2 / 4 / 4), taba jala sparza karake pUrvAbhimukha ho vaha mantra ke sAtha baiTha jAtA hai aura phira mantra ke sAtha AhavanIya ke sammukha ho jAtA hai (Apa0 3 / 18 / 4, kAtyA0 2 / 1 / 24) / brahmA purohita ko vaidika zAstroM meM pAraMgata honA cAhie (brahmiSTha, Apa0 3 / 18 / 1) aura honA cAhie sarvazreSTha vedajJa evaM shrotriy| brahmA mantroccAraNa ke samaya mauna rahatA hai aura sabhI kriyAoM evaM kRtyoM ke adhIkSaka rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| adhvaryu usI se AjJA lekara kRtya karatA hai| darza-rNamAsa meM cAra purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| yajamAna bhI AhavanIya ke pazcima se dakSiNa jAtA huA, pUrvAbhimukha ho apane Asana para kuza DAlakara usa para virAjamAna ho jAtA hai| adhvaryu do samAna moTe darzoM ko, jinakI noMka kaTI na ho, lekara eka bitte kA AkAra detA hai aura binA nakha kA prayoga kiye unakI jar3eM kATa detA hai| gArhapatya agni ke pazcima (yA uttara) baiThakara adhvaryu camasa (cammaca) dhAraNa karatA hai, jisameM 'dakSa ke lie tujhako' (Apa0 1117 / 1) ke sAtha jala bharA jAtA hai, vaha use tIna bAra jala se dhotA hai-eka bAra mantra se aura do bAra mauna rUpa se / mantra yaha hai-"tU paudhoM se banA hai, tujhe devoM ke lie svaccha kiyA jAtA hai, tU devoM ke lie camaka, tU devoM ke lie pavitra ho jA" (Apa0 111613) / adhvaryu camasa meM do pavitra rakhatA hai aura usameM jala bharatA hai aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai (Apa0 1116 // 3) / usI samaya vaha pRthivI kA dhyAna karatA hai| taba vaha eka pAtra bharatA hai, kintu usake mukha ko kucha khAlI rakhatA hai aura utpavana kI vidhi se jala ko pavitra karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha devoM kA AhvAna karatA hai (taittirIya saMhitA 111 / 5 / 1) / adhvaryu ko brahmA purohita se Adeza lenA par3atA hai; "brahman, kyA maiM jala ko Age le calUM aura Adezita karU~ki he yAjJika, mauna ho jAo?" taba brahmA purohita mantra kA uccAraNa karatA hai aura adhvaryu ko Adeza detA hai| adhvaryu Adezita ho mantra par3hatA hai aura jala lekara Age bar3hatA hai| jala le 10. Apastamba (1 / 11 / 9) ke anusAra utpavana vidhi yaha hai-utpavanamudagagrAbhyAM pavitrAbhyAmUrkhapavanaM zodhanamapAm / yAnikA hastadvayena gRhItvotpunanti tnmuulmnvessttvym|

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varza-pUrNamAsa 531, jAte samaya yajJa karanevAlA mantroccAraNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta adhvaryu AhvanIya agni ke uttara darma ghAsa para jalapUrNa pAtra rakhatA hai aura mantroccAraNa karatA hai aura kuzoM se pAtra ko Dhaka detA hai| ina kRtyoM ko praNItApraNayana kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| AhavanIya agni ke nikaTa jala rakhate samaya yAjJika Age kA mantra par3hatA hai aura sampUrNa yajJa-bhUmi para dRSTipAta karatA hai| AhavanIya agni evaM praNItA-jala ke madhya se koI A-jA nahIM sakatA (kAtyAyana 2 / 3 / 4) / praNItA jala kA mukhya upayoga hai pIse hue annoM (ATe) ko puroDAza ke lie sikta karanA, arthAt usase ATA sAnA jAtA hai, jisase puroDAza banAyA jAtA hai, jo anta meM vedI meM DAlA jAtA hai (jaimini 412 / 14-15) / isake uparAnta nirvApa kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| nirvApa kA tAtparya hai eka muTThI anna nikAlanA yA anya yaziya (yajJa-sambandhI) sAmAnoM kA eka bhAga nikaalnaa| adhvaryu apane hAtha meM agnihotrahavaNI grahaNa karatA hai, use bAyeM hAtha meM rakhakara dAyeM hAtha meM zUrpa (sUpa) grahaNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha darvI (agnihotrahavaNI) ko gArhapatya agni para garma karatA hai aura kahatA hai---"rAkSasa bhasma ho gaye, zatru bhasma ho gye|" taba vaha jala kA sparza karatA hai| isake uparAnta adhvaryu yAjJika se pUchatA hai-"he yAjJika, kyA maiM yajJiya sAmagrI nikAlUM?" yAjJika se AjJA prApta kara vaha kahatA hai-"maiM bAhara jA rahA huuN|" aisA kahakara adhvaryu AhavanIya yA gArhapatya agni ke pazcima meM khar3e zakaTa yA lakar3I kI peTI ke pAsa jAtA hai, jisameM caTAiyoM se DhakA cAvala yA jo rakhA rahatA hai| vahA~ vaha bhAMti-bhAMti ke kRtya karatA hai, jinheM hama sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ uddhRta nahIM kara rahe haiN| vibhinna kRtyoM ke uparAnta adhvaryu anna nikAlatA hai| isa prakAra adhvaryu ke lage rahate samaya yA nirvApa karate samaya yAjJika mantra par3hatA hai-"maiM yahAM agni, hotA, yajJAbhimukha devoM ko bulAtA hai, prasannavadana deva yahA~ AyeM aura merI AhatiyAM grahaNa kreN|" adhvarya kevala cAra maTThI anna grahaNa karatA hai aura punaH usa para arthAt cAra muThiyoM vAle anna para kucha aura anna DAla detA hai| yadi gAr3I na ho to anna miTTI ke ghar3e yA pAtra meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, jaisA ki Adhunika kAla meM hotA bhI hai| yahI kRtya anya devoM ke lie banAye jAne vAle puroDAza ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai| anna ko svaccha karane, use pIsane Adi ke viSaya meM eka lambI vidhi dI gayI hai jise hama yahA~ sthAnasaMkoca se nahIM de pA rahe haiN| anna ke ATe se puroDAza nirmita kiyA jAtA hai aura use vidhipUrvaka pakAyA jAtA hai| __ AhavanIya ke pazcima vedI kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| vedI kI lambAI yAjJika kI lambAI ke barAbara yA upayoga ke anusAra hotI hai aura usakI golAkAra AkRti Ter3hI-mer3hI hotI hai| adhvaryu evaM yajamAna (yAjJika) vedI ke sthAna ke nirIkSaNa, saphAI, nirmANa, sajAvaTa Adi ke kRtyoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke mantra uccAraNa karate haiM, jinakA varNana yahAM nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| 11. mantra yaha hai-bhUzca kazca vAk ca ca gAzca vaT ca khaM ca dhUMzca iMzca pUMzcakAkSarAH pUrvazamA virAmo yAidaM vizvaM bhuvanaM vyAnazussA no devIstarasA saMvidAnAH svasti yajJaM nayata prajAnatIH (Apa0 4 / 4 / 4) / 12. vhii| 13. 'devatArthatvena pRthakkaraNaM nirvApaH' (Apa0 1 / 17 / 10 kI ttiikaa)| 14. jaba rAkSasoM ke lie kisI mantra kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai to anya kRtya karane ke pUrva jala kA sparza kara liyA jAtA hai, dekhie-"raudraM rAkSasamAsuramAbhicaraNikaM mantramuktvA pijyamagatmAnaM cAlabhyopaspRzet / kAtyAyana // 10 // 14 //

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa isake uparAnta juhU, upabhRt evaM dhruvA nAmaka tIna daviyoM tathA sruva kA AhvAna kiyA jAtA hai, unheM svaccha kiyA jAtA hai aura tatsambandhI vibhinna prakAra ke kRtya mantroM ke uccAraNa ke sAtha sampAdita hote haiN| 532 patnI sannahana - yaha kRtya yajamAna kI patnI ko mekhalA pahanAne se sambandhita hai / AgnIdhra mahodaya veda kI TahanI, AjyasthAlI, yoktra" tathA do dabhakura grahaNa karate haiN| gArhapatya agni ke dakSiNa-pazcima yajamAna kI patnI paMjoM ke bala para baiThI rahatI hai, arthAt usake ghuTane uThe rahate haiM yA khar3I rahatI hai aura use AgnIdhra yA adhvaryu mekhalA pahanAtA hai / yaha mekhalA mUMja (yoktra) kI hotI hai / Ajakala patnI mekhalA svayaM dhAraNa kara letI hai| AgnIdhra yA adhvaryu mekhalA ko vastra ke Upara se nahIM, pratyuta bhItara se pahanAtA hai ( Apastamba 2/5/5 meM vikalpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai, arthAt mekhalA vastra ke Upara bhI dhAraNa kI jA sakatI hai)| patnI khar3I hokara gArhapatya agni kI stuti karatI hai aura kahatI hai"he agni, tU gRha kA svAmI hai, mujhe apane nikaTa bulA le|" isI prakAra gArhapatya ke pazcima vaha devatAoM kI patniyoM kI stuti karatI hai aura dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM punaH stuti karatI hai tathA apane saghavApana evaM santatiyoM ke lie agni se varadAna mA~gatI hai / AgnIdhra vastra se Dhake hue ghRtapUrNa ghar3e kA mukha kholatA hai aura kRtya ke lie jitanA cAhie usase kucha adhika ghRta nikAlatA hai aura use dakSiNa-agni para garma karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha pAtroM ke samUha se AjyasthAlI ( jisameM ghRta rakhA jAtA hai) nikAlatA hai aura usameM do pavitroM ko rakhakara paryApta mAtrA meM ghRta mara detA hai / isa kRtya ko ghRta-nirvANa bhI kahA jAtA hai| AgnIdhra usa ghRta ko vibhinna vidhiyoM se gArhapatya ke jalate aMgAroM para garma karatA hai| isI prakAra usa ghRta ko punIta banAne ke lie aneka vidhiyA~ haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ varNita nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| 1 barhi rAstaraNa -- isa kRtya kA tAtparya hai vedI para kuza bichAnA / adhvaryu bahi ke gaTThara kI gA~Tha kholakara prastara- guccha ko khIcatA hai aura usa para do pavitra rakhatA hai tathA use brahmA ko de detA hai aura brahmA use yajamAna ko detA hai| usake uparAnta adhvaryu vedI para darbha bichAtA hai. aura usa para bahi bA~dhane vAlI rassI rakha detA hai / bahi rakhate samaya yajamAna usakI stuti karatA hai / isI prakAra aneka kRtya kiye jAte haiM jinakA varNana Avazyaka nahIM hai| isake uparAnta adhvaryu hotA ke lie Asana banAtA hai aura vaha AhavanIya ke uttara-pUrva meM baiThatA hai / hotA ke baiThane kA DhaMga mI nirAlA hotA hai| vaha aneka prakAra kI stutiyA~ karake Asana grahaNa karatA hai aura apane ko pavitra karatA hai| yajamAna 'daza hotR0' mantroM kA uccAraNa karatA hai ( taittirIyAraNyaka 3 / 1) / isake uparAnta sAmiSenI mantroM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| darza-pUrNamAsa meM pandraha sAmidhenI mantra kahe jAte haiM jinakA AraMbha Rgveda kI 3 / 27 / 1 saMkhyaka RcA se hai, arthAt isa RcA ke "pra vo vAjA" meM pratyeka ko tathA antima ( A juhota, Rgveda 5 / 28 / 6) ko tIna bAra kahA jAtA hai| eka hI svara se saba padyoM ko uccArita kiyA jAtA hai, arthAt vahA~ udAtta, anudAna tathA svarita nAmaka svaroccAraNoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA hai / uccAraNa kI isa vidhi ko ekazruti saMjJA dI gayI hai| pratyeka padya ke anta meM 'om' kahA jAtA hai| hotA ke 'om' kahane para adhvaryu AhavanIya meM eka samighA DAla detA hai / usa sthiti meM yajamAna 'agnaya idaM na mama' kA uccAraNa karatA hai| aisA vaha pratyeka samighA prakSepaNa ke sAtha karatA hai| isa prakAra gyAraha samidhA DAlI jAtI haiN| eka ko chor3akara, jo anuyAjoM 1 15. AjyasthAlI vaha pAtra hai jisameM do pavitroM ko rakhakara ghRta rakhA jAtA hai| yoktra mUMja kI tIna zAkhAoM vAlI rassI hai jisase yajamAna kI patnI kI kaTi meM mekhalA (karaghanI) bAMdhI jAtI hai| patnI mekhalA pahana lene ke uparAnta hI yajJa meM sammilita ho sakatI hai (taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 / 3 / 3) /

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parza-pUrNamAsa ke lie rahatI hai, anya zeSa ko antima padya kahe jAne ke pUrva agni meM chor3a diyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyana (112 / 8-22) ne ina sAminiyoM ke viSaya meM bahuta vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| isake uparAnta hotA pravara RSiyoM kA AvAhana karatA hai| isI prakAra vaha agni kI stuti karatA hai, jisase vaha anya devoM ko bulA de, yathA agni, soma, agni, prajApati, agnISoma, ghRta pInevAle devoM ko| isa prakAra devatAoM kA AvAhana karake hotA ghuTanoM ke bala baiTha jAtA hai (aba taka ke sAre kRtya vaha khar3A hokara karatA hai), vedI se kuza uttara kI ora haTA detA hai aura vedI kA eka bittA sthala nApa letA hai tathA stuti karatA hai (AzvalAyana 1 / 3 / 22) / yajamAna bhI stuti karatA hai (kAThaka saMhitA 4 / 14) / yajamAna anya vidhiyoM ke sAtha AhavanIya meM ghRta DAlatA hai| isa kRtya ko AdhAra kI saMjJA milI hai| AdhAra kI vidhi bhI lambI-caur3I hai, jise sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra hotRvaraNa evaM prayAjoM kI kriyAeM haiM, jinheM hama yahA~ nahIM likha sakate, kyoMki unakA vizeSa mahattva kRtyoM se hai aura unheM karake hI samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| AjyabhAga kA kRtya bhI vistArabhaya se chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| uparyukta kRtyoM ke uparAnta pramukha yajJa kA Arambha hotA hai| adhvaryu hotA se stuti karane ko kahatA hai aura vaha Rgveda 8 / 16 se Arambha karatA hai| adhvaryu puroDAza kA aMza agni meM DAlatA hai| isakI vidhi bhI vistAra se bharI hai, jisakA varNana yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| isa prakAra agni, prajApati yA viSNu ko AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN| dUsarA puroDAza agni evaM soma ko diyA jAtA hai| anya bAteM vistAramaya se chor3a dI jA rahI haiN| pramukha AhutiyoM ke uparAnta sviSTakRt agni kI pUjA kI jAtI hai aura use ghRta, havi Adi kI AhutiyA~ dI jAta haiN| isI prakAra iDApAtra" se puroDAza ke dakSiNI aMza kA eka bhAga kATa liyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra adhvarya krama se puroDAza ke pUrvI ardha-bhAga ke eka aMza ko kATa letA hai| isI prakAra puroDAza ke dakSiNI evaM pUrvI bhAga ke bIca se kucha aMza kATA jAtA hai| isI krama se anta meM uttarI bhAga kA aMza bhI le liyA jAtA hai| adhvaryu isa prakAra ina aMzoM para Ajya chir3akakara vedI ke pUrva meM rakha detA hai| isake uparAnta kaI eka kRtya kiye jAte haiM, jinheM hama yahA~ uddhRta nahIM kreNge| AzvalAyana (177) meM iDopahvAnam (iDA ke AhvAna) kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana hai| isase yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki isa prakAra kI stuti evaM AhvAna se iDA devatA yajamAna ke pakSa meM ho jAtA hai| iDA ke AhvAna ke uparAnta adhvaryu AhavanIyAgni ke pUrva se pradakSiNA karatA huA prAziva brahmA ko detA hai| AzvalAyana (1 / 13 / 2) ne brahmA ke kRtya kA varNana vistAra se kiyA hai| hotA avAntareDA khAtA hai aura brahmA prAzitra khAtA hai, donoM mantroccAraNa karate haiM (AzvalAyana 1178evaM Apastamba 3 / 2 / 10-11 evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa 37.5) / isI prakAra sabhI purohita arthAt adhvaryu, AgnIdhra, brahmA, hotA evaM yajamAna iDA khAte haiM tathA mantra par3hate haiN| jaba taka ve marjana kara nahIM lete, mauna dhAraNa karate haiN| dakSiNAgni para paryApta mAtrA meM cAvala pakAyA jAtA hai| ise anvAhArya kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| yajamAna cAroM purohitoM ko anvAhArya khAne ke lie prArthanA karatA hai| isake uparAnta yajamAna 'saptahotR0' kA japa karatA hai| sapta 16. 'iDA' eka devatA kA nAma hai, kintu gauNa rUpa se eka kRtya tathA yajJiya sAmagriyoM se bhI isakA sambandha jur3A huA hai| isa-pAtra azvattha (pIpala) kI lakar3I se nirmita hotA hai| yaha pAtra cAra aMgula caur3A tathA yajamAna ke pAMva ke barAbara lambA hotA hai, isakI pakar3ana (mUTha) cAra aMgula lambI hotI hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hota-varga meM adhvaryu, hotA, brahmA, AgnIghra, prastotA, pratihartA Adi Ate haiN| pratyeka japa meM yajamAna tyAga kA mantra par3hatA hai| anuyAja tIna prakAra ke hote haiM, jinameM prathama meM 'devAn yaja' tathA anya do meM kevala 'yaja kahA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta kaI anya kRtya kiye jAte haiM, jinakA varNana yahAM apekSita nahIM hai| hotA patnI kI mekhalA (yoktra) khola detA hai aura mantra par3hatA hai (Rgveda 1085 / 24) / patnI yoktra ko alaga kara detI hai aura adhvaryu usase mantroccAraNa karAtA hai (taittirIya saMhitA 1 / 1 / 10 / 2) / anya antima kRtya sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ likhe nahIM jA rahe haiN| darzaSTi kI vidhi meM pUrNamAseSTi kI apekSA adhika mata-matAntara pAye jAte haiN| darza-pUrNamAsa ke kaI pariSkRta rUpa haiM, yathA dAkSAyaNa yajJa, vaimRdha, sAkamprasthIya Adi, jinheM hama sthAnasaMkoca ke kAraNa yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| jaimini (2 // 3 // 5-11) ke kathanAnusAra dAkSAyaNa, sAkamprasthIya evaM saMkrama yajJa darza-pUrNamAsa ke hI pariSkRta rUpa haiN| piNDapitRyajJa isa kRtya meM pake hue cAvala ke piNDa pitaroM ko diye jAte haiM, ataH ise piNDapitRyajJa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai|" jaimini (4 / 4 / 19-21) ke anusAra piNDapitRyajJa eka svatantra kRtya hai na ki darza yajJa ke antargata athavA usakA aNg| kintu katipaya lekhakoM ke anusAra yaha darza nAmaka yajJa kA eka aMga hai (kAtyAyana 411) / isa yajJa ke vistAra ke lie ye grantha avalokanIya haiM, yathA-zatapatha brAhmaNa 2 / 412, taittirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 3 / 10, 2 / 6 / 16, AzvalAyana 2 / 6-7, Apastamba 117-10, kAtyAyana 4 / 1 / 1-30, zata0 27, baudhAyana 3 / 10-11 / yaha kRtya usa dina kiyA jAtA hai jaba ki candra kA darzana nahIM hotA, arthAt amAvasyA ke tIsare bhAga meM, jaba sUrya kI kiraNeM vRkSoM ke UparI bhAga para rahatI haiN| sthAnAbhAva se isa yajJa kA varNana nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| isa yajJa ko vaha gRhastha bhI kara sakatA hai jisane tIna vaidika agniyoM nahIM sthApita kI haiN| aisA gRhastha amAvasyA ke dina gRhya agni meM AhutiyA~ detA hai (dekhie AzvalAyanazrautasUtra 27 / 18, saMskArakaustubha, saMskAraprakAza aadi)| gautama (5 / 5) kA kahanA hai ki pratyeka gRhastha ko kama-se-kama jala-tarpaNa avazya karanA cAhie, use yathAzakti bhojana Adi kI bhI AhutiyA~ denI caahie| manu ne bhI dainika pitRtarpaNa kI bAta calAyI hai (2 / 176) / 17. dekhie AzvalAyana (1187), taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 5 / 9), taittirIya saMhitA (1 // 6 // 4 // 1) evaM Apastamba (4112) / 18. amAvAsyAyA yadahazcandramasa na pazyanti tadahaH piNDapitRyajJaM kurute (Apa0 17.1-2) / rukhavata ne pyAlyA kI hai-"piNDaH pitaNAM yajJaH"; satyASADha kI TIkA meM mahAdeva ne kahA hai-"piNDa: piNDadAnena sahitaH pitRbhyo devenyo yajJo homaH sa piNDapitRyajJaH" (27, pR0 245) /

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adhyAya 31 cAturmAsya ( Rtu-sambandhI yajJa ) AzvalAyana ( 2/1411 ) ke matAnusAra iSTyayana ke antargata vAturmAsya, turAyaNa, dAkSAyaNa tathA anya iSTiyAM A jAtI haiN| cAturmAsya sIna haiM, yathA- vaizvadeva, varuNapraghAsa evaM sAkameSa; kintu kucha lekhakoM ne zunAsIrIya nAmaka eka cauthA cAturmAsya mI sammilita kara liyA hai| inameM pratyeka cAturmAsya ko parva (aMga yA saMdhi) kahA jAtA hai / inameM se pratyeka prati cauthe mAsa ke anta meM kiyA jAtA hai ataH inheM cAturmAsya saMjJA milI hai| ye krama se phAlguna caitra, ASAr3ha tathA kArtika kI pUrNamAsI ko yA pUrNamAsI ke pA~caveM dina yA sAkamegha ke do yA tIna dina pUrva kiye jAte haiN| inase tIna RtuoM yathA vasanta, varSA evaM hemanta ke Agamana kA nirdeza milatA hai| zunAsIrIya ke lie koI nizcita tithi nahIM hai| yaha sAkamedha ke uparAnta yA isake do, tIna yA cAra dinoM yA eka yA cAra mAsoM ke uparAnta sampAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai ( dekhie kAtyAyana 5 / 11 / 1-2 aura isakI TIkA) / yadi vaizvadeva parva caitra kI pUrNamAsI ko sampAdita ho to varaNapraghAsa evaM sAkamedha krama se zrAvaNa evaM mArgazIrSa kI pUrNimAoM ke avasara para hote haiN| vaizvadeva AzvalAyana ke mata se phAlguna kI pUrNimA ke eka dina pUrva cAturmAsya ke nimitta vaizvAnara (agni) evaM parjanya ke lie eka iSTi karanI caahie| kAtyAyana ( 5 / 1 / 2 ) ne yahA~ vikalpa kiyA hai ki usa dina vyakti yaha iSTi kare yA anvArambhaNIyA iSTi kare / pUrNimA ke dina prAtaH kAla vaizvadeva kiyA jAtA hai aura taba pUrNamAsa iSTi kI jAtI hai / kAtyAyana (511 ) kI TIkA ke mata se vaizvadeva-iSTi pUrNimA ke eka dina uparAnta prAtaHkAla kI jAtI hai aura tabhI phAlguna kI pUrNa mAsa iSTi kI vidhi ucita mAnI jAtI hai| cAturmAsya ke sabhI parvoM meM yajamAna ke lie kucha vrata yA kRtya karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, yathA sira-muNDana yA dAr3hI banadAnA, pRthivI para sonA, madhu sevana na karanA; mAMsa, namaka, mithuna, zarIrAlaMkaraNa Adi se dUra rahanA Adi / muMcha evaM dAr3hI banavAne ke viSaya meM vikalpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai, yathAyA to vyakti prathama dina tathA antima dina yA cAroM avasaroM para aisA kara sakatA hai| sabhI cAturmAsyoM meM pA~ca kRtya Avazyaka mAne gaye haiM, yathA agni ke lie ATha ghaTa-zakaloM (kapAloM) kA eka puroDAza (roTI), soma ke lie pakAyA huA cAvala arthAt bhAta, savitA ( upAMza) ke lie bAraha yA ATha kapAloM vAlA eka puroDAza, sarasvatI ke lie caru tathA pUSA ke lie cAvala ke ATe kA caru / cAturmAsyoM ke sampAdana se yajamAna ko svarga milatA hai| ye yajJa jIvana bhara yA kevala eka varSa ke lie kiye jA sakate haiN| vaizvAnara evaM parjanya kI Arambhika iSTi meM vaizvAnara ke lie bAraha kapAloM vAlI roTI tathA parjanya ke lie 1. dekhie taittirIya saMhitA 12812-7, taittirIya brAhmaNa 11419-10 evaM 1 / 5 / 5-6, zatapatha brAhmaNa 2 / 5 / 1-3 evaM 95/2, Apastamba 85 kAtyAyana 5, AzvalAyana 2 / 15-20, baudhAyana 5 /

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536 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa cara banAyA jAtA hai| donoM ke lie anuvAkyA pada bhI hote haiM ( AzvalAyana 2 / 15 / 2 evaM Rgveda 7 / 10211 ) / yAjyA pada bhI gAye jAte haiM (Rgveda 198 / 2 evaM 5 / 8304) / vaizvadeva parva meM hI (sabhI cAturmAsyoM meM pA~ca AhutiyA~ sAmAnya rUpa se dI jAtI haiM) tIna anya AhutiyA~ haiM, yathA - maruta svatavoM yA marutoM ke lie eka puroDAza ( sAta kapAloM vAlA), sabhI devoM (vizve devoM) ke lie eka payasyA ( yA AmikSA) tathA dyAvApRthivI ke lie eka kapAla vAlI rottii| kAtyAyana (5 / 1 / 21-24) ke mata se vaizvadeva parva aise sthala para karanA cAhie jo pUrva kI ora jhukA huA ho / yajamAna aura patnI nayA vastra dhAraNa karate haiM jise ve donoM punaH varuNapraghAsa parva meM dhAraNa karate haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 2/5/1 ) ke AdhAra para kAtyAyana ( 511 / 25-26) kA mata hai ki bahiM ( vaha pavitra darbha jise yajJa sthala para bichAyA jAtA hai) tIna gaDDiyoM meM alaga-alaga ghAsa kI rassI se bAMdhA jAtA hai| ye tInoM gaDDiyA~ punaH eka bar3I rassI se bAMdhI jAtI haiN| unake bIca meM ( antima rassI ke bhItara ) phUlate hue kuza kA eka gaTThara rakha diyA jAtA hai, jo prastara ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| yajJa sthala para yajJapAtroM ko rakhakara araNiyoM se agni utpanna kI jAtI hai / adhvaryu ke kahane para hotA araNiyoM ko ragar3ate samaya vaidika mantroM (Rgveda 1 / 2413, 1/22/13, 6 / 16 13-15) kA uccAraNa taba taka karatA hai jaba taka vaha adhvaryu se dUsarA Adeza (sampreSa) nahIM pA letaa| yadi agni tatkAla na utpanna ho to hotA mantroccAraNa (Rgveda 10 / 118) karatA jAtA hai, aura yaha kriyA (araNiyoM ke ragar3ane evaM mantroccAraNa kI kriyA) agni prajvalita hone taka hotI rahatI hai| jaba adhvaryu kahatA hai- " agni utpanna ho gayI" to hotA Rgveda ( 6 / 16 / 15) kA mantra uccArita karatA hai / isake uparAnta hotA anya mantra par3hatA hai, yathA Rgveda 1 / 74 | 3 evaM 6 / 16 / 40 kA ardha bhAga tathA 6 / 16 / 41-42, 1126, 8|43|14, 'tamarjayanta sukratum' evaM Rgveda 10 / 10 / 16 kA parighAnIyA padya ( antima mantra ) / vaizvadeva parva meM nau prayAja evaM nau anuyAja hote haiM, kintu darzapUrNamAsa meM kevala pA~ca prayAja tathA tIna anuyAja hote haiN| savitA kI AhutiyoM ke lie Rgveda ke 518237 evaM 6 / 71 / 6 mantra anuvAkyA evaM yAjyA haiM / anuyAjoM yA sUktavAka yA zaMyuvAka ke uparAnta vAjina nAmaka devoM ke lie vAjina kI Ahuti dI jAtI hai / vAjina kA zeSAMza eka pAtra meM usI prakAra lAyA jAtA hai jaisA ki iDA kA ( arthAt vaha adhvaryu dvArA hotA ke jur3e hAthoM meM rakhA jAtA hai, hotA use bAyeM hAtha meM rakhakara dAyeM hAtha meM adhvaryu dvArA chir3akA huA ghRta dhAraNa karatA hai aura taba vAjina ke do aMza rakhe jAte haiM aura punaH una para kucha ghRta chir3akA jAtA hai) rakhA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta pAtra mukha yA nAka taka Upara uThAyA jAtA hai| hotA anya purohitoM se vAjina khAne ko kahatA hai / hotA, adhvaryu, brahmA evaM AgnIdhra kevala sUMghakara vAjina ko apanAte haiM / kintu yajamAna vAjina ko vAstavika rUpa meM khAtA hai / kAtyAyana ( 5 | 2|9 evaM 12 ) ke mata se adhvaryu samiSTa-yaju nAmaka tIna AhutiyA~ vAta, yajJa evaM yajJapati ke lie detA hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 2/5/1/21 ) isa kRtya meM dAna ke lie Rtu meM prathama utpanna bachar3e kA nirdeza karatA hai| kAtyAyana kA kahanA hai ki tInoM cAturmAsyoM kI samApti para yajamAna apane keza banavA sakatA hai, kintu zunAsIrIya nAmaka cAturmAsya meM aisA nahIM karanA cAhie ( 2 / 5 / 1 / 21 ) / varuNapraghAsa 'varuNaghAsa' zabda pulliMga hai aura sadA bahuvacana meM prayukta hotA hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 2/5/2/1) ne isakI 2. prAtaHkAla ke dUdha ko garma karake usameM khaTTA dUdha DAlane se dahI banatA hai, usakA kar3A bhAga AmikSA tathA tarala padArtha vAjina kahalAtA hai|

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cAturmAsya iSTiyAM 537 eka kAlpanika vyutpatti kI hai; yava (jo) anna varuNa ke lie haiM aura ye isa kRtya meM khAye (ghasa khAnA) jAte haiM, ataH isakA yaha nAma hai| vaizvadeva ke cAra mAsa uparAnta varSA Rtu meM ASAr3ha yA zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko yaha kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| yajamAna ko apane ghara ke bAhara aise sthAna para jAnA cAhie jahA~ paryApta mAtrA meM paudhe uge rahate haiN| AhavanIya agni ke pUrva tathA dakSiNa kI ora do vediyA~ banAyI jAtI haiN| uttara vAlI vedI adhvaryu tathA dakSiNa vAlI usake sahAyaka pratiprasthAtA (Apa0 8 / 5 / 5) ke rakSaNa meM hotI hai| pratiprasthAtA adhvaryu kA anusaraNa karatA hai| kevala jala le jAnA, patnI-sannahana (patnI ko mekhalA pahanAnA), agni-prajvalana tathA anya kArya jo kAtyAyana (5 / 4 / 33) meM varNita haiM, unheM adhvaryu karatA hai| sabhI prakAra ke Adeza kevala eka bAra kahe jAte haiM aura yaha saba kevala adhvaryu hI karatA hai| kintu jaimini (12 / 1 / 18) ke mata se, Ajya lene ke mantra tathA prokSaNa Adi ke mantra donoM ke dvArA alaga-alaga kahe jAte haiN| donoM vediyA~ do, tIna yA cAra aMgula kI dUrI para rahatI haiN| utkara kevala eka hotA hai| pratiprasthAtA donoM vediyoM ke bIca meM vicaraNa karatA hai| eka dina pUrva arthAt pichale dina vaha karamma se pUrNa ghar3e taiyAra rakhatA hai| karambha kA artha hai bhUne hue jau, jinake chilake sApha kiye hue hote haiM aura jo pIsakara dahI meM mizrita kara diye jAte haiM (kAtyA0 5 / 3 / 2) / Apastamba (863) ke mata se patnI hI karammapAtra banAtI hai| ye pAtra santAnoM kI saMkhyA se eka adhika hote haiM (putra, kumArI putriyAM, pautra evaM kumArI pautriyoM se eka adhik)| kAtyAyana (5 / 3 / 3-5) evaM Apastamba (8 / 5 / 41) ke anusAra isa koTi meM vadhue~ bhI sammilita kI jAtI haiN| kamase-kama tIna santAne avazya sammilita kI jAtI haiN| karammapAtroM ke lie prayoga meM lAye jAne vAle bhUne hue jau tathA pIse hue jo ke zeSAMza se bher3a evaM bher3I kI AkRti banAyI jAtI hai / bher3a (nara) kA nirmANa adhvaryu tathA bher3I (meSI) kA pratiprasthAtA karatA hai| ina AkRtiyoM ko Una (eDakA arthAt jaMgalI bakarI ko chor3akara kisI bhI pazu ke Una) se yA usake abhAva meM kuza se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai| sabhI cAturmAsyoM meM jo pA~ca AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM, unake atirikta varuNapraghAsoM meM cAra anya devoM ko, arthAt indra evaM agni, marutoM, varuNa evaM ka arthAt prajApati ko AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM (AzvalAyana 2 / 17 / 14) / marutoM evaM varuNa ko payasyA yA AmikSA tathA ka (prajApati) ko eka roTI dI jAtI hai| sArI AhutiyA~ jau kI hotI haiN| anuvAkyA evaM yAjyA Rgveda ke 7194118, 6 / 60 / 1, 1186 / 1, 5 / 58 / 5, 125 / 19, 1024 / 11, 4 / 31 / 1 evaM 10 / 12 / 1 mantroM ke rUpa meM hotI haiM (Azva0 2 / 17 / 25) / AhavanIya agni ke ThIka pUrva meM lagabhaga tIna prakrama kI dUrI para uttaravedI nirmita kI jAtI hai, jo pazcima se pUrva kI ora cAra araliyoM ke barAbara lambI hotI hai| isakI caur3AI lagabhaga tIna araniyoM ke barAbara hotI hai| vedI ke nirmANa kI vidhi lambI hai, jisa para sthAnAmAva se prakAza nahIM DAlA jA rahA hai| prAtaHkAla adhvaryu evaM pratiprasthAtA vediyoM kI ora gArhapatya se agni le jAte haiN| jaimini (7 / 3 / 23-25) ke mata se agni le jAnA kevala varuNaprayAsoM evaM sAkameSoM meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| Age kA vistAra sthAnAbhAva se chor3a diyA jA ___ isa kRtya kA anta kisI nadI meM jAkara purohitoM, yajamAna evaM patnI ke snAna se hotA hai| kisI anya sthAna meM bhI snAna kriyA kI jA sakatI hai| snAnoparAnta yajamAna tathA patnI apane vastra kisI purohita ko dekara navIna vastra dhAraNa karate haiM aura ghara lauTakara yajamAna AhavanIya meM eka samidhA DAla detA hai| sAkameSa cAturmAsyoM ke tRtIya parva kA baudhAyana, Apastamba evaM kAtyAyana ne bar3A vistAra kiyA hai| nIce hama kevala pramukha bAteM de rahe haiN| 'sAkameSa' zabda kA prayoga bahuvacana meM hotA hai, kyoMki isameM bahuta-se kRtyoM evaM AhutiyoM kI dharva0 68

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538 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yojanA pAyI jAtI hai| 'sAkamedha' kA artha hai eka hI sAtha yA mAno eka hI samaya prajvalita karanA (sAkam, edh)|' isakA yaha nAma sambhavataH isalie par3A hai ki isameM prathama Ahuti ATha kapAloM vAlI roTI (puroDAza=paroThA=roTa roTI) kI hotI hai, jo sUryodaya ke sAtha agni anIkavAn ko dI jAtI hai| varuNapraghAsoM ke cAra mAsa uparAnta kArtika yA mArgazIrSa kI pUrNimA ko yaha kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| isameM kula do dina laga jAte haiN| pUrNimA ke eka dina pUrva tIna savanoM (prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaM) meM tIna iSTiyA~ tIna devoM, yathA-anIkavAn agni, santapana marutoM evaM gRhamedhI marutoM ke lie kI jAtI haiN| prAtaH ATha kapAloM vAlA puroDAza agni anIkavAn ko, madhyAhna kAla meM caru (pakAye hue cAvala arthAt bhAta kI Ahuti) santapanoM ko tathA sAyaM yajamAna kI sabhI gAyoM ke dUdha meM pakA huA caru gRhamedhI marutoM ko diyA jAtA hai (Apa0 8 / 9 / 8) / antima caru ke viSaya meM Apastamba (8 / 10 / 8 evaM 8 / 11 / 8-10) tathA kAtyAyana (5 / 6 / 29-30) ne likhA hai ki yadi dUdha meM adhika cAvala pakAyA gayA ho to purohita, putra evaM pautra usakA bharapeTa bhojana kara usa rAtri eka hI koTharI meM so jAte haiM aura daridratA evaM bhUkha kI carcA nahIM krte| dUsare dina prAtaHkAla pAnI meM pake hue cAvaloM se agnihotra kiyA jAtA hai| sAkamedha ke pramukha dina yajamAna pichale dina gRhameghI marutoM ke lie pakAye gaye bhAta kI thAlI kI sataha se eka darvI (karachula) bhAta nikAlakara agnihotra ke pUrva yA uparAnta homa karatA hai| homa ke samaya mantrapATha bhI hotA hai (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 3 / 49, taittirIya saMhitA 118 / 4 / 1) / isake uparAnta adhvaryu yajamAna se eka baila lAne ko kahatA hai aura use garjana karane ko udvelita karatA hai| baila ke ninAda karane para darvI kA bhAta mantra (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 3 / 50, taittirIya saMhitA 1 / 8 / 4 / 1) ke sAtha agni meM DAlA jAtA hai| yadi baila na bola sake to purohita ke kahane para homa kara diyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyana (2 / 18 / 11-12) ke mata se baila ke na bolane para dhana-garjana para yA AgnIdhra (eka purohita) ke garjana karane para (AgnIdhra ko brahmaputra arthAt brahmA kA putra kahA jAtA hai) homa kara diyA jAtA hai| baila ko dAna rUpa meM adhvaryu grahaNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta sAta kapAloM para pakA huA eka puroDAza krIDI marutoM ke lie tathA eka caru aditi ke lie Ahuti ke rUpa meM diyA jAtA hai| isa kRtya ke uparAnta mahAhavi kI bArI AtI hai, jisameM ATha devoM ko ATha AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM, jinameM pa hatiyA~ to sabhI cAturmAsyoM vAlI hotI haiM, chaThI 12 kapAloM vAle pUroDAzakI indra evaM agni ke lie, sAtavI mahendra (Azva0 2 / 18 / 18 ke mata se indra yA vRtrahA indra yA mahendra) ke lie cara ke rUpa meM tathA AThavIM Ahuti eka kapAla vAle puroDAza ke rUpa meM vizvakarmA ke lie hotI hai| Apastamba ke mata se AThavI Ahuti sahaH, sahasya, tapaH evaM tapasya nAmaka cAroM mAsoM (mArgazIrSa, pauSa, mAgha evaM phAlguna) ke nAmoM ko uccArita kara dI jAtI hai| nahAhavi kI dakSiNA hai eka baila (Apa0 ke mata se eka gaay)| ___mahAhavi ke uparAnta pitRyajJa kI bArI AtI hai, jise mahApitRyajJa kahA jAtA hai| dakSiNAgni ke dakSiNa cAra koNa vAlI (cAra dizAoM meM phailI bhujAoM vAlI) vedI kA nirmANa hotA hai| isa vedI kI lambAI evaM caur3AI yajamAna kI lambAI ke barAbara hotI hai (Apa0 8 / 13 / 2) / yajamAna dakSiNAgni se agni lAkara isa nayI vedI ke madhya meM rakhatA hai jahA~ AhavanIyAgni meM dI jAne vAlI AhutiyAM DAlI jAtI haiN| mahApitRyajJa meM patnI kucha nahIM krtii| cha: kapAloM vAlI roTI isa yajJa meM somavAn pitaroM yA pitRmAn soma ko, dhAnA (bhUne hue jau) bahiSad pitaroM ko tathA mantha' 3. atha paurNamAsyA upavasathe'gnaye'nIkavate puroDAzamaSTAkapAlaM nirvapati sArka suuryennodytaa| bau0 5 / 9; Apa0 8 / 9 / 2 evaM tai0 saM0 11846 / 4. vaha gAya jisakA bachar3A na ho kintu dUsarI gAya ke bachar3e se dUdha de, use 'nivAnyA' gAya kahA jAtA

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cAturmAsya iSTiya 539 agniSvAtta pitaroM ko diyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyana ( 2 / 19 / 21) ne yama devatA ko bhI sammilita kara liyA hai / isa kRtya sambandhI anya vistAra sthAnAbhAva se chor3a diye jA rahe haiN| megha kI antima kriyA traiyambaka homa hai ( dekhie tai0 saM0 118/6, zatapatha brAhmaNa 2 / 6 / 2 / 1-17, Azva0 2 / 19 / 37 / 40, Apa0 8 / 17-19, baudhA0 5 / 16-17, kAtyA0 5 / 10 ) / yaha homa rudra ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / vistAra varNana ke lie yahA~ sthAna nahIM hai / zunAsIrIya cAturmAsyoM kI anya pA~ca AhutiyoM ke atirikta isa iSTi meM viziSTa AhutiyA~ haiM-- bAraha kapAloM vAlI roTI (vAyu evaM Aditya ke lie tathA Apastamba ke anusAra indra sunAsIra ke lie), dhAroSNa dUdha ( vAyu ke lie), eka kapAla vAlI roTI ( sUrya ke lie ) / isa kRtya meM na to uttaravedI hotI hai aura na gharSaNa se utpanna agni / pA~ca prayAja, tIna anuyAja evaM eka samiSTayaju hote haiN| Apastamba (8/2016 ) ke mata se nau prayAja evaM anuyAja hote haiN| dakSiNA ke rUpa meM chaH bailoM yA do bailoM ke sAtha hala hotA hai / kAtyAyana ( 5 / 11 / 12-14) ke mata se eka sapheda baila, taittirIya saMhitA ( 11817 ) ke mata se 12 bailoM ke sAtha eka hala tathA Apastamba ( 8 | 20 | 9-10 ) ke mata se 12 yA 6 bailoM ke sAtha eka hala hotA hai / Rgveda (4 / 57/5 evaM 8) meM 'zunAsIroM' kA ullekha hai| Rgveda (415714 evaM 8) meM 'zuna' zabda kaI bAra AyA hai / isakA artha sandehAspada hai / yAska ke nirukta ( 9140 ) ke anusAra 'zuna' evaM 'sIra' kA artha hai-krama se vAyu evaM Aditya / kintu zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 2 / 6 / 3 / 2 ) meM 'zuna' kA artha hai 'samRddhi' evaM 'sIra' kA artha hai 'sAra' aura isa iSTi ko yaha saMjJA isalie milI hai ki isase yajamAna ko samRddhi evaM sAra kI prApti hotI hai / AgrayaNa isa kRtya ke vistAra ke lie dekhie zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 2/413 ), Apastamba ( 6 / 29 / 2), AzvalAyana ( 2/9), kAtyAyana (4 / 6), baudhAyana ( 3 / 12) / yaha vaha iSTi hai jise sampAdita kiye binA navIna cAvala, jau, sAvA~ (zyAmAka) evaM anya navIna annoM kA prayoga AhitAgni nahIM kara sakatA thA / yaha kRtya pUrNimA yA amAvasyA ke dina kiyA jAtA thaa| cAvaloM ke anusAra isa kRtya kA kAla zarada Rtu thaa|" jau vasanta meM pakate haiM, ataH inakA AgrayaNa kRtya vasanta Rtu meM kiyA jAtA thA / AzvalAyana ne vikalpa diyA hai ki eka bAra zarada meM AgrayaNa kara lene para yava ke lie isakA sampAdana punaH nahIM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| zyAmAka ( sAvA~ ) kI iSTi varSA Rtu meM kI jAtI hai aura soma ko caru diyA jAtA hai| 'AgrayaNa' do zabdoM se banA hai; 'agra' evaM 'ayana' / 'agra' kA artha hai prathama phala evaM hai / isa gAya kA dUdha Adhe bhUne hue jau vAle pAtra meM rakhA jAtA hai| use do-eka bAra Ikha ke DaNThala se hilA diyA jAtA hai| Ikha ke DaNThala meM eka rassI ba~dhI rahatI hai jise pakar3akara dUdha hilAyA jAtA hai / hilAne vAlA Ikha ko hAtha se nahIM pkdd'taa| yaha hilAnA yA mathanA dAhine se bAyeM hotA hai| isa prakAra ke manthana se prApta vastu ko mantha kahA jAtA hai| 5. yadA varSasya tRptaH syAdathAprayaNena yajeta / .. api vA kriyA yaveSu / Azva0 2 / 913 5 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 'ayana' kA artha hai khaanaa| Apastamba (6 / 29 / 6) ke anusAra isameM agni prajvalita karane vAle 17 mantra (sAmidhenI) hote haiN| isa kRtya ke deva haiM indra evaM agni (Apa0 6 / 29 / 10 evaM Azva0 2 / 9 / 16 ke mata se aindrAgna yA Agnendra) tathA AhutiyA~ haiM bAraha kapAloM vAlI roTI, vaizvadevoM ke lie dUdha yA jala meM pakAyA huA caru, eka kapAla vAlI roTI (dyAvApRthivI ke lie) tathA soma ke lie caru (yadi sAvA~ ke anna ke viSaya meM kRtya ho rahA ho to)| AgrayaNa ke sambandha kI anya bAteM vistAra bhaya se chor3a dI jA rahI haiN| dakSiNA ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| kAtyAyana (4 / 6 / 18) ke mata se rezamI vastra, madhuparka (madhu, dahI evaM ghI) yA varSA Rtu meM yajamAna dvArA pahanA gayA vastra diyA jA sakatA hai| Apastamba (6 / 3017) ke mata se mAgha kI pUrNimA ke pUrva utpanna hue bachar3oM meM prathama bachar3A, aura iSTi vAlA vastra (sAvA~ anna ke sAtha) diyA jA sakatA hai| jaimini (10 // 3 // 34-38, 12 / 2 / 34-37) ke mata se rezamI vastra, bachar3A tathA dakSiNAgni para pakAyA huA cAvala diyA jA sakatA hai| AgrayaNa kRtya zrauta yajJa kA hI eka rUpa hai jo tInoM vaidika agniyoM ko prajvalita karanevAloM ke lie mAnya hai| kAmyeSTi zrautasUtroM meM bahuta-sI aisI iSTiyoM ke sampAdana ke niyama pAye jAte haiM jo viziSTa ghaTanAoM, avasaroM yA vAJchita vastuoM kI prApti ke lie kI jAtI haiN| AzvalAyana (2 / 10-14), Apastamba (19 / 18-27) tathA anya zrautasUtroM ne bahuta-sI iSTiyoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA AyuSkAmeSTi (lambI Ayu kI abhikAMkSA rakhane vAle ke lie), svassyayanI (surakSApUrNa yAtrA ke lie), putrakAmeSTi (usake lie jo putra yA dattaka kI abhilASA karatA hai, AzvalAyana 2 / 10 / 8-9), lokeSTi, mahAvarAjI (AzvalAyana 2011 / 1-4) yA mitravindA (kAtyAyana 5 / 12, usake lie jo sampatti, rAjya, mitroM evaM lambI Ayu kI abhilASA rakhatA hai| isameM 10 devoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai), saMjJAnI (samajhaute ke lie), kArIrISTi (usake lie jo varSA cAhatA hai, Azva0 2 / 13 / 1-13, Apa0 19 / 25 / 16), turAyaNa (Azva0 2 / 14 / 4-6), dAkSAyaNa (Azva0 211417-10) / ina iSTiyoM kA varNana sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| 6. ane ayanaM bhakSaNaM yena karmaNA tadArayaNam / prathamadvitIyayorhasvadIrghatvavyatyayaH / AzvalAyana (2 / 9 / 1) kI ttiikaa| 7. kAlikApurANa (vyavahAramayUkha, pR0 114) ke mata se pAMca varSa vAle yA usase bar3e putra ko moda lene vAlA puSTi karatA hai| kArIrISTi meM yajamAna kAle aJcala vAle kAle vastra ko dhAraNa karatA hai (taittirIya saMhitA, 2 / 4 / 7-10) / mitravindA ke lie dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa 1 / 4 / 3 / dAkSAyaNa ke lie dekhie zatapatha brAhmaNa (2 / 4 / 4, 112 / 13) jisake anusAra yaha iSTi kevala 15 varSoM taka kI jAtI hai, kyoMki isameM prati mAsa do amAvasyAoM evaM do pUrNimAoM ko AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN|

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adhyAya 32 pazubandha yA nirUDha - pazubandha' pazubandha eka svatantra yajJa hai aura somayajJoM meM isakA sampAdana unakA eka abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai| svatantra pazuyajJa ko nirUDha- pazubandha (A~ta nikAle hue pazu kI Ahuti ) kahA jAtA hai tathA anya gauNa pazuyajJoM kI saumika ( Azva0 3 / 8 / 3 - 4 ) saMjJA hai / jaisA ki jaimini ( 8|1|13 ) kA udghoSa hai, nirUDha - pazu somayAga meM prayukta pazubali (agnISomIya pazu) kA parimArjana mAtra hai, kintu katipaya sUtroM ke nirUDhapazu nAmaka pariccheda meM donoM kI vidhi kA pUrNa vivecana huA hai ( dekhie, kAtyAyana 6 / 10 / 32 evaM kAtyAyana 6 / 1 / 31 kI TIkA ) / savanIya-pazu evaM anubandhyapazu ke atirikta sabhI pazuyajJoM kA Adarza rUpa (prakRti) vAstava meM nirUDha pazubandha hI hai / AhitAgni ko jIvana bhara prati chaH mAsa uparAnta yA prati varSa svatantra rUpa se pazuyajJa karanA par3atA thaa|' prati varSa kiye jAne para varSA Rtu ( zrAvaNa yA bhAdrapada) kI amAvasyA yA pUrNimA ke dina yA prati chaH mAsa para kiye jAne para dakSiNAyana evaM uttarAyaNa ke Arambha meM yaha kiyA jAtA thaa| taba yaha kisI bhI dina sampAdita ho sakatA thA aura usake lie amAvasyA yA pUrNimA kA dina Avazyaka nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| AzvalAyana ( 3 / 1 / 2-6 ) ke mata se pazubandha ke pUrva yA uparAnta vikalpa se koI iSTi kI jA sakatI thI aura vaha yA to agni yA agni-viSNu athavA agni aura agni- viSNu ke lie hotI thI / isa yajJa meM eka chaThA purohita hotA thA maitrAvaruNa ( yA prshaastaa)| hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM ki cAturmAsyoM meM pAMca purohitoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| agniSToma aise yajJa meM yajamAna ko udumbara kI char3I dI jAtI hai / pazubandha meM purohitoM ke cunAva ke uparAnta jaba maitrAvaruNa yajJabhUmi meM praveza karatA hai to adhvaryu (kucha zAkhAoM ke anusAra yajamAna) use yajamAna ke mukha taka lambI char3I mantra ke sAtha detA hai aura maMtrAvaruNa mantra ke sAtha use grahaNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta kucha anya kRtya hote haiM jinheM yahA~ denA Avazyaka nahIM hai / adhvaryu AhavanIya meM ghRta chor3atA hai / isa kriyA ko yUpAhuti kahate haiN| isake uparAnta adhvaryuM vanasthalI meM kisI bar3haI ( takSA ) ke sAtha jAtA hai / yajJa-stambha yA yUpa kA nirmANa palAza, khadira, bilva yA rohitaka nAmaka vRkSa ke kASTha se hotA hai|' kintu somayajJa meM yathAsambhava khadira kA hI yUpa nirmita hotA hai| vRkSa harA honA cAhie, usakA UparI bhAga zuSka nahIM honA caahie| vaha sIdhA khar3A ho tathA usakI TahaniyA~ Upara kI ora uThI hoM; itanA hI nahIM, TahaniyoM kA jhukAva 1. dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa 306/4, 11/7/1; taittirIya saMhitA 1 / 3 / 5-11, 6 | 3|4; kAtyAyana 6; Apastamba 7; AzvalAyana 31-8 evaM baudhAyana 4 / 2. mana (4 / 26) ne bhI apanoM ke Arambha meM pazuyajJa kI vyavasthA kahI hai| Apastamba (7/8/2-3 ) evaM baudhAyana ( 41 ) ne pazubandha meM prayukta sAmagriyoM evaM yajJapAtroM kA varNana kiyA hai| 3. yUpa ke viSaya meM vistAra se jAnane ke lie dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa (3 / 6 / 4 se lekara 3 / 711 taka ) tathA aitareya brAhmaNa (6 / 1 / 3) /

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542 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dakSiNa kI ora nahIM honA caahie| adhvaryuM, brahmA, yajamAna evaM bar3haI cunAva ke uparAnta vRkSa ko mantra ( vAjasaneyI saMhitA 5 / 42, taittirIyasaMhitA 1 / 3 / 5 ) ke sAtha sparza karate haiN| isake uparAnta mantroM Adi ke sAtha adhvaryu kulhAr3I lagAtA hai| bar3haI usa vRkSa ko isa prakAra kATatA hai ki pRthvI meM bacA huA bhAga ratha ke cakkoM ko na roka ske| kaTe hue vRkSa ko dakSiNa kI ora nahIM giranA cAhie, balki use pUrva, uttara yA uttara-pUrva meM giranA caahie| vRkSa gira jAne ke uparAnta mantroccAraNa hotA hai / isa prakAra kaTe hue yUpa kI lambAI ke viSaya meM kaI mata prakAzita kiye gaye haiM ( Apastamba 7 / 2 / 11-17; kAtyAyana 6 / 1 / 24-26) / kucha logoM ke mata se yUpa eka aratni se 33 aratniyoM taka ho sakatA hai / kintu kAtyAyana sAdhAraNataH tIna yA cAra aratniyoM kI lambAI kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa (9/7/411) ne bhI yahI kahA hai| kAtyAyana (6 / 1 / 31 ) ne somayajJa ke yUpa kI lambAI pA~ca se pandraha aratniyoM taka ucita ThaharAyI hai / unhoMne isI prakAra vAjapeya yajJa ke yUpa ko 17 aratni tathA azvamegha ke yUpa ko 21 aratni lambA mAnA hai| Apastamba ke mata se yUpa yajamAna kI lambAI yA usake hAtha ke Upara uThane taka kI lambAI kA honA caahie| yUpa kI moTAI ke viSaya meM koI mata nahIM hai| yUpa ke usa bhAga ko jo pRthivI meM gar3A rahatA hai, upara kahA jAtA hai| upara anagar3ha rahatA hai, kintu khUpa kA anya bhAga ThIka se chilA rahatA hai aura UparI bhAga kucha patalA kara diyA jAtA hai| dhUpa kI pUrI lambAI ko Upara taka isa prakAra chIlA jAtA hai ki usameM ATha koNa bana jAyeM, jinameM eka koNa anya hi se bar3A hotA hai aura agni kI ora jhukA rahatA hai| yUpa nirmANa ke uparAnta vRkSa ke bace hue UparI aMza se kalAI se aMgulI ke pora taka lambA zirastra banAyA jAtA hai| yaha zirastra bhI aThakonA aura bIca meM Ukhala kI bhA~ti hotA hai / isa bhAga ko caSAla kahA jAtA hai jo yUpa para pagar3I kI bhA~ti rakhA jAtA hai ( kAtyAyana 6 / 1 / 3 ) / nirUDha - pazubandha meM do dina laga jAte haiM, kintu yaha eka dina meM bhI sampAdita ho sakatA hai| prathama dina meM, jise upavasatha kahA jAtA hai, Arambhika kArya, yathA vedikA - nirmANa, yUpa lAnA AdikiyA jAtA hai| isa yajJa meM kevala eka vedI banAyI jAtI hai jo varuNapraghAsa vAlI kI bhA~ti AhavanIya agni ke pUrva meM hotI hai, na ki darzapUrNa mAsa vAlI kI bhA~ti pazcima meM / vedI kA vistAra kaI prakAra se batAyA gayA hai jisakA varNana yahA~ anapekSita hai| isa vedI para eka uttaravedI ( U~cI vedI) kA nirmANa hotA hai / vedI kI pUrva dizA ke uttarI koNa se lekara zamyA ( 32 aMgula) varga parimANa kA eka gaDDhA khodA jAtA hai jise cAtvAla kahA jAtA aura vaha tIna vittA (vitasti) yA 36 aMgula gaharA hotA hai / isI prakAra vibhinna kRtyoM evaM mantroM se yukta bhA~ti-bhA~ti kI sAmapriya utpanna kI jAtI haiM aura unheM yathAsthAna rakhA jAtA hai, jinakA varNana yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| yUpa gAr3ane kI bhI vidhi varNita hai| eka nahIM kaI yUpa gAr3e jAte haiM, gyAraha yUpoM kI paramparA pAyI jAtI hai| yUpa ke lie prokSaNa (jala chir3akanA), aMjana, uchrayaNa (Upara uThAnA), parivyANa yA parivyayaNa ( mekhalA yA karanI se gherane kI kriyA) Adi ke kRtya kiye jAte haiN| ye kriyAe~ kevala eka hI bAra kI jAtI haiM, na ki prati pazu kI bali ke uparAnta / mekhalA yUpa kA aMga hai na ki pazu kA, na pratyeka pazu ke sAtha eka-eka AvazyakatA hotI hai| mekhalA kI bali kA pazu sugaMdhita jala se nahalAyA jAtA hai aura cAtvAla evaM utkara ke bIca meM rakhA jAtA hai| usakA mukha pazcima meM yUpa ke pUrva hotA hai| pazu nara ( chAga = bakarA ) hotA hai, usakA aMga-bhaMga nahIM honA cAhie, arthAt usake sIMga na TUTe hoM, kAnA na ho, kanakaTA yA kanaphaTA na ho, dA~ta na TUTe hoM aura na puccha-vihIna ho, na to laMgar3A ho aura na sAta khuroM (pratyeka paira meM do khura hote haiM, isa prakAra cAra pairoM ke ATha khura) vAlA ho / yadi uparyukta doSoM meM koI doSa vidyamAna ho to zuddhi ke lie viSNu, agni-viSNu, sarasvatI yA bRhaspati ko Ajya kI Ahuti

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pazubandha yajJa dI jAtI hai (Apastamba 7 / 12 / 3) / isake uparAnta pazUpAkaraNa kRtya kiyA jAtA hai jo kuza evaM mantroM ke sAtha pazu ko chUkara devoM ke lie use samarpita karane se sambandhita hai| kucha anya kRtyoM ke uparAnta pazu ko jala pilAyA jAtA hai aura usake katipaya aMgoM para jala chir3akA jAtA hai| pazu kI bali indra-agni, sUrya yA prajApati ke lie dI jAtI hai aura bali karanevAle ko pratyeka pazubandha meM jIvana bhara usa devatA ke lie, jise vaha prathama bAra cunatA hai, aisA karanA par3atA hai (kAtyAyana 6 / 3 / 29-30) / isa yajJa se sambandhita anya kRtyoM kA varNana yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| adhvaryu zamitA (pazu mAranevAle) ko astra detA hai| yaha kriyA mantra Adi ke sAtha kI jAtI hai| jaba pazu kATa diyA jAtA hai to usakI A~teM Adi eka viziSTa gaDDhe meM dabA dI jAtI haiN| jisa agni para pazu kA mAMsa pakAyA jAtA hai use zAmitra kahate haiN| pazu kA mukha isa prakAra bA~dha diyA jAtA hai ki kATate samaya usake mukha se svara na nikle| adhvaryu, pratiprasthAtA, AgnIdhra evaM yajamAna apanA mukha kATe jAte hue pazu se dUsarI ora haTA lete haiN| yajamAna aise mantroM kA uccAraNa karatA hai jinakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha pazu ke sAtha svarga kI prApti kre| jaba pazu mara jAtA hai to yajamAna kI patnI usake mukha, nAka, A~khoM, nAbhi, liMga, gudA, pairoM ko mantra ke sAtha svaccha kara detI hai| isI prakAra anya kRtya bhI kiye jAte haiN| sabhI purohita (chaH), yajamAna aura usakI patnI mArjana dvArA apane ko zuddha karate haiN| isake uparAnta pazu-puroDAza banAne ke lie prabandha kiyA jAtA hai aura Avazyaka pAtroM ko AhavanIya ke pUrva meM rakha diyA jAtA hai| adhvaryu pazu ke vibhinna aMgoM, yathA hRdaya, jihvA Adi ko pRthak karatA hai| Apastamba (7 / 22 / 5 evaM 7) ke anusAra yaha kArya zamitA karatA hai| isa yajJa se sambandhita bahuta-sI bAtoM kA artha Ajakala bhalI bhA~ti lagAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki madhya-kAla meM pazu-yajJa bahuta kama hote the, aura anta meM banda ho gaye, ataH nibandhakAroM ne una para apanI vistRta TIkA-TippaNI nahIM kI hai| isI kAraNa bahuta-se mata-matAntara pAye jAte haiN| Apastamba (7 / 22 / 6) ke mata se pazu ke kATe hue aMga ye haiM-hRdaya, jihvA, chAtI, kalejA, vRkka, bAyeM paira kA agra bhAga, do puDheM, dAhinI jaMghA, madhya kI aMtar3iyA~ / ye aMga devatA ke lie haiM jo juhU se diye jAte haiN| dAhine paira kA agra bhAga, bAyIM jaMghA, patalI aMtar3iyA~ sviSTakRt ko dI jAtI haiN| dAhinA phephar3A, plIhA, purItat, adhyaghnI, vaniSThu (bar3I aMtar3iyA~), medA, jAghanI (pUMcha) Adi bhI AhutiyoM ke rUpa meM diye jAte haiN| sabhI aMga (hRdaya ko chor3akara) ukhA (eka viziSTa pAtra) meM pakAye jAte haiN| hRdaya ko eka arani lambI lakar3I meM khosakara pRthaka rUpa se bhUnA jAtA hai| zamitA hI pakAne kA kArya karatA hai| jaimini (12 / 1 / 12) ke mata se mAMsa pakAne kA kArya zAlAmukhIya agni para, na ki zAmitra agni para, hotA hai| adhvarya pake hue mAMsa ko ghI meM lapeTakara indra evaM agni, sviSTakRt evaM agni sviSTakRt ko AhutiyoM ke rUpa meM detA hai / isa prakAra adhvaryu pUre mAMsa kA bahuta-sA bhAga agni meM DAla detA hai| zeSa bhAga kA kucha aMza brahmA ko tathA anya bhAma anya purohitoM ko diyA jAtA hai| zamitA dvArA alaga se pakAye gaye hRdaya tathA anya zeSa bhAga ko adhvaryu yUpa tathA AhavanIya agni ke bIca meM vedI ke dakSiNa bhAga meM rakha detA hai tathA anya kRtya karatA hai| sampUrNa pazu ko yajJiya vastu kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra dhAna (cAvaloM) ko caru kA padArtha mAnA jAtA hai usI prakAra pUre pazu ko yajJiya vastu kI saMjJA milatI hai| hRdaya evaM anya aMgoM ko havi ke rUpa meM hI diyA jAtA hai| 4. adhvarya, brahmA, hotA, AgnIdhra, pratiprasthAtA evaM mNtraavrnn|

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544 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa purohitoM ko bhI vibhinna aMgoM ke bhAga diye jAte haiN| pazubandha kA kRtya bhI bahuta lambA hai| vistAra meM jAnA yahA~ anapekSita hai| kAmyAH pazavaH -- jisa prakAra bahuta-sI kAmyeSTiyA~ hotI haiM usI prakAra sampatti, grAmoM, yaza Adi ke lAbhArtha vibhinna pazu bali diye jAte haiM, yathA samRddhi ke lie zveta pazu vAyu ko, grAma ke lie koI pazu vAyu niyutvAn ko, vAkpaTutA ke lie bher3a sarasvatI ko ( tai0 saM0 21 226 ) / kAmya pazuoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie taittirIya brAhmaNa (2 / 8 / 1-9), Apastamba ( 19 | 16 | 17 ) evaM AzvalAyana ( 3 / 7 evaM 318 | 1 ) / ina sabhI prakAra ke yajJoM meM nirUDha - pazubandha kI hI vidhi lAgU hotI hai /

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adhyAya 33 agniSTomA kabhI-kabhI suvidhA ke lie yajJa tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara diye jAte haiM, yathA-iSTi, pazu evaM soma / gautama (821) evaM lATyAyana zrI0 (5 / 4 / 34) ke anusAra somayajJa ke sAta prakAra haiM--agniSToma, atyaMgniSToma, ukthya, SoDazI, vAjapeya, atirAtra evaM aptoryaam| agniSToma ko somayajJoM kA Adarza rUpa mAna liyA gayA hai| agniSToma aikAhika yA ekAha arthAt eka dina vAlA yajJa hai aura yaha jyotiSToma kA aisA antarhita bhAga hai ki donoM ko kabhI-yabhI eka hI mAnA jAtA hai| somayajJa kaI prakAra ke haiM, yathA ekAha (eka dina vAlA), ahIna (eka dina se lekara bAraha dinoM taka calane vAlA) tathA satra (jo bAraha dinoM se adhika dinoM taka calatA hai)| pAvazAha nAmaka yajJa satra evaM ahIna hai (jaimini 10 / 6 / 60-61 evaM tantravArtika 2 / 2 / 2) / jyotiSToma meM bahudhA pAMca dina laga jAte haiM, isake mukhya kRtya ye haiM--pahale dina purohitoM kA varaNa, madhuparka, dIkSaNIyeSTi evaM dIkSA, dUsare dina-prAyaNIyA iSTi (Arambha vAlI iSTi), soma kA kraya, AtitheyeSTi (soma ko Atithya dene vAlI iSTi), pravarya evaM upasad (prAtaH evaM sAyaM kA abhivAdana), tIsare dina-pravarya evaM do bAra upasad, cauthe dina-pravarya evaM upasad, agnipraNayana, agnISomapraNayana, havirdhAna praNayana evaM pazuyajJa, tathA pAMcaveM dina arthAt sutya yA savanIya ke dina--soma ko peranA (rasa nikAlanA), prAtaH kAla pUjA meM car3hAnA evaM pInA tathA dopahara evaM sAyaM devArpaNa evaM pInA, udayanIyA (antima iSTi) evaM avabhRtha (antima zuddha karane vAlA snaan)| pramukha zrauta sUtroM ke AdhAra para hama nIce bahuta hI saMkSepa meM agniSToma kA varNana upasthita kreNge| jaimini (6 / 2 / 31) ke matAnusAra tInoM vargoM ke lie jyotiSToma karanA anivArya hai| isakA 'agniSToma' nAma isalie par3A hai ki isameM agni kI stuti kI jAtI hai aura antima stotra agni ko hI sambodhita hai (aitareya brAhmaNa 1415, Apastamba 10 / 2 / 3) / yaha prati varSa vasanta meM amAvasyA yA pUrNimA ke dina kiyA jAtA hai (Apastamba 10125 evaM 6, kAtyAyana 7 / 114 evaM satyASADha 71) / jaimini (4 / 3 / 37) meM AyA hai ki darzapUrNamAsa , cAturmAsya evaM pazu-yajJa sampAdita karane ke uparAnta hI somayajJa kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu kucha anya logoM kA mata hai ki darzapUrNamAsa ke pUrva bhI yaha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu agnyAdhAna ke uparAnta hI aisA karanA ucita hai (Azva0 4 / 1 / 1-2 evaM satyASADha 7 / 1, pR0 556) / isa yajJa kA abhilASI sarvaprathama somapravAka (soma yajJa karAne vAle ke nimantraNakartA) ko vedajJa brAhmaNoM ko (jo na to ati vRddha hoM aura na kama avasthA ke hoM aura na hoM vikalAMga) bulAne ke lie bhejatA hai (tANDya 1. dekhie taittirIya saMhitA 122-4, 31-3, 661-6 evaM 71; taittirIya brAhmaNa 1 / 131, 141 evaM 5-6, 11564, 21218; zatapathabrAhmaNa 3-4; aitareyabrAhmaNa 1-15; Apastamba 10-13 evaM 1408-12 kAtyAyana 7-11, baudhAyana, 6-10; AzvalAyana 4-6; satyASADha 7-9; lATyAyana zrautasUtra 1-2 / parya069

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546 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa brAhmaNa 1 / 1 / 1, drAhyAyaNa zrautasUtra 11 tathA Apastamba 10 | 1|1) / vaha pramukha cAra yA sabhI solahoM (yA 'sadasya' ko sammilita kara 17) RtvijoM ko bulAtA hai / " purohitoM ko madhuparka diyA jAtA hai| yajamAna apane deza ke rAjA ke pAsa yajJabhUmi (devayajana) kI yAcanA ke lie jAtA hai| yaha eka ADambara mAtra hai, yahA~ taka ki rAjA bhI aisI yAcanA hotA tathA anya purohitoM se karatA hai / apanI bhUmi rahane para bhI yajamAna ko aisI yAcanA karanI par3atI hai| devayajana ( yajJa - bhUmi) ke pazcima bhAga meM ghAsa-pAta haTAkara eka maNDapa' (vimita- -cAra koNoM vAlA maNDapa) khar3A kiyA jAtA hai / maNDapa ke viSaya meM kAtyAyana ( 7 / 1 / 19-25), Apastamba ( 10 / 5 / 1 - 5 ) evaM baudhAyana (6 / 1 )* ne vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| maNDapa ke dakSiNa meM vrata -bhojana banAne ke lie eka zAlA tathA pazcima meM patnI (yajamAna kI patnI) ke lie dUsarI zAlA banA dI jAtI hai| yajamAna apane ghara hI gArhapatya evaM AhavanIya agniyoM ko araNiyoM meM rakha letA hai aura purohitoM, araNiyoM tathA patnI ke sAtha maNDapa meM pUrva dvAra se praveza karatA hai| anya sAmagriyA~ (sambhAra ) mI maNDapa meM lAyI jAtI haiM / maNDapa meM eka bedI banAkara usameM gharSaNa se utpanna agni rakhI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta kaI kRtya kiye jAte hai, jinakA varNana yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai / maNDapa ke bAhara uttara meM yajamAna eka viziSTa zAlA meM nAI se sira, sia, mukha ke keza tathA nakha kaTA letA hai| isake uparAnta udumbara kI TahanI se dantadhAvana kara kuNDa ke jala se snAna karatA hai tathA Acamana Adi karatA / isI prakAra yajamAna kI patnI bhI pratiprasthAtA dvArA Adezita ho nakha kaTAtI hai tathA snAna Adi karatI haiM kintu usake ina kRtyoM meM mantroccAraNa nahIM kiyA jAtA, jaisA ki yajamAna ke kRtyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| usake keza nahIM kATe jAte, kintu kucha lekhakoM ne keza kaTAne kI bhI vyavasthA dI hai / yajamAna ava dvArA diye gaye rezamI vastra dhAraNa karatA hai| aparAhna meM vaha prAgvaMza meM baiThakara ghI evaM dahI se mizrita cAvala yA manacAhA bhojana karatA hai / patnI bhI yahI karatI hai / isake uparAnta vaha darbha kI do phunagiyoM se apane zarIra para navanIta lagAtA hai| yaha kRtya vaha cehare se Arambha kara tIna bAra karatA hai / isake uparAnta darma se apanI dAyIM A~kha meM do bAra aura bAyIM A~kha meM eka bAra aJjana lagAtA hai yA tIna bAra donoM A~khoM meM lagAtA hai / adhvaryu prAgvaMza ke bAhara yajamAna kI zuddhi (pavana) karatA hai| yahI bAta pratiprasthAtA usakI patnI ke sAtha karatA hai, kintu mantroccAraNa ke sAtha nahIM / yajamAna maNDapa meM pUrva dvAra se tathA usakI patnI pazcima dvAra se praveza karatI hai| donoM apane-apane Asana para baiTha jAte haiN| isake uparAnta dIkSaNIya dRSTi kI jAtI hai, jisake phalasvarUpa yajamAna dIkSita samajhA jAtA hai aura yajJa karane ke yogya mAnA jAtA hai (jaimini 5 / 3 / 29-31) / sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa dIkSaNIya iSTiM kA varNana yahA~ upasthita nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| dIkSA kA kRtya aparAhna meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| jaba taka tAre nahIM dikhAI dete, yajamAna mauna dhAraNa kiye rahatA hai| pUre yajJa taka yajamAna evaM usakI patnI ko dUdha para hI rahanA hotA hai| aisA karanA Rtvartha ( anivArya niyama) mAnA jAtA hai na ki puruSArtha mAtra (jaimini 4/3/8 - 9 ) / yaha dUdha do gAyoM ke stanoM se duhA jAtA hai aura do pAtroM meM pRthak-pRthak garma kiyA jAtA hai; yajamAna ke lie gArha 2. solaha purohitoM saMbaMdhI vivaraNa dekhie adhyAya 29, Ti0 3 meM / 3. maNDapa ko prAgvaMza yA prAcIna vaMza kahA jAtA hai| kucha logoM ke mata se yaha pazcima se pUrva 16 prakrama lambA tathA dakSiNa se uttara 12 prakrana caur3A hotA hai| isameM 4 yA 5 ( eka dvAra uttara-pUrva meM hotA hai) dvAra tathA cAroM dizAoM meM choTe-choTe praveza-sthala hote haiM (dekhie Apastamba 10/515) /

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agniSToma yajJa 547 patyAni para tathA usakI patnI ke lie dakSiNAgni para / yajamAna evaM usakI patnI ko bahuta se anivArya niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai ( Apa0 10 / 16, kAtyA0 4 / 12 / 34, baubA0 6/6 ) / dIkSA ke dina yA dinoM ke uparAnta prathama kRtya hai prAyaNIya ( Arambha vAlI ) iSTi / isa iSTi meM ( cAvala ) dUdha meM pakAkara aditi ko diyA jAtA hai tathA Ajya kI cAra AhutiyAM anya cAra devatAoM ko dI jAtI haiN| 'cAra devatA hai pathyA svasti, agni, soma evaM savitA jo krama se pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara dizA ke mAne jAte haiN| isake uparAnta soma kA kraya kiyA jAtA hai| kutsa gotra vAle brAhmaNa yA kisI zUdra se soma prApta kiyA jAtA hai / Apa0 (10 / 20 / 12 ) ne kisI bhI brAhmaNa se kharIdane kI bAta kahI hai| jaimini ( 3 / 7 / 31) ne soma. ke vikraya ke lie purohitoM ke atirikta kisI ko bhI ucita vikretA mAna liyA hai| kraya ke samaya soma ko brAhmaNa evaM sUtra granthoM meM rAjA kahA gayA hai| soma becanevAle se soma meM lagA ghAsa-phUsa svaccha kara dene ko kaha diyA AtA hai| soma ko svaccha karate samaya adhvaryu, usake sahAyaka, yajamAna tathA yajamAna ke putra Adi use dekha nahIM sakate aura na svayaM svaccha hI kara sakate haiM (satyASADha 7 / 1, pR0 609) / baila kI lAla khAla ke dakSiNI bhAga para soma rakha diyA jAtA hai / somavikretA khAla ke uttarI bhAga para baiTha jAtA hai| eka jalapAtra soma ke samakSa rakha diyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta hiraNyavatI Ahuti dI jAtI hai, jisakA varNana yahA~ anapekSita hai| yajJa bhUmi ke pUrva dvAra ke dakSiNa eka gAya khar3I rahatI hai jise somakrayaNI kahA jAtA hai; yaha eka, do yA tIna varSa kI hotI hai| isakA raMga yathAsambhava soma ke samAna hI hotA hai| isI gAya ko dekara soma kA kraya hotA hai, ataH gAya ko somakrayaNI kahate haiM (somaH krIyate yayA gavA sA somakrayaNI) / gAya ko piMgala honA cAhie, usakI A~kheM pIta raMga se mizrita mUrI honI cAhie, vaha abhI biyAyI na ho, na to vaha vikalAMga ho aura na hI ba~dhI huI / usakA kAna yA paira pakar3akara koI khar3A na ho, kintu AvazyakatA par3ane para usakI gardana pakar3I jA sakatI hai| isI prakAra isa somakrayaNI gAya ke sAtha anya kRtya kiye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta adhvaryu yajamAna ke naukara dvArA soma ko Dhakane ke lie kapar3A maMgavAtA hai| cAra pahiyoM vAlI gAr3I meM soma caTAiyoM se DhakA rakhA rahatA hai| soma ke aMzu yA DaNThala kisa prakAra cune jAte haiM, hAtha meM liye jAte haiM, vastra se Dhake jAte haiM; Adi ke viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama haiM ( Apa0 10 124/7 - 14, kAtyA0 7712-21) / yajamAna soma kA abhivAdana karatA hai aura aditi kI pUjA karatA hai (Apa0 10 / 25 / 1) / isake uparAnta adhvaryu ba~dhA huA somasoma-vikretA ko de detA hai aura donoM meM kraya-vikraya sambandhI eka nATaka calatA hai| soma-vikretA ko svarNa bhI diyA jAtA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (31313), Apastamba ( 10 / 25 31-16), kAtyAyana ( 78/1-20 ) evaM satyAvADha (7/2, pR0 636-643 ) meM lena-dena se sambandhita bahuta-sI bAtoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| somaRyaNI ko gauzAlA meM bheja diyA jAtA hai aura usake badale anya gAya dI jAtI hai| Apastamba (10 / 2718) evaM satyASADha (7/2, pR0 644) ne likhA hai ki soma-vikretA ko DheloM evaM char3iyoM se mArane kA nATaka kiyA jAtA hai, isake uparAnta subrahmaNyA kRtya kiyA jAtA hai jise udgAtA purohita kA sahAyaka subrahmaNya nAmaka purohita karatA hai / soma ko gAr3I meM viziSTa kRtyoM ke sAtha lAyA jAtA hai / soma ko rAjA kI upAdhi se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| usake svAgata 4. kucha sUtroM (Apa0 10 148, 10/15/4, Azva0 4 / 2 / 13-15) ke AdhAra para bIkA kArya 12 dinoM yA eka mAsa yA eka varSa taka calatA hai aura isa prakAra yajamAna DubalA ho jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM yajamAna yaza ke lie anya sAmAna, mana Adi apane sanIhAroM (sahAyakoM) dvArA ekatra karAtA hai|

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548 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM AtithyeSTi kI jAtI hai| AsanAdi kI vyavasthA kI jAtI hai aura gAr3I se soma ko utArakara usake lie bane viziSTa Asana para mRgacara bichAkara use vidhivat rakhA jAtA hai| AtithyeSTi ke pramukha devatA haiM viSNu aura unake lie nau kapAloM vAlI roTI banatI hai| agni kI utpatti gharSaNa se kI jAtI hai| anya vidhiyoM ke vistAra ke khae Apastamba (10 // 3) evaM kAtyAyana (81) / iDA khA lene ke uparAnta tAnanatra karma kiyA jAtA hai| isa kRtya meM yajamAna evaM sabhI purohita tananapAta (tIvra vega se calane vAlI vAya) kA nAma lekara praNa karate haiM ki ve eka-dUsare kA amaMgala nahIM kreNge| isa kRtya ke uparAnta yajamAna ko avAntara-dIkSA dI jAtI hai, jisameM yajamAna mantra (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 5 / 6) ke sAtha AhavanIyAgni meM samidhA DAlatA hai, usakI patnI mauna rUpa se gAIpA tyAgni meM samidhA DAlatI hai| madantI nAmaka pAtra ke garma jala ko yajamAna tathA sabhI purohita sparza karate haiN| __ avAntara-dIkSA ke uparAnta pravayaM tathA usake uparAnta upasad (upasad avayaM ke pUrva bhI ho sakatA hai-Apa0 11 / 2 / 5, satyASAr3ha 74,pR0 662) nAmaka kRtya kiye jAte haiN| ye donoM prAtaH evaM aparAhna do bAra hote haiN| yaha krama tIna dinoM taka (dUsare, tIsare tathA cauthe dina taka) calatA rahatA hai, kintu yaha tabhI hotA hai jaba soma kA rasa pAMcaveM dina nikAlA jaay| yadi soma kA rasa sAtaveM dina yA aura Age calakara nikAlA jAya to pravaryo evaM upasadoM kI saMkhyA bar3hA dI jAtI hai (Apa0 15 / 12 / 5) / AtithyA meM prayukta bahi, prastara evaM pariSi kI vidhi upasadoM evaM agnISomIya pazu ke kRtyoM meM bhI kI jAtI hai| aba hama saMkSepa meM pravayaM, upasad, agnISomIya pazu Adi kA varNana upasthita karate haiN| pravarya--bahuta-se sUtroM (yathA-Apa0 15 / 5-12, kAtyA0 26, baudhA0 9 / 6) meM pravardI kA varNana pRthak rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| isa kRtya se yajamAna ko mAno eka navIna devI zarIra prApta hotA hai (aitareya brAhmaNa 4.5) / yaha eka svatantra yA apUrva kRtya mAnA gayA hai na ki kisI kRtya kA parimArjita ruup| Apa0 (13 / 4 / 3-5) ke matAnusAra yaha kRtya pratyeka agniSToma meM Avazyaka nahIM mAnA jaataa| vAjasaneyI saMhitA (29 / 5) meM jo 'dharma' kahA gayA hai vaha sUrya kA dyotaka hai aura samrATa nAma se yajJa kA adhiSThAtA mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra garma dUdha daivI jIvana evaM prakAza kA dyotaka mAnA jAtA hai (dekhie aitareya brAhmaNa 411, zatapatha brAhmaNa 1411-4, taittirIyAraNyaka 411-42, 5 / 1-12) / miTTI kA eka pAtra banAyA jAtA hai jisakI mahAvIra saMjJA hai| isameM eka chidra hotA hai jisake dvArA tarala padArtha girAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra do anya mahAvIra pAtra hote haiN| pinavana nAmaka anya do dugdhapAtra hote haiM aura rauhiNa nAmaka do pyAliyAM hotI haiM jinameM roTiyAM pakAyI jAtI haiN| mahAvIra, pinavana evaM rohiNa gArhapatyAgni se prajvalita ghor3e ke gobara kI agni meM tapAye jAte haiM (kucha logoM ke mata se ye pAtra dakSiNAgni meM tapAye jAte haiN)| rohiNa meM do puroDAza pakAkara prAtaH evaM sAyaM dina tathA rAtri ke lie Ahuti rUpa meM diye jAte haiN| mahAvIra pAtra ko miTTI se bane ucca sthala para rakhakara usake caturdika agni jalAkara usameM pI chor3A jAtA hai| pramukha mahAvIra pAtra ko prathama pAtra mAnA jAtA hai| anya do mahAvIra pAtroM ko vastra se Dhakakara soma vAle sthAna se uttara dizA meM bar3I AsandI para rakha diyA jAtA hai| pramukha pAtra ke ubalate hue pI meM gAya tavA bakare vAlI bakarI kA dUdha milAkara chor3a diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra se mizrita garma dUdha ko dharma kahA jAtA hai jo azvinI, vAyu, indra, savitA, gRhaspati evaM yama ko Ahuti rUpa meM diyA jAtA hai| yajamAna (purohita loga kevala gaMdha lete haiM) zeSa dUSa ko upayamanI se pI jAtA hai| yaha saba karate samaya hotA mantroM kA pATha karatA hai aura prastotA sAma-gAna karatA jAtA hai| isa prakAra isa sampUrNa kRtya ko pravayaM kahA jAtA hai| upasada-yaha eka iSTi hai| bahuta-sI kriyAe~ (yathA-agnyanvApAna), jo darzapUrNamAsa meM kI jAtI hai, isa iSTi meM nahIM kI jaatii| isameM ghRta kI AhutiyAM agni, viSNu evaM soma ko juhU se dI jAtI hai| bAtipyA nAmaka

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agniSToma maza iSTi ke uparAnta kiye jAne vAle saba kRtya, yathA soma ko bar3hAnA, nihnava, subrahmaNyA stotra kA pATha pratyeka upasad meM prAtaH evaM aparAhna tIna dina yA adhika dinoM taka kiye jAte haiN| upasad meM AjyabhAgoM, prayAjoM, anuyAjoM kI kriyAe~ nahIM kI jAtI aura na sviSTakRt agni ( Azva rAyana 41818) ko Ahuti hI dI jAtI hai| prAtaHkAla Rgveda ke tIna mantroM (7 / 15 / 1-3) kA pATha tIna-tIna bAra kiyA jAtA hai jinheM sAmiSenI kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra sAyaMkAla Rgveda (2 / 6 / 1-3) ke mantroM ko par3hA jAtA hai| eka eka mantra tIna bAra par3hA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra tIna mantroM ke nau uccAraNoM ko sAmidhenI kahA jAtA hai| upasad kI Ahuti khuba se dI jAtI hai / upasad ke mantroM se patA calatA hai ki ve lohe, cA~dI evaM sone ke durgA ke gheroM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| ye mantra yahA~ kyoM prayukta hue haiM, kucha kahanA kaThina hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 3041413 - 4 ) meM nagaroM para gherA DAlane kI carcA huI hai| mahAnedina evaM upasad kRtyoM ke uparAnta dUsare dina somayAga ke lie mahAvedi (mahAvedI) kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai ( kAtyAyana 8 / 3 / 6, zatapatha 7 4, Apa0 11 / 4 / 1.1 ) / AhavanIyAgni ke sammukha pUrva ora 6 prakrama kI dUrI para eka khUMTI (zaMku) gAr3I jAtI hai (baudhA0 6 / 22), yA kAtyAyana (8 / 3 / 7 ) ke mata se sAdhAraNa agnizAlA ke pUrvI dvAra se pUrva kI ora 3 prakrama kI dUrI para antaHpAtma yA zAlAmukhIya (baudhAyana ke mata se) nAmaka khUMTI gAr3I jAtI hai| isa khU~TI se 36 prakrama pUrva eka dUsarI khUMTI gAr3I jAtI hai jise yUpAvaTIya (dhUpa vAle gaDDhe se sambandhita ) kahA jAtA hai| ina do khUMTiyoM ko jor3ane vAle sUtra ko pRSThyA kahA jAtA hai| antaHpAtya nAmaka khUMTI ke uttarI evaM dakSiNI bhAga meM 15 prakramoM kI dUrI para anya khUMTiyA~ gAr3I jAtI haiN| yUpAvaTIya nAmaka khUMTI ke dakSiNI evaM uttarI sire se 12 prakramoM kI dUrI para do khUMTiyA~ gAr3I jAtI haiN| isa prakAra mahAvedI kA pazcimI bhAga, jise zroNI kahA jAtA hai, 30 prakramoM kA ; pUrvI bhAga, jise aMsa (kaMdhA) kahA jAtA hai, 24 prakramoM kA tathA mahAvedI kI lambAI 36 prakramoM kI ho jAtI hai| mahAvedI (mahAvedi) ke cAroM ora eka rassI bA~dha dI jAtI hai| darzapUrNamAsa meM kiye jAnevAle sabhI saMskAra somayAga kI mahAvedI para kiye jAte haiM (satyASADha 714, pR0 685) / mahAvedI ke pUrvI bhAga meM eka uttara aar kA nirmANa hotA hai, jo caturbhujAkAra hotI hai| isI prakAra anya sthala bhI banAye jAte haiM jinakA vivaraNa yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| dUsare dina prAtaHkAla prAtaH evaM sAyaM vAle pravayoM evaM upasadoM ke kRtya sampAdita kara diye jAte haiN| prava ke ur3hAsana ke uparAnta AhavanIyAgni se uttaravedI taka lAyI jAne vAlI agni kA kRtya kiyA jAtA hai, jise agnipraNayana kahA jAtA hai| vedI kI nAbhi para rakhI gayI agni somayAga kI AhavanIyAgni kahI jAtI hai aura maulika AhavanIyAgni gArhapatyAgni kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai (Apa0 11 / 5 / 9-10) / kuza, samidhA evaM vedI para jala chir3aka diyA jAtA hai aura sampUrNa vedI para kuza bichA diye jAte haiN| kuza ke aMkura pUrvAbhimukha rakhe jAte haiN| agnizAlA se jala dvArA svaccha kI huI do gAr3iyA~ lAkara mahAvedI para rakha dI jAtI haiM, ina gAr3iyoM ko havirdhAna nAma diyA gayA hai, kyoMki soma (jo somayAga meM havi ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai) ina para rakhA rahatA hai| dakSiNa dizA vAlI gAr3I adhvaryu 5. Apastamba (5/4/3) kI TIkA ke anusAra eka prakrama ho yA tIna padoM ke barAbara tathA eka pada 15 aMguloM (baudhAyana) yA 12 aMguloM (kAtyAyana) ke barAbara hotA hai| kintu kAtyAyana (8|3|14 ) kI TIkA ke anusAra eka para do prakramoM ke barAbara hotA hai| prakramoM ke atirikta yajamAna ke padoM se bhI nApa liyA jA sakatA hai| taitirIya saMhitA (6 / 2 / 445) meM bhI mahAvedI kA nApa diyA huA hai- "trizatpadAni pazcAtirazcI bhavati patriAt prANI catuvizatiH purstaatirshcii|"

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550 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM uttara vAlI pratiprasthAtA ke adhikAra meM rahatI hai| ye gAr3iyA~ ghAsa yA bA~sa ke chilakoM se banI caTAiyoM se Dhaka dI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta chaH khambhoM vAlA eka maNDapa ( havirdhAna-maNDapa) banAyA jAtA hai| gAr3I ke gharoM para yajamAna kI patnI evaM pratiprasthAtA dvArA kaI kRtya kiye jAte haiN| isa viSaya meM anya saMskAra, yathA gAr3iyoM ko DhakanA Adi, yahA~ nahIM diye jA rahe haiM ( Apa0 1117-8, kAtyA0 814) / havirghAna ke bhItara koI kucha khA-pI nahIM sakatA / uparava--adhvaryu dakSiNa dizA meM rakhI huI gAr3I ke sAmane eka hAtha gahare cAra gaDDhe khodatA hai jina para kuza bichA diye jAte haiM, una para do adhiSavaNa- phalaka (lakar3I ke takhte) vilAkara adhiSavaNa-dharma ( baila kA lAla carma ) rakha diyA jAtA hai| isa carma para cAra prastara khaNDoM se soma kA rasa nikAlA jAtA hai| prastara-khaNDoM se utpanna ghoSa ko cAroM gaDDhe adhika guMjita kara dete haiM, isI se inako uparava kahA jAtA hai ( kAtyAyana 8|4|18 kI TIkA) / ' uparavoM ke pUrva meM yA adhiSavaNa carma yA upastambhana (rassI se ba~dhe do sIdhe bA~soM kA DhA~cA, jisa para gAr3I kA agrabhAga yA juA rakha diyA jAtA hai) ke pUrva meM cAra konoM vAlA miTTI kA eka DhUha banA diyA jAtA hai jisa para soma ke pAtra rakhe jAte haiM / isake uparAnta purohitoM ke lie pRthak-pRthak AsanoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| ina AsanoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha kaI saMskAra kiye jAte haiM jinheM sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| uparavoM ke Upara komala kuza rakha diye jAte haiM aura unake Upara udumbara, palAza yA kAzmayaM nAmaka per3a ke takhtoM se bane do phalaka rakha diye jAte haiM, inheM hI adhiSavaNa phalaka kahA jAtA hai| anya kRtyoM kA varNana yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| isake uparAnta agni evaM soma ke lie eka pazu kI bali dI jAtI hai| yaha vidhi nirUDha- pazubandha vidhi ke samAna hI hai| paristaraNa, yajJiya pAtroM kA rakhanA, prokSaNa Adi kRtya kiye jAte haiN| pratiprasthAtA gajamAna kI patnI ko usake sthAna ( patnIzAlA ) se lAtA hai| isI prakAra yajamAna ke anya sambandhI bulAye jAte haiN| yajamAna adhvaryu kA, patnI yajanAna (pati) kA, putra evaM bhAI loga patnI kA sparza karate haiN| ye sabhI navIna paridhAna pahane rahate haiM aura adhvaryu Ajya kI pracaraNI arthAt vaisajana AhutiyA~ soma ko detA hai ( kAtyA0 8 / 7 / 1 Apa0 11 / 16 / 15) / isake uparAnta agni evaM soma kA praNayana ( Age lAnA) hotA hai / AvatIya para agni prajvalita kara uttaravedI para lAyI jAtI hai / bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke pAtra mahAvedI para (pazubali ke nimitta) lAye jAte haiM / isI prakAra dUsare dina somarasa nikAlate samaya kAma meM lAye jAne vAle pAtra yathAsthAna para sajA diye jAte haiN| agni AgnIdhra ke viSNya ke pAsa rakha dI jAtI hai / soma. ke DaNThala havirdhAna- maNDapa meM lAye jAte haiM aura dakSiNa kI gAr3I meM kAle hariNa ke carma para rakha diye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta yajamAna apanI madhyama dIkSA kA tyAga karatA hai, arthAt vaha apanI mekhalA 6. 'upa upariSTAd grANAM ravaH zabdo yeSu te / ' dekhie kAtyAyana (80428, 8/5/24) evaM Apastamba ( 1111111, 111126) / 7. kAtyAyana (825/25 ) kI TIkA ke anusAra ye phalaka varaNa lakar3I ke hote haiN| inakA nAma adhiSavaNaphalaka hai, "adhi upari abhiSUyate somo yayoste adhiSavaNe phalake / " kAtyAyana (8/5/26) kI TIkA ke anusAra adhiSavaNa carma baila kA dharma hotA hai (Rgveda 17 / 94 / 9 - ' aMzu vuhanto abhyAsate gavi') / Apastamba (12/2/14) ke mata se prastara-khaNDa cAra hote haiM, kintu kAtyAyana (8/5/28) ne pA~ca saMkhyA dI hai| Apastamba (12/2/15) ne pA~caveM prastara-khaNDa ko upara kahA hai| yaha paryApta caur3A prastara hotA hai aura isI para soma ke DaNThala kUTe jAte haiM, isake cAroM ora prAtrA nAmaka cAra khaNDa rakhe rahate haiM, jo eka-eka bittA lambe hote haiM aura isa prakAra bane hote haiM ki soma ke DaNThala ThIka se kUTe jA sakeM /

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agniSToma yaza 551 DhIlI kara detA hai, muTThiyA~ khola detA hai, mauna tor3atA hai, upavAsa kA bhojana chor3atA hai aura apanA daNDa maitrAvaruNa nAmaka purohita ko de detA hai ( Apa0 11 / 18 / 6 ) | somarasa nikAle jAne ke dina vaha somarasa pItA hai aura zeSa yaziya bhojana khAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha apane nAma se pukArA jAtA hai aura usake ghara meM banA bhojana anya loga bhI khAte haiM ( kAtyA0 8 / 7 / 22 ) / taba agni evaM soma ke lie pazu bali dI jAtI hai / jaimini (6 / 1 / 12 ) ke anusAra bali kA pazu chAga ( bakarA ) hotA hai| nirUDha - pazubandha evaM agnISomIya pazu kI bali meM thor3A-sA antara hotA hai / somarasa nikAlane ke lie jisa jala kI AvazyakatA hotI hai use vasatIvarI kahA jAtA hai| ise vidhipUrvaka kisI nadI se lAyA jAtA hai aura surakSita rakhA jAtA hai| rAta bhara yajJazAlA meM hI purohita Adi nivAsa karate haiN| pA~caveM dina (antima dina ) ko 'sutyA ( jisa dina somarasa nikAlA jAtA hai) kahA jAtA hai| sUryodaya hone ke bahuta pahale hI sabhI purohita jagA diye jAte haiM, jisase ve sUryodaya ke pahale hI upAMzu prastara khaNDa se somarasa nikAla ddaaleN| isake uparAnta savanIya (soma rasa nikAle jAne ke dina bali diye jAne vAle ) pazu kI bali kI vyavasthA kI jAtI hai| prAtaranuvAka - - sUryodaya ke pUrva jaba ki pakSI bhI jAge nahIM hote, adhvaryu hotA ko prAtaranuvAka ( prAtaHkAla kI stuti ) kahane ke lie AjJA detA hai| yaha stuti agni, uSA evaM azvinau ke lie kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki ye deva prAtaH kAla A jAte haiM / isI prakAra adhvaryu brahmA se mauna dhAraNa karane, pratiprasthAtA ko savanIya puroDAza ke lie nirvApa ( sAmagriyAM ) nikAlane tathA subrahmaNya ko subrahmaNyA stotra par3hane ke lie AjJA detA hai| isI prakAra adhvaryu hotA se kahatA hai ki vaha (adhvaryu) usakI stuti ko mana-hI-mana khegaa| hotA havirdhAna gAr3iyoM ke juoM ke bIca meM baiThakara prAtaranuvAka ko tIna bhAgoM meM kahatA hai| ina tInoM bhAgoM ko Rtu kahA jAtA hai, jinameM prathama agni ke lie, dvitIya uSA ke lie evaM tRtIya azvinI ke lie hotA hai| pratyeka bhAga meM hotA kama se kama eka-eka mantra gAyatrI, anuSTup bRhatI, uSNik, triSTup jagatI evaM paMkti nAmaka sAtoM chandoM meM kahatA hai| AzvalAyana ne lagabhaga 250 mantra uSA Rtu meM, 407 Azvina Rtu meM kahane ko likhA hai--isa prakAra Rgveda kA lagapaga pA~cavA~ bhAga par3ha DAlanA par3atA hai / yaha prAtaranuvAka mandra gati se kahA jAtA hai (Azva0 4 / 13 / 6 ) / prAtaranuvAka hote samaya AgnIdhra ( kAtyA0 9 / 1 / 15 ke mata se ) yA pratiprasthAtA ( Apa0 120414 ke mata se ) nirvANa (AhutiyoM kI sAmagriyA~) nikAlatA hai| ye sAmagriyAM haiM- gyAraha kapAloM vAlI eka roTI (indra ke lie), indra ke do hariyoM (piMgala ghor3oM) ke lie dhAnA (bhUne hue jau), pUSA ke lie karambha ( dahI se milA jau kA sattU), sarasvatI ke lie dahI tathA mitra evaM varuNa ke lie payasyA / isake uparAnta bahuta-se kRtya kiye jAte haiM, jinakA varNana sthAnAbhAva se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / samaya-samaya para somarasa bhI nikAlA jAtA hai aura devoM ko car3hAyA jAtA hai| anya kRtyoM ke uparAnta mahAbhiSava kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| mahAbhivada yaha eka mahAn kRtya mAnA jAtA hai| isakA sambandha hai somarasa nikAlane ke pramukha karma se / somarasa nikAlane meM do prakAra ke jala kA prayoga hotA hai| eka ko vasatIvarI kahA jAtA hai, jo pUrva rAtri meM hI lAyA jAtA hai, aura dUsarA hai ekadhanA, jo usI dina lAyA jAtA hai| prAtaHkAla soma ke DaMThaloM ke adhikatama bhAga se rasa nikAlA jAtA hai tathA kucha kama bhAga se madhyAhna kAla meM / adhvaryu upara nAmaka patthara uThAkara use adhiSavaNa carma para rakhatA hai aura usa para kucha soma DaNThala rakhakara nigrAmya jala chir3akatA hai / anya purohita dAhine hAthoM meM patthara lekara uThaloM ko kUTate haiN| isa kRtya ko paryAga arthAt pahalA daura kahate haiN| dUsare daura meM kUTate samaya idhara-udhara bikhare DaNThaloM ko kUTA jAtA hai| isI prakAra kUTane kA tIsarA daura bhI calatA hai| isake uparAnta adhvaryu kUTe hue

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551 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa uThaloM ko sammaraNI nAmaka pAtra meM ekatra kara AghavanIya nAmaka pAtra meM rakhatA hai| AdhavanIya pAtra meM pahale se jala rahatA hai| soma ke DaNThala usameM svaccha kiye jAte haiM aura phira nicor3akara aura bAhara nikAlakara adhiSavaNa-varma para rakha diye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta kaI kRtya kiye jAte haiM aura pAtra-para-pAtra bhare jAte haiN| prathama pAtra ko antaryAma kahA jAtA hai / droNakalaza meM rakhe soma ko zukra kahA jAtA hai ( kAtyA0 9 / 5 / 15) / upAMzu pyAlA sUryodaya ke pUrva diyA jAtA hai kintu antaryAma pyAlA adhvaryu dvArA sUryodaya hote samaya diyA jAtA hai ( Apa0 12/13 // 12) / somarasa ke mare pAtra yA pyAle ye haiM--aindravAyavya, maitrAvaruNa, zukra, manthI, AgrayaNa, uvadhya, dhruva / ye pAtra zara nAmaka ucca sthala para rakhe jAte haiN| ina pAtroM meM somarasa dhArA rUpa meM DhAlA jAtA hai, ataH inheM dhArAgraha kahA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta bahiSpavamAna stotra kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, jo kaI kRtyoM ke sAtha sampAdita hotA hai| jahA~ yaha stotra par3hA jAtA hai use AstAva kahA jAtA haiM ( Azva0 5 / 3 / 16 ) / bahiSpavamAna stotra eka dina se adhika samaya taka calatA rahatA hai| yajamAna evaM cAra purohita (kintu adhvaryu nahIM) gAyaka kA kArya karate haiM, arthAt stotra kA pATha karate haiM (upagAtA, Apa0 12 / 17 / 11-12 ) / somarasa jaba pahalI bAra nikAlA jAtA hai to prathama stotra kahA jAtA hai jise pavamAna kI saMjJA milI hai (Apa0 12 / 17 / 8-8), kintu prAtaH kAlIna savanastotra ko mahiSyavamAna kahA jAtA hai| dUsarI evaM tIsarI bAra rasa nikAlate samaya krama se adhyandina pavamAna evaM Arbha yA tRtIya pavamAna kahA jAtA hai| anya stotroM ko dhurya kahA jAtA hai ( kAtyA0 9 / 1415 kI TIkA ) / bahiSpavamAna stotra par3he jAte samaya unnetA purohita AghavanIya pAtra se somarasa ko pUtabhUt pAtra meM DAlatA hai / stotra samApta ho jAne para adhvaryu AgnIdhra purohita se ghiSyoM para agni prajvalita karane ko kahatA hai aura vedI para kuza rakhane tathA puroDAzoM (roTiyoM) ko alaMkRta karane kI AjJA detA hai| isI prakAra adhvaryuM pratiprasthAtA ko savanIya pazu lAne kI AjJA detA hai| savanIya pazu kI Ahuti - agniSToma meM somarasa nikAlane ke dina agni ke lie bakare kI bali dI jAtI hai| ukthya yajJa meM indra evaM agni ke lie eka dUsare bakare kI bali hotI hai| SoDazI yajJa meM eka tIsarA pazu ( kAtyA0 9804 ke mata se meSa tathA Apa0 120 18 / 13 ke mata se bakarA) kATA jAtA hai| atirAtra meM sarasvatI ke lie bakarA kATA jAtA hai| ina cAra pazuoM ko stomAyana (kAtyA0 8/7/9) evaM Rtupazu (Azva0 5 / 3 / 4 ) kahA jAtA hai| ina pazuoM kI bali nirUDha- pazubandha ke samAna hI kI jAtI hai| sabhI purohita evaM yajamAna sadoM meM praveza karate haiM aura dumbarI stambha ke pUrva evaM apane katipaya AsanoM (viSNacAoM) ke pazcima bhAga meM baiTha jAte haiN| ve sabhI apane-apane somarasa-pAtroM evaM tInoM droNiyoM arthAt AdhavanIya, pUtabhUt evaM droNakalaza tathA ghRta-pAtroM kI ora mantroM ke sAtha dRSTi pherate haiM / yajamAna mantroM (Apa0 12 / 19 / 5 ) ke sAtha ina sabhI pAtroM kA sammAna karatA hai| isake uparAnta pratiprasthAtA pA~coM savanIya AhutiyAM-yathA indra ke lie gyAraha kapAloM para banI roTI, indra ke donoM hari nAmaka ghor3oM ke lie dhAnA ( bhunA huA jau), pUSA ke lie karambha (dahI se mizrita jau kA sattU ); sarasvatI ke lie dahI evaM mitra tathA varuNa ke lie payasyA lAtA hai| adhvaryu ina AhutiyoM ko sajAkara eka pAtra meM rakhatA hai| ina AhutiyoM ko dene ke uparAnta somAhutiyA~ dvidevatya grahoM ko, arthAt indra evaM vAyu, mitra evaM varuNa tathA donoM azvinI ko (do-do devoM ko sAtha-sAtha) dI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta camasomavana kRtya hotA hai| camasonnayana - uttaravedI ke pazcima meM unnetA nAmaka purohita camasAdhvaryuoM ke lie nau pyAliyA~ somarasa sarata hai| sarvaprathama droNakalaza se somarasa liyA jAtA hai (ise upastaraNa kahA jAtA hai), taba pUtabhRt se aura anta meM kalaza se somarasa liyA jAtA hai (ise abhidhAraNa kahA jAtA hai)| ye nau pAtra krama se hotA, brahmA, ud

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agniSToma yajJa gAtA, yajamAna, maitrAvaruNa, brAhmaNAcchaMsI, potA, neSTA evaM AgnIghra ke lie mare jAte haiM (unnetA tathA acchAvAka ke lie somarasa nahIM bharA jaataa)| isake uparAnta zukrAmanthi-pracAra kRtya hotA hai| zukAmambhi-pracAra-adhvaryu zukra nAmaka somapAtra grahaNa karatA hai| isI prakAra pratiprasthAtA manthI pAtra tathA uttaravedI para rakhe gaye camasoM (cammacoM) ko camasAdhvaryu loga grahaNa karate haiN| camasAdhvaryu loga yajamAna dvArA cune gaye Rtvika nahIM haiM, ve purohitoM (RtvikoM) dvArA cune gaye sahAyaka purohita hote haiM (dekhie jaimini 3 / 7 / 27) / jaimini (37 / 26 / 27) ke mata se camasAdhvaryu kula milAkara dasa hote haiN| kona purohita sabase pahale somarasa pAna karatA hai, adhvaryu yA brahmA? isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| vibhinna purohitoM ke pIne kI vidhi baDI jaTika hai aura sthAnAbhAva se isakA varNana yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| paha-agniSToma kRtya meM vibhinna Rtu-pAtroM meM hI somarasa bharA jAtA hai| ina pAtroM meM bronakalakSa se rasa marA jAtA hai| adhvaryu aura usakA sahAyaka pratiprasthAtA 12 mAsoM (maSu, mASava Adi, dekhie taittirIya saMhitA 1 / 4 / 14 yA vAjasaneyIsaMhitA 7.30) yA malamAsa ko lekara 13 mAsoM (jaba ki 13vA mAsa par3a jAya) ko bhI somarasa detA hai| malamAsa ko saMsarpa (le0 saM0 1 / 4 / 141) evaM bahasaspati (vAja0 saM0 7.30) kahA jAtA hai| do-do mAsoM kI chaH RtuoM ko bhI somarasa pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| do mAsoM meM prathama ko accarya tathA dUsare ko pratiprasvAtA rasa detA hai| kSatriya evaM somarasa-aitareya brAhmaNa (35 / 2-4) ke mata se kSatriya yajamAna somarasa kA pAna nahIM kara sktaa| * isake mata se yadi kSatriya cAhe to vaha baragada kI komala TahaniyoM ke rasa, baragada ke yA anya pavitra per3oM yA udumbara (gUlara) ke phaloM ko dahI meM mizrita kara khA sakatA hai| kintu saMskRta vAGamaya meM kamI-kamI rAjAnoM ko 'somapA' kahA gayA hai| kucha sUtroM (satyASADha 87, pR0 882, Apa0 12 / 2415) ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| jaimini (315 // 47-51) ne likhA hai ki ina vastuoM kA tarala rUpa jaba pyAle meM rakha diyA jAtA hai to use phArasamasa kahA jAtA hai aura yaha AhavanIya ke aMgAroM para DAla diyA jAtA hai, yaha piyA nahIM jAtA. (dekhie jaimini 31636) / zastra evaM stotra-agniSToma kRtya meM zastroM ke vAcana ke cha: yA sAtaprakAra haiM, yathA (1) mauna rUpa se japa, (2) AhAva evaM pratigara, (3) tUSNIzaMsa, (4) nivid yA puroruk; (5) sUkta, (6) ukthaMvAci' zabdoM kA japa (Azva0 5 / 10 / 22-24) evaM (7) yAjyA (Azva0 5 / 10 / 21) / AzvalAyana zrautasUtra ke atirikta anya zastroM meM 'tUSNIMzaMsa' kA ullekha nahIM huA hai| agniSToma meM 12 stotra evaM 12 zastra pAye jAte haiN| 'zastra' evaM 'stotra' zabdoM kA artha hai 'stuti yA prazaMsA', kintu 'stotra' vaha stuti hai jo svara ke sAtha gAyI jAtI hai aura zastra vaha stuti hai jisakA vAcana mAtra hotA hai (zabara, jaimini 7 / 2 / 17) / zastra kA vAcana stotra ke uparAnta hotA hai / agniSToma meM Ajya-zastra prathama zastra hai aura mAgnimAruta antima / prAtaHkAla ke savana (soma ko kucalakara rasa nikAlane kI kriyA) meM pAMca stotra gAye jAte haiM, yathAbahiSpavamAna tathA anya cAra Ajyastotra; madhyAhnakAlIna savana meM anya pAMca, yathA mAdhyandina pavamAna tathA anya 8. jaisA ki pahale (adhyAya 29, TippaNI 3 meM) likhA jA cukA hai, pramukha purohita cAra hai| hotA, adhvarya, brahmA evaM udgAtA, ina cAroM ke tIna-tIna sahAyaka purohita hote haiN| (1) hotA ke sahAyaka haiM maitrAvaruNa, acchAvAka evaM prAvastut, (2) adhvaryu ke pratiprasthAtA, neSTA evaM unnetA, (3) brahmA ke gAhmaNAcchaMsI, AgnIghra evaM potA tathA (4) udgAtA ke prastotA, pratihartA evaM sabrahmaya (Azva0 mautasUtra 4 / 16 evaM Apa0 zrI0 10 // 1 // 9) / dharma070

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554 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa cAra pRSThastotra, tathA sAyaMkAlIna savana meM kevala do stotra, yathA Arbhava pavamAna tathA agniSToma saam| isa prakAra kula 12 stotra hue| isI prakAra 12 zastra ye haiM-prAtaHkAla meM Ajyazastra (hotA dvArA), progazastra (hotA dvArA) evaM tIna Ajyazastra (maMtrAvaruNa, brAhmaNAcchaMsI evaM acchAvAka dvArA-ye tInoM hotraka kahe jAte haiM); madhyAhnakAlIna savana meM marutvatIya zastra (hotA dvArA), niSkevalya zastra (hotA dvAra) evaM hotA ke sahAyakoM (maitrAvaruNa, acchAvAka evaM grAvastut) dvArA anya tIna zastra; tathA sAyaMkAlIna savana meM hotA dvArA kahe jAne vAle do zastra, yathA-vaizvadeva zastra evaM AgnimAruta shstr| trivRtstoma meM bahiSpavamAna kA, paMcadazastoma meM cAra Ajyastotra evaM mAdhyandina pavamAna kA, saptadazastoma meM cAra pRSThastotra evaM Arbhava pavamAna kA tathA ekaviMzastoma meM yajJAyajJIya kA gAyana hotA hai| stoma' kA artha hai kaI chandoM kA smuuh| paMcadazastoma Adi anya zabdoM kA Azaya yaha hai ki chanda (adhikatara tIna) 15-17-21 Adi saMkhyAoM taka bar3hA diye jAte haiN| yaha bar3hAnA kaI vidhiyoM (viSTutiyoM) se hotA hai jo bAra bAra duharAne ke AdhAra para banI hotI haiN| ina vidhiyoM ke vistAra kA varNana yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| dakSiNA-agniSToma kRtya meM dakSiNA dene kA varNana bhI vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| yajamAna evaM usake parivAra ke or3hane ke paridhAna meM jo svarNa khaNDa ba~dhA rahatA hai vaha dakSiNA ke rUpa meM purohitoM ko diyA jAtA hai| purohitoM ko anya prakAra kI bheTeM bhI dI jAtI haiN| Apastamba (13 / 5 / 1-13 / 7 / 15) ne solaha purohitoM kI dakSiNA kA varNana vistAra se kiyA hai| dakSiNA ke rUpa meM 7, 21, 60, 100, 112 yA 1000 gAyeM ho sakatI haiM yA jyeSTha putra ke bhAga ko chor3akara sArI sampatti dI jA sakatI hai| jaba eka sahasra pazu yA sArI sampatti dI jAtI hai to usake sAtha eka khaccara bhI diyA jAtA hai (Apa0 13 / 5 / 1-3) / bakariyAM, bher3eM, ghor3e, dAsa, hAthI, paridhAna, ratha, gadahe tathA bhautibhAMti ke anna diye jA sakate haiM / yajamAna dakSiNA ke rUpa meM apanI kanyA bhI de sakatA hai (daiva vivAha) / sAre pazu cAra bhAgoM meM bA~Te jAte haiN| eka cauthAI bhAga adhvaryu tathA usake sahAyakoM ko isa prakAra diyA jAtA hai ki pratiprasthAtA, neSTA evaM unnetA ko adhvaryu ke bhAga kA krama me AdhA, tihAI evaM cauthAI bhAga mile| sarvaprathama AgnIdhra ko dakSiNA dI jAtI hai| use eka svarNa-khaNDa, pUrNa pAtra tathA sabhI raMgoM ke sUta se banA eka takiyA diyA jAtA hai| pratihartA nAmaka purohita ko sabase anta meM dakSiNA milatI hai (Apa0 13 / 6 / 2 evaM kAtyA0 10 / 2 / 39) adhvaryu evaM usake sahAyakoM ko dakSiNA havirdhAna-sthala meM dI jAtI hai, kintu anya purohito ko sadoM ke bhiitr| atri gotra ke eka brAhmaNa ko (jo Rtvik nahIM hotA) sabase pahale yA AgnIdhra ke uparAnta eka svarNa-khaNDa diyA jAtA hai| AgnIdhra ke uparAnta krama se brahmA, udgAtA evaM hotA kI bArI AtI hai| ina purohitoM tathA RtvikoM ke atirikta camasAdhvaryuoM, sadasyoM tathA sadoM meM baiThe hue darzakoM ko bhI yathAzakti dAna diyA jAtA hai| ina darzakoM kI prasarpaka saMjJA hai| kintu kaNva evaM kazyapa gotra vAloM tathA una logoM ko jo mAMgate haiM, dakSiNA kA bhAga nahIM milatA (Apa0 13171-5, kAtyA0 10 / 2 / 35) / sAdhAraNataH abrAhmaNa ko dAna nahIM diyA jAtA, kintu yadi vaha vedajJa ho to use diyA jA sakatA hai, kintu vedazAnazUnya brAhmaNa ko dAna nahIM diyA jaataa| soma kyA thA ? yUropIya vidvAnoM ne somayAga se sambandhita bar3I-bar3I manorama kalpanAe~ banA DAlI haiN| kintu unameM koI tathya nahIM hai| soma-pUjA ke Arambha ke viSaya meM bhAratIya dhArmika pustakeM mUka haiN| Rgveda ke praNayana ke pUrva se soma ke sambandha kI paramparAe~ calI A rahI thiiN| Rgveda meM soma paudhe kA candra se sambandha batAyA gayA hai (Rgveda 1085 / 1 evaM 2) / Rgveda (5 / 51 / 15, 10 / 85 / 19, 8 / 9442, 10 / 12 / 7 evaM 10 / 68510) meM candra ko bahudhA 'mAs' yA 'candramas' kahA gayA hai| Rgveda meM eka sthAna (852818) para eka upamA AyI hai-"yo apsu candramA iva momazcamUSu dadRze"

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agniSToma yajJa 555 arthAt "soma (soma ke) pAtroM meM vaisA hI dIkhatA hai jaisA ki jala meM candramA / " atharvaveda meM AyA hai - "somo mA devo muJcatu yamAhuzcandramA iti" (1 / 1 / 6 / 7 ) arthAt "vaha devatA jise loga candramA kahate haiM, soma hai|" kaI sthAnoM para soma ko indu kahA gayA hai ( R0 9186 / 24, 26, 37, 8 48 2, 4, 5, 12, 13) / kahA jAtA hai ki soma mUjavAn (parvata) (R0 10 / 34 / 1) para ugatA thA, aura ArjIkIya deza meM suSomA nadI para pAyA jAtA thA (R0 8 / 164 / 1 ) / spaSTa hai, Rgveda meM bhI soma ke viSaya meM dantakathAe~ mAtra pracalita thIM / Rgveda (9 / 86 / 24) meM AyA hai ki suparNa (garur3a pakSI ? ) ise svarga se yahA~ le aayaa| isI prakAra Rgveda (1 / 93 / 6) meM punaH AyA hai ki ise koI zyena (bAja pakSI) le AyA / brAhmaNoM ke kAla meM yaha bahuta kaThinatA se prApta hotA thA / zatapathabrAhmaNa ( 4/5/20) ne soma ke sthAna para kaI anya paudhoM ke nAma ginAye haiM jinameM phAlguna paudhA, dUba evaM hare kuza prasiddha haiM / tADyabrAhmaNa ( 9 / 3 / 3 ) kA kahanA hai ki yadi soma na mile to pratIka se rasa nikAlA jA sakatA hai| pUtIka ke viSaya meM AzvalAyana (648/56) ne bhI likhA hai / kintu pUtIka ke bAre meM kucha nahIM jJAta hai| dakSiNa meM jaba kabhI somayAga kiyA jAtA hai to soma ke sthAna para 'zera' (marAThI) nAmaka paudhA kAma meM AtA hai /

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adhyAya 34 anya somayajJa sUtroM ne somayajJoM ke sAta prakAroM ke viSaya meM likhA hai, jo ye haiM-agniSToma, atyagniSToma, ukthya, SoDazI, vAjapeya, atirAtra evaM aptoryAma (kAtyA0 1019 / 27, Azva0 6 / 1111, lATyAyana0 5 / 4 / 24) / prathama ke viSaya meM hamane pUrva adhyAya meM par3ha liyA hai| anya somayajJoM ke viSaya meM hama bahuta hI saMkSepa meM adhyayana kreNge| sabhI sUtra somayajJoM kI saMkhyA eka sI nahIM btaate| Apa0 (14 / 131) evaM satyASADha (97, pR0 958) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki ukthya, SoDazI, matirAtra evaM aptoryAma kevala agniSToma ke vividha pariSkRta rUpa hai| brAhmaNoM meM agniSToma, ukthya, SoDazI evaM atirAtra jyotiSToma ke vividha rUpoM meM hI varNita haiM (zatapatha0 4 / 6 / 3 / 3, taitti0 1 // 3 // 2 evaM 4) / taittirIya brAhmaNa ne vAjapeya ko bhI aisA hI mAna liyA hai| ukthya yAuiktha isa somayajJa meM agniSToma ke stotroM evaM zastroM ke atirikta anya tIna stotra (ukthastotra) evaM zastra (ukthazastra) pAye jAte haiM aura isa prakAra sAyaMkAlIna somarasa nikAlate samaya gAye jAne vAle (stotra) evaM kahe jAne vAle (zastra) chanda kula milAkara 15 hote haiM (aitareya brAhmaNa 143, Azva0 6 / 1 / 1-3) / Apastamba (14 / 1 / 2) kA kathana hai ki ukthya, SoDazI, atirAtra evaM aptoryAma krama se unhIM logoM dvArA sampAdita hote haiM jo pazu, zakti, santati evaM samI vastuoM ke abhikAMkSI hote haiN| ukthya meM agniSToma ke samAna bali diye jAne vAle pazuoM ke atirikta bakarI kI bhI bali dI jAtI hai (dekhie aitareya brAhmA 14 // 3, AzvalAyana0 6 / 1 / 1-3, Apastamba 141, zatapatha0 97, pR0 958-959) / SoDazI ___ isa yajJa meM ukthya ke 15 stotroM evaM zastroM ke atirikta eka anya stotra evaM zastra kA gAyana evaM pATha hotA hai, jise tRtIya savana (sAyaMkAla meM somarasa nikAlane) meM por3azI ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| Apastamba (14 / 2 / 4-5) ke mata se prAtaHkAla yA anya kAloM meM rasa rakhane ke lie eka adhika pAtra bhI rakha diyA jAtA hai| yaha pAtra khadira vRkSa kI lakar3I se banAyA jAtA hai aura isakA AkAra catuSkoNa hotA hai| isa yajJa meM indra ke lie eka bher3A bhI diyA jAtA hai| isakI dakSiNA lohita-piMgala ghor3A yA mAdA khaccara hotI hai (dekhie aitareya 16 / 1-4, Azva0 6 / 2-3, Apa0 14 / 2 / 3, satyA0 9 / 7, pR0 959-962) / atyagniSToma isa yajJa meM SoDazI stotra, SoDazI pAtra evaM indra ke lie eka anya pazujor3a diyA jAtA hai, anya bAteM agniSToma ke samAna hI pAyI jAtI haiN|

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somasomeva atirAtra isa yajJa kA nAma Rgveda (7 / 10317) meM bhI AyA hai| yaha eka dina aura rAtri meM samApta hotA hai ataH isakA nAma atirAtra hai| Apastamba (1012 / 4) kA kahanA hai ki kucha logoM ke mata se yaha agniSToma ke pUrva sampAdita hotA hai| atirAtra meM 29 stotra evaM 29 zastra hote haiN| isameM atirikta stotra evaM zastra rAtri ke samaya tIna. stotroM evaM zastroM ke cAra AvoM meM, jinheM paryAya kahA jAtA hai, kahe jAte haiN| AzvalAyana (6 / 4 / 10) ne ina 12 zastroM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| isameM Azvina nAmaka zastra gAye jAte haiM, kintu isake pUrva rAtri meM cha: bAhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN| Azvina-zastroM kI vidhi prAtaranuvAka ke anusAra hotI hai aura sUryodaya taka kama-se-kama eka sahana mantra kaha diye jAte haiN| sandhistotra kA pATha sandhyA kAla meM hotA hai| isakA svara svantara hotA hai| yadi sUrya kA udaya na ho to hotA Rgveda (11112) kA pATha karatA rahatA hai| kintu sUrya udaya ho jAya to vaha saurI RcAeM (R0 10 / 158, 1150 / 1-9, 1115, 10 // 37) kahatA hai| somarasa nikAlane ke dina sarasvatI ko eka bher3a (kucha logoM ke mata se bher3A) car3hAyI jAtI hai (zatapatha brAhmaNa 97, pR0 963) / rAtri meM pramukha camasa indra apizarvara ko diye jAte haiN| do kapAloM para banI eka roTI (puroDAza) tathA eka pyAlI mara somarasa azvinI ko pratiprasthAtA dvArA diyA jAtA hai| isa yajJa ke viSaya meM vistAra se jAnane ke lie dekhie aitareya brAhmaNa (14 // 3 evaM 165-7), AzvalAyana (6 / 4-5), satyASADha (9 / 7, pRSTha 662-665), Apastamba (14 // 3 // 8---14 / 4 / 11) / aptoryAma yaha yajJa atirAtra ke sadRza hai, aura pratIta hotA hai, yaha usI kA vistAra mAtra hai| isameM cAra atirikta stotra (arthAt kula milAkara 33 stotra) evaM cAra atirikta zastra hotA evaM usake sahAyakoM dvArA par3he jAte haiN| agni, indra, vizve-deva evaM viSNu (Apa0 14 / 4 / 12-16, satyApADa 97, pR0 966-967, zAMkhAyana 15 / 5 / 14-18 evaM satyASADha 104, pR0 1111) ke lie krama se eka-eka arthAt kula milAkara cAra camasa (somarasa kI Ahuti dene vAle eka prakAra ke pAtra) hote haiN| AzvalAyana (9 / 11 / 1) ke mata se yaha yajJa una logoM dvArA sampAdita hotA hai jinake pazu jIvita nahIM rahate yA jo acchI jAti ke pakSa ke abhikAMkSI hote haiN| aptoryAma kI dakSiNA sahanoM gaue~ hotI hai| hotA ko rajatajaTita tathA yadahiyoM se khIMcA jAne vAlA raya milatA hai| bahudhA yaha yajJa banya yajJoM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| tANDya brAhmaNa (2013 / 4-5) kA kahanA hai ki isakA nAma aptoryAma isalie par3A hai ki isake dvArA abhikAMkSita vastu prApta ('Apa' dhAtu se banA huA zabda) hotI hai| vAjapeya 'vAja-peya kA zAbdika artha hai 'bhojana evaM peya' yA 'zakti kA pInA' yA bhojana kA pInA' yA daur3a kA piinaa| yaha bhI eka prakAra kA somayA hai, arthAt isameM bhI somarasa kA pAna hotA hai, ataH isa yajJa ke sampAdana se bhojana (anna), zakti Adi kI prApti hotI hai| isameM SoDazI kI vidhi pAyI jAtI hai aura yaha jyotiSToma kA hI eka sma hai, kintu isakI apanI pRthak vizeSatAe~ bhI haiN| isa yajJa meM '17' kI saMkhyA ko pramukhatA prApta hai| isameM stotroM evaM 1. vAjapeya ke kaI aba kahe gaye haiN| taittirIya brAhmaNa (12342) kA kahanA hai-"vAvApyo vA eka bAcaM hotena devA aipsan / somo vAjapeyaH... annaM vai vaajpeyH|" zAMsAyanauta0 (1514-6) kA bahanA hai-'pAnaM peyaaH| asaM vaajH| pAnaM vai pUrvamavAlam / tyorubhyoraapty|"

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558 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zastroM kI saMkhyA 17 hai| prajApati ke lie 17 pazuoM kI bali hotI hai, dakSiNA meM 17 vastue~ dI jAtI haiM, yUpa (jisameM bAMdhakara pazu kI bali hotI hai) 17 araniyoM kA lambA hotA hai, yUpa meM jo paridhAna bAMdhA jAtA hai vaha bhI 17 Tukar3oM vAlA hotA hai, yaha 17 dinoM taka (13 dinoM taka dIkSA, 3 dinoM taka upasad tathA eka dina soma se rasa nikAlanA) calatA rahatA hai (dekhie Apa0 18315, tANDya0 187 / 5, Apa0 1801112, Azva0 9 / 9 / 2-3 aadi)| isameM prajApati ke lie 17 pyAliyoM meM surA bharI jAtI hai aura isI prakAra 17 pyAliyoM meM somarasa mI rakhA jAtA hai| isa yajJa meM 17 ratha hote haiM jinameM ghor3e jotakara daur3a kI jAtI hai| vedI kI uttarI zroNI para 17 DholakeM rakhI jAtI haiM, jo sAtha hI bajAyI jAtI haiM (Apa0 1814 / 4 eva 7, kAtyAyana 14 / 3 / 14) / yaha jaTila kRtya usake dvArA kiyA jAtA thA jo Adhipatya (Azva0 9 / 9 / 1) yA samRddhi (Apa0 18 / 1 / 1) yA svArAgya (indra kI sthiti yA nivirodha rAjya) kA abhilASI hotA thaa| yaha zarad Rtu meM sampAdita hotA thaa| isakA sampAdana kevala brAhmaNa yA kSatriya kara sakatA thA, vaizya nahIM (tai0 brA0 1 // 32. lATyAyana 811111, kAtyA0 14 // 111 evaM Apa0 180101) / isa yajJa ke sabhI purohita, yajamAna evaM yajamAna kI patnI sone kI sikar3iyA~ dhAraNa karate haiN| purohitoM kI sikar3iyAM unakI dakSiNA ho jAtI hai| isameM agni, indra evaM indrAgnI ke lie jo pazu diye jAte haiM, unake atirikta marutoM ke lie eka ThA~Tha (bandhyA) gAya, sarasvatI ke lie eka bher3a tathA prajApati ke lie zRMgavihIna, eka raMga vAlI yA kAlI, taruNa evaM puSTa 17 bakariyAM dI jAtI haiM (Apa0 18 / 2 / 12-13, kAtyA0 14 // 2 // 11-13) / pratiprasthAtA havirdhAna ke dakSiNI dhure ke pazcima pAzrva meM eka ucca sthala (khara) kA nirmANa karatA hai, jisa para vibhinna jar3I-bUTiyoM se nirmita Asava (parita) kI 17 pyAliyAM rakhI jAtI haiN| somapAtra (pyAliyA~) gAr3I ke dhure ke pUrva tathA AsavapAtra pazcima eka dUsare se pRthak-pRthak rakha diye jAte haiN| kAtyAyana (14 // 1317 evaM 26) ke mata se neSTA nAmaka purohita hI khara evaM AsavapAtroM kA nirmANa karatA hai| AsapAtroM ke madhya meM eka sone ke pAtra meM madhu rakhA jAtA hai| jaba madhyAhnakAlIna somarasa nikAlA jAtA hai usa samaya rathoM kI daur3a karAyI jAtI hai.(Apa0 180313 evaM 12-14) / taittirIya brAhmaNa (103 / 2) ne usa daur3a kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jisameM bRhaspati kI vijaya huI thii| isa grantha ne usa daur3a ko vAjapeya yajJa se sambandhita mAnA hai| AhavanIya agni ke pUrva meM 17 ratha isa prakAra rakhe jAte haiM ki unake jue uttara yA pUrva meM rahate haiN| yajamAna ke rapa meM tIna ghor3e mantroM ke sAtha jote jAte haiM aura cauthA ghor3A tIsare ghor3e ke sAtha binA jote hue daur3atA hai| ina ghor3oM ko bRhaspati ke lie nirmita carusuMghAyA jAtA hai| anya 16 rathoM meM vedI ke bAhara cAra cAra ghor3e binA mantroM ke jota diye jAte haiM (kAtyA0 14 / 3 / 11) / cAtvAla evaM utkara ke bIca eka kSatriya (Apastamba ke mata se rAjaputra) eka tIra chor3atA hai, aura jahA~ vaha tIra giratA hai, vahAM se vaha eka dUsarA tIra chor3atA hai| yaha kriyA 17 bAra kI jAtI hai| jahA~ satrahavAM tIra giratA hai vahA~ udumbara kA eka stambha gAr3a diyA jAtA hai aura usI sthala taka ratha-daur3a kA kRtya kiyA jAtA hai (Apa. 1803 / 12 evaM kAtyA0 14 / 3 / 1-11 evaM 16-17) / jaba rathoM kI ror3a Arambha hotI hai, brahmA 17 aroM vAlA eka pahiyA ratha kI dhurI meM lagAkara usa para car3hatA hai aura kahatA hai-"savitA devatA kI uttejanA para maiM vAja (zakti, bhojana yA daur3a) jIta lU" (Apa0 181418, kAtyA0 14 / 3 / 13, vAjasaneyo saMhitA 9 / 10) / jaba pahiyA vAyeM se dAhine tIna bAra ghumAyA jAtA hai to brahmA 'vAji-sAma' (Apa0 18 / 4 / 11, Azva0 9 / 918, lATyAyana 5 / 12 / 14) kA pATha karatA hai|' yajamAna usa ratha para baiThatA hai jisa para mantroM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| 2. brahmA isa mantra kA gAna karatA hai-'AviryA AmA vAjino agmanvevasya savituH sve| svargA arvanto .

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somayajJa (vAjapeya) 559 adhvaryu yA usakA ziSya yajamAna se vaidika mantra kahalAne ke lie usake sAtha baiTha jAtA hai| anya loga, jinheM vAjastRta kahA jAtA hai, daur3a meM sammilita hone ke lie zeSa 16 rathoM meM baiTha jAte haiN| solahoM rathoM kI paMkti ke kisI eka ratha meM eka kSatriya yA vaizya baiTha jAtA hai| isa prakAra ratha daur3a Arambha ho jAtI hai / isa samaya 17 DholakeM baja uThatI haiM / bRhaspati ke lie 17 pAtroM meM pake hue cAvala (nIvAra) ke caru ko sabhI ghor3e sUMgha lete haiN| sabase Age yajamAna kA ratha hotA hai / adhvaryu yajamAna me vijaya-maMtra arthAt 'agnirekAkSareNa' (vAja0 saM0 8 / 31-34, taitti0 saM0 1 1 / 11) kahalAtA hai| lakSya taka pahu~ca jAne para ratha uttara kI ora jAkara aura phira ghUmakara dakSiNAbhimukha hoM jAtA hai| sabhI ratha punaH yajJasthala para lauTa Ate haiM aura sabhI ghor3oM ko puna: nIvAra (jaMgalI cAvala ) kA caru suMghAyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta dundubhi- vimocanIya homa hotA hai, arthAt Dholaka ( dundumi) bajate samaya homa kiyA jAtA hai| eka-eka bera (kRSNala nAmaka eka prakAra kI tola ke barAbara svarNa khaNDa) ratha meM baiThanevAle sabhI logoM ko diyA jAtA hai jise ve punaH lauTA dete haiN| ina beroM ko brahmA grahaNa karatA hai| svarNa pAtra meM rakhA huA madhu pAtra ke sahita brahmA ko diyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta soma-pAtra grahaNa kiye jAte haiN| adhvaryu hotR-camasa grahaNa karatA hai / isI prakAra camasAdhvaryu loga bhI apane-apane pAtra uThAte haiN| isake uparAnta anya kRtya kiye jAte haiM jinakA varNana yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| vAjapeya yajJa ke uparAnta yajamAna kSatriya kI bhA~ti vyavahAra karatA hai, arthAt vaha adhyayana kara sakatA hai yA dAna kara sakatA hai, kintu adhyApana evaM dAna-pahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| isake uparAnta vaha abhivAdana karane ke lie svayaM khar3A nahIM hotA aura na aise logoM ke sAtha khATa para baiTha sakatA hai jinhoMne vAjapeya yajJa nahIM kiyA hai / adhvaryu yajamAna vAle ratha ko tathA yUpa meM ba~dhe hue 17 paridhAnoM ko le letA hai| dakSiNA ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiM (dekhie Apa 0 18 / 3 / 4-5, Azva0 9/9/14-17, kAtyA0 14 / 2 / 29-33 evaM lATyA0 8 / 11 / 16-22) / AzvalAyana kA kahanA hai ki dakSiNA ke rUpa meM 1700 gAyeM, 17 ratha (ghor3oM ke sahita), 17 ghor3e, puruSoM ke car3hane yogya 17 pazu, 17 baila, 17 gAr3iyA~, sunahare paridhAnoM-jhAlaroM se saje 17 hAthI diye jAte haiM / ye vastue~ purohitoM meM bAMTa dI jAtI hai| vAjapeya yajJa meM bahuta-se pratIkAtmaka tattva pAye jAte haiN| AzvalAyana ( 9/9/19) kA kahanA hai ki vAjapeya ke sampAdana ke uparAnta rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha rAjasUya yajJa kare aura brAhmaNa ko cAhie ki vaha usake uparAnta bRhaspatisava kare / ' agniSToma tathA anya somayajJa 'ekAha' yajJa kahe jAte haiM, kyoMki unameM somarasa pyAliyoM dvArA eka hI dina tIna bAra (prAtaH madhyAhna evaM sAyaM ) piyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyana (915-11), baudhAyana (1811-10), kAtyAyana jayata / ' yaha una mantroM meM eka hai jo Rgveda meM nahIM pAye jAte / yadi brahmA isa mantra kA gAna nahIM kara sakatA to vaha ise tIna bAra par3hatA hai (Azva0 9 / 9 / 3) 3. jaimini (4 / 3 / 29-31) ke mata se bRhaspatisava bAjapeya kA hI eka aMga hai / taittirIya brAhmaNa (2731), Apastamba (22/7/5) tathA AzvalAyana (9/5/3) ke anusAra bRhaspatisava eka prakAra kA ekaha somayajJa hai jo 'Adhipatya' ke abhilASo dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| AzvalAyana (91513) ne brahmavacaMsa (AdhyAtmika mahattA) ke abhilASI ke lie ise karane ko kahA hai| taitirIya brAhmaNa (2071) ne rAja-purohita pada kI prApti ke lie ise karane ko kahA hai|

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560 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (22) Adi ne kucha anya ekAha somayajJoM kA varNana kiyA hai, yathA bRhaspatisava, gosava, zyena, udbhid, vizvajit, vrAtyastoma Adi, jinakA varNana yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se nahIM kiyA jaaygaa|' ahIna yajJa ve haiM jinameM somarasa kA nikAlanA do se bAraha dinoM taka hotA rahatA hai, jinakA anta atirAtra ke sAtha hotA hai tathA jo dIkSA evaM upasad dinoM ko milAkara eka mAsa taka hote haiN| inakA Arambha pUrNamAsI ko hotA hai| inameM kucha yajJa aise haiM jo do dinoM, tIna dinoM (yathA gargatrirAtra), cAra dinoM, pA~ca dinoM (yathA paJcarAtra, jinameM paJcazAradIya bhI eka yajJa hai), cha: dinoM taka tathA isI prakAra kaI dinoM taka calate rahate haiN| inhIM ahIna yajJoM meM azvamedha evaM dvAdazAha yajJa bhI haiM, jinakA saMkSipta varNana yahA~ upasthita kiyA jaaygaa| dvAdazAha evaM satra yaha yajJa ahIna evaM satra (Azva0 105 / 2) donoM hai| isake kaI rUpa haiM, jinameM marata-dvAdazAha (Azva0 2015 / 8, Apa0 2131415) ati prasiddha hai| bAraha dinoM meM prAyaNIya (Arambhika kRtya-atirAtra) pRSThya, SaDaha (chaH dinoM taka), chandomasa nAmaka ukthya (tIna dinoM taka), atyagniSToma (dasaveM dina) evaM udayanIya (antima kRtya jo atirAtra hotA hai) Adi kRtya kiye jAte haiN| ahIna evaM satra meM viziSTa antara ye haiM-(1) satra kevala brAhmaNoM dvArA tathA dvAdazAha tInoM ucca varNo dvArA sampAdita hotA hai| (2) satra lambI avadhi (eka varSa yA isase bhI adhika) taka calatA rahatA hai, kintu dvAdazAha kI avadhi kevala bAraha dinoM taka hai| (3) satra meM yajamAna evaM purohitoM meM koI antara nahIM hotA, samI yajamAna hote haiM, kintu dvAdazAha meM aisI bAta nahIM hotii| (4) satra meM dakSiNA nahIM hotI, kyoMki sabhI yajamAna hote haiN| kAtyAyana (12 / 114) kA kahanA hai ki vaidika uktiyoM meM jahA~ 'upayanti' evaM 'Asate' 4. ekAha yajoM meM vizvajit yajJa mahatvapUrNa hai| isameM yajamAna eka sahala gAya yA apane jyeSTha putra ke bhAga ko chor3akara (bhUmi tathA AsAmI arthAt apane khetoM meM kAma karane vAle zramika zUdroM ko chor3akara) apanI sampUrNa sapatti dAna meM de detA hai (jaimini 4 / 3 / 10-16, 6741-20, 7 / 3 / 6-11, 1016 / 13) / isa yajJa ke uparAnta yavamAna udumbara per3a ke nIce tIna dinoM taka rahakara kevala phala evaM kanda-mUla paraM nirvAha karatA hai, tIna dinoM taka vaha niSAdoM kI bastI meM rahakara cAvala, zyAmAka (sA~vA) evaM hariNa ke mAMsa para nirvAha karatA hai, tIna dinoM taka vaha vaizyoM (janoM) tathA anya tIna dinoM taka kSatriyoM ke sAtha rahatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha varSa bhara jo kucha viyA jAya use asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA kintu bhikSA nahIM mAMga sakatA (phAtyA. 22 / 119-33 evaM lATyAyana0 8 / 211-13) / yosava to eka ati vicitra yajJa hai| taittirIya brAhmaNa (276) ne saMkSepa meM isakA varNana kiyA hai| svArAjya kA icchuka ise karatA hai| Apa0 (22 / 12 / 12-20 evaM 22 / 13 / 1-3) ne likhA hai ki isa yajJake uparAnta sAla bhara pajamAna ko pazuvata arthAt pazu kI bhA~ti AcaraNa karanA par3atA hai, use pazu ke samAna jala pInara, ghAsa caranA, kuTumba-vyavahAra Adi karanA par3atA hai-teneSTvA saMvatsaraM pazuvrato bhvti| upAvahAyobakaM pibettRNAni cAcchindyAt / upa mAtaramiyAdupa svasAramupa sagotrAm' (Apa0 22 // 13 // 1-3) / eka anya manoraMjaka ekAha yajJa hai sarvasvAra, jo usa vyakti dvArA kiyA jAtA hai jo yajJa karate-karate svarga kI prApti ke lie mara jAnA cAhatA hai| sAyaMkAla somarasa nikAlate samaya jaba Arbhava pavamAna stotra kA pATha hotA rahatA hai, yajamAna purohitoM se yajJa kI samApti kI bAta kahakara agni meM praveza kara jAtA hai| isa yajJa ko zunaHkarNogniSToma kahA jAtA hai (tADya brAhmaNa 17 / 12 / 5, jaimini 10 / 2 / 57-61) /

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somayana ( rAjasUya) 561 Aye haiM. ve satra ke dyotaka haiM, kintu jahA~ 'yajeta' yA 'yAjayeta' zabda Ate haiM, unheM ahIna samajhA jAnA caahie| ahIna meM kevala antima dina atirAtra hotA hai, kintu satra meM Arambhika evaM antima donoM dina atirAtra hote hai ( kAtyA0 12 / 1 / 6 ) / rAjasUya yaha yajJa pUrNatayA somayajJa nahIM hai, pratyuta eka aisA jaTila yaza hai, jisameM bahuta-sI pRthak-pRthak iSTiyA~ sampAdita hotI haiM aura jo eka lambI avadhi taka calatA rahatA hai (do varSoM se adhika avadhi taka ) / kintu hama yahA~ kevala mukhya-mukhya bAtoM kA hI ullekha kreNge| yaha yaza kevala kSatriya dvArA hI sampAdita hotA hai| kucha logoM ke mata se yaha usI vyakti dvArA sampAdita hotA hai, jisane vAjapeya yajJa na kiyA ho ( kAtyA0 15/1/2), kintu kucha anya logoM ke mata se yaha vAjapeya yajJa ke uparAnta hI kiyA jAtA hai ( AzvalAyana 9/9/19 ) / zatapatha brAhmaNa (9 / 3 / 418) meM AyA hai ki rAjasUya karane se vyakti rAjA hotA hai, vAjapeya karane se samrAT hotA hai tathA rAjA kI sthiti ke uparAnta samrAT kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| phAlguna mAsa, zukla pakSa ke prathama dina yajamAna pavitra nAmaka somayajJa ke lie dIkSA letA hai, jo agniSToma kI vidhi ke samAna hI hai (lATyA 0 9/1/2, Azva0 9 3 2, kAtyA0 15/1/6) / dIkSA ke dinoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM matabheda hai ( lATyA0 9 / 118, kAtyA0 15 / 1 / 4 ) / rAjasUya ke pramukha kRtyoM meM abhiSecanIya nAmaka kRtya 'pavitra' yajJa sampAdana ke eka varSa uparAnta kiyA jAtA hai ( lAyA0 9 2 12 24 ) | pavitra yaza ke uparAnta pA~ca dinoM taka eka-eka karake pAMca AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| phAlguna kI pUrNimA ko anumati ke lie eka iSTi kI jAtI hai (eka puroDAza diyA jAtA hai) / dekhie kAtyA0 ( 15 / 11 ) evaM Apa0 (18|8|10 ) / isake uparAnta kaI kRtya kiye jAte haiM / phAlguna kI pUrNimA ko cAturmAsyoM (arthAt sarvaprathama vaizvadeva aura taba cAra mAsa uparAnta varuNapraghAsa Adi) kA Arambha hotA hai| yaha eka varSa taka calatA rahatA hai| cAturmAsyoM vAle parvoM ke bIca pUrNimA evaM amAvasthA ke mAsika yajJa hote rahate haiN| phAlguna zukla pakSa ke prathama dina zunAsIrIya parva ke sAtha cAturmAsyoM kI parisamApti hotI hai| isake uparAnta kaI kRtyoM kA Arambha hotA hai, yathA paJcajAtIya ( Apa0 18/9 | 10-11, kAtyA0 1511/20-21), apAmArga - homa ( Apa0 18 / 9 / 15-20, kAtyA0 15 // 2 / 1) / isake uparAnta bAraha AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM jinheM 'raninAM havIMSi' kahA jAtA hai aura jo eka-eka karake bAraha dinoM taka calatI rahatI haiN| ye AhutiyA~ 'ratnoM' ke gharoM meM arthAt yajamAna, usakI rAniyoM evaM rAjakIya karmacAriyoM ke gharoM meM dI jAtI haiM ( kAtyA0 15 / 3 evaM Apa0 18 / 10 ) / kAtyAyana ke anusAra ye bAraha ratna haiM-yajamAna, senApati, purohita, mahArAnI, sUta ( sArathi yA bhATa ? ), grAmaNI ( gA~va kA mukhiyA), (kaMcukI), 5. rAjA rAjasUyena yajeta / lATyAyanazrauta0 (911 / 1) / satyASADha (1333 ) ne 'yajeta' ke pUrva 'svargakAmo' jor3a diyA hai (aura dekhie Apa0 1838/1, kAsyA0 15 / 1 / 1) / zabara (jaimini 11 / 2 / 12 ) ne 'rAjasUyena svArAjyakAmo yajeta uddharaNa diyA hai| 'tatho evaMtadyajamAno yadrAjasUyena yajate sarveSAM rAjyAnAM zreSThyaM svArAjyamAdhipatyaM paryeti' (zAMlayana 15 / 13 / 1) / zabara ne 'rAjasUrya' zabda kI vyutpatti yoM kI hai--'rAjA tatra sUyate tasmAd rAjasUyaH / rAmro vA yazo rAjasUyaH' (jaimini 4|4|1 kI TIkA meM) / soma ko 'rAjA' kahA jAtA hai / dharma 0-71

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562 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa saMgrahItA ( koSapAla yA sArathi ? ), akSAvApa ( dyUta kA adhIkSaka), govikartA (zikArI), dUta yA pAlAgala evaM parivRktI ( nirAdRta rAnI ) / isI prakAra krama se devatA ye haiM--indra, agni anIkavAn, bRhaspati, aditi, varuNa, maruta, savitA, azvinau, rudra ( akSAvApa evaM govikartA ke lie), agni, nirRti ( isake lie nakhoM se nikAle hue kAle cAvala kA caru diyA jAtA hai) / dakSiNA kI mAtrA mI pRthak-pRthak hotI hai| isake uparAnta kaI anya AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM / tadanantara abhiSecanIya kRtya hotA hai, jo rAjasUya yajJa kA kendriya kRtya hai| yaha pA~ca dinoM taka calatA rahatA hai (eka dina dIkSA, tIna dina upasad tathA eka dina somarasa nikAlane ke lie, jise sutya dina kahA jAtA hai ) / abhiSecanIya (abhiSicana kRtya ) caitra mAsa ke prathama dina kiyA jAtA hai| yaha kRtya yajJasthala ke dakSiNI bhAga meM tathA dazapeya kRtya uttarI bhAga meM kiyA jAtA hai| donoM kRtyoM kA hotA bhRgu-gotraja rakhA jAtA hai (tANDya brAhmaNa 18/9/2, kAtyA0 15 / 4 / 1 evaM zAMkhA0 15 / 13 / 2 ) / donoM kRtyoM ke lie soma lAyA jAtA hai / savitA, agni gRhapati, soma vanaspati, bRhaspati, indra, rudra, mitra evaM varuNa nAmaka ATha devoM ko devasU havi kI ATha AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM jo caru rUpa meM hotI haiN| caru kI ina AhutiyoM ke uparAnta purohita 17 pAtroM (udumbara kASTha ke pAtroM) meM 17 prakAra kA jala lAtA hai, yathA--sarasvatI nadI kA jala, bahatI nadI kA jala, kisI vyakti yA pazu ke praveza se utpanna halacala yukta jala, bahatI nadI ke ulaTe bahAva kA jala, samudra- jala, samudra kI laharoM kA jala, bhramara se utpanna jala, khule AkAza ke gambhIra evaM susthira jalAzaya kA jala, pRthivI para girane se pUrva sUryaprakAza meM giratA huA varSA- jala, jhIla kA jala, kUpajala, tuSAra-jala Adi ( kAtyA0 1514121-42, Apa0 1831309-18 ) / ye sabhI prakAra ke jala udumbara ke pAtroM meM maitrAvaruNa nAmaka purohita ke Asana ke pAsa rakha diye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta aneka kRtya hote haiM, jinakA varNana yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vibhinna prakAra ke jaloM se yajamAna kA abhiSiMcana kiyA jAtA hai| hotA zunaHzepa kI kathA kahatA hai ( aitareya brAhmaNa 33 ) / yaha kathA dyUtakrIr3A ke uparAnta kahI jAtI hai| abhiSecanIya kRtya ke uparAnta do prakAra ke homa kiye jAte haiM, jinheM 'nAma-vyatiSajanoya' kahA jAtA hai| ina homoM meM pahale jyeSTha putra ko apane pitA kA pitA kahA jAtA hai aura taba vAstavika sambandha ghoSita kiyA jAtA hai ( Apa0 18 / 16 / 14-15, kAtyA0 15 / 6 / 11) / isake uparAnta ta kI lUTa kA pratIka upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| yajamAna ( yahA~ rAjA ) apane sage-sambandhiyoM kI sau yA adhika gAyoM ko lUTa lene kA bhAva prakaTa karatA hai| vaha yaha kriyA cAra ghor3oM vAle ratha para car3hakara karatA hai| gAyoM ko vaha puna: lauTA detA hai| isake uparAnta rathavimocanIya nAmaka cAra AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiN| yajamAna dAna dene kA kRtya karatA hai / yajamAna (rAjA) dyUta (juA) khelatA hai, jisameM use jitA diyA jAtA hai| abhiSecanIya kRtya ke dasa dina uparAnta dazapeya kRtya kiyA jAtA hai / dazapeya kRtya meM dasa camasoM evaM dasa brAhmaNoM kA saMyoga hotA hai| ye dasa brAhmaNa Rtvik hI hote haiM aura dasa camasoM meM krama se eka-eka camasa somarasa pAna karate haiM / ye brAhmaNa dasa camasoM ke atirikta 90 namasoM (anuprasarpakoM) kA bhI pAna karate haiM, jo krama se unake dasa-dasa pUrva puruSoM (pUrvajoM) ke dyotaka hote haiM / rAjasUya yajJa ke kaI bhAgoM evaM aMgoM ke kRtyoM meM bhI dAna-dakSiNA dene kA vidhAna hai, kintu abhiSecanIya evaM dazapeya kRtyoM meM viziSTa dakSiNAe~ dI jAtI haiM / abhiSecanIya kRtya meM 32,000 gAyeM cAra pramukha purohitoM ko, 16,000 prathama sahAyakoM ko, 8000 Age ke cAra sahAyakoM ko tathA 4000 antima cAra sahAyakoM ko dI jAtI haiN| isa prakAra hotA, adhvaryu, brahmA evaM udgAtA meM pratyeka ko 32,000 gAyeM, maitrAvaruNa (hotA ke prathama sahAyaka), pratiprasthAtA (adhvaryu ke prathama sahAyaka), brAhmaNAcchaMsI (brahmA ke prathama sahAyaka ) evaM prastotA ( ud

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bolavaza (rAjana) 563 gAtA ke prathama sahAyaka) meM pratyeka ko 16,000 gAyeM tathA Age ke cAra (acchA vAka, neSTA, AgnIdhra evaM pratihartA ) meM pratyeka ko 8,000 evaM antima cAra (grAvastut, unnetA, potA evaM subrahmaNya) meM pratyeka ko 4000 gAyeM dI jAtI haiN| isa prakAra kula milAkara 2,40,000 gAyeM dI jAtI haiN| dazapeya kRtya ke uparAnta 1000 gAyeM dI jAtI haiN| aura 16 purohitoM ko viziSTa dakSiNA dI jAtI hai (Azva0 91417-20, Apa0 18/31 / 6-7, kAtyA0 15 / 8 / 23-27, lATyA0 9/2/15 ), yathA-sone kI eka sikar3I, eka ghor3A, bachar3e ke sAtha eka dudhArU gAya, eka bakarI, sone ke do karNaphUla, cA~dI ke do karNaphUla, pA~ca varSa vAlI bAraha gAbhina gAyeM, eka bandhyA gAya, sone kA eka golAkAra AbhUSaNa ( rukma), eka baila, ruI kA eka paridhAna, sana (zaNa) kA eka moTA vastra, jau se marI evaM eka baila yukta gAr3I, eka sA~r3a, eka bachiyA evaM tIna varSIya baila krama se udgAtA evaM usake tIna sahAyakoM (prastotA, pratihartA evaM subrahmaNya), adhvaryu, pratiprasthAtA, brahmA, maitrAvaruNa, hotA, brAhmaNAcchaMsI, potA, neSTA, acchAvAka, AgnIdhra, unnetA evaM grAvastut ko diye jAte haiN| dazapeya kRtya meM avabhRtha snAna ke uparAnta sAla bhara taka rAjA ko kucha vrata ( devavrata, lATyA 0 9 / 2 / 17 ) karane par3ate haiM, yathA- vaha nitya snAna ke lie jala meM DubakI nahIM lagA sakatA, kevala zarIra ko ragar3a kara snAna kare, vaha sadaiva dA~toM ko svaccha rakhe, nAkhUna kaTAye, bAla nahIM kaTAye, kevala dAr3hI evaM mUMcha svaccha rakhe, yajJa bhUmi meM bAgha ke camar3e para zayana kare, prati dina samidhA DAle, usakI prajA (brAhmaNoM ko chor3akara) sAla bhara taka keza nahIM kaTAye, isI prakAra usake ghor3oM ke bAla bhI sAla bhara taka nahIM kATe jaayeN| sAla bhara taka rAjA binA padatrANa ke pRthivI para nahIM cale / kucha anya choTe-moTe kRtya bhI hote haiM, yathA paMcabali evaM bAraha prayuja nAmaka AhutiyA~, jo krama se cAroM dizAoM evaM bIca meM tathA mAsoM ke bIca meM yA prati do dinoM ke uparAnta dI jAtI haiM ( kAtyA0 15 / 9 / 1-3, 15 9 / 11-14, Apa 0 18 / 22 / 5-7 ) / dazapeya kRtya ke eka varSa uparAnta kezavapanIya nAmaka kRtya hotA hai, jisakI vidhi atirAtra yajJa ke samAna hotI hai (Ara0 9|3|24 ) aura jisameM sAla bhara ke bAla kATa DAle jAte haiN| isake uparAnta vyuSTi, dvirAtra (dvirAtra kA sampAdana samRddhi ke lie hotA hai) nAmaka do kRtya kiye jAte haiN| vyuSTiprathamataH eka prakAra kA agni- Toma hI thA aura dvirAtra eka prakAra kA atirAtra / kezavapanIya, vyuSTi evaM dvirAtra ke sampAdana - kAloM ke viSaya meM mata-matAntara haiN| vyuSTi- dvirAtra ke eka mAsa uparAnta kSatra-vRti nAmaka kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| isa kRtya kA sambandha zakti sthiti se hai / yaha agniSToma kI vidhi ke anusAra kiyA jAtA hai| zAMkhAyanazrautasUtra ( 15 16 / 1-11) meM AyA hai ki isa kRtya ke na karane se kuruoM ko pratyeka yuddha meM hAra khAnI pdd'ii| eka anya kRtya thA dhatavI, jo udavasAnIyA ke sthAna para kiyA jAtA thA (zatapatha brAhmaNa 5 / 5 / 6-9), jisameM cAvala evaM jau kI mizrita roTI ko Ahuti dI jAtI thii| isa prakAra rAjasUya kA anta hotA thA, kintu isakI samApti ke eka mAsa uparAnta sautrAmaNI nAmaka iSTi kI jAtI thii| sotrAmaNI kA varNana Age ke adhyAya meM kiyA jAyagA / rAjasUya yajJa kI vistRta jAnakArI ke lie dekhie taittirIya saMhitA (181-17), taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 1 | 419-10), zata0 (5 / 2 / 3-5 ), aita0 (7113 evaM 8), tANDya 0 ( 18/8-11), Apa0 (1818-22), kAtyA 0 ( 15/1- 9 ), Azva 0 ( 9/3-4 ), lATyA 0 ( 911-3), zAMkhA0 ( 15/12), bIghA 0 ( 12 ) /

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adhyAya 35 sautrAmaNI, azvamedha evaM anya yajJa sautrAmaNI yaha yajJa havirgoM ke sAta prakAroM meM eka hai (gotama 8120, lATyA0 5 / 4 / 23) / yaha somayA nahIM hai, yaha eka iSTi evaM pazu-yajJa kA mizraNa hai (zata0 12 / 7 / 2 / 10) / isameM surA kI Ahuti dI jAtI hai| Ajakala surA ke sthAna para dUdha diyA jAtA hai| isake do rUpa haiM; (1) kokilI evaM (2) caraka saucAmanI (yA sAdhAraNa sautraamnnii)| kokilI kRtya kA sampAdana svatantra rUpa se hotA hai, kintu sAmAnya sautrAmaNI kRtya rAjasUya yajJa ke eka mAsa uparAnta tathA agnicayana ke anta meM kiyA jAtA hai| lATyAyana (5 / 4 / 21) ke mata se kevala kokilI meM sAmamantroM kA vAcana hotA hai, anya prakAroM meM nhiiN| kAtyAyana (19 / 5 / 1) ke mata se brahmA purohita bRhatI dhvani meM indra ke lie sAma kA gAyana karatA hai| Apastamba (19 / 122) kA kahanA hai ki sAmAnya sautrAmaNI ko vidhi nirUDha-pazujanya ke samAna hotI hai aura yahI vAta kokilI ke viSaya meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| varuNapraghAsa ke samAna hI isameM do agniyA~ hotI haiM, kintu dakSiNa agni vedI para nahIM rakhI jAtI (kAtyA0 19 / 2 / 1 evaM 5 / 4 / 12) / zatapaya brAhmaNa (12 / 7 / 37) Adi ke mata se do vediyAM hotI haiM jinake pIche do ucca sthaloM kA nirmANa hotA hai, jinameM eka para dUdha kI pyAliyAM tathA dUsare para surAkI pyAliyAM rakhI jAtI haiN| isa kRtya meM cAra dina laga jAte haiN| prathama tIna dinoM taka bhAMti-bhAMti ke padArthoM se surA banAyI jAtI hai aura antima dinoM meM dUdha tathA surA kI tIna-tIna pyAliyA~ azvinI, sarasvatI evaM indra ko samarpita kI jAtI haiM tathA inhIM tIna deyoM ke lie pazuoM kI bali bhI dI jAtI hai, yathA azvinI, ke lie bhUre raMga kA bakarA, sarasvatI ke lie bher3a (meSa) tathA sutrAmA indra ke lie eka vaila (zAMkhAyana0 15 / 15 / 14, AzvalAyana0 3 / 9 / 2) / zatapathabrAhmaNa (5 / 5 / 4 evaM 12 / 7 / 2), kAtyA0 (15 / 9 / 28-30 evaM 19 / 1-2) Adi meM surA-nirmANa ke viSaya meM vizada varNana milatA hai jise hama yahA~ sthAnAbhAva me nahIM de rahe haiN| sautrAmaNI meM tInoM pazu bakare bhI ho sakate haiN| kucha paristhitiyoM meM bRhaspati ko bhI eka pazu diyA jAtA hai (Apa0 19 / 2 / 1-2) / yaha kRtya rAjasUya ke anta meM, yA unake lie jo cayana kRtya kA sampAdana karate haiM, yA unake lie jo atyadhika soma pIne ke kAraNa bImAra par3a jAte haiM, jinake zarIra ke chidroM se (mukha se nahIM) somarasa nikala rahA ho, kiyA jAtA hai| svatantra sautrAmaNI arthAt kaukilI una logoM dvArA sampAdita hotA hai, jo sampatti ke icchuka haiM yA jinakA rAjya china gayA hai yA jo pazu-dhana cAhate haiM (kAtyA. 19 / 112-4) / isa kRtya ke prArambha evaM anta meM aditi ko caru diyA jAtA hai| 1. 'saugAmaNoM' zabda kI utpatti 'sutrAman' (eka acchA rakSaka) zabda se huI hai, jo ina kI eka upAdhi hai (ragveda 10 // 13 // 6-7) / zatapanAhana (5 / 5 / 4 / 12) ne isakA artha yo lagAyA hai-"vaha jo (azvinau hArA) bhalI prakAra bacA liyA gayA hai|"

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ayameva yajJa azvamegha azvamedha kI gaNanA prAcInatama yazoM meM hotI hai| Rgveda kI 1 / 162 evaM 193 saMkhyaka RcAoM se vidita hotA hai ki inakI racanA ke pUrva se hI azvameSa kA pracalana thaa| yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki azvamegha kA azva svarSa calA jAtA hai| azva ke Age-Age eka bakarA le jAyA jAtA thA (Rgveda 1 / 162 / 2-3 evaM 1 / 163 / 12 ) / azva ko AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thaa| isa para svaru ( Rmveda 1 / 162 / 9 ) kA lepa kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha agni ke cAroM ora tIna bAra le jAyA jAtA thA, yA isake cAroM ora tIna bAra agni ghumAyI jAtI mI (R0 1 / 16214) / a ke zava ko AvRta karane ke lie eka svarNa-khaNDa ke sAtha eka paridhAna kI vyavasthA hotI thI (R. 1 / 162 / 16 ) / ukhA nAmaka pAtra meM azva kA mAMsa pakAyA jAtA thA (R0 1 / 162 / 13) aura use agni ko samarpita kiyA jAtA thA (R0 1 / 162 / 19) / Rgveda (1 / 162 / 18 ) meM 34 pasaliyoM kA ullekha huA hai| bakarI kI pasaliyoM kI saMkhyA 26 batAyI gayI hai / lagatA hai, azva ke mAMsa kI AhutiyoM ke samaya AgUH, yAjyA evaM vaSaTkAra kA vAcana hotA thA (R0 1 / 162 / 15) / azva ko Aditya, trita evaM yama ke samAna kahA gayA hai (R0 1 / 163 / 3 ) / zatapatha brAhmaNa (13 / 1-5) evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 3 / 8-9) meM azvamegha kA varNana huA hai, jisameM bahuta se aise rAjAoM kA ullekha hai jinhoMne azvamedha yajJa sampAdita kiyA thA / taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 338/9 ) ne azvamegha ko rAjya yA rASTra kahA hai aura isa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai--jaba abala vyakti azvamedha karatA hai to vaha pheMka diyA jAtA hai ( arthAt harA diyA jAtA hai) / yadi zatru azva ko pakar3a le to yajJa naSTa ho jAtA hai|' sUtra-granthoM meM brAhmaNagranthoM kI paramparAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| sUtroM meM azvamegha ko somarasa nicor3ane ke tIna dinoM kA ahIna mAnA gayA hai ( Ara0 10 8 11, kAtyA0 20 / 1 / 1 kI TIkA, zAMkhA0 16 / 1 / 2) / sArvabhauma yA abhiSikta rAjA (jo abhI sArvabhauma nahIM huA hai) azvamedha yajJa kara sakatA thA ( Apa0 2011 / 1, lATyAyana 9 / 10 / 17 ) / AzvalAyana (16 / 6 / 1) kA kahanA hai (jaisA ki aitareya brAhmaNa ne rAjasUya meM mahAbhiSeka ke viSaya meM ullekha kiyA ki sabhI padArthoM ke icchuka sabhI vijayoM ke ( apanI indriyoM para vijaya ke lie bhI) abhilASiyoM tathA atula samRddhi ke kAMkSiyoM dvArA azvamedha kiyA jA sakatA hai|' phAlguna zukla pakSa ke AThaveM yA naveM dina yA jyeSTha mAsa ke inhIM dinoM yA kucha logoM ke mata se ASAr3ha mAsa ke dinoM meM ( kAtyA0 2011 2-3, lATyA 0 91 9 6-7 ) azvamegha kA prArambha kiyA jAtA hai| Apa 0 ( 201114 ) ke mata se caitra kI pUrNimA ko isakA Arambha honA caahie| isake prArambha ke lie cAra pAtroM meM se cAra aMjali cAra muTThI cAvala lekara pakAyA jAtA hai jise brahmovana kahA jAtA hai| ghI se mizrita kara yaha cAvala cAra pramukha purohitoM (hotA, adhvaryu, brahmA evaM udgAtA ) ko diyA jAtA hai| ina purohitoM meM pratyeka ko eka-eka sahasra gaue~ 2. rASTra vA azvameSaH / parA vA eva sicyate yo'nalo'zvamedhena yajate / yadamitrA azvaM vimberan hanyetAsya yazaH / saM0 10 3 / 8 / 9 / aitareya brAhmaNa ne azvameSa kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu isameM rAjasUya ke mahAbhiSeka (aindra) kA ullekha huA hai| 165 3. sarvAn kAmAnApsyan sarvA vijitI vijigISamANaH sarvA vyuSTIvyaMziSyannazvamedhena yajeta / Adama0 10/6/1; sa ya icchedevaMvit kSatriyamayaM sarvA jitIjayetAmaM sarvA llokAnvinvetAyaM sarveSAM rAjJAM zreSThyamatiSThAM paramatAM gaccheta sAmrAjyaM bhaujyaM svArAjyaM pArameSThyaM rAjyaM mAhArAjyamAbhipatyamayaM samantaparyAyI syAtsArvabhaumaH sArvAyudha AntAdA parArthAt pRthivyaM samudraparyantAyA ekarADiti sametenaMndreNa mahAbhiSekaNa kSatriyaM zApayitvAbhiSijet / ai0 grA0 39 / 1 / "sAmrAjyam" se lekara "ekarADiti" taka sAre zabda Adhunika kAla taka ke brAhmaNoM ko paricita haiN|

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pakSAtla kA itihAsa dI AtI haiM aura sAtha hI eka sau guMjA gara kA eka svarNa-khaNDa bhI bheTa kiyA jAtA hai (kAtyA. 2014-6, lATgA. 9 / 9 / 8) / agni mUrdhanvAn evaM pUSA ke lie do iSTiyoM kI jAtI haiM (Azva0 10 / 6 / 2-5, kAtyA0 2011 / 25) / yajamAna keza, nakha kaTAtA hai, dA~ta svaccha karatA hai, snAna karake navIna vastra dhAraNa karatA hai, niSka (sone kA AbhUSaNa) dhAraNa karatA hai aura mauna rahatA hai| ina kRtyoM ke lie dekhie taittirIya brAhmaNa (3 / 8 / 1) evaM Apa0 (20 419-14) / yajamAna kI cAroM rAniyA~ alaMkRta ho tathA niSka dhAraNa karake usake pAsa AtI haiN| mahiSI rAjakumAriyoM ke sAtha, dUsarI rAnI (vAvAtA, jise rAjA sabase adhika cAhatA hai) kSatriyoM kI kanyAoM ke sAtha, tIsarI rAnI (parivRttI, tyAgI huI) sUtoM evaM grAma-mukhiyoM kI lar3akiyoM ke sApa tathA cauthI rAnI (pAlAgalI, nIca jAti vAlI) kSatroM (caeNvara DulAnevAloM) evaM saMgrahItAoM kI kanyAoM ke sAtha AtI haiN| yajamAna agni-sthala meM praveza kara gArhapatyAgni ke pazcima uttarAbhimukha baiTha jAtA hai| azva ke raMga evaM anya guNoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama banAye gaye haiM (zatapathabrAhmaNa 13 / 4 / 2 / 4, kAtyA0 201:29-35, lATyA0 9 / 9 / 4) / azva zveta raMga kA honA cAhie aura usa para kAle raMga ke vRttAkAra cihna hoM to atyuttama hai tathA use bahuta teja calane vAlA honA caahie| yadi zveta raMga vAlA azva na ho to usakA agra bhAga kAlA ho tathA pRSTha bhAga zveta, yA usake keza gahare nIle raMga ke hoM to acchA hai| cAroM pramukha purohita azva para pavitra jala chir3akata haiN| ye purohita krama se cAroM dizAoM meM khar3e rahate haiM aura unake sAtha eka sau rAjakumAra, eka sau ugra (jo rAjA nahIM hote), sUta, prAma-mukhiyA, kSatra evaM saMgrahItA hote haiM (Apa0 2014, satyASADha 14 / 1 / 31) / cAra A~khoM vAlA eka kuttA (do prAkRtika A~khoM aura donoM A~khoM ke pAsa do gaDDhe vAlA) Ayogava jAti ke eka vyakti dvArA yA sidhraka kASTha se bane mUsala se kisI viSayAsakta vyakti dvArA mArA jAtA hai| azva pAnI meM le jAyA jAtA hai jahA~ usake peTa ke nIce kutte kA zava rassI se bAMdhakara tairAyA jAtA hai (Apa0 2013 // 6-13, kAtyA0 22 / 1138, satyA0 14 // 130-34) / isake uparAnta azva agni ke pAsa lAyA jAtA hai aura jaba taka usake zarIra se jala kI bUdeM TapakatI rahatI haiM taba taka agni meM AhutiyA~ DAlI jAtI haiM (kAtyA0 20 // 2 // 3-5) / azva.ko mUMja kI yA darbha kI 12 yA 13 arani lambI mekhalA pahanAyI jAtI hai| mantroM ke sAtha azva para jala chir3akA jAtA hai| yajamAna mantroM ke sAtha azva ke dAhine kAna meM usakI katipaya upAdhiyA~ yA saMjJAe~ kahatA hai (Apa0 205 / 1-9) / isake uparAnta azva svatantra rUpa se deza-videza meM ghUmane ko chor3a diyA jAtA hai| usake sAtha cAra sau rakSaka hote haiM (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 22 / 19, taittirIya saMhitA 7 / 1 / 12 / 1) / rakSakoM meM eka sau aise rAjakumAra rahate haiM jo rAjA ke sAtha sammAnapUrvaka baiTha sakate haiN| ina rAjakumAroM ke pAsa astra-zastra hote haiN| anya rakSakoM ke pAsa bhI unakI yogyatA ke anusAra Ayudha hote haiM (tai0 brA 31819,Apa0 205 / 10-14, kAtyA0 22 / 2 / 11) / azva sAla bhara taka isa prakAra apane-Apa calatA rahatA hai, kintu pIche nahIM lauTane paataa| vaha na to jala meM praveza karane pAtA aura na ghor3iyoM se milane pAtA hai (kAtyA0 22 / 2 / 12-13) / azva ke rakSaka loga bANoM se bhojana mAMgakara khAte haiM aura rAtri meM rathakAroM ke gharoM meM sote haiM (Apa0 20 / 5 / 15-18, 20 / 2 / 15-16) / 'ba taka azva isa prakAra bAhara rahatA hai, yajamAna (yahA~ para rAjA) prati dina prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaM savitA ke lie tIna iSTiyA~ karatA rahatA hai| savitA ko prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaM krama se satyaprasava, prasavitA evaM AsavitA kahakara pUjita kiyA jAtA hai (Azva0 10 / 6 / 8, lATyA0 9 / 9 / 10, kaatyaa020|2|6)| jaba prayAja nAmaka AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM, purohitoM ke atirikta koI anya brAhmaNa vINA para rAjA ke viSaya meM svaracita tIna prazastiyukta gAthAe~ gAtA hai (Apa0 2016 / 5, kAtyA0 202 / 7) / savitA kI iSTi ke sampAdana ke uparAnta ye prazastiyA~ prati dina tIna bAra gAyI jAtI haiM (zata0 brA0 13 / 4 / 2 / 8-14, tai0 brA0 3 / 9 / 14) / isI prakAra eka vINAvAdaka kSatriya yajamAna (rAjA) ke saMgrAmoM evaM vijayoM

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mazvameva basa ke viSaya meM prazasti-gAna karatA hai| pUre sAla bhara taka prati dina savitA kI iSTi ke uparAnta hotA AhavanIyAgni ke dakSiNa meM svarNAsana para baiThakara putroM evaM mantriyoM se yukta abhiSikta rAjA ko,pAriplava nAmaka upAkhyAna sunAtA hai| isI prakAra anya purohita mI rAjA evaM usake pUrvajoM ke kAryoM evaM kautiyoM kI stuti karate haiM (Apa0 2016 / 17) / jaba taka azvamegha samApta nahIM ho jAtA taba taka adhvaryu rAjA banA rahatA hai, aura rAjA kahatA hai-"he brAhmaNo evaM sAmanto, yaha adhvaryu ApakA rAjA hai, jo sammAna Apa mujhe dete haiM use Apa ise deM..." (Apa0 2013 / 1-2) / AzvalAyana (10 / 7 / 1-10), zatapathabrAhmaNa (13 / 4 / 3) evaM zAMkhAyana (16 / 2) ne pAriplava ke viSaya meM vistArapUrvaka likhA hai| pAriplava meM mA~ti-bhAMti kI gAthAe~ gAyI jAtI haiN| dasa dinoM taka pRthak rUpa se prati dina vibhinna gAthAe~ kahI jAtI haiM aura yaha krama dasa-dasa dinoM ke cakra meM pUre sAla bhara taka calatA jAtA hai| dasa dinoM ke kRtya nimna prakAra se kiye jAte haiN| prathama dina hotA kahatA hai-"manu vivasvAn ke putra the, mAnava unakI prajA haiM", tadanantara hotA yajJa-kakSa meM baiThe gRhasthoM kI ora saMketa kara kahatA hai-"(manu kI prajA ke rUpa meM mAnava loga) yahA~ baiThe haiN|" isake pazcAt vaha Rgveda kI koI RcA par3hatA hai aura kahatA hai-"Aja veda RcAoM kA veda hai|" dUsare dina vaha kahatA hai-"yama vivasvAn kA putra hai, pitR-gaNa usakI prajA haiN|" aisA kahakara vaha vahA~ para ekatra hue bar3e bUr3hoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai aura yajurveda ke eka anuvAka kA vAcana karatA hai| tIsare dina varuNa evaM gandharva logoM kA sundara vyaktiyoM ko ora saMketa karake varNana hotA hai, aura atharvaveda ko kucha aisI RcAoM kA vAcana hotA hai jinakA sambandha rogoM evaM unakI oSadhiyoM se hotA hai| cauthe dina AkhyAna kA varNana soma, viSNu ke putra evaM apsarAoM se (sundara nAriyoM kI ora saMketa karake) sambandhita hotA hai aura AMgirasa veda kI indrajAla-sambandhI kucha RcAe~ par3hI jAtI haiN| pAMcaveM dina arbuda kAdraveya evaM sarpo se (una AgantukoM kI ora saMketa karake jo sarpa-vidyA yA viSa-vidyA se paricita hote haiM) sambandhita AkhyAna kahA jAtA hai| chaThe dina kubera vaizravaNa tathA usakI prajA rAkSasoM kA (duSTa prakRti vAloM kI ora saMketa karake ) varNana hotA hai aura pizAca-veda (?) kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai| sAtaveM dina kA AkhyAna asita ghAnvana, usakI prajA (asura loga) tathA asura-vidyA se sambandhita hotA hai| AThaveM dina matsya sAmada, usakI prajA (jala ke jIva), matsya deza ke puMjiSThoM (machuoM) tathA purANa-veda ke kucha purANa-aMzoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| naveM dina kA AkhyAna vipazcit ke putra tAya, usakI prajA (pakSI-gaNa) tathA itihAsa-veda se sambandhita hotA hai| dasaveM dina dharma indra, usakI prajA (devatA logoM tathA dakSiNA na grahaNa karane vAle zrotriya logoM) tathA sAmaveda kI kucha RcAoM (sAma-gAnoM) se sambandhita AkhyAna hotA hai| sAla bhara taka pratyeka dina sAyaMkAla ghRti nAmaka cAra AhutiyA~ AhavanIya agni meM DAlI jAtI haiM (kAtyA0 2013 / 4) / prathama dina vAjasaneyI saMhitA (2217-8) ke pATha ke sAtha prakrama 4. AzvalAyana (10 / 7 / 1-2) me pAriplava ke vAcana ke viSaya meM yaha likhA hai-"prathamehani manuvaivasvatastasya manuSyA vizastahama Asata iti gRhameSina upasamAnautAH syustAnupavizatyUco vedaH so'yamiti sUktaM nigavet / dvitIyehani yamoM vaivasvatatasya pitaro vizasta ima mAsata iti sthavirA upasamAnItAH syustAnupavizati yajurvedo bedaH soyamityanuvAkaM nigvet|" bedAntasUtra (3 / 4 / 23-24) meM niSkarSa AyA hai ki ve AkhyAna jo upaniSad meM pAye jAte haiM (yaSA-kauvItakI upaniSada (31) meM pAye jAne vAle ina evaM prataIna ke AkhyAna, cha.ndogyopamiSa (11)kAjAmabhuti mAmaka AlyAna tabAhavAraNyakopaniSada (4 / 5 / 1) ke yAjJavalkya evaM unakI patniyoM ke AyAma) pAriplaba meM sammilita nahIM kiye jaate|

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568 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nAmaka 49 homa dakSiNAgni meM kiye jAte haiM (zatapaya brA0 13 // 1 // 3 // 5, tai0 saM0 71 / 19) / isa prakAra savitA kI iSTiyAM, gAyana, pAriplava-zravaNa evaM puti kI AhutiyoM sAla bhara calA karatI haiN| sAla bhara taka yajamAna rAjasUya ke samAna hI kucha viziSTa vrata karatA rahatA hai (lATyA0 9 / 9 / 14) / adhvaryu, gAnevAloM evaM hotA ko pracura dakSiNA milatI hai| yadi azvamedha kI parisamApti ke pUrva azva mara jAya yA kisI roga se grasta ho jAya to vizudi ke kaI niyama batalAye gaye haiM (Apa0 2217 / 9-20, kAtyA0 2013 / 13-21) / yadi zatru dvArA azva kA haraNa ho jAya, to azvameSa naSTa ho jAtA thaa| varSa ke anta meM azva azvazAlA meM lAyA jAtA thA aura taba yajamAna dIkSita kiyA jAtA paa| isa viSaya meM 12 dIkSAoM, 12 upasadoM evaM 3 sutyA dinoM (aise dina jinameM somarasa nikAlA jAtA thA) kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa (13 / 4 / 4 / 1), AzvalAyana (108 / 1) evaM lATyAyana (9 / 9 / 17) / dIkSA ke uparAnta yajamAna kI stuti devatAoM kI mAMti hotI hai tathA somarasa nikAlane ke dinoM meM, udayanIyA iSTi, anubandhyA evaM udavasAnIyA ke samaya vaha prajApati ke sadRza samajhA jAtA hai (Apa0 207 / 14-16) / kula milAkara 21-21 araniyoM kI lambAI vAle 21 yUpa khar3e kiye jAte haiN| madhya vAlA yUpa rAjjudAla (zleSmAtaka) kI lakar3I kA hotA hai jisake donoM pAvoM meM devadAru ke do yUpa hote haiM, jinake pArzva meM bilva, khadira evaM palAza ke yUpa khar3e kiye jAte haiM (taM 0. brA0 31819, zatapatha0 13 / 4 / 4 / 5, Apa0 209 / 6-8 evaM kAtyA0 20 / 4 / 16-20) / ina yUpoM meM bahuta-se pazu bA~dhe jAte haiM aura unakI bali dI jAtI hai| yahA~ taka ki zUkara aise banale pazu tathA pakSI bhI kATe jAte haiM (Apa0 20 / 14 / 2) / bahuta-se pakSI agni kI pradakSiNA karAkara chor3a bhI diye jAte haiN| somarasa nikAlane ke tIna dinoM meM dUsarA dina sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki usa dina bahuta-se kRtya hote haiN| yajJa kA azva anya tIna azvoM ke sAtha eka ratha meM jotA jAtA hai jisa para adhvaryu evaM yajamAna car3hakara kisI tAlAba, jhIla yA jalAzaya ko jAte haiM aura azva ko pAnI meM praveza karAte haiM (kAtyA0 2015 / 11-14) / yajJa-sthala meM lauTa Ane para paTarAnI, rAjA kI atyanta priya rAnI arthAt vAvAtA tathA tyAgI huI rAnI (parivRktA) krama se azva ke agrabhAga, madhyabhAga evaM pRSThabhAga para dhRta lagAtI haiN| ve "bhUH, bhuvaH evaM svaH" nAmaka zabdoM ke sAtha azva ke sira, ayAla evaM pUMcha para 101 svarga-guTikAe~ (goliyAM) bAMdhatI haiN| isake uparAnta katipaya anya kRtya kiye jAte haiN| Rgveda kI 11163 (Azva0 108 / 5) nAmaka RcA ke sAtha azva kI stuti kI jAtI hai| ghAsa para eka vastra-khaNDa bichA diyA jAtA hai jisa para eka anya caddara rakhakara tathA eka svarNa-khaNDa DAlakara azva kA hanana kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta rAniyA~ dAhine se bAyeM jAtI huI azva kI tIna bAra parikramA karatI haiM (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 23 // 19), rAniyA~ apane vastroM se mRta azva kI havA karatI haiM aura dAhinI ora apane keza bAMdhatI haiM tathA bAyIM ora kholatI haiN| isa kRtya ke sAtha ve dAhine hAtha se apanI bAyIM jA~gha para AghAta karatI haiM (Apa0 22 // 17 // 13, Azva0 101818) / paTarAnI (bar3I rAnI) mRta azva ke pArzva meM leTa jAtI hai aura adhvaryu donoM ko nIce par3I cAdara se Dhaka detA hai| paTarAnI isa prakAra mRta bhazva se sammilana karatI hai (Apa0 22 / 18 / 3-4, kAtyA0 2016 / 15-16) / isake uparAnta AzvalAyana (10 / 8110-13) ke mata se vedI ke bAhara hotA paTarAnI ko azlIla bhASA meM gAliyAM detA hai, jisakA uttara paTarAnI apanI eka sau dAsI rAjakumAriyoM ke sAtha detI hai| isI prakAra brahma nAmaka purohita evaM vAvAtA (priyatamA rAnI) bhI karate haiM, arthAt unameM bhI azlIla bhASA meM gAliyoM kA daura calatA hai| kAtyAyana (2016 / 18) ke anusAra cAroM pramukha purohitoM evaM kSatroM (caeNvara DulAne vAliyoM) meM bhI vahI azlIla vyavahAra hotA hai aura ye sabhI rAniyoM evaM unakI navayuvatI dAsiyoM se gandI-gandI bAteM karate haiM (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 23 / 22-31, zatapatha0 13 / 2 / 9 evaM lATyA. 9 / 10 / 3-6) isake uparAnta dAsI rAjakumAriyAM paTarAnI ko mRta azva se dUra karatI haiN| azva ko paTarAnI, vASAtA

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azvamedha yajJa evaM parivRktI rAniyo krama se sone, cA~dI evaM lohe (saMbhavataH yahA~ yaha tAmra kA hI artha rakhatA hai) kI sUiyoM se kATatI haiM aura usake mAMsa ko nikAla bAhara karatI haiN| isake uparAnta yajJa-sambandhI bahuta-se uttara-pratyuttara purohitoM evaM yajamAna ke bIca calate haiM, jinheM yahA~ denA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vibhinna devatAoM ke nAma para mAMsa kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta bahuta-se kRtya kiye jAte haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| isa yajJa meM bahuta-se dAna diye jAte haiN| somarasa nikAlane ke prathama evaM antima dina meM eka sahasra gaue~ tathA dUsare dina rAjya ke kisI eka janapada meM rahane vAle sabhI abrAhmaNa nivAsiyoM kI sampatti dAna de dI jAtI hai| vijita deza ke pUrvI bhAga kI sampatti hotA ko tathA isI prakAra vijita deza ke uttarI, pazcimI evaM dakSiNI bhAgoM kI sampatti krama se udgAtA, adhvaryu evaM brahmA tathA unake sahAyakoM ko de dI jAtI hai| yadi isa prakAra ko sampatti na dI jA sake to cAra pramukha purohitoM ko 48,000 gaue~ aura pradhAnaM purohitoM ke tIna-tIna sahAyakoM ko 24,000, 12,000 tathA 6,000 gIe~ dI jAtI haiN| prAcIna kAla meM bhI azvamedha bahuta kama hotA thaa| taittirIya saMhitA (5 / 4 / 12 / 3) evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa (1 // 3 // 3 // 6) ne likhA hai ki azvamegha eka prakAra kA utsanna (jisakA aba pracalana na ho) yajJa thaa| atharvaveda (9 / 77-8)ne bhI rAjasUya, vAjapeya; azvamedha, satroM tathA kucha anya yajJoM ko utsanna yajJa kI saMjJA dI hai| azvamedha ke Aramma ke viSaya meM kucha kahanA kaThina hai| isakI bahuta-sI bAteM vicitratAoM se bharI haiM, yathA mRta azva ke pArzva meM rAnI kA sonA, gAlI-galauja karanA Adi / bahuta-se lekhakoM ne apane tarka diye haiM, kintu unameM mataikya kA abhAva hai| mahAbhArata ke Azvamedhika parva meM azvamedha kA varNana kucha vistAra se huA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki usameM kevala ati prasiddha tattva tathA kucha dhArmika kRtyoM para hI adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata (71 / 16) meM vyAsa ne yudhiSThira se kahA hai ki azvamedha se vyakti ke sAre pApa dhula jAte haiN| caitra kI pUrNimA ko isakI dIkSA yudhiSThira ko dI gayI thI (72 / 4) / sphya, kUrca Adi pAtra sone ke the yA una para sone kI kalaI huI thI (72 / 9-10) / una dinoM ke sabase bar3e yoddhA arjuna para sAla bhara taka cakkara mAranevAle azva kI rakSA kA bhAra sauMpA gayA thA, aura use yuddha me bacate rahane ko kahA gayA thA (72 / 23-24) / ghor3e kA raMga kRSNasAra (kAle-kAle dhabboM kA) thA (73 / 8) / arjuna ke sAtha yAjJavalkya kA eka ziSya tathA bahuta-se vidvAn brAhmaNa the jinheM zAnti karane ke kRtya karane par3ate the (73 / 18) / arjuna ke sAtha calane vAle sainikoM kI saMkhyA nahIM dI huI hai / azva sampUrNa bhArata meM pUrva se dakSiNa tathA pazcima se uttara taka bar3hatA rhaa| apane zatruoM se aneka yuddha karatA huA arjuna apane putra, maNipura ke rAjA babhruvAhana ke hAthoM mArA gayA, kintu anta meM vaha apanI strI nAgakumArI ulUpI dvArA punarjIvita kiyA gayA (adhyAya 80) / mArga meM arjuna ne aneka zatruoM ko harAyA kintu unheM mArA nahIM, pratyuta unheM yajJa meM sammilita hone kA nimantraNa diyaa| azvamegha kA jo yaha varNana milatA hai vaha Upara kahe gaye varNana se sAmAnyataH milatA hai| pravardI tathA somarasa nikAlane kA ullekha huA hai| yUpoM meM 6 bilva ke, 6 khadira ke, 2 devadAra ke the tathA eka zleSmAtaka kA thA (88127-28) / bahuta-sI bAtoM meM antara bhI pAyA jAtA hai| vedI kA AkAra garur3a-jaisA thA (88332), ITeM sone kI thIM tathA 300 pazuoM kI bali dI gayI thii| agni-vedI para baila ke sira tathA jala-jantu ke AkAra bane the| mRta azva kI bagala meM 5. dekhie taittirIya saMhitA meM pro0 kItha kI bhUmikA, 'rilIjana eNDa philAsaphI Ava vI veda', bhAga 2, 10 345-347 tathA 'sekreDa buka Ava dI IsTa', jilda 44, 10 28-33 / ina pranyoM meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke sidAnta par3e jA sakate haiN| dharma0-72

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa draupadI soyI thI (891 2-3 ) / azva kI vapA Ahuti ke rUpa meM dI gayI thI, kintu Apastamba (20118/11) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki azvamegha meM vapA kA niSedha hai| bahuta-se logoM ko bhojana, surA Adi diye jAne kA prabandha thA / daridroM evaM AzrayahInoM ko bhojana diyA gayA thA (88/23, 89 / 39-43) / brAhmaNoM ko karor3oM niSka diye gaye the| vyAsa ko sampUrNa pRthivI dAna meM milI thI, jise unhoMne apane tathA brAhmaNoM ko svarNa dene ke badale meM lauTA diyaa| putrotpatti kI lAlasA se dazaratha ne bhI azvamegha yajJa kiyA thaa| rAmAyaNa meM isakA vizada varNana pAyA jAtA hai ( bAlakANDa, 13 / 14 ) / 570 aitihAsika kRtiyoM meM bhI azvamegha kA ullekha huA hai| nandivarma pallavamalla ke senApati udayacandra ne niSAdarAja pRthivIza ko harAyA, jisane usake azvamegha ke azva kI sthAna-sthAna para jAte samaya rakSA kI thI (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 8, pR0 273 ) / yaha ghaTanA navIM zatAbdI kI hai| cAlukyarAja pulakezI ne bhI azvamedha kiyA thA (epigrAfiyA karnATikA, jilda 10, kolara saMkhyA 63) / Andhra ke rAjA ne rAjasUya, do azvameSa, garmatrirAtra, gayAmana evaM aMgirasAmayana sampAdita kiye the ( AryAlAjikala sarve Ava vesTarna iNDiyA, jilda 5, 1060-61, nAmA ghATa abhilekha ) / ' 18vIM zatAbdI ke prathama bhAga meM Amera (jayapura) ke rAjA jayasiMha ne azvamegha yajJa kiyA thA (pUnA oriyaNTalisTa, jilda 2, pR0 166-80 tathA kRSNa-kavi kA IzvaravilAsa kAvya, Dakana kAleja kalekzana, hastalipi saMkhyA 273, san 1884-86 ) / satra yajJa-sambandhI dIrgha kAloM kI avadhi vAle kRtya ko satra kahA jAtA hai, jisakI sImA 12 dinoM se lekara eka varSa yA isase adhika hotI hai| satroM kI prakRti dvAdazAha kI hotI hai (Azva0 9 / 1 / 7) / satroM ko suvidhAnusAra rAtrisatroM tathA sAMvatsarika satroM (eka varSa yA adhika samaya taka calane vAloM) meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AzvalAyana ( 9/118 - 116 116 ) evaM kAtyAyana (24 / 1-2 ) ne trayodazarAtra Adi se lekara zatarAtra taka ke bahuta-se rAtrisatroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina donoM sUtroM meM satroM ke pramukha siddhAntoM tathA dvAdazAha se unake udgama kA varNana milatA hai| yadi eka hI dina aura jor3A jAya to vaha mahAvata ho jAtA hai, aura yaha eka dina kA jor3anA udayanIya nAmaka antima dina ke pUrva hI hotA hai| yadi do yA adhika dina jor3e jAyeM to aisA dazarAtra ke pUrva hI kiyA jAtA hai (aisA karanA prAyaNIya dina ke uparAnta hI acchA mAnA jAtA hai aura taba dvAdazAha kA yaha madhya aMza ho jAtA hai) / bahuta dinoM taka calane vAle rAtrisatroM ke viSaya meM dhaDaha jor3e jAte haiM ( kAtyA0 24 / 1 / 5-7, Azva0 92118-14 ) / eka hI satra meM adhika se adhika eka hI bAra dazarAtra doharAyA jA sakatA hai ( kAtyA0 24 | 3 | 34) / sthAnAbhAva se hama rAtrisatroM kA varNana nahIM kreNge| sAMvatsarika satroM kA AdhAra hai gavAmayana ( gAyoM kA patha arthAt sUrya kI kiraNeM yA dina ) / isa viSaya meM dekhie AzvalAyana (9 / 7 / 1), jaimini (8118) kI TIkA tathA kAtyAyana ( 24/4/2 ) / sUtra-granthoM meM eka varSa yA isase adhika avadhi vAle katipaya satroM kA ullekha huA hai, yathA-AdityAnAmayana ( Azva0 12 // 11), aMgirasAmayana, kuNDapAyinAmayana ( Azva0 12/4 | 1 ), sarpANAmayana, traivArSika (tIna varSoM vAlA), dvAdaza 6, azvameSa ke viSaya meM dekhie taittirIya saMhitA (42626-9, 47115, 511-6, 711-5); taitirIya brAhmaNa (338-9); zatapatha brAhmaNa (13 / 1-5); Apa0 (2011-23); satyAvADha (15); mAtva0 ( 1016-10 ) ; kAtyA0 ( 20 ); lATyA0 (9/9-11); baudhA0 (15) /

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satra (pa.) ke mena vArSika, SaTtriMzadvArSika, zatasaMvatsara (Azva0 1215 / 18) evaM sahasrasaMvatsara, sArasvata (pavitra nadI sarasvatI ke tara para kiyA jAne vAlA) / yahA~ para kevala gavAmayana ke viSaya meM kucha likhA jaaygaa| 'gavAm ayana' sAMvatsarika satra hai jo 12 mAsoM (30 dinoM vAle) taka calatA rahatA hai / isake nimnalikhita aMga haiM (tANDya0 24 / 20 / 1, Azva0 9 / 1 / 2-6 evaM 7 / 2-12, zatapatha0 14 / 5 / 18-40 evaM Apa0 21 / 15) (ka) prAyaNIya atirAtra (Arambhika dina) caturviMza dina, ukthya pAMca mAsa, jinameM pratyeka meM cAra abhiplava SaDaha tathA eka pRSThya SaDaha pAye jAte haiM (pratyeka mAsa 30 dinoM kA mAnA jAtA hai)| tIna abhiplava evaM eka pRSThya abhijit dina (agniSToma)! 28 dina tIna svarasAma dina ye sabhI dina milakara 30 dina vAle 6 mAsa hote haiN| (kha) viSuvat yA madhya dina (ekaviMzastoma), jaba ki atigrAhya soma-pAtra sUrya tathA kisI aparAdhI ko diyA jAtA hai| (ga) tIna svarasAma dina (jaba svara nAmaka sAmoM kA gAyana hotA hai, tANDya 4 / 5), vizvajit dina (agniSToma) * 28 dina eka pRSThya tathA tIna abhiplava paDaha Arambha meM eka pRSThya tathA cAra abhiplava pAha vAle, cAra mAsa tIna abhiplava SaDaha eka goSToma (agniSToma) / eka AyuSToma (ukthya) / 30 dina eka dazarAtra (dasa dina) ) mahAvrata dina (agniSToma) udayanIya (atirAtra) ye sabhI dina (ga ke antargata) 6 mAsa hote haiN| isa gavAm ayana kA sampAdana kaI prakAra ke phaloM, yathA--santati, sampatti, ucca sthiti, svarga ke lie kiyA jAtA hai (Apa0 2015 / 1, satyASADha 16 / 5 / 14) / jisa dina dIkSA lI jAtI hai, usake viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| aitareya brAhmaNa (19 / 4) ke anusAra isakA sampAdana mAgha yA phAlguna meM honA caahie| kucha logoM ke mata se (satyASADha 16 / 5 / 16-17, Apa0 21115 / 5-6) mAgha yA caitra kI pUrNimA ke cAra dina pUrva dIkSA lenI caahie| anya dinoM ke lie dekhie lATyAyana (105 / 16-17), kAtyAyana (133102-10) Adi / jaimini (6.5 / 30-37) evaM kAtyAyana (13 / 118) ke mata se mAgha kI pUrNimA ke cAra dina pUrva (arthAt ekAdazI ko) dIkSA lenI caahie| __gavAmayana meM satra ke rUpa meM dvAdazAha kI vidhi apanAyI jAtI hai (Apa0 21 / 15 / 2-3 evaM jaimini 8 // 117) / kucha logoM ke mata se isameM 12 kI apekSA 17 dIkSAeM lI jAtI haiN| satroM ke viSaya meM kucha sAmAnya niyama ye hai--ye kaI yajamAnoM dvArA sampAdita ho sakate haiN| kevala brAhmaNa hI inake adhikArI mAne jAte haiM (jaimini 6 / 6 / 1623, kAtyA0 106 / 14) / inake lie alaga se Rtvik yA purohita nahIM hote, pratyuta yajamAna hI purohita hote haiM

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572 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (jaimini 6 / 45/50 evaM 51-59, satyASADha 16 / 1 / 21) / jaimini (6 / 2 / 1 ) kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ne likhA hai ki jo loga eka sAtha milakara satra sampAdita karate haiM unakI saMkhyA kama-se-kama 17 tathA adhika-se-adhika 24 hotI hai aura sabhI ko samAna AdhyAtmika phala prApta hotA hai (jaimini 6 / 2 / 1-2 ) / isI se satroM meM na to varaNa (purohitoM kA cunAva) hotA hai aura na dAna-dakSiNA kA prazna uThatA hai (jaimini 10 / 2 / 34-38) / sanIhAroM ( dakSiNA ekatra karane vAloM) ko dAna ekatra karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI / yajJapAtroM kA nirmANa samAna prayoga ke lie hotA hai, sabake pAtra alaga-alaga hote haiN| yadi koI satra sampAdana ke bIca hI mara jAya to usako usake yajJapAtroM ke sAtha hI jalA diyA jAtA hai (jaimini 6 / 6 / 33-35 ) / satroM meM pratinidhiyoM kI bhI vyavasthA hotI hai| divaMgata vyakti ke sthAna para anya vyakti bhI satra kara sakate haiM, kintu phala prApti divaMgata ko hI hotI hai| ve hI loga satra kara sakate haiN| jinhoMne tInoM vaidika agniyA~ prajvalita kara rakhI hoM, kevala sArasvata satra meM hI kucha chUTa isa viSaya meM dI gayI hai| jaimini ( 606 / 1 - 11 ) ke mata se eka hI prakAra kI zAkhAvivi ke anusAra calane vAle loga sAtha-sAtha satra kara sakate haiM, anyathA prayAjoM evaM AnI vacanoM (chandoM yA padoM) ke viSaya meM kaThinAI utpanna ho sakatI hai| bahudhA eka hI gotra vAle eka sAtha satra kara sakate haiN| yadi satra karane kI pratijJA lekara athavA Arambha kara lene ke uparAnta koI vyakti satra karanA chor3a detA hai to use prAyazcitta rUpa meM vizvajit kRtya ( jaimini 6 / 4 / 32 evaM 6 / 5 / 25-27) karanA par3atA hai| yadyapi satra meM sabhI yajamAna hote haiM, kintu unameM kisI eka ko gRhapati bana jAnA par3atA hai| dIkSA lete samaya eka vicitra vidhi kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai ( kAtyAyana 12 / 2 / 15, satyASADha 16 / 1 / 36, Apastamba 21/2/1621 / 3 / 1); adhvaryu sarvaprathama gRhapati tathA brahmA hotA evaM udgAtA ko dIkSA detA hai; pratiprasthAtA adhvaryu, maitrAvaruNa, brAhmaNAcchaMsI evaM prastotA ko dIkSita karatA hai; neSTA pratiprasthAtA ko tathA acchAvAka AgnIdha evaM pratihartA ko dIkSita karatA hai; unnatA nepTA, grAvastu evaM subrahmaNya ko tathA isI prakAra pratiprasthAtA yA koI anya brAhmaNa (jo svayaM dIkSita ho cukA ho) yA veda kA koI chAtra yA snAtaka unnetA ko dIkSita karatA hai| uparyukta logoM kI patniyAM sAtha hI dIkSita hotI haiM ( kAtyA0 12/2/13 ) / pratidina satra meM sammilita loga soma kI mauna rUpa se rakSA karate haiM tathA anya loga veda-pATha karate haiM yA samiyA lAte haiM (zatapatha brAhmaNa 4 6 917, kAtyA0 12 / 4 / 1 evaM 3 ) / dasaveM dina brahmodya hotA hai yA prajApati ko madhumakkhiyA~, tataiyA ( bhir3a) evaM cora utpanna karane ke kAraNa gAliyA~ dI jAtI haiM ( Apa0 21 / 12 / 1-3, satyA0 16/4133-35, kAtyA0 12 / 4 / 21-23) / satra karate samaya yajamAna ko kucha niyama pAlana karane par3ate haiM (Azva0 1218, drAhyAyaNa zrItasUtra 713 - 9 ) / dIkSaNIyA iSTi karane ke uparAnta pitaroM ke lie kiye jAne vAle kRtya ( piNDapitRyajJa Adi ) tathA devatAoM vAle kRtya ( yathA agnihotra ) satra kI samApti taka banda rakhe jAte haiN| satra karane vAloM ko satra samApti taka sambhoga karanA manA rahatA hai / ve daur3akara nahIM cala sakate / ve na to dA~ta dikhAkara ha~sa sakate aura na nAriyoM se bAteM kara sakate haiN| ve anAryoM se bola nahIM skte| jala meM DubakI lenA, asatya bhASaNa karanA, krodha karanA, per3a para car3hanA, nAva yA ratha para car3hanA manA kara diyA jAtA hai| satrI (satra karane vAle) ko gAnA, nAcanA evaM vAdya yantra vajAnA manA hai| dIkSA ke samaya ve kevala dUdha kA pAna kara sakate haiN| somarasa nikAlane ke dina ve havi ke avazeSa bhAga, kanda-mUla-phala yA vrata vAle bhojya padArthoM kA hI sevana kara sakate haiN| satra - kRtya kA atyanta manohArI dina mahAvrata vAlA mAnA jAtA hai aura yaha mahAvrata samApti ke eka dina pUrva kiyA jAtA isa dina vicitra-vicitra kRtya hote haiN| yaha vrata prajApati ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki prajApati ko 'mahAna' kahA jAtA hai| 'mahAvrata' kA tAtparya hai 'anna' (tANDya 4110-2, zatapatha0 416/4/2) / isa dina anya ke sAtha-sAtha mahAvratIya soma-pAtra se soma kI Ahuti dI jAtI hai / prajApati ke lie pazu-bali dI jAtI hai|

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aniyana (bedI-racanA) 573 mahAvrata bAlA sAma-pATha kiyA jAtA hai| satra meM lage hue logoM ko gAliyA~ dI jAtI haiN| eka vezyA evaM eka brahmacArI gAlI-galauja hotA hai| Arya evaM zUdra meM bhI yuddha kA nATaka hotA hai jisameM Arya jIta jAtA hai (tANDya 5/5 // 14-17, satyA0 16 / 7 / 28-32) / jo loga satra meM sammilita nahIM hote unameM sambhoga hotA hai| yaha karma eka ghire hue sthala meM hotA hai| yaha kRtya prajApati ke kArya kA pratIka mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha sRSTi kA vidhAtA hai| mahAvrata prajApati ke lie hI sampAdita hotA hai ataH yaha kRtya vizeSa rUpa se usase hI sambandhita hai| vedI ke dakSiNa koNa ke pUrva kI ora eka rama rakhA rahatA hai jisa para car3hakara eka sAmanta yA kSatriya dhanuSa-bANa se yukta hokara vedI kI tIna bAra pradakSiNA karatA hai aura eka carma para bANa pheMkatA hai| isa kRtya ke samaya DholakeM bajatI rahatI haiN| purohita gAte haiM, yajamAnoM kI patniyA~ fraftyoM kA karma pradarzita karatI haiN| ATha dasa dAsiyA~ sira para jalapUrNa ghar3e lekara nAcatI gAtI hai aura gAthAe~ kahatI haiM jinameM gau kI mahimA kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| lagatA hai, mahAvrata prAcIna kAla kA koI laukika kRtya hai jo yajJa kI thakAna miTAne ke lie sampAdita hotA thA / aitareya AraNyaka (1 evaM 5 ) ne mahAvrata ko eka viziSTa rUpa diyA hai aura uparyukta bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|" udayanIya dina meM maitrAvaruNa, vizve devoM evaM bRhaspati ( kAtyAyana 1314/4) ko tIna anubandhyA gAyeM bAhutiyoM ke rUpa meM dI jAtI haiN| yadyapi sUtroM ne sau-sau yA sahasra varSoM taka ke satroM kA varNana kiyA hai, kintu prAcIna kAla ke lekhakoM ne bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki aise satra, vAstava meM, sampAdita hote nahIM the, kama-se-kama aitihAsika kAloM meM unakA koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| pataMjali ne mahAbhASya meM likhA hai ki unake samaya ke Asa-pAsa sau yA sahasra varSoM taka calane vAle satroM kA sampAdana nahIM hotA thA aura yAjJikoM ne satroM ke viSaya meM jo niyama banAye haiM ve sabhI prAcIna RSiyoM kI paramparA ke yotaka mAtra haiM ( mahAbhASya, bhAga 1 pR0 9 ) / anya satroM meM sArasvata satra atyanta vyApaka evaM karaNIya mAne gaye haiM, kyoMki unake sampAdana ke silasile meM sarasvatI tathA anya pavitra nadiyoM ke pAvana sthaloM para yajamAnoM ko jAnA par3atA thaa| isa viSaya meM dekhie, AzvalAyana ( 12 / 6), lATyAyana (10 / 15) evaM kAtyAyana ( 6 / 14 ) / agnicayana after after kA nirmANa atyanta gUr3ha evaM jaTila hai| zrIta yajJoM meM yaha kRtya sabase kaThina hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM lagabhaga eka tihAI bhAga ( 14 bhAgoM meM 5 bhAga) cayana se hI sambandhita hai| Arambha meM cayana eka svatantra kRtya thA, kintu Age calakara yaha soma-yajJoM ke antargata A gyaa| isa kRtya kI jar3a meM kucha viziSTa jagatsRSTi-viSayaka siddhAnta pAye jAte haiN| mRgveda (10 / 121) meM bhI hiraNyagarbha yA prajApati sampUrNa brahmANDa ke vidhAtA ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai; utpatti, nAza evaM punarutpatti kA niyama zAzvata mAnA gayA hai; ajaba-gatiyA~ sadA se calatI AyI haiM aura calatI jAyeMgI, aisA vizvAsa bahuta prAcIna kAla se calA AyA hai (dhAtA yathApUrvamakalpayat, Rgveda 7. zabdAmadhvaryavaH kArayanti / etasminnahani prabhUtamannaM dadyAt / rAjaputreNa dharma vyAmayantyAdhnanti bhUmimyuni patyazca kANDavINA bhUtAnAM ca maithunaM brahmacAripuMzcalyoH saMpravAdonekena sAmnA niSkevalyAva stuvate yanastotriyeNa pratipadyate / ai0 A0 (51114) |

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574 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 10 / 190 / 3) / puruSa ne svayaM yajJiya sAmagriyoM (havi) kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| varSa evaM RtuoM ne punarnirmANa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA--vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita puruSa ke punarabhiyojana evaM punanirmANa ke pIche varSa evaM vibhinna Rtu haiN| isIlie manuSya ko, jo isa prakAra kI ajasra gatiyoM kA zizu mAtra hai, isa vizva ke punanirmANa ke lie apanA kartavya karanA caahie| vaha apanA yaha kartavya, agni ko prajApati ke rUpa meM yA use paramapUta tathA jIvanAdhAra evaM sabhI kriyAoM ke mUla ke rUpa meM mAnakara, agni kI pUjA karake sampAdita kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra agni meM yajJa-vastuoM kI AhutiyAM dekara vaha punaHsRSTi evaM punanirmANa kI gati ko bar3hAvA de sakatA hai| manuSya vidhAtA kI sRSTi kI anukRti (nakala) IMToM se bane bar3e-bar3e DhAMcoM se kara sakatA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa (6 / 2 / 2 / 21) ne ina mAvanAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa kA dasavA~ kANDa agnicayana ke rahasya se sambandhita hai| vedikA ke nirmANa meM jo kRtya hote haiM, athavA jisa prakAra vedikA-nirmANa hotA hai usameM sRSTi kI punaHsRSTi evaM punanirmANa kI hI gatiyA~ pratIka rUpa meM dyotita haiN| nIce hama kAtyAyana, satyASADha evaM Apastamba ke varNana ke AdhAra para saMkSepa meM agni-cayana kA varNana upasthita kreNge| agni-vedikA kA pAMca staroM meM nirmANa somayAga kA eka aMga hai| kintu pratyeka somayAga meM capana Avazyaka nahIM mAnA jaataa| mahAvata nAmaka somayAga meM aisA kiyA jAtA hai| hamane Upara dekha liyA hai ki mahAvrata gavAna na kI samApti ke eka dina pUrva sampAdita hotA hai| jaba koI vyakti agni-vedikA banAnA cAhatA, to vaha sarvaprathama phAlguna kI pUrNimA-iSTi ke uparAnta yA mAgha kI amAvasyA ke dina pA~ca pazuoM (yathA manuSya, azva, baila, bher3a evaM bakare) kI bali detA thaa| manuSya kI bali kisI chipe sthAna meM hotI thii| pazuoM ke sira vedikA meM cuna diye jAte the, aura unake ghar3a usa jala meM pheMka diye jAte the jisase miTTI sAnakara IMTeM banAyI jAtI thiiN| kAtyAyana (16 // 1132) ne likhA hai ki hama vikalpa se pazuoM ke sthAna para unake sira ke AkAra ke svarNima yA miTTI ke sira banA kara prayoga meM lA sakate haiN| Adhunika kAla meM jaba kabhI agni-cayana hotA hai to ina pAMca jIvoM kI svarNima bAkutiyA~ hI prayoga meM lAyI jAtI haiN| isake uparAnta phAlguna ke kRSNa pakSa ke AThaveM dina eka azva, eka gadahA tathA eka bakarA Ahavanoya agni ke dakSiNa le jAye jAte haiM (azva sabase Age rahatA hai)| ina pazuoM ke mukha pUrva kI ora hote haiN| jahA~ se miTTI lI jAtI hai vahA~ taka azva le jAyA jAtA hai| AhavanIya agni ke pUrva meM eka vargAkAra gaDDhA khodA jAtA hai jisameM miTTI kA eka itanA bar3A ghoMdhA rakha diyA jAtA hai ki usase gaDDhA punaH bhara jAtA hai aura usa sthala kA UparI bhAga pRthivI ke barAbara jyoM-kA-tyoM ho jAtA hai| isake uparAnta miTTI ke ghoMghe evaM AhavanIya ke madhya kI bhUmi meM cIMTiyoM ke DhUha se miTTI lAkara ikaTThI kara lI jAtI hai| AhavanIya agni ke utara meM kisI yajJiya vRkSa kA eka bittA lambA kudAla rakha diyA jAtA hai| isa kudAla se gaDDhe meM rakhI miTTI (gIlI miTTI ke dhodhe) ke Upara cITiyoM ke DhUha vAlI miTTI rakha dI jAtI hai| azva ke paira dvArA usa gaDDhe kI miTTI dabA dI jAnI hai| purohita kudAla se usa miTTI para tIna rekhAe~ khIMca detA hai aura usake uttara meM eka kRSNa-mRgacarma bichA kara usa para eka kamala-patra rakha detA hai, jisa para gaDDhe vAlI miTTI nikAla kara rakha dI jAtI hai| mRgacarma ke kinAre 8. aisA lagatA hai ki manuSya, vAstava meM, mArA nahIM jAtA thA, pratyuta chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| bali bAlA manuSya vaizya yA kSatriya hotA thA (kAtyAyana 16 / 1 / 17) / baudhAyana (10 / 9) ke mata se yuddha meM mAre gaye manuSya tathA azva ke sira lAye jAte the--"saMgrAme hatayorazvasya ca vaizyasya ca shirsii| dovyanta RSana pcnte| vRSNi vastaM cAharanti / ettsrpshirH|" dekhie kAtyAyana (1631332) /

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adhivaSama (varI-mA) maMja ko rassI se bAMdha diye jAte hai| purohita miTTI ke ghoMdhe ke sAtha mRgacarma uThA letA hai aura use pUrva kI ora karake pazuoM ke Upara rakhatA hai| isa bAra pazu ulaTIrIti se Ate haiM, arthAt pahale bakarA AtA hai aura ansa meM ashv| Apastamba (16 // 3 // 10) ke mata se miTTI kI khepa gadahe para rakhakara eka zivira meM lAyI jAtI hai| cAroM ora se ghire zivira meM AhavanIya ke uttara miTTI rakha dI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta purohita usa miTTI meM bakara ke bAla milAtA hai aura use aise jala se sAnatA hai jisameM palAza kI chAla ubAlI gayI ho| usa sanI huI miTTI meM vaha bAla, lohe kA jaMga evaM choTe-choTe prastarakhaNDa milA detA hai| isa miTTI se yajamAna kI patnI yA pahalI patnI (yadi kaI paliyA~ hoM to) prathama ITa kA nirmANa karatI hai jisakI avADhA saMjJA hai| isa IMTa kA AkAra caturbhuja hotA hai aura yaha yajamAna ke pAMva ke barAbara hotI hai| IMTa para tIna rekhAe~ khIMca dI jAtI haiN| yajamAna sanI huI miTTI se eka ukhA (agni-pAtra) banAtA hai| vaha vizvajyoti nAmaka tIna anya IMTeM banAtA hai jina para tIna aisI rekhAeM banA dI jAtI haiM jo prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya IMToM kI dyotaka ho jAtI haiN| sanI miTTI kA zeSa bhAga, jise upazava kahA jAtA hai, pRSaka rakha diyA jAtA hai| ukhA ko ghor3e kI lIda se bane sAta upaloM ke dhUma se dhUmAyita kiyA jAtA hai| ye upale dakSiNa agni meM jalAye jAte haiN| eka vargAkAra gaDDhA khodA jAtA hai, jisameM lakar3iyAM jalAyI jAtI haiM aura usameM ukhA evaM IMTeM pakane ke lie DAla dI jAtI haiN| purohita dina meM una cAroM IMToM evaM ukhA ko nikAlatA hai aura una para bakarI kA dUdha chir3akatA hai| isake uparAnta anya IMTeM banAyI jAtI haiM jo yajamAna ke pAMva ke barAbara hotI haiM aura jinheM itanA pakAyA jAtA hai ki ve lAla ho uThatI haiN| phAlguna kI amAvasyA ko isa kRtya ke lie dIkSA lI jAtI hai| dIkSaNIya iSTi tathA anya sAdhAraNa kRtya sampAdita kiye jAte haiN| yajamAna yA adhvaryu ukhA ko AhavanIya agni para rakhatA hai aura usa para 13 samidhAe~ sajAtA hai| yajamAna 21 kuNDaloM yA maNiyoM vAlA (nAbhi taka pahu~cane vAlA) sone kA AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta AhavanIya se ukhA uThAkara usake pUrva meM eka zikya para rakha dI jAtI hai jisameM agni DAla dI jAtI hai| ukhA meM rakhI huI yaha agni sAla bhara yA kucha kama avadhi (Apa0 16 / 9 / 1 ke anusAra 12, 6 yA 3 dinoM) taka rakhI rahatI hai| eka dina ke antara para yajamAna usa agni kA sammAna vAtsapra mantroM (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 12 // 18 28. R0 10 // 45 // 1-11) se karatA hai aura viSNukrama karatA hai| vaha rAkha haTAkara nayI samidhAeM ukhA meM rakhatA rahatA hai| isake uparAnta vedikA-nirmANa hotA hai| vedikA ke pA~ca stara hote haiM, jinameM prathama, tRtIya evaM paJcama kA DhaMga dvitIya evaM caturtha se bhinna hotA hai| vedikA kA svarUpa droNa (done) ke samAna yA ratha-cakra, zyena (bAja pakSI), kaMka, suparNa (garur3a) ke samAna hotA hai (tai0 saM0 5 / 4 / 11, kAtyA0 1615 / 9) / kaI AkAra kI IMTeM vyavahAra meM lAyI jAtI haiM, yathA trikoNAkAra, AyatAkAra, vargAkAra yA trikonn+aaytaakaar| unheM vicitra DhaMga se sajAyA jAtA hai| vedikA kI IMToM kI sajAvaTa meM jyAmiti evaM rAjagIrI kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| mantroM ke sAtha IMTeM rakhI jAtI haiN| IMToM ke kaI nAma hote haiN| yajuSmatI nAmaka IMTeM pakSI ke AkAra ke kAma meM AtI haiN| kucha IMToM ke nAma RSiyoM ke nAma para hote haiM, yathA vaalkhily| lagatA hai, ye IMTeM sarvaprathama RSiyoM dvArA kAma meM lAyI jAtI thiiN| jaimini (5 / 3 / 17-20) ne citriNI evaM lokampaNa nAmaka IMToM ke sthAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai| antima dIkSA ke dina vedikA ke sthala kI nApa-jokha kI jAtI hai| yajamAna kI lambAI se dUnI rassI se nApa Adi liyA jAtA hai| yajamAna kI lambAI kA pA~cavA~ bhAga arani kahalAtA hai aura dasarvAM bhAga pd| pratyeka pada bAraha aMguloM kA mAnA jAtA hai aura tIna pada kA eka prakrama hotA hai (kAtyA0 16 / 8 / 21) / vedikA-sthala ko viziSTa DhaMga se jotA jAtA hai (Apa0 16 / 19 / 11-13, kAtyA0 17 // 3 // 6-7, satyASADha 9 / 5 / 21) / prathama

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dharmazAlA kA itihAsa upasad ke uparAnta IMToM kI sajAvaTa Arambha kI jAtI hai| vedikA-sthala para sarvaprathama jahA~ azva apanA paira rakha cukA rahatA hai (Apa0 16 // 22 // 3), eka kamala-patra rakhA jAtA hai jisa para yajamAna dvArA dhAraNa kiyA huA AbhUSaNa rakhA jAtA hai| mantroM kA uccAraNa hotA hai (vAja* saMhitA 13 // 3, taittirIya saMhitA 4 / 2 / 8 / 2) / isa AbhUSaNa ke dakSiNa ekaM sone kI manuSyAkRti rakhI jAtI hai, jisakI prArthanA (upasthAna) kI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta kaI prakAra kI vidhiyoM se nAnA prakAra kI IMTeM, yathA viyaja, Rtavya, avakA, aSADhA, svayamAtRSNA rakhI jAtI haiN| ghRta, maghu, daSi se lepita eka kachuvA bAMdhakara rakha diyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta aneka kRtya hote haiM, jinakA vivaraNa yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| jaisA ki Aramma meM hI likhA jA cukA hai, pAMcoM jIvoM ke sira bhI yathAsthAna rakhe jAte hai| satyApATha (11 / 5 / 22) ke mata se vevikA ke pratyeka stara meM 200 IMTeM (kula milAkara 20045=1000 iMTeM) lagatI haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa evaM kAtyAyana (177 / 22-23) ke mata se pAMcoM staroM meM kula milAkara 10,800 iMTeM lagatI haiN| nirmANa kI avadhi ke viSaya meM bhI kaI mata haiN| kucha logoM ke mata se cAra staroM meM 8 mAsa tathA pAMcaveM meM cAra mAsa lagate haiN| kintu satyASADha (12 // 1 // 1) evaM Apastamba (1711-1-11, 1728, 17 / 331) ne-sabhI staroM ke lie pAMca dinoM kI avadhi ghoSita kI hai| sabhI staroM ke nirmita ho jAne para vedikA para AhavanIya agni kI pratiSThA kara dI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta vakAra yA vRttAkAra ATha viSNyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka choTA, gola tathA vibhinna raMgoM vAlA prastara (azmA) bAmnIghra ke Asana ke dakSiNa meM rakha diyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra anya kRtya bhI kiye jAte haiN| rudra ke lie zatarudriya homa kiyA jAtA hai| arka nAmaka paudhe ke pattoM se 425 AhutiyAM rudra tathA usake anya bhayAnaka svarUpoM ko dI jAtI haiN| mantroM kA uccAraNa hotA rahatA hai (vAjasaneyI saMhitA 16 / 1-66, taitti0 saM0 4 / 5 / 1-10) / isake uparAnta vedikA ko jala se ThaNDA kiyA jAtA hai| bahuta-sI AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM, jinakA vivecana yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| somayAga kI vidhi bhI kI jAtI hai| jo agni-cayana kA kRtya karate haiM unheM vrata bhI karane par3ate haiN| ve kisI ke sAmane jhukate nahIM, varSA meM bAhara nahIM nikalate, pakSiyoM kA mAMsa nahIM khAte, zUdra nArI se saMbhoga nahIM karate, aadiaadi| jaba koI dUsarI bAra agni-cayana kara letA hai, vaha apanI hI jAti vAlI patnI se sahavAsa kara sakatA hai| tIsarI bAra agni-cayana kara lene para apanI strI se bhI saMbhoga karanA manA hai (Apa0 17 / 24 / 1-5, kAtyA0 18 // 6 / 25-31, satyA0 1217 / 15-17) / jaimini (2 / 3 / 21-33) ke mata se agni-cayana agni kA saMskAra hai na ki koI svatantra yjny| yadi koI vyakti agni-cayana kara lene para koI lAbha nahIM uThA pAtA to vaha punazciti kara sakatA hai| Apastamba (1812411) ke mata se punazciti kA sampAdana sampatti, veda-zAna yA santAna ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| agni-cayana ke sampAdana ke samaya jo truTiyAM hotI haiM, unake lie bahuta-se sarala evaM jaTila prAyazcittoM kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai, jinakA varNana agale bhAga meM hogaa| isa bhAga meM varNita yajJoM ke dArzanika svarUpa para prakAza Age DAlA jaaygaa| Age hama yaha bhI dekheMge ki ye yajJa kAlAntara meM samApta-se kyoM ho gaye aura inake sthAna para anya dhArmika kRtya kyoM kiye jAne lge| . 9. kachavA prajApati ke kArya kI anukRti kA pratIka hai| kachuve kA rUpa dhAraNa karake hI prajApati ne isa saMsAra kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| sambhavataH isI kriyA ke AdhAra para bhavana, pula Adi ke nirmANa meM pazu-bali Adi

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-1 [anukramaNikA] (pRSTha 1 se 576 taka) aMgirA. 41 makratu 110 agnicayana 553 agnipurANa 50 agnipraNayana 546 agniSToma yajJa 545, 556 agnihotra 517 agnyAdhAna 513 agnyAdheya 513 agrahAra 460 atirAva 557 aparvaveda 3, 4, 33, 45, 345 atharvAgirasI zrRti 45 adeya padArtha 452 anadhyAya 258 anantadeva 64 anavalobhana 188 aniruddha 81 anuzAsana-parva 16 anaurasa putra 6 mantAvasAyI 125 antya 125 antyaja 125 antyeSTi 176 andhaM 125 annaprAzana 116, 202 anvArohaNa 346 apanAsa 110 aparArka 53,20,35, 50, 55,57,56, 62,76 aparAditya 76 aptoryAma 557 aprAmANika dAna 470 andapUrti 202 abhiSikta 125 amagala padArtha 378 ambaSTha 125 ambaSThA 122 ayaskAra 126 arka-vivAha 310 arthazAstra 26, 347 alpasaMvarta 65 avarITa 126 avira 126 abata 110 azvaghoSa 46 azvattha-vivAha 310 azvamegha 5 asatpratigraha 470 asahAya 13,65 asahAya-bhASya 56 aspRzyatA 167 asvIkArya dAna 453 atri 35, 36, 45, 166 avismRti 35 atri-saMhitA 35 AMgirasa 27 AghAsika 140, 443, 5..

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2 * dharmazAstra kA itihAsa AgrahAyaNI m indra 33, 420 Acamana 362 mAcAra 355 mAtura-saMnyAsa 502 IzAnabali 445 bhAdarzacyuta saMnyAsI 501 Adityadarzana 176, 201 ukthya yA uktha 556 mAnandAzrama-saMgraha 20, 21 ugra 127 bAndhasika 140 ujjvalA vRtti 20 AnvIkSikI 12, 28 ujjvalA vyAkhyA 20 Apastamba 8, hai utathya 13 Apastambakalpa 12, 344 utathyaputra 45 Apastamba-gRhyasUtra 360 utthAna 176 mApastamba-dharmasUtra 12, 16, 174, 175, 414,445 utsarga 176, 472-73 apIta 126 utsarjana 176 mArphata 36. udIcya 20 bhAbhIya 32 uddhava 33 bhAbhIra 126 udbandhaka 127 bhAyogava 126 udvAha 268 Ara0 zAmazAstrI (DaoN.) 14, 28 upakraSTa 127 ArogyazAlA 466 upanayana 176,208-231 AryAvarta 106 upaniSad 12 Avantya 127 upaniSkramaNa 176 Avartaka 140 upayama 268 Azrama 264, 267 uparava 550 AzvayujI 443 upaveda 12 AzvalAyana-zrauta* 6, 21, 70, 82 upAkarma 176, 436 Azvika 127 upodarAta 508 Asura vivAha 6 ubhayatomukhI-govAna 466 AhiNDika 127 uzanAH 27, 36 AhituNDika 141 Ahnika AcAra 355 Rgveda 3, 5. 7, 42, 102, 106, 111 / / Atreya 14 143, 265, 353, 420,510 / mAtreya dharmazAstra 35 RSA 8 Rju mitAkSarA 72 iNDikA 30 Rtugraha 553 itihAsa 12 RtusaMgamana 178 idhmAharaNa 526 RSyazRMga 60

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e eggarsa (DA0) 34 esa0 vI0 vizvanAthana 23 ai eNzyeNTa laoN 10 aitareya brAhmaNa 4, 7, 25, 115 o oDra 127 o aupajaM dhani da orabhra 141 aurasa putra 6 ozanasa 32 auzanasI rAjanIti 36 ka kaTakAra 127 kaTadhAnaka 141 kaThopaniSad 11 kaNva 16, 36 kaNva baudhAyana 14 kaphellA 25 kamalAkara bhaTTa 62 kamboja 33 karaNa 127 karaNI 123 karNavedha - 176, 201 karmakAra 127 karmapradIpa 56 karma vipAka 11 karmAnuSThAnapaddhati 75 karmAre 120 kaliyuga 253 kalpataru 76, 77 kalpapAdapa 466 kalpavRkSa 463 kalpasUtra kalyANa bhaTTa 55 kazyapa 37 kAMsyakAra kAkavaca 128 kANva 16. 36 kANvAyana 14 kAtya t kAtyAyana 18, 27, 32, 58, 74, 75 kAdambarI 26, 30 kAmadhenu 75, 463 kAmandaka 28, 26 128 kAmasUtra 33 kAmboja 128 kAmya snAna 368 kAmyAH pazavaH 544 kAmyeSTi 540 kAyastha 128 kArAvara 128 kArIrISTi 540 kAruSa 128 kAzInAtha upAdhyAya kAzyapa 8, 35 kASrNAjini kiJjalka 32 60 kirAta 126 kisteM ( viyanA, 1886 I0) 20 kItha 26 126 kukunda kukura 33 kukkuTa kuTala 30 kuNika 16 126 kutsa 16 kuntalaka 141 kumArila 6, 25 kumbhakAra 12e kumbha-vivAha 310 kuru-pAMcAla 33 anukramaNikA 66 * 3

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4 * dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kuruvinda 141 kulAla 126 kulika 126 kullUka bhaTTa 13, 42, 70, 83 kuzIlava 126 kRta 126 kRSi 150 kRSNa yajurveda 14, 16 kezava bhaTTa 55 kezAnta 176, 261 kaileNDa (DaoN0 ) kaivarta 12e kolika 130 kauTilya 28, 66, 247 kauNapadanta 30, 32 kauNDinya 14, 231 kotsa 16 va khanaka 130 khaza 130 khasa 130 14,38 ga gaNapati pUjana 181 garur3apurANa 50 garbharakSaNa 178 garbhAdhAna 178 gAMdharva vivAha 6 mArgI saMhitA 37 gArgya 37 gAyaM dharmasUtra 37 guNADhya 26 guhaka 130 gRhyasUtra 6, 21, 70, 82 goja 130 godAna 176, 261, 465 gopa 130 gobhila 56 gobhila- gRhyasUtra 11 govindacandra 77 govindarAja 62,76 govindasvAmI 15 govindAnanda 10 gosahasra 463 gotra 285 gauNa snAna 366 gautama 8, 156, 157, 66 10 gautama - dharmasUtra gautamasUtra 10 grahazAMti 466 gha barabArI gosAI 501 ghoTakamukha 32, 33 ghorAcArika 356 gholika 141 ghoSAla ( DaoN0) 2e cakrI 130 caNDezvara 74, 77, 84 caturvarga cintAmaNi 82 caturviMzatimata 60 caraka 24, 34 caraka - zAkhA caraNa - vyUha carmakAra 130 cAkrika 130 31 10, 16, 20 cANakya 26 cAturmAsya 535 cAra vedavrata 251 cArAyaNa 33 cArAyaNIya 23 cIna 33, 131 cuJcu 131 cUcuka 131 cUr3AkaraNa 176

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cUr3Akarma 203 paMtrI 440 cala nirNejaka 131 caula 203 cha chAndogyopaniSad 4, 11, 102 ja jagannAtha tarkapaMcAnana 66 janamejaya 33 japa 377 jalAzaya 473 jAtakarma 176, 162 jAti 116 jAtipraveza 255 jAtUkarNya 38 jAtyapakarSa 121 jAtyutkarSa 121 jAyasavAla ( DaoN0 ) 26 jAlI (DaoN0) 21, 23, 24, 26, 34, 38, 50, 55 jAlopajIvI 131 jitendriya 71 jImUtavAhana 56,71, 72, 77 jIvAnanda 23, 27, 35, 61 jaimini 4 jaiminisUtrabhASya 1 55 jyoti parAzara jyotirnArada 56 jyotirvasiSTha 23 za jhalla 132 E TI0 gaNapati zAstrI, pa0 34 ToDarAnanda 77, 61 1 Doma 132 Domba 132 l tantuvAya 132 tantravArtika 4, 6, 13 tantrAkhyAyikA 26 tarpaNa 16, 366 takSa 132 takSaka 132 tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa 36 tAmbUlika 132 tAmropajIvI 133 tilaka 372. tIvaradeva 22 tunnavAya 132 turAyaNa 540 tulApuruSa 461 taittirIya brAhmaNa 117 taittirIya saMhitA 67, 114 taittirIyAraNyaka 7, 1e taittirIyopaniSad 103 tailika 132 tha thsina 33 va daNDI 26 dattakamImAMsA 13, 76 dantadhAvana 363 darada 132 darza pUrNamAsa 524 dazakarmadIpaka 75 dazakarma paddhati 75 dazakumAracarita 26 dazAvatAra 364 dakSa 60 dakSasmRti 61 dakSiNA 554 dAna 447, 450, 453-455 dAna ratnAkara 61 anukramaNikA * 5

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60 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dAnasAgara 81 dAyabhAga 68, 78, 501 dAza 132 dAsaprathA 172 divasa 357 divAkIrtya 132 dIkSaNIya huSTi 546 durgApUjA 402 durbhara 141 dRSadvatI 107 deya 451 devaNNa bhaTTa devadAsI 476 devapUjA 368, 475 devapratiSThA 475 devayajJa 388 devala 38 devasvAmI 70 dauSmanta 132 dravir3a 132 drAhyAyaNa zrautasUtra 11 droNAcArya 33 dvAdazAha 560 Ri 82 dharAdAna 464 dharma-upAdAna 5 dharma nirNaya 503 dharmazAstra dharmasUtra 6, dhArezvara 6.4 dhArezvara bhojadeva vigvaNa 132 12 dhIvara 132 dhenudAna 467 dhvajI 13 na naciketA 11 70 . naTa 132 nandapaNDita 25, 55, 74, 62 nayacandrikA 24, 28, 34 narendranAtha lA 26 nAgabali 442 nAgoji bhaTTa 65 nAndIzrAddha 187 nApita 133 nAmakaraNa 176, 165 nArada 8, 50, 57, 61 nAradasmRti 46, 55, 56 nArAyaNa 73 nicchivi 133 nityAcAra pradIpa 37 niyoga 16, 13.8 nirukta 7, 42, 174, 175 nirUDha pazubandha 541 nirNayana 176, 201 nirvANa 531 niSAda 36, 133 niSAdI 120 niSkramaNa 179, 201 nIlakaNTha bhaTTa 3 nRyajJa 408 nRsiMhaprasAda 86 naimittika snAnaM 367 naiSThika brahmacArI pa paMkti dUSaka 417 paMkti-pAvana 417 paMca mahAyajJa 383 paMcalAMgalaka 464 paMcAyatana 364 252 patita-sAvitrIka 252 patnI - sannahana 532 paradA prathA 336

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. anukramaNikA * . maSa 24 sabara 26, 32, 41, 58 barAbaramAdhavIya 47 sarasmRti 54, 12 pariNava 268 pariNayana 268 parivedana 310 pariSada 502 anudAna 468 pANigrahaNa 268 pANini 12, 16, 20 pANDasopAka 133 pArada 133 pAraNava 36, 133 pAraskara-gRhayasUtra 53 pArAzara 32 pArijAta 76 pArvaNa-sthAlIpAka 440 piMgala 132 piNDapitRyajJa 534 pitAmaha 61 pitRyajJa 407 pizuna 20, 56 pizunapuna 32 pau. banarjI (ga0) 2 pusavana 178, 187 puNa 133, 134 puNyAhavAcana 186 punaH upanayana 258 punarAdheya 517 purANa 12, 48 puruSasUkta 116 pulastyasmati 61 pulinda 133 pulkasa 133 puSkara 124 puSkarasAdi 16 puSpadha 134 putrakAmyeSTi 540 pUrvamImAMsAsUtra 4 paThInasi 38 pauNDaka 133, 34 paulkasa 134 pauSTika 141 prakAza 75 pracetA 61 prajApati 27, 62 pratAparudradeva 60 pratipadapaMcikA 34 pratiSThA 472, 473 pratimAnirmANa 393 pratizruta dAna 470 pradIpa 80. prapA 7 prapAdAna 468 pramitAkSarA 72 pravardI 548 prAcetasa 27 prAtaranuvAka 551 prAcetasa manu 43 plava 141 phuharara (DaoN0) 21 bandI 134 bandhula 141 barnala (DaoN.) 14 barvara 134 bahirAstaraNa 532

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8 * dharmazAlA kA itihAsa bahirAharaNa 526 baliharaNa 406 ballAlasena 64, 81 bahupatnIkatA 312 bahumata katA 314 bANa 26 bAbA pAdhye 16 bAlaka 75 bAlakRSNa 15 bAlambhaTTa 73, 95 bAlarUpa 71 bArhaspatya 32 bAhudantipuna .32 bAhya 134 brahmasUtramANa 19 brahmahA 487 brahamA 43 brahmAvarta 107 brAhmaNa 150, 153, 154, 155,462 brAhmaNa-vRtti 144 bAhma-vivAha 6 buruDa 134 buhalara 8,16, 17, 27, 32, 46 bRhatkathA 26 bRhatkAtyAyana 56 bahatparAzara 55 bRhatpracetA 62 bRhatsaMvarta 65 bRhadgautama 13 bRhadyAjJavalkya 53 bRhadAraNyaka 20 bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 173 buhannArada 56 bRhanmanu 47 bRhaspati 8, 36, 56 bebara 27 baudhAyana 8,6 baudhAyana-dharmasUtra 8, 123, 417 brahma 110 brahamakaNTaka 487 brahmayajJa 385 brahmarSideza 107 brahmavaraNa 530 bhagavadgItA 4, 102 bhaTa 134 bhaTTasvAmI 34 bhaTTojidIkSita 22, 55 bhaNDArakara (DaoN0) 56 bharadvAja 30, 36 bharadhavasa 107 bhartR yajJa 66 bhavadeva bhaTTa 74 bhaviSyapurANa 13 bhasmAMkura 141 bhAratavarSa 107 bhAradAja 30, 36 bhAruci 25, 68 bhAllavI 14 bhASya 65. bhilla 134 bhiSak 134 bhikSA 154 bhISma 33 bhUtayajJa 406 bhUpa 134 bhUmi-dAna 456 bhUrjakaNTaka 134 bhUsvAmitva 458 mujjakaNTha 134 bhoja 134 bhojana 413, 415, 417, 418, 428, 431 bhojaprabandha 70

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mahAvairAjI 540 maMgala padArca 378 mAMsa bhakSaNa 420 maMgalabhyakti 378 mANavika 135 magadha 135 mAtaMga 135 . majumadAra (0) 26 mAtRkA-pUjana 187 maTha 499 mAtRdatta-bhASya 20 maThapratiSThA 478 mAdhava 13 maNikAra 134 mAdhava yajvA 24, 28 matsyapurANa 48 mAdhavAcArya 67, 85 matsyabandhaka 135 mAnavadharmasUtra 27 madanapArijAta 86 mAnavadhAnakalpa 25 maranapAla 86 mAnava 32 madanarala 87 mArkaNDeya 42, 43 madgu 134 mArkaNDeyapurANa 107, 170 bhayapAna 420 mArgava 135 madraka 33 / mAlAkAra 135 madhuparka 308 mAhiSya 135 nu 43, 53, 56, 120, 121, 122, 173, 174, 175 mAhiSyA 123 manuSyayA 408 mitAkSarA 13, 34, 36, 48, 50, 56, 61, 72 manusmati 4, 6, 13, 42 misarU mizra 88 mandira 476 mina mizra 64 manyu 141 mitra vindA 540 manvaryamuktAvalI 83 maja 70 marIci 62 mudrArAkSasa 26, 30 malatyAga 356 muni 265 malla 135 / * mUrtipUjA 388, 362, 364, 475, 476 mallaka 33 mUrdhAvasikta 122 mahanta 476 mRcchakaTikam 26 mahAkalpalatA 464 matapa 135 mahAdAna 460 mRdhravAcaH 120 mahAdeva dIkSita 20 megasthanIja 143 mahAbhArata 16,43, 48 maMda 135 mahAbhiSava 551 medhAtithi 4, 12, 15, 56. 58, 66 mahAbhata ghaTa 465 mena 106 mahAyajJa 176 meriDitha 106 mahArNava 20 maiksamUlara 27 mahAdedi 546 maitra 136

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10 * dharmazAstra kA itihAsa maitrAyaNIya pariziSTa 25 maitreyaka 136 mohana-jo-dar3o 360 maudgalya 8 mleccha 33, 141 lATyAyana zrautasUtra 11 licchivi . 33 lubdhaka 136 lekhaka 136 lokeSTi 540 lohakAra 137 laugAkSi 63 yama 27, 62 yAyAvara 356. yavana 136 yAska 7,8, 13 yAjJavalkya 7, 25, 32,55,58,61, 68 yAjJavalkyasmRti 4, 5, 46 yUropa eNDa eziyA 106 yoga-yAjJavalkya 53 yogloka 72 raMgAvatArI 136 raghunandana 10 rajaka 136 raJjaka 136 ratnadhenu 465 rathakAra 136 rAgima tAmrapatra 22 rAjasUya 561 rAjan 113 rAjA 113, 434 rANAyanIya zAkhA 11 rAmaka 136 rAmAyaNa 48 riktha 5, 6 rikthAdhikAra 7 rudradhara 88 romika 141 vandI 137 varuNa-praghAsa 536 varur3a 137 vajita godAna 467 vajita anna 425 vajita pakva padArtha 425 varSa 106, 116 varNasaMkara jAti 116, 120 varSavardhana 176, 202 dalabhIrAja dhArasena 46 vasatIvarI 551 vasiSTha 13 vasiSTha-dharmasUtra 6, 13, 21 vastradAna 468 vAcaspati 23, 76 vAcaspati mizra ra vAjapeya 557 vAjasaneyI saMhitA 3 vATadhAna 137 vATikAdAna 475 vAtavyAdhi 30, 32 vAdhUla 34 vAnaprastha 482-83-85-87 vAmanaputra maskarI 13 vAmanapurANa 174, 414 bArena hesTiMgsa 16 vArtAvRtti 356 vAstu-pratiSThA 445 viTaranirasa 26, 30, 56 lakSmI devI 65 lakSmIdhara 27 lakSmIdhara kA kalpataru 77

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anukramaNikA * 11 vikraya 150 vijana Ava iNDiyA 106 vijanmA 137 vidyArambha 107, 206 viddhanmodinI vyAkhyA 21 vidhavA 330, 343 vinayakumAra sarakAra 26 vinimaya 150 virATa 43 viliyama jonsa 66, 17 vivAdacintAmaNi 75 vivAdaratnAkara 81 vivAha 118, 266, 301, 307-8-31-46 vizAlAkSa 32 vizvarUpa 7, 20, 25, 50, 55, 100 visvAmita 63 pilezvara bhaTTa 86 viSNu 16 viSNugupta 26 viSNudharmasUtra 23, 166, 170, 171, 340, 414 viSNapurANa 108, 414 viSNuni 178, 160 vihita bhojana 416 vivAnezvara 81 bI0 ena0 mAlika 47 pIraminIvaya 75, 77, 64 vRkSAropaNa 473 veNa 137 . veNuka 137 / veda 4, 5 vedAMga 12 vedAMta-sUtrabhASya 13 vedAdhyayana 141, 231.250 vedAdhyApana 143 velava 173 vezyA 353 vaikhAnasa 34 vaikhAnasa gRhyasUtra 356 vaikhAnasa dharmaprazna 34 vaijayantI TIkA 23 vaiNa 137 vaidehaka 137 vaMzika kalAjJAna 33 vaizeSika sUtrakAra 4 vaizya 111 vaizvadeva 18,404, 535 vyabhicAra 322 vyavahAratilaka 75 vyavahAraziromaNi 73 vyAdha, 137 vyAsa 63 vyAsa pArAzarya 54 vrata 176 vrAtya 137 vrAtyastoma 254 19 kAtyAyana 56 umautama 13, 27 4 parAzara 25 pracetA 62 yAbavalkya 53 pasiSTha 23 bhyAsa 64 zaMkarAcArya 13, 25, 67 zaMkha 27, 34, 50, 58 zaka 137 zatapatha brAhmaNa 8,50, 421 zabara 7, 16, 25, 137 zarAvatI 20 zastra 553 -mahattA 473

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12 * dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zAMkhAyana gRhyasUtra ha zAMkhAyana zrautasUtra zAkalya 141 zAkhAharaNa 525 zAtAtapa 40 gAtAta smRti 40 zAlAkya 141 zAlika 137 zAlIna 356 zivapUjA 402 zukra 33 zukramanthipracAra 552 zukla yajurveda 50 zuddha mArjaka 141 zuddhi 255 zanAsIrIya 536 zUdra 102, 147, 162 zUlagava 445 zUlapANi 81, 87 zUlika 138 zeriMga 106 zaMkha 138 zailUSa 138 zauca 361 zauNDika 138 zaunaka 26 zmiTa 20 zravaNA karma 441 zrAddhamayUkha 36 zrAvaNI 441 zrIkara 68 zrIdatta upAdhyAya zrIvara 80 zrImUla 28 zrauta kRtya niyama 511 zrauta yajJa 508 vyapaca 138 54 zvapAka 138 zvetaketu 20 zloka to va pAMDazI 556 SoDaza upacAra 368 za . saMnyAsa 460-66-67-68, 501-3, 501-3 saMnyAsI 465, 466, 501, 506 saMvarta 64, 65 saMskAra 176-77-80-81, 261 saMskAra kI stupa 56 saMjJAnI 540 satI prathA 348 1 satyASADha hiraNyakezI 65 maptasAgaraka 465 samAvartana 176 261 sarasvatIvilAsa 37, 40, 74, 86 sarpabali 441 sabanIya pazu - Ahuti 552 sahagamana 346 sahamaraNa 349 sava 570 sAkamedha, 537 sAtvata 138 sAmaveda 10, 11, 75 sAmAnya dharma 102 sAyaMdoha 527 sAyaNa 15 siDanI lo 106 sItAyajJa 441 sImantonnayana 178 sudhanvAcArya 138 sumantu 40 sumantu dharmasUtra 40 surASTra 33 surezvara 67

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subarNa 138 suzruta 23, 34 sUcaka 138 sUcika 136 sUcI 136 sUta 136 sUnika 139 saMndhi 136 sopAka 136 soma 554 somakrayaNI 547 somapravAka 545 somayajJa 556 somarasa 553 soSyantakarma 178, 161 saucika 139 saudhanvana 136 saunika 136 sarvANika 138 sonAmaNi 564 sTAina 30 stotra 553 snAna 364 smRtikaustubha 64 smRticandrikA 13, 17, 23, 82 smRtimaJjarI 76 smRtiyA~ 7, 40, 340 smRtisaMgraha 64 smRtyarthasAra 80 svacchatA 360 svastyayanI 540 svAyambhuva manu 343 strI - dharma ha 318, 0324, 327 haradatta 11, 12, 17,20,82 harinAtha 85 harihara 61 halAyudha 74 hAralatA 37, 76 hAridrumata gautama 11 hArIta 5, 16, 65 hArIta dharmasUtra 25 hindU pAliTI 26 hiraNyakezI hai, 14, 20 hiraNyakezI dharmasUtra 20 hiraNyagarbha 462 hiraNyAzva 463 hiraNyAzvaratha 464 hilebATa 30 hemakAra 138 hemadharAdAna 464 mahastiratha 464 hemAdri 13, 41, 43, 50, 55 homa 161,373 kSa kSattA 130 kSatriya 133, 253, 553 kSetraja putra 6 kSemendra 26 tra trikANDamaNDana 66 anukramaNikA * 13

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