Bharatiya Achar Darshan Part 01

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003607/1

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma ke sandarbha meM: bhAratIya AcAra-darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga eka (saiddhAMtika pakSa) lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) * prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) www.janelibrary.org

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prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura DaoN.sAgaramala jainapAramArthika zikSaNanyAsadvArAsan 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI rASTrIya rAjamArga para sthita hai| isa saMsthAna kA mukhya uddezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 15,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hasta likhita pANDulipiyA~ hai / yahA~ 40 patra-patrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai| isa parisara meM sAdha-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana-adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa,bhojanaAdikIbhIuttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakAryoM ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajIjanakAsatatsAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna kerupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| prAkRta bhAratI : jayapura prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura kI sthApanA kA svapna Aja se lagabhaga 30 varSa pUrva padma bhUSaNa zrIdevendrarAjajImehatAne dekhA thaa| isa saMsthA meM vigata 30 varSoM meM bhAratIya vidyAoM aura vizeSa rupa se jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya kArya kiyA hai| jahA~ eka aura isake sundara bhavana aura vizAla granthAgAra kA nirmANa huaa|vhiiN dUsarI ora prakAzana ke kSetra meM bhI isane mahatvapUrNa kAma kiyA hai| bhAratIya vidyA ke vibhinna pakSoM para lagabhaga 200 se adhika grantha isake mAdhyama se prakAzita ho cuke hai| bhAratIya vidhAoM ke kSetra meM kisI saMsthA ke dvArA 200 se adhika mAnaka granthoM ke prakAzana apane Apa meM eka itihAsa hai| isa prakAra Aja yaha saMsthAna ko adhyayana, adhyApana, zodha aura prakAzaka ke kSetra meM eka agraNIsaMsthAna kerupameM maanaajaataahai|

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma ke sandarbha meM : bhAratIya AcAra - darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prAkRta bhAratI puSpa - 271 prAcya vidyApITha puSpa - 27 bhAga 1 (saiddhAntika pakSa) lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma. pra. )

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I.S.B.N. No. 978-81-89698-77-5 (c) lekhaka prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A ror3a, zAjApura (ma.pra.) prApti sthAna - 1. prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A ror3a, zAjApura (ma. pra. ) 2. prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 13- e, mena roDa, mAlavIya nagara, jayapura-302017 prakAzana varSa san 2010 vIra nirvANa saM. 2536 - 2 - mUlya : cAra sau rupae Rs.400.00 mudraka - AkRti oNphaseTa 5, naIpeTha, ujjaina (ma.pra.) phona- 0734-2561720

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prakAzakIya prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAjasthAna) evaM prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura ke dvArA 'jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya AcAra- darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, prathama bhAga (siddhAnta - pakSa ) ' nAmaka pustaka prakAzita karate hue hameM atIva prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| -3 Aja ke yuga meM jisa sAmAjika cetanA, sahiSNutA aura saha-astitva kI AvazyakatA hai, usake lie dharmoM kA samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai, tAki dharmoM ke bIca bar3hatI huI khAI ko pATA jA sake aura pratyeka dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha ho ske| isa dRSTibindu ko lakSya meM rakhakara pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke pUrva nidezaka evaM bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke pramukha vidvAn DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura hindU AcAra- darzanoM para eka bRhadkAya zodha-prabandha Aja se lagabhaga 40 varSa pUrva likhA thA / usI ke saiddhAntika pakSa se sambandhita adhyAyoM se prastuta grantha kI sAmagrI praNayana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta grantha ke prArambha ke pA~ca adhyAyoM meM pAzcAtya naitikacintana kI samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya dRSTikoNa aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina- dRSTikoNa spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| paravartI adhyAyoM meM samAlocya AcAradarzanoM ke tattvajJAna, karma - siddhAMta aura manovijJAna para bhI gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka kI dRSTi niSpakSa, udAra, saMtulita evaM samanvayAtmaka hai / AzA hai, vidvatjana unake isa vyApaka adhyayana se lAbhAnvita hoNge| prAkRta bhAratI dvArA isake pUrva bhI bhAratIya dharma, AcArazAstra evaM prAkRta bhASA ke aneka granthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai| pUrva meM yaha grantha jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nAma se prAkRta bhAratI ke 19 veM evaM 20veM krama para prakAzita huA thaa| isake prakAzana meM hameM vibhinna logoM kA vividha rUpoM meM jo sahayoga milA hai, usake lie hama una sabake AbhArI haiN| AkRti presa, ujjaina ne isake punaH mudraNa-kArya ko sundara evaM kalApUrNa DhaMga se pUrNa kiyA, etadartha hama unake bhI AbhArI haiN| devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura (rAjasthAna) narendra jaina saciva prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura

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purovAk yugoM se mAnava-mastiSka isa prazna kA samAdhAna khojatA rahA hai ki usake jIvana kA parama zreya kyA hai ? mAnavIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo-jo uttara sujhAe, unhIMsesamagra pUrva evaM pazcima ke AcAra-darzanoM kA nirmANa huA hai| AcAra ke sambandha meM ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kI upasthiti ne cintanazIla mAnava-mastiSka ke sAmane eka naI samasyA prastuta kI ki AcAra sambandhI ina vibhinna vicAra-paramparAoM meM satya ke adhika nikaTa kauna hai? phalasvarUpa, una sabakA suvyavasthita rUpa se tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana Avazyaka huaa| bhArata meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI sthiti pAzcAtya naitika-vicAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM aisA prayAsa bahuta pahale se hotA rahA hai aura vartamAna yuga taka vaha kAphI vyavasthita aura vikasita ho gayA hai, lekina jahA~ taka bhAratIya naitika vicAra-paramparA kA prazna hai, yaha pArasparika tulanAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka adhyayana gaharAI se nahIM ho pAyA hai| yaha to hamArA sabase bar3A durbhAgya hI kahanA cAhie ki sAmpradAyika-vyAmoha ke kAraNa hamane vibhinna sAmpradAyika naitika-mAnyatAoM ke madhya rahI huI ekarUpatA ko prakaTa karane kA kabhI prayAsa hI nahIM kiyaa| saMgIta saba vahI gA rahe the, phira bhI apanI-apanI DhapalI aura apanA-apanA rAga thA, jo saba milakara itanA besurA ho gayA thA ki sAmAnya evaM vidvat-jana saMgIta ke usa sama-svara kI madhuratA kA rasAsvAdana nahIM kara ske| kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra Adi mahApuruSoM evaM bhAratIya RSimaharSiyoM ke naitika upadezoM kI vaha pavitra dharohara, jise unhoMne apanI bauddhika pratibhAevaM satata sAdhanA ke anubhavoM se prApta kiyA thA, jo mAnava jAti ke lie cira-saukhya evaM zAzvata zAMti kA saMdeza lekara avatarita huI thI, mAnava usakA sahI mUlyAMkana nahIM kara skaa| mAnavane yadyapi unake isa mahAn varadAna ko dharmavANI yA bhagavadvANI ke rUpa meM zraddhA se dekhA, usakI pUjA-pratiSThA kI, use sunahare vastroM se Abaddha kara bhavya mandiroM aura maThoM meM surakSita rkhaa| kucha ne zraddhAvaza usakA nityapATha kiyA, lekina haribhadrasUrI aura gAMdhI jaise birale hIthe, jinhoMne usake samasvaroM ko sunA, usake marma taka pahu~cane kI koziza kI aura usakI ekarUpatA kA darzana kara, use jIvana meM utaaraa| sadbhAgya se, pAzcAtya vicAra-paramparA kI jijJAsu vRtti ke kAraNa vartamAna yuga meM asAmpradAyika AdhAroM para bhAratIya dharmoM kA adhyayana prArambha huaa| yaha prayAsa bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya- donoM prakAra ke vidvAnoM dvArA kiyA gyaa| jina pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kA samagra rUpa se tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA, unameM mekenjI aura hApakinsa pramukha haiN| mekenjI ne 'hindU ethiksa' tathA hApakinsa ne 'di ethiksa Apha iNDiyA' nAmaka grantha likhe| ina granthakAroM ke dRSTikoNa meM bhAratIya sampradAyoM ke sAmpradAyika vyAmoha kA to abhAva thA, lekina eka dUsare prakAra kA vyAmoha thA aura vaha thA IsAI dharma evaM pAzcAtya vicAra- paramparA kI zreSThatA kaa| dUsare, uparokta vicAraka bhAratIya AcAra-paramparA ke srota-granthoM ke itane nikaTa nahIM the, jitanA unakA adhyetA eka bhAratIya ho sakatA thA / - jina bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa sandarbha meM likhA, unameM zrI zivasvAmI ayyara kA 'di ivholyUzana Apha hindU mArala AiDiyalsa' nAmaka vyAkhyAna - - graMtha hai, jisameM bhAratIya naitika-cintana ke AcAra-niyamoM kA sAmAnya rUpa meM vivecana hai, kintu jaina aura bauddhadRSTikoNoM kA isameM abhAva - sA hI hai| bhAratIya AcAra - darzana ke anya granthoM meM suzrI sUramAdAsa guptA kA 'di DevhalapamenTa Apha mArala philAsaphI ina iNDiyA' nAmaka zodhaprabandha ullekhanIya hai / isameM vibhinna darzanoM ke naitika siddhAntoM kA vivaraNAtmaka saMkSipta prastutikaraNa hai| lekhikA kI dRSTi meM samAlocanAtmaka aura tulanAtmaka vivecana adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM rahA hai| eka anya mahatvapUrNa graMtha, zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA kA 'ethiksa Apha di hindUja' hai; isa graMtha meM vivecana-zailI kI kAphI navInatA hai aura tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA nirvAha bhI santoSaprada rUpa meM huA hai| AdaraNIya tilakajI kA gItA rahasya yadyapi gItA para eka TIkA hai, lekina usake pUrva bhAga meM unhoMne bhAratIya naitikatA kI jo vyAkhyAe~ prastuta kI haiM, ve vastuta: sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa haiN| hindI samiti uttarapradeza se prakAzita padmabhUSaNa DaoN. bhIkhamalAlajI Atreya kA 'bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa' nAmaka vizAlakAya graMtha bhI isa dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa prayAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi isameM bhI vidvAn lekhaka ne tulanAtmaka evaM samAlocanAtmaka dRSTi evaM saiddhAntika vivecanA ko adhika mahatva nahIM diyA hai| grantha ke adhikAMza bhAga meM vibhinna bhAratIya vicArakoM ke naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai, phira bhI grantha ke antima bhAga meM vidvAn lekhaka dvArA jo kucha likhA gayA hai, vaha yugIna sandarbha meM bhAratIya naitikatA ko samajhane kA eka mahatvapUrNa sAdhana avazya hai| isI prakAra, landana se prakAzita (1965) zrI Izvaracandra kA 'ithikala philAsaphI Apha iNDiyA' nAmaka graMtha bhI bhAratIya nItizAstra ke adhyayana kA eka prAmANika grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, lekina uparokta donoM granthoM meM bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi kA adhika vikAsa nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka jainAcAra ke vivecana kA prazna hai, use ina samasta graMthoM meM sAmAnyatayA 15-20 pRSThoM se adhika kA sthAna upalabdha honA sambhava hI nahIM thaa| dUsare, jaina AcAradarzana aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM nihita samAnatAoM kI carcA

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to zAyada hI kabhI uThI ho| isI prakAra, gItA kI naitika mAnyatAoM kA jena aura bauddhaparamparA se kitanA sAmya hai, yaha viSaya bhI achUtA hI rahA hai| jahA~ taka jaina AcAra-darzana ke svatantra evaM vyApaka adhyayana kA prazna hai, kucha prArambhika prayAsoM ko chor3akara yaha kSetra bhI achUtA hI rahA hai| jainadarzana kI tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA para AdaraNIya sAtakADI mukarjI, DaoN. TATiyA, DaoN. padamarAje, DaoN. harisatya bhaTTAcArya ke graMtha upalabdha haiN| jaina manovijJAna para bhI DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA aura DaoN. kalaghATagI ke graMtha upalabdha haiM, jabaki jaina-AcAradarzana para svatantra rUpa se kisI bhI grantha kA abhAva hI thA, yadyapi DaoN. zAntArAma bhAlacandra deva kA jaina muniyoM ke AcAra para eka vizAlakAya zodhaprabandha avazya upalabdha thA, lekina usameM bhI AcAradarzana kI saiddhAntika samIkSAoM kA abhAva hI hai| saMyoga se, jabaki yaha grantha apanI pUrNatA kI ora thA, tabhI DaoN. mehatA kA jaina AcAra' nAmaka grantha bhI prakAza meM AyA, yadyapi isameM bhI AcAra-darzana kI saiddhAntika samasyAoM para vizeSa vicAra nahIM huA hai| granthakAra ne apane ko AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI vivecanA taka hI sImita rakhA hai| yadyapi yaha prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki isa grantha ko antima rUpa dene ke pUrva hI DaoN. sogAnI kA 'ethikala DAkTrina ina jainijma (1969)' evaM DaoN. bhArgava kA 'jaina ethiksa' (1968) nAmaka grantha prakAzita ho gae haiN| yadyapi unameM bhI naitikatA kI saiddhAntika samasyAoM para vistRta rUpa se koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, sAtha hI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhI kucha vizeSa vicAra upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| pAzcAtya-vicAraNA meM naitika pramApaka ke prazna ko lekara jisa DhaMga se vibhinna naitika dhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai, usI DhaMga para hamAre yahA~ kI naitika dhAraNAoM kA adhyayana nahIM huA hai, mAtra zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA ne apane grantha ke pariziSTa meM isa DhaMga se eka prayAsa avazya kiyA hai| isa prakAra, tulanAtmaka evaM samanvayAtmaka pariprekSya meM bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA abhI bhI banI huI hai| prastuta grantha usI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai| samanvayAtmaka pariprekSya meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA bhAratIya cintakoM ne jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM ko kAphI sUkSma dRSTi se parakhA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA ke vibhinna naitika siddhAnta, jo Aja apanI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, bhAratIya naitika cintana meM bikhare hue par3e haiN| prastuta grantha meM jaina AcAra-darzana ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha usakI nikaTavartI do AcAra-praNAliyoM se tulanA karane kA bhI yathAsambhava prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| hamAre samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se kie gae isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA pramukha dRSTikoNa,

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-8 jaina AcAra - darzana kI gItA aura bauddha AcAra-darzana se jo sannikaTatA aura sAmyatA hai, use abhivyakta karanA hai / adhyayana kI isa samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa hI mUlabhUta dArzanika virodha vivecanA kI dRSTi se upekSita se rahe haiN| yadyapi samAlocya vicAra - paramparAoM meM dArzanika dRSTi-bheda haiM, phira bhI una vibhinna AdhAroM para nikAle gae naitika niSkarSa itane samAna haiM ki ve adhyetA kA dhyAna apanI ora AkarSita kie binA nahIM rahate haiM / yahI kAraNa thA ki samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane ke lie hamane inakI tattvamImAMsA ke sthAna para AcAramImAMsA kA cayana kiyA hai| kyoMki yaha eka aisA pakSa hai, jahA~ tIna dhArAe~ eka-dUsare se milakara usa pavitra triveNI saMgama kA nirmANa karatI haiM, jisameM avagAhana kara Aja bhI mAnava-jAti apane cira-saMtApoM se parinivRtta ho zAntilAbha kara sakatI hai| adhyayana- -dRSTi ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura bhI kaha denA Avazyaka hai, vaha yaha ki samagra adhyayana meM jaina AcAra - darzana ko mukhya bhUmikA meM evaM gItA aura bauddha AcAra - darzana ko paripArzva meM rakhA gayA hai, ata: yaha svAbhAvika hai ki bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA vivecana utanI gaharAI aura vistAra se na ho pAyA hai, jitanI ki unake bAre meM svatantra adhyayana kI dRSTi se apekSA kI jA sakatI hai, lekina isakA kAraNa bhI hamArI apekSAvRtti nahIM hokara adhyayana kI sImA evaM dRSTi hI hai| viSaya ke cayana ke sambandha meM sambhavataH yaha prazna uThatA hai ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bauddha aura hindU AcAra- darzanoM ko hI kyoM cunA gayA ? isa cayana ke pIche mukhya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki bhArata ke sAMskRtika pariveza ke nirmANa meM jina paramparAoM kA maulika yogadAna rahA ho tathA jo Aja bhI jIvanta paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhAratIya evaM anya dezoM ke jana-jIvana para apanA prabhAva banAe hue haiM, unheM hI adhyayana kA viSaya banAyA jAe, tAki tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke mAdhyama se unakI AcAra-niSTha ekarUpatA ko abhivyakta kiyA jA sake, jo unheM eka-dUsare ke nikaTa lAne meM sahAyaka ho / prAcIna kAla kI nivRttipradhAna zramaNa aura pravRtti - pradhAna vaidika paramparAe~ hI bhAratIya sAMskRtika pariveza kA nirmANa karane vAlI pramukha paramparAe~ haiN| ina donoM ke pArasparika prabhAva evaM samanvaya se hI varttamAna bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| inake pArasparika samanvaya ne nimna tIna dizAe~ grahaNa kI thI - 1. samanvaya kA eka rUpa thA, jisameM nivRtti pradhAna aura pravRtti gauNa thii| yaha 'nivRtyAtmaka pravRtti' kA mArga thA / jIvanta AcAra - darzanoM ke rUpa meM isakA pratinidhitva jaina - paramparA karatI hai| 2. samanvaya kA dUsarA rUpa thA, jisameM pravRtti pradhAna aura nivRtti gauNa thI / yaha

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-9 'pravRtyAtmaka nivRtti kA mArga thA, jisakA pratinidhitva gItA se prabhAvita vartamAna hindu paramparA karatI hai| 3. samanvaya kA tIsarA rUpa thA pravRtti aura nivRtti kI atiyoM se bacakara madhyama mArga para calanA; isakA dizAnirdeza bhagavAn buddha ne kiyaa| unake AcAra-darzana meM parivAra ke tyAga ke artha meM nivRtti kA sthAna thA, to sAmAjika kalyANa ke artha meM pravRtti kaa| ___ vastuta:, uparyukta tInoM vicAraNAe~hI apane samanvita rUpa meM samagra bhAratIya AcAraparamparA kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karatI haiN| vartamAna yuga taka inake bAhya rUpa meM aneka parivartana hote rahe, phira bhI inakI pRSThabhUmi bahuta kucha vahI banI rahI hai| Aja bhI ye tInoM paramparAe~ bhAratIya naitika cintana ke eka pUrNa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karane meM samartha haiN| yahI nahIM, tInoM paramparAe~ apane Antarika rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke itanI nikaTa haiM ki apane adhyetA ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane ko prerita kara detI haiN| adhyayana-sAmagrI evaM kSetra uparokta tInoM paramparAoM meM se jaina-paramparA meM AcAra-darzana kI dRSTi se bhI saiddhAntika rUpa meM koI ullekhanIya parivartana nahIM huA hai| yadyapi AgamoM kI apekSA pazcakAlIna granthoM meM AcAra sambandhI niyamoM meM thor3e-bahata vyAvahArika parivartana avazya parilakSita hote haiM, phira bhI jaina-paramparA kI yaha viziSTatA hai ki itanI lambI samayAvadhi meM vaha apane mUla kendra se adhika dUra nahIM ho paayii| Aja bhI vaha nivRtyAtmaka pravRtti ke apane mUla svarUpa se idhara-udhara kahIM nahIM bhaTakI hai| pazcakAlIna granthoM meM bhI Agama ke vicAroM kA hI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, ata: adhyayana kI dRSTi se mUla AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha paravartI AcAryoM ke granthoM evaM dRSTikoNoM kA upayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad evaM gItA kI mUlabhUta dhAraNA para jisa hindU AcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa huA, usameM saiddhAntika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se vartamAna kAla taka aneka parivartana hue aura pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna mAnyatAe~ banIM, jo eka-dUsare ke virodha meM bhI khar3I rahIM, ata: prastuta grantha meM una sabako sammilita karanA sambhava nahIM thA, isalie hindU AcAra-paramparA ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM gItA kA cayana karanA hI ucita pratIta huA, kyoMki hindU-paramparA ke AdhArabhUta granthoM meM upaniSad, brahmasUtra evaM gItA kI prasthAnatrayI hI pramANabhUta hai| cAhe hindU-paramparA meM kitane hI pArasparika virodha hoM, cAhe hindUAcAra kI paridhiyA~ aneka hoM, phira bhI kendra sabakA eka hI hai| sabhI apane pakSa kA samarthana prasthAnatrayI ke AdhAra para karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| isa prakAra, gItAAjabhI sabhI kI zraddheya hai aura hindU-AcAradarzana kA pratinidhitva karane meM samartha hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM- "yaha (gItA) hindU dharma ke kisI eka sampradAya kA pratinidhitva nahIM karatI,

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-10 varan samagra rUpa meM hindUdharma kA pratinidhitva karatI hai," ata: tulanAtmaka dRSTi se gItA kA hI upayoga adhika kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI gItA ke saMkSipta grantha hone ke kAraNa tulanAtmaka sAmyatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie yathAvasara upaniSadoM, smRtigranthoM tathA mahAbhArata kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| bauddhAcAra-paramparA ne jisa madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA thA, vaha ucita samAdhAna to thA, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM nivRtti aura pravRtti ke madhya usa samataula ko banAe rakhanA sahaja nahIM thaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda vaha samataula vicalita ho gyaa| eka pakSa kA jhukAva nivRtti kI ora adhika haA aura vaha hInayAna (choTA vAhana) kahalAyA hai, kyoMki nivRtyAtmaka sAdhanA meM adhika logoM ko lagA pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| dUsarI ora, jo pakSa pravRtti kI ora jhukA evaM jisane jana-kalyANake mArga ko apanAyA, vaha mahAyAna (bar3A vAhana) kahalAyA hai, kyoMki nivRtyAtmaka sAdhanA meM adhika logoM ko lagA pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| eka bAra isa samataula kA vicalana hone ke bAda bauddha-paramparA vibhinna avAntara sampradAyoM (nikAyoM) meM vibhAjita hotI calI gii| prastuta tulanAtmaka vivecana meM bauddha-darzana ko usa vistRta samagra rUpa meM sameTa pAnA asambhava thaa| dUsare, una nikAyoM kI pArasparika dUrI itanI adhika hai ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se ve adhika upayogI nahIM raha jAtI; ata: prastuta grantha meM bauddha-darzana se tAtparya prArambhika bauddha-darzana se hI hai| prAcIna pAlI tripiTaka sAhitya hI hamArI isa vivecanA kA mUla AdhAra rahA hai, yadyapi hamane yathAvasara visuddhimaga, laMkAvatArasUtra, bodhicaryAvatAra Adi paravartI granthoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| grantha paricaya lagabhaga 1100 pRSThoM kA yaha bRhadakAya zodha-grantha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama bhAga meM AcAradarzana ke saiddhAntika pakSa kA aura dUsare bhAga meM AcAra ke vyAvahArika pakSa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| saiddhAntika vivecana ke prathama bhAga meM tIna khaNDa haiM - 1. naitika siddhaant-khnndd| 2. dArzanika siddhaant-khnndd| 3. manovaijJAnika siddhaant-khnndd| vyAvahArika vivecanA ke dUsare bhAga meM bhI tIna khaNDa haiM1. saadhnaamaarg-khnndd| 2. sAmAjika naitiktaa-khnndd| 1. bhagavadgItA (rAdhAkRSNan), pR. 14

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-11 3. naitika niym-khnndd| prathama naitika siddhAntakhaNDakebhAratIyaAcAradarzana kA svarUpa nAmaka prathama adhyAya meM naitikatA kI paribhASA aura naitika pratyayoM ke vivecana ke sAtha hI samAlocya AcAradarzanoM kI vizeSatAoM, unakA pAzcAtya-paramparA se antara, una para pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ke AkSepa aura una AkSepoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM AcAradarzana kI adhyayana-vidhi ke rUpa meM pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika vidhiyoM kI vivecanA aura bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya paramparA ke sAtha unakI tulanA kI gaI hai| tIsare adhyAya meM naitikatA ke nirapekSa aura sApekSa svarUpa kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura usa AdhAra para utsarga aura apavAda kI samasyA ko bhI samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| cauthe adhyAya meM naitika-nirNaya ke svarUpa evaM viSaya ke sandarbha meM jaina-dRSTikoNaaura pAzcAtya paramparA ke vicAroM ko tulanAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| pA~caveM adhyAya meM naitikatA ke pratimAna kI samasyA kA pAzyAtya AcAra-darzana aura jaina-dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para savistAra nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isI adhyAya meM puruSArtha catuSTaya kA vivecana bhI bhAratIya mUlyasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra prathama khaNDa meM 5 adhyAya haiN| dUsare khaNDa meM adhyAya cha: se pandraha taka dasa adhyAya haiN| chaThe adhyAya meM AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra ke rUpa meM naitikatA kI dRSTi se sat ke svarUpa kI samIkSA kI gaI hai aura samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM kI tAttvika mAnyatAoM para vicAra evaM tulanA kI gaI hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM AtmA ke svarUpa kI naitika dRSTi se samIkSA aura bauddha evaM gItA ke dRSTikoNoM se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM AtmA kI amaratA ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| nauveM adhyAya meM AtmA kI svatantratA para niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda ke sandarbha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM karma-siddhAnta para samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| gyArahaveM adhyAya meM karma ke zubhatva, azubhatva aura zuddhatva kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| bArahaveM adhyAya meM bandhana evaMduHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa tathA isa sambandha meM jaina aura bauddha-mantavyoM kI savistAra tulanA prastuta kI gaI hai| terahaveM adhyAya meM bandhana se mukti kI prakriyA ke sambandha meM saMyamAtmaka jIvana-dRSTi se saMvara aura nirjarA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| caudahaveM adhyAya meM naitika-jIvana ke sAdhya vItarAga, arhatyA sthitaprajJa kI avasthA tathA mokSa ke svarUpa para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pandrahaveM adhyAya meM naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| tIsare manovaijJAnika khaNDa meM solaha se unnIsa taka cAra adhyAya haiN| solahaveM adhyAya meM AcAra-darzana aura manovijJAna kA sambandha spaSTa karate hue karma-prerakoM,

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- 12 - kriyAoM aura aindrika - vyApAroM ke sambandha meM samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM ke dRSTikoNoM har vivecana kiyA gayA hai| satrahaveM adhyAya meM mana ke svarUpa, naitika jIvana meM usake sthAna tathA manonigraha ke pratyaya kI jaina, bauddha aura gItA aura pAzcAtya manovaijJAnikoM dRSTi se samIkSA kI gaI hai| aThArahaveM adhyAya meM manovRttiyoM ke rUpa meM kaSAya evaM lezyA siddhAnta kI vivecanA evaM bauddha darzana tathA pAzcAtya dArzanika 'rAsa' ke vicAroM se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai| grantha kA dUsarA bhAga vyAvahArika pakSa se sambandhita hai aura alaga jilda meM prakAzita kiyA hai| isake sAdhanA-mArga khaNDa meM eka se ATha taka ATha adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM jaina naitika sAdhanA ke kendrIya siddhAnta samatvayoga kI vivecanA tathA bauddha-darzana aura gItA se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai| dUsare adhyAya meM mAnavIya cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka evaM saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM ke AdhAra para trividha sAdhanA-patha kI AvazyakatA kA pratipAdana karate hue darzana (zraddhA), jJAna evaM cAritra ke pArasparika sambandhoM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM mithyAtva (avidyA) ke svarUpa kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| cauthe se sAtaveM adhyAya taka kramazaH samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyak cAritra aura samyak - tapa evaM yogamArga kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM nivRtti aura pravRtti kI samasyA para usake vibhinna pahaluoM sahita vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ina sabhI adhyAyoM meM jaina- dRSTikoNa kI bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM se tulanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika naitikatA- khaNDa ke sambandha meM nau se caudaha taka cAra adhyAya haiN| nauveM adhyAya meM bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / dasaveM adhyAya meM svahita aura lokahita ke prazna para tathA gyArahaveM adhyAya meM varNa-vyavasthA aura Azrama - siddhAnta para tathA bArahaveM adhyAya meM svadharma ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / terahaveM adhyAya meM sAmAjika naitikatA ke tIna kendrIya siddhAnta - ahiMsA, anAgraha aura anAsakti kI carcA kI gaI hai| caudahaveM adhyAya meM sAmAjika dharma evaM dAyitva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA isa sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke vicAroM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| vyAvahArika naitika-niyamakhaNDa meM pA~ca adhyAya haiM, jinakI krama saMkhyA pandraha se unnIsa taka hai / pandrahaveM adhyAya meM gRhastha-dharma ke niyamoM kA savistAra vivecana karate hue jaina- vicAra kI bauddha, vaidika evaM gAMdhI ke vicAroM se tulanA bhI kI gaI hai| solahaveM adhyAya meM jaina muni ke AcAra-vicAra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura bauddha evaM vaidikaparamparAoM meM pratipAdita muniyoM ke AcAra-vicAra se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai| satrahaveM adhyAya meM jaina - AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| sAtha hI una niyamoM kI

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--13 bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma ke AcAra-niyamoM se tulanA kI gaI hai| aThArahaveM adhyAya meM AdhyAtmika aura naitika-vikAsa kI carcA kI gaI hai aura isa sambandha meM jaina-paramparA ke guNasthAna-siddhAnta kI bauddha-paramparA kI vikAsAtmaka bhUmiyoM aura gItA ke triguNa siddhAnta se tulanA kI gaI hai| antima unnIsaveM adhyAya meM jaina-AcAra kA prAcIna evaM arvAcIna saMdarbho meM mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| kRtajJatAjJApana prastuta gaveSaNA meM jina mahApuruSoM, vicArakoM, lekhakoM, gurujanoM evaM mitroM kA sahayoga rahA hai, una sabake prati AbhAra pradarzita karanA maiM apanA punIta karttavya samajhatA huuN| kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra evaM anekAneka RSi-maharSiyoM ke upadezoM kI yaha pavitra dharohara, jise unhoMne apanI prajJA evaM sAdhanA ke dvArA prApta kara mAnava-kalyANa ke lie jana-jana meM prasArita kiyA thA, Aja bhI hamAre lie mArgadarzaka hai aura hama unake prati zraddhAnavata haiN| lekina, mahApuruSoM ke ye upadeza Aja devavANI saMskRta, pAlievaM prAkRta meM jisa rUpa meM hameM saMkalita milate haiM, hama inake saMkalanakartAoM ke prati AbhArI haiM, jinake parizrama ke phalasvarUpa vaha pavitra thAtI surakSita rahakara Aja hameM upalabdha ho sakI hai| samprati yuga ke una prabuddha vicArakoM ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karanA Avazyaka hai, jinhoMne buddha, mahAvIra aura kRSNa ke mantavyoM ko yugIna sandarbha meM vistArapUrvaka vivecita evaM vizleSita kiyA hai| isa rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke marmajJa paM. sukhalAlajI, upAdhyAya amaramuni jI, muni nathamalajI, pro. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, bauddhadarzana ke adhikArI vidvAn dharmAnanda kausambI evaM anya aneka vidvAnoM evaM lekhakoM kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~, jinake sAhitya ne mere cintana ko dizA-nirdeza diyA hai| ____ maiM jaina-darzana para zodha karane vAle DaoN. TATiyA, DaoN. indracandra zAstrI, DaoN. padma rAje, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, DaoN. kalaghaTagI, DaoN. kamalacanda sogAnI evaM DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava Adi una sabhI vidvAnoM kA bhI AbhArI hU~, jinake zodha-granthoM ne mujhe na kevala viSaya aura zailI ke samajhane meM mArgadarzana diyA, varan jaina granthoM ke aneka mahatvapUrNa sandarbho ko binA prayAsa ke mere lie upalabdha bhI karAyA hai| ina sabake atirikta meM vibhinna patrapatrikAoM ke una lekhakoM ke prati bhI AbhArI hU~, jinake vicAroM se prastuta gaveSaNA meM lAbhAnvita huA huuN| pro. sI.pI. brahmoM evaM DaoN. sadAziva banarjI kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinakI AtmIyatA, sahayoga evaM nirdezana se lAbhAnvita huAhU~ aura jinakA mRdu, nizchalaevaM sarala svabhAva sadaiva hI unake prati merI zraddhA kA kendra rahA hai| mitravara DaoN. azokakumAra lADa evaM

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-14 pro. govindadAsa mAhezvarI kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~, unake bahuvidha sahayoga ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna ke saciva zrI devendrarAja mehatAevaM zrI vinayasAgarajI kAbhI maiM atyanta abhArI hU~, jinake sahayoga prathama saMskaraNaaura isa saMskaraNa kA puna: yaha prakAzana sambhava ho sakA hai| AkRti oNphaseTa, ujjaina ne jisa tatparatA aura sundaratA se yaha kArya sampanna kiyA hai, usake lie unake prati AbhAra vyakta karanA bhI merA kartavya hai| mitravara zrI jamanAlAlajIjaina ne isakI presa kApI taiyAra karane meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai, ata: unake prati bhI hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karatA huuN| maiM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama parivAra ke DaoN. harihara siMha, zrI mohanalAlajI, zrI maMgalaprakAza mehatA tathA zodha chAtra zrI ravizaMkara mizra, zrI aruNakumAra siMha, zrI bhikhArIrAma yAdava aura zrI vijayakumAra jaina kA AbhArI hU~, jinase vividha rUpoM meM sahAyatA prApta hotI rahI hai| anta meM, pUjya pitA zrI rAjamalajI zakkara vAle, mAtuzrI gaMgAbAI, bhAI kailAza evaM patnI zrImatI kamalA jaina kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne mujhe vidyA kI upAsanA kA avasara diyaa| isa saMskaraNa kA prupharIDiMga zrI caitanya jI sonI ne kiyA, ata: unakA bhI AbhArI huuN| zramaNa vidyA ke prakANDa vidvAn prophesarapaM.jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne hamArI prArthanA ko svIkAra kara evaM grantha kA samagratayA avalokana kara bhUmikA likhane kI kRpA kI, etadartha hama unake atyanta AbhArI haiN| isa sampUrNa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai, sabhI kucha gurujanoM kA diyA huA hai, isameM maiM maulikatA kA bhI kyA dAvA karU~ ? maiMne to anekAneka mahApuruSoM, RSiyoM, santoM, vicArakoM evaM lekhakoM ke zabda tathA vicAra-sumanoM kA saMcaya kara mA~ sarasvatI ke samarpaNa ke hetu isa mAlA kA grathana kiyA hai, isameM jo kucha mAnava ke lie uttama hitakAraka evaM kalyANakAraka tattva haiM, ve saba unake haiN| hA~, yaha sambhava hai ki merI alpamati evaM malinatA ke kAraNa isameM doSa A gae hoM, una doSoM kA uttaradAyitva merA apanA hai| yadatra sauSThavaM kiNcittdguorevmenhi| yadatrAsauSThavaM kiMcittanmamaiva tayorna hi|| sAgaramala jaina vIra nirvANa divasa-dIpAvalI 15 navambara, 1982

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- 15 - bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA gambhIra adhyayana prastuta kara dharmoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko eka navIna sArthakatA pradAna kI hai / Ajakala bahu-AyAmitA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dizA bana cukI hai| avazya hI eka sImA taka usakI bhI upayogitA hai, kintu usameM viSaya kI mAtra pallavagrAhitA aura jJAna kA satahIpana banA rahatA hai| isake viparIta, DaoN. jaina ne use viSaya kI dRSTi se nIti evaM AcAra- kendrita tathA kSetra kI dRSTi se vizeSata: jainAgama, pAli tripiTaka aura gItA kendrita kiyA hai| isase unhoMne adhyayana ke apane niSkarSoM ko gambhIra evaM dizA-nirdezaka banA diyA hai| avazya hI tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke kSetra meM yaha grantha eka mahatvapUrNa nidarzana prastuta karatA hai| Aja kI sampUrNa vaizvika paristhiti meM zikSA kA uddezya mAnava saMskRti kA adhyayana hI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana kA eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / bhAratavarSa meM hajAroM-hajAra varSoM se anekAneka mAnava jAtiyoM ne apanI prajJA, pratibhA, zIla-sadAcAra, kalAoM aura saundarya - bhAvanAoM ko jo vividha aura vyApaka AyAmoM meM vikasita kiyA hai, vaha sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI dharohara hai| isa prasaMga meM yaha kahanA bhI galata na hogA ki kAlasAgara ke jvArabhATe meM hamAre sAMskRtika itihAsa ke jitane tattva vilIna ho gae, unake bhI vividha avazeSa hamAre varttamAna virATra jAtIya jIvana ke antastala meM kahIM na kahIM apane nijI svarUpa meM yA kucha rUpAntarita hokara hamArI vAsanAoM, bhAvoM, pravRttiyoM evaM rAgAtmaka sambandhoM ke bIca aMgIkRta rahate hue arddhanidrita yA jAgrata rUpa meM vartamAna haiN| isa virATra saMskRti kA jaise - jaise caturdika evaM puMkhAnupuMkha adhyayana bar3hegA, vaise-vaise yaha tathya spaSTa hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI vAstavika arhatA usake vizva-saMskRti hone meM hai| isa pUrI garimA ke bAvajUda yaha bhI eka durbhAgyapUrNa tathya hai ki itihAsa ke krUra AghAtoM ne usa garimA ko vahana karane kI kSamatA ko hamase Aja chIna liyA hai | yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki virAT bhAratIya saMskRti kI saMvedanazIlatA kSudra bhAratIya hRdaya aura anudAra mana meM samA ske| yahI kAraNa hai ki hamane sAMskRtika adhyayana ke rAjamArga ko bhI Aja taka pagaDaMDI banA dI hai / phalataH, vizvavidyAlayoM aura ucca zikSA saMsthAnoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke nAma para vidvAnoM dvArA jo kucha adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai, usakI eka ghisI-piTI lIka hai, jo veda, upaniSad, sUtra, smRti, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ko sparza karatI huI gujaratI hai| unakI dRSTi meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana kI mAtra itanI

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- 16 - hI iyattA hai| phalataH, itane mAtra se ve apane ko kRtakRtya aura apane adhyayana ko paripUrNa mAna lete haiN| pAli aura prAkRtoM ke bIca bahujana bhAratIya samAja kA hajAroM-hajAra varSoM kA sAMskRtika vaibhava surakSita hai| usake mAdhyama se hI vizva ke golArddha taka bhAratIyoM kA mAnavIya sandeza pahu~ca sakA thaa| adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM una dhArAoM ke prati upekSA kI vRtti kitanI AtmaghAtI hai, yaha kahane kI bAta nahIM hai| isa pariprekSya meM lekhaka ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke adhyayana meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke trividha srotoM kA pratyakSataH upayoga kara bhAratIya AcAradarzana kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate hue prAmANikatA ke sAtha gambhIra tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai| yahI unake grantha kI vizeSatA hai| DaoN. jaina pAzcAtya nItizAstra ke saphala adhyApaka rahe haiM, isalie unhoMne jagahajagaha para nItisambandhIuna pramukha praznoM ko bhI sthAna diyA hai, jinake samAdhAna evaM vivecana kI naI pAzcAtya paddhati ko dhyAna meM rakhakara prAcIna bhAratIya zAstroM dvArA honA cAhie thaa| vastuta: isa dizA meM unake vizleSaNa aura niSkarSa unake gambhIra adhyayana aura cintana ke pariNAma haiN| ina grantha ke sampUrNa vaktavya kA pramukha kendrabindusamatA yA samatvayoga hai, jisase anuprANita inake samasta vizleSaNa aura niSkarSa haiM, jinakA Avazyaka saniveza grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| samatAmUlaka AcArapakSa kI prAmANikatA ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki samyaktva kyA hai ? aura usake nirdhAraka tattva kyA haiM ? unakA vivecana kiyA jaae| mithyA bhrama yA andhavizvAsa se samyaktva ko vyAvRtta karane ke lie yaha bhI anivArya ho jAtA hai ki eka ora to mithyAdRSTiyoM kA vargIkaraNa evaM vizleSaNa ho aura dUsarI ora, samyaktva kA satya kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha jo akATya sambandha hai, usakA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jaae| samyaktva kA satya ke sAtha jaise avisaMvAda Avazyaka hai, vaise hI samyaktva ke kAraNa yA sAdhanoM kI vizuddhi aura unakI tathyAtmakatA ke sAtha susaMgati kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| isa dizA meM tapasU aura yoga-sAdhanA kA vizleSaNa evaM parIkSaNa Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| lekhaka ne bar3I kuzalatA se ina mUlabhUta muddoM para jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke dArzanika niSkarSa prastuta kie haiN| mUlata:, nIti kA prazna AdhyAtmika yA bhAvAtmaka nahIM hai, apitu sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika hai| kama se kama usakI parIkSA kI bhUmi avazya hI samAja hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke vairAgyavAda ke sambandha meM aisIdhAraNA bana gaI hai ki vairAgyavAda kA paryavasAna sAmAjika samasyAoM se palAyana meM hotA hai| yadyapi yaha AkSepa sampUrNa bhAratIya jIvanadRSTiyoM para hai, tathApi vizeSakara zramaNadhArAoM aura vedAnta para isakA samarthana Adhunika vicArakoM dvArA

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- 17 - bhI kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya nIti evaM AcAra- darzana ke kSetra meM adhyayana karane vAle sabhI logoM ke samakSa yaha eka bar3I cunautI hai, jisakA samAdhAna pakSapAta aura Aveza se nahIM, apitu tathya aura viveka se hI sambhava hogaa| DaoN. jaina ne isa prazna ko mahatva diyA hai aura usake samAdhAna ke lie aparicita evaM alpa paricita tathyoM ko prastuta karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai| isake lie unhoMne pravRtti evaM nivRtti-dhArAoM ke kSetra aura unakI sImAoM ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| unake bIca kI avirodhI tAttvika mAnyatAoM ko bhI ujAgara kiyA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM meM sAmAjikatA aura sAmAjika naitikatA kA utsa kyA hai ? vaha kauna - sA kendrIya tattva hai, jisa bindu ke caturdik nIti yA naitika vyavahAra AtmalAbha karate haiM ? ina praznoM ke nirNaya ke lie DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne sAmAjikatA aura sAmAjika cetanA kA vizada vizleSaNa kiyA hai| isI dizA meM unhoMne ahiMsA kI kendriyatA ko, usake niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka - donoM rUpoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| bhAratIya cintana kI viziSTatA ko prakaTa karane ke lie sAmAjika cetanA kA vizleSaNa karate hue DaoN. jaina ne 'ati sAmAjikatA' ke stara kI carcA kI hai| avazya hI sAmAjikatA kA artha asAmAjikatA nahIM hai| yaha mAtra vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA ke dvandva se ubArane ke lie, unase atIta tathA unako apane meM AtmasAt karane vAlA, unase bhI utkRSTa adhyAtmapradhAna naitika stara batAne mAtra ke lie aMgIkRta hai| prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya vicAradhArAoM meM isa ucca stara kI ora anekadhA saMketa kiyA gayA hai, 'ko vidhiH ko niSedha:' / sabhI bhAratIya cintanadhArAe~ vyaktivAdI haiM, yaha bhI eka pracalita dhAraNA hai| DaoN. jaina ne isake nirAkaraNa ke lie vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA ko paribhASita kiyA hai aura unheM eka hI vyaktitva ke do pakSa batAe haiN| unakA udgama rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM kI kriyA-pratikriyA ke bIca mAnA hai| isI AdhAra para vaha yaha niSkarSa phalita karate haiM ki vItarAga evaM vItadveSa ati- sAmAjika hotA hai, asAmAjika nhiiN| sAmAjikatA aura vaiyaktikatA ke virodhaparihAra ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki svahita evaM lokahita tathA svadharma aura paradharma ko khulakara vyAkhyAyita kiyA jaae| lekhaka ne bhAratIya dharmoM kI tInoM zAkhAoM meM svahita aura lokahita kA samanvaya dikhAyA hai| hita kI avadhAraNA kA dharma se ghaniSTha sambandha hai, vizeSakara prAcIna dharma-saMskRti vAle dezoM meM, jaisA ki bhAratavarSa hai| yadi svadharma vaiyaktika hai, to vaha lokahita ke lie kitanI mAtrA meM preraNAprada hogA ? prakAra, sAdhanA ke staroM ke AdhAra para bhI vicAra kiyA jAe, jaisA DaoN. jaina ne kiyA hai, taba bhI vaha vyakti ke kSetra se bAhara nahIM jaataa| gItA meM paradharma kI bhayAvahatA kI jo

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-18 mAnyatA hai, vaha bhI kaise sAmAjika hogii| svadharma ke rUpa meM varNadharma ko kyA lokahita ke artha meM sAmAjika kahA jA sakatA hai ? isa para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| isa grantha meM vicArArtha jitane viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai, usakA prasthAna bindu hai-jaina dhrm-drshn| use mukhyatA pradAna kara bauddha mAnyatAoM aura gItA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| isa sthiti meM prastAvita vicAroM ko jainadRSTi kI pUrva mAnyatAoM ne prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa grantha kI yaha eka svAbhAvika sImA hai, kintu ina pratibaddhatAoM ke bIca kucha aise prazna uThate haiM, jinakI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jAnA caahie| prAcIna bhAratIya darzanoM kI pratibaddhatA hai-nityvaad| bauddhadarzana eka prakAra se isakA apavAda hai| nityavAdI dRSTi kA eka bharA-pUrA parivAra hotA hai, jisameM AtmavAdI evaM IzvaravAdI mAnyatAe~ bhI hotI haiN| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra nitya AtmA hI manuSya kA apanA svabhAva hai| rAga-dveSa Adi kaSAyoM ke kAraNa vaha svabhAvacyuta yA kendracyuta hai| samatva AtmA kA svarUpa hai| isa satya kA jJAna na hone se hI vaha bAhya viSamatAoM se prabhAvita hokara anekAneka dvandvoM ke bIca ulajhArahatA hai| nIti kI caritArthatA isameM hai ki vaha dvandvoM, viSamatAoM se janita saMgharSoM se bacAkara vyakti ko AtmasamatA se yathAvat pratiSThita kara de| isa pUrI mAnyatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM yadi yaha prazna kiyA jAe ki naitika mUlyoM kA utsa kyA hai ? to isakA sahaja uttara hogA- samatva prApta karanA, arthAt AtmA kI zuddha dazA ko prApta kara lenA, isIlie ve vyavahAra naitika kahe jAeMge, jo AtmasamatAprApta karA deN| dvandvoM ke jagat meM rahane vAlA vyakti kyoM AtmasamatA kI prApti ke lie prerita hogA? isa prazna kA Atma-samatAvAdI uttara hai ki vyakti kA mUlabhUta svabhAva yata: AtmasamatA hai, ata: apane svabhAvagata sAmyAvasthA kI dazA meM jAne ke lie vaha ceSTA karatA hai| yadi yaha prazna kiyA jAe ki Apake uparyukta kathana kI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra kyA hai ? to uttara hogA-samyAjJAna / jJAna ke samyaktva ke nirdhAraNa kA kyA AdhAra hai ? sty| satya kyA hai? aatmsmtaa| AtmA dhruva satya hai, jo na sAdhya hai aura na sAdhana / praznottara kA yaha cakra nityavAda ke vizvAsa-bindu ke cAroM ora ghUmatA rahatA hai| ina pUrI pratijJAoM kA parIkSaNa yA prAmANya sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika bhUmi para sambhava nahIM hai| spaSTa hai ki nItigata prazna sAmAjika evaM dhArmika hai, jise vyavahAra evaM tarka kI koTi meM AnA cAhie, isalie viSamatAoM aura dvandvoM ke bIca usakI varaNIyatA evaM varIyatAkA nirdhAraNa karanA hotA hai| usakA utsasamAja hai aura usakA Adarza bhI sAmAjika

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- 19 - mAnyatAe~ hI haiM, jinakI samAja meM zreSThatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| yaha saba parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM aura apekSAoM meM utpanna hote haiM aura unhIM ke dvArA acche yA bure nirdhArita bhI hote haiN| naitika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kI tAttvikatA kA artha mAtra itanA hI hai ki vaha choTe-choTe svArthoM se prerita evaM tAtkAlika nahIM hai| nityavAda ke sAtha naitika praznoM ko jor3ane kA eka duSpariNAma yaha bhI hai ki eka sthiti meM pApI evaM durAcArI bhI naitika ho jAtA hai, yadi vaha Izvara kA ananya bhakta hai, yA yaha jJAta ho ki vyakti - AtmA apane prayAsoM se paramAtmA meM vilIna hotA hai| ina sabake bAvajUda nityavAdI avadhAraNA meM bhI yama, niyama, Atmaupamya, karuNA, sevA, tyAga Adi guNoM ko mahatva diyA gayA hai aura usake pakSa meM vipula zAstroM kI racanA bhI kI gaI hai, kintu inheM parama puruSArtha yA paramArtha svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ina guNoM ko sAmAnya dharma yA nIti kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vAstava meM ina * guNoM kA aihikatA se pratyakSa sambandha hai| bhAratIya sandarbha meM unheM kathaMcit AdhyAtmikatA se bhI jor3A gayA hai aura use mUlya pradAna kiyA gayA hai, kintu aisA karane meM isakI pUrI sAvadhAnI rakhanI hogI ki nIti kahIM adhyAtma meM DUba na jAe aura apane svayaM kA mahatva na kho de| isake lie nIti ke sandarbha meM adhyAtma kI caritArthatA aihikatA ke kSetra meM mAnI jAnI caahie| yadi adhyAtma kA aihikatA - nirapekSa svatantra astitva hai, to vivekapUrvaka use nIti aura karma se pRthak rakhanA hogaa| karmavAda bhI eka dUsarI mAnyatA hai, jo nityavAdI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita hai, yadyapi usakI nirbAdha vyAkhyA nityavAda meM sambhava nahIM hotI / nityavAda ke viruddha karmavAda nItinirdhAraka mAnyatA hai, jisameM AtmA aura Izvara na mAnane para bhI bauddha karmavAdI haiM / paralokavAda ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa nIti kI aihikatAvAdI vyAkhyA kara sakanA bauddha ke lie kaThina hai| karma evaM karmaphala kI aihikatAvAdI vyAkhyA na kara sakane ke kAraNa hI karma paralokavAda se milakara rahasya evaM vizvAsa bana gyaa| vaha manuSya ke lie bhAra bana cukA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki adhyAtmavAdiyoM ke lie karma bandhana bana gayA, kyoMki usakA samAdhAna kaThina thA, phalata: usase nivRtta ho jAne ko hI puruSArtha mAnA jAne lagA / karmavAda kA ghaniSTha sambandha kAryakAraNabhAva se hai| kAryakAraNa ke bIca jitanI mAtrA meM sthira evaM nitya tattva sanniviSTa kie jAeMge, utanI mAtrA meM hI karmavAda kA nIti nirdhAraka rUpa kama hotA jaaegaa| isa prasaMga meM vyakti aura samAja ke bIca ke sambandhoM kA yadi vizleSaNa kiyA jAe, to jJAta hogA ki AtmA, Izvara aura paraloka Adi kI mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra una donoM ke bIca tArkika AdhAra para svatantra sambandha nahIM banane dete /

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- 20 pUrNa evaM apUrNa, kisI prakAra ke nitya tattvoM ke na mAnane ke kAraNa bauddha tathA nitya ke sAtha anitya kobhIsthAna dene ke kAraNa jaina isa sthiti meM haiM ki ve yathA-sambhava karma kI svatantra vyAkhyA kara skeN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina dhArAoM meM etat-sambandhI vipula sAhitya kA nirmANa huA, jo vaidikoM meM sambhava nahIM ho sakatA thaa| vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM yadi sAmAjika upAdAna kAraNa nahIM haiM yAAvazyaka mAtrA se kama haiM, to nityavAdaevaMparalokavAda ke prabhAva meM vyakti kyoM samAjanirapekSa evaM usase svatantra nahIM hotAjAegA? isadArzanika sthiti meM bhI nityavAdiyoM dvArA vidhi-niSedhase atIta AtmavettA mahApuruSa ke dvArA lokasaMgraha yA lokakalyANa kA Adarza prastuta karAyA jAtA hai, kintu vaha unakI vyaktigata zreSThatA athavA vyaktigata maujayAlIlAse adhika nahIM maanaajaasktaa| vAstava meM usa niSprayojana vyakti ko prayojana denA tArkika nahIMraha jaataa| bauddhoM ke bodhisattva Adarza meM anyoM se jo kucha bhinnatA dikhAI par3atI hai, usake pIche bauddhoM kI sampUrNata: anityavAdI parivartanazIla kAryakAraNa kI vyAkhyA hai, kintu vahA~bhIkucha vizvAsoM ke kAraNaparivartanavAdI kAryakAraNasiddhAnta ke bAvajUda usa AdhAra para nIti kI apekSita vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakI hai| eka mahatvapUrNa prazna hai bhAratIya AdarzoM kA, jo sampUrNa jIvana ko prayojanavattA pradAna karate haiN| usameM zreSThatama hai- nirvANa yA mokss| saMkSepa meM, nirvANa prApaMcika dvandvoM evaM duHkhoM se vimucita hai| isakA ghaniSTha sambandha vyakti ke sAtha hai, jomahatvapUrNa hai; kintu saba kucha nahIM hai| isakA nirNaya lenA hogA ki mokSa kI pracalita avadhAraNA kitanI sAmAjika hai| jitanI mAtrA meM vaha sAmAjika hogA, utanI mAtrA meM hI vyavahAra ko naitika mUlya pradAna karane meM samartha hogaa| yadi mokSa samAja-nirapekSa hai, to usakAstara nitAnta bhitra hogaa| isa sthiti meM svayaM cAhe vaha utkRSTa evaM mahatvapUrNa kyoM na ho, kintu vaha naitikatA kI samasyAoM se vyakti meM udAsInatA laaegaa| isI pariprekSya meM bhAratIya darzanoM para palAyanavAdI hone kA AkSepa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha AkSepa nirmUla nahIM hai, ata: upekSaNIya bhI nahIM hai| kama se kama bauddha aura jaina-darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ke bIca navIna dRSTi se nIti sambandhI adhyayana karane kIadhika sambhAvanA hai, AvazyakatA hai usa dizA meM cintana kii| isI artha meM DaoN. jaina kA grantha dizA-nirdezaka hai| jagannAtha upAdhyAya bhUtapUrva zramaNa vidyA saMkAyAdhyakSa sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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- 21 4. AcAradarzana kI paribhASA viSaya-sUcI 1. AcAradarzana kI mUlabhUta samasyAe~ 2. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA 3. saiddhAntika adhyayana kA vyAvahArika jIvana se sambandha vizuddha saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa 46 / vizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa 46 / samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa 46 / 1 bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 41 41 45 dharma niyamoM yA AjJAoM kA pAlana hai 49 / dharma cAritra kA paricAyaka hai 49 / dharma karttavya kI vivecanA karatA hai 49 / dharma parama zreya kI vivecanA karatA hai 49/ 5. bhAratIya paramparA meM AcAradarzana (nItizAstra) kI prakRti nItizAstra kalA hai ? 51 / nItizAstra kI dArzanika prakRti 53 / 6. naitika pratyaya aura unake artha 7. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ 8. naitika cintana kI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya paramparAoM meM pramukha antara pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke bhAratIya AcAradarzana para AkSepa aura unakA 9. pratyuttara 1. jJAna kI do vidhAe~ 2. jainadarzana ke anusAra jJAna kI vidhAe~ 3. bauddhadarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 4. vaidika paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 48 51 54 55 57 bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 69 70 71 72 58

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-22 72 73 74 74 75 10 79 81 82 5. pAzcAtya-paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 6. jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM dRSTikoNoM kA vicAra-bheda 7. jainadarzana meM jJAna kI satyatA kA AdhAra 8. AcAradarzana kI adhyayana vidhiyA~ 9. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke vividha dRSTikoNa 10. kyA nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi naitika adhyayana kI vidhi hai ? 11. tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha 12. tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara 13. dravyArthika yA paryAyArthika-nayoM kI dRSTi se naitikatA kA vicAra 14. AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA artha nizcayanaya kA artha 82/ AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAra-dRSTi 85/ 15. naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi ke AdhAra Agama-vyavahAra 86/ zruta-vyavahAra 87/ AjJA-vyavahAra 87/ dhAraNA-vyavahAra 87/ jIta-vyavahAra 87/ 16. vyavahAra ke pA~ca AdhAroM kI vaidika-paramparA se tulanA 17. AkSepa evaM samAdhAna 18. nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra kI ekarUpatA 19. nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi kA mUlyAMkana 20. pAzyAtya AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhiyA~ aura jaina-darzana jaivika vidhi 92/ aitihAsika vidhi 92/ manovaijJAnika vidhi 92/ dArzanika vidhi 93/ 21. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM vividha vidhiyoM kA samanvaya 86 87 88 89 93 97 nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 1. pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 2. bhAratIya dRSTikoNa 98 jaina-dRSTikoNa 100/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 101/ mahAbhArata

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- 23 - 103 106 108 109 tathA manusmRti Adi 102/bauddha-dRSTikoNa 102/ braiDale kA dRSTikoNa aura jainadarzana 103/ 3. naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa 4. utsarga aura apavAda 5. DivI kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina-darzana 6. sApekSa naitikatA aura manaparatAvAda 7. sApekSa naitikatA aura anekAntavAda 8. Adarza vyakti kA AcAra evaM mArga-nirdeza hI janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANabhUta 9. mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM zAstra 10. niSpakSa bauddhika prajJA hI antima nirNAyaka 11. nIti ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa tattva 110 111 112 113 113 __ 121 122 122 naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 1. naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa 2. naitika-nirNaya kA kartA 3. hetuvAda aura phalavAda kI samasyA 4. hetu aura phala ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA kA dRSTikoNa 124 5. jaina-darzanoM meM hetuvAda aura phalavAda kA samanvaya 127 tulanA 128/ mUlyAMkana 129/ 6. naitika-nirNaya ke sandarbha meM pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dRSTikoNa mila 131/ kAMTa 131/ mArTinyU 131/ maikeMjI 131/ 7. abhiprAya aura jainadRSTi 8. abhipreraka aura jainadRSTi 9. saMkalpa aura jainadRSTi 10. cAritra aura naitika-nirNaya 130 133 133 134 134

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-24 144 147 147 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 1. sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha 137 2. jaina-darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa 138 3. naitika sandehavAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana 142 (a) naitika sandehavAda kI arthavaijJAnika yukti aura tArkika bhAvavAda 142/(A) naitika sandehavAda kI manovaijJAnika yukti 143/(i) naitika sandehavAda kI samAjazAstrIya yukti 144/ 4. jainadarzana ko naitika sandehavAda asvIkAra 5. naitika-pratimAna ke siddhAnta 6. vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta 1. bAhya vidhAnavAda-siddhAnta (sAmAjika vidhAnavAna, vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda, IzvarIya vidhAnavAda) 148/ 2. Antarika vidhAnavAda (buddhivAda aura jainadarzana, naitika indriyavAda aura jainadarzana, sahAnubhUtivAda aura jainadarzana, naitika antarAtmavAda aura jainadarzana, manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda) 150/ 7. prayojanAtmaka athavAsAdhyavAdI siddhAnta 158 1. sukhavAda (manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana, anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda, jaina AcAradarzana aura naitika sukhavAda, arastU kA mAtrA kA mAnaka aura jainadarzana) 159/ 2. vikAsavAda aura jainadarzana 168/3. buddhiparatAvAda aura jainadarzana(sArvabhauma-vidhAna, prakRtividhAna, svayaMsAdhya svatantratA, sAdhyoM kA rAjya) 171/4. pUrNatAvAda aura jainadarzana 174/ 5. mUlya kA pratimAna aura jainadarzana 176/ 8. mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina-AcAradarzana 1. AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aura jainadarzana 180/ 2. vivekavAda aura jainadarzana 181/3. AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta 177

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- 25 - aura jainadarzana 182 / 9. sattAvAdI nItizAstra aura jainadarzana AcAradarzana ko pramukhatA 184 / vaiyaktika nItizAstra 184 / antarmukhI cintana 185 / zAzvata Ananda padArthoM ke bhoga meM nahIM 187/ 10. mArksavAda aura jaina - AcAradarzana bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AdhAroM meM antara 188 / Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa meM antara 189/ bhogamaya evaM tyAgamaya jIvanadRSTi meM antara 190 / mAnavamAtra kI samAnatA meM AsthA 190/ saMgraha kI pravRtti kA virodha 190/ samatva kA saMsthApana 191 / sAmya naitikatA kA pramApaka 192/ 11. DablyU. ema. arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura jainadarzana naitika mUlya 192/ 12. bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya 1. jainadRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 194 / 2. bauddhadarzana meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 195 / 3. gItA meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 197/ 13. cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM krama-nirdhAraNa 14. mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM ? 15. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlyasiddhAntoM kI tulanA 16. naitika - pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda 17. jainadarzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa 1. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha jaina- dRSTikoNa 220 / bauddha- dRSTikoNa 222 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 223 / sat ke svarUpa kA AcAradarzana para prabhAva 224 / sat ke svarUpa kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa 224 / bhAratIya cintana meM sat sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNa 225/ 183 187 191 194 AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 219 198 200 201 204 210

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-26 237 2. (a) sat ke advaya, avikArya evaM AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI naitika samIkSA 227 zaMkara kA dRSTikoNa ekAnta ekatattvavAdI nahIM hai 229/ zAMkara darzana kI mUlabhUta kamajorI 230/ (ba) sat ke aneka, anitya aura bhautika svarUpa kI naitika samIkSA 232 bauddhadarzana kA anityavAdI dRSTikoNa 233/ anityavAda evaM kSaNikavAda 233/ buddha kA anityavAdaucchedavAda nahIM hai 234/ sat ke sambandha meM jaina-dRSTikoNa 236/ jaina-dRSTikoNa kI gItA se tulanA 237/ 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI tattvayojanA kI tulanA jaina-tattvayojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti 237/ bauddhatattvayojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti 239/ jaina-tattvayojanA se tulanA 239/ gItA kI tattvayojanA 240/ jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke tattvoM kI tulanAtmaka tAlikA 240/ 4. naitika mAnyatAe~ pAzcAtya AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 241/ bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 242/ jainadarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 242/ bauddha AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 242/ gItA kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 243/ 240 245 AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 1. naitikatA aura AtmA 2. AtmA ke pratyaya kI AvazyakatA 246 3. AtmA kA astitva 246 4. AtmAeka maulika-tattva 248 AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa 250/ 5. AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha 252 (a) jaina-dRSTikoNa 252/ (ba) bauddha-dRSTikoNa 253/ (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa 253/

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-27 253 258 260 6. AtmA ke lakSaNa (a) jJAnopayoga 255/ (ba) darzanopayoga 256/ (sa) AtmanirNaya kI zakti (vIrya) 257/ Ananda 257/ 7. AtmA pariNAmI hai apariNAmI-AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 259/ 8. AtmA kartA hai ekAnta-kartRtvavAdake doSa 261/ Atma-kartRtva ke sambandha meM kundakunda ke vicAra 261/ ekAnta-akartRtvavAda ke doSa 262/ niSkarSa 262/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 263/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 263/ 9. AtmAbhoktA hai 10. AtmA svadeha-pariNAma hai AtmA ke vibhutva kI naitika samIkSA 264/ 11. AtmAe~ aneka haiM ekAtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 265/ anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 266/ jainadarzana kA niSkarSa 266/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 267/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 267/ 12. AtmA ke bheda viveka-kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmAkebheda 269/ jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 269/ gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa 270/ 264 264 265 268 AtmA kI amaratA 1. anitya-AtmavAda 273 ekAnta anitya-AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 273/ 2. nitya-AtmavAda 275 ekAnta nitya-AtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 276/ 3. jaina-dRSTikoNa 276

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4. bauddha - dRSTikoNa 5. buddha ke AtmavAda ke sambandha meM do galata dRSTikoNa 279/ bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa - 28 - anAtma (anatta) kA artha 282 / AtmA (attA) kA artha 283 / anitya kA artha 283 / avyAkRta kA samyak artha 283 / buddha mauna kyoM rahe ? 283/ 6. jaina aura bauddha - dRSTikoNa kI tulanA 7. gItAkA dRSTikoNa jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA 285/ 8. AtmA kI amaratA 9. karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma 10. IsAI aura islAma dharmoM kA dRSTikoNa 11. ukta dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 12. vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM ke lie vaMzAnukrama kA tarka evaM usakA uttara 13. pUrvajanmoM kI smRti ke abhAva kA tarka evaM usakA uttara jaina- dRSTikoNa 289 / bauddha - dRSTikoNa 289 / kyA bauddhaanAtmavAda punarjanma kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai ? 290 / gItA dRSTikoNa 291 / niSkarSa 292/ 14. pAzcAtya - darzana meM AsthA kI amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana dArzanika yuktiyA~ 292 / vaijJAnika yukti 293/ naitika yuktiyA~ 293/ (a) jJAna kI pUrNatA ke lie 293/ (ba) naitika Adarza kI pUrNatA yA caritra ke lie pUrNa vikAsa ke lie 294 / (sa) mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie 294 / (da) zubhAzubha ke phala- bhoga ke lie 294 / 1. naitika jIvana aura svatantratA vyakti-svAtantrya ke do dRSTikoNa 298 / 2. mahAvIrakAlIna niyativAdI mAnyatAe~ 278 282 284 285 285 286 286 286 288 288 292 9 AtmA kI svatantratA 297 298

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-29 306 310 1. bhavitavyatAvAda 299/samIkSA 300/2. kAlavAda 300/ kAlavAda kA naitika-jIvana meM yogadAna 300/samIkSA 301/ jainadarzana meM kAlavAda kA sthAna 301/3. svabhAvavAda 301/ svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna 302/ samIkSA 302/ svabhAvavAda kA jainadarzana meM sthAna 302/4. bhAgyavAda 303/ samIkSA 304/5. IzvaravAda 305/6. sarvajJatAvAda 306/ 3. pAzcAtyadarzana meM niyativAda kI dhAraNA niyativAda ke sAmAnya lAbha 307/ niyativAda apane siddhAnta kAsamarthana nimnatarkoM ke AdhAra para karatA hai 307/ niyativAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogitA 308/ niyativAda ke sAmAnya doSa 309/ 4. yadRcchAvAda yadRcchAvAda kAnaitikamUlya 310/ yadRcchAvAdakepakSameM yuktiyA~ 310/ samIkSA 311/bhAratIya AcAradarzana aura yadRcchAvAda 311/ 5. jaina-AcAradarzana meM puruSArtha aura niyativAda mahAvIra dvArA puruSArtha kA samarthana 312/ jainadarzana meM niyativAda ke tattva 312/ (a) sarvajJatA 312/ (ba) karma-siddhAnta 312/ 6. sarvajJatA kA pratyaya aura puruSArtha-sambhAvanA sarvajJatA kA artha 313/ kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa 314/ paM. sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa 314/ DaoN. indracandra zAstrI kA dRSTikoNa 315/ sarvajJatA kA traikAlika jJAna sambandhI artha aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA 315/ 7. kyA jaina karma-siddhAnta nirdhAraNavAda hai ? 8. bauddhadarzana aura niyativAda evaM yadRcchAvAda buddha dvArA yadRcchAvAda aura niyativAda kI AlocanA 317/ 9. kyA pratItyasamutpAda niyativAda hai ? 10. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda gItA meM niyativAda (nirdhAraNavAda) ke tattva 321/ kyA gItA niyativAdI hai? 322/ 312 313 316 317 319 321

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-30 324 11. samyak jIvana-dRSTi ke lie donoM dRSTikoNa apekSita 12. karma-niyama aura Atmazakti 13. Atma-nirdhAraNavAda 325 325 10 karma-siddhAnta 1. naitika vicAraNA meM karma-siddhAnta kA sthAna 2. karma-siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyA~ aura phalitArtha saMkSepa meM ina AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM ke phalitArtha nimnalikhita haiM 331 332 333/ 334 334 335 339 3. karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ 1. kAlavAda 334/ 2. svabhAvavAda 334/3. niyativAda 334/4. yadRcchAvAda 335/5. mahAbhUtavAda 335/6. prakRtivAda 335/7. IzvaravAda 335/ 5. aupaniSadika-dRSTikoNa gItA kA dRSTikoNa 336/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 336/ jaina dRSTikoNa 337/ 6. jainadarzana kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa gItA ke dvArA jaina-dRSTikoNa kA samarthana 339/ 7. 'karma' zabda kAartha gItA meM karma zabda kA artha 339/ bauddhadarzana meM karma kA artha 340/ jaina -darzana meM karma zabda kA artha 341/ 8. karma kA bhautika svarUpa dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma 342/ dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma kA sambandha 344/ (a) bauddha-dRSTikoNa evaM usakI samIkSA 344/(ba) sAMkhyadarzana aura zAMkara-vedAnta ke dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 346/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 346/ eka samagra dRSTikoNa Avazyaka 347/ 9. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA 339 342 347

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-31 349 350 352 354 10. karma kI mUrtatA mUrta kA amUrta prabhAva 349/ mUrta kA amUrta se sambandha 350/ 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA jaina-dRSTikoNa 351/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 351/ 12. karmaphala-saMvibhAga jaina-dRSTikoNa 352/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 352/ gItA evaM hindU paramparA kA dRSTikoNa 353/ tulanA evaM samIkSA 353/ 13. jaina-darzana meM karma kIavasthA 1. bandha 354/2. saMkramaNa 355/3. udvartanA 355/ 4. apavartanA 356/5. sattA 356/6. udaya 356/7. udIraNA 356/8. upazamana 356/9. nidhatti 356/10. nikAcanA 357/ karma kI avasthAoM para bauddhadharma kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA 357/ karma kI avasthAoM para hindU AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA 357/ 14. karma-vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA / jaina-dRSTikoNa 358/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 359/ niyatavipAka karma 359/ aniyatavipAka-karma 360/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___ 360/ niSkarSa 361/ 15. karma-siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara karma-siddhAnta para mekeMjI ke AkSepa aura unake pratyuttara 362/ 358 361 11 karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 1. tIna prakAra ke karma 367 2. azubha yA pApakarma pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa 368/ jainadRSTikoNa 368/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 368/ kAyika-pApa 368/ vAcikapApa 368/ mAnasika-pApa 369/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 369/ pApa ke kAraNa 369/ 3. puNya (kuzala karma) 369

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-32 371 374 376 puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa 370/ 4. puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra jainadarzana kA dRSTikoNa 374/bauddhadarzana kA dRSTikoNa 375/ hindUdharma kA dRSTikoNa 375/ pAzcAtya-dRSTikoNa 375/ 6. zubha aura azubhase zuddha kI ora jaina-dRSTikoNa 376/ baukha-dRSTikoNa 377/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 378/ pAzcAtya-dRSTikoNa 378/ 7. zubhakarma (akarma) 8. jainadarzana meM karma-akarma vicAra 9. bauddhadarzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra 1. ve karma, jo kRta (sampAdita) nahIM haiM, lekina upacita (phalapradAtA) haiM 381/2. ve karma, jo kRta bhI haiM aura upacita haiM 382/3. ve karma, jo kRta hai, lekina upacita nahIM haiM 382/ 4.ve karma, bokRta bhI nahIM haiM aura upacita bhI nahIM haiM 382/ 10. gItA meM karma-akarma kAsvarUpa 1. karma 382/2. vikarma 382/3. akarma 383/ 11. akarma kIartha-vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra 378 380 381 382 383 389 12 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 1. badhana aura duHkha 1. prakRtibandha 390/2. pradezabandha 390/ 3. sthitibandha 390/4. anubhAgabandha 390/ 2. bandhana kA kAraNa-Asava jaina-dRSTikoNa 390/1. mithyAtva 394/2. avirati 394/. 3. pramAda 394/(ka) vikathA 394/ (kha) kaSAya 394/ (ga) rAga 395/(gha) viSaya-sevana 395/(Ga) nidrA 395/ 4. kaSAya 395/5. yoga 395/ bauddhadarzana meM bandhana (du:kha) kA kAraNa 395/ gItA kI dRSTi meM bandhana kA kAraNa 397/ 390

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-33 399 399 sAMkhyayogadarzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa 398/nyAyadarzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa 398/ 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha 4. aSTakarma aura unake kAraNa 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma 400/ jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa 400/1. pradoSa 400/2. nihnava 400/3. antarAya 400/4. mAtsarya 400/5. asAdanA 400/6. upaghAta 400/jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka 400/1. matijJAnAvaraNa 400/2. zrutijJAnAvaraNa 400/3. avadhijJAnAvaraNa 400/ 4. mana:paryAya jJAnAvaraNa 400/5. kevala jJAnAvaraNa 400/ 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma 401/ darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 401/ darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka 401/1. cakSudarzanAvaraNa 401/ 2. acakSudarzanAvaraNa 401/3. avadhidarzanAvaraNa 401/4. kevaladarzanAvaraNa 401/5. nidrA 401/6. nidrAnidrA 401/7. pracalA 401/8. styAnagRddhi 401/ 3. vedanIya karma 401/ sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa 401/ sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka 402/ asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa 402/ 4. mohanIya karma 402/mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 403/ (a) darzanamoha 404/(ba) cAritramoha 404/ 5. AyuSyakarma 404/AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 405/ (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 405/(ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 405/ (sa) mAnavajIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 405/(da) daivIya-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 405/ AkasmikamaraNa 405/ 6. nAmakarma 406/ zubhanAmakarma ke bandha ke kAraNa 406/ zubhanAma karma kA vipAka 406/ azubhanAmakarma ke kAraNa 406/ azubhanAmakarma kA vipAka 406/ 7. gotrakarma 407/ ucca gotra evaM nIca gotra ke karma-bandha ke kAraNa 407/ gotrakarma kA vipAka 407/

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-34 408 8. antarAyakarma 407/1. dAnAntarAya 407/ 2. lAbhAntarAya 407/3. bhogAntarAya 408/4. upabhogAntarAya 408/5. vIryAntarAya 408/ 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI karma sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~ /409 6. pratItyasamudatpAda aura aSTakarma-eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 409 1 avidyA 410/2. saMskAra 410/3. vijJAna 410/4. nAma-rUpa 411/5. SaDAyatana 411/6. sparza 411/7. vedanA 411/8. tRSNA 411/9. upAdAna 412/10. bhava 412/11. jAti 412/12. jarA-maraNa 412/ 7. mahAyAna-dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtIaura aghAtI karma 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana 414 Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA 414/ jaina-dRSTikoNa 415/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa se tulanA 415/ 413 413 419 421 423 bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 1. saMvara kAartha 2. jaina-paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa 420 3. bauddhadarzana meM saMvara 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 422 5. saMyama aura naitikatA 1. khAna-pAna meM saMyama 424/ 2. bhogoM meM saMyama 424/3. vANI kA saMyama 425/ 6. nirjarA 426 dravya aura bhAva-nirjarA 426/ sakAma aura akAma-nirjarA 426/ 7. jaina-sAdhanA meM aupakramika-nirjarA kA sthAna aupakramika-nirjarA ke bheda 428/ 427

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8. bauddha AcAradarzana aura nirjarA 9. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 10. niSkarSa 1. jIvana - lakSya kI zodha meM 2. jIvana kyA hai ? 3. naitikatA kA sAdhya -35 (a) saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa evaM samatva kA saMsthApana 435/1. manovRttiyoM kA Antarika saMgharSa 435 / 2. vyakti kI Antarika abhiruciyoM aura bAhya paristhitiyoM kA saMgharSa 435 / 3. bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya hone vAlA saMgharSa 435 / (ba) Atma- pUrNatA 439/ (sa) Atma-sAkSAtkAra 442 / jaina- dRSTikoNa aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra 443/ 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM parama sAdhya jainadarzana meM mukti ke do rUpa 444 / bauddha paramparA meM do prakAra kA nirvANa 444 / vaidika paramparA meM do prakAra kI mukti 444 / jainadarzana meM vItarAga kA jIvanAdarza 5. 6. bauddhadarzana meM arhat kA jIvanAdarza 7. gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jIvanAdarza 8. zAMkaravedAnta meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNa 9. jainadarzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa 10. bauddhadarzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa naitika - jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 433 433 435 (a) bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 449/ (ba) abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 450/ (sa) anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa 451 / 1. vaibhASika - sampradAya 452 / 2. sautrAntika-sampradAya 453 / 3. vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra) 453 / 4. zUnyavAda 454 / nirvANabhAvAtmaka tathya 455 / nirvANa-abhAvAtmaka tathya 456/ nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA 457 / 429 430 431 443 445 446 447 447 448 451

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-36 458 11. gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa niSkarSa 459/ 12. sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha kA pArasparika sambandha sAdhya aura sAdhaka-jaina-dRSTikoNa 460/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 461/ sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya 461/ 460 15 naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 465 468 469 470 1. dharma aura naitikatA kA sambandha 2. dharma aura Izvara 3. karma-siddhAnta aura Izvara 4. jainadarzana kA samAdhAna 5. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 6. naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM Izvara 7. upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara 8. Izvara mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM 470 473 475 476 16 479 482 jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 1. manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana kA sambandha jaina AcAra-darzana aura manovijJAna 480/ cetana-jIvana ke vividha pakSa aura naitikatA 481/ 2. naitikatA kA kSetra saMkalpayukta karma pAzcAtya-dRSTikoNa 482/ jaina-dRSTikoNa 482/ bauddha dRSTikoNa 485/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 485/ niSkarSa 486/ 3. prANIya-vyavahAra ke preraka tattva vAsanA kA udbhava tathA vikAsa 486/ vAsanA AcaraNa kA preraka-sUtra 487/ jaina-dRSTikoNa 487/ bauddha dRSTikoNa 487/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 488/ pAzcAtya-manovijJAna meM vyavahAra ke 486

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- 37 - 489 489 491 491 mUlabhUta prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa 488/ 4. jaina-darzana meM vyavahAra ke preraka-tattvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa (a) caturvidha vargIkaraNa 489/ (ba) dazavidha vargIkaraNa 489/ (sa) SoDaSavidha vargIkaraNa 489/ 5. bauddha-darzana ke bAvana caittasika dharma (a) anya-samAna caittasika 490/ (ba) akuzala caittasika ___490/(sa) kuzala caitasika 491/ 6. gItA meM karma-prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa 7. kAmanA kA udbhava aura vikAsa jaina-dRSTikoNa 492/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 493/ gItA kA dRSTikoNa 493/ niSkarSa 493/ 8. 'indriya' zabda kA artha (a) jaina-dRSTikoNa 494/(ba) bauddha-dRSTikoNa 494/(sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa 494/ 9. jainadarzana meM indriya-svarUpa jainadarzana meM indriyoM ke viSaya 495/ jainadarzana meM indriya-nirodha 496/ 10. bauddhadarzana meM indriya-nirodha 11. gItA meM indriya-nirodha 12. kyA indriya-damana sambhava hai ? jainadarzana aura indriya-damana 500/bauddhadarzana aura indriya damana 500/ gItA aura indriya-damana 501/ 494 494 498 499 499 17 mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 1. mana kA svarUpa 505 2. dravyamana aura bhAvamana 505 3. mana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai ? 505 4. jainadarzana meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana kI kalpanA 506 5. dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA sambandha 506

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-38 508 510 511 512 513 514 515 6. naitika cetanA meM mana kA sthAna jaina-dRSTikoNa 508/ bauddha-dRSTikoNa 509/ gItA evaM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa 509/ 7. mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ? 8. mana avidyA kA vAsasthAna 9. naitika-pragati aura naitika uttaradAyitva evaM mana 10. manonigraha jainadarzana meM manonigraha 514/ bauddhadarzana meM manonigraha 514/ gItA meM manonigraha 514/ 11. Adhunika manovijJAna meM manonigraha : eka anucita dhAraNA 12. samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM meM damana kI anaucityatA jainadarzana meM manonigraha kA anaucitya 515/ bauddhadarzana meM damana kA anaucitya 516/gItA meM damana kA anaucitya 516/ 13. jainadarzana kA sAdhanA mArga-vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, vAsanA kA kSaya 14. vAsanAkSaya evaM manojaya kA samyak mArga 15. jainadarzana meM mana kI cAra avsthaaeN| 1. vikSipta mana 519/2. yAtAyAta mana 520/3. zliSTa mana 520/4. sulIna mana 520/ 16. bauddhadarzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAe~ __ 1. kAmAvacara citta 520/2. rUpAvacara citta 520/3. arUpAvacara citta 520/4. lokottara citta 520/ 17. yogadarzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~ 1. kSipta citta 521/ 2. mUr3ha citta 521/ 3. vikSipta citta 521/ 4. ekAgra citta 521/ niruddha citta 521/ 517 518 519 520 521 18 manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 525 1. kaSAya-siddhAnta 2. kaSAya kA artha 3. kaSAya kI utpatti 525 525

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-39 526 526 527 527 527 4. kaSAya ke bheda 5. krodha 1. krodha 526/ 2. kopa 526/3. doSa 527/ 4. roSa 527/5.saMjvalana 527/6. akSamA 527/7. kalaha 527/ 8. caNDikya 527/9. maMDana 527/10. vivAda 527/ 6. krodha ke prakAra 1.anantAnubandhIkrodha (tIvratamakrodha)527/2.apratyAkhyAnI krodha (tIvratara krodha) 527/3. pratyAkhyAnI krodha (tIvra krodha) 527/4. saMjvalanakrodha (alpa krodha) 527/ 8. bauddhadarzana meM krodha ke tIna prakAra 9. mAna (ahaMkAra) 1. mAna 528/2. mada 528/3. darpa 528/4.stambha 528/ 5. garva 528/6. atyukroza 528/7. paraparivAda 528/8. utkarSa 528/9. apakarSa 528/10. unnatanAma 528/11. unnata 528/12. purnAma 528/ mAna ke prakAra 528/ 1. anantAnubandhI mAna 528/ 2. pratyAkhyAnI mAna 528/3. apratyAkhyAnI mAna 528/4. saMjvalana mAna 528/ 10. mAyA 1. mAyA 528/ 2. upAdhi 528/3. nikRti 528/ 4. valaya 528/5. gahana 528/6. nUma 528/7. kalka 528/ 8. karUpa 528/9. nihatA 528/10. kilviSika 528/ 11. AdaraNatA 528/12. gRhanatA 528/13.vaMcakatA 528/ 14. pratikuMcanatA 528/15. sAtiyoga 528/ 11. mAyA ke cAra prakAra 1.anantAnubandhI mAyA 528/2. apratyAkhyAnImAyA 529/ 3. pratyAkhyAnImAyA 529/4. saMjvalana mAyA 529/ 12. lobha 1. lobha 529/2. icchA 529/3. mUrchA 529/4. kAMkSA 529/5. gRddhi 529/6. tRSNA 529/7. mithyA 529/8. abhidhyA 529/9.AzaMsanA 529/10. prArthanA 529/11. 528 528 529

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lAlapanatA 529 / 12. kAmAzA 529 / 13. bhogAzA 529/ 14. jIvitAzA 529 / 15. maraNAzA 529 / 16. nandirAga 529/ 13. lobha ke cAra bheda -40 1. anantAnubandhI lobha 529/ 2. apratyAkhyAnI lobha 529/ 3. pratyAkhyAnI lobha 529/4. saMjvalana lobha 529/ 14. nokaSAya 1. hAsya 530 / 2. zoka 530 / 3. rati 530 / 4. arati 530 / 5. ghRNA 530 / 6. bhaya 530 / 7. strIveda 531 / 8. puruSaveda 531/ 9. napuMsakaveda 531/ 15. kaSAyajaya naitika pragati kA AdhAra 16. pahale prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 17. dUsare prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 18. kaSAya-jaya kaise ? 19. bauddhadarzana aura kaSAya 20. gItA aura kaSAya-nirodha 21. Avega, naitikatA evaM vyaktitva 22. lezyA - siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva 1. dravya - lezyA 538 / 2. bhAva- lezyA 538/ 23. lezyAe~ evaM naitika vyaktitva kA zreNI - vibhAjana kRSNa - lezyA (azubhatama - manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 540/ nIla- lezyA (azubhatara- manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 540/ kApota- lezyA ( azubha - manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 541 / tejo - lezyA ( zubha- manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 541 / padma - lezyA (zubhatara- manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 541 / zukla - lezyA (paramazubhamanovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 541 / 24. lezyA - siddhAnta aura bauddha - vicAraNA 25. lezyA - siddhAnta aura gItA 26. lezyA - siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA rAsa kA naitika vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa 529 529 531 533 533 534 535 535 537 538 539 542 543 546

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa Please 1. AcAradarzana kI mUlabhUta samasyAe~ manuSya vicArazIla prANI hai, isalie cintana aura manana karanA usakA pradhAna lakSaNa hai|' vicAra aura AcAra- ye mAnavajIvana ke do pakSa haiN| AcAra jaba vicAra se samanvita yA sampRkta hotA hai, taba jIvana meM viveka prakaTa hotA hai| vivekapUrNa AcaraNa meM hI mAnavajIvana kI mahattA hai| yoM to AhAra, nidrA, bhaya aura maithuna Adi sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ manuSya aura pazu sabameM samAna hI hotI haiM; kintu manuSya kI vizeSatA isI meM hai ki usake AcaraNa meM viveka ho / ' vivekazUnya manuSya pazu ke samAna hai| viveka hI manuSya ko apane lakSya ke viSaya meM socane ke lie prerita karatA hai| manuSya vicAra karatA hai ki vaha kauna hai, kahA~ se AyA hai, isa jagat meM usake jIvana kA uddezya kyA hai, usa uddezya kI prApti vaha kaise kara sakatA hai, kaisA AcaraNa zreyaskara hai aura kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa zreya se vimukha karatA hai | vaha kaise cale, kaise khar3A rahe, kaise baiThe, kaise bhojana kare aura kaise bole, tAki pApakarmoM kA bandhana ho ? mAnavIya jijJAsA kI ye abhivyaktiyA~, jo jaina Agama AcArAMga aura dazavaikAlika meM pAyI jAtI haiM, spaSTa karatI haiM ki manuSya ke sAmane apane sAdhya (goal of life) aura usa sAdhya ko prApta karane ke mArga kI samasyA sadaiva rahI hai / 41 bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| sAmAjika ikAI hone ke nAte vaha samAja meM rahatA tathA jItA hai, ata: usake sAmane yaha bhI prazna uThatA hai ki vaha samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra kre| gItA meM arjuna isI samasyA ko lekara upasthita hotA hai ki yuddha meM pratipakSI ke rUpa meM khar3e hue svajanoM ke sAtha vaha kisa prakAra vyavahAra kre| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki paramazubha (zreya) yA sAdhya aura usake sAdhanA-mArga kI vyAkhyA tathA samAja-jIvana meM pArasparika vyavahAra kI samasyAe~ hI AcAradarzana ke pramukha prazna haiM / AcAradarzana ko yaha batAnA hai ki manuSya kA paramazubha ( ultimate good) kyA aura vaha kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| samAja meM manuSya ko apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra karanA cAhie, Adi / 2. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA mAnava meM nihita cintana kI prakriyA jaba usake sAmane jIvana ke paramazreya evaM AcaraNa ke aucitya-anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke sambandha meM aneka prazna khaDe kara detI hai, to

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana unake uttara hameM AcAradarzana ke adhyayana se hI prApta hote haiN| vahI paramazreya ke viSaya meM hameM dizA-nirdeza karatA hai / mAnava meM apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke AcaraNa ko taulane kI jo pravRtti hai, usakA samyak samAdhAna bhI AcAradarzana ke adhyayana dvArA hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| AcAradarzana hI aucitya - anaucitya kA bodha karAtA hai, vahI sAdhya aura usakI prApti ke sAdhanA-patha kA nirdeza karatA hai aura zubhAzubha ke pratimAna ko bhI nizcita karatA hai| isa taraha AcAradarzana ke bahumukhI adhyayana kI upayogitA apane meM mahatvapUrNa hai, jise nimnalikhita AdhAroM para jAnA jA sakatA hai - 1. AcAradarzana sAdhya aura usakI upalabdhi ke mArga kA nirdezaka haisAmAnyatayA gati jar3a aura cetana - donoM meM hotI hai| jar3a kI gati andhI hotI hai, jabaki cetana kI gati lakSyonmukha hotI hai| lakSyonmukha dizA meM AcaraNa karanA hI caitanya-jIvana kI viziSTatA hai| Atma cetanA evaM vivekazIlatA ke kAraNa manuSya meM svataH apane lakSya ke nirdhAraNa kA kArya mahatvapUrNa hai| jIvana kA paramazreya yA Adarza kyA hai ? kyA bhUkha, pyAsa, maithuna Adi kI pUrti hI jIvana kA lakSya hai, athavA inase Upara bhI jIvana kA koI mahAn evaM vyApaka Adarza hai ? yadi hai to vaha kyA hai ? ina praznoM ke uttara AcAradarzana ke adhyayana dvArA hI prApta ho sakate haiN| usI ke dvArA paramazreya yA paramazubha ko jAnA jA sakatA hai aura vahI hameM paramazreya kI upalabdhi kA mArga batA sakatA hai| AcAradarzana ke samyak adhyayana ke abhAva meM na to jIvana ke Adarza kA bodha sambhava hai, na usakI upalabdhi kA mArga mila sakatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki andhA cAhe kitanA hI bahAdura ho, vaha zatru senA ko parAjita nahIM kara sakatA; usI prakAra ajJAnI yA lakSyabodha se vihIna sAdhaka bhI vikAroM para vijaya prApta nahIM kara sakatA / ' AcArya baTTakera bhI mUlAcAra meM likhate haiM ki jinazAsana meM kevala do hI bAteM batAI gaI - mArga (sAdhanApatha) aura mArga kA phala ( sAdhanA kA Adarza ) / ' isa prakAra jainavicArakoM kI dRSTi meM manuSya ke lie paramazreya aura usakI prApti kA mArga - donoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai, jo AcAradarzana ke adhyayana se hI mila sakatA hai| jahA~ bauddha AcAradarzana meM tRtIya Aryasatya duHkha-nirodha (nirvANa ) ke rUpa meM paramazreya aura caturtha Aryasatya aSTAMgika mArga ke rUpa meM sAdhanApatha kA bodha karAyA gayA hai, vahIM jaina - AcAradarzana meM bhI ratnatraya ko jIvana ke Adarza, pUrNatA yA mokSa kI upalabdhi kA sAdhana batAyA gayA gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne bhI paramazreya aura usake sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga evaM bhaktiyoga kA upadeza diyA hai| isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA 42 -

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 43 adhyayana jIvana ke parama zreya aura usakI upalabdhi ke mArga kA nirdezaka bana sakatA hai, aura isalie unakA adhyayana bhI apekSita hai| ____ 2. AcAradarzana AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucityakA viveka sikhAtA hai- jIvana karmamaya hai| karmazUnya jIvana jar3atA hai| jIvana aura AcaraNa meM itanA nikaTatama sambandha hai ki donoM sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| eka ora AcaraNa kI sambhAvanA jIvana ke astitva ke sAtha jur3I hai, to dUsarI ora AcaraNa hI jIvana kA lakSaNa hai| jainadarzana meM AcaraNa ko jIva kA lakSaNa aura karma ko saMsAra kA mUla mAnA gayA hai| jagat ke sabhI prANI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM se yukta hote haiN| ve nirantara kriyAzIla rahate haiN| gItA kahatI hai ki jagat ke prANI kisI bhI kSaNa kriyA (karma) se virata nahIM hote haiN|' bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra to kriyAzIlatA hI jIvana hai, kriyA se bhinna kartA kA astitva hI nahIM hai| kriyA hI kartA hai| pAzcAtya cintaka maithyU ArnAlDa ke anusAra, AcaraNa jIvana kA tIna-cauthAI bhAga hai|" maikeMjI kA kathana hai ki prayojanayukta kriyAzIlatA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to AcaraNa hI jIvana hai| isa prakAra, yadi jIvana AcaraNamaya hai, to prazna uThatA hai ki kyA AcaraNa ke sabhI rUpoM kI upayogitA samAna hai? uttara spaSTarUpa se nakArAtmaka hai| AcaraNa ke sabhI rUpoM kI upayogitA samAna nahIM mAnI jA sktii|aacrnn ke kucha prArUpa vyakti evaM samAja ke lie kalyANakArI hote haiM aura kucha prArUpa akalyANakArI, ata: svAbhAvika hI yaha jijJAsA hotI hai ki AcaraNa ke kaunase prArUpa vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke lie hitakara haiM aura kauna-se ahitakara? dUsare zabdoM meM, kauna-sA AcaraNa ucita evaM kauna-sA anucita hai ? AcAradarzana AcaraNa ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM AcaraNa ke aucitya evaM anaucitya kA nirdeza karatA hai| dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai ki zruta ke adhyayana ke dvArA hI kalyANakArI aura pApakArI pravRttiyoM kA bodha hotA hai| gItA ke anusAra, karttavya aura akarttavya kI vyavasthA meM zapanna ho pramANabhUta haiN|14 isa prakAra, puNya-pApa, ucita-anucita yA karttavya-akarttavya ke bodha ke lie AcAradarzana kA adhyayana nitAnta Avazyaka hai| ___3. AcAradarzana AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana aura naitika-pratimAna kI samIkSA karatA hai- cetanA ke sAtha jaba viveka prasphuTita hotA hai, taba manuSya apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke AcaraNa ko hara kadama para taulatA hai, nirNaya karatA hai aura vicAra karatA hai ki vaha AcaraNa mAnava-jIvana ke lakSya kI dizA meM hai yA nhiiN| yugoM se mAnava apane AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karatA rahA hai| cetana athavA acetana rUpa meM hara vicArazIla manuSya ke samakSa

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ucita aura anucita kA eka mAnadaNDa rahatA hai| phira cAhe usakA yaha mAnadaNDa tarkaviruddha aura asthira hI kyoM na ho, vaha apane isI mAnadaNDa ke AdhAra para aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirNaya detA hai| yadyapi pratyeka vyakti kisI-na-kisI mAnadaNDa kA upayoga karatA hai, phira bhI virale hI aise haiM, jo socate haiM ki naitikatA ke mAnadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vibhinna avadhAraNAe~ kyA haiM aura vAstavika naitika-pratimAna kauna-sA hai ? naitika mAnadaNDa kA bodha aura usakI samIkSA AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM gaNadhara gautama kahate haiM ki prajJA ke dvArA dharma (naitikatA) kI samIkSA karo aura tarka ke dvArA tattva kA vizleSaNa karo tathA vaijJAnika samIkSA ke AdhAra paradharma ke sAdhanoM, arthAt AcAra ke prArUpoM kA nirNaya kro| AcAradarzana kA adhyayana isalie Avazyaka hai ki hamAre naitika-nirNaya satya bana skeN| prazna cAhe ucita-anucita ke vivekakA ho, cAheAdarza ke nirdhAraNa kA, athavA naitika-nirNaya kI samasyA kA; AcAradarzana kA adhyayana anivArya hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra samUcA sAdhanA-mArga jJAna kI prAthamikatA para avasthita hai| prathama jJAna aura tadanusAra AcaraNa- yahI jaina-AcAradarzana kA svarNima sUtra hai| ajJAnI AtmA kyA sAdhanA karegA? vaha zubha aura azubha, zreya aura preya, athavA kalyANa aura pApa ke mArga ko kaise jAnegA?17 isalie jaina AcAryoM kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki pahale zrutake adhyayana ke dvArA zubha aura azubha ke svarUpa ko samajho aura unheM ThIka-ThIka jAnakara zreya kA AcaraNa kro| AcArya kundakunda kA kahanA hai ki jo zreya aura azreya ke sambandha meM vijJa hai, vahI durAcaraNa se nivRtta hokara sadAcArI banatA hai aura usI sadAcAra kI sAdhanA ke dvArA AtmavikAsa karatA huA paramasAdhya nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai| gItA kA bhI kahanA hai kizubha (karma), azubha (vikarma) aura zuddha karma (akarma) ke svarUpa ko jAnanA cAhie20 tathA zAstra ke dvArA vihita karma ko jAnakara hI vidvAn puruSa ko AcaraNa karanA cAhie,21 kyoMki jo puruSa zAstra-vidhi ko chor3akara icchAnusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha na to sukha prApta karatA hai aura na hI paramagati ko prApta hotA hai|22 4. vibhinna naitika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke lie AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA- mAnava meM naitika viveka kI aparihArya upasthiti hI usake jJAna kI apUrNatA aura paramArtha ke svarUpa kI jaTilatA ke kAraNa, aneka naitika siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kA AdhAra banI hai| vyakti kI mUlabhUta samasyA yaha hai ki vaha kisa AdhAra para yaha nirNaya kare ki kyA zubha hai aura kyA azubha hai| usake naitika-nirNayoM kA AdhAra kyA ho ?

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa vyakti ke pAsa aisA kauna-sA pratimAna yA nikaSa hai, jisake AdhAra para vaha kisI karma ko zubha athavA azubha kahe ? vaha dRSTikoNa kyA hai, jisake AdhAra para karmoM kI zubhatA aura azubhatA kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ? ina praznoM ne sadaivamAnavIya cintana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai aura vicArakoM ne ina praznoM ke samAdhAna ke vibhinna prayAsa kie haiN| kisI ne kartA ke saMkalpa yA karmapreraka ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra maanaa| isI prakAra, 'karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI kasauTI kyA hai ?' isa prazna ke vividha uttaroM ke AdhAra para naitikapratimAnoM ke aneka siddhAnta astitva meM aae| eka ora, kisI ne 'niyama' ko, to kisI ne 'sukha' ko naitika pramApaka kahA; dUsarI ora, kucha vicArakoM ne AtmapUrNatA' ko hI naitika pramApaka mAnA, to kucha ne 'mUlya' ke naitika-pratimAna kI sthApanA kI; itanA hI nahIM, ina vibhinna dhAraNAoM ke antargata bhI aneka siddhAnta astitva meM Ae, ata: vartamAna sthiti meM ina vibhinna siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA kie binA hI naitika-nirNaya de pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana ke abhAva meM vyakti apane naitika viveka kA yathArtha upayoga nahIM kara sktaa| 3. saiddhAntika adhyayana kA vyAvahArika jIvana se sambandha naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana kA naitika-AcaraNa se sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai| vyakti naitika siddhAntoM ke binA bhI naitika-AcaraNa kara sakatA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki eka sadAcArI vyakti nItizAstra kA gahana adhyayana kre| eka ora, nItizAstra ke saiddhAntika adhyayana ke binA bhI eka vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai, dUsarI ora, nItizAstra kA eka marmajJa vidvAn bhI durAcArI ho sakatA hai, ata: yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa hai ki naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana kA vyAvahArika dRSTi se kyA lAbha hai ? kyA naitika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana ko prabhAvita kara sakatA hai ? eka ora, mahAbhArata spaSTa kahatA hai ki dharma ko jAnate hue bhI usameM pravRtti nahIM hotI aura adharma ko jAnate hue bhI usase nivRtti nahIM hotii| jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra andhA vyakti prakAza hote hue bhI netrahIna hone ke kAraNa kucha bhI nahIM dekha pAtA,usI prakAra kucha pramatta manuSya zAstra ke samakSa rahate hue bhI samyak AcaraNa nahIM kara pAte, kintu dUsarI ora, jaina-darzana aura gItA yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA kA saiddhAntika adhyayana vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| gItA ke antima adhyAya meM gItA ke paThana aura zravaNa kA mahatva isa lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara batAyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnasampanna hokara AtmA vinaya, tapa aura saccaritratA ko prApta karatA hai| isa prazna

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko lekara ki 'nItizAstra kA vyAvahArika jIvana se kyA sambandha hai', pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke tIna dRSTikoNa haiM __ 1. vizuddha saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa- isa dRSTikoNa ke anusAra naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana kA hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana se koI sambandha nahIM hai| naitika siddhAnta mAtra vyAkhyAe~ haiM, ve yaha batAte haiM ki Adarza ke sambandha meM mAnavIya prakRti kyA hai ? use kaisI honA cAhie, isa bAta se usakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| naitika niyama Adeza nahIM, mAnavIya prakRti kI Adarza ke sambandha meM vyAkhyA hai| spinojA isa varga ke pramukha pratinidhi haiN| Adhunika vicArakoM meM bosAMke aura braiDale ko bhI isI paramparA kA mAnA jAtA hai| AcAradarzanakI sahaja jJAnavAdI paramparA bhI yaha mAnatI hai kizubhAzubha kA viveka svata:ho jAtA hai, ata: AcAradarzana kA saiddhAntika adhyayana vyAvahArika jIvana kI dRSTi se adhika upayogI nahIM hai| 2. vizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa- isake anusAra naitika vivecanAoM kA sIdhA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hI hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM arastU ke pUrvavartI sabhI vicAraka, sToika, sukhavAdI, upayogitAvAdI, vikAsavAdI Adi isI varga meM Ate haiN| 3. samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa- isa mAnyatA ke anusAra naitika vivecanA kA sIdhA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se nahIM hai, phira bhI usakA prabhAva vyAvahArika jIvana para par3atA hai aura vaha jIvana ke Adarza ko hamAre sAmane prastuta kara detI hai, jisase usa Adarza kI ora gati kI jA ske| siddhAnta aura vyavahAra alaga-alaga hote hue bhI paraspara sambandhita haiN| maikeMjI likhate haiM, eka burA siddhAnta kabhI-kabhI eka pIr3hI kI abhiruci ko vikRta kara detA hai, jabaki eka acchA siddhAnta usa abhiruci ko sudhArane meM sahAyaka bhI ho sakatA hai|'' grIka dArzanika arastU evaM kucha madhyakAlIna vicAraka evaM svayaM maikeMjI bhI isa mata ko ThIka mAnate haiN| prArambhika bauddha-darzana evaM jaina-darzana naitikatA ke pratizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa ko apanAkara hI Age bar3he the, yadyapi isake bAda dArzanika jaTilatAoM ne unheM bhI isa samanvayavAdI dhAraNA meM lAkara khar3A kara diyA hai| phira bhI, itanA nizcita hai ki kisI bhI bhAratIya paramparA ne apane AcAravijJAna kI vivecanA ko jIvana ke vyAvahArika pakSa se pUrNata: asambandhita mAnane kA prayatna nahIM kiyaa| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra nItizAstra kA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hai| eka ora, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlikasUtra meM jJAna yA saiddhAntika adhyayana ko vyAvahArika

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai; kintu dUsarI ora, isa tathya ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki saiddhAntika adhyayana mAtra se hI jIvana kI vyAvahArika gutthI pUrI taraha sulajhatI nahIM / AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki mAtra jJAna se kArya kI niSpatti nahIM ho jAtI hai| 28 jaise tairanA jAnane vAlA vyakti bhI tairane kI kriyA na karane para DUba jAtA hai, usI prakAra jo sAdhaka AcaraNazIla nahIM hai, vaha bahuta-se zAstra par3ha lene para bhI saMsArasamudra meM DUba jAtA hai | 29 AcArya saiddhAntika adhyayana kI tulanA dIpaka se aura vyAvahArika viveka kI tulanA A~kha se karate hue kahate haiM, 'zAstroM kA bahuta-sA adhyayana bhI kisa kAma kA ? kyA karor3oM dIpaka jalA dene se bhI andhe ko koI prakAza mila sakatA hai ? zAstra kA thor3A-sA adhyayana bhI AcaraNazIla sAdhaka ke lie upayogI hotA hai; jaise, jisakI A~kha khulI hai, usake lie eka dIpaka kA prakAza bhI paryApta hai| 30 isa prakAra, jaina- dRSTi ke anusAra saiddhAntika adhyayana hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie mAtra dizAnirdezaka hai| naitika vivecanAe~ pratyakSa rUpa se vyAvahArika nahIM haiM, lekina ve jIvana ke Adarza ko spaSTa kara AcaraNa kA mArga prazasta karatI haiN| hamAre vyavahAra para unakA mahatvapUrNa prabhAva par3atA hai / jisa prakAra A~kha ke lie prakAza aura prakAza ke lie A~kha Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra siddhAnta ke lie vyavahAra aura vyavahAra ke lie siddhAnta Avazyaka hai| donoM ke pArasparika sahayoga se hI jIvana ke Adarza kI dizA meM bar3hA jA sakatA hai| 47 pAzcAtya-paramparA meM rezaDAla aura mUra bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| rezaDAla kA kathana hai ki nItizAstra ke vyAvahArika mUlya para avizvAsa karanA una logoM lie bhI kaThina hai, jo isake avyAvahArika svarUpa ko prakaTa karane meM ruci rakhate haiN| 31 mUra kA kahanA hai ki karttavyamImAMsA samagra naitika gaveSaNAoM kA lakSya hai| 2 I naitika- AcaraNa ke lie jahA~ yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti yaha jAne ki kyA zubha hai aura kyA azubha; vahIM yaha bhI apekSita hai ki vaha kyoM zubha hai aura kyoM azubha, isakA bhI use samucita jJAna ho / yaha bAta naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana se hI sambhava hai, sAtha hI naitika- AcaraNa kA mArga bhI itanA nirApada nahIM hai| kabhI-kabhI vyakti aisI dvividhA kI sthiti meM pha~sa jAtA hai ki sAmAnyataH ucita aura anucita kA nirNaya karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNaya karanA atyanta gahana viSaya hai / " vyakti ke sambandha meM zubhAzubhatA kA nirNaya lenA hotA hai, kintu aisA nirNaya naitikatA saiddhAntika adhyayana ke AdhAra para hI adhika acche DhaMga se liyA jA sakatA hai| jaba

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karttavya evaM akarttavya ke madhya dvivizA kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai, taba naitikatA kA saiddhAntika adhyayana hI hamArA mArgadarzaka bana sakatA hai| isa sabake atirikta vibhinna AcAradarzanoM kI deza-kAlagata vizeSatAe~ evaM vibhinnatAe~ svayaM hameM naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana ke lie AkarSita karatI haiN| 4. AcAradarzana kI paribhASA AcAradarzana yA nItizAstra ko aneka prakAra se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM AcAradarzana kI paribhASAe~ aneka dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI haiN| kisI ne use rItirivAjoM aura niyamoM kA vijJAna mAnA, to kisI ne use caritra kA vijJAna btaayaa| dUsare kucha vicArakoM ne use karttavyazAstra aura aucityaanaucitya ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA, to anya kucha vicArakoM ne use paramazubha (zreya) yA mAnavajIvana meM sannihita Adarza kA vijJAna btaayaa| saMkSepa meM, nItizAstra kI pAzcAtya paribhASAoM ke ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai34 1. nItizAstra rItirivAjoM athavA sAmAjika niyamoM kA vijJAna hai| 2. nItizAstra AcaraNa yA caritra kA vijJAna hai| 3. nItizAstra ucita evaM anucita kA vijJAna hai| 4. nItizAstra kartavya kA vijJAna hai| 5. nItizAstra mAnavajIvana meM sannihita Adarza yA paramazreya kA vijJAna hai| 6. nItizAstra mUlyAMkana kA vijJAna hai| 7. nItizAstra naitika pratyayoM ke vizleSaNa kA vijJAna hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM dharmazAstra aura nItizAstra- donoM alaga-alagazAstra mAne gae haiM, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM nItizAstra zabda kA prayoga bhale hI ho, lekina usakA artha pAzcAtya-paramparA se bhinna hai| bhArata meM nItizAstra kA prayoga rAjanIti ke artha meM huA hai, phira bhI usameM sAmAjika jIvana-vyavasthA ke niyamoM kA vicAra avazya milatA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM nItizAstra ko 'ethiksa' kahA jAtA hai| ethiksa zabda ithosa (ethos) se banA hai, jisakA artha rItirivAja hai| isa sandarbha meM nItizAstra sAmAjika niyamoM yA AdezoM se sambandhita mAnA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM jise nItizAstra kahA jAtA hai, use bhAratIya-paramparA meM dharmazAstra kahA gayA hai| ata: bhAratIya sandarbha meM nItizAstra kI paribhASA ko samajhane ke lie hameM dharma kI paribhASAoM kI

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 49 ora jAnA hogaa| bhAratIya-paramparA meM dharma ko aneka rUpoM meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai, unameM se kucha pramukha dRSTikoNa isa prakAra haiM___1.dharma niyamoMyAAjJAoM kA pAlana hai- jaina-paramparAmeM dharma AjJApAlana ke rUpa meM vivecita hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA hai ki merI AjJAoM ke pAlana meM dharma hai| mImAMsAdarzana meM dharma kA lakSaNa AdezayA AjJA mAnA gayA hai, usake anusAra vedoM kI AjJA kA pAlana hI dharma hai| jaina-paramparA meM laukika niyamoM yA sAmAjika maryAdAoM ko bhI dharma kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM grAmadharma, nagaradharma, saMghadharma Adi ke sandarbha meM dharma kosAmAjika vidhi-vidhAnoM ke pAlana ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gayA hai| isa prakAra, AcAradarzana ko niyamoM athavA rItirivAjoM kA zAstra mAnA gayA hai| dharma kI ye paribhASAe~ pAzcAtya paramparA meM nIti kI usa paribhASA ke samAna haiM, jisameM nItizAstra ko rItirivAjoM kA vijJAna kahA gayA hai| 2. dharma cAritra kA paricAyaka hai- pAzcAtya-vicAraka maikeMjI ne nItizAstra ko caritra kA vijJAna kahA hai| jaina-paramparA meM dharma kI dUsarI paribhASA cAritra ke rUpa meM dI gaI hai|sthaanaaNgsuutr kI TIkA meM AcArya ubhayadeva ne dharma kA lakSaNa caritra mAnA hai| pravacanasAra meM AcAra kundakunda ne bhI cAritra ko hI dharma kahA hai| AcArAMganiyukti ke anusAra zAstra evaM pravacana kA sAra AcaraNa hai| vaidika-paramparA meM manu ne AcAra ko paramadharma kahakara dharma kA lakSaNa cAritra yA AcaraNa batAyA hai| AcAra ko spaSTa karate hue manu ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki AcaraNa kA vAstavika artha rAgadveSa se rahita vyavahAra hai| ve kahate haiM ki rAgadveSa se rahita sajjana vidvAnoM dvArA jo AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai aura jise hamArI antarAtmA ThIka samajhatI hai, vahI AcaraNa dharma hai|2. 3. dharma karttavya kI vivecanA karatA hai- lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM vyakti ke dAyitvoM kI vyAkhyA karanA dharma kA kAma hai| jaina-paramparA meM dharma ko utkRSTa maMgala ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, dharma ko vizvakalyANakAraka batAyA hai| mahAbhArata meM dharma kI paribhASA isa rUpa meM kI gaI hai ki jo prajA ko dhAraNa karatA hai, athavA jisase samasta prajA (samAja) kA dhAraNa yA saMrakSaNa hotA hai, vahI dharma hai| gItA meM dharmazAstra ko kAryAkArya athavA karttavyAkarttavya kI vyavasthA dene vAlA batAyA gayA hai|45 ___4. dharma parama zreya kI vivecanA karatA hai- dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dharma ko bhAva-maMgala aura siddhi (zreya) kA kAraNa kahA hai| AcArAMganiyukti meM bhI dharma kA aMtima lakSya nirvANa batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki loka kAsAradharma hai, dharma kA sAra jJAna

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50 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai, jJAna kA sAra saMyama (sadAcAra) hai aura saMyama kA sAra nirvANa hai| isa prakAra, dharma ko paramazreya kA udbodha mAnA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM bhI zreya aura preya ke vivecana meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo zreya kA cayana karatA hai, vahI vidvAn hai| AcArya zubhacandra ne dharma ko bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika abhyudaya kA sAdhaka batAyA hai| jaina-paramparA meM dharma kI eka paribhASA vastusvabhAva ke rUpa bhI kI gaI hai| jisase svasvabhAva meM avasthiti aura vibhAvadazA kA parityAga hotA hai, vaha dharma hai, kyoMki svasvabhAva hI hamArA paramazreya ho sakatA hai aura isa rUpa meM vahI dharma kahA jAtA hai| dharma kA lakSaNa yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki jo AtmA kA parizuddhasvarUpa hai aura joAdi, madhya aura anta-sabhI meM kalyANakAraka hai, vahI dharma hai| vaizeSikasUtra meM dharma kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jisase abhyudaya aura zreya kI siddhi hotI hai. vaha dharma hai|1 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM bhI dharma ko aneka rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI bhAratIya-paramparA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM dharma kI kisI ekAMgI paribhASA para hI bala nahIM diyA gayA, varan dharma athavA nIti ke vividha pakSoM ko ubhArate hue unameM eka samanvaya hI khojane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| manu ne dharma ke lakSaNoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue ina sabhI pakSoM ko samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki veda evaM smRti kI AjJAoM kA paripAlana, sadAcAra aura Atmavat vyavahAra dharma kA lakSaNa hai| vastuta:, jahA~ pAzcAtya-paramparA meM ina vividha paribhASAoM kA Agraha dekhA jAtA hai, vahA~ bhAratIya-paramparAoM meM aisA Agraha nahIM hai, varan ve ina sabhI pakSoM ko samAna rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyeka paramparA meM dharma kI vividha vyAkhyAe~ upalabdha ho jAtI haiN| jaina-paramparA meM bhI dharma kI ina vividha paribhASAoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai dhammovatthusahAvo, khmaadibhaavoydsvihodhmmo| rayaNattayaM ca dhammo, jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhmmo|| ___ - kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 478 arthAt vastusvabhAvadharma hai, kSamAdi dazavidha dharma haiM, ratnatraya dharma hai aura jIvoM kI rakSA karanA dharma hai| yahadharma yA naitikatA kI vyApaka paribhASA hai| nItizAstra ke sandarbha meM ina paribhASAoM kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hogI-svasvabhAva paramazreya ke rUpa meM naitika sAdhya hai aura ratnatrayarUpa samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aurasamyakacAritra usa paramazreyarUpa sAdhya ke sAdhana haiN| svabhAvadazA kI upalabdhi pAramArthika naitikatA hai aura samyagdarzana Adi vyAvahArika naitikatA haiN|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 51 punaH, kSamAdi dazavidhadharmoM ko vaiyaktika naitikatA aura dayA, karuNA Adiko sAmAjika naitikatA kahA jA sakatA hai| 5. bhAratIya-paramparA meM AcAradarzana (nItizAstra) kI prakRti pAzcAtya-paramparA meM yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki nItizAstra kI prakRti kyA hai ? vaha vijJAna hai yA kalA? athavA darzana kA eka aMga hai ? vijJAna kA vyApaka artha kisI bhI viSaya kA suvyavasthita adhyayana hai aura isa artha ko svIkAra karane para nItizAstra bhI vijJAna hai, kyoMki vaha karttavya, zreya yA paramArtha kA suvyavasthita adhyayana karatA hai| myUraheDa ke anusAra vijJAna ke tIna lakSaNa haiM- samyak nirIkSaNa, nirIkSita tathyoM kA vargIkaraNa aura una tathyoM kI vyaakhyaa| ina lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para bhI nItizAstra vijJAna hai, kyoMki vaha naitika tathyoM kA nirIkSaNa, vargIkaraNa aura unakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| nItizAstra ko vijJAna mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM isa AdhAra para matabheda haiM ki nItizAstra tathyAtmaka vijJAna hai yA AdarzAtmaka vijJAna ? jo vicAraka nItizAstra ko samAjavijJAna yA manovijJAna kA hI eka aMga samajhate haiM, unake anusAra nItizAstra bhI arthazAstra, manovijJAna yA vidhizAstra ke samAna eka tathyAtmaka vijJAna hai, jabaki dUsare kucha vicAraka use AdarzAtmaka vijJAna mAnate haiM, jinake anusAra nItizAstra kA kArya tathyoM kI vyAkhyA karanA nahIM, varan Adarza kA nirdezana hai| nItizAstra kA sambandha hai' se nahIM, varan 'cAhie' se hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kyA karanA cAhie' aura kyA nahIM karanA caahie| nItizAstra ke nirNaya tathyAtmaka nahIM, varan mUlyAtmaka hote haiM aura isa rUpa meM vaha AdarzamUlaka vijJAna hI siddha hotA hai| 1. kyA nItizAstrakalA hai? vijJAna aura kalA meM pramukha antara isa AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai ki vijJAna kA sambandha jJAna' yA vicAra se, aura kalA kA sambandha karma yA kRti se hotA hai| bhAratIyaparamparA meM zukrAcArya ne vidyA (vijJAna) aura kalA meM pramukha antara isa AdhAra para mAnA hai ki jo vicAravinimaya kA viSaya hai, vaha vidyA hai aura jo kriyA kA viSaya hai, vaha kalA hai| 52(a) kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM nItizAstra AcaraNa kI kalA hai| jisa prakAra rekhAoM, binduoM aura raMgoM kA sundara vinyAsa citrakalA hai, svaroM kI suvyavasthA gAyanakalA hai; usI prakAra manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa kA sundara abhiyojana, santulana aura suvyavasthApana AcaraNa kI kalA hai| kalA racanAtmaka hotI hai, lekina isakA artha yaha

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM hai ki usakA vivecanAtmaka pakSa se koI sambandhanahIM hai| vidyA yA vijJAna vivecanAtmaka hotA hai, lekina aneka vijJAna aise bhI haiM, jo apane nirNayoM kI kriyAnviti ke abhAva meM apUrNa rahate haiM; jaise, zilpavijJAna yA cikitsaavijnyaan| AcArazAstra kA sambandha jahA~ eka ora kartavya, zreya yA paramArtha ke vivecana se hai, vahIM dUsarI ora kriyAnviti se bhI hai| nItizAstra eka AdarzAtmaka vijJAna hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usameM kalAtmaka pakSa kA abhAva hai| yadyapi maikeMjIprabhRti kucha pAzcAtya nItivettAoM ne nItizAstra ko kalA mAnane se inkAra kiyA hai| maikeMjI apane nItipravezikA nAmaka grantha meM batAte haiM, AcaraNa kI kalA ho hI nahIM sktii|' ve apane pakSa ke samarthana meM do tarka dete haiM (1) AcaraNa Adata hai, na ki kSamatA, jabaki kalA naipuNya-kSamatA hai| sadAcArI vyakti vaha hai, jo sadAcaraNa karatA hai, jabaki acchA kalAkAra vaha hai, jo acchA citra banA sakatA hai| sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM eka vyakti sadAcArI nahIM rahatA hai, athavA sadAcaraNa karane kI kSamatA-mAtra se koI sadAcArI nahIM ho jAtA hai| (2) kalA kA sambandha nirmiti kI siddhi se hai, jabaki AcaraNa kA sambandha Antarika uddezya se hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, kalA kA sambandha sAdhya kI upalabdhi se hai, jabaki AcaraNa kA sambandha sAdhana kI zuddhi yA sadbhAvanA se hai| bhAratIya-paramparA kI dRSTi se maikeMjI kA yaha dRSTikoNa samucita nahIM hai| jainaparamparA aura gItA ke anusAra, jisakA dRSTikoNa athavA jisakI zraddhA samyak hai, vaha sadAcaraNa kI kriyA ke abhAva meM bhI sadAcArI mAnA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra aviratasamyagdRSTi yadyapi azubhAcaraNa se virata nahIM hotA hai, phira bhI AcArAMgasUtra meM yaha kahakara ki samyagdRSTi koI pApa nahIM karatA hai,' kSamatA ke AdhAra para use naitika vyakti mAna liyA gayA hai| gItA meM yaha kahakara ki bhagavAn ke prati samyak zraddhA se yukta durAcArI ko bhI sadAcArI hI mAnanA cAhie,54 isI bAta ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki naitikaAcaraNa kI kSamatA se yukta hone para AcaraNa ke abhAva meM bhI kisI ko sadAcArI mAnA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, yaha mAnanA ki nItizAstra kevala sAdhana-zuddhi aura sad-uddezya para bala detA hai, samucita nahIM hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM naitika-jIvana kA paramalakSya mAtra sAdhana kI zuddhi yA sad-uddezyatA nahIM hai, varan mokSa ke sAdhya kI siddhi bhI hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM nItizAstra ko yogazAstra bhI kahA gayA hai, aura yoga vahI hai, jo 'sAdhya' se jor3atA hai| gItA meM yoga ko karmakauzalya' bhI kahA gayA hai aura isa rUpa meM nItizAstra pravINatA para usI prakAra bala detA hai, jisa prakAra klaa| bhAratIya-paramparA meM nItizAstra AcaraNa kI kalAoM meM mahatvapUrNa kalA hai| kahA gayA hai

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa sakalApi kalA kalAvatAM vikalAM puNya kalAM vinA khalu / sakale nayane vRthA yathA tanu bhAjAM hi kanInikA vinA / / bhAratIya cintana meM AcArazAstra puNya- kalA hai aura puNya-kalA ke abhAva meM sabhI kalAe~ vaise hI vyartha haiM, jisa prakAra kanInikA ke binA nayana vyartha haiM / jainAcAryoM kA kathana hai, 'savvakalA dhammakalA jiNei' (gautamakulaka), arthAt dharmakalA sabhI kalAoM meM zreSTha hai / 2. nItizAstra kI dArzanika prakRti AcArazAstra na kevala vijJAna yA kalA hai, varan vaha darzana kA aMga bhI hai| yadi vijJAna kA artha mAnavIya anubhava ke kisI sImita bhAga kA adhyayana hai, to nItizAstra vijJAna kI apekSA darzana hI adhika hai / isa artha meM use darzana kA eka aMga hI mAnanA cAhie, kyoMki vaha anubhUti kA pUrNa rUpa se adhyayana karatA hai| maikeMjI ne svayaM ise isa artha meM darzana kA aMga mAnA hai| kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM vijJAna kA sambandha yathArtha se hotA hai| yadi vijJAna yathArthamUlaka zAstroM taka sImita hai, to hameM nItizAstra ko 'darzana' ke kSetra meM rakhanA hogaa| yadyapi nItizAstra darzana se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki darzana kI koI pUrvamAnyatA (postulate) nahIM hotI hai, jabaki nItizAstra kI kucha pUrvamAnyatAe~ hotI haiN| yadi hama naitika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ko bhI nItizAstra kA aMga mAna lete haiM, to nItizAstra vastutaH 'darzana' hI bana jAtA hai| phira bhI, yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki nItizAstra yA AcAradarzana korA buddhivilAsa nahIM hai; usakA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hai, vaha vyAvahArika darzana hai / jaina-nItizAstra meM samyagdarzana usake dArzanika pakSa ko, samyagjJAna usake vaijJAnika pakSa ko aura samyak cAritra usake kalAtmaka pakSa ko abhivyakta karate haiM / 53 sAdhya (Adarza) ke nirdezana evaM naitika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke rUpa meM nItizAstra darzana hai, jabaki AcaraNa ke vizleSaNa ke rUpa meM vaha vijJAna hai aura caritra - nirmANa ke rUpa meM vaha kalA hai| bhAratIya AcArazAstrIya paramparA meM naitika mAnyatAoM kA tAttvika vivecana, AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa aura AcaraNa - mArga kA nirdezana sabhI samAviSTa haiM aura isa rUpa meM usameM darzana, vijJAna aura kalA ke pakSa upasthita haiN| vastutaH, bhAratIya cintana meM hameM nItizAstra kA eka vyApaka svarUpa dRSTigata hotA hai, use sampUrNa jIvana kA AdhAra aura loka-sthiti kA vyavasthApaka mAnA gayA hai, use dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha kA mUla aura mokSa kA pradAtA kahA gayA hai sarvopajIvakaM lokasthitikRnnItizAstrakam / dharmArthakAmamUlaM hi smRtaM mokSapradaM yataH / / - zukranIti, 1/2

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54 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. naitika pratyaya aura unake artha pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana kI vibhinna paribhASAoM meM hamane yaha dekhA ki ve paribhASAe~ nItizAstra ke kisI pratyaya vizeSa para jora detI hai, lekina nItizAstra meM kisI pratyaya vizeSa ko hI mahatva denA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa hogaa| yadyapi nItizAstra ke vibhinna pratyayoM meM eka krama yA vyavasthA ho sakatI hai, tathApi kisI bhI pratyaya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nItizAstra ke pramukha pratyaya parama zubha, zubha, ucita, karttavya, cAritra Adi haiN| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM yadyapi uparyukta sabhI naitika-pratyaya upasthita haiM, tathApibhAratIyaparamparA meM unakI paribhASAe~ anupalabdha haiN| isa sandarbha meM hameM pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa kA hI sahArA lenA hogA, phira bhI hama unheM bhAratIya sandarbha meM hI parakhane kA prayAsa kreNge| 1. paramazubha- bhAratIya-paramparA meM jIvana kA paramazreya du:khoM kA Atyantika vinAza aura akSayaAnandakI upalabdhi hai| eka anya apekSAse AtmapUrNatA ko bhI jIvana kA paramazreya mAnA gayA hai| tAttvika-dRSTi se paramazreya hamArI sattA kA sAratattva hai, use jainaparamparA meM svabhAvadazA kI upalabdhi aura gItA meM paramAtmA kI upalabdhi kahA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM, ise nirvANa kahA jAtA hai aura vistArapUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha hamArI sattA kA sAratattva, akSaya Ananda kI avasthA aura duHkhoM se Atyantika vimukti siddha hotA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM paramazreya, nirvANa, paramAtmadazA, svabhAvadazA Adi paryAyavAcI zabda hI mAne jAte haiN| paramazreya kA vivecana karanA yA use paribhASita karanA sambhava nahIM hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM use anirvacanIya, arthAt avizleSya evaM aparibhASya hI batAyA gayA hai| pAzyAtya-paramparA meM mUra ne bhI zubha ko avizleSya evaM aparibhASya mAnA hai| 2. zubha- bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se zubha aura paramazubha meM antara hai| paramazubha eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hai, jabaki zubha laukika aadrsh| bhAratIya-paramparA meM ise puNya bhI kahA gayA hai| puNya yA paropakAra eka aisA Adarza hai, jisakA lakSya dUsaroM kA hita karanA hai| ise hama sAmAjika jIvana kA Adarza bhI kaha sakate haiN| 3. aucitya aura anaucitya ke pratyaya-aucitya aura anaucitya ke pratyaya zubha yA paramazubha ke pratyaya para nirbhara haiN| jo AcaraNa zubha athavA paramazubha kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vaha ucita kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta, jo AcaraNa zubha athavA paramazubha se vimukha karatAhai, vahaanucita kahA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM,aucitya aura anaucityakAAdhAra zubha aura paramazubha ke pratyaya hI haiN| yadyapi kucha logoM ne ucita aura anucita ko sAmAjika anumodana aura ananumodana se bhI jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jina karmoM ke pIche sAmAjika anumodana hai, ve ucita haiM aura jina karmoM ke pIche sAmAjika anumodana nahIM hai, ve anucita kahe jAte haiN|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 4. karttavya - karttavya kA pratyaya yaha batAtA hai ki kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM kisI vizeSa kArya kA karanA hamArA dAyitva hai / kartavya kA udbhava sAmAjika evaM bauddhika jIvana meM hotA hai / karttavya kA bhAva yA to adhikAroM kI dhAraNA se, yA buddhi se nirgamita hotA hai / 1 5. cAritra - caritra vyakti kI AdatoM se nirmita hotA hai aura vaha vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi ko spaSTa karatA hai| cAritra, jIvana jIne kA eka DhaMga - vizeSa hai / vyakti kI jo jIvana-dRSTi hotI hai, vaisA hI usake jIvana jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai aura vahI usake cAritra kA paricAyaka hotA hai / cAritra karma karane kI svecchArjita sthAnIya pravRttiyoM kA saMgaThita rUpa hai| nItizAstra ke uparyukta pramukha pratyaya svatantra rUpa meM nahIM rahakara eka vyavasthA meM rahate haiM / unameM eka nikaTatama pArasparika sambandha bhI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM nirvANa paramazreya kI, puNya aura pApa zubhAzubha kI evaM varNAzramadharma karttavyabhAva kI abhivyakti karate haiN| 7. 55 bhAratIya - AcAradarzanoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ dharma-adharma, zubha -azubha, kuzala- akuzala, zreya-peya aura ucita - anucita ke sambandha meM vicAra karane kI pravRtti mAnava meM prAcInakAla se hI rahI hai| pazcima meM pAithAgorasa, sukarAta, pleTo aura arastU Adi se lekara rasala, mUra, peTana Adi varttamAna yuga ke vicArakoM taka aura pUrva meM veda aura upaniSad ke kAla ke RSigaNoM evaM kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra kI paramparA se lekara tilaka aura gAMdhI ke varttamAna yuga taka naitika cintana kA yaha pravAha satata rUpa se pravAhita hotA rahA hai, phira bhI deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa naitika cintana kI yaha dhArA pUrva aura pazcima meM kucha bhinna rUpoM meM pravAhita hotI rahI hai| pratyeka deza kI apanI bhaugolika paristhiti hotI hai| jina dezoM meM vyakti ko apane jIvanayApana ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hotI, vahA~ jIvana ke ucca AdarzoM kA vikAsa bhI nahIM ho pAtA, lekina jahA~ jIvana kI prAthamika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti sahaja evaM sulabha hotI hai, vahA~ cintana kI dizA bhI badala jAtI hai| isI prakAra, pratyeka deza kI pUrvavartI paramparAe~ bhI usa deza kI cintana kI dhArA ko vizeSa dizA kI ora mor3a detI haiN| ataH, pratyeka deza meM jIvana ke mUlyoM ke sambandha meM apanA vizeSa dRSTikoNa hotA hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika cintana ne hameM yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jalavAyu bhI vicAroM ko prabhAvita karatI hai| usakA prabhAva vyakti kI vAsanAoM aura svabhAvoM para par3atA hai| usake pariNAmasvarUpa bhI deza kI cintanadhArA eka naI dizA le letI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, kabhI

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana deza meM kucha aise prabuddha vyaktitvoM kA janma ho jAtA hai, jo usa deza ke cintana ko nayA mor3a de dete haiN| bhArata kI apanI bhaugolika paristhiti, apanA jalavAyu, apanI pUrvavartI paramparAe~ aura apane mahApuruSa haiM; ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki usakI naitika cintana kI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhAratabhUmi meM vikasita hue haiM aura isa rUpa meM unakI kucha sAmAnya abhisvIkRtiyA~ haiM, jo hameM unake vyavasthita aura tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie prerita karatI haiN| bhAratIya naitika cintana kI kucha pramukha vizeSatAe~ nimnalikhita haiM 56 1. jAgatika - upAdAnoM kI nazvaratA - bhAratIya cintana meM jo kucha bhI aindrikaanubhavoM ke viSaya haiM, ve sabhI parivartanazIla, vinAzazIla aura anitya mAne gae haiN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAe~ jAgatika - upAdAnoM kI isa nazvaratA ko svIkAra karake calatI haiN| 55 2. AtmA kI amaratA - yadyapi zarIra, indriyA~ aura unake viSaya nazvara mAne gae haiM, lekina AtmA yA jIva ko nitya kahA gayA hai| jainadarzana aura gItA- donoM hI AtmA ko nitya aura zAzvata mAnate haiN| donoM ke anusAra zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhI AtmA kA nahIM hotA / jahA~ taka bauddha-vicAradhArA kA prazna hai, vaha nitya AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, phira bhI vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI vijJAnapravAha yA cetanA pravAha banA rahatA hai| 3. karma - siddhAnta meM vizvAsa- karmasiddhAnta bhAratIya - AcAradarzana kI viziSTa mAnyatA hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana isa karmasiddhAnta meM aTUTa zraddhA rakhate haiN| sabhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki kRta karmoM kA phalayoga Avazyaka hai| ST 4. maraNottara jIvana evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta meM AsthA - jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana maraNottara jIvana evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake calate haiN| 58 karmasiddhAnta aura AtmA kI amaratA, yaha anivAryata: punarjanma kI mAnyatA ko sthApita karate haiN| 5. svarga-naraka ke astitva meM vizvAsa - punarjanma ke siddhAnta kI dhAraNA ke sAtha yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra maraNottara avasthA meM svarga yA naraka ko prApta karatA hai| " zubha karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa svarga aura azubha karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa naraka kI prApti hotI hai| 6. jIvana kI duHkhamayatA- jIvana kI duHkhamayatA bhAratIya darzanoM kA eka pramukha

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 57 pratyaya rahI hai| jaina aura bauddha - donoM hI paramparAoM meM jIvana ko du:khamaya mAnA gayA hai| duHkha kI abhisvIkRti bhAratIya AsthA kA prathama caraNa hai| buddha ne ise prathama Aryasatya kahA hai| vastutaH, duHkha aura abhAva kI vedanA jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai, jo pUrNatA ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai| du:kha bhAratIya naitikatA kA pravezadvAra hai| pAzcAtya sattAvAdI vicAraka kirkegArDa ne bhI duHkha ko naitika-jIvana kA prathama caraNa kahA hai| bhAratIyacintana meM samagra naitikatA isI duHkha se vimukti kA prayAsa kahI jA sakatI hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kI pravacanadhArA janasamAja ko isI duHkhamayatA se ubArane ke lie pravAhita huii| duHkha bhAratIya cintana kA yathArtha hai aura duHkha-vimukti aadrsh| 7. nirvANa : jIvana kA paramazreya- nirvANa yA mukti bhAratIya naitikatA kA paramazreya hai| duHkha se vimukti ko hI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai aura duHkhoM se pUrNa vimukti ko hI nirvANa yA mokSa kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi meM bhautika evaM vastugata sukha vAstavika sukha nahIM haiN| saccA sukha vastugata nahIM, apitu Atmagata hai| usakI upalabdhi tRSNA yA Asakti ke prahANa dvArA sambhava hai| vItarAga, anAsakta aura vItatRSNa honA hI unakI dRSTi meM vAstavika sukha hai| 8. naitika-cintana kI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya paramparAoM meM pramukha antara 1. pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM naitikatA kA sambandha pAralaukika jIvana kI apekSA vartamAna jIvana se adhika mAnA gayA hai, jabaki bhAratIya cintana meM pAralaukika-jIvana ke sandarbha meM hI naitikatA kA vicAra adhika vikasita huA hai| yadyapi ekAnta rUpa meM na to pAzcAtya-paramparA ko pUrNatayA laukika-jIvana se aura na bhAratIya naitika-cintana ko pUrNatayA pAralaukika-jIvana se hI sambandhita mAnA jA sakatA hai| 2. bhAratIya naitika-cintana, naitika-siddhAntoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana na hokara, vyAvahArika naitika-jIvana se sambandhita hai| bhAratIya naitika-vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki kyA karanA cAhie aura kyA nahIM karanA cAhie, kauna-sA AjAra ucita hai aura kauna-sA AcAra anacita hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya naitikatA meM mukhyatayA naitika-siddhAntoM kI apekSA naitika-jIvana para adhika vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vaha upadezAtmaka hai| usakA sambandhavyAvahArika naitikatA se adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana AcAra kA vijJAna hai, jabaki bhAratIya AcAradarzana jIne kI kalA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya vicArakoM ne ApAtakAlIna evaM sAmAnya AcAra ke niyamoM kA gaharAI se vivecana to kiyA, lekina naitikatA ke pratimAna evaM naitika-pratyayoM kI saiddhAntika samIkSA bhArata meM utanI gaharAI se nahIM huI, jitanI ki pazcima meN| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki bhAratIya naitika

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58 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana cintana meM kevala AcAra-niyamoM kA pratipAdana hai aura naitika samasyAoM para koI cintana nahIM huA hai, ekabhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogii| aneka naitika samasyAoM kA sundara hala bhAratIya cintana ne diyA hai, jo usakI maulika pratibhA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| 3. bhAratIya naitika-cintana pramukha rUpa se adhyAtmavAdI hai, jabaki pAzcAtya naitika-cintana meM bhautikavAdI dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa adhika dekhA jAtA hai| bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM paramazreya nirvANa, mokSa yA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti hai, jabaki pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM paramazreya vyakti evaM samAja kA bhautika kalyANa hai| vaiyaktika yA sAmAjika hitoM kI upalabdhi evaM surakSA tathA vyavasthita aura sAmaMjasyapUrNa sAmAjika jIvana ko hI adhikAMza pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ne naitikatA kA sAdhya mAnA hai| yadyapi hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pazcima meM bhI braiDale prabhRti kucha AdhyAtmika vicArakoM ne naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM jisa AtmapUrNatA evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, vaha bhAratIya AdhyAtmika dRSTi se adhika dUra nahIM hai| isI prakAra, bhAratIya cintakoM ne bhI jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI pUrI taraha se avahelanA nahIM kI hai| 4. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika-cintana meM eka mahatvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki bhAratIya AcAra-paramparA nirvANavAdI hone ke kAraNa vyaktiparaka rahI, jabaki pAzcAtyaparamparA smaajprk| vyakti kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa nirvANalakSI bhAratIya naitikatA kA pramukha dhyeya hai, jabaki sAmAjika santulana, sAmAjika pragati aura sAmAjika sAmaJjasya pAzcAtya naitika-cintana kA pramukha sAdhya rahA hai| yadyapi thor3I gaharAI se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki jahA~ bhArata meM nirvANa-lakSI mahAyAna bauddha-paramparA samagra sAdhanA ko samAjaparaka banA detI hai, vahIM pazcima meM spinojA aura nItse naitikatA ko vyaktiparaka banA dete haiM, ata: isa sambandha meM koI bhI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa bhrAntipUrNa hI hogaa| 9. pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke bhAratIya-AcAradarzana para AkSepaaura unakA pratyuttara __ pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ne bhAratIya naitika-cintana para kucha AkSepa lagAe haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne apanI pustaka prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra' meM zveTjara ke dvArA lagAe gae kucha AkSepoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| yahA~ hama unhIM AkSepoM ke sandarbha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kreNge| kyoMki ye AkSepa na kevala hindU-vicAraNA para lAgU hote hai, varan jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM para bhI lAgU hote haiM, isalie ina para vicAra apekSita hai| DaoN. zveTjara ne bhAratIya-paramparA para nimna AkSepa kie haiM1. hindU-vicAraNA meM paramAnanda (mokSa) para jo bala diyA jAtA hai, vaha svAbhAvika

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa taura para manuSya ko saMsAra aura jIvana ke niSedha kI ora le jAtA hai| 2. hindU-vicAraNA anivAryata: pAralaukika hai aura mAnavatAvAdI AcAranIti aura pAralaukikatA- ye donoM paraspara asaMgata haiN| 3. 'mAyA'- sambandhI hindU-siddhAnta meM jIvana ko marIcikA batalAyA gayA hai, isameM eka truTi yaha hai ki yaha saMsAra aura jIvana kA niSedha karatA hai| phalataH, hindU-vicAraNA AcAranItiparaka nahIM hai| 4. vizva kI utpatti ke sambandha meM hindU-dharma, jo bar3I se bar3I bAta kaha sakatA hai, vaha yaha hai ki yaha bhagavAn kI lIlA hai| 5. mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna yA AtmasAkSAtkAra hai, yaha bAta naitika-vikAsa se bhinna hai, isalie hindU-dharma nItiparaka nahIM hai| 6. mAnava-prayAsoM kA lakSya palAyana (nivRtti) hai, samanvaya yA samajhautA nhiiN| yaha to sasIma ke bandhanoM se AtmAkI mukti huI, asIma ke AtmaprakAza aura usake sAdhana ke rUpa meM sasIma ko parivartita karane kI bAta isameM nahIM aaii| dharma jIvana aura usakI samasyAoM se bacane kI eka Ar3a hai, usase sukhada bhAvI jIvana ke lie manuSya ko koI AzA nahIM bNdhtii| 7. hindU-dharma kA Adarza vyakti acchAI aura burAI ke naitika antara se pare hotA hai| 8. hindU-vicAraNA Antarika pUrNatA ke lie jisa zIlAcAra para jora detI hai, usakA sakriya AcAranIti aura apane par3osI ko sahRdaya prema dene kI bAta se virodha hai| 1 / DaoN. zveTjara kA yaha prathama AkSepa ki bhAratIya-cintana jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai, bhrAntipUrNa hai| bhAratIya-paramparA jIvana kA niSedha nahIM, varan jIvana kI pUrNatA sikhAtI hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kahate haiM ki hindU matAvalambI AdhyAtmikatA ko mAnava-prakRti kA AdhArabhUta tattva mAnatA hai| Atmika sAkSAtkAra jIvana kI samasyAoM kA koI camatkArika samAdhAna nahIM, apitu jIvana ko apanI pUrNatA kI ora pahu~cAne kA kramika prayAsa hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM aura vizeSakara jaina-paramparA meM mokSa kI jo dhAraNA svIkAra kI gaI hai vaha jIvana kA niSedha nahIM, varan jIvana kI pUrNatA hai| cetanA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM kA pUrNa vikAsa hI mokSa mAnA gayA hai| mahAvIra naitikatA ko jIvana-sApekSa mAnate haiN| vaha to jIvana jIne kI eka kalA hai, jIvana-prakriyA se bhinna usakA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| mahAvIra yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki dharma kA AcaraNa aura naitika-pUrNatA kI upalabdhi tathA tajanita AdhyAtmika Adarza, arthAt mokSa kI upalabdhi sabhI jIvana-prakriyA meM hI samAhita haiN| mahAvIra kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki jaba taka vRddhAvasthAzarIrako jarjarita nahIM kare, vyAdhiyoM se

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60 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zarIra AkrAnta na ho, jaba taka indriyA~ svastha haiM, tabhI taka dharma kA AcaraNa sambhava hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba taka jIvana hai, sadguNoM kI ArAdhanA kara lenA caahie| hindU-paramparA meM bhI mahAvIra ke isI dRSTikoNa ko samarthana prApta hai| usameM kahA gayAhai ki jaba taka zarIra svastha hai, vRddhAvasthA dUra hai, sabhI indriyA~ apane-apane vyApAra meM saMlagna haiM, jaba taka AyuSya kA kSaya nahIM hotA, taba taka vidvAn ko Atma-lAbha (paramazreya) ke lie prayatnazIla rahanA caahie|65 yadi jIvana-sAdhya kI upalabdhi jIvana-prakriyA meM nihita hai, to phira jaina aura vaidika-paramparA ke AcAradarzanoM ko jIvana kA niSedhaka kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai| pUrNatA kI dizA meM gati jIvana ke vikAsa meM hai, usake niSedha meM nhiiN| jIvana ke eka chora para apUrNatA hai, sImitatA hai aura dUsare chora para pUrNatA aura annttaahai| jIvana ina donoM choroM ke madhya sthita hai| jIvana kA kAma hai ina apUrNatA se pUrNatA kI ora, sasIma meM asIma kI ora bddh'naa| bhAratIya-paramparA meM jIvana kI jisa pUrNatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha jIvana kA niSedha nahIM hai| vastutaH, jIvana kI isa apUrNatA ke bodha meM hI pUrNatA ke lie abhIpsA jAgrata hotI hai aura usI abhIpsA se vyakti pUrNatA kI dizA meM prayatna karatA hai| pUrNatA kI abhIpsA hI samagra bhAratIya naitika evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM kA sAratattva hai| pUrNatA kA pratyaya jIvana kA niSedhaka nahIM, varan usake vikAsa kA hI paricAyaka hai| DaoN. zveTjara kA dUsarA AkSepa hai ki hindU-vicAraNA anivAryata: pAralaukika hai aura mAnavatAvAdI AcAra-nIti aura pAralaukikatA (ye donoM paraspara asaMgata haiM) bhAratIya vicAraNA ke gahana adhyayana para AdhArita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi bhAratIya naitikacintana meM pAralaukika-jIvana ke sandarbha meM naitikatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura naitikaAcaraNa kA sambandha bhUta aura bhAvI jIvana se jor3A gayA hai (jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai) phira bhI yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM vartamAna jIvana kI upekSA kI gaI hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi vartamAna jIvana ke prati bhI hamezA sajaga rahI hai| jaina aura bauddha-darzanoM ke ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha ke naitika siddhAnta pAralaukika-jIvana kI apekSA vartamAna jIvana evaM samAja-vyavasthA se adhika sambandhita haiN| gItA jaba varNAzrama-dharma aura niSkAma karmayoga kA upadeza detI hai, to usakI dRSTi vartamAna vyAvahArika jIvana para bhI kendrita hai, aisA mAnanA bhI yuktisaMgata hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI isa bAta ko acchI taraha samajhate haiM ki svarga ke pralobhana aura naraka ke bhaya para khar3I huI naitikatA nahIM hai, varan vaha naitikatA kA AbhAsa-mAtra hai| jaina-Agama dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa naitika-AcaraNa na to isa jIvana meM sukha-sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke lie karanA cAhie aura na pAralaukika-jIvana ke lie| jaina-AcAradarzana meM samyagdRSTi yA jJAnI kI pahacAna hI yaha mAnI gaI hai ki jo na bhUta kI cintA karatA hai aura na hI bhaviSya kI AkAMkSA, vahI vAstavika jJAnI hai| gItA meM isI dRSTikoNa ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki paNDitajana bhUta aura bhaviSya kI cintA nahIM karate hue, jo bhI karttavya sAmane upasthita hotA hai, usakA pAlana karate haiN| 67 buddha kA kathana hai ki bIta hae kAzoka nahIM karate, Ane vAle para mansUbe nahIM bA~dhate, jo upasthita hai, usI se gujArA karate haiM, ve zAnta bhikSu sadaiva prasanna rahate haiN|68 buddha kI dRSTi meM saccAsAdhakana loka kI AzA karatA hai aura na paraloka kii|69 vastuta:, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM ne naitikatA athavAdharma ko pralobhana evaM bhaya ke AdhAra para khar3A karanA kabhI bhI ucita nahIM smjhaa| unakI dRSTi se jo AcaraNa paraloka kI apekSA se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhanakArI kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM svarga aura naraka ke jo pAralaukika pratyaya upasthita kie haiM, unakA sambandha janasAdhAraNa se hai| jo vyakti bauddhika dRSTi se paripakva nahIM haiM aura jinakA jIvana bhaya aura pralobhana ke AdhAroM para hI cala rahA hai, unheM anaitika-jIvanase virata karane aura naitika-jIvana ke prati AkarSita karane ke lie yadyapi svarga kA pralobhana aura naraka kA bhaya upasthita kiyA gayA hai, lekina yaha bhAratIya naitikatA kI antima dRSTi nahIM hai| bhaktoM kA zreNI-vibhAjana karate hue gItA yaha spaSTa kara detI hai ki jo sAdhaka bhaya yA pralobhana ke nimitta se bhakti (sadAcaraNa) karatA hai, vaha nimna koTi kA hai| gItA meM bhaktoM kI jo cAra koTiyA~ kahI gaI haiM, unameM Arta aura arthArthI (svArthI) bhakta, jo ki kramaza: bhaya athavA pralobhana ke AdhAra para naitika-jIvana jIte haiM, nimna koTi ke mAne gae haiN| buddha ne zrAmaNya kA phala isI jIvana meM mAnA hai| ata:, bhAratIya naitikatA kevala paraloka ke bhaya aura pralobhanoM para khar3I huI nahIM hai| paraloka ke pralobhana evaM bhaya ke AdhAra para jisa naitikatA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, usakA sambandha mAtra aparipakva sAdhakoM se hai| DaoN.zveTjara kA yaha dRSTikoNabhrAntipUrNa hai kimAnavatAvAdI nIti evaM pAralaukikatA paraspara asaMgata hai| vastutaH, isa dRSTikoNa ke pIche bhautikavAdI dhAraNA hI adhika prabala dikhAI detI hai| mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aihika-jIvana taka hI apanA dhyAna sImita rakhanA cAhatA hai| usake anusAra, prakRti ke siddhAntoM ke anurUpa hI apane AcaraNa ko DhAla lenA hI manuSya kA naitika karttavya hai| mAnavatAvAdI AcAradarzana manuSya ko eka manobhautika evaM sAmAjika prANI ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM nItizAstra yA to samAjazAstra kI eka zAkhA hai yA manovijJAna kA eka vibhAga, lekina yadi manuSya prAkRtika niyamoM ke

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana adhIna hai, to naitika sadguNoM ko aura AtmatyAga evaM AtmabalidAna ke pratyayoM ko koI protsAhana nahIM mila sktaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM, bhautika AdhAra anivArya hote hue bhI vaha vAstavika jIvanayApana ke lie bahuta hI saMkucita pratIta hotA hai| manuSya kyA kevala zarIra hai, jise khilAyA pilAyA, or3hAyA - pahanAyA aura AvAsita kiyA jA sakatA hai, yA vaha AtmA bhI hai, jisakI kucha ucca AkAMkSAe~ haiM? jina logoM ko bhautika sabhyatA kI niyAmateM, sArI sukha-suvidhAe~ prApta haiM, una logoM ko bhI jaba hama hatAza aura kuNThita dekhate haiM, taba yaha samajha meM A jAtA hai ki manuSya kevala roTI yA bhAvanAtmaka uttejanA para hI jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| yadi zubhecchA, vizuddha prema aura vairAgya hamAre Adarza haiM, to hamArI AcAranIti kI jar3a pAralaukikatA kI bhAvanA meM honI cAhie / " 62 vastutaH, AcAradarzana eka AdarzAtmaka vijJAna hai| yadi hama 'jo haiM' usI se santuSTa haiM, to hameM ' jo honA cAhie' - isakA koI artha hamAre lie nahIM raha jaaegaa| dRzya jagat se pare bhI koI jIvana aura jagat hai, yaha AsthA hI hameM naitika- pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya- AcAradarzanoM ne pAralaukikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA ko naitika - jIvana lie jo svIkRti dI hai, usake pIche unakI yahI gahana dRSTi rahI hai ki hamArA paramazreya kevala isI jagat aura jIvana taka sImita nahIM hai| hameM vartamAna jIvana kI apUrNatAoM aura sImitatAoM se Upara uThakara kisI sAdhya ko prApta karanA hai / DaoN. zveTjara kA tIsarA AkSepa mAyAvAda se sambandhita hai / unhoMne mAyAvAda ke siddhAnta ko jIvana aura jagat kA niSedhaka mAna liyA hai| unakI dRSTi meM mAyAvAda kA siddhAnta jIvana aura jagat ko bhrama yA marIcikA mAnatA hai| ve likhate haiM ki eka aise saMsAra jisakA koI artha nahIM hai, manuSya naitika kAryoM meM nahIM juTa sktaa| mAyA ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane vAle vyakti ke lie AcAra nIti kA kevala sApekSika mahatva hI ho sakatA hai| 72 vastuta:, DaoN. zveTjara kI yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA ki mAyAvAda jIvana aura jagat kA niSedhaka hai, mAyA ke sahI artha ko nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa utpanna huI hai| ve prAtibhAsika satya aura vyAvahArika satya ke antara ko nahIM samajha pAe haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne apane grantha 'hinduoM kI jIvanadRSTi' tathA 'prAcyadharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra' meM ise vistArapUrvaka spaSTa kiyA hai ki mAyAvAda kA siddhAnta jIvana aura jagat kA niSedhaka nahIM hai| dUsare, zaMkara kA mAyAvAda samagra bhAratIya-darzana kA pratinidhi nahIM hai| vistArabhaya se yahA~ usa samagra carcA meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| jahA~ taka jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA prazna hai, ve mAyAvAda ke siddhAnta ke samarthaka nahIM mAne jA skte| jaina darzana to eka yathArthavAdI darzana hai aura isalie usameM mAyAvAda ke siddhAnta kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI -

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 63 zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda ke atirikta sabhI ne jIvana aura jagat kI vastugata vAstavika sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| gItA kI tattvamImAMsA ko bhI mAyAvAda kA samarthaka siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, ata: yaha AkSepa una para lAgU hI nahIM hotaa| DaoN. zveTjara kA cauthA jAkSepa hai ki hindUdharma ke anusAra yaha jagat bhagavAn kI lIlA hai| vastutaH, yaha sahI hai ki jagat ko bhagavAn kI lIlA mAnane para niyativAda kA siddhAnta A jAtA hai aura jisameM naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai, kintu jaina aura bauddha-paramparAeM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se asvIkAra karatI haiM ki jagat Izvara kI lIlA hai| yadyapi gItA kI vicAraNA meM isa siddhAnta kA kucha samarthana aura tajjanita niyativAda ke tattva avazya upasthita haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM kA prazna hai, yaha AkSepa una para lAgU nahIM hotA hai| DaoN.zveTjara kA pA~cavA~ AkSepa hai ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai| yaha bAta naitika-vikAsa se bhinna hai, isalie hindU-dharma AcAra yA nIti-viSayaka nahIM hai| unake isa AkSepa meM unakI ekAMgI dRSTi kA hI paricaya milatA hai| prathama to, sabhI bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ne jJAna ko hI ekamAtra mukti kA sAdhana mAnA ho, yaha kahanA yathArtha nahIM hai| bhAratIyadharmoM meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha hI karma, dhyAna aura bhakti ke tattva bhI upasthita haiN| jina vicArakoM ne jJAna ko hI mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA hai, unhoMne bhI sadAcAra yA naitikatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA, varan sadAcAra yA naitika-jIvana ko jJAnaprApti ke lie anivArya sAdhana batAyA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ne apane sAdhanA-patha meM jJAna ko jo sthAna diyA hai, vahI sthAna zIla yA AcaraNa ko bhI diyA hai| unakI sAdhanA-paddhati meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNa kA tattva bhI samAhita hai, ata: unheM anivArya rUpa se AcAramArgI darzana svIkAra karanA pdd'egaa| gItA ke niSkAma karmayogasiddhAnta meM bhI jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNa kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, ata: yaha mAnanA par3egA ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM AcArazAstra yA nIti kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhAratIya-paramparA para chaThavAM AkSepa palAyanavAditA kA lagAyA gayA hai, lekina yadi hama vicArapUrvaka dekheM, to bhAratIya-darzana palAyanavAdI siddha nahIM hotaa| DaoN. zveTjara kA yaha kahanA nitAnta bhrAmaka hai ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM mAnava prayAsoM kA lakSya palAyana hai, samanvaya yA samajhautA nhiiN| bhAratIya-paramparA meM samanvaya aura sahayoga ke tattva prArambhase hI rahe haiN| kyA vedoM kA saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM' kA gAna, aupaniSadika-RSiyoM kI saha nAbhavatu saha nau bhunaktu saha vIryaM karavAva he' kI maMgalakAmanA tathA buddha aura mahAvIra kI paramparA kA saMghIya jIvana sAmAjika kSetra se palAyanavAditA hai ? bhAratIya-paramparA kA

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64 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMnyAsa-dharma bhI jIvana-kSetra se palAyana nahIM hai, varan svArthoM se Upara uThane kA prayAsa hai, ata: bhAratIya cintana para palAyanavAditA kA yaha AkSepa ucita nahIM hai| saMnyAsa jIvana aura jagat se palAyana nahIM, varan eka ucca vyaktitva aura ucca jagat kA nirmANa hai| vaha vAsanAoM aura kSudratAoM se Upara uThakara niSkAma evaM vizuddha premamaya jIvana jIne kI eka kalA hai| vAsanAoM evaM kSudratAoM se Upara uThane ke prayAsa ko palAyana nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhAratIya-paramparA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki hameM jIvana kI vartamAna apUrNatAoM aura kSudratAoM se Upara uThanA hai, lekina isakA artha jIvana se inkAra nahIM hai, varan jIvana aura zarIra to usake sAdhana mAne gae haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM ki hindU-dRSTikoNa kI vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki vaha mana, jIvana aura zarIra ke vikAsa ko jIvana kA prAthamika uddezya mAnatA hai| zArIrika-svAsthya aura sphUrti sajIva zakti aura mAnasika santuSTi ke lie anivArya hai, kintu usase bhI adhika usakI AvazyakatA isalie hai ki zarIra una mAnuSikakAryoM ko karane kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai, jinakA uddezya manuSya meM Izvara kI zodha aura abhivyakti karanA hotA hai| hama sasIma ke bandhana meM par3e hue haiM, tathApi hama asIma kI AkAMkSA karate haiN| janma aura punarjanma kI lambI zrRMkhalA isa artha meM to bhArI bandhana hai, parantu dUsare artha meM vaha AtmajJAna kA sAdhana bhI hai| bhautika prANI hote hue bhI AdhyAtmika prANI ke rUpa meM apane ko vikasita kara lenA mAnavIya vikAsa kI uccatama upalabdhi hai| nazvara zarIra se sambaddha hote hue bhI AtmA kI amaratA meM nivAsa karanA isI ko kahate haiN| vastuta:, eka ucca AtmA ke nirmANa ke lie, jIvana kI apUrNatAoM aura kSudratAoM se Upara uThane ke lie, yadi nimna AtmA yA vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga Avazyaka ho, to vaha na to jIvana se palAyana hai aura na inakAra hii| na kevala vaidika-paramparA meM, varan jaina aura bauddhaparamparAoM meM bhI yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai| ___DaoN. zveTjara kA sAtavA~ AkSepa yaha hai ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM Adarza vyakti ko acchAI aura burAI ne naitika antara se pare mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika- tInoM hI paramparAoM meM paramasAdhya zubha aura azubha yA acchAI aura burAI ke staroM se Upara uThanA mAnA gayA hai, lekina naitika-pUrNatA ke azubha ke astitva meM hI zubha kA artha rahA huA hai| zubha kI sattA tabhI taka hai, jaba taka ki azubha hai, lekina jaba taka azubha kI upasthiti hai, naitika-pUrNatA sambhava nahIM, ata: naitika-pUrNatA ke lie zubha aura azubha-donoM se hI Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| naitika-jIvana zubha aura azubha ke saMgharSa kI avasthA hai, lekina isa saMgharSa se Upara uThane ke lie zubha aura azubha kI sImAoM kA atikramaNabhI Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka DraDale ne ise vistArapUrvaka spaSTa kiyA hai

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa ki apane Adarza ko pAne ke lie manuSya ko naitikatA se pare dharma kI ora jAnA hotA hai, jahA~ usakA Adarza yathArtha ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| unakI dRSTi meM naitika hone ke lie atinaitika honA bhI Avazyaka hai| ve likhate haiM ki naitikatA kA vicAra hameM usase pare le jAtA hai| 74 jaina - paramparA ke anusAra acchAI yA burAI, athavA puNya yA pApa - donoM hI bandhana haiM aura mokSa ke sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie inase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| bauddhaparamparA meM bhI Adarza vyaktitva ko puNya aura pApa se Upara mAnA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM vizeSa vicAra agale adhyAyoM meM kiyA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ vistAra meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM / vastutaH, puNya aura pApa, zubha aura azubha yA acchAI aura burAI hamAre ahaMkAra, kartRtvabhAva yA Asakti (rAga) kA pariNAma hote haiM / jahA~ rAga hotA hai, vahA~ dveSa kI upasthiti bhI rahatI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki puNya ke sAtha-sAtha pApa kA yA zubha ke sAtha-sAtha azubha kA astitva bhI banA rahatA hai / dveSa yA azubha ke pUrNa prahANa para rAga kA astitva bhI nahIM rahatA aura aisI sthiti meM aparihArya rUpa se vyakti acchAI aura burAI ke naitika antara se Upara uTha jAtA hai| yadyapi isa sabakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM zubha yA acchAI asvIkRta rahI hai, varan kevala yahI batAyA gayA hai ki pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie, saMgharSamaya jIvana se Upara uThane ke lie, inase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| naitika- pUrNatA ko prApta karane ke lie naitikatA ke kSetra kA atikramaNa Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya- AcAradarzana isI mahatvapUrNa tathya ko dRSTigata rakhate hue yaha mAnate haiM ki naitika jIvana kA lakSya naitikatA ke kSetra se pare hai| atinaitika hokara ho naitika- pUrNatA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, zveTjara Adi pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dvArA bhAratIya naitika cintana para sahRdayatA evaM sahAnubhUti ke abhAva ke jo AkSepa lagAe gae, ve yA to bhAratIya naitikatA svarUpa ko binA samyak prakAra se samajhe lagAe gae haiM yA unameM kevala AlocanAtmaka dRSTihI pramukha rahI hai| jisa saMskRti ne 'mere' aura 'parAe' ke vicAra ko hI hRdaya kI saMkucitatA kA dyotaka mAnA ho, jisane 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kI udAra avadhAraNA prastuta kI ho, jisane pratipala - - sarve'tra sukhina: santu, sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcit duHkhamApnuyAt / / kA gAna gAyA ho, jisameM bodhisatva, tIrthaMkara aura prabhu ke avataraNa kA Adarza lokamaMgala kI udAtta bhAvanA se paripUrNa ho, usake hRdaya ko kaise rikta kahA jA sakatA hai| prastuta adhyayana meM hamane isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki bhAratIya naitika-cintana ora vizeSa rUpa se jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana kisI 65

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66 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra karake nahIM calate haiN| bhAratIya-cintana aura vizeSakara jainavicAraNA eka sarvAMgINa evaM samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa ko lekara Age AtI hai, ata: jahA~ unameM vibhinna pAzcAtya-vicAradhArAoM ke tattvoM kI upasthiti pAyI jAtI hai, vahIM ve apanI vyApaka dRSTi ke AdhAra para unameM samanvaya kA sUtra bhI prastuta kara dete haiN| bhAratIyaAcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa vyApaka evaM samanvayavAdI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unheM pAzcAtya naitika-cintana ke vibhinna caukhaToM meM kahIM bhI phiTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, varan isake viparIta unakI vyApaka dRSTi ke AdhAra para vibhinna pAzcAtya-vicAradhArAoM ko eka samagra evaM samanvita rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| sandarbhagrantha1. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 3. 2. hitopadeza, 25. 3. AcArAMga, 1/1/4; dazavaikAlika, 4/7. 4. gItA, 2/6-8. 5. AcarAMganiyukti, 219. 6. mUlAcAra, 202. 7. uttarAdhyayana, 28/11. 8. AcArAMganiyukti, 189. 9. gItA, 3/5. 10. visuddhimagga, uddhRta-bauddha-darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana (prathama bhAga), pR. 511. 11. dekhie-nItipravezikA, pR. 21 12. vahI, pR. 21. 13. dazavaikAlika,4/11. 14. gItA, 16/24. 15. uttarAdhyayana, 23/25. 16. vahI, 23/31. 17. dazavaikAlika, 4/10. 18. vahI, 4/11. 19. darzanapAhuDa, 16. 20. gItA, 4/17. 21. vahI, 17/24.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 67 22. vahI, 17/23. 23. mahAbhArata, uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 360. 24. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/8. 25. gItA, 18/68-71. 26. uttarAdhyayana, 29/59. 27. nItipravezikA, pR. 223. 28. Avazyakaniyukti 1151. 29. vahI, 1154. 30. vahI, 98-99. 31. dithyorIApha guDa eNDa evila, pR. 418. 32. vahI, pR. 19. 33. gItA, 4/17. 34. dekhie-nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, saMgamalAla pANDe, pR. 2-11. 35. AcArAMga, 1/6/2/181. 36. mImAMsAdarzana, 1/1/2.. 37. sthAnAMga, 1/10/1/760. 38. sthAnAMgaTIkA, 4/3/320 39. pravacanasAra, 1/7. 40. AcArAMganiyukti, 16-17. 41. manusmRti, 2/108. 42. vahI, 2/1. 43. dazavaikAlika, 1/1; yogazAstra 4/100. 44. mahAbhArata, karNaparva, 69/59 45. gItA, 16/24. 46. AcArAMganiyukti, 244. 47. kaThopaniSad, 2/1/2. 48. amola-sUkti-ratnAkara, pR. 27. 49. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 2663. 50. vahI, pR. 2669. 51. vaizeSikasUtra, uddhRta-nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, pR.6. 52. manusmRti, 2/12. 52(a).zukranIti, 4/65.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 53. AcArAMga, 1/3/2. 54. gItA, 9/30. 55. bhAvapAhuDa, 110; gItA, 2/18; dhammapada, 151 56. niyamasAra, 102; gItA, 2/20. 57. sUtrakRtAMga 2/1/4;gItA, 5/15; dhammapada, 127. 58. uttarAdhyayana, 3/3-5;gItA, 8/1; majjhimanikAya, 1/3/1. 59. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/5/12-29; gItA, 2/37, 16/16; aMguttaranikAya, 2/3/7-8 60. uttarAdhyayana, 19/116; dhammapada, 146. 61. iNDiyana thATa aiNDa iTsa DevalepameNTa, uddhRta-prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra, pR. 93. 62. vahI, pR. 94. 63. dazavaikAlika; 8/36. 64. uttarAdhyayana, 4/13. 65. dekhie-nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, pR. 336. 66. dazavaikAlika, 9/4/7,9/3/4. 67. gItA, 2/11. 68. saMyuttanikAya, 1/1/10. 69. vahI, 2/3/6. 70. gItA 7/16-17; tulanIya-cANakyanIti, 13/2. 71. prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra, pR. 97-100 72. iNDiyana thATa aiNDa iTsa DevalapamenTa, pR. 59-60. 73. prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra, pR. 115-117. 74. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 250, 314.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 69 2 bhAratIya-AcAradarzana meM jJAna kIvidhAe~ 1. jJAna kI do vidhAe~ jJAna-prApti ke do sAdhana haiM- 1. anubhUti aura 2. buddhi| jJAna kA kSetra ho yA AcAradarzana kA, hamArA anubhava aura hamArA bauddhika cintana sat ke kama se kama do pakSa to upasthita kara hI detA hai| eka, vaha jo dikhAI par3atA hai aura dUsarA, vaha jo isa dikhAI par3ane vAle ke mUla meM hai- eka, vaha jo pratIti (indriyAnubhUti) hai aura dUsarA, vaha jo usa pratIti kA AdhAra hai| buddhi kabhI bhI isa bAta se santuSTa nahIM hotI ki jo kucha pratIti hai, vaha usa rUpameM satya hai, varan vaha svayaM usa pratIti ke pIche jhA~kanA cAhatI hai, vaha sat ke indriyagamya sthUla svarUpa se santuSTa na hokara usake sUkSma aura mUla svarUpa taka jAnA cAhatI hai| dRzya se santuSTa na hokara usakI taha taka praveza karanA mAnavIya buddhi kI naisargika prakRti hai aura jaba apane isa prayAsa meM vastutattva ke pratIta hone vAle svarUpa aura usa pratIta ke mUla meM nihita buddhi-nirdiSTa svarUpa meM antara pAtI hai, to vaha svata: prasUta isa dvidhA meM par3a jAtI hai ki inameM se yathArtha kauna hai-pratIti kA viSaya, yA tattva kA buddhi-nirdiSTa svarUpa ? cArvAka-dArzanikoM, bhautikavAdiyoM, vaijJAnikoM evaM anubhavavAdiyoM ne vastutattva yA sat ke indriyapradatta jJAna ko hI yathArtha samajhA aura buddhipradatta usa jJAna ko,jo indriyAnubhUti kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatAthA, ayathArtha khaa| dUsarI ora, kucha buddhivAdI tathA adhyAtmavAdI dArzanikoM ne usa indriyagamya jJAna ko ayathArtha kahA, jo bauddhika kasauTI para kharA nahIM utaratA thA, lekina ye ekAMgI dRSTikoNa samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna prastuta nahIM karate the| yahI kAraNa thA ki prabuddha dArzanikoM ko apanI vyAkhyAoM ke lie sat ke sambandha meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lenA pdd'aa| jina dArzanikoM ne sat kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lene se inakAra kiyA, ve ekAMgI raha gae aura unheM indriyajanya saMvedanAtmaka jJAna aura tArkika cintanAtmaka jJAna meM se kisI eka ko ayathArtha mAnakara usakA parityAga karanA pdd'aa| sambhavataH, isa dArzanika samasyA ke nirAkaraNa evaM sat ke sandarbha meM sarvAMga dRSTikoNa prastuta karane kA prathama prayAsa jaina aura bauddha-AgamoM meM parilakSita hotA hai| jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra na to indriyAnubhUti hI asatya hai aura na buddhipradatta jJAna hii| eka meM sat kA vaha jJAna hai, jisa rUpa meM hamArI indriyA~ use grahaNa kara pAtI haiN| dUsare meM sat kA vaha jJAna hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha hai, athavA buddhi usake maulika svarUpa ke viSaya meM

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jJa meM pradAna karatI hai| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra pahalI ko vyavahAranaya kahate haiM aura dUsarI ko nizcayanaya / vyavahAradRSTi sthUlatattvagrAhI hai, jo yaha batAtI hai ki tattva yA sattA ko janasAdhAraNa kisa rUpa meM samajhatA hai|' nizcayadRSTi sUkSmatattvagrAhI hai, jo sattA ke buddhipradatta vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karAtI hai, 2 jaise pRthvI sapATa evaM sthira hai - yaha vyavahAradRSTi hai, kyoMki hamArA loka-vyavahAra aisA hI mAnakara calatA hai aura pRthvI gola evaM gatizIla hai, yaha nizcayadRSTi hai, arthAt vaha usakA vAstavika svarUpa hai| donoM meM se kisI ko bhI yathArtha to kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki eka indriyapratIti ke rUpa meM satya hai aura dUsarA buddhiniSpanna satya hai| sat ke viSaya meM ye do dRSTiyA~ haiM, donoM hI apaneapane kSetra meM satya haiM, yadyapi donoM meM se koI bhI akele svatantra rUpa meM sat kA pUrNa svarUpa prakaTa nahIM karatI hai| 2. 70 jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna kI vidhAe~ - jaisA ki Upara kahA gayA hai, jaina dArzanika sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTikoNa lekara calate haiM - nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya / jaina darzana ke anusAra, 'sat apane-Apa meM eka pUrNatA hai, anantatA hai / indriyAnubhUti, buddhi, bhASA aura vANI apanI sImA meM ananta ke ekAMza kA hI grahaNa kara pAtI haiN| vahI ekAMza kA bodha naya (dRSTikoNa) kahalAtA hai| 3 sat ke ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai, ve sabhI naya kahe jAte haiN| dRSTikoNoM ke sambandha meM jaina- dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sat kI abhivyakti ke lie bhASA ke jitane prArUpa (kathana ke DhaMga) ho sakate haiM, utane hI naya ke bheda haiN| " jainadArzanikoM ke anusAra, 'jitane naya ke bheda ho sakate haiM, utane hI vAda yA matAntara athavA dRSTikoNa hote haiN|'' vaise to jaina-darzana meM nayoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai, lekina phira bhI moTe taura para nayoM ke sAta aura do bheda kie gae haiN| hamane saptavidha vargIkaraNa ko apane vivecana kA viSaya na banAkara dvividha vargIkaraNa ko hI vivecana kA AdhAra banAyA hai / usakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki saptavidha vargIkaraNa kA sambandha AcAradarzana kI apekSA jJAnamImAMsA se adhika hai| dUsare, dvividha vargIkaraNa aisA vargIkaraNa hai, jisameM anya sabhI vargIkaraNa antarbhUta haiN| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya meM sabhI nayoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / ' bhagavatIsUtra meM vyavahAradRSTi aura nizcayadRSTi kA pratipAdana bar3e hI rocaka DhaMga se huA hai| gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM, 'bhante ! pravAhI gur3a meM kitane rasa, varNa, gandha aura sparza hote haiM ?' mahAvIra kahate haiM, 'hai gautama ! maiM isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se detA huuN| vyavahAranaya

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 11 (lokadRSTi) kI apekSA se to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai, lekina nizcayanaya (tattvadRSTi) kI apekSAse usameM pA~ca varNa, pA~ca rasa, do gandha aura ATha sparza hote haiN| isa prakAra, aneka viSayoM ko lekara unakA nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH, nizcaya evaM vyavahAra-dRSTiyoM kA vizleSaNa yahI batAtA hai ki sat na utanA hI hai, jitanA vaha hameM indriyoM ke mAdhyama se pratIta hotA hai aura na utanA hI hai, jitanA ki buddhi usake svarUpa kA nizcaya kara pAtI hai| sat ke samagra svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie aindrika-jJAna aura bauddhika-jJAna, donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| ___ eka anya apekSA se, jaina-darzana meM jJAna kI tIna vidhAe~ mAnI gaI haiN| jaina-darzana meM jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai- (1) matijJAna, (2) zrutajJAna, (3) avadhijJAna, (4) mana:paryayajJAna aura (5) kevljnyaan| inameM matijJAna aura zrutajJAna parokSajJAna haiM aura zeSa tIna aparokSajJAna haiN| aparokSajJAna meM AtmA ko sat kA binA kisI sAdhana ke sIdhA bodha hotA hai| ise aparokSAnubhUti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| zeSa do, matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kramaza: anubhUtyAtmaka-jJAna aura bauddhika-jJAna se sambandhita haiN| matijJAna meM jJAna ke sAdhana mana aura indriyA~ haiN| 10 isa AdhAra para matijJAna ko anubhUtyAtmaka-jJAna aura zrutajJAna ko tArkika yA bauddhika-jJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM 'vitarka (buddhi) ko zruta kahA hai| vaise 'zrutajJAna kA eka artha Agamika jJAna bhI mAnA gayA hai, lekina Agama bhI bauddhika-jJAna hI hai, ataH zrutajJAna bauddhika-jJAna hI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA meM jJAnaprApti ke sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM tIna vidhAe~ upasthita ho jAtI haiM- (1) anubhUti yA aindrika-jJAna (2) bauddhika yA Agamika-jJAna aura (3) aparokSAnubhUti yA aatmikjnyaan| aparokSAnubhUti yA Atmika-jJAna ko antardRSTi yA prajJA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 3. bauddha-darzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ bauddha-darzana meM sat ke svarUpakI vyAkhyA ke lie pramukha rUpa se do dRSTikoNa prastuta kie gae haiN| jainetara darzanoM meM, sarvaprathama pAlitripiTaka meM do dRSTiyoM kA varNana hotA hai, jinheM jItArtha aura neyyArtha kahA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, 'bhikSuoM ! ye do tathAgata para mithyAropa karate haiN| jo neyyArthasUtra (vyavahAra-bhASA) ko nItArthasUtra (paramArthabhASA) prakaTa karatA hai aura nItArthasUtra (paramArtha-bhASA) ko neyyArthasUtra (vyavahAra-bhASA) karake prakaTa karatA hai| bauddha-darzana kI do pramukha zAkhAoM-vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda meM bhI zUnya, tathatA yA sat ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie dRSTikoNoM kI zailI kA upayoga huA hai|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAdhyamikakArikA meM kahA gayA hai ki buddha ne do satyoM kA upadeza diyA hai- (1) lokasaMvRttisatya aura (2) prmaarth-sty| candrakIrti ne lokasaMvRti-satya ke bhI mithyAsaMvRti aura tathyasaMvRti- ye do bheda kie haiN| isa prakAra, zUnyavAda meM mithyAsaMvRti , tathyasaMvRti aura paramArtha-tIna dRSTikoNa mAne gae haiN| vijJAnavAda meM bhI tIna dRSTikoNoM kA pratipAdana hai, jinheM kramaza: (1) parikalpita, (2) paratantra aura (3) pariniSpanna-kahA gayA hai| vijJAnavAda kA paratantra jainadarzana ke parokSajJAna ke nikaTa hai| yahA~ use paratantra isalie kahA gayA hai ki vaha jJAna, mana aura indriyoM ke adhIna hotA hai| 4. vaidika-paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ AcArya zaMkara ne apane pUrvavartI jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM kIzailI kA anusaraNa karate hue tIna dRSTikoNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, jinheM ve kramaza: (1) pratibhAsika satya, (2) vyAvahArika satya aura (3) pAramArthika satya kahate haiN|' tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para to jaina-paramparA ke nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya, paryAyArthikanaya aura dravyArthikanaya, athavA bhUtArthanaya aura abhUtArthanaya bauddha-paramparA ke nItArthanaya aura neyyArthanaya ke samAna haiN| nItArthanaya nizcayanaya, dravyArthikanaya yA abhUtArthanaya ke samAna hai aura neyyArthanaya vyavahAranaya, paryAyArthikanaya yA bhUtArthanaya ke samAna hai| jainaparamparA ke nizcayanaya ko vijJAnavAdiyoM ne pariniSpanna aura zUnyavAdiyoM ne paramArtha kahA hai, aura vyavahAranaya ko vijJAnavAdiyoM ne paratantra aura zUnyavAdiyoM ne lokasaMvRti kahA hai| jainaparamparA kA nizcayanaya zaMkara kA pAramArthika satya hai aura vyavahAranaya vyAvahArika satya hai| 5. pAzcAtya-paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ na kevala bhAratIya-darzanoM meM, varan pAzcAtya-darzanoM meM bhI pramukha rUpa se vyavahAra aura paramArtha ke dRSTikoNa svIkRta kie jAte rahe haiN| DaoN. candradhara zarmA likhate haiM ki (vyavahAra aura paramArtha dRSTikoNoM kA) yaha antara sadaiva hI rakhA jAtA rahA hai| vizva ke sabhI mahAn dArzanikoM ne ise kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| herAkliTasa ke Kato aura Ano, pAramenIDIz2a ke mata (Opinion) aura satya (Truth), sukarAta ke rUpa aura AkAra (World and Form), pleTo ke saMvedanA (Sense) aura pratyaya (Idea), arastU ke padArtha (Matter) aura cAlaka (Mover), spinojA ke dravya (Substance) aura paryAya (Modes), kAMTa ke prapaMca (Phenomenal) aura tattva, hegala ke viparyaya aura nirapekSa tathA braiDale ke AbhAsa (Appearance) aura sat (Reality) kisI na kisI rUpa meM usI vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa karate

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ haiN| bhale hI inameM nAmoM kI bhinnatA ho, lekina unake vicAra inhIM do dRSTikoNoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| 6. jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM dRSTikoNoM kA vicAra-bheda yadyapi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate hue hamane bauddha, vaidika evaM pAzcAtyaparamparA ke sAtha jaina-paramparA ke sAmya ko dekhA, tathApi yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki unameM kucha vicAra-bheda bhI haiN| prathama to zaMkara ke pratibhAsika, candrakIrti kI mithyAsaMvRti aura vijJAnavAda ke parikalpita dRSTikoNoM ke samAna kisI dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana jaina-paramparA meM upalabya nahIM hai| isI prakAra, AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM prastuta azuddhanizcayanaya kA vicAra, jise vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI madhyasthiti kA dyotaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparA meM anupalabdha hai| isa sandarbha meM eka aura mahatvapUrNa antara jaina aura jainetara paramparAoM meM yaha hai ki bauddha-zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda tathA zAMkaravedAnta meM vyavahAradRSTi yA lokasaMvRti ko paramArtha kI apekSA nimnastarIya mAnA gayA hai aura usase upalabdha hone vAle jJAna ko bhI vAstavika rUpa meM satya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jaina-darzana ke anusAra vyavahAra aura nizcaya, athavA paryAyadRSTi aura dravyadRSTi svasthAnoM kI apekSAse samastarIya mAnI gaI hai| vastuta:, unameM koI tulanA karanA hI anucita hai, kyoMki donoM eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM, sAtha hI jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanayadonoM hI sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM, jabaki zUnyavAda aura zAMkaravedAnta ke anusAra lokasaMvRtisatya yA vyavahAradRSTi hI sApekSa hai, paramArthadRSTi ko unameM nirapekSa mAnA gayA hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra sabhI jJAna sApekSa haiN| tattva kI svasattA cAhe nirapekSa ho, lekina usakA jJAna, cAhe vaha vyAvahArika jJAna ho yA naizcayika, sApekSa hI hotA hai| nayacakra meM kahA gayA hai ki vastugata dharma bhale hI naya-viSayaka ho yA pramANa-viSayaka, ve paraspara sApekSa hI hote haiN| sApekSatA hI tattva hai aura nirpeksstaaatttv|" yadyapi hama nayacakra ke praNetA ke isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiM ki tattva kI sattA sApekSa hai, kyoMki aisA mAnane para to jainadarzana zUnyavAda hI bana jaaegaa| hamArA abhiprAya to itanA hI hai ki tattva kI sattA cAhe apane-Apa meM nirapekSa ho, lekina usake sandarbha meM hone vAlA jJAna sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai, kyoMki jJAna ke sAdhana indriyA~, mana aura buddhi nirapekSa nahIM haiN| itanA hI nahIM, aparokSAnubhUti meM bhIjo vastuviSayaka jJAna hotA hai, vaha bhI dRSTikoNa se nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| jJAna aura dRSTikoNa-ye dono sAtha-sAtha calate haiM aura isalie sArAhI jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| jainadarzana meM eka bhI sUtra aura artha aisA nahIM hai jo nayazUnya (dRSTikoNarahita) ho|

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74 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-dArzanikoM ne jJAna kI sApekSatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura isalie unakA kahanA hai ki jJAna kA pratyeka rUpa, cAhe vaha vyAvahArika yA laukika, athavA naizcayika yA tAtvika, apane-apane dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para satya hI hotA hai| usameM kisI ko bhI asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 7. jaina-darzana meM jJAna kI satyatA kA AdhAra jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jaina-AcAradarzana jJAna kI sApekSikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| sApekSika jJAna kI satyatA sva-apekSA se hI hotI hai, para-apekSA se nhiiN| pratyeka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para avatarita satya usI dRSTikoNa kI apekSA se hI satya hotA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai ki jo dRSTikoNa yA naya paraspara eka-dUsare kA virodha karate haiM, ve svapara-praNAzIdurnaya kahe jAte haiN| isake viparIta, jo naya eka-dUsare ke pUraka aura sahayogI haiM, ve sva-paropakArI sunaya kahe jAte haiN| apekSA ke abhAva meM pratyeka dRSTikoNa asatya bana jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha dUsare kA bAdha karatA hai, jabaki sApekSa hokara pratyeka naya satya bana jAtA hai| jJAna kI satyatA aura asatyatA apekSA para nirbhara mAnI gaI hai| vaha jisa apekSA ke AdhAra para nirmita hai, usI apekSA kI dRSTi se satya hotA hai aura anya apekSAoM yA dRSTiyoM se vahI asatya ho jAtA hai| pratyeka dRSTikoNa sva-apekSA se satya hotA hai aura para-apekSA se asty| 8. AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhiyA~ AcAradarzana meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi ke rUpa meM do adhyayanavidhiyA~ svIkRta haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne eka aura dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, jise unhoMne azuddha nizcayanaya kahA hai| vastuta:, zuddha nizcayanaya dravyArthika-dRSTi hai, ata: vaha cAhe naitika sAdhya ke svarUpa kA saMketa karatI ho, lekina use AcAradarzana kI vidhi nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM parivartana evaM bheda ko koI sthAna nahIM, jabaki naitikatA ke lie donoM Avazyaka haiN| isa prakAra, AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI do hI dRSTiyoM zeSa rahatI haiM, jinheM hama AcAralakSI nizcayanaya (azuddha nizcayanaya) aura vyavahAranaya kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi tAttvika-nizcayadRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai, use naitika sAdhya kA svarUpa batAne vAlI dRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki tAtvika-nizcayadRSTi naitika sAdhya ko tathA AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi (azuddha nizcayanaya) naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa ko aura vyavahAradRSTi naitikatA ke bAhyasvarUpa ko prakaTa karatI hai| isa prakAra, AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI tIna vidhiyA~ ho

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 75 jAtI haiM- (1) tAttvika-nizcayadRSTi, (2) AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi aura (3) vyvhaardRsstti| 9. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke vividha dRSTikoNa AcaraNa ke kSetra meM karttavya evaM akarttavya kI vivecanA sahaja nahIM hai| gItA kA kathana hai ki karma, akarma aura vikarma kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| bar3e-bar3e vidvAn bhI yahA~ vimohita ho jAte haiN| 19 sabase pahale vivAda isa prazna ko lekara hai ki karmoM kIzubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya kartA ke Antarika abhiprAya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAe yA kartA ke dvArA Acarita kRtya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAe? yadi kartA ke Antarika abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kIzubhAzubhatA kA mApaka mAna liyA jAe, to bhI yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kartA ke abhiprAya kI zubhatA yAazubhatA kA mApaka tattva kyA hai ? kyA kartA ke abhiprAya nirapekSazubha haiM yA kisI anya kI apekSA se zubha haiM ? yadi kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhatva pradAna karane vAlA anya koI tattva hai, to vaha kyA hai ? isa prakAra, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM kI jAne vAlI AcaraNa kI gahana vivecanA sarala evaM nirapekSa nahIM raha jaatii| jAna DyUI bhI likhate haiM, 'AcaraNa eka jaTila cIja hai, itanI jaTila ki bauddhika-dRSTi se use kisI eka siddhAnta meM bA~dhane ke hara prayatna vyartha hue haiN| 20 / AcaraNa meM mana, buddhi, vicAra, anubhUti, icchA, vAsanA, kriyA Adi aneka tathyoM kA sammizraNa hai| yaha svayaM meM hI eka jaTilatA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra lokavyavahAra nirapekSa nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM ki binA sApekSikatA ke loka-vyavahAra sambhava nahIM hotA hai, ata: AcAradarzana, jo ki AcaraNa ke mUlyAMkana kA prayAsa karatA hai, nirapekSa rUpa loka-vyavahAra ke bAre meM koI vicAra nahIM kara sktaa| jainAcAryoM kA sadaiva yahI udghoSa rahA hai ki jaTilatAkA vivecana binA apekSA ke karanA sambhava nahIM hai, isa prakAra AcaraNa kI vivecanA binA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke karanA sambhava nahIM hai| AcAradarzana kA sambandha AcaraNa ke vibhinna pakSoM se hai, isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki una vividha pakSoM ko samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para unakA vicAra kiyA jaae| AcAradarzana ke sAdhya kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to hama pAte haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA sAdhya nirvANa hai| ise paramArtha, paramamUlya aura tAttvikasattA evaM pUrNatA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| usake svarUpa kA nirvacana bhI eka jaTila samasyA hai| bhASA, vANI aura tarka use grahaNa karane meM apUrNa haiN| bhASA asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM se sImita hai, vANI kI artha-vyaMjanA bhASA para AdhArita hai aura buddhi vicAra kI

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vidhAoM se Upara uThane meM asamartha hai, ata: naitika sAdhya ke jJAna ke sAdhana bhI sApekSa haiM aura isalie binA apekSAoM ke usakA jJAna evaM nirvacana sambhava nahIM hotA hai| usake sambandha jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha mAtra sApekSa kathana hI hotA hai| vaha to paramArtha, sat yA pUrNatA hai| koI bhI dRSTikoNa sImita aura apUrNa hotA hai, usakA nirvacana kaise ho sakatA hai ? bhASA, vicAra evaM dRSTi - sabhI sImita haiM, apUrNa haiM; aura apUrNa meM pUrNa hone kA nirvacana karane evaM pUrNa ko jAnane kI kSamatA hI kahA~ ? lekina, yadi hama yahI mAnakara caleM ki apUrNa bhASA, vicAra aura dRSTi paramasAdhya ko abhivyakta karane meM asamartha haiM, to phira naitika Adarza kA bodha sambhava nahIM hogA aura usake abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki apUrNa buddhi yA vicAra, bhASA aura dRSTi, sat yA naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkRta nirvANa kI avasthA ke samagra svarUpa yA ananta apekSAoM kA ekasAtha bodha karAne meM asamartha haiM, lekina ve usake ekAMza kA grahaNa aura bodha karA sakate haiN| jaina darzana tattva kI ajJeyatA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, lekina sAtha hI vaha tattva ke nirapekSa jJAna ko bhI sambhava nahIM maantaa| jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM sat ananta vidhAoM se yukta hai aura isalie usake ananta pakSoM kI sApekSa rUpa meM hI samyak vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| AcAradarzana Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa tAttvika svarUpa kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, vaha dRSTikoNoM yA nayoM ke dvArA prApta nahIM hotI, lekina una vibhinna dRSTikoNoM yA nayoM se pratyutpanna vikalpoM ke samasta jAla ke vilaya hone para zuddha nirvikalpa samAdhi kI avasthA meM prApta hotI hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki AtmA ke viSaya meM sAre hI naya (dRSTikoNa) pakSapAta se yukta hote haiM, 24 ataH vibhinna nayoM ke dvArA AtmA kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai| AcArya amRtacandra likhate haiM, "jo nayoM athavA pakSapAtoM (dRSTikoNoM vyAmoha) se Upara uTha jAtA hai; jisakA citta vikalpa - jAla (aisA hai, aisA nahIM hai) se rahita, zAnta ho cukA hai; jo mAtra apane svasvarUpa meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, vahI isa amRtatattva kA pAna karatA hai | "25 bauddha evaM vaidika AcAra- darzanoM meM bhI paramatattva yA nirvANa kI prApti nirvikalpa samAdhi-dazA meM hI mAnI gaI hai| yadi naitika aura AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA kA lakSya vikalpoM yA vicAroM kI vidhAoM se Upara uThanA hai, to phira AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nayoM yA dRSTikoNoM ke nirUpaNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isa prazna kA samucita uttara AcArya zaMkara bahuta pahale hI de cuke haiN| yadyapi naitika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA vikalpoM, nayapakSoM evaM dRSTikoNoM se Upara uThane meM hI hai, tathApi ina nayapakSoM se Upara uThanA bhI unake hI sahAre sambhava hai / vyavahAra ke dvArA paramArtha kA jJAna hotA hai aura usa paramArtha ke dvArA nirvikalpa sattA yA Atmatattva kA 76

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 77 sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, "kisI anArya vyakti ko anArya bhASA ke abhAva meM apanI bAta samajhAne meM koI bhI Aryajana saphala nahIM hotaa| use apanI bAta samajhAne ke lie usI kI bhASA kA avalambana lenA hotA hai| isI prakAra, vyavahAradRSTi ke abhAva meM vyavahArajagat meM prANiyoM ko paramArtha kA bodha nahIM karAyA jA sktaa|" aise hI zabdoM meM AcArya nAgArjuna kahate haiM, "jisa prakAra mleccha kisI anya kI bhASA grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hotA, usI prakAra yaha jagat bhI laukika-dRSTi se anya dRSTi ko grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hotaa| use vyavahAra ke binA paramArtha kA upadeza nahIM diyA jA sakatA aura paramArtha ke jJAna ke binA nirvANa prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|" isa prakAra, kundakunda aura nAgArjuna- donoM hI nirvANaprApti ke lie vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika- donoM hI dRSTikoNoM kI upAdeyatA svIkAra karate haiN| hindU-paramparA meM bhI eka anya rUpaka ke dvArA AcArya kundakunda aura nAgArjuna ke dRSTikoNa kA hI samarthana kiyA gayA hai| gItAbhASya meM DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne isI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki jisa prakAra kA~Te ke dvArA kA~TA nikAlA jAtA hai, usI prakAra vyavahAra se Upara uThane ke lie bhI vyavahAradRSTi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jisa prakAra kA~Te ke nikala jAne para kA~TA nikAlane vAle kA~Te ko pheMka diyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra paramArtha kA bodha ho jAne para vyavahAradRSTi kA bhI parityAga kara diyA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka braiDale ne bhI sat (Reality) ke jJAna ke lie AbhAsa kI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vistAra-bhaya se unake vistRta vicAroM ko prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki vyavahAranaya ke nirAkaraNa ke lie nizcayanaya kA Alambana kiyA jAtA hai, kintu nizcayanaya kA Alambana bhI kartavya kI itizrI nahIM hai| usake Azraya se AtmA ke svarUpa kA bodha karake use chor3ane para tattva kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai|'30 svabhAva kA bodha nizcayanaya se hotA hai aura vibhAva kA bodha vyavahAranaya se| vyavahAranaya se vibhAva-avasthA ko jAnakara nizcayanaya se svabhAva kA bodha kiyA jAtA hai| svabhAva kA bodha ho jAne para vibhAva kA parityAga kara denA hI vyavahAra ke dvArA paramArtha ke bodha kI upAdeyatA hai| jaba nizcayanaya se svabhAva kA bodha ho jAtA hai, taba sAdhanA ke dvArA usa svabhAvadazA meM avasthiti hI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hotA hai| svabhAva meM avasthita hone para svabhAva kA bauddhika-jJAna bhI anAvazyaka ho jAtA hai| svasvarUpa meM sthita ho jAne para nizcayanaya bhI chUTa jAtA hai, jaise gur3a kA svAda lete hae gur3a ke svAda ke bauddhika-jJAna kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| jaba svabhAva meM avasthiti hotI hai, taba samagra

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vikalpAtmaka jJAna vilupta ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra sAmAnya jIvana meM kisI rasAnubhUti kI avasthA meM vicAra aura vikalpa vilupta ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra nirvANa yA naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi meM bhI samagra vikalpAtmaka jJAna kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| phira bhI, vikalpAtmaka AvazyakatA taba taka banI rahatI hai, jaba taka ki usa sAdhya kI upalabdhi nahIM ho jaatii| naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi taka vyakti ke lie dRSTikoNoM kI AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| 78 isa prakAra, spaSTa hai ki AcAradarzana meM karmoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva ke vivecana ke lie tathA naitika sAdhya ke bodha ke lie sabhI dRSTikoNa yA adhyayana - vidhiyA~ Avazyaka haiN| phira bhI, yaha vicAra apekSita hai ki naitika-darzana meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya, yA paramArthadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi meM kauna-sI usake adhyayana kI pramukha vidhi hai / 10. kyA nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi naitika adhyayana kI vidhi hai ? jaina-AcAradarzana meM zuddha nizcayanaya, azuddha anizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya- ye tIna dRSTikoNa mAnya haiN| inameM se kauna-sA dRSTikoNa AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhi ho sakatA hai ? vastutaH, AcaraNa kA sArA kSetra hI vyavahAra kA kSetra hai / nizcaya yA pAramArthikadRSTi se to sArI naitikatA hI vyAvahArika-saMkalpanA hai| vizuddha pAramArthika yA nizcayadRSTi se bandhana aura mukti bhI vyAvahArika satya hI Thaharate haiM, kyoMki bandhana aura mukti - donoM hI paryAyadRSTi ke viSaya haiN| tattva (dravya) dRSTi se to AtmA zuddha hI hai, ataH AtmA ko bandhana meM mAnakara usakI mukti ke nimitta kiyA jAne vAlA naitika- AcaraNa bhI vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hI sambhava hai| AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jIva karma se baddha hai - yaha vyavahAranaya kA vacana hai aura jIva karma se abaddha hai - yaha zuddha nizcayanaya kA kathana hai / AtmA kA bandhana aura mukti vyavahAra satya hai, paramArtha - dRSTi se to na bandhana hai aura na mukti hai| AcArya kahate haiM, 'AtmA kA bandhana aura abandhana - donoM hI dRSTisApekSa haiM, nayapakSa hai, paramatattva samayasAra (zuddha AtmA) 'pakSAtikrAMta' hai| '31 isa prakAra, jaina- dRSTikoNa se samasta naitika-AcaraNa vyavahAra ke kSetra meM AtA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA samagra sAdhanA-mArga vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai / 32 na kevala jaina - paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI AcAradarzana ko vyavahAradRSTi kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| bauddha-vicAraNA meM nAgArjuna kA bhI kathana hai ki buddha dvArA pratipAdita cAroM Arya satya lokasaMvRti yA vyavahAra hI haiN| 33 vaidikaparamparA meM AcArya gauDapAda ne bhI paramatattva ko bandhana aura mukti se nirapekSa mAnA hai|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 79 unake anusAra to jIva kI sattA bhI vyAvahArika hai|at: usakA bandhana aura usakI mukti bhI vyAvahArika satya hai| __ yadyapi yaha satya hai ki samagra naitika-AcaraNa vyavahAranaya ke kSetra meM hI AtA hai, tathApi jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM svIkRta naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi kA hI viSaya hai, ata: kevala yaha mAnanA ki naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi hI ekamAtra adhyayanavidhi ho sakatI hai, ekAMgI dhAraNA hI hogii| naitika sAdhya svalakSaNa yA svabhAvadazA kA sUcaka hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha dravyadRSTi, nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi kAhI viSaya hai| isa prakAra, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra- donoM hI dRSTikoNa apekSita haiN| usameM nizcayadRSTi kA viSaya naitika sAdhya yA Adarza hai aura vyavahAradRSTi kA viSaya naitika-AcaraNa yA karma hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya kA artha tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM prayukta nizcayanaya se kucha bhinna hai| 11. tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi sat ke usa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jo sat kI trikAlAbAdhita svabhAvadazA, usakA mUlasvarUpa aura svalakSaNa hai, jo paryAya yA parivartanoM meM bhI sattA ke sAra ke rUpa meM banA rahatA hai| nizcayadRSTi abhedagAmI sattA ke zuddhasvarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kI sUcaka evaM bAhya-nirapekSa pariNAma kI vyAkhyA karatI hai|'35 tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi sattA ke usa pakSa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jisarUpa meM vaha pratIta hotI hai| vyavahAradRSTi bhedagAmI hai aura sat ke Agantuka lakSaNoM yA vibhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai| sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa kA prastutikaraNa vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai| vyavahAranaya deza aura kAla-sApekSa hai| vyavahAradaSTi ke anusAra AtmA janma bhI letI hai aura maratI bhI hai, vaha bandhana meM bhI AtI hai aura mukta bhI hotI hai| 12. tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara jaina-paramparA meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya nAmaka do nayoM yA dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| ve tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana- donoM kSetroM para lAgU hotI haiM, phira bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA pratipAdana bhinnabhinna arthoM meM huA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI isa antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki jainaparamparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra-rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, ve tattvajJAna aura

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcAra - donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gaI haiN|' itara sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI taraha jaina- darzana meM bhI tattvajJAna aura AcAra - donoM kA samAveza hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura AcAra - donoM meM hotA hai, lekina sAmAnyata: zAstrAbhyAsI isa antara ko jAna nahIM paataa| tAttvika-nizcayadRSTi aura AcAraviSayaka- nizcayadRSTi - donoM eka nahIM haiN| yahI bAta ubhayaviSayaka - vyavahAradRSTi kI hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya- ye do zabda bhale hI samAna hoM, para tattvajJAna aura AcAra ke kSetra meM bhinna-bhinna abhiprAya rakhate haiM aura vibhinna pariNAmoM para pahu~cAte haiN| 80 AcAragAmI nizcayadRSTi yA vyavahAradRSTi mukhyatayA mokSapuruSArtha kI dRSTi se vicAra karatI hai, jabaki tattvanirUpaka nizcaya aura vyavahAra- - dRSTi kevala jagat ke svarUpa kA vicAra karatI hai| saMkSepa meM, tattvanirUpaNa kI dRSTi se 'kyA hai' yaha mahatvapUrNa hai aura AcAranirUpaNa meM 'kyA honA cAhie' yaha mahatvapUrNa hai| vastutaH, tattvajJAna kI vidhAyaka (Positive) evaM vyAkhyAtmaka prakRti aura Adarza darzana kI niyAmaka (Normative) evaM AdarzamUlaka prakRti hI inameM yaha antara banA detI hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi yaha - hai ki sattA kA mUla svarUpa kyA hai aura vyavahAradRSTi yaha batAtI hai ki sattA kisa rUpa pratIta ho rahI hai, usakA indriyagAhya (sthUla) svarUpa kyA hai ? aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi karttA ke prayojana athavA karma kI AdarzonmukhatA ke AdhAra para usakI zubhAzubhatA kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai| nizcayanaya meM AcAra kA bAhya pakSa mahatvapUrNa nahIM hotA, varan usakA Antarika pakSa hI mahatvapUrNa hotA hai| isake viparIta, AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSa para adhika vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / dUsarA mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTisammata tattvoM ke svarUpa kA sAdhAraNa jijJAsujana kabhI bhI sAkSAt nahIM kara paate| hama tattva kA sAkSAtkAra karane vAle anubhavI vyakti ke kathana para zraddhA rakhakara hI vaisA svarUpa mAnate haiM, lekina AcAra ke bAre meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| koI jAgarUka sAdhaka apanI Antarika satasat - vRttiyoM kA va unakI tIvratA aura mandatA ke tAratamya kA sIdhA sAkSAt kara sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM, naizcayika - AcAra kA sAkSAtkAra vyakti ke lie sambhava hai, jabaki naizcayika tattva kA sAkSAtkAra pratyeka vyakti ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| apanI sat evaM asat Antarika-vRttiyoM kA hameM sIdhA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| ve hamArI Antarika anubhUti ke viSaya haiM / tattva ke nizcayasvarUpa kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa sambhava nahIM hotA, vaha to mAtra buddhi kI khoja hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM paryAyoM se bhinna zuddha tattva kI upalabdhi -

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ sAdhAraNa rUpa meM sambhava nahIM hotI, jabaki AcAra ke kSetra meM AcaraNa se bhinna AntarikavRttiyoM kA anubhava hotA hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi AtmA ke bandhana, mukti, kartRtva, bhoktRtva Adi pratyayoM ko mahatva nahIM detii| ve usake lie gauNa haiM, kyoMki ve AtmA kI paryAyadazA ko hI sUcita karate haiN| AcAralakSI - nizcayadRSTi meM to bandhana aura mukti yA AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva aisI maulika dhAraNAe~ haiM, jinheM vaha svIkAra karake hI Age bar3hatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya kundakunda ne nizcayanaya meM do bheda svIkAra kie| AcArya kundakunda tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM prayukta hone vAlI nizcayanaya (paramArthadRSTi) ko zuddhanizcayanaya kahate haiM aura AcAralakSI - nizcayadRSTi ko azuddhanizcayanaya kahate haiN| kucha AcAryoM ne nizcayanaya ke dravyArthika- nizcayanaya aura paryAyArthika-nizcayanaya - aise do vibhAga kie haiN| bauddhoM svatantra mAdhyamika sampradAya meM bhI paramArtha ke do vibhAga kie gae haiM- 'paryAyaparamArtha aura aparyAyaparamArtha / '" tulanAtmaka dRSTi se hama dekhate haiM ki aparyAyaparamArtha ko sarvaprapaMcavarjita kahA gayA hai, jo jainadarzana ke zuddhanizcayanaya kA hI samAnArthaka hai aura paryAyaparamArtha azuddhanizcayanaya yA paryAyArthika- nizcayanaya kA samAnArthaka hai| 13. dravyArthika aura paryAyArthikanayoM kI dRSTi se naitikatA kA vicAra isI tathya ko jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra eka dUsare prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika - aise do dRSTikoNa yA naya svIkAra kie gae haiN| jaina-darzana jar3a aura cetana, ubhaya paramatattvoM kI dRSTi se nitya - pariNAmavAda mAnatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana kevala prakRtipariNAmavAda mAnatA hai| gItA meM bhI prakRtipariNAmavAda mAnA gayA hai| sat kA eka pakSa vaha hai, jisameM vaha pratikSaNa badalatA rahatA hai, jabaki dUsarA pakSa vaha hai, jo ina parivartanoM ke pIche hai, lekina naitikatA kI samagra vivecanA to sat ke isa parivartanazIla pakSa ke lie hai| naitikatA eka gatyAtmakatA hai, eka prakriyA hai, eka honA hai (Becoming), jo parivartana kI dazA meM hI sambhava hai| usa aparivartanIya pakSa kI dRSTi se mAtra sattA (Being) hai, koI naitika vicAraNA sambhava hI nhiiN| jaina- vicAraNA bhI nahIM kahatI ki hamArA naitika Adarza parivartanazIlatA (Becoming) se aparivartanazIlatA (Nonbecoming) kI avasthA ko prApta karanA hai, kyoMki sat yadi utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya guNayukta hai, to phira mokSa-avasthA meM yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai| jaina- vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM bhI mAtra jJAnadRSTi se AtmA kA pariNAmIpana svIkAra karatI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra paryAya (Modes) do prakAra ke hote haiM- eka svabhAvaparyAya (Homogenous 81

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82 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana changes) aura dUsarA vibhAvaparyAya yA virUpa-parivartana (Heterogenous changes) / jaina-naitikatA kA Adarza mAtra AtmA ko vibhAvaparyAya kI avasthA se svabhAvaparyAya avasthA meM lAnA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-naitikatA sat ke dravyArthika-pakSa ko apane vivecana kA viSaya na banAkara sat ke paryAyArthika-pakSa ko hI vivecana kA viSaya banAtI hai, jisameM svabhAvaparyAyAvasthA ko prApta karanA hI usakA naitika Adarza hai| 'svabhAvaparyAya tattva ke nijaguNoM ke kAraNa hotI hai evaM anya tattvoM se nirapekSa hotI hai| isake viparIta, anya tattva se sApekSa vibhAvaparyAya hotI hai, ata: naitikatA ke pratyaya kI dRSTi se AtmA kA svabhAvadazA meM rahanA naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa hai| isI ko AcAralakSI-nizcayanaya kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaina-dRSTi se sAre naitika-AcaraNa kA sAra yA sAdhya yahI hai, jise kisI anya kA sAdhana nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yahI svalakSya mUlya (End in itself) hai, zeSa sArA AcaraNa isI ke lie hai, ata: sAdhanarUpa hai, sApekSa hai aura isa kAraNa mAtra vyAvahArika hai| 14. AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA artha nizcayanaya kA artha jaina-AcAradarzana kA naitika Adarza mokSa hai, ataeva jo AcAra sIdhe rUpa meM mokSalakSI hai, vaha nizcaya-AcAra hai| AcaraNa kA vaha pakSa, jisakA sIdhA sambandha bandhana aura mukti se hai, nizcaya-AcAra hai| vastutaH, bandhana aura mukti kA sIdhA kAraNa AcaraNa kA bAhya-svarUpa nahIM hotA, varan vyakti kI Antarika manovRttiyA~ hI hotI haiM, ata: ve Antarika manovRttiyA~, jo bandhana aura mukti kA sIdhA kAraNa banatI haiM, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya (paramArthadRSTi) ke sImAkSetra meM AtI haiN| rAga, dveSa aura moha kI vaha dRSTi, jo bAhya-AcaraNa yA kriyAkalApoM se nirapekSa, mAtra kartA ke prayojana ko lakSya meM rakhakara zubhAzubhatA kA vicAra karatI hai, nizcayadRSTi hai|'' AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM bhI nizcaya AcAra sadaiva ekarUpa hI hotA hai| nizcayadRSTi se jo zubha hai, vaha sadaiva zubha hai aura jo azubha hai, vaha sadaiva azubha hai| deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika dRSTi se bhI usameM antara nahIM aataa| vaicArika yA manojanya adhyavasAyoM ko zubhatva aura azubhatva dezakAlagata bhedoM se nahIM badalatA, usameM apavAda ke lie koI guMjAiza nhiiN| vyAvahArika naitikatA meM yA AcaraNa ke bAhya-bhedoM meM bhI usakI ekarUpatA banI raha sakatI hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, 'nizcaya-AcAra kI (eka hI) bhUmikA para vartamAna eka hI vyakti anekavidha vyAvahArika AcAroM meM se gujaratA hai| itanA hI nahIM, isake viparIta AcaraNa kI bAhya ekarUpatA meM

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ bhI nizcayadRSTi se AcAra kI bhinnatA ho sakatI hai| vastuta:, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizvaya-AcAra vaha kendra hai, jisake AdhAra se vyAvahArika-AcAra ke vRtta banate haiN| jisa prakAra eka kendra se khIMce gae aneka vRtta bhinna-bhinna pratIta hote hue bhI apane kendra kI dRSTi se eka hI mAne jAte haiM, unameM paridhigata vibhinnatA hote hue bhI kendragata ekatA hotI hai| jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra, 'nizcaya-AcAra samagra bAhya AcaraNa kA kendra hotA hai|'" bAhA AcaraNa kA zubhatva aura azubhatva isI Abhyantarika kendra para nirbhara hai| zuddhAnezvaya, jo ki tattvamImAMsA kI eka vidhi hai, jaba naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayukta kI jAtI hai, to vaha do bAteM prastuta karatI hai 1. naitika Adarza yA sAdhya kA zuddha svruup| 2. naitika sAdhya kA naitika sAdhanA se abhed| naitika sAdhya vaha sthiti hai, jahA~ pahu~cane para naitikatA samApta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki usake Age kucha prAptavya nahIM hai, kucha cAhanA nahIM hai aura isalie koI naitikatA nahIM hai| kyoMki naitikatA ke lie 'cAhie' yA 'Adarza' Avazyaka hai, ata: naitika sAdhya usa sthAna para sthita hai, jahA~ tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana milate haiM, ata: naitika sAdhya kI vyAkhyA vizuddha pAramArthika-dRSTi se hI sambhava hai| dUsarIjora, naitika sAdhya pUrNatA kI vaha sthiti hai ki jaba hama usa sAdhya kI bhUmikA para sthita hokara vicAra karate haiM, to vahA~ sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanApatha kA abheda ho jAtA hai, kyoMki jaba Adarza upalabdha ho jAtA hai, taba Adarza Adarza nahIM raha jAtA aura sAdhaka sAdhaka nahIM raha jAtA, na sAdhanApatha sAdhanApathahI raha jAtA hai| naitika-pUrNatA kI avasthA meM sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanApatha kA vibheda Tika nahIM paataa| yadisAdhaka hai, to usakA sAdhya hogA aura yadi sAdhya hai, to phira naitika-pUrNatA kaisI ? sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA sApekSa pada haiN| yadi eka hai, to dUsarA hai| sAdhya ke abhAva meM na sAdhaka sAdhaka hotA hai aura na sAdhanApatha saadhnaapth| usa avasthA meM to mAtra vizuddha sattA hai| yadi pUrvAvasthA kI dRSTi se upacArarUpa meM kahanA hI ho, to kaha sakate haiM ki usa dRSTi se sAdhya bhI AtmA hai, sAdhaka bhI AtmA hai aura jJAna, darzana, cAritrarUpa sAdhanA mArga bhI AtmA hai| tIsare, AvaraNa kA dikhAI dene vAlA bAhya rUpa usake lie mahatvapUrNa nahIM hotaa| AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAnoM se pAramArthika yA nizcaya-AdhAra kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| usakA sambandha to mAtra kartA kI Antarika avasthAoM se hotA hai| saMkSepa meM, naitikatA kI nizcayadRSTi kA sambandha vaiyaktika naitikatA se hai| yaha

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84 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika-mUlyAMkana ke lie isa bAta kA vicAra nahIM karatI hai ki karma kA samAja para kyA pariNAma huaa| vaha naitika mUlyoM kA aMkana sAmAjika-dRSTi se nahIM, varan vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se karatI hai| vaha samAja-sApekSa na hokara vyaktisApekSa hotI hai| AcArya amRtacandra samayasAraTIkA meM isI bAta ko spaSTa karate haiM ki nizcayanaya AtmAzrita hai aura vyavahAranaya parAzrita (samAja-sopakSa) hai|42 jainavicAraNA ke anusAra vyakti kI Antarika vAsanAoM kA sambandha 'naizcayikanaitikatA' se hai| vyakti meM vAsanAoM evaM tRSNA kI agni jisa mAtrA meM zAnta hotI hai, usI mAtrA meM vaha nizcaya-AcAra kI dRSTi se vikAsa kI dizA meM bar3hA huA mAnA jAtA hai| naizcayika-naitikatA kriyA yA AcaraNa kI avasthA nahIM, varan anubhUti yA sAkSAtkAra kI avasthA hai| isameM zubhAzubhatva kA mApa isa AdhAra para nahIM hotA ki vyakti kyA karatA hai, varan isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki vaha apane svasvarUpa ko kahA~ taka pahacAna pAyA hai aura kahA~ taka usake nikaTa ho pAyA hai| Atmopalabdhi yA paramArtha kA sAkSAtkAra hI naitika-jIvana kA paramAdarza hai aura isa Adarza ke sandarbha meM Antarika-vRttiyoM kA Akalana karanA hI pAramArthika yA naizcayika-naitikatA kA pramukha kArya hai| vyakti ke Antarika-vicalana aura Antarika-samatva kA Akalana nizcayadRSTi kA kSetra hai| nizcayadRSTi naitika-AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana usake Antarika pakSa, prayojana evaM usakI lakSyonmukhatA ke AdhAra para karatI hai| vaha naitikatA ke adhyayana meM karma ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko hI adhika mahatva detI hai| lekina, naitikatA mAtra saMkalpahI nahIM hai| naitika-jIvana ke lie saMkalpaAvazyaka hai, parantu aisA saMkalpa, jisameM kriyAnvayana kA prayAsa na ho, to vaha saccA saMkalpa nahIM hotA hai, isIlie yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika-jIvana meM saMkalpa ko mAtra saMkalpa nahIM rahanA cAhie, varan kAryarUpa meM pariNata bhI honA cAhie aura saMkalpa kI kAryarUpa pariNati hamAre sAmane naitikatA kA dUsarA pakSa prastuta karatI hai| mAtra saMkalpa to vyakti taka sImita raha sakatA hai, usakA samAja para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA, vaha samAja-nirapekSa ho sakatA hai, lekina jaba saMkalpa kArya meM pariNata kiyA jAtA hai, taba vaha mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM rahatA, varan sAmAjika bana jAtA hai, ata: naitikatA kA vicAra kevala nizcayadRSTi se hI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| aisA mUlyAMkana AMzika evaM apUrNa hI hogaa| naitikatA ke samucita mUlyAMkana ke lie naitikatA ke bAhya sAmAjika-pakSa para bhI vicAra karanA jarUrI hai, lekina vaha sImAkSetra AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi kA nahIM, vyavahAradRSTi kA hai|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 85 AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi AcaraNa ke bAhya (samAjasApekSa) pakSa para bala detI hai| usameM AcaraNa kI ekarUpatA nahIM, varan vividhatA hotI hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, 'vyAvahArika-AcAra aisA ekarUpa nahIM (hai)| nizcaya-AcAra kI bhUmikA se niSpanna aise bhinna-bhinna deza-kAla-jAti-svabhAva-ruci Adi ke anusAra kabhI-kabhI paraspara viruddha dikhAI dene vAle AcAra vyavahArika-AcAra kI koTi meM gine jAte haiN|'43 vyAvahArika-AcAra deza, kAla evaM vyakti-sApekSa hotA hai| usakA svarUpa parivartanazIla hotA hai| vaha to una paridhiyoM ke samAna hai, jo samakendraka hote hue bhI dezakAlarUpI trijyA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa alaga-alaga hotI hai| AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi kartA ke prayojana ko gauNa kara karma-pariNAmoM para lokahita kI dRSTi se vicAra karatI hai| dezakAlagata AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA bAhya-svarUpa nizcita karanA vyAvahArika-dRSTi kA kArya hai| vaha deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika-paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para naitika-AcaraNa ke bAhya-svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| jahA~ taka AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva ke mUlyAMkana kA prazna hai, AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa yA kartA ke prayojana ke AdhAra para usake zubhatva kA mUlyAMkana naitikatA kI nizcayadRSTi karatI hai, jabaki AcaraNa ke bAhyapakSa yA pariNAma ke AdhAra para usake zubhatva kA nirNaya naitikatA kI vyavahAradRSTi karatI hai| jainavicAraNA ke anusAra karmoM ke isa dvividha mUlyAMkana meM hI usakA samagra mUlyAMkana sambhava hotA hai| yadyapi yaha sambhava hai ki koI karma nizcayadRSTi se zubha yA naitika hote hue bhI vyavahAradRSTi se azuddha yA anaitika ho sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, muni kA vaha vyavahAra, jo zuddha manobhAva aura Agamika-AjJAoM ke anukUla hote hue bhI yadi lokanindA yAlokaghRNA kA kAraNa hai, to vaha nizcayadRSTi se zuddha hote hue bhI vyavahAradRSTi se azuddha hI mAnA jaaegaa| isI prakAra, koI karma vyavahAradRSTi se zuddha yA naitika pratIta hue bhI nizcayadRSTi se azuddha yA anaitika ho sakatA hai; jaise, phalAkAMkSA se kiyA huA tapa athavA yaza-pratiSThA kI icchA se kiyA huA propkaar| bhAratIya-AcAradarzana isa tathya ko svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika-AcaraNa meM mAtra kartA kA vizuddha prayojana hI paryApta nahIM hai, usameM lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi bhI Avazyaka hai| vyAvahArika-naitikatAkAsambandha AcaraNa ke una sAmAjika-niyamoM evaM vidhividhAnoM se hai, jinakA samAja kI ikAI ke rUpa meM vyakti ke dvArA pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| samAjadRSTi kI vyAvahArika-naitikatA meM zubhAzubhatvakA AdhAra hai| vyAvahArika

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86 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitikatA kahatI hai ki kArya cAhe kartA ke prayojana kI dRSTi se zuddha ho, lekina yadi vaha lokaviruddha hai, to usakA AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie (yadyapi zuddhaM tadapi lokaviruddhaM na samAcaret) / vastuta:, naitikatA kI vyavahAradRSTi AcaraNa ko sAmAjika-sandarbha meM parakhatI hai| yaha AcaraNa ke zubhAzubhatva ke mApana kI samAja-sApekSa paddhati hai, jo vyakti ke sammukha sAmAjika-naitikatA ko prastuta karatI hai| sAmAjika-naitikatA kA pAlana vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA samAjavyavasthA yA saMghavyavasthA kI dRSTi se| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kI paripUrNatA ke pazcAt bhI jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se isake paripAlana ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| AcaraNa ke samagra vidhi-vidhAna evaM vividhatAe~ vyAvahArika-naitikatA ke viSaya haiN|vyaavhaarik-naitiktaa kriyA hai, ata: AcaraNa kaise karanA cAhie, isakA nirdhAraNa vyAvahArika-naitikatA kA viSaya hai| gRhastha evaM saMnyAsa-jIvana ke sAre vidhi-vidhAna, jo vyakti aura samAja evaM vyakti aura usake pariveza ke madhya sAMga saMtulana ko banAe rakhane ke lie prastuta kie jAte haiM, ve vyAvahArika-naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiN| vyAvahArika-naitikatA, naitikatA kI sApekSita praNAlI hai| vaha hamAre sAmane sApekSa AcAravidhi prastuta karatI hai| 15. naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi ke AdhAra naizcayika-naitikatA eka nirapekSa tathya hai aura vyAvahArika-naitikatA sApekSa hai| vyavahAradRSTi se naitika-AcaraNa deza, kAla, vaiyaktika-svabhAva, zakti aura ruci para nirbhara karatA hai| inakI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para vyAvahArika-AcAra meM bhI bhinnatA sambhava hai| prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isa bAta kA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAe ki kisa deza, kAla evaM paristhiti meM kaisA AcaraNa ucita hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki nizcayadRSTi se to saMkalpa (adhyavasAya) kI zubhatA hI naitikatA kA AdhAra hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM evaM sAmAjika-jIvana meM AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karane evaM AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke pA~ca AdhAra mAne gae haiM(1) Agama, (2) zruta, (3) AjJA, (4) dhAraNA aura (5) jiit| inhIM pA~ca AdhAroM para vyavahAra ke bhI pA~ca bheda hote haiM, jo nimnAnusAra haiM___1. Agama-vyavahAra- kisa deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika-paristhiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie, isakA nirdeza Agama-granthoM meM milatA hai, ata: AgamoM meM varNita niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA Agama-vyavahAra hai|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeN 2. zruta-vyavahAra- zruta kA sAmAnya artha gaNadharoM ke atirikta anya pUrvAcAryoM dvArA praNIta sAhitya se hai| jaba kisI paristhiti- vizeSa meM AcaraNa ke sambandha meM AgamoM meM koI spaSTa nirdeza na milatA ho, yA Agama anupalabdha ho, to pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM evaM TIkAoM meM varNita AcAra ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA zrutavyavahAra hai| kucha AcAryoM ne zruta kA artha abhidhAraNa yA paramparA bhI kiyA hai, ataH zruta-vyavahAra kA artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki pUrvAcAryoM se jo kucha suna rakhA ho, athavA prAcIna samaya meM aisI vizeSa paristhiti meM kaisA vyavahAra kiyA gayA thA, usake AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA / avasthA-1 3. AjJA - vyavahAra - kisI deza, kAla evaM paristhiti ke AdhAra para utpanna - vizeSa meM kisa prakAra AcaraNa karanA cAhie, isake sambandha meM AgamoM evaM pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM meM koI nirdeza upalabdha na ho, to aisI sthiti meM variSThajana, gurujana yA dezakAlavijJa vidvAn (gItArtha) kI AjJA ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA AjJA- vyavahAra hai| 4. dhAraNA - vyavahAra - yadi paristhiti aisI ho ki jisake sambandha meM AgamoM evaM pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM meM koI nirdeza na ho aura yaha bhI sambhava na ho ki kisI dUrastha vijJa guru se koI nirdeza prApta kiyA jA sake, to karttavya kA nizcaya svaviveka evaM mAnyatA ke AdhAra para karanA dhAraNA vyavahAra hai| - 5. jIta-vyavahAra- yadi paristhiti aisI ho ki uparyukta meM se koI bhI sAdhana sulabha na ho, to loka - paramparA ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA jIta - vyavahAra hai| vyavahAra ke pA~ca AdhAroM kI vaidika paramparA se tulanA 16. 87 vaidika-paramparA meM manu ne AcaraNa ke nirNaya ke cAra AdhAra prastuta kie haiN| unhoMne kahA hai ki veda (RSiyoM kA jJAna), smRti (dharmazAstra), sadAcAra aura AtmatuSTi - ye cAra dharma yA nIti ko jAnane ke upAya haiN| 47 jisa prakAra jaina - paramparA meM AgamavyavahAra nItijJAna kA sarvocca upAya hai, usI prakAra manu ne bhI veda ko nIti ke jJAna kA sarvocca upAya mAnA hai / jisa prakAra jaina - paramparA meM Agama ke bAda zruta kA sthAna hai, usI prakAra vaidikaparamparA meM veda ke bAda smRti kA sthAna hai| veda aura smRti ke bAda vaidika paramparA meM nIti ke jAnane kA upAya sadAcAra batAyA gayA hai| manu ne svayaM sadAcAra kI vyAkhyA 'paramparAgata vyavahAra' ke rUpa meM kI hai| 8 isa rUpa meM vaha jItavyavahAra se tulanIya hai| yadi hama zruta kA artha paramparA karate haiM, to usa sthiti meM usakI tulanA zrutavyavahAra se bhI kI jA sakatI hai| manu ne nIti ke jAnane kA cauthA upAya AtmatuSTi mAnA hai| use kisI rUpa meM dhAraNA ke -

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88 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samakakSa mAna sakate haiN| isa prakAra, vaidika-paramparA ke nIti ke jAnane ke cAroM upAya kisI na kisI rUpa meM jaina-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta haiN| jaina aura vaidika- donoM paramparAoM meM yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki ina upAyoM meM eka pUrvAparatva kA krama bhI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza diyA hai ki pUrva meM AcaraNa ke hetu nirdeza kI upalabdhi hote hue nimna ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA anaitikatA hai| 17. AkSepa evaM samAdhAna jaina aura vaidika- donoM paramparAoM meM vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke lie jo AdhAra mAne gae haiM, unameM mAnavIya-buddhi kA Akalana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, aisA AkSepa kiyA jA sakatA hai| veda, smRti, sadAcAra yA Agama, zruta aura AjJA Adi ko adhika mahatva dekara mAnavIya buddhi ko kama mahatva diyA gayA hai| lekina yaha mAnyatA bhrAnta hai| vastutaH, jisa buddha ko nimna sthAna diyA jAtA hai, vaha vAsanAtmaka yA rAga-dveSa se grasita buddhi hI hai| sAmAnya sAdhaka, jo vAsanAmaya jIvana yA rAga-dveSa se Upara nahIM uTha pAyA, usake viveka ke dvArA kiMkarttavyamImAMsA meM galata nirNaya kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai| buddhi kI isa aparipakva dazA meM yadi svanirNaya kA adhikAra pradAna kara diyA jAe, to yathArtha karttavyapatha se cyuti kI sambhAvanA hI adhika rahatI hai| yadi mUla zabda 'dhAraNA' ko dekheM, to yaha artha aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| dhAraNA zabda vivekabuddhi yA niSpakSabuddhi kI apekSA Agrahabuddhi kA sUcaka hai aura Agrahabuddhi se svArthaparAyaNatA yA rUr3hatA ke bhAva hI prabala hote haiM, ata: aisI Agrahabuddhi ko kiMkarttavyamImAsA meM adhika ucca sthAna nahIM diyA jA sktaa| sAtha hI, yadidhAraNA yA svavivekako adhika mahatva diyA jAegA, to naitika-pratyayoM kI sAmAnyatA (vastuniSThatA) samApta ho jAegI aura naitikatA ke kSetra meM vaiyaktikatA kA sthAna hI pramukha ho jaaegaa| dUsarI ora, yadi hama dekheM to AjJA, zruta aura Agama bhI abauddhika nahIM haiM, varan unameM kramaza: buddhi kI ujjvalatA yA niSpakSatA hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| AjJA dene ke yogya jisa gItArtha kA nirdeza jainAgamoM meM kiyA gayA hai, vaha eka ora deza, kAla evaM paristhiti ko yathArtha rUpa meM samajhatA hai, to dUsarI ora Agama-granthoM kA marmajJa bhI hotA hai| vastuta:, vaha Adarza (Agamika-AjJAe~) evaM yathArtha (vAstavika paristhitiyoM) ke madhya samanvaya karAtA hai| vaha yathArtha ko dRSTigata rakhate hue Adarza ko isa rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai ki use yathArtha banAyA jA ske| gItArtha (vijJa) kI AjJAe~ naitika-jIvana kA eka aisA satya hai ki

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 89 Adarza meM sadaiva yathArtha banane kI kSamatA rahatI hai| sarala zabdoM meM, gItArtha kI AjJAoM kA pAlana sadaiva sambhava hai, kyoMki ve dezakAla evaM vyakti kI paristhiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara dI jAtI haiN| vItarAga ke dvArA praNIta Agama niSpakSa buddhisampanna AcAryoM ke dvArA praNIta zruta aura dezakAlavijJa gItArtha kI AjJAe~ sAmAnya vyakti kI bauddhikatA kI apekSA sadaiva hI ucca viveka se sampanna haiM, ata: unako mahatva dene meM mAnavIya-buddhi kI avahelanA bilkula nahIM hai| 18. nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra kI ekarUpatA bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM tattvamImAMsIya-nizcayadRSTi, AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi meM ekarUpatA nihita hai| tattvamImAMsAmUlaka nizcayadRSTi se pratipAdita sattA ke svarUpa aura vyavahAradRSTi se pratipAdita AcAra ke niyamoM meM bhinnatA hote hue bhI AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi ke dvArA pratipAdita naitika-darzana meM ekarUpatA dikhAI detI hai| tattvamImAMsAmUlaka-nizcayadRSTi kI apekSA AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki jahA~ tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi dvArA pratipAdita sattA kA svarUpa vibhinna darzanoM meM bhinna-bhinna hai, vahA~ AcAralakSI-nizcayadRSTi se pratipAdita pAramArthika-naitikatA (nizcaya-AcAra) sabhI mokSalakSI-darzanoM meM ekarUpa hai| AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA bAhya rUpa bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI unakA Antaka pakSa tathA lakSya sabhI darzanoM meM samAna hai| sabhI mokSalakSI-darzanoM meM naitika Adarza (mokSa kA svarUpa) tattvadRSTi se bhinna hote hue bhI lakSya kI dRSTi se eka hI hai aura isI ekarUpatA ke kAraNa AcAra kA naizcayika-svarUpa bhI eka hI hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki yadyapi jainetara sabhI darzanoM meM nizcayadRSTisammata tattvanirUpaNa eka nahIM hai, tathApi sabhI mokSalakSI-darzanoM meM nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra va cAritra eka hI haiM, bhale hI paribhASA yA vargIkaraNa bhinna-bhinna hoN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI mokSalakSI-darzana haiM aura usI ke AdhAra para naitika-AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate haiM, ata: naizcayika-AcAra kI dRSTi se unameM bahuta adhika sAmyatA pAI jAtI hai| 19. nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi kA mUlyAMkana ___ yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki naizcayika-AcAra yA naitikatA ke Antarika svarUpa aura vyAvahArika-AcAra yA naitikatA ke bAhya-svarUpa meM AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se kauna adhika mUlyavAna hai? jaina-darzana kI dRSTi meM isa prazna kA uttara yaha hai ki yadyapi sAdhaka kI vaiyaktikadRSTi se naitikatA kA Antarika pahalU yA naizcayika AcAra mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina sAmAjika

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90 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dRSTi se AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSa yA vyAvahArika-naitikatA kI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| jaina naitika-darzana yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki yathArtha naitika-jIvana meM nizcayaAcAra aura vyAvahArika-AcAra meM ekarUpatA hotI hai| AcaraNa ke Antarika evaM bAhya-pakSoM meM koI antara nahIM hotaa| vizuddha manobhAvoM kI avasthA meM anaitikaAcaraNa sambhava hI nahIM hotaa| itanA hI nahIM, jaina-AcAradarzana ke anusAra naitikapUrNatA kI prApti ke pazcAt bhI vyakti ko naitikatA ke bAhya-niyamoM evaM vidhi-vidhAnoM kA pAlana yathAvat karate rahanA caahie| Avazyakaniyukti evaM AtmasiddhizAstra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi ziSya naitika-pUrNatA ko prApta kara letA hai aura AcArya usa pUrNatA ko prApta na kara pAyA ho, to bhI saMgha kI maryAdA ke lie ziSya ko guru kI yathAvat sevA karanI caahie| isa prakAra, jaina-AcAradarzana yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki Antarika dRSTi se naitika-pUrNatA ko prApta kara lene para bhI bAhya (samAjasApekSa) naitika niyamoM kA paripAlana Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, vaha nizcayadRSTi para bala dete hue bhI vyavahAra kA lopa svIkAra nahIM krtaa| itanA hI nahIM, vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki paramArtha kI upalabdhi ho jAne para bhI vyavahAradharma, saMgha-maryAdAoM evaM sAmAjika naitika-niyamoM kA paripAlana Avazyaka hai| gItA aura bauddha-AcAradarzana bhI vaiyaktika-dRSTi se AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa para yatheSTa bala dete hue bhI lokavyavahAra kA AcaraNa Avazyaka mAnate haiN| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki jisa prakAra sAmAnyajana lokavyavahAra kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vidvAn bhI anAsakta hokara usI prakAra lokavyavahAra kA AcaraNa karatA rhe|'2 gItA meM pratipAdita svadharma, varNadharma aura lokasaMgraha ke siddhAnta isI kA samarthana karate haiN| bauddha-AcAradarzana meM bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki arhatAvasthA ko prApta kara lene para bhI saMghIya-jIvana ke bAhyaniyamoM kA yathAvat pAlana karate rahanA caahie| isa prakAra, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM naitika-jIvana ke Antarika-svarUpa yA nizcaya-AcAra para vaiyaktikadRSTi se paryApta mahatva dete huebhI vyAvahArika-dRSTi se AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSoM ko upekSaNIya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vaiyaktika-dRSTi se AcaraNa kA Antarika pakSa mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina sAmAjika-dRSTi se AcaraNa kA bAhya-pakSa bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| sAmAnyatayA, donoM meM koI tulanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI, kyoMki nizcayalakSI-AcAra kA mahatva vyaktigata aura samAjagata- aise do AdhAroM para hai| donoM meM se kisI eka ko chor3A bhI nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vyakti apane-Apa meM vyakti aura samAja- donoM kA hai| jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 91 naitikatA ke naizcayika aura vyAvahArika pahaluoM kI sabalatA apane-apane sthAna meM hai, isalie donoM kA pAlana apekSita hai| isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue mahAtmA gAMdhI ke AdhyAtmika gurutulya satpuruSa zrI rAjacandabhAI likhate haiM ki lamusvarUpanavRtti nugrahyaM vrata abhimaan| grahe nahIM paramArtha ne levA laukika maan|| athavA nizcayanayagrahemAtrazabda nhiimaaNy| lope sadvyavahAra ne sAdhanarahita thaay|| nizcayavANIsAMmalIsAdhana tjvaaNnoy| nizcayarAkhI lakSamAMsAdhana krvaaNsoy|| naya nizcaya ekAMta thI AMmA nathI khel| ekAMte vyavahAra nahIM banne sapi rhel|| -AtmasiddhizAstra, 28,29,131,132. yadi Antarika-vRtti pavitra nahIM huI hai aura mAtra apane ko dhArmika siddha karane ke lie bAhya vrata-niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai, to aisA sAdhaka paramArtha ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, usakA AcaraNa mAtra laukika-pradarzana ke nimitta hotA hai| dUsare, koI nizcayadRSTi ko hI mahatva dekara AcaraNa kI bAhya-kriyAoM (sadvyavahAra) kA parityAga karatA hai, to vaha bhI sAdhanA se rahita hai| AtmA asaMga, abaddha aura nityasiddha hai, aisI tAttvikanizcayavANI ko sunakara naitika vidhi-niyamoM kA chor3anA ucita nahIM hai, varan paramArthadRSTi ko Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake sadAcaraNa karate rahanA caahie| aikAntika-dRSTikoNa meM naitika-pratyayoM kI samagra vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| yathArthanaitika-jIvana meM ekAnta-nizcayadRSTi alaga-alaga rahakara kArya nahIM karatI, varan eka sAtha kArya karatI hai| naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa aura bAhya-pakSa milakara hI samagra naitikatA kA nirmANa karate haiN| ve do bhinna-bhinna pahalU avazya haiM, lekina alaga-alaga tathya nahIM haiN| unheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| sikke ke donoM bAjuoM ko alaga-alaga dekha sakate haiM, lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| jahA~ naitika-sAdhya ke lie paramArthadRSTi yA nizcayanaya Avazyaka hai, vahIMnaitika sAdhanA ke lie vyavahAradRSTi bhI Avazyaka hai| donoM ke samavetarUpa meM hI naitika-pUrNatA kI upalabdhi hotI hai| kahA hai nizcaya rAkhI lakSamAM, pALe je vyvhaar| te nara mokSa pAmaze sandeha nahIM lgaar||

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92 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 20. pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhiyA~ aura jaina-darzana pAzcAtya-nItivettAoM ne AcAradarzana kI vibhinna samasyAoM ke samyak adhyayana ke lie jina vidhiyoM kA Azraya liyA hai, unheM do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai(1) anubhavamUlaka vidhiyA~ aura (2) dArzanika vidhiyaaN| pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM anubhavamUlaka vidhiyA~ tIna haiM 1. jaivika-vidhi- isa adhyayanavidhi ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM harbarTa spensara pramukha haiN| ye vicAraka naitika niyamoM ko sAmAjika niyamoM para, sAmAjika niyamoM ko manovaijJAnika niyamoM para, manovaijJAnika niyamoM ko jaivika niyamoM para aura jaivika niyamoM ko bhautika niyamoM para adhiSThita mAnate haiN| isa prakAra inake anusAra naitika niyama antatogatvA jaivika evaM bhautika niyamoM se hI nirgamita hote haiN| yaha vidhi AcAradarzana ko prakRta evaM vidhAyaka vijJAna ke rUpa meM dekhatI hai aura usakI niyAmaka evaM AdarzamUlaka prakRti ko apanI dRSTi se ojhala kara detI hai| isa prakAra, yaha vidhi AcAradarzana ke nirdhAnta adhyayana ke lie ekAMgI siddha hotI hai| 2. aitihAsika vidhi- isa adhyayanavidhi ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM vikAsavAdI dArzanika evaM kArla mArksa Ate haiN| inake anusAra, naitika-pratyayoM eva niyamoM kA vikAsa Adi asaMskRta rItirivAjoM se huA hai| naitikatA sAmAjika-utkrAMti kA pariNAma hai aura nItizAstra kA kArya naitika-pratyayoM kI utpatti aura vikAsa kI vyAkhyA prastuta karanA hai| ye vicAraka bhI nItizAstra ko samAja kA prakRta itihAsa banAkara usakI niyAmaka yA AdarzamUlaka prakRti para dhyAna nahIM dete haiN| nItizAstra kA kArya naitika niyamoM kI utpatti kI vyAkhyA karanA nahIM, varan naitika Adarza ko prastuta karanA bhI hai| __3. manovaijJAnika vidhi- isa vidhi ke dvArA naitika-pratyayoM kI vyAkhyA karane vAle vicArakoM kA eka varga, jisameM kArnepa, eyara, rasala, sTIvensana Adi tArkika bhAvavAdI vicAraka Ate haiM, zubha evaM ucita ke naitika-pratyayoM ko manovaijJAnika evaM sAMvegika-abhivyaktiyoM ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| yaha varga naitikatA ke AdarzamUlaka svarUpa ko naSTa kara naitika-sandehavAdako janma detA hai|mnovaijnyaanik vidhi ko mahatva dene vAlA dUsarA varga naitika tathyoM ko cetanAgata mAnatA hai aura isalie yaha kahatA hai ki naitika-pratyayoM ke samyak adhyayana ke lie manovaijJAnika-paddhati kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie, tathApi ina vicArakoM ke anusAra naitika-pratyaya mUlata: AdarzamUlaka haiN| ye vicAraka naitikatA kI AdarzamUlaka prakRti ko asvIkAra nahIM karate haiM, mAtra mAnava ke paramamaMgala kA

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ nirdhAraNa karane meM usakI manovaijJAnika prakRti kA dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| inake anusAra, mAnava kI manovaijJAnika prakRti hI usake paramamaMgala kA nirdeza kara sakatI hai, ata: usako dRSTi meM rakhate hue hI nItizAstra ko naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa karanA caahie| hyUma, benthama, mila prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka isa paddhati kA anusaraNa karate haiN| uparyukta anubhavamUlaka vidhiyoM ke atirikta kucha vicArakoM ne AcAradarzana ke samyak adhyayana ke lie dArzanika-vidhi kI sthApanA kI hai| dArzanika vidhi- jina vicArakoM ne AcAradarzana ko tattvamImAMsA para AdhArita mAnA aura naitika Adarza ko mAnavacetanA kI tAttvika-sattA se anumita kiyA, unhoMne AcAradarzana kI vidhi ko dArzanika yA cintanaparaka mAnA hai| ina vicArakoM meM hegala, grIna AdiadhyAtmavAdI vicAraka pramukha haiN| AcAradarzana kI uparyukta adhyayanavidhiyoM ko anya prakAra se bhI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcAradarzana kI anubhavamUlaka vidhiyA~ vaijJAnika-vidhiyoM kA hI rUpa haiM aura aindrika-jJAna ke anubhavamUlaka AdhAroM para khar3I huI haiN| isake viparIta, dArzanikavidhi cintanaparaka yA bauddhika hai| prathama varga yathArtha para adhika bala detA hai, dUsarA varga Adarza pr| prathama varga meM Ane vAlI sabhI vidhiyA~ sApekSa vidhiyA~ bhI kahI jA sakatI haiM, kyoMki inameM naitika-pratyaya evaM niyama eka sApekSa tathyahI siddha hote haiN| dUsare varga meM Ane vAlI bauddhika-vidhi yA dArzanika-vidhi eka nirapekSa vidhi hai, kyoMki usameM naitika niyama nirapekSa mAne jAte haiN| isa prakAra, AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhiyoM ko anubhavamUlaka aura anubhavAtIta, AgamanAtmaka aura nigamanAtmaka, yathArthamUlaka aura AdarzamUlaka, athavA sApekSa aura nirapekSa kisI bhI rUpa meM dekhA jAe, unakA mUla mantavya vahI hotA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se anubhavamUlaka yathArthavAdI sApekSa vidhiyoM ko bhAratIya-cintana kI vyavahAradRSTi ke samakakSa mAna sakate haiN| anubhavAtIta buddhimUlaka AdarzavAdI nirapekSa vidhi ko nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi ke tulya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 21. bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM vividha vidhiyoM kA samanvaya vastutaH, naitika-jIvana kA uddezya yathArtha se Adarza kIora bar3hanA hai aura isa rUpa meM usake lie anubhavamUlaka aura anubhavAtIta- donoM hI vidhiyA~ Avazyaka haiN| jo vicAraka inameM se kisI eka vidhi ko hI naitika-darzana kI ekamAtra vidhi svIkAra karate haiM, ve naitika-darzana ke samagra svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karane meM asamartha haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha

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94 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prabuddha vicArakoM ne naitika-darzana ke lie na kevala donoM hI vidhiyoM kA prayoga Avazyaka samajhA, varan unameM samIkSAtmaka-praNAlI ke rUpa meM eka samanvaya bhI khojaa| jahA~ naitika Adarza kI vyAkhyA kA prazna hai, vahA~ hameM Anubhavika-tathyoM ke Upara uThakara vicAra karanA hogaa| vahIM dUsarI ora, naitika niyamoM aura AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kI vyAkhyA karate samaya anubhavamUlaka AdhAroM kA Azraya lenA hogaa| jahA~ taka jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI bAta hai, unhoMne AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke lie, athavA naitika-jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI eka vidhi kA Azraya liyA ho, aisA nahIM lgtaa| ve yathAvasara sabhI paddhatiyoM ko apanAte haiN| jaina-vicArakoM ne naitika Adarza mokSa kA pratipAdana dArzanika-vidhi ke AdhAra para kiyA aura tAttvika-sattA kI svarUpadazA ke rUpa meM usakI vyAkhyA kii| dUsarI ora, naitika niyamoM ke pratipAdana meM unhoMne manovaijJAnika-paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyaa| jainaAcAradarzana ke kendrIya siddhAnta ahiMsA kA pratipAdana isI manovaijJAnika AdhAra para huA hai ki jIvana aura sukha sabhI ko priya haiM tathA mRtyu aura duHkha sabhI ko apriya haiM, ata: hiMsA nahIM karanA cAhie aura na kisI ko pIr3A hI pahu~cAnA caahie| bauddha-darzana meM bhI naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM nirvANa kA nirvacana dArzanika yA anubhavAtIta vidhi ke AdhAra para huA hai aura ahiMsA va karuNA ke siddhAnta manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para prarUpita haiN| vinayapiTaka se to aisA lagatA hai ki buddha naitika niyamoM ke nirmANa meM mAnavamana kI manovaijJAnika parakha ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjika anumodana aura ananumodana ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhate haiN| vinayapiTaka ke aneka sandarbha isa bAta ko spaSTa kara dete haiM ki bauddha-darzana meM AcAradarzana kI vividha vidhiyoM kA upayoga huA hai| vistArabhaya se yahA~ unakI carcA apekSita nahIM hai| vidhiyoM kA yaha prazna naitika niyamoM kI sApekSatA ke sAtha jur3A huA hai, jisa para agale adhyAya meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| sandarbha grantha1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza,khaNDa 4, pR. 1872. 2. vahI. 3. vahI, pR. 1853. sanmatitarka, 3,47; vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2265. 5. santatitarka, 3/47. 6. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 1853.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 95 7. bhagavatIsUtra, 18/6/44-46. tattvArthasUtra, 1/9. 9. vahI, 1/11-12. 10. vahI, 1/14. 11. vahI,9/45. 12. vahI, 1/20 aMguttaranikAya, pR. 2. 14. mAdhyamikakArikA, 24/8. 15. dekhie-zaMkarsa brahmavAda, pR. 166-171. 16. e kriTikala sarve oNpha iNDiyana philAsaphI, pR. 59. 17. nayacakra, uddhRta-nayavAda, pR. 36 18. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, uddhRta-nayavAda bhUmikA, pR. 2. 19. gItA, 4/16-17. 20. naitika-jIvana kA siddhAnta, pR. 184. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 1853. 22. vahI. dekhie-AcarAMga 1/5/6/171; taitirIyopaniSad, 2/9; muNDakopaniSad, 3/1/8; udAna, 8/1,3. 24. samayasAra, 142 samayasAraTIkA, 69 samayasAra, 8. 27. mAdhyamikakArikA, 24/10. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 114. AbhAsa aura sat; pR. 480. 30. Agamayuga kA jaina-darzana, pR. 268-69. 31. samayasAra, 141-142. vahI, 7. 33. mAdhyamikakArikA, 8 15-6; bauddhadarzanamImAMsA, pR. 288. 34. dekhie-brahmasUtrazAMkarabhASya adhyAsa vivecanA, bhAmatITIkA sahita. 35. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 2056. 36. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 500. 37. madhyamArthasaMgraha, uddhRta-dIseNTrala philAsaphIApha buddhijma, pR. 248. 32.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niyamasAra, 28. 39. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 2056 darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 499. 41. bAhyasya abhyantaratvam / abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 2056. samayasAraTIkA, 272. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 499. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 2056 vahI, 907. sthAnAMga 2/5;abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 6, pR. 906 manusmRti, 2 112 48. vahI, 2/18 49. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 6, pR. 907. 50. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 498 51. (a) AtmasiddhizAstra, 19. (ba) AvazyakaniyuktibhASya, 123. 52. gItA, 3/25. 53. vinayapiTaka, cUlavagga, pR. 4-5.

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 891 3 (Sa 97 nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 1. pAzcAtya - dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana meM yaha prazna sadaiva vivAdAspada rahA hai ki naitikatA sApekSa hai yA nirpekss| naitikatA ko nirapekSa mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM pramukha haiM jarmana dArzanika kaaNtt| kAMTa kA kathana hai ki kevala usa siddhAnta ke anusAra AcaraNa karo, jise tuma usI samaya eka sArvabhauma niyama banAne kA bhI saMkalpa kara sko|' naitika niyama nirapekSa Adeza haiM, jo deza, kAla athavA vyakti ke AdhAra para parivartita nahIM hote / yadi satya bolanA naitikatA hai, to phira kisI bhI sthiti meM asatya bolanA naitika nahIM ho sakatA, pratyeka paristhiti meM satya hI bolanA caahie| kAMTa kI mAnyatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki jo AcaraNa naitika hai, vaha sadaiva naitika rahegA aura jo anaitika hai, vaha sadaiva anaitika rhegaa| deza-kAlagata athavA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se naitikatA prabhAvita nahIM hotI / jo vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitikatA nirapavAda evaM deza, kAla, pariveza aura vyaktigata tathyoM se nirapekSa hai, use nirapekSa naitikatA kI vicAraNA kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta, jo vicAraNAe~ naitika AcaraNa ko sa-apavAda evaM deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla mAnatI haiM, ve naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNAe~ haiN| naitika sApekSavAdI vicAraNAe~ naitika niyamoM ko bAhyaparisthiti - sApekSa mAnatI haiN| sApekSavAdI vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki jo karma eka avasthA meM naitika ho sakatA hai, vahI karma dUsarI avasthA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai| sApekSavAdI vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhitinirapekSa karma naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya nahIM hai| karma kA naitika-mUlyAMkana usa paristhiti ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai, jisameM vaha sampanna hotA hai / isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki paristhiti ke parivartita ho jAne para karma kA naitika mUlya bhI badala sakatA hai| do bhinna paristhitiyoM meM sampanna samAna karma yA AcaraNa bhI naitika mUlya kI dRSTi se bhinna ho jAte haiM, 2 jaise satyavrata kA ekAMgI pAlana karane ke nAma para zatru ko rAjya kI gupta saMrakSaNa-vyavasthA kI jAnakArI denA anaitika hai| hAz2a, mila, sijavika prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka aura vikAsavAdI vicAraka yahI dRSTikoNa apanAte haiN| inakA naitika karmoM meM apavAda ko lekara kAMTa se virodha hai / ye vicAraka naitika jagat meM apavAda ko svIkAra karate haiN| hAja likhate haiM, 'kisI akAla ke samaya jaba anAja kraya karane para bhI na mile, na dAna meM hI prApta ho, taba kSudhA tRpti ke lie koI caurya-karma kA AcaraNa karatA hai, to vaha

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anaitika karma kSamya hI mAnA jaaegaa|" mila ise adhika spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM, 'aise samaya meM corI karake jIvana-rakSA karanA kevala kSamya hI nahIM hai, apitu karttavya hai / '' isI prakAra, sijavika bhI naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM apavAda ko sthAna dete haiM, 'yadyapi saba logoM ko saca bolanA cAhie, tathApi yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki jina rAjanItijJoM ko apanI kArravAI gupta rakhanI par3atI hai, ve anya logoM ke sAtha hamezA saca hI bolA kreN|' phalavAdI naitika vicAraka jaoNna DyUI likhate haiM, 'vAstava meM aise sthAna aura samaya, arthAt aise sApekSa sambandha ho sakate haiM, jinameM sAmAnya kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI jinheM sAdhAraNata: bhautika aura aindrika kahA jAtA hai, Adarza hoN|'5 kAMTa naitika karmoM meM kisI bhI apavAda ko sthAna nahIM dete| unake bAre meM yaha ghaTanA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kAMTa ke lie kisI jahAja se phaloM kA piTArA A rahA thaa| rAste meM jahAja saMkaTa meM pha~sa gayA aura yAtrI bhUkhoM marane lge| aisI sthiti meM ve phala khA lie ge| jaba kAMTa ke pAsa yaha khabara pahu~cI, to kAMTa ne isa vyavahAra ko dhikkArA aura kahA ki una vyaktiyoM kA dUsare vyakti ke mAla ko binA anumati ke kAma meM lene kI apekSA mara jAnA zreyaskara thA / naitika- vicAraNA ke kSetra meM nirapekSa- naitikatA kI dhAraNA kA virodha hotA rahA hai| amerikA ke phalavAdI dArzanika TaphTa kA kahanA hai ki jo naitika siddhAnta naitikapratyayoM kA artha yathArtha paristhitiyoM se alaga haTakara karanA cAhate haiM, ve vastuta: zUnya meM vicaraNa karate haiM / " 98 spensara Adi vikAsavAdI vicAraka, samAjazAstrIya vicAraka evaM mArksa - prabhRti sAmyavAdI vicAraka, phrAyaDa Adi manovaijJAnika tathA nItizAstra ke saMvegavAdI evaM tArkika bhAvavAdI siddhAnta bhI karmoM kI naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| yadyapi naitika-sApekSavAda bhI apanI kaThora vyAkhyA meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa apanA letA hai aura naitika jIvana ke lie lacIle AdarzoM kA nirmANa karane meM asaphala siddha ho jAtA hai / usameM naitika Adarza T bikhara jAte haiM, kyoMki naitika AdarzoM ke saMgaThaka sAmAnya tattva kA usameM abhAva ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki spensara evaM DivI naitikatA ko sApekSa svIkAra karate hue bhI usase santuSTa nahIM hote aura kisI rUpa meM nirapekSa nIti ke tattva kI kalpanA kara DAlate haiM / bhAratIya dRSTikoNa 2. pazcima kI taraha bhArata meM bhI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSoM para kAphI gahana vicAra huA hai| naitika karmoM kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirapavAditA kI carcA ke svara vedoM, smRtigranthoM aura paurANika - sAhitya meM kAphI joroM se sunAI dete haiM / " jaina- vicAraNA ke

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 99 anusAra, naitikatA ko aikAntika rUpa se na to sApekSa kahA jA sakatA hai aura na nirpekss| yadi vaha sApekSa hai, to isIlie ki vaha nirapekSa bhI hai| nirapekSa ke abhAva meM sApekSa saccA nahIM hai| vaha nirapekSa isalie hai ki vaha sApekSatA se Upara bhI hai| naitikatA kI sApekSatA evaM nirapekSatA ke prazna kA aikAntika hala jaina-vicAraNA prastuta nahIM krtii| vaha naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate hue bhI usameM nirapekSatA ke sAmAnya tattva kI avadhAraNA karatI hai| vaha sApekSika-naitikatA kI usa kamajorI ko spaSTa rUpa se jAnatI thI ki usameM naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa sAmAnya tattva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usakA abhAva hotA hai| sApekSa naitikatA AcaraNa ke tathyoM ko prastuta karatI hai, lekina AcaraNa ke Adarza ko nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-vicAraNA ne bhI isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie vahI samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA thA, jise spensara aura DivI ne apanI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi ke navIna sandarbho meM vartamAna yuga meM prastuta kiyA hai| isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki jaina-naitikatA kisa artha meM sApekSa hai aura kisa artha meM nirapekSa hai| jaina-tattvajJAna anekAnta-siddhAnta ko AdhAra mAnakara calatA hai| usake anusAra, sat ananta-dharmAtmaka hai; ata: sat sambandhI prApta sArA jJAna AMzika hI hogA, pUrNa nahIM hogaa| hama saba jo naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM, athavA jo usake AcaraNa meM lage hue haiM, pUrNa nahIM haiN| hameM apanI apUrNatA kA spaSTa bodha hai, ata: hama jo bhI jAneMge, vaha apUrNa hI hogA, sAnta hogA, samakSa hogA aura isalie AMzika evaM sApekSa hogA, aura yadijJAna hI sApekSa hogA, to hamAre naitika-nirNaya bhI, jo hama prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para dete haiM, sApekSa hI hoNge| isa prakAra, anekAnta kI dhAraNA se naitika-nirNayoM kI sApekSatA niSpanna hotI hai| AcaraNa ke jina tathyoM ko hama zubha-azubha athavA puNya-pApake nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, unake sandarbha meM sAdhAraNa vyakti dvArA die gae nirNayasApekSa hI ho sakate haiN| hamAre nirNayoM ke dene meM kama se kama kartA ke prayojana evaM karma ke pariNAma ke pakSa to upasthita hote hI haiN| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM die gae hamAre adhikAMza nirNaya pariNAmasApekSa hote haiM, jabaki hamAre apane AcaraNa sambandhI nirNaya prayojana-sApekSa hote haiN| kisI bhI vyakti ko na to pUrNatayA yaha jJAna hotA hai ki kartA kA prayojana kyA thA aura na yaha jJAna hotA hai ki usake karmoM kA dUsaroM para kyA pariNAma huA, ata: janasAdhAraNa ke naitika-nirNaya hamezA apUrNa hI hoNge| dUsarI ora, yaha sArAjagat hI apekSAoM se yukta hai, kyoMki jagat kI pratyeka vastu ananta-dharmAtmaka hai| aise jagat meM Acarita naitikatA nirapekSa nahIM ho sktii| sabhI karma

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana deza, kAla athavA vyakti se sambandhita hote haiM, isalie nirapekSa nahIM ho skte| bAhya jAgatika paristhitiyA~ aura karma ke pIche ke vaiyaktika prayojana bhI AcaraNa ko sApekSa banA dete haiN| 100 (a) jaina- dRSTikoNa eka hI prakAra se Acarita karma eka sthiti meM naitika hotA hai aura bhinna sthiti meM anaitika ho jAtA hai| eka hI karma eka ke lie naitika ho sakatA hai, dUsare ke lie anaitika | jaina- vicAradhArA Acarita karmoM kI naitika sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatI hai| prAcInatama jaina-Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo Acarita karma Asrava yA bandha haiM, ve bhI mokSa hetu ho jAte haiM aura jo mokSa ke hetu haiM, ve bhI bandhana ke hetu ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra, koI bhI anaitika karma vizeSa paristhiti meM naitika bana jAtA hai aura koI bhI naitika karma vizeSa paristhiti meM anaitika bana sakatA hai| kevala sAdhaka kI mana:sthiti, jise jaina - paribhASA meM 'bhAva' kahate haiM, AcaraNa ke karmoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai, aura usake sAtha-sAtha jaina- vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra aura kala ko bhI karmoM kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA nirdhAraka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM kahA hai, 'tIrthaMkara deza aura kAla ke anurUpa dharma kA upadeza karate haiN|'' AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja likhate haiM ki bandha aura nirjarA (karmoM kI anaitikatA aura naitikatA) meM bhAvoM kI pramukhatA hai, parantu bhAvoM ke sAtha sthAna aura kriyA kA bhI mUlya hai|" AcArya haribhadra ke aSTaka - prakaraNa kI TIkA meM AcArya jinezvara ne carakasaMhitA kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisakA Azaya yaha hai ki deza, kAla aura rogAdi ke kAraNa mAnava-jIvana meM kabhI-kabhI aisI sthiti bhI A jAtI hai, jaba akArya kArya bana jAtA hai, vidhA niSedha kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai aura niSedha vidhAna kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-naitikatA meM sthAna (deza), samaya (kAla), mana:sthiti (bhAva) aura vyaktiina cAra ApekSikatAoM kA naitika mUlyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM pramukha mahatva hai| AcaraNa ke karma inhIM cAroM ke AdhAra para naitika aura anaitika banate rahate haiN| saMkSepa meM, ekAnta rUpa se na to koI AcaraNa, karma yA kriyA naitika hai aura na anaitika; varan deza-kAlagata bAhyaparisthitiyA~ aura dravya tathA bhAvagata paristhitiyA~ unheM vaisA banA detI haiN| isa prakAra, jainanaitikatA vyakti ke karttavyoM ke sambandha meM anekAntavAdI yA sApekSa dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai / vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki sAmAnya sthiti meM pratimA-pUjana athavA dAnAdi kArya, jo eka gRhastha ke naitika karttavya haiM, ve hI eka muni yA saMnyAsI ke lie akarttavya hote haiManaitika evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiM / karttavyAkarttavyamImAMsA meM jaina- vicAraNA kisI bhI

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 101 aikAntika-dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM ki bhagavAn tIrthaMkara devoM ne na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta vidhAna kiyA hai aura na ekAnta niSedha hI kiyA hai, unakA eka hI Adeza hai ki jo kucha bhI kArya tuma kara rahe ho, use satyabhUta hokara karo, use pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha karate rho| AcArya umAsvAti kA kathana hai, 'naitika, anaitika; vidhi (karttavya), niSedha (akarttavya); athavA AcaraNIya (kalpa), anAcaraNIya (akalpa) ekAnta rUpa se niyata nahIM haiN| deza, kAla, vyakti, avasthA, upaghAta aura vizuddha manaHsthiti ke AdhAra para anAcaraNIya AcaraNIya bana jAtA hai aura AcaraNIya anaacrnniiy| ___ upAdhyAya amaramunijI jaina-darzana kI anekAntadRSTi ke AdhAra para jaina-naitikatA ke sApekSika dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki tribhuvanodara vivaravartI samasta asaMkhyeya bhAva apane-Apa meM na to mokSa kA kAraNa haiM aura nasaMsAra kA kAraNa haiM, sAdhaka kI apanI anta:sthiti hI unheM acche aura bure kA rUpa de detI hai, ata: ekAntarUpa meM na koI AcaraNazubha hotA hai aura na koI ashubh| ise spaSTa karate hue ve Age kahate haiM ki kucha vicAraka jIvana meM utsarga (naitikatA kI nirapekSa yA nirapavAda sthiti) ko pakar3akara calanA cAhate haiM, jIvana meM apavAda kA sarvathA apalApa karate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM apavAda (naitikatA kA sApekSika dRSTikoNa) dharma nahIM, apitu eka mahattara pApa hai| dUsarI ora, kucha sAdhaka ve haiM, jo utsarga ko bhUlakara kevala apavAda kA sahArA lekara hI calanA cAhate haiN| ye donoM vicAra ekAMgI hone se upAdeya kI koTi meM nahIM A skte| jaina-dharma kI sAdhanA ekAnta kI nahIM, anekAnta kI svastha aura sundara sAdhanA hai| usake darzanakakSa meM mokSa ke hetuoM kI koI ba~dhI-ba~dhAyI niyata rUparekhA nahIM hai, koI iyattA nahIM hai, ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina-darzana ko anekAntavAdI vicArapaddhati ke AdhAra para sApekSika naitikatA kI dhAraNA mAnya hai, yadyapi usakA yaha sApekSa-dRSTikoNa nirapekSa-dRSTikoNa kA virodhI nahIM hai| jainanaitikatA meM eka pakSa nirapekSa-naitikatA kA bhI hai, jisa para Age vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| (ba) gItAkA dRSTikoNa gItA kA darzana bhI yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki kartavyAkarttavya kA nirapekSa rUpa meM nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai| gItA meM bhI AcAra ke niyamoM kI deza, kAla aura vyaktigata sApekSatA svIkRta hai| gItA meM kahA hai ki deza, kAla aura pAtra kA vicAra kara jo dAna diyA jAtA hai, vahI sAtvika hotA hai, arthAt AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirNaya deza, kAla aura vyakti kI avasthAoM para nirbhara hai| lokamAnya tilaka ke zabdoM meM kAryAkArya kI vyavasthA dene vAlA gItA jaisA koI prAcIna grantha saMskRta-sAhitya meM nahIM

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dikhAI detA / unhoMne 'gItA rahasya' meM 'karma jijJAsA' nAmaka adhyAya meM naitika niyamoM kI apavAditA aura sApekSikatA kI vizada carcA kI hai aura use hindU dharmazAstroM ke aneka uddharaNoM ke dvArA puSTa bhI kiyA hai| mahAbhArata tathA manusmRti Adi- mahAbhArata meM aneka prasaMga aise haiM, jo naitikaniyamoM kI sApekSikatA siddha karate haiN| zAntiparva meM bhISma pitAmaha kahate haiM ki aisA koI AcAra nahIM milatA, jo hamezA sabake lie samAna rUpa se hitakAraka ho / yadi kisI eka AcAra ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to dUsarA AcAra usase bhI zreSTha pratIta hotA hai| eka AcAra kA dUsare AcAra se virodha bhI ho jAtA hai / 2deg yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki kisI samaya dharmarUpa karma hI adharmarUpa aura kabhI adharmarUpa dIkhanevAlA karma hI dharma bana jAtA hai, ataH 102 bhAMti vicAra karake hI kArya karanA caahie| 21 isa prakAra, AcAra ke kisI eka nirapekSa rUpa kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| kAlabheda evaM dezabheda se AcAra meM parivartana hote rahate haiN| manu kA kathana hai ki yugoM ke anurUpa, arthAt kAlagata bhedoM ke kAraNa kRtayuga (satayuga), tretAyuga, dvAparayuga evaM kalayuga meM AcAra ke niyama bhinna hote haiN| 22 eka hI kriyA deza yA kAla ke bheda se dharma yA adharma ho jAtI hai| jo dharma hotA hai, vaha adharma ho jAtA hai aura jo adharma hotA hai, vaha dharma ho jAtA hai| corI, jhUTha aura hiMsA bhI avasthA - vizeSa meM dharma ho jAte haiN| 23 gItA meM jisa kAryAkArya vyavasthiti kA pratipAdana hai, usakA prayojana yahI hai ki kiMkartavya kA nizcaya deza va kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke anusAra karanA caahie| gItA kA svadharma kA siddhAnta naitika-sApekSatA kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai, jo vaiyaktika guNoM bhinnatA ke AdhAra para AcAra ke niyamoM kI vibhinnatA svIkAra karatA hai| bhAratIyavarNadharma kA vidhAna bhI pAtra kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para nirbhara hai| yogyatA ke AdhAra para pAtra para sAmAjika karttavyoM kA dAyitva DAlanA hI varNa-vyavasthA kA pramukha uddezya hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM hindU-AcAradarzana meM naitika AcaraNa deza, kAla aura vyakti - sApekSa hai| (sa) bauddha - dRSTikoNa isa sandarbha meM bauddha-dRSTikoNa bhI jaina aura vaidika paramparAoM ke tulya hI hai| vizuddhimArga meM saparyanta aura aparyanta zIloM ke rUpa meM sApekSa naitika-niyamoM aura nirapekSa naitika-niyamoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 24 buddha ne naitika niyamoM ke nirmANa meM sadaiva hI sApekSa dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai aura deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para ve svayaM hI parivartana karate rahe haiN| vinayapiTaka sAkSI hai ki AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke sandarbha ---

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 103 meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa kitanA sApekSa thaa| parinirvANa ke pUrva buddha ne Ananda se kahA thA, 'he Ananda, yadi saMgha kI icchA ho, to merI mRtyu ke pazcAt vaha sAdhAraNa niyamoM ko chor3a de|' bauddha-dharma ke marmajJa vidvAn dharmAnanda kosambI likhate haiM ki isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki choTe-moTe yA mAmUlI niyamoM ko chor3ane yA deza-kAla ke anusAra sAdhAraNa niyamoM meM heraphera karane ke lie bhagavAn ne saMgha ko anumati de dI thii| buddha ne bhI avantikA janapada meM vicaraNa karane vAle bhikSuoM ke lie sthAna evaM upasampadA sambandhI niyamoM ko zithila kara diyA thaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha kA dRSTikoNa AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke sambandha meM sApekSa hI thaa| 3. braiDale kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina-darzana pAzcAtya-adhyAtmavAdI dArzanika braiDale kA dRSTikoNa bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna hI sApekSavAdI hai| ve likhate haiM, pratyeka karma ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, aneka rUpa hote haiM, usake aneka vaicArika-dRSTikoNa hote haiM aura vaha aneka guNoM se yukta hotA hai, sadaiva aneka aise siddhAnta ho sakate haiM, jinake antargata vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isalie use (ekAntarUpa meM) naitika athavA anaitika mAnane meM kucha kama kaThinAI nahIM hotii| vizva meM aisA koI bhI kArya nahIM hai, jise kisI eka dhAraNA ke anusAra zubha yA azubha ThaharAyA jA ske| merA sthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta batAtA hai ki yadi naitika tathya sApekSa nahIM hai, to koI naitikatA nahIM hogii| aisI naitikatA, jo sApekSa nahIM hai, vyartha hai|27 naitikatA kA nirapekSa-pakSa ___jaina-darzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa-pakSa kA mahatva hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina-darzana meM naitikatA kA nirapekSa-pakSa svIkAra nahIM hai| jaina-tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki dharmazuddha hai, nitya aura zAzvata hai| naitikatA meM yadi koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai, to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jainanaitikatA ke anusAra atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke sabhI dharmapravartakoM (tIrthaMkaroM) kI dharmaprajJapti eka hI hotI hai, lekina yaha bhI kahA gayA hai kidharmaprajJapti eka hone para bhI vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra-niyamoM meM bhinnatA ho sakatI hai, jaise ki mahAvIra evaM pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra-niyamoM meM thii| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAranaitikatA ke Antarika aura bAhya-aise do pakSa hote haiM, jinheM pAribhASika-zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA gayA hai| AcaraNa kA yaha bAhya-pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla, arthAt sApekSa hotA hai, parantu Antarika-pakSasadaiva ekarUpahotA hai, nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika yA bhAvahiMsA sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, vaha kabhI bhI dharma-mArga athavA

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104 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika-niyama nahIM ho sakatI, lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Abhyantaraparigraha, arthAt Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai, lekina dravya-parigraha ko sadaiva anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM, jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya-rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa ho sakatI hai, lekina AcaraNa ke Antarika bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hotI hai| sambhava hai ki bAhya-rUpa meM azubhadIkhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubhaho jAe, lekina Antarika azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| jaina-mAnyatA meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai, pariNAma kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, naitika-saMkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai, lekina karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina-paribhASA meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAranaya se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika-naitikatA (Practical Morality) sApekSa hai; lekina nizcayanaya se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya-naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jainasammata vyAvahArika-naitikatA vaha hai, jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai aura nizcaya-naitikatA kartA ke saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva anaitika hI ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva anaitika hotA hai, lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva anaitika hI ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai; varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM jaba eka bAra vyakti ke saMkalpa-svAtantrya ko svIkAra kara lete haiM, to phira yaha kahane kA adhikAra hI nahIM raha jAtA ki hamArA saMkalpa sApekSa hai aura taba naitikatA bhI sApekSa nahIM mAnI jA sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-vicAraNA saMkalpa yA vicAroM kI dRSTi se naitikatA ko sApekSa nahIM maantii| usake anusAra zubha adhyavasAya yA saMkalpa sadaiva zubha hai, naitika hai aura kabhI bhI anaitika yA adharma nahIM hotA; lekina kisI bhI nirapekSa-naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika-AcaraNa ke kSetra para pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahAra sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai| DaoN. Izvaracandra zarmA likhate haiM, 'yadi koI niyama AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama bana sakatA hai, to vaha bAhya na hokara Abhyantarika hI honA caahie| AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama vahI ho sakatA hai, jo manuSya ke antasa meM upasthita ho| yadi vaha niyama bAhyAtmaka ho, to vaha sApekSa hI siddha hogA, kyoMki isakA pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko bAharI paristhitiyoM para nirbhara rahanA pdd'egaa| jainoM ne naitikatAko nirapekSa to mAnA, lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra tk| jaina

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA naitikatA 'mAnasa - karma' ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa svIkAra karatI hai, lekina kAyika yA vAcika - karmoM ke bAhya- AcaraNa ke kSetra ko vaha sApekSa kahatI hai| vastuta:, vicAra kA kSetra, mAnasa kA kSetra AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai, vahA~ cetanA aura prajJA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai, naitika jIvana kA sAdhya usI meM sthita rahatA hai, ata: vahA~ naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva ekamAtra zAsaka nahIM hai, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiN| vahA~ naitikatA kA sAdhanAtmaka pakSa hotA hai, ata: usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, vahA~ naitikatA kI sApekSatA hI samucita pratIta hotI hai| jaina-vicAra ke itihAsa meM eka prasaMga aisA bhI AyA hai, jaba AcArya bhikSu jaise kucha vicArakoM ne naitikatA ke bAhyAtmaka niyamoM ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra karane kI koziza kI / vastutaH, jo naitika- vicAraNAe~ mAtra sApekSa dRSTi ko hI svIkAra karatI haiM, ve naitika jIvana ke AcaraNa meM usa vAstavikatA ( Fact ) kI bhUmikA ko mahatva detI haiM, jisameM sAdhaka khar3A huA hai, lekina ve usa yathArthatA se Upara sthita Adarza kA samucita mUlyAMkana karane meM saphala nahIM ho paatiiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ve 'jo hai' usa para to dhyAna detI haiM, lekina 'jo honA cAhie' usa para unakI dRSTi nahIM phuNctii| unakI dRSTi yathArtha yA vAstavikatA para hotI hai, Adarza para nahIM / naitikatA kI aikAntika sApekSavAdI mAnyatA naitika Adarza kI sthApanA jaTila ho jAtI hai| usameM naitikatA sadaiva hI banI rahatI hai tathA aisI kaccI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai, jisakA apanA koI 'AkAra' nahIM hotaa| vaha to kumhAra ke cAka para rakhe hue mRttikA - piNDa ke samAna hotI hai, jisakA kyA bananA hai, yaha nizcaya nahIM / dUsare, sApekSika- naitikatA ke siddhAnta meM mUlyAMkana kI kriyA paristhiti para AdhArita hotI hai| naitikatA kA sApekSa - siddhAnta paristhiti para hI sArA bala detA hai| paristhiti sadaiva parivartanazIla hotI hai| itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka paristhiti apane-Apa meM 'viziSTa' hotI hai aura naitika kartA ke rUpa meM pratyeka vyakti bhI viziSTa hotA hai, naitikatA ke sApekSa - siddhAnta meM sAmAnya naitika-niyamoM kA nirmANa eka asambhAvanA bana jAtI hai| AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke abhAva meM vyAvahArika - naitikatA kA bhI koI svarUpa avaziSTa nahIM rhtaa| eka vyAvahArika AcAradarzana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki paristhiti evaM vyakti ke antara ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kucha aise varga banAe, jinameM pratyeka varga evaM sthiti ke AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA sAmAnya pratimAna prastuta kiyA jA ske| ataH - jo naitika-vicAraNAe~ kevala nirapekSa dRSTi ko svIkAra karatI haiM, ve mAtra 'Adarza' kI ora dekhatI haiN| ve naitika Adarza ko prastuta kara detI haiM, lekina sAdhanA-patha ke samucita 105

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106 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirdhAraNa meM asaphala ho jAtI haiN| kyoMki sAdhanA-patha sadaiva paristhiti-sApekSa hotA hai aura naitikatA kevala sAdhya raha jAtI hai| naitikatA kI nirapekSavAdI dhAraNA naitika-jIvana ke prayojana athavA karma ke pIche nihita kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI saba kucha mAna letI hai, lekina naitikatA to jIvana ko DhAlanA hai, use sundara svarUpa pradAna karanA hai| isake lie AkAra aura sAmagrI- donoM Avazyaka haiN| itanA hI nahIM, naitikatA kA sA~cA aisA bhI honA cAhie, jo saba prakAra kI jIvana-sAmagrI ko DhAlane ke lie lacIlA ho| naitika-jIvana ke Adarza isa prakAra prastuta kie jAne cAhie ki usameM nimna se nimnatara cAritravAle se lagAkara uccatama naitika-vikAsa vAle prANiyoM ke samAhita hone kI sambhAvanA rhe| jaina naitikatA naitika Adarza ko itane lacIle rUpa se prastuta karatI hai ki pApI jIva bhI kramika vikAsa karatA huA naitika-sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para pahu~ca ske| naitikatA lakSyonmukha gati hai| usa gati meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi usa bhUmi para hI sthita hotI hai, jisa para vaha gati kara rahA hai| yadi apane gantavya-mArga meM sAmane nahIM dekhatA, to vaha kabhI bhI bAdhAoM se TakarAkara gira sakatA hai| isI prakAra, jo sAdhaka kevala Adarza kI ora dekhatA hai aura usa bhUmi kI ora nahIM dekhatA, jisa para cala rahA hai, to vaha bhI aneka ThokareM khAtA hai aura bhaTaka jAtA hai| naitika-jIvana meM bhI hamArI gati kA vahI svarUpa hotA hai, jo hamAre dainika jIvana meM hotA hai| jisa prakAra dainika jIvana meM calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to kevala sAmane dekhane se calatA hai, na hI sirpha nIce dekhane se| calane kI samyak prakriyA vahI hai, jisameM pathika sAmane aura nIce- donoM ora dRSTi rkhe| naitikajIvana meM bhI sAdhaka ko yathArtha aura Adarza-donoM para dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai, tabhI naitikajIvana meM samyak pragati sambhava hai| yaha zaMkA uThasakatI hai ki sAmAnya jIvana meM to do A~kheM milI haiM. lekina naitikajIvana kI do A~kheM kauna-sI haiM ? kisI apekSA se jJAna aura kriyA ko naitika-jIvana kI do A~kheM kahA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA kahatI hai ki jJAna nAmaka A~kha ko Adarza para kendrita karo aura kriyA nAmaka A~kha ko yathArtha para, arthAt karma ke AcaraNa meM yathArthatA kI ora dekho aura gantavya kI ora pragati karane meM Adarza kI or| 4. utsarga aura apavAda jaina naitika-vicAraNA meM naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa-donoM rUpa svIkRta haiM, lekina usameM bhI nirapekSatA do bhinna arthoM meM prayukta hai| prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA do bhinna arthoM meM prayukta hai| prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA vaha hai, jisameM AcAra ke sAmAnya yA maulika niyamoM ko nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai aura vizeSa niyamoM ko sApekSa mAnA jAtA hai; jaise ahiMsA

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 107 sAmAnya yA sArvabhauma niyama hai, lekina mAMsAhAra vizeSa niyama hai| jaina paribhASA meM kaheM, to zramaNa ke mUlaguNa sAmAnya niyama haiM aura isa prakAra nirapekSa haiM, jabaki uttaraguNa vizeSa niyama haiM, sApekSa haiN| AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama dezakAlagata vibheda meM bhI apanI mUlabhUta dRSTi ke AdhAra para nirapekSa pratIta hote haiM, lekina isa prakAra kI nirapekSatA vastuta: sApekSa hI hai| AcaraNa ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi aura niSedha jisa sAmAnya dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, usakI apekSA se AcaraNa ke ve niyama usI rUpa meM AcaraNIya haiN| vyakti sAmAnya sthiti meM una niyamoM ke paripAlana meM kisI apavAda yA chUTa kI apekSA nahIM kara sktaa| yahA~ para bhI sAmAnya dazA kA vicAra vyakti evaM usakI dezakAlagata bAhya-paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai, arthAt yadivyakti svastha hai aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI ve haiM, jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara vidhi yA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, to vyakti ko una niyamoM tathA kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI tadanurUpa karanA hogaa| jaina-paribhASA meM ise 'utsarga-mArga' kahA jAtA hai, jisameM sAdhaka ko naitika-AcaraNa zAstroM meM pratipAdita rUpa meM hI karanA hotA hai| utsarga naitika vidhi-niSedhoM kA sAmAnya kathana hai, jaise mana, vacana, kAya se hiMsA na karanA, na karavAnA, na karane vAle kA samarthana karanA, lekina jaba inhIM sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ko kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM zithila kara diyA jAtA hai, taba naitika-AcaraNa kI usa avasthA ko 'apavAda-mArga' kahA jAtA hai| utsarga-mArga apavAda-mArga kI apekSA se sApekSa hai, lekina jisa paristhitigata sAmAnyatA ke tattva ko svIkAra kara utsarga-mArga kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa sAmAnyatA ke tattva kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hI hotA hai| apavAda kI avasthA meM sAmAnya niyama kA bhaMga ho jAne se usakI mAnyatA khaNDita nahIM ho jAtI, usakI sAmAnyatA yA sArvabhaumikatA samApta nahIM ho jaatii| mAna lIjie, hama kisI niraparAdha prANI kI jAna bacAne ke lie asatya bolate haiM, isase satya bolane kA sAmAnya niyama khaNDita nahIM ho jaataa| apavAda na to kabhI maulika niyama bana sakatA hai, na apavAda ke kAraNa utsarga kI sAmAnyatA yA sArvabhaumikatA hI khaNDita hotI hai| utsargamArga ko nirapekSa kahane kA prayojana yahI hotA hai ki vaha maulika hotA hai, yadyapi una maulika niyamoM para AdhArita bahuta-se vizeSa niyama ho sakate haiN| utsarga-mArga apavAdamArga kA bAdha nahIM karatA hai, vaha to mAtra itanA hI batAtA hai ki apavAda sAmAnya niyama nahIM bana sktaa| DaoN. zrIcanda ke zabdoM meM, 'nirapekSavAda (utsarga-mArga) sabhI niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha nahIM karanA cAhatA, parantu kevala sabhI maulika niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha karanA cAhatA hai|'32 utsarga kI nirapekSatA deza, kAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke andara hI hotI hai, usase bAhara nhiiN| utsarga aura apavAda naitika

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108 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcaraNa kI vizeSa paddhatiyA~ haiM, lekina donoM hI kisI eka naitika-lakSya ke lie haiM; isalie donoM naitika haiN| jaise, do mArga yadi eka hI nagara taka pahu~cAne hoM, to donoM hI mArga hoMge, amArga nahIM; vaise hI apavAdAtmaka-naitikatA kA sApekSa svarUpa aura utsargAtmaka naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa-donoM hI naitikatA ke svarUpa haiM aura koI bhI anaitika nahIM hai, lekina naitika-nirapekSatA kA eka rUpa aura hai, jisameM vaha sadaiva hI deza, kAla evaM vyaktigata sImAoM se Upara uThI hotI hai| naitikatA kA vaha nirapekSa rUpa anya kucha nahIM, svayaM naitika Adarza' hI hai| naitikatA kA lakSya eka aisA nirapekSa tathya hai, jo sAre naitika-AcaraNoM ke mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| naitika-AcaraNa kI zubhAzubhatA kA aMkana isI para AdhArita hai| koI bhI AcaraNa, cAhe vaha utsarga-mArga se ho yA apavAda-mArga se, hameM usa lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai, jo zubha hai| isake viparIta, jo bhI AcaraNa isa naitika-Adarza se vimukha karatA hai, vaha azubha hai, anaitika hai| naitika-jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda nAmaka donoM mArga isI kI apekSA se sApekSa haiM aura isI ke mArga hone se nirapekSa bhI, kyoMki mArga ke rUpa meM kisI sthiti taka isase abhinna bhI hote haiM aura yahI abhinnatA unako nirapekSatAkA yayArtha tattva pradAna karatI hai| lakSyarUpI naitika-cetanA ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para hI naitika-jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAdadonoM mArgoM kA vidhAna hai| lakSyAtmaka naitika-cetanA hI unakA nirapekSa-tattva hai, jabaki AcaraNa kA sAdhanAtmaka mArga sApekSa tathya hai| lakSya yA naitika-Adarza naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura bAhya-AcaraNa usakA zarIra hai| apanI AtmA ke rUpa meM naitikatA nirapekSa hai, lekina apane zarIra ke rUpa meM vaha sadaivasApekSa hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana meM naitikatA ke donoM hI pakSa svIkRta haiN| vastutaH, naitika-jIvana kI samyak pragati ke lie donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| jaise lakSya para pahu~cane ke lie yAtrA aura par3Ava-donoM Avazyaka haiM, vaise hI naitika-jIvana ke lie bhI donoM pakSa Avazyaka haiN| koI bhI eka dRSTikoNa samucita aura sarvAMgINa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| samakAlIna naitika-cintana meM bhI jaina-darzana ke isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana milatA hai| 5. DivI kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina-darzana pAzcAtya-phalavAdI dArzanika jAna DivI kA dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana kI uparyukta vicAraNA ke nikaTa par3atA hai| isa saMdarbha meM usake vicAroM ko jAna lenA bhI Avazyaka hai| vaha likhatA hai ki 'naitika siddhAntoM kA kArya eka dRSTikoNa aura paddhati pradAna karanA hai, jo kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM, jisameM ki vyakti apane-Apako pAtA hai, zubha aura azubha tattvoM ke vizleSaNa ke lie use sakSama banAtI hai| ve paristhitiyA~ sadaiva parivartanazIla haiM,

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA jinameM naitika - AdarzoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| naitika mUlyAMkanoM, karttavyoM evaM naitikapratimAnoM ke lie una parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| yadyapi isakA yaha artha mAna lenA bhI mUrkhatApUrNa hogA ki sabhI naitika siddhAnta sApekSa haiM ki kisI bhI sAmAjika sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti nahIM hai| zubha bhI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai, lekina usakA AdhAra nahIM badalatA / prAptavya lakSyoM evaM pariNAmoM kA AdhAra sadaiva samAna rahatA hai| vastutaH, samagra naitikatA kA mUlabhUta svarUpa vahI rahatA hai| naitikatA ke vizeSa rUpa samaya-samaya para sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha badalate rahate haiM, lekina icchA, uddezya, sAmAjika mA~geM evaM niyama aura sahAnubhUtipUrNa anumodana aura AvezapUrNa anumodana ke tathya sthira rahate haiN| naitikatA ke vizeSa pakSa asthira haiN| ve sadaiva apanI vAstavika abhivyakti meM sadoSa hote haiM, lekina naitika prayatnoM kA AkArika svarUpa utanA hI sthAyI hai, jitanA ki svayaM maanvjiivn| naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla, sApekSika hai, lekina naitikatA kA sAdhyarUpI AtmA nirapekSa evaM aparivartanazIla hai| 33 isa prakAra, DivI ke vicAroM kI jaina darzana kI sthApanAoM se kAphI nikaTatA hai| donoM hI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa, athavA asthAyI evaM sthAyI pakSoM ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina- darzana se milatA-julatA eka dRSTikoNa vikAsavAdI dArzanika spensara kA bhI hai| spensara bhI naitika-sApekSatA kI dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, lekina yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki pUrNa vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitikatA bhI nirapekSa bana jaaegii| spensara ke isa dRSTikoNa ko jaina- darzana kI bhASA meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaba taba apUrNatA hai, taba taka sApekSatA hai, lekina pUrNatA kI prApti ke sAtha hI sApekSatA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| sApekSa - naitikatA aura manaparatAvAda 6. yadi naitika AcaraNa kA bAhya-prArUpa eka sApekSa tathya hai aura deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai, to prazna uThatA hai ki kisa sthiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa kiyA jAe, isakA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAe ? jaina darzana kahatA hai ki utsarga - mArga sAmAnya mArga hai, jisa para sAmAnya avasthA meM pratyeka sAdhaka ko calanA hotA hai| jaba taka deza, kAla aura vaiyaktika dRSTi se koI vizeSa paristhiti utpanna nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka pratyeka vyakti ko isa sAmAnya mArga para hI calanA hotA hai, lekina vizeSa athavA aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM vaha apavAda-mArga para cala sakatA hai, lekina taba yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isakA nizcaya kauna kare ki amuka paristhiti meM apavAda-mArga kA avalambana liyA jA sakatA hai ? yadi isake nizcaya karane kA adhikAra svayaM vyakti ko de diyA jAtA hai, to phira naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA (Objectivity) 109

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110 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA abhAva hogA aura hara vyakti apanI icchAoM ke vazIbhUta ho apavAda-mArga kA sahArA legaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaba bhI AcAra ke niyamoM kI sApekSatA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to vaha naitika-sApekSatAvAda (moral relativism) hameM anivAryataH manaparatAvAda (subjectivism) kI ora le jAtA hai, lekina manaparatAvAda meM Akara naitika-niyama apanA samasta sthAyitva kho dete haiM, usakA koI vastugata AdhAra nahIM raha jAtA aura unameM eka prakAra kI anizcitatA aura avyavasthitatA A jAtI hai| sApekSika-naitikatA evaM manaparatAvAda meM sAdhAraNajana karttavyAkarttavya kA nizcaya kara pAne meM samartha nahIM hotA, kyoMki paristhiti svayaM meM itanA jaTila tathya hai ki sAdhAraNajana usake yathArtha svarUpa ko samajha pAne meM asamartha hotA hai| dUsare, yadi sAdhAraNajana ko isake nizcaya kA adhikAra pradAna kara bhI diyA jAe, to sAdhAraNajana ke manamaujIpana para naitikajIvana kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAegI aura isa prakAra naitikatA kA samagra DhA~cA hI astavyasta ho jAegA, ata: jaina naitika-vicAraNA isa kSetra meM vyakti ko adhika svatantra nahIM chor3atI hai ki vaha naitika-pratyayoM ko itanA adhika vyaktiniSTha banA de ki unakA mUlya hI samApta ho jaae| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra vyakti ko itanI adhika svatantratA nahIM hai ki vaha zubhatva aura azubhatva ke pratyayoM ko manamAnA rUpa de ske| 7. sApekSa-naitikatA aura anekAntavAda anekAntavAda tathA syAdvAda jaina-darzana ke AdhArabhUta siddhAnta haiM, lekina kucha vicArakoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina-darzana meM anekAntavAda evaM syAdvAda ke kAraNa naitikatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| syAdvAda ke anusAra jo karma naitika hai, vaha anaitika bhI ho jAtA hai aura jo kArya anaitika hai, vaha naitika bhI ho jAtA hai| syAdvAda kI hI zailI meM ve apane AkSepa ko isa prakAra prastuta karate haiM, kisI apekSA se vyabhicAra karanA anaitika hai (syAt asti) aura kisI apekSA se vyabhicAra karanA anaitika nahIM hai (syAt naasti)|' isa prakAra vyabhicAra, hiMsA, corI Adi anaitika karma dUsarI apekSA se naitika bhI ho sakate haiN| yadi vyabhicAra jaisA anaitika karma bhI naitika ho sakatA hai aura ahiMsA jaisA naitika karma bhI anaitika ho sakatA hai, to phira sAmAnya vyakti ke lie naitikatA kA kyA artha raha jAegA, yaha samajhanA kaThina hai| isa AkSepa kA nirAkaraNa do prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka to yaha ki yaha AkSepa isalie samucita nahIM hai ki syAdvAda ke anusAra naitikatA svayaM eka apekSA hai aura jo kisI eka apekSA se sat hotA hai, vaha usI apekSA se asat nahIM ho sktaa| yadi koI karma naitikatA kI apekSA se ucita yA naitika hai, to phira vahI karma naitikatA kI usI apekSA

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 111 se anucita yA anaitika nahIM ho sktaa| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki naitikatA karma ke sambandha meM eka dRSTi hai, eka apekSA hai; ata: koI bhI karma naitika-dRSTi se ucita aura anucita yA naitika aura anaitika- donoM nahIM ho sktaa| yadi hiMsA kA vicAra yA vyabhicAra naitika-dRSTi se anucita hai, to vaha naitika-dRSTi se kabhI bhI ucita nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH, jaina-paramparA meM anekAntavAda svayaM bhI ekAnta nahIM hai, ekAnta aura anekAnta- donoM usameM samAhita haiN| naya (dRSTivizeSa) kI apekSA se usameM ekAnta kA pakSa samAhita hai, to pramANa kI apekSA se usameM anekAnta kA tattva samAhita hai| naya yA dRSTikoNavizeSa ke AdhAra para usameM naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke donoM pakSa ho sakate haiN| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki karma ke Antarika pakSa ke sandarbha meM naitikatA svayaM eka dRSTi hotI hai, jabaki karma ke bAhya-pakSa ke sambandha meM anekAnta-dRSTi svayaM bhI aneka dRSTikoNoM se vicAra karatI hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha sApekSa-naitikatA ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatI hai| 8. Adarza vyakti kA AcAra evaM mArga-nirdeza hI janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANabhUta sApekSa-naitikatA meM janasAdhAraNa ke dvArA karttavyAkartavya kA nizcaya karanA sarala nahIM hai, ata: jaina-naitikatA meM sAmAnya vyakti ke mArgadarzana ke rUpa meM gItArtha' kI yojanA kI gaI hai| gItArtha vaha Adarza vyakti hai, jisakA AcaraNa janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANa hotA hai| gItA ke AcAradarzana meM bhI janasAdhAraNa ke lie mArgadarzana ke rUpa meM zreSThajana ke AcAra ko hI pramANa mAnA gayA hai| gItA spaSTa rUpa meM kahatI hai ki zreSTha yA AtmajJAnI puruSa jisa prakAra kA AcaraNa karatA hai, sAdhAraNa manuSya bhI usI ke anurUpa AcaraNa karate haiN| vaha AcaraNa ke jisa prArUpa ko prAmANika mAnakara aMgIkAra karatA hai, loga bhI usI kA anukaraNa karate haiN| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki mahAjana jisa mArga se gae hoM, vahI dharmamArga hai| yahI bAta jainAgama-uttarAdhyayana meM isa prakAra kahI gaI hai, 'buddhimAn AcAryoM (Aryajana) ke dvArA jisa dhArmika vyavahAra kA AcaraNa kiyA gayA hai, use hI prAmANika mAnakara tadanurUpa AcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti kabhI bhI nindita nahIM hotA hai|'36 pAzcAtya vicAraka DraDale ke anusAra bhI naitika AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya Adarza vyakti ke caritra ke AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina-vicAraNA naitika-maryAdAoM ko na to itanI kaThora hI banAtI hai ki vyakti unake andara svatantratApUrvaka vicaraNa na kara sake, na itanI adhika lacIlI hI ki vyakti

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112 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana icchAnusAra unheM mor3a de| jaina-vicAraNA meM naitika-maryAdAe~ durga ke khaNDahara jaisI nahIM haiM, jisameM vicaraNa kI pUrNa svatantratA to hotI hai, lekina zatru ke praviSTa hone kA sadA bhaya banA rahatA hai| vaha to sudRr3ha cAradIvAriyoM se yukta usa durga ke samAna hai, jisake andara vyakti ko vicaraNa kI svatantratA hai aura vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha usase bAhara bhI A-jAsakatA hai, lekina zarta yahI hai ki aisI pratyeka sthiti meM use durga ke dvArapAla kI anujJA lenI hogii| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra naitikatA ke isa durga kA dvArapAla vaha 'gItArtha' hai, jo deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samucita rUpa meM samajhakara sAmAnya vyakti ko apavAda ke kSetra meM praviSTa hone kI anujJA detA hai| apavAda kI avasthA ke sambandha meM nirNaya dene kA evaM yathA-paristhiti apavAdamArga meM AcaraNa karane athavA dUsare ko karAne kA samasta uttaradAyitva 'gItArtha' para hI rahatA hai| gItArtha vaha vyakti hotA hai, jo naitika vidhi-niSedha ke AcArAMgAdi kA tathA nizItha Adi chedasUtroM kA marmajJa ho evaM sva-prajJA se deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM samartha ho| gItArtha vaha hai, jise kartavya aura akarttavya ke lakSaNoM kA yathArtha jJAna hai, jo Aya-vyaya, kAraNa-akAraNa, agADha (rogI, vRddha)- anAgADha, vastu-avastu, yukta-ayukta, samartha-asamartha, yatanA-ayatanA kA samyagjJAna rakhatA hai, sAtha hI samasta karttavya-karma ke pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, vahI vidhivAn gItArtha hai| 9. mArgadarzaka rUpa meM zAstra yadyapijaina-vicAraNA ke paristhitivizeSa meM karttavyAkarttavya kA nirdhAraNa gItArtha' karatA hai, tathApi gItArtha bhI vyakti hai, ata: usake nirNayoM meM bhI manaparatAvAda kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| usake nirNayoM ko vastuniSThatA pradAna karane ke lie usake mArga-nirdezaka ke rUpa meM zAstra haiN| sApekSa-naitikatA ko vastugata AdhAra dene ke lie hI zAstra ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki kArya-akArya kI vyavasthA dene meM zAstra pramANa haiM.40 lekina yadi zAstra ko hI karttavyAkarttavya ke nizcaya kA AdhAra banAyA gayA, to naitikasApekSatA pUrI taraha surakSita nahIM raha sktii| paristhitiyA~ itanI bhinna-bhinna hotI haiM ki una sabhI paristhitiyoM ke sandarbho sahita AcAra-niyamoM kA vidhAna zAstra meM upalabdha nahIM ho sktaa| paristhitiyA~ satata parivartanazIla haiM, jabaki zAstra aparivartanazIla hotA hai, ata: zAstra ko bhI sabhI paristhitiyoM meM karttavyAkartavya kA nirNAyaka ya" AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| phira, zAstra (zrutiyA~) bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM aura paraspara bhinna niyama bhI prastuta karate haiM, ata: ve bhI prAmANika nahIM ho skte| isa prakAra, sApekSa-naitikatA meM karttavyAkarttavya ke nizcaya kI samasyA rahatI hai|

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 113 10. niSpakSa bauddhika-sattA hI antima nirNAyaka .. isa samasyA ke samAdhAna meM hameM jaina-dRSTikoNa kI eka vizeSatA dekhane ko milatI hai| vaha na to ekAnta rUpa meM zAstra ko hI sAre vidhiniSedha kA AdhAra banAtA hai, na vyakti ko hI; usake anusAra zAstra mArgadarzaka haiM, lekina antima nirNAyaka nhiiN| antima nirNAyaka vyakti kA rAga aura vAsanAoM se rahita niSpakSa viveka hI hai| kisI paristhitivizeSa meM vyakti kA kyA karttavya hai aura kyAakarttavya hai, isakA nirNaya zAstrako mArgadarzaka mAnakara svayaM vyakti ko hI lenA hotA hai| AcArazAstra kA kArya hai-vyakti ke sammukha sAmAnya aura apavAdAtmaka sthitiyoM meM AcAra kA svarUpa prastuta karanA, lekina paristhiti kA nizcaya to vyakti ko hI karanA hotA hai| zAstra Adeza nahIM, nirdeza detA hai| yahI dRSTikoNa gItA kA bhI hai| gItokta zAstraprAmANya bhI isa tathya kA poSaka hai, lekina zAstra kA pramANa mAtra jAnane kI vastu hai, jisake dvArA nirNaya liyA jA sakatA hai| nirNaya karane kA adhikAra to vyakti ke pAsa hI surakSita hai| prastuta zloka kA jJAtvA' zabda svayaM hI isa tathyako spaSTa karatA hai| pAzcAtyaAcAradarzana meM bhI yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta rahA hai| pAzcAtya-phalavAdI vicAraka jAna DivI likhate haiM ki naitika-siddhAntoM kA upayoga Adeza ke rUpa meM nahIM hai, varan usa sAdhana ke rUpa meM haiM, jisake AdhAra para vizeSa paristhiti meM karttavya kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA ske| naitika siddhAntoM kA kArya una dRSTikoNoM aura paddhatiyoM ko prastuta kara denA hai, jo vyakti ko isa yogya banA sake ki jisa vizeSa paristhiti meM vaha hai, usameM zubha aura azubha kA vizleSaNa kara ske| isa prakAra, antima rUpa meM to vyakti kI niSpakSa prajJA hI karttavyAkartavya ke nirdhAraNa meM AdhAra banatI hai| jahA~ taka sApekSa-naitikatA ko manaparatAvAda ke aikAntika doSoM se bacAne kA prazna hai, jaina-dArzanikoM ne usake lie 'gItArtha' (Adarza vyakti) evaM 'zAstra' ke vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI prastuta kie haiM; yadyapi inakA antima srota niSpakSa prajJA hI mAnI gii| __isa samagra vivecana meM hamane dekhA ki jaina-AcAradarzana anekAnta-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para naitika-pratyayoM kI sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatA hai, yadyapi usa sApekSatA meM bhI nirapekSatA kA sthAna hai hii| isa prakAra, sApekSa ke sAtha hI sAtha eka nirapekSa pakSa bhI mAnA gayA hai| 11. nIti ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa-tattva vastutaH, nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA kA yaha prazna ati prAcInakAla se eka vivAdAspada viSaya rahA hai| mahAbhArata, smRti-grantha evaM grIka dArzanika-sAhitya meM isa

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114 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sambandha meM paryApta cintana huA hai aura Aja taka vicAraka isa prazna ko sulajhAne meM lage hue haiN| vartamAna yuga meMsamAjavaijJAnika sApekSatAvAda, manovaijJAnika sApekSatAvAda aura tArkikabhAvavAdI sApekSatAvAda Adi cintana-dhArAe~ nIti ko sApekSa mAnatI haiN| unake anusAra, naitika-mAnadaNDa aura naitika-mUlyAMkana sApekSa haiN| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki kisI karma kI naitikatA deza, kAla, vyakti aura paristhiti ke parivartita hone se parivartita ho sakatI hai; arthAt jo karma eka deza meM naitika mAnA jAtA hai, vaha dUsare deza meM anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai; jo AcAra kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA jAtA thA, vahI dUsare yuga meM anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai; isI prakAra jo karma eka vyakti ke lie eka paristhiti meM naitika ho sakatA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM anaitika ho sakatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, naitika-niyama, naitikamUlyAMkana aura naitika-nirNaya sApekSa haiN| deza, kAla, samAja, vyakti aura paristhiti ke tathya unheM prabhAvita karate haiN| cAhe hama naitika-mAnadaNDa aura naitika-nirNaya ko samAjasApekSa mAne, yA unheM vaiyaktika manobhAvoM kI abhivyakti kaheM, unakI sApekSikatA meM koI antara nahIM hotA hai| saMkSepa meM, sApekSatAvAdiyoM ke anusAra naitika-niyama sArvakAlika, sArvadezika aura sArvajanika nahIM haiM, jabaki nirapekSatAvAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki naitika-mAnaka aura naitika-niyama aparivartanIya, sArvakAlika, sArvadezika, sArvajanika aura aparivartanIya haiM, arthAt naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke bIca eka aisI kaThora vibhAjaka rekhA hai, jo anullaMghanIya hai; naitika kabhI bhI anaitika nahIM ho sakatA aura anaitika kabhI bhI naitika nahIM ho sktaa| naitika-niyama deza, kAla, samAja, vyakti aura paristhiti se nirapekSa haiN| ve zAzvata satya haiN| naitika-jIvana meM apavAda aura Apaddharma ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| vastutaH, nIti ke sandarbha meM ekAnta-sApekSavAda aura ekAnta-nirapekSavAda-donoM hI ucita nahIM haiN| ve AMzika satya to haiM, lekina nIti ke sampUrNa svarUpa ko spaSTa kara pAne meM samartha nahIM haiN| donoM kI apanI kucha kamiyA~ haiN| nIti meM sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA- donoM kA kyA aura kisa rUpa meM sthAna hai, yaha jAnane ke lie hameM nIti ke vividha pakSoM ko samajha lenA hogaa| sarvaprathama, nIti kA eka bAhya-pakSa hotA hai aura dUsarAAntarika-pakSa hotA hai, arthAt eka ora AcaraNa hotA hai, to dUsarI ora AcaraNa kI preraka aura nirdezaka cetanA hotI hai| eka ora naitika Adarza yA sAdhya hotA hai aura dUsarI ora, usa sAdhya kI prApti ke sAdhana yA niyama hote haiN| isI prakAra, hamAre naitika-nirNaya bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM- eka ve, jinheM hama svayaM ke sandarbha meM dete haiM, dUsare ve, jinheM hama dUsaroM ke sambandha meM dete haiM, sAtha hI aise aneka siddhAnta hote haiM, jinake AdhAra para naitika-nirNaya die jAte haiN|

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 115 jahA~ taka naitikatA ke bAhya-pakSa, arthAt AcaraNa yA karma kA sambandha hai, vaha nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| sarvaprathama to vyakti jisa vizva meM AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha ApekSikatA se yukta hai| jo karma hama karate haiM aura usake jo pariNAma niSpanna hote haiM, ve mukhyata: hamAre saMkalpa para nirbhara na hokara una paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hote haiM, jinameM hama jIvana jIte haiN| bAhya-jagat para vyakti kI icchAe~ nahIM, apitu paristhitiyA~ zAsana karatI haiN| punaH, cAhe mAnavIya-saMkalpa ko svatantra mAna bhI liyA jAe, kintu mAnavIyaAcaraNa ko svatantra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha Antarika aura bAhya-paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hotA hai, ata: mAnavIya-karma kA sampAdana aura usake niSpanna pariNAma- donoM hI deza, kAla aura paristhiti para nirbhara hoNge| koI bhI karma deza, kAla, vyakti, samAja aura paristhiti se nirapekSa nahIM hogaa| hamane dekhA ki bhAratIya-cintana kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiM ki karma kI naitikatA nirapekSa nahIM hai| puna:, naitika-mUlyAMkana aura naitika-nirNaya una siddhAntoM aura paristhitiyoM para nirbhara karate haiM, jinameM ve die jAte haiN| sarvaprathama to naitika-mUlyAMkana vyakti aura paristhiti se nirapekSa hokara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyakti jisa samAja meM jIvana jItA hai, vaha vividhatAoM se yukta hai| samAja meM vyakti kI apanI yogyatAoM evaM kSamatAoM ke AdhAra para eka nizcita sthiti hotI hai, usI sthiti ke anusAra usake karttavya evaM dAyitva hote haiM, ata: vaiyaktika-dAyitvoM aura kartavyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai| gItA kA varNAzramadharma kA siddhAnta aura DraDale kA 'merA sthAna aura usake karttavya' kA siddhAnta eka sApekSikanaitikatA kI dhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM, ata: hameM sAmAjika-sandarbha meM AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana sApekSa rUpa meM hI karanA hogaa| vizva meM aisA koI eka sarvamAnya siddhAnta nahIM hai, jo hamAre nirNayoM kA AdhAra bana ske| kucha prasaMgoM meM hama apane naitika-nirNaya niSpanna karma-pariNAma kara dete haiM, to kucha prasaMgoM meM karma ke vAMchita yA agrAvalokita pariNAma para aura kabhI karma ke preraka ke AdhAra para bhI naitika-nirNaya die jAte haiM, ata: karma ke bAhyasvarUpa aura usake sandarbha meM hone vAle naitika-mUlyAMkana tathA naitika-nirNaya nirapekSa nahIM ho sakate, unheM sApekSahI mAnanA hogaa| puna:, karma yA AcaraNa kisI Adarza yA lakSya kA sAdhana hotA hai aura sAdhana aneka ho sakate haiN| lakSya yA Adarza eka hone para bhI usakI prApti ke lie sAdhanoM ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra aneka mArga sujhAe jA sakate haiM, ata: AcaraNa kI vividhatA eka svAbhAvika tathya hai| do bhinna sandarbho meM paraspara viparIta dikhAI dene vAle mArga bhI apane lakSya kI apekSA se ucita mAne jA sakate haiN| puna:, jaba hama dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa para koI naitika-nirNaya dete haiM, to hamAre sAmane dharma kA bAhya-svarUpa

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116 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hI hotA hai, ata: dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM hamAre mUlyAMkana aura nirNaya sApekSa hI ho sakate haiN| hama usake manobhAvoM ke pratyakSa draSTA nahIM hote haiM aura isalie usake AcaraNa ke mUlyAMkana meM hamako nirapekSa nirNaya dene kA koI adhikAra hI nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki hamArA nirNaya kevala ghaTita pariNAmoM para hI hotA hai| ata:, yaha nizcaya hI satya hai ki karma ke bAhya-pakSa yA vyAvahArika-pakSa kI naitikatA aura usake sandarbha meM die jAne vAle naitika-nirNaya- donoM hI sApekSa hoNge| nIti aura naitika-AcaraNa ko paristhitinirapekSa mAnane vAle naitika-siddhAnta zUnya meM vicaraNa karate haiM aura nIti ke yathArtha svarUpa ko spaSTa kara pAne meM samartha nahIM hote haiN| kintu, nIti ko ekAntarUpa se sApekSa mAnanA bhI khatare se khAlI nahIM hai| (1) sarvaprathama, naitika-sApekSatAvAda vyakti aura samAja kI vividhatA para to dRSTi DAlatA hai, kintu usa vividhatA meM anusyUta ekatAkI upekSA karatA hai| vaha daizika, kAlika, sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika asamAnatA ko hI ekamAtra satya mAnatA hai| (2) dUsare, vaha sAdhya yA Adarza kI apekSA sAdhanoM para adhika bala detA hai, jabaki sAdhanoM kA mUlya svayaM usa sAdhya para Azrita hotA hai, jisake ve sAdhana haiN| (3) tIsare, sApekSatAvAda karma ke bAhya-svarUpa ko hI usakA sarvasva mAna letA hai, unake Antarika pakSa yA karma ke mAnasa-pakSa kI upekSA karatA hai, jabaki karma kI preraka bhAvanA kA bhI naitika-dRSTi se samAna mUlya hai| (4) cauthe, naitika-sApekSatAvAda saMkalpasvAtantrya ke siddhAnta ke virodha meM jAtA hai| yadi nIti ke nirdhAraka tattva bAhya haiM, to phira hamArI saMkalpa kI svatantratA kA koI adhika mahatva nahIM rahatA hai| sApekSatAvAda ke anusAra nIti kA niyAmaka tattva dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ evaM sAmAjika tathya haiM, vaiyaktika-cetanA nahIM, kintu aisI sthiti meM saMkalpasvAtantrya kA kyA artha raha jAegA, vaha vicAraNIya hai| saMkalpa ko sApekSa mAnane kA artha usakI svatantratA ko sImita karanA hai| (5) pA~caveM, nIti ke sandarbha meM sApekSatAvAda hameM anivAryataH AtmaniSThAvAda kI ora le jAtA hai, lekina AtmaniSThAvAda meM Akara naitika niyama apanA samasta sthAyitva aura vastugata AdhArakho dete haiN| naitika-jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA kA abhAva hotA hai tathA naitikatA kA DhA~cA astavyasta ho jAtA hai| (6) chaThe, hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki sApekSatAvAda meM naitikatA kA zarIra to bacA rahatA hai, kintu prANa cale jAte. haiM, usameM viSayasAmagrI to rahatI hai, kintu AkAra nahIM hotA hai; kyoMki nirapekSatA naitikatA kI AtmA hai| (7) sApekSatAvAda meM naitika-mAnava kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai, eka sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa kA abhAva hotA hai; ata: naitika-nirNaya dene meM vyakti ko vaisI hI kaThinAI anubhava hotI hai, jaisI usa grAhaka ko hotI hai, jise pratyeka dukAna para bhinna-bhinna

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 117 mApa milate hoN| puna:, naitika-paristhiti svayaM eka aisA jaTila tathya hai, jisameM janasAdhAraNa ke lie binA kisI spaSTa sArvabhauma nirdezaka-siddhAnta ke yaha taya kara pAnA kaThina hai ki usa paristhiti meM kyA naitikahai aura kyA anaitika ? ata:, nIti meM kisI nirapekSa-tattvakI avadhAraNA karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| isa sandarbha me jAna DivI kA pUrvokta dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve paristhitiyA~, jinameM naitika-AdazoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva parivartanazIla haiM aura naitika-niyamoM, naitika-kartavyoM aura naitika-mUlyAMkano ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ki naitika-siddhAnta itane sApekSita haiM ki kisI sAmAjika-sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka-zakti hI nahIM hotii|shubh kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai, kintu zubha kA AkAra nahIM; dUsare zabdoM meM, naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai, kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitikatA kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise badalatA rahatA hai, jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika-stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI hai, kintu naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| naitika-niyamoM meM apavAda yA Apaddharma kA nizcita hI sthAna hai aura aneka sthitiyoM meM apavAda-mArga kA AcaraNa hI naitika hotA hai, phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki apavAda kabhI bhI sAmAnya niyama kA sthAna nahIM le pAte haiN| nirapekSatAvAda ke sandarbha meM yaha eka bhrAnti hai ki vaha sabhI naitikaniyamoM ko nirapekSamAnatA hai| nirapekSatAvAda bhI sabhI niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha nahIM karatA, vaha kevala maulika niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA hI siddha karatA hai| vastuta:, nIti kI vAstavika prakRti ko samajhane ke lie nirapekSatAvAda aura sApekSatAvAda- donoM hI apekSita haiN| nIti kA kaunasA pakSa sApekSa hotA hai aura kauna-sA pakSa nirapekSa, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai : (1) saMkalpa kI naitikatA nirapekSa hotI hai aura AcaraNa kI naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa kabhI naitika nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| nIti meM jaba saMkalpa kI svatantratAko svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to phira hameM yaha kahane kAadhikAra nahIM rahatA ki saMkalpa sApekSa hai, ata: saMkalpa kI naitikatA sApekSa nahIM ho sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM, karma kA jo mAnasika-pakSa hai, bauddhika-pakSa hai, vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai, kintu karma kA jo vyAvahArika pakSa hai, AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha sApekSa hai, arthAt manomUlakanIti nirapekSa hogI aura AcaraNamUlaka-nIti sApekSa hogii| saMkalpa kA kSetra, prajJA kA kSetra, eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA yA prajJA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai| antas meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai, vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kAzAsana nahIM hai, ata: isa kSetra meM nIti kI

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118 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirapekSatA sambhava hai| anAsakta-karma kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai, kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhyAtmaka rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotA, ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki manovRtyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka-nIti nirapekSa hogI, kintu AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka-nIti sApekSa hogii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-darzana meM naizcayika-naitikatA ko nirapekSa aura vyAvahArika-naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnA gayA hai| (2) dUsare, sAdhyAtmaka-nIti yA naitika-Adarza nirapekSa hotA hai, kintu sAdhanaparaka nIti sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo sarvocca zubha hai, vaha nirapekSa hai, kintu usa sarvoccazubha kI prApti ke jo niyama yA mArga haiM, ve sApekSa haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiN| puna:, vaiyaktika-ruciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdanasambhava nahIM hai, ata: sAdhyaparaka-nIti ko yA naitika-sAdhya ko nirapekSa aura sAdhanaparaka-nIti ko sApekSa mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ho sakatA hai| (3) tIsare, naitika-niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiM aura kucha niyama una gaulika niyamoM ke sahAyaka hote haiM; udAharaNArtha, bhAratIya-paramparA meM sAmAnya dharma aura vizeSa dharma (varNAzrama-dharma) aisA vargIkaraNa hameM milatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM bhI eka aisA hI vargIkaraNa mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa nAma se hai| yahA~ hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya mA mUlabhUta niyama hI nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate haiM, vizeSa niyama to sApekSa evaM parivartanIya hI hote haiN| yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhie ki aneka sthitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI apavAda ho sakate haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai, vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM kI nirapekSatA bhI unakI aparivartanazIlatA yA unake sthAyitva ke AdhAra para hI hai, sAdhya kI apekSA se to ve bhI sApekSa ho sakate haiN|| ___jo naitika-vicAradhArAe~ mAtra nirapekSatAvAda ko svIkAra karatI haiM, ve yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI haiN| ve naitika-Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI haiM, kintu usa mArga kA nirdhAraNa karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtIM, jo usa sAdhya evaM Adarza taka le jAtA hai, kyoMki naitika-AcaraNa evaM vyavahAra to paristhitisApekSa hotA hai| naitikatA eka lakSyonmukha gati hai, lekina yadi usa gati meM vyakti kI dRSTi mAtra usa yathArtha bhUmikA taka hI, jisameM vaha khar3A hai, sImita hai, to vaha kabhI bhI lakSya taka nahIM pahu~ca sakatA, vaha pathabhraSTa hosakatA hai| dUsarI ora, vaha vyakti, jo gantavya kI ora to dekha rahA hai, kintu usa mArga ko nahIM dekha rahA hai, jisameM vaha gati kara rahA hai, mArga meM vaha Thokara

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 119 khAtA hai aura kaNTakoM se apane ko pada-viddha kara letA hai| jisa prakAra calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai aura na mAtra nIce dekhane se hI, usI prakAra naitika-pragati meM hamArA kAma na to ma / nirapekSa-dRSTi se calatA hai aura na mAtra sApekSa-dRSTi se calatA hai| nirapekSatAvAda usa sthiti kI upekSA kara detA hai, jisameM vyakti khar3A hai, jabaki sApekSatAvAda usa Adarza yA sAdhya kI upekSA karatA hai, jo ki gantavya hai| isI prakAra, nirapekSatAvAda sAmAjika-nIti ko upekSA kara mAta vaiyaktika-nIti para bala detA hai, kintu vyakti samAjanirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| puna:, nirapekSatAvAdI-nIti meM sAdhya kI siddhi hI pramukha hotI hai, kintu vaha sAdhana upekSita banA rahatA hai, jisake binA sAdhya kI siddhi sambhava nahIM hai| ata:, samyak naitikajIvana ke lie nIti meM sApekSa aura nirapekSa-donoM tattvoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| sandarbha grantha1. dekhie-greTa TreDIzansa ina ethiksa, pR. 218. 2. dekhie-kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 160. 3. livAi-a-than, khaNDa 2, adhyAya 27, pR. 13. yUTiliTerianijma, adhyAya 5, pR. 95. naitika-jIvana ke siddhAnta, pR. 59. 6. rIseNTa ethiksa ina iTsa brADara rilezansa, uddhRta-kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, 164. 7. dekhie-gItArahasya, adhyAya 2, karmajijJAsA. 8. svayambhUstotra, 103. 9. AcArAMga, 1/4/2/130; dekhie-zrI amarabhAratI, maI 1964, pR. 15. 10. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 23. 11. AcArAMga, hindI TIkA, pR. 378. 12. upadezapada, 779. 13. prazamarati-prakaraNa (umAsvAti), 146; tulanAkIjie-brahmasUtra (zAM.),3/1/25%; gItA (zAM.) 3/35 tathA 18/47-48. 14. zrIamarabhAratI, maI 1964, pR. 15. 15. vahI, pharavarI 1965,pR. 5. 16. vahI, mArca 1965, pR. 28. 17. gItA, 4/17. 18. vahI, 17/20.

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120 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 19. gItA 27. 30. gItArahasya, pR. 51. 20. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 259/17-18. 21. vahI,33/32. 22. manusmRti, 1/85. 23. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 63/11. visuddhimagga, bhAga 1, pR. 14. bhagavAn buddha, pR. 161. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 196. vahI, pR. 189. AcArAMga, 1/4/1/127. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 23. celanA ke dvArA apane satItva kI rakSA ke lie kI gaI AtmahatyA ko jaina-vicAraNA meM anumodita hI kiyAgayA hai| isIprakAraceTakake dvArAnyAya kIrakSA ke lie lar3egae yuddha se unake ahiMsA ke vrata ko khaNDita nahIM mAnAgayA hai| pAzcAtya AcArazAstra kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 139. 32. nItizAstrakAparicaya, DaoN. zrIcanda, pR. 122. 33. kaNTemparari aithikalathyorIja, pR. 163. gItA, 3/21. 35. mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 312/115. 36. uttarAdhyayana, 1/42. ethikalasTaDIja, pR. 193, 226. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 3, pR. 902. 39. bRhatkalpaniyukti, 951. gItA, 16/24. 41. mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 312/115. tasmAcchAstraM pramANa te kaaryaakaaryvyvsthitau| jJAtvA zAstravidhAnoktaM karma krtumihaarhsi||- gItA. 16/24. 43. kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR. 163.

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naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 121 4 naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya sAmAnyatayA, sabhI loga eka-dUsare ke vyavahAroM kI prazaMsA aura nindA karate haiMkisI ke AcaraNa ko acchA aura kisI ke AcaraNa ko burA kahate haiN| aksara hama koM ke zubhatva yA azubhatva kI carcA karate haiM- udAharaNArtha, ahiMsA zubha hai, hiMsA azubha hai tathA dAna acchA hai, corI burI hai aadi| ye sabhI kathana naitika-nirNaya kahe jAte haiN| jaba bhI hama kisI karma ke guNa-doSa kI carcA karate haiM, usake zubhatva yA azubhatva kA vicAra karate haiM, yA usake aucitya aura anaucitya ko siddha karate haiM, to hamAre vicAra evaM nirNaya naitikatA se sambandhita hote haiM aura inheM naitika-nirNaya kahA jAtA hai| 1. naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa naitika-nirNaya tathya-viSayaka evaM varNanAtmaka nirNayoM se bhinna, mUlyAtmaka hote haiN| tathyaviSayaka nirNaya sattA yA vastu ke svarUpa kA vivecana evaM varNana karate haiM aura mUlyaviSayaka nirNaya usakA samAlocana yA mUlyAMkana karate hue yaha batAte haiM ki use kyA honA caahie| DaoN. sinhA ke zabdoM meM, naitika-nirNaya vaha mAnasika vyApAra hai, jo kisI karma ko satyA asat ghoSita karatA hai| naitika-nirNaya yaha nirdeza karatA hai ki hamAre karmoM ko kaisA honA caahie| naitika-nirNaya meM paramahita kA jJAna samAviSTa hotA hai| jaba hama kisI aicchikakarma ko dekhate haiM, to naitika-mAnadaNDa (pratimAna) se usakI tulanA karate haiM aura isa prakAra yaha nirNaya karate haiM ki vaha usake anusAra hai yA nhiiN| karma kI naitika-pratimAna se tulanA aura usake AdhAra para nikAlA gayA nigamana yA anumAna naitika-nirNaya kI prakRti ko spaSTa karatA hai| naitika-nirNaya meM tulanA, anumAna, samAlocana aura mUlyAMkana- sabhI samAviSTa haiN| yadyapi sAmAnya avasthAoM se naitika-nirNaya Antarika anubhava ke dvArA binA kisI tulanA, vicAra evaM samAlocana ke tatkAla bhI ho jAte haiM, tathApi naitika-nirNayoM meM cintana, anumAna aura mUlyAMkana ke tatva sanihita rahate haiN| isa prakAra, naitika-nirNaya AnumAnika, samAlocanAtmaka aura mUlyAtmaka hote haiN| puna:, ve manovaijJAnika arthAt hamArI bhAvanAoM ko prakaTa karane vAle tathA AdezAtmaka bhI hote haiN| yadyapi naitika-nirNaya tArkika aura saundaryAtmaka-nirNayoM ke samAna mUlyAtmakanirNaya haiM, tathApi ve tArkika aura saundaryAtmaka-nirNayoM se bhinna haiN| isa bhinnatA kA kAraNa AdarzoM kI bhinnatA hai| tarkazAstra kA viSaya eka Adarza satya hai aura saundaryazAstra kA

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana viSaya evaM Adarza sundaratA hai, jabaki nItizAstra kA viSaya evaM Adarza zubha yA ziva (kalyANa) hai| tArkika - nirNaya jJAnAtmaka haiM aura saundaryaviSayaka nirNaya anabhUtyAtmaka, jabaki naitika nirNaya saMkalpAtmaka haiN| 2 2. naitika nirNaya kA karttA naitika nirNaya kI sambhAvanA ke lie nirNAyaka, nirNaya kI vastu aura nirNaya kA mAnadaNDa - tInoM hI Avazyaka haiN| prazna yaha hai ki naitika nirNaya kauna detA hai ? nItivettAoM kA isa sambandha meM matabheda hai| zephTsbarI naitika mUlyAMkana ke karttA ke rUpa meM nItivizeSajJa ko mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, jisa prakAra kalA kA pArakhI kalA ke sambandha meM nirNaya detA hai, usI prakAra nItivizeSajJa naitika-karmoM ke bAre meM nirNaya detA hai| vastutaH, naitika nirNaya kArttA hamArI bauddhika yA Adarza AtmA hai| eDama smitha ne naitika nirNaya kA karttA nirapekSa dRSTA AtmA ko mAnA hai|' unake anusAra, hamArI hI AtmA eka taTastha nirNAyaka ke rUpa meM naitika nirNaya detI hai| vyakti kA nirNAyaka, usakA Adarza AtmA hI hai, jo eka taTastha dRSTA ke rUpa meM svayaM ke aura dUsaroM ke karmoM para naitika nirNaya detA hai| maikeMjI ne naitika nirNaya kA karttA usa dRSTikoNa ko mAnA hai, jisase bhalA yA burA karma kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra naitika nirNaya kA karttA yA to nirapekSa dRSTA yA Adarza AtmA ko mAnA gayA hai, yA kartA ke usa dRSTikoNa ko, jisake AdhAra para koI karma bhalA yA burA nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai / yadi isa prazna ko jaina- dRSTikoNa se dekhA jAe, to uparyukta donoM dRSTikoNoM meM koI virodha nahIM rhtaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra, yathArtha naitika nirNaya to nirapekSa-dRSTi vItarAga AtmA ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM hamAre dRSTikoNa hI naitika-nirNaya ke AdhAra banate haiM / vyakti apane dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI acche yA bure kA nirNaya letA hai| 122 3. hetuvAda aura phalavAda kI samasyA karttA kA pratyeka karma, jo naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya banatA hai, kisI uddezya se abhiprerita hokara prArambha hotA hai aura anta meM kisI pariNAma ko niSpanna karatA hai| isa prakAra kArya kA vizleSaNa yaha darzAtA hai ki pratyeka kArya meM eka hetu hotA hai, jisase kArya prArambha hotA hai aura eka phala hotA hai, jisameM kArya kI parisamApti hotI hai| hetu ko mAnasika pakSa aura phala ko usakA bhautika pariNAma kahA jA sakatA hai| hetu kA karttA ke manobhAvoM se nikaTa sambandha hai, jabaki phala kA nikaTa sambandha karma se hai| hetu para diyA gayA nirNaya karttA ke sambandha meM hotA hai| nItijJoM ke lie yaha prazna vivAdapUrNa rahA hai ki kArya ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA mUlyAMkana usake hetu ke sambandha meM kiyA jAe, yA -

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya usake phala ke sambandha meM, kyoMki kabhI-kabhI zubhatva evaM azubhatva kI dRSTi se hetu aura phala paraspara bhinna hote haiM - zubha hetu meM bhI azubha pariNAma kI niSpatti aura azubha hetu meM bhI zubha pariNAma kI niSpatti dekhI jAtI hai| yadyapi grIna prabhUti kucha pAzcAtya vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki zubha tu se kiyA gayA kArya sarvadA zubha pariNAma denevAlA hotA hai, lekina anubhava yaha kabhI-kabhI karttA dvArA anapekSita karma-pariNAma bhI prApta ho jAtA hai| DaoNkTara rogI ko svastha karane ke lie zalya kriyA karatA hai, lekara rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai| anapekSita karma - pariNAma ko pariNAma mAnane para grIna kI karma ke uddezya aura phala meM ekarUpatA kI mAnyatA Tika nahIM paatii| yadi kArya ke uddezya aura kArya ke vAstavika pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM ho, to prazna utpanna hotA hai ki inameM se kise naitika nirNaya kA viSaya banAyA jAe ? pAzcAtya naitika-cintana meM isa samasyA ko lekara spaSTatayA do pramukha matavAdoM kA nirmANa huA hai, jo phalavAda aura hetuvAda nAma se abhihita kie jA sakate haiN| phalavAdI dhAraNA kA pratinidhitva benthama aura mila karate haiN| benthama kI mAnyatA meM hetuoM kA acchA yA burA honA unake pariNAma para nirbhara hai| mila kI dRSTi meM 'hetu' ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA naitikatA kA kSetra hI nahIM hai| unakA kathana hai ki hetu ko kArya kI naitikatA se kucha bhI karanA nahIM hotaa| dUsarI ora, hetuvAdI paramparA kA pratinidhitva kAMTa, baTalara Adi vicAraka karate haiN| mila ke ThIka viparIta kAMTa kA kahanA hai ki hamArI kriyAoM ke pariNAma unako naitika mUlya nahIM de skte|' baTalara kahate haiM ki kisI kArya kI acchAI yA burAI bahuta kucha usa hetu para nirbhara hai, jisase vaha kiyA jAtA hai|' - phalavAda kI dRSTi se pariNAma hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| phalavAda sArA bala kArya ke usa vastuniSTha tattva para detA hai, jo vAstava meM kiyA gayA hai| usake anusAra, naitikatA kA artha aise pariNAmoM ko utpanna karanA hai, jinase janasAdhAraNa ke kalyANa meM abhivRddhi ho / phira bhI, yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki pAzcAtya - phalavAda kI dRSTi meM naitika mUlyAMkana ke lie pariNAma kI bhautika pariniSpatti utanI mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanI ki pariNAma kI vAMchitatA athavA pariNAma kA agrAvalokana / benthama yA mila yaha nahIM kahate ki yadi kisI vAkTara ke dvArA kI gaI cIra-phAr3a dvArA rogI ke jIvana kA rakSA karanA thA, to bada kArya naitika dRSTi se ucita hI thA, cAhe vaha usameM saphala na huA ho| mila evaM benthama ke anusAra, isa bAta karttA kI naitikatA meM koI antara nahIM par3atA ki usane vaha kArya dhanArjana ke lie kiyA, athavA apanI pratiSThA ke lie kiyA, athavA dayA se prerita hokara kiyA / phalavAda ke anusAra preraka (dhana, yaza aura 41) naitika mUlyAMkana kI dRSTi se koI artha nahIM rkhte| isa dhAraNA ke viparIta, hetuvAda meM saMkalpa athavA preraka hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| hetuvAda ke 123

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124 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anusAra, yadi preraka azubha thA, to kArya bhI azubha hI mAnA jaaegaa| yadi koI DaoNkTara kisI sundara strI ke jIvana kI rakSA isa bhAva se prerita hokara karatA hai ki vaha use vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana banAegA, to hetuvAda kI dRSTi meM pariNAma ke zubha hone para DAkTara kA yaha kArya naitika-dRSTi se azubha hI hogaa| isa prakAra, pAzcAtya naitika-vicAraNA ke ye pakSa karma ke do bhinna siroM para anAvazyaka bala dekara ekapakSIya dhAraNA kA vikAsa karate haiN| hetuvAda ke lie kArya kA ArambhahI saba kucha hai, jabaki phalavAda ke lie kArya kA anta hI saba kucha hai| ye vicAraka yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki Arambha aura anta, antatogatvA eka hI sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna, eka hI kArya ke do pahalU haiM, jinheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| ina vicArakoM kI bhrAnti yaha nahIM hai ki inhoMne kArya ke ina do pahaluoM para gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA, varan bhrAnti yaha hai ki inhoMne inheM alaga-alaga karane kA asaphala prayAsa kiyaa| jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko zarIra se alaga karake ThIka rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA, usI prakAra preraka ko usake pariNAma se alaga karake ThIka rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| bhAratIya-cintana meM bhI karma ke pariNAma aura karma ke hetu para vicAra to huA, lekina usameM itanI ekAMgatA kabhI nahIM aaii| 4. hetu aura phala ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya-AcAravijJAna kA yaha vivAdAtmaka prazna bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM prArambhika yuga se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM bAla kI khAla bhArata meM utanI nahIM nikAlI gaI jitanI ki pazcima meN| jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bauddha-vicAraNA kI hetuvAdaviSayaka dhAraNA kA rocaka upahAsa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bauddhAgama majjhimanikAya meM bhI buddha ne svayaM ko hetuvAda kA samarthakamAnA hai aura nirgrandha (jaina) paramparA ko phalavAda kA samarthaka batAyA hai| yadyapi nirgandha-paramparA ko ekAntata: phalavAdI mAnanA asaMgata dhAraNA hai, kyoMki pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI jainAgamoM meM hetuvAda kA bhI prabala samarthana milatA hai| isa viSaya meM kiMcit gaharAI se pramANa purassara vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| yaha to nirvivAda hai ki bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM bauddhadarzana hetuvAda kA samarthaka hai| bauddhadarzana naitika-mUlyAMkana kI dRSTi se kartA ke hatu athavA kArya ke mAnasika-pratyaya ko hI pramukhatA detA hai| dhammapada ke prArambha meM hI buddha kahate haiM ki sabhI prakAra ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa meM mAnasika vyApAra (hetu) hI pramukha hai, mana kI duSTatA aura prasannatA para hI karma bhI zubhAzubha hote haiM aura usI se sukha-duHkha milatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, majjhimanikAya meM eka aura prabala pramANa hai, jahA~ buddha karma ke mAnasika-pratyaya kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para hI

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naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 125 bauddha-paramparA aura nirgrantha-paramparA meM antara bhI sthApita karate haiN| buddha kahate haiM, 'maiM (nirgranthoM ke) kAyadaNDa, vacanadaNDa aura manadaNDa ke badalekAyakarma, vacanakarma aura manakarma kahatA hU~ aura nirgranthoM kI taraha kAyakarma (karma ke bAhya-svarUpa) ko nahIM, varan manakarma (karma ke mAnasika-pratyaya) kI pradhAnatA mAnatA huuN|'' jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga se bhI isa tathya kA samarthana hotA hai ki bauddha-paramparA hetuvAda kI samarthaka hai| granthakAra ne bauddha-hetuvAda kA upahAsAtmaka citra prastuta kiyA hai| sUtrakAra pravrajyA grahaNa karane ko tatpara ArdrakakumAra ke sammukha eka bauddha-zramaNa ke dvArA hI bauddhadRSTikoNa ko nimnalikhita zabdoM se prastuta karavAte haiM 'khola ke piNDa ko manuSya jAnakara bhAle se cheda DAle aura usako Aga para seMke, athavA kumAra jAnakara tUmar3e ko aisA kare, to hamAre mata ke anusAra prANIvadha kA pApa lagatA hai, parantu khola yA piNDa mAnakara koI zrAvaka manuSya ko bhAle se chedakara Aga para seMke, athavA tUmar3AmAnakara kumAra ko aisA kare, to hamAre mata ke anusAra usakA prANavadha kA pApa nahIM lagatA hai| 10 _____ yadyapi yaha citra eka virodhI Agama meM vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA, tathApi majjhimanikAya aura sUtrakRtAMga ke uparyukta sandarbho se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki bauddhanaitikatA hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| usake anusAra karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra kartA kA hetu hai, na ki karma kA prinnaam| yadyapi saiddhAntika-dRSTi se hetuvAda kA samarthana karate huebhI vyAvahArika stara para bauddhadarzana phalavAda kI avahelanA nahIM krtaa| vinayapiTaka meM aise aneka prasaMga haiM, jahA~ karma ke hetu ko mahatva na dekara mAtra karma-pariNAma ke lokanindanIya hone ke AdhAra para hI usakA AcaraNa bhikSuoM ke lie avihita ThaharAyA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke lie karma-pariNAma kA agrAvalokana utanA hI mahatvapUrNa hai, jitanA vaha mila aura benthama ke lie hai| ___ jahA~ taka gItA kI bAta hai, vaha bhI hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI karma ke naitika-mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra karma kA pariNAma na hokara hetu hI hai| gItA kA niSkAma karmayoga kA siddhAnta karma-pariNAma' kI apekSA karma-hetu' para hI adhika jora detA hai| gItA meM arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya ke samarthana kA AdhAra karma-hetu hI hai, karma-pariNAma nhiiN| gItA meM kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki (he arjuna) amuka karma kA yaha phala mile, yaha hetu (mana meM) rakhakara karma karane vAlA na ho|" pariNAma ko dRSTi meM rakhakara karma karanA gItAkAra ko abhipreta nahIM hai, kyoMki karma-phala para to vyakti kA adhikAra hI nahIM hai|giitaa ke anusAra, phala ko dRSTi meM rakhakara karma karane vAle nimna stara ke haiN| tilaka bhI

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126 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gItA ke AcAradarzana ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnate haiN| ve likhate haiM, 'karma choTe-bar3e hoM yA barAbara hoM, unameM naitika-dRSTi se jo bheda ho jAtA hai, vaha kartA ke hetu ke kAraNa hI hotA hai| (gItA meM) bhagavAn ne arjuna se yaha socane ko nahIM kahA ki yuddha karane se kitane manuSyoM kA kalyANa hogA aura kitane logoM kI hAni hogI, balki arjuna se bhagavAn yahI kahate haiM ki isa samaya yaha vicAra gauNa hai ki tumhAre yuddha karane se bhISma mareMge yA droNa / mukhya bAta yahI hai ki tuma kisa buddhi (hetu yA uddezya) se yuddha karane ko taiyAra hue ho| yadi tumhArI buddhi sthitaprajJa ke samAna zuddha hogI aura usa pavitra buddhi se apanA karttavya karoge, to phira cAhe bhISma mare yA droNa, tumheM usakA pApa nahIM lgegaa| gItA meM kAMTa ke samAna saMkalpa ko hI samasta kAryoM kA mUla kahA gayA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne gItA-bhASya meM kahA hai, 'sabhI kAmanAoM kA mUla saMkalpa hai|' AcArya zaMkara ne manusmRti (2/3) tathA mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para bhI ise siddha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAnti-parva meM kahA hai, 'he kAma! maiM tere mUla ko jAnatA huuN| tU ni:saMdeha 'saMkalpa' se hI utpanna hotA hai| maiM terA saMkalpa, nahIM karU~gA, ata: phira tU majhe prApta nahIM hogaa| inhIM zabdoM meM yahI tathya bauddha-grantha mahAniddesapAli meM bhI varNita hai|'14 arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya kA samarthana karate samaya gItA karma ke naitikamUlyAMkana meM bAhya-pariNAma ko dRSTi se ojhala kara detI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gItA ekAntahetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| phira bhI gItA ke samagra svarUpa ko dRSTigata rakhate hue vicAra kiyA jAe, to hameM apanI isa dhAraNA ke pariSkAra ke lie vivaza honA par3atA hai| yadi karma kA bAhya pariNAma koI naitika mUlya nahIM rakhatA hai, to phirakarmayoga aura lokasaMgraha ke lie karma karate rahane ke gItA ke upadeza kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| cAhe kRSNa ne arjuna ke dvArA prastuta yuddha ke pariNAmasvarUpa kulakSaya aura varNasaMkaratA kI utpatti ke vicAra kI upekSA kara dI ho, lekina anta meM unheM svayaM hI yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki yadi maiM karma na karU~, to yaha loka bhraSTa ho jAe aura maiM varNasaMkara kA karane vAlA hoU~ tathA isa sArI prajA ko mArane vAlA bnuuN|' yaha kyA kRSNa kI phaladRSTi nahIM hai ? svayaM tilaka bhI gItArahasya meM ise svIkAra karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM, gItA yaha kabhI nahIM kahatI ki bAhya-karmoM kI ora kucha bhI dhyAna na diyA jaae| kisI manuSya kI, vizeSakara anajAne manuSya kI buddhi kI samatA kI parIkSA karane ke lie yadyapi kevala usake bAhya-karma yA AcaraNa hI pradhAna sAdhana haiM; tathApi kevala isa bAhya-AcaraNa dvArA hI nItimattA kI acUka parIkSA hamezA nahIM ho sktii| isa prakAra, saiddhAntika-dRSTi se hetuvAda kA samarthana karate hue bhI gItA vyAvahArika-dRSTi se karma ke bAhya-pariNAma kI upekSA nahIM krtii| gItA karmaphalAkAMkSA

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naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 127 kA, yA karmaphalAsakti kA niSedha karatI hai, na ki karma-pariNAma ke agrAvalokana yA pUrvavicAra kaa| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki usakI dRSTi meM zubhAzubhatva ke nirNaya kA viSaya karmasaMkalpa hai| __kArya ke mAnasika hetu aura bhautika pariNAma meM kauna naitika-mUlyAMkana kA viSaya hai ? isa prazna para jaina-dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to hama pAte haiM ki jaina-dRSTikoNa ne isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA samucita prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina-dRSTi ekAMgI mAnyatAoM kI virodhI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prathamata: usane hetuvAda kI ekAMgI mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM hetuvAda kA jokhaNDana hai, vaha ekAMgI-hetuvAda kA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM dvArA kie gae hetuvAda ke khaNDana ke AdhAra para use phalavAdI-paramparA kA samarthaka mAna lenA svayaM meM bahuta bar3I bhrAnti hogii| 5. jaina-darzanoM meM hetuvAda aura phalavAda kA samanvaya jaina-cintakoM dvArA hetuvAda kA phalavAda se bhI adhika samarthana kiyA gayA hai, jise aneka tathyoM se paripuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra meM, AcArya samantabhadra kIAptamImAMsA kI vRtti meM tathA AcArya vidyAnandikI aSTasahastrI meM phalavAda kA khaNDana aura hetuvAda kA maNDana pAyA jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM spaSTa kahate haiM ki (hiMsA kA) adhyavasAya, arthAt mAnasika hetu hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, cAhe (bAhya rUpa meM) hiMsA huI ho yA na huI ho|"vstu (ghaTanA) nahIM, varan saMkalpa hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, bAhya-rUpa meM ghaTita karma-pariNAma naitika yA anaitika nahIM haiM. varana vyakti kA karma-saMkalpa yA hetu hI naitikayA anaitika hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM, jaina AcArya samantabhadra aura vidyAnandike dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha suzIlakumAra maitra aura yadunAtha sinhA ne kiyA hai| AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM ki kArya kA zubhatva kevala isa tathya meM nihita nahIM hai ki usase dUsaroM ko sukha hotA hai aura svayaM ko kaSTa hotA hai| isI prakAra, kArya kA azubhatva isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karatA ki usakI phala-niSpatti ke rUpa meM dUsaroM ko duHkha hotA hai aura svayaM ko sukha hotA hai, kyoMki yadi zubha-azubha kA artha dUsaroM kA sukha-duHkha ho, to hameM jar3a padArtha aura vItarAga santa ko bhI bandhana meM mAnanA par3egA, arthAt unheM naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnanA hogA, kyoMki unake kriyAkalApa bhI kisI ke sukha aura duHkha kA kAraNa to banate hI haiM aura aisI dazA meM unheM bhI zubhAzubha kA bandha hogA hii| dUsare, yadizubha kA artha svayaM kA duHkha aura azubha kA artha svayaM kA sukha ho, to vItarAga tapasyA ke dvArA zubha kA bandha karegA aura jJAnI Atma-saMtoSa kI anubhUti karate hue bhI azubha yA pApa kA bandha karegA, ata: siddha yaha hotA hai ki svayaM kA athavA dUsaroM kA sukha

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana athavA duHkha - rUpa pariNAma zubhazubhatA kA nirNAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, varan unake pIche nihita karttA kA zubhAzubha prayojana hI kisI kArya ke zubhatva athavA azubhatva kA nizcaya karatA hai| 128 AcArya vidyAnanda phalavAda yA karma ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para naitikamUlyAMkana karane kI vastuniSTha paddhati kA virodha karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki kisI dUsare ke hitAhita ke AdhAra para puNya-pApa kA mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki kucha kriyAzIlatAe~ to puNya-pApa ke isa mApa se nIce haiM; jaise jar3a padArtha, aura kucha puNya-pApa isa mApa ke Upara haiM, jaise arhat / puNya pApa ke kSetra meM kriyAoM ke AdhAra para ve hI Ate haiM, jo vAsanAoM se yukta haiN| kisI ko sukha yA duHkha dene mAtra se koI kArya puNya-pApa nahIM hotA, varan usa kArya ke pIche jo vAsanA hai, vahI kArya ke zubhAzubha hone kA kAraNa hai / vItarAga ke kAraNa kisI ko sukha yA duHkha ho sakatA hai, lekina usake pIche vAsanA yA prayojana na hone se use puNya pApa kA bandha nahIM hotA / niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina- dRSTi ke anusAra bhI kartA kA prayojana yA abhisandhi hI zubhAzubhatva kI anivArya zarta hai, na ki mAtra sukha-duHkha ke pariNAma / zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI yahI mAnate haiM ki jaina- AcAradarzana kArya ke pariNAma (phala) se vyatirikta usake hetu kI zuddhatA para hI bala detA hai| usake anusAra, 'yadi kArya kisI zuddha prayojana se kiyA gayA hai, to vaha zubha hI hogA, cAhe usase kisI dUsare ko duHkha hI kyoM na pahu~cA ho aura yadi azubha prayojana se kiyA gayA hai, to azubha hI hogA, cAhe pariNAma ke rUpa meM usase dUsaroM ko sukha huA ho / '20 zrI suzIla kumAra maitra kahate haiM, 'zubhAzubha karma kA vinizcaya bAhya pariNAmoM para nahIM, varan karttA ke Atmagata prayojana kI prakRti ke AdhAra para karanA cAhie / ' 22 -- tulanA - tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hetuvAda ke viSaya meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM adbhuta sAmya dikhAI detA hai| isa sambandha meM dhammapada, gItA tathA puruSArthasiddhyupAya ke kathana draSTavya haiN| AcArya amRtacanda kahate haiM, " rAgAdi se rahita apramAdayukta AcaraNa karate hue yadi prANaghAta ho jAe, to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai| " 22 dhammapada meM kahA hai, "mAtA, pitA, do kSatriya rAjA evaM anucaroM sahita rASTra kA hanana karane para bhI vatRSNa brAhmaNa (jJAnI) niSpApa hotA hai| "23 gItA kahatI hai, "jisameM Asakti aura kartRtvabhAva nahIM hai, vaha isa samagra loka ko mArakara bhI na to mAratA hai aura na bandhana meM AtA hai / vastuta:, aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|' / " 24 yadyapi bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM itanI vaicArika ekarUpatA hai, tathApi gItA aura jainAcAradarzana meM eka antara yaha hai ki gItA ke anusAra

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya sthitaprajJa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai, jabaki jaina- vicAraNA kahatI hai ki isa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI, mAtra ho jAtI hai| - prazna uThatA hai ki yadi jaina - cintana ko prayojana yA hetuvAda svIkArya hai, to phira use hetuvAda ke samarthaka bauddhadarzana kI AlocanA karane kA kyA adhikAra hai ? yadi jainacintana ko ekAMtataH hetuvAda svIkArya hotA, to vaha bauddha dArzanikoM kI AlocanA nahIM krtaa| jaina- vicAraNA kA virodha to usa ekAMgI hetuvAda se hai, jisameM bAhya vyavahAra kI avahelanA kI jAtI hai| ekAMgI hetuvAda meM jaina- vicAraNA ne sabase bar3A khatarA yaha dekhA ki vaha naitika mUlyAMkana kI vastuniSTha kasauTI ko samApta kara detA hai| phalasvarUpa, hamAre pAsa dUsare ke kAryoM ke naitika mUlyAMkana kI koI kasauTI hI nahIM raha jaatii| yadi abhisandhiyA karttA kA prayojana hI hamAre karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka hai, to phira eka vyakti dUsare AcaraNa ke sambandha meM koI bhI naitika nirNaya nahIM de sakegA, kyoMki karttA kA prayojana, jo ki eka vaiyaktika - tathya hai, dUsare ke dvArA jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM naitika nirNaya to kArya ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai| loga bAhya rUpa se anaitika- AcaraNa karate hue bhI yaha kahakara ki usameM hamArA prayojana zubha thA; svayaM ke naitika yA dhArmika hone kA dAvA kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI bAhya-rUpa meM anaitika- AcaraNa karate hue aneka loga dhArmika yA naitika hone kA dAvA karate the| isI kAraNa, mahAvIra ko yaha kahanA par3A ki 'mana se satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai ? 225 isa prakAra, ekAMgI - vAda kA sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki usameM naitikatA kA dambha panapatA hai| dUsare, ekAntahetuvAda meM mana aura karma kI ekarUpatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| ekAMgI - hetuvAda yaha mAna letA hai ki kArya ke mAnasika pakSa aura pariNAmAtmaka-pakSa meM ekarUpatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, donoM svataMtra haiM, unameM eka prakAra kA dvaita hai, jabaki sacce naitikajIvana kA artha hai- manasA-vAcA- - karmaNA vyavahAra kI ekarUpatA / naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA to mana aura karma ke pUrNa sAmaMjasya meM hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kabhI-kabhI kartA ke hetu aura usake pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha pAtI hai, lekina vaha apavAdAtmaka sthiti hI hai, isake AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama kI pratiSThApanA nahIM ho sktii| sAmAnya mAnyatA to yaha hai ki bAhya- AcaraNa kartA kI manodazAoM kA pratibimba hai| mUlyAMkana- yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina naitika-vicAraNA ne kArya ke naitika mUlyAMkana lie saiddhAntika dRSTi se jahA~ karttA ke mAnasika hetu kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA, vahA~ vyAvahArika dRSTi se kArya ke bAhya pariNAma kI avahelanA bhI nahIM kI hai| zrI sinhA bhI 129

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130 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana likhate haiM ki jaina-AcAradarzana AtmaniSTha naitikatA para bala dete hue bhI kAryoM ke pariNAmoM parasamucita vicAra karatA hai| jainAcAradarzana ke anusAra yadi kartA kevala apane uddezya kI zuddhatA kI ora hI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura pariNAma ke sambandha meM pUrva se hI vicAra nahIM karatA hai, to usakA vaha karma ayatanA (aviveka) aura pramAda ke kAraNa azubha hI mAnA jAtA hai aura sAdhaka prAyazcitta kA pAtra banatA hai| karma-pariNAma kA pUrvaviveka jaina-naitikatA meM Avazyaka hai| naitika-mUlyAMkana sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika- donoM dRSTiyoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba hama sAmAjika-dRSTi se kisI karma kA naitika-mUlyAMkana karate haiM, to vaha tathyaparaka dRSTi se hI hogA aura usa avasthA meM kArya ke pariNAma hI naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya hoMge, lekina jaba vaiyaktika-dRSTi se kisI karma kA naitika-mUlyAMkana karate haiM, to hameM Atmaparaka dRSTi se karanAhogA aura usa avasthA meM kArya kA uddezya hI naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya hogaa| jainAcAradarzana kI bhASA meM karmaphala ke AdhAra para karma kA naitika-mUlyAMkana karanA vyavahAradRSTi hai aura kartA ke uddezya ke AdhAra para karmakA naitika-mUlyAMkana karanA nizcayadRSTi hai| jainAcAradarzana ke anusAra donoM pakSa apane-apane kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa haiM aura samagra AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se kisI kI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| jahA~ taka AtmaniSTha naitikatA kA prazna hai, hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA kinaitika-nirNaya kA viSaya koIAtmaparaka tathya hI ho sakatA hai, vastuparaka tathya nhiiN| AtmaniSTha naitikatA meM naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ hotI haiM, bAhya-ghaTanAe~ nhiiN| pAzcAtya-vicAraka mila ko bhI anta meM yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki naitika-nirNayakA viSayakartAkA vAMchita pariNAma hai. na ki bAhya-rUpa meM vyakta bhautika-pariNAma, lekina jaise hI hama kartA ke vAMchita pariNAma kI bAta karate haiM, kisI Antarika tathya kI ora saMketa karate haiM aura naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya ke rUpa meM bAhya-ghaTanAoM yA phala ke sthAna parakarma ke mAnasika pakSa ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| jaise hI hama karma ke bhautika pakSa se mAnasika pakSa kI ora bar3hate haiM, hamAre vivecana kA kendra karma ke badale kartA bana jAtA hai| bAhya ghaTita bhautika pariNAma kartA ke mAnasa kA pratibimba avazya hai, lekina vaha sadaiva hI use yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita nahIM karatA, ata: abhrAnta naitikanirNaya ke lie karma ke caitasika-pakSa yA kartA kI mAnasika-avasthAoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 6. naitika-nirNaya ke sandarbha meM pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ke dRSTikoNa jahA~ taka vaiyaktika-naitikatA kA prazna hai, sabhI vivecya AcAradarzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI manodazAe~ haiN| bAhya pariNAma tabhI taka

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naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 131 naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya mAnA jA sakatA hai, jaba taka karttA kI manodazA ko yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita karatA hai, lekina AcaraNa kA mAnasika-pakSa bhI itanA adhika vyApaka hai ki vicArakoM ne usake eka-eka pahalU ko lekara naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya kI dRSTi se gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| isake pariNAmasvarUpa cAra dRSTikoNa sAmane aae| 1. mila kA kahanA hai ki kArya kI naitikatA pUrNata: abhiprAya' arthAt kartA jo kucha karanA cAhatA hai, usa para nirbhara hai| abhiprAya se mila kA tAtparya kArya ke usa rUpa se hai, jisa rUpa meM kartA use karanA cAhatA hai| mAna lIjie, koI vyakti kisI khAsa vyakti kI hatyA karane ke lie usa savArI gAr3I ko ulaTanA cAhatA hai, jisameM vaha vyakti baiThA hai| usakA prayAsa saphala hotA hai aura usa eka vyakti ke sAtha-sAtha aura bhI bahuta se yAtrI mAre jAte haiN| isa ghaTanA meM mila ke anusAra, usa vyakti ko kevala eka vyakti kI hatyAkA doSI namAnakara, sabhI kI hatyA kA doSI mAnA jAegA, kyoMki vaha gAr3I ko hI ulaTanA cAhatA hai| ___2. kAMTa ke anusAra, naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kA saMkalpa hai| yadi uparyukta ghaTanA ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM, to kAMTa ke anusAra vaha vyakti kevala usa vyakti-vizeSa kI hatyA kA doSI hogA, na ki sabhI kI hatyA kA, kyoMki use kevala usI vyakti kI mRtyu apekSita thii| ___ 3. mArTinyU ke anusAra, naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya vaha preraka hai, jisase prerita hokara kartA ne yaha kArya kiyA hai| Upara ke dRSTAnta ke sandarbha meM mArTinyU kaheMge ki yadikartA ne isakI hatyA vizeSa svArtha se prerita hokara kI, to vaha doSI hogA; lekina usane lokahita se prerita hokara hatyA kI, to vaha nirdoSa hI mAnA jaaegaa| 4. maikeMjI ke anusAra, kartA kA caritra hI naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya hai| mAna lIjie, koI vyakti naze meM golI calA detA hai aura usase kisI kI hatyA ho jAtI hai, to sambhava hai ki kAMTa aura mArTinyUkI dRSTi meM vaha nirdoSa ho, lekina maikeMjI kI dRSTi meM to vaha apane doSapUrNa caritra ke kAraNa doSI hI mAnA jaaegaa| vicArakoM ne ina cAroM dRSTikoNoM kI chAnabIna karane para unheM ekAMgI evaM doSapUrNa pAyA hai, kintu jaina-vicAraNA ina cAroM virodhI dRSTikoNoM meM samanvaya karake aura unakI ekAMgitA dUra karake eka samagra dRSTikoNa prastuta karatI hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM zubha aura azubha nikaTavartI zabda saMvara aura Asrava haiN| hama kaha sakate haiM ki jisase karmabandhana ho, vaha azubha arthAt Asrava hai aura jisase bandhana nahIM hotA, vaha zubha arthAt saMvara hai| jaina-darzana meM Asrava ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM- (1) mithyAdRSTi, (2) kaSAya, (3) avirati, (4) pramAda, aura (5) yog| saMvara ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM - (1)

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samyagdRSTi, (2) virati, (3) akaSAya, (4) apramAda, aura (5) ayoga / pAzcAtyavicAraNA ke (1) saMkalpa, (2) abhipreraka, (3) caritra aura (4) abhiprAya apane lAkSaNika arthoM meM nimna prakAra se samAnArthaka mAne jA sakate haiM - 1. saMkalpa 1. dRSTi 132 2. preraka 3. caritra 4. abhiprAya 2. kaSAya (vAsanA) 3. avirati - mithyAdRSTi samyagdRSTi virati apramAda } saccaritra duzcaritra 4. pramAda 5. yoga (zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAe~) pAzyAtya-1 ya- vicAraNA ke (1) saMkalpa, (2) preraka, (3) caritra aura (4) abhiprAya kramaza: jaina- darzana ke Asrava evaM saMvara ke pA~ca mUla hetuoM ke paryAyavAcI haiM aura zubhAzubha nirNaya ina pA~coM para hI hotA hai, ata: yaha mAnanA par3egA ki jaina-darzana meM pAzcAtyavicAraNA ke ye cAroM dRSTikoNa avirodhapUrvaka samanvita haiM / - uparyukta cAra matavAdoM (dRSTikoNoM) kI yadi bhAratIya - AcAradarzanoM ke sAtha tulanA kareM, to kaha sakate haiM ki gItA kA dRSTikoNa kAMTa ke saMkalpavAda ke tathA bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke abhiprerakavAda ke adhika nikaTa hai, kyoMki gItA naitika nirNaya kA viSaya karttA kI vyavasAyAtmikA buddhi ko mAnatI hai, jo kAMTa ke saMkalpa ke nikaTa hI nahIM, varan samAnArthaka bhI hai| isI prakAra, bauddha-vicAraNA meM zubhAzubha ke nirNaya kA AdhAra prANI kI 'vAsanA' (tRSNA) ko mAnA gayA hai| tRSNA hI samasta pravRttiyoM kI preraka hai, ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha-dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke adhika nikaTa hai| jahA~ taka jaina- dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai, use kisI sImA taka maikeMjI ke caritravAda ke nikaTa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki 'caritra' zabda meM jo arthavistAra hai, vaha samanvayavAdI jaina- dRSTikoNa ke anukUla hai| phira bhI, ina AcAradarzanoM ko kisI eka matavAda ke sAtha bA~dha denA saMgata nahIM hogA, kyoMki unameM sabhI vicAraNAoM ke tathya khoje jA sakate haiN| gItA meM kAma aura krodha ke abhipreraka aura bauddha-vicAraNA meM avidyA naitika nirNaya ke mahatvapUrNa viSaya haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki bhAratIya vicAra dRSTi samasyA ke kisI eka pahalU ko anya se alaga kara usa para vicAra nahIM karatI, varan sampUrNa samasyA kA vibhinna pahaluoM sahita vicAra karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba bauddha-vicAraNA ne bandhana ke kAraNa para vicAra kiyA, to avidyA, tRSNA Adi meM se kisI eka ko kAraNa nahIM mAnA, varan pratItyasamutpAda ke rUpa meM - -

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naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 133 unakI eka zrRMkhalA khar3I kara dii| jaina-darzana ne jaba Asrava ke kAraNoM para vicAra kiyA, to na kevala mithyAtva yA kaSAya meM se kisI eka para bala diyA, apitu mithyAtva, kaSAya, avirati, pramAda aura yoga ke paMcaka ko svIkAra kiyaa| yaha sambhava hai ki kisI dRSTivizeSa se kisI samaya kisI eka pakSa ko pramukhatA dI ho, lekina dUsare tathyoM ko jhuThalAyA nahIM gayA ho| ___pAzcAtya-vicAraNA meM naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya ke prazna ko lekara jo cAra dRSTikoNa haiM, ve jaina-vicAraNA meM kisa rUpa meM pAe jAte haiM aura vaha unameM kaise samanvaya karatI hai, isakA saMkSipta vivecana bhI yahA~ apekSita hai| 7. abhiprAya aura jaina-dRSTi jaina-vicAraNA meM adhyavasAya' aura 'pariNAma'do vizeSa pracalita zabda haiM, jo naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya mAne jAte haiN| niyamasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya prANiyoM kI vacanAdi kriyAe~ pariNAmapUrvaka (saprayojana) hotI haiM, isalie bandhana kA kAraNa hotI haiM, jabaki kevalajJAnI kI vacanAdi kriyAe~ pariNAma (prayojana) pUrvaka nahIM hotI, ata: ve bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotI haiN|" jaina-vicAraNA meM pariNAma zabda jisa vizeSa artha meM prayukta hotA hai, vaisA prayoga sAmAnyatayA anyatra nahIM dekhA jaataa| pariNAma zabda kA artha mAtra kArya kA phala nahIM, varan kArya kI mAnasika-saMcetanA hai| sarala zabdoM meM, pariNAma kA tAtparya hai- kArya kA kartA dvArA vAMchita phl| isa prakAra, 'pariNAma' zabda mila ke abhiprAya yA prayojana kA hI paryAyavAcI hai|28 mila kI galatI yaha nahIM thI ki usane prayojana ko naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya mAnA, usakI vAstavika galatI yaha thI ki usane prayojana' aura 'preraka' ke madhya eka khAIkhodanA cAhA, lekina prayojanoM ke nizcaya meM preraka kA mahatvapUrNa bhAga hotA hai, jise bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| mila prayojana ko preraka se alaga kara apane siddhAnta meM ekAMgitAlA detA hai, lekina jaina-vicArakoM ne pariNAma ko adhyavasAya kA samAnArthaka mAnakara use arthavistAra diyA hai, isase ve apane ko ekAMgitA ke doSa se bacA paae| 8. abhipreraka aura jaina-dRSTi bhAratIya cintana meM abhipreraka kevala sukha-duHkha kA niSkriya bhAva nahIM, varan rAga aura dveSa kA sakriya tattva hai, jo apane vibhinna rUpoM meM naitika-nirNaya kA mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai| gItA meM rajoguNajanita lobha, kAma aura krodha ko abhipreraka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana meM karmoM kI utpatti ke tIna hetu (abhipreraka) mAne gae haiM (1) lobha, (2) dveSa aura (3) moh| chanda (icchA) ko bhI abhipreraka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai| 31 jaina darzana meM rAga-dveSa ko karma kA abhipreraka mAnA gayA hai| apekSAbheda se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha - ina cAra kaSAyoM ko bhI abhipreraka kahA gayA hai| " vAstava meM, ina mUla meM Asakti, tRSNA yA rAga hI hai aura bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ke anusAra yahI naitika-nirNaya ke pramukha tattva haiN| gItA ke anusAra 'Asakti', bauddha darzana ke anusAra 'tRSNA' aura jaina-darzana ke anusAra 'rAga' hI eka aisA tattva hai, jisake AdhAra para zubha aura azubha kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| 134 9. saMkalpa aura jaina- dRSTi jaina- vicAraNA meM pariNAma aura icchA meM koI antara sthApita kiyA ho, aisA hamArI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai; balki AcArya kundakunda ne to samayasAra meM unheM paryAya hI mAna liyA hai, lekina unhoMne niyamasAra meM bandhanakArI aura abandhanakArI-karma ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue pariNAma aura IhA ke AdhAra para alaga-alaga vicAra kiyA hai| isase yaha phalita ho sakatA hai ki AcArya kI dRSTi meM pariNAma aura IhA meM kucha antara avazya hI rahA | 'hA' zabda kA artha icchA hotA hai aura jaina- vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM yaha icchA bhI naitika nirNaya kA mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai| niyamasAra se spaSTa hai ki icchApUrvaka kiyA vacana Adi karma hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, lekina icchArahita kiyA huA vacana Adi karmabandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai| 33 jemsa saitha kahate haiM ki 'saMkalpa kA kArya sRSTi karanA nahIM, varan nirdezana aura niyantraNa karanA hai / ' 34 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki pAzcAtya vicAraNA kA saMkalpa jaina aura bauddha-vicAraNA ke dRSTi (darzana) zabda ke nikaTa A jAtA hai, kyoMki jaina evaM bauddhavicAraNAoM meM dRSTi hI caritra kA niyAmaka evaM nirdezaka tattva hai| jaina tathA bauddha-vicAraNAoM dRSTi ko utanA hI mahatva prApta hai, jitanA kAMTa kI vicAraNA meM saMkalpa ko| kAMTa ke saMkalpa ke samAna dRSTi bhI zubhAzubhatA kA antima mApaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, donoM hI apaneApa meM AkArika haiN| mithyAdRSTi aura samyagdRSTi apane Apa meM antarvastu nahIM, varan ve AkAra haiM, jinake AdhAra para antarvastu kA mUlya banatA hai| jisa prakAra kAMTa ke nItizAstra meM saMkalpa naitikatA kA kendrIya tattva hai, usI prakAra jaina aura bauddha - vicAraNA meM samyagdRSTi yA mithyAdRSTi naitikatA kA kendrIya tattva hai| - 10. cAritra aura naitika nirNaya jaina- vicAraNA maikeMjI ke sAtha sahamata hokara yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki vyakti kA cAritra bhI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai| mAna lIjie, kisI vyakti ke pAsa eka bharI huI

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naitika-nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 135 bandUka hai| kisI prakAra kI asAvadhAnI se vaha cala jAtI hai aura kisI vyakti kI hatyA ho jAtI hai| isa prasaMga para sambhavata: kAMTa kaheMge ki usakA saMkalpa hatyA karane kA nahIM thA, ata: vaha doSI nahIM hai| mila bhI kaheMge ki usakA hatyA karane kA koI prayojana nahIM thA, ata: vaha doSI nahIM hai|maarttinyuu kA preraka bhI vahA~ aprabhAvazAlI hai, ata: usake anusAra bhI vaha doSI nahIM hogA, lekina jaina-vicAraNA aura maikeMjI use doSI maaneNge| jaina-vicAraNA kahegI ki vaha vyakti do AdhAroM para doSI hai- (1) asAvadhAnI (pramAda) tathA (2) avirti| pahale to use hiMsaka-zastra kA saMgraha hI nahIM karanA thA aura yadi kiyA bhI thA, to sAvadhAna rahanA cAhie thaa| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, cAritra ke bhAvAtmaka aura niSedhAtmaka- aise do pakSa haiN| bhAvAtmaka-dRSTi meM vaha jAgrati yA apramattatA hai aura niSedhAtmaka-dRSTi meM vaha virati (saMyama) hai| naitika-jIvana eka anuzAsita jIvana hai| saMyama aura apramAda (anAlasya) anuzAsita jIvana kA AdhAra hai, ata: sAdhaka jaba bhI inase dUra hotA hai, bandhana kI dizA meM bar3ha jAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA to yahA~ taka kahatI hai ki yadi sAdhaka asAvadhAna hai, pramatta hai, to phira bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA na karate hue bhI vaha hiMsA kA doSI hai| yadi hiMsA yA corI nahIM karane ke dRr3hasaMkalpa ke dvArA vaha una kAryoM se virata nahIM hotA hai, to bhI vaha hiMsA yA corI kA bhAgI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-vicAraNA meM naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya ko lekara jo vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiM, una sabhI kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina-vicAraka na kevala unheM svIkAra karate haiM, varana apanI anekAntavAdI-dRSTi ke AdhAra para unameM samanvaya bhI karate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM karma ke ina vibhinna pakSoM para samaveta rUpa se vicAra karake hI naitika-nirNaya denA sambhava hai| sandarbhagraMtha1. nItizAstra, pR. 43. dekhie- nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR.72-74. nItizAstra, pR. 49. A Manual of Ethics, p. 50. 5. yUTiliTeriyanijma, pR. 27; uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 75. vahI. vahI, pR.76. dhammapada, 1-2. 9. majjhimanikAya, 56.

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136 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/26-29. gItA, 2/47. vahI, 2/49. gItArahasya, pR. 481. gItA zaMkarabhASya, 6/4; manusmRti, 2 / 3; mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 177 / 25; mahAniddesapAli, 1/1/1.. bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gItA, 3/24. gItArahasya, pR. 482-483. samayasAra, 262. ast, 265. dekhie - di ethiksa Apha di hindUja, pR. 321. iNDiyana philAsaphI (sinhA) bhAga 2, pR. 264. di. ethiksa Apha di hindUja, pR. 324. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 45. dhammapada, 294. gItA, 18/17. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/35. iNDiyana philAsaphI (je. ena. sinhA), bhAga 2, pR. 265. niyamasAra, 172. jainadarzana meM jisa prakAra yoga mAnasika aura zArIrika kRtyatA hai, usI prakAra mila ke anusAra abhiprAya bhI kRtyatA hai, ata: donoM hI samAna kahe jA sakate haiN| gItA, 14/12;3/37. aMguttaranikAya, 3/107. vahI, 3/109. uttarAdhyayana 32/7. niyamasAra, 171. e sTaDI Apha ethikala prinsapulsa (setha), pR. 44. oghaniyukti, 754.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 137 bhAratIyaaura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 1. sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha jaba hama sadAcAra yA naitikatA ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa yA naitika-pratimAna ko jAnanA cAhate haiM, to sabase pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki sadAcAra kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kise hama sadAcAra kahate haiN| zAbdika-vyutpatti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra zabda sat+AcAraina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai, arthAt jo AcaraNa sat (Right) yA ucita hai, vaha sadAcAra hai, lekina yaha prazna banA rahatA hai ki sat yA ucita AcaraNa kyA hai ? yadyapi hama AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpoM ko sadAcAra aura kucha prArUpoM ko durAcAra kahate haiM, kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna-sA tattva hai, jo kisI AcaraNa ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra banA detA hai| hama aksara yaha kahate haiM ki jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, hiMsA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA durAcAra hai aura karuNA, dayA, sahAnubhUti, ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi sadAcAra haiM, kintu vaha AdhAra kauna-sA hai, jo ina AcaraNoM ko durAcAra yA sadAcAra banA detA hai| corI yA hiMsA kyoM durAcAra hai aura ImAnadArI yA satyavAditA kyoM sadAcAra hai ? yadi hama sat yA ucita ke aMgrejI paryAya rAITa (Right) para vicAra karate haiM, to pAte haiM ki Right zabda laiTina Rectus zabda se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-niyamAnusAra, arthAt jo AcaraNa niyamAnusAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo niyamaviruddha hai, vaha durAcAra hai| yahA~ niyama se tAtparya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika-niyamoM yA paramparAoM se hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM bhI sadAcAra zabda kI aisI hI vyAkhyA manusmRti meM upalabdha hotI hai, manu kA kathana hai tasmin deze ya AcAra: paarmprykrmaagtH| varNAnAMsAntarAlAnAMsasadAcAra uccte||2-18|| arthAt, jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM jo AcaraNa paramparA se calA AtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki jo paramparAgata AcAra ke niyama haiM, unakA pAlana karanA hI sadAcAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM AcaraNa kI jo paramparAe~ svIkRta rahI haiM, unhIM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA sadAcAra kahA jAegA, kintu yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vastuta:, koI AcaraNa kisI deza yA kAla meM Acarita evaM anumodita hone se sadAcAra nahIM bana jaataa| koI AcaraNa kevala isalie sat yA ucita nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kisI samAja meM svIkRta hotA rahA hai, apita vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki isalie svIkRta hotA rahA hai,

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138 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kyoMki vaha sat hai| kisI AcaraNa kA sat yA asat honA, athavA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA svayaM usake svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai, na ki usake Acarita athavA anAcarita hone pr| mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ne kahA thA jAnAmidharma nacame prvRtti| jAnAmi adharma nacame nivRtti|| arthAt, maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~, kintu usa ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, usakA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, maiM adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~, parantu usase virata nahIM hotA, nivRtta nahIM hotA, ata: hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI AcaraNa kA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vaha kisI varga yA samAja dvArA svIkRta yA asvIkRta hotA rahA hai| sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI mUlyavattA unake pariNAmoM para yA usa sAdhya para nirbhara hotI hai, jisake lie unakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA, svayaM AcaraNa para nahIM, apitu usake abhipreraka yA sAdhya yA pariNAma para nirbhara hotI hai| yadyapi kisI AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA kA nirdhAraNa usake samAja para par3ane vAle prabhAva ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai, phira bhI usakI mUlyavattA kA antima AdhAra to koI Adarza yA sAdhya hI hotA hai, ata: hama jaba sadAcAra ke mApadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM usa parama mUlya yA sAdhya para hI vicAra karanA hogA, jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vastutaH, mAnava-jIvana kA parama sAdhya hI vaha tattva hai, jo sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa yA kasauTI banatA hai| 2. jaina-darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki parama mUlya yA caramasAdhya kyA hai ? jaina-darzana apane carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra, vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo AcaraNa mukti kA kAraNa hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai, kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai| jaina-dharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAvadazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastuta:, hamArA jo nijasvarUpa hai, use prApta kara lenA, athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai| usakI pAramparika-zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina-dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM mahatvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai| unake anusAra, dharma vaha hai, jo vastu kA nijasvabhAva hai (vatthusahAvo dhmmo)| vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA hai, jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 139 hai aura jo hamArA nijasvabhAva hai, usI ko pA lenA hI mukti hai, ata: usa svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa hai| punaH, prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai ? bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyaathaa| ve pUchate haiM, 'bhagavana, AtmA kA nijasvarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai ?' mahAvIra ne unake praznoM kA jo uttara diyAthA, vahI Aja bhI samasta jaina-AcAradarzana meM kisI dharma ke naitika-mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahAthA, 'AtmAsamatva-svarUpa hai aura usa samatva-svarUpako prApta kara lenAhI AtmAkAsAdhya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM,samatA yAsamabhAvasvabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai aura jo vibhAva se svabhAvakI dizA meM, athavA viSamatAse samatA kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI dharma hai, naitikatA hai, sadAcAra hai, arthAt viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai| saMkSepa meM, jaina-dharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yAdurAcAra kA mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva ke tattva haiN| svabhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAvase phalita hone vAlA AcaraNadurAcAra hai| samatA sadAcAra hai aura viSamatA durAcAra hai| yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi dravyArthika-naya kI dRSTi se samatA kA arthaparabhAva se haTakarazuddha svabhAva-dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai, kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika-dRSTi meM samatA yAsamabhAvakAartharAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai| manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se mAnasika-samatva kA artha haisamasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita manakI zAnta aura vikSobha (tanAva) rahita avsthaa| yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika-jIvana meM phalita hotA hai, to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArika-dRSTi se ise hama anAgraha yA anekAnta-dRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isIsamatvake Arthika-pakSa para vicAra karate haiM, to ise aparigraha ke nAma se jAnate haiN| sAmyavAda evaMnyAsIsiddhAnta isI aparigrahavRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika-kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika-kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika-kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, ata: 'samatva' ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'samatva' ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA, kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai, jinake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika-jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai|

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140 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jahA~ taka vyakti ke caitasika yA Antarika-samatva kA prazna hai, hama use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRtti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika-jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai, yaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa para bhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya usake AcaraNa ke Antarika-pakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM, kintu sadAcAra yAdurAcAra kA prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya evaM sAmudAyika-pakSa ke sAtha adhika jur3A huA hai| jaba bhI hama sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcaraNa ke bAhyapakSa para, athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai- isa bAta para adhika hotI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjikajIvana meM usa AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM para vicAra karatA hai| yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kasauTI khojanI hogI, jo AcAra ke bAhya-pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika-pakSako bhI apane meM sameTa ske| sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIya-cintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakArahI puNya hai aura parapIr3A hI pApa hai| tulasIdAsa ne ise nimnalikhita zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai ___ 'parahita sarisadharama nahiM bhAI, parapIr3A sama nahiM adhmaaii|' arthAt, vyakti kA vaha AcaraNa, jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai, sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakArI hai, ahitakara hai, vahI pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jaina-dharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMgasUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai, 'bhUtakAla meM jitane arhata ho gae haiM, vartamAnakAla meM jitane arhat haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhat hoMge, vesabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI sattvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai,'' kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA ke niSedha ko, yA dUsaroM ke hitasAdhana ko hI sadAMcAra yAdurAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ sambhava haiM ki jaba mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika-AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hitasAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho, kintu kyA aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara sakeMge? kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ko ekatrita kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A sakegI, athavA yauna-vAsanA kI santuSTi ke ve rUpa, jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI hiMsA nahIM hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AeMge?

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta sUtrakRtAMga meM sadAcAritA kA aisA hI dAvA anya tIrthiyoM dvArA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko, jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge ? eka cora aura eka santa, donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM, phira bhI donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jAte / vastutaH, sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai| usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa, arthAt vyakti kI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma, arthAt sAmAjika - jIvana para usakA prabhAva, donoM hI vicAraNIya haiN| - AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA vicAra para aura vicAra kI zubhAzubhatA svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA honA cAhie, jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara ske| 141 sAdhAraNatayA, jaina-dharma sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA, yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA - mAtra yahI ahiMsA hai| yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai, to phira yaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, jabaki jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandajI ne kahA hai ki anRtavacana, steya, maithuna, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma die gae, ve to kevala ziSyabodha ke lie haiM; mUlata: to ve saba hiMsA hI haiN| vastutaH, jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai| vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhI / usakA sambandha vyakti se bhI haiM aura samAja se bhI / ise jaina - paramparA meM 'sva' kI hiMsA aura 'para' kI hiMsA - aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jaba hiMsA hamAre svasvarUpa yA svabhAva - dazA kA ghAta karatI hai, to vaha sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba vaha dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahu~cAtI hai, to vaha para kI hiMsA hai| sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai, to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika-pApa, kintu usake ye donoM hI rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiN| apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai| naitika nirNaya kI dRSTi se karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA vicAra karane ke lie naitika- pratimAna ke viSaya meM pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana meM kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, ata: tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha vicAraNIya hai ki pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana meM svIkRta naitika- pratimAnoM kA sAmAnyarUpa se bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSarUpa se jaina - darzana sambandha ho sakatA hai| pAzcAtya - paramparA meM prArambha se hI naitika- pratimAna ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna

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142 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dRSTikoNa rahe haiN| prathama to yaha ki kucha vicArakoM ne kisI bhI naitika-pratimAna ko svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA hai| ina vicArakoM kI paramparA naitika-sandehavAda' ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| dUsare, yaha ki kucha vicArakoM ne naitika-pratimAna ko to svIkAra kiyA, lekina vaha naitika-pratimAna kyA hai, ina viSaya meM unameM kAphI matabheda haiN| pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ke dvArA vibhinna naitika-pratimAnoM kI sthApanA kI gaI aura phalasvarUpa AcAradarzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA nirmANa huaa| una sabakA vistRta evaM gahana cintana to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI una vibhinna dhAraNAoM ke sAtha jaina evaM anya darzana kA kyA sambandha ho sakatA hai, isa para saMkSipta vicAra karanA ucita hogaa| sarvaprathama 'naitika-sandehavAda' ko hI leN| 3. naitika-sandehavAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana naitika-sandehavAda kI vicAradhArA bhArata aura pAzcAtya-dezoM meM prAcIna samaya se calI A rahI hai| bhArata ke cArvAka dArzanika aura grIsa ke sophisTa vicAraka isa vicAraparamparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| bhAratIya-paramparA meM naitika-sandehavAda sambandhI vicAra pracalitathe, aise sandarbha jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-granthoM meM upalabdha haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne sUtrakRtAMga evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM isa vicAradhArA kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra dharma (ucita) aura adharma (anucita) kI zaMkA meM nahIM par3anA cAhie, kyoMki yaha sukhoM kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai, gadhe ke sIMga ke samAnadharma aura adharma kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI yakSa ke praznoM ke uttara meM yudhiSThira ne yahI kahA thA ki tarka ke dvArA dharmAdharma kA nirNaya karanA sambhava nahIM hai, zruti bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata nahIM hai, RSiyoM ke kathana bhI paraspara virodhI haiM, ata: unake vacanoM ko bhI pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna ajJAnavAdI vicAraka saMjaya velaTThiputta isI naitika-sandehavAda kA pratinidhitva karate the| naitikasandehavAda mUlarUpa meM yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki kisI bhI aise naitika-pratimAna ko khoja pAnA asambhava hai, jise dharmAdharma yA ucita-anucita ke nirNaya kA prAmANika AdhAra banAyA jA ske| pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM naitika-sandehavAda kIdhAraNA tArkika-AdhAroM para puSTa huI hai| naitika-sandehavAdI pAzcAtya-vicAraka isa sambandha meM to ekamata haiM ki ve naitikamAnaka ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina naitika-mAnaka ko asvIkAra karane ke unake tarka alaga-alaga haiN| unake tIna varga haiN| (a) naitika-sandehavAda kI arthavaijJAnika yukti aura tArkika-bhAvavAda tArkika-bhAvavAda ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM kAranepa, rasala evaM eara pramukha haiN| ye naitika-Adeza evaM naitika-pratyayoM ke bhASAviSayaka vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha siddha

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 143 karate haiM ki naitika-pratyaya mAtra sAMvegika-abhivyaktiyA~ haiM aura inakI satyatA aura asatyatA ke sandarbha meM vicAra karanA nirarthaka hai|' inake anusAra zubha aura azubha, dharma aura adharma, acchA yA burA, sabhI hamAre Antarika-manobhAvoM kI abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| kisI bhI karma yA vastu ko acchA yA zubha kahane kA artha yahI hai ki usake kAraNa hRdaya meM jo bhAva utpanna hotA hai, vaha sukhada lagatA hai| naitika-pratyaya Antarika-bhAvoM ke udgAra-mAtra haiN| acchAI kAartha hai- sukhada anubhuuti|shubh aura azubha mUlyAtmaka nirNaya nahIM haiM, varNanAtmaka nirNaya haiN| sukhadabhAva ke atirikta na koI acchA hai aura duHkhadabhAva ke atirikta na koI azubha yA burA hai| eara ke anusAra jinheM naitikatA ke maulika pratyaya aura paribhASAe~ kahA jAtA hai, ve sabhI pratyAbhAsa (Pseudo-concept) mAtra haiM, kyoMki jisa vAkya meM verahate haiM, use apanI ora se koI artha pradAna nahIM krte| pratyAbhAsa ke rUpa meM ve mAtra hamArI prasannatA yA kSobha ko prakaTa karate haiN| kisI karma ko ucita kahakara hama usake prati apanI prasannatA prakaTa karate haiM aura kisI kArya ko anucita kahakara hama usake prati apanA kSobha prakaTa karate haiN| naitika-pratyayoM kA artha hamAre manobhAvoM se jur3A huA hai| prophesara kAranepa ke anusAra, 'eka mUlyAtmaka kathana vastuta: vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se chadmarUpa meM prastuta eka AjJA se adhika nahIM hai| isakA mAnavIya AcaraNa para kucha prabhAva to ho sakatA hai, lekina yaha prabhAva hamArI icchA yA anicchA se hI sambandhita hai| yaha na to satya ho sakatA hai aura na asty|' 'corI karanA anucita hai' - isa kathana kA artha hai, corI mata karo yAmujhe corI pasanda nahIM, isa prakAra isakA koI satya mUlya nahIM hai| isa prakAra, tArkika-bhAvavAdI vicAraka 'aucitya', 'anaucitya', 'zubha', 'azubha evaM cAhie' ke naitika-pratyayoM ko bhAvanAtmaka abhivyakti athavA kSobha yA pasandagI kI pratikriyA mAtra mAnate haiM aura batAte haiM ki ye pratikriyAe~ bhI lokavyavahAra ke anusAra utpanna hotI haiN| isa prakAra, na to koI maulika naitika-pratyaya hai aura na naitikamAne jAne vAle pratyayoM kA koI mUlyAtmaka artha hI hai| sabhI naitika-pratyaya sAmAjika-paramparAoM kI sIkhI huI saMvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM ke DhaMga haiN| (A) naitika-sandehavAda kI manovaijJAnika yukti manovaijJAnika-AdhAra para naitika-pratimAna ke prati sandehAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhane vAloM meM pramukha haiM-vyavahAravAda ke praNetA vATsana aura manovizleSaNa-sampradAya ke pravartaka phraaydd| vATsana kI dRSTi meM mAnavIya-vyavahAra yAntrika evaM andha hai| ve apane adhyayanako vyavahAra ke bAhya prakaTa svarUpa taka hI sImita rakhate haiN| yadi unake lie naitikatA kA koI sthAna ho sakatA hai, to vaha isI bAhya yAntrika evaM andha vyavahAra meM hI ho sakatA hai, lekina

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144 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prayojana, lakSya athavA cetana uddezyoM se rahita vyavahAra meM naitikatA ko svIkAra karanA hAsyAspada hogA, kyoMki phira to havA kA bahanA aura pAnI kA giranA bhI naitikatA kI sImA meM A jaaegaa| yadi vATsana kI dRSTi meM mAnavIya-vyavahAra yAntrika evaM andha hai, to phira usameM naitikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| usameM naitikatA mAtra bhrama hogii|10 phrAyaDa kI dRSTi se mAnavIya-vyavahAra jaivika-vAsanAoM se niyantrita hotA hai| mAnavIya-prakRti aisI hI hai, to usake lie kisI naitika-siddhAnta kI sthApanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| phrAyaDa ke anusAra manuSya mUlapravRtyAtmaka vAsanAoM kA samUha hai aura vAsanAoM ke viruddha kisI naitika-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA tarka nirarthaka hai| phrAyaDa kI mAnyatA meM naitika AdarzoM kI upalabdhi asambhava hai| ve Adarza thothe haiM aura mAnavIya ayauktika vAsanAoM ke cirakAlIna damana ke prapaMcita prakSepaNa haiM, jo upalabdhi ke yogya hI nahIM haiN|11 isa prakAra, phrAyaDa ke manovijJAna meM naitikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM rhtaa| (i) naitika-sandehavAda kI samAjazAstrIya-yukti kucha samAjazAstrIya-vicAraka bhI naitikatA ke nirapekSa, sthAyI evaM sArvabhaumikapratimAna ke astitva ke prati sandeha prakaTa karate haiN| viliyama grAhama samanera kahate haiM ki naitika-mAnyatAe~ athavA ucita aura anucita kI dhAraNA samAja-sApekSa hai| jo bhI tatkAlIna sAmAjika-rItirivAjoM ke anukUla hotA hai, vaha ucita aura jo pratikUla hai, vaha anucita hai| unake anusAra yaha rItirivAja nirNaya nahIM varan vikAsa hai (jo vikAsa para AdhArita hai, vaha nirapekSa nhiiN)| ata:, naitikatA ke sandarbha meM nirapekSatA kA vicAra artha hai| vaha to rItirivAjoM se pratyutpanna hai aura kabhI bhI maulika aura racanAtmaka nahIM ho sktii| tAtparya yaha hai ki nirapekSa artha meM naitika-pratyayoM kA astitva bhrama hai| eka, svIkArAtmaka naitika-siddhAnta (sAmUhika) icchA kI abhivyakti se adhika nahIM hai / 12 dUsare, samAjazAstrIya-vicAraka kArla manahIyama kahate haiM ki aisA koI (naitika) Adarza nahIM ho sakatA, jo mAtra AkArika evaM nirapekSa ho| rItirivAja naitikatA kI bhAvanAtmaka prakRti meM samAviSTa haiM aura phira aisI dazA meM naitika-nirNayoM ke lie sthira mUlyoM ko khoja pAnA asambhava hai| __ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki pUrva aura pazcima ke ye saba vicAraka kama se kama isa eka bAta para sahamata haiM ki naitikatA kI dhAraNA kA koI astitva nahIM hai aura usake sandarbha meM vicAra karanA nirarthaka hai| 4. jaina-darzana ko naitika-sandehavAda asvIkAra jaina-dArzanikoM ko kisI bhI prakAra kA naitika-sandehavAda svIkAra nahIM hai| mahAvIra naitika-pratimAna kI satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue kahate haiM ki 'kalyANa (zubha)

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta tathA pApa (azubha) haiM, aisA hI nizcaya kareM, isase anyathA nhiiN| 14 mahAvIra kA yaha vacana spaSTa kara detA hai ki jaina- vicAraNA meM naitika-sandehavAda kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| unhoMne aisI mAnyatA ko, jo zubha aura azubha kI vAstavika sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhatI, sadAcAraghAtaka mAnyatA kahA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicAraka saMjaya velaTThiputta bhI isI prakAra ke naitika-sandehavAda meM vizvAsa karate the| mahAvIra ne unakI mAnyatA ko anucita hI mAnA thaa| saMjaya velaTThiputta kA darzana hyUma ke anubhavavAda, kAMTa ke ajJeyavAda evaM tArkikabhAvavAdiyoM ke vizleSaNavAda kA pUrvavartI sthUla rUpa thaa| usakI AlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ye vicAraka tarka-vitarka meM kuzala hote hue bhI sandeha se pare nahIM jA ske| 15 vastutaH, naitika-sandehavAda mAnavIya Adarza kA nirUpaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai, cAhe usakA AdhAra naitika-pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa ho, athavA use mAnava kI manovaijJAnikaavasthAoM yA sAmAjika- AdhAroM para sthApita kiyA gayA ho / yadi hama zubha ko apanI manovaijJAnika-bhAvAvasthAoM athavA sAmAjika paramparAoM meM khojane kA prayAsa kareMge, to vaha unameM upalabdha nahIM hogaa| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra naitika Adarza tarka ke mAdhyama nahIM khojA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha tarka kA viSaya nahIM hai, usI prakAra mAnava ke yAntrika evaM sAmAjika-vyavahAra meM bhI zubha kI khoja karanA vyartha kA prayAsa hI hogaa| ina vicArakoM mUlabhUta bhrAnti yaha hai ki ve bhASA ko pUrNa evaM sakSama rUpa se dekhate haiM, jabaki bhASA svayaM apUrNa hai| vaha pUrNatA ke naitika-sAdhya kA vizleSaNa kaise karegI ? isI prakAra, manuSya ko mAtra yAntrika evaM andhavAsanAoM se calane vAlA prANI mAna lenA bhI mAnava- - prakRti kA yathArtha vizleSaNa nahIM hogA / 145 punazca naitika-pratyayoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA ruci - sApekSa mAnane para bhI svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi naitika-pratyaya sAMvegikaabhivyakti hai, to prazna yaha hai ki naitika-AvegoM kA dUsare sAmAnya AvegoM se antara kA AdhAra kyA hai ? vaha kauna-sA tattva hai, jo naitika- Avega ko dUsare AvegoM se alaga karatA hai ? yaha to sunizcita satya hai ki naitika-Avega dUsare AvegoM se bhinna hai| dAyitvabodha kA Avega, anyAya ke prati Akroza kA Avega aura krodha kA Avega - ye tInoM bhinna-bhinna staroM ke Avega haiN| jo cetanA inakI bhinnatA kA bodha karatI hai, vahI naitika mUlyoM kI draSTA bhI hai| naitika mUlyoM ko svIkAra kie binA hama bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke AvegoM kA antara nahIM kara skte| yadi isakA AdhAra pasandagI yA ruci hai, to phira pasandagI yA nApasandagI ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai ? kyoM hama caurya-karma ko nApasanda karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM ? naitika-bhAvoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rUpa meM hI kI jA sakatI hai| mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI athavA ruci kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraMga (Whim) para nirbhara nahIM hai| inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha (Subjective) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA, jo hamArI pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta, dRSTiyA~ yA mUlyabodha haiM, jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko 146 - te haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ gaThita hotI haiN| mAnavIya - ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya-pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika evaM prAkRtika (Natural) nahIM hai| jo tattva inako banAte haiM, unameM naitika mUlya bhI haiN| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA bhI nahIM haiM, apitu vyakti ke mUlyasaMsthAna ke bodha se bhI utpanna hotI haiN| vastuta:, mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai; manuSya mUlyoM kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nahIM, ataH rucisApekSatA ke AdhAra para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya kA AdhAra sAmAjika - upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nhiiN| mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya haiM ? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA ? sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara nIti kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra kie binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA para prazna cihna nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| naitika mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArane meM nahIM / yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI naitika mUlyoM kA sRjaka nahIM hai / samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA avihita mAna sakatA hai, kintu sAmAjika-vihitatA aura avihitatA naitika-aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai| eka karma anaitika hote hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai, athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali yA muslima samAja meM bahuta-patnIprathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thaa| aneka dezoM meM vezyAvRtti, samalaiMgikatA, madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika hai, kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai ? nagnatA ko, zAsanatantra kI AlocanA ko avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA anaitika nahIM kahA jA skegaa| mAnavoM ke samudAya vizeSa ke dvArA kisI karma ko vihita yA vaidhAnika mAna lene mAtra se vaha naitika nahIM ho jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai, lekina naitika kabhI nahIM / naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai| vaha sAmAjika-vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai / samAja kisI karma ko avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nahIM /

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta naitika-pratyayoM ko athavA zubha ko samAja kI Adata se utpanna huA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isake viparIta, jise sAmAjika-sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai, vaha acchAI yA zubha se utpanna hotA hai / naitika-sandehavAda ke mUla meM yaha bhrAnti hai ki vaha mUlyoM ko vyAvahArikaanubhavoM meM hI khojane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jabaki ve unase Upara bhI hote haiN| naitikapratimAna yA Adarza hamAre vyavahAroM se prabhAvita nahIM hotA, balki usase hamAre vyavahAra prabhAvita hote haiN| vaha hamAre vyavahAroM ke mUla meM nihita hai| Aja naitika mAnadaNDoM kI jisa gatyAtmakatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM naitikatA ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika - vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avahelanA ko hI mUlya- krAnti mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAe~ Aja use kArA laga rahIM haiM aura inheM tor3a-pheMkane meM hI use mUlyakrAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai / svatantratA ke nAma para vaha atantratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai, kintu yaha saba mUlya-vibhrama yA mUlya- viparyaya hI hai, jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI mUlya parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya- krAnti yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura nIti-sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava ke itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho / vastuta:, naitika mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA avazya hai, jo banA rahatA hai aura vaha hai - svayaM nIti kI muulyvttaa| naitika mUlyoM kI viSayavastu badalatI rahatI hai, kintu unakA AkAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM, jo apanI mUlyavattA ko kabhI nahIM khote; mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiN| 5. naitika- pratimAna ke siddhAnta jina vicArakoM ne naitika-sandehavAda ko asvIkAra kara naitika- pratimAnoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, unameM bhI naitika- pratimAna ke sambandha meM matabheda haiN| naitika- pratimAna ke siddhAntoM ko do vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai - ( 1 ) vidhAnavAdI - siddhAnta aura (2) sAdhyavAdI - siddhAnta / 6. vidhAnavAdI - siddhAnta naitika- pratimAna ke vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta do prakAra ke haiM- (1) bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta aura (2) Antarika vidhAnavAdI - siddhAnta / bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta ke bhI - 147

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148 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (a) sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda, (A) vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAdaaura (i) IzvarIya-vidhAnavAdaye tIna prakAra haiN| 1. bAhya vidhAnavAdI-siddhAnta (a) sAmAjika-vidhAnavAdI- sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda ke anusAra samAja dvArA svIkRta niyamoM kA pAlana karanA zubha aura sAmAjika-niyamoM kA pAlana na karanA yA unakA ullaMghana karanA azubha hai| Adhunika pAzcAtya-paramparA meM imAila Darakhima aura lyUkina levIbula isa siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka haiN| isa siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA yaha hai ki zubha aura azubha ke pratyayoM, jinheM hama naitika pratipAdana kA AdhAra banAte haiM, sAmAjika-svIkRti aura asvIkRti se nirmita hote haiN| moTe taura para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAja jise ucita mAnatA hai, vaha ucita hai aura samAja jise anucita mAnatA hai, vaha anucita hai| isa prakAra, isa siddhAnta ke anusAra sAmAjika-svIkRti yA asvIkRti hI naitikatA kA pratimAna hai| jaina-dArzanika sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika-niyamoM ko asvIkAra nahIM krte| jainaparamparA meM ve sabhI laukika-vidhiyA~ (sAmAjika-niyama) svIkArya haiM, jinase samyaktva aura vratoM meM koI doSa nahIM lgtaa| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra sAmAjika-niyama yadi vyakti ke AdhyAtmika-vikAsa meM bAdhaka na hoM, to unakA pAlana karanA ucita hai, lekina yadive AdhyAtmika-vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiM, to ve tyAjya hI haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nagaradharma, grAmadharma Adi ke rUpa meM laukika-vidhAnoM ko mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai, phira bhI unheM naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina-dArzanikoM ne vyAvahArika-dRSTikoNa se unakA mUlya svIkAra kiyA hai| gItA meM bhI kuladharma, jAti-maryAdA Adi ke rUpa meM sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda kA samarthana huA hai| arjuna yuddha se isIlie bacanA cAhatA hai ki usase kuladharma aura jAtidharma ke naSTa hone kI sambhAvanA dikhAI detI hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM dharma-adharma kI vyavasthA ke lie sAmAjika-niyamoM evaM paramparAoM ko sthAna avazya diyA gayA hai, phira bhI ve bhAratIya-darzana meM naitikatA ke carama pratimAna nahIM haiN| (A) vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda-vidhAnavAdI-siddhAntoM kA eka prakAra yaha bhI hai, jisameM rAjakIya-niyamoM ko hI naitikatA kA pramApaka mAna liyA jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga meM vaidhAnika-niyamoM kI utpatti samAjanirapekSa nahIM hai, isalie sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda aura vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda meM antara karanA ucita na hogaa| hA~, prAcIna yuga meM, jabaki rAjA hI vaidhAnika-niyamoM kA niyAmaka hotA thA, vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda naitika-pratimAna kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga thaa| bhojaprabandha ke anusAra rAjA ke vacana yA vidhAna se pavitra

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 149 AtmA bhI apavitra ho jAtA hai aura apavitra AtmA bhI pavitra bana jAtA hai| rAjya ke niyamoM kA paripAlana jaina-AcAradarzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| rAjyaniyamoM ke viruddha kAma karane ko jaina-dArzanikoM ne anaitika karma kahA hai| zramaNa aura gRhastha- donoM ke lie hI rAjakIya-maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana anucita thaa| phira bhI, jaina-AcAradarzana ke anusAra rAjakIya-niyama naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki rAjyaniyamoM kA vidhAna jina logoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, ve rAga aura dveSa se mukta nahIM hote, isalie unake Adarza pUrNatayA prAmANika nahIM kahe jA skte| rAjya ke niyama parivartanazIla hote haiM tathA vibhinna dezoM evaM samayoM meM alaga-alaga hote haiM, jabaki naitika-pratimAna ko apekSAkRta sthAyI evaM dezakAlagata sImAoM se Upara honA caahie| (i) IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda- IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda ke anusAra naitikatA kA vAstavika AdhAra IzvarIya-icchA evaM niyama hI haiN| IzvarIya-niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA naitika hai aura usake viruddha AcaraNa karanA anaitik| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM dekArta, lAka, spinojA Adi aneka vicAraka isa pratimAna ke samarthaka haiN| samakAlIna cintakoM meM kArla bartha, imila branara evaM rinholDanIbara Adi vicAraka isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| IzvarIya-AjJA meM naitikatA ke pratimAna ko khojane kI yaha paramparA bhAratIyacintana meM bhI hai| IzvarapraNIta dharmazAstroM kI AjJA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA bhAratIyaAcAradarzana kI pramukha mAnyatA rahI hai| dharmadarzana ke anusAra to IzvarapraNIta zAstroM kI AjJAoM kA pAlana hI naitikatA kA carama pratimAna hai| hindU, bauddha aura jaina-darzanoM meM bhI Izvara, buddha athavA tIrthaMkara kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA naitika-jIvana kA anivArya aMga hai| gItA kA kathana hai ki jo zAstra ke vidhAna ko chor3akara manamAnI karatA hai, use sukha, saphalatA aura uttama gati nahIM milatI, isalie karttavya-akarttavya kA nirNaya karane ke lie zAstroM ko hI pramANa mAnanA caahie| zAstrokta vidhAna ko jAnakara usake anusAra hI karma karanA chie|22 bauddha-paramparA meM bhI buddha dvArA praNIta niyamoM kA pAlana karanA naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA gayA hai| sampUrNa vinayapiTaka aura suttapiTaka meM naitika-jIvana ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana hai aura Aja bhI bauddha-upAsaka unheM naitikatA evaM anaitikatA ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| buddha ne svayaM yaha kahA thA ki 'jodharma ko dekhatA hai, vaha mujhe dekhatA hai aura jo mujhe dekhatA hai, vaha dharma ko dekhatA hai| buddha ne apane parinirvANa ke samaya bhI antima bAra bhikSuoM ko Amantrita karake kahA, "he Ananda, zAyada tumako aisA ho, hamAre zAstA cale gae-aba hamArA zAstA nahIM hai| Ananda, aisA mata smjhnaa| maiMne jo dharma aura vinaya ke upadeza die haiM, prajJapta kie haiM, mere bAda ve hI tumhAre zAstA hoNge|"24

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150 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-paramparA meM bhI jinavacanoM kA pAlana karanA naitika-jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| sarvajJapraNIta zAstroM kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA pratyeka gRhastha evaM zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki merI AjJAoM kA pAlana dharma hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM bhI vidhAnavAda kA sthAna hai| jainaAcAradarzana vItarAga puruSoM athavA tIrthaMkaroM ke AdezoM ko naitika-jIvana kA pratimAna svIkAra karatA hai| phira bhI, itanA spaSTa hai ki yadi naitikatA ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM bAhya-AdezoM ko hI saba kucha mAna liyA gayA, to naitikatA Antarika-vastu nahIM raha jaaegii| bAhya-Adeza 'karanA cAhie' ke sthAna para karanA par3egA' kI prakRti kA hotA hai| vaha bahuta-kucha puraskAra kI AzA evaM daNDa ke bhaya para nirbhara hotA hai, ata: use pUrNa rUpa se naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| naitika-jIvana meM Izvara, buddha yA jina ke vacana mArgadarzaka ho sakate haiM, lekina karttavya kI bhAvanA kA udbhava to hamAre andara se hI honA caahie| yadi amanaska-bhAva se naitika AdezoM kA pAlana kiyA bhI jAtA hai, to usase koI vyakti naitika nahIM bana jaataa| naitikatA antarAtmA kI vastu hai| use bAhya-vidhAnoM ke Azrita nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| 2. Antarika-vidhAnavAda Antarika yAantarAtmaka-vidhAnavAda ke anusAra zubha aura azubha kA nirNAyakatattva vyakti kI antarAtmA hai| apanI antarAtmA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA zubha aura usake pratikUla AcaraNa karanA azubha mAnA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM antarAtmakavidhAnavAda ke pratipAdakoM meM henarI mora, ralpha kaDavartha, saimuala klArka, viliyamavulesTana, zephTsabarI, hacisana aura baTalara kI eka lambI paramparA hai| samakAlIna cintakoM meM eDavarDa vesTaramArka, arthara keniAna rojarsa aura phreMka cepamena zArpa pramukha haiN|27 bhAratIyaparamparA meM Antarika-vidhAnavAda kA samarthana manu ke yuga se hI milatA hai| manu ne 'mana:pUtaM samAcareta' kahakara isI antarAtmaka-vidhAnavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva meM bhI kahA gayA hai, 'sukha-du:kha, priya-apriya, dAna aura tyAga, sabhI meM apanI AtmA ko pramANa mAnakara hI vyavahAra karanA caahie|' Antarika (antarAtmaka) vidhAnavAda kI yaha dhAraNA jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta rahI hai, lekina jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa kara detI haiM ki antarAtmA ke Adeza ko usI samaya prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai, jaba vaha rAga aura dveSa se Upara uThakara koI nirNaya le| antarAtmA ko naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra karane ke lie yaha zarta Avazyaka hai, anyathA rAga-dveSa se yukta vAsanAmaya AtmA ke AdezoM ko bhI naitika

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 151 mAnanA par3egA, jo ki hAsyAspada hogaa| ata:, yaha dRSTikoNa samucita hI hai ki rAga-dveSa se rahita sAkSI svarUpa antarAtmA ko hI naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra kiyA jaae| pAzcAtya-paramparA ke antarAtmaka vidhAnavAdI-vicArakoM ne isa sambandha meM gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA aura phalasvarUpa unakI AlocanA kI gii| bhAratIya-vicAraka isa sambandha meM sajaga rahe haiN| unake anusAra, AtmA kA rAga-dveSa se rahita jo zuddha svarUpa hai, vahI naitikatA kA pratimAna ho sakatA hai aura yadi isa rUpa meM hama antarAtmA ko naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra kareMge, to usakA IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda aura AtmapUrNatAvAda se bhI koI virodha nahIM rhegaa| ___naitika-pratimAnako Antarika-vidhAna ke rUpa meM mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM antarAtmA yA antardRSTi (Intuition) ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiM aura unake alaga-alaga sampradAya bhI haiN| pramukha rUpase unasampradAyoM ko nimna vargoM meM rakhA jAsakatA hai- (a) buddhivAdayA tArkikasahaja jJAnavAda, (A) rasendriyavAda yA naitika-indriyavAda, (i) sahAnubhUtivAda, (i) naitika-antarAtmavAda, (u) mnovaijnyaanik-antraatmvaad| (a) buddhivAda aura jainadarzana- kaimbrija pleTovAdiyoM ne, jinameM beMjAmina vicakoTa, rAlpha kaDavartha,henarI mora, ricarDa kambaralena, saimuala klArka aura viliyama vulesTana pramukha haiM, antarAtmA ko bauddhika yA tArkika mAnA hai| unakI dRSTi meM antardRSTi (prajJA) tarkamaya hai| rAlpha kaDavartha ke anusAra sadguNa aura avaguNa ke apane-apane svarUpa haiN| ve vastumUlaka evaM vastutantra haiM, na ki Atmatantra / vaha unheM jJAnAkAra pratyayasvarUpa mAnatA hai| usake anusAra hama zubha aura azubha kA jJAna ThIka vaise hI prApta kara sakate haiM, jaisa tarkazAstra ke pratyayoM kA jnyaan| ve indriyagamya nahIM, varan baddhigamya haiN| jaina-paramparA rAlpha kaDavartha ke vicAroM se isa artha meM sahamata hai ki zubha aura azubha athavA puNya yA pApa kA vastuniSTha astitva hai| vaha kaDavartha ke sAtha isa artha meM bhI sahamata hai ki prajJA yA buddhi ke dvArA hama unheM jAna sakate haiM / yadyapi jaina-darzana ke anusAra isakA jJAna atIndriya pratyakSa ke dvArA bhI hotA hai| saimuala klArka naitika-niyamoM ko gaNita ke niyamoM ke samAna prAtibha evaM prAmANika mAnatA hai| usake anusAra, ve vastuoM ke svabhAva meM nihita haiM, athavA ve vastuoM ke guNoM aura pArasparika-sambandhoM meM vidyamAna haiN| unako hama apanI buddhi se pahacAnate haiN| yaha ho sakatA hai ki sabhI loga unakA pAlana na kareM, phira bhI ve unheM buddhi ke dvArA jAnate avazya haiN| saimuala klArka ke isa vicAra kI jaina-darzana se tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI dharma vastu ke svabhAva meM nihita hai| vastu kA svabhAva hI dharma hai" aura buddhi athavA AntarikapratyakSa ke dvArA usa svabhAva ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| saimuala klArka ne sadAcAra ke

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152 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana siddhAnta mAne haiM- (1) Izvara-bhakti kA siddhAnta, (2) samAnatA kA siddhAnta, (3) paropakAra kA siddhAnta aura (4) AtmasaMyama kA siddhaant| saimuala ke anusAra, Izvara-bhakti kA siddhAnta nityatA, anantatA, sarvazaktimattA, nyAya, dayA Adi IzvarIya-guNoM ke prati niSThA hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra isakI tulanA samyagdarzana se kI jA sakatI hai| saimuala kA samAnatA kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki hara manuSya ke prati hama vahI vyavahAra kareM, jisakI hama apane prati yuktiyukta AzA karate haiN| jaina-AgamasUtrakRtAMga meM naitikatA ke isa siddhAnta kI vistRta carcA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jisa vyavahAra kI hama apane prati apekSA karate haiM, vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati karanA caahie| bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM bhI isI siddhAnta kA samarthana huA hai| saimuala kA tIsarA siddhAnta paropakAra kA siddhAnta hai| hameM sabhI manuSyoM ke sAtha bhalAI karanA caahie| saimuala isake lie yaha pramANa detA hai ki sArvajanika paropakAra yA karuNA prakRti kA niyama hai, yaha sabhI mAnavoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI saMvAditA hai| jaina-darzana meM bhI paropakAra ke siddhAnta ko prANI kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI sthApita kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki paraspara eka-dUsare kA upakAra karanA jIva kA svabhAva hai| saimuala kA cauthA siddhAnta AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta hai, jisake anusAra pratyeka manuSya kA apane prati bhI kucha kartavya hai aura vaha yaha ki apanI vAsanAoM aura kSudhAoM ko niyantrita kre| jaina-AcAradarzana meM AtmasaMyama kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| samagra jaina-AcAradarzana ke niyama AtmasaMyama ke lie haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM saimuala ke cAroM hI siddhAntoM ko moTe rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| viliyama vulesTana Antarika-vidhAnavAda ke siddhAntoM meM buddhivAda kA pramukha vyAkhyAtA hai| usake anusAra naitikatA tArkika-satya hai aura naitikatA tArkika-mithyAtva hai| vulesTana zubhAzubha kI mImAMsA meM buddhi kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna svIkAra karatA hai| buddhi ke dvArA prakAzita zubha kA parityAga eka prakAra kA Atmavirodha yA AtmapravaMcanA hai| jainavicArakoM ne vulesTana kI isa dhAraNA kA samarthana kiyA hai| dharma kI samIkSA meM buddhi kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna jaina-vicAraNA ko mAnya hai| kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ko prajJA ke dvArA hI dharma kI samIkSA karanI caahie| vijJAna (vivekajJAna) se hI dharma ke sAdhanoM kA nirNaya hotA hai|'35 (A) naitika-indriyavAda aura jaina-darzana- naitika-indriyavAda ke vicArakoM ke anusAra zubha aura azubha kA bodha buddhi ke dvArA nahIM, naitika-indriya ke dvArA hotA hai| jisa prakAra hama sundara aura asundara meM bheda karate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra zubha aura azubha meM viveka karate haiN| manuSya kA anta:karaNa aisA hai, jo zubha aura azubha meM antara sthApita kara

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 153 detA hai| isa sampradAya ke vicArakoM meM zephTsabarI, hacisana aura jaoNna raskina pramukha haiN| ye saba vicAraka isa bAta meM ekamata haiM kizubha aura azubha kA antarAtmA meM pratyakSIkaraNa hotA hai| vicAra nahIM, varan anubhUti kA bhAvahI zubhAzubha kA nirNaya karate haiN| zephTsabarI ne tIna prakAra kI bhAvanAe~ mAnI haiM- (1) asvAbhAvika yA asAmAjika-bhAvanAe~, jinameM dveSa, IyAM evaM nirdayatA Adi haiM, (2) svAbhAvika yA sAmAjika-bhAvanAeM, jinameM dayA, paropakAra, vAtsalya, maitrI ityAdi haiM aura (3) AtmabhAvanAe~, jinameM Atmaprema, jIvanaprema ityAdi haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se ina tInoM prakAra kI bhAvanAoM kI tulanA jaina-darzana ke tIna upayogoM se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra nimna tIna upayoga haiM- (1) azubhopayoga, (2) zubhopayoga aura (3) shuddhopyog| azubhopayoga asAmAjika yA asvAbhAvika-bhAvanA ke samakakSa hai| donoM ke anusAra isameM dveSa Adi vRttiyA~ hotI haiN| isI prakAra, zabhopayoga svAbhAvika yA sAmAjika-bhAvanAoM ke samAna hai| donoM hI vicAraNAe~ isameM prazasta rAga-bhAva se yukta lokakalyANa ko svIkAra karatI haiN| AtmabhAvanAoM kI tulanA zuddhopayoga se kI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM donoM meM adhika nikaTatA nahIM hai, kyoMki zephTsabarI ne AtmabhAvanAoM meM svArtha aura saMgrahabhAvanA ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| phira bhI, kisI artha meM zephTsabarI aura jaina-vicAraNA meM kucha vicArasAmya avazya parilakSita hotA hai| ___ hacisana naitika-indriyavAda ke dUsare pramukha vicAraka haiN| unake siddhAntoM ke pramukha tathya haiM- (1) janmajAta-pratyaya, (2) paropakAra-bhAvanA aura (3) zAnta prerk| inheM unhoMne Atmaprema, paropakAra aura naitika-indriya kahA hai| hacisana ke anusAra zubha yA sadguNa sukhAnubhUti ke pUrvavartI haiM aura isI prakAra paropakAra kI bhAvanA vaisI hI svAbhAvika aura sArvabhaumika hai, jaise bhautika jagat meM gurutvAkarSaNa kA niym| hacisana ke uparyukta siddhAntoM kI jaina-darzana se tulanA karate samaya yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM ke anusAra naitika-pratyaya janmajAta haiM, arjita nhiiN| zubha aura azubha kA nirmANa hamArI bhAvanAoM aura svIkRtiyoM se nahIM hotA, varan unake AdhAra para hamArI bhAvanAe~ banatI haiN| jisa prakAra hacisana paropakAra-bhAvanA ko svAbhAvika mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI use jIva kA svabhAva mAnatA hai|" hacisana ne bhAvanAoM ko do vargoM meM bAMTA hai- pahalI zAnta aura dUsarI ashaant| zAnta aura vyApaka bhAvanAe~ zreyaskara haiN| hacisana ke isa vicAra kA samarthana na kevala jaina-darzana varan anya bhAratIya-darzana bhI karate haiN| raskina ke anusAra naitika-indriya rasendriya hai| rasanA hI ekamAtra naitikatA hai| pahalA aura antima nirNAyaka prazna hai, Apa kyA pasanda karate haiM ? Apa jo pasanda karate haiM, mujhe batAe~ aura taba maiM batA dUMgA ki Apa kyA haiN|' raskina ke anusAra vyakti kI ruci hI

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154 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana usake naitika-jIvana kA pratimAna abhivyakta karatI hai| raskina kI rasendriya yA naitikaindriya kI tulanA zraddhA se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra raskina ke anusAra vyakti kI ruci naitikatA kA pratimAna hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya-darzana meM zraddhA naitikatA kA pratimAna hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki puruSa zraddhAmaya hai aura usakI jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, usI ke anurUpa vaha ho jAtA hai| gItA ke isa kathana kA raskina ke ruci-siddhAnta se bahuta kucha sAmya hai| jaina-paramparA ke samyagdarzana ko raskina ke ruci siddhAnta ke tulya mAnA jA sakatA hai, antara yahI hai ki jaina-paramparA samyagdarzana (bhAvAtmaka zraddhA) para aura raskina ruci para bala dete haiN| phira bhI, donoM ke anusAra vahI naitikatA kA nirNAyaka-pratimAna hai, yaha mahatva kI bAta hai| rasendriyavAdayA ruci-siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki vaha ziva aura sundara meM antara sthApita nahIM kara paataa| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA thA aura isIlie unhoMne samyagdarzanako mahatvapUrNa mAnate hue bhI use samyakcAritra se alaga kiyaa| yaha ThIka hai ki ruci yA dRSTi ke AdhAra para cAritra kA nirmANa hotA hai| phira bhI, donoM hI pRthak-pRthak pakSa haiN| unako eka-dUsare se milAne kI galatI nahIM karanI caahie| (i) sahAnubhUtivAda aura jaina-darzana-sahAnubhUtivAda Antarika-vidhAnavAda kA eka pramukha prakAra hai| isake anusAra antardRSTi yA prajJA sahAnubhUtyAtmaka hai| sahAnubhUti vaha tattva hai, jo sadguNa kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai aura jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadguNa kahA jAtA hai| sahAnubhUti sadguNa kA AdhAra aura strota-donoM hI hai| eDamasmitha isa dRSTikoNa ke pramukha pratipAdaka haiN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicAraka bhI isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| rasala prabhRti kucha vicAraka mAnava meM nihita isI sahAnubhUti ke tattva ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI vyAkhyA karate haiN| unake anusAra naitikatA IzvarIya-Adeza yA pAralaukika-jIvana ke prati pralobhana yA bhaya para nirbhara nahIM hai, varan mAnava kI prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva para nirbhara hai| jaina-darzana se isa dRSTikoNa kI tulanA karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI mAnava meM nihita isa sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra to sabhI prANiyoM meM paraspara sahayoga kI vRtti svAbhAvika hai, lekina sahAnubhUti kA tattva prANI-prakRti kA aMga hote hue bhI sabhI meM samAna rUpa se nahIM pAyA jAtA hai, ata: sahAnubhUti ke AdhAra para naitikatA ko pUrNatayA nirbhara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| (I) naitika-antarAtmavAda aura jaina-darzana-naitika-antarAtmavAdake pravartaka josepha baTalara haiN| inake anusAra, sadguNa vaha hai, jo mAnavaprakRti ke anurUpa ho aura durguNa vaha hai, jo mAnavaprakRti ke viparIta ho| dUsare zabdoM meM, sadguNa mAnavaprakRti ke niyamoM kA

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta anuvartana hai aura durguNa ina niyamoM kA ullaMghana hai| mAnavaprakRti se karma kI saMvAditA hI sadguNa hai aura karma kI visaMvAditA durguNa hai, lekina baTalara isa mAnavaprakRti ko mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti nahIM mAnate / yadi hama mAnavaprakRti kA artha mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti kareMge, to vaha jo karatA hai, usa sabako zubha samajhanA hogA, ataH hameM yahA~ yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki baTalara ke anusAra mAnavaprakRti kA artha mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti nahIM, varan Adarza prakRti hai| mAnava kI Adarza prakRti ke anurUpa jo karma hogA, vaha zubha aura usake viparIta jo karma hogA, vaha azubha mAnA jaaegaa| baTalara ke isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana jainaparamparA bhI karatI hai / AtmA kI jo vibhAva- avasthAe~ haiM yA jo visaMvAdI - avasthAe~ haiM, hI azubha hai aura isake viparIta Atma kI jo svabhAva - avasthA yA saMvAdI - avasthA hai, vaha zubha yA zuddha avasthA hai| jo karma AtmA ko svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAte haiM, ve hI zubha yA zuddha karma haiM aura jo karma AtmA ko vibhAvadazA kI ora le jAte haiM, ve azubha haiN| baTalara ne mAnavaprakRti ke cAra tattva mAne haiM- (1) vAsanA, (2) svaprema, (3) parahita aura (4) antarAtmA / jaina darzana ke anusAra mAnavaprakRti ke do hI tattva mAne jA sakate haiM- (1) vAsanA yA kaSAyAtmA aura (2) upayoga yA jnyaanaatmaa| baTalara ke anusAra, ina sabameM antarAtmA hI naitika jIvana kA antima nirNAyaka-tattva hai| baTalara ne isako prazaMsA aura nindA karane vAlI buddhi, naitika-buddhi, naitika- indriya aura IzvarIya- buddhi bhI kahA hai| yahI hamArI antarAtmA kA sthAyI bhAva aura hRdaya kA pratyakSa bhI hai| baTalara ke anusAra, antarAtmA ke do pahalU haiM- (1) zuddha jJAna aura (2) sarvAdhikAritA / sarvAdhikArI hone ke kAraNa vaha kriyApreraka aura sudhAraka bhI hai aura zuddha jJAnamaya hone ke kAraNa vaha karmoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA viveka bhI karatA hai tathA satkarma aura sukha meM evaM asatkarma aura duHkha meM eka nizcita sambandha bhI dekhatA hai / - - baTalara ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa kI jaina darzana se tulanA karane para kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAnamaya AtmA hI naitika jIvana kA antima nirNAyaka tattva hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne ise Avazyaka mAnA hai ki naitika-viveka karate samaya AtmA ko rAga aura dveSa kI bhAvanAoM se Upara uThA huA honA caahie| rAga aura dveSa se Upara uThI huI AtmA jahA~ eka ora sanmArga kI preraka hai, vahIM yathArtha naitika nirNaya karane meM sakSama bhI hai| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM se alaga haTakara AtmA jaba koI bhI vivekapUrNa nirNaya karatA hai, athavA karma karatA hai, to vaha zubha hotA hai| isake viparIta, kaSAya yA rAga-dveSa se prabhAvita hokara koI nirNaya karatA hai, to vaha azubha hotA hai| jaina- dArzanikoM ne antarAtmA meM viveka aura puruSArtha (vIrya) - donoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo ki baTalara ke zuddha aura sarvAdhikAritA ke samAna hai| jaina darzana bhI baTalara ke samAna AtmA ke jJAnAtmaka tathA bhAvAtmaka (darzana) - donoM 155

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hI pakSa svIkAra karatA hai, jo pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga kahe jAte haiN| 156 baTalara ne mAnavaprakRti ke pUrvokta cAra tattvoM meM eka AnupUrvI ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jisameM sabase nIce vAsanAe~ haiM aura sabase Upara antarAtmA hai| jaise pazubala buddhibala ke jAtA hai, usI prakAra vAsanAbala, svaprema aura parahita antarAtmA ke adhIna ho jAte haiM / jainana-paramparA ke anusAra bhI naitika-vikAsa kI dizA meM vAsanAbala kSINa hotA jAtA hai aura karmoM kA niyamana zuddha rAga-dveSa se rahita AtmA ke dvArA hone lagatA hai| baTalara antarAtmA IzvarIya- buddhi ke rUpa meM jaina- paramparA kI vItarAga AtmA se tulanIya hai| isa prakAra, baTalara ke naitika-antarAtmavAda aura jaina - paramparA meM bahuta kucha sAmya khojA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI, baTalara ke siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki antarAtmA jaba do viparIta Adeza detI hai, to unake antarvirodha ko dUra karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| kiMkartavyavimUr3hatA kI avasthA meM baTalara kI antarAtmA naitika samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta nahIM krtii| ( u ) manovaijJAnika - antarAtmavAda" - manovaijJAnika- antarAtmavAda ke pravarttaka mArTinyU haiN| mArTinyU ne apane siddhAnta kA bahuta kucha vikAsa baTalara ke antarAtmavAda se hI kiyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne use sudRr3ha manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mArTinyU ke anusAra, antarAtmA hI zubhAzubha kA nirNAyaka hai| vaha zubhAzubha kA vidhAna nahIM karatA hai, varan usa vidhAna ko dikhAtA hai, jo karmoM ko zubhAzubha banAtA hai| usake anusAra, antarAtmA karmoM ke acche-bure tAratamya kA mAtra draSTA hai| sabhI karmoM ke srota hote haiM aura ina srotoM meM hI unake acche-bure tAratamya kA eka vidhAna hai| mArTinyU ke anusAra, karmapreraka do prakAra ke haiM- (1) prAthamika aura (2) gauNa / prAthamika karmapreraka cAra prakAra ke haiM- (1) prAthamika - pravarttaka, jinameM kSudhA, maithuna evaM pAzavika - sakriyatAe~ arthAt ArAma kI pravRtti haiM, (2) prAthamika-vikarSaNa, jinameM dveSa, krodha aura bhaya samAhita haiM, (3) prAthamika-AkarSaNa - yaha rAgabhAva yA Asakti hai, isameM vAtsalya (patraiSaNA), samAjaprema (lokaiSaNA) aura karuNA yA sahAnubhUti ke tattva samAhita haiM, (4) prAthamikabhAvanAe~, jinameM jijJAsA, vismaya aura zraddhA kA samAveza hai| ye satya, sundara aura ziva (kalyANa) kI ora pravRtta karate haiN| ye jJAna, anubhUti aura karma ke preraka haiN| dUsare gauNa karmapreraka bhI cAra prakAra ke haiM - (1) gauNa pravRttiyA~ - jinameM svAdapriyatA, kAmukatA, lobha aura mada samAhita haiM, (2) gauNa vikarSaNa- inameM mAtsarya, pratikAra aura zaMkAzIlatA samAviSTa haiM (3) gauNa AkarSaNa- inameM sneha, sAmAjikatA aura dayAbhAva kA samAveza hai, we

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 157 (4) gauNa bhAvanAe~- inameM satyArAdhanA, saundaryopAsanA aura dharmaniSThA samAhita haiN| mArTinyU ke anusAra, naitika-dRSTi se uparyukta sabhI karma-srota samAna naitika-stara ke nahIM haiM, varan unameM naitika stara kI dRSTi se eka tAratamya hai, jo nimnatama se uccatama naitika-avasthA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| mArTinyu ke anusAra vaha tAratamya nimna hai 1. gauNa vikarSaNa-avizvAsa, dveSa, shNkaashiiltaa| 2. gauNa jaivika-pravRttiyA~-ArAma kA prema tathA aindrik-sukh| 3. prAthamika jaivika-pravRttiyA~-bhojana tathA maithuna kI pshu-prvRttiyaaN| 4. prAthamika pAzavika-pravRttiyA~-aniyantrita skriytaa| 5. lAbha kA lobha-pazu-pravRtti kI upj| 6. gauNa AkarSaNa-sahAnubhUtimUlaka saMvedanAoM kI bhAvanAtmaka vRtti| 7. prAthamika vikarSaNa-ghRNA, bhaya, krodh| 8. gauNa pAzavika-pravRttiyA~-sattA-moha athavA mhtvaakaaNkssaa| 9. gauNa abhibhAvanAe~-saMskRti, prem| 10. prAthamika bhAvanAe~-Azcarya tathA prshNsaa| 11. prAthamika AkarSaNa-vAtsalya, sAmAjika-maitrI, udAratA, kRtjnytaa| 12. dayA kA prAthamika aakrssnn| 13. zraddhA kI prAthamika bhaavnaa| isa prakAra, mArTinyU ke anusAra karma-strotoM ke isa tAratamya meM zraddhA sarvocca naitika guNa hai aura guNa-vikarSaNa, arthAt avizvAsa, mAtsarya aura sandehazIlatA sabase nimnatama durguNa haiN| zraddhA mAtra guNa hai aura mAtsarya, dveSa Adi mAtra durguNa haiN| zeSa sabhI karmasrota ina donoM ke bIca meM Ate haiM aura unameM guNa aura avaguNa ke vibhinna prakAra ke samanvaya haiN| naitika-dRSTi se vahI karma zubha hogA, jo ucca karmaprerakoM se utpanna hogaa| jo karma jitane adhika nimna karmasrota se utpanna hogA, vaha utanA hI adhika anaitika hogaa| saMkSepa meM, mArTinyU ke yahI naitika-vicAra haiN| mArTinyU ke naitika-darzana kI tulanA jaina-paramparA se kI jA sakatI hai| jainaparamparA ke anusAra karmapreraka ye haiM- (1) rAga, (2) dveSa, (3) krodha, (4) mAna, (5) mAyA, (6) lobha, (7) bhaya, (8) parigraha, (9) maithuna, (10) AhAra, (11) loka, (12) dharma aura (13) ogh| inameM rAga aura dveSa do karmabIja haiM aura krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-ye cAra kaSAya haiM tathA zeSa saMjJAe~ haiN| yadi hama mArTinyU ke uparyukta vargIkaraNase tulanA kareM, to inameM se adhikAMza vRttiyA~ usameM maujUda haiN| yahI nahIM, yadi hama cAheM to bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se inakA eka krama bhI taiyAra kara sakate haiM, jisameM dveSa sabase nimna aura dharma sabase ucca hogA

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158 bhAratIya AdhAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura aisI sthiti meM hama yaha bhI pAeMge ki jaina-darzana kA vaha vargIkaraNa mArTinyU ke uparyukta tAratamya se bhI kAphI samAnatA rkhegaa| krama kI dRSTi se inheM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai(1) dveSa, (2) rAga, (3) lobha, (4) mAna, (5) mAyA-kapaTavRtti, (6) krodha, (7) ogha, (8) bhaya, (9) parigraha, (10) maithuna, (11) AhAra, (12) loka-sAmAjikatA aura (13) dhrm| kucha matabhedoM ko chor3akara yaha krama-vyavasthA mArTinyU ke karmasrota ke naitika-tAratamya se kAphI nikaTa hai| eka anya apekSA se bhI mArTinyU ke karmasrota ke naitika tAratamya kI tulanA jainaAcAradarzana se kI sakatI hai| yadi hama karmaprerakoM ke rUpa meM mithyAjJAna, mithyAdarzana, mithyAcAritra, samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakRcAritra tathA AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha-ina cAra saMjJAoM ko svIkAra kareM, to bhI bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se eka krama taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo mArTinyU ke pUrvokta tAratamya ke kAphI nikaTa hogaa| vaha krama isa prakAra hogA 1. mithyAdarzana-sandehazIlatA, AkAMkSA evaM ashrddhaa| 2. mithyAjJAna-naitika-viveka evaM buddhi kA abhaav| 3. mithyAcAritra-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke krmprerk| 4. bhayavRtti-bhaya se utpanna krm| 5. parigraha-saMcaya kI vRtti evaM aasktibhaav| 6. maithuna-aindrika-sukhoM kI icchA evaM yaunprvRttiyaaN| 7. AhAra-zarIra-rakSA evaM kSudhAnivRtti kI kriyaaeN| 8. smykcaaritr-sdaacrnn| 9. smygjnyaan-naitik-vivek| 10. samyagdarzana-zraddhA evaM aatmvishvaas| yaha krama apane pUrNatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para una doSoM se grasita bhI nahIM hotA, jo doSa mArTinyU ke naitika-darzana meM haiN| Antarika-vidhAnavAda ke virodha meM sAdhyavAdI aura vikAsavAdI-siddhAnta Ate haiN| agale pRSThoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki unakA jaina-darzana ke sAtha kitanA sAmya hai| 7. prayojanAtmaka athavA sAdhyavAdI-siddhAnta naitika-pratimAna ke dUsare prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko prayojanAtmakayA sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta kahate haiN| ina siddhAntoM ke anusAra kisI karma kI naitikatA kA nirNaya usake sAdhya, prayojana, pariNAma, Adarza, paramazubha athavA mUlya ke AdhAra para honA cAhie, lekina prayojanavAdI, vicAraka karma ke vAstavika lakSya ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiN| ina vicArakoM ne vibhinna sAdhya

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 159 mAne haiM aura isa kAraNa sAdhyavAdiyoM ke bhI kaI sampradAya haiM, unameM (1) sukhavAda, (2) vikAsavAda, (3) buddhiparatAvAda, (4) pUrNatAvAda evaM (5) mUlyavAda pramukha haiN| 1. sukhavAda sukhavAda ke anusAra karma kA sAdhya sukha kI prAptiathavA tRpti hai| vahI karma zubha hai, jo hamArI indriyaparatA (vAsanAoM) ko santuSTa karatA hai aura vaha karma azubha hai, jisase vAsanAoM kI pUrti athavA sukha kI prApti nahIM hotii| sukhavAdiyoM ke bhI aneka upasampradAya haiN| unameM manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda aura naitika-sukhavAdapramukha haiN| naitika sukhavAdI-paramparA meM bhI aneka upasampradAya haiN| sarvaprathama manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana ke pArasparika-sambandhoM ke bAre meM vicAra karanA ucita hogaa| manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana- manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda eka tathyaparaka siddhAnta hai, jisake anusAra yaha manovaijJAnika satya hai ki vyakti sadaiva sukha ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| jaina-AcAradarzana bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki samasta prANIvarga svabhAva se hI sukhAbhilASI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra spaSTa rUpa se prANIvarga ko parama (sukha) dharmI mAnatA hai|" TIkAkAroM ne parama zabda kA artha sukha karate hue isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI hai, 'pRthvI Adi sthAvara prANI aura dvIndriya Adi trasa prANI, isa prakAra sarva prANI parama arthAt sukhadharmI haiM, sukhAbhilASI haiN| sukha kI abhilASA karanA prANiyoM kA naisargika svabhAva hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI kahA hai ki 'sabhI prANiyoM ko sukha priya hai, anukUla hai aura duHkha apriya hai, pratikUla hai|'43 isa prakAra, jaina-AcAradarzana meM sukha kI abhilASA ko prANiyoM kI prakRti kA svAbhAvika-lakSaNa mAnakara manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda kI dhAraNA ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jaina-vicArakoM ne isa manovaijJAnika-sukhavAdI dhAraNA kA apanI naitikamAnyatAoM ke saMsthApana meM bhI upayoga kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM prANiyoM kI sukhAkAMkSA aura duHkha se rakSaNa kI manovaijJAnika-prakRti kA naitika mAnaka ke rUpa meM sundara varNana hai| sUtrakRtAMga kA vaha kathAprasaMga isa prakAra hai, 'kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI-aise vibhinna vAdI, jinakI saMkhyA 363 kahI jAtI hai, (jo) saba logoM ko parinirvANa aura mokSa kA upadeza dete haiN| ve apanI-apanI prajJA, chanda, zIla, dRSTi, ruci, pravRtti aura saMkalpa ke anusAra alaga-alaga dharma-mArga sthApita karake unakA pracAra karate haiN| eka samaya ye saba vAdI eka bar3A gherA banAkara eka sthAna para baiThe the| usa samaya eka manuSya jalate hue aMgAroM se bharI huI eka kar3AhI lohe kI saMDAsI se pakar3akara, jahA~ ve saba baiThe the, lAyA aura kahane lagA, 'he matavAdiyoM, tuma saba apaneapane dharma ke pratipAdaka ho aura parinirvANa aura mokSa kA upadeza dete ho| tuma isa jalate

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160 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hue aMgAroM se bharI huI kar3AhI ko eka muhUrta taka khule hue hAtha meM pakar3e rho|' aisA kahakara vaha manuSya vaha kar3AhI pratyeka ke hAtha meM rakhane gayA, para ve apane-apane hAtha pIche haTAne lge| taba usa manuSya ne unase pUchA, he matavAdiyoM, tuma apane hAtha pIche kyoM haTAte ho ? hAtha na jale, isIlie? aura jale, to kyAho ? duHkha? duHkha na ho, isalie apane hAtha pIche haTAte ho, yahI bAta hai na ?' to isI mApa se dUsaroM ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra karanA, yahI dharmavicAra hai yA nahIM ? basa, taba to nApane kA gaja-pramANa aura dharmavicAra mila ge| ____ yaha prasaMga jaina-naitikatA kI manovaijJAnika sukhavAdI-dhAraNA kA eka acchA citraNa hai, jisameM na kevala naitikatA kA manovaijJAnika-pakSa prastuta hai, varan use naitikasiddhAntoM kI sthApanA kA AdhAra bhI banAyA gayA hai| phira bhI, tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se isa manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda ke donoM pakSoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| niSedhAtmaka-dRSTi se yaha prANiyoM kI duHkha-nivAraNa kI svAbhAvika-pravRtti ko abhivyakta karatA hai, jabaki vidhAyaka-dRSTi se prANiyoM kI sukha prApta karane kI svAbhAvika abhiruci kI ora saMketa karatA hai| anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda- na kevala jaina-darzana, varan anyabhAratIya-darzanoM ne bhI sukhavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| bhautika-sukhavAda ko mAnane vAle cArvAkoM kA siddhAnta to sarvaprasiddha hI hai| unake anusAra, indriyoM kI vAsanAoM ko santuSTa karate hue sampUrNa jIvana meM sukha ko prApta karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| cArvAka ke atirikta anya darzanakAroM ne bhI sukhavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI sukha cAhate haiM aura duHkha se udvigna hote haiN|46 chAndogya-upaniSad meM bhI isI sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba manuSya ko sukha prApta hotA hai, tabhI vaha karma karatA hai| binA sukha mile koI karma nahIM krtaa| ata:, sukha kI hI vizeSa rUpase jijJAsA karanA caahie|"caannky ne bhI manuSya ko svArthI mAnA hai aura usake svArtha ko niyantrita karane ke lie rAjya-sattA ko anivArya mAnA hai| usake anusAra, manuSya svabhAvata: sukha kI prApti kA prayatna karatA hai| udyotakara ne mAnava-manovijJAna ke AdhAra para sukha kI prApti aura duHkha kI nivRtti ko mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA hai|48 bhAratIyaparamparA meM sukhavAda kIdhAraNA kI abhivyakti prAcIna samaya se hI rahI hai, lekina cArvAkadarzana ko chor3akara anyabhAratIya-darzanoM ne vaiyaktika-sukha ke sthAna para sadaiva sArvajanikasukha kI hI kAmanA kI hai| bhAratIya sAdhaka pratidina yaha prArthanA karatA hai ki sarve bhavantu sukhina: sarve santu niraamyaaH|| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid du:khbhaagbhvet|| (yajurveda , zAntipATha)

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 161 pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda se tulanA karane para hameM isakI eka viziSTatA kA paricaya milatA hai| pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika-sukhavAdaapane siddhAnta kAmanovaijJAnika AdhAra pAkara mAtra yahI niSkarSa nikAlatAhai ki vyakti ke lie sukha kA anusaraNa karanA anivArya hai, lekina sukha ke sampAdana kI isa spardhA meM pratyeka prANI kA sukha dUsare prANiyoM ke sukhoM ke nAza para nirbhara ho, to kyA karanA naitika hogA? isa prazna kA uttara vahA~ nahIM miltaa| sukhoM kA anusaraNa jitanA svAbhAvika hai, utanA hI svAbhAvika yaha bhI hai ki pAzcAtya-paramparA meM jina bhautika sukhoM ke anukaraNa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, unako lekara prANiyoM ke hitoM meM hI paraspara saMgharSa hotA hai| yadi merA sukha kisI dUsare vyakti ke sukha ke nAzapara nirbhara ho, to kyA mere lie usa sukha kA anukaraNa ucita yA naitikahogA? yadisvArtha-sukhavAda ke siddhAntako mAnakara sabhI loga dUsare ke sukhoM kA hanana karate hue svayaM ke sukha kA sampAdana karane meM laga jAeM, to na to samAja meM sukha aura zAnti banI rahegIaurana vyakti hI sukha prApta kara pAegA, kyoMki dUsare vyakti bhI apanA sukha bhogate hue usake sukha meM bAdhA ddaaleNge| jaina-naitikatA sukha ke anusaraNa kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra karate hue vyakti ko yaha to adhikAra pradAna karatI hai ki vaha svayaM ke sukha kA anusaraNa kare, lekina use apane vaiyaktika-sukha kI upalabdhi ke prayAsa meM dUsare ke sukhoM evaM hitoM kA hanana karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai| yadi tumhAre sukha ke anusaraNa ke prayAsa meM dUsare ke sukha kA hanana anivArya hai, to tumheM aise sukha kA anusaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu isa AdhAra para koI yaha AkSepa kara sakatA hai ki aisI avasthA meM yaha apanI sukhavAdI-dhAraNA se dUra ho jAtI hai| jaina-naitikatA isa AkSepa ke pratyuttara meM yaha kahatI hai ki usa para isa AkSepa kA AropaNa usI dazA meM hogA ki jabaki hama sukhoM ke bhautika-svarUpa kI ora hI dhyAna deMge, lekina jaina-naitikatA tosukhoM ke Adhibhautika aura AdhyAtmika-svarUpako bhI svIkAra karatI hai| pAzcAtya-dhAraNA kI mUlabhUta bhrAnti yahI hai ki vaha sukhoM ke vibhinna staroM para bala nahIM detI hai aura sukhoM ke bhautika-svarUpa meM Upara uThakara unake AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kI ora nahIM bar3hatI hai| sukhoM meM pArasparika-saMgharSa to unake bhautika-svarUpa taka hI sImita hai| jaina-AcAradarzana aura naitika-sukhavAda naitika-sukhavAda kI vicAradhArA yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki sukha kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie yA sukha hI vAMchanIya hai| naitika-sukhavAda ke vicArakoM meM mila prabhRti kucha vicAraka naitika-sukhavAda ko manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda para AdhArita karate haiN| mila kA kahanA hai ki koI vastu yA viSaya kAmya hai, isakA pramANa yaha hai ki loga vastuta: usakI kAmanA karate haiN| sAmAnya sukha kAmya hai, isake lie ise chor3akara koI pramANa nahIM diyA jA sakatA ki pratyeka manuSya sukha kI kAmanA karatA hai, lekina sukhavAda ko manovaijJAnika

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162 ... bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdhAra para khar3A karane kA mila kA yaha prayAsa tArkika-dRSTi se dUSita hI hai| yadi sabhI manuSya svabhAvata: sukha kI kAmanA karate haiM, to phira 'sukha kI kAmanA karanI cAhie'-isa kathana kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, jabaki naitika Adeza ke lie cAhie'-Avazyaka hai, lekina manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda isa 'cAhie' ke lie koI avakAza nahIM chodd'taa| isI kAraNa, sijavika tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM DyareMTa Dreka Adi ne sukhavAda ko vizuddha naitika-AdhAra para khar3A kiyA hai| phira bhI, uparyukta sabhI vicArakoM ke lie sukha kAmya hai aura unakI dRSTi meM naitika-Adeza hai-sukha ke lie prayatna karanA caahie| naitika sukhavAdI-vicAradhArA kI dUsarI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vastuta: jo sukha kAmya hai, vaha vaiyaktika nahIM, varan sAmAnya sukha hai| yaha dhAraNA upayogitAvAda ke nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI hai| upayogitAvAda kI vizeSatAe~ nimnalikhita haiM 1. adhika se adhika sukha 2. uccatamasukha (aindrika-sukhoMkI apekSAmAnasika-sukha uccakoTikAmAnAgayAhai) 3. adhika se adhika saMkhyA kA adhika se adhika sukha 4. bahusaMkhyakoM kA sukha 5. sArvabhauma evaM sAmAnya sukha 6. sAmAjika-sukha ina AdhAroM para upayogitAvAda ke mukhya siddhAnta isa prakAra haiM 1. sukha-prApti aura duHkha-mukti, kevala yaha do hI svataHsAdhya ke rUpa meM kAmya haiN| anya sabhI vastue~ kevala isIlie kAmya haiM ki ve yA to sukhapUrNa haiM yA sukhavarddhaka haiM, athavA duHkhoM kA nAza karane vAlI haiN| 2. jisa anupAta meM koI karma sukha yA duHkha detA hai, usI anupAta meM vaha zubha yA azubha hotA hai| 3. pratyeka vyakti kA sukha samAna hai| kisI eka vyakti kA sukha jitanA kAmya hai, utanA hI dUsare vyakti kA, ata: sukha kI mAtrAko bar3hAne kI ceSTA karanI cAhie, cAhe vaha kisI kA bhI sukha ho| 4. sarvAdhika sukha kA artha hai-sukha kI mAtrA meM adhika se adhika saMbhAvya vRddhi| isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki sukha aura duHkha ko mApA jA sakatA hai| 5. paropakArI hone kA artha hai-sAmAjika-sukha yA lokopayogitA meM vRddhi krnaa| isI prakAra, svArthI hone kA matalaba hai-sAmAjika-sukha meM kamI krnaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki naitika-sukhavAda kI dhAraNA sukha ko kAmya mAnate hue bhI lokahita yA lokamaMgala ko sthAna detI hai|

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 163 jaina-AcAradarzana meM naitika-sukhavAda ke donoM pakSa, arthAt sukhoM kI kAmyatA evaM upayogitA (lokahita) samAhita haiM, jina para hama yahA~ vicAra kreNge| jaina-AcAradarzana meM naitika-sukhavAda ke samarthaka kucha tathya milate haiN| mahAvIra ne kaI bAra yaha kahA ki 'jisase sukha ho, vaha kro|'52 isa kathana ke AdhAra para yaha phalita nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra naitika-sukhavAda ke samarthaka the| yadyapi hameM yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki sukha zabda kA jo artha mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thA, vaha vartamAna sukha zabda kI vyAkhyA se bhinna thaa| eka anya dRSTi se bhI jaina-naitikatAko sukhavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaina naitika-Adarza mokSa AtmA kI ananta saukhya kI avasthA hai aura isa prakAra jaina-naitikatA sukha ke anusaraNa karane kA Adeza detI hai| isa artha meM bhI vaha sukhavAdI hai, yadyapi yahA~ para usakA sukha kI upalabdhi kA naitika-Adarza bhautika sukha kI upalabdhi kA Adarza nahIM hai, varan vaha to paramAnanda kI avasthA kI upalabdhi kA Adarza hai| sAmAnya artha meM sukha-duHkha sApekSazabda haiM, eka vikalpAtmaka sthiti hai| du:kha ke viparIta jo hai usakI anubhUti sukha hai, yAsukha duHkha kA abhAva hai| jaina-darzana 'nirvANa' meM jisa ananta saukhya kI kalpanA karatA hai, vaha nirvikalpa sukha hai| vastuta:, jaina-dRSTi meM nirvikalpa sukha hI vAstavika sukha hai| sukhavAda ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM 'sukha' zabda kA kyA artha abhipreta hai| kaThinAI yaha hai ki jainAgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta hai| prAkRta 'suha' zabda ke saMskRta bhASA meM 'sukha' aura zubha'-aise do rUpa banate haiN| dUsare, jainAgamoM meM vibhinna sthaloM para suha' bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| yoM prasaMga ke anukUla artha kA nizcaya karane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hotii| __jainAcAryoM ne 'sukha' dasa prakAra ke mAne haiM- (1)Arogyasukha, (2) dIrghAyuSyasukha, (3) sampattisukha, (4) kAmasukha, (5) bhogasukha, (6) santoSasukha, (7) astitvasukha, (8) zubhabhogasukha, (9) niSkramaNasukha aura (10) anaabaadhsukh| sukha ke isa vargIkaraNa ko jaina-dRSTi se nimnastarIya aura uccastarIya sukhoM ke sApekSa AdhAra para prastuta kiyA jAe, to usakA svarUpa nimna hogA- (1) sampattisukha, (2) kAmasukha, (3) bhogasukha, (4) zubhabhogasukha, (5) Arogyasukha, (6) dIrghAyuSyasukha, (7) santoSasukha, (8) niSkramaNasukha, (9) astitvasukha aura (10) anaabaadhsukh| sampatti yA artha gArhasthika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai aura sAMsArika-sukhoM ke lie kAraNabhUta hone se use 'sukha' kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya-vicAraNA meM cAra puruSArthoM meM artha ko eka puruSArtha mAnakara naitika-dRSTi se usakA mahatva avazya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai,

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lekina sampatti apane meM sAdhya nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAdhana hai, isIlie ise naitikatA kA sAdhya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi mammanaseTha ke samAna kucha loga hote haiM, jinake lie dhana yA artha hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai, lekina jaina- vicAraNA meM artha yA sampatti ko sukha mAnate hue bhI naitika-paramamUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi sampatti ko sukha mAnakara usake apahAra kA niSedha avazya kiyA gayA hai, tathApi jaina-darzana yaha to svIkAra karatA hai| ki sukha kA cAhe nimnastarIya hI rUpa kyoM na ho, svAbhAvika rUpa se prANI ke jIvana kA sAdhya hotA hai, lekina naitikatA isa bAta meM nahIM hai ki usa nimnastarIya sukha ke anusaraNa meM uccastarIya sukha kA tyAga kara diyA jaae| sAmpattika- sukha kA tyAga kAmasukha evaM bhogasukha ke lie karanA cAhie, kyoMki artha kAma aura bhoga kA sAdhana hai| isI prakAra, kAma aura bhoga kA parityAga zubhabhoga ke lie karanA cAhie / yahA~ para jaina - dArzanika kAmasukha aura bhogasukha tathA zubhabhogasukha meM antara karate haiN| kAmasukha aura bhogasukha kramazaH vAsanAtmaka aura indriyasukhoM ke pratIka haiM aura zubhabhoga mAnasika-sukhoM kA pratIka hai| 56 jaina- vicArakoM ke mata meM indriyasukhoM kI apekSA mAnasika sukha zreSTha hai, ataH mAnasika sukha yA bauddhika - sukha ke anusaraNa ke lie indriyasukhoM kA parityAga Avazyaka hai| eka dUsarI dRSTi se zubha zabda kA artha kalyANakArI karane para" kAmasukha aura bhogasukha ko vaiyaktika aura zubhabhoga ko sAmAjika yA loka-kalyANakArI kAryoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa sthiti meM jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra vaiyaktika sukhoM kA parityAga samAja ke kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAnA cAhie, yahI siddha hotA hai| vaiyaktika sukhabhoga kA lokakalyANa ke hetu parityAga kiyA jAnA cAhie yaha mAnakara jaina- vicAraNA upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa A jAtI hai| lekina bauddhika sukha aura loka kalyANakArI kAryoM ke sampAdana meM rahA huA sukha bhI sarvopari nahIM rahatA, jabaki Arogya (svAsthya) evaM jIvana kA prazna upasthita ho jAtA hai, yadyapi bauddhika - sukha anusaraNIya hai, tathApi svAsthya aura jIvana kI surakSA ke nimitta unakA bhI parityAga Avazyaka hai| 164 kAma-bhoga, bauddhika--sukha aura svAsthya evaM jIvana sambandhI sukhoM kI AkAMkSAe~ apane meM sAdhya nahIM haiN| AkAMkSAe~ santoSa ke lie hotI haiM, ataH santoSajanita sukha ina saba AkAMkSAjanita sukhoM se zreSTha hai, " kyoMki jina sukhoM ke mUla meM AkAMkSA yA icchA hotI hai, ve sukha duHkhapratyutpanna haiN| AkAMkSA yA icchA eka mAnasika tanAva hai aura sabhI tanAva duHkhada hote haiM, ataH duHkhapratyupanna sukha sApekSa rUpa meM sukha hote hue bhI nimnastarIya sukha hI haiM, lekina santoSavRtti kA sukha aisA hai, jisake kAraNa icchA yA tanAva samApta ho jAtA hai / usakA anta sukha-rUpa hI hai, ata: usake lie ina sabhI prakAra ke sukhoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina santoSa-sukha bhI apane meM sAdhya nahIM hai, santoSa se bar3A sukha niSkramaNa

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta (tyAga) kA hai / santoSa meM icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai, lekina niSkramaNa meM icchA, mamatva yA Asakti kA abhAva hai / santoSa aura icchA ke abhAva kI pUrNatA Asakti ke abhAva meM hI hotI hai / santoSa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina anAsakti hotI hai / santoSa prayAsajanya hai, anAsakti svabhAvajanya hai| ataH eka santoSI vyakti kI apekSA bhI anAsakta vItarAga puruSa kA sukha kahIM adhika hotA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki na to apAra sampattizAlI puruSa hI sukhI hai, na adhikAra sampanna senApati hI; pRthvI kA adhipati rAjA evaM svarga ke nivAsI deva bhI ekAnta rUpa se sukhI nahIM haiM; jagat meM yadi koI ekAnta rUpa se sukhI hai, to vaha hai nispRha, vItarAga sAdhu / " cakravartI aura devarAja indra ke sukhoM kI apekSA bhI, lokavyApAra se nivRtta nispRha zramaNa adhika sukhI hai| 60 svAbhAvika taura para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki aisA kyoM kahA gayA hai ki nispRha vItarAga sAdhu hI sarvAdhika sukhI hai ? usakA sukha hI kyoM ucca koTi kA sukha hai ? jainAcAryoM ne ukta prazna kA uttara nimna zabdoM meM diyA hai, nispRhatA ke atirikta zeSa saba sukha duHkha ke pratikAra ke nimitta hote haiM, mAtra sukha kA abhimAna utpanna karate haiM, ve vAstavika sukha nahIM kahe jA skte|" sukha duHkha ke asthAyI pratikAra haiM, ve mAtra sukhAbhAsa haiM; vAstavika sukha nahIM haiN| vaiSayika sukhoM kI tulanA khAja ke khujAne se utpanna sukha se kI hai| jaise khAja khujAne se utpanna sukha kA Adi aura anta - donoM duHkhapUrNa haiM, vaise hI vaiSayika sukhoM kA Adi aura anta - donoM hI duHkhapUrNa haiM, ataH ve vAstavika sukha nahIM ho sakate / - jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkramaNa-avasthA meM vyakti saba kucha tyAga detA hai, lekina tyAga usI kA kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo 'para' hai, 'sva' kA tyAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, ata: saba- kucha tyAga karane ke pazcAt jo zeSa rahatA hai, vaha hai usakA parizuddha 'sva' / vahI apanA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka maikeMjI bhI kahate haiM ki zuddha naitika dRSTikoNa kisI bhI vyakti kA kisI bhI sampatti para koI adhikAra nahIM hai, sivAya usake, jisane use apane astitva kA aMga banA liyA hai| 12 jaina - vicAraka yahA~ yaha kahanA cAheMge ki vastuta: kisI bhI bAhya-sattA ko apanA aMga banAyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| apane astitva ko chor3akara zeSa saba bAhya haiN| jarmana vicAraka jI. sImela kahate haiM, 'zuddha artha meM apane astitva ke atirikta merA kucha bhI nahIM hai, '63 ataH jo apanA nahIM hai, use chor3a denA, usase nivRtta honA niSkramaNa - sukha aura jo 'sva' hai, use pA lenA astitva sukha hai| ise hama zuddhAtmadazA kaha sakate haiM, jisameM AtmA vibhAvadazA se svabhAvadazA meM A jAtI hai aura AtmA ke nijaguNa prakaTa ho jAte haiM / yahI zuddha AtmadazA astitvasukha hai| vastutaH, niSkramaNasukha aura astitvasukha eka hI avasthA ke do pahalU haiM- pahalA niSedhAtmaka pahalU 165

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166 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai, dUsarA bhAvAtmaka phluu| jo svabhAva nahIM hai, use chor3ane se jo sukha hotA hai, vaha niSkramaNasukha hai aura jo 'sva' hai, usake 'para' ke abhAva meM zuddha rUpa meM rahane se jo sukha milatA hai, vaha astitvasukha hai| 'para' bhAva ko chor3anA niSkramaNa-sukha hai aura 'sva'svabhAva meM ramaNa karanA astitvasukha hai| niSkramaNa, nispRhatA, yA vItarAgatA yA anAsakti ke dvArA para'- bhAva ko chor3ane aura 'sva'-svabhAvameM ramaNa karane kA jo sukha hai, use jainadarzana ke anusAra uccatama naitika yA cAritrika-sukha kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha uccatama naitika-sukha hai, tathApi yaha bhI sAdhya nahIM hai, sAdhana hI hai| naitika-jIvana svayaM eka sAdhana hai| naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai-anAbAdha sukh| yahI sarvocca sukha hai, yahI naitikatA kA Adarza hai| anAbAdha sukha vAstavika pUrNatA hai, mukti hai| jisameM janma, jarA evaM maraNa Adi samasta bAdhAoM kA abhAva ho, jahA~ samasta AtmaguNa anAbAdha rUpa se prakaTa hoM, vahI anAbAdha sukha hai| yadi hama jaina-naitikatA ko kisI vizeSa artha meM sukhavAda ke nAma se pukAranA ucita samajheM, to usake naitika-AcaraNa kA caramAdarza isa anAbAdha sukha kI upalabdhi hI hai, yaha mAnanA hogaa| anAbAdha sukha vastuta: AdhyAtmika-Ananda kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM hama zuddha evaM pUrNa AtmasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiN| duHkha kA kAraNa tanAva hai aura tanAva kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa hai| jaba AtmA rAga-dveSarUpa tanAva ko samApta kara detA hai aura arhat yA vItarAga-avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, to use isa vAstavika sukha kA lAbha hotA hai, jo vAsanAtmaka sukhoM kI apekSAananta gunA adhika hai| jainAgamoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se prApta hone vAle laukika-sukha vItarAga ke sukha kA anantavA~ bhAga bhI nahIM hote, arthAt vItarAga ke sukha kI apekSA laukika-sukha na kucha ke barAbara hai|66 'sukhavAda ke anusAra bhI sukha mana yA citta kI zAntabhAvanA hai| yaha jitanI pragAr3ha, cirakAlIna tathA nirantara ho, utanA hI sukha adhika hotA hai| vairAgya (vItarAga-dazA) manuSya kI aisI hI pragAr3ha, cirakAlIna aura nirantara zAntavRtti hai| yaha vRtti karma karane se nahIM, kintu karma kA parityAga karake ekAnta meM citta ko ekAgra karane se AtI hai, ataeva sukhavAda kI tArkika-parAkASThA yaha hai ki vairAgya (vItarAga-dazA) hI ekamAtra zreya hai|'67 mahAbhArata meM bhI vAsanAmUlaka evaM aindrika-sukhoM ko atyanta nimna koTi kA kahA gayA hai| mahAbhArata una aindrika tathA vAsanAtmaka-sukhoM ko, jo duHkhaprasUta haiM yA jinakA anta duHkha meM hotA hai, tyAjya ThaharAtA hai| sabhI (aindrika yA vAsanAtmaka) sukha yA to duHkhAnta hote haiM, yAduHkha se utpanna hote haiM, ata: jise zAzvata sukha kI apekSA hai, use Adi aura anta meM duHkharUpa ina sukhoM kA tyAga kara denA caahie| yahI nahIM, maharSi vedavyAsa kahate haiM ki 'binA tyAga kie sukha nahIM milatA, binA tyAga kie paramatattva kI upalabdhi

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 167 bhI nahIM hotI, binA tyAga ke abhaya kI prApti bhI nahIM hotI, ata: saba kucha tyAga karake sukhI ho jaao| ___jaina-darzana kI bhA~ti mahAbhArata meM bhI lagabhaga vaise hI zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se hone vAle kAmasukha, yA bhautikasukha,yA divya logoM ke mahAna sukha bhI vItatRSNa vyakti ke sukhoM kI solahavIM kalA ke barAbara bhI nahIM haiN| jaina-vicAra ke sukha ke pUrNa yA anAbAdha svarUpa ko hI chAndogyopaniSad meM 'bhUmA' kahA gayA hai| RSi kahatA hai ki jobhUmA yA ananta hai, vahI sukha hai,alpa yA anitya meM sukha nahIM hai| anantatA, pUrNatA yA zAzvatatA hI sukha hai, ata: usI kI jijJAsA karanI caahie| ___ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina-paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidikaparamparAoM meM bhI sukha ko apane viziSTa artha meM naitika-jIvana kA sAdhyamAnA gayA hai, ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-vicAraNA aura sAmAnya rUpase anya sabhI bhAratIya vicAraNAoM meM naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM sukha ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura use zubhatva kA pramApaka bhI mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki bhAratIya-cintana meM sukha ko hI ekamAtra naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya nahIM kahA gayA hai| sukha hamArI tAttvika-prakRti ke aMga ke rUpa meM sAdhya avazya hai, lekina isake sAtha hI hamArI tAttvika-prakRti ke anya pakSa bhI haiM, jinheM asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| sukhavAda kI, jaina-darzana ke anusAra pramukha AlocanA yaha hai ki vaha sukha ko hI ekamAtra sAdhya mAnatA hai, jabaki cetanA ke anya pakSa bhI samAna rUpa se naitika-sAdhya banane kI apekSA rakhate haiN| sukhavAda cetanA ke mAtra anubhUtyAtmaka-pakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai aura usake bauddhika-pakSa kI avahelanA karatA hai| yahI usakA ekAMgIpana hai| jaina-dArzanika sukhavAda ko svIkAra karate hue bhI bauddhika evaM jJAnAtmaka-pakSa kI avahelanA nahIM karate aura isa rUpa meM ve sukhavAdI-vicAraNA ke tattvoM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI AlocanA ke pAtra nahIM banate haiN| arastU kA mAtrA kAmAnaka aura jaina-darzana- pAzcAtya-vicArakoM meM arastu kA nAma agragaNya hai| arastU ke naitika-darzana meM zubha kA pratimAna svarNima mAdhya' (Golden Mean) mAnA gayA hai| arastU ke anusAra pratyeka guNa apanI madhyAvasthA me hI naitika-zubha hotA hai| usane sadguNa aura durguNa kI kasauTI ke rUpa meM isI svarNima mAdhya' ko svIkAra kiyA hai| samArga madhyamArga hai| udAharaNArtha, sAhasa sadguNa hai, jo kAyaratA aura ugratA kI madhyAvasthA hai| kAyaratA aura sadaiva saMgharSarata rahanA-donoM hI avaguNa haiN| Adarza ina donoM ke madhya meM hai, jise 'sAhasa' kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, sAMsArika-sukhoM meM anuracita ke rUpa meM atyadhika bhoga-vilAsa aura virakti ke rUpa meM tapa-mArga yA deha-daNDana-donoM

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anucita haiN| saMyama donoM kI madhyAvasthA ke rUpa meM sadguNa hai| yadyapi mAtrAtmaka mAnaka kI isa dhAraNA ke sambandha meM kucha apavAda svayaM arastU ne bhI svIkAra kie haiN| jaina-darzana meM arastU ke isa mAtrAtmaka mAnaka dRSTikoNa kA samarthana AcArya guNabhadra ke AtmAnuzAsana nAmaka grantha meM bhI milatA hai| ve likhate haiM ki sukha kA anubhava karanA burA nahIM hai, lekina usake pIche jo vAsanA hai, vaha burI hai| sukha bhoga se koI pApa nahIM hotA, pApa hotA hai sukha bhoga kI vAsanA ke kAraNa, kyoMki yaha vAsanA samyak dRSTikoNa kI ghAtaka hai| vAsanA se samyaktva kA nAza hotA hai, jabaki samyaktva sukha kA hetu hai / vAsanA mAtrAtikramaNa kI ora le jAtI hai aura yahI mAtrAtikramaNa pApa hai| AcArya ise aura adhika spaSTa karate hue miThAI kA udAharaNa dete haiN| ve kahate haiM ki 'ajIrNa' miSThAnna bhojana nahIM hotA, vaha hotA hai usakI mAtrA kA atikramaNa karane se, 2 isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM bhI arastU ke samAna mAtrA ke mAnaka kA vicAra upalabdha hai| 168 isI AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa upasthita kara sakate haiM ki prAkRtika-kSudhAoM, udAtta bhAvanAoM aura saMvegoM kA damana nahIM karanA cAhie, varan unheM isa rUpa meM niyojita karanA cAhie ki ve pUrNa naitika jIvana kI dizA meM Age le jaaeN| 2. vikAsavAda aura jaina darzana vikAsavAdI - AcAradarzana naitikatA ko eka prakriyA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM naitika-pratyaya aura unake artha sApekSa haiN| sApekSa naitikatA vikAsavAdI AcAradarzana kI mahatvapUrNa mAnyatA hai / vikAsavAda ke anusAra naitikatA kA artha hai apane astitva ko banAe rakhanA aura vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahayogI honaa| isake anusAra, zubha kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahAyaka hai, vaha zubha hai aura jo sahAyaka nahIM hai, vaha azubha hai| vikAsavAdI darzana meM sukha ko naitika - jIvana kA parama sAdhya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina usake sAtha hI vaiyaktika evaM jAtIya - jIvana ke astitva ko bhI mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| spensara kahate haiM ki jIvana kA antima sAdhya Ananda hai, lekina jIvana kA nikaTavartI sAdhya jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI hai| 3 ve kahate haiM ki krama vikAsa kI gati sadaiva AtmarakSaNa kI dizA meM hotI hai aura vaha usa sImA ko usa samaya prApta hotA hai, jaba jIvana, lambAI aura caur3AI - donoM meM adhikatama ho jAtA hai| 74 vikAsavAdI darzana meM jo prakriyAe~ jIva ko vAtAvaraNa meM samAyojita karatI haiM aura jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI meM vRddhi karatI haiM, ve hI naitika haiN| isa prakAra, vikAsavAdI darzana meM pramukharUpa se tIna dRSTikoNa parilakSita hote haiM - - - 1. jIvana kA rakSaNa, 2. pariveza se samAyojana, aura

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 169 3. vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahagAmI honaa| jaina-darzana vikAsavAda ke kucha tathyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| jIvana ko parama-mUlya mAnane kI dhAraNA jaina-darzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI ko jIvana evaM prANa priya haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sabhI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM. koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| isa prakAra, jIvanarakSaNa ko eka pramukha tathya mAnA gayA hai| jaina-darzana kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bhI isI jIvanarakSaNa evaM jIvana ke paramamUlya kI dhAraNA para adhiSThita hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI isI vikAsavAdI-dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki apane jIvana ke kalyANa kA jo upAya jAna par3e, use zIghra hI paNDitapuruSoM se sIkha lenA caahie| spensara AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kAAdhAra jIvanavarddhakatA ko mAnate hue kahatA hai ki acchA AcaraNa jIvanavarddhaka aura burA AcaraNa jIvana ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra bhI AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA pramApaka ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne jaina-naitikatA ke sabhI niyamoM ko isI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta se nirgamita kiyA hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI yahI hai ki jo AcaraNa jIvana ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai, vaha azubha hai aura jo AcaraNa jIvana ke rakSaNa kA kAraNa hai, vahazubha hai| isa prakAra, spensara ke dRSTikoNa se jaina-darzana kI sAmyatA siddha hotI hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki spensara jIvanarakSaNa ko zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnate hue bhI ahiMsA ke sUkSma siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM krtaa| usake siddhAnta meM jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko vaha samAnatA nahIM dI gaI hai, jo ki jaina-darzana ke ahiMsA-siddhAnta meM hai| nakevala jaina-darzana meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-darzanoM meM bhI jIvana ke mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jIvana kA rakSaNa vareNya hai| kauSItakiupaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki niHzreyasa mAtra prANa meM hai| cANakya ne bhI kahA hai ki dhana aura strI kI apekSAbhI AtmA (jIvana) kI sadaiva rakSA karanI caahie| buddha ne bhI jIvanarakSaNa ko Avazyaka kahA hai| dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM ki apane ko priya samajhA hai, to apane ko surakSita rakhanA caahie| vikAmanATI ApAradarzana kA dUsarA pramukha pratyaya samAyojana hai| pariveza ke prati samAyojana naitika-jIvana kA Avazyaka aGga mAnA jAtA hai| spensara ke zabdoM meM, sabhI burAiyoM kA utsa deha kA pariveza ke anurUpa na honA hai| 2 spensara ne pariveza ke sAtha anurUpatA yA samAyojana ko naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya aura zubhAzubha kA pratimAna-donoM hI mAnA hai| jaina-darzana kA samatvayoga isI samAyojana kI prakriyA ko abhivyakta karatA hai, yadyapi jaina-darzana meM samAyojana kA artha Antarika-samatva se hai| usakI dRSTi meM bAhya

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170 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samAyojana itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| usameM samAyojana kA artha cetanA kA svasvabhAva ke anurUpahonA hai| isa prakAra, vikAsavAda aura jaina-darzana-donoM hI samAyojana ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jahA~ vikAsavAda vyakti aura pariveza ke madhya samAyojanako mahatva detA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana manovRttiyoM aura svasvabhAva ke madhya samAyojana ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vikAsavAda meM samAyojana jIvanarakSaNa ke lie hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM samAyojana AtmA (svasvabhAva) ke rakSaNa ke lie hai| vikAsavAda kA tIsarA pratyaya 'vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahabhAgI honA hai| jo karma vikAsa ko avaruddha karate haiM aura bAdhaka banate haiM, ve anaitika haiM aura jo karma vikAsa kI prakriyA ko Age bar3hAte haiM, ve naitika haiN| jaina-darzana meM vikAsa kA pratyaya to AyA hai, lekina bhautika-vikAsa kA jo rUpa vikAsavAda meM mAnya hai, vaha jaina-darzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina-darzana AtmA ke AdhyAtmika-vikAsa para jora detA hai aura isa dRSTi se vaha avazya hI una karmoM ko naitika mAnatA hai, jo AtmavikAsa meM sahAyaka haiM aura una karmoM ko anaitikamAnatA hai, jo Atmika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra vikAsakA sarvocca rUpa AtmAkIjJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka-zaktiyoM kI pUrNatA kI sthiti hai| jaba AtmA meM ye zaktiyA~ pUrNatayA prakaTa ho jAtI haiM aura una para koI AvaraNa yA bAdhakatA nahIM hotI, tabhI naitika-pUrNatA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana vikAsa ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate hue bhI vikAsavAda se thor3A bhinna hai| spensara kA vikAsavAdI-darzana aura jaina-darzana puna: eka sthAna para ekadUsare ke nikaTa Ate haiN| spensara ke anusAra vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai aura vikAsa kI pUrNatA para naitikatA nirapekSa bana jAtI hai| jaina-darzana bhI AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitika-sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra bhI hama jaise-jaise AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI prakriyA meM Upara uThate jAte haiM, vaise-vaise naitika-bAdhyatAoMaura naitika-sApekSatAoM se Upara uThate hue naitika-nirapekSatA kI ora Age bar3hate haiN|| spensara ne jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI ko naitika-pratimAna banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina-darzana jIvanarakSaNa kI bAta karate hue bhI spensara kI jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI ke naitika-pratimAna ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| spensara ke anusAra jIvana kI lambAI kA artha hai- dIrghAyu honA aura caur3AI kA artha hai- jIvana kI sakriyatA yA krmtthtaa| jainadarzana spensara kI uparyukta mAnyatAoM ko samucita nahIM mAnatA, kyoMki eka mahApuruSa ko alpAyu hone ke kAraNa anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura eka DAkU ko zArIrika-dRSTi se karmaTha hone para naitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jIvanavRddhi kA saccA artha to sadguNoM kI vRddhi hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne jIvanarakSaNakI apekSA sadguNoM ke rakSaNa ko adhika mahatvapUrNamAnA hai|

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta vaha to sadguNoM ke rakSaNa ke lie deha - utsarga yA prANAnta ko bhI anaitika nahIM maantaa| usake anusAra, jIvana apane meM sAdhya nahIM, varanU naitika- pUrNatA ko prApta karane kA sAdhana hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana aura spensara kA vikAsavAda kucha artho meM ekadUsare se bhinna bhI siddha hote haiN| spensara kA jIvana-vRddhi kA Adarza vastutaH vaiyaktika nItizAstra kA pratipAdaka hai| spensara ke lie vaiyaktika - naitikatA hI pramukha thI / yadyapi usane jAtirakSaNa ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, tathApi sAmAjika nItizAstra kA pratipAdana vikAsavAda ke anya do vicArakoM ke dvArA hI huA hai| unameM sTIphena ne sAmAjika-svAsthya (Social Health) aura alekjeNDara ne sAmAjika-samakakSatA (Social equilibrium) ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yadyapi spaSTa rUpa meM jaina- dArzanikoM ne ina siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM koI bAta kahI ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA, tathApi yadi hama sAmAjika svAsthya kA artha sAmAjika vyavasthA karate haiM, to itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-darzana bhI eka suvyavasthita samAja - racanA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| sAmAjika-sa 5- samakakSatA sAmAjikasamatva kI sUcaka hai aura isa rUpa meM jaina darzana kA anAgraha aura aparigraha kA siddhAnta isa sAmAjika samatva kA saMrakSaNa karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM nirdiSTa prANiyoM kI sahayogAtmaka prakRti bhI sAmAjika-sa 5- samatva kI saMrakSaka hai / - 3. buddhiparatAvAda aura jaina darzana kAMTa apane naitika siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM bhAvanAoM ko koI sthAna nahIM dete| unake anusAra naitika jIvana kA lakSya bhAvanAoM se Upara buddhimaya jIvana hai| kAMTa ke nItizAstra meM sad-icchA hI paramazubha hai / ve sadicchA ko sadbhAvanA nahIM, varan karttavyabhAva mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, sadicchA yA paramazubha nirapekSa hai| kAMTa kA naitika-darzana jJAnamArga kA pratipAdaka hai, usameM karttavya kevala karttavya ke lie hote haiN| kAMTa kisI bhAvanA se prerita karma ko naitika nahIM maante| unake anusAra, karma ko bhAvanA se nahIM, varan buddhi se niyantrita honA caahie| niSpakSa buddhi se niyantrita karma hI naitika ho sakatA hai| kAMTa ne naitika- Adeza ke yA karma kI naitikatA ke pratimApaka pA~ca sUtra die haiM -- 171 1. sArvabhauma vidhAna - tuma kevala usI niyama kA pAlana karo, jisake mAdhyama se tuma usI samaya icchA kara sako ki yaha eka sArvabhauma vidhAna ho / 2. prakRti vidhAna - aisA karo, mAno tumhAre karma kA niyama tumhArI icchA ke mAdhyama se prakRti kA eka sArvabhauma vidhAna hone vAlA ho / 3. svayaMsAdhya - esA karo, jisase svayaM ke vyaktitva meM tathA pratyeka anya puruSa ke vyaktitva meM nihita mAnavatA ko tuma sadA hI sAdhya ke rUpa meM prayoga karo, sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM /

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172 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 4. svatantratA- aisA karo ki tumhArI icchA usI samaya apane niyama ke mAdhyama se apane ko sArvabhauma vidhAna banAne vAlI samajha ske| 5. sAdhyoM kA rAjya- aisA karo, mAno tuma sadA apane niyama ke mAdhyama se sAdhyoM ke eka sArvabhauma sAdhya ke vidhAyaka sadasya ho|83 jaina-darzana meM kAMTa ke siddhAntoM ke kucha sUtra avazya mila jAte haiM, jinake AdhAra para donoM kI nikaTatA ko parakhA jA sakatA hai| kAMTa aura jaina-darzana, donoM naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM jJAna ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra niSpakSa evaM nirapekSa pUrNajJAna (kevalajJAna) naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai, yadyapi isa sandarbha meM jaina-darzana aura kAMTa meM thor3A vicAra-bheda bhI hai| kAMTa ke anusAra nirapekSa jJAnamaya jIvana hI naitika-sAdhya hai, jabaki jaina-darzana ke anusAra jJAna ke sAthasAtha bhAva bhI naitika-sAdhya hai| jaina-darzana mokSa-dazA meM anantajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha anantasukha kI upasthiti bhI mAnatA hai| kAMTa ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhya hai, jabaki jainadarzana ke anusAra jJAna bhI sAdhya hai| ____ jahA~ taka paramazubha kI nirapekSatA kA prazna hai, jaina-darzana naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa yA AcAralakSI-nizcayanaya ko avazya hI nirapekSa mAnatA hai; lekina sAtha hI vaha vyAvahArika naitikatA kI sApekSatA bhI svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra Antarika naitikatA avazya nirapekSa aura nirapavAda hai; lekina bAhya naitika-niyama to sApekSa aura sApavAdahI haiN| jaina-darzana meM apavAdamArga yA Apadadharma kA vidhAna hai, yadyapi usake lie prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI hai| sAmAnya sthiti meM nirapekSarUpa se hI naitika niyamoM ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, jahA~ jaina-darzana nirapekSa aura sApekSa-donoM hI prakAra kI naitika-vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, vahA~ kAMTa kevala nirapekSa-naitikatA para hI bala dete haiN| kAMTa apavAdamArga aura Apaddharma ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake anusAra, jo zubha hai, vaha sadaiva hI zubha hai aura jo azubha hai, vaha sadaiva hI azubha hai| jahA~ taka vAsanAoM ke buddhi se niyantrita hone kA prazna hai, jaina-darzana aura kAMTa-donoM ke dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| jaina-darzana bhI vAsanAoM para buddhi kA zAsana Avazyaka mAnatA hai| AcAramArga kI kaThoratA kI dRSTi se kAMTa aura jaina-darzana ekadUsare ke nikaTa haiN| kAMTa ke AcAradarzana ko apavAdamArga evaM bhAvanA ke abhAva ke kAraNa kaThoratAvAda kahA jAtA hai, jabaki jaina-AcAradarzana ko tapapradhAna hone ke kAraNa kaThora kahA jAtA hai, yadyapi jainadarzana apavAdamArga aura bhAvanA ko svIkAra karatA hai| kAMTa ke sArvabhauma vidhAna ke sUtra ke anusAra koI bhI karma tabhI naitika ho sakatA hai,

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta jabaki vaha sArvabhauma niyama banane kI kSamatA rakhatA ho| sAmAnya niyama hI naitika niyama ho sakatA hai| yadi koI niyama isa siddhAnta ke pratikUla hai, to vaha anaitika hai| udAharaNArtha, corI karane ko liijie| yadi koI vyakti corI ko apane AcaraNa kA vyaktigata niyama banAtA hai, to use yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki kyA vaha corI ko usI samaya sArvabhauma-niyama banA sakatA hai? spaSTa hai ki vaha yaha kabhI nahIM cAhegA ki usake dvArA curAe mAla kI anya koI corI kre| isa prakAra, corI sArvabhauma-niyama nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki corI ko sArvabhauma banAne para corI kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| isI prakAra, hiMsA, asatya, beImAnI Adi avaguNa bhI sArvabhauma niyama nahIM banAe jA sakate, isalie ve sabhI anaitika haiN| isa sUtra kA Azaya yahI hai ki hama jaisA vyavahAra apane prati cAhate haiM, vaisA hI AcaraNa dUsaroM ke prati kareM, hama apane bAre meM jaisI icchA kareM, vaisI hI icchA dUsare ke bAre meM bhI kreN| jaina darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI ise hI naitika-niyama kA sarvasva mAnA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha evaM vaidika- AcAradarzanoM meM bhI zubhAzubhatva ke pratipAdana ke rUpa meM yahI siddhAnta svIkRta hai / jaina AcAradarzana meM bhI karma ke zubhAzubhatva kA nirNAyaka yahI Atmavat dRSTi kA siddhAnta hai| gItA aura bauddha - AcAradarzana meM bhI isa siddhAnta kA samarthana milatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kAMTa kA sArvabhauma-vidhAna kA sUtra Atmavat dRSTi ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM bhAratIya paramparA meM hI svIkRta rahA hai| 84 T hi ke prakRti vidhAna ke sUtra kA Azaya yaha hai ki jo karma prakRti kI ekarUpatA aura soddezyatA ke anurUpa haiM, ve hI karane caahie| isa sUtra kA eka Azaya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki svabhAva ke anurUpa hI karma karanA caahie| kAMTa ke isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana gItA meM svadharma siddhAnta ke rUpa meM huA hai| gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki jJAnavAn bhI apanI prakRti ke anurUpa hI AcaraNa karate haiN| 5 jaina darzana ke anusAra yaha kahanA par3egA ki AtmA Tata svabhAva hai, yA jo svabhAvadazA hai, usI se hamAre karma niHsRta hone caahie| karma svabhAva se niHsRta hote haiM, ve hI naitika hote haiN| vibhAvadazA meM hone vAle karma anaitika haiN| - kAMTa ke svayaMsAdhya ke sUtra kA Azaya yaha hai ki manuSya svayaM sAdhya hai aura usako kisI dUsare manuSya ke lie sAdhana nahIM bananA caahie| yadi vyakti apanI AtmA ko sAdhya na banAkara svayaM ko kisI anya kA sAdhana banAtA hai, to usakA yaha karma naitika nahIM mAnA jaaegaa| jaina darzana meM aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai| isake viparIta, aneka sthitiyoM vyakti ko dUsare ke hita kA sAdhana banane ko kahA gayA hai| yadi hama isa siddhAnta kA yaha Azaya svIkAra kareM ki mAnavatA kA (cAhe vaha hamAre svayaM ke andara ho, athavA kisI anya vyakti meM) sammAna karanA cAhie, to isa rUpa meM vaha jaina-darzana meM bhI svIkRta ho 173

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174 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sakatA hai| eka anya apekSA se bhI isa sUtra kA yaha bhI Azaya nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti kA naitika-vikAsa aura patana svayaM usI para nirbhara hai| isa artha meM yaha siddhAnta naitika-jIvana meM puruSArtha kI dhAraNA para bala detA hai aura yaha jaina-darzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| jaina-AcAradarzana kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki vyakti kA hita aura ahita svayaM usI para nirbhara hai| kAMTa ke svatantratA ke sUtra kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti ko samAna adhikAra prApta hai, ata: jise hama apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, use hI dUsaroM kA bhI adhikAra mAnanA caahie| yadi hama corI karate samaya dUsaroM kI sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, to dUsaroM ko bhI yaha adhikAra prApta hai ki ve ApakI sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnakara usakA upabhoga kreN| isa prakAra, yaha sUtra samAna adhikAra kI bAta kahatA hai, jo ki prathama sUtra se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| yaha sUtra bhI sabako apane samAna samajhane kA Adeza hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha Atmavat-dRSTi kA hI pratipAdaka hai| kAMTa kA sAdhyoM ke rAjya kA sUtra yaha batAtA hai ki sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna mUlyavAlA samajho aura isa artha meM yaha siddhAnta lokapriya yA lokasaMgraha kA pratipAdaka hai tathA pArasparika sahayoga tathA pUrNa sAmaJjasya ke sAtha karma karane kA nirdeza detA hai| isameM bhI Atmavat-dRSTi kA bhAva sannihita hai| isa sUtra meM pratipAdita sabhI vicAra jaina tathA anya bhAratIya-darzanoM meM upalabdha haiN| 4. pUrNatAvAda aura jaina-darzana pUrNatAvAda kA siddhAnta naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI pUrNatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| sukhavAda AtmA ke bhAvanAtmaka pakSa ko naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya batAtA hai, jabaki buddhivAda AtmA ke bauddhika-pakSa ko hI naitikatA kA sAdhya mAnatA hai| sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se Upara uThakara pUrNatAvAda bhAvanAtmaka-AtmA aura bauddhika-AtmA-donoM ko hI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya mAnatA hai| naitikatA samagra AtmA kI siddhi hai, usa AtmA kI, jo ki buddhimaya bhI hai aura bhAvanAmaya bhii| vaha AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM ko nahIM, varan pUrNa AtmA ko naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya banAtA hai| vaha Atmika-kSamatAoM ke pUrNa vikAsa kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karatA hai| pUrNatAvAda kA eka prAcIna rUpa IsA ke usa kathana meM milatA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'tuma vaise hI pUrNa ho jAo, jaise svarga meM tumhArA pitA hai|' hegela ne bhI apane darzana kI mukhya zikSA pUrNa vyakti bano' ke rUpa meM dI hai| hegela ke dRSTikoNa kA hI vikAsa karane vAle pUrNatAvAdI vicArakoM meM kiyarDa, grIna, kraiDale evaM bosAke pramukha haiN| samakAlIna pUrNatAvAdI vicArakoM meM peTana aura myUraheDa Ate haiN| braiDale apane pUrNatAvAda

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 175 meM AtmasAkSAtkAra para bala dete haiN| unakA kathana hai ki apane ko eka ananta pUrNa ke rUpa meM prApta kro| braiDale apane nItizAstra ke pramukha graMtha ethikala sTaDIja' meM isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki vyakti kA naitika-sAdhya eka ananta pUrNa AtmA ke rUpa meM AtmasAkSAtkAra karanA hai| pUrNatAvAda kI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM ko nimna rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai- (1) paramazubha vAsanAoM kA buddhi ke dvArA vyavasthApana evaM niyantraNa karanA hai| (2) naitika-jIvana kI prakriyA AtmatyAga ke dvArA AtmalAbha kI hai| kSudra, pAzavika, vAsanAmaya evaM indriyaparaka AtmA ke tyAga ke dvArA ucca evaM sAmAjika-AtmA kA lAbha hI naitika-vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| (3) naitikatA AdhyAtmika-tattva ke ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| (4) pUrNatAvAda naitikatA ke Antarika-pakSa, arthAt caritra-vikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana para bala detA hai| (5) vaha apanI kSamatAoM ko pahacAna kara unake pUrNa prakaTana para bala detA hai| (6) manuSya hone ke lie sAmAjika honA Avazyaka hai, yadyapi sAmAjikatA bhI antima nahIM hai, sAmAjikatA se bhI Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra,vaha sAmAjikatA aura naitikatA ke kSetra ke atikramaNa para bala detA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to sabhI mokSalakSI-darzana pUrNatAvAda ke samarthaka haiN| zrI saGgamalAla pANDe likhate haiM ki vAstava meM hindU-dharma, bauddha-dharma aura jaina-dharma ke nItizAstra bahuta kucha ekasamAna haiN| ve sabhI manuSya ko pUrNa hone kI zikSA dete haiN| tInoM dharmoM kA pUrNatAvAda para triveNIsaGgama hone ke kAraNa pUrNatAvAda bhAratIya-nItizAstra kA sarvamAnya siddhAnta ho gayA hai|7| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM bhAvanAmaya aura buddhimaya-donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai aura buddhi ke dvArA bhAvanAoM ke anuzAsana para bala detA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI mokSa ke naitika-sAdhya meM bhAvanAtmaka aura bauddhika-donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA yaha mAnatA hai ki vyAvahArika jIvana meM kaSAyayukta AtmA ko jJAnAtmA se anuzAsita honA caahie| jaina-darzana ke anusAra bhI kaSAya AtmA kA tyAga aura jJAna, darzana aura cAritra-guNa se yukta zuddha AtmA kA lAbha naitika-jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai| jaina-darzana aura pUrNatAvAda isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki naitikatA AdhyAtmikatattva (AtmA) ke ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| yadyapi pUrNatAvAda aura vizeSakara braiDale kA dRSTikoNa yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA bhI ananta hai aura kabhI samApta nahIM hotI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana mAnatA hai ki vyakti ananta vikAsa kI isa prakriyA meM pUrNatA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| pUrNatAvAda Adarza ke yathArtha bana jAne kI sambhAvanA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, jabaki jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki naitika-pUrNatA kA yaha Adarza yathArtha banAyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda naitikatA ke Antarika-pakSa,

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176 bhAratIya AcAradarzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana caritravikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI naitikatA ke Antarika-pakSa, caritravikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana para bala detA hai| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda apanI kSamatAoM ko pahacAnakara unake pUrNa prakaTana taka puruSArthI banA rahanA Avazyaka mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI AtmA ke svasvarUpako jAnakara usakI pUrNatA ke lie satata parizrama aura jAgarUkatA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| jaina-darzana bhI pUrNatAvAda ke samAna sAmAjikatA ko naitikatA kA antima tattva nahIM mAnatA aura samAja se bhI Upara uThane kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-darzana kA naitika-sAdhya mokSa hai, lekina mokSa pUrNatA yA AtmasAkSAtkAra kI avasthA hI hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne mokSa kI avasthA meM anantacatuSTaya kI upalabdhi ko svIkAra kara yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki jaina-darzana pUrNatA ke rUpa meM jIvana ke sabhI sadapakSoM kA pUrNa vikAsa cAhatA hai| vastutaH, jaina-darzana ke mokSa kI yaha dhAraNA pUrNatAvAda yA AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta se dUra nahIM hai| jaina-darzana kA mokSa anya kucha nahIM, mAtra caitajIvana ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka evaM saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti hai| vaidika-paramparA meM bhI AtmapUrNatA, AtmalAbha yA AtmasAkSAtkAra ko naitikajIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyaka-upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ke lie hI saba kucha priya hotA hai| AcArya zaMkara upadezasahasrI meM likhate haiM ki AtmalAbha se bar3A anya koI lAbha nahIM hai| vaidika-paramparA meM buddhi ke dvArA vAsanAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke tathya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| manusmRti evaM gItA meM varNadharma yA svadharma ke jo pratyaya haiM, ve bhI pUrNatAvAdI vicAraka braiDale ke 'svasthAna aura usake karttavya' ke siddhAntoM ke bahuta adhika nikaTa haiN| gItA pUrNatAvAda ke samAna hI karmamArga, jJAnamArga evaM bhaktimArga ke samanvaya ko svIkAra karatI hai| dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ke puruSArthoM meM kAma aura artha ko svIkAra kara vaidika-paramparA yaha spaSTa rUpa se batA detI hai ki jIvana meM bhAvanAtmaka pakSa kA bhI apanA mUlya hai| bhAvanA ko jIvana se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| naitika-sAdhya bhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa nahIM, varan unakA pariSkAra hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM pUrNatAvAda kA Arambha vedoM se hotA hai, jinameM pUrNatA ko prApta karanA mAnava jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM yahI pUrNatAvAda AtmasAkSAtkAra yA AtmalAbha ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM paramAtmA ko pUrNapuruSa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai aura usakI prApti ko hI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| 5. mUlya kA pratimAna aura jaina-darzana pAzcAtya vicAra-paramparA meM mUlyavAda naitika-pratimAna kA eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 177 mAnA jAtA hai| mUlyavAda ke anusAra mUlya vaha hai, jo bhAvanA yA icchA kI pUrti karatA hai| mUlya kI samucita paribhASA yaha ho sakatI hai ki mUlya vaha hai, jise pAne ke lie vyakti aura samAja ceSTA karate haiM, jisake lie jIvita rahate haiM aura jisake lie bar3A se bar3A utsarga karane ke lie taiyAra rahate haiN|' ___mUlyavAda ke anusAra zubha aura ucita, pariNAmoM yA zubha saMkalpoM para nirbhara nahIM hai| zubha evaM ucita, jIvana ke una AdarzoM se nirgamita hote haiM, jo hamAre jIvana kA paramArtha yA zreya hai| mUlyavAda kI paramparA meM mUlya eka vyaapkshbdhai| vaha yadyapi zreya, sAdhya kA Adarza yA sUcaka hai, tathApi koI akelA sAdhya mUlya nahIM hai| mUlya sadaiva vyavasthA meM nirdhArita hotA hai| sukha, jIvana, vairAgya Adi meM pratyeka eka mUlya hai, kintu mUlya usase adhika vyApaka hai| mUlya' eka tattva nahIM hai, eka vyavasthA hai aura usI vyavasthA meM kisI mUlya kA bodha hotA hai| mUlyavAdamUlya kI apekSA mUlyoM (Values) para bala detA hai, phira bhI parama mUlya' yA sarvocca mUlya kyA hai, yaha viSaya mUlyavAdI-vicAraNA meM vivAdapUrNa hI rahA hai| sukarAta 'jJAna' ko pleTo 'nyAya' ko, arastU 'uccavicArazIlatA' ko, spInojA 'Izvara' ko aura hegala vyaktittvalAbha' ko sarvocca mUlyamAnate haiN| arabana ne AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM meM kramaza: kalAtmaka, bauddhika aura dhArmika (cAritrika) mUlyoM ke rUpa meM saundarya, satya aura ziva (kalyANa) ko parama mUlya mAnA hai, jinameM bhI prathama kI apekSA dUsarA aura dUsare kI apekSA tIsarA adhika ucca mAnA gayA hai| mUlyavAda kI isa paramparA meM bhI parama mUlya' kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para aneka varga banate haiM, unameM kucha dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra haiM 1. mAnavatA-kendrita mUlyavAda (mAnavatAvAda) 2. astitvavAdiyoM kA Atma-kendrita mUlyavAda 3. mArksa kA samAja evaM artha-kendrita mUlyavAda 4. arabana kA AdhyAtmika-mUlyavAda 8. mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina-AcAradarzana mAnavatAvAda meM naitikatA kA pratyaya sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavatAvAda ko AcArazAstrIya-dharma kahA jAtA hai| mAnavatAvAdI-siddhAnta naitikatA ko mAnava kI sAMskRtika-cetanA ke vikAsa meM dekhatA hai| sAMskRtika-vikAsa hI naitikatA kI kasauTI hai| sAMskRtika-vikAsa evaM naitika-jIvana mAnavIya-guNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita haiN| mAnavatAvAdI-cintana meM manuSya hI naitika-mUlyoM kA mAnadaNDa aura mAnavIya-guNoM kA vikAsa hI naitikatA hai| mAnavatAvAdI-vicArakoM kI eka lambI paramparA hai| pleTo aura arastU se lekara lemANTa, jAkamAritA tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe, sI.bI.

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178 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana garneTa aura isrAila levina prabhRti vicAraka isa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| ye sabhI vicAraka mAnavIya-guNoM ke vikAsa meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko dekhate haiM, phira bhI prAthamika mAnavIya-guNa kyA haiM, isa viSaya meM unameM matabheda haiN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM bhI isa prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa se tIna varga haiM, jinheM AtmacetanAvAdI, vivekavAdI aura AtmasaMyamavAdI kaha sakate haiN| ina tInoM mAnyatAoM kA jaina-darzana ke sAtha nikaTa sambandha dekhA jA sakatA hai| inake sAtha jaina-darzana kI tulanA karane ke pUrva mAnavatAvAda kI kucha sAmAnya pravRttiyoM kA jaina vicAra-paramparA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| sarvaprathama, mAnavatAvAdI vicAra-paramparA sahAnubhUti ke pratyaya ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtI hai| mAnavatAvAda ke anusAra, manuSya kA parama prAptavya isI jagat meM kendrita hai aura isalie vaha apane naitika-darzana ko kisI pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA para AdhRta nahIM krtaa| usake anusAra, naitika hone ke lie kisI pAralaukika-Adarza yA sAdhya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, varan manuSya meM nihita sahAnubhUti kA tattva hI use naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAe rakhane ke lie paryApta hai| vaha naitikatAko pralobhana aura bhaya ke AdhAra para khar3A na karake mAnava meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva para khar3A karatA hai| usake anusAra, naitika hone ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki hama kisI pAralaukika-sattA yA Izvara athavA karma ke niyama jaise kisI siddhAnta para AsthA rakheM, varan mAnavIya-prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti kA tattva hI naitika hone ke lie paryApta hai| ____ isa viSaya meM jaina-darzana kA dRSTikoNa kyA hai ? jaina-darzana bhI prANI meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko svIkAra karatA hai, tathApi vaha karma-siddhAnta ko bhI mAnakara calatA hai| isa prakAra, jahA~ mAnavatAvAda sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko hI naitikatAkA AdhAra banAtA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana sahAnubhUti ke tattva ke sAtha-sAtha karma-siddhAnta ko bhI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtA hai| ___ mAnavatAvAda sAMsArika hita-sAdhana para jora detA hai aura pAralaukika-sukhakAmanA ko vyartha mAnatA hai| vaha manuSya ko sthUla aindrika-sukhoM taka hI sImita nahIM rakhatA hai, varan kalA, sAhitya, maitrI aura sAmAjika-samparka ke sUkSma sukhoM ko bhI sthAna detA hai| lemANTa paramparAvAdI aura mAnavatAvAdI-AcAradarzanoM meM niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka-dRSTi se bheda spaSTa karatA hai| usake anusAra, paramparAvAdI naitika-darzana meM vartamAna ke prati udAsInatA aura paraloka meM sukha prApta karane kI icchA hotI hai, yaha niSedhAtmaka hai| isake viparIta, mAnavatAvAda vartamAna jIvana ke prati AsthA rakhatA hai aura use sukhI banAnA cAhatA hai, yaha vidheyaka hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-darzana pAralaukikatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiM aura

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 179 bhAvI jIvana ke astitva meM bhI AsthA rakhate haiM, lekina isa AdhAra para unheM niSedhAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki ve vartamAna jIvana ke prati udAsInatA nahIM rkhte| jainadArzanika spaSTarUpa se kahate haiM ki naitika-sAdhana kA pAralaukika-sukha kI kAmanA se koI sambandha nahIM hai, balki pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA naitika-karma dUSita hotA hai| jaina dArzanika naitika-sAdhanA ko na aihika-sukhoM ke lie aura na pAralaukikasukhoM ke lie mAnate haiM, varan unake anusAra to naitika-sAdhanA kA ekamAtra sAdhya AtmavikAsa evaM AtmapUrNatA hai| buddha ne kahA hai ki naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya pAralaukika-sukha kI kAmanA nahIM hai| gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA ke rUpa meM pAralaukika-sukha kI kAmanA ko anucita hI kahA gayA hai| jaina-vicAradhArA naitika-jIvana ke lie apanI dRSTi vartamAna para hI kendrita karatI hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo bhUta ke sambandha meM koI zoka nahIM karatA aura bhaviSya ke sambandha meM jisakI koI apekSAe~ nahIM haiM, jo mAtra vartamAna meM hI jItA hai, vahI saccA jJAnI hai| vizuddha vartamAna meM jInA jaina-paramparAkAnaitika-Adarza rahA hai, ata: vaha vartamAna ke prati udAsIna nahIM hai aura isa artha meM vaha mAnavatAvAdI-vicArakoM ke sAtha bhI hai, yadyapi vaha paraloka ke pratyaya se inakAra nahIM karatI hai| buddha ne bhI ajAtazatru se yahI kahA thA ki mere naitika-darzana kI sAdhanA kA kendra pAralaukika-jIvana nahIM, varan yahI jIvana hai| mAnavatAvAda sAmAnya rUpa se svAbhAvika icchAoM kA sarvathA damana ucita nahIM mAnatA, varan unakAsaMyamana Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vaha saMyama kA samarthaka hai, damana kA nhiiN| usake anusAra, saccA naitika-jIvana icchAoM ke damana meM nahIM, unake saMyamana meM hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI damana ke pratyaya ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unameM bhI icchAoM kA damana anucita mAnA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM sapramANa vistRta vivecana alaga se kiyA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se damana ke sthAna para saMyama ko hI svIkAra karate haiM aura isa artha meM vemAnavatAvAdI-vicAradhArA ke sAtha haiN| mAnavatAvAda karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa samAja para usake pariNAma ke AdhAra para karatA hai| lemANTa ke anusAra karma-preraka aura karma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| koI bhI kriyA binA preraNA ke nahIM hotI aura jahA~ preraNA hotI hai, vahA~ karma bhI hotA hai| bauddha-darzana aura gItAspaSTa rUpase karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa karma-preraka ke AdhAra para karate haiM, karma-pariNAma ke AdhAra para nhiiN| isa AdhAra para ve mAnavatAvAda se koI sAmya nahIM rkhte| jaina-darzana vyavahAradRSTi se karmapariNAma ko aura nizcayadRSTi se karmaprerakako aucitya aura anaucitya ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAnatA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana kI mAnavatAvAda se isa sambandha meM AMzika samAnatA hai|

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAnavatAvAda manuSya ko hI samagra mUlyoM kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra usameM mAnavIya jIvana kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se isa prazna dekheM, to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karanA hogA ki bhAratIya paramparA bhI mAnavIya jIvana ke mahatva ko svIkAra karatI hai| jaina Agama uttarAdhyayana meM mAnava jIvana ko - 180 durlabha batAyA gayA hai| AcArya amitagati ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA hai ki jIvana meM manuSya kA jIvana hI sarvazreSTha hai| dhammapada meM bhagavAn buddha ne bhI manuSya janma ko durlabha batAyA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki rahasya kI bAta to yaha hai ki manuSya se zreSTha aura kucha nahIM hai / gosvAmI tulasIdAsa bhI isa tathya ko prakaTa karate haiM- 'bar3e bhAga mAnusa tana pAvA, sura duralabha saba granthanhi gaavaa|' isa prakAra, bhAratIya - cintana meM manuSya-jIvana ke sarvocca mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| " samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI- vicAra meM prAthamika mAnavIya guNa ke prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa se tIna vicAradhArAe~ pracalita haiN| jaina AcAradarzana ke sAtha inakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kI dRSTi se ina tInoM vicAradhArAoM para alaga-alaga vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aura jaina- darzana 1. AtmacetanatA yA AtmajAgrati ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra aura prAthamika mAnavIyaguNAnanevAle mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe pramukha haiN| ye naitikatA ko AtmacetanA kA sahagAmI mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM naitikatA kA paribhASaka usa samagra sAmAjikaprakriyA meM nahIM hai, jisameM manuSya jItA hai, varan AtmacetanA kI usa mAnavIya prakriyA meM hai, vyakti ke jIvana meM rahI huI hai| vastutaH, naitikatA AtmacetanAmaya jIvana jIne meM hai| kathana hai ki jIvana ke samagra mUlya jIvana kI cetanA meM nihita haiN| yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jo jIvana ke yA anya kinhIM bhI mUlyoM ko avadhAraNa kara sakatA hai| cetanA niyantraNa meM jo jIvana hai, vahI saccA jIvana hai| naitika hone kA artha yaha jAnanA hai ki hama kyA kara rahe haiN| jAgrata cetanA naitikatA hai aura prasupta cetanA anaitikatA hai| zubha evaM ucita kArya vaha nahIM hai, jisameM AtmavismRti hotI hai, varan vaha hai, jisameM AtmacetanatA hotI hai| 2 - mAnavatAvAdI - AcAradarzana kA yaha AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa jainaAcAradarzana ke ati nikaTa hai| vAranara phiTe ke naitika-darzana kI yaha mAnyatA ati spaSTa rUpa meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM upalabdha hai| ye AcAradarzana AtmacetanatA ko apramattatA yA AtmajAgrati kahate haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra pramAda AtmavismRti kI avasthA hai aura use anaitikatA kA pramukha AdhAra kahA gayA hai| jo bhI kriyAe~ pramAda kA kAraNa haiM, yA pramAdapUrvaka kI jAtI haiM, ve sabhI anaitika haiN| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 181 jo prasupta cetanAvAlA hai, vaha amuni (anaitika) hai aura jo jAgrata cetanAvAlA hai, vaha muni (naitika) hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM pramAda ko karma aura apramAda ko akarma kahakara yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo kriyAe~ AtmavismRti ko lAtI haiM, ve bandhanakAraka haiM, isalie anaitika bhI haiN| isake viparIta, jo kriyAe~ apramatta-cetanA kI avasthA meM sampanna hotI haiM, ve bandhanakAraka nahIM hotI aura ve pUrNatayA vizuddha aura naitika haiN| isa prakAra, vAranara phiTe kA AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAraNA ke ati nikaTa hai| bauddha-darzana meM bhI AtmacetanatAko naitikatA kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki apramAda amaratA kA mArga hai aura pramAda mRtyukaa| bauddha-darzana meM aSTAMgasAdhanAmArga meM samyakasmRti bhI isa bAta ko spaSTa karatI hai ki AtmasmRti yA jAgrata cetanA naitikatA kA AdhAra hai, jabaki AtmavismRti anaitikatA kA AdhAra hai| nanda ko upadeza dete hue buddha kahate haiM ki jisake pAsa smRti nahIM hai, use Arya satya kahA~ se prApta hogA; isalie calate hue cala rahA hU~, khar3e hote huekhar3A ho rahA hU~ evaM isI prakAra dUsare kArya karate samaya apanI smRti banAe rkho| isa prakAra, buddha bhI AtmacetanatA ko naitika-jIvana kA kendra svIkAra karate haiN| gItA meM bhI sammoha se smRtivinAza aura smRtivinAza se buddhinAza-aisA kahakara yahI batAyA gayA hai ki AtmacetanatA naitika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai|" 2. vivekavAda aura jaina-darzana mAnavatAvAda ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM dUsarA varga vivekako prAthamikamAnavIyaguNa mAnatA hai| sI.bI. garneTa aura isarAila levina ke anusAra naitikatA vivekapUrNa jIvana jIne meM hai| garneTa ke anusAra viveka tArkika-saMgati nahIM, varan jIvana meM kauzala yA caturAI hai| bauddhikatA yA tarka usakA eka aMga ho sakatA hai, samagratA nhiiN| garneTa apanI pustaka viz2aDama oNpha kaNDakTa' meM prajJA ko hI sarvocca sadguNa mAnate haiM aura prajJA yA viveka se nirdezita jIvana jIne meM naitikatA ke sAratattva kI abhivyakti mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, naitikatA kI samyak evaM sArthaka vyAkhyA zubha, ucita, karttavya Adi naitika pratyayoM kI vyAkhyA meM nahIM, varan AcaraNa meM viveka ke sAmAnya-pratyaya meM hai| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisA tattva hai, jo naitika-paristhiti ke astitvavAna-pakSa, arthAt caritra, preraNAe~, Adata, rAgAtmakatA, vibhedIkaraNa, mUlyanirdhAraNa aura sAdhya ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai| ina sabhI pakSoM ko pUrNatayA dRSTi meM rakhe binA jIvana meM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa kI AzA nahIM kI jA sktii| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisI locapUrNa dRSTi hai, jo samagra paristhitiyoM ke sabhI pakSoM kI samyak vicAraNA ke sAtha khoja karatI huI suyogya cunAva karatI hai| levina ke AcaraNa meM viveka kA tAtparya eka samayojanAtmaka

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182 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kSamatA se mAnA hai| usake anusAra, naitika hone kA artha mAnava kI mUlabhUta kSamatAoM kI abhivyakti hai| garneTa aura levina ke AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya jaina-vicAraNA tathA anya sabhI bhAratIya-vicAraNAoM meM bhI mAnya rahA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne samyakjJAna ke rUpa meM jo sAdhanAmArga batAyA hai, vaha kevala tArkika-jJAna nahIM hai, varan eka vivekapUrNa dRSTi hai| jainaparamparA meM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ke lie yatanA' zabda kA prayoga vibhinna kriyAoM ko viveka yA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sampAdita karatA hai, vaha anaitika-AcaraNa nahIM karatA hai|99 bauddhaparamparA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai| buddha ne bhI aMguttaranikAya meM mahAvIra ke samAna hI isa tathya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| gItA meM karmakauzala ko hI yoga kahA hai| isa prakAra, bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bhI AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai|| garneTa ne AcaraNa meM viveka ke lie samagra paristhitiyoM eva sabhI pakSoM kA vicAra Avazyaka mAnA hai, jise hama jaina-darzana ke anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA spaSTa kara sakate haiN| anekAntavAda kahatA hai ki vicAra ke kSetra meM ekAMgI-dRSTikoNa rakhakara nirNaya nahIM lenA cAhie, varan eka sarvAMgINa-dRSTikoNa rakhanA caahie| garneTa kA karma ke sabhI pakSoM ke vicAra kA pratyaya anekAntavAdI sarvAMgINa-dRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai| 3. AtmasaMyamakA siddhAnta aura jaina-darzana mAnavatAvAdI naitika-darzana ke tIsare varga kA pratinidhitva iraviMga babiTa100 karate haiN| babiTa ke anusAra mAnavatA evaM naitika-jIvana kA sAra na to AtmacetanAmaya jIvana jIne meM hai aura na vivekapUrNa jIvana meM, varan vaha saMyamapUrNa jIvana yA anuzAsana meM hai| babiTa Adhunika yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa yaha batAte haiM ki eka ora hamane paramparAgata (kaThora vairAgyavAdI) dhAraNAoM ko tor3a diyA aura unake sthAna para chadmarUpa meM AdimabhogavAda ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga ke vicArakoM ne paramparAgata dhAraNAoM ke prativAda meM eka aisI galata dizA kA cayana kiyA hai, jisameM mAnavIya-hitoM ko coTa pahu~cI hai| unakA kathana hai ki manuSya meM nihita vAsanArUpI pApa ko asvIkRta karane kA artha usa burAI ko hI dRSTi se ojhala kara denA hai, jisake kAraNa mAnavIya-sabhyatA kA astitva khatare meM par3a sakatA hai| manuSya kI vAsanAe~ haiM, pApa haiM, anaitikatA hai, isa bAta ko bhUlakara hama mAnavIya-sabhyatA kA vinAza kareMge aura usake prati jAgrata rahakara mAnavIya-sabhyatA kA vikAsa kara skeNge| babiTa bahuta hI ojapUrNa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki hamameM jaivika-pravega (Vital Impulse) to bahuta hai, AvazyakatA hai jaivik-niyntrnnkii| hameM apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa karanA caahie| kevala sahAnubhUti ke nAma para sAmAjika-ekatA nahIM A sktii| manuSyoM ko sahAnubhUti ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan anuzAsana ke

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para hI eka-dUsare ke nikaTa lAyA jA sakatA hai| sahAnubhUti ke vistAra kA naitika-darzana kevala bhAvanAtmaka mAnavatAvAda kI sthApanA karatA hai, jabaki AvazyakatA aise Thosa mAnavatAvAda kI hai, jo anuzAsana para banatA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya - AcAradarzana AtmasaMyama ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana naitika- pUrNatA ke lie saMyama ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai / usake trividhi sAdhanApatha meM samyak AcaraNa kA bhI vahI mUlya hai, viveka aura bhAvanA kA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM dharma ko ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapamaya batAyA hai| 101 ahiMsA aura tapa bhI saMyama ke hI poSaka haiM aura isa artha meM saMyama eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai / bhikSu-jIvana aura gRhastha jIvana ke AcaraNa meM saMyama yA anuzAsana sarvatra mahatva diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke sampUrNa upadeza kA sAra asaMyama se nivRtti aura saMyama meM pravRtti hai / 102 isa prakAra, babiTa kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana ke ati nikaTa hai| babiTa kA yaha kahanA bhI ki vartamAna yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa saMyamAtmaka mUlyoM kA hAsa hai, jaina-darzana ko svIkAra hai| vastutaH, AtmasaMyama aura anuzAsana Aja ke yuga kI sabase mahatvapUrNa AvazyakatA hai| na kevala jaina- darzana meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-darzanoM meM bhI saMyama aura anuzAsana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM saMyama kA pratyaya sabhI AcAradarzanoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM barAbara svIkRta rahA hai / saMyamamaya jIvana bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA rahA hai, isalie babiTa kA yaha vicAra bhAratIya cintana ke lie koI naI bAta nahIM hai| 183 - samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM ke uparyukta tInoM siddhAnta yadyapi bhAratIya cintana meM svIkRta haiM, tathApi bhAratIya- vicArakoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne ina tInoM ko samaveta rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM; bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM tathA gItA meM zraddhA, jJAna aura karma ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se inheM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA kI zraddhA ko AtmacetanatA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, tathApi gItA meM apramAda ke rUpa meM AtmacetanatA svIkRta hai| bauddhadarzana ke isa trividha sAdhanApatha meM samAdhi AtmacetanatA kA, prajJA viveka kA aura zIla saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| isI prakAra, jaina-darzana meM samyakdarzana AtmacetanatA kA, samyaka jJAna viveka kA aura samyakcAritra saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| 9. sattAvAdI nItizAstra aura jaina- darzana 'sattAvAda' samakAlIna dArzanika cintana kA eka pramukha dArzanika-sampradAya hai| kirkegArDa, heDegara, sArtra aura jesparsa isa vAda ke pramukha vicAraka haiN| yadyapi sattAvAdI

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicArakoM meM kisI sImA taka matabheda haiM, tathApi kucha sAmAnya praznoM para ve sabhI ekamata haiN| sattAvAda kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha buddhivAda evaM viSayagata cintana kA virodhI hai tathA AtmaniSThatA aura antarjJAna para adhika bala detA hai| 103 AcAra darzana-viSayaka aneka praznoM meM sattAvAda jaina-darzana ke adhika nikaTa hai, ataH usakA saMkSipta tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| 184 AcAradarzana ko pramukhatA jaina-darzana ke samAna sattAvAda ke pramukha vicAraka kirkegArDa bhI tattvamImAMsA meM utanI ruci nahIM rakhate, jitanI AcAradarzana meN| unakI dRSTi meM kevala sat, ziva aura sundara se U~cA nahIM hai| naitika AtmasattA hI sat hai, kyoMki vaha gatyAtmaka aura udIyamAna hai tathA vyakti ko mahanIyatA pradAna karatI hai| naitika-AtmasattA kA jJAna korA jJAna nahIM hai, varan usameM hamAre jIvana ko adhika U~cA aura mahAn banAne kI preraNA bhI hai| jaina-darzana bhI nire tattvajJAna kA virodhI hai / jo tattvajJAna AtmavikAsa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, vaha nirarthaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM aise nirarthaka jJAna kA upahAsa kiyA gayA hai| 104 jo jJAna naitikajIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai aura naitika jIvana ko preraNA nahIM detA, vaha jJAna sattAvAda aura jaina - AcAradarzana - donoM ke lie hI anAvazyaka hai| buddha ne bhI nirI tattvamImAMsA kI upekSA hI kI thii| vaiyaktika nItizAstra AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se sabhI sattAvAdI vicAraka vyaktivAdI haiN| unakI dRSTi meM AcAradarzana AtmasApekSa hai, parasApekSa yA samAjasApekSa nahIM / naitika AcaraNa dUsare logoM ke lie nahIM, varan svayaM vyakti ke lie hai| naitikatA kA artha lokakalyANa nahIM, varan AtmotthAna hai| karma kI naitikatA kA mUlyAMkana isa AdhAra para kiyA jAnA cAhie ki usameM kitanI tIvra AtmavedanA yA sva kI sattA kA bodha hai, na ki isa AdhAra para ki vaha kitanA adhika lokahitakArI hai| sattAvAda ke janaka kirkegArDa ke anusAra naitikatA Atmakendrita hai| kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne naitika-cintana meM koparanikasIya krAnti lA dI hai| unake pUrvavartI adhikAMza AcArazAstrI naitikatA ko parasApekSa mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM hamArA naitika AcaraNa dUsare logoM ke lie hai, yadi hama aise ekAnta sthAna meM raheM, jahA~ dUsarA koI vyakti na ho, to hamAre lie naitikatA kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA, lekina kirkegArDa isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiN| unake anusAra, naitikatA kA sambandha vyakti kA svayaM kI AtmA se hai, na ki anya logoM yA samAja se / - jahA~ taka jaina- AcAradarzana kI bAta hai, nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se vaha vyaktivAda kA samarthaka hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki Atmahita hI naitika jIvana kA pramukha tattva hai|

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta Atmahita karate hue lokahita sambhava ho, to kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina yadi lokahita aura Atmahita meM virodha ho, to Atmahita karanA hI zreyaskara hai| 105 isa prakAra, vyaktivAda ke samarthana meM jaina- AcAradarzana aura sattAvAdI nItizAstra sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| donoM kI dRSTi meM AtmotthAna yA vaiyaktika sAdhya 'sva' hI hai, jisakI upalabdhi hI naitika jIvana kA sAra hai| - antarmukhI cintana sattAvAdI cintaka, vizeSarUpa se kirkegArDa, naitikatA ko anivAryatayA Atmakendrita mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM sacce naitika jIvana kA prArambha Atmagata cintana yA antarmukhI pravRtti meM hotA hai / antarmukhatA yA AtmAbhimukha honA naitikatA kA pravezadvAra hai / jaba taka viSayagata cintana hai, viSayAbhimukhatA hai, taba taka naitika jIvana meM praveza sambhava nhiiN| cintana viSayAbhimukha hone para usakA svayaM ke jIvana para koI prabhAva nahIM hotA, usameM vicAroM kI niSkriya bhAga-daur3a hotI hai| saiddhAntika kahanA sunanA mAtra hotA hai| Atmagatacintana meM hama satya meM hI sthita hote haiN| usake apane zabdoM meM kisI bAta ko socanA eka bAta hai aura usa socI huI bAta meM rahanA dUsarI bAta hai / kirkegArDa isa sambandha meM mRtyu kA udAharaNa dete haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki jaba taka hama mRtyu kA viSayagata cintana karate haiM, taba taka usakA hamAre Upara koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| samAcArapatroM meM logoM kI mRtyu ke samAcAra par3hate haiM, logoM ko marate hue dekhate haiM; lekina dUsaroM kI mRtyu hameM adhika nahIM khalatI hai| yadi mRtyu kI bAta ko hama apane Upara lAgU kareM ki hamArI mRtyu ho rahI hai, to yaha vicAra hamArI bhAvanAoM, dhAraNAoM, yojanAoM aura kAryakalApoM ko ekadama badala detA hai| hama apanI mRtyu ke vicAra se ekadama gambhIra ho jAte haiN| hamAre AcaraNa meM antara A jAtA hai, krAnti ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra, Atmagata - cintana ko naitika- jIvana kA anivArya tattva aura naitika- patha para agrasara hone kA prathama caraNa mAnate haiN| 185 jaina- AcAradarzana isa viSaya meM sattAvAda kA sahagAmI hai| usake anusAra bhI saccI naitikatA kA udbhava AtmAbhimukha hone para hotA hai| jaina- cintana kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki jitanA AtmaramaNa hai, utanI naitikatA hai aura jitanA pararamaNa hai, utanI anaitikatA hai| pararamaNa, pudgalapariNAti yA viSayAbhimukhatA anaitikatA hai aura AtmaramaNa yA sva meM avasthiti naitikatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki AtmA jaba sva-svabhAva meM sthita hotA hai, taba vaha sva-samaya (naitika) hotA hai aura jaba 'para' paudgalika - karmapradezoM meM sthita hotA huA parasvabhAvarUpa rAga- -dveSa-moha kA pariNamana karatA hai, taba vaha para samaya (anaitika) hai| isI jaina- dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue muni nathamalajI likhate haiM ki naitikatA jaba mujhase bhinna vastu hai, to vaha mujhase parokSa hogI aura parokSa ke prati merA utanA

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana lagAva nahIM hogA, jitane kI usase apekSA hotI hai| vaha (naitikatA) mujhameM abhinna hokara hI mere sva meM ghula sakatI hai| sAtmya hue binA koI auSadha bhI pariNAmajanaka nahIM hotI, taba naitikatA kI pariNati kaise hogI ? naitikatA upadezya nahIM hai, vaha svayaMprasUta hai / sva- parokSatA -- nAma hI ana-AdhyAtmikatA hai| isakI paridhi meM vyakti pUrNa naitika nahIM bana pAtA, isIlie mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki jo AtmaramaNa hai, vaha ahiMsA hai, jitanA bAhya- ramaNa hai, vaha hiMsA hai| isI satya kI ina zabdoM meM punarAvRtti kI jA sakatI hai ki jitanI AtmapratyakSatA hai, vaha naitikatA hai aura jitanI Atma-parokSatA hai, vaha anaitikatA hai| 107 jaina darzana kA samyak dRSTitva sattAvAdI darzana ke Atmagata - 1 - cintana, AtmAbhimukhatA, Atma-avasthiti kA hI paryAyavAcI hai| jisa prakAra sattAvAdIdarzana meM Atmagata - cintana se naitika jIvana kA dvAra udghATita hotA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyakadRSTi kI upalabdhi se hI naitika jIvana kA pravezadvAra khulatA hai| AtmAbhimukha honA hI samyakdarzana kI upalabdhi kA sahI svarUpa hai| donoM meM vAstavika samAnatA hai / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki dharma aura adharma kA AdhAra AtmA kI apanI pariNati hI hai, dUsaroM kI prasannatA yA nArAjagI nahIM | 108 AtmAbhimukhatA ke lie kirkegArDa ke samAna jaina AcAryoM ne bhI svayaM kI mRtyu ke vicAra kA udAharaNa diyA hai| jaina AcArya bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki svayaM kI mRtyu kA vicAra samagra jIvana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana lA detA hai| duHkhamayatA kA bodha kirkegArDa ke anusAra jaba hama apanI dRSTi antarmukhI karate haiM aura apanI AntarikasattA kA vicAra karate haiM, to eka ora hama apanI anta: cetanA ko akSuNNa Ananda, ananta zakti, zAzvata jIvana aura pUrNatA kI sajIva kalpanA se abhibhUta pAte haiM; to dUsarI ora hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI kSudratA duHkhamayatA aura apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai| isI antarvirodha meM viSAda yA vedanA kA janma hotA hai| yahI viSAda yA duHkhabodha sattAvAdI- darzana meM naitikapragati kA prathama caraNa hai| jaina - AcAradarzana meM bhI vartamAna jIvana kI duHkhamayatA evaM kSudratA kA bodha AdhyAtmika pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM pratipAdita anuprekSAoM meM anityabhAvanA, azaraNabhAvanA aura azucibhAvanA ke pratyaya isI viSAda kI tIvratama anubhUti para bala dete haiN| bauddha darzana meM bhI isI duHkhabodha ke pratyaya ko prathama Aryasatya mAnA gayA hai| gItA kI to racanA hI 'viSAda yoga' nAmaka prathama adhyAya se prArambha hotI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana sattAvAda ke sAtha isa viSaya meM bhI ekamata haiM ki vartamAna apUrNatA evaM nazvaratA se pratyupanna viSAda yA duHkha kI tIvratama anubhUti hI naitika-sAdhanA 186

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 187 kA prathama caraNa hai| yaha vaha pyAsa yA abhIpsA hai, jo manuSya ko satya yA paramAtmA ke nikaTa le jAtI hai| tIvratama pyAsa se pAnI kI khoja prArambha hotI hai, duHkha kI vedanA meM hI zAzvata Ananda kI khoja kA prayatna prArambha hotA hai| zAzvata Ananda padArthoM ke bhoga meM nahIM kirkegArDa ke anusAra yadi viSAya yA duHkhAnubhUti kSaNika hai, to vyakti bAhyasaMsAra meM sApekSa vastugata sukhoM ke bhoga meM anurAga lene lagatA hai, lekina bAhya sAMsArikasukha aura Antarika ananta Ananda-donoM ko eka sAtha prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha apanI prasiddha pustaka 'Either-or' meM kahatA hai ki yA to hama sAMsArika-sukhoM ke bhoga meM anurakta raheM aura Atmagata nirapekSa Ananda ko prApta na kareM, yA sAMsArika vastugata sApekSa-sukhoM ko chor3akara parama Ananda kI upalabdhi kareM, lekina jaise-jaise vyakti ko bhogamaya jIvana kI apUrNatA aura hInatA kA bodha hone lagatA hai, vaise-vaise vaha antarmukhI hotA jAtA hai aura nirapekSa Ananda-sat aurazubha ke prati usakI abhiruci bar3hatI jAtI hai| isa prakAra, sattAvAda ke anusAra jIvana kA sAra bAhya vastugata sukha nahIM, varan zAzvata, ananta, pUrNa aura nirapekSa Atmika-Ananda hai| jaina-AcAradarzana bhI sattAvAda ke samAnajIvana kA paramasAdhya vastugata nazvarasukhoM ko nahIM, varan zAzvata Atmika-Ananda ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI bhautika sukhoM ko kSaNika aura duHkhaparNa mAnakara unake parityAga kA hI nirdeza diyA hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-darzana aura kirkegArDa-donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki bhautika-jIvana evaM zarIra kI pUrNa upekSA sambhava nahIM hai| kirkegArDa ke anusAra manuSya ko kama se kama Izvara-sAnnidhya aura Ananda prApta karane ke lie to zarIra ko svastha rakhanA par3egA aura isalie thor3A-bahuta Izvara ko bhUlakara bhI zarIra kA rakSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapizarIra-rakSA evaM bhautika-jIvana ke jIne meM kucha samaya ke lie paramAtmA ke sAnnidhya se dUra ho jAte haiM, lekina ye vaMcita kSaNa vyakti meM tIvra AtmaglAni paidA karate haiM aura vyakti puna: usa avasthA meM lauTa jAnA cAhatA hai| jaina-AcAradarzana ke guNasthAnasiddhAnta meM isI tathya ko atyanta sUkSmatA se samajhAyA gayA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki saccA sAdhaka (apramatta muni) sadaiva hI AtmaramaNa meM lIna rahatA hai, lekina vaha bhI daihika-kriyAoM ke nimitta usa AtmaramaNa ke apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna se nIce pramattasaMyama-guNasthAna meM utara jAtA hai aura daihika-kriyAoM se nivRtta ho puna: sAdhanA kI agrima bhUmikA para prasthita ho jAtA hai| 10. mArksavAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karatA hai, kintu isa sambandha meM mArksa ke anuyAyI lenina kA vaktavya draSTavya hai| ve kahate haiM ki 'prAya: yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA koI nItizAstra nahIM hai; bahudhA madhyavittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nItizAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM, (kintu) unakA yaha tarIkA vicAroM ko bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai| hama unakA khaNDana karate haiM, jo IzvarIya-AdezoM se nItizAstra ko AvirbhUta karate haiN| hama kahate haiM ki yaha dhokhAdhar3I hai aura zramikoM aura kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pU~jIpatiyoM aura bhUpatiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlanA hai, hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nItizAstra sarvahArA varga ke vargasaMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai; jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai ( zeSa saba anIti hai ) / ' isa prakAra, sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA; vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai, jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApaka hai, jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai / 188 - yaha ThIka hai ki mArksa bhautikavAdI hai, kintu vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAn sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogA / vastutaH, nIti kA artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jinake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogaa| yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai, to vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI dRSTi hai; yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai, to nIti kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA, to nizcaya hI usake lie nIti kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, kintu Aja kA manuSya pazu nahIM hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake svabhAva se nissRta hai, ataH usake lie nIti kI svIkRti Avazyaka hai| mArksavAda aura jaina darzana sAmAjika nyAya aura samatA para bala dete haiM, phira bhI donoM meM kucha AdhArabhUta bhinnatAe~ haiM, jina para vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / - - 1. bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AdhAroM meM antara mArksa naitikatA kI vyAkhyA dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke AdhAra para karate haiM, ataH unake naitika Adarza ke nirdhAraNa meM AdhyAtmikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| mArksavAda kA AdhAra bhautika hai, jabaki jaina - -

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta darzana meM naitikatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmikatA hai| naitikatA ke lie AdhyAtmika AdhAra isalie Avazyaka hai ki usake abhAva meM naitikatA ke lie koI Antarika AdhAra nahIM mila pAtA hai| saMkoca, bhaya, lajjA aura kAnUna- ye saba anaitikatA ke pratiSedha haiM, lekina bAhya haiN| usakA vAstavika pratiSedha kevala adhyAtma hI ho sakatA hai| adhyAtma saba pratiSedhoM kA pratiSedha hai, vaha naitika jIvana kA sarvocca praharI hai| AdhyAtmikatA hI eka aisA AdhAra hai, jisameM naitikatA bAhara se thopI nahIM jAtI, apitu andara se vikasita hotI hai| bhautikavAda meM svArtha ke nivAraNa kA koI vAstavika AdhAra nahIM hai / AdhyAtmikatA eka aisA AdhAra hai, jo vyakti ko svArtha se pUrNatayA Upara uThA sakatA hai| jahA~ vyakti ko bhautika spardhAoM meM se gujarane kI chUTa hai aura bhautika vikAsa hI parama lakSya hai, vahA~ vyakti apane vyaktitva ko samAja meM vilIna nahIM kara sktaa| jaba taka vyakti apane ko samAja meM vilIna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha svArtha se Upara bhI nahIM uTha sakatA, ata: naitikajIvana ke lie AdhyAtmika AdhAra apekSita hai / - 2. Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa meM antara - mArksavAdI naitika-darzana ke anusAra Arthika--kriyAe~ hI samagra mAnavIya cintana aura pragati kI kendra haiM / dharma, darzana, kalA evaM sAmAjika saMsthAe~, sabhI vikAsamAn Arthika- prakriyA para Azrita haiM aura isI vikAsamAna Arthika prakriyA meM hI naitika-pratyayoM kI sArthakatA nihita hai| isa prakAra, sAmyavAdI dRSTikoNa arthapradhAna hai, lekina isake viparIta, jaina darzana ke anusAra naitikapragati kA kendra AtmA hai| mArksavAda apane naitika-darzana meM adhyAtma evaM dharma ko isalie koI sthAna nahIM denA cAhatA ki adhyAtma tathA dharma kI oTa meM burAiyA~ panapatI haiM, lekina yadidhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana burAiyoM ke panapane kI sambhAvanA ke kAraNa tyAjya hai, to phira Arthika jIvana meM bhI to burAiyA~ panapatI haiM, use kyoM nahIM chor3A jAtA ? mArksavAdIdarzana jisa bhaya se dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana kA parityAga karatA hai, jaina- darzana usI bhaya se arthapradhAna-jIvana ko heya mAnatA hai| vAstavika dRSTi yaha honI cAhie ki jina kAraNoM se burAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA jaae| jisa prakAra arthavyavasthA sambandhI burAiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA sAmyavAda yA mArksavAda kA dhyeya hai, usI prakAra hI jaina - darzana dharma evaM adhyAtma ke kSetra kI burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa karatA hai| donoM hI burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie prayatnazIla haiM, parantu donoM ke dRSTikoNa bhinna haiN| phira bhI, jaina-darzana Arthika-kSetra meM utpanna burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ko apanI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM krtaa| vaha Arthika kSetra kI burAiyoM kA mUla kAraNa vyakti ke AdhyAtmika-patana meM hI dekhatA hai aura usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna karatA hai| vastutaH, sAmAjika viSamatA kA mUla Arthika jIvana meM nahIM, varan AdhyAtmika jIvana meM hI hai / yadi Arthika vikAsa hI - 189 -

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190 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAmAjika-vyavasthA ke parivartana kA AdhAra hai, to Aja ke sampanna rASTra arthalolupatA se mukta kyoM nahIM haiM ? Aja ke sampanna vyakti evaM rASTra utane hI arthalolupa haiM, jitane Adima yuga ke kabIle the, ata: sAmAjika-viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa arthapradhAna-dRSTi meM nahIM, varan hamArI AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika jIvana-dRSTi meM hI sambhava hai| 3. bhogamaya evaM tyAgamaya-jIvanadRSTi meM antara- mArksavAdI naitika-darzana aura jaina-AcAradarzana meM eka maulika antara yaha hai ki jahA~ jaina-darzana saMyama para jora detA hai, vahA~ sAmyavAda meM saMyama yA vAsanAoM ke niyantraNa kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| bhogamaya-dRSTi meM sAmyavAdI-dRSTikoNa aura pUMjIvAdI-dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| donoM hI uddAma vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM avirAma gati se lage hue haiN| donoM hI jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM aura lAlasAoM meM antara spaSTa nahIM kara pA rahe haiM, lekina vilAsitA kI dRSTi se Aja taka koI bhI vyakti evaM samAja apane ko zoSaNa, utpIr3ana aura krUratA se nahIM bacA sakA hai| Aja kI kaThinAI sambhavata: yaha hai ki hama jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM evaM vilAsitA meM antara nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| sAmyavAdI athavA bhautikavAdI-dRSTi meM jIvana kI AvazyakatA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki AvazyakatA samAja ke dvArA anumodita honI caahie| samAja ko samAnatA ke stara para vilAsI banane kA maukA mile, to mArksavAdI evaM bhautikavAdI-vicAraka use ThukarAne ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| isake viparIta, jaina-darzana kI dRSTi meM AvazyakatA kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki jo jIvana ko banAe rakhe aura vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko kuNThita na kre| jaina-darzana na kevala AvazyakatA ke parisImana para jora detA hai, varan vaha yahabhI kahatA hai ki hameM jIvana kI anivAryatAoM tathA tRSNA (lAlasA) ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se jAnanA caahie| vastutaH, sAmAjika-viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke prayatnoM se nahIM, apitu vAsanAoM ke saMyama se hI sambhava hai; kyoMki tRSNA kI pUrti kabhI bhI sambhava nhiiN| sAmAjika-samatva kA vikAsa saMyama se hI ho sakatA hai| ina bhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI donoM meM bahuta-kucha samAnatAe~ haiN| 1. mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA meM AsthA- jaina-darzana aura sAmyavAda-donoM hI mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA meM niSThA rakhate haiN| donoM hI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka manuSya ko jIne kA samAna adhikAra hai| apanI sukha-suvidhAoM ke lie dUsare kA zoSaNa anaitika hai| 2. saMgraha kI pravRtti kA virodha- sAmyavAda aura jainadarzana-donoM hI saMgraha kI vRtti ko anucita mAnate haiN| donoM ke anusAra saMgraha evaM vaiyaktika-parigraha sAmAjikajIvana ke abhizApa haiN| jaina-darzana kA parigrahaparimANavrata ahiMsaka-sAmyavAda kI sthApanA kA prathama sopAna hai| jaina-darzana na kevala parigraha kI maryAdA para jora detA hai, balki yaha bhI

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 191 kahatA hai ki sAmAjika-jIvana meM samAna vitaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke dvArA apane bhikSusaMgha meM pratipAdita yaha niyama ki 'upalabdhiyoM kA saMvibhAga karake bhoga karanA cAhie', samavitaraNa ke siddhAnta kA prayoga hI thaa| isa prakAra, vaiyaktika-parigraha kI maryAdA aura samavitaraNa, sAmyavAda aura jaina-darzana donoM ko svIkRta hai| 3. samatva kAsaMsthApana-jaina-AcAradarzana aura sAmyavAdI-cintana-donoM samatva kI saMsthApanA ko AvazyakamAnate haiN| yadyapi sAmyavAda Arthika-samAnatA ko hI mahatvapUrNa mAnatA hai| usake lie samAnatA kA artha hai- zoSaNarahita smaaj-vyvsthaa| jaina-darzana mAnasika-samatva kI sthApanA para bala detA hai| 'sAmya' donoM ko abhipreta hai. phira bhI sAmyavAda meM sAmya kAartha bhautika yA Arthika-sAmya hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM sAmya kA artha caittasika-sAmya hai| jaina-darzana meM sAmya ke saMsthApana kA sUtra pratyeka vyakti kI manobhUmi se prArambha hokara sAmAjika jIvana meM abhivyakta hotA hai| sAmyavAda meM samatvakA saMsthApana sAmUhika prayatna se hotA hai, vaha sAmAjika-sAdhanA hai| 4. sAmya naitikatA kA pramApaka- sAmyavAda meM ve karma naitika mAne jAte haiM, jo Arthika-kSetra meM samatva kI sthApanA karate haiM, jo sAmAjika-Arthika-samAnatA ko banAe rakhate haiM tathA jozoSaNako samApta karate haiN| jaina-darzana meM bhI ve karma naitika mAne jAte haiM, jo caittasika-sAmya kI sthApanA karane meM sahAyaka haiN| donoM hI sAmya kI saMsthApanA ko naitikatA kA pramApaka mAnate haiM, yadyapi donoM kA sAmya kA artha thor3A bhinna hai| sAmyavAda kA paramazubha zoSaNarahita vargavihIna sAmyavAdI-samAja kI racanA hai, jabaki jaina-darzana kA paramazubha samabhAva yAvItarAgadazA kI prApti hai| phira bhI, donoM ke lie samatva, samAnatA yA samatA ke pratyaya samAna rUpa se naitikatA ke pramApaka haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana aura sAmyavAdI-vicAradhArA kucha arthoM meM eka-dUsare ke nikaTa haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha kI bhikSusaMgha-vyavasthA sAmyamUlaka samAjavyavasthA kA hI eka rUpa thI, jisameM yogyatA ke anurUpa kArya yA sAdhanA aura AvazyakatA ke anurUpa upalabdhi kA siddhAnta bhI kisI rUpa meM svIkRta thaa| phira bhI bAhya-rUpa meM donoM meM jisa samAnatA para bala diyA gayA hai, usake AdhAra bhinna-bhinna haiN| sAmyavAda pramukha rUpa se bhautika evaM sAmAjika-dRSTikoNa para jora detA hai, jabaki jaina-darzana AdhyAtmika aura vyaktivAdI-dRSTikoNa para jora detA hai| jaina-darzana kA pramukha pratyaya sAmyavAda' nahIM, varan sAmyayoga hai| 11. DablyU. ema. arabana kA AdhyAtmika-mUlyavAda aura jaina-darzana ___ arabana10 ke anusAra mUlyAMkana eka nirNayAtmaka-prakriyA hai, jisameM sat ke prati prAthamika vizvAsoM ke jJAna kA tattva bhI hotA hai| isake sAtha hI usameM bhAvAtmaka tathA

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMkalpAtmaka - anukriyA bhI hai| mUlyAMkana saMkalpAtmaka prakriyA kA bhAvapakSa hai| arabana mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM jJAnapakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvanA evaM saMkalpa kI upasthiti bhI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| mUlyAMkana meM nirantaratA kA tattva unakI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra hai| jitanI adhika nirantaratA hogI, utanA hI adhika vaha prAmANika hogaa| mUlyAMkana aura mUlya meM antara spaSTa karate hue arabana kahate haiM ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM karatA, varan mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko nirdhArita karate haiN| arabana ke anusAra mUlya na koI guNa hai, na vastu yA sambandha / vastutaH, mUlya aparibhASya hai, tathApi usakI prakRti ko usake sattA se sambandha ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sattA aura asattA ke madhya sthita hai| arabana minAMga ke samAna use vastuniSTha kahatA hai| usakA artha ' honA cAhie' (Ought to be) meM hai| mUlya sadaiva astitva kA dAvA karate haiM, lekina unakA sat honA isI para nirbhara hai ki sat ko hI mUlya ke usa rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAe, jisameM sattA aura astitva bhI hoM / 192 mUlya kI vastuniSThatA ke do AdhAra haiM- prathama yaha ki pratyeka vastuviSaya mUlya kI vidhA meM AtA hai aura dUsare, pratyeka mUlya ucca aura nimna ke krama se sthita hai| arabana ke anusAra mUlyoM kI anubhUti unakI kisI krama meM anubhUti hai, yaha binA mUlyoM meM pUrvAparatA mAne, kevala manovaijJAnika avasthA para nirbhara nahIM ho sakatI / naitika- ka-mUlya- mUlya kI sAmAnya carcA ke bAda arabana naitika mUlya para Ate haiN| arabana ke anusAra naitika dRSTi se mUlyavAn hone kA artha hai- manuSya ke lie mUlyavAn honA / naitika- zubhatva mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta para nirbhara hai| mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta ko kucha logoM ne AkArita niyamoM kI avasthA ke rUpa meM aura kucha logoM ne 'sukha kI gaNanA ke rUpa meM dekhA thA, lekina arabana ke anusAra mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta kA tIsarA ekamAtra sambhAvita vikalpa hai- 'AtmasAkSAtkAra' / AtmasAkSAtkAra siddhAnta ke samarthana meM arabana ArastU kI taraha hI tarka prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vastuoM kA zubhatva unakI kAryakuzalatA meM hai, aGgoM kA zubhatva jIvana meM unake yogadAna aura jIvana kA zubhatva AtmapUrNatA meM hai| manuSya 'Atma' (Self) hai aura yadi yaha satya hai. to phira mAnava kA vAstavika zubha usakI AtmaparipUrNatA meM hI nihita hai| aravana kI yaha dRSTi jaina-paramparA ke ati nikaTa hai, jo yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki AtmapUrNatA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya hai| arabana ke anusAra 'Atma' sAmAjika-jIvana se alaga koI vyakti nahIM hai, varan vaha to sAmAjika maryAdAoM meM ba~dhA huA hai aura samAja ko apane mUlyAMkana se aura apane ko sAmAjika mUlyAMkana se prabhAvita pAtA hai| isa sambandha meM jaina

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta dRSTikoNa thor3A bhinna hai, kyoMki jaina - paramparA vyaktivAda ke adhika nikaTa hai| arabana ke anusAra svahita aura parahita kI samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna na to pariSkArita svahitavAda meM hai aura na bauddhika - parahitavAda meM hai, varan sAmAnya zubha kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svahita aura parahita se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-paramparA meM bhI ThIka isI rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| jaina paramparA bhI svahita aura lokahita kI sImAoM se Upara uTha jAnA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya mAnatI hai| - arabana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta karate haiM ki mUlyAMkana karane vAlI mAnavIya cetanA ke dvArA yaha kaise jAnA jAe ki kauna-se mUlya ucca koTi ke haiM aura kauna mUlya nimna koTi ke ? arabana isake tIna siddhAnta batAte haiM - - pahalA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhyAtmaka yA Antarika mUlya sAdhanAtmaka yA bAhya mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sthAyI mUlya asthAyI mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiM aura tIsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki utpAdaka- mUlya anutpAdaka - mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| 193 arabana inheM vyAvahArika-viveka ke siddhAnta yA mUlya ke niyama kahate haiN| ye hameM batAte haiM ki AMgika - mUlya, jinameM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya samAhita haiM, kI apekSA sAmAjika mUlya, jinameM sAhacarya aura cAritra ke mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiM / usI prakAra, sAmAjika mUlyoM kI apekSA AdhyAtmika mUlya, jinameM bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| arabana kI dRSTi meM mUlyoM kI isI krama avasthA ke AdhAra para AtmasAkSAtkAra ke stara haiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie prasthita AtmA kI pUrNatA usa stara para hai, jise mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA sarvocca mUlya samajhatI hai aura sarvocca mUlya vaha hai, jo anubhUti kI pUrNatA meM tathA jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana meM sabase adhika yogadAna karatA hai| jaina- dRSTi meM ise vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| eka anya AdhyAtmika mUlyavAdI vicAraka DablyU. Ara. sArlI jaina - paramparA ke nikaTa Akara yaha kahate haiM ki naitika- pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane meM hai, kintu jainaparamparA isase bhI Age bar3hakara yaha kahatI hai ki naitika- pUrNatA paramAtmA banane meM hI hai| AtmA se paramAtmA, jIva se jina, sAdhaka se siddha, apUrNa se pUrNa kI upalabdhi meM hI naitika jIvana kI sArthakatA hai| arabana kI mUlyoM kI krama-vyavasthA bhI jaina-paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa hI hai| jaina evaM anya bhAratIya - darzanoM meM bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa- puruSArthoM meM yahI krama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arabana ke Arthika mUlya arthapuruSArtha ke, zArIrika evaM -

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194 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana manoraMjanAtmaka-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke, sAhacaryAtmaka aura cAritrika-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha ke tathA saundaryAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura dhArmika-mUlya mokSapuruSArtha ke tulya haiN| 12. bhAratIya-darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya jisa prakAra pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta lokamAnya hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM puruSArtha-siddhAnta, jo ki jIvana-mUlyoM kA hI siddhAnta hai, paryApta lokapriya rahA hai| bhAratIya-vicArakoM ne jIvana ke cAra puruSArtha yA mUlya mAne haiM___1. artha (Arthika-mUlya)- jIvana-yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai; ata: daihika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane vAle ina sAdhanoM ko upalabdha karanA hI arthapuruSArtha hai| 2.kAma (manodaihika-mUlya)-jaivika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhana juTAnA arthapuruSArtha aura una sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karanA kAma-puruSArtha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, vividha indriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga kAmapuruSArtha hai| 3. dharma (naitika-mUlya)- jina niyamoM ke dvArA sAmAjika-jIvana yA lokavyavahAra sucAru rUpa se cale, sva-para kalyANa ho aura jo vyakti ko AdhyAtmikapUrNatA kI dizA meM le jAe, vaha dharmapuruSArtha hai| 4. mokSa (AdhyAtmika-mUlya)- AdhyAtmika-zaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa mokSa hai| 1. jaina-dRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya __ sAmAnyatayA, yaha samajhA jAtA hai nivRttipradhAna jaina-darzana meM mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai| dharma-puruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAmaina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| jainavicArakoM ke anusAra artha anartha kA mUla hai,110 sabhI kAma du:kha utpanna karane vAle haiM, lekina yaha vicAra ekAMgI hI mAnA jaaegaa| koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne sadaiva hI vyakti ko svapuruSArtha se dhanopArjana kI preraNA dI hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti ko kevala apane puruSArtha se upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA adhikAra hai| dUsaroM ke dvArA upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA use koI adhikAra nahIM hai| gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI putra ke lie bahana hotI hai aura dUsaroM kI lakSmI parastrI ke samAna hotI hai, donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai, ata: svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga karanA nyAyasaMgata hai| 112 jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna varNa ke logoM ko kina-kina sAdhanoM se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ko mukha (vidyA) se, kSatriyoM ko asi (rakSaNa) se, vaNikoM

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 195 ko vANijya se aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ko zilpAdita-karma se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, kyoMki inhIM kI sAdhanA meM unakI lakSmI kA nivAsa hai| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jainadRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM heya haiM, lekina jaina-darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ekAnta rUpa se heya haiN| yadi ve ekAMta rUpa se heya hote, to AditIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva striyoM kI 64 aura puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM kA vidhAna kaise karate ? kyoMki unameM adhikAMza kalAe~ artha aura kAma-puruSArtha se sambandhita haiN| 14nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina-vicAraNA meM samucita sthAna hai| jaina vicArakoM ne jisake tyAga para bala diyA hai, vaha indriya-viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM, bhogoM ke prati Asakti, yA rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hai| jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra karma-vipAka se upalabdha bhogoM se bacA nahI jA sktaa| indriyoM ke sammukha unake viSaya upasthita hone para unake AsvAda se bhI bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, jo sambhava hai, vaha yaha ki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti na rakhI jaae| itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vAsanAtmaka evaM saundaryAtmaka-pakSa ko dharmonmukhI banAne tathA unake pArasparika-virodha ko samApta karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra, mokSAbhimukha paraspara avirodha meM rahe hue sabhI puruSArtha AcaraNIya haiN| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha-upAsaka dharmapuruSArtha, arthapuruSArtha aura kAmapuruSArtha kA isa prakAra AcaraNa kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho|115 __ AcArya bhadrabAhu (8vIM zatI) ne to AcArya hemacandra (11vIM zatAbdI) ke pUrva hI isa bAta kI udghoSaNA kara dI thI ki jaina-paramparA meM to puruSArtha-catuSTaya avirodha-bhAva se rahate haiN| AcArya bar3e hI spaSTa evaM mArmika-zabdoM meM likhate haiM kidharma, artha aura kAmako bhale hI anya koI vicAraka paraspara virodhI mAnate hoM, kintu jinavANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna meM avatarita hone ke kAraNa paraspara asapatla (avirodhI) haiN| apanIapanI bhUmikA ke yogya vihita anuSThAnarUpa dharma, svacchAzaya prayukta artha aura vinambhayukta arthAt maryAdAnukUla vaivAhika-niyantraNa se svIkRta kAma, jinavANI ke anusAra paraspara avirodhI haiN|116 ye puruSArtha paraspara avirodhI tabhI hote haiM, jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hote haiM aura jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hokara paraspara avirodha kI sthiti meM hoM, asapatna hoM, to ve samyak hote haiM, isalie AcaraNIya hote haiM, kintu jaba mokSa-mArga se vimukha hokara puruSArtha-catuSTaya paraspara virodha meM hote haiM, taba ve asamyak yA anucita evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiN| 2. bauddha-darzana meM puruSArthacatuSTaya bhagavAn buddha yadyapi nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA ke anugAmI haiM, tathApi unake

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196 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAroM meM artha evaM kAma-puruSArtha ke sambandha meM bhI dizAbodha upalabdha hai| dIghanikAya meM arthakI upalabdhi ke lie zrama karate rahane kA sandeza upalabdha hotA hai| buddha kahate haiM, Aja bahuta sardI hai, Aja bahuta garmI hai, aba to sandhyA (dera) ho gaI, isa prakAra zrama se dUra bhAgatA huA manuSya dhanahIna ho jAtA hai, kintu jo sardI-garmI Adi ko sahakara kaThora parizrama karatA hai, vaha kabhI sukha se vaMcita nahIM hotaa|11 jaise prayatnavAn rahane se madhumakkhI kA chattA bar3hatA hai, cIMTI kA vAlmIka bar3hatA hai, vaise hI prayatnazIla manuSya kA aizvarya bar3hatA hai|18 itanA hI nahIM, prApta sampadA kA upayoga kisa prakAra ho, isa sambandha meM bhI buddha kA nirdeza hai ki sadgRhastha prApta dhana ke eka bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko vyApAra Adi kAryakSetra meM lagAe aura cauthe bhAga ko ApattikAla meM kAma Ane ke lie surakSita rakha chodd'e| Aja kA pragatizIla arthazAstrI bhI Arthika-pragati ke lie isase acche sUtra prastuta nahIM kara sktaa| buddha kevala arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika-arthazAstrI ke rUpa meMhamAre sAmane Ate haiN| ve isa bAre meM bhI pUrNa satarka haiM ki yadi samAja meMdhanakA samucita vitaraNa nahIM hogA, to arAjakatA aura asurakSA utpanna hogii| ve kahate haiM, nirdhanoM ko dhana nahIM die jAne se daridratA bahuta bar3ha gaI aura daridratA ke bahuta bar3ha jAne se corI bahuta bar3ha gii|120 corI ke bahuta bar3hane kA arthadhana kI asurakSA hai| isake pIche buddha kA nirdeza yahI hai ki samAja meMdhana kA samavitaraNa honA cAhie, tAki samAja kA koI bhI varga abhAva se pIr3ita na ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM artha ko kabhIbhIdharma se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie, vedharmayukta vyavasAya meM niyojita hone kA hI nirdeza dete haiN|11 jo jIvana meM dhana kA dAna evaM bhoga ke rUpa meM samucita upayoga nahIM karatA, usakA dhana nirarthaka hai, kyoMki marane vAle ke pIche usakA dhana Adi nahIM jAtA hai aura na dhana se jarAmaraNa se hI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai| kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyamamArga kA pratipAdana karatA hai| udAna meM buddha kahate haiM, 'brahmacarya-jIvana kesAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai, yaha eka anta hai| kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, mithyAdhAraNA bar3hatI hai, vyakti mArga se bhaSTa ho jAtA hai|'123 isa AdhAra para kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jo kAma dharma-aviruddha hai, jisase AdhyAtmika-pragati yA citta kI vikalatA samApta hai; vaha kAma AcaraNIya hai| isake viparIta, dharmaviruddha mAnasikaazAntikAraka kAma yA viSayabhoga anAcaraNIya hai| buddhi kI dRSTi meM bhI jaina-vicAra ke samAna dharmapuruSArtha nirvANa yA mokSapuruSArtha kA sAdhana hai| majjhimanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuoM! maiMne ber3e kI bhA~ti pAra jAne ke lie (nirvANalAbha ke lie) tumheM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nahIM,"12 arthAt nirvANa kI dizA meM le jAne vAlA dharma hI AcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jodharma nirvANa kI

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 197 dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, jisase nirvANalAbha meM bAdhA AtI ho, vaha tyAga dene yogya hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha dharma ko eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie use bhI chor3a dene kA sandeza dete haiN| unakI dRSTi meM paramamUlya to nirvANa hI hai| 3. gItA meM puruSArthacatuSTaya puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina-paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bhI mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| vahI parama mUlya hai| dharma, artha aura kAmapuruSArtha sambandhI dhRti ko gItAkAra ne rAjasI kahA hai,125 lekina yaha mAnanA bhIbhrAntipUrNa hogA ki gItA meM ina puruSArthoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| gItAkAra jaba kAma kI nindA karatA hai,126 dharma ko chor3ane kI bAta karatA hai,127 to mokSapuruSArtha yA paramAtmA kI prApti kI apekSA se hii| mokSa hI paramasAdhya hai; dharma, artha aura kAma kA mokSa ke nimitta parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI yadidharma, artha aura kAma mokSa ke avirodhI haiM, to ve grAhya haiN| gItAkAra kI mAnyatA bhI yahI pratIta hotI hai ki artha aura kAma ko dharmAdhIna honA cAhie aura dharma ko mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| dharmayukta, yajJapUrvaka evaM varNAnusAra kiyA gayA AjIvikopArjana gItA ke anusAra vihita hI hai| yadyapi dhana kI cintA meM DUbe rahanevAle aura dhana kA tathA dhana ke dvArA kie gae dAna-puNyAdi kA abhimAna karanevAle ko gItA meM ajJAnI kahA gayA hai,128 tathApi isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dhana ko ekamAtra sAdhya nahIM banA lenA cAhie aura na usakA tathA usake dvArA kie gae satkAryoM kA abhimAna hI karanA caahie| isI prakAra, kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki use dharma-aviruddha honA caahie| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki prANiyoM meM dharma-aviruddha kAma maiM huuN| sabhI bhogoM se vimukha hone kI apekSAgItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yahI ucita hai ki unameM Asakti kA tyAga kiyA jaae| vastutaH, yaha dRSTikoNa bhogoM ko mokSa ke avirodha meM rakhane kA prayAsa hai| isI prakAra, gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki binA yajJa ke jo bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hai, to usakA pramukha dRSTikoNa kAmapuruSArtha ko dharmAbhimukha banAne kA hI hai|130 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAoM meM cAroM puruSArtha svIkRta haiM, yadyapi sabhI ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki artha aura kAma-puruSArtha ko dharma-aviruddha honA cAhie aura dharma ko sadaiva hI mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| vastuta:, yaha dRSTikoNa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM kA hai, varan samagra bhAratIya-cintana kI isa sandarbha meM yahI dRSTi hai| manu kahate haiM ki dharma-vihIna artha aura kAma ko chor3a denA caahie| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki jo artha aura kAmadharma-virodhI hoM, unheM chor3a denA caahie|132 kauTilya apane arthazAstra meM aura vAtsyAyana apane kAmasUtra meM likhate haiM ki dharma aura artha se avirodha meM rahe hue kAma kA hI sevana karanA caahie|133

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa prakAra, bhAratIya-cintakoM kA prayAsa yahI rahA hai ki cAroM puruSArthoM ko isa prakAra saMyojita kiyA jAe ki ve paraspara avirodha kI avasthA meM rheN| isa hetu unhoMne unakA pArasparika-sambandha nizcita karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| kauna-sA puruSArtha sarvocca mUlyavAlA hai, isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane bhI Ae 198 1. artha hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki dharma aura kAma-donoM artha ke hone para upalabdha hote haiN| dhana ke abhAva meM na to kAma bhoga hI prApta hote haiM aura na dAna-puNyAdi dharma hI kiyA sakatA hai| 134 ne bhI arthazAstra meM isI dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| 135 2. kAma hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki viSayoM kI icchA yA kAma ke abhAva meM na to koI dhana prApta karanA cAhatA hai aura na koI dharma karanA cAhatA hai| kAma hI artha aura dharma se zreSTha hai / 136 jaise dahI kA sAra makkhana hai, vaise hI artha aura dharma kA sAra kAma hai / 137 3. artha, kAma aura dharma - tInoM hI svatantra puruSArtha haiM, tInoM kA samAna rUpa se sevana karanA caahie| jo eka kA sevana karatA hai, vaha adhama hai, jo do ke sevana meM nipuNa hai, vaha madhyama hai aura jo ina tInoM meM samAna rUpa se anurakta hai, vahI manuSya uttama hai| 13 4. dharma hI zreSTha guNa (puruSArtha) hai, artha madhyama hai aura kAma sabakI apekSA nimna hai, kyoMki dharma se hI mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai, dharma para hI loka-vyavasthA AdhArita hai aura dharma meM hI artha samAhita hai / 139 5. mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| mokSa upAya ke rUpa meM jJAna aura anAsakti yahI parama kalyANakAraka hai| 140 13. cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM kramanirdhAraNa puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhinna dRSTikoNa paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM, lekina sApekSika dRSTi se inameM virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai| sAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para artha hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki arthAbhAva meM daihika - mA~goM (kAma) kI pUrti nahIM hotii| dUsarI ora, loka ke arthAbhAva se pIr3ita hone para dharmavyavasthA yA nIti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| kahA bhI gayA hai- bhUkhA kauna-sA pApa nahIM karatA ?141 yadi sAdhaka (vyakti) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to daihika - mUlya (kAma) hI pradhAna pratIta honA hai| manodaihika mUlyoM (icchA evaM kAma) ke abhAva meM na to nIti-anIti kA prazna khar3A hotA hai aura na Arthika-sAdhanoM kI hI koI aavshyktaa| dUsare, dharmasAdhana aura AdhyAtmika pragati bhI zarIra se sambandhita haiN| kahA gayA hai- dharmasAdhana ke lie zarIra hI prAthamika hai / 142 daihika - mA~goM kI pUrti ke abhAva meM citta - zAnti bhI kaise hogI aura jisakA citta azAnta hai, vaha kyA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karegA ? -

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 199 isI prakAra, jaba hama sAdhanAmArga para sAmAjika-sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM, to dharma hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| dharma hI sAmAjika-vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| dharma ke abhAva meM sAmAjika-jIvana astavyasta ho jAtA hai aura astavyasta sAmAjikajIvana meM arthotpAdana evaM AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA-donoM hI sambhava nahIM hote| bhogoM kI samarasatA samApta ho jAtI hai| ___sAdhya yA Adarza kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para mokSa hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki sAre prayAsa jisake lie haiM, vaha to AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI prApti hI hai| saMkSepa meM, sAdhanAtmaka-dRSTi se Arthika-mUlya (artha), jaivika-dRSTi se manodaihika-mUlya (kAma), sAmAjika-dRSTi se naitika-mUlya (dharma) aura sAdhyAtmaka-dRSTi se AdhyAtmika-mUlya (mokSa) pramukha haiN| lekina, ye sabhI mUlya yA puruSArtha eka-dUsare se svatantra yA nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha skte| mokSa yA AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM kI prApti ke liedharma Avazyaka hai aura dharma-sAdhana ke lie zarIra Avazyaka hai, zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zArIrika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti (kAma) Avazyaka hai aura unakI pUrti ke lie sAdhana (artha) juTAnA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, sabhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura sabhI Avazyaka bhI haiN| jaina-grantha nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAdi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM aura jJAnAdi kA sAdhana deha hai aura deha kA sAdhana AhAra hai|143 isa prakAra, cAroM puruSArthoM kA mahatva svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI kAmUlya samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra cAroM puruSArthoM meM eka sAdhyasAdhana-bhAva hai, jisameM artha mAtra sAdhana hai aura mokSa mAtra sAdhya hai| kAma artha kI apekSA se sAdhya aura dharma kI apekSA se sAdhana hai| dharma ko artha aura kAma kA sAdhya aura mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaba sAdhana hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai, to vaha dUsare ke virodha meM khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jIvana ke vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai| jainAgama-sAhitya meM mammana seTha kI kathA arthakosAdhya mAna lene kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki jaba dhana' sAdhya bana jAtA hai, to vaha aihika aura pAralaukika-donoM jIvana meM kaSTa hI lAtA hai| isI Azaya ko sAmane rakhate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'dhana meM pramatta puruSa kA dhana, arthAt usa vyakti kAdhana, jisake lie dhana hI sAdhya hai, nato isa loka meM aura na paraloka meM hI aise AdamI kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| dhana ke asIma moha se mUr3ha banA huA vaha vyakti, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para jaise mArga ko jAnate hue bhI mArga nahIM dekhatA, vaise hI vaha bhI nyAyamArga yA dharmamArga ko jAnate hae bhI use nahIM dekha paataa| jaise eka hI nagara ko jAne vAle bhinnabhinna mArga paraspara bhinna dizAoM meM sthita hote hue bhI paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jAte, usI prakAra paraspara virodhI puruSArtha mokSAbhimukha hone para asapatna (avirodhI) bana jAte haiN| yahIM

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200 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana unameM eka mUlyAtmaka tAratamya spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM sarvocca sthAna mokSa kA hai, usake bAdadharma kA sthAna hai| dharma ke bAda kAma aura sabase anta meM arthakA sthAna AtA hai, kintu arthapuruSArtha jaba lokopakAra ke lie hotA hai, taba usakA sthAna kAmapuruSArtha se Upara hotA hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka arabana ne mUlya-nirdhAraNa ke tIna niyama prastuta kie haiM- (1) sAdhanAtmaka yA parata:-mUlyoM kI apekSA sAdhyAtmaka yA svata:-mUlya uccatara haiM; (2) asthAyI yA alpakAlika-mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyI evaM dIrghakAlika-mUlya uccatara haiM; (3) asRjaka-mUlyoM kI apekSA sRjaka-mUlya uccatara haiN|144 yadiprathama niyama ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM, to dhana, sampatti, zrama Adi Arthika mUlya jaivika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika (kAma aura dharma) mUlyoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanamAtra haiM, ve svata:sAdhya nahIM haiN| bhAratIya-cintana meM dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM- (1) dAna, (2) bhoga aura (3) naash| vaha dAna ke rUpa meM dharmapuruSArtha kA aura bhoga ke rUpa meM kAmapuruSArtha kA sAdhana hI siddha hotA hai| kAmapuruSArtha sAmAnya rUpa meM svata:sAdhya pratIta hotA hai, lekina vicArapUrvaka dekhane para vaha bhI svata:sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prathamataH, jaivikaAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke rUpa meM jo bhoga kie jAte haiM, ve svayaMsAdhya nahIM, varan jIvanayA zarIra-rakSaNa ke sAdhanamAtra haiN| ina sabakA sAdhya svAsthya evaM jIvana hai| hama jIne ke lie khAte haiM, khAne ke lie jIte haiN| yadi hama kAmapuruSArtha ko kalA, dAmpatya, rati yA sneha ke rUpa meM mAneM, to vaha bhI Ananda kA eka sAdhana hI ThaharatA hai| isa prakAra, kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI svata: mUlya siddha nahIM hotaa| usakA jo bhI sthAna ho sakatA hai, vaha mAtra usake dvArA vyakti ke Ananda meM kI gaI abhivRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai| yadi alpakAlikatA yA sthAyitva kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to kAmapuruSArtha mokSa evaM dharma kI apekSAalpakAlika hI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kAmapuruSArtha ko nimna sthAna usakI kSaNikatA ke AdhAra para hI diyA hai| tIsare, apane phala yA pariNAma ke AdhAra para bhI kAma-puruSArtha nimna sthAna para ThaharatA hai, kyoMki vaha apane pIche duSpUra-tRSNA ko chor3a jAtA hai| use upalabdha hone vAle Ananda kI tulanA khujalI khujAne se kI gaI hai, jisakIphala-niSpatti kSaNika sukha ke bAda tIvra vedanA meM hotI hai| dharmapuruSArtha sAmAjika evaM dhArmika-mUlya ke rUpa meM svataHsAdhya hai, lekina vaha bhI mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, jo sarvocca mUlya hai| isa prakAra, arabana ke uparyuktamUlyanirdhAraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa-puruSArthoM kA yahI krama siddha hotA hai, jo ki jaina aura dUsare bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM svIkRta hai, jisameM artha sabase nimna mUlya hai aura mokSa sarvocca mUlya hai| 14. mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM ? isa sambandha meM ye tarka die jA sakate haiM

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 1. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvamAtra kI pravRtti duHkha - nivRtti kI ora hai, kyoMki mokSa duHkha kI Atyantika- nivRtti hai; ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| isI prakAra, Ananda kI upalabdhi bhI prANImAtra kA lakSya hai, cU~ki mokSa parama Ananda kI avasthA hai, ata: vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| 2. mUlyoM kI vyavasthA meM sAdhya-sAdhaka kI dRSTi se eka krama honA cAhie aura usa krama meM koI sarvocca evaM nirapekSa mUlya honA caahie| mokSa pUrNa evaM nirapekSa- sthiti hai, ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| mUlya vaha hai, jo kisI icchA kI pUrti kare, ataH jisake prApta ho jAne para koI icchA hI nahIM rahatI hai, vahI parama mUlya hai| mokSa meM koI apUrNa icchA nahIM rahatI hai, ata: vaha parama mUlya hai / 3. sabhI sAdhana kisI sAdhya ke lie hote haiM aura sAdhya kI upasthiti apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai| mokSa kI prApti ke pazcAt koI sAdhya nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha parama mUlya hai| yadi hama kisI anya mUlya ko svIkAra kareMge, to vaha sAdhana-mUlya hI hogA aura sAdhana - mUlya ko parama mUlya mAnane para naitikatA meM sarvAlaukikatA evaM vastuniSThatA samApta ho jAegI / 4. mokSa akSara evaM amRtapada hai, ataH sthAyI mUlyoM meM vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| 5. mokSa Antarika - prakRti yA svasvabhAva hai| vahI ekamAtra parama mUlya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM hamArI prakRti ke sabhI pakSa apanI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM pUrNa samanvaya kI avasthA meM hote haiN| 15. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlya-siddhAntoM kI tulanA arabana aura ebareTa ne jIvana ke vibhinna mUlyoM kI uccatA evaM nimnatA kA jo krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhAratIya cintana se kAphI sAmya rakhatA hai| arabana ne mUlyoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai jaivika Arthika zArIrika manovinoda mUlya atijaivika sAmAjika saMgaThanAtmaka cAritrika 201 AdhyAtmika bauddhika kalAtmaka dhArmika

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana arabana ne sabase pahale mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai- (1) jaivika aura (2) ati jaivik| atijaivika-mUlya bhI sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika - aise do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra mUlyoM ke tIna varga bana jAte haiM 202 - 1. jaivika mUlya- zArIrika, Arthika aura manoraMjana ke mUlya jaivikamUlya haiN| Arthika mUlya maulika rUpa se sAdhana- -mUlya haiM, sAdhya nhiiN| Arthika zubha svataH mUlyavAn nahIM haiM, unakA mUlya kevala zArIrika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko arjita karane ke sAdhana hone meM hai| sampatti svataH vAJchanIya nahIM hai, balki anya zubhoM kA sAdhana hone ke kAraNa vAJchanIya hai / sampatti eka sAdhanamalya hai, sAdhana-mUlya nhiiN| zArIrikamUlya bhI vaiyaktika-mUlyoM ke sAdhaka haiN| svAsthya aura zakti se yukta paripuSTa zarIra ko vyakti acche jIvana ke anya mUlyoM ke anusaraNa meM prayukta kara sakatA hai| krIr3A svayaM mUlya hai; kintu vaha bhI mukhyatayA sAdhana-mUlya hai| usakA sAdhya zArIrika svAsthya hai| manoraMjana cittavikSobha ko samApta karane kA sAdhana hai| krIr3A aura manoraMjana uccatara mUlyoM ke anusaraNa ke lie hameM zArIrika evaM mAnasika dRSTi se svastha rakhate haiN| 2. sAmAjika-ma -mUlya- sAmAjika mUlyoM ke antargata sAhacarya tathA caritra ke mUlya Ate haiN| Aja ke mAnavatAvAdI yuga meM to ina mUlyoM kA mahatva atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai| yadyapi ye donoM mUlya kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana -svarUpa prayukta hote haiM, parantu kucha mahAn puruSoM ne saccaritratA evaM samAjasevA ko jIvana ke parama lakSya ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai| manuSya samAja kA aMga hai / eka asIma AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra samAja ke sAtha apanI vaiyaktikatA kA ekAkAra karake hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3. AdhyAtmika- -mUlya- mUlyoM ke isa varga ke antargata bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka evaM dhArmika-tIna prakAra ke mUlya Ate haiN| ye tInoM mUlya mUlata: sAdhyamUlya haiN| ye AtmA kI sarvazreSTha yA parama Adarza prakRti, arthAt satyaM zivaM aura sundaraM kI abhiruciyoM ko tRpti pradAna karate haiM tathA jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM se zreSTha koTi ke haiN| 9 - tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM ke puruSArthacatuSTaya meM artha aura kAma jaivika mUlya haiM aura dharma aura mokSa atijaivika mUlya haiN| arabana ne jaivika mUlyoM meM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya mAne haiN| inameM Arthika mUlya arthapuruSArtha tathA zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka-1 ka-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke samAna haiN| arabana ke dvArA atijaivika mUlyoM meM sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mAne gae haiN| unameM sAmAjika-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha se aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha se sambandhita haiM / jisa prakAra arabana ne mUlyoM meM sabase nIce --

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 203 Arthika-mUlyamAne haiM, usI prakAra bhAratIya-darzana meM bhIarthapuruSArtha ko tAratamya kI dRSTi se sabase nIce mAnA hai| jisa prakAra arabana ke darzana meM zArIrika aura manoraMjana sambandhI mUlyoM kA sthAna Arthika-mUlyoM se Upara, lekina sAmAjika-mUlyoM se nIce hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya-darzana meM bhI mokSa ko sarvocca puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| arabana ke dRSTikoNa kI bhAratIya-cintana se kitanI adhika nikaTatA hai, ise nimna tAlikA se samajhA jA sakatA puruSArtha kAma kAma pAzcAtya-dRSTikoNa bhAratIya-dRSTikoNa jaina-dRSTikoNa mUlya jaivika-mUlya 1.Arthika-mUlya arthapuruSArtha artha 2. zArIrika-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha 3. manoraMjanAtmaka-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha sAmAjika-mUlya 4. saMgaThanAtmaka-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha vyavahAradharma 5. cAritrika-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha nizcayadharma AdhyAtmika-mUlya mokSapuruSArtha 6. kalAtmaka Ananda (saMkalpa) anantasukha evaMzakti 7. bauddhika cit (jJAna) anantajJAna 8. dhArmika sat (bhAva) ananta darzana ___isa prakAra, apanI mUlya-vivecanA meM prAcya aura pAzcAtya-vicAraka anta meM eka hI niSkarSa para A jAte haiM aura vaha niSkarSa yaha hai ki AdhyAtmika-mUlya yAAtmapUrNatAhI sarvocca mUlya hai evaM vahI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai| yadyapi bhAratIya-darzana meM svIkata sabhI jIvana-mUlya aura pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM svIkRta vibhinna naitika-pratimAna jainaAcAradarzana meM svIkRta rahe haiM, tathApi isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina-darzana ke pAsa naitika-pratimAna ke kisI nizcita siddhAnta kA abhAva hai| vastuta:, jaina-darzana kI anekAntavAdI-dRSTi hI isake mUla meM hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA ke kSetra meM vibhinna paraspara virodhI dArzanika-vicAroM ko sApekSa rUpa se svIkAra karake unameM pampantaya karatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-AcAradarzana bhI vibhinna naitika-pratimAnoM ko sApekSika rUpa se svIkAra karake unameM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna karatA hai|

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana yadyapi jaina AcAradarzana meM sApekSa dRSTi se naitika-ma - mAnaka sambandhI sabhI vicAra svIkAra kara lie gae haiM, phira bhI usakI dRSTi meM karma kI zuddhatA isa para AdhArita hai ki vaha karma rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se kitanA mukta hai| usake anusAra, jo karma anAsakta-bhAva se sampAdita hote haiM, ve hI AtmapUrNatA kI ora le jAte haiN| vItarAgAvasthA yA samabhAva kI upalabdhi hI usakA ekamAtra naitika sAdhya yA parama mUlya hai / 16. naitika - pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda 204 vastutaH, manuSyoM kI nIti - sambandhI avadhAraNAoM, mApadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vividhatA hI naitika nirNayoM kI bhinnatA kA kAraNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| jaba bhI hama kisI AcaraNa kA naitika mUlyAMkana karate haiM, to hamAre sAmane nIti sambandhI koI mApadaNDa, pratimAna yA mAnaka (Moral standard) avazya hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para hama vyakti caritra, AcaraNa athavA karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana (Moral valuation) karate haiN| vibhinna deza, kAla, samAja aura saMskRtiyoM meM ye naitika mApadaNDa yA pratimAna alagaalaga rahe haiM aura samaya-samaya para inameM parivartana hote rahe haiN| prAcIna grIka saMskRti meM jahA~ sAhasa aura nyAya ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAtA thA, vahIM paravartI IsAI saMskRti meM sahanazIlatA aura tyAga ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAne lgaa| yaha eka vAstavikatA hai ki naitika pratimAna yA naitikatA ke mApadaNDa aneka rahe haiM tathA vibhinna vyakti aura vibhinna samAja alaga-alaga naitika- pratimAnoM kA upayoga karate rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka hI vyakti apane jIvana meM bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna naitika- pratimAnoM kA upayoga karatA hai| naitika pratimAna ke isa prazna para na kevala janasAdhAraNa meM, apitu nItivettAoM meM bhI gahana matabheda haiN| naitika-pratimAnoM (Moral standards) kI isa vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA lekara aneka prazna upasthita hote haiN| kyA koI aisA sArvabhauma naitika- pratimAna sambhava hai, jise sArvalaukika aura sArvakAlika mAnyatA prApta ho ? yadyapi aneka nItivettAoM ne apane naitika- pratimAna ko sArvalaukika, sArvakAlIna evaM sArvajanIna siddha karane kA dAvA avazya kiyA hai; kintu jaba ve hI Apasa meM ekamata nahIM haiM, to phira unake isa dAve ko kaise mAnya kiyA jA sakatA hai? nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI niyamavAdI - paramparA meM kabIle ke bAhya-niyamoM kI avadhAraNA se lekara antarAtmA ke Adeza taka tathA sAdhyavAdI paramparA svArthamUlaka sukhavAda se prArambha karake buddhivAda, pUrNatAvAda aura mUlyavAda taka aneka naitika- pratimAna prastuta kie gae haiN| - - -

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta yadi hama naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra naitika-AvegoM (Moral sentiments) ko svIkAra karate haiM, to naitika mUlyAMkana meM ekarUpatA sambhava nahIM hogI, kyoMki vyaktiniSTha naitika-AvegoM meM vividhatA svAbhAvika hai| naitika-AvegoM kI isa vividhatA ko samakAlIna vicAraka eDavarDa vaisTaramArka ne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra, isa vividhatA kA kAraNa vyaktiyoM ke pariveza, dharma aura vizvAsoM meM pAI jAne vAlI bhinnatA hai| vicAra karma naitika-aucitya evaM anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke lie vidhAnavAdIpratimAna apanAte haiM aura jAti, samAja, rAjya yA dharma dvArA prastuta vidhi-niSedha ( yaha karo aura yaha mata karo) kI niyamAvaliyoM ko naitika- pratimAna svIkAra karate haiM, unameM bhI prathama prazna ko lekara matabheda hai ki jAti (samAja), rAjya zAsana aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta aneka niyamAvaliyoM meM se kise svIkAra kiyA jAe ? punaH, pratyeka jAti, rAjya aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta ye niyamAvaliyA~ bhI alaga-alaga haiN| isa prakAra, bAhya-vidhAnavAda naitika pratimAna kA koI eka siddhAnta prastuta kara pAne meM asamartha hai| samakAlIna anumodanAtmaka-siddhAnta (Approbative theories) jo naitika- pratimAna ko vaiyaktika, ruci-sApekSa athavA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika - anumodana para nirbhara mAnate haiM, kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika- pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiN| vyaktiyoM kA rucivaividhya aura sAmAjika- AdarzoM meM pAI jAne vAlI bhinnatAe~ suspaSTa hI haiN| dhArmika-anuzaMsA bhI alaga-alaga hotI hai, eka dharma jina karmoM kA anumodana karatA hai aura unheM naitika ThaharAtA hai, dUsarA dharma unhIM karmoM ko niSiddha aura anaitika ThaharAtA hai| vaidika-dharma aura islAma pazubaliko vaidha mAnate haiM, vahIM jaina, vaiSNava aura bauddha dharma use anaitika aura avaidha mAnate haiN| niSkarSa yahI hai ki ve sabhI siddhAnta kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika- pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiM, jo naitikatA kI kasauTI, vaiyaktika- ruci, sAmAjika- anumodana athavA dharmazAstra kI anuzaMsA ko mAnate haiN| - antaH prajJAvAda, athavA sarala zabdoM meM kaheM, to antarAtmA ke anumodana kA siddhAnta bhI kisI eka naitika - pratimAna ko de pAne meM asamartha hai| yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNaya sarala, sahaja aura aparokSa hote haiM, phira bhI anubhava yahI batAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNayoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hotii| prathama to, svayaM anta: prajJAvAdI hI isa sambandha meM ekamata nahIM haiM ki isa antaH prajJA kI prakRti kyA hai, yaha bauddhika hai yA bhAvanAparaka / punaH, yaha mAnanA ki sabhI kI antarAtmA eka-sI hai, ThIka nahIM hai; kyoMki antarAtmA kI saMracanA aura usake nirNaya bhI vyakti ke saMskAroM para AdhArita hote haiN| 205

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206 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pazubali ke sambandha meM muslima evaM jaina-parivAroM meM saMskArita vyaktiyoM ke antarAtmA ke nirNaya eka samAna nahIM hoNge| antarAtmA koI sarala tathya nahIM hai, jaisA ki antaHprajJAvAda mAnatA hai, apitu vaha vivekAtmaka-cetanA ke vikAsa, pArivArika evaM sAmAjika-saMskAroM tathA parivezajanya tathyoM dvArA nirmita eka jaTilaracanA hai aura ye tInoM bAteM hamArI antarAtmA ko aura usake nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| isI prakAra, sAdhyavAdI-siddhAnta bhI kisI sArvabhauma naitika-mAnadaNDa kA dAvA nahIM kara sake haiN| sarvaprathama to, unameM isa prazna ko lekara hI matabheda haiM ki mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya kyA ho sakatA hai ? mAnavatAvAdI-vicAraka, jo mAnavIya-guNa ke vikAsa ko hI naitikatA kI kasauTI mAnate haiM, isa bAta para paraspara sahamata nahIM haiM ki AtmacetanA, vivekazIlatA aura saMyama meM kise sarvocca mAnavIya-guNa mAnA jaae| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdiyoM meM jahA~ vAranara phiTe AtmacetanatA ko pramukha mAnate haiM, vahA~ sI.bI. garneTa aura isrAila levina vivekazIlatA ko tathA iraviMga babiTa AtmasaMyama ko pramukha naitikaguNa mAnate haiN| sAdhyavAdI-paramparA ke sAmane yaha prazna bhI mahatvapUrNa rahA hai ki mAnavIyacetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka-pakSa meM se kisakI santuSTi ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA jaae| isa sandarbha meM sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA vivAda to suprasiddha hI hai| sukhavAda jahA~ manuSya ke anubhUtyAtmaka (vAsanAtmaka) pakSakI santuSTi ko mAnava-jIvana kAsAdhya ghoSita karatA hai, vahA~ buddhivAdabhAvanA-nirapekSa buddhi ke AdezoM ke paripAlana meM hI naitika-karttavya kI pUrNatA dekhatA hai| isa prakAra, sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke naitikapratimAna eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| isakA mUla kAraNa donoM kI mUlyadRSTi kI bhinnatA hai; eka bhogavAda kA samarthaka hai, to dUsarA vairAgyavAda kaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, sukhavAdI-vicAraka bhI 'kauna-sA sukha sAdhya hai?' isa prazna para ekamata nahIM haiN| koI vaiyaktika-sukha ko sAdhya batAtA hai, to koI samaSTi-sukha ko athavA adhikatama logoM ke adhikatama sukha ko| puna: yaha sukha, aindrika-sukha ho yA mAnasika sukha ho, athavA AdhyAtmika-Ananda ho, isa prazna para bhI matabheda haiN| vairAgyavAdI paramparAe~ bhI sukhakosAdhya mAnatI haiM, kintu ve jisasukha kI bAta karatI haiM, vaha sukha vastugata nahIM hai, vaha icchA, Asakti yA tRSNA ke samApta hone para cetanA kI nirdvandva, tanAvarahita, samAdhipUrNa avasthA hai| isa prakAra, sukha ko sAdhya mAnane ke prazna para unameM Ama sahamati hote hue bhI unake naitika-pratimAna bhinna-bhinna hI hoMge, kyoMki sukha kI prakRtiyA~ bhinna-bhinna haiN| yadyapi pUrNatAvAda Atmopalabdhi ko sAdhya mAnakara sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta bIca samanvaya sAdhane kA prayatna avazya karatA hai; kintu vaha isa prayAsa meM saphala huA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / punaH, vaha bhI kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika- pratimAna ko prastuta kara sakatA hai, yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hai, kyoMki vyaktiyoM ke hita na kevala bhinna-bhinna haiM, apitu paraspara virodhI bhI haiN| rogI kA kalyANa aura DaoNkTara kA kalyANa eka nahIM hai, zramika kA kalyANa usake svAmI ke kalyANa se pRthak hI hai; kisI sArvabhauma zubha (Universal good) kI bAta kitanI hI AkarSaka kyoM na ho, vaha bhrAnti hI hai / vaiyaktika hitoM ke yoga ke atirikta sAmAnya hita (Common good) mAtra amUrta kalpanA hai| na kevala vyaktiyoM ke hita yA zubha alaga-alaga hoMge, apitu do bhinna paristhitiyoM meM eka vyakti ke hita bhI pRthak-pRthak hoNge| eka hI vyakti do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM meM dAtA aura yAcaka- donoM ho sakatA hai; kintu kyA donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA hita samAna hogA ? samAja meM eka kA hita dUsare ke hita kA bAdhaka ho sakatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, hamArA eka hita hamAre hI dUsare hita meM bAdhaka ho sakatA hai| rasanendriya yA yaunavAsanAsaMtuSTi ke zubha aura svAsthya sambandhI zubha sahagAmI hoM, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| vastutaH, yaha dhAraNA ki 'manuSya kA yA manuSyoM kA koI sAmAnya zubha hai', apane-Apa meM ayathArtha hai / jise hama sAmAnya zubha kahanA cAhate haiM, vaha vibhinna zubhoM kA eka aisA skandha hai, jisameM na kevala bhinna-bhinna zubhoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA hai, apitu ve eka-dUsare ke virodha meM bhI khar3e hue haiN| zubha eka nahIM, aneka haiM aura unameM pArasparika-virodha bhI hai| kyA AtmalAbha aura AtmatyAga ke bIca koI virodha nahIM hai ? yadi pUrNatAvAdI nimna AtmA (Lower self) ke tyAga dvArA uccAtmA (Higher self) ke lAbha kI bAta kahate haiM, to ve jIvana ke ina do pakSoM meM virodha svIkAra karate haiN| punaH, nimnAtmA bhI hamArI AtmA hai aura yadi hama usake niSedha kI bAta svIkAra karate haiM, to hameM pUrNatAvAda ke siddhAnta ko chor3akara prakArAntara se buddhivAda yA vairAgyavAda ko hI svIkAra karanA hogaa| isI prakAra, vaiyaktika - AtmA aura sAmAjika- AtmA kA athavA svArtha aura parArtha kA antarvirodha bhI samApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai; isIlie mUlyavAda kisI eka mUlya kI bAta na kahakara 'mUlyoM' yA 'mUlya - vizva' kI bAta karatA hai| mUlyoM kI vipulatA ke isa siddhAnta meM naitika- pratimAna kI vividhatA svabhAvatayA hI hogI, kyoMki pratyeka mUlya kA mUlyAMkana kisI dRSTi-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hogaa| cU~ki manuSyoM kI jIvanadRSTiyA~ yA mUlyadRSTiyA~ vividha haiM, ataH una para AdhArita naitika- pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoNge| punaH, mUlyavAda meM mUlyoM ke tAratamya ko lekara sadaiva hI vivAda rahA hai| eka dRSTi se jo sarvocca mUlya lagatA hai, vahI dUsarI dRSTi se nimna mUlya ho - 207

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208 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sakatA hai| manuSya kI jIvanadRSTi yA mUlyadRSTi kA nirmANa bhI svayaM usake saMskAroM evaM parivezajanya tathyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai; ata: mUlyavAdanaitika-pratimAnakesandarbha meM vividhatA kI dhAraNA ko hI puSTa karatA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki naitika-pratimAna ke prazna para na kevala vividhadRSTikoNoM se vicAra huA hai, apitu usakA pratyeka siddhAnta svayaM bhI itane antarvirodhoM se yukta hai ki vaha eka sArvabhauma naitika-mApadaNDa hone kA dAvA karane meM asamartha hai|aajbhii isa sambandha meM kisI sarvamAnya siddhAnta kA abhAva hai| vastutaH, naitika-mAnadaNDoM kI yaha vividhatA svAbhAvika hI hai aura jo loga kisI eka sarvamAnya naitika-pratimAna kI bAta karate haiM, ve kalpanAloka meM hI vicaraNa karate haiN| naitika-pratimAnoM kI isa vividhatA ke kaI kAraNa haiN| sarvaprathama to naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA yaha prazna usa manuSya ke sandarbha meM hai, jisakI prakRti bahuAyAmI (Multidimensional) aura antarvirodhoM se paripUrNa hai| manuSya kevala cetanasattA nahIM hai, apitu cetanAyukta zarIra hai; vaha kevala vyakti nahIM hai, apitu samAja meM jIne vAlA vyakti hai| usake astitva meM vAsanA aura viveka tathA vaiyaktikatAaura sAmAjikatA ke tattva samAhita haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hai ki vAsanA aura viveka meM tathA vyakti aura samAja meM svabhAvata: saMgati (Harmony) nahIM hai| ve svabhAvata: eka-dUsare ke virodha meM haiN| manovaijJAnika bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki 'iDa' (vAsanA-tattva) aura 'supara Igo' (Adarza-tattva) mAnavIya-cetanA ke samakSa pratipakSI ke rUpa meM hI upasthita hote haiN| usameM samarpaNa aura zAsana kI do virodhI mUla pravRttiyA~ eka sAtha kAma karatI haiN| eka ora, vaha apanI asmitA ko bacAe rakhanA cAhatA hai, to dUsarI ora apane vyaktitva ko vyApaka banAnA cAhatA hai, samAja ke sAtha jur3anA cAhatA hai| aisI bahuAyAmI evaM antarvirodhoM se yukta sattA ke zubha yA hita eka nahIM, aneka hoMge aura jaba manuSya ke zubha yA hita (Good) hI vividha haiM, to phira naitika-pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoNge| kisI parama zubha (Ultimate reality) kI kalpanA parama sattA (Ultimategood) ke prasaMga meM cAhe sahI bhI ho; kintu mAnavIya- astitva ke prasaMga meM sahI nahIM hai| manuSya ko manuSya mAnakara calanA hogA- Izvara mAnakara nahIM aura eka manuSya ke rUpa meM usake hita yA sAdhya vividha hI hoNge| sAtha hI, hitoM yA sAdhyoM kI yaha vividhatA naitika-pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko hI sUcita kregii| naitika-pratimAna kA AdhAra vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi yA mUlya-dRSTi hogI, kintu vyakti kI mUlya-dRSTi yA jIvana-dRSTi vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika-vikAsa, saMskAra evaM paryAvaraNa

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209 ke AdhAra para hI nirmita hotI haiN| vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika-vikAsa, paryAvaraNa aura saMskAroM meM bhinnatAe~ svAbhAvika haiM, ata: unakI mUlya-dRSTiyA~ alaga-alaga hoMgI aura yadimUlyadRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna hoMgI, to naitika-pratimAna bhI vividha hoNge| yaha eka AnubhAvika-tathya hai ki vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para eka hI ghaTanA kA naitika-mUlyAMkana alaga-alaga hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, parivAra niyojana kI dhAraNA, janasaMkhyA ke bAhulya vAle dezoM kI dRSTi se cAhe ucita ho, kintu alpa janasaMkhyA vAle dezoM evaM jAtiyoM kI dRSTi se anucita hogii| rASTravAda apanI prajAti kI asmitA kI dRSTi se cAhe acchA ho; kintu sampUrNa mAnavatA kI dRSTi se anucita hai| hama bhAratIya hI eka ora jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda ko kosate haiM, to dUsarI ora bhAratIyatA ke nAma para apane ko gauravAnvita anubhava karate haiN| kyA hama yahA~ dohare mApadaNDa kA upayoga nahIM kara rahe haiM ? svatantratA kI bAta ko hI leN| kyA svatantratA aura sAmAjika-anuzAsana sahagAmI hokara cala sakate haiM ? ApAtakAla kohI lIjie, vaiyaktika svatantratA ke hanana kI dRSTi se, yA naukarazAhI ke hAvI hone kI dRSTi se hama usakI AlocanA kara sakate haiM, kintu anuzAsana banAe rakhane aura arAjakatA ko samApta karane kI dRSTi se use ucita ThaharAyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, ucitatA aura anucitatA kA mUlyAMkana kisI eka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para na hokara vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| jo eka dRSTikoNa yA apekSA se naitika ho sakatA hai, vahI dUsare dRSTikoNa yA apekSA se anucita ho sakatA hai; jo eka paristhiti ke lie ucita ho sakatA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM anucita ho sakatA hai| jo eka vyakti ke lie ucita hai, vahI dUsare ke lie anucita ho sakatA hai| eka sthUla zarIra vAle vyakti ke lie snigdha padArthoM kA sevana anucita hai, kintu kRzakAya vyakti ke lie ucita hai; ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki naitikamUlyAMkana ke vividha dRSTikoNa haiM aura ina vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha naitikapratimAna banate haiM, jo eka hI ghaTanA kA alaga-alaga naitika-mUlyAMkana karate haiN| naitika-mUlyAMkana paristhiti-sApekSa evaM dRSTi-sApekSa mUlyAMkana haiM; ata: unakI sArvabhauma satyatA kA dAvA karanA bhI vyartha hai| kisI dRSTi-vizeSa yA apekSA-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI ve satya hote haiN| saMkSepa meM, sabhI naitika-pratimAna mUlya-dRSTi-sApekSa haiM aura mUlya-dRSTi svayaM vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika-vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika evaM bhautika-paryAvaraNa para nirbhara karatI hai aura cU~ki vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika-vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika evaM bhautika-paryAvaraNa meM vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA hai, ata: naitika-pratimAnoM meM vividhatA yA anekatA svAbhAvika hI hai|

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210 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaiyaktika zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika-pratimAna sAmAjika-zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika-pratimAna se bhinna hogaa| isI prakAra, vAsanA para AdhArita naitika-pratimAna viveka para AdhArita naitika-pratimAna se alaga hogaa| rASTravAda se prabhAvita vyakti kI naitika-kasauTI antarrASTrIyatA ke samarthaka vyakti kI naitika-kasauTI se pRthak hogii| pU~jIvAda aura sAmyavAda ke naitika-mAnadaNDa bhinna-bhinna hIraheMge; ata: hameM naitika-mAnadaNDoM kIanekatAko svIkAra karate hue yaha mAnanA hogA ki pratyeka naitika-mAnadaNDa apane usa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI satya hai| kucha loga yahA~ kisI parama zubha kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para kisI eka naitikapratimAna kA dAvA kara sakate haiM; kintu vaha parama zubha yA to ina vibhinna zubhoM yA hitoM ko apane meM antarnihita karegA, yA inase pRthak hogA; yadi vaha ina bhinna-bhinna mAnavIya-zubhoM ko apane meM antarnihita karegA, to vaha bhI naitika-pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko svIkAra karegA aura yadi vaha ina mAnavIya zubhoM se pRthak hogA, to nItizAstra ke lie vyartha hI hogA, kyoMki nItizAstra kA pUrA sandarbha mAnava-sandarbha hai| naitika-pratimAna kA prazna tabhI taka mahatvapUrNa hai, jaba taka manuSya manuSya hai, yadi manuSya manuSya ke stara se Upara uThakara devatva ko prApta kara letA hai, yA manuSya ke stara se nIce utarakara pazu bana jAtA hai, to usake lie naitikatA yA anaitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai aura aise yathArtha manuSya ke lie naitikatA ke pratimAna aneka hI hoNge| naitika-pratimAnoM ke sandarbha meM yahI anekAntadRSTi samyagdRSTi hogii| ise hama naitika-pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda kaha sakate haiN| 17. jaina-darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa phira bhI mUla prazna yaha hai ki jaina-darzana kA carama sAdhya kyA hai ? jaina-darzana apane carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra, vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM jAtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo AcaraNa mukti kA kAraNa hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai, kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai| jaina-dharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAva-dazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastuta:, hamArA jo nijasvarUpa hai, use prApta kara lenA, athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai| usakI pArasparika-zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina-dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta mahatvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai| unake anusAra, dharma vaha hai, jo vastu kA nija svabhAva hai ( vatthusahAvo dhammo ) / vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA hai, jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva hai aura jo hamArA nija svabhAva hai, usI ko pA lenA hI mukti hai, ata: usa svabhAva-dazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| punaH, prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai ? bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thaa| ve pUchate haiM, 'bhagavAn, AtmA kA nija svarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai ?' mahAvIra ne unake saba praznoM kA jo uttara diyA thA, vahI Aja bhI samasta jaina - AcAradarzana meM kisI karma ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA, 'AtmA samatva - svarUpa hai aura usa samatva-svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai|' dUsare zabdoM meM, samatA svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai aura jo vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM, athavA viSamatA se samatA kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI dharma hai, naitikatA hai, sadAcAra hai, arthAt viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai| saMkSepa meM, jaina-dharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva ke tattva haiN| svabhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva yA parabhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai / yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi dravyArthika- naya kI dRSTi se samatA kA artha parabhAva se haTakara zuddha svabhAva - dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai, kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se samatA yA svabhAva kA artha rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnasika-samatva kA artha haisamasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita mana kI zAnta evaM vikSobha (tanAva) rahita avasthA / yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika - jIvana meM phalita hotA hai, to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArika dRSTi se ise hama anAgraha yA anekAnta - dRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isI samatva ke Arthika pakSa se vicAra karate haiM, to aparigraha ke nAma se jAnate haiM, sAmyavAda evaM nyAsI - siddhAnta isI aparigraha-vRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, ataH samatva ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu 'samatva' ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra 211

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212 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA, kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai, jisake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika-jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| jahA~ takavyakti ke caittasika yAAntarika-samatva kA prazna hai, hama use vItarAgamanodazA yA anAsakta cittavRti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI, samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika-jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai| yaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa parabhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya usake isa AntarikapakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM, kintu phira bhI yaha sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya-pakSa para, athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai, isa bAta para adhika hotA hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke AntarikamanobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika-jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya-prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana meM isake AcaraNa-pariNAmoM para vicAra karatA hai| yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kaTautI khojanI hogI, jo AcAra ke bAhyapakSa, athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika-pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa ske| sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIya-cintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai aura parapIr3A hI pApa hai| tulasIdAsa ne ise nimna zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai 'parahita sarisadharama nahi bhAI, para-pIr3Asamanahi adhmaaii|' arthAt, vaha AcaraNa, jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai, sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakArI hai, ahitakara hai, vahI pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jainadharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMgasUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai, 'bhUtakAla ke jitane arhata ho gae haiM, vartamAna-kAla meM jitane arhata haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhat hoMge, ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI sattvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisIkA hanana karanA cAhie, yahIzuddha, nitya aura zAzvatadharma hai, kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka-pakSa ko, yA dUsaroM ke hita-sAdhana ko hI sadAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ sambhava haiM ki jaba mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika-AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hitasAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho; kintu kyA aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta sakeMge ? kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ko ekatrita kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A sakegI ? athavA, yauna- vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke ve rUpa, jinameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI hiMsA nahIM hotI hai, durAcAra kI koTi nahIM aaeNge| sUtrakRtAMga meM sadAcAritA kA eka aisA hI dAvA anya tIrthiyoM dvArA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko, jo DAke kara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge ? eka cora aura eka santa-donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM, phira bhI donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jAte / vastutaH, sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai / usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa, arthAt usakI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma, arthAt sAmAjika-jIvana para usakA prabhAva - donoM hI vicAraNIya haiN| AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA vicAra para aura vicAra yA manobhAvoM kI zubhAzubhatA svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA honA cAhie, ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara sake / 213 sAdhAraNatayA, jaina-dharma sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA, yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA mAtra hI ahiMsA hai ? yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai, to phira yaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, jabaki jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne kahA ki amRtavacana, steya, maithuna, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma die gae, ve to kevala ziSyabodha ke lie haiN| mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI haiN| vastutaH, jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai| vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhI / usake sambandha vyakti se bhI haiM aura samAja se bhI / ise jaina - paramparA meM sva kI hiMsA aura para kI hiMsA - aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jaba vaha hamAre sva-svarUpa yA svabhAva - dazA kA ghAta karatI hai, to sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba vaha dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahu~cAtI hai, vaha para kI hiMsA hai / sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai, to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika-pApa, kintu usake ye donoM rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiM, ataH apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai| -

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214 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 13. 14. sandarbha graMtha1. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 78. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/9. AcArAMga, 1/8/3. AcArAMga, 1/4/1/127. (a) sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/1/11-12. (ba) triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 1/334. mahAbhArata, vanaparva,312/115. kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 11. dekhie- laiMgveja, lAjika eNDa Tutha, pR. 108-9. uddhRta-laiMgvejaApha mAralsa, pR. 12. kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 33. 11. vahI, pR.37-38,40. vahI, pR. 51. vahI, pR.53. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/5/27-28. vahI, 1/12/2. "sarva evahi jainAnAMpramANaM laukiko vidhi:/"- yazastilakacampU, 8/34. 17. sthAnAMgasUtra, 10. gItA, 1/40-43. dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR.97. 20. upAsakadazAMga, 1/43. 21, kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 97. 22. gItA, 16/23-24. itivRttaka, 3/5/3 (pR. 51). 24. dIghanikAya, mahAparinibbANasutta, 2/3. AcArAMga, 1/6/2/181. 26. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 110. 27. kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 61-73. manusmRti, 6/46. 29. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 113/9-10. 30. dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 110-119. 31. "vatthu sahAvodhammo"-kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 478.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 215 43. 32. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/4. 33. dhammapada, 129-130;suttanipAta, 37/27;gItA, 6/32. tattvArthasUtra, 5/21. 35. uttarAdhyayana,23/25; 23/31. jaina ethiksa, pR. 75-76. tatvArthasUtra, 5/21. 38. gItA, 17/3. vistRta vivecanAevaM pramANa ke lie dekhie- nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 130-135. vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekhie- (a) nItizAstra (sinhA), pR. 121-126 (ba) TAipsa Apha ethikalathyorIja, mArTinyU. 41. savvepANAparamAhammiA-dazavaikAlika, 4/9. dazavaikAlika TIkA, pR. 46. savve suhasAyAdukkhapaDikUlA /- AcArAMga1 /2/3/81; tulanIya-duHkhAdudvijate sarva:sarvasya sukhamIpsitam /-mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 139/61. sUtrakRtAMga (hindI), pR. 103-104. 45. sarvadarzanasaMgraha; pR. 4. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 139/61. chAndogya-upaniSad,7/22/1. dRSTavya-nyAyavArtika (vArANasI saMskaraNa), pR. 13; uddhRta-nItizAstrakAsarvekSaNa, pR. 151. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 161 para uddhRta. ___ kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 196. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 168. 52. ahAsuhaM devANupiyaM /-upAsakadazAMgasUtra, 1/12 bRhatkalpabhASya, 5717. sUtrakRtAMga, 737. 55. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa7, pR. 1018. vahI, pR. 1017. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1017. manusmRti,4/12. nityasmaraNa,pR.4. 60. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza,khaNDa 7, pR. 1018.

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216 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1018. nItipravezikA, pR. 251 kI TippaNI. at, g. 251. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1018. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1018. adhyAtmatattvAloka, pR. 630. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 231. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 55. AtmAnuzAsana, 28. uddhRta - nItizAstra, pR. 92. nItizAstra, pR. 99. 75. AcArAMga, 1/2 / 3. 76. dazavaikAlika, 6/11. 77. sUtrakRtAMga, 8/15. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. vahI, 6583. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 6503; uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 230. chAndogya upaniSad, 7/23/1. DeTA Apha ethiksa, pR. 21; uddhRta - nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 213. kauSItaki - upaniSad, 3 / 2. cANakya nIti; uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 205. dhammapada, 157. sozala sTeTisTiksa, pR. 77; uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 217. udghRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 268. (a) mahAbhArata, zAntiparva; uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 270. (ba) paJcatantra, 4 / 102. gItA, 3 / 36. pUrNatAvAda ke vizeSa adhyayana ke lie dekhie (a) pazcimI AcAra vijJAna kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana - Izvaracandra zarmA, adhyAya 8,15. (ba) ethikala sTaDIja - breDale. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 305. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 2/4/5. upadezasahastrI, 16/4.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 217 90. dekhie- (a) samakAlIna dArzanika cintana, pR. 300-325. . (ba) kanTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 177-188. 91. (a) mANussaM sudullahaM/-mahAvIra (ba) bhaveSu mAnuSyabhava: pradhAnam /- amitagati (sa) kicce maNussa paTilAbho/- dhammapada, 182. (da) guhyaM brahma vadidaM ko bravImi ____ namAnuSAt zreSThataraM hi kiMcit /- mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 299 /20. 92. kaNTempareri ethikala thyorIja, pR. 177-180. 93. AcArAMga, 11/3. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/3. 95. dhammapada, 2/1. saundarananda, 14/43-45. gItA, 2/63. dekhie (a) kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 181-184. (ba) vijaDama Apha kaNDakTa-sI.bI. garneTa. 99. dazavaikAlika,4/8. 100. babiTa ke dRSTikoNa ke liedekhie-(a) kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja, pR. 185-186. (ba) dibrekaDAuna Apha iNTaranezanalijma - prakAzita 'dinezana' khaNDasa (8) jUna 1915. (sa) Ana bIiMga krieTiva-babiTa 101. dazavaikAlikasUtra, 1/1.. 102. uttarAdhyayana, 31/2. 103. dekhie-samakAlikadArzanika,pR. 221-246. 104. uttarAdhyayana, 6/9-11; tulanA kIjie-dhammapada, 259. 105. uddhRta-AtmasAdhanAsaMgraha, pR.441. 106. dekhie-AcArAMga, 1/2/6/102; oghaniyukti,754. 107. naitikatAkA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 11. 108. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 3254. 109. dekhie- kaNTemparari ethikalathyorIja,adhyAya 17, pR. 274-284. 110. maraNasamAdhi, 603. 111. uttarAdhyayana, 13/16. 112. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11/11

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218 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 113. vahI, 11/7. 114. dekhie kalpasUtra, (bhagavAn RSabhadeva kAvarNana). 115. yogazAstra, 1/52. 116. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 262-264. 117. dIghanikAya,3/8/2. 118. vahI,3/8/4. 119. vahI,3/8/4. 120. vahI,3/3/4. 121. suttanipAta, 26/29. 122. majjhimanikAya,2/32/4. 123. udAna, jAtyandhavarga,8. 124. majjhimanikAya, 1/22/4. 125. gItA, 18/34. 126. vahI, 16/21. 127. vahI, 18/66. 128. gItA, 16/10, 12,15. 129. vahI, 7/11. 130. vahI, 3/13. 131. manusmRti,4/176. 132. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 3 /18-19. 133. kauTilIya arthazAstra,1/17. 134. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 167/12-13. 135. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/7. 136. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 167/29. 137. vahI, 167/35. 138. vahI, 167/40. 139. vahI, 167/8. 140. vahI, 167/46. 141. bubhukSita:kiM na karoti pApam ? 142. zarIramAdyaM khalu dharma sAdhanam / 143. nizIthabhASya, 4791. 144. phaNDAmeNTalsa Apha ethiksa, pR. 170-171.

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 219 6 AcAradarzana kA tAtvika-AdhAra AcAradarzana AdarzamUlaka vijJAna hai| vaha naitika-jIvana ke Adarza ke nirdhAraNa evaM paramasattA se usake sambandha ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna karatA hai, ata: aparihArya rUpa se tAtvika-carcA meM A jAtA hai| naitikatA kA carama sAdhya, paramasattA (Reality) se usakA sambandha, Adi kucha aise prazna haiM, jo atyanta mahatvapUrNa tAttvika-samasyAe~ prastuta kara dete haiN| inakA nirAkaraNa kie binA AcAradarzana kA samyak vivecana sambhava nahIM hai| prastuta adhyAya meM bhAratIya-AcAradarzana ke nimna tAttvika-AdhAroM kI carcA kI jAegI 1. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika smbndh| 2. sat ke svarUpa kI naitik-smiikssaa| 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI tattvayojanA kI tulnaa| 4. naitikatA kI mAnyatAe~ (Posulates of morality) / 1. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha tattvamImAMsA sat ke svarUpa para vicAra karatI hai, jabaki AcAradarzana jIvanavyavahAra ke AdarzoM evaM mUlyoM kA vicAra karatA hai| vastutaH, vicAra ke ye donoM kSetra ekadUsare ke ati nikaTa haiN| jaba hama eka-eka kSetra meM gaharAI se praveza karate haiM, to nizcita hI eka kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara dUsare kSetra meM praveza karanA hotA hai| maikeMjI kA kathana hai ki (nItizAstra meM) jaba hama yaha pUchate haiM ki mAnava-jIvana kA mUlya kyA hai, taba hameM tatkAla yaha bhI pUchanA par3atA hai ki mAnava-vyaktitva kA tAtvika-svarUpa kyA hai aura vAstavika jagat meM usakA sthAna kyA hai ? nissandeha, yahasambhava hai ki nItizAstra meM hama kucha dUra taka sattAmImAMsA kI antima samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prApta kie binA cala sakeM, lekina / (antatogatvA) ye (samasyAe~) hameM ina (tattvamImAMsAtmaka) samasyAoM meM anivAryata: ulajhA hI detI haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA ke pArasparika-sambandha ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki koI AcArazAstra tattvadarzana para yA caramasatya ke eka dArzanika-siddhAnta para Azrita avazya hogaa| caramasatya ke viSaya meM hamArI bhAvanA ke anurUpa hI hamArA AcaraNa hogaa| darzana aura AcaraNa sAtha-sAtha calate haiN|' vastuta:, jaba taka hameM sat ke svarUpa athavA jIvana ke Adarza kA bodha nahIM hotA, taba taka AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana bhI sambhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki yaha mUlyAMkana to vyavahAra yA saMkalpa ke naitika-Adarza ke sandarbha meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura naitika-Adarza kA

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirdhAraNa sat ke sandarbha meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahI eka aisA bindu hai, jahA~ tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana milate haiM, ataH donoM ko eka-dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mAnavIya anubhava ke viSayoM ke eka sImita bhAga ke vyavasthita adhyayana ko vijJAna kahate haiM, lekina jaba adhyayana kI dRSTi vyApaka hotI hai aura una anubhavoM kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM taka jAtI hai, taba vaha darzana kahalAtI hai| yadyapi AcArazAstra ke adhyayana kA kSetra bhI sImita hai, tathApi usakI adhyayanadRSTi vyApaka hai aura isI ke AdhAra para vaha darzana kA aMga hai| mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSa haiM- (1) jJAnAtmaka, (2) anubhUtyAtmaka aura (3) kriyAtmaka | ataH, dArzanika adhyayana ke bhI tIna vibhAga kie gae, jo kramazaH - (1) tattvadarzana, (2) dharmadarzana aura (3) AcAradarzana kahe jAte haiN| isa prakAra, tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana kI viSayavastu bhinna nahIM hai, mAtra adhyayana ke pakSoM kI bhinnatA hai| maikeMjI kahate haiM ki nItizAstra jIvana ke sampUrNa anubhava para saMkalpa yA kriyAzIlatA dRSTikoNa se vicAra karatA hai| vaha manuSya ko karttA, yAnI kisI sAdhya kA anusaraNa karane vAle prANI ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai aura jJAtA yA bhoktA ke rUpa meM use kevala parokSata: dekhatA hai, lekina vaha manuSya kI sampUrNa kriyAzIlatA kA, jisa zubha ko pAne ke lie vaha prayatnazIla hai, usake sampUrNa svarUpa kA tathA isa prayatna meM vaha jo kucha karatA hai, usake pUre artha kA vicAra karatA hai / cetanA ke vividha pakSoM kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana meM eka sImA ke bAda bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jIvana aura jagat eka aisI saMgati hai, jisameM sabhI tathya paraspara meM itane sApekSa haiM ki unheM alaga-alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 220 vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAe, to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke darzana bhI tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke madhya vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiN| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM yaha prakRti hai ki ve AcArazAstra ko darzana se pRthak nahIM karate haiN| isa sandarbha meM DaoN. rAmAnanda tivArI likhate haiM ki na vedAnta meM aura na kisI anya bhAratIya-darzana meM AcArazAstra ko darzana se pRthaka kiyA gayA hai| darzana manuSya ke jIvana aura jJAna ke carama satya kI khoja pratIka hai, satya eka aura akhaNDa hai| ataH, darzana ke kisI pakSa kI mImAMsA, use anya pakSa se pRthak karake samucita rIti se nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| astu, vedAnta aura anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM yaha AcAradarzana sambandhI cintana sAmAnya dArzanika cintana ke antargata hai, usase pRthak nahIM | jaina- dRSTikoNa jaina- vicArakoM ne jIvana ke ina tInoM pakSoM ko alaga-alaga dekhA to sahI, lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina darzana ne tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana -

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra aura AcAradarzana para vicAra to kiyA, lekina inheM eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM rkhaa| sabhI eka-dUsare meM itane ghule-mile haiM ki inheM eka-dUsare se pRthak karanA sambhava hI nahIM hai| na to jaina - AcAramImAMsA ko tattvamImAMsA aura dharmamImAMsA se pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na unase alaga kara use samajhA hI jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana kA mudrAlekha 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSa mArga : ' mAnavIya cetanA ke anubhUtyAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka (saMkalpAtmaka) - tInoM pakSoM ko samanvita rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| yahA~ darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kramaza: dharma, tattvajJAna aura AcaraNa ke pratIka haiN| isa prakAra, jahA~ maikeMjI Adi pAzcAtya- -vicAraka naitikatA meM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa ko hI sammilita karate haiM, vahA~ jaina vicAraka naitikatA meM jIvana ke tInoM pakSa - anubhUti, jJAna aura kriyA ko sammilita karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina- AcAradarzana kA adhyayana karate samaya usakI tattvamImAMsA aura mAMsa ko chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki usakI tAttvika mAnyatA 'anantadharmAtmaka vastu' ke AdhAra para hI anekAntavAda aura nayavAda ke siddhAnta khar3e haiM aura anekAntavAda ko cAradarzana kSetra meM vaicArika-ahiMsA kahA gayA hai| dUsarI ora, ahiMsA ne jaba vyavahAra kSetra ko chor3a vicAra ke kSetra meM praveza kiyA, to vaha anekAnta bana gii| anekAntavAdIdRSTikoNa se naitika - sApekSatA kA prazna jur3A huA hai| isa prakAra, tattvadarzana aura AcAradarzana eka-dUsare se alaga nahIM raha jAte / jahA~ taka dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke sambandha kA prazna hai, jaina - paramparA meM ve pUrI taraha eka-dUsare se mile hue haiN| dharma hI nIti hai aura nIti hI dharma hai| donoM eka-dUsare ke paryAyavAcI bana gae haiN| yadi jaina- paramparA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyak cAritra samaveta rUpa meM mokSa mArga haiM, to phira tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana eka-dUsare se pUrNata: pRthak hokara nahIM raha skte| pAzcAtya - paramparA meM na kevala tattvadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke sambandha para vicAra kiyA gayA, varan unakI pUrvAparatA kA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| spinojA prabhRti kucha vicAraka tattvadarzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM aura usase AcAradarzana ko phalita karate haiN| dUsarI ora, razaDAla prabhRti kucha vicAraka AcAradarzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM aura usake AdhAra para tattvadarzana kI yojanA karate haiN| jahA~ taka jaina- vicAraNA meM tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana meM pUrvAparatA para vicAra karane kA prazna hai, hamArI mAnyatA meM vahA~ para AcAradarzana hI prAthamika siddha hotA hai| vaha razaDAla kI mAnyatA kI samarthaka hai| jaina darzana meM AcAradarzana ke AdhAra para tattvayojanA kI gaI, na ki tattvayojanA ke AdhAra para unhoMne AcAradarzana kA nirmANa kiyaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan Adi bhI jaina- paramparA ko dArzanika paramparA kI apekSA AcAramArgIya paramparA hI kahanA adhika pasanda karate haiN| usameM naitika-darzana prAthamika hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana likhate haiM ki AdhyAtma-vidyA ke viSaya meM jainamata una saba siddhAntoM 221

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222 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke virodha meM hai, jo naitika uttaradAyitva para bala nahIM dete| pro. hariyannA bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| ve likhate haiM, 'saccI bAta yaha hai ki jaina-dharma kA mukhya lakSya AtmA ko pUrNa banAnA hai, na ki vizva kI vyAkhyA krnaa| jaina-darzana ke sambandha meM zrI je.ela.jainI kA kathana hai ki usakA mUlamantra hai, jJAna ke lie jIvana nahIM, balki jIvana ke lie jJAna hai| jaina-tattvamImAMsA meM pramukha rUpa se yahI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki vaha usake naitika-darzana ko paripuSTa kre| jaina-darzana ne apanI tattvamImAMsA meM naitika-pakSa ko hI ubhArA hai| sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM ise bar3e hI sundara rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai- Asrava saMsAra (duHkha) kA hetu hai aura saMvara mukti kA hetu hai| yahI mAtra Arhat-dRSTi kA sAra hai, zeSa sabhI isI kA vistAramAtra hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa buddha na kevala tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana meM aparihArya sambandha svIkAra karate haiM, varan aisI tattvamImAMsA ko, jo naitika-jIvana kI samasyAoM se sambandhita nahIM hai, anAvazyaka bhI mAnate haiN| buddha kI dRSTi meM aisA samasta tattva-vivAda, jo brahmacaryavAsa (naitika-jIvana) ke lie nahIM hai, jo naitika-jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM detA, varan unheM ulajhA detA hai, koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| pro. vhAiTaheDakA bauddha-dharma ke bAre meM yaha kahanAdhyAna dene yogya hai ki vaha itihAsa meM anuprayukta tattvamImAMsA kA sabase mahAn dRSTAnta hai| pro. hariyannA bhI likhate haiM ki buddha ke upadeza meM hameM zuddha tattvamImAMsA kA koI siddhAnta nahIM milegaa| vaha saiddhAntika-tattvamImAMsA ke viruddhthe| buddha ke dvArA tattvamImAMsA kI nirarthakatA ke sambandha meM mAluMkyaputta ko diyA gayA upadeza prasiddha hai| ve kahate haiM, 'he mAluMkyaputta! yadi koI manuSya apane zarIra meM bANa kA viSailAzalya ghusa jAne se chaTapaTAtA ho, to Aptamitra zalya-kriyA karane vAle vaidya ko bulA lAeMge, parantu yadi vaha rogI usase kahe ki maiM isa zalya ko taba taka hAtha nahIM lagAne dUMgA, jaba taka ki mujhe prazna kA uttara nahIM milatA ki yaha tIra kisane mArA? vaha mArane vAlA brAhmaNathA yA kSatriya? vaizyathA yAzUdra? kAlAthA yA gorA ? usakA dhanuSa kisa prakAra kA thA ? dhanuSa kI rassI kisa padArtha kI banI huI thI? Adi, to he mAluMkyaputta! usa paristhiti meM vaha manuSya ina bAtoM ko jAne binA hI mara jaaegaa| isI prakAra, jo koI isa bAta para ar3A rahegA ki jagat zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, Adi bAtoM kA spaSTIkaraNa hue binA maiM brahmacarya kA AcaraNa nahIM karU~gA, to vaha ina bAtoM ko jAne binA hI mara jaaegaa| he mAluMkyaputta ! jagat zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, aisA vizvAsa ho, to bhI usase dhArmika-AcaraNa meM sahAyatA milegI, aisI bAta nahIM hai| yadi aisA vizvAsa ho ki jagat zAzvata hai, to bhI jarA, maraNa, zoka, parideva Adi se mukti nahIM hotii| isI prakAra, jagat

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 223 zAzvata nahIM hai, zarIra aura AtmA eka haiM, yA zarIra aura AtmA bhinna haiM, maraNa ke pazcAt tathAgata ko punarjanma prApta hotA hai yA nahIM, Adi bAtoM para hama vizvAsa rakheM yA na rakheM; janma, jarA, maraNa, parideva to haiM hI, isalie mAlukyaputta ! maiM ina bAtoM kI carcA meM nahIM par3A, kyoMki usa vAda-vivAdase brahmacarya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI sthiratA nahIM A sktii| usa vAda se vairAgya utpanna nahIM hogA, pApakA nirodha nahIM hogA aura zAnti, prajJA, sambodha evaM nirvANa kI prApti nahIM hogii| isa prakAra, buddha aisI tattvamImAMsAko nirarthaka samajhate the, jisakA vyAvahArika-jIvana kIsamasyAoM se sIdhA sambandha nahIM thA aura jisameM nizcita niSkarSa para pahu~canA sambhava nahIM thaa| aise praznoM ko unhoMne avyAkRta kahakara chor3a diyaa| buddha ne aise tattvavicArakoM ko, jojagat zAzvata hai yA azAzvata hai,AtmAamara hai yA nazvara hai, Adi praznoM ke sambandha meM vAda-vivAda karate hue apanA samaya vyartha gaMvAte haiM, nirvANa kA adhikArI nahIM maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM aise loga mAra ke bandhana meM phaMsa jAte haiN| ve kevala unhIM tAttvika-praznoM kI carcA karanA ucita samajhate the, jisakA naitika-jIvana se sIdhA sambandha ho aura isa rUpa meM unhoMne kevala cAra AryasatyoM yA cAra paramArthoM kI carcA kii| gItAkA dRSTikoNa gItA meM bhI tattvamImAMsAauraAcAradarzana meM anivArya sambandhasvIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arjuna kAmoha dUra karane aura use karma meM pravRtta karane ke lie gItA meM die gae adhikAMza tarka sAttvika haiN| prathama tattvamImAMsA aura phira usase AcaraNa kI dizA-nirdhAraNa ke prayatna gItA meM aneka sthaloM para dekhe jA sakate haiN| gItA kA AcAradarzana usake tattvadarzana para khar3A hai| isa prakAra, jahA~ jaina aura bauddha-darzana AcAradarzana ke AdhAra para tattvamImAMsA ko phalita karate haiM, vahA~ gItA tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra paraAcAra ke niyamoM ko pratipAdita karatI hai| yahA~ gItA jaina aura bauddha-paramparA se bhinna hai| yahA~ usakA dRSTikoNa pAzcAtyavicAraka spinojAke adhika nikaTa hai| gItA meM prastuta jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura karmayoga, sabhI para usI tattvamImAMsA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| ve usake tattvadarzana yA Izvara (paramasattA) ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para nikAle gae naitika-niSkarSa haiN| zrI saMgamalAla pANDe spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki gItA kA nItizAstra tattvajJAna yA tattvadarzana para AdhArita hai| itanA hI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM AlocakoM ko uttara dete hue ve adhika bala ke sAtha yaha likhate haiM ki hama gItA kI yaha eka bar3I dena mAnate haiM ki isake anusAra nItizAstra ko tattvajJAnamUlaka honA caahie| isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana yaha nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki tattvadarzana aura AcAradarzana meM aparihArya sambandha hai| phira bhI, jahA~ jaina aura bauddha-paramparAeM tAttvika-samasyAoM ko naitika-dRSTi se hala karane kA prayatna karatI haiM,

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vahA~ gItA naitika-samasyAoM ko tAttvika-buddhi se hala karane kA prayatna karatI hai| jahA~ jaina aura bauddha - paramparAoM meM AcAradarzana ko dRSTi meM rakhakara paramArtha yA tattva ke svarUpa kI vivecanA kI gaI hai aura tattvadarzana kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ gItA meM tattvadarzana ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana ke niyamoM ko pratiphalita kiyA gayA hai| jaina va bauddha darzanoM meM naitika-mAnyatAe~ AdhAra - vAkya haiM aura tattvadarzana niSkarSa - vAkya hai, jabaki gItA meM tattva kA svarUpa AdhAra - vAkya hai aura naitika niyama niSkarSa - vAkya haiN| 224 sat ke svarUpa kA AcAradarzana para prabhAva AcAradarzana ke paramasAdhya yA naitika Adarza kA paramArtha yA sat (Reality) ke svarUpa se nikaTa kA sambandha hai| yahI nahIM, kisI darzana meM naitikatA kA kyA sthAna hogA, yaha bAta bhI bahuta kucha usake sat ke svarUpa ke vivecana para nirbhara karatI hai| isI prakAra, AcAradarzana meM jJAnamArga yA karmamArga meM se kise pramukhatA dI jAe, yaha bhI usakI sat - sambandhI mAnyatA para nirbhara hai| jo darzana sat ko avikArI, apariNAmI evaM kUTastha mAnate haiM, ve apanI naitika sAdhanA meM jJAna ko hI mukti kA sAdhana mAnate haiM, jabaki jo darzana sat ko pariNAmI yA parivartanazIla samajhate haiM, ve mukti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM AcaraNa yA karma ko svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra, paramArtha yA tattva ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA se AcAradarzana prabhAvita hotA hai| sat ke svarUpa kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa jaba mAnavIya jijJAsuvRtti ne indriyajJAna meM pratIta honevAle isa jagat ke antima rahasya ko samajhane ke lie bauddhika gaharAiyoM meM utaranA prArambha kiyA, to pariNAmasvarUpa sat sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA udbhava huaa| yadyapi paramasattA, paramArtha yA sat jo bhI aura jaisA bhI hai, vaha hai, lekina jaba use indriyAnubhava, buddhi aura antardRSTi Adi vividha sAdhanoM ke dvArA jAnane evaM vivecita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha ina sAdhanoM kI vividhatAoM tathA vaicArika dRSTikoNoM kI vibhinnatA se vividha rUpa ho jAtA hai| isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue Rgveda kA RSi kahatA hai 'ekaM sad viprAH bahudhA vadanti', eka hI sat ko vidvAn aneka prakAra se kahate haiM / " jinhoMne mAtra indriyaanubhavoM kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kara use samajhane kA prayatna kiyA, unheM vaha aneka aura parivartanazIla pratIta huA aura jinhoMne indriya- anubhavoM kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha kara kevala buddhi ke mAdhyama se use samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA, use advaya, avyaya aura avikArya (apariNAmI ) paayaa| - saMkSepa meM, sat sambandhI dRSTikoNoM kI vibhinnatA ke nimna kAraNa die jA sakate haiM1. indriyAnubhava, bauddhika- jJAna, antardRSTi Adi jJAna ke sAdhanoM kI vividhatA /

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 225 2. vyaktiyoM ke dRSTikoNoM, jJAnAtmaka staroM tathA vaicArika-parivezoM kI vibhinntaaeN| 3. bhASA kI apUrNatA tathA tajjanita abhivyakti sambandhI kaThinAiyA~ 4. sat eka pUrNatA hai, jJAtA manas usakAhI eka aMza hai, aMzaaMzI ko pUrNarUpeNa nahIM jAna sktaa| isa prakAra, hamAre jJAna kI AMzikatA bhI sat sambandhI dRSTikoNoM kI vividhatA kA kAraNa hai| bhAratIya cintana meM satsambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNa dArzanika-jagat meM sat-sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke mUla meM pramukha rUpa se tIna prazna rahe haiM (a) sat ke ekatva aura anekatva kA prazna : isa sandarbha meM pramukha rUpa se tIna siddhAnta sAmane Ae haiM- (1) ekatvavAda (Monoism), (2) dvitattvavAda (Dualism), (3) bahutattvavAda (Pluralism) / (ba) sat ke parivartanazIla yAaparivartanazIla hone kA prazna : isa sambandhameM pramukha rUpase do siddhAntahaiM- (1) sat nirvikAra evaM avyaya hai (Being is Real) aura (2) sat kA lakSaNa parivartazIlatA hai, yA parivartanahI sat hai (Becoming is Real) / (sa) sat ke bhautika yA AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA prazna : isa sambandha meM bhI pramukha rUpase do dRSTikoNa haiM- (1) bhautikavAda (Materialism) aura (2) adhyAtmavAda (Idealism) / __dArzanika-jagat ke sabhI tAttvika-siddhAnta uparyukta dRSTikoNoM ke vibhinna saMyogoM kA pariNAma haiN| saMkSepa meM, pramukha bhAratIya-darzanoM ke sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra haiM 1. cArvAk-darzana sat ko bhautika, pariNAmI evaM aneka mAnatA hai| 2. prArambhika bauddha-darzana ke anusAra sat parivartanazIla (anitya), aneka aura bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika-donoM prakAra kA hai| 3. bauddha-darzana ke vijJAnavAda-sampradAya ke anusAra sat AdhyAtmika, advaya evaM parivartanazIla hai| 4. bauddha-darzana ke mAdhyamika (zUnyavAda) sampradAya ke anusAra paramArtha na pariNAmI hai aura na aprinnaamii| vaha eka bhI nahIM hai aura nAnA bhI nahIM hai, use ni:svabhAva kahA gayA hai| 5. jaina-darzana meM sat ko paryAyadRSTi se parivartanazIla, dravyadRSTi se dhrauvya (avyaya) lakSaNayukta, bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika-donoM prakAra kA tathA aneka mAnA gayA hai|

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226 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. sAMkhyadarzana sat ko bhautika (prakRti) evaM AdhyAtmika (puruSa)-donoM prakAra kA mAnatA hai| sAtha hI, yaha prakRti ke sambandha meM pariNAmavAda ko aura puruSa ke sambandha meM apariNAmavAda (kUTasthatA ke pratyaya) ko svIkAra karatA hai| isI prakAra, vaha prakRti ke sandarbha meM abhedameM bheda kI kalpanA karatA hai, jabaki puruSa ke sambandha meM vAstavika anekatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| 7. nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana meM sat kI anekatA para bala diyA jAtA hai, yadyapi vaha anekatA meM anusyUta ekatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| usameM sat AdhyAtmika evaM bhautikadonoM prakAra kA hai| 8. zAMkara-vedAnta ke anusAra sat yA paramArtha (brahma) AdhyAtmika, advaya evaM avikArya hai tathA jIva aura jagat kI sattAe~ mAtra vivarta haiN| 9. viziSTAdvaitavAda (rAmAnuja) ke anusAra sat (Izvara) eka aisI sattA hai, jisameM bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika-donoM sattAe~ samAviSTa haiN| ve paramasattA ke pariNAmIpana ko svIkAra karate haiN| unakA darzana brahma-pariNAmavAda hai, sAtha hI ve abheda meM bheda kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| svargIya DaoN. padmarAje ne sat-sambandhI bhAratIya-dRSTikoNoM ko pA~ca vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai|" __ 1. prathama varga meM sat kA advaya-siddhAntaAtA hai, jo yaha mAnatA hai ki sat advaya, avyaya, avikArya evaM kUTastha hai, parivartana yAanekatAmAtra vivarta hai| sat-sambandhI isa vicAra-praNAlI kA pratinidhitva zaMkarAcArya karate haiN| DaoN. candradhara zarmA ke matAnusAra vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI bauddha-vicAraNAe~ bhI isI varga meM A sakatI haiN| ___2. dUsare varga meM sat kA parivartanazIlatA kA siddhAnta AtA hai| isake anusAra, sat kA lakSaNa anityatA, kSaNikatA evaM parivartanazIlatA hai| isa vicAradhArA kA anusaraNa prArambhika bauddha-darzana karatA hai| prAcIna jaina aura bauddha-AgamoM meM varNita ucchedavAda ko bhI isI varga meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| 3. tIsare varga meM sat kA vaha siddhAnta AtA hai. jisake anusAra sata meM bheda aura abheda-donoM ke hote hue bhI abhedapradhAna hai aura bheda gauNa hai| bhedaabheda ke adhIna hai| isa vicAradhArA kA pratinidhitva viziSTAdvaitavAda ke pravartaka rAmAnuja karate haiN| DaoN. padmarAje ke anusAra, inake atirikta sAMkhyadarzana, nimbArka, bhAskarAcArya, yAdava prakAza tathA pAzcAtya-vicAraka hegala bhI isakA samarthana karate haiN| gItA ko bhI isI varga meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi AcArya zaMkara ne use advaitavAdI aura AcArya madhva ne ise dvaitavAdI siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, phira bhI hamArI vinamra sammati meM unakI vyAkhyAe~ gItA kI mUla

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra AtmA ke adhika nikaTa nahIM kahI jA sktiiN| gItA ke sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa kI mUlAtmA sAMdhya darzana aura rAmAnuja ke adhika nikaTa hai| 4. cauthe varga kA siddhAnta bhI sat meM bheda aura abheda- donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, lekina tIsare varga meM isakA antara isa AdhAra para hai ki yaha abheda ko gauNa aura bheda ko pramukha mAnatA hai| isI mata kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| DaoN. padmarAje ne vaizeSika darzana ko bhI isI varga kA mAnA hai| 227 - 5. pA~caveM varga ke siddhAnta meM sat ko bheda aura abhedamaya mAnate hue kisI eka ko pramukha nahIM mAnA gayA, varan donoM ko parasparApekSI aura sahayogI mAnA gayA hai| bheda aura abheda donoM sApekSa haiM aura eka-dUsare para nirbhara hokara hI apanA astitva rakhate haiM, svatantra hokara nahIM / jaina darzana isI varga meM AtA hai| yadi hama vibhinna bhAratIya-darzanoM yA DaoN. padmarAje ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para sat-sambandhI siddhAntoM kI naitika-samIkSA karane kA prayatna kareMge, to kAphI vistAra meM jAnA hogA tathA kucha sthitiyoM meM unakI eka-dUsare se nikaTatA ke kAraNa anAvazyaka punarAvRttiyoM se bacanA sambhava nahIM ho skegaa| dUsare, DaoN. padmarAje ke isa vargIkaraNa meM bauddha darzana ko advaita vedAnta ke ThIka virodha meM dikhAyA gayA hai, yaha bhI samIcIna nahIM hai, - - ataH hama samIkSA kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se pUrvacarcita tIna AdhAroM para sat-sambandhI do vyAghAtI dRSTikoNa prastuta kareMge aura unakI naitika dRSTi se samIkSA karate hue isa sambandha meM jaina- darzana, bauddha darzana aura gItA kI sthiti ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kreNge| (a) sat kA svarUpa advaya, avikArya (apariNAmI ) aura AdhyAtmika hai / (zaMkara) (ba) sat kA svarUpa aneka, parivartanazIla (anitya) aura bhautika hai| (ajita kezakambala) prAcIna jaina aura bauddha-AgamoM meM hameM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda tathA akriyAvAda aura kriyAvAda ke nAma se sat-sambandhI do paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo bahuta kucha kramaza: prathama aura dUsare varga ke nikaTa Ate haiN| aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki sat-sambandhI uparyukta donoM paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNa naitika - jIvana kI vyAkhyA karane meM kahA~ taka saphala athavA asaphala hote haiN| 2. (a) sat ke advaya, avikArya evaM AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kI naitika-samIkSA sat-sambandhI ekatattvavAdI ekAnta dhAraNA meM AcAradarzana kA kyA sthAna ho sakatA hai, yaha cintya hai / yadi sat (brahma) bhedAtIta hai, to na to usameM vaiyaktika-sAdhaka kI sattA banatI hai aura na zubhAzubha ke lie koI sthAna ho sakatA hai| AcAradarzana ke bandhana

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura mukti ke pratyaya bhI mAtra kAlpanika hI raha jAte haiM / yadi brahma se bhinna koI sattA hai hI nahIM, to phira na to koI bandhana meM AnevAlA hI zeSa rahatA hai, na mukta honevAlA hii| yadi jIvAtmA ajJAna se bandhana meM AtA hai aura jJAnAtmaka sAdhanA dvArA mukta hotA hai, to jIvAtmA bhI to brahma se abhinna hai| isakA artha to yaha hogA ki brahma hI bandhana meM AtA hai, jo svayaM meM hI eka upahAsAspada dhAraNA hai| yadi yaha kahA jAe ki jIva vivarta hai, to phira aa sambandha meM hone vAle bandhana aura mukti bhI vivarta hoMge aura bandhana aura mukti ke vivarta hone para sArI naitikatA bhI vivarta hogii| aisI vivartamUlaka naitikatA kA kyA mUlya rahegA, yaha advaitavAdiyoM ke lie vicAraNIya hI hai / 228 dUsare, yadi isa dhAraNA meM vikAra, parivartana Adi kA bhI koI sthAna nahIM hai, to naitika patana aura naitika-vikAsa yA bandhana aura mukti kI dhAraNAe~ bhI Tika nahIM paatiiN| naitika-patana aura vikAsa parivartana hI haiM, jinakA mUlyAMkana naitika Adarza ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAtA hai| tIsare, yadi paramasattA AdhyAtmika hai, to bandhana kaise hotA hai ? kisake kAraNa hotA hai ? yaha batAnA kaThina hotA hai| dUsare tattva kI sattA mAne binA bandhana kI samIcIna vyAkhyA nahIM ho sktii| svayaM advaitavAda ko bhI anekatA aura bandhana ke kAraNa ke lie mAyA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA pdd'aa| itanA hI nahIM, use anAdi bhI mAnanA par3A / paramatattva ke samAnAntara anAdi- mAyA kI dhAraNA kaThora ekatvavAdI- niSThA ke pratikUla hai / bandhana kA kAraNa mAyA asat to nahIM kahI jA sakatI, kyoMki asat kAraNa vastutaH kAraNa hI nahIM hotA aura yadi asat ko kAraNa mAnA jAe, to usakA kArya bhI asat hogA aura aisI sthiti meM bandhana bhI asat hogaa| advaita ke pratipAdaka AcArya zaMkara kI dRSTi meM bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAyA asat nahIM hai|" yadi use anirvacanIya mAnA jAtA hai, to usakI sattA mAnanI hI par3egI, anirvacanIya mAyA abhAvAtmaka nahIM ho sakatI / yadi mAyA bhAvAtmaka hai, to eka brahma ke samakSa eka dUsarI sattA khar3I ho jAegI aura advaitavAda khaNDita ho jaaegaa| yadi use svatantra sattA na mAnakara brahma ke Azrita sattA kahA jAe, to AzrayAnupapatti kA AkSepa lAgU hogaa| cAhe zaMkara ke advaitavAda, nAgArjuna ke zUnyavAda aura Arya asaMga ke vijJAnavAda ke tarka tAttvika dRSTi se sabala hoM, lekina naitikatA kI sakSama vyAkhyA prastuta karane meM to ve nirbala par3a jAte haiN| - aneka pAzcAtya-cintakoM ne bhI isa ekatvavAdI sat kI dhAraNA meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA ke prati zaMkA prakaTa kI hai| meksamUlara ne zAGkaravedAnta ko eka kaThora ekatvavAda kI saMjJA dekara usameM AcAra ke malya kA adhika sthAna svIkAra nahIM kiyA /

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra DaoN. arkahArTa kA 'sarvezvaravAda aura jIvana kA mUlya' sarvezvaravAdI (ekatvavAdI) vicAraNA meM AcAradarzana kI asambhAvanA ko siddha karane vAlA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai / ve likhate haiM ki yaha brahma (sat) nirguNa aura bhedAtIta hai, ataH zubhAzubha bheda se bhI pare hai| zubhAzubha ke bheda kA nirAkaraNa AcArazAstra ke AdhAra kA hI unmUlana kara detA hai / vedAnta meM vyaktitva ko bhI mithyA mAnA gayA hai| zubhAzubha ke bheda kA nirAkaraNa naitika nirNaya ko asambhava banA detA hai aura usake sAtha hI vyakti kI vAstavikatA kA niSedha naitika-nirNaya ko anAvazyaka bhI banA detA hai / 1" kaThora advaitavAdI vicAradhArA kI naitika akSamatA kA citraNa karate hue AptamImAMsA meM AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM ki ekAnta-advaitavAda kI dhAraNA meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA bheda, sukha-duHkhAdi kA phalabheda, svarga-naraka Adi kA lokabheda nahIM rahatA hai, na samyagjJAna aura mithyAjJAna tathA bandhana aura mokSa kA hI bheda rahatA hai, 20 ataH aisA siddhAnta naitika dRSTi se sakSama nahIM ho sktaa| naitikatA ke lie to dvaita evaM anekatA Avazyaka hai| DaoN. nathamala TA~TiyA likhate haiM ki ekAnta-advaitavAdI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karane kA artha hogA - samAja, vAtAvaraNa, paraloka tathA naitika aura dhArmika jIvana evaM tatsambandhI saMsthAoM kI pUrNa- samApti, lekina aisA darzana mAnava-jAti ke lie upAdeya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 2" yaha eka nizcita tathya hai ki kaThora ekatattvavAdI - sat kI vyAkhyA, jo parivartana ko mithyA svIkAra karatI hai, AcAradarzana kA tAttvika - AdhAra banane meM samartha nahIM hai / zaMkara kA dRSTikoNa ekAnta - ekatattvavAdI nahIM hai zaMkarAcArya ke sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa ko aikAntika rUpa meM ekatattvavAdI mAnakara usameM jo AcAradarzana kI asambhAvanA siddha kI jAtI hai, vaha ucita nahIM hai| DaoN. rAmAnanda bhI apane grantha 'zaMkarAcArya kA AcAradarzana' me ekatattvavAdI, sarvezvaravAdI evaM mAyAvAdIvicArapraNAlI kA nirasana kara zAMkara- vedAnta meM bhI jIvana evaM jagat kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| ve likhate haiM, 'jIva aura jagat- donoM atyanta vivikta sattAe~ haiM, cAhe ve brahma se pRthak kalpanIya na hoN| mAyAvAda kA prasiddha siddhAnta jagat kI sattA ke prasaMga meM nitAnta asaMgata hai| jIvana kI sattA vedAnta kA mUlAdhAra hai- mokSAvasthA meM jIvatva aura vyaktitva akSuNNa rahane kI sambhAvanA ke sAtha vedAnta meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA bhI avagamya ho jAtI hai|' $22 229 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA ke lie sat-sambandhA kaThora ekatattvavAda evaM aparivartanazIlatA ke siddhAnta ko chor3anA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| DaoN. rAmAnanda ne zAMkara-darzana meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvyatA ko siddha karane ke prayAsa meM use jisa stara para lAkara khar3A kiyA hai, vahA~ zAMkara- darzana sat kI kaThora ekatattvavAdIdhAraNA se dUra haTakara abhedAzrita-bheda kI usa dhAraNA para A jAtA hai, jahA~ zaMkara aura

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230 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAmAnuja meM koI vizeSa dUrI nahIM raha jaatii| svayaM DaoN.rAmAnanda bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki rAmAnuja aura zaMkara meM vaha dUrI nahIM hai, jaisI paravartI zaMkarAnuyAyiyoM ne batAyI hai|23 yadizaMkara ekAnta-advaitavAdI haiM, to nizcita hI unake darzana meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanAe~dhUmila ho jAeMgI, lekina vastusthiti aisI nahIM hai| ekatattvavAda meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA to taba samApta ho jAtI hai, jabaki hara stara para hI abheda ko mAnA jAe, lekina advaita ke prastotA AcArya zaMkara bhI hara stara para abheda kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| advaitavAdI-vicAradhArA ke anusAra paramatattva bheda evaM sImAoM se nirapekSa hai| usakA kahanA hai ki bheda mithyA hai, lekina bheda yAanekatA ke mithyA hone kA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha pratIti kA viSaya nahIM hai| yadyapi samasyA yaha bhI hai ki mithyA-anekatA kaise pratIti kA viSaya bana jAtI hai? lekina yahA~ isa carcA kI gaharAI meM jAnA iSTa nahIM hai| advaitavAda yaha mAnakara calA hai ki pratIti kI dRSTi se na kevala vastugata-anekatA hai, varan vyaktigataanekatA bhI hai aura pratIti ke kSetra meM isabheda tathA anekatA ke kAraNa bandhana aura mukti evaM naitikatA aura dharma kI sambhAvanAe~ bhI haiN| isa prakAra, advaitavAdI bhI kevala pAramArthikastara para hI abheda ko mAnate haiM; vyAvahArika-stara para to unheM bhI bheda svIkAra hai| vyAvahArika-stara para jaba bhedasvIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to AcAradarzana kI sambhAvyatA avagamya ho jAtI hai| hamArI dRSTi meM advaitavAdI jaba taka pAramArthika-stara para abheda aura advayatA aura vyAvahArika-stara para bheda aura anekatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, taba taka koI galatI nahIM krte| svayaM jaina-vicArakabhI saMgrahanaya evaM dravyArthika-dRSTi seto vastutattva meM abheda mAnate hI haiN|24 isa AdhAra para bhI advaitavAda kI AlocanA karanA ucita nahIM hogA kiadvaita-darzana meM naitikatAkIavagamyatA vyAvahArika-stara para hotI hai| jaina-vicAradhArA meM bhI naitikatA kI avadhAraNA vyavahAranaya yA paryAyArthika-dRSTi se hI sambhava hai| zAMkaradarzanakI mUlabhUta kamajorI paramArthadRSTi se paramArtha ke abhedako hI satya aura vyavahAra ke bhedako mithyA kahakara bhI advaitavAdI koI galatI nahIM karate haiN| pAramArthika-abheda kI dRSTi se vyAvahArika-bheda mithyA hai- yaha ThIka hai; lekina usase Age bar3hakara hameM yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki vyAvahArikabheda kI apekSA se pAramArthika-abheda bhI mithyA hogA, kyoMki vastutattva svApekSA se satya hotA hai, parApekSAse to mithyA hotA hI hai| advaitavAdI AdhI dUra Akara ruka jAte haiN| Age bar3hakara vyAvahArika-bheda kI apekSA se pAramArthika-abheda ko mithyA kahane kA ve sAhasa nahIM krte| jaba pAramArthika-abhedadRSTi kI apekSA vyAvahArika-bhedadRSTi ko mithyA kahA jAtA hai, to hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki yahA~ usake mithyAtva kA pratipAdana apekSA

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 231 vizeSa se hI hai| eka apekSA ke dvArA dUsarI apekSAoM kA samagra niSedha to kabhI ho nahIM sktaa| kisI tIsarI apekSA se donoM hI yathArtha ho sakate haiN| yadi hama kaheM ki rAma dazaratha kI apekSA se putra haiM aura isalie ve dazaratha kI apekSA se pitA nahIM haiM, to isameM unake pitRtva kA samagra niSedha nahIM hotA; lava aura kuza kI apekSA se ve pitA ho sakate haiN| advaitavAdI galatI yaha karate haiM ki ve paramArthadRSTi kI apekSA se vyavahArakA pUrNa niSedha mAna lete haiN| dazaratha kI apekSA se rAma kA pitRtva mithyA hai aura putratva satya hai aura lava-kuza kI apekSA se rAma kA putratva mithyA hai aura pitRtva satya hai; lekina rAma kI apekSA se to na pitRtva mithyA hai na putratva mithyA hai, varan donoM hI yathArtha haiN| usI prakAra, paramArthadRSTi kI apekSA se vyAvahArika-bheda mithyA hai, pAramArthika-abheda satya hai|vyvhaardRsstti kI apekSA se vyAvahArika bheda satya hai, pAramArthika-abheda mithyA hai, lekina paramatattva kI apekSAsena abheda mithyA hai, na bheda mithyA hai, donoM hI yathArtha haiN| advaitavAdI-vicAraka yaha kyoM bhUla jAte haiM ki bheda aura abheda to paramatattva ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiN| vesva-apekSA se yathArtha aura para-apekSAse ayathArtha hote hue bhI usa paramatattva kI apekSAseto dono hI yathArtha haiN| advaitavAdI-darzana kA mAnadaNDa lekara nApane vAle manISI DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan jaina-darzana ke anekAntavAdI-yathArthavAdako mArga meM par3Ava DAlane vAlA kahate haiM, lekina vAstavikatA yaha hai ki advaitavAdI-darzana kevala abheda kI apekSAse vyavahAra-jagat ke bhedakA niSedha kara bIcamArga meM par3Ava DAla detA hai| vaha Age bar3hakara yaha kyoM nahIM kahatA ki vyavahAra ke bheda kI apekSAse paramArtha kA abheda yA advaita honAbhI mithyA hai aura isase bhI Age bar3hakara yaha kyoM nahIM svIkAra karatA ki paramatattvakI apekSA seto bheda aura abheda-donoM hI yathArtha haiN| advaitavAdI pAramArthika-abheda kI apekSA vyAvahArika-bhedako nimnastarIya mAnakara galatI karate haiN| pAramArthika-dRSTi aura vyAvahArika-dRSTi to sata ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM, unameM se kisI ko bhI eka-dUsare se hIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| donoM hI apanI-apanI jagaha yathArtha haiN| vyAvahArika-bheda bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai, jitanA paarmaarthik-abhed| donoM meM koI tulanA nahIM kI jA sktii| kinhIM do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM se eka hI vastu ke khIMce hue citroM meM koI mithyA nahIM ho sktaa| donoM hI citra una-una sthitiyoM kI apekSA se vastu kA sahI svarUpahI prakaTa karate haiN| donoM hI samAnarUpa meM yathArtha haiN| usI prakAra, sat kA bhedavAdI-dRSTikoNa bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai, jitanA sat kA abhedavAdI-dRSTikoNa, kyoMki donoM sattAke hI pakSa haiN| zAMkaradarzana kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki vaha pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika-aisI do sattAe~ khar3I kara svayaM hI apane siddhAnta se pIche haTa jAtA hai| yadi zaMkara donoM kI vAstavika sattA mAnate haiM, to unakA advaita khaNDita hotA hai| dUsarI ora, yadi vyavahAra ko mithyA kahate haiM, to vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika-aisI do sattAe~

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM ho sakatIM / kumArila ne bhI zaMkara ke darzana meM yahI doSa dikhAyA hai / 2' vastutaH, paramArtha aura vyavahAra do sattAe~ nahIM, sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM aura donoM hI yathArtha haiN| jaina- dArzanikoM kA advaitavAda se na to isalie koI vivAda hai ki vaha pAramArthikadRSTi se abheda ko mAnatA hai, kyoMki dravyArthika dRSTi se abheda to unheM bhI svIkAra hai aura na isalie koI virodha hai ki advaitavAda vyAvahArika stara para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kyoMki jaina- vicArakoM ko bhI yahI dRSTikoNa mAnya hai| jaina-darzana kA agara advaitavAda se koI virodha hai, to vaha itanA hI hai ki jahA~ advaitavAda vyavahAra ko mithyA mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina- darzana vyavahAra ko bhI yathArtha mAnatA hai| advaitavAda ke isa dRSTikoNa ke prati jaina- darzana kA AkSepa yaha hai ki asat-vyavahAra se sat-paramArtha ko kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| asat-naitikatA sat paramatattva kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM karA sktii| advaitavAda se asat vyAvahArika- naitikatA aura sat pAramArthika- paramatattva meM koI sambandha hI nahIM bana jAtA, kyoMki unameM eka asat aura dUsarA sat hai, jabaki jaina-vicAra meM donoM hI sat haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyavahAra aura paramArtha- donoM hI sat kI do dRSTiyA~ hone se paraspara sambandhita haiM, jabaki advaitavAda meM ve paraspara virodhI sattAe~ hone se asambandhita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina- darzana kI sat vyAvahArika naitikatA sat pAramArthika Atmatattva kA sAkSAtkAra karA sakatI hai, kyoMki sat se hI sat pAyA jA sakatA hai, asat se sat nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| vicArapUrvaka dekheM, to advaitavAda bhI vyavahAra ko asat kahane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki usakI vyAvahArika sattA kI dhAraNA mAyA para avalambita hai aura yadi mAyA asat nahIM hai to vyAvahArika stara para hone vAle bheda evaM parivartana bhI asat nahIM haiM / yahA~ hama zaMkara aura jaina-darzana meM utanI dUrI nahIM pAte, jitanI ki AlocakoM dvArA batAI gaI hai| 2 (ba) sat ke aneka, anitya aura bhautika svarUpa kI naitika-samIkSA sat ke adveya, avikArya (avyaya) aura AdhyAtmika svarUpa ke ThIka viparIta, sat kI vaha dhAraNA hai jo use aneka, anitya aura bhautika mAnatI hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna ajitakezakambala isa mata ko mAnane vAle pratIta hote haiN| yadi sat kA svarUpa bhautika hai, naitikatA ke lie koI bhI sthAna nahIM rahegA, kyoMki naitika-viveka, naitika-ma - mUlya aura naitika-nirNaya, sabhI caitasika-jIvana kI avasthAe~ haiN| naitika mUlya mAtra jaivika nahIM haiM, ve atijaivika evaM AdhyAtmika bhI haiN| bhautika-sat meM aise tulyoM ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jaataa| naitika mUlya aura naitika-paramazreya kisI AdhyAtmika sattA para hI AdhRta ho sakate haiM, unakA Adi-srota AdhyAtmika sattA hai, bhautika-sattA nhiiN| dUsare, yadi sat kA svarUpa bhautika hai aura cetanA kA pratyaya zarIra ke sAtha hI utpanna hotA hai aura vinaSTa ho jAne para samApta ho jAtA hai, to aisI sthiti meM bhI naitika jIvana ke lie _P 232 -

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 233 kyA sthAna hogA, yaha avazya hI vicAraNIya hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI sat kI bhautikavAdI tathA dehAtmavAdI-vicAradhArA ko naitikatA kI samucita vyAkhyA ke lie asaMgata mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha zubhAzubha karmoM ke phalabhoga kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara pAtI hai|7 kAMTa naitikatA ke lie AtmA kI amaratA ke vicAra ko anivArya samajhate haiN| isa prakAra, sat kI bhautikavAdI-mAnyatA naitikatA kI dRSTi se anupayukta hI hai|| aba hama sat kI anityavAdI aura kSaNikavAdI-mAnyatA para thor3A vicAra kreN| bauddha-darzana kA anityavAdI-dRSTikoNa bauddha-darzana ke anusAra parivartanahI sat hai| usameM sat ko eka prakriyAmAnA gayA hai| yahA~ satkA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva hai| isameM vastutattvako utpAdavyayadharmI kahA gayA hai| parivartana kI dhAraNA ko aneka kSaNika sattAoM kI dhAraNAoM se dUra nahIM mAnA gayA hai, jo prathama kSaNa meM utpanna hotI hai aura dUsare kSaNa meM kisI navIna sattA ko janma dekara samApta ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra, sat kA yaha prakriyA yA parivartanazIlatA kA siddhAnta anityavAda yA kSaNikavAda bana jAtA hai| (ba) anityavAda evaM kSaNikavAda - saiddhAntika-dRSTi se jaina-dArzanikoM kA isa dhAraNA ke viparIta yaha kahanA hai ki yaha ThIka hai ki utpatti ke binA nAza aura nAza ke binA utpatti sambhava nahIM hai, lekina utpatti aura nAza-donoM kA Azraya koI padArtha honA caahie| ekAntanitya-padArtha meM parivartana sambhava nahIM hai aura yadi padArthoM ko ekAnta-kSaNika mAnA jAe, to parivartita kauna hotA hai, yaha bhI nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| AcArya samantabhadra isa dRSTikoNa para AkSepa karate hue kahate haiM ki ekAnta-kSaNikavAda ko mAnane para pretyabhAva (punarjanma) asambhava hogA aura pretyabhAva ke abhAva meM puNya-pApa kriyAoM ke pratiphala tathA bandhana aura mokSa bhI sambhava nahIM hoNge| ekAnta-kSaNikavAda meM pratyabhijJA bhI sambhava nahIM hai aura pratyabhijJA ke abhAva meM kAryArambha bhI nahIM hogaa| phira phala kahA~ se ?' yuktyanuzAsana meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki kSaNikavAda meM bandhana aura mokSa kA koI sthAna nhiiN| saMvRtisatya (vyavahAra) ke rUpa meM bhI unheM nahIM batAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki paramArtha (sat) to mRSA-svabhAva (ni:svabhAva) hai (yahA~ nAgArjuna ke dRSTikoNa para kaTAkSa kiyA gayA hai)| mukhya ko samApta kara dene para gauNakA vidhAna sambhava nahIM, arthAt yadi paramArtha hI ni:svabhAva hai, to phira vyavahAra (saMvRtisatya) kA vidhAna kaise hogA? he vicAraka! terI vicAradRSTi vibhrAnta hai| pratyeka kSaNa meM utpanna hokara niruddha ho jAne vAle bhaMgoM meM binA kisI nityatattva ke koI tAdAtmya nahIM hogA aura unake pRthak-pRthak hone para na to pArivArika sambandha sambhava hoMge aura nadhana kA lenadena hI sambhava hogaa| saMkSepa meM, kSaNikavAda para pA~ca AkSepa lagAe gae haiM- (1) kRtapraNAza,

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (2) akRtabhoga, (3) bhavabhaMga, (4) pramokSabhaMga aura (5) smRtibhaMga / " isa prakAra, ekAntakSaNikavAda bhI naitikatA kI samIcIna vyAkhyA karane se saphala nahIM hotaa| buddha kA anityavAda ucchedavAda nahIM hai anityatA aura kSaNikatA bauddha darzana ke pramukha pratyaya haiM / bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadezoM meM ina para bahuta adhika bala diyA hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki buddha sat ko eka prakriyA (Process) yA pravAha ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM prakriyA evaM parivartanazIlatA se bhinna koI sattA nahIM hai / kriyA hai, lekina kriyA se bhinna koI karttA nahIM hai| bauddha darzana ke ina mantavyoM ko lekara AlocakoM ne use jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhagavAn buddha ke mUla Azaya se bahuta dUra hai| AlocakoM ne buddha ke kSaNikavAda ko ucchedavAda mAna liyA aura usI AdhAra para usa para AkSepa kie haiM, jo ki vastutaH usa para lAgU nahIM hote| buddha kA kSaNikavAda ucchedavAda nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhagavAn buddha ne to svayaM ucchedavAda kI AlocanA kI hai / buddha kA virodha jitanA zAzvatavAda se hai, utanA hI ucchedavAda se bhI hai| ve ucchedavAda aura zAzvatavAda meM se kisI bhI vAda meM par3anA nahIM cAhate the, isIlie unhoMne vatsagotra parivrAjaka ke prati mauna rkhaa| vatsagotra parivrAjaka bhagavAn se bolA, "he gautama! kyA 'astitA' hai ?" usake yaha pUchane para bhagavAn cupa rahe / "he gautama! kyA 'nAstitA' hai ?" 234 yaha pUchane para bhI bhagavAn cupa rhe| taba, vatsagotra parivrAjaka Asana se uThakara calA gayA / vatsagotra parivrAjaka ke cale jAne ke bAda hI AyuSmAn Ananda bhagavAn se bole, bhante! vatsagotra parivrAjaka se pUche jAne para bhagavAn ne uttara kyoM nahIM diyA ? " Ananda ! yadi maiM vatsagotra parivrAjaka se 'astitA hai' kaha detA, to yaha zAzvatavAda siddhAnta ho jAtA aura yadi maiM vatsagotra se 'nAstitA hai' kaha detA, to yaha ucchedavAda kA siddhAnta ho jAtA / " 32 buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke ekAnta-mArga se bacane ke lie sukha-duHkha ko ekAntarUpa se AtmakRta aura parakRta mAnane se inakAra kiyA, kyoMki inameM se kisI bhI eka siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para unheM ekAnta yA ativAda meM jAne kI sambhAvanA pratIta huii| akAzyapa ke prati ve kahate haiM, "kAzyapa ! jo karatA hai, vahI bhogatA hai, khyAla kara, yadi kahA jAe ki duHkha apanA svayaM kiyA hotA hai, to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA hai| kAzyapa ! ' dUsarA karatA hai aura dUsarA bhogatA hai', khyAla kara, yadi saMsAra ke phera meM par3A huA

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra ! manuSya kahe ki duHkha parAe kA kiyA hotA hai, to ucchedavAda ho jAtA hai| kAzyapa ! buddha ina ko chor3a satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiM / ' 7733 buddha to madhyamamArga ke pratipAdaka haiM, bhalA ve kisI bhI ekAntadRSTi meM kaise par3ate ? unhoMne sat ke ekatva aura anekatva, astitva (sthAyI) aura anastitva ke ekAntikamArgoM kA parityAga karake madhyamamArga kA hI upadeza diyA hai| lokAyatika brAhmaNa se apane saMvAda meM svayaM unhoMne ise adhika spaSTa kara diyA hai / lokAyatika brAhmaNa bhagavAn se bolA, "he gautama! kyA sabhI kucha hai ? " "he brAhmaNa ! aisA kahanA ki 'sabhI kucha hai', pahalI laukika- bAta hai / " " he gautama! kyA sabhI kucha nahIM hai ?" 235 "he brAhmaNa ! aisA kahanA ki 'sabhI kucha nahIM hai', dUsarI laukika - bAta hai / " "he gautama! kyA sabhI kucha ekatva (advaita) hai ?" "he brAhmaNa ! aisA kahanA ki 'sabhI kucha ekatva hai', tIsarI laukika - bAta hai / " " he gautama! kyA sabhI kucha nAnA hai ? " "he brAhmaNa ! 'sabhI kucha nAnA hai', aisA kahanA cauthI laukika-bAta hai / brAhmaNa! ina antoM ko chor3a buddha satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiN| 1734 isI bAta kI puSTi kAtyAyanagotrIya zramaNa ke sammukha kI gaI samyagdRSTi kI vyAkhyA se bhI hotI hai| AyuSmAn kAtyAyanagotra bhagavAn se bole, 'bhante ! jo loga 'samyak - dRSTi' kahA karate haiM, vaha 'samyak dRSTi' hai kyA ?" " kAtyAyana ! saMsAra ke loga do avidyAoM meM par3e haiM- (1) astitva kI avidyA meM aura (2) nAstitva kI avidyA meM / kAtyAyana ! 'sabhI kucha vidyamAna haiM', yaha eka anta hai, 'sabhI kucha zUnya hai', yaha dUsarA anta hai / kAtyAyana ! buddha ina do antoM ko chor3a satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiM / " 35 isa prakAra, sat-sambandhI bauddha - dRSTikoNa anityatAvAdI hote hue bhI ucchedavAda nahIM hai| AlocakoM ne use ucchedavAda samajhakara jo AlocanAe~ prastuta kI haiM, ve cAhe ucchedavAda ke sandarbha meM saMgata hoM, lekina bauddha darzana ke sandarbha meM nitAnta asaMgata haiM / buddha sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa para jora dete haiM, itane mAtra se use ucchedavAda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| buddha ki kriyA hai, karttA nahIM, yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki buddha karttA yA kriyAzIla tattva kI sattA kA niSedha karate haiN| unake isa kathana kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai, parivartana se bhinna sattA nahIM hai| sattA aura parivartana meM pUrNa tAdAtmya hai, sattA se bhinna parivartana aura parivartana se bhinna sattA kI sthiti nahIM hai| parivartana aura parivartanazIla

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana anyonyAzrita yA sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM / vastutaH, bauddha darzana kA sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana se utanA dUra nahIM hai, jitanA ki mAna liyA gayA hai| buddha ne niSedhAtmaka-bhASA meM sat ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ko asvIkAra kiyA aura use anuccheda evaM azAzvata kahA | 36 mahAvIra ne svIkArAtmaka - bhASA meM use 'nityAnitya' khaa| bauddha darzana kI AlocanA kevala niSedhAtmaka pakSa para adhika bala dene ke rUpa meM hI kI jA sakatI hai| - 236 sat ke sambandha meM jaina- dRSTikoNa sat sambandhI uparyukta donoM virodhI dRSTikoNa naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM pUrNatayA asaMgata haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi buddha ne unakA parityAga karanA Avazyaka mAnA / mahAvIra ne apanI anekAntavAdI aura samanvayavAdIparamparA ke anusAra unameM samanvaya sthApita kara naitika jIvana ke sandarbha meM unheM saMgata banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ne kevala 'upanneivA, vigamaivA aura dhuveivA' isa tripadI kA upadeza diyA aura gaNadharoM ne isI darzana sambandhI mUla Azaya ke AdhAra para dvAdazAMgoM kI racanA kI / " isa prakAra sat ke svarUpa sambandhI mahAvIra kA yaha upadeza jaina-darzana kA kendrIya tattva hai, jisa para usakI tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana khar3e hue haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM utpAdavyaya- dhrauvyAtmaka - sat" kahakara sat ko utpatti, vinAza aura sthiratA se yukta kahA hai| utpAda aura vyaya sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa ko vyakta karate haiM aura dhruvatA utpatti tathA vinAza ke madhya bhI usake vahI bane rahane vAle pakSa kA sUcaka hai| dhruvatA utpatti aura vinAza kA AdhAra hai aura unake madhya yojaka kar3I hai / yadi dhrauvyAtmaka - pakSa ko asvIkAra kiyA jAegA, to utpatti aura vinAza paraspara asambandhita ho jAeMge aura sattA aneka kSaNika evaM paraspara asambandhita sattAoM meM vibhakta ho jaaegii| aneka kSaNika evaM paraspara asambandhita sattAoM kI dhAraNA meM naitika vyaktitva kA viccheda ho jAegA aura naitika- uttaradAyitva tathA bandhana aura mokSa kI vyAkhyA nahIM ho skegii| isI prakAra, yadi usake parivartanazIla pakSa ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA, to naitika jIvana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ sambhava nahIM hoNgii| naitika-vikAsa aura naitika patana tathA naitika-karma, sabhI samApta ho jAeMge, ataH naitika dRSTi se sat kI yahI dhAraNA samIcIna hai| jaina darzana sat meM donoM pakSoM kI avadhAraNA kara donoM prakAra ke AkSepoM se apane ko bacA letA hai| isI prakAra, jainadarzana sat ke AdhyAtmika (jIva) evaM bhautika (ajIva) - aise do prakAra ko mAnakara dhana ke kAraNa kI bhI samucita vyAkhyA karatA hai| jaina- darzana meM sat ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko 'dravya' aura parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAya kahA jAtA hai, lekina dravya aura paryAya anyonyAzrita evaM sApekSa haiM aura kabhI bhI

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra eka-dUsare se svatantra nahIM rhte| dravya ke binA koI paryAya nahIM hotI aura paryAyoM se zUnya koI dravya nahIM hotA / dravya kI paryAyeM (parivartana avasthAe~) do prakAra kI hotI haiM o (1) svabhAvaparyAya aura (2) vibhaavpryaay| jo para ke nimitta se hotI haiM, ve hI vibhAvaparyAya haiN| Atmadravya kI vibhAvaparyAyeM, jo pudgala ke nimitta se hotI haiM, AtmA ke bandhana kI sUcaka haiM; jabaki svabhAvaparyAya mukti kI sUcaka hai| naitika jIvana kA artha hai vibhAvaparyAya se svabhAva paryAya meM aanaa| isa prakAra, jainadarzana meM sat do prakAra ke mAne gae haiM- ( 1 ) AdhyAtmika (jIva) aura (2) bhautika (ajiiv)| ye donoM pariNAmInitya haiN| jaina- dRSTikoNa kI gItA se tulanA gItA kA dRSTikoNa kucha arthoM meM jaina-darzana ke samAna hai aura kucha arthoM meM bhinna hai| jahA~ jaina darzana AdhyAtmika evaM bhautika-aisI do svatantra sattAe~ mAnatA hai, vahA~ gItA meM AdhyAtmika (jIvAtmA) aura bhautika (prakRti) sattAoM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI unheM paramasattA kA hI aMga mAnA gayA hai| jIvAtmA aura prakRti (mAyA) - donoM hI paramezvara ke aMga haiN| kSetra yA bhautika-sattA ke sandarbha meM gItA aura jaina darzana donoM kA hI dRSTikoNa samAna hai| donoM hI use pariNAmInitya mAnate haiN| jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika sattA (AtmA) kA prazna hai, gItA meM use kUTasthanitya mAnA gayA hai, jabaki darzana meM use bhI pariNAmInitya mAnA gayA hai| - jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke darzanoM meM sat ke svarUpa kI tulanA ko nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai - darzana jaina bauddha gItA sattAe~ jIva (AtmA) ajIva (bhautika sattA) nAma (vijJAna yA citta) rUpa (bhautika sattA ) 237 svarUpa pariNAmI nitya pariNAmInitya pariNAmI pariNAmI kUTasthanitya kUTasthanitya pariNAmI nitya paramAtmA jIva prakRti 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM tattvayojanA kI tulanA sat ke svarUpa kI carcA evaM naitika-samIkSA karane ke bAda aba hama jaina darzana kI tattvayojanA kI vyAkhyA evaM usakI gItA aura bauddha darzana se tulanA kreNge| jaina tattvayojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra (1) jIva, (2) ajIva, (3) bandha, (4) puNya, (5)

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238 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pApa, (6) Asrava, (7) saMvara, (8) nirjarA aura (9) mokSa-ye nau tattva mAne gae haiN|40 tattvArthasUtra meM puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata mAnakara sAta tattvoM kA vidhAna hai|" jIva kI naitika-kartA ke rUpa meM aura ajIva kI naitika-kartA ke karmakSetra bAhya-jagat ke rUpa meM tAttvika-sattAe~ haiN| jIva aura ajIva ke atirikta zeSa tattva vastuta: naitika-prakRti ke haiN| unakA sambandha sattA se nahIM, naitika-prakriyA se hai| ve naitika-prakriyA ke rUpa meM hI apanA astitva rakhate haiM, usase svatantra unakI koI sattA nahIM hai| mUla dravya to jIva aura ajIva hI haiM, zeSa tattva to jIva aura karma-pudgaloM ke sambandha kI sApekSa-avasthAoM kA kathana karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, ye vibhinna naitika-avasthAoM ko hI abhivyakta karate haiN| bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai ? bandhana kyoM aura kaise hotA hai ? usase chUTane kA upAya kyA hai ? yA kaise chuTakArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai ? chuTakArA milane ke pazcAt AtmA kisa sthiti meM rahatI hai ? Adi naitika-samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA prayAsa isa tattvayojanA meM parilakSita hai| puNya aura pApa karmoM ke zubhatva athavA azubhatva kA nizcaya karate haiM, Asrava bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, to bandha AtmA ke bandhana ke svarUpa evaM prakRti kA vivecana karatA hai| saMvara bandha ke nirodha kA upAya hai, to nirjarA bandhana kI zrRMkhalA ko tor3ane kI vidhi hai aura mokSa sArI naitika-sAdhanA kI phalazruti hai| isa tattvayojanA meM jIva aura ajIva-ye do tattva mAtra jJeya mAne gae haiM, jabaki pApa, Amrava aura bandha-ye tInoM heya (tyAjya) aura puNya, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa-ye cAroM upAdeya (vareNya) mAne gae haiN| pApa, Amrava aura bandha-ina tIna se bacanA cAhie, jabaki puNya, saMvara aura nirjarA-ina tIna kA AcaraNa karanA caahie|antim tattva mokSa vaha Adarza hai, jisakI upalabdhi ke lie inakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi nirvANa ke sAdhaka ke lie puNya kA AcaraNa bhI lakSya nahIM hai, phira bhI sAdhanA-mArga meM sahAyaka hone ke kAraNa usakI AvazyakatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| nirvANa ke sAdhaka ke lie puNya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa hone se zAstrakAroM ne puNya ko bhI heya yA tyAjya hI mAnA hai| AcArya zrI vinayacandra kahate haiM, 'puNya-pApaAmrava parihariye, heya padAratha mAno re|' eka anya AcArya ne bhI jJeya, heya evaM upAdeya ke vargIkaraNa meM puNya ko heya hI mAnA hai| unake anusAra, bandha, Amrava, puNya aura pApa heya (tyAjya) haiM, jIva aura ajIva-yedo jJeya haiM tathA saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa upAdeya (vrenny)| isa prakAra, jaina-tattvayojanA kI yaha prakRti usameM naitika-pakSa kI pramukhatA ko spaSTa karatI hai aura hamAre usa pUrva kathana kA samarthana karatI hai ki 'jaina-darzana meM tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para naitikatA khar3I nahIM huI hai, varan naitikatA ke AdhAra para tattvamImAMsA kI yojanA kI gaI hai|

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 239 bauddha tattvayojanA evaM usakI naitika-prakRti bauddha-darzana meM cAra AryasatyoM evaM cAra paramArthoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai| cAra Aryasatya isa prakAra haiM- (1) duHkha, (2) duHkhakA hetu, (3) duHkhanirodha aura (4) du:khanirodha kA maarg|abhidhmmtthsNgho meM nimna cAra paramArtha batAe haiM- (1) citta, (2) caitasika, (3) rUpa aura (4) nirvaann| bauddha-paramparA ke cAroM Aryasatya pUrNata: naitika-jIvanaprakriyA se sambaddha haiN| duHkha citta ke samasta viSayoM yA jAgatika-upAdAnoM kI nazvaratA, janma-maraNa kI bhavaparamparAaura citta ke bandhana kA pratIka hai| duHkha kA hetu janma-maraNa kI bhavaparamparA ke kAraNoM kA sUcaka hai| vaha anaitika-jIvana ke kAraNoM evaM sthitiyoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| vaha batAtA hai ki duHkha yA janma-maraNa kI paramparA athavA anaitikatA ke hetu kyA haiM / ina hetuoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM hI use pratItyasamutpAda kA niyama bhI kahA jAtA hai| caturtha Aryasatya-duHkha-nirodha kA mArga-yaha batAtA hai ki yadi duHkha sahetuka hai, to hetu kA nirAkaraNa bhI sambhava hai| du:kha ke hetuoM kA nirAkaraNa kaise ho sakatA hai, yaha batAnA caturtha Aryasatya kA pramukha uddezya hai| isa rUpa meM vaha naitika-jIvanapaddhati yA aSTAMgamArga kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| tRtIya Aryasatya duHkha-nirodha naitika-sAdhanA kI phalazruti ke rUpa meM nirvANa-avasthA kA sUcaka hai| cAroM paramArthoM meM citta ko naitikajIvana ke pramukha sUtradhAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| caitasika citta kI kuzala, akuzala yA naitika-anaitika avasthAe~ haiN| caittasika citta kI avasthAe~ haiM aura citta caittasika-avasthAoM kA samUha hai| rUpa citta kA AzrayasthAna evaM kAryakSetra hai| nirvANa tRSNA kA kSaya ho jAnA hai| yadi hama cAra AryasatyoM aura cAra paramArthoM para sammilita rUpa se vicAra karate haiM, to unameM tRtIya Aryasatya duHkhanirodha aura caturtha paramArtha nirvANa eka hI hai| caittasikoM kA yA to citta meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai, yA unakAantarbhAva prathama tIna AryasatyoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, hamAre pAsa 6 pratyaya bacate haiM- (1) citta, (2) rUpa, (3) duHkha, (4) duHkhahetu, (5) du:khanirodha kA mArga aura (6) duHkha-nirodha yA nirvaann| jaina-tattvayojanAse tulanA ___ uparyukta 6 pratyayoM kI tulanA jaina-tattvayojanA se nimna rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| bauddha-darzana kA citta yA vijJAna tAttvika-dRSTi se jaina-darzana ke jIva ke pratyaya se bhinna hai, phira bhI naitika-kartA ke rUpa meM donoM samAna haiN| isI prakAra, rUpa kA pratyaya jaina-darzana ke ajIva ke tulya hai| bauddha-paramparA kA duHkha jaina-paramparA ke bandhana ke samAna hai, jabaki duHkha-hetu kI tulanAAsravase kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki jaina-paramparA meM Amrava ko bandhana kA aura bauddha-paramparA meM duHkha-hetu (pratItyasamutpAda) ko duHkha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana isI prakAra, duHkhanirodha kA mArga (aSTAMgamArga) jaina- paramparA ke saMvara aura nirjarA se tulanIya hai / duHkhanirodha yA nirvANa kI tulanA jaina - paramparA ke mokSa se kI jA sakatI hai| gItA kI tattvayojanA 240 gItA meM paramatattva ke rUpa meM 'paramAtmA' ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura usI ke aMza rUpa meM jIvAtmA aura prakRti (mAyA) kI sthiti mAnI hai| naitika-darzana kI apekSA se gItA kA jIvAtmA jaina - - paramparA kA jIva hai aura prakRti ke kAraNa ajJAnAvRta honA bandhana hai aura AtmA kI sattA ke sArarUpa paramAtmA ko pA lenA mukti hai| gItA meM bandhana ke kAraNoM evaM mukti ke upAyoM kI carcA to hai, lekina unakA tattva ke rUpa meM koI vivecana nahIM hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke tattvoM kI tulanAtmaka tAlikA bauddha gItA nAma (citta yA vijJAna) rUpa jaina jIva ajIva bandhana Amrava saMvara nirjarA mokSa (nirvANa ) 4. duHkha du:khahetu (pratItyasamutpAda) duHkhanirodha kA mArga (aSTAMgamArga) duHkhanirodha (nirvANa) naitika- mAnyatAe~ pratyeka vijJAna suvyavasthita adhyayana ke lie kucha AdhArabhUta mAnyatAe~ lekara calatA hai, jo ki usakI samagra tArkika-samIkSAoM aura niSkarSoM ke mUla meM hotI haiN| unhIM AdhAra para usa vijJAna meM tarkasaMgata siddhAntoM kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai / ataH, pratyeka vijJAna ke lie apanI mAnyatAoM meM vizvAsa aura niSThA rakhanA Avazyaka hai| yadi hama una AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM meM niSThA nahIM rakhate haiM, to hamAre lie usa vijJAna ke niSkarSa nirarthaka ho jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, yadi koI prakRti kI samarUpatA tathA kAraNatA ke niyama meM vizvAsa na rakhe, to usake lie bhautika vijJAna ke niSkarSoM kA kyA mUlya rahegA ? AcAradarzana meM naitika-mAnyatAe~ bhI ve AdhArabhUta tattva haiM, jinake abhAva meM naitika-jIvana bhramamAtra aura durbAdha hotA hai| naitika mAnyatAe~ AcAradarzana ke bhavya mahala ke ve stambha haiM, jinake jarjarita ho jAne para bhavya mahala Dhaha jAtA hai| AcAradarzana kA bhavya mahala inhIM naitika-mAnyatAoM ke prati aTUTa niSThA para avasthita hai| yadi hama inake prati saMdehazIla rahe, to hamAre lie naitikatA arthahIna ho jAegI, ata: hameM ina para niSThA rakhakara - jIvAtmA prakRti aura prakRti kA saMyoga ajJAna jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura karmayoga paramAtmA kI prApti (nirvANa )

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra Age bar3hanA hogA / naitika mAnyatAoM para niSThA rakhanA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki ve vaijJAnika-svayaMsiddhiyoM se bhinna haiM / vaijJAnika-svayaMsiddhiyoM kA bauddhika- pratyAkhyAna sambhava nahIM hai, jabaki naitika-mAnyatAoM kA bauddhika- pratyAkhyAna sambhava hai, kyoMki unakI siddhi tarkazAstra ke niyamoM se nahIM hotii| naitika mAnyatAoM kA AdhAra na tarka hai, na svayaMsiddhi, varan AsthA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM sadAcAra yA naitika jIvana ke lie kucha bAtoM Astikya-buddhi rakhane kA spaSTa nirdeza hai aura vistArapUrvaka yaha batAyA hai ki kauna-sI mAnyatAe~ sadAcArI - jIvana meM bAdhaka haiM aura kauna-sI mAnyatAe~ sahAyaka haiN| 45 yadi naitika-mAnyatAe~ mAtra pUrvakalpanAe~ yA manokAmanA hai aura unakA bauddhikapratyAkhyAna (tArkika - nirasana) sambhava hai, to phira unakA kyA mUlya hogA ? yadi hama unheM naitika-dRSTi se tarka ke AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayatna bhI kareM, to vaha mAtra kAmanAoM kA aucityIkaraNa hogaa| 241 pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana meM kAMTa aura arabana ne isa prazna kI samIkSA kI hai| kAMTa kahate haiM ki ye mAnyatAe~ tarkasiddha siddhAnta nahIM haiM, apitu pUrvakalpanAe~ haiM, jo vyavahArataH anivArya haiN| yadyapi ye hamAre bauddhika - jJAna kA vistAra nahIM karatI haiM, tathApi vyavahAra ke prasaMga meM bauddhika-pratyayoM ko vastuniSTha satyatA (Objective Reality) pradAna karatI haiM / 46 zrI saMgamalAla pANDe kahate haiM ki kAMTa ne naitika mAnyatAoM ke bauddhika- pratyAkhyAna yaha niSkarSa nikAlA ki korA bauddhika- vivecana nissAra hai aura naitika vyavahAra usa vastu ko siddha kara detA hai, jise korA bauddhika - vivecana asiddha yA saMzayagrasta chor3a detA hai / " zrI arabana likhate haiM ki naitika mAnyatAoM ko kAmanA (manokalpanA) kahane se yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki naitika mAnyatAoM meM koI satyatA nahIM hai| isase to yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki usa satya ko pAne kI balavatI kAmanA hone ke kAraNa vaha satya hai aura usakI prApti bhI sambhava hai / vijJAna kI mAnyatA kevala usake pratipAdya viSaya kI vyAkhyA ke lie hai| usakA jIvana aura vyavahAra se koI sambandha nahIM hai, kintu naitika mAnyatAe~ vAstava meM ve satya haiM, jinase manuSya jIte haiM / yadi ve bhrama yA asatya ho jAeM, to vastuta: hamArA jInA hI samApta ho jAe 148 pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana meM sarvaprathama kAMTa ne tIna naitika mAnyatAoM kI sthApanA kI - (1) saMkalpa kI svatantratA, (2) AtmA kI amaratA aura (3) Izvara kA astitva / kelDarauDa ne saMkalpa kI svataMtratA evaM amaratA ke atirikta vyaktitva, bauddhikatA (manISA) tathA zakti ko bhI naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| kAMTa naitika pragati kI anivAryatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karate haiM, jabaki arabana ne use bhI

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242 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana svatantra rUpa se naitikatA kI maanytaakhaa| razaDAla vizva ke bauddhika-prayojana, kAla tathA amaMgala kI vAstavikatA ko bhI naitikatA kI mAnyatA ke antargata le jAte haiN| bosAMke bhI amaMgala kI vAstavika sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| saMkSepa meM, pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM svIkRta mukhya naitika-mAnyatAe~ haiM- (1) manISA (vivekabuddhi) aura karmazakti se yukta AtmA (vyaktitva), (2) AtmA kI amaratA, (3) AtmAkI svatantratA, (4) Izvara kA astitva (naitika-mUlyoM kA srota evaM naitika-jIvana kA Adarza), (5) naitika-pragati (naitika- pUrNatA kI sambhAvanA) tathA (6) amaMgala (azubha) kI vaastviktaa| bhAratIya-AcAradarzana kI naitika-mAnyatAe~ bhAratIya-AcAradarzana meM karmasiddhAnta ko naitikatA kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA kahA jA sakatA hai| karmasiddhAnta karma aura unake pratiphala ke anivArya sambandha ko sUcita karatA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI sahayogI naitika-mAnyatAe~ haiM-punarjanma kI dhAraNA (AtmA kI amaratA) evaM karma ke cayana kI svtntrtaa| isI prakAra, karmaphala ke pradAtA athavA naitika-jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara ke astitva kI mAnyatA bhI bhAratIyaAcAradarzana meM rahI hai| inake atirikta bhAratIya-darzana meM bandhana (duHkha) aura usake kAraNa tathA bandhana se mukti (du:kha-vimukti) aura usake upAya (sAdhanApatha) bhI naitikamAnyatA ke antargata Ate haiN| jaina-darzana kI naitika-mAnyatAe~ __ jaina-darzana kI tattvayojanA meM svIkRta nava tattvoM kA bahuta kucha sambandha naitikamAnyatA se hai| phira bhI, pAzcAtya-paramparA ke sAtha suvidhApUrNa tulanA ke lie jainatattvayojanA ke AdhAra para naitika-mAnyatAoM ko nimna rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| (a) kartA se sambandhita naitika-mAnyatAeM- (1) AtmA kA bauddhika evaM Anandamaya svarUpa, (2) AtmA kI amaratA yA punarjanma kA pratyaya, (3) AtmA kI svtntrtaa| (ba) karma se sambandhita naitika-mAnyatAe~ - (4) karmasiddhAnta, (5) bandhana (duHkha) tathA usake kAraNa, (6) karma kA zubhatva, azubhatva evaM zuddhatva, (7) bandhana se mukti ke upAya (saMvara evaM nirjraa)| (sa) naitika-sAdhya se sambandhita naitika-mAnyatAeM- (8) naitika-jIvana kA aihika-Adarza (arhatva), (9) naitika-jIvana kA carama sAdhya (mokss)| bauddha-AcAradarzana kI naitika-mAnyatAe~ / cAra Aryasatya hI bauddha-darzana kI naitika-mAnyatAe~ haiN| duHkha yA amaMgala kI upasthiti-yaha prAthamika naitika-mAnyatA hai| du:kha ke kAraNa hI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM pratItyasamutpAda dUsarI naitika-mAnyatA hai, jo ki jaina-darzana meM svIkRta karmasiddhAnta ke samAna

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 243 hI hai| caturtha Aryasatya meM bauddhadarzana duHkha-nivRtti ke upAya ke rUpa meM apane sAdhanA-mArga kA nirdeza karatA hai| bauddha-darzana kI yaha mAnyatA jaina-darzana ke trividha sAdhanApatha ke samAna hI hai| bauddha-darzana meM tIsare Aryasatya ke rUpa meM nirvANa kIdhAraNA hai, jo naitika-sAdhya hai| gItA kI naitika-mAnyatAe~ ___ gItA ke AcAradarzana meM naitika-mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM jIvAtmA, karmasiddhAnta aura Izvara ke pratyaya svIkRta rahe haiN| naitika-mAnyatAe~ AcAradarzana kI maulika tAttvika-AdhAra haiM, ve AcAradarzana kI nIMva ke samAna haiN| unake abhAva meM AcAra ke bhavya mahala kA nirmANa sambhava nahIM hai| bhAratIya-cintana meM AtmA ke astitva kI avadhAraNA, karmasiddhAnta kI avadhAraNA aura Izvara ke astitva kI avadhAraNA ke pIche mUlarUpa se nItizAstra ko eka Thosa tAtvika-AdhAra pradAna karane kI dRSTi rahI hai, isalie cAhe AtmA ke astitva ko, yA Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karane kA prayatna ho, use naitika AdhAra para hI puSTa karane kA prayAsa huA hai| laM + 669F sandarbha graMtha nItipravezikA, pR. 28. 2. iNDiyana philAsaphI, bhAga 2, pR. 629. 3. nItipravezikA, pR. 21. zaGkarAcArya kA AcAradarzana, pR. 84. bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, pR. 286. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 174. AuTalAinsa Apha jainIjma, pR. 112. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR. 80. 9. rilIjana ina dI mekiMga, pR. 39. 10. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 139. majjhimanikAya, cUla mAluMkyaputtasutta, 63, pR. 254-255. 12. vahI, nivApasutta, 25, pR. 101. vizeSa draSTavya-gItA, adhyAya,2,4,11,13,aura 18. 14. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 287. 15. vahI, pR. 293. _16. Rgveda, 1/164/46.

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244 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina thyorIjaApha rIyaliTIeNDa naoNleja, pR. 25-26. vivekacUr3AmaNi, mAyA nirUpaNa. 19. zaMkarAcAryakAAcAradarzana, pR. 16-17. AptamImAMsA, 25. 21. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 178. 22. zaMkarAcArya kAAcAradarzana, pR. 66-67. vahI, pR. 62. (a) tattvArthabhASya, 1/35; (ba) anuyogadvArasUtra, 123. bhAratIya darzana, khaNDa 1, pR. 311. jaina thyorIja Apha riyaliTI aiNDa naoNleja, pR. 36 para uddhRta. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/9. 28. dIghanikAya, mahAsudassanasutta. AptamImAMsA, 40-41. yuktyanuzAsana, 15-16. anyayogavyavacchedikA, 18. 32. saMyuttanikAya, avyAkRtasaMyutta, Anandasutta. saMyuttanikAya, nidAnasaMyutta, acelakassapasutta. 34. saMyuttanikAya, nidAnasaMyutta, lokAyatikasutta. saMyuttanikAya, nidAnasaMyutta, kaccAnagottasutta. vizeSa draSTavya-mAdhyamikakArikA, 1. 37. jaina satyaprakAza, kArtika 1993, pR. 619 para sArva siddhAntanIjar3a (kApar3iyA). tattvArthasUtra, 5/29. samayasAra TIkA, 2-3. uttarAdhyayana, 28/14. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4. AtmasAdhanAsaMgraha, pR. 31 para uddhRta. 43. dhammapada, 273. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR. 1. 45. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/5/12-29. 46. kAMTsa selekzana, pR. 368 47. nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, pR. 45-46. 48. phaNDAmenTalsa Apha ithiksa, pR. 357-359. 33.

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 7 2620 AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 1. naitikatA aura AtmA naitikatA jIvana ke Adarza kI upalabdhi kA prayAsa hai| vaha eka mArga hai, jo usa Adarza kI ora jAtA hai| vaha eka gati hai, jo Adarza kI upalabdhi kI dizA kI ora jAtI hai| naitikatA eka kriyA bhI hai, eka mArga bhI hai; vaha Adarza kI upalabdhi kA prayAsa hone se kriyA hai aura AdarzAbhimukha hone se mArga / vaha aisI kriyA hai, jo apUrNatA se pUrNatA ra, bandhana se mukti kI ora, duHkha se duHkhavimukti kI ora le jAtI hai / ' lekina, visudvigga ke anusAra yadi kevala yaha kahA jAe ki vahA~ mAtra kriyA hai, karttA nahIM, mArga hai, calane vAlA nahIM, duHkha hai, duHkhita nahIM, parinirvANa (duHkhavimukti) hai, parinivRta nahIM' - to itane se buddhi ko santoSa nahIM hotaa| yadyapi bauddha darzana ke anusAra kriyA se bhinna kartA kI sthiti nahIM hai, tathApi sAmAnya vyakti ke lie to binA kartA ke kriyA kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM hai| binA pathika ke mArga kA koI artha nahIM hai| - 245 naitika-cintana zubhAzubha kA viveka hai aura vaha viveka kisI caitanya-tattva meM ho sakatA hai| binA kisI aise viveka kSamatAyukta, zubhAzubha ke jJAtA caitanyatattva kI svIkRti ke naitika-darzana kA koI astitva nahIM ho sakatA / naitikatA koI amUrta pratyaya nahIM, varan eka vAstavika yA yathArtha pratyaya hai| naitikatA kA sambandha saMkalpa aura kriyA (zubhecchA evaM karma) se hai, lekina saMkalpa aura kriyA cetana tattva kI abhivyaktiyA~ hI to haiN| AcAradarzana ke anusAra jisameM naitika- Adarza kA bodha, naitika- viveka aura naitika jIvana kA anusaraNa karane kI kSamatA hai, use AtmA yA 'sva' (Self) kahA jAtA hai| koI bhI AcAradarzana binA Atma-tattva ke vivecana ke Age nahIM bddh'taa| Atmatattva vaha kendra - bindu hai, jisake AsapAsa naitika-darzana gati karatA hai| naitikatA kI koI bhI vyAkhyA AtmA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| naitikatA kA pratyaya AtmA ke pratyaya kA anugAmI hai| naitika jIvana aura naitika-darzana Atma-sApekSa haiN| naitika siddhAntoM kI pratiSThApanA ke lie Atma-siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA anivArya hai| kisI bhI naitika siddhAnta kA samucita mUlyAMkana AtmAsambandhI siddhAnta ke prakAza meM aura AtmAsambandhI siddhAnta kA mUlyAMkana naitika siddhAnta ke prakAza meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| buddha ke anAtmavAda ke siddhAnta ke pIche anAsakti kA naitika-darzana hI thA aura upaniSadoM ke ekAtmavAda ke pIche naitika-darzana kA Atmavat-dRSTi yA samatvabhAva kA siddhAnta hI thaa| jo loga AtmasvarUpa -

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246 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI vyAkhyA ke abhAva meM kisI bhI naitika-vicAra kA mUlyAMkana karane kA prayAsa karate haiM, athavA naitika-siddhAntoM ke sandarbha ke binA hI usake AtmAsambandhI siddhAnta ko samajhane kI koziza karate haiM, ve bhrAnti meM haiN| 2. AtmA ke pratyaya kI AvazyakatA AtmA kA pratyaya naitika-vicAraNA ke lie kyoM Avazyaka hai ? isa prazna kA samucita uttara nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para diyA jA sakatA hai 1. naitikatA eka vicAra hai, jise kisI vicAraka kI apekSA hai| 2. naitikatA aura anaitikatA kAryoM ke mAdhyama se hI abhivyakta hotI hai| sAmAnyajana vicArapUrvaka sampAdita kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake kartA ko naitika athavA anaitikamAnatA hai,ata: vicArapUrvaka kAryoM ko sampAdita karanevAlAsvacetana kartA naitikadarzana ke lie Avazyaka hai| 3. zubhAzubha kA jJAna evaM viveka naitika-uttaradAyitva kI anivAryazarta hai| naitikauttaradAyitva kisI vivekavAn cetanA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| 4. naitika yA anaitika karmoM ke lie kartA usI sthiti meM uttaradAyI hai, jaba karma svayaM kartA kA ho| yaha sva (Self) kA vicAra AtmA kA vicAra hai evaM AtmAzrita hai| 5. naitika-uttaradAyitva ke lie karma kartA ke saMkalpa (Will) kA pariNAma honA caahie| saMkalpa cetanA (AtmA) ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| 6. naitika evaM anaitika-karma ke sampanna hone ke pUrva vibhinna icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ke madhya saMgharSa hotA hai aura usameM se kisI eka kA cayana hotA hai, ata: isa saMgharSa kA draSTA evaM cayana kA kartA koI svacetana Atma-tattva hI ho sakatA hai| 7. naitika-uttaradAyitva meM saMkalpa kI svatantratA anivArya zarta hai aura saMkalpakI svatantratA svacetana (Atmacetana) Atmatattva meM hI ho sakatI hai| ___8. yadi naitikatA eka Adarza hai, to AdarzakI abhisvIkRti aura usakI upalabdhi kA prayAsa AtmA ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| jaina-darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa prazna para samucita rUpase vicAra karane ke lie hameM yaha jAna lenA hogA ki kisI tarkasiddha naitika-darzana ke lie kisa prakAra ke AtmasiddhAnta kI AvazyakatA hai aura jaina-darzana kI tatsambandhI mAnyatAe~ kahA~ taka naitika-vicAraNA ke anukUla haiN| yahA~ tAttvika-samAlocanAoM meM na jAkara mAtra naitikatA kI dRSTi se hI Atma-sambandhI mAnyatAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 3. AtmA kA astitva jahA~ taka naitika-jIvana kA prazna hai, AtmA ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 247 bar3hanA asambhava hai| jaina-darzana meM naitika-vikAsa kI pahalI zarta AtmavizvAsa hai| jainavicArakoM ne AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kie haiM 1.jIva kA astitva jIvazabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asad kI koI sArthasaMjJA hI nahIM bntii|' 2. jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI jIva kI sattA ko siddha karatA hai| devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruss|' 3. zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki maiM nahIM hU~, vahI to jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai| yadi AtmA hI na ho, to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM haiM ? jo niSedha kara rahA hai, vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva kI anivAryatA hai, jo usakA AdhAra ho| binA adhiSThAna ke kisI jJAna kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA caahie| mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM, he gautama! yadi saMzayI hI nahIM hai, to 'maiM hU~' yA nahIM haiM', yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai ? yadi tuma svayaM hI apane khuda ke viSaya meM sandeha kara sakate ho, to phira kisameM saMzaya na hogA, kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika-kriyAe~ haiM, saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiN| sukhaduHkhAdiko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai|" / AcArya zaMkara bhI brahmasUtrabhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai, vahI to usakA svarUpa hai| AtmA ke astitva ke lie svata: bodha ko zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM kahatA hai ki maiM nahIM huuN| anyatra zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahate haiM ki bodha se sattA ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi hameM AtmA kA svata: bodha hotA hai, to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke astitva meM sandeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu sandeha meM sandeha karanA to sambhava nahIM hai, sandeha kA astitva sandeha se pare hai| sandeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka ke abhAva meM vicAra nahIM ho sktaa| maiM vicAra karatA hU~, ata: maiM huuN| isa prakAra, dekArta ke anusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaMsiddha hai|"

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248 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AtmA amartta hai, ata: usako usa rUpa meM to nahIM jAna sakate. jaise ghaTa-paTa Adi vastuoM kA indriyapratyakSa ke rUpa meM jJAna hotA hai, lekina itane mAtra se usakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isake lie guNa aura guNI kA tarka diyA hai| ghaTa Adi jina vastuoM ko hama jAnate haiM, unakA bhI yathArthapratyakSa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki hameM jinakA pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha ghaTa ke rUpAdi guNoM kA pratyakSa hai, lekina ghaTa mAtra rUpa nahIM hai, vaha to aneka guNoM kA samUha hai, jinheM hama nahIM jAnate, rUpa (AkAra) to unameM se eka guNa hai| jabarUpaguNa ke pratyakSIkaraNa koghaTa kA pratyakSIkaraNa mAna lete haiM aura hameM koI saMzaya nahIM hotA, to phira jJAnaguNa se AtmA kA pratyakSa kyoM nahIM mAna lete|12 Adhunika vaijJAnika bhI aneka tattvoM kA vAstavika-pratyakSa nahIM kara pAte haiM, jaise Ithara; phira bhI kAryoM ke AdhAra para unakA astitva mAnate haiM evaM svarUpa-vivecana bhI karate haiN| phira AtmA ke cetanAtmaka kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake astitva ko kyoM na svIkAra kiyA jAe ? vastutaH,AtmA yA cetanA ke astitva kA prazna mahatvapUrNa hote hue bhI vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai| bhAratIya-cintakoM meM cArvAka evaM bauddha tathA pazcima meM hyUma, jemsa Adi vicAraka AtmA ke astitva kA niSedha karate haiN| vastutaH, unakA niSedhaAtmA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha hai| ve AtmA ko eka svatantra nitya-dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina cetana-avasthA yA cetanA-pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA kA astitva to unheM bhI svIkAra haiN| cArvAka-darzana bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki AtmA kA sarvathA abhAva hai, usakA niSedha mAtra AtmA ko svatantra maulika-tattva mAnane se hai| bauddha-vicAraka anAtmavAda kI pratisthApanA meM AtmA (cetanA) kA niSedha nahIM karate, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha karate haiN| rAma bhI anubhUti se bhinna kisI svatantra Atmatattva kA hI niSedha karate haiN| udyotakara kA nyAyavArttika meM yaha kahanA samucita jAna par3atA hai ki AtmA ke astitva meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyata: koI vivAda hI nahIM hai; yadi vivAda hai, to usakA sambandha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa se hai (na ki usake astitva se)| svarUpa kI dRSTi se koI zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko aura koI vijJAna-saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai| kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM, jo ina sabase pRthak svatantra Atmatattva ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-darzana aura gItA AtmA ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| 4. AtmA eka maulika-tattva AtmA eka maulika-tattva hai, athavA anya kisI tatva se utpanna huA hai, yaha prazna bhImahatvapUrNa hai| sabhI darzana yaha mAnate haiM kisaMsAraAtma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, lekina inameM mUla tattva kyA hai? yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| isa sambandha meM cAra pramukha dhAraNAe~ haiM- (1)

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 249 mUla tattvajar3a (acetana) hai aura usI se cetana kI utpatti hotI hai| ajitakezakambalin, cArvAka-dArzanika evaM bhautikavAdI isamata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (2) mUla tattvacetana hai aura usI kI apekSA se jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha-vijJAnavAda, zAMkaravedAnta tathA barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (3) kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM, jinhoMne paramatattva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya maanaa| gItA, rAmAnuja aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (4) kucha vicAraka jar3a aura cetana-donoM ko hI paramatattva mAnate haiM aura unake svatantra astitva meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| jaina-vicAraka spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kabhI bhI jar3a se cetana kI utpatti nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zIlAMkAcArya likhate haiM ki bhUta-samudAya svatantradharmI hai, usakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai, kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUtoM ke anya pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM, anya guNoM vAle padArthoM se yA unake samUha se bhI kisI apUrva (navIna) guNa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, jaise rukSa bAlukA-kaNoM ke samudAya meM snigdha tela kI utpatti nahIM hotii| ata:, caitanya AtmA kA hI guNa ho sakatA hai, bhUtoM kA nhiiN| jar3a bhUtoM se cetana AtmA kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| zarIra bhI jJAnAdi caitanya guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika-tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika-tattva cetanAzUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI caitanya nahIM hai, to unake kArya meM caitanya kahA~ se aajaaegaa| pratyeka kArya, kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se rahatA hai| jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha zaktirUpa se rahA huA kArya vyakta rUpa meM sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba bhautikatattvoM meM cetanA nahIM hai, taba yaha kaise sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanyaguNa vAlA ho jAe ? yadi cetanA pratyeka bhautika-tattva meM nahIM hai, to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM ho sktii| reNu ke pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA tela reNukaNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ata:, yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM ki caitanya caturbhUta ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| gItAbhI kahatI hai ki asat kA prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA hai aura satkA vinAza nahIM hotA hai| yadi caitanya bhUtoM meM nahIM hai, to vaha unake saMyoga se nirmita zarIra meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa|shriir meM caitanya kI upalabdhi hotI hai; ata: usakA AdhAra zarIra nahIM, AtmA hai| AtmA kI jar3a se bhinnatA siddha karane ke lie zIlAMkAcArya eka dUsarI yukti prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya alaga-alaga haiM, pratyeka indriya apane viSaya kAhI jJAna karatI hai, jabaki pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA ekatrIbhUta rUpa meM jJAna karane vAlA anya koI avazya hai aura vaha AtmA hai|" isI sambandha meM zaMkara kI bhI eka yukti hai, jisake sambandha meM pro. e.sI. mukarjI

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ne apanI pustaka 'necara Apha selpha' meM kAphI prakAza DAlA hai| zaMkara pUchate haiM ki bhautikavAdiyoM ke anusAra bhUtoM se utpanna hone vAlI usa cetanA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? unake anusAra, yA to cetanA una tattvoM kI pratyakSa karttA hogI, yA unakA hI eka guNa hogii| prathama sthiti meM, yadi cetanA guNoM kI pratyakSa karttA hogI, to vaha unase pratyutpanna nahIM hogii| dUsare, yaha kahanA bhI hAsyAspada hogA ki bhautika guNa apane hI guNoM ko jJAna kI viSayavastu banAte haiN| yaha mAnanA ki cetanA, jo bhautika padArthoM kA hI eka guNa hai, unase hI pratyutpanna hai, una bhautika padArthoM ko hI apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtI hai- utanA hI hAsyAspada hai, jitanA yaha mAnanA ki Aga apane ko hI jalAtI hai, athavA naTa apane hI kaMdhoM para car3ha sakatA hai| isa prakAra, zaMkara kA niSkarSa bhI yahI hai ki cetanA (AtmA) bhautika-tattvoM se vyatirikta aura jJAnasvarUpa hai| 18 250 AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa sAmAnya rUpa se jaina-vicAraNA meM AtmA yA jIva ko apaudgalika, vizuddha caitanya evaM jar3a se bhinna svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA jAtA hai, lekina dArzanikoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina-vicAra meM jIvana kA svarUpa bahuta kucha paudgalika bana gayA hai| yaha AkSepa ajaina- dArzanikoM kA hI nahIM, aneka jaina- cintakoM kA bhI hai aura usake lie Agamika-AdhAroM para kucha tarka bhI prastuta kie gae haiN| paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra ne isa viSaya meM eka praznAvalI bhI prastuta kI thI / " yahA~ usa praznAvalI ke kucha una pramukha muddoM para hI carcA karanA apekSita hai, jo jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM hI pArasparika- virodha ko prakaTa karate haiN| 1. jIva yadi paudgalika nahIM hai, to usameM saukSamya - sthaulya athavA saMkoca - vistAra kriyA aura pradeza - parispanda kaise bana sakatA hai ? jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra saukSamya - sthaulya ko pudgala kA paryAya mAnA gayA hai| (2) 2. jIva ke apaudgalika hone para AtmA meM padArthoM kA pratibimbita honA bhI kaise sakatA hai ? kyoMki pratibimba kA grAhaka pudgala hI hotA hai| jaina-vicAra meM jJAna kI utpatti padArthoM ke AtmA meM pratibimbita hone se hI mAnA gaI hai| (3) 3. apaudgalika aura amUrttika- jIvAtmA kA paudgalika evaM mUrttika- karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara vikArI honA kaise bana sakatA hai ? isa prakAra ke bandha kA koI dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| svarNa aura pASANa ke anAdibandha kA jo dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai, vaha viSama dRSTAnta hai aura eka prakAra se svarNasthAnI jIva kA paudgalika honA hI sUcita karatA hai| (8) 4. rAgAdika ko paudgalika kahA gayA hai aura rAgAdika jIva 1148

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 251 binA jIva ke unakA astitva nhiiN| (yadi jIva paudgalika nahIM, to rAgAdika paudgalika kaise siddha ho sakeMge? isake sivAya apaudgalika jIvAtmA meM kRSNa-nIlAdi lezyAe~ kaise bana sakatI haiM ?) (10) jaina-darzana jar3a aura cetana ke dvaita ko aura unakI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha sabhI prakAra ke advaitavAda kA virodha karatA hai, cAhe vaha zaMkara kA AdhyAtmikaadvaitavAdaho, athavA cArvAka evaM anya vaijJAnikoM kA bhautika-advaitavAda ho, lekina isa saiddhAntika-mAnyatA se uparyukta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| isake lie hameM jIva ke svarUpa ko usa sandarbha meM dekhanA hogA, jisameM uparyukta zaMkAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiN| prathamataH, saMkoca-vistAra tathA usake AdhAra para hone vAle saukSamya evaM sthaulya tathA bandhana aura rAgAdibhAva kA honA sabhI baddha jIvAtmAoM yA hamAre vartamAna sImita vyaktitva ke kAraNa hai| jahA~ taka sImita vyaktitva yA baddha jIvAtmA kA prazna hai, vaha ekAnta-rUpa se na to bhautika hai aura na abhautik| jaina-cintaka muni nathamalajI inhIM praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue likhate haiM ki merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA vartamAna vyaktitvana sarvathA paudgalika hai, aura na sarvathA apaudglik| yadi use sarvathA paudgalika mAneM, to usameM caitanya nahIM ho sakatA aura use sarvathAapaudgalika mAneM, to usameM saMkoca-vistAra, prakAzamaya anubhava, UrdhvagauravadharmitA, rAgAdi nahIM ho skte| maiM jahA~ taka samajha sakA hU~, koI bhI zarIradhArI jIva apaudgalika nahIM hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne usameM saMkoca-vistAra, bandhana AdimAne haiM, apaudgalikatA usakI antima pariNati hai, jo zarIra-mukti se pahale kabhI prApta nahIM hotii| munijI ke isa kathana ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIva kA apaudgalika svarUpa upalabdhi nahIM, Adarza hai| jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya isIapaudgalikasvarUpa kI upalabdhi hai| jIva kI paudgalikatA tathya hai, Adarza nahIM aura jIva kI apaudgalikatA Adarza hai, jAgatika-tathya nhiiN| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa abhautika hI hai, yadyapi vaha tathya nahIM kSamatA hai, jise upalabdha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra bIja meM vRkSa vAstavika rUpa meM kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotA, lekina sattA to rahatI hI hai, jo vikAsa kI prakriyA meM jAkara vAstavikatA bana jAtI hai| isI prakAra, naitika-vikAsa kI prakriyA se hI jIva usa abhautika-svarUpa ko, jo mAtra prasupta sattA meM thA, vAstavikatA banA detA hai| jaina-vicAra yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki bhautika-jIvana ke lie jIvAtmA kA sarvathA apaudgalika-svarUpa aura sarvathA paudgalika-svarUpa, donoM hI vyartha haiN| naitika-jIvana kriyAzIlatA hai, jo AtmA ke sarvathA apaudgalika-svarUpa meM sambhava nahIM hai| naitikajIvana ke lie eka sazarIrIvyaktitva cAhie, lekina jaba taka AtmA ko apaudgalika

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252 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana svarUpa upalabdha nahIM ho jAtA, naitika-sAdhya mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotii| jaba taka AtmA zarIra meM Abaddha hai, vaha apanI sImitatA yA apUrNatA se Upara nahIM uTha sakatA, ata: naitika-Adarza kI dRSTi se AtmA kA apaudgalika-svarUpa bhI svIkAra karanA hogaa| jaba taka hama sImitatAoM aura apUrNatAoM se Upara nahIM uTha jAte haiM, taba taka hama sazarIra vyaktitva bane raheMge aura hamAre sAmane naitikatA kA kArya-kSetra bhI banA rhegaa| 5. AtmA aurazarIrakAsambandha hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva pUrNatayA abhautika nahIM hai| vaha zarIra aura AtmA kA viziSTa saMyoga hai| naitika-dRSTi se yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa hai ki AtmA aura zarIra kA kyA sambandha hai ? kyA AtmA bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai? athavA, AtmA vahI hai, jo zarIra hai? yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki AtmA bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai, to zarIra-dharma (bhUkha, pyAsa, maithuna, nidrA-pramAda Adi) kA sambandha naitikatA se nahIM rahegA. na hiMsA-vyabhicAra Adi anaitika karma hoMge, sAtha hI samasta zArIrika-karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke lie AtmA ko uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA skegaa| kAryakRta karmoM kA phala use nahIM milanA caahie| isa janma ke zarIra ke karmoM kA phala dUsare janma kA zarIra bhoge, yaha bhI nyAyocita nahIM hogA, kyoMki donoM zarIra bhinna haiN| aisI sthiti meM akRtAgama kA doSa hogA, sAtha hI AtmA aura zarIra ko ekAMta rUpa se bhinna mAnane para zarIra se dUsare kI sevA, stuti, kAyika-tapa Adi naitika evaM zubha kriyAoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jaaegaa| ye kriyAe~ AtmavikAsa meM sahAyaka nahIM mAnI jA skeNgii| dUsare, yadi AtmA vahI hai, jo zarIra hai- yaha mAnA jAe, to zarIra ke vinAza ke sAtha AtmA kA vinAza mAnanA hogA aura aisI sthiti meM aneka zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala abhogya hI raha jAegA, naitika-dRSTi se kRtapraNAza kA doSa upasthita ho jAegA, ata: AtmA aura zarIra ko eka hI mAnane meM ve bhI sabhI doSa upasthita ho jAeMge, jo anitya-AtmavAda ke haiN| isa prakAra, donoM hI ekAntika-dRSTikoNanaitikadarzana kI utpatti meM sahAyaka nahIM hote| (a) jaina-dRSTikoNa mahAvIra ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki 'bhagavan ! jIva vahI hai, jozarIra hai, yA jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai?' to mahAvIra ne uttara diyA hegautama! jIva zarIra bhI hai aura jIva zarIra se bhinna bhI hai| 21 isa prakAra, mahAvIra ne AtmA aura deha ke madhya bhinnatva aura ekatva-donoM ko svIkAra karake naitika maryAdA kI sthApanA ko sambhava bnaayaa| AcArya kundakunda ne AtmA aura zarIra ke ekatva aura bhinnatva ko lekara yahI vicAra prakaTa kie haiN| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika-dRSTi se AtmA aura deha eka hI haiM, lekina nizcayadRSTi se AtmA aura deha kadApi eka nahIM ho skte|2

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 253 vastuta:, AtmA aura zarIra meM ekatva mAne binA stuti, vaMdana, sevA Adianeka naitikaAcaraNa kI kriyAe~ asambhava nhiiN| dUsarI ora, AtmA aura deha meM bhinnatA mAne binA AsaktinAza aura bhedavijJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| naitika-vivecana kI dRSTi se ekatva aura anekatva-donoM apekSita haiN| yahI jaina-naitikatA kI mAnyatA hai| mahAvIra ne aikAntika-vAdoM ko chor3akara anekAnta-dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA aura donoM vAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| (ba) bauddha-dRSTikoNa bhagavAn buddha bhI naitika-dRSTi se donoM ko hI anucita mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki he bhikSu ! jIva vahI hai, jo zarIra hai, aisI dRSTi rakhane para brahmacaryavAsa (naitikAcaraNa) sambhava nahIM hotaa| he bhikSu ! jIva anya hai aura zarIra anya hai, aisI dRSTi rakhane para bhI brahmacaryavAsa sambhava nahIM hotA hai| he bhikSu ! isIlie tathAgata donoM antoM ko chor3akara madhyamamArga kA dharmopadeza dete haiN|" isa prakAra, bhagavAn buddha ne donoM hI pakSoM ko sadoSa jAnakara unheM chor3ane kA nirNaya liyaa| unake anusAra, bhedapakSa aura abhedapakSa-donoM galata haiM aura jo inameM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karatA hai, mithyAdRSTi ko utpanna karatA hai| mahAvIra ne donoM pakSoM ko aikAntikarUpa meM sadoSa to mAnA, lekina unako chor3ane kI apekSA unheM sApekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA ke anusAra zarIra ke naSTa hone para bhI AtmA naSTa nahIM hotA aura dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karatA hai| jaise vyakti vastroM ko jIrNa hone para badala detA hai, vaise yaha AtmA jIrNa zarIroM ko badalatA rahatA hai|24 gItA meM zarIra ko kSetra aura AtmAko kSetrajJa kahA gayA hai.5 aura yaha mAnA gayA hai ki hamAre vartamAna vyaktitva kSetra aura kSetrajJa yA AtmA aura zarIra ke saMyoga se utpanna hue haiN| isa prakAra, AtmA ko eka AdhyAtmika maulika-tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina jahA~ taka naitika-kartA ke rUpa meM hamAre vyaktitvoM kA prazna hai, use eka manobhautika yA zarIrayukta AtmA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra vyaktitva AtmA aura pudgala kA viziSTa saMyoga hai| bauddha-darzana ke anusAra bhI manuSya nAma (mAnasika) aura rUpa (bhautika) kA saMyoga hai| gItA use kSetra (jar3a prakRti) aura kSetrajJa (AtmA) kA saMyoga mAnatI hai| 6. AtmAke lakSaNa naitikatA ke lie AtmA yA vyaktitvakAhonAhI paryApta nahIM hai, varan usameM kucha viziSTa kSamatAe~ bhI honI cAhie, jinake AdhAra naitika-sAdhya kA anusaraNa kiyA jA

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254 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sake tathA naitika-viveka evaM sakaMlpa kI kSamatA ke AdhAra para naitika-uttaradAyitva kI samucita vyAkhyA kI jA ske| DaoN. yadunAtha sinhA ke anusAra AtmA ko eka vAstavika, sthAI, Atmacetana evaM svatantra kartA honA caahie| sva ke bhItara Atma-saMcAlana tathA AtmanirNaya kI zakti (saMkalpa-svAtantrya) honA caahie| tarka athavA buddhi ko AtmA kA eka anivArya tattva honA caahie| zrI kelDarauDa ke anusAra AtmA kevala manISA ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, zakti ke rUpa meM bhI prakaTa hotI hai| maiM eka Atmacetana, buddhimAn tathA AtmanirNAyaka zakti hai| isa prakAra, vyaktitva meM Atmacetana sattA, Atmaniyantrita buddhi tathA AtmanirNAyaka kriyA kA samAveza hotA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne AtmA meM anantacatuSTaya, arthAt jJAna, darzana, saukhya (Ananda) aura vIrya (zakti) kI anantatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| darzana Atmacetana sattA kA, jJAna Atmaniyantrita buddhi kA aura vIrya saMkalpazakti yA sAdhya kA anusaraNa karane kI kSamatA evaM kriyA kA samAnArthaka hai| pramANanayatattvAloka meM AtmA ke nimna lakSaNa varNita haiM, AtmA caitanyasvarUpa, pariNAmI, kartA, sAkSAt bhoktA, svadeha-parimANa, pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna-bhinna aura paudgalika karmoM se yukta hai| 29 jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga kahA gayA hai| upayoga zabda cetanA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| yaha smaraNIya hai ki jaina-darzana cetanA ko AtmA kA svalakSaNamAnatA hai, nyAyavaizeSikadarzana ke samAnacetanA ko AtmA kA Agantuka guNa nahIM maantaa| isasambandha meM jainadarzana kA vicArazaMkara ke anurUpa hai ki nirvANa yAmukti kI avasthA meM bhI AtmA caitanyahI rahatA hai| mukti kI avasthA meM usakI cetanA-zakti abAdhita evaM pUrNa hotI hai, aura saMsArAvasthA meM usakI cetanA-zakti Avarita hotI hai, yadyapijIvakI cetanA-zakti kA pUrNa AvaraNa kabhI nahIM hotA hai| isase viparIta, nyAya-vaizeSikadarzana muktAvasthA meM AtmA meM cetanAkA abhAvamAnate haiN| yadimuktAvasthA meM cetanAkA sadbhAva nahIM mAnA jAtA hai, to mukti kA Adarza adhika AkarSaka nahIM rahatA, isalie AlocakoM ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki nyAya-vaizeSikadarzana kI mukti prApta karane kI apekSAto vRndAvana meM zrRgAla-yoni meM vicaraNa karanA kahIM adhika acchA hai| hegautama! tumhArI yaha pASANavat mukti tumheM hI mubAraka ho, tuma sacamuca hI gautama (baila) ho|| lekina, jahA~ taka naitika-jIvana-kSetra kI bAta hai, vahA~ taka sabhI AtmA meM cetanA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| sAMkhya, yoga aura vedAnta-darzana ise svalakSaNa kI apekSA se svIkAra karate haiM aura nyAya-vaizeSika ise Agantuka lakSaNa kI apekSA se svIkAra karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, dehAtmavAdI-cArvAka aura anAtmavAdI-bauddha bhI vyaktitva meM cetanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| vastutaH, cetanA naitika-jIvana kIanivArya sthiti hai, naitika uttaradAyitva aura naitika-viveka cetanA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| jaina-darzana meM cetanA ke sthAna para

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 255 'upayoga' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM upayoga (cetanA) do prakArakA mAnA gayA hai- (1) jJAnAtmaka (jJAnopayoga) aura (2) anubhUtyAtmaka (drshnopyog)| DaoN. kalaghATagI upayogazabda meM cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka-tInoM hI pakSoM ko samAhita karate haiN| vastuta:, naitika-jIvana kI dRSTi se AtmA ke ye tInoM pakSa Avazyaka haiN| pro. sinhA ne bhI AtmA meM ina tInoM kI upasthiti ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| Age hama ina tInoM para thor3e vistAra se carcA kreNge| (a) jJAnopayoga jaina-vicAraNA meM jJAna ko AtmA kA svabhAva yAsvalakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH, yadi AtmA meM jJAna nahIM ho, to naitika-jIvana meM nimna tIna bAteM asambhava hoMgI- (1) naitika-Adarza kA bodha, (2)zubhAzubha kA viveka aura (3) naitik-uttrdaayitv| __ naitika-sAdhya kA bodha naitika-jIvana kI prathama zarta hai, kyoMki jaba taka paramazreya kA bodha nahIM hogA, taba taka na to zubhAzubha aura na aucitya-anaucitya kA viveka hogA aura nasamyak dizA meM naitika-pragati hI sambhava hogii| jahA~ taka naitika athavA anaitika kahe jAne vAle AcaraNa kA prazna hai, vaha AcaraNa mAtra kartA kI apekSA nahIM karatA, varan zubhAzubha kI viveka-kSamatA-yukta kartA kI apekSA karatA hai, kyoMki jar3a padArthoM kI kriyAoM ke naitika athavA anaitika hone ke sambandha meM koI vicAra nahIM krtaa| itanA hI nahIM, pAzcAtya-vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM to zubhAzubha vivekakI zakti ke abhAva meM bhI kisI kartA ke karma naitika athavA anaitika nahIM mAne jAte, jaise bAlaka athavA manovikRta kA aacrnn| yadyapi jaina-vicAraNA isa sambandha meM thor3I bhinna dRSTi rakhatI hai| vaha yaha to svIkAra karatI hai ki cetanA ke abhAva meM jar3a padArthoM kI kriyAe~ naitika yA anaitika nahIM hotii| vaha pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ke sAtha isa bAta meM bhI sahamata hai ki naitika viveka-zakti ke vAstavika abhAva meM kisI ke bhI kamoM ko naitika athavA anaitika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, lekina jaina-vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki sabhI caitanya prANiyoM meM mUlataH zubhAzubhakA viveka karane vAlI zakti nihita hai| AtmA aura viveka alaga-alaga nahIM rahate-jahA~ cetanA yA AtmA hai, vahA~ viveka hai hii| aisA koI bhI prANI nahIM, jisameM mUlata: naitikaviveka kA abhAva ho| jaina-vicAraka kahate haiM ki viveka-kSamatA (Capacity) to sabhI meM hai, lekina viveka-yogyatA (Ability) sabameM nahIM hai| naitika-vivekakA astitvasabhI meM hai, lekina usakA prakaTana sabhI meM nahIM hai| kisI prANI ke karmoM kA naitikatA yA anaitikatA kI sImA meM AnA viveka-zakti ke prakaTana para nahIM, varan usake astitva para nirbhara karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, AtmA meM nihita viveka-zakti ko prakaTa na karanA svayaM meM hI sabase bar3I anaitikatA hai| isa prakAra, jahA~ pAzcAtya-vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pAgala bAlaka Adi prANiyoM kA vyavahAra naitikatA kI sImA meM nahIM AtA, vahA~ jainavicArakoM kI dRSTi meM ina sabakA vyavahAra naitikatA kI sImA meM AtA hai| naitika-viveka kSamatA anivArya rUpa se naitika- uttaradAyitva ko le AtI hai| yadi hameM yaha bodha ho sakatA hai ki amuka zubha hai yA amuka azubha hai, to hama zubha kA anusaraNa nahIM karane ke lie aura azubha kA anusaraNa karane ke lie uttaradAyI ThaharAe jA sakate haiN| jaina- vicAraNA AtmA meM jJAna - kSamatA ko svIkAra kara naitika-sAdhya ke bodha, naitika- viveka aura naitika- uttaradAyitva ke pratyayoM ko apane AcAradarzana meM sthAna de detI hai| AtmA apanI isa sImita kSamatA ko naitika jIvana ke mAdhyama se vikasita karate hue anta meM use pUrNa jJAna kI yogyatA (anantajJAna) meM badala letA hai| jJAna ke mAdhyama se hI AtmA kA naitika vikAsa hotA hai aura naitika vikAsa ke dvArA jJAna pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai| 256 - jJAnopayoga pA~ca prakAra kA hai - ( 1 ) matijJAna, ( 2 ) zrutajJAna, (3) avadhijJAna, (4) mana: paryAyajJAna aura (5) kevljnyaan| Adhunika naitika-zabdAvalI meM inheM kramaza: (1) anubhavAtmaka jJAna, (2) bauddhika yA vimarzamUlaka jJAna, (3) aparokSa jJAna yA antardRSTayAtmaka - jJAna, (4) AtmacetanatA aura (5) AtmasAkSAtkAra kaha sakate haiN| Adhunika AcAradarzana meM bhI jJAna ke ina pA~ca prakAroM para AdhArita pA~ca prakAra ke naitika-darzana haiM- (1) anubhavAtmaka-jJAna para AdhArita benthama, mila Adi ke sukhavAdIsiddhAnta, (2) bauddhika - jJAna para AdhArita spInojA aura kAMTa ke buddhimUlaka siddhAnta, (3) aparokSa jJAna yA antardRSTi para AdhArita zaiphTasbarI, hacAsana, mArTinyU, kaDavartha Adi kA sahaja jJAnavAdI - siddhAnta, (4) AtmacetanatA para AdhArita vADanaraphiTe kA mAnavatAvAdI - siddhAnta tathA kirkegArDa kA astitvavAdI siddhAnta aura (5) AtmasAkSAtkAra para AdhArita breDale, grAna Adi ke AtmapUrNatAvAdI siddhAnta / jainavicAraNA jJAna ke ina pA~ca prakAroM ko svIkAra kara uparyukta pA~ca prakAra ke naitikasiddhAntoM ke samanvaya kA acchA AdhAra prastuta karatI hai| (ba) darzanopayoga - darzana jJAna kI prathama bhUmikA hai, yaha cetanA kA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa hai| jaina-darzana meM darzanopayoga cAra prakAra kA hai- (1) cakSudarzana, (2) acakSudarzana, (3) avadhidarzana aura (4) kevaladarzana / Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se inheM kramaza: (1) pratyakSIkaraNa, (2) saMvedanA, (3) atIndriya- pratyakSa aura (4) AtmAnubhUti kahA jA sakatA hai| anubhUti yA sAkSAtkAra niSThA yA zraddhA kA AdhAra hai| jJAna meM sandeha ho sakatA hai, lekina anubhUti meM sandeha nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AtmA kI yaha anubhUtyAtmaka kSamatA (darzanopayoga)

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 257 jaina-nItizAstra meM 'zraddhA' ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gii| zraddhA ke artha meM 'darzana' jainaAcAramImAMsA kA AdhAra hai| yadi AtmA meM anubhUtyAtmaka-kSamatAnahogI, to naitikamUlyoM kA bodha sambhava nahIM hogaa| naitika-mUlya bauddhika nahIM, anubhUtyAtmaka haiN| binA anubhUtyAtmaka-kSamatA ke unakI anubhUti kaise hogI? naitika-Adarza kA bodha isI para nirbhara hai| AtmA kI isa kSamatA ko dRSTi yA niSThA ke rUpa meM bhI dakhA jA sakatA hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM isakI antima pariNati nirvikalpa-samAdhi (zukladhyAna) meM AtmasAkSAtkAra kI avasthA mAnI gaI hai| (sa) Atma-nirNayakIzakti (vIrya) cetanA (upayoga) kA tIsarA pakSasaMkalpAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| ise AtmanirNaya. kI zakti bhI kaha sakate haiN| yaha eka prakAra se saMkalpa-zakti (vIrya) hai| yadi AtmA meM AtmanirNaya kI kSamatA (saMkalpasvAtantrya) nahIM mAnI jAegI, to naitika-uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| AtmanirNaya kI zakti naitika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| usake binA naitika-AdezabhI bAhya ho jAegA aura bAhya naitika-AdezayA bAhya naitikabAdhyatA (External Moral Sanction) naitika-jIvana ko saccA artha nahIM dete haiN| naitika-bAdhyatA yA naitika-Adeza ko Antarika hone ke lie saMkalpa-svAtantrya aura naitika-uttaradAyitva ke lie AtmA meM AtmanirNaya kI zakti Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM upayoga (cetanA) lakSaNa ke antargata jJAnopayoga ke rUpa meM naitika-vivekakSamatA ko, darzanopayoga ke rUpa meM mUlyAtmakaanubhUti kI kSamatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| anantacatuSTaya kI dRSTi se AtmA kI ye tInoM zaktiyA~ anantajJAna, anantadarzana aura anantavIrya ke antargata A jAtI haiN| ye tInoM zaktiyA~ AtmA meM pUrNa rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM, usake svalakSaNa haiM, yadyapi hamAre sImita vyaktitvoM meM ve Avarita yA kuNThita haiN| naitika-jIvana kA lakSya inako pUrNatA kI dizA meM vikasita karanA hai| Ananda jaina-darzana meM Ananda (saukhya) ko bhI AtmA kA svalakSaNa mAnA gayA hai| yadi Ananda AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM mAnA jAegA, to naitika-Adarza zuSka ho jAegA tathA naitika-jIvana meM koI bhAvAtmaka-pakSa nahIM rhegaa| Ananda AtmA kA bhAvAtmaka-pakSa hai| yadi Ananda ko AtmA kA svalakSaNa na mAnakara AtmAse bAhya mAnA jAegA, to naitikajIvana kA sAdhya bhI AtmA se bAhya hogAaura naitikatA Antarika nahIM hokara bAhya tathyoM para nirbhara hogii| yadiAnandakSamatA Atmagata na hokara vastugata hogI, to naitikatA bhautika sukhoM kI upalabdhi para nirbhara hogii| phira, anubhavAtmaka-jIvana meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki

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258 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana Ananda kA pratyaya pUrNatayA bAhya nahIM hotaa| vaha vastuoM kI apekSA hamArI cetanA para nirbhara hotA hai, ata: Ananda ko AtmA kA hI svalakSaNa mAnanA hogaa| jaina-darzana kA dRSTikoNa tarkasaMgata hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM nyAya-vaizeSika evaM sAMkhya vicAraNAe~ saukhya yA Anandako AtmA kAsvalakSaNa nahIM maantii| sAMkhya ke anusAra Ananda sattvaguNa kA pariNAma hai, ata: vaha prakRti kA hI guNa hai, AtmA kA nhiiN| nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana use cetanA para nirbhara mAnate haiM, cU~ki unake anusAra cetanA bhI AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM hokara Agantuka-guNa hai, ata: sukha bhI Agantuka-guNa hai| isa sambandha meM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana ke nikaTa hai| usameM brahma ko sat aura cit ke sAtha-sAtha Anandamaya bhI mAnA gayA hai| AtmA ke ina cAra mUlabhUta lakSaNoM kI carcA ke uparAnta hama jaina-darzana meM AtmAsambandhI anya mAnyatAoM kI carcA tathA unakI naitika samIkSA kreNge| 7. AtmA pariNAmI hai jaina-darzana AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnatA hai aura sAMkhya evaMzAMkara-vedAnta AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnate haiN| buddha ke samakAlIna vicAraka pUrNakAzyapa bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the| AtmA ko apariNAmI (kUTastha) mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA meM koI vikAra, parivartana yA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| pUrNakAzyapa ke siddhAntoM kA varNana bauddha-sAhitya meM isa prakAra milatA hai- 'agara koI kriyA kare, karAe, kATe, kaTavAe, kaSTa de yA dilAe, corI kare, prANiyoM ko mAra DAle, paradArAgamana kare yA asatya bole, to bhI use pApa nahIM lgtaa| tIkSNadhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke mAMsa kA Dhera lagA de, to bhI use koI pApa nahIM, doSa nahIM hotaa| dAna, dharma aura satyabhASaNa se koI puNyaprApti nahIM hotii|'36 isadhAraNA ko dekhakara sahajahIzaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza denevAlA vyakti koI yazasvI, loka-sammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koIdhUrta honA cAhie, lekina pUrNakAzyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ata: yaha nizcita hai ki yaha naitikadRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yaha unake akriya-AtmavAda kA naitika-phalita hai, jo unake virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI, yaha satya hai ki pUrNakAzyapa AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the| unakI ukta mAnyatA kA bhrAnta niSkarSa nikAlakara unheM anaitika-AcaraNa kA samarthaka darzAyA gayA hai| yaha batA pAnA to bar3A kaThina hai ki sAMkhya-paramparA aura pUrNakAzyapa kI yaha paramparA eka hI thI athavA algalg| inameM kauna pUrvavartI thI, isakA bhI nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi dharmAnanda kausambI aura rAhula sAMskRtyAyana yaha siddha karate haiM ki pUrNakAzyapa kI isa paramparA ke

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 259 AdhAra para sAMkhyadarzana aura gItA kI vicAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai|" DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan Adi pUrNakAzyapa ko sAMkhya-paramparA kA hI AcArya mAnate haiN| yahA~ to hamArA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki samAlocya naitika-vicAraNAoM ke vikAsa-kAla meM yaha dhAraNA bhI balavatI thI ki AtmAapariNAmI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI AtmA ke akriyAvAda ko mAnane vAloM kA ullekha hai| kahA gayA hai ki kucha dUsare dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA-karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM karatA, vaha to akartA hai|'39 apariNAmIAtmavAda kInaitika-samIkSA __1. AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnane kI sthiti meM AtmA ke bhAvoM meM parivartana mithyA hogaa| yadi AtmA ke bhAvoM meM vikAra aura parirvatana kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai, to AtmA ko yA to nitya-mukta mAnanA hogA yA nitya-baddha aura donoM avasthAoM meM naitika-jIvana ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jaaegaa| naitika-sAdhanA bandhana se mukti kA prayAsa hai aura yadi bandhana nitya hai, to phira mukti ke lie prayAsa kA koI artha nhiiN| dUsare, yadiAtmA nityamukta hai, to bhI mukti kA prayAsa nirarthaka hI hai| 2. AtmA ko adhikArI mAnane para bandhana kA kAraNa samajhAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki AtmA kA bandhana dUsare ke kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA aura AtmA svayaM avikArI hone se apane bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, ata: spaSTa hai ki apariNAmI AtmavAda bandhana kI samucita vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM hai| 3. naitika-vikAsa aura naitika-patana-donoM Atma-pariNAmavAda kI avasthA meM hI sambhava haiN| zubhatva aura azubhatva-donoM pariNAmI AtmA meM hI ghaTa sakate haiN| 4. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnane para sukha-duHkhAdi bhAvoM ko nahIM ghaTAyA jA sktaa| Atma-apariNAmavAda kI ina kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa hI jaina-vicAraka AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnate haiN| jaina-vicArakoM ne yahamAnA hai ki sat utpAdavyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai, ata: AtmA bhI utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai| isI AdhAra para AtmA meM paryAya-parivartana sambhava hai|aatmaa meM tattva-dRSTi se dhrauvyatA hote hue bhI paryAyadRSTi se usameM parivartana hote rahate haiN| bauddha-darzana bhI parivartana (pariNAmIpana) ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra to caittasika-vRttiyoM yA mAnasika-avasthAoM se bhinna koI AtmA nAmaka tattva hI nahIM hai| buddha aura mahAvIra-donoM ne hI tAtkAlika una mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyA, jo AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnatI thiiN| rahI gItA ke dRSTikoNa kI bAta, to yaha Atma-pariNAmavAda ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| vaha AtmA ko kUTastha-nitya mAnatI hai| isa sambandha meM jaina-dRSTikoNa madhyastha hai| jahA~ bauddha-darzana use mAtra pariNAmI

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (pratikSaNa parivartanazIla) mAnatA hai, vahA~ gItA use kUTastha - nitya kahatI hai| jaina darzana apanI samanvayavAdI-paddhati ke anurUpa use pariNAmI - nitya kahatA hai / pariNAmI - AtmavAda kA prazna AtmA ke kartRtva se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita hai, ataH aba usa para vicAra kreNge| 8. 260 AtmA kartA hai - naitika dRSTi se AtmA hI naitika karmoM kI karttA hai, lekina hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki yaha AtmA kisa artha meM karttA hai| pAzcAtya naitika-vicAraNA meM naitika athavA naitika-karmoM kA kartA manuSya ko mAna liyA gayA hai, ataH vahA~ kartRtva kI samasyA vivAda kA viSaya nahIM rahI hai, lekina bhAratIya paramparA meM yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| bhAratIyavicAraka isa sambandha meM to ekamata haiM ki manuSya naitika-anaitika karmoM kA kartA hai, lekina bhAratIya- vicAraka aura gaharAI meM utre| unhoMne batAyA ki manuSya to bhautika zarIra aura cetana - AtmA ke saMyoga kA pariNAma hai, usameM cit aMza bhI hai aura acit aMza bhI hai, ataH prazna yaha hai ki cit evaM acit aMza meM kauna naitika-karmoM kA karttA evaM uttaradAyI hai ? isa prazna kA uttara tIna prakAra se diyA gyaa| kucha vicArakoM ne acit aMza, acetana jar3aprakRti ko karttA maanaa| sAMkhya- vicArakoM ne batAyA ki jar3a prakRti hI zubhAzubha karmoM kI kartrI hai| vahI naitika- uttaradAyitva ke AdhAra para bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai / 42 zaMkara ne isa kartRtva ko mAyAdhIna pAyA aura use eka bhrAnti maanaa| isa prakAra, sAMkhyadarzana evaM zaMkara ne AtmA ko akarttA kahA, dUsarI ora nyAyavaizeSika Adi vicArakoM ne AtmA ko karttA mAnA, lekina jaina- vicArakoM ne ina donoM ekAntika mAnyatAoM ke madhya kA rAstA cunaa| jaina AcAragranthoM meM yaha vacana bahutAyata se upalabdha hote haiM ki AtmA kartA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA hI sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai / 12 yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki sira kATanevAlA zatru bhI utanA apakAra nahIM karatA, jitanA durAcaraNa meM pravRtta apanI AtmA karatI hai| 43 yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmA ko akarttA mAnane vAle logoM kI AlocanA karate hue spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai- kucha dUsare (loga) to dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA - karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM karatA, vaha to akarttA hai| ina vAdiyoM ko satya jJAna kA patA nahIM aura na unheM dharma kA hI bhAna hai| 44 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra ko nAva aura jIva ko nAvika kahakara jIva para naitika-karmoM kA uttaradAyitva DAlA gayA hai| 45 lekina ukta sandarbhoM ke AdhAra para yaha samajha lenA nitAnta bhramapUrNa hogA ki jainaAcAradarzana AtmakartRtvavAda ko mAnatA hai, kyoMki ekAntika rUpa meM mAnA gayA

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 261 AtmakartRtvavAda bhI naitika-samIkSA kI kasauTI para doSapUrNa utaratA hai| ekAnta-kartRtvavAda ke doSa 1. yadi AtmA ko ekAnta rUpa se karmoM kA kartA mAnA jAe, to kartRtva usakA svalakSaNa honA cAhie aura aisI sthiti meM nirvANAvasthA meM bhI usameM kartRtva rhegaa| yadi karttApana AtmA kA svalakSaNa hai, to vaha kabhI chUTa nahIM sakatA aura chUTa sakatA hai, vaha svalakSaNa nahIM ho sktaa| 2. jisa prakAra svarNa svarNAbhUSaNa kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, rajatAbhUSaNa kA nahIM; usI prakAra yadi AtmA ko kartA mAnA jAe, to vaha mAtra caittasika-avasthAoM kA hI kartA siddha ho sakatA hai, jar3a (bhautika) karmoM kA kartA nhiiN| jaina naitikavicAraNA meM AtmA ko karmoM kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai, lekina jainAcArya kundakunda ne svayaM hI prazna kiyA hai ki karma to jar3a haiM aura AtmA cetana, donoM bhinna haiM; phira AtmA ko jar3a karmoM kA kartA kaise mAnA jAe ? AtmA jar3a meM nahIM aura jar3a AtmA meM nahIM, phira vaha cetana AtmA jar3a karmoM kA kartA kaise ho sakatA hai ? tapta lauha-piNDa meM agni rahate hue bhI vaha usakA kartA yA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatI, vastuta: to vahA~ bhI lauha lauha meM hai aura agniagni meN| 3. AtmA ko svalakSaNa kI dRSTi se kartA mAnane para mukti kI sambhAvanA hI samApta hojAegI, kyoMki yadi kartRtva svalakSaNa hai, to mokSadazA meM bhI rahegA aura isake kAraNa use bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA banI rhegii| Atma-kartRtvake sambandha meM kundakunda ke vicAra ina AkSepoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue mahAvIra ke paravartI kucha jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI jaba AtmakartRtvakI isa samasyA kI gahana samIkSA kI, to unhoMne bhI yaha kaha diyA ki AtmA kartA nhiiN| AcArya kundakundane samayasAra meM eka gahana samIkSA ke pazcAt spaSTa rUpa se kaha diyA ki jIva (AtmA) akartA hai, guNa hI karmoM ke kartA haiN|" jo jAnatA hai ki AtmA (karmoM kA) kartA nahIM hai, vahI (saccA) jJAnI hai| AtmA ko dharma (zubha) athavA pApa (azubha) Adi ke vaicArika-pariNAmoM kA kartA kahA jAtA hai, lekina vaha kisI bhI prakAra kartA nahIM hotA hai, jo isa prakAra jAnatA hai, vahI jJAnI hai| isa prakAra, AcArya kundakunda Atma-kartRtva kI mAnyatA kA spaSTa niSedha karate haiM, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki yaha vicAraNA AcArya kI svayaM kI hai aura pUrvavartI sAhitya meM isakA koI ullekha nahIM hai| sarvAdhika prAcIna jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI aisA saMketa milatA hai ki jo guNa (indriyaviSaya) hai, vahI bandhana hai| isa prakAra, yahA~ bhI bandhana athavA kartRtva kA uttaradAyitvaAtmA para nahIM, varan guNoM (indriyaviSayoM) para DAlA gayA hai| pUrvavartI bandhana

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262 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apane vipAka meM nayA bandhana arjita karatA hai aura yaha paramparA calatI rahatI hai, AtmA to kahIM bIca meM AtA hI nahIM hai| phira use kartA kaise mAnA jAe? isa prakAra, jahA~ eka ora aneka jainAcAryoM ne AtmAko kartA kahA, vahA~ kundakunda ne usake akartRtva para bala diyaa| ina paraspara-virodhI do dRSTikoNoM kA kathana hama eka hI AcAradarzana meM pAte haiM, lekina donoM hI dRSTikoNa sApekSa rUpa meM satya haiM, kyoMki yadi AtmA ko ekAntarUpa se akartA mAnA jAe, to bhI naitika-dRSTi se kucha samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ekAnta-akartRtvavAda ke doSa 1. yadi AtmA akartA hai, to use zubhAzubha karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA skegaa| 2. yadiAtmAakartA hai, to zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA bhI nahIM hogA aura zubhAzubha kA kartA nahIM hone se vaha bandhana meM nahIM aaegaa| 3. uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA kA pratyaya arthahIna hotA hai, yadi AtmA ko akartA mAnA jAe, to uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| 4. naitika-Adeza kisI kartA kI apekSA karate haiN| yadi AtmA akartA hai, to naitika-Adeza kisake lie haiM ? 5. mukti yadinaitika-AcaraNa kA pariNAma hai, to akartA AtmA ke lie usakA kyA artha rahegA? niSkarSa _AtmakartRtvavAda aura Atma-akartRtvavAda ke viSaya meM AcArya kundakunda kA dRSTikoNa bhI ekAMgI nahIM, kyoMki ekAntika-mAnyatAoM se isakA samyak nirAkaraNa nahIM ho sktaa| AcArya ne samayasAra meM lagabhaga 75 gAthAoM meM isa samasyA kI gahana samIkSA prastuta kI hai| AcArya bhI kartRtva aura akartRtva ke vivAda kA samAdhAna sApekSadRSTi ke AdhAra para hI karate haiM, unake sAre nirNayoM ko nimna tIna dRSTikoNoM meM abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. vyavahAradRSTi kI apekSA se AtmA zarIra ke sahayoga se (kriyAoM kA) kartA hai| jaba taka AtmA karma-zarIra se yukta hai, vaha karmoM kA kartA hai aura usa sthiti taka zubhAzubha karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI bhI hai| 2. paryAyArthika-nizcayadRSTi (azuddhanizcayanaya) ke anusAra AtmA jar3a karmoM kAkartA nahIM hai, varan mAtra karmapudgala ke nimitta se apane caitasika-bhAvoM (adhyavasAya) kA kartA hai| 3. zuddhanizcayanaya yA dravyArthika (paramArtha) dRSTi se AtmA akartA hai|"

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 263 bauddha-dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA bauddha-darzana anAtmavAdI hai| usameM AtmakartRtvavAda kI samasyA hI nahIM hai| vaha cetanA ke kartRtva ko svIkAra karatA hai evaM cetanA yA manovRtti ke AdhAra para hI karmoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA naitika-nirNaya karatA hai, lekina usakI vaha cetanA to pravAha hai, ata: jise naitika yA anaitika-karmoM kA kartA mAnA jAe athavA uttaradAyI banAyA jAe, aisI koI cetanA baca nahIM rhtii| nadI ke pravAha meM DubAnevAlI jala-dhArA ke samAna vaha to parivartanazIla hai| vAstavika dRSTi se dekheM, to DUbane kI kriyA mAtra hai, DubAnevAlA koI nhiiN| kriyA sampanna hone taka bhI jisakA astitva nahIM rahatA, use kartA kaise kahA jAe ? phira bhI, vyAvahArika-dRSTi se vyakti ko kartA mAnA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM, apane se utpanna, apane se kiyA pApa, apane karttA durbuddhi manuSya ko vaise hI vidIrNa kara detA hai, jaise maNi ko vajra kATa detA hai| apane se kiyA pApa apane ko hI malina karatA hai, apane se pApa nahIM kare, to svayaM hI zuddha rahatA hai| zuddhi-azuddhi pratyeka kIalaga hai, dUsarA dUsare ko zuddha nahIM kara sktaa| isa prakAra, naitika-jIvana kI dRSTi se bauddha-darzana 'pravAhI AtmA' ko kartA evaM uttaradAyI mAnatA hai| gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA kUTastha-AtmavAda ko mAnatI hai| gItA meM aise vacanoM kA abhAva nahIM hai, jo AtmA ke akartRtvako sUcita karate haiN| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki jo puruSa sampUrNa karmoM ko saba prakAra se prakRti se hI kie hue dekhatA hai tathA AtmA ko akartA dekhatA hai, vahI samyak draSTA hai| sampUrNa karma prakRti ke guNoM dvArA kie hue haiM, to bhI ahaMkAra se mohita anta:karaNavAlA puruSa 'maiM kartA hU~'- aisA mAna letA hai|" he arjuna! guNavibhAga aura karmavibhAga ke tattva ko jAnanevAlA jJAnI puruSa, sampUrNa guNa guNoM meM vartate haiM- aisA mAnakara Asakta nahIM hotaa| guNAtIta hone se yaha avinAzI paramAtmA zarIra meM sthita hote hue bhI vAstava meM na karatA hai (aura) na lipta hotA hai| isa prakAra, gItA meM AtmA ko akartA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI, gItokta naitikaAdezoM kA pAlana nahIM karane se pratyutpanna uttaradAyitva kI saMgata vyAkhyA AtmAke kartRtva ko mAne binA nahIM ho paatii| gItA meM AtmA ko akartA kahane kA artha itanA hI hai ki prakRti se bhinna vizuddha AtmAakartA hai| AtmA kA kartRtva prakRti ke saMyoga se hI hai| jaise jaina-darzana meM tattvadRSTi se akartAAtmA meM karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se kartRtvabhAvamAnA gayA hai, vaise hI gItA meM bhI akartA AtmA meM prakRti ke saMyoga se kartRtva kA AropaNa ho sakatA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to gItA kA dRSTikoNaAcArya kundakunda ke dRSTikoNake atyadhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai!60

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264 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AtmAbhoktA hai yadinaitika-jIvana ke lie AtmA ko kartA mAnanA Avazyaka hai, to use bhoktA bhI mAnanA par3egA, kyoMki jo karmoM kA kartA hai, use hI unake phaloM kA bhoga bhI karanA caahie| jaise AtmA kA kartRtva karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se sambhava hai, vaise hI AtmA kA bhoktatva bhI karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se hI sambhava hai| kartRtva aura bhoktRtva-donoM hI zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM pAe jAte haiM, muktAtmA yA zuddhAtmA meM nhiiN| bhoktRtva vedanIya-karma ke kAraNa hI sambhava hai| jaina-darzana AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI sApekSa-dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM svIkAra karatA hai| 1. vyAvahArika-dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA bhoktA hai| 2. azuddhanizcayanaya yA paryAyadRSTi se AtmA mAnasika-anubhUtiyoM kA vedaka hai| 3. paramArthadRSTi se AtmA bhoktA aura vedaka nahIM, mAtra draSTA yA sAkSI svarUpa hai| naitika-dRSTi se bhoktRtva karma aura usake pratiphala ke saMyoga ke lie Avazyaka hai| jo kartA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se unake phaloM kA bhoktA bhI hai, anyathA karma aura usake phalabhoga meM anivArya sambandha siddha nahIM ho skegaa| aisI sthiti meM naitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAegA, ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki AtmA bhoktA hai, lekina AtmA kAbhoktA honA buddhAtmA yA sazarIra AtmA ke lie hI samucita hai| muktAtmA bhoktA nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAkSIsvarUpayA draSTA hotA hai| gItA aura bauddha-darzanabhIsazarIra jIvAtmA meM bhoktRtva ko svIkAra karate haiN| 10. AtmAsvadeha-pariNAma hai yadyapi jaina-vicAraNA meM AtmAoM ko rUpa, rasa, varNa, gandha, sparza Adi se vivarjita kahA gayA hai, tathApi AtmA ko zarIrAkAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpase do dRSTiyA~ haiM : eka ke anusAra AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApI) hai, dUsarI ke anusAra aNu hai| sAMkhya, nyAya aura advaita-vedAnta AtmA ko vibhu mAnate haiM aura rAmAnuja aNu mAnate haiN| jaina-darzana kI isa sambandha meM madhyasthadRSTi hai| usake anusAra, AtmA aNubhI hai aura vibhubhii| vaha sUkSma itanA hai ki eka AkAza-pradeza ke anantaveM bhAga ke barAbara hai aura vibhu hai, to itanA hai ki samagra loka ko vyApta kara sakatA hai| jaina-darzana AtmA meM saMkoca-vistAra ko svIkAra karatA hai aura isa AdhAra para AtmA ko svadehapariNAma mAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka kA prakAza choTe kamare meM rahane para choTe kamare ko aura bar3e kamare meM rahane para bar3e kamare ko prakAzita karatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI jisa deha meM rahatA hai, use caitanyAbhibhUta kara detA hai| AtmAke vibhutvakI naitika-samIkSA 1. yadi AtmA vibhu (sarvavyApaka) hai, to vaha dUsare zarIroM meM bhI hogA, phira una

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 265 zarIroM ke karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hogaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki AtmA dUsare zarIroM meM nahIM hai, to phira vaha sarvavyApaka nahIM hogaa| 2. yadi AtmA vibhu hai, to dUsare zarIroM meM honevAle sukha-duHkha ke bhoga se kaise baca sakegA? 3. vibhu AtmA ke siddhAnta meM kauna AtmA kisa zarIra kA niyAmaka hai, yaha batAnA kaThina hai| vastutaH, naitika-jIvana ke lie pratyeka zarIra meM eka AtmA kA siddhAnta hI saMgata ho sakatA hai, tAki usa zarIra ke karmoM ke AdhAra para use uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jA ske| 4. AtmA kI sarvavyApakatA kA siddhAnta anekAtmavAda ke sAtha kathamapi saMgata nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI ora, anekAtmavAda ke abhAva meM naitika-jIvana kI saMgata vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| yadyapi gItA paramAtmA ko vibhu mAnatI hai, lekina use jIvAtmA ke rUpa meM sampUrNa zarIra meM sthita tathAekazarIra se dUsare zarIra meM saMkramaNa karanevAlAbhI mAnatI hai| 11. AtmAe~ aneka haiM AtmA eka hai yA aneka-yaha dArzanika-dRSTi se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura pratyeka zarIra kI AtmA bhinna hai| yadi AtmA ko eka mAnA jAtA hai, to naitika-dRSTi se aneka samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ekAtmavAda kI naitika-samIkSA __1. AtmA ko eka mAnane para sabhI jIvoM kI mukti aura bandhana eka sAtha hoNge| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI zarIradhAriyoM ke naitika-vikAsa evaM patana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ bhI yugapad hoMgI, lekina aisAto dikhatA nhiiN| naitika-stara bhI saba prANiyoM kAalaga-alaga hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka vyakti mukta ho cuke haiM aura aneka abhI bandhana meM haiN| 2. AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktika naitika-prayAsoM kA mUlya samApta ho jaaegaa| yadi AtmA eka hI hai, to vyaktigata prayAsoM evaM kriyAoM se na to usakI mukti sambhava hogI na vaha bandhana meM hI aaegaa| 3. AtmA ke eka mAnane para naitika-uttaradAyitva tathA tajanita puraskAra aura daNDa kI vyavasthA kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jaaegaa| sArAMza meM, AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktikatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaiyaktikatA ke abhAva meM naitika-vikAsa, naitikauttaradAyitva aura puruSArtha Adi naitika-pratyayoM kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, isIlie vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki sukha-duHkha, janma-maraNa, bandhana-mukti Adi ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai| sAMkhyakArikA meM bhI janma-maraNa, indriyoM kI vibhinnatAoM, pratyeka kI alaga-alaga

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266 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pravRtti aura svabhAva yA naitika-vikAsa kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI anekatA siddha kI gaI hai| anekAtmavAda kI naitikakaThinAI anekAtmavAda naitika-jIvana ke lie vaiyaktikatA kA pratyaya to prastuta kara detA hai, tathApi aneka AtmAe~ mAnane para bhI kucha naitika-kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ina naitika kaThinAiyoM meM pramukhatama yaha hai ki naitikatA kA samagra prayAsa jisa ahaM ke visarjana ke lie hai, usIahaM (vaiyaktikatA) ko hI yaha AdhArabhUta banA detA hai| anekAtmavAda meM ahaM kabhI bhI pUrNatayA visarjita nahIM ho sktaa| isI ahaM se rAga aura Asakti kA janma hotA hai| ahaM tRSNA kA hI eka rUpa hai, 'maiM' bhI bandhana hI hai| jaina-darzanakA niSkarSa - jaina-darzana ne isa samasyA kA bhI anekAntadRSTi se sundara hala prastuta kiyA hai| usake anusAra, AtmAekabhI hai aura aneka bhii| samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA eka hai| anyatra use aneka (bhI) kahA gayA hai| TIkAkAroM ne isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA ki AtmA dravyApekSA se eka hai, paryAyApekSAse aneka; jaise sindhu kA jala na eka hai, na aneka, vaha jalarAzi kI dRSTi se eka hai aura jala-binduoM kI dRSTi se anekbhii| samasta jala-bindu apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue usajalarAzise abhinna hI haiN| usI prakAra, ananta cetana AtmAe~ apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue bhI apane cetanA-svabhAva ke kAraNa eka cetana Atmadravya hI haiN| mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna bar3e sundara DhaMga se TIkAkAroM ke pahale hI kara diyA thaa| ve somila nAmaka brAhmaNa ko apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM, 'he somila! dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana-rUpa do paryAyoM kI pradhAnatA se maiM do huuN| kabhI nyUnAdhika nahIM honevAle AtmapradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita huuN| tInoM kAloM meM badalate rahane vAle upayoga-svabhAva kI dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN|'71 isa prakAra, mahAvIra jahA~ eka ora dravyadRSTi (Substancial view) se AtmA ke ekatva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora, paryAyArthika-dRSTi se ekahI jIvAtmA meM cetana-paryAyoM ke pravAha ke rUpase aneka vyaktitvoM kI saMkalpanA ko bhI svIkAra karazaMkara ke advaitavAda aura bauddha kSaNika-AtmavAda kI khAI ko pATane kI koziza karate haiN| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraka AtmAoM meM guNAtmaka antara nahIM mAnate haiM, lekina vicAra kI dizA meM kevala sAmAnya dRSTi se kAma nahIM calatA, vizeSa dRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM vicAra kI do dRSTiyA~ haiM aura donoM kA apanA mahatva hai| mahAsAgara kI jalarAzi sAmAnya dRSTi se eka hai, lekina vizeSa dRSTi se vahI jalarAzi

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 267 aneka jala-binduoM kA samUha pratIta hotI hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke viSaya meM hai| cetanAparyAyoM kI vizeSa dRSTi se AtmAe~ aneka haiM auracetanAdravya kI dRSTi se AtmAeka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra Atmadravya eka prakAra kA hai, lekina usameM ananta vaiyaktika-AtmAoM kI sattA hai| itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka vaiyaktika-AtmA bhI apanI parivartanazIla caittasika avasthAoM ke AdhAra para svayaM bhI eka sthira ikAI na hokara pravAhazIla ikAI hai| jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA caritra yA vyaktitva parivartanazIla hai| vaha dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM meM badalatA rahatA hai, phira bhI vaha vahI rahatA hai| hamAre meM bhI aneka vyaktitva banate aura bigar3ate rahate haiM, phira bhI ve hamAre hI aMga haiM, isa AdhAra para hama unake lie uttaradAyI bane rahate haiN| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana abheda meM bheda, ekatva meM anekatva kI dhAraNA ko sthAna dekara naitikatA ke lie eka Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa __ bauddha-darzana aneka cittapravAhoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki isa jagat meM aneka cittadhArAe~ haiN| pratyeka vyaktitva eka svatantra cittapravAha hai| 'ka' ka, ka, ka.. ka ke rUpa meM eka cittapravAha hai, to 'kha' kha, kha2,kha,kha, ke rUpa meM dUsarA cittapravAha hai| jagat kA pratyeka prANI eka aisA hI cittapravAha hai| jaina-darzana jinheM jIva kI paryAyaavasthAoM kI dhArA kahatA hai, bauddha-darzana use cittapravAha kahatA hai| jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM pratyeka jIva alaga hai, usI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM pratyeka cittapravAha alaga hai| jaise bauddha-darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM AlayavijJAna hai, vaise jaina-darzana meM Atmadravya hai; yadyapi ina sabameM rahe hue tAttvika-antara ko vistRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___gItA meM jIvAtmAoM kI anekatA svIkRta hai, lekina unheM paramAtmA kA aMzamAnA gayA hai| isa artha meM tAttvika-AtmA ko eka hI mAnA hai| phira bhI, sAdhAraNa artha meM jIvAtmAoM kI anekatA aura unake svatantra vyaktitvoM kI dhAraNA gItA meM svIkRta hai| zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM kivAstava meMnatoaisAhI hai kimaiM kisIkAla meM nahIM thA, athavAtUnahIM thA, athavA yesabhI rAjA loga nahIMtheaura naaisAhI hai ki isase Agehamasaba nahIM rheNge| isase spaSTatayA yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki gItA aneka svatantra vyaktitvoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| sAMkhya-dArzanikoM ne bhIAtmAkIanekatAko svIkAra kiyaahai| unhoMne anekatA ke lie tIna tarka die haiM- (1) janma, mRtyu, indriyoM evaM zarIroM kI vibhinnatA (2) pratyeka vyakti kI bhinna-bhinna pravRttiyA~ (kriyAkalApa) aura (3) vyaktiyoM ke svabhAvoM kI bhinnatA, jo unameM sattva, raja aura tamakIasamAnatA ke kAraNa hotI hai| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM kevala advaita-vedAnta tathA cArvAka-darzana ko chor3akara sabhI ne pratyeka prANI kI AtmA kI svatantra

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268 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vastuta:, naitika-jIvana ke lie vyaktitva kI svatantra sattA Avazyaka hai| hAphaDiMga likhate haiM ki naitika-jIvana vyaktigata jIvana hai| naitika-Adarza kI prApti vyakti apane vyaktigata jIvana meM karatA hai| agara vyakti kA yA usakI naitikaAtmA kA paramAtmA meM vilaya ho jAe, to usake naitika-jIvana kA anta ho jaaegaa| naitika-jIvana hamezA vyaktigata hotA hai| usakA na prakRti meM vilaya ho sakatA hai aura na paramAtmA meN| isa prakAra naitika-jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke lie aneka AtmAoM (vyaktitvoM) kI dhAraNA hI eka tarkasaMgata siddhAnta ho sakatA hai| 12. AtmA ke bheda ___ jaina-darzana aneka AtmAoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha pratyeka AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para usake bheda karatA hai| jaina-AgamoM meM vibhinna pakSoM kI apekSA se AtmA ke ATha bheda kie gae haiN| 1. dravyAtmA- AtmA kA taattvik-svruup| 2. kaSAyAtmA- krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM yA manovegoM se yukta cetanA kI avsthaa| 3. yogAtmA-zarIra se yukta hone para cetanA kI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasikakriyAoM kI avsthaa| ___ 4. upayogAtmA-AtmA kIjJAnAtmaka aura anubhuutyaatmk-shktiyaaN| yaha AtmA kA cetanAtmaka-vyApAra hai| 5. jJAnAtmA- cetanA kI viveka aura tarka kI shkti| 6. darzanAtmA- cetanA kI bhaavaatmk-avsthaa| 7. cAritrAtmA- cetanA kI sNklpaatmk-shkti| 8. vIryAtmA- cetanA kI kriyaatmk-shkti| uparyukta ATha prakAroM meM dravyAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA aura darzanAtmA-ye cAra tAttvika-AtmA ke svarUpa ke hI dyotaka haiM, zeSa cAra kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, cAritrAtmA aura vIryAtmA-ye cAroM AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita svarUpa ke nidarzaka haiN| tAttvika-AtmA dravya kI apekSA se nitya hotI hai, yadyapi usameM jJAnAdi kI paryAyeM hotI rahatI haiN| anubhavAdhArita AtmAcetanA kIzarIrase yukta avsthaahai| yaha parivartanazIla evaM vikArayukta hotI hai| AtmA ke bandhanakA prazna bhI isI anubhavAdhArita AtmA se sambandhita hai| vibhinna darzanoM meM Atma-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM jo pArasparika-virodha dikhAI detA hai, vaha AtmA ke ina pakSoM meM kisI pakSavizeSa para bala dene ke kAraNa hotA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM bauddhadarzana ne AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita pakSa para adhika bala diyA, jabaki sAMkhya aura zAMkara

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 269 vedAnta ne AtmA ke tAtvika svarUpa para hI apanI dRSTi kendrita kI hai| jaina-darzana donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra kara unake bIca samanvaya kA kArya karatA hai| naitika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se kaha sakate haiM ki yaha anubhavAdhArita yA vyAvahArika-AtmA naitika-sAdhaka hai aura anubhavAtIta zuddhadravyAtmA naitika-sAdhya hai| viveka-kSamatAke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda viveka-kSamatA kI dRSTi se AtmAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gaI haiM- (1) samanaska, (2) amnsk| samanaska-AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM viveka-kSamatAyukta mana upalabdha hai aura amanaska-AtmAe~ ve haiM, jinheM aisA viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka naitika-jIvana ke kSetra kA prazna hai, samanaska-AtmAe~ hI naitika-AcaraNa kara sakatI haiM aura ve hI naitika-sAdhya kI upalabdhi kara sakatI haiM, kyoMki viveka-kSamatAse yukta mana kI upalabdhi hone para hI AtmA meM zubhAzubha kA viveka karane kI kSamatA hotI hai, sAtha hI isI vivekabuddhi ke AdhAra para ve vAsanAoM kA saMyamana bhI kara sakatI haiN| jina AtmAoM meM aisI viveka-kSamatA kA abhAva hai, unameM saMyama kI kSamatA kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isalie ve naitika-pragati bhI nahIM kara sktiiN| naitika-jIvana ke lie AtmA meM viveka aura saMyamadonoM kA honA Avazyaka hai aura vaha kevala paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI unhIM meM sambhava hai, jo samanaska haiN| yahA~ jaivika-AdhAra para bhI AtmA ke vargIkaraNa para vicAra apekSita hai, kyoMki jaina-dharma kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bahuta kucha usI para nirbhara hai| jaivika-AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina-darzana ke anusAra jaivika-AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa nimna tAlikA se spaSTa ho sakatA hai jIva trasa sthAvara paMcendriya caturindriya trIndriya dvIndriya pRthvIkAya apakAya tejaskAya vAyukAya vanaspatikAya jaivika-dRSTi se jaina-paramparA meM dasa prANa-zaktiyA~ mAnI gaI haiN| sthAvara-ekendriya jIvoM meM cArazaktiyA~ hotI haiM- (1) sparza-anubhava-zakti, (2) zArIrika-zakti, (3) jIvana (Ayu)-zakti aura (4) shvsn-shkti| dvIndriya jIvoM meM ina cAra zaktiyoM ke atirikta svAda aura vANI kI zakti bhI hotI hai| trIndriya jIvoM meM ina cha: zaktiyoM ke sAtha hI gandhagrahaNa kI kSamatA bhI hotI hai| caturindriya jIvoM meM ina sAta zaktiyoM ke

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270 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana atirikta dekhane kI sAmarthya bhI hotI hai| paMcendriya amanaska-jIvoM meM ina ATha zaktiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zravaNa-zakti bhI hotI hai aura samanaska paMcendriya jIvoM meM inake atirikta manaHzakti bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana meM kula dasa jaivika-zaktiyA~ yA prANazaktiyA~ mAnI gaI haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpatva aura bahutva Adi kA vicAra inhIM jaivika-zaktiyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai| jitanI adhika prANa-zaktiyoM se yukta prANI kI hiMsA kI jAtI hai, vaha utanI hI bhayaMkara samajhI jAtI hai| gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina-paramparA meM gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIva cAra prakAra ke mAne gae haiM- (1) deva, (2) manuSya, (3) pazu (tiryaJca) aura (4) naark| jahA~ taka zakti aura kSamatA kA prazna hai, deva kA sthAna manuSya se U~cA mAnA gayA hai, lekina jahA~ taka naitika-sAdhanA kI bAta hai, jaina-paramparA manuSyajanma ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnatI hai| usake anusAra, mAnavajIvana hI aisA jIvana hai, jisase mukti yA naitika-pUrNatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI siddha ho sakatA hai, anya koI nhiiN| bauddha-paramparA ke anusAra eka deva binA mAnava-janma grahaNa kie devagati se hI nirvANa-lAbha kara sakatA hai, jabaki jainaparamparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI nirvANa kA adhikArI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-paramparA mAnavajanmako carama mUlyavAn banA detI hai| isa prakAra, AtmA ke svarUpa kA naitika-dRSTi se vivecana karane ke pazcAt agale adhyAya meM hama AtmAkIamaratA kI naitika-mAnyatA ke sambandha meM vicAra karane kA prayatna kreNge| laM - sandarbha graMtha1. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 1/3/28. 2. visuddhimagga, uddhRta-bauddha-darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, prathama bhAga, pR. 511. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1575. vahI, 1571. vahI, 1557. jaina-darzana, pR. 154. AcArAMga, 1/5/5/166. brahmasUtra, zAMkarabhASya, 3/1/7. vahI, 1/1/2. 10. brahmasUtra,zAMkarabhASya, 3/2/21; tulanA kIjie-AcArAMga, 1/5/5. -

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 271 15. 11. pazcimI darzana, pR. 106. 12. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1558. 13. nyAyavArtika, pR. 366 (AtmamImAMsApR. 2 para uddhRta). sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA, 1/1/8. jaina-darzana, pR. 157. gItA, 2/16. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA, 1/1/8. dI necara Aphaselpha, pR. 141-143. anekAnta, jUna 1942. taTa do pravAha eka, pR. 54. bhagavatIsUtra, 13/7/495. samayasAra, 27. saMyuktanikAya, 12/135. gItA, 2/22. vahI, 13/1. 26. vahI, 13/26. nItizAstra, pR. 281-282. vahI, pR. 283 para uddhRta. pramANanayatattvAloka, 7/56. 30. (a) tattvArthasUtra, 2/8. (ba) uttarAdhyayana, 28/11. nandisUtra, sUtra 42. libarezana, pR. 93 para uddhRta. 33. naiSadhacaritra, 17,75. tattvArthasUtra, 2/9. sama prAbalemsa ina jaina sAikolAjI, pR.4. majjhimanikAya, cUlasAropamasutta. bhagavAna buddha, pR. 184. 38. vahI. 39. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/13. sAMkhyakArikA, 56-57. 41. vahI, 62. 42. uttarAdhyayana, 20/37. 43. vahI, 20/48.

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272 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 49 2 44. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/13-21. 45. uttarAdhyayana, 23/73; tulanA kIjie kaThopaniSad, 1/3/3. 46. samayasAra, 130-140; samayasAraTIkA, kalaza 19. 47. vahI, 112. 48. vahI, 75. je guNe se AvaTTe je AvaTTe se guNe/-AcArAMga, 1/1/5. 50. samayasAra, kartRkarmAdhikAra, 70-144. vahI, 84. vahI, 81-83. vahI, 92. dhammapada, 161. 55. vahI, 165. 56. gItA, 13/29. vahI, 3/27. vahI, 3/28. vahI, 13/31. samayasAra 112; gItA, 3/27-28. samayasAra, 81-92. kramaza: nigoda evaM kevalIsamudghAta kI avasthA meM. gItA, 2/24. vahI, 13/32. vahI, 15/8. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1582. sAMkhyakArikA, 18. samavAyAMga, 1/1; sthAnAMga, 1/1. bhagavatIsUtra, 2/1. samavAyAMgaTIkA, 1/1. 71. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/8/10. 72. gItA, 15/7. 73. vahI, 6/6, 13/30-31. vahI, 2/12. 75. sAMkhyakArikA, 18. 76. pazcimI darzana, pR. 219. 77. bhagavatIsUtra, 12/10/467. 61. 74.

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AtmA kI amaratA 273 8 AtmA kI amaratA AtmA kI amaratA kA prazna naitikatA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| pAzcAtyavicAraka kAMTa AtmA kI amaratA ko naitika-jIvana kI saMgata avasthA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM ke prAcIna yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| usa yuga meM yaha prazna AtmA kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke rUpa meM, athavA zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM bahucarcita rahA hai| vastuta:, Atma-astitva ko lekara dArzanikoM meM itanA vivAda nahIM hai, vivAda kA viSaya hai- AtmA kI nityatA aura anitytaa| yaha viSaya tattvajJAna kI apekSA bhI naitika-darzana se adhika sambandhita hai| jainavicArakoM ne naitika-vyavasthA ko pramukha mAnakara usake AdhAra para hI AtmA kI nityatA aura anityatA kI samasyA kA hala khojane kI koziza kI, ata: yaha dekhanA bhI upayogI hogA ki AtmA ko nitya athavA anitya mAnane para naitika-dRSTi se kauna-sI kaThinAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| 1. anitya-AtmavAda anitya-AtmavAdakobhUtAtmavAda, dehAtmavAdaaura ucchedavAda bhI kahA jAtA hai| cArvAka-darzana aura ajitakezakambala isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate haiN| inake anusAra, AtmA svatantra tattva nahIM hai, varan usakI utpatti bhUtoM ke yoga se hotI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM isa siddhAnta kA ullekha isa rUpa meM milatA hai ki kucha logoM ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAza-ye pA~ca mahAbhUta haiN| ina paMca mahAbhUtoM ke yoga se AtmA utpanna hotI hai aura inakA vinAza ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtI hai|'' uttarAdhyayana meM yahI bAta ina zabdoM meM hai, 'zarIra meM jIva svata: utpanna hotA hai aura zarIra naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA hai, bAda meM nahIM rahatA hai| bauddhAgamoM meM prastuta ajitakezakambala kI vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai| jaba maratA hai (zarIra kI) pRthvI pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, agni agni meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAte haiN| mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita, zarIra chor3ane para sabhI ucchinna ho jAte haiN| ekAnta-anitya-AtmavAda kI naitika-samIkSA naitika-darzana kI dRSTi se tarka kI kasauTI para anitya-AtmavAda ke prati nimna AkSepa prastuta kie jA sakate haiM

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274 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. aneka azubha kRtyoM kA phala isa jIvana meM nahIM mila pAtA hai| yadi AtmA deha ke sAtha naSTa ho jAtA hai, to phira avazeSa kRtyoM kA phala milanA sambhava nahIM hogaa| yadi sabhI zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala nahIM mila pAtA hai, to naitika-avyavasthA utpanna hogii| dUsare, yadi zubhAzubha kI phalaprApti kA AkarSaNa aura bhaya sAmAnya vyakti ko nahIM ho, to vahana to zubhAcaraNa kI ora prerita hogA, na azubhAcaraNa se vimukha hogaa| sampUrNa zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala prApta hotA hai, karmavAda ke isa siddhAnta ko lakSya meM rakhakara hameM AtmA kI nityatA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki anitya-AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika-dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI hai| usake AdhAra para karmavipAka evaM karmaphala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| 2. vAsanAoM aura karttavya ke saMgharSa para vijaya prApta karanA hI naitikatA hai, parantu yaha kArya itanA kaThina hai ki eka sImita jIvana meM use pUrNa karanA sambhava nahIM hai| anityaAtmavAda ko mAnane para dUsare jIvana kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM rahegI aura naitikatA ke dhyeya ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA skegaa| 3. saMsAra meM aneka vyaktiyoM ko janma se hI mAnasika, zArIrika evaM bhautikaupalabdhiyA~ evaM vikAsa ke avasara prApta hote haiM, jabaki anekoM ko prayAsa karane para bhI saphalatA nahIM mila paatii| yaha saba upalabdhi yA anupalabdhi mAtra vartamAna jIvana kA to kAraNa nahIM ho sktii| yadi yaha akAraNa hai, to jagat meM kAraNa-niyama kI sArvabhaumikatA nahIM hogI aura yadisakAraNa hai, to dehAtmavAda athavA anityAtmavAda ke AdhArapara usakA kAraNa nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| 4. dehAtmavAda mAnane para zarIra kI sabhI upAdhiyA~ AtmA kI upAdhiyA~ hoMgI aura taba zArIrika-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ko hI naitika mAnanA par3egA tathA kisI bhI ucca naitikasiddhAnta kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hogii| 5.zarIra hI AtmA hai, aisA mAnane para zArIrika-zaktiyA~ hI vyavahAra kI preraka hoMgI aura naitikatA meM niyativAda A jAegA, svatantra cayana kA abhAva rahegA aura AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM kA koI mahatvapUrNa sthAna nahIM rhegaa| 6. anitya-AtmavAda meM jIva kI utpatti mAnanI hogI aura jahA~ jIva kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai, vahA~ na to bandhana kA koI samucita kAraNa hotA hai aura na mukti kA koI artha, ata: anityAtmavAda meM naitika-dRSTi se bandhana aura mukti kI koI vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| 7. anitya-AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNyasaMcaya tathA paropakAra, dAna Adi naitika AdezoM ke paripAlana ke prati koI AkarSaNa nahIM rahatA hai|

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AtmA kI amaratA 275 8. anitya-AtmavAda kI sthiti meM naitika-sAdhanA kA koI artha nhiiN| naitikasAdhanA kA Adarza jisa paramArtha kI upalabdhi hai, usake lie anitya-AtmavAda meM koI sthAna nhiiN| ina kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa anitya-AtmavAda kA naitikatA meM koI sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| pAzcAtya-cintaka kAMTa ne bhI vyAvahArika-buddhi kI apekSA se naitika-jIvana ke lie AtmA kI amaratA ke vicAra kA samarthana kiyA hai| unake anusAra, prathamata: zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala milanA Avazyaka hai aura cU~ki vaha isa janma meM hI pUrI taraha se sampanna nahIM ho pAtA. ata: vaha agale janma kI anivAryatA ko sUcita karatA hai| dUsare, naitika-vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI AtmA kI amaratA Avazyaka hai| kAMTa likhate haiM ki saMsAra meM niHzreyaskI upalabdhi nIti-nidhArya icchAkAAvazyaka viSaya hai, kintu isa icchA meM naitika-niyama meM mana kI pUrNa anurUpatA niHzreyas kI sabase bar3I zarta hai| isa anurUpatA ko koI bhI vivekazIla manuSya jIvana bhara meM bhI nahIM prApta kara sktaa| yaha ananta agati kevala isa mAnyatA para sambhava hai ki manuSya ke vyaktitva aura astitva kI sthiratA ananta hai, arthAt AtmA amara hai| ni:zreyasa kI siddhi, isa prakAra AtmAkI amaratA kI mAnyatA para nirbhara hai| astu, AtmA kI amaratAnaitika-niyamase anivAryata: sambaddha hone ke kAraNa naitikatA kI eka mAnyatA hai| jaina-darzana ne bhI manovaijJAnika evaM naitika-AdhAroM para AtmA kI anityatA kA khaNDana aura nityatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI AtmA yadianitya ho, to smRti, pratyabhijJA Adi sambhava nahIM, sAtha hI, yaha bhI bodha nahIM ho sakatA ki maiM vahI hU~, jo kabhI baccAthA aura Aja bar3A ho gayA huuN| naitika-dRSTi se prathamata: yadi AtmA nitya na ho, to naitika-vyavasthA Tika nahIM sktii| kRtapraNAza aura akRtAbhyupagama ke doSa hoMge, arthAt kRtakarmoM kA phala nahIM mila sakegA aura akRtakarmoM kA phala bhoganA hogA aura mokSa (bhavapramokSa) kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAegA, kyoMki koI sthAI jIva hai hI nahIM, to mokSa phira kisakA ho sakatA hai ? isa prakAra, naitika-dRSTi se AtmA kI nityatA kI mAnyatA apekSita hai| 2. nitya-AtmavAda nitya-AtmavAda ke anusAra AtmA anAdievaM zAzvata hai| naitika dRSTi se nityaAtmavAda zubhAzubha kRtyoM ke phala ke lie maraNottara jIvana ko svIkAra karatA hai| yadyapi maraNottara jIvana kI dhAraNA meM jahA~ bhAratIya-vicAraka punarjanma ko svIkAra kara naitika

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276 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vikAsa ke lie vibhinna avasaroM kI sambhAvanA ko mAnate haiM, vahIM IsAI aura islAma-dharma punarjanma nahIM mAnate haiN| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM cArvAka AtmA kI nityatA evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko nahIM maantaa| bauddha-darzana bhI nitya-AtmavAda ko nahIM mAnatA, lekina punarjanma mAnatA hai| zeSa sabhI darzana nitya-AtmavAda evaM punarjanma ko svIkAra karate haiN| upaniSad, vedAnta, sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka, sabhI kA AtmA kI nityatA meM vizvAsa hai| gItA meM bhI AtmA ko aja, zAzvata evaM nitya kahA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ne bhI tattva-dRSTi se AtmA ko nitya mAnA hai| ekAtma nitya-AtmavAda kI naitika-kaThinAI ___ 1. AtmA kI nityatA kA vicAra bhI eka AtmAsakti hai, isalie tRSNA hI hai| jahA~ AtmAko nitya mAnA jAtA hai, vahA~ usase merA' AtmA-aisAlagAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| yaha rAga hai aura bandhana kA kAraNa hai| pUrNa nirveda ke lie sabhI padArthoM ko aura unake sambandhoM koanitya rUpa meM dekhanA hogA, cAhe vaha AtmA hI ho, yadi unheM nitya mAnA gayA, to pUrNa virAga nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra, AtmA kI nityatA kI dhAraNA bhI AtmAvita hai, jo naitika-sAdhanA ke lie anucita hai| 2. yadi AtmA kI dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA aura usameM honevAle utpAdavyaya ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA, to AtmA kI paryAyAvasthAe~ nahIM hoMgI aura paryAyAvasthAoM ke abhAva meM kisI bhI prakAra kA sthityantara sambhava nahIM hogA, phira bandhamokSa, puNya-pApa AdiavasthAe~ AtmA para lAgU nahIM hoNgii| isa prakAra, ekAnta-nityatA kI mAnyatA meM ve sabhI doSa uTha khar3e hoMge, jo apariNAmI-AtmavAda ke haiN| 3. jaina-dRSTikoNa jaina-vicArakoM ne naitika-vicAraNA tathA saMsAra aura mokSa kI utpatti ke lie na to nitya-AtmavAda ko upayukta samajhA aura na anitya-AtmavAda ko; ekAnta-nityavAda aura ekAnta-anityavAda-donoM hI sadoSa haiN| AcArya hemacandra donoM ko naitika-darzana kI dRSTi se anupayukta batAte hue likhate haiM, yadi AtmA ko ekAnta-nitya mAneM, to isakA artha hogA ki AtmA meM avasthAntara athavA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| yadi ise mAna liyA jAe, to sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha Adi bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ AtmA meM ghaTita nahIM hogiiN| phira, sthityantara yA bhinna-bhinna pariNAmoM, zubhAzubha bhAvoM kI zakyatA na hone se puNya-pApa kI vibhinna vRttiyA~ evaM pravRttiyA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hoMgI, na bandhana aura mokSa kI upapatti kI jA skegii| ekAnta rUpa se AtmA ko anitya yA kSaNika mAnane para bhI satkarma aura duSkarma ke vipAka ke phalasvarUpa hone vAle sukha-duHkha kA bhoga, puNya-pApa tathA bandhana aura mokSa kI

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AtmA kI amaratA 277 upapatti sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki vahA~ eka kSaNa ke paryAya meM jo kArya kiyA thA, usakA phala dUsare kSaNa ke paryAya ko milegA, kyoMki vahA~ una satata parivartanazIla paryAyoM ke madhya koI anusyUta eka sthAyI tatva (dravya) nahIM hai, ata: yaha kahA jA sakegA ki jisane kiyA thA, use phala nahIM milAaura jisane nahIM kiyA thA, use milA, arthAt naitika-karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se akRtAgama aura kRtapraNAza kA doSa hogA, ata: AtmA ko nitya mAnakara bhI satata parivartanazIla (anitya) mAnA jAe, to usameM zubhAzubha Adi vibhinna bhAvoM kI sthiti mAnane ke sAtha hI usake phaloM kA bhavAntara meM bhoga bhI sambhava ho skegaa| isa prakAra, jainadarzana sApekSa rUpa se AtmA ko nitya aura anitya-donoM svIkAra karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA amUrta hone ke kAraNa nitya hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI jIva ko anAdi, anidhana, avinAzI, akSaya, dhruva aura nitya kahA gayA hai, lekina ina saba sthAnoM para nityatA kA artha pariNAmI-nityatA hI samajhanA caahie| bhagavatIsUtra evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne gautama ke prazna kA uttara dete hue AtmA ko zAzvata aura azAzvata-donoM kahA hai| 'bhagavan ! jIvazAzvata hai, yA azAzvata ?' 'gautama! jIvazAzvata (nitya) bhI hai aura azAzvata (anitya) bhii|' 'bhagavan ! yaha kaise kahA gayA ki jIva nitya bhI hai, anitya bhI?' 'gautama! dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai. bhAva kI apekSA se anitya hai|'' AtmA dravya (sattA) kI apekSAse nitya hai, arthAt AtmA na to kabhI anAtma (jar3a) se utpanna hotA hai aura na kisI bhI avasthA meM apane cetanA-lakSaNa ko chor3akara jar3a banatA hai| isI dRSTi se use nitya kahA jAtA hai, lekina AtmA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, ata: isa apekSA se use anitya kahA gayA hai| Adhunika-darzana kI bhASA meM jaina-darzana ke anusAra tAttvika-AtmA nitya hai aura anubhavAdhArita-AtmA anitya hai| jisa prakAra svarNAbhUSaNa svarNa kI dRSTi se nitya aura AbhUSaNa kI dRSTi se anitya hai, usI prakAra AtmAAtmatattva kI dRSTi se nitya aura vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se anitya hai| jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM mahAvIra ne apane isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anity| mahAvIra kahate haiM, 'he jamAlI, jIvazAzvata hai| tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM hai, jaba yaha jIva (AtmA) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogaa| isI apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai| he jamAlI! jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMkinAraka marakara tiryaMca

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278 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hotA hai, tiryaMcamarakara manuSyahotA hai, manuSya marakara deva hotaahai| isa prakAra, ina nAnAvasthAoM ko prApta karane ke bAda use anitya kahA jaataa| 10 naitika-vicAraNA kI dRSTi se AtmAko nityAnitya (pariNAmInitya) mAnanA hI samucita hai| naitikatA kI dhAraNA meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai, usakA nirAkaraNa kevala pariNAmInitya-AtmavAda meM hI sambhava hai| naitikatA kA virodhAbhAsa yaha hai ki jahA~ naitikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa Atmatatva kI vivakSA hai, use nitya, zAzvata, aparivartanazIla, sadaiva samarUpa meM sthita, nirvikAra honA cAhie. anyathA puna: bandhana evaM patana kI sambhAvanAe~ uTha khar3I hoMgI, vahIM dUsarI ora, naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jisa Atmatattva kI vivakSA hai, use kartA, bhoktA, vedaka evaM parivartanazIla honA cAhie anyathA karma aura unake pratiphala aura sAdhanA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI taratamatA kI upapatti nahIM hogii| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa virodhAbhAsa kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathamata:, unhoMne ekAnta-nityAtmavAda aura anityAtmavAda ke doSoM ko spaSTa kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA, phira yaha batAyA hai ki virodhAbhAsa to taba hotA hai, jaba nityatA aura anityatA ko eka hI dRSTi se mAnA jAe, lekina jaba vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nityatA aura anityatAkA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to usameM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM rahatA hai| jaina-darzana AtmA ko paryAyArthika-dRSTi (vyavahAranaya) kI apekSA se anitya mAnakara tathA dravyArthika-dRSTi (nizcayanaya) kI apekSA se nitya mAnakara apanI AtmA sambandhI dhAraNA ko naitika-darzana ke anukUla siddha karatA hai| 4. bauddha-dRSTikoNa bhagavAn buddha bhI AtmA kI zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI-dhAraNAoM ko naitika evaM sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana kI dRSTi se anucita mAnate haiN| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha ne AtmA ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI-donoM prakAra kI dhAraNAoM ko mithyAdRSTi kahA hai| ve kahate haiM, rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA Adi ke svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hone para aisI mithyAdRSTi utpanna hotI hai- maiM marakara nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, avipariNAmadharmA hoU~gA, athavA aisI mithyAdRSTi utpanna hotI hai ki sabhI ucchinna ho jAte haiM, lupta ho jAte haiM, marane ke bAda nahIM rhte|'11 buddha kI dRSTi meM yadi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vahI aparivartiSNu AtmA marakara punarjanma letI hai, to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA hai aura yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki mAtA-pitA ke saMyoga se cAra mahAbhUtoM se AtmA utpanna hotI hai aura isalie zarIra ke naSTa hote hI AtmA bhI ucchinna, vinaSTa aura vilupta hotI hai, to yaha ucchedavAda hai| acelakAzyapa ko buddha ne savistAra yaha spaSTa kara diyA thA ki ve zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda- ina do antoM (ekAntika- mAnyatAoM) ko chor3akara satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiN| buddha sadaivahI

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AtmA kI amaratA 279 isa sambandha meM satarka rahe haiM ki unakA koI bhI kathana aisA na ho, jisakA artha zAzvatavAda athavA ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM lagAyA jA sake, isalie buddha ne du:kha svakRta hai yA parakRta, jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai yA jIva vahI hai, jo zarIra hai, tathAgata kA marane ke bAda kyA hotA hai ? Adi praznoM kA nizcita uttara na dekara unheM avyAkRta batAyA, kyoMki ina praznoM kA hA~ yA nA meM ekAntika uttara dene parazAzvatavAda yA ucchedavAda meM kisI eka vicAra kA anusaraNa hotA hai| buddha AtmAke sambandha meM kisI bhI ekAntika-dRSTikoNako asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki 'maiM hU~' - yaha galata vicAra hai, - 'maiM nahIM hU~'- yaha galata vicAra hai, maiM hoU~gA' - yaha galata vicAra hai, aura maiM nahIM hoU~gA'- yaha galata vicAra hai| ye galata vicAra roga haiM, phor3e haiM, kA~Te haiN| buddha ne inheM roga, phor3e aura zalya isalie kahA ki isa prakAra ke vicAroM se mAnava-mana ko zAnti nahIM mila sktii| buddha yaha nahIM cAhate the ki manuSya yaha soce ki kahIM maiM mRtyu ke bAda vinaSTa to nahIM ho jAU~gA, kyoMki aisA socegA to use atyanta vedanA hogii| svayaM bhagavAn buddha ke zabdoM meM use Antarika azanitrAsa hogaa| aise hogA jaise hRdaya para bijalI gira par3I ho-hA! maiM ucchinna ho jaauuNgaa|haa! maiM naSTa ho jaauuNgaa| hAya! maiM nahIM rahU~gA! isa prakAra, ajJa puruSa zoka karatA hai, mUrcchita hotA hai| ucchedavAda mAnavako zAnti pradAna nahIM kara sktaa| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ucchedavAda ko mAnane para durAcAroM kI ora pravRtti ho jAe, kyoMki durAcAroM kA pratiphala bhAvI janmoM meM milegA-aisA vicAra bhI mAnava-mana meM nahIM rhegaa| isa prakAra, eka ora anAvazyaka bhaya mAnava-mana ko AkrAnta kareMge. dUsarIora anaitika-jIvana kI ora prvRttihogii| buddha yaha bhI nahIM cAhate the ki manuSya yaha soce ki marakara maiM to nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, nirvikAra hoU~gA aura ananta varSoM taka vaise hI sthita raha~gA; kyoMki unakI dRSTi meM aisA vicAra Asaktivarddhaka hai| AtmA ko zAzvata mAnane para manuSya yaha vicAra karane lagatA hai ki maiM vigata janma meM kyA thA, kauna merA thA, maiM bhaviSya meM kyA houuNgaa| buddha kI dRSTi meM ye vicAra bhI citta ke cirAga ke lie nahIM hote, ulTe inase Asakti bar3hatI hai, rAga aura dveSa utpanna hote haiN| buddha ke zabdoM meM ye vicAra amana sikaraNIyadharma (ayogya vicAra) haiN| isa prakAra, buddha sAdhaka ko AtmA ke sambandha meM ucchedavAda aura zAzvatavAda kI mithyAdhAraNAoM se bacane kA hI sandeza dete haiM, lekina Akhira buddha kA AtmA ke sambandha meM kyA dRSTikoNa hai, ise bhI to jAnanA hogaa| yadi buddha ke Atma-siddhAnta ke bAre meM kucha kahanA hai, to use azAzvatAnucchedavAda hI kaha sakate haiN| buddha ke AtmavAda ke sambandha meM do galata dRSTikoNa yadyapi buddha ne AtmA ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda kI ekAntika

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - dhAraNAoM kA virodha kiyA, phira bhI unake anitya, anAtma, avyAkRta tathA mauna ko samyak rUpa se samajhe binA vicArakoM ne unheM kisI eka ati kI ora le jAne kA prayatna kiyaa| eka ora prAcIna evaM madhya yuga ke bauddha darzana ke sabhI dArzanika AlocakagaNa tathA sampratiyuga ke bauddha darzana ke marmajJa vidvAn paM. rAhula sAMskRtyAyana haiM, to dUsarI ora sampratiyuga ke rAyaz2aDeviDsa, ku. AI. bI. hArnara, Ananda ke. kumAra svAmI aura DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan jaise manISI haiN| 280 - prathama varga buddha ke anitya, kSaNika aura anAtma para adhika bala dekara unakA artha ucchedavAdI - dRSTikoNa se karatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha darzana ke ina dArzanikaAlocakoM ne usa para kRtapraNAza, akRtabhoga, smRtibhaMga aura pramokSabhaMga ke doSa lagAkara usakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko naitika-darzana ke pratikUla siddha kiyA / yaha isalie huA ki bauddha darzana kA yaha Alocaka varga kevala AlocanA ke uddezya se buddha ke mantavyoM kA artha lagAnA cAhatA thA, tAki bauddha darzana ko tarka kI dRSTi se nirbala, avyAvahArika tathA naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA karane meM asaphala siddha kara ske| ina vicArakoM meM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza evaM doSadarzanabuddhi kA prAdhAnya thaa| paM. rAhulajI bhI bauddha-mantavyoM kI vyAkhyA meM ucchedavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthaka pratIta hote haiN| ve likhate haiM, 'buddha kA anityavAda bhI dUsarA utpanna hotA hai, dUsarA naSTa hotA hai - ke kahe ke anusAra kisI eka maulika tattva kA bAharI parivartana mAtra nahIM, balki eka kA bilkula nAza aura dUsare kA bilkula nayA utpAda hai / buddha kArya-kAraNa kI nirantara yA avicchinna saMtati ko nahIM mAnate / pratItyasamutpAda kArya-kAraNa- niyama ko avicchinna nahIM, vicchinna pravAha batalAtA hai, " lekina yaha mAnane para bauddha darzana ko kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga ke doSoM se bacAyA nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare, yadi buddha kA mantavya yahI thA ki dUsarA utpanna hotA, dUsarA vinaSTa hotA hai, to phira unheM ucchedavAda kA samarthana karane meM kauna-sA doSa pratIta huA ? unhoMne acelakAzyapa ke sAmane yaha kyoM svIkAra nahIM kiyA ki sukha-duHkha kA bhoga svIkRta nahIM hai ? phira isa AdhAra para buddha ke karmasiddhAnta kI vyAkhyA kaise hogI ? hamAre dRSTikoNa se buddha ke mantavyoM kI aisI vyAkhyA unake naitika AdarzoM ke anukUla siddha nahIM hogii| dUsare, yaha mAnanA ki pratItyasamutpAda kAryakAraNa- niyama ko vicchinna pravAha batAtA hai, nitAnta asaMgata hai| pravAha sadaiva hI vicchinna nahIM, avicchinna hotA hai / yadi vicchinna hogA, to vaha pravAha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| kAryakAraNa ke pratyaya sadaiva hI avicchinna (abhinna) hote haiN| yadi ve vicchinna haiM, eka-dUsare se pUrNa svatantra haiM, to phira unameM kArya-kAraNa (santAna - santAnie) kA 1 -

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AtmA kI amaratA 281 sambandha kaise hogA? kArya-kAraNa yA pratItyasamutpAda kA niyama vastuta: parivartanazIlatA kA dyotaka hai, na ki uccheda kaa| sambhavata:, rAhulajI aisI vyAkhyA isalie kara gae, tAki ve buddha ke darzana ko vartamAna bhautikavAdI caukhaTe meM phiTa kara skeN| dUsare varga ne buddha ke mauna, avyAkRta evaM piTaka-granthoM ke kucha anya sandarbho ke AdhAra para buddha ke AtmA-sambandhI dRSTikoNa meM aupaniSadika-AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| rAyaz2aDeviDsa, ku. AI. bI. hArnara, Ananda ke. kumArasvAmI evaM DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA prayatna isI dizA meM rahA hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA kathana hai, upaniSadeM AtmA ke eka AvaraNa ke bAda dUsare AvaraNa ko dUra karatI huI anta meM saba vastuoM kI AdhArabhUmi taka pahu~catI haiN| isa prakriyA ke anta meM ve sArvabhauma vyApaka AtmA kI upalabdhi karatI haiM, jo ki ina saba sAnta vastuoM meM se eka bhI nahIM hai, yadyapi una sabakI AdhAra-bhUmi hai| buddha kA bhI vastuta: yahI mata hai, yadyapi nizcita rUpa se ve isako kahate nahIM haiN|" ku. hArnara aura kumArasvAmI bhI likhate haiM ki buddha ke samasta siddhAntavAkyoM meM yaha kahIM bhI nahIM likhA milatA ki AtmA nahIM hai| yaha AtmA vyAvahArika-AtmA (jIvAtmA) se, jisakA puna:-puna: kSaya hotA rahatA hai, bhinna hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki prayatkSa tathA apratyakSa-donoM prakAra se AtmA kI pratiSThA hI kI gaI hai| bAra-bAra duharAe gae kathana ki yaha merI AtmA nahIM hai, AtmA kI sthApanA ke sabala pramANa haiN| pratyeka bauddha se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha usa AtmA kA, jo usakI AtmA kI apekSA pradhAna hai, Adara kregaa| yaha pradhAna AtmA hI AtmA kA svAmI hai, yA AtmA kA carama lakSya hai| buddha apane isa kathana meM ki maiMne AtmA kI zaraNa le lI hai, apanI zaraNa kI ora saMketa nahIM karate, varan ve isI 'AtmA' kI ora saMketa karate haiN| isI 'AtmA' kA varNana unake ina kathanoM meM bhI milatA hai-AtmA kI khoja karo (attAnaM gaveseyyAtha), AtmA ko apanA Azraya aura dIpaka banAo (attasaraNa attdiip)| yahA~ para mahAn AtmA tathA laghu AtmA meM bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ata: yaha nizcita hai ki buddha ne na to Izvara kI, na AtmA kI aura na zAzvata kI upekSA kI hai, lekina buddha-mantavyoM meM aupaniSadika-AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa bhI anadhikAra ceSTA hI kahA jaaegaa| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM hamArA vinamra mantavya hai ki (isa uparyukta AkhyAna ke) attAnaM gaveseyyAtha (AtmA ko DhU~Dho) meM aupaniSad-'AtmA' ke upadeza ko dekhanA bekAra hai, cAhe bhale hI DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, kumArasvAmI aura AI. bI. hArnara ne isa prakAra kA anadhikArapUrNa prayatna kiyA ho|'' isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-darzana ke Atma-siddhAnta ko samajhane meM donoM hI dRSTikoNa ucita nahIM haiN| vastutaH, ina bhrAntiyoM

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282 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke mUla meM jahA~ Agraha-dRSTi hai, vahIM bauddha-sAhityameM prayukta anAtma, anitya, avyAkRta, buddha ke mauna tathA AtmAzabdakI samyak vyAkhyAkA abhAvabhI hai, ata: Avazyaka hai ki inake samyak artha ko samajhane kA thor3A prayAsa kiyA jaae| 5. bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa anAtma (anatta) kA artha bauddha-darzana meM attA' zabda kAartha hai- merA, apnaa| buddha jaba anAtma kA upadeza dete haiM, to unakA tAtparya yaha hai ki isa Anubhavika-jagat meM koI bhI padArtha aisA nahIM, jise merA yA apanA kahA jA sake, kyoMki sabhI padArtha, sabhI rUpa, sabhI vedanA, sabhI saMskAra aura sabhI vijJAna (caittasika-anubhUtiyA~) hamArI icchAoM ke anurUpa nahIM haiM, anitya haiM, duHkharUpa haiN| unake bAre meM yaha kaise kahAjA sakatA hai ki ve apane haiM, ata: ve anAtma (apane nahIM) haiN| buddha ke dvArA diyA gayA vaha anAtma kA upadeza hameM kundakunda ke una vacanoM kI yAda dilAtA hai, jisameM unhoMne jJAtA (AtmA) kA jJAna ke samasta viSayoM se vibheda batAyA hai| bauddha-AgamoM meM ye hI mUlabhUta vicAra anAtmavAda ke upadeza kerUpa meM pAe jAte haiN| inakA yaha phalitArtha nahIM milatA hai ki AtmA nahIM hai| zrIbharatasiMha upAdhyAya kA mantavya hai ki buddha kA eka bhI vacana sampUrNa pAli-tripiTaka meM isa nirvizeSa artha kA uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kiAtmA nahIM hai| jahA~ unhoMne 'anAtmA' kahA. vahA~ paMca skandhoM kI apekSA se hI kahA hai. bAraha AyatanoM aura aThAraha dhAtuoM ke kSetra ko lekara hI kahA hai| isa prakAra, buddha-vacanoM meM anAtma kA artha apanA nahIM', itanA hI hai| vaha sApekSa kathana hai| isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki AtmA nahIM haiM / buddha ne AtmAko nazAzvata kahA, na azAzvata kahA, na yaha kahA ki AtmA hai, na yaha kahA ki AtmA nahIM hai; kevala rUpAdipaMcaskandhoM kA vizleSaNa kara yaha batA diyA ki inameM kahIM AtmA nahIM hai| bauddha-darzana ke anAtmavAda ko usake AcAradarzana ke sandarbha meM hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| buddha ke AcAradarzana kA sArA bala tRSNA ke prahANa para hai| tRSNA na kevala sthUla padArthoM para hotI hai, varan sUkSma AdhyAtmika-padArthoMparabhI ho sakatI hai| vahaastitvakIbhI ho sakatI hai (bhavatRSNA) aura anastitvakIbhI (vibhavatRSNA), ata: usa tRSNA ke sabhI nivezanoM (Azraya-sthAnoM) ko ucchinna karane ke lie buddha ne anAtma kA upadeza diyaa| vastutaH, anAtmavAda vinamratA kI AtyantikakoTi, anAsaktikI uccatama avasthA aura AtmasaMyama kI ekamAtra kasauTI hai| isa anAtma kA upadeza unhoMne tRSNA ke prahANa evaM mamatvake visarjana ke lie diyaa|ydi unheM anAtma kA artha 'AtmA nahIM' abhipreta hotA, to ve ucchedavAda kA virodha hI kyoM karate ? buddha ne ucchedavAda ko asvIkAra kiyA hai, ata: bauddha-mantavya meM anAtma kA artha 'AtmA nahIM hai' karanA anucita hai|

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AtmA kI amaratA 283 AtmA (attA) kA artha piTaka-sAhitya meM jahA~ anAtma (anatta) kA prayoga huA hai, vahIM usameM AtmA (attA) zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| buddha ne yaha bhI upadeza diyA hai ki AtmA kI zaraNa svIkAra karo (attasaraNa), AtmA ko hI apanA prakAza banAo (attadIpa); AtmA kI khoja karo (attAnaM gveseyyaath)| isI AdhAra para Ananda ke. kumAra svAmI, ku. hArnara aura DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne bauddha-darzana meM aupaniSadika AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, lekina yaha prayatna samyak nahIM hai| zrI upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM yaha anadhikArapUrNa prayatna hI hai| yahA~ buddha kisI pAramArthika avinAzI evaM akSaya AtmA kI zaraNa grahaNa karane yA khoja karane kI bAta nahIM kahate haiN| sampUrNa buddha-vacanoM ke prakAza meM yahA~ AtmA zabda kA artha svayaM (Self) yAparivartanazIlasva hai| jisa prakAra anAtma kA artha apanA nahIM hai, usI prakAra Atma kA artha apanA' yA 'svayaM' hai|22 anityakA artha ____ anitya kA artha vinAzazIla mAnA jAtA hai, lekina yadi anitya kA artha vinAzI kareMge, to hama phira ucchedavAda kI ora hoNge| vastutaH, anitya kA artha hai- privrtnshiil| parivartana aura vinAzaalaga-alaga haiN| vinAza meM abhAva ho jAtA hai, parivartana meM vaha punaH eka nae rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai, jaise bIja paudhe ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, vinaSTa nahIM hotaa| buddha sattva kI anityatA yA kSaNikatA kA upadeza dete haiM, to unakA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha vinaSTa ho jAne vAlA hai, varan yahI hai ki vaha parivartanazIla hai, vaha eka kSaNa bhI binA parivartana ke nahIM rhtaa| bauddha-darzana meM anitya aura kSaNika kA matalaba hai-satata privrtnshiil| jaina-darzana jise pariNAmI kahatA hai, use hI bauddha-darzana meM anitya yA kSaNika kahA jAtA hai| avyAkRta kA samyak artha buddha ne jIva aura zarIra kI bhinnatA, tathAgata kI parinirvANa ke pazcAt kI sthiti Adi praznoM ko avyAkRta-koTi meM rakhA hai| buddha kA avyAkRta kahane kA Azaya yahI hai ki asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM se sImita vyAvahArika-bhASA use batA pAne meM asamartha hai| hA~ aura nA meM isakA koI uttara nahIM diyA jA sktaa| jaina-darzana meM jo artha avaktavya' kA hai, vahI artha bauddha-darzana meM avyAkRta' kA hai| buddha mauna kyoM rahe? buddha ke mauna rahane kA artha yaha hai ki AtmA-sambandhI praznoM kA uttara hA~ aura nA meM nahIM diyA jA sakatA, ata: jahA~ kisI ekAntika-mAnyatA meM jAne kI sambhAvanA ho, vahA~

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284 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mauna rahanA hI adhika upayukta hai| buddha ne Ananda ke samakSa apane mauna kA kAraNa spaSTa kara diyA thA ki ve yadi hA~ kahate, tozAzvatavAdaho jAtA hai aura nA kahate, to ucchedavAdaho jaataa| 6. jaina aura bauddha-dRSTikoNa kI tulanA mahAvIra tathA buddha-donoM hI AtmA ke sambandha meM ucchedavAdI evaM zAzvatavAdI ekAntika-dRSTikoNoM ke virodhI haiN| donoM meM antara kevala yaha hai ki jahA~ mahAvIra vidheyAtmaka-bhASA meM AtmA ko nityAnitya kahate haiM, vahA~ buddha niSedhAtmaka-bhASA meM use anucchedAzAzvata kahate haiN| buddha jahA~ anitya-AtmavAda aura nitya-AtmavAda ke doSoM ko dikhAkara donoM dRSTikoNoM ko asvIkAra kara dete haiM, vahA~ mahAvIra una ekAntikamAnyatAoM ke apekSAmUlaka samanvaya ke AdhAra para unake doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karane kA prayatna karate haiN| buddha ne AtmA ke parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala diyA aura isI AdhAra para use anitya bhI kahA aura yaha bhI batAyA ki isa parivartanazIla cetanA se svatantra koI AtmA nahIM hai yA kriyA se bhinna kAraka kI sattA nahIM hai| buddha avicchinna, parivartanazIla cetanApravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina buddha kA yaha mantavya jaina-vicAraNA se utanA adhika dUra nahIM hai, jitanA ki samajhA jAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA dravya-AtmA kI zAzvatatA para bala dekara yaha samajhatI hai ki usakA mantavya bauddha-vicAraNA kA virodhI hai, lekina jaina-vicAraNA meM dravya kA svarUpa kyA hai ? yahI na ki jo guNa aura paryAya se yukta haiba vaha dravya hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM dravya paryAya se abhinna hI hai aura yadi isI abhinnatA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jAe ki kriyA (paryAya) se bhinna kartA (dravya) nahIM hai, to usameM kahA~ virodharaha jAtA hai ? dravya aura paryAya, ye AtmA ke sambandha meM do dRSTikoNa haiM, do vivikta sattAe~ nahIM haiN| unakI isa abhinnatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-darzana kA AtmA bhI sadaiva hI parivartanazIla hai| phira, avicchinna cetanA-pravAha (parivartanoM kI paramparA) kI dRSTi se AtmA ko zAzvata mAnane meM bauddha-darzana ko bhI koI bAdhA nahIM hai, kyoMki usake anusAra bhI pratyeka cetana-dhArA kA pravAha banA rahatA hai| isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha kemantavya meM bhI cetanA-pravAhayA cetanA-paramparA kI dRSTi se AtmA nitya (anuccheda) hai aura parivartanazIlatA kI dRSTi se AtmA anitya (azAzvata) hai| jaina-paramparA meM dravyArthika-naya kA Agamika-nAma avyucchiti-naya aura paryAyArthika-naya kA vyucchiti naya bhI hai| hamArI sammati meM avyucchiti-naya kA tAtparya hai- pravAha yA paramparA kI apekSA

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AtmA kI amaratA aura vyucchiti - naya kA tAtparya hai- avasthA vizeSa kI apekSA se| yadi isa AdhAra para kahA jAe ki jaina-darzana cetana-dhArA kI apekSA se (avyucchiti - naya se) AtmA ko nitya aura cetana avasthA - vizeSa (vyucchiti - naya) kI dRSTi se AtmA ko anitya mAnatA hai, to vaha apane ko bauddha darzana ke nikaTa hI khar3A pAtA hai| 7. gItA kA dRSTikoNa AtmA kI nityatA ke prazna para gItA kA dRSTikoNa bilkula spaSTa hai| gItA meM AtmA ko spaSTarUpa se nitya kahA gayA hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki jIvAtmA ke ye sabhI zarIra nAzavAn kahe gae haiM, lekina yaha jIvAtmA to avinAzI hai| na to yaha kabhI utpanna hotA hai aurata hai| yaha ajanmA, nitya, zAzvata aura purAtana hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para bhI isakA nAza nahIM hotA / vaha AtmA acchedya, adAhya, akledya, azoSya, nitya, sarvavyApaka, acala aura sanAtana hai| isa AtmA ko jo mAranevAlA samajhatA hai aura jo dUsarA (koI) isa AtmA ko deha ke nAza se maiM naSTa ho gayA- aise naSTa huA mAnatA hai, arthAt hananakriyA kA karma mAnatA hai, ve donoM hI ahaMpratyaya ke viSayabhUta AtmA ko aviveka ke kAraNa nahIM jAnate / yaha AtmA utpanna nahIM hotA aura maratA bhI nhiiN| 25 isa prakAra, gItA AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA jaina darzana ke samAna gItA bhI tAttvika AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, gItA meM jIva kI vibhinna zArIrika evaM mAnasika avasthAoM kI anityatA kA saMketa bhI upalabdha hai| 26 isa AdhAra para gItA kA mantavya bhI jaina- dRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai, yadyapi gItA AtmA ke avinAzI svarUpa para hI adhika jora detI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora bauddha darzana AtmA ke anitya yA parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala detA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora, gItA AtmA ke nitya yA zAzvata pakSa para adhika bala detI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana donoM pakSoM para samAna bala dete hue unameM sundara samanvaya prastuta karatA hai / 285 - 8. AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaba AtmA hi amara mAna liyA jAtA hai, to punarjanma bhI svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| gItA kahatI hai, jisa prakAra manuSya vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para nae vastra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai| na kevala gItA meM, varan

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddha darzana meM bhI ise mAnA gayA hai| 27 DaoN. rAmAnanda tivArI punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki -- eka janma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka kAlavizeSa meM Arambha hokara eka kAla- vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu cirantana kA kAlika-sambandha anyAya (tarkaviruddha) hai aura isa (eka janma ke) siddhAnta se usakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai - punarjanma kA siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA cAhatA hai| eka- janma - siddhAnta ke anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgadeyoM ke bheda ko akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogA | 28 9. 286 karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA karmasiddhAnta ke AdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM, karmasiddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma-siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karmasiddhAnta arthazUnya hai / 29 AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM yadyapi punarjanma-siddhAnta aura karmasiddhAnta eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmikakSetra meM vikasita kucha AcAradarzanoM ne karmasiddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI- dArzanika nitze ne karmazakti aura punarjanma para jo vicAra vyakta kie haiM, ve mahatvapUrNa haiM / ve likhate haiM, karma-zakti ke jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita haiM tathA kAla - ananta haiM, isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke haiM, vahI phira Age yathApUrva kabhI na kabhI avazya utpanna hote hI haiN| 30 10. IsAI aura islAma dharmo kA dRSTikoNa IsAI aura islAma - AcAradarzana yaha to mAnate haiM ki vyakti apane naitika- zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se prApta karatA hai aura yadi vaha apane kRtyoM ke phaloM ko isa jIvana meM pUrNatayA nahIM bhoga pAtA hai, to maraNa ke bAda unakA phala bhogatA hai, lekina phira bhI ve punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra vyakti ko sRSTi ke anta apane kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke anusAra hamezA ke lie svarga yA kisI nizcita samaya ke lie naraka meM bheja diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyakti apane kRtyoM kA phala bhogatA rahatA hai| isa prakAra, ve karmasiddhAnta ko mAnate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| 11. ukta dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 1. jo vicAraNAe~ karmasiddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para bhI punarjanma ko nahIM mAnatI haiM, ve isa tathya kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM ho jAtI haiM ki vartamAna jIvana meM jo naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa kyA hai ? kyoM eka prANI sampanna evaM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai,

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AtmA kI amaratA 287 athavA janmanA aindrika evaM bauddhika kSamatA se yukta hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA daridra evaM hIna kula meM janma letA hai aura janmanA hInendriya evaM bauddhika-dRSTi se pichar3A huAhotA hai ? kyoM eka prANI ko manuSya-zarIra milatA hai aura dUsare ko pazu-zarIra milatA hai ? yadi isakA kAraNa IzvarecchA hai, to Izvara anyAyI siddha hotA hai| dUsare, vyakti ko apanI akSamatAoM aura unake kAraNa utpanna anaitika-kRtyoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharAyA jA skegaa| khAnAbadoza jAtiyoM meM janma lene vAlA bAlaka saMskAravaza jo anaitika-AcaraNa kA mArga apanAtA hai, usakA uttaradAyitva kisa para hogA ? vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAe~ IzvarecchA kA pariNAma nahIM, varan vyakti ke apane hI kRtyoM kA pariNAma haiN| vartamAna jIvana meM jo bhI kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA use anupalabdha hai aura jinake phalasvarUpa use naitikavikAsa kA avasara prApta nahIM hotA hai, unakA kAraNa bhI vaha svayaM hI hai aura usakA uttaradAyitva bhI usI para hai| 2. naitika-vikAsa kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, varan usake pIche janma-janmAntara kI sAdhanA hotI hai| punarjanma kA siddhAnta prANI ko naitika-vikAsa ke hetu ananta avasara pradAna karatA hai| braiDale naitika-pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ko ananta prakriyA mAnate haiN| yadi naitikatA AtmapUrNatA evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra kI dizA meM satata prakriyA hai, to phira binA punarjanma ke isa vikAsa kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3hA jA sakatA hai ? gItA meM bhI naitika-pUrNatAkI upalabdhi ke lie aneka janmoM kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| DaoN. TA~TiyA bhI likhate haiM ki yadiAdhyAtmika-pUrNatA (mukti) eka tathya hai, to usake sAkSAtkAra ke lie aneka janma Avazyaka haiN|'33 3. sAtha hI, AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke lie bhI punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanAhogA, kyoMki vartamAna bandhana kI avasthAkA kAraNabhUtakAlIna jIvana meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| 4. jo naitika-darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate, ve vyakti ke sAtha samucita nyAya nahIM krte| aparAdha ke lie daNDa Avazyaka hai, lekina isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki vikAsa yA sudhAra kAavasara hI samApta kara diyA jaae| jaina-naitikatA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake vyakti ko naitika-vikAsa ke aneka avasara pradAna karatI hai tathA apane ko eka pragatizIla naitika-darzana siddha karatI hai| punarjanma kI dhAraNA daNDa ke sudhAravAdI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI hai, jabaki punarjanma ko nahIM mAnanevAlI naitika-vicAraNAe~ daNDa ke badalA lene ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI haiM, joki vartamAna yuga meM eka paramparAgata anucita dhAraNA hai|

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288 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 12. vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM ke lie vaMzAnukrama kA tarka evaM usakA uttara jIvavijJAna ne apanI vaijJAnika-gaveSaNAoM ke AdhAra para jisa vaMzAnukrama ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI hai, usase karmasiddhAnta para veSThita punarjanmavAda kA nirasana ho jAtA hai| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM kA AdhAra vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza hai, lekina yaha dhAraNA bhrAntipUrNa hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza ke AdhAra para vyaktitva kI zithilatA ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina prathama to vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza hamAre vyaktitva ke samagrarUpeNa nirNAyaka nahIM haiM, dUsare, vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza ke nizcaya kA AdhAra kyA hai ? yadi hama yahA~ kevala saMyoga ko svIkAra kareMge, to phira naitika-jIvana evaM uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA hI asambhava hogI, jo kisI bhI naitika-vicAraNA ko abhISTa nahIM hogii| DaoN. mehatA ke zabdoM meM zuddha vaMzAnukrama jaisA koI tathya hI nahIM hai| koI bhI vaMzAnukrama vyakti ke pUrva caritra evaM karmoM se aprabhAvita nahIM hai,4arthAt jo vaMzAnukrama hameM upalabdha huA hai, usake kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke lie bhI pUrvajanma ke karmoM kI mAnyatA Avazyaka lagatI hai| yadyapi abhI taka vaijJAnika AdhAroM para punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai, tathApi hamAre anubhavAtmakajagat meM aisI aneka ghaTanAe~ ghaTI haiM, jinakA samucita evaM bodhagamya samAdhAna punarjanma kI dhAraNA meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| pro. banarjI ne rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya ke parAmanovijJAna-vibhAga meM apUrva smRti evaM pUrvajanma kI smRti se sambandhita deza evaM videza kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana evaM satyApana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura unameM se aneka ko prAmANika bhI pAyA hai| una prAmANika ghaTanAoM kI saMgati kevala, punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke dvArA hI khojI jA sakatI hai| 13. pUrvajanmoM kI smRti ke abhAva kA tarka evaM usakA uttara punarjanma ke viruddha yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki yadi vahI AtmA (cetanA) punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai, to phira use pUrvajanmoM kI smRti kyoM nahIM rahatI hai ? yadi hameM pUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAoM kI smRti nahIM hai, to phira punarjanma ko kisa AdhAra para mAnA jAe ? lekina yaha tarka ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki hama aksara dekhate haiM ki hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI bhI smRti nahIM rhtii| yadi hama vartamAna jIvana ke vismarita bhAga ko asvIkAra nahIM karate haiM, to phira kevala smaraNa ke abhAva meM pUrvajanmoM ko kaise asvIkAra kara sakate haiN| vastutaH, jisa prakAra hamAre vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAe~ acetana stara para rahatI haiM, vaise hIpUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAe~ bhI acetana stara para banI rahatI haiM aura viziSTa avasaroM para cetanA ke stara para hI vyakta ho jAtI haiN| yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki hameM apane jina kRtyoM kI

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AtmA kI amaratA 289 smRti nahIM hai, hama kyoM unake pratiphala kAbhoga kareM? lekina yaha tarka bhI samucita nahIM hai| isase kyA pharka par3atA hai ki hameM apane karmoM kI smRti hai yA nahIM ? yadihamane unheM kiyA hai, to unakA phala bhoganA hI hogaa| yadi koI vyakti itanA adhika madyapAna kara le ki naze meM use apane kie hue madyapAna kI smRti bhI nahIM rahe, lekina isase kyA vaha usake naze se baca sakatA hai ? jo kiyA hai, usakA bhoga anivArya hai, cAhe usakI smRti ho, yA na ho| jaina-dRSTikoNa ___ jaina-cintakoM ne isIlie karmasiddhAnta kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina-vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA AdikAjo janmanA naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrvajanmoM ke kRtya haiN| saMkSepa meM, vaMzAnugata evaM naisargika vaiSamya pUrvajanmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| yahI nahIM, varan anukUla evaM pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi bhI zabhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI janmoM meM zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-sambandha kI dRSTi se ATha vikalpa mAne gae haiM- (1) vartamAna janmake azubhakarma vartamAnajanma meM hI phldeveN| (2) vartamAnajanmake azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (3) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (4) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (5) vartamAna janma ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (6) vartamAna janma ke zubha karmabhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN| (7) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (8) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveN|37 isa prakAra, jaina-darzana meM vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUtakAlIna evaM bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra cAra prakAra kI yoniyA~ haiM- (1) deva (svargIya jIvana), (2) manuSya, (3) tiryaMca (vAnaspatika evaM pazu-jIvana), aura (4) nAraka (naarkiiy-jiivn)| prANI apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra ina yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| yadi vaha zubha karma karatA hai, to deva aura manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura azubha karma karatA hai, to pazu-gati yA nArakIya-gati prApta karatA hai| manuSya marakara pazu bhI ho sakatA hai aura deva bhii| prANI bhAvI jIvana meM kyA hogA, yaha usake vartamAna jIvana ke naitikaAcaraNa para nirbhara karatA hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa bauddha-darzana bhI punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA hai| jAtaka-kathAoM meM buddha ke pUrvajanmoM kI kathAe~ saMkalita haiN| saMyuktanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, sabhI jIva mareMge,

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mRtyu meM hI jIvana kA anta hotA hai, unakI gati apane karma ke anusAra hogI, puNya-pApa ke phala se, pApa karane se naraka ko, puNya karane se sugati ko, isalie sadA puNya karma kare jisase paraloka banatA hai| apanA kamAyA puNya hI prANiyoM ke lie paraloka meM AdhAra hotA hai / ' bauddha darzana kI yaha nizcita mAnyatA hai ki sattva (prANI) aneka janmoM meM saMsaraNa kara, apane karmoM kA bhoga karatA hai / " usameM bhI varttamAna jIvana ke karmaphala kA sambandha bhAvI janmoM meM mAnA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se usameM tIna prakAra ke karma mAne gae haiM- (1) dRSTadharma - vedanIya- isI janma meM phala denevAlA, (2) upapadya-vedanayI - agale janma meM phala dene vAlA, (3) aparaparyAyavedanIya - agale janma ke pazcAt kisI bhI janma meM phala denevAlA / deg bauddha darzana meM bhI jainadarzana ke samAna yoniyA~ mAnI gaI haiN| bauddha darzana meM inheM bhUmiyA~ kahA gayA hai| ye bhUmiyA~ cAra haiM- (1) apAyabhUmi ( durgatiyA~ - nAraka, tiryaMca, preta aura asura), (2) kAmasugatabhUmi (sugatiyA~- manuSya aura kucha deva jAtiyA~), (3) rUpAvacarabhUmi (viziSTa deva jAtiyA~) aura (4) arUpAvacarabhUmi / " bauddha darzana meM jaina- darzana kI cAroM gatiyA~ svIkRta haiN| naitikavikAsa ke AdhAra para inake aneka bheda donoM hI darzanoM meM mAnya haiM, unameM nAma - vargIkaraNa ke dRSTikoNa Adi meM bhI bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| dhyAna rakhane yogya eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki jahA~ bauddha darzana meM kucha viziSTa deva-yoniyoM se sIdhe nirvANa kI prApti ko sambhava mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina- darzana kevala manuSya janma se nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava mAnatA hai / kyA bauddha - anAtmavAda punarjanma kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai ? sAmAnyatayA, vipakSI vicArakoM ne bauddha-dharma ke anAtmavAda aura kSaNikavAda ko punarjanma kI vyAkhyA kI dRSTi se asaMgata mAnA hai, lekina vastusthiti aisI nahIM hai| AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, 'nairAtmyavAda se punarjanma aura karma ke prati uttaradAyitva ke siddhAnta ko kSati nahIM pahu~catI / AtmA kI pratijJA karanA bhUla hai, santati kA ullekha karanA cAhie / ' 42 anAtmavAda yA kSaNikavAda ke sAtha punarjanma kA siddhAnta kaise saMgata ho sakatA hai, isakI vivecanA bhadanta nAgasena ne rAjA milinda ke sAmane kI thii| jaba milinda ne nAgasena se anAtmavAda evaM kSaNikavAda kI vivecanA sunI, to unake hRdaya meM bhI punarjanma kI asambhAvanA kI zaMkA uTha khar3I huii| unhoMne nAgasena se samAdhAna ke lie prazna kiyA, bhante nAgasena ! kauna utpanna hotA hai ( punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai) ? kyA vaha vahI rahatA hai, yA anya ho jAtA hai ? nAgasena ne uttara diyA, na to vahI aura na any| jaise eka yuvaka vRddha hone taka na to vahI rahatA hai aura na anya ho jAtA hai, vaise jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai, vaha na to vahI rahatA hai, na anya ho jAtA hai| milinda phira bhI santuSTa na ho skaa| usane yaha jAnanA cAhA ki vaha kyA hai, jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai ? nAgasena ne isake uttara meM spaSTa kiyA ki yaha nAma 290

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AtmA kI amaratA rUpAtmaka santati-pravAha hI punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai ? ve kahate haiM, rAjan ! mRtyu ke samaya jisakA anta hotA hai, vaha to eka anya nAmarUpa hotA hai aura jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai, vaha eka anya, kintu dvitIya (nAmarUpa) prathama (nAmarUpa) meM se hI nikalatA hai, 43 ata: he mahArAja ! dharma-santati hI saMsaraNa karatI hai| bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM sAti kevaTTaputta nAmaka bhikSu ko yaha mithyA dhAraNA utpanna huI thI ki vahI eka vijJAna AvAgamana karatA hai| isa para bhagavAn ne use samajhAyA thA ki vijJAna to pratItyasamutpanna hai| vaha to bhautika padArthoM kI apekSA bhI adhika kSaNika hai| vaha zAzvata rUpa se saMsaraNa karanevAlA nahIM ho sktaa| vastusthiti yaha hai ki eka janma ke antima vijJAna (cetanA) ke laya hote hI dUsare janma kA prathama vijJAna uTha khar3A hotA hai| isa kAraNa, na to vahI jIva rahatA hai aura na dUsarA hI ho jAtA hai| 44 291 bauddha darzana aneka cittadhArAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki ka, ka1, 2, 3, 4 eka cittadhArA hai aura kha, kha1, kha2, kha3, kha4 dUsarI cittadhArA hai| yadyapi ka 1, 2, 3, eka-dUsare se abhinna nahIM haiM aura kha1, kha2, kha3 bhI eka-dUsare se abhinna nahIM haiM, tathApi inameM se pratyeka AtmasantAna ke sadasyoM ke bIca jo bandhutA hai, vaha eka AtmasantAna ke eka sadasya aura dUsarI AtmasantAna ke sadasya, arthAt ka yA kha1 ke bIca nahIM hai| bauddha-dharma AtmA kA aisI sthAI sattA ke rUpa meM, jo badalatI huI zArIrika aura mAnasika avasthAoM ke bIca svayaM aparivartita banI rahe, avazya niSedha karatA hai; para usake sthAna para eka tarala AtmA ko svIkAra karatA hai| bauddha darzana upAdAna ke abheda ke artha meM ekatA ko to asvIkAra karatA hai, lekina usake sthAna para sAtatya ko svIkAra karatA hai / 45 yaha AtmasantAnoM kI pravAhI - dhArAoM kA sAtatya hI bauddha darzana kA 'AtmA' hai| yahI tarala AtmA punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra, bauddha- anAtmavAda aura kSaNikavAda bhUmi ko kSati pahu~cAe binA punarjanma kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai| gItAkA dRSTikoNa - gItA bhI jaina darzana ke samAna AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma ko svIkAra karatI hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, jaise jIvAtmA ko isa zarIra meM kumAra, yuvA aura vRddha avasthAe~ prApta hotI haiM, vaise hI ise anya zarIroM kI prApti bhI hotI hai| 16 jaise manuSya jIrNa vastroM ko badalakara navIna vastra grahaNa karatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA purAne zarIroM ko chor3akara nae zarIra grahaNa karatA hai / 47 gItAkAra naitika-sAdhya kI prApti ke nimitta aneka janmoM kI sAdhanA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM / " isa AdhAra para punarjanma kA samarthana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para punarjanma sambandhI nirdeza upalabdha haiN| gItA meM yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki prANI ko

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292 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apane zubhAzubhakarmoM ke AdhAra para uccaloka (daivIya-jIvana) madhyaloka (mAnavIya-jIvana) aura adholoka (nArakIya evaM pazu-jIvana) kI prApti hotI hai| __ upaniSadoM se bhI isakA samarthana hotA hai ki yadi prANI zubhAcaraNa karatA hai, to vaha zubha yoniyoM meM janma letA hai aura azubha AcaraNa karatA haiba to nimna yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki apane karma aura jJAna ke anusAra kitane hI dehadhArI to zarIra dhAraNa karane ke lie kisI yoni ko prApta hote haiM aura kitane hI sthAvara-bhAva vRkSAdi kI jAti ko prApta ho jAte haiN| chAndogyopaniSad meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo acchA AcaraNa kareMge, ve agale jIvana meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya Adi kA acchA jIvana prApta kareMge, lekina jo durAcArI hoMge, ve zUkara, kutte aura zUdra Adi kI nimna yoniyoM meM janma leNge|51 niSkarSa isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA mahatvapUrNa lAbha yaha hai ki vaha jahA~ eka ora vyakti meM avasara kI anekatA ke AdhAra para ghora nirAzA kekSaNa meM bhIAzAvAditA kA saMcAra karatA hai, vahA~ yaha batAtA hai ki hama jaba taka naitika-sAdhya, nirvANa kI prApti nahIM kara lete haiM, taba taka hameM prakRti kI ora se avasara pradAna kie jAte raheMge, tAki hama apane sAdhya ko prApta kara skeN| dUsarI ora, vyakti ke hRdaya se mRtyu ke bhaya ko samApta karatA 14. pAzcAtya-darzana meM AtmA kI amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana pAzcAtya dArzanika-kSetra meM bhI isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pleTo se lekara vartamAna yuga taka AtmA kI amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana kI siddhi ke lie dArzanika, vaijJAnika tathA naitika-yuktiyA~ prastuta kI gaI haiN| kucha pramukha vicArakoM kI yuktiyA~ nimnAnusAra haiM dArzanika-yuktiyA~- pleTo ne AtmA kI amaratA ke lie nimna dArzanikayuktiyA~ dI haiM-(1) avayavahIna hone se AtmA kI amaratA siddha hotI hai|aatmaa nirAvayava hai, avibhAjya hai, isalie AtmA amara hai| (2) sraSTA kI acchAI se bhI AtmA kI amaratA siddha hotI hai| yadi Izvara icchA hai, to vaha AtmA ko naSTa nahIM hone degA aura usake karmoM ke phala se vaMcita nahIM kregaa| (3) AtmA sat hai aura sat asat nahIM ho sktaa| (4) buddhi AtmA kA svarUpa hai| aindriyatA aura icchA AtmA ke maraNazIla aMza haiM, kyoMki ye zarIra ke Upara nirbhara haiM, lekina buddhi AtmA kA amara aMza hai| (5) AtmA kA pahale bhI

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AtmA kI amaratA astitva thA aura isalie Age bhI rhegaa| zarIra ke paidA hone se pahale AtmA thI, isalie zarIra kA nAza hone ke bAda bhI rhegii| zarIra ke nAza hone se AtmA nAmaka abhautika sattA ke astitva para koI asara nahIM hotA / (6) AtmA meM zarIra aura usake bandhanoM se mukta hone kI apratihata icchA pAI jAtI hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vaha svarUpata: amara hai| arastU bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA aindrika - aMza maraNazIla hai, yahA~ taka ki usakI niSkriya buddhi bhI, jo ki zarIra ke Upara nirbhara hai, maraNazIla hai, lekina usakI sakriya buddhi abhautika hai aura isalie amara hai| barkale bhI AtmA kI niravayavatA, avibhAjyatA aura abhautikatA se usakI amaratA ko siddha karatA hai| lAibnIz2a bhI AtmA kI abhautikatA se usakI amaratA siddha karatA hai| vaijJAnika - yukti- mArTinyU ne zakti- akSayatA (UrjA kI nityatA) kI vaijJAnikadhAraNA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki mRtyu apane bhautika rUpa meM kevala zakti kA parivartana hai / mRtyu hone para zarIra kI zaktiyA~ vizRMkhala ho jAtI haiM, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa zarIra naSTa ho jAtA hai, parantu zaktiakSatA ke niyama ke anusAra ye zaktiyA~ pUrNataH naSTa nahIM ho sakatIM / yA to zaktiakSayatA niyama meM mAnasika zakti sammilita rahatI hai, athavA nahIM rhtii| yadi yaha bhautikazakti para lAgU hotA hai, to mana padArthoM se pRthak athavA svatantra rahatA hai, arthAt manuSya kI AtmA mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI jIvita raha sakatI hai, parantu yadi yaha niyama bhautika aura mAnasika-donoM zaktiyoM para lAgU hotA hai, to ThIka jisa prakAra bhautika zakti pUrNata: kabhI bhI samApta nahIM ho sakatI, varan kisI na kisI rUpa meM bacI hI rahatI hai, usI prakAra mAnasika-zakti bhI mRtyu ke uparAnta pUrNataH samApta nahIM ho sakatI, varan yaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM maujUda rahatI hai| isa prakAra, mAnavIya AtmA kI amaratA zakti - akSayatA niyama ke viruddha nahIM hai| 52 293 - naitika-yuktiyA~- Adhunika yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane ke lie dArzanika- yuktiyoM kI apekSA naitika-yuktiyoM ko adhika pasanda kiyA jAtA hai / mArTinyU, kAMTa, jemsa setha aura hAphaDiMga Adi ne nimnalikhita naitika-yuktiyA~ dI haiM (a) jJAna kI pUrNatA ke lie- mArTinyU AtmA kI amaratA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki hamArI manISA dik-kAla se maryAdita hotI hai| manISA ko vikAsa hetu kramaza: dik-kAla kI maryAdAoM se Upara uThanA hotA hai, parantu varttamAna sImita jIvana meM mAnasa dik-kAla ko maryAdAoM ko pUrNataH nahIM lA~gha sakatA, ataH yaha AzA karanA tarkasaMgata hogA ki mRtyu ke pazcAt eka bhaviSya - jIvana hotA hai, jisameM manISA apanI

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294 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pUrNatA prApta karegI tathA dik-kAla kI maryAdAoM kA pUrNa ullaMghana kara skegii| jaina-darzana ke anusAra bhI jaba taka AtmA pUrNa jJAna ko prApta nahIM kara letA hai, vaha puna:-puna: janma dhAraNa karatA hai| (ba) naitika-Adarza kI pUrNatAyA caritra ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie- mArTinyU kA kahanA hai ki naitika-Adarza asIma hotA hai| yaha vartamAna jIvana meM pUrNata: prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| naitika-pragati jitanI adhika hotI hai, naitika-Adarza bhI utanA hI adhika ucca hotA jAtA hai, ata: naitika-Adarza kI prApti ke lie anazvara athavA amara jIvana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kAMTa isakA varNana isa prakAra karatA hai-icchA evaM kartavya ke madhya saMgharSoM ko kabhI bhI pUrNata: sImita jIvana meM samApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, ata: vartamAna jIvana ke hI krama meM eka bhAvI jIvana bhI honA cAhie, jahA~ mAnavIya-AtmA kA vyaktitva jIvita rahakara icchA evaM karttavya ke madhya sAmaMjasya sthApita kara ske| jemsa setha ne isa naitika-dalIla ko isa prakAra diyA hai- naitika-Adarza aparichinna hai, sImita kAla meM use prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, isalie AtmA kA astitva ananta-kAla taka rahanA cAhie, arthAt AtmAko amara honA caahie| manuSya ke lie jIvana kA lakSya asIma hai| isa choTe-se jIvana meM usako pUrApAjAnA asambhava hai| yaha jIvana tobhAvI jIvana ke lietaiyArahone kA samaya hai| mRtyu jIvana kA anta nahIM hai| zaktiyoM kI sArthakatA tabhI hai, jaba unakI pUrI abhivyakti ho| aisI zakti ko mAnanA, jisakI pUrI abhivyakti naho sake, svavirodhI hai|56 (sa) mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie- hAphaDiMga ne mUlyoM kI nityatA ke siddhAnta ko mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki isa jIvana meM hama jina mUlyoM ko upalabdha karate haiM, venaitika-duniyA meM surakSita rahate haiN| unakA nAza nahIM hotA hai aura apane adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM unheM AtmA kA sanAtana astitva caahie| isa prakAra, mUlyoM kI nityatA kA siddhAnta AtmA kI amaratA siddha karatA hai| (da) zubhAzubhake phala-bhoga ke lie- kAMTane AtmAkI amaratA ke samarthana meM eka aura naitika-dalIla dI hai| hameM isa bAta kA pakkA vizvAsa hotA hai ki puNya karanevAle ko sukha milanA cAhie aura pApa karane vAle ko duHkha, lekina puNya karane vAle isa duniyA meM bahuta kama duHkhI hote haiM, isalie hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki marane ke bAda eka dUsarA jIvana hogA, jisameM puNya karanevAloM ko ucita mAtrA meM sukha aura pApa karanevAloM ko ucita mAtrA meM duHkha milegaa| dekhA jAtA hai ki yahA~ pApiyoM ko bhI pUrA daNDa nahIM miltaa| zArIrikayAtanA, kArAvAsa ityAdi se bhI pApiyoM ko ucita mAtrA meM duHkha nahIM milatA, isalie bhaviSya ke jIvana meM unako ucita mAtrA meM duHkha milegA, isalie isa janma ke naitika

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AtmA kI amaratA 295 karmoM ke phalayoga ke lie maraNottara jIvana ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| eka vyakti jIvana bhara satkarma karatA hai, lekina use burA phala milatA hai aura dUsarA vyakti jIvana bhara asatkarma karatA hai, lekina use acchA phala milatA hai, to hamArI yaha mAnyatA hotI hai ki isa jIvana ke pUrva jIvana meM pahale vyakti ne asatkarma kie hoMge aura dUsare ne satkarma, jinakA pratiphala unheM isa jIvana meM mila rahA hai| isa prakAra, isa jIvana ke pUrva jIvana ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai| isa prakAra, vartamAna jIvana ke janma se pUrva aura vartamAna jIvana kI samApti ke pazcAt bhI AtmA kA astitvamAnanA hIAtmA kI amaratA kI mAnyatA hai| binAAtmA kI amaratA ko svIkAra kie karmaphalavyatikrama kI samyak vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sktii| mi tworioodi sandarbha graMtha1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/7-8. uttarAdhyayana, 14/18. dIghanikAya, sAmaNNaphalasutta nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, pR. 50-51. anyayogavyavacchedikA, 18. vIrAgastotra, 8/2-3. uttarAdhyayana, 14/19. bhagavatIsUtra, 9/6/3/87. vahI, 7/2/273. bhagavatIsUtra, 9/6/387;1/4/42. saMyuttanikAya, 23/1/3-5. Agama yuga kAjaina-darzana, pR. 47. saMyuttanikAya, 12/2/7. majjhimanikAya, 1/3/2. vahI, 1/1/2. darzana digdarzana, pR. 514. gautama dibuddha, pR. 39-40. gautama buddha, pR. 32-33. bauddha-darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 459. 20. samayasAra, 390-402. bauddha-darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 439-440. bauddha-darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 459. 23. mAdhyamikakArikA, 19/6, 18-10; tulanIya-padmanandipaMcaviMzatikA, 8/13. 24. gunn-pryaayvdrvym|- tattvArtha sUtra, 5/37. 21.

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296 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 25. gItA, 2/18-20, 23-24; tulanA kareM- AcArAMga, 1/3/3. 26. vahI, 15/16. 27. vahI, 2/22; tulanA kareM-theragAthA, 1/38/68 8. 28. zaMkara kA AcAradarzana, pR. 68. 29. jaina sAikAlaoNjI, pR. 173. 30. gItArahasya, pR. 268. 31. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 313. 32. gItA, 6/45. 33. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 221 34. jaina sAikAlaoNjI, pR. 175. 35. naI duniyA, somavAra aMka, apraila-maI 1968. 36. dekhie-jaina sAikAlaoNjI, pR. 175. 37. sthAnAMga, 6/2/7. 38. tattvArthasUtra,8/11. 39. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR. 284. 40. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR. 60. 41. vahI, pR. 56. 42. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR. 286. 43. milindapanho (lakkhaNapanho); uddhRta-bauddha dharmatathAanya bhAratIya darzana, pR.484. 44. vahI, pR. 485. 45. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 146-147. 46. gItA, 2/13. 47. vahI, 2/22. 48. vahI, 6/45, 7/19. 49. vahI, 14/18, 16/20. 50. kaThopaniSad, 2/2/7. 51. chAndogyopaniSad, 5/10/7. 52. uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR 291. 53. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pR. 292. 54. vahI, pR. 292. 55. vahI, pR. 292. 56. pazcimI darzana, pR. 219. 57. pazcimI darzana, pR. 219. 58. vahI, pR. 219.

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AtmA kI svatantratA 297 CER 9 AtmA kIsvatantratA 1. naitika-jIvana aura svatantratA pAzcAtya-vicAraka kAMTanaitika-Adeza ko eka nirapekSa-AdezamAnate haiM, jabaki gItA use IzvarIya-Adeza mAnatI hai| cAhe nirapekSa-Adeza kaheM yA IzvarIya-Adeza, karma-saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai| Adeza kA artha hai 'tumheM yaha karanA cAhie, lekina 'cAhie' meM svatantratA chipI huI hai| kAMTa kahate haiM ki tumheM karanA cAhie, kyoMki tuma kara sakate ho| svatantratA ke abhAva meM 'cAhie' kA koI artha hI nahIM rahatA hai| yadi hama gItAaura kAMTa kI taraha naitikatA ko Adeza ke rUpa meM na mAneM, varan jaina aura bauddha-vicArakoM ke samAna naitikatA ko eka aise Adeza ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM, jise prApta karanA hai, to bhI karma evaM saMkalpa kI svatantratAko mAnanA Avazyaka hai| naitikatA ke lie hara sthiti meM manuSya meM karma evaM saMkalpa kI svatantratA kI dhAraNAAvazyaka hai| naitikaAcaraNa eka saMkalpAtmaka-karma hai| yadi hama saMkalpa karane aura tadanurUpa AcaraNa karane meM vyakti ko svatantra nahIM mAnate haiM, to naitika uttaradAyitva kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaataa| yadi manuSya naitika-Adarza ko prApta karane kI koI svatantra zakti nahIM rakhatA, athavA vaha naitika-Adeza kA pAlana karane aura nahIM karane meM svatantra nahIM hai, to usake lie naitikaAdeza evaM naitika-Adarza-donoM hI nirarthaka ho jAte haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, yadi manuSya kevala sahajavRtti se calanevAlA sIdhA-sAdA prANI ho, yadi usakI icchAe~ aura usake nirNaya kevala anuvAMzikatA aura pariveza kI zaktiyoM ke hI pariNAma hoM, taba naitika-nirNaya bilkula asaMgata hai| maikeMjI kA kathana hai, yadi naitika Adeza meM koI sArthakatA hai, to saMkalpa pUrI taraha se paristhitiyoM ke adhIna nahIM ho sakatA, balki kisI artha meM use svatantra avazya honA caahie| svatantratA ke abhAva meM vyakti ko puNya aura pApa ke lie uttaradAyI bhI nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakatA, na use zubha aura azubha karma ke phala ke rUpa meM puraskAra aura daNDa hI diyA jA sakatA hai| yadi vyakti zubhAzubha karmoM kA cayana karane aura unakA AcaraNa karane meM svatantra nahIM hai, to vaha unake phala kA adhikArI bhI nahIM ho sktaa| dUsare, cAhe saMkalpa aura karma kI svatantratA ke abhAva meM naitika-Adarza kI prApti mAnI bhI jAe, lekina yaha eka aisI upalabdhi hogI, jisameM vyakti kA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hogaa| jisa AdarzakA cayana vyakti ke dvArAna ho aura jisakI upalabdhi meM usakA apanA koI aicchika-kArya naho, vaha usakA Adarza nahIM hogA aura vaha upalabdhibhI usakI nahIM

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298 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kahI jA skegii| vyakti jo kucha kara sakatA hai, vahI usakA kartavya bana sakatA hai| jisa kArya ke sampanna karane kI kSamatA vyakti meM nahIM hai, vaha kArya usakA karttavya bhI nahIM ho sktaa| arastu ne kahA hai, Adarza ko manuSya ke lie vyavahArya aura prAptiyogya honA caahie| jisa Adarza ko vyakti upalabdha nahIM kara sakatA, use usakA Adarza yA lakSya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jo vicAraka vyakti meM aisI svatantra saMkalpa aura AcaraNa kI zakti kAabhAva mAnate haiM, ve AcAradarzana ko AdarzamUlaka-vijJAna kI apekSA prakRta-itihAsa banA dete haiM aura isa prakAra AcAradarzana ke mUla svarUpa ko hI samApta kara dete haiN| vyakti-svAtantrya ke do dRSTikoNa yadisvatantratA Avazyaka hai, to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA vyakti svatantra hai? isa viSaya meM prAcIna kAla se hI do dRSTikoNarahe haiN| jina logoM ne isa prazna kA uttara svIkArAtmaka rUpa meM diyA aura yaha mAnA ki vyakti kRtyoM ke cayana aura unake sampAdana meM svacchanda hai, unheM prAcIna bhAratIya-darzana meM yadRcchAvAdI kahA jAtA hai aura pAzcAtya-vicAraNA meM atantratAvAdI yA anirdhAraNavAdI kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta, jina vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA uttara niSedhAtmaka-rUpa meM diyA aura yaha mAnA ki vyakti meM aisI svacchandatA kA abhAva hai, unheM bhAratIya-cintana meM niyativAdI, bhAgyavAdI, daivavAdI Adi ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| pazcima meM inheM niyativAdI, paratantratAvAdI yA nirdhAraNavAdI kahate haiN| yadRcchAvAdI aura niyativAdI-dhAraNAe~ vyakti kI svatantratA ke sambandha meM paraspara virodhI vicAra prastuta karatI haiM, ata: sAmAnya vyakti ke lie yaha kaThina ho jAtA hai ki vaha kise satya aura kise asatya khe| dArzanikoM ne prAcIna kAla se ina siddhAntoM kI gahana samIkSA kI hai aura inake aucitya kA ThIka-ThIka mUlyAMkana karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| agale pRSThoM meM unakI samIkSAe~ prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 2. mahAvIrakAlIna niyativAdI-mAnyatAe~ anirdhAraNavAda (puruSArthavAda) yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti apane lakSya kA nirdhAraNa karane meM, usakI prApti ke prayAsa meM aura usa lakSya kI upalabdhi karane meM svacchanda evaM sakSama hai, lekina yaha dhAraNA anubhavAtmaka-jIvana meM kharI nahIM utaratI aura anubhavAtmaka-jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA karane meM puruSArthavAdaasaphala ho jAtA hai| anubhavAtmakajIvana meM eka ora vyakti ke nirantara lakSyAtmaka, ucita evaM kaThina prayAsoM ke bAda bhI saphalatA usakA varaNa nahIM karatI, jabaki dUsarI ora koI vyakti anAyAsa hI saphalatA prApta kara letA hai, to vyakti kI AsthA puruSArthavAda se DagamagA uThatI hai| vaha puruSArthavAda ke siddhAnta ko thothA samajhakara dUra pheMka detA hai aura niyativAda ko apanA letA hai| niyativAda kIzaraNa meM jAkara mAnava apanI sAmarthya aura zakti bhUlakara yaha mAnane

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AtmA kI svatantratA 299 lagatA hai ki vaiyaktika upalabdhi hI nahIM, varan vaiyaktika prayAsa aura vaiyaktika saMkalpa, sabhI yA to pUrva-niyata haiM yA kisI anya sattA ke dvArA nirdhArita haiN| unake pAne yA na pAne, karane yA na karane meM vyakti unake adhIna hai, lekina yaha niyantraka-sattA kyA hai ? isa viSaya meM niyativAdI vicAraka vibhinna mata rakhate haiN| jaina aura bauddha-AcAradarzanoM ke samakAlIna bhAratIya-sAhitya meM bhI niyativAdI-paramparA ke kucha rUpa milate haiN| ye sabhI niyativAdIparamparAe~ vyakti ke avaza evaM nirdhArita hone ke niSkarSa kI dRSTi se ekamata hote hue bhI apane AdhAroM ko bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM prastuta karatI haiN| tatkAlIna cintana meM nirdhAraNavAda ke nimna rUpa milate haiM- (1) bhavitavyatAvAda, (2) kAlavAda, (3) svabhAvavAda, (4) bhAgyavAda, (5) sarvajJatAvAda aura (6) iishvrvaad| 1. bhavitavyatAvAda mahAvIra tathA buddha ke samakAlIna pramukha vicArakoM meM gozAlaka isa vicAra ke pratipAdaka pratIta hote haiN| gozAlaka kI isa niyativAdI-vicAradhArA ke pramANa hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti aura upAsakadazAMga meM evaM bauddha-tripiTaka ke dIghanikAya Adi granthoM meM milate haiN| gozAlaka kI mAnyatAko upAsakadazAMga ke chaThaveM adhyAya meM nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kI dharmaprajJapti meM (vyakti meM) utthAna (karmasaMkalpa), karma (kriyA), bala (zArIrika-zakti), vIrya (Atmateja), pauruSa (karma karane kI sAmarthya) aura parAkrama svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vizva ke samasta parivartana niyata haiN| dIghanikAya meM kahA gayA hai, 'hetu ke binA prANI apavitra hote haiM, hetu ke binA prANI zuddha hote haiM- apanI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA, koI puruSa kucha nahIM kara sktaa| (kisI meM) bala nahIM hai, vIrya nahIM hai| puruSa kI koI zakti nahIM hai, parAkrama nahIM hai| sarvasattva, sarvaprANI, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva to avaza, durbala evaM nirvIrya haiN| ve niyati, saMgati (paristhiti) evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNata hote haiM aura cha: meM se kisI eka jAti meM rahakara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiN| agara koI kahe ki isazIla se, isa vrata se, isa tapase athavA brahmacarya se aparipakva karma ko paripakva banAUMgA aura paripakva karma ke phaloM kA bhoga karake use naSTa kara dUMgA, to vaha usase nahIM ho skegaa|' gozAlaka yaha mAnate haiM ki bhAvI ghaTanAe~ (bhavitavyatA) pUrvaniyata haiM, unameM parivartana sambhava nahIM hai, yadi bhavitavyatA meM parivartana sambhava nahIM, to icchA-svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA koI prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| yaha dRSTikoNa kisI ghaTanA kI utpatti ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM vyakti ke puruSArtha ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, varan yaha mAnatA hai ki ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM aura jisa prakAra sUta kA golA khulatA jAtA hai aura sUta bAhara AtA jAtA hai, usI prakAra kAlarUpI golA khulatA jAtA hai aura pUrvaniyata ghaTanAeM ghaTita hotI rahatI haiN|

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300 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana samIkSA yaha bhavitavyatA yA pUrvanirdhAraNavAdI niyativAda AcAradarzana ko yadRcchAvAda ke doSoM se bacAkara naitika-uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, sAtha hI naitika-jIvana meM santoSa para bala dete hue bhUta aura bhaviSya kI duzcintAoM evaM AkAMkSAoM se bacAtA hai, lekina vaha svayaM eka dUsarI ati kI ora calA jAtA hai, jisameM naitikauttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotii| jaba vyakti ke samasta kriyAkalApoM ko pUrvaniyata mAna liyA jAtA hai, to naitika-uttaradAyitva evaM naitika-Adeza kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| 2.kAlavAda kAlavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki kAla hI pramukha tattva hai| kAla ke dvArA hI kriyAkalApoM kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| sRSTi kI sArI kriyAe~ evaM ghaTanAe~ kAla ke adhIna haiM aura kAla ke garbha meM sthita haiN| atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya, sabhI kAla ke garbha meM samAhita haiN| kAlAtIta dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhaviSya bhaviSya nahIM rahegA aura sabhI ghaTanAe~ kAla meM pUrvaniyata hoNgii| yadi ghaTanAe~ kAla meM niyata haiM, to vyakti usameM koI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA aura isa artha meM vyakti ke puruSArtha aura svatantratAkA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| atharvaveda meM kahA gayA hai ki kAla ne pRthvI ko utpanna kiyA, kAla ke AdhAra para sUrya tapatA hai, kAla ke AdhAra para hI samasta bhUta rahate haiM, kAla ke kAraNa hI A~kheM dekhatI haiM, kAla hI Izvara hai| vaha prajApati kA bhI pitA hai| mahAbhArata meM kAla ko samasta jagat ke sukha-duHkha, jIvanamaraNa Adi kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai- lAbha-hAni, sukha-duHkha, kAma-krodha, abhyudaya aura parAbhava tathA bandhana aura mokSa, sabhI kAla ke dvArA hotA hai| gItA meM bhIjIvana-maraNa Adi kA kAraNa kAlahI kahA gayA hai| jaina-grantha gommaTasAra meM isa siddhAnta ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, 'kAla hI sabako utpanna karane vAlA evaM naSTa karanevAlA hai| vaha soe hae logoM meM bhI jAgatA hai| use koI bhI dhokhA nahIM de sktaa|" isa prakAra, kAlavAda kAla ko mahatva dekara yaha batAtA hai ki kAla ke pakane para hI kAryaniSpatti sambhava hai| kAlalabdhi kI paripakvatA hI vaiyaktika-vikAsa meM sahAyaka yA bAdhaka banatI hai| kAlavAda kAnaitika-jIvana meM yogadAna ___kAlavAda kartRtvabhAva evaM ahaMkAra kA nirAkaraNa kara kisa rUpa meM naitika-vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai, isakA sundara citraNa mahAbhArata meM milatA hai| bali isa siddhAnta ke mAdhyama se indrako samabhAva kA sundara pATha par3hAte haiN| ve kahate haiM, sabhI kA kAraNa kAla hai, ataH vidvAn puruSa nAza, vinAza, aizvarya, sukha-duHkha ke prApta hone para na to prasanna hotA hai aura nakheda karatA hai|

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AtmA kI svatantratA 301 samIkSA phira bhI kAlavAda kA siddhAnta mAnane para naitikatA kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM, kyoMki (1) kAlavAda meM puruSArtha kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, vaha vyakti ko puruSArthahIna mAna letA hai, jabaki naitika-dRSTi se vyakti meM puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA mAnanA anivArya hai| (2) kAla ko hI ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki samayamaryAdA ke pUrNa hone para kaccA phala pakatA hai, samaya ke Ane para hI vRkSa phala dene meM samartha hotA hai, phira bhI samaya hI ekamAtra pramukha kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| puruSArtha ke dvArA bhI kucha bAteM samaya pakane ke pUrva hI upalabdha kI jAsakatI haiN| Ama ke eka vRkSa meM yadi sAmAnyatayApA~ca varSa ke pazcAt phala Ate hoM, to hama apane prayAsa, jala aura khAda ke dvArA eka-do varSa pUrva hI phala prApta kara sakate haiN| kAlavAda ke ekAMgI dRSTikoNa kI AlocanAzAstravArtAsamuccaya meM bhI kI gaI hai| jaina-darzana meM kAlavAda kAsthAna jaina-vicArakoM ne apanI tattvamImAMsA meM kAla ko svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara use samasta parivartanoM kA AdhAra mAnA hai| unake anusAra, vastutattva meM parivartanazIlatA ke guNa kA kAraNa kAla hai| jaina-karmavAda meM bhI kAla kA samucita mUlyAMkana huA hai| karmavAda meM pratyeka prakAra kI karmavargaNAoM ke bandhana se mukti taka ke kAla ke sambandha meM paryApta vicAra huA hai, phira bhI yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki karmavAda meM kAla puruSArtha ke lie eka sahAyaka tattva to banatA hai, lekina vaha puruSArtha kA sthAna nahIM le sktaa| dUsare, karmavAda meM yaha bhImAnA gayA hai ki niyata kAla ke pahale hI puruSArtha dvArA karmoM kA phala prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| karmasiddhAnta meM udIraNA' kA vidhAna jaina-darzana meM kAlavAda ke Upara puruSArthavAda kI svIkRti ko abhivyakta karatA hai| 3.svabhAvavAda jagat vividhatAoM kA puMja hai aura svabhAvavAda ke anusAra svabhAva hI isa vividhatA kA kAraNa hai| agni kI uSNatA aura jala kI zItalatA svabhAvagata hI hai| Ama kI guThalI se Ama aura bera kI guThalI se bera hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki unakA svabhAva aisA hI hai| AcArya guNaratna SaDdarzanasamuccayavRtti meM tathA AcAra nemicandra gommaTasAra meM svabhAvavAda kI dhAraNA ko nimna zabdoM meM abhivyakta karate haiM, 'kA~Te kI tIkSNatA, mRga evaM pakSiyoM kI vicitratA, Ikha meM mAdhurya, nIma meM kaTutA kA koI kartA nahIM hai, ve guNa svabhAva se hI nirmita hote haiN| naitika-jagat meM bhI vividhatAe~ haiN| eka vyakti sadAcAra kI ora pravRtta hotA hai, dUsarA durAcAra kI or| Akhira isa vividhatA kA kAraNa kyA hai ? svabhAvavAdiyoM ke anusAra isakA kAraNa svabhAva' hI hai| mahAbhArata

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zubhAzubha pravRttiyoM kA preraka svabhAva mAnA gayA hai| 15 svabhAvavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sabhI kucha svabhAva se nirdhArita hai, vyakti apane prayatna yA puruSArtha se usameM koI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI taraha ke bhAva aura abhAva svabhAva se pravarttita evaM nivarttita hote haiM, puruSa ke prayatna se kucha nahIM hotA / " gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki loka kA pravarttana svabhAva se hI ho rahA hai / 17 svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna do rUpoM meM hai- eka to svabhAvavAda Adata ke rUpa meM hamAre caritra kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai, vaha naitika jIvana meM Adata yA svabhAva kA mahatva spaSTa karatA hai| dUsare, svabhAvavAda kartRtvabhAva evaM abhimAna ke doSoM se bacA letA hai tathA durjanoM para bhI karuNA-bhAva rakhane kA sandeza detA hai| yadi sabhI zubhAzubha pravRtti svabhAva se hI hotI hai, to apanI zreSThatA kA abhimAna evaM kartRtva-bhAva bhI vRthA hogA / " dUsare, yadi durjana kI durjanatA bhI svabhAva ke kAraNa hai, to vaha hamAre krodha kA nahIM, varan dayA kA pAtra honA caahie| isa prakAra, svabhAvavAdI zubhAzubha sthitiyoM meM kisI ko doSI nahIM mAnate hue samabhAva kA pATha par3hAtA hai| samIkSA 302 svabhAvavAda jAgatika - vaicitrya kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai, lekina naitikatA ke kSetra meM vaha pUrNatayA tarkasaMgata siddha nahIM hotA, kyoMki svabhAvavAda mAnane para naitikauttaradAyitva kI samasyA utpanna hogii| dUsare, svabhAvavAda naitika jIvana meM puruSArtha kI avahelanA karegA aura puruSArtha ke abhAva meM naitika pragati evaM naitika - Adeza kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| tIsare, yadi svabhAvavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki svabhAva nirmita hotA hai, to vaha nirapekSa- siddhAnta nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura phira svabhAva kisa kAraNa banatA hai - yaha prazna bhI to mahatvapUrNa hogaa| cauthe, svabhAvavAda yadi yaha mAna letA hai ki saba kucha 'svabhAva' se hotA hai, to AtmA meM vibhAva mAnanA ucita nahIM hogA aura anaitika- AcaraNa, asadpravRtti, jJAna-zakti kI sImitatA Adi ke kAraNa kyA haiM, yaha batAnA kaThina hogaa| pA~caveM, sadAcaraNa aura durAcaraNa yadi svabhAvajanya haiM, to phira durAcArI kabhI bhI sadAcArI na ho sakegA aura isa prakAra naitika vikAsa athavA mukti kA koI bhI artha nahIM rhegaa| svabhAvavAda kA jaina darzana meM sthAna - lekina, uparyukta AlocanAoM kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki svabhAvavAda kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| jaina-darzana meM svabhAva kA mUlya svIkRta hai| bhautika jagat meM to svabhAva (prakRti) kA ekachatra rAjya hai hI, lekina AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhI vikAsa svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatA hai| naitika-lakSya AtmA ke svasvarUpa kI upalabdhi aura naitika-sAdhanA kA

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AtmA kI svatantratA 303 artha AtmA ke svaguNa ko prakaTa karanA hI hai| jaina-karmasiddhAnta meM bhIsvabhAva kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| karmasiddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki mUla svabhAva kA avarodha ho jAnA hI bandhana (karmAvaraNa) hai aura karmAvaraNa kA alaga haTa jAnA aura mUla kA svabhAva prakaTa ho jAnA hI mukti hai| karmasiddhAnta yaha bhI mAnakara calatA hai ki naitika-jIvana kevala svabhAvako hI prakaTa karatA hai| anantajJAna, anantadarzana Adi guNa AtmA kA svabhAva haiM, tabhI to naitika-sAdhanA ke dvArA unheM prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vahA~ to naitikajIvana yA samyakcAritra bhI AtmA kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki tabhI to use apanAyA jA sakatA hai| __ jaina-darzana kA virodha svabhAvavAdase nahIM hai, balki svabhAvavAdake ekAMgI dRSTikoNa se hai| mAtra svabhAvavAda ke AdhAra para naitika-jIvana kI vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| svabhAvakA naitika-jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, lekina use naitika-jIvana kA sabakucha mAnanA bhrAnti hogii| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra naitikatA vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora prayANa hai aura svasvabhAva meM sthita rahanA hI naitika-pUrNatA hai| gItA jaba svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH' kA udghoSa karatI hai, to yahI kahatI hai, lekina svabhAvavAdamAtra svabhAva kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, vibhAva (vikRti) kI nahIM aura isalie yaha naitika-dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hote hue bhI apUrNa hai| yaha apUrNatA usake karmasiddhAnta ke virodhI hone meM hai| svabhAvavAda yadi karmasiddhAnta aura vaiyaktika-svatantratAkA ekAnta virodhI banatA hai, tabhI usakA naitika-mUlya samApta hotA hai, lekina svabhAvavAda karmasiddhAnta kA virodhI nahIM hai| mahAbhArata meM spaSTa kahA hai ki samasta karma apane svabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| svabhAva aura kucha nahIM, pUrva karmoM ke dvArA nirdhArita Adata hai, vaha pUrva caritra se nirmita vartamAna caritra hai aura isa artha meM naitikatA kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga bhI hai| jaina-karmasiddhAnta ke sandarbha meM vyakti kI pUrvabaddha karmaprakRtiyA~ hI usakA svabhAva hai, jisase vaha nirdhArita hotA hai, lekina yaha karmaprakRti AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM hai, eka Aropita avasthA hai| 4.bhAgyavAda bhavitavyatAvAda nirdhAraNa ke kisI kAraNa ko prastuta karanA Avazyaka nahIM smjhtaa| usake anusAra, sabhI ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM, unakA koI kAraNa yA hetu nahIM hai| jisa samaya meM jo jaisA honA hai, vaha vaisA hI hogA, usakA koI kAraNa nahIM diyA jA sktaa| isake viparIta, bhAgyavAda kAraNatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kara karmasiddhAnta kI kaThora vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para apane niyativAdI niSkarSa ko prastuta karatA hai| bhAgya pUrvakarma hI haiM, jo vartamAna jIvana kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra pratyeka kriyA yA karma kA phala hotA hai aura vaha phala svayaM meM eka kriyA hotA hai, jo kisI anuvartI phala kA

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304 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAraNa bana jAtA hai| pratyeka karma apane pUrvavartI karma kA kArya hotA hai aura anuvartI karma kA kAraNa hotA hai aura isa prakAra kArya aura pariNAma kI yaha zrRMkhalA svata: calatI rahatI hai| hamAre pUrvavartI jIvana ke ghaTanAkrama se vartamAna jIvana ke ghaTanAkrama kA nizcaya hotA hai aura yahI ghaTanAkrama hamAre bhAvI jIvana ke ghaTanAkrama kA nizcaya karatA hai| bhUta ke kAraNa hamAre vartamAna kA nizcaya ho cukA hotA hai aura vahI vartamAna hamAre bhAvI kA nizcaya karatA hai| vyakti apane vartamAna meM, jo pUrvabhUta se nizcita hai, parivartana nahIM kara sakatA aura yadi vyakti vartamAna meM parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, to vaha apane bhAvI meM bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki vaha to usI aparivartanIya vartamAna se utpanna hai| yahI bAta isa prakAra bhI rakhI jA sakatI hai ki hamAre pUrva nirmita caritra ke AdhAra para vartamAna ke karma niHsRta hote haiM, jo svayaM hamAre bhAvI caritra kA nirmANa karate haiN| isa prakAra, hamAre caritra kA pravAha bhUta se bhaviSya kI ora bahatA rahatA hai, vyakti usameM svecchA se koI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| isa prakAra, bhAgyavAda kAraNatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kara jaba vyakti meM vartamAna meM parivartana karane kI kSamatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, taba vaha niyativAda bana jAtA hai| samIkSA __ bhAgyavAda yaha to svIkAra karatA hai ki vyakti svayaM apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA hai, lekina jaba vaha kArya-kAraNatA kI kaThora vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI mAna letA hai ki vyakti apane bhAgya kA nirmANa kara lene para usameM parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, taba vaha niyativAda bana jAtA hai| yadi hama yaha mAna leM ki hama apane bhaviSya ko banA sakate haiM, lekina usake sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra kara leM ki hama apane vartamAna meM, jo hamAre bhUta kA pariNAma hai, koI parivartana nahIM kara sakate, to hama apane bhAvI ke nirmAtA bhI nahIM rhte| pUrva nirdhAraNavAdI-niyativAda sarvakAloM ke lie vyakti ke hAtha se jIvananirmANa kI zakti chIna letA hai, jabaki bhAgyavAda kahatA hai ki bhUta tumhArA thA, bhaviSya bhI tumhArA hai; lekina vartamAna tumhAre bhUta ke adhikAra meM hai, tuma usameM svecchayA kucha nahIM kara sakate, lekinabhUta aura bhAvI ko apane hAtha meM mAna lene para bhI yadi vartamAna hamAre adhikAra meM nahIM hai, tobhUta aura bhAvI bhI vastuta: hamAre adhikAra meM nahIM haiM aura isa prakAra naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sambhAvanAe~ samApta ho jAtI haiN| bhAgyavAda karmasiddhAnta ko to svIkAra karatA hai, lekina use itanA kaThora banA detA hai ki usameM puruSArthavAdI-karmasiddhAMta niyativAda bana jAtA hai| bhAratIya-karmasiddhAnta kI kaThora vyAkhyA svayaM eka niyativAdI niSkarSa kI ora le jAtI hai| yadi hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki hamAre vartamAna AcaraNa kI choTI-bar3I sabhI kriyAe~ pUrva karmoM kA phala hotI haiM, to phirabhAvI caritra ke nirmANa ke lie hamAre pAsa kucha nahIM raha jaataa| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne vartamAnakAlika-kriyAoM ko samagrarUpeNa pUrvakarma

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AtmA kI svatantratA 305 se nirdhArita honA svIkAra nahIM kiyA, na yaha svIkAra kiyA ki jo bhI karma kiyA jAtA hai, usa sabakA bhoga anivArya hai, lekina AcArya zaMkara gItA kI TIkA meM aisI vyAkhyA karate haiM, jisase niyativAda ko samarthana milatA hai| ve likhate haiM ki jIvana ke lie jo kucha A~kha kholane yA mUMdane Adi kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai, ve bhI pahale kie hue puNya-pApa kA pariNAma haiN| 22 jaina-darzana ke anusAra bhI vyakti kA jIvana aura usakA pariveza, sabhI usake pUrva karmoM se nirdhArita hote haiM, lekina ina AdhAroM para jaina-darzana aura gItA ko isa varga meM nahIM liyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jaina-darzana aura gItA yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vyakti kevala karma-niyama se zAsita hone vAlA hI nahIM hai, usase Upara bhI hai| samagra vyaktitvako karma ke niyama ke antargata nahIM bA~dhA jA sktaa| 5.IzvaravAda jabaIzvaravAdI-dhAraNAoM meM yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki saba kucha Izvara kI icchA se hotA hai aura hamArI vaiyaktika icchAe~ evaM karma bhI usakI icchA se prerita hote haiM, to hama puna: eka bAra niyativAda kI ora cale jAte haiN| IzvarIya yA daivI pUrvanirNayana ke isa siddhAnta ke anusAra samasta zakti paramAtmA ke hAthoM meM hotI hai| vyakti to nitAnta asahAya, svatantra rUpase saMkalpa aura prayatna karane meM asamartha aura IzvarIya-hAthoMkAeka upakaraNamAtra hotA hai| jo IzvaravAdI darzana yaha svIkAra kara lete haiM ki IzvarIya-saMkalpa hI ekamAtra saMkalpa hai, vyakti to usa saMkalpapUrti meM eka nimitta-mAtra hai, athavA yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vaiyaktika-vikAsa aura mukti IzvarIya-cunAva para nirbhara hai- Izvara jisakA vikAsa karanA cAhatA hai, use sanmArga meM niyojita kara detA hai, to ve niyativAdI-dhAraNA ke zikAra bana jAte haiN| isa vicAradhArA ke mUla meM Izvara ko sarvazaktisampanna mAnane kI dhAraNA hai| samAlocya AcAradarzanoM ke pUrvakAla meM yaha vicAradhArA vidyamAna thii| upaniSad-sAhitya meM isa viSaya ke aneka sandarbha khoje jAsakate haiN| DaoN. Atreya ke zabdoM meM, upaniSadoM meM yahA~ taka bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisako ve (paramAtmA) Upara uThAnA cAhate haiM, usase acche karma karAte haiM aura jisako nIce girAnA cAhate haiM, usase bure karma karAte haiN| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai, jaba yaha paramAtmA svayaM cunatA hai, tabhI yaha usake dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| IsAI-dharma meM bhI seNTa oNgasTAina yahI mAnate the ki manuSya kA uddhAra kevala bhagavAn kI dayA se ho sakatA hai, yadyapi pailegiyasa ne usakI isa dhAraNA kA virodha kiyA thA aura svatantra saMkalpa kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| ____gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para isa dhAraNA kA samarthana milatA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki kaI vicArakoM ne use niyativAdI-vicAraNA ke samarthaka grantha ke rUpa meM dekhA, yadyapi yaha dhAraNA samucita nahIM hai| isa para hama agale pRSThoM meM prakAza ddaaleNge|

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306 jaina. bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6.sarvajJatAvAda ___ sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA zramaNa Ara vAdaka-dAnA paramparAoM kI prAcIna dhAraNA hai| sarvajJatAvAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sarvajJa dezaaura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara kAlAtIta dRSTi se sampanna hotA hai aura isa kAraNa use bhUta ke sAtha-sAtha bhaviSya kA bhI pUrvajJAna hotA hai, lekina jo jJAta hai, usameM sambhAvanA, saMyoga yA aniyatatA nahIM ho sktii| niyata ghaTanAoM kA pUrvajJAna ho sakatA hai, aniyata ghaTanAoM kA nhiiN| yadi sarvajJako bhaviSya kA pUrvajJAna hotA hai aura vaha yathArtha bhaviSyavANI kara sakatA hai, to isakA artha hai ki bhaviSya kI samasta ghaTanAe~ niyata haiN| bhaviSyadarzana aura pUrvajJAna meM pUrvanirdhAraNa garbhita hai| yadi bhaviSya kI sabhI ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM, to vaiyaktika-svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA kyA artha hai? yadi jIvana kI samasta ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM, to phira naitika-Adarza, vaiyaktikasvAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa|srvjny ke pUrvajJAna meM karma kA cayana nizcita hotA hai, usameM koI anya vikalpa nahIM hotA; taba vaha cayana cayana hI nahIM hogA aura cayana nahIM hai, to uttaradAyitva bhI nahIM hogA, arthAt sarvajJatAvAda anivAryata: niyativAda kI ora le jAtA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki uparyukta cha: prakAra ke niyativAda prAcIna bhAratIyacintana meM upalabdha haiM, lekina pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM jo niyativAda svIkRta hai, usakA AdhAra inase bhinna hai| yaha vaijJAnika-jagat ke kAraNatA ke niyama para AdhArita hai| isa prasaMga meM usa para bhI thor3I carcA kara lenA Avazyaka hai| 3. pAzcAtya-darzana meM niyativAda kI dhAraNA pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM niyativAda kI dhAraNA vaijJAnika kAraNa-siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| use hama vaijJAnika-niyativAda' kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi vaijJAnika-niyativAda ghaTanAoM ko pUrvaniyata to nahIM mAnatA, lekina jaba hama kAraNatA ke niyamoM ko hI jagat kA ekamAtra satya svIkAra kara lete haiM, to bhI hama niyativAda ke ghere meM Abaddha ho jAte haiN| yadi sabhI anuvartI ghaTanAe~ apanI pUrvavartI ghaTanAoM se kAraNatA ke niyama ke AdhAra para ba~dhI huI haiM, to phira vaiyaktika AcaraNa meM sakaMlpa-svAtantrya kA kyA sthAna raha jAegA? pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM isI kAraNa-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNavAda kA vikAsa huA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana ke aneka vidvAnoM ne prakRta-vijJAnoM ke prabhAva meM Akara kAraNatA ke niyama ko pUrNarUpa se mAnavIya-prakRti para bhI thopane kA prayAsa kiyA aura pariNAma yaha huA ki ve niyativAda ke daladala meM pha~sa ge| inhoMne yaha mAna liyA ki manuSya eka Atmacetana prANI to avazya hai, lekina usake samastasaMkalpa evaM saMkalpajanya karmabhautikaparisthitiyoM aura zArIrika tathA mAnasika-dazAoM se ThIka usI prakAra niyata hote haiM, jisa prakAra pArasparika AkarSaNa aura vikarSaNa se grahoM kI gati niyata hotI hai| isa

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AtmA kI svatantratA 307 vaijJAnika kAraNatAvAdI yAntrika-dhAraNA meM manuSya ke samagra saMkalpa evaM karma pariveza aura vaMzAnukrama ke pariNAma hote haiM, unhIM se niyata hote haiM aura mAnavIya-svatantratA samApta ho jAtI hai| manuSya mAnavIya-zarIra ke rUpa meM eka aisA Atmacetana yantra hotA hai, jo parivezarUpI zakti se prabhAvita evaM cAlita hotA hai| saMkalpa evaM karma usake apane nahIM hote, varan prakRti kI niyAmaka-zakti kA pariNAma hote haiN| isa samagra vicAraNA meM kAraNatAvAdI dhAraNA para hI adhika jora diyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-cintana meM isake aneka rUpa haiM, jinameM pramukha haiM- vATasana kA paristhitivAdI-niyativAda, Ara. phrADa kA maansik-niytivaad| pazcima meM niyativAdI vicArakoM kI eka lambI paramparA hai, jisameM spInojA, hyUma, benthama, mila, kaDavartha Adi ullekhanIya haiN| kAraNatAvAdIniyativAda bhI puruSArtha evaM saMkalpa-svAtantrya kI dhAraNA kA utanA hI virodhI siddha hotA hai, jitanA saMyogavAdayA ydRcchaavaad| vastuta:, kisIbhIekAntika-vicArapraNAlI meM, cAhe vaha kAraNatA kI ho yA akAraNatA kI, mAnavIya-puruSArtha kA yathArtha mUlyAMkana nahIM ho sakatA; naitika-jIvana ke lie donoM Avazyaka haiM, lekina apane ekAntika rUpa meM donoM hI naitika-jIvana ko asambhava banA dete haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-dArzanika ekAntika-mAnyatA ko asamyak mAnate haiN| niyativAda ke sAmAnya lAbha niyativAda ke sambandha meM sabhI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya-dRSTikoNoM kI naitikasamIkSA karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki unake guNa-doSoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara liyA jaae| niyativAdI-vicAraka apane siddhAnta ke samarthana meM kahate haiM ki (1) niyativAda saMkalpa kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vyakti kA vyaktitva tathA balavatI preraNAe~ hI usake saMkalpa ke mUla meM haiN| saMkalpa saMyogajanya (Casual) nahIM hai, varan usake caritra se hI nirgamita hai, ata: vaha usake lie uttaradAyI hai| (2) yadRcchAvAda meM saMkalpasaMyogajanya (Akasmika) hotA hai, ata: usameM uttaradAyitva nahIM AtA, jabaki niyativAda meM saMkalpa caritra kA pariNAma hotA hai, ata: vaha uttaradAyitva kI samyak vyAkhyA karatA hai| niyativAda apane siddhAnta kAsamarthana nimnatakoM ke AdhAra para karatA hai ___ 1.saMkalpa kAmanovijJAna- isake anusAra saMkalpasvatantra nahIM hai, balki prabalatama pravartana ke dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai| 2. mAnava-svabhAva kI bhaviSyavANI kI sambhAvanA-yadi mAnava-karma pUrvaparisthitiyoM ke dvArA nirdhArita na hokara pUrNatayA svatantra hote, to unakA pUrvajJAna sambhava na hotA, jaisA ki sAdhAraNata: hotA hai|

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308 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. kArya-kAraNa niyama-cU~ki koI bhI ghaTanA akAraNa nahIM hotI, isalie saMsAra meM koI vastu kAraNahIna nahIM hai, ata: saMkalpa bhI svatantra nahIM hai| ___4. zakti-nityatA kA niyama-vizva meM zakti kA pariNAma sadA samAna rahatA hai, kintu saMkalpa-svAtantrya meM nUtana bhautika-zakti kI sRSTi tathA vizva meM zakti ke nizcita pariNAma kI vRddhi garbhita hai| __5. vizva-viSayaka jar3avAdI parikalpanA- mana mastiSka kA upavikAra hai aura isalie usameM kAraNa-zakti aura svatantratA nhiiN| 6. vizva kI sarvezvaravAdI parikalpanA- isake anusAra Izvara hI ekamAtra satya hai tathA manuSya ke mana kI apanI svatantra sattA aura phalasvarUpa saMkalpa-svAtantrya nahIM haiN| 7.Izvara kA pUrvajJAna- manuSya ke bhAvI karmoM ko pahale se jAnane ke kAraNa Izvara unheM pahale hI nirdhArita kara cukA hai|26 niyativAda kI vyAvahArika-jIvana meM upayogitA niyativAda kI vyAvahArika-jIvana meM kyA upayogitA hai, yaha bAta mahAbhArata evaM pAzcAtya-vicAraka spInojA ke kathanoM se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM niyativAdI-vicAra kI upayogitA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai 1.sabhIbhAvasvabhAva se utpanna hote haiM, jo isa bAta ko nizcita rUpa se jAnaletA hai, usakA darpa yA abhimAna kyA bigAr3a sakatA hai ?" arthAt niyativAda ko mAnane para darpa yA abhimAna nahIM hotaa| 2. mujhe jo avasthA prApta huI, aisI hI honahAra (bhavitavyatA) thI, jo ise jAna letA hai, vaha kabhI bhI moha meM nahIM pdd'taa|28 3.jo vastu nahIM milane vAlI hotI hai, usako koI manuSya mantra, bala, parAkrama, buddhi, puruSArtha, zIla, sadAcAra aura dhana-sampatti se bhI nahIM pA sakatA, phira usakI anupalabdhi ke lie zoka kyoM kiyA jAe ? isa prakAra niyativAda ko mAnane para kaThina paristhitiyoM meM bhI koI zaka nahIM hotaa| 4. sabhI kucha kAla ke adhIna hai, isa prakAra jagat kI niyatatA jAnanevAle ko kyA vyathAho sakatI hai ? vaha to lAbha-alAbha yA sukha-duHkha meM bhI samabhAva rakhatA hai| isa prakAra, niyativAda duHkhada avasthAoM meM bhI dhairya evaM samabhAva kA pATha par3hAkara tathA sukhada avasthAoM meM ahaMkAra aura kartRtvabhAva ke doSoM se bacAkara, pUrNatayA niSkAma jIvana jInA sikhAtA hai| spInojA ne IzvaravAdI niyativAda ke nimna lAbha batAe haiM,1 jinakA mahAbhArata kI vicAraNA se kAphI sAmya hai| 1. yaha hameM sarvathA IzvarIya-vidhAna ke anusAra calanA sikhAtA hai aura IzvarIya

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AtmA kI svatantratA 309 svabhAva kA bhAgI banAtA hai| aisA siddhAnta hamArI AtmA ko kevala pUrNa zAnti hI pradAna nahIM karatA, balki yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki hamArA niratizaya sukha, hamArI dhanyatA yA kRtakRtyatA eka Izvara ke jJAna meM hai, jisake dvArA hamAre kArya, prema aura dharmaniSThA kI preraNA. ke anusAra hI hote haiN| 2. yaha siddhAnta hameM AcaraNa kI una bAtoM ko nirdhArita mAnane kI sIkha detA hai, jo hamArI zakti se bAhara haiN| yaha hameM daivI-vidhAna yA bhAgya kI anukUla yA pratikUla sthiti meM bhI dhairya aura sahanazIlatApUrvaka mana kI sAmyAvasthA rakhane kA pATha par3hAtA hai| ___3. yaha siddhAnta hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana ko udAtta banAtA hai, kyoMki yaha hameM kisI bhI manuSya se ghRNA, tiraskAra, upahAsa, IrSyA yA krodha na karanA sikhAtA hai| niyativAda kI upayogitA ke sambandha meM jaina-darzana kA dRSTikoNa bhI yahI hai| vaha apane sarvajJatAvAda evaM karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA usIsamatva-bhAvanA aura niSkAmadRSTi kA pATha par3hAtA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sarvajJa ne jaisA apane jJAna meM dekhA hai, vaisA hI hotA hai, athavA hogA, usameM tilamAtra bhI parivartana nahIM hotA, ata: na to zoka karanA cAhie aura na vyartha kI cintA hI karanI cAhie- 'rAI ghaTe na tila bar3he, raha-raha jIva nishNk|' isI prakAra, karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke anusAra vaha kahatA hai ki sukha-duHkha, Apatti aura sampatti, sabhI pUrvakarma ke adhIna haiM, ata: na to inake lie vyAkulatA evaM Asakti rakhanI cAhie aura na inake nimitta banane vAloM ke prati ghRNA, tiraskAra yA krodha karanA caahie| gItA meM niyativAda kA tattva jisa IzvarIya-vidhAna ke rUpa meM pratipAdita hai, usake pIche bhI yahI nirdeza hai ki sabhI kucha IzvarIya-icchA se saMcAlita ho rahA hai, ata: na to kartRtva kA abhimAna karanA cAhie aura na anukUla-pratikUla sthitiyoM meM vicalita honA cAhie, varan IzvarIya-yantra ke rUpa meM anAsakta evaM taTastha-bhAva se AcaraNa karate rahanA cAhie, usakI kRpA se hI parama zAnti prApta hogii|" niyativAda ke sAmAnya doSa niyativAdake uparyukta lAbha hote huebhI usameM natonaitika-pragati ke lie mAnavIyapuruSArtha kA koI mahatva rahatA hai aura na kisI prakAra ke naitika-uttaradAyitva kI sthApanA hI sambhava hotI hai aura na naitika-Adeza hI koI artha rakhatA hai, jabaki naitikatA ke lie naitika-pragati aura naitika-uttaradAyitva anivArya haiN| naitika-Adeza kI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki vyakti meM cayana kI svatantra sambhAvanAoM ko svIkAra kiyA jaae| vyakti ko jo kucha karanA hai, vaha yadipUrI taraha nizcita hai, to yaha kahane kA kyA artha raha jAtA hai ki use yaha karanA cAhie aura yaha nahIM karanA cAhie ? isI prakAra, naitika-pragati ke lie

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310 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana puruSArtha-kSamatA ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| yadi vyakti meM svatantra rUpa se kucha karane kIkSamatA nahIM hai, to phira usase naitika-pragati kI apekSA karanA vyartha hai, sAtha hI naitikauttaradAyitva ke lie bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki cunAvavyakti ne svayaM kiyA ho, yA vaha cunAva ke lie bAdhya nahIM kiyA gayA ho aura isa artha meM karma svayaM usakA ho, lekina niyativAda ise svIkAra nahIM karatA aura isa prakAra naitikatA kI samucita vyAkhyA karane meM asaphala siddha hotA hai| 4. yadRcchAvAda bhAratIya-sAhitya meM niyativAda kA virodhI siddhAnta yadRcchAvAda hai| zvetAzvatara upaniSad aura gItA meM yadRcchAvAda kA ullekha hai| yadRcchAvAda niyativAda kA virodhI hai| vaha mAnavIya-saMkalpa evaM varaNa (cayana) ko kArya-kAraNa-niyama se pare evaM ahetuka mAnatA hai| yadRcchAzabda kA artha AkasmikatA yAsaMyoga hai| yadRcchA bhavitavyatA se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki bhavitavyatA meM ghaTanAoM ko pUrvaniyata mAnA gayA hai aura yadRcchAvAda meM aniyata mAnA gayA hai| yadRcchAvAda meM saMyoga hI mahatvapUrNa hai, vaha pratyeka ghaTanA ko eka saMyoga ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai aura usa saMyoga ko Akasmika mAnatA hai| yadRcchAvAda eka prakAra se atantratAvAda hai| pAzcAtya naitika-cintana ke sandarbha meM yadRcchAvAda kA vivecana icchA-svAtantrya-siddhAnta ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha mAnatA hai ki icchAoM kA koI hetu nahIM hotA, ve ahetuka haiN| yadRcchAvAda kAnaitika-mUlya yadRcchAvAda kA icchA-svAtantrya ke rUpa meM kucha mUlya avazya ho sakatA hai| yadacchAvAdI naitika-uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA kA prayatna karatA hai, kyoMki usake anusAra kArya kI bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI jA sktii| braiDale ne uttaradAyitva kI samasyA para vicAra karate hue kahA hai ki naitika-jIvana meM vyakti ko uttaradAyI banAne kI dRSTi se niyativAda aura icchA-svAtantrya-donoM kA sthAna hai| yadyapi pUrva saMskAroM (pUrvakarma) ko vartamAna caritra ke nirmANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, tathApi pUrva saMskAroM ko hI saba kucha mAnane para hama niyativAda ke nikaTa hoNge| vAstava meM, yadRcchA kA siddhAnta kAraNa kA abhAva nahIM, varan kAraNa ke Upara kartA kI svatantra icchA kA svIkaraNa hai aura naitika-uttaradAyitva evaM naitika-Adeza kI dRSTi se kartA kI icchA kI svatantratA kA apanA mUlya hai| yadRcchAvAda ke pakSa meM yuktiyA~ 1. varaNa kA artha- yadRcchAvAdI jaba kisI icchA kA varaNa karatA hai aura koI saMkalpa karatA hai, taba vaha pUrNa svatantra hai| usa para kisI anya vyakti yA vastu kA aMkuza nahIM hotaa| vaha Antarika preraNAoM aura icchAoM se bhI svatantra hai, kyoMki inake viparIta

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AtmA kI svatantratA bhI vaha varaNa kara sakatA hai| isakA prabala pramANa yaha hai ki jo loga usako bhalIbhA~ti jAnate haiM, ve usake varaNa ko taba taka ThIka taraha se nahIM batA sakate, jaba taka ki usane varaNa na kara liyA ho / usake varaNa kI bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI jA sktii| agara koI bhaviSyavANI kara de, to vaha apane varaNa se usako galata siddha kara detA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki varaNa pUrNatayA samasta hetuoM se rahita hai, yA ahetuka hai| 2. dAyitva kI vyAkhyA- yadRcchAvAdI kahatA hai ki uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA yadRcchAvAda se hI ho sakatI hai / yadRcchAvAdI apane karma ke lie uttaradAyI hai, kyoMki usa kArya kI bhaviSyavANI koI nahIM kara sktaa| yadRcchAvAda ko na mAnane se vyakti kA uttaradAyitva samApta ho jAtA hai| 311 3. parivartanavAda - yadRcchAvAdI parivartanavAdI hai| vaha vyaktitva ko nitya yA sthAyI nahIM maantaa| usakA kahanA hai ki caritra sthira nahIM, apitu asthira hai| usameM kisI bhI kSaNa AmUla parivartana sambhava hai| vaha vyAdha se vAlmIki athavA siddhArtha se buddha ho sakatA hai| samIkSA yadi icchA-svAtantrya kA artha akAraNa yA akasmAt hai, to phira uttaradAyitva kA praznahI upasthita nahIM hotaa| jaba taka vyakti yaha nahIM jAna letA ki vaha kyA karane vAlA hai taba taka use naitika kRtyoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi icchAsvAtantrya kA artha pUrI taraha aniyatatA evaM bhaviSyavANI kI asambhAvanA hai, to phira karma kA cayana mAtra saMyoga (Chance) hI hogA aura taba naitika- uttaradAyitva nahIM AtA hai| isa prakAra, yadRcchAvAda naitika - uttaradAyitva kI dRSTi se asaMgata hai| bhAratIya - AcAradarzana aura yadRcchAvAda jaina karma - siddhAnta meM yadRcchA kA samucita mUlyAMkana huA hai| karma siddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki yadyapi vyakti zubhAzubha kriyAoM ke karane meM pUrva karmaprakRtiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai, phira bhI vyakti meM zubha-azubha pravRtti ke cayana kI svatantratA rahatI hai| karma - siddhAnta vyakti kA nirdezaka to banatA hai, lekina zAsaka nhiiN| jaina darzana meM AtmA kI svatantratA karma - siddhAnta kI niyAmakatA para hI svIkRta hai| - karmavaNAe~ AtmA kI nirNAyaka zakti kA apaharaNa nahIM karatIM, yadyapi kuNThita avazya karatI haiM, aura, yadi yadRcchA kA artha naitika jIvana meM nirNaya kI svatantratA mAnate haiM, to kaha sakate haiM ki jaina karma siddhAnta meM usakA samucita mUlyAMkana huA hai, yadyapi yadRcchA ke saMyogavAdI- dRSTikoNa kA samarthana jaina - paramparA meM nahIM hai| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra jagat meM bhautika evaM caittasika donoM staroM para kAraNatA kA pratyaya kAma karatA hai|

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hamAre saMkalpoM ke pIche bhI pUrvakarma yA pUrvasaMskAra kArya kara rahe haiN| vastutaH, jaina darzana ke anusAra vyakti pUrNa svatantra nahIM hai, usameM svatantratA kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM aura vaha pUrNa svatantratA kI dizA meM Upara uTha sakatA hai| 312 bauddha darzana pratItyasamutpAda ke niyama ko svIkAra kara yadRcchAvAda ke ahetuvAdI yA saMyogavAdI dRSTikoNa ko asvIkAra karatA hai| vaha ahetuvAda ko naitika dRSTi se anupayogI mAnatA hai, yadyapi dUsarI ora, hetuvAda ko bhI apane ekAntika - artha meM naitika ke lie anupayukta mAnatA hai| buddha ne donoM vicAradhArAoM kA ativAda ke rUpa meM virodha kiyA hai / ve to madhyama-mArga kA hI anusaraNa karate haiN| gItA meM yadRcchAvAda kI koI samIkSA upalabdha nahIM haiM, phira bhI itanA avazya hai ki gItA yadRcchAvAda ke ahetuvAdI pakSa kA samarthana nahIM karatI hai| vaha karttA kI svatantratA ko mAnate hue bhI karma aura saMkalpa ko ahetuka nahIM mAnatI / vastuta:, samAlocya AcAradarzana niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda kA ekAntika samarthana nahIM karate, unameM donoM kA sApekSa sthAna hai| 5. jaina - AcAradarzana meM puruSArtha aura niyativAda mahAvIra dvArA puruSArtha kA samarthana jaina-vicAradhArA puruSArthavAda kI samarthaka rahI hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM kriyA, bala (zArIrika zakti), vIrya (Atmazakti), puruSAkAra (pauruSa) aura parAkrama ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vizva ke samasta bhAva aniyata (aNiyayA savva bhAvA) mAne gae haiN| isa prakAra, mahAvIra niyativAda yA nirdhAraNavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kA pratipAdana karate haiN| unhoMne jIvana bhara gozAlaka ke niyativAda kA virodha kiyA / upAsakadazAMga meM mahAvIra ne sakaDAlaputra zrAvaka ke sammukha aneka yuktiyoM se niyativAda kA nirasana karake puruSArthavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| 39 jaina- darzana meM niyativAda ke tattva (a) sarvajJatA - yadyapi upAsakadazAMga ke AdhAra para sampUrNa ghaTanAkrama ko aniyata mAnakara puruSArthavAda kI sthApanA to ho jAtI hai, lekina isa kathana kI saMgati jainavicAraNA kI trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA ke sAtha nahIM baiThatI hai| yadi sarvajJa trikAlajJa hai, to phira vaha bhaviSya ko bhI jAnegA, lekina aniyata bhaviSya nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| yahA~ para do hI mArga haiM, yA to sarvajJa kI trikAlajJatA kI dhAraNA ko chor3akara usakA artha AtmajJAna yA dArzanika siddhAntoM kA jJAna liyA jAe, athavA isa dhAraNA ko chor3A jAe ki saba bhAva aniyata haiN| (ba) karmasiddhAnta - yadi sarvajJatA kI trikAlajJa dhAraNA se alaga haTakara aniyatatA

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AtmA kI svatantratA ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kara leM, to bhI dUsare anya prazna sAmane Ate haiN| prathama to yaha ki saba bhAvoM ko aniyata mAnane para yadRcchAvAda (saMyogavAda) ke doSa A jAeMge aura kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta yA hetuvAda ko asvIkRta kara saMyogavAda mAnanA par3egA, jisameM naitikauttaradAyitva ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hogA, kyoMki yadi hamAre kArya saMyoga kA pariNAma haiM, to hama usake lie uttaradAyI nahIM ho skte| dUsare, aniyata bhAvoM kI saMgati karma siddhAnta se bhI nahIM baitthtii| yadi sabhI bhAva aniyata haiM, to phira zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA zubhAzubha phaloM anivArya sambandha nahIM mAnA jAegA, to phira vyakti kI sArI naitika AsthA hI DagamagA jaaegii| tIsare, aniyatatA kA artha kAraNatA yA hetu kA abhAva bhI nahIM hotA / kAraNatA ke pratyaya ko asvIkAra karane para sArA karma siddhAnta hI Dhaha jaaegaa| karmasiddhAnta naitika-jagat meM svIkRta kAraNatA ke siddhAnta kA hI eka rUpa hai| jaina- vicAraNA meM karma - siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha trikAlajJa sarvajJa kI dhAraNA svIkRta rahI hai| yahI do aise pratyaya haiM, jinake dvArA niyativAda kA tattva bhI jaina- vicAraNA meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai| sarvajJatA kA pratyaya aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA jaina- vicAra meM sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA svIkRta rahI hai, lekina isake AdhAra para jaina - AcAradarzana ko niyativAdI kahanA isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki sarvajJatA kA kyA artha hai / 313 sarvajJatA kA artha jaina - darzana sarvajJatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jainAgamoM meM aneka aise sthala haiM, jinameM tIrthakaroM evaM kevalajJAniyoM ko trikAlajJa sarvajJa kahA gayA hai / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, aMtakRtdazAMgasUtra evaM anya jainAgamoM meM isa trikAlajJa sarvajJatAvAdI dhAraNA ke anusAra gozAlaka, zreNika, kRSNa Adi ke bhAvI jIvana ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI bhI kI gaI hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa jisa rUpa meM ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA jAnatA hai, ve usI rUpa ghaTita hotI haiN| kArttikeyAnuprekSA meM kahA gayA hai ki jisakI jisa deza, jisa kAla aura jisa prakAra se janma athavA mRtyu kI ghaTanAoM ko sarvajJa ne dekhA hai, ve usI deza, usI kAla aura usI prakAra se hoNgii| usameM indra yA tIrthaMkara koI bhI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| 40 uttarakAlIna jaina-granthoM meM isa traikAlika jJAna sambandhI sarvajJatva kI dhAraNA kA mAtra vikAsa hI nahIM huA, varan usako tArkika AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi buddha ne mahAvIra kI trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue usakA upahAsAtmaka-citraNa bhI kiyA aura apane sambandha meM trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI isa dhAraNa kA niSedha bhI kiyA thA, " lekina paravartI bauddha sAhitya meM buddha ko bhI usI artha meM -

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314 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sarvajJa svIkAra kara liyA gayA, jisa artha meM jaina-tIrthaMkaroM athavA IzvaravAdI-darzanoM meM Izvara ko sarvajJa mAnA jAtA hai| sarvajJatva ke isa artha ko lekara ki sarvajJa hastAmalakavat sabhI jAgatika-padArthoM kI traikAlika-paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, jaina-vidvAnoM ne bhI kAphI UhApoha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, sarvajJatA kI naI paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI giiN| kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa prAcIna yuga meM AcArya kundakunda aura yAkinIsunU haribhadra ne sarvajJatA kI trikAladarzI uparyukta paramparAgata paribhASA ko mAnya rakhate hue bhI naI paribhASAe~ prastuta kii| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra evaM pravacanasAra meM kahA ki sarvajJa lokAloka jaisI Atmetara vastuoM ko jAnatA hai, yaha vyavahAranaya hai, jabaki yaha kahanA ki sarvajJa svaAtmasvarUpa ko jAnatA hai, yaha paramArthadRSTi hai| AcArya haribhadra ne bhI sarvajJatA kA sarvasampradAya-aviruddha artha kiyaa|42 paM.sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa vartamAna yuga ke paNDita sukhalAlajI ne AcArAMga evaM vyAkhyAprajJapti ke sandarbho ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki AtmA, jagat evaM sAdhanAmArga sambandhI dArzanikajJAna ko hI usa yuga meM sarvajJatva mAnA jAtA thA, na ki traikAlika-jJAna ko| jaina-paramparA kA sarvajJatva sambandhI dRSTikoNa mUla meM kevala itanA hI thA ki dravya aura paryAya ubhaya ko samAnabhAva se jAnanA hI jJAna kI pUrNatA hai| buddha jaba mAlukyaputta nAmaka apane ziSya se kahate haiM ki maiM cAra AryasatyoM ke jJAna kAhI dAvA karatA hU~ aura dUsare agamya evaM kAlpanika tattvoM ke jJAna kA nahIM, taba vaha vAstavikatA kI bhUmikA para haiN| usI bhUmikA ke sAtha mahAvIrake sarvajJatva kI tulanA karane para bhI phalita yahI hotA hai ki atyukti aura alpokti nahIM karane vAle santa prakRti ke mahAvIra dravya-paryAyavAda kI purAnI nirgrantha-paramparA ke jJAna ko hI sarvajJatva rUpa mAnate hoNge| jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM itanA pharka avazya rahA hai ki aneka tArkika bauddha-vidvAnoM ne buddha ko traikAlika-jJAna ke dvArA sarvajJa sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, tathApi aneka asAdhAraNa (pratibhAsampanna) bauddha-vidvAnoM ne unako sIdhe-sAde artha meM hI sarvajJa ghaTAyA hai, jabaki jaina-paramparA meM sarvajJa kA sIdhA-sAdA artha bhulA diyA jAkara usake sthAna meM tarkasiddha artha hI pracalita evaM pratiSThita ho gyaa| jaina-paramparA meM sarvajJa ke sthAna para pracalita pAribhASika-zabda kevalajJAnI bhI apane mUla artha meM dArzanika-jJAna kI pUrNatA ko hI prakaTa karatA hai, na ki traikAlika jJAna ko| 'kevala' zabda sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI prakRtipuruSaviveka ke artha meM hI prayukta hotA hai aura yadi yaha zabda sAMkhya-paramparA se jaina-paramparA meM AyA hai, yaha mAnA jAe, to isa AdhAra para

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AtmA kI svatantratA 315 bhI kevalajJAna kA artha dArzanika-jJAna athavA tattva ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna hI hogA na ki traikaalik-jnyaan| AcArAMga kA yaha vacana je eNaM jANaI se savvaM jANaI' yahI batAtA hai ki jo eka AtmasvarUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha usakI sabhI kaSAyaparyAyoM ko bhI yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, na ki traikaalik-srvjnytaa| kevalajJAnI ke sambandha meM Agama kA yaha vacana ki 'sI jANai sI Na jANaI' (bhagavatIsUtra) bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kevalajJAna traikAlika-sarvajJatA nahIM hai, varan AdhyAtmika yA dArzanikajJAna hai| DaoN. indracandra zAstrI kA dRSTikoNa sarvajJatA ke sthAna para prayukta hone vAlA anantajJAna bhI traikAlika-jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| ananta kA artha sarva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vastuta:, yaha zabda stutiparaka artha meM hI AyA hai. jaise vartamAna meM bhI kisIasAdhAraNa vidvAna ke bAre meM kaha dete haiM ki unake jJAna kA kyA anta, unakA jJAna to athAha hai| isI prakAra, dUsarA paryAyavAcI zabda kevalajJAna Atma-anAtma ke viveka yA AdhyAtmika-jJAna se sambandhita hai| sarvajJatA kAtraikAlika-jJAnasambandhI arthaaura puruSArtha kIsambhAvanA lekina, eka gaveSaka vidyArthI ke lie yaha ucita nahIM hogA ki paramparAsiddha traikAlika-sarvajJatAkIdhAraNA kI avahelanA kara dI jaae| na kevalajaina-paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI sarvajJatA kA traikAlika-jJAnaparaka artha svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna se yaha kahakara ki una aneka janmoM ko maiM jAnatA hU~, tU nahIM, apanI sarvajJatA kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai| yaha prazna zaMkA kI dRSTi se dekhA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra, buddha aura kRSNa sarvajJathe yA nahIM; athavA kisI vyakti ko aisA traikAlika-jJAna ho sakatA hai yA nahIM, phira bhI trikAlajJa-sarvajJa kI kalpanA tarkaviruddha nahIM kahI jA sktii| deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara trikAlajJa-sarvajJa kI dhAraNA siddha ho jAtI hai| prabuddha vaijJAnika evaM sApekSavAda ke pravartaka AinsTIna ne nirapekSa-daSTA kI parikalpanA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa|46 koI trikAlajJa-sarvajJa astitva meM hai yA thA, yaha cAhe satya na ho, lekina koI trikAlajJa-sarvatra ho sakatA hai, yaha tArkika satya avazya hai, kyoMki yadi jagat eka niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai, to usa vyavasthA ke jJAna ke sAtha hI ThIka vaise hI traikAlika-ghaTanAoM ke jJAna kI sambhAvanA spaSTa ho jAtI hai, jaise eka jyotiSI ko nakSatra-vijJAna ke niyamoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra parabhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI sUrya evaM candra-grahaNoM kI ghaTanAoM kA traikAlika-jJAna ho jAtA hai| yadi sarvajJa Atma-dravya kI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, to hameM AtmA kI sabhI paryAyoM ko niyata bhI mAnanA hogaa| yaha mAnyatA spaSTa rUpa se nirdhAraNavAda kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| yadyapi niyativAda aura jaina

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316 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jahA~ niyativAda meM puruSArtha yA vyakti kI svatantratA ko asvIkAra kara niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ sarvajJa ke jJAna meM puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA ko mAnakara hI saba bhAvoM kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| upAdhyAya hastImalajI ne apane eka lekha meM isakA samarthana kiyA hai| 7 yadyapi unhoMne mahAvIra ke jIvanaprasaMgoM ke AdhAra para ghaTanAoM ko niyatAniyata mAnakara sarvajJatA aura puruSArthavAda meM saMgati biThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai, tathApi paryAyoM ko niyatAniyata mAnane se trikAlajJa-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kAphI nirbala ho jAtI hai| trikAlajJa-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA niyata-puruSArtha ke rUpa meM hI ho sakatI hai| pAzcAtyavicAraka spInojA ne bhI aise hI niyata-puruSArtha kIdhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| sarvajJatA kIdhAraNA meM puruSArtha niyata hotA hai, aniyata nhiiN| vaha puruSArtha yA vaiyaktika svatantratAkA apaharaNa to nahIM karatI, lekina use aniyata bhI nahIM rahane detii| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki niyativAda puruSArtha kA apalApa nahIM karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai ki siddhirUpa sAdhya bhI niyata hai, tathaiva puruSArtharUpa sAdhana bhI niyata hai| donoM hI AtmAkI paryAya haiN| eka siddhirUpa paryAya hai dUsarI sAdhanarUpa paryAya hai| niyativAdameM puruSArtha ko sthAna nahIM hai, binA kAraNa ke hI vahA~ kArya hotA hai, yaha bAta nahIM hai| niyati meM puruSArtha hotA hai, para vaha bhI niyata hI hotA hai, aniyata nahIM,48 sAtha hI sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kA apalApa isalie bhI nahIM hotA ki sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA niyatatA kA pramANa ho sakatI hai, lekina kAraNa nhiiN| sarvajJatA kA pratyaya vyakti kA niyAmaka nahIM banatA, vaha mAtra usakI niyatatA ko jAnatA hai| puruSArtha jJAna kI dRSTi se niyata avazya hotA hai, lekina puruSArtha jinake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha to jJAtA hai aura jJAtA jJAna se niyata nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, sarvajJatA ke pratyaya meM vyakti kI svatantratA kA kuNThana nahIM hotaa| sarvajJase vyakti kA kartRtva nirdhArita nahIM hotA, varan sarvajJa bhaviSya meM jo kiyA jAne vAlA hai, usako jAnatA hai| sarvajJa jo jAnatA hai, vyakti vaisA karane ko bAdhya hai- aisA nahIM, varan jo vyakti ke dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA hai, use sarvajJa jAnatA hai- aisA mAnane para sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA kA apalApa nahIM hotaa| zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki Izvara kA pUrvajJAna bhI mAnavIya-svatantratA kA virodhI nahIM hai| prAkdRSTi athavA pUrvajJAna kA artha anivAryata: pUrvanirdhAraNa nahIM hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki sarvajJatAvAda nirdhAraNavAda nahIM hai| 7. kyA jaina karma-siddhAnta nirdhAraNavAda hai ? jaina karma-siddhAnta ko ekAnta rUpa meM niyativAda yA nirdhAraNavAda nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina karma-siddhAnta yaha avazya mAnatA hai ki vyakti kA pratyeka saMkalpa evaM pratyeka

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AtmA kI svatantratA 317 kriyA akAraNa nahIM hotI hai, usake pIche kAraNa rUpa meM pUrvavartI karma rahate haiN| hamArI sArI kriyAe~, samagra vicAra aura manobhAva pUrvakarma kA pariNAma rahate haiM, unase nirdhArita hote haiM, lekina itane mAtra se karma-siddhAnta ko nirdhAraNavAda mAna lenA saMgata nahIM hogaa| prathama to yaha ki jaina karma-siddhAnta vyakti kI samagra svatantratA kA apaharaNa nahIM krtaa| jaina karmasiddhAnta karmoM kIavasthAoM meM sakramaNa, apavartana, udIraNA aura pradezodaya kI dhAraNA evaM AtmA meM apUrvakaraNa kI zakti ko svIkAra kara karma-niyama ke Upara vyakti kI svatantratA ko svIkAra kara letA hai| jaina karma-siddhAnta kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki vaha yaha svIkAra kara letA hai ki vyakti jaise-jaise apanI svatantratA ko samajhatA hai aura anya (para) ke nirdhAraNa se apane ko bacAtA hai, vaise-vaise karma-niyama ke Upara apanA adhikAra prApta karatA jAtA hai| apUrvakaraNa, anAvRttikaraNa evaM kevalIsamudghAta ke pratyaya karma-niyama ke Upara vyakti kI svatantratA ke samarthaka haiN| dUsare, yadi yaha bhI mAna liyA jAe ki karmasiddhAnta meM nirdhAraNavAda yA niyativAda kA tattva hai, to bhI karmasiddhAnta meM nirdhAraka tattva bAhya nahIM hai| karmasiddhAnta eka prakAra se AtmanirdhAraNavAda hai| hamArA nirdhAraNa karane vAle hamAre hI pUrvakarma yA saMskAra hote haiN| hamArA pUrvavartI jIvana hI hamAre vartamAna jIvana kA niyAmaka hotA hai, arthAt hama hI apane niyAmaka hote haiN| karma kA niyama vyakti kI svatantratA kA apalApa nahIM krtaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI isI dhAraNA kA samarthana karate hue likhate haiM ki svatantratA kA artha svacchandatA nahIM hai aura na karma kA artha niyati hai| karma yA atIta ke sAtha sambandha kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki manuSya svatantra rUpa se koI karma nahIM kara sakatA, balki usameM svatantra karma to antarnihita hI haiN| jo niyama hameM atIta ke sAtha jor3atA hai, vaha isa bAta kA bhI pratipAdana karatA hai ki hama karma ke niyama ko svatantra kArya se parAbhUta kara sakate haiN| yaha ho sakatA hai ki atIta arthAt hamAre saMcita karma hamAre mArga meM bAdhAe~DAleM, kintu ve saba manuSya kI sRjanAtmaka-zakti ke Age usI mAtrA meM jhuka jAeMge, jisa mAtrA meM usameM gambhIratA aura dRr3hatA hogii| vastuta:, jaina-karmasiddhAnta ke dvArA svIkRta AtmanirdhAraNavAda hI eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo naitika-uttaradAyitva kI samucita vyAkhyA karatA hai| pAzcAtya-cintana meM bhI niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda kA samanvaya AtmanirdhAraNavAda ke rUpa meM hI khojA gayA hai| 8. bauddha-darzana aura niyativAda evaM yadRcchAvAda buddha dvArA yadRcchAvAda aura niyativAda kI AlocanA- bauddha-vicAra na kevala ahetuvAdI-yadRcchAvAda evaM niyativAda kA nirasana karatA hai, varan IzvaravAdI-niyativAda aura bhAgyavAdI-niyativAda kI bhI AlocanA karatA hai aura unheM naitikatA kI vyAkhyA kA samucita siddhAnta nahIM maantaa| bauddhAgoM meM ina vicAraNAoM kI samAlocanA yaha kahakara

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318 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI gaI ki ye vicAraNAe~ antatogatvAakarmaNyatAvAda kI ora le jAtI haiN| aMguttaranikAya meM inakI samAlocanA karate hue buddha kahate haiM, bhikSuoM, ye tIna tIrthakoM ke aise mata haiM ki jo paNDitoM dvArA uhApoha kie jAne para, pUche jAne para, carcA kie jAne para, jahA~ kahIM bhI jAkara rukate haiM, vahA~ akarmaNyatA para hI jAkara rukate haiN| kauna se tIna? __ 1. bhikSuoM ! kucha zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA yaha mata hai, yaha dRSTi hai ki jo kucha bhI koI AdamI sukha-duHkha yA aduHkha-asukha kA anubhava karatA hai, vaha sabapUrvakarmoM ke phalasvarUpa anubhava karatA hai| taba unase maiM kahatA hU~- to AyuSmAnoM! tumhAre mata ke anusAra pUrvajanma ke karma ke phalasvarUpa AdamI prANIhiMsA karane vAle hote haiM, pUrvajanma ke karma ke phalasvarUpa AdamI corI karane vAle, abrahmacArI, jhUTha bolanevAle, cugalakhora, vyartha bakavAda karane vAle, lobhI, krodhI, mithyAdRSTi vAle hote haiN| bhikSuoM! pUrvakRta karma ko hI sArarUpa grahaNa kara lene se, yaha karanA yogya hai aura yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM saMkalpa nahIM hotA, prayatna nahIM hotaa| jaba yaha karanA yogya hai aura yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM hI yathArthajJAna nahIM hotA, to isa prakAra ke mUDhasmRti asaMyata logoM kA apane-Apako dhArmika-zramaNa (naitika-vyakti) kahanA bhI sahetuka (tarkayukta) nahIM hai| 2. bhikSuo! kucha zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA yaha mata hai, yaha dRSTi hai ki jo kucha bhI koI AdamI sukha-du:kha yA adu:kha-asukha anubhava karatA hai, vaha saba Izvara-nirmANa ke kAraNa anubhava karatA hai| taba maiM unase kahatA hU~- AyuSmAnoM ! tumhAre mata ke anusAra Izvara-nirmANa ke phalasvarUpa hI AdamI prANIhiMsA karane vAle hote haiM, corI karane vAle, abrahmacArI, jhUTha bolanevAle, cugalakhora, kaThora bolanevAle, vyartha bakavAda karanevAle, lobhI, krodhI, mithyAdRSTi hote haiN| bhikSuoM ! Izvara-nirmANa ko hI sArarUpa grahaNa kara lene se yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM saMkalpa nahIM hotA, prayatna nahIM hotaa| jaba yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM hI yathArthajJAna nahIM hotA, to isa prakAra ke mUDhasmRti, asaMyata logoM kA apane-Apako dhArmika-zramaNa kahanA sahetuka nahIM hotaa| ____ 3. bhikSuoM! kucha zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA yaha mata hai, yaha dRSTi haiM ki jo kucha bhI koI AdamI sukha-du:kha yA adu:kha-asukha anubhava karatA hai, vaha saba binA kisI hetu ke, binA kisI kAraNa ke (anubhava karatA hai)| taba maiM unase kahatA hU~- AyuSmAnoM! tumhAre mata ke anusAra binA kisI hetu ke, binA kisI kAraNa ke AdamI prANIhiMsA karane vAle hote haiM, corI karane vAle, abrahmacArI, jhUTha bolane vAle, cugalakhora, kaThora bolane vAle, vyartha bakavAda karane vAle, lobhI,

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AtmA kI svatantratA krodhI, mithyAdRSTi vAle hote haiN| bhikSuoM ! isa ahetuvAda ko, isa akAraNavAda ko hI sArarUpa grahaNa kara lene se yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM saMkalpa nahIM hotA, prayatna nahIM hotaa| jaba yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM hI yathArthajJAna nahIM hotA, to isa prakAra ke mUDhasmRti, asaMyata logoM kA apane-Apako dhArmika-zramaNa (naitika-vyakti) kahanA sahetuka (tarkapUrNa) nahIM hotA / 1 bauddha-AgamoM kA yaha sandarbha isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki bauddha-vicAraNA ko ahetuvAda tathA niyativAda kisI bhI artha meM abhipreta nahIM hai| phira bhI, pratItya-samutpAda meM niyativAda jisa aMza meM adhiSThita hai, usakA pUrNatayA nivAraNa bhI sambhava nahIM hai| 9. kyA pratItyasamutpAda niyativAda hai ? 319 - sambhavataH, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratItyasamutpAda kI dhAraNA ke sAtha hI bauddhadarzana meM bhI niyativAda kA tattva praviSTa ho jAtA hai| pratItyasamutpAda kAraNa niyama kA hI dUsarA nAma hai / pratItyasamutpAda kI sAdhAraNa vyAkhyA hai, 'aisA hone para yaha hotA hai / ' yadi hama isa vyAkhyA ko kaThora arthoM meM svIkAra kareM, to niyativAda ke adhika nikaTa A jAte haiN| yadi pUrvavartI ghaTanA niyatarUpa se apanI anuvartI ghaTanA se ba~dhI huI hai, to phira icchAsvAtantrya ke lie sthAna hI kahA~ ? yadi pratItyasamutpAda meM svIkRta avidyA, saMskAra, vijJAna, nAma, rUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, tRSNA tathA bhava Adi pratyaya eka-dUsare se niyatarUpa meM ba~dhe hue haiM, to phira isa zrRMkhalA ko tor3anA kaThina hogA; kyoMki SaDAyatana to upalabdha hai hI, usase sparza, vedanA Adi hoMge hI aura unake hone para tRSNA hogI hI aura isa prakAra, nirvANa kA prayAsa aura usakI prApti, donoM hI asambhava hoNge| AcArya bAdarAyaNa ne brahmasUtra (2/2/4/22) meM bauddha darzana para yahI AkSepa kiyA hai ki 'santAna aura santAniyoM kA buddhipUrvaka athavA abuddhipUrvaka nAza sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki santAna aura santAniyoM kA vicchaMda nahIM hotaa|' AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtra ke bhASya meM likhate haiM ki sarva santAnoM meM santAniyoM ke vicchedarahita kArya-kAraNa-bhAva hone se santAna ke viccheda kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / " yadi pratItyasamutpAda kI isa zrRMkhalA ko tor3A nahIM jA sakatA, to phira naitika jIvana aura nirvANa kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA, lekina pratItyasamutpAda ko niyativAda yA nirdhAraNavAda kahanA eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogI / bauddha darzana apane pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA jahA~ eka ora yadRcchAvAda kA nirasana karatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usake hI dvArA pUrvanirdhAraNavAda aura yadRcchAvAda- donoM hI karmahetu yA kAraNa kI samucita vyAkhyA nahIM dete, mUlataH donoM hI ahetuvAdI yA akAraNavAdI dhAraNAe~ haiN| pratItyasamutpAda hetu kI vyAkhyA ke dvArA una donoM kA hI nirasana kara detA hai / pratItyasamutpAda yadRcchAvAda yA ahetuvAda ke nirAkaraNa ke lie hetuphala ke anivArya sambandha ke rUpa meM

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320 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niyativAda ko avazya svIkRta karatA hai| vaha hetu aura unake phala ke anivArya sambandhako spaSTa kara vartamAna du:kha kA kAraNa prastuta karatA hai| duHkha kA pratIka jarA-maraNa hai| jarA-maraNa kyoM hotA hai ? jAti (janma) ke kaarnn| janma kyoM hotA hai ? bhava (janmadAyaka karma) ke kaarnn| janmadAyaka karma kyoM hote haiM ? upAdAna (Asakti) ke kaarnn| Asakti kyoM hotI hai ? tRSNA (icchA) ke kaarnn| tRSNA kyoM hotI hai ? vedanA, arthAt anubhUti ke kaarnn| vedanA kyoM hotI hai ? viSayoM kA sparza yA samparka hone ke kaarnn| sparza kyoM hotA hai ? cha: indriyoM (SaDAyatana) ke rahane ke kaarnn| cha: indriyAM kyoM hotI haiM ? nAma-rUpa, arthAt mana aura zarIra ke kaarnn| nAma-rUpa kyoM hotA hai ? isakI utpatti ke kSaNa vijJAna (cintA) rahane ke kaarnn| vijJAna kyoM hotA hai? saMskAra (pUrvajanma ke anubhava) ke kaarnn| saMskAra kyoM hote haiM ? avidyA (pUrvajanmakI du:kha-dazA) ke kaarnn| yadyapi isa prakAra pratItyasamutpAdahetu aura phala ke anivArya sambandhako abhivyakta avazya karatA hai, lekina vaha kabhI bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki isa hetu phala-paramparA kA nirodha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, varan isake viparIta vaha to yaha kahatA hai ki isa hetu phala-paramparA kA nirodha kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya aura caturtha Arya-satyakemadhya nirudhya aura nirodhaka kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| aSTAMgika-mArga pratItyasamutpAda ke daza nidAnoM kA nimna rUpa meM nirodha karatA hai nirodhaka Arya aSTAMgika mArga daza nidAna 1.samyak dRSTi avidyA 2. samyak saMkalpa saMskAra 3.samyak vAk vijJAna 4. samyak karmAnta nAma-rUpa aura SaDAyatana 5. samyak AjIva sparza 6. samyak vyAyAma vedanA 7.samyak smRti tRSNA aura upAdAna 8. samyak samAdhi bhava aura jAti isa prakAra, sArI hetu phala-paramparA kI zrRMkhalA hI samApta kI jA sakatI hai aura vyakti nirvANa-lAbha prApta kara sakatA hai, sAtha hI pratItyasamutpAda kA pratyeka aMga (dharma) koI bAhya tathya nahIM, varan vyakti kI apanI hI avasthAe~ haiN| pratItyasamutpAda karmasiddhAnta kAhI ekarUpa hai aura isaartha meM usameM nirdhAraka-tattva bAhya nahIM, Antarika haiN| karmasiddhAnta nirudhya

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AtmA kI svatantratA 321 ke rUpa meM vaha AtmanirdhAraNavAda hI siddha hotA hai, jo bauddha-naitikatA ko yadRcchAvAda (hetuvAda) aura niyativAda-donoM ke doSoM se bacA letA hai| 10. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda gItA meM niyativAda (nirdhAraNavAda) ke tattva- sAdhAraNa dRSTi se dekhane paragItA ko niyativAdI-vicAraNA ke nikaTa pAyA jA sakatA hai aura isI kAraNa kucha pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya-vicArakoM ne use niyativAdI kahA bhI hai| gItA kI samIkSA karate hue pro. hila likhate haiM ki gItA meM saMkalpa-svAtantrya eka pUrNa niyativAdI-vicAradhArA ke antargata kArya karane vAlI cayana kI mithyA svatantratA hai| isa prakAra, hila ke anusAra gItA niyativAdI-dRSTikoNa kI samarthaka hai| DaoN. bhIkhanalAla Atreya yadyapi gItA ko pUrNarUpeNa niyativAdI-vicAraNA kA pratipAdaka grantha nahIM mAnate haiM, tathApi ve gItA meM nihita niyativAdI-tattvoM kIora saMketa karate hue likhate haiM, 'deva aura puruSArtha kI samasyA jaisI hI eka samasyA kaI darzanoM aura bhagavadgItAne khar3I kara dI hai| ye zAstra puruSa ko karmoM kA karttA namAnakara prakRti ko karttA mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki saba kucha prakRti ke guNoM dvArA ho rahA hai| kRSNa ne arjuna se kahA thA-yadi vaha svayaM lar3anA nahIM cAhegA, to bhI prakRti usako lar3AI meM pravRtta kara degii| prakRti aura puruSa ke karttavya aura akarttavya kI samasyA ko gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne yaha kahakara aura jaTila banA diyA ki Izvara apanI mAyA se saba prANiyoM ko kaThaputalI kI nAI nacA rahA hai|'54 gItA meM hameM aise aneka zloka mila jAte haiM, jinakA niyativAdaparaka artha lagAyA jA sakatA hai| nauveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki apanI prakRti ko vaza meM rakhate hue maiM ina bhUtoM ke samUha ko bAra-bAra utpanna karatA hU~, jo ki prakRti ke vaza meM hone ke kAraNa bilkula bebasa haiN|5 gyArahaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai, 'maiM lokoM kA vinAza karanevAlA kAla haiM, jo pravRddha hokara lokoM ke vinAza meM lagA hai, yaha saba paraspara virodhI senA meM paMktibaddha khar3e hue yoddhA tere (karma ke) binA bhI zeSa nahIM raheMge- yaha saba to mere dvArA pUrva meM hI mAre jA cuke haiN| he arjuna! tU aba isakA kAraNa bhara bana jaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI isa zloka ko TippaNI meM likhate haiM ki Izvara bhavitavyatA kI saba bAtoM kA nizcaya karatA hai aura unheM niyata karatA hai- aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lekhaka daivIpUrva-nirNayana ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karatA hai aura vyakti kI nitAnta asahAyatA aura kSudratA tathA saMkalpa aura prayatna kIvyarthatA kI ora saMketa karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, gItAkAra vyakti ke hAthase naitikavikAsa kI sArI kSamatAoM ko bhI chInakara unheM paramAtmA ke hAthoM meM dene kA prayAsa kara niyativAdI-dhAraNA ko aura adhika sabala banA detA hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa kahate haiM, 'maiM saba vastuoM kA utpatti-sthAna hU~, mujhase sArI sRSTi calatI hai, isa bAta ko jAnakara

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322 -darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAratIya AcAra jJAnI loga vizvAsapUrvaka merI pUjA karate haiM- jo isa prakAra nirantara merI upAsanA aura bhakti karate haiM, unheM maiM buddhiyoga pradAna karatA hU~, jisake dvArA ve mere pAsa pahu~ca jAte haiN|' aThArahaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki Izvara saba prANiyoM ke hRdayasthAna meM sthita hokara apanI mAyA se unheM yantra ke rUpa meM calA rahA hai|" isa zloka meM to gItAkAra-niyativAdI dhAraNA ke tAntrika - siddhAnta ko bhI pratipAdita kara detA hai, phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki gItA kA niyativAda eka arddhayAntrika niyativAda hai, bhrAnti hI hogI / isa viSaya para samyak rUpa se vicAra karanA apekSita hai| kyA gItA niyativAdI hai ? - uparyukta avataraNoM ke AdhAra para gItA niyativAda kA grantha pratIta avazya hotA hai, lekina gItA meM hI aneka sthala aise bhI haiM, jo icchAsvAtantrya kA pratipAdana karate haiN| adhikAMza TIkAkAra bhI gItA ko niyativAdI - grantha nahIM maante| gItA ke Adya vyAkhyAkAra AcArya zaMkara ise spaSTa kara dete haiM ki gItA meM niyativAdI evaM icchAsvAtantryavAdI dhAraNAoM kA sahI svarUpa kyA hai| AcArya zaMkara svayaM yaha samasyA uThAte haiM ki yadi sabhI jIva prakRti ke anusAra hI ceSTA karate haiM, prakRti se rahita koI nahIM hai, to puruSa ke prayatna kI AvazyakatA na rahane se vidhiniSedhadarzaka - zAstra ( AcAradarzana) nirarthaka hogA ? 59 itanA hI nahIM, yadi hama kisI grantha ke upasaMhAra ko usakI saiddhAntikadhAraNA kA niSkarSa mAneM, to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki gItA AtmasvAtantrya ke siddhAnta ko hI svIkAra karatI hai, kyoMki anta meM zrIkRSNa arjuna se yahI kahate haiM ki jaisI terI icchA ho vaisA kara | deg gItA meM niyativAda svIkAra karane ke do hI AdhAra haiM- ( 1 ) prakRti aura ( 2 ) Izvara / yA to yaha mAnA gayA hai ki prANiyoM kA sArA vyavahAra prakRti se niyantrita hotA hai, yA Izvara se, lekina Izvara prakRti yA mAyA ke mAdhyama se hI niyantrita karatA hai, sIdhe rUpa meM nahIM, ataH yaha samajhanA hogA ki prakRti athavA mAyA kA isa sandarbha artha hai| AcArya zaMkara isa sandarbha meM prakRti kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki jo pUrvakRta puNya-pApa Adi saMskAra vartamAna janmAdi meM prakaTa hotA hai, usakA nAma prakRti hai, arthAt isa prakAra naitikatA ke sandarbha meM prakRti yA mAyA kA tAtparya karmasiddhAnta se hai| naitika- AcaraNa ke kSetra meM gItA kI prakRti karma - prakRti hI hai, jo bhUtakAlIna karmasaMskAroM se nirmita hokara varttamAna jIvana-vyavahAra ko niyantrita karatI hai| isa prakAra, gItA meM AcaraNa ke kSetra kA niyantraka - tattva svayaM vyakti se udbhUta usakI karma-prakRti hI siddha hotI hai| gItA meM Izvara ko jisa rUpa se niyAmaka mAnA gayA hai, vaha svecchAcArI nahIM hai / vaha Izvara sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva se yukta niyamapUrvaka kArya karanevAlA hai, ataH prANiyoM ke AcaraNa kA niyAmaka tattva Izvara nahIM, varan vaha karma kA niyama hai, jisake anusAra hI Izvara kArya karatA hai| Izvara to mAtra karma - niyama ke adhiSThAtA ke rUpa meM hI -

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AtmA kI svatantratA 323 usakA niyAmaka kahA jA sakatA hai| tilaka bhI gItA meM Izvara ko isI rUpa meM niyAmaka mAnate haiN| niSkarSa yaha hai ki gItA meM yadi koI niyativAdI-tattva hai, to vaha karma kA niyama hI hai aura prANI-vyavahAra kA niyamana isI ke AdhAra para hotA hai, lekina yadi hama karmaniyama ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM vyakti ke vyavahAra kA niyantraka-tattva mAna lete haiM, to bhI niyativAda ke paMje meM A jAte haiN| karma-vipAka kA niyama, jise gItA meM Izvara kI prakRti yA mAyA athavA IzvarIya-niyama kahA gayA hai, vastuta: kyA hai ? usakA vyakti para kitanA zAsana hai ? yaha jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hogaa| gItA ke anusAra vyakti karma-niyama meM apanI icchA se koI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, phira bhI prazna uThatA hai ki vaha prANiyoM kA kisa artha meM niyamana karatA hai ? gItA meM karma ko jo prakRti yA mAyA kahA gayA hai, usakA gahana artha yaha hai ki vaha jar3a hai aura isalie prakRti yA mAyA kA niyama jar3a kA niyama hai| jar3a ke niyama ko hI hama vijJAna kIbhASA meM kArya-kAraNa kA niyama kahate haiM aura karma-siddhAnta kA niyama bhI kArya-kAraNa-siddhAnta kA hI eka rUpa hai| aisI sthiti meM karma-siddhAnta ko jar3a jagat kA niyama mAna lene para use prANI-jagat para lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jar3a aura cetana bhinna-bhinna tattva haiN| gItA jaba AtmA ke dvArA Atma ke utthAna kI bAta kahatI hai (6/5), taba vaha nizcita rUpa se yahI iMgita karatI hai ki icchA-svAtantrya kA siddhAnta hI cetana-jagata kA siddhAnta hai| anAtma (jar3a) aura Atma (cetana)-do bhinna sattAe~ haiM aura donoM ke svatantra niyama haiN| jar3a jagat ke niyama ke rUpa meM hI niyativAda panapatA hai, yadyapi vartamAna vaijJAnika-siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para to paramANu-jagata meM bhI niyatatA kA niyama pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM hotaa| paramANuoM kI Antarika-gati meM bhI aniyatatA hotI hai, phira bhI cetana-jagat kA niyama to icchA-svAtantrya kA siddhAnta hI kahA jA sakatA hai, jisameM puruSArtha kI dhAraNA balavatI hotI hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI likhate haiM, 'prakRti niyativAda kI vyavasthA hai, lekina vaha ruddha vyavasthA nahIM hai| AtmA kIzaktiyA~ use prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, usakI gati kI dizA ko mor3a sakatI haiN| karma kA niyama anAtma (jar3a) ke kSetra meM pUrI taraha lAgU hotA hai, jahA~ prANIzAstrIya aura sAmAjikaanuvAMzikatA dRr3hatA ke sAtha jamI huI hai, kintu kartA (vyakti) meM svAdhInatA kI sambhAvanA hai, prakRti ke niyativAda para, saMsAra kI anivAryatA (bAdhyatA) para vijaya pAne kI sambhAvanAe~ haiN|62 naitikatA kA jagat na pUrNatayA jar3a hai aura na pUrNatayA cetana hai| naitika-kartA ke rUpa meM jIva (baddhAtmA) na tozuddharUpa se Atma hai aura na zuddharUpa se anAtma, vaha to Atma aura anAtma kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| mAnavIya-jagat meM jisa rUpa meM anAtma Atma para hAvI rahatA hai, usI sthiti taka Atma-tattva para niyativAda kA adhikAra rahatA hai, lekina

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana Atma cAhe anAtma se kitanA hI dabA huA ho, vaha kabhI bhI anAtma nahIM ho jAtA hai aura isIlie usameM svatantratA kI sambhAvanAe~, cAhe vaha kitanI hI dhUmila kyoM na hoM, samApta nahIM hotI haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM- karttA (AtmA) kA artha hai svatantratA yA anirdhAritatA / jIvana apanI AtmasImitatA meM apanI manovaijJAnika aura sAmAjika svata:cAlitatA meM sacce kartA (zuddhAtmA) kA vikRta rUpa hai| karma ke niyama para AtmA kI svAdhInatA kI puSTi dvArA vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| vizva kI ve zaktiyA~, jinakA manuSya para prabhAva par3atA hai, nimnatara prakRti kI pratinidhi haiM, parantu usakI (manuSya kI) AtmA prakRti (jaina paribhASA meM karma - prakRti) ke ghere ko tor3a sakatI hai aura brahma (zuddhAtmA) ke sAtha apane sambandha ko pahacAna sakatI hai| hamArA bandhana kisI vijAtIya tattva para Azrita rahane meM hai| manuSya acche aura bure meM cunAva kara sakane kI (nihita ) svatantratA se Upara uThakara usa uccatara svatantratA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| gItA meM vyakti kI bhale aura bure kA cunAva kara sakane kI svAdhInatA para aura usa DhaMga para, jisase ki vaha isa svatantratA kA prayoga karatA hai, jora diyA gayA hai- prakRti nirapekSa rUpa meM saba bAtoM kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara detI hai| karma eka dazA hai, bhavitavyatA nahIM 1024 324 11. samyak jIvana-dRSTi ke lie donoM dRSTikoNa apekSita vastuta:, saphala jIvana - saMcAlana ke lie niyati aura puruSArtha, donoM Avazyaka haiN| niyativAda jIvana ke atIta pakSa ko samajhAne kI dRSTi hai, to puruSArthavAda jIvana ke bhAvIpakSa ko samajhane kI dRSTi hai / puruSArthavAda to bhAvI ko samujjvala banAne kI kalA evaM vidhi bhI hai / niyativAda ke dvArA hameM mAtra apane atIta ko samajhane kI koziza karanA caahie| niyativAda yaha batA sakatA hai ki jo kucha ho cukA hai, una paristhitiyoM meM vahI honA thaa| durbhAgyapUrNa bhUta ke sambandha meM yahI siddhAnta hamAre jIvana kI sAMtvanA banA sakatA hai / bhUta ke sambandha meM puruSArthavAda yaha socane ko bAdhya karegA ki yadi kArya amuka prakAra se kiyA hotA, to saphalatA mila jAtI, lekina bhUta kI sthiti meM parivartana karanA to vartamAna ke puruSArtha - adhikAra meM nahIM hai| vastutaH, bhUta to vaha tIra hai, jo hAtha se chUTa cukA hai, ata: bhUta sambandha meM puruSArthavAdI dRSTi pazcAttApa ke sivAya kucha nahIM de sktii| varttamAna meM khar3e bhUta kI ora dekhane ke lie niyativAdI dRSTi hI ucita hai, bhUta badalA nahIM jA sakatA, usake lie niyativAdI dRSTi paryApta hai, lekina bhAvI ajJAta hotA hai, usake sambandha meM kucha bhI pUrvakathana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaba taka vyakti meM yaha sAmarthya nahIM hai ki vaha apane asIma agrima bhaviSya ko dekha sake, use bhAvI ke sambandha meM niyativAdI kiMvA bhAgyavAdI dhAraNA banAne kA koI adhikAra nahIM / niyativAda nizcitatA hai| nizcitatA jJAtA ke sAtha rahatI hai| ajJAnatA anizcitatA hai aura yadi bhaviSya ajJAta hai,

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AtmA kI svatantratA 325 to usakI vyAkhyA niyativAdake dvArA sambhava hI nahIM hai| bhaviSya ke sambandha meM niyativAdIdhAraNA nirAzA, nIrasatA aura niSkriyatA ke dvArA pragati ke sAre dvAroM ko avaruddha kara detI hai| bhAvI ko sukhada evaM samRddha banAne ke lie puruSArthavAda ke prati niSThA Avazyaka hai| jIvana kA svarNima sUtra hai- bhUta ke sambandha meM bhAgyavAdI (niyativAdI) raho aurabhAvI ke sambandha meM purussaarthvaadii| 12. karma-niyama aura Atmazakti karma-niyama aura AtmA meM kauna balavAn hai, yaha prazna prAcInakAla se hI vicAraNIya rahA hai| yadyapi karma hamAre saMskAroM aura hamAre jIvana jIne ke DhaMga ko prabhAvita karatA hai; lekina karmoM kA kartA AtmA hai| AtmA svayaM hI apane karmoM se baddha hotA hai, ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki usa bandhana se mukta hone kI sAmarthya bhI AtmA meM hI hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki ananta gagana meM meghoM kI kitanI hI ghanaghora ghaTA chA jAe, phira bhI ve sUrya kI prabhA kA sarvathA vilopanahIM kara sktiiN| bAdaloM meM sUrya ko AcchAdita karane kI zakti to hai, kintu usake Aloka ko sarvathA vilupta karane kI zakti unameM nahIM hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke sambandha meM hai| karma meM AtmA ke sahaja svAbhAvika guNoM ko AcchAdita karane kI zakti hai, isameM jarA bhI asatya nahIM hai, para AtmA ko AcchAdita karanevAle karma kitane hI pragAr3ha kyoM na hoM, usameM AtmA ke eka bhI guNa ko mUlata: naSTa karane kI zakti nahIM hai, jaise sUrya svayaM meghoM ko utpanna karatA hai, unase AcchAdita ho jAtA hai aura phira svayaM hI una karmoM ko nirjarA ke dvArA chinna-bhinna bhI kara DAlatA hai| vastutaH, karmazakti mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina vaha AtmazaktikI apekSA adhika balavAn nahIM hai| karma saMkalpajanya haiM aura isalie ve AtmA se hI utpanna hote haiN| karmoM ko jo bhI kucha zakti milatI hai, isake mUla meM hamAre hI saMkalpa hote haiM, ata: yaha mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM ki karmazakti Atmazakti se balavAn hai| AtmA apane puruSArtha ke dvArA karmoM kI niyAmakatA se Upara uTha sakatA hai| kucha logoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki karmAvaraNa ke halke hone para Atmavizuddhi hotI hai, lekina yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hai| amaramunijI likhate haiM ki karma TUTeM, to AtmA vizuddha ho, yaha siddhAnta nahIM hai, balki siddhAnta yaha hai ki AtmA kA zuddha puruSArtha jAge, to karma halke hoN| isa prakAra karma-niyama ke Upara Atmazakti kA sthAna hai| 13. Atma-nirdhAraNavAda vibhinna niyativAdI tattva hamAre vyaktitva ke nirmANa evaM nirdhAraNa ke bAhya-kAraNa yA nimitta avazya haiM, lekina unako svarUpa pradAna karane vAlA kendrIya-tattva to hamArI cetanA hai| DaoN. yadunAtha sinhA likhate haiM, mAnavIya-karma aMzata: svataMtra hote haiM tathA aMzata: gata jIvanoM meM saMcita puNya-pApaathavA dharma-adharma se nirdhArita hote haiN| saMkalpazakti ke

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bhAratIya AcAra- -darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana svatantra karmoM ko puruskAra (puruSArtha) kahA gayA hai aura gata jIvana meM arjita pApa- pa-puNyoM (karma - saMskAra) ko deva kahate haiM / - ve aise acetana pUrva svabhAva haiM, jo ki bhItara se hI hamAre aicchika - karmoM ko aMzata: nirdhArita karate haiM tathA aMzata: unake pariNAmoM ko bala yA bAdhA pahu~cAte haiM / manovaijJAnika pUrva svabhAva hamAre svayaM ke karma haiN| ve AtmA ke prati bAhya nahIM haiM, ve usameM nihita haiM / 5 cetanA (AtmA) kA nirdhAraNa bAhya nahIM, Antarika hai| bAhyatattva usakA nirdhAraNa tabhI kara sakate haiM, jaba cetanA svayaM apane para unakA AropaNa kara tI hai| hamArA bandhana svayaM ke dvArA svayaM para Aropita hai| sarAga-cetanA svayaM apane ko paratantra (bandhana) banA letI hai aura vItarAga-cetanA apane ko svatantra (mukta) kara letI hai| yahI AtmanirdhAraNavAda hai aura yahI hamArI svatantratA kA saccA rahasya hai / 326 svatantratA kA artha atantratA nahIM, AtmatantratA hai / cetanA ko parApekSI, pudgalApekSI sarAga yA tRSNAyukta banAnA, yahI paratantratA kA sRjana hai aura cetanA ko jJAtA - dRSTAsvarUpa vizuddha svasvabhAva yA vItarAgadazA meM sthita rakhanA hI svatantratA kI upalabdhi hai| sarAgatA aura vItarAgatA donoM hI cetanA kI sthitiyA~ haiN| sarAgatA parApekSI avazya hai, lekina vaha 'para' nahIM 'sva' hI hai / bAhya padArtha 'rAga' ke nimitta mAtra haiN| unameM rAga kA karttA to yaha svayaM AtmA hI hai| eka AtmA kI vibhAva - avasthA hai, dUsarI usakI svabhAva-avasthA hai| vibhAva hI bandhana hai, kyoMki vaha parApekSI hai aura svabhAva hI mukti hai, lekina vibhAva yA sarAgatA bhI AtmA ke dvArA svayaM Aropita dazA hai, ata: usameM bhI AtmA kI svatantratA kI dhAraNA kA apalApa nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi vibhAvadazA, sarAgatA yA karmasaMskAra hamAre kAryoM ko nirdhArita avazya karate haiM, lekina ve AtmAzrita haiM, ata: AtmA unapara vijaya prApta karake apanI saccI svatantratA upalabdha kara sakatI hai, isIlie uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA svayaM hI apane sukha-duHkha yA bandhana kA sRSTA hai aura svayaM hI unakA visarjana karane vAlA hai| satpatha meM niyojita AtmA svayaM hI apanA mitra hai aura kupatha meM niyojita AtmA hI apanA zatru hai|" hamArI AtmA hI hameM paratantra banAtI hai, ata: svayaM se (svayaM kI duSpravRttiyoM se ) hI yuddha karanA cAhie, dUsare bAhya zatruoM (tattvoM) se yuddha karane se kyA lAbha ? AtmA ke dvArA AtmA para vijaya-lAbha karane vAlA hI svatantratA ke sacce sukha ko upalabdha karatA hai|" gItA meM bhI kahA hai ki yaha AtmA svayaM hI apanA mitra hai aura svayaM hI apanA zatru hai, isalie manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha svayaM hI apanA uddhAra kare, svayaM apanA patana na kre|" dhammapada meM bhI yahI kahA hai- svayaM apane dvArA kRta pApoM se hI svayaM hI apane ko malina karatA hai aura svayaM apane dvArA pApa nahIM karake apane ko vizuddha karatA hai / " jo apane ko anuzAsita rakhegA, vaha sukhapUrvaka vihAra karegA, kyoMki vyakti svayaM hI apanA svAmI hai, svayaM hI apanA sAdhya hai| 70 isa prakAra, sabhI

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AtmA kI svatantratA bhAratIya- AcAradarzana AtmasvAtantrya evaM AtmanirdhAraNavAda kA samarthana karate hue vyakti AtmanirdhAraNa se AtmasvAtantrya kI dizA meM bar3hane kI preraNA dete haiN| yaha smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki pAzcAtya - - cintana kA icchA-svAtantrya AtmasvAtantrya nahIM hai| bhAratIyacintana aura vizeSa rUpa meM jaina- cintana bhI AtmasvAtantrya ko to svIkAra karatA hai, lekina icchA - svAtantrya ko nahIM / icchA svatantra nahIM hotI, kyoMki vaha akAraNa nahIM, sakAraNa hai| kisI bhI icchA kI utpatti ke lie tatsambandhI karmavargaNAoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| usa icchA ko karane vAlI cetanA yA AtmA hI vAstava meM svatantra hai / svatantratA cetanA yA AtmA kA svarUpa lakSaNa hai, vaha tattva kA svarUpa hai, hamArA tAttvikaadhikAra hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha hameM upalabdha bhI hai| rUsoM ne kahA hai ki manuSya svatantra paidA hotA hai, parantu cAroM aura jaMjIroM meM jakar3A najara AtA hai / yaha kathana rAjanItika dRSTikoNa se sahI hai, parantu 'naitika athavA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se satya kucha dUsarA hI pratIta hotA hai| vahA~ yaha kahanA adhika yuktisaMgata aura satya hogA ki manuSya paidA paratantra hotA hai, parantu vaha cAhe to svatantra ho sakatA hai / " svatantratA hamArA svabhAva hai| 'hama svatantra hai', isakI apekSA yaha kahanA adhika upayukta hai ki 'hamameM svatantra hone kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM aura naitika jIvana kI sArI prakriyA svatantratAko prakaTa karane ke lie hai / ' mahAbhArata meM isa tathya ko bar3e hI sundara zabdoM meM yaha kahakara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki yaha svatantra AtmA svatantratA ke dvArA svatantratA ko prApta kara letA hai, arthAt yaha jIvAtmA jo apane tAttvika svarUpa meM svatantra hai, AsaktirUpI bandhana se svatantra hokara saccI svatantratA yA mukti kA lAbha kara letA hai|" hamArA varttamAna vyaktitva svatantratA aura nirdhAraNatA kA mizraNa hai, lekina hama nirdhAraNatA ko samApta kara sacce arthoM meM svatantra ho sakate haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM ki jIvana tAza ke pattoM ke khela kI taraha hai| patte hameM bA~Ta die jAte haiM, cAhe ve acche hoM yA bure, isa sImA taka niyativAda kA zAsana hai, parantu hama khela ko bar3hiyA DhaMga se yA kharAba DhaMga se khela sakate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki eka kuzala khilAr3I ke pAsa bahuta kharAba patte Ae hoM aura phira bhI vaha khela meM jIta jAe / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki eka kharAba khilAr3I ke pAsa acche patte Ae hoM aura phira bhI vaha khela kA nAza karake rakha de| hamArA jIvana paravazatA aura svatantratA, daivayoga aura cunAva kA mizraNa hai| apane cunAva kA samucita rUpa se prayoga karate hue hama dhIre-dhIre saba tattvoM para niyantraNa kara sakate haiM aura prakRti ke niyativAda ko bilkula samApta kara sakate haiN| 73 - 327 svabhAvataH, hama svataMtra haiM aura hamane svayaM apanI hI vAsanAoM evaM AsaktiyoM ke baMdhana khar3e kara lie haiN| hama una baMdhanoM ko samApta kara pUrNa svataMtratA prApta kara sakate haiN|

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328 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 13. sandarbhagraMtha1. nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, pR. 69. 2. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 50. 3. nItipravezikA, pR. 71. kSamatAse hamArA tAtparya yogyatA (ability) se na hokara kSamatA (capability) se hai| nItipravezikA, pR.71. upAsakadazAMga, 6/166. dIghanikAya, sAmaNNaphalasutta. atharvaveda, 19/6/53-54. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 227/83-84. gItA, 11/32. 11. gommaTasAra (karmakANDa), 879. 12. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 229 /73-74. tattvArthasUtra, 5/22. (a) cArvAka darzana kI zAstrIya samIkSA, pR. 143. (ba) gommaTasAra (karmakANDa), gA. 883. 15. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 222/22. 16. vahI, 222/15. 17. gItA, 5/14. 18. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 222 /22. 19. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 222/25. 20. sarvArtha siddhi, 8/3, tattvArthasUtra (rAjavArtika), 8/3. 21. aMguttaranikAya, 3/61, 3/99. 22. gItA (zAMkarabhASya), 18/15. 23. bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 649. 24. kaThopaniSada, 2/23. 25. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 64-65. 26. nItizAstra, pR. 288-289. 27. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 222/27. 28. vahI, 226/12. 29. vahI, 226 /20. 30. vahI, 224/19. 31. spInojA aura usakA darzana, pR. 93.

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AtmA kI svatantratA 329 40. 32. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 321-32. 33. gItA, 18/61-62. 34. zvetAzvatara upaniSad, 1/2 ; gItA, 2/32, 4 35. zvetAzvatara upaniSad, (bhA.), 1/2. 36. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 32-33. 37. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, 57-58. 38. upAsakadazAMga, 3/166. 39. vahI, 7/193-197. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 321-322. 41. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/6-2/3/1. 42. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 550. vahI, pR. 551-552 44. DaoN. indracandra se carcA ke AdhAra para. gItA, 4/5. 46. kaoNsamolAjI olDa eNDa nyU, bhUmikA, pR. 13. 47. zramaNopAsaka, 20 julAI 1969, pR. 60. amara bhAratI, sitambara 1969, pR. 59-61. 49. nItizAstra, pR. 290. 50. jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, pR. 288-290. 51. aMguttaranikAya, 3/61, pR. 177-179. 52. brahmasUtra (zA.), 2/2/4/22. 53. gItA (anudita-hila) viSaya praveza, pR. 48. bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 649 gItA, 9/8. 56. vahI, 11 /32-33. 57. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 275. 58. gItA, 18/61. 59. gItA zAMkara bhASya, 3/33. 60. gItA, 18/63. 61. gItArahasya, adhyAya 10 (karma-vipAka aura Atma-svAtantrya). 62. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 51. 54.

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330 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 62A. bhagavadgItA, pR. 51-52. 63. samAja aura saMskRti, pR. 168. 64. vahI, pR. 169. 65. nItizAstra, pR. 60. 66. uttarAdhyayana, 20/37. 67. vahI, 9/35. 68. gItA, 6/4-5. 69. dhammapada, 165. 70. vahI, 160. 71. nIti kI ora, pR.55 72. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 308/27-30. 73. jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, pR. 292; bhagavadgItA (rA.) pR. 53.

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karma siddhAnta 8ersa 10 Rs.22 1. naitika- vicAraNA meM karma siddhAnta kA sthAna sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAe rakhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka karmoM kI zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra zubhAzubha phala prApta hone kI dhAraNA meM usakA 'vizvAsa banA rhe| koI bhI AcAradarzana isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kie binA janasAdhAraNa Satara prati AsthAvAn banAe rakhane meM saphala nahIM hotaa| 331 karma - siddhAnta ke anusAra naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAle vartamAnakAlika samasta mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika-karma bhUtakAlIna karmoM se prabhAvita hote haiM aura bhaviSya ke karmoM para apanA prabhAva DAlane kI kSamatA se yukta hote haiM / saMkSepa meM, vaijJAnika- jagat meM tathyoM evaM ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie jo sthAna kArya-kAraNa- siddhAnta kA hai, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vahI sthAna 'karma siddhAnta' kA hai| prophesara hariyannA ke anusAra, 'karma - siddhAnta kA Azaya yahI hai ki naitika jagat meM bhI bhautika jagat kI bhA~ti, paryApta kAraNa ke binA kucha ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| yaha samasta duHkha kA Adi srota hamAre vyaktitva meM hI khojakara Izvara aura prativezI ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai / '' atItakAlIna jIvana hI varttamAna vyaktitva kA vidhAyaka hai / jisa prakAra koI bhI vartamAna ghaTanA kisI paravartI ghaTanA kA kAraNa banatI hai, usI prakAra hamArA varttamAna AcaraNa hamAre paravartI AcaraNa evaM caritra kA kAraNa banatA hai| pAzcAtya - vicAraka breDale jaba yaha kahate haiM 'mAnava - caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai, '1/2 to unakA tAtparya yahI hai ki atIta ke kRtya hI vartamAna caritra ke nirmAtA haiM aura isI vartamAna caritra ke AdhAra para hamAre bhAvI caritra ( vyaktitva) kA nirmANa hotA hai / karma - siddhAnta karma siddhAnta kI AvazyakatA AcAradarzana ke lie utanI hI hai, jitanI vijJAna ke lie kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta kI / vijJAna kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta meM AsthA prakaTa karake hI Age bar3ha sakatA hai aura AcAradarzana karma siddhAnta ke AdhAra para hI samAja meM saitikatA ke pratiSThA jAgrata kara sakatA hai| jisa prakAra kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta ke parityAga karane para vaijJAnika - gaveSaNAe~ nirarthaka haiM, usI prakAra karma - siddhAnta se vihIna AcAradarzana bhI arthazUnya hotA hai| pro. veMkaTaramaNa likhate haiM ki 'karma- siddhAnta kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcaraNa ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM kucha bhI saMyoga athavA svacchandatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai|'' jagat meM sabhI kucha -

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332 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kisI niyama ke adhIna hai| DaoN. Ara.esa. navalakkhA kA kathana hai ki yadi kAryakAraNasiddhAnta jAgatika tathyoM kI vyAkhyA ko prAmANika rUpa se prastuta karatA hai, to phira usakA naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayoga karanA nyAyika kyoM nahIM hogaa|' maiksamUlara ne bhI likhA hai ki yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA yA burA karma (binA phala die) samApta nahIM hotA, naitika-jagat kA ThIka vaisA hI vizvAsa hai, jaisA ki bhautika-jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA ke niyama kA vizvAsa hai|' karma-siddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta meM sAmya hote hue bhI unake viSayoM kI prakRti ke kAraNa donoM meM jo maulika antara hai, use dhyAna meM rakhanA caahie| bhautika-jagat meM kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta kA viSaya jar3a padArtha hote haiM, ata: usameM jitanI niyatatA hotI hai, vaisI niyatatA prANIjagat meM lAgU hone vAle karmasiddhAnta meM nahIM ho sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki karma-siddhAnta meM niyatatA aura svatantratAkA samucita saMyoga hotA hai| upayogitA ke tarka (prerameTika laoNjika) kI dRSTi se bhI yaha dhAraNA Avazyaka aura aucityapUrNa pratIta hotI hai ki hama AcAradarzana meM eka aise siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA kareM, jo naitika-kRtyoM ke anivArya phala ke AdhAra para unake pUrvavartI aura anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kara sake tathA prANiyoM ko zubha kI ora pravRtta aura azubhase vimukha kre| bhAratIya-cintakoM ne karma-siddhAnta kI sthApanA ke dvArA na kevala naitika-kriyAoM ke phala kI anivAryatA prakaTa kI, varana unake pUrvavartI kAraNoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kI, sAtha hI sRSTi ke vaiSamya kA sundaratama samAdhAna bhI kiyaa| 2. karma-siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyA~ aura phalitArtha karma-siddhAnta kI prathama mAnyatA yaha hai ki pratyeka kriyA usake pariNAma se jur3I hai| usakA paravartI prabhAva aura pariNAma hotA hai| pratyeka naitika-kriyA anivAryatayA phalayukta hotI hai, phalazUnya nahIM hotii| karma-siddhAnta kI dUsarI mAnyatA yaha hai ki usa pariNAma kI anubhUti vahI vyakti karatA hai, jisane pUrvavartI kriyA kI hai| pUrvavartI kriyAoM kA kartA hI usake pariNAma kA bhoktA hotA hai| tIsare, karma-siddhAnta yaha bhI mAnakara calatA hai ki karma aura usake vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai| jaba ina tInoM praznoM kA vicAra karate haiM, to zubhAzubha naitika-kriyAoM ke phalayukta yAsavipAka hone ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana ekamata pratIta hote haiN| bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM ne niSkAmabhAva evaM vItarAgadRSTi se yukta AcaraNa ko zubhAzubha kI koTi se pare atinaitika (A moral) mAnakara phalazUnya yA avipAkI mAnA hai| jainavicAraNA ne aise AcaraNa ko phalayukta mAnate hue bhI usake phala yA vipAka ke sambandha meM

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karma-siddhAnta 333 IryApathika-bandha aura mAtra pradezodaya kA jo vicAra prastuta kiyA hai, usake AdhAra para yaha matabheda mahatvapUrNa nahIM raha jAtA hai| jahA~ taka karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA vahI AtmA hotA hai, isa mAnyatAkA sambandha hai, gItA aura jaina-darzana kI dRSTi se jo AtmA karmoM kA karttA hai, vahI unake karmaphaloM kA bhoktA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki AtmA svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, parakRta sukha-du:kha kA bhoga nahIM krtaa| buddha ke sAmane bhI jaba yahI prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki AtmA svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, yA parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, to buddha ne mahAvIra se bhinna uttara diyA aura kahA ki prANI yA AtmA ke sukha-duHkha na to svIkRta haiM, na prkRt|' buddha ko svakRta mAnane meM zAzvatavAdakA aura parakRta mAnane meM ucchedavAda kA doSa dikhAI diyA, ata: unhoMne mAtra vipAka-paramparA ko hI svIkAra kiyaa| jahA~ taka karma-vipAka-paramparA ke pravAha ko anAdi mAnane kA prazna hai, tInoM hI AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se use anAdi mAnate haiN| saMkSepa meM ina AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM ke phalitArtha nimnalikhita haiM 1. vyakti kA vartamAna vyaktitva usake pUrvavartI vyaktitva (caritra) kA pariNAma hai aura yahI vartamAna vyaktitva (caritra) usake bhAvI vyaktitva kA nirmAtA hai| 2. naitika-dRSTi se zubhAzubha jo kriyAe~ vyakti ne kI haiM, vahI unake pariNAmoM kA bhoktA bhI hai| yadi vaha una saba pariNAmoM ko isa jIvana meM nahIM bhoga pAtA hai, to vaha una pariNAmoM ko bhogane ke lie bhAvI janma grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra, karma-siddhAnta se punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhI phalita hotA hai| ___3. sAtha hI, ina pariNAmoM ke bhoga ke lie isa zarIra ko chor3ane ke pazcAt dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karane vAlA koI sthAyI tattva bhI honA caahie| isa prakAra, naitika-kRtyoM ke anivArya phalabhoga ke sAtha AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta jur3a jAtA hai| yadi karmasiddhAnta kI mAnyatA ke sAtha AtmA kI amaratA svIkAra nahIM kI jAtI hai, to jainavicArakoM kI dRSTi meM kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga ke doSa upasthita hote haiN| unakI dRSTi meM AtmA kI amaratA yA nityatA kI dhAraNA ke abhAva meM karma-siddhAnta kAphI nirbala par3a jAtA hai| isa prakAra, AtmA kI amaratA kI dhAraNA karma-siddhAnta kI anivArya phalazruti hai| 4. karma-siddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki AcAra ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubhaaisI do prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiM, sAtha hI zubhapravRtti kA phalazubha aura azubhapravRtti kA phala azubha hotA hai| 5. karma-siddhAnta cetana Atma-tattva ko prabhAvita karane vAlI pratyeka ghaTanA evaM

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334 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anubhUti ke kAraNa kI khoja bAhya-jagat meM nahIM karatA, varan Antarika-jagat meM karatA hai| vaha svayaM cetanA meM hI usake kAraNa ko khojane kI koziza karatA hai| 3. karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava kaise huA, yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai| bhAratIya-cintana kI jaina. bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM paramparAoM meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikAsa to haA hai, lekina usake sarvAMgINa vikAsakA zreya jaina-paramparA kohI hai| paM. sukhalAlajIkA kathana hai ki 'yadyapi vaidika-sAhitya tathA bauddha-sAhitya meM karmasambandhI vicAra haiM, para vaha itanA alpa hai ki usakA koI khAsa graMtha usa sAhitya meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| usake viparIta, jaina-darzana meM karmasambandhI vicAra sUkSma, vyavasthita aura ati vistRta hai|' vaidikaparamparA kI prArambhika avasthA meM upaniSadakAla taka koI Thosa karma-siddhAnta nahIM bana pAyA thA, yadyapi vaidika-sAhitya meM Rt ke rUpa meM usakA aspaSTa nirdeza avazya upalabdha hai| pro. mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki Adhunika vidvAnoM meM isa viSaya meM koI vivAda nahIM hai ki upaniSadoM ke pUrvakAlIna vaidika-sAhitya meM karma yA adRSTa kI kalpanA kA spaSTa rUpa dikhAI nahIM detaa|krm kAraNa hai-aisA vAda bhI upaniSadoM kA sarvasammatavAda ho, yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa|''vaidik-saahity meM Rta ke niyama ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina usakI vistRta vyAkhyA usameM upalabdha nahIM hai| pUrva yuga meM jina vicArakoM ne isa vaicitryamaya sRSTi, vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM, vyakti kI vibhinna sukhada-duHkhada anubhUtiyoM tathA sadasadpravRttiyoM kA kAraNa jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, unameM se adhikAMza ne isa kAraNa kI khoja bAhya tathyoM meM kii| unake ina prayAsoM ke phalasvarUpa vibhinna dhArAe~ udbhUta huiiN| 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ zvetAzvataropaniSad, sUtrakRtAMga, aMguttaranikAya, mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva tathA gItA meM ina vividha vicAradhArAoM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiN| unameM kucha pramukha mAnyatAe~ isa prakAra haiM 1. kAlavAda- samagra jAgatika-tathyoM, vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM tathA vyakti ke sukha-duHkha evaM kriyAkalApoM kA ekamAtra kAraNa kAla hai| 2.svabhAvavAda-jo bhI ghaTita hotA hai, yA hogA, usakA AdhAra vastukA apanA svabhAva hai| svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 3. niyativAda- ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA pUrvaniyata hai aura ve usI rUpa meM ghaTita hotI haiN| unheM koI kabhI bhI anyathA nahIM kara sktaa| jaisA honA hotA hai, vaisA hI hotA hai|

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karma siddhAnta 4. yadRcchAvAda - jagat kI kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI bhI niyata hetu nahIM hai, usakA ghaTita honA mAtra eka saMyoga (Chance) hai| isa prakAra, yaha saMyoga para bala detA hai tathA ahetuvAdI - dhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| 5. mahAbhUtavAda - yaha bhautikavAdI dhAraNA hai| isake anusAra pRthvI, agni, vAyu aura pAnI - ye cAroM mahAbhUta hI mUlabhUta kAraNa haiM, sabhI kucha inake vibhinna saMyogoM kA pariNAma hai| 335 6. prakRtivAda - prakRtivAda triguNAtmaka - prakRti ko hI samagra jAgatika vikAsa tathA mAnavIya sukha-duHkha evaM bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| 7. IzvaravAda - isake anusAra Izvara hI jagat kA racayitA evaM niyantA hai| jo bhI kucha hotA hai, vaha saba usI kI icchA kA pariNAma hai| jaina aura bauddha - AgamoM meM evaM aupaniSadika-sAhitya meM ina sabhI mAnyatAoM kI AlocanA kI gaI hai| yaha samAlocanA hI eka vyavasthita karma siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA AdhAra banI hai| DaoN. nathamala TaoNTiyA ke zabdoM meM, sRSTi sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM bhI karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA, aisA pratIta hotA hai / " 5. aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa - aupaniSadika-sAhitya meM sarvaprathama ina vividha mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| jahA~ pUrvavartI RSiyoM ne jagat ke vaicitrya evaM vaiyaktika - vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa kinhIM bAhya tattvoM ko mAnakara santoSa kiyA hogA, vahA~ aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne ina mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke dvArA Antarika kAraNa khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| zvetAzvatara - upaniSad ke prArambha meM hI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA sukha-duHkha meM prerita hokara saMsArayAtrA (vyavasthA) kA anuvartana kara rahe haiM ? RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta, yoni (prakRti), puruSa evaM inakA saMyoga kAraNa haiM? isa para vicAra karanA caahie| RSi kA kahanA ki kAla, svabhAva Adi kAraNa nahIM ho sakate, na inakA saMyoga hI kAraNa ho sakatA hai; kyoMki inameM se pratyeka tathA inakA saMyoga, sabhI AtmA se 'para' haiM, ataH inakA AtmA se tAdAtmyabhAva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jIvAtmA bhI kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha to svayaM sukha-duHkha ke adhIna hai| " zvetAzvatara - bhASya meM kAla, svabhAva Adi ke kAraNa na ho sakane ke sambandha meM yaha bhI tarka diyA gayA hai ki kAlAdi meM se pratyeka alaga-alaga rUpa meM kAraNa nahIM mAne jA sakate, aisA mAnanA pratyakSa - viruddha hai, kyoMki loka meM kAlAdi nimittoM ke paraspara milane para hI kArya hote dekhA jAtA hai| 12

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336 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karma-siddhAnta kI udbhAvanA meM aupaniSadika-cintana kA yogadAna yaha hai ki usameM tatkAlIna kAla, svabhAva, niyati Adi siddhAntoM kI apUrNatA ko abhivyakta karane kA prayAsa mAtra kiyA gyaa| usane na kevala inakA niSedha kiyA, varan inake sthAna para Izvara (brahma) ko kAraNa mAnane kA prayAsa kiyaa| zvetAzvatara-upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha buddhimAna to svabhAvako kAraNa batalAte haiM aura kucha kAla ko, kintu ye mohagrasta haiM (ata: ThIka nahIM jaante)| yaha bhagavAn kI mahimA hI hai, jisase loka meM yaha brahmacakra ghUma rahA hai, lekina vaha brahma bhI pUrvakathita vibhinna kAraNoM kA adhiSThAna hI bana sakA, kAraNa nhiiN| bhASyakAra kahate haiM ki brahma na kAraNa hai, na akAraNa, na kAraNa-akAraNa ubhayarUpa hai, nadonoM se bhinna hai| advitIya paramAtmA kA kAraNatva-upAdAna athavA nimitta svata: kucha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra, aupaniSadika-cintana meM kAraNa kyA hai ? yaha nizcaya nahIM ho skaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, prakRtivAda, daivavAda evaM IzvaravAda ke saMketa milate haiN| gItAkAra ina saba siddhAntoM ko yathAvasara svIkAra karake calatA hai| vaha kabhI kAla ko, kabhI prakRti ko, kabhI svabhAva ko, to kabhI puruSa athavA Izvara ko kAraNa mAnatA hai| yadyapi gItAkAra pUrvavartI vicArakoM se isa bAta meM to bhinna hai ki inameM se vaha kisI eka hI siddhAnta ko mAnakara nahIM calatA, varan yathAvasara sabhI ke mUlya ko svIkAra karake calatA hai; tathApi usameM spaSTa samanvaya kAabhAva-sA lagatA hai aura isa taraha sabhI siddhAnta pRthak se raha jAte haiN| phira bhI, itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki gItAkAra antima kAraNa ke rUpa meM Izvara ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa zramaNa-paramparA meM ina vibhinna vAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA evaM brahma ke sthAna para karma kohI isakA kAraNa mAnA gyaa| buddha aura mahAvIra-donoM ne karma kohI Izvara ke sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA aura jagat ke vaicitrya kA kAraNa karma hai, aisI udghoSaNA kii| IzvaravAdIdarzanoM meM jo sthAna Izvara kA hai, vahI sthAna bauddha aura jaina-darzana meM karma-siddhAnta ne le liyA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM bhagavAn buddha ne vibhinna kAraNatAvAdI aura akAraNatAvAdIdRSTikoNoM kI samIkSA kI hai| jagat ke vyavasthA-niyama ke rUpa meM buddha spaSTarUpa se karmasiddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| suttanipAta meM svayaM buddha kahate haiM, kisI kA karma naSTa nahIM hotA, kartA use prApta karatA hI hai| pApakarma karanevAlA paraloka meM apane ko duHkha meM par3A pAtA hai| saMsAra karma se calatA hai, prajA karma se calatI hai| ratha kA cakra jisa prakAra ANI

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karma-siddhAnta 337 se ba~dhA rahatA hai, usI prakAra prANI karma se ba~dhe rahate haiN|" bauddha-mantavya ko AcArya narendradeva nimna zabdoM meM prastuta karate haiM, jIva-loka aura bhAjana-loka (vizva) kI vicitratA IzvarakRta nahIM hai| koI Izvara nahIM hai, jisane buddhipUrvaka isakI racanA kI ho| lokavaicitrya karmaja hai, yaha sattvoM ke karma se utpanna hotA hai| bauddha-vicAra meM prakRti evaM svabhAvako mAtra bhautika jar3a-jagat kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| buddha spaSTa rUpa se karmavAda ko svIkAra karate haiN| buddha se zubhamANavaka ne prazna kiyA thA, "he gautama! kyAhetu hai, kyA pratyaya hai ki manuSya hote hue bhI manuSyarUpa vAle meM hInatAaura uttamatA dikhAI par3atI hai ? he gautama ! yahA~ manuSya alpAyu dekhane meM Ate haiM aura dIrghAyu bhI; bahurogIbhI, alparogIbhI; kurUpa bhI, rUpavAn bhI; daridra bhI, dhanavAn bhI; nirbuddhi bhI, prajJAvAn bhii| he gautama! kyA kAraNa hai ki yahA~ prANiyoM meM itanI hInatA aura praNItatA (uttamatA) dikhAI par3atI hai ?" bhagavAn buddha ne jo usakA uttara diyA hai, vaha bauddha-dharma meM karmavAda ke sthAna ko spaSTa kara detA hai| ve kahate haiM, "he mANavaka! prANI karmasvayaM (karma hI jinakA apanA), karmadAyAda, karmayoni, karmabandhu aura karmapratizaraNa hai| karma hI prANiyoM ko isa hInatA aura uttamatA meM vibhakta karatA hai|" bauddha-darzana meM karma ko caittasika-pratyaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura yaha mAnA gayA hai ki karma ke kAraNa hI AcAra, vicAra evaM svarUpa kI yaha vividhatA hai| isa prakAra, bauddhadharma ne karma ko kAraNa mAnakara prANiyoM kI hInatA evaM praNItatA kA uttara to bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM diyA hai, phira bhI yaha karma kA niyama kisa prakAra apanA kArya karatA hai, isakA kAlasvabhAva Adi se kyA sambandha hai, isake bAre meM usameM itanA adhika vistRta vivecana nahIM hai, jitanA ki jaina-darzana meM hai| jaina-dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana meM bhI kAraNatA sambandhI ina vividha siddhAntoM kI samIkSA kI gii| sUtrakRtAMga evaM usake paravartI jaina-sAhitya meM inameM se adhikAMza vicAraNAoM kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| yahA~ vistAra meM na jAkara una samIkSAoM kI sArabhUta bAtoM ko prastuta karanA hI paryApta hai| sAmAnyatayA, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUti kA AdhAra kAla nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yadi kAla hI ekamAtra kAraNa hai, to eka hI samaya meM eka vyakti sukhI aura dUsarA vyakti duHkhI nahIM ho sakatA, phira acetana kAla hamArI sukhaduHkhAtmaka cetanA-avasthAoM kA kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai ? yadi yaha mAneM ki vyakti kI sad-asadpravRttiyoM kA kAraNa yA preraka tattva svabhAva hai aura hama usakA atikramaNa nahIM kara sakate haiM, to naitika-sudhAra, naitika-pragati kaise hogI? dasyu aMgulimAla bhikSu aMgulimAla meM nahIM badala skegaa| niyativAda ko svIkAra karane para bhI jIvana meM prayatna yA puruSArtha kA

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338 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana koI mUlya nahIM raha jaaegaa| isI prakAra, Izvarako hI preraka yA kAraNa mAnane para vyakti ko zubhAzubha pravRttiyoM ke lie prazaMsA yA nindA kA koI artha nahIM raha jaaegaa| yadi Izvara hI vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa hai, to phira yaha nyAyI nahIM kahA jA skegaa| pUrvanirdezita ina vibhinna vAdoM meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda aura IzvaravAda isalie bhI asvIkArya haiM ki inameM kAraNa ko bAhya mAnA gayA, lekina kAraNa-pratyaya ko jIvAtmA se bAhya mAnane para nirdhAraNavAdamAnanA par3egA aura nirdhAraNavAdayA AtmA kI cayana sambandhI paratantratA meM naitika-uttaradAyitva kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| prakRtivAda ko mAnane para AtmAko akriya yA kUTasthamAnanA par3egA, jo naitika-mAnyatA ke anukUla siddha nahIM hogaa| usameM AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| mahAbhUtoM ko kAraNa mAnane para dehAtmavAda yA ucchedavAda ko svIkAra karanA hogA, lekina AtmA ke sthAyI astitva ke abhAva meM karmaphala-vyatikrama aura naitika-pragati kI dhAraNA kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga kI samasyA utpanna ho jAegI, sAtha hI bhautikavAdIdRSTi bhogavAda kI ora pravRtta karegI aura jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| yadRcchAvAda ko svIkAra karane para sabakucha saMyoga kara nirbhara hogA, lekina saMyoga yA ahetukatA bhI naitika-jIvana kI dRSTi se samIcIna nahIM hai| naitika-jIvana meM eka vyavasthA tathA krama hai, jise ahetuvAdI nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| ina sabhI siddhAntoM kI uparyukta akSamatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina-darzana ne karma-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kii| jaina-vicAradhArA ne saMsAra kI prakriyA ko anAdi mAnate hue jIvoM ke sukha-duHkha evaM unakI vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa karma ko maanaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra spaSTa kahate haiM ki jIvasvakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, parakRta kA nahIM,20 phira bhI jaina karma-siddhAnta kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha apane karma-siddhAnta meM uparyukta vibhinna matoM ko yathocita sthAna de detA hai| jaina karma-siddhAnta meM kAlavAda kA sthAna isa rUpa meM hai ki karma kA phaladAna usake vipAka-kAla para hI nirbhara hotA hai| pratyeka karma kI apane vipAka kI dRSTi se eka niyata kAla-maryAdA hotI hai aura sAmAnyatayA karma usaniyata samaya para apanA phala pradAna karatA hai| isI prakAra, pratyekakarma kA niyata svabhAva hotA hai| karma apane svabhAva ke anusAra hI phala pradAna karatA hai, sAmAnyatayA isa dhAraNA ko yaha kahakara bhI prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti apane AcaraNa ke dvArA eka vizeSa caritra (svabhAva) kA nirmANa kara letA hai, vahI vyakti kA caritra usake bhAvI AcaraNa ko niyata karatA hai| isa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti kI pravRtti hotI hai| pUrva-arjita karma hI vyakti kI niyati bana jAte haiN| isa artha meM karma-siddhAnta meM

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karma-siddhAnta 339 niyati kA tattva bhI praviSTa hai| karma ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM karmaparamANuoM ko sthAna dekara karma-siddhAnta bhautika tattva ke mUlya ko bhI svIkAra kara letA hai| isI prakAra, karma-siddhAnta meM vyakti kI karma kI cayanAtmaka-svatantratA ko svIkAra kara yadRcchAvAdI-dhAraNA ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA hai| karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra vyakti svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA, niyantA aura svAmI hai| isa rUpa meM vaha svayaM hI IzvarabhI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana aneka ekAMgIdhAraNAoM ke samucita samanvaya ke AdhAra para apanA karma-siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai| 6. jaina-darzana kA samanvayavAdI-dRSTikoNa jaina-AcAryoM ne kAla, svabhAva Adi sambandhI vibhinna kArakoM aura puruSArtha ke samanvaya meM AcAradarzana ke eka sacce siddhAntakIkhoja karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| AcArya siddhasena kA kahanA hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakarma aura puruSArtha paraspara nirapekSa rUpa meM kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM ayathArtha bana jAte haiM, jabaki yahI siddhAnta paraspara sApekSa rUpa meM samanvita hokara kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM saphala ho jAte haiN| gItAke dvArAjaina-dRSTikoNa kA samarthana gItA meM jaina-darzana ke isa samanvayavAdI-dRSTikoNa kA samarthana prApta hotA hai| gItA kahatI hai ki manuSya mana, vANI aura zarIra se jo bhI ucita aura anucita karma karatA hai, usake kAraNa ke rUpa meM adhiSThAna, kartA, indriyA~, vibhinna prakAra kI ceSTAe~ aura daiva, yaha pA~coM hI kAraNa hote haiN| vastutaH, mAnavIya-vyavahAra kI preraNA evaM AcaraNa ke rUpa meM vibhinna niyativAdI- tattva aura manuSya kA puruSArtha, donoM hI kArya karate haiN| ina donoM ke samanvaya ke dvArA hI naitika-uttaradAyitva evaM naitika-jIvana ke preraka kI saphala vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki karma-siddhAnta hameM eka aisA pratyaya detA hai, jisameM vibhinna kArakoM kA sundara samanvaya khojA jA sakatA hai aura jo naitikatA ke lie samyak jIvanadRSTi pradAna karatA hai| 7. 'karma' zabda kA artha 'karma' zabda ke aneka artha haiN| sAdhAraNata:, 'karma' zabda kA artha 'kriyA' hai, pratyeka prakAra kI halacala, cAhe vaha mAnasika ho, athavA zArIrika, kriyA kahI jAtI hai| gItA meM karmazabda kA artha mImAMsAdarzana meM karma kA tAtparya yajJa-yAga Adi kriyAoM se hai, jabaki gItA varNAzrama ke anusAra kie jAne vAle smArta-kAryoM ko bhI karma kahatI hai| tilaka ke anusAra

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340 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gItA meM karma zabda kevala yajJa-yAga evaM smArta karma ke hI saMkucita artha meM prayukta nahIM huA hai, varan sabhI prakAra ke kriyA-vyApAroM ke vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA hai| manuSya jo kucha bhI karatA hai, jo bhI kucha nahIM karane kA mAnasika-saMkalpa yA Agraha rakhatA hai, ve sabhI kAyika evaM mAnasika-pravRttiyA~ bhagavadgItA ke anusAra karma hI haiN|24 bauddha-darzana meM karma kA artha ___ bauddha-vicArakoM ne bhI karma zabda kA prayoga kriyA ke artha meM kiyA hai| vahA~ bhI zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAoM ko karma kahA gayA hai, jo apanI naitika zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra kuzala karma athavA akuzala karma kahe jAte haiN| bauddha-darzana meM yadyapi zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika-ina tInoM prakAra kI kriyAoM ke artha meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai, phira bhI vahA~ kevala cetanA ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai aura cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| buddha ne kahA hai, 'cetanA hI bhikSuoM karma hai, aisA maiM kahatA hU~, cetanA ke dvArA hI karma ko karatA hai kAyA se, vANI se yA mana se|' yahA~ para cetanA ko karma kahane kA Azaya kevala yahI hai ki cetanA ke hone para hI ye samasta kriyAe~ sambhava haiN| bauddha-darzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki dUsare karmoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| usameM karma ke sabhI pakSoM kA sApekSa mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| Azraya, svabhAva aura samutthAna kI dRSTi se tInoM prakAra ke karmoM kA apanA-apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| Azraya kI dRSTi se kAyakarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki manakarma aura vAcAkarma bhI kAyA para hI Azrita haiN| svabhAva kI dRSTi se vAkkarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki kAya aura mana svabhAvata: karma nahIM haiM, karma unakA svasvabhAva nahIM hai| yadi samutthAna (Arambha) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to manakarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki sabhI karmoM kA Arambha mana se hai| bauddha-darzana meM samutthAna-kAraNa ko pramukhatA dekara hI yaha kahA gayA hai ki cetanA hI karma hai, sAtha hI isI AdhAra para karmoM kA eka dvividha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai- 1. cetanA-karma aura 2. cetayitvA-karma / cetanA mAnasa-karma hai aura cetanA se utpanna hone ke kAraNa zeSa donoM vAcika aura kAyika-karma cetayitvAkarma kahe gae haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi karma zabda kriyA ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, lekina karma-siddhAnta meM karma zabda kA artha kriyA se adhika vistRta hai| vahA~ para karma zabda meM zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika-kriyA, usa kriyA kA vizuddha cetanA para par3ane vAlA prabhAva evaM isa prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa bhAvI kriyAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura una bhAvI kriyAoM ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAlI anubhUti, sabhI samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| sAdhAraNa rUpa meM karma zabda se kriyA, kriyA kA uddezya aura usakA phalavipAka-tInoM hI

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karma-siddhAnta 341 artha lie jAte haiN| karma meM kriyA kA uddezya, kriyA aura usake phalavipAka taka ke sAre tathya sannihita haiN| AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, kevala cetanA (Azaya) aura karma hI sakala karma nahIM haiN| (usameM) karma ke pariNAma kA bhI vicAra karanA hogaa|'27 jaina-darzana meM karma zabda kA artha sAmAnyatayA, kriyA ko karma kahA jAtA hai; kriyAe~ tIna prakAra kI haiM- 1. zArIrika, 2. mAnasika aura 3. vaacik| zAstrIya-bhASA meM inheM 'yoga' kahA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM karma kA yaha kriyAparaka arthakarmazabda kI eka AMzika vyAkhyAhI prastuta karatA hai| usameM kriyA ke hetu para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya devendrasUri karma kI paribhASA meM likhate haiM, jIva kI kriyA kA jo hetu hai, vaha karma hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kahate haiM ki mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai, vahI karma kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra, ve karmahetu aura kriyA-donoM ko hI karma ke antargata le jAte haiN| jaina-paramparA meM karma ke do pakSa haiM- (1) rAga-dveSa, kaSAya Adi manobhAva aura (2) krmpudgl| karmapudgala kriyA kA hetu hai aura rAgadveSAdi kriyA hai|krmpudgl se tAtparya una jar3a paramANuoM (zarIra-rAsAyanika-tattvoM) se, jo prANI kI kriyA ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara, usase apanA sambandha sthApita kara karma-zarIra kI racanA karate haiM aura samaya-vizeSa ke pakane para apane phala (vipAka) ke rUpa meM vizeSa prakAra kI anubhUtiyA~ utpanna kara alaga ho jAte haiN| inheM dravya-karma kahate haiN| saMkSepa meM, jaina-vicAra meM karma kA tAtparya Atmazakti ko prabhAvita aura kuMThita karane vAle tattva se hai| ___sabhI Astika-darzanoM ne eka aisI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo AtmA yA cetanA kI zuddhatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai| baina-darzana use 'karma' kahatA hai| vahI sattA vedAnta meM mAyA yA avidyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa aura mImAMsA meM apUrva ke nAma se kahI gaI hai| bauddha-darzana meM vahI karma ke sAtha-sAtha avidyA, saMskAra aura vAsanA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa aura saMskAra tathA vaizeSika-darzana ke dharmAdharma bhI jaina-darzana ke karma ke samAnArthaka haiN| sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti (triguNAtmaka sattA) aura yogadarzana meM Azaya zabdabhI isI arthako abhivyakta karate haiN| zaiva-darzana kA 'pAza' zabda bhI jaina-darzana ke karma kA samAnArthaka hai| yadyapi uparyukta zabda karma ke paryAyavAcI kahe jA sakate haiM; phira bhI pratyeka zabda apane gahana vizleSaNa meM eka-dUsare se pRthak artha kI abhivyaMjanA bhI karatA hai| phira bhI sabhI vicAraNAoM meM yaha samAnatA hai ki sabhI karmasaMskAra ko AtmA kA bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-dharma do prakAra ke . : mAnanA hai- 1. nimitta-kAraNa aura 2. upaadaan-kaarnn| karma-siddhAnta meM karma ke

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342 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nimitta-kAraNa ke rUpa meM karma-vargaNA tathA upAdAna-kAraNa ke rUpa meM AtmA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 8. karma kA bhautika svarUpa jaina-darzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI prakriyA kI vyAkhyA binA ajIva (jar3a) tattva ke vivecana ke sambhava nhiiN| AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai ? jaba yaha prazna jainadArzanikoM ke samakSa AyA, to unhoMne batAyA ki AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa mAtra AtmA nahIM ho sktaa| pAramArthika-dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to AtmA meM svata: ke bandhana meM Ane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| jaise binA kumhAra, cAka Adi nimittoM ke miTTI svata: ghaTa kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakatI, vaise hI AtmA svata: binA kisI bAhya-nimitta ke koI bhI aisI kriyA nahIM kara sakatA, jo usake bandhana kA kAraNa ho| vastuta:, krodha Adi kaSAya, rAga, dveSa evaM moha Adi bandhaka manovRttiyA~ bhIAtmA meM svata: utpanna nahIM ho sakatIM, jaba taka ki ve karmavargaNAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM cetanA ke samakSa upasthita nahIM hotii| yadi manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se kahA jAe, to jisa prakAra zarIra-rasAyanoM aura raktarasAyanoM ke parivartana hamAre saMvegoM (manobhAvoM) kA kAraNa hote haiM aura saMvegoM ke kAraNa hamAre raktarasAyana aura zarIrarasAyana meM parivartana hote haiM, donoM parivartana paraspara sApekSa haiM, usI prakAra karma ke lie Atmatattva aura jar3a karma-vargaNAe~ paraspara sApekSa haiN| jar3a karma-vargaNAoM ke kAraNa manobhAva utpanna hote haiM aura una manobhAvoM ke kAraNa puna: jar3a karma-paramANuoM kA Asrava evaM bandha hotA hai, jo apanI vipAka-avasthA meM puna: manobhAvoM (kaSAyoM) kA kAraNa banate haiN| isa prakAra, manobhAvoM (Atmika-pravRtti) aura jar3a karma-paramANuoM ke paraspara prabhAva kA krama calatArahatA hai| jaise vRkSa aura bIja meM pArasparika sambandha hai, vaise hI AtmA ke bandhana kI dRSTi se AtmA kI azuddha manovRttiyoM (kaSAya evaM moha) aura karma-paramANuoM meM pArasparika-sambandha hai| jar3a karma-paramANu aura AtmA meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kramazaH nimitta aura upAdAna kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| karma-pudgala bandhana kA nimitta-kAraNa hai aura AtmA upAdAna-kAraNa hai| jaina-vicAraka ekAnta rUpa meM na to AtmA ko hI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate haiM aura najar3a karma-vargaNAoM ko, apitu yaha mAnate haiM ki jar3a karma-vargaNAoM ke nimitta se AtmA bandha karatA hai| dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma karma ke dravyAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka-ye do pakSa haiN| pratyeka karma-saMkalpa ke hetu ke rUpa meM vicAraka (upAdAna-kAraNa) aura usa vicAra kA preraka (nimitta-kAraNa), donoM hI

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karma-siddhAnta 343 Avazyaka haiN| AtmA ke mAnasika vicAra bhAva-karmahaiM aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se hote haiM, yA jo inakA preraka hai, vaha dravya-karma hai| karma ke cetana-acetana pakSoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya nemicandra likhate haiM, 'pudgala-piNDa dravyakarma hai aura usakI cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti bhAva-karma hai|'degkrm-siddhaant kI samucita vyAkhyA ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma ke AkAra (form) aura viSaya-vastu (matter) donoM hI hoN| jar3a-karma paramANu-karma kI viSayavastu haiM aura manobhAva usake AkAra haiN| hamAre sukhaduHkhAdianubhavoM, athavA zubhAzubha karmasaMkalpoM ke lie karma-paramANu bhautika-kAraNa haiM aura manobhAva caitasika-kAraNa haiN| AtmAmeM jo mithyAtva (ajJAna) aura kaSAya (azucita vRtti) rUpa, rAga, dveSa Adi bhAva haiM vahI bhAva-karma hai| bhAva-karma AtmA kA vaibhAvika pariNAma (dUSita vRtti) hai aura svayaM AtmA hI usakA upAdAna hai| bhAva-karma kA Antarika kAraNa AtmA hai, jaise ghaTa kA Antarika (upAdAna) kAraNa miTTI hai| dravya-karma sUkSma kArmaNa jAti ke paramANuoM kA vikAra hai aura AtmA unakA nimitta-kAraNa hai, jaise kumhAraghar3e kA nimitta-kAraNa hai| AcArya vidyAnandine aSTasahasrI meM dravyakarma ko AvaraNa aurabhAvakarmako 'doSa' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| cUMki dravya-karma Atma-zaktiyoM ke prakaTanako rokatA hai, ata: vaha AvaraNa' hai aura bhAva-karma svayaM AtmAkI hI vibhAvAvasthA hai, ata: vaha doSa' hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM karma ke AvaraNa aura doSa-do kArya hote haiM, usI prakAra vedAnta meM mAyA ke do kArya mAne gae haiM- AvaraNa aura vikssep| jainAcAryoM ne AvaraNa aura doSa athavA dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma ke madhya kArya-kAraNa-bhAva svIkAra kiyA hai|" jaina-karmasiddhAnta meM manovikAroM kA svarUpa karma-paramANuoM kI prakRti para nirbhara karatA hai aura karma-paramANuoM kI prakRti kA nirdhAraNa manovikAroM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-dharma meM karma ke cetana aura acetana-donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jise vaha apanI pAribhASika-zabdAvalI meM dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kahatA hai| jaise kisI kArya ke lie nimitta aura upAdAna-donoM kAraNa Avazyaka haiM, vaise hI jaina karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA (jIva) ke pratyeka karmasaMkalpa ke lie upAdAna-rUpa meM bhAvakarma (manovikAra) aura nimittarUpa meM dravyakarma (karma-paramANu)- donoM Avazyaka haiN| jar3a paramANu hI karma kA bhautikayA acit-pakSa haiM aura jar3a karma-paramANuoM se prabhAvita vikArayukta cetanA kI avasthA karma kA caittasika-pakSa hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra jIva kI jo zubhAzubharUpa naitika-pravRtti hai, usakA mUla kAraNa to mAnasika (bhAvakarma) hai, lekina una mAnasika-vRttiyoM ke lie jisa bAhya-kAraNa kI apekSA hai, vahI dravya-karma hai| ise hama vyakti kA pariveza kaha sakate haiN| manovRttiyoM, kaSAyoM athavA bhAvoM kI utpattisvata: nahIM

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344 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ho sakatI, usakA bhI kAraNa apekSita hai| sabhI bhAva jisa nimitta kI apekSA karate haiM, vahI dravya-karma hai| isI prakAra, jaba AtmA meM kaSAyoM (manovikAra) athavA bhAvakarma kI upasthiti nahIM ho, taba taka karma-paramANu jIva ke lie karmarUpa meM (bandhana ke rUpa meM) pariNata nahIM ho skte| isa prakAra, karma ke donoM pakSa apekSita haiN| dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma kAsambandha paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM kibhAva-karma ke hone meM dravya-karma nimitta haiM aura dravyakarma meM bhAva-karma nimitta; donoM kA Apasa meM bIjAMkura kI taraha kArya-kAraNabhAva sambandha hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana meM karma ke cetana aura jar3a-donoM pakSoM meM bIjAMkuravat pArasparika kAryakAraNa-bhAva mAnA gayA hai| jaise bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja banatA hai aura unameM kisI ko bhI pUrvApara nahIM kahA jA sakatA, vaise hI dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma meM bhI kisI pUrvAparatA kA nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi pratyeka dravyakarma kI apekSA se usakA bhAvakarma pUrva hogA aura pratyekabhAvakarma ke lie usakA dravyakarma pUrva hogaa| vastutaH, inameM santati-apekSA se anAdi kArya-kAraNa-bhAva hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki bhAvakarma ke hone meM pUrvabaddha dravya-karma nimitta haiM aura vartamAna meM badhyamAna dravyakarma meM bhAvakarma nimitta haiN| donoM meM nimitta-naimittika rUpa kAryakAraNa-sambandha hai|" (a) bauddha-dRSTikoNa evaM usakI samIkSA yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki karmoM ke bhautika-pakSa ko kyoM svIkAra kareM ? bauddha-darzana karma ke caittasika-pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki bandhana ke kAraNa avidyA, vAsanA, tRSNAdi caittasika-tattva hI haiN| DaoN. TAMTiyA isa sandarbha meM jaina-mata kI samucitatA para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM ki yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki krodhAdi kaSAya, jo AtmA ke bandhana kI sthitiyA~ haiM, ve AtmA ke hI guNa haiM aura isalie AtmA ke guNoM (caittasika-dazAoM) ko AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM AtI hai, lekina isa sambandha meM jaina-vicArakoM kA uttara yaha hogA ki krodhAdi kaSAya-avasthAe~ bandha kI prakRtiyA~ haiM, krodhAdi kaSAya-avasthA meM honA to svata: hI AtmA kA bandhana hai, ve bandhana kI upAdhi (nimittakAraNa) nahIM ho sktii| kaSAya bandhana kA sRjana karatI hai, lekina unakI upAdhi (condition) to anivAryatayA unase bhinna honI caahie| kyoMki kaSAya AdiAtmA kI vaibhAvika avasthAe~ haiM, isalie unakA kAraka yA upAdhi (nimitta) AtmA ke guNoM se bhinna honA cAhie aura isa prakAra kaSAya aura bandhana kI upAdhi yA nimittakAraNa anivArya rUpa se bhautika honA caahie| yadi bandhana kA kAraNa Antarika aura caittasika hI hai aura kisI bAhya-tattva se prabhAvita

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karma - siddhAnta nahIM hotA, to phira usase mukti kA kyA artha hogaa| 14 jaina - mata ke anusAra yadi bandhana aura bandhana kA kAraNa - donoM hI samAna prakRti ke haiM, to upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNa kA antara samApta ho jaaegaa| yadi kaSAya AtmA meM svataH hI utpanna ho jAte haiM, to ve usakA svabhAva ge aura yadi ve AtmA kA svabhAva haiM, to unheM chor3A nahIM jA sakegA aura yadi unheM chor3anA sambhava nahIM, to mukti bhI sambhava nahIM hogii| dUsare, jo svabhAva hai, vaha Antarika evaM svata: hai aura yadi svabhAva meM svataH binA kisI bAhya nimitta ke hI vikAra A sakatA hai, to phira bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA sadaiva banI rahegI aura mukti kA koI artha hI nahIM rhegaa| yadi pAnI meM svata: hI USNatA utpanna ho jAe, to zItalatA usakA svabhAva nahIM ho sktaa| AtmA meM bhI yadi manovikAra svataH hI utpanna ho sakeM, to vaha nirvikAra nahIM raha sktaa| jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki USNatA ke saMyoga se jisa prakAra pAnI svaguNa zItalatA ko chor3a vikArI ho jAtA hai, vaise hI AtmA jar3a karma-paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI vikArI banatA hai / kaSAyAdi bhAva AtmA kI vibhAvAvasthA ke sUcaka haiM, ve svata: hI vibhAva ke kAraNa nahIM ho skte| vibhAva svataH prasUta nahIM hotA, usakA koI bAhya - nimitta avazya honA caahie| jaise pAnI ko zItalatA kI svabhAva - dazA se USNatA kI vibhAvadazA meM parivartita hone ke lie svasvabhAva se bhinna agni kA saMyoga (bAhya-nimitta) Avazyaka hai, vaise hI AtmA ko jJAna - darzana rUpa svasvabhAva kA parityAga kara kaSAyarUpa vibhAvadazA ko grahaNa karane ke lie bAhya nimitta rUpa karma-pudgaloM kA honA Avazyaka hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra jar3a karma - paramANu aura cetana AtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ke binA vibhAvadazA yA bandhana kathamapi sambhava nahIM / bauddha-vicAra yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki amUrta caittasika-tattva hI amUrta-cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM / mUrta jar3a (rUpa) amUrta cetana (nAma) ko prabhAvita nahIM karatA, lekina isa AdhAra para jar3a-cetanamaya jagat yA bauddha - paribhASA meM nAma-rUpAtmaka jagat kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hai| yadi caittasika-tattvoM aura bhautika-tattvoM ke madhya koI kAraNAtmaka-sambandha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, to unake sambandhoM se utpanna isa jagat kI tArkika - vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne isI kaThinAI se bacane ke lie bhautika jagat (rUpa) kA nirasana kiyA, lekina yaha to vAstavikatA se mu~ha mor3anA hI thaa| bauddha darzana karma yA bandhana ke mAtra caittasika-pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai, lekina thor3I adhika gaharAI se vicAra karane para dikhAI detA hai ki bauddha darzana meM bhI donoM pakSa milate haiN| pratItyasamutpAda meM vijJAna (cetanA) tathA nAma-rUpa ke madhya kAraNa-sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| milindaprazna meM to spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki nAma (cetana-pakSa) aura rUpa (bhautika-pakSa) - 345

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346 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anyonyAzrayabhAva se sambaddha haiN| vastuta:, bauddha-darzana bhI nAma (cetana) aura rUpa (bhautika) donoM ke sahayoga se hI kArya-niSpatti mAnatA hai| usakA yaha kahanA ki cetanA hI karma hai, kevala isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki kArya-niSpatti meM cetanA sakriya tattva ke rUpa meM pramukha kAraNa hai| (ba) sAMkhya-darzana aura zAMkaravedAnta ke dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA sAMkhya-dArzanikoM ne puruSa ko kUTastha mAnakara kevala jar3a prakRti ke AdhAra para bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA karanA cAhA, lekina ve bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke madhya koI vAstavika sambandha sthApita nahIM kara pAe aura dArzanikoM ke dvArA kaThora AlocanA ke pAtra bne| unhoMne buddhi, ahaMkAra aura mana jaise caitasika-tattvoM ko bhI pUrNata: jar3a-prakRti kA pariNAma mAnA, jo ki isa AlocanA se bacane kA pUrvaprayAsa hI kahA jA sakatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana bandhana aura mukti ko prakRti se sambandhita kara naitika-jagat meM apanI vAstavikavAditA kI rakSA nahIM kara paayaa| yadi bandhana aura mukti-donoM jar3a-prakRti se hote haiM, to phira bandhana se mukti kI ora prayAsarUpanaitikatA bhIjar3a-prakRti se hI sambandhita hogI, lekina sAMkhya naitika-cetanA jisa vivekajJAna para adhiSThita hai, vaha jar3a-prakRti meM sambhava nhiiN| vivekAbhAva aura vivekajJAna-donoM kA sambandha to puruSa se hai| yadi puruSa avikArI, apariNAmI aura kUTastha hai, to usameM vivekAbhAvarUpa vikAra jar3a-prakRti ke kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai| kUTastha-AtmavAda AtmA ke vibhAva yA bandhana kI tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA nahIM krtaa| isa prakAra, sAMkhyadarzana tArkika-dRSTi se apanI rakSA karane meM asamartha rhaa| zAMkaravedAnta meM karma evaM mAyA paryAyavAcI haiN| usameM bhIsAMkhya ke puruSa ke samAna Atman yA brahman ko nirvikArI evaM nirapekSa mAnA gayA hai, lekina yadi AtmA nirvikArI aura nirapekSa hai, to phira bandhana, mukti aura naitikatA kI sArI kahAnI arthahIna hai| isI kaThinAI ko samajhakara zAMkara-vedAnta ne bandhana aura mukti ko mAtra vyavahAradRSTi se svIkAra kiyaa| gItAkA dRSTikoNa saiddhAntika-dRSTi se gItA sAMkhyadarzana se prabhAvita hai aura bandhana ko mAtra jar3a prakRti se sambandhita mAnatI hai| usameM AtmA ko akartA hI kahA gayA hai, lekina gItA meM jo bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha pUrNatayA jar3a (bhautika) nahIM hai| jaba taka jar3a prakRti kI upasthiti meM puruSa yA AtmA ahaMkAra se yukta nahIM hotA, taba taka bandhana nahIM hotaa| AtmA kA ahaMbhAva hI vaha caittasika-pakSa hai, jo bandhana kA mUlabhUta upAdAna hai aura jar3a prakRti usa ahaMbhAva kA nimitta hai| ahaMkAra ke lie nimitta ke rUpa prakRti aura upAdAna ke rUpa

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karma - siddhAnta cetana puruSa donoM hI apekSita haiN| prakRti ahaMkAra kA bhautika pakSa hai aura puruSa usakA cetanA - T-pakSa / isa prakAra, yahA~ gItA aura jainadarzana nikaTa A jAte haiN| gItA kI prakRti jaina- darzana ke dravyakarma ke samAna hai aura gItA kA ahaMkAra bhAvakarma ke samAna hai| donoM meM kAryakAraNabhAva hai aura donoM kI upasthiti meM hI bandhana hotA hai / 347 eka samagra dRSTikoNa Avazyaka karmamaya naitika jIvana kI samucita vyavasthA ke lie, bandhana aura mukti ke vAstavika vizleSaNa ke lie, eka samagra dRSTikoNa Avazyaka hai| eka samagra dRSTikoNa aura mukti ko na to pUrNatayA jar3a prakRti para Aropita karatA hai aura na usake mAtra caittasika-tattvoM para AdhArita karatA hai / yadi karma kA acetana yA jar3a pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA jAe, to karma AkArahIna viSayavastu hogA aura yadi karma kA caittasika pakSa hI svIkAreM, to karma viSayavastuvihIna AkAra hogA, lekina viSayavastuvihIna AkAra aura AkAravihIna viSayavastu-donoM hI vAstavikatA se dUra haiN| jaina karma-siddhAnta karma ke bhautika evaM bhAvAtmaka pakSa para samucita jora dekara jar3a aura cetana ke madhya eka vAstavika sambandha banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| DaoN. TA~TiyA likhate haiM, 'karma apane pUrNa vizleSaNa meM jar3a aura cetana ke madhya yojaka kar3I hai - yaha cetana aura cetanasaMyuktajar3a pArasparika parivartanoM kI sahayogAtmakatA ko abhivyaMjita karatA hai|' sAMkhya-yoga ke anusAra karma pUrNata: jar3a prakRti se sambandhita hai aura isalie vaha prakRti hI hai, jo bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma pUrNatayA cetanA se sambandhita hai aura isalie cetanA hI bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai, lekina jainavicAraka ina ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se santuSTa nahIM the| unake anusAra, saMsAra kA artha hai - jar3a aura cetana kA pArasparika-bandhana aura mukti kA artha hai- donoM kA alaga-alaga ho - jAnA / 36 9. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika - prabhAvakatA - vastuta:, naitika dRSTi se yaha prazna adhika mahatvapUrNa hai ki caitanya Atmatattva aura karma - paramANuoM (bhautika tattva) ke madhya kyA sambandha hai ? jina dArzanikoM ne carama satya rUpa meM advaita kI dhAraNA ko chor3akara dvaita kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI, unake lie yaha prazna banA rahA ki inake pArasparika sambandhoM kI vyAkhyA kreN| yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai / isa samasyA se bacane ke lie hI aneka cintakoM ne ekatattvavAda kI dhAraNA sthApita kii| bhAratIya cArvAka-dArzanikoM evaM Adhunika bhautikavAdiyoM ne jar3a ko hI carama satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra isa samasyA ke samAdhAna se chuTTI paaii|

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348 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dUsarI ora, zaMkara evaM bauddha-vijJAnavAda ne cetana ko hI carama satya maanaa| isa prakAra, unheM bhI isa samasyA ke samAdhAna kA koI prayAsa nahIM karanA par3A, yadyapi unake samakSa yaha samasyA avazya thI ki isa dRzya bhautika jagat kI vyAkhyA kaise kareM ? aura usakA usa vizuddha caitanya paramatattva se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita kareM ? unhoMne isa jagat ko mAtra pratIti batAkara samasyA kA samAdhAna khojA, lekina vaha samAdhAna bhI sAmAnya buddhi ko santuSTa na kara paayaa| pazcima meM barkale ne bhI jar3a kI sattA ko manas se svatantra na mAnakara aisA hI prayAsa kiyA thA, lekina naitikatA kI samucita vyAkhyA kisI bhI prakAra ke ekatattvavAda meM sambhava nhiiN| jina vicArakoM ne jaina darzana ke samAna naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jar3a aura cetana, puruSa aura prakRti, athavA manas aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA, unake lie yaha mahatvapUrNa samasyA thI ki ve isa bAta kI vyAkhyA kareM ki ina donoM bIca kyA sambandha hai ? pazcima meM yaha samasyA dekArta ke sAmane bhI upasthita thI / dekArta ne isakA hala pArasparika pratikriyAvAda ke AdhAra para kiyA, lekina svataMtra sattAoM meM paraspara pratikriyA kaisI ? spInojA ne usake sthAna para samAnAntaravAda kI sthApanA kI aura jar3a-caitanya meM pArasparika pratikriyA na mAnate hue bhI unameM eka prakAra ke samAnAntara parivartana ko svIkAra kiyA aura isakA AdhAra sattA kI tAttvikaekatA mAnA / lAInIja ne pratikriyAvAda kI kaThinAiyoM se bacane ke lie pUrvasthApita sAmaMjasya kI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana kiyA aura batAyA ki sRSTi ke samaya hI mana aura zarIra ke bIca Izvara ne aisI pUrvAnukUlatA utpanna kara dI hai ki unameM sadA sAmaJjasya rahatA hai, jaise- do alaga ghar3iyA~ yadi eka bAra eka sAtha milA dI jAtI haiM, to ve eka-dUsare para binA pratikriyA karate hue bhI samAna samaya hI sUcita karatI haiM, vaise hI mAnasikaparivartana aura zArIrika parivartana paraspara aprabhAvita evaM svatantra hote hue bhI eka sAtha hote rahate haiN| pazcima meM yaha samasyA acetana zarIra aura cetanA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara thI, jabaki bhArata meM sambandha kI yaha samasyA prakRti, triguNa athavA karma-pa - paramANu aura AtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara thI / gaharAI se vicAra karane para yahA~ bhI mUla samasyA zarIra aura AtmA ke sambandha ko lekara hI hai| yadyapi zarIra se bhAratIyacintakoM kA tAtparya sthUla zarIra se na hokara sUkSma zarIra (liMga- zarIra) se hai / yahI liMgazarIra jaina darzana meM karma zarIra kahA jAtA hai, jo karma - paramANuoM kA banA hotA hai aura baMdhana kI dazA meM sadaiva AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai| yahA~ bhI mUla prazna yahI hai ki yaha liMga - zarIra yA karma - zarIra AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita karatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana puruSa tathA -- --

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karma-siddhAnta 349 prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra karate hue bhI apane kUTastha-AtmavAda ke kAraNa inake pArasparika-sambandha ko ThIka prakAra se nahIM samajhA paayaa| jaina-darzana vastuvAdI evaM pariNAmavAdI hai aura isalie vaha jar3a-cetana ke madhya vAstavika sambandha svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI anubhava nahIM krtaa| vaha cetanA para hone vAle jar3a ke prabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki anubhava hameM yaha batAtA hai ki jar3a mAdaka padArthoM kA prabhAva cetanA para par3atA hI hai, ata: yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki jar3a karma-vargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana-AtmA para par3atA hai| saMsAra kA artha jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika sambandha hai| 10. karma kI mUrtatA jaina-darzana ke anusAra dravya-karma pudgalajanya hai, ata: mUrta (bhautika) hai| kAraNase jisa prakAra kArya kA anumAna hotA hai, usI prakAra kArya se bhI kAraNa kA anumAna hotA hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra zarIra Adi kArya mUrta haiM, to unakA kAraNa karma bhI mUrta hI honA caahie| karma kI mUrttatA siddha karane ke lie kucha tarka isa prakAra die jA sakate haiM- karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usake sambandha se sukha-du:kha AdikA jJAna hotA hai, jaise bhojana se| karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usake sambandha se vedanA hotI hai, jaise agni se| yadi karma amUrta hotA, to usake kAraNa sukha-duHkhAdi kI vedanA sambhava nahIM hotii| mUrtakAamUrta prabhAva yadikarma mUrta hai, to phira vaha amUrta AtmApara apanA prabhAva kaise DAlatA hai ? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni kA amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM par3atA, usI prakAra amUrta AtmA para bhI mUrta karma kA koI prabhAva nahIM par3anA cAhie? isakA uttara yahI hai ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdiguNoM para mUrta madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhImUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| ukta prazna kA eka dUsarA tarkasaMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha bhI hai ki karma ke sambandha meM AtmA kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai| kyoMki saMsArIAtmA anAdikAla se karma-santati se sambaddha hai, isa apekSA se AtmA sarvathA amUrta nahIM hai, apitu karmasambaddha hone ke kAraNa svarUpata: amUrta hote hue bhI vastuta: kathaMcit-mUrta hai| isa dRSTi se bhI AtmA para mUrta karma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| vastuta:, jisa para karmasiddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai, vaha vyaktitva amUrta nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA (abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI-AtmA bhautika-tathyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA zarIra (karma-zarIra) ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika-prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA

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350 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sktii| mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se usa paramUrta-karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| mUrttakAamUrta se sambandha yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki mUrta karma amUrta AtmA se kaise sambandhita hote haiM? jaina-vicArakoM kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki jaise mUrta ghaTa amUrta AkAza ke sAtha sambandhita hotA hai, vaise hI mUrta karma amUrta AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiN| jaina-vicArakoM ne AtmA aura karma ke sambandha ko nIra-kSIravat athavA agni-lauhapiMDavat mAnA hai| yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi do svatantra sattAoM-jar3a karma-paramANu aura cetana meM pArasparika-prabhAva ko svIkAra kiyA jAegA, to phira muktAvasthA meM bhI jar3a-karmaparamANu AtmA ko prabhAvita kie binA nahIM raheMge aura mukti kA koI artha nahIM hogaa| yadi ve paraspara eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karane meM sakSama nahIM haiM, to phira bandhana hI kaise siddha hogA ? AcArya kundakunda ne isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA ki jaise svarNa kIcar3a meM rahane para bhI jaMga nahIM khAtA, jabaki lohA jaMga khA jAtA hai, isI prakAra zuddhAtmA karmaparamANuoM ke madhya rahate hue bhI unake nimitta se vikArI nahIM banatA, jabaki azuddha AtmA vikArI bana jAtA hai| jar3a karma-paramANu usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakate haiM, jo pUrva meM rAgadveSa Adi se azuddha haiN| vastutaH, AtmA jaba taka bhautika zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karma-paramANu use prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| karma-zarIra ke rUpa meM rahe hue karma-paramANu hI bAhya-jagat ke karma-paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa kara sakate haiN| cU~ki muktAvasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai, ata: usa avasthA meM karma-paramANuoM kI upasthiti meM bhI use bandhana meM Ane kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA rAga-dveSaAdikI zubhAzubha vRttiyA~ hI bhAvakarma ke rUpa meM AtmA kI avasthAvizeSa haiM / bhAvakarma kI upasthiti meM hI dravya-karma AtmA ke dvArA grahaNa kie jAte haiN| bhAvakarma ke nimitta se dravyakarma kA Asrava hotA rahatA hai aura yahI dravyakarma samaya vizeSa meM bhAvakarma kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra karma-pravAha calatA rahatA hai| karma-pravAha hI saMsAra hai| karma aura vipAka kI paramparA se yaha saMsAracakra pravartita hotA rahatA hai| bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki karma se vipAka pravartita hote haiM aura vipAka se karma utpanna hotA hai| karma se punarjanma hotA hai aura isa prakAra yaha saMsAra pravartita hotA hai, ata: yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa hai ki karma aura AtmA kA sambandha kaba se hai, athavA karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA prArambha kaba huA ? yadi hama ise sAdi mAnate haiM, to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki kisI kAla-vizeSa meM AtmA baddha huA, usake pahale

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karma - siddhAnta mukta thA; phira use bandhana meM Ane kA kyA kAraNa ? yadi muktAtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA mAnI jAe, to mukti kA mUlya adhika nahIM raha jaataa| dUsarI ora, yadi ise anAdi mAnA jAe, to jo anAdi hai, vaha ananta bhI hogA aura isa avasthA meM mukti kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM raha jaaegii| jaina- dRSTikoNa jaina- dArzanikoM ne samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie eka sApekSa uttara diyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki karma - - paramparA karmavizeSa kI apekSA se sAdi aura sAnta hai aura pravAha kI dRSTi anAdi-ananta hai / karmaparamparA kA pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi to hai, lekina ananta nahIM hai| use ananta nahIM mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki karma-vizeSa ke rUpa meM to sAdi hai aura yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake, to vaha paramparA ananta nahIM raha sktii| jaina- dArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga- -dveSarUpI karma-bIja ke bhuna jAne para karmapravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai| karma-paramparA ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jisake AdhAra para bandhana kA anAditva, mukti se anAvRtti aura mukti kI sambhAvanA samucita vyAkhyA ho sakatI hai| bauddha - dRSTikoNa bauddha AcAradarzana bhI bandhana ke anAditva aura mukti se anAvRtti kI dhAraNA svIkAra karatA hai, ata: bauddha-dRSTi se karma-paramparA ko vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi aura sAnta mAnanA samucita pratIta hotA hai / bauddha dArzanika kAraNarUpa karmaparamparA se Age kisI karttA ko nahIM dekhate haiN| unake anusAra, saccA jJAnI kAraNa se Age karttA ko nahIM dekhatA, na vipAka kI pravRtti se Age vipAka bhogane vAle ko, kintu kAraNa hone para kartA hai aura vipAka kI pravRtti se bhogane vAlA hai, aisA mAnatA hai| bauddha dArzanika apanI anAtmavAdI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kAraNarUpa karma-paramparA para ruka jAnA pasanda karate haiM, kyoMki isa AdhAra para anAtma kI avadhAraNA sarala hotI hai, lekina karma ke kAraNa ko mAnanA aura usake kAraka ko nahIM mAnanA eka vadatovyAghAta hai| yahA~ hama isakI gaharAI meM nahIM jAnA caahte| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki karttA, karma aura karma vipAka - tInoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrvakoTi nahIM mAnI jA sktii| bauddhadArzanika bhI karma aura vipAka ke sambandha meM ise svIkAra karate haiN| kahA hai ki karma aura vipAka ke pravartita hone para vRkSa - bIja ke samAna kisI kA pUrva chora nahIM jAna par3atA hai | isa prakAra, bauddha- dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI pravAha anAdi to hai, lekina vaiyaktika- dRSTi se vaha ananta nahIM rhtaa| jaise kisI bIja ke bhuna jAne para usa bIja kI dRSTi se - 351

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352. bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bIja-vRkSa kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai, vaise hI vyakti ke rAga, dveSa aura moha kA prahANa ho jAne para usa vyakti kI karma-vipAka-paramparA kA anta ho jAtA hai| 12. karmaphala-saMvibhAga karma-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki kyA eka vyakti apane kie huezubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare vyakti ko de sakatA hai, athavA nahIM de sakatA? kyA vyakti apane kie hue zubhAzubha karmoM kA hI yoga karatA hai, athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA kie hue zubhAzubha kA phala bhI use milatA hai ? isa sandarbha meM samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM ke dRSTikoNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| jaina-dRSTikoNa ___jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra prANI ke zubhAzubha karmoM ke pratiphala meM koI bhAgIdAra nahIM bana sktaa| jo vyakti zubhAzubha karma karatA hai, vahI usakA phala prApta karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa vidhAna hai, saMsArI jIva sva evaM para ke lie jo sAdhAraNa karma karatA hai, usa karma ke phala-yoga ke samaya ve bandhu-bAndhava (parijana) hissA nahIM lete haiN| isI grantha meM prANI kI anAthatA kA nirNaya karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki na to mAtA-pitA aura putra-pautrAdi hI prANI kA hitAhita karane meM samartha haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se jaba yaha prazna kiyA gayA ki prANI svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM, yA parakRta sukhadu:kha kA bhoga karate haiM ? to mahAvIra kA spaSTa uttara thA ki prANI svakRta sukha-du:kha kA bhoga karate haiM, parakRta kA nhiiN| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA meM karmaphala-saMvibhAga ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa bauddha-darzana meM bodhisatva kA Adarza karmaphala-saMvibhAga ke vicAra ko puSTa karatA hai| bodhisatva to sadaiva yaha kAmanA karate haiM ki unake kuzala karmoM kA phala vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ko mile| phira bhI, bauddha-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki kevala zubhakarmoM meM hI dUsare ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa ke sambandha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM ki sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki karma svakIya haiM, jo karma karatA hai, vahI (santAnapravAha kI apekSA se) usakA phala bhogatA hai, kintu pAlInikAya meM bhI puNya pariNAmanA (pattidAna) hai| vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki mRta kI sahAyatA ho sakatI hai| sthaviravAdI preta aura devoM ko dakSiNA dete haiM, arthAt bhikSukoM ko die hue dAna (dakSiNA) se jo puNya saMcita hotA hai, usako dete haiN| bauddhoM ke anusAra hama apane puNya meM dUsare ko sammilita kara sakate haiM, pApa meM nhiiN| hinduoM ke samAna hI bauddha bhI pretayoni meM vizvAsa karate haiM aura preta ke nimitta jo

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karma-siddhAnta 353 bhI dAna-puNya Adi kiyA jAtA hai, usakA phala preta ko milatA hai, yaha mAnate haiN| bauddha yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki yadi prANI marakara paradattopajIvI-pretAvasthA meM janma letA hai, taba to use yahA~ usake nimitta kiyA jAne vAlA puNyakarma kA phala milatA hai, lekina yadi vaha marakara manuSya, nAraka, tiryaMca yA deva-yoni meM utpanna hotA hai, to puNyakarma karanevAle ko hI usakA phala milatA hai| isa prakAra, bauddha-vicAraNA kuzala karmoM ke phala-saMvibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA evaM hindU-paramparA kAdRSTikoNa ___ gItA karmaphala-saMvibhAga meM vizvAsa karatI hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| gItA meM zrAddha-tarpaNa Adi kriyAoM ke abhAva meM tathA kuladharma ke vinaSTa hone se pitara kA patana ho jAtA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isakA spaSTa artha hai ki saMtAnAdi dvArA kie gaezubhAzubha kRtyoM kA prabhAva unake pitaroM para par3atA hai| mahAbhArata meM yaha bAta bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai ki na kevala santAna ke kRtyoM kA prabhAva pUrvajoM para par3atA hai, varan pUrvajoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala bhI santAna ko prApta hotA hai| zAnti-parva meM bhISma yudhiSThira se kahate haiM, 'he rAjan, cAhe kisI AdamI ko usake pApakarmoM kA phala usa samaya milatA huA na dIkha par3e, tathApi vaha use hI nahIM, kintu usake putroM, pautroM aura prapautroM taka ko bhoganA par3atA hai| isI sandarbha meM, manusmRti (4/173) evaM mahAbhArata (Adiparva, 80/3) kA uddharaNa dete hue tilaka bhI likhate haiM ki na kevala hameM, kintu kabhI-kabhI hamAre nAmarUpAtmaka deha se utpanna lar3akoM aura hamAre nAtiyoM taka ko karmaphala bhogane par3ate haiN| isa prakAra, hindU-vicAraNA sabhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-saMvibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai| tulanA evaM samIkSA bauddha aura hindU-paramparA meM mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki hindU-dharma meM manuSya ke zubha aura azubha karmoM kA phala usake pUrvajoM evaM santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai, jabaki bauddhadharma meM kevala puNya karmoM kA phala hI pretoM ko milatA hai| hindU-dharma meM puNya aura pApa-donoM karmoM kA phala-saMvibhAga svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki bauddhadharma kA siddhAnta yaha hai ki kuzala (puNya) karmakAhI saMvibhAgaho sakatA hai, akuzala (pApa) karmakA nhiiN| milindaprazna meM do kAraNoM se akuzala karma ko saMvibhAga ke ayogya mAnA hai (1) pApa-karma meM preta kI anumati nahIM hai, ata: usakA phala use nahIM mila sktaa| (2) akuzala parimita hotA hai, ata: usakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho sakatA; kintu kuzala vipula hotA hai, ata: usakA saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai| lekina vicArapUrvaka dekheM, to yaha tarka aucityapUrNa nahIM hai| yadi anumati ke

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana abhAva meM azubha kA phala prApta nahIM hotA hai, to phira zubha kA phala kaise prApta ho sakatA hai ? dUsare, yaha kahanA ki akuzala parimita hai, ThIka nahIM hai| isa kathana kA kyA AdhAra hai ki akuzala (pApa) parimita hai ? dUsare, parimita kA bhI bhoga honA saMbhava hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa kA prabhAva kevala parijanoM para hI nahIM, samAja para bhI par3atA hai / varttamAna vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI manuSya kI zubhAzubha kriyAoM se samAja evaM bhAvI pIr3hI prabhAvita hotI hai| eka manuSya kI galata nIti kA pariNAma samUce rASTra aura rASTra kI bhAvI pIr3hI ko bhugatanA par3atA hai, yaha eka svayaMsiddha tathya hai| aisI sthiti meM karma-phala kA saMvibhAga- siddhAnta hI hamArI vyavahArabuddhi ko santuSTa karatA hai, lekina isa dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara lene para karma siddhAnta ke mUla para hI kuThArAghAta hotA hai, kyoMki karma-siddhAnta meM vaiyaktika vividha anubhUtiyoM kA kAraNa vyakti ke andara hI mAnA jAtA hai, jabaki phala-saMvibhAga ke AdhAra para hameM bAhya-kAraNa ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai| 354 jaina karma - siddhAnta meM phala-saMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM upAdAna - kAraNa (Antarika kAraNa) aura nimitta kAraNa ( bAhya kAraNa) kA bheda samajhanA hogaa| jaina karma - siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki vividha sukhada-duHkhada anubhUtiyoM kA mUla kAraNa ( upAdAnakAraNa) to vyakti ke apane hI pUrva- karma haiM, dUsarA vyakti to mAtra nimitta bana sakatA hai, arthAt upAdAna - kAraNa kI dRSTi se sukha-duHkhAdi anubhava svakRta haiM aura nimitta - kAraNa kI dRSTi se parakRta haiN| gItA bhI yaha dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai| gItA meM kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki yaha loga to apanI hI mauta mareMge, tU to mAtra nimitta hogA, lekina yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi hama dUsaroM kA hitAhita karane meM mAtra nimitta hote haiM, to phira hameM pApa-puNya kA bhAga kyoM mAnA jAtA hai ? jaina- vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna khojA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki hamAre puNya-pApa dUsare ke hitAhita kI kriyA para nirbhara na hokara hamArI manovRtti para nirbhara haiN| hama dUsaroM kA hitAhita karane para uttaradAyI isalie haiM ki vaha karma evaM karma-saMkalpa hamArA hai| dUsaroM ke prati hamArA jo dRSTikoNa hai, vahI hameM uttaradAyI nAtA hai| usI ke AdhAra para vyakti karma kA bandha karatA hai aura usakA phala bhogatA hai| 13. jaina darzana meM karma kI avasthA jaina-darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para gaharAI se vicAra huA hai| pramukha rUpa se karmoM kI dasa avasthAe~ mAnI gaI haiM- 1. bandha, 2. saMkramaNa, 3. utkarSaNa, 4. apavartana, 5. sattA, 6. udaya, 7. udIraNA, 8. upazamana, 9. nidhatti aura 10. nikAcanA / 19 1. bandha- kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karma - paramANuoM kA Atma- pradezoM se jo -

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karma-siddhAnta 355 sambandha hotA hai, use jaina-darzana meM bandha kahA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA eka svatantra adhyAya meM kI gaI hai| 2.saMkramaNa- eka karma ke aneka avAntara-bheda haiM aura jaina karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai| yaha avAntara karmaprakRtiyoM kA adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa vaha prakriyA hai, jisameM AtmA pUrva-baddha karmoM kI avAntaraprakRtiyoM, samayAvadhi, tIvratA evaM parimANa (mAtrA) ko parivartita karatA hai| saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karma-prakRti kA, navIna karma-prakRti kA bandha karate samaya milAkara tatpazcAt navIna karma-prakRti meM usakA rUpAntaraNakarasakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, pUrva meM baddha du:khada saMvedanarUpa asAtAvedanIya-karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya-karma kA bandha karate samaya hI sAtAvedanIya karma-prakRti ke sAtha milAkara usakA sAtAvedanIya-karma meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi darzanamoha-karma kI tIna prakRtiyoM mithyAtvamoha, samyaktvamoha aura mizramoha meM navIna bandha ke abhAva meM bhI saMkramaNa sambhava hotA hai, kyoMki samyaktvamoha evaM mizramoha kA bandha nahIM hotA hai, ve avasthAe~ mithyAtvamoha-karma ke zuddhIkaraNase hotI haiN| saMkramaNa karmoM ke avAntara-bhedoM meM hI hotA hai, mUla bhedoM meM nahIM hotA hai, arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya-karma kA Ayukarma meM saMkramaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI prakAra, kucha avAntara-karma aise haiM, jinakA rUpAntara nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra, koI narakAyu ke bandha ko manuSya-Ayu ke bandha meM nahIM badala sktaa| naitika-dRSTi se saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA kI do mahatvapUrNa bAteM haiM- eka to yaha hai ki saMkramaNa kI kSamatA kevala AtmAkI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| jo AtmA jitanI pavitra hotI hai, utanI hI usakI Atmazakti prakaTa hotI hai aura utanI usameM karma-saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI hotI hai, lekina jo vyakti jitanA adhika apavitra hotA hai, usameM karma-saMkramaNa kI kSamatA utanI hI kSINa hotI hai aura vaha adhika mAtrA meM paristhitiyoM (koM) kA dAsa hotA hai| pavitra AtmAe~ paristhitiyoM kI dAsa na hokara unakI svAmI bana jAtI haiN| isa prakAra, saMkramaNa kI prakriyA AtmA ke svAtantrya aura dAsatAko vyakti kI naitika-pragati para adhiSThita karatI hai| dUsare, saMkramaNa kI dhArA bhAgyavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda ko sabala banAtI hai| 3. udvartanA- AtmA se karma-paramANuoM ke baddha hote samaya jo kASAyikatAratamatA hotI hai, usI ke anusAra bandhana ke samaya karma kI sthiti tathA tIvratA kA nizcaya hotA hai| jaina karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA navIna bandha karate samaya pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAlamaryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hA bhI sakatI hai| yahI karma-paramANuoM kI kAla-maryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hAne kI kriyA udvartanA kahI jAtI hai|

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356 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 4. apavartanA- jisa prakAra navIna bandha ke samaya pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anabhAga) ko bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra use kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha kama karane kI kriyA apavartana kahalAtI hai| 5. sattA-karmoM kA bandha ho jAne ke pazcAt unakA vipAka bhaviSya meM kisI samaya hotA hai| pratyeka karma apane sattA-kAla ke samApta hone para hI phala (vipAka) de pAtA hai| jitane samaya taka kAla-maryAdA paripakva na hone ke kAraNa karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha banA rahatA hai, usa avasthA ko sattA kahate haiN| 6. udaya- jaba karma apanA phala (vipAka) denA prArambha kara dete haiM, usa avasthAko udaya kahate haiN| jaina-darzana yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki sabhI karma apanA phala pradAna to karate haiM, lekina kucha karma aise bhI hote haiM, jo phala dete hue bhI bhoktA ko phala kI anubhUti nahIM karAte haiM aura nirjarita ho jAte haiN| jaina-darzana meM phala denA aura phala kI anubhUti honA-ye alaga tathya mAne gae haiN| jo karma binA phala kI anubhUti karAe nirjarita ho jAtA hai, usakA udaya pradezodaya kahA jAtA hai, jaise Aparezana karate samaya acetana avasthA meM zalya-kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotii| kaSAya ke abhAva meM IryApathika-kriyA ke kAraNa jo bandha hotA hai, usakA mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai| jo karma-paramANu apanI phalAnubhUti karavAkara AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| vipAkodaya kI avasthA meM to pradezodaya hotA hI hai, lekina pradezodaya kI avasthA meM vipAkodaya ho hI, yaha anivArya nahIM hai| 7. udIraNA- jisa prakAra samaya se pUrva kRtrima rUpa se phala ko pakAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra niyata kAla ke pUrva hI prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara karmoM ke phaloM ko bhoga lenA udIraNA hai| sAdhAraNa niyama yaha hai ki jisa karma-prakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtIya karma-prakRti kI udIraNA sambhava hai| 8. upazamana- karmoM ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI unake phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie dabA denA, yA unheM kisI kAla-vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM akSama banA denA upazamana hai| upazamana meM karma ko DhaMkI huI agni ke samAna banA diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra rAkha se dabI huI agni usa AvaraNa ke dUra hote hI puna: prajvalita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra upazamana kI avasthA ke samApta hote hI karma puna: udaya meM Akara apanA phala detA hai| upazamana meM karma kI sattA naSTa nahIM hotI hai, mAtra use kAla-vizeSa taka ke lie phala dene meM akSama banAyA jAtA hai| 9. nidhatti-karma kI vaha avasthA nidhatti hai, jisameM karma naapane avAntara-bhedoM

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karma-siddhAnta 357 meM rUpAntarita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiM, lekina karmoM kI samayamaryAdA aura vipAka-tIvratA (parimANa) ko kama-adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai, arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava haiN| 10. nikAcanA-karmoM kA bandhana itanA pragAr3hahonA ki unakI kAla-maryAdA evaM tIvratA (pariNAma) meM koI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, nasamaya ke pUrva unakA bhoga hI kiyA jA sake, nikAcanA kahA jAtA hai| isameM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai, usI rUpa meM usako anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai| karma kI avasthAoMpara bauddha-karma kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA bauddha karma-vicAraNA meM janaka, upasthambhaka, upapIlaka aura upaghAtaka-aise cAra karma mAne gae haiN| janaka-karma dUsarA janma grahaNa karavAte haiM, isa rUpa meM ve sattA kI avasthA se tulanIya haiN| upasthambhaka-karma dUsare karma kA phala dene meM sahAyaka hote haiM, ye utkarSaNa kI prakriyA ke sahAyaka mAne jA sakate haiN| upapIlaka-karma dUsare karmoM kI zakti ko kSINa karate haiM, ye apavartana kI avasthA se tulanIya haiN| upaghAtaka-karma dUsare karma kA vipAka rokakara apanA phala dete haiM, ye karma upazamana kI prakriyA ke nikaTa haiN| bauddha-darzana meM karma-phala ke saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI gaI hai| bauddha-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki yadyapi karma (phala) kA vipraNAza nahIM hai, tathApi karma-phala kA sAtikramaho sakatA hai| vipacyamAna karmoM kA saMkramaNa ho sakatA hai| vipacyamAna karma ve haiM, jinako badalA jA sakatA hai, arthAt jinakA sAtikramaNa (saMkramaNa) ho sakatA hai, yadyapi phala-bhoga anivArya hai| unheM aniyata-vedanIya, kintu niyatavipAkakarma bhI kahA jAtA hai| bauddha-darzana kA niyata-vedanIya niyata-vipAkakarma jaina-darzana ke nikAcanA se tulanIya hai| karma kI avasthAoM para hindU-AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA karmoM kI sattA, udaya, udIraNA aura upazamana-ina cAra avasthAoM kA vivecana hindU-AcAradarzana meM bhI milatA hai| vahA~ karmoM kI saMcita, prArabdha aura kriyamANa-aisI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI gaI haiN| vartamAna kSaNa ke pUrva taka kie gae samasta karma saMcita karma kahe jAte haiM, inheM hI apUrva aura adRSTa bhI kahA gayA hai| saMcita karma ke jisa bhAga kA phalabhoga zurU ho jAtA hai, use hI prArabdha-karma kahate haiN| isa prakAra, pUrvabaddha karma ke do bhAga hote haiN| jo bhAga apanA phala denA prArambha kara detA hai, vaha prArabdha (Arabdha) karma kahalAtA hai, zeSa bhAga, jisakA phalabhoga prArambha nahIM huA hai, anArabdha (saMcita) kahalAtA hai| lokamAnya tilaka ne 'kriyamANa-karma'-aisA svatantra avasthA-bheda nahIM mAnA hai| ve kahate haiM ki yadi usakA pANinIsUtra ke anusAra bhaviSyakAlika-artha lete haiM, to use

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anArabdha kahA jaaegaa|2 tulanA kI dRSTi se karma kI anArabdha yA saMcita avasthA hI 'sattA' kI avasthA kahI jA sakatI hai| isI prakAra, prArabdha karma kI tulanA karma kI udaya - avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| kucha loga navIna karma-saMcaya kI dRSTi se kriyamANa nAmaka svatantra avasthA mAnate haiN| kriyamANa-karma kI tulanA jaina- vicAraNA ke bandhamAnakarma se kI jA sakatI hai| DaoN. TaoNTiyA saMcita karma kI tulanA karma kI sattA-avasthA se, prArabdha - karma kI tulanA udaya- -karma se tathA kriyamANa-karma kI tulanA bandhamAna- - karma karate haiM / vaidika paramparA meM karma kI upazamana - avasthA kI mAnyatA kA spaSTa nirdeza to nahIM milatA, phira bhI mahAbhArata meM pArAzaragItA meM eka nirdeza hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai kabhI-kabhI manuSya kA pUrvakAla meM kiyA gayA puNya ( apanA phala dene kI rAha dekhatA huA) cupa baiThA rahatA hai| 54 isa avasthA kI tulanA jaina- vicAraNA ke upazamana se kI jA sakatI hai| 358 karma kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM kA prazna karmavipAka kI niyatatA se sambandhita hai, ataH isa prazna para bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| 14. karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA jaina- dRSTikoNa hamane Upara karmoM kI avasthAoM para vicAra karate hue dekhA ki kucha karma aise haiM, jinakA vipAka niyata hai aura usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jo jaina- vicAraNA meM nikAcita-karma kahe jAte haiN| jinakA bandha jisa vipAka ko lekara hotA hai, usI vipAka ke dvArA ve kSaya (nirjarita) hote haiM, anya kisI prakAra se nahIM, yahI karma vipAka kI niyatatA hai| isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI haiM, jinakA vipAka usI - rUpa meM anivArya nahIM hotaa| unake vipAka ke svarUpa, mAtrA, samayAvadhi evaM tIvratA Adi meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jinheM hama anikAcita-karma ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| jaina- vicAraNA karma - vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA- donoM ko hI svIkAra karatI hai aura batAtI hai ki karmoM ke pIche rahI huI kaSAyoM kI tIvratA evaM alpatA ke AdhAra para hI kramaza: niyata - vipAkI evaM aniyata - vipAkI karmoM kA bandha hotA hai| jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche tIvra kaSAya (vAsanAe~) hotI haiM, unakA bandha bhI ati pragAr3ha hotA hai aura usakA vipAka bhI niyata hotA hai| isake viparIta, jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche kaSAya alpa hotI hai, unakA bandhana zithila hotA hai aura isIlie unakA vipAka bhI aniyata hotA hai| jaina karma - siddhAnta kI saMkramaNa, udvartanA, apavartanA, udIraNA evaM upazamana kI avasthAe~ karmoM ke aniyata-vipAka kI ora saMketa karatI haiM, lekina jaina- vicAraNA sabhI

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karma-siddhAnta 359 karmoM ko aniyatavipAkI nahIM maantii| jina karmoM kA bandha tIvra kaSAya bhAvoM ke phalasvarUpa hotA hai, unheM vaha niyatavipAkI-karma mAnatI hai| vaiyaktika-dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka meM parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotii| jaba vyakti eka AdhyAtmika U~cAI para pahu~ca jAtA hai, tabhI usameM karma-vipAka ko aniyata banAne kI zakti utpanna hotI hai, phira bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti jitanI hI AdhyAtmika U~cAI para sthita ho, vaha mAtra unhIM karmoM kA vipAka aniyata banA sakatA hai, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI-karma ke rUpa meM huA hai| jina karmoM kA bandha niyatavipAkI-karmoM ke rUpa meM huA hai, unakA bhoga anivArya hai| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA karmoM kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA ke donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra karatI hai aura isa AdhAra para apane karma-siddhAnta ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda ke doSoM se bacA letI hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa bauddha-darzana meM bhI karmoM ke vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana meM karmoM ko niyata-vipAkI aura aniyata-vipAkI, donoM prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| jina karmoM kA phala-bhoga anivArya nahIM,yA jinakA pratisaMvedana Avazyaka nahIM, ve karma aniyatavipAkI haiN| aniyatavipAkI-karma ke phalabhoga kA ullaMghana ho sakatA hai| isake atirikta, ve karma, jinakA pratisaMvedana yA phalabhoga anivArya hai, ve niyatavipAkI-karma haiM, arthAt unake phalabhoga kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kucha bauddha-AcAryoM ne niyatavipAkI aura aniyatavipAkI-karmoM meM pratyeka ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| niyatavipAka-karma (1) dRSTadharmavedanIya-niyatavipAka-karma, arthAt isI janma meM anivArya phala denevAlA krm| (2) upapadyavedanIya-niyatavipAka-karma, arthAt utpanna hokara samantara janma meM anivArya phala denevAlA krm| (3) aparAparyavedanIya-niyatavipAka-karma, arthAt vilamba se anivArya phala denevAlA krm| (4) aniyatavedanIya, kintu niyatavipAka-karma, arthAt ve karma, jo vipacyamAna to haiM (jinakA svabhAva badalA jA sakatA hai evaM sAtikramaNa ho sakatA hai), kintu jinakA bhoga anivArya hai| isake atirikta, kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra niyativipAkakarma para vipAka-kAla kI niyatatA ke AdhAra para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura aisI avasthA meM niyatavipAka-karma ke do rUpa hoMge- (1) jinakA vipAka bhI niyata hai aura vipAka-kAla bhI niyata hai tathA (2) ve, jinakA vipAka to niyata hai, lekina vipAkakAla niyata nhiiN| aise karma aparAparyavedanIya se dRSTadharmavedanIya bana jAte haiN|

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360 bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aniyatavipAka - karma (1) dRSTadharmavedanIya-aniyatavipAka-karma, arthAt jo isI janma meM phala denevAlA hai, lekina jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka nahIM hai| (2) upapadyavedanIya-aniyatavipAkakarma, arthAt utpanna hokara samantara janma meM phala denevAlA hai, lekina jisakA phalabhoga ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| (3) aparAparya-aniyatavipAka - karma, arthAt jo derI se phala dene vAlA hai, lekina jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka hai| (4) aniyatavedanIya-aniyatavipAkakarma, arthAt jo anubhUti aura vipAka donoM dRSTiyoM se aniyata hai| isa prakAra, bauddha-vicAraka na kevala karmoM ke vipAka meM niyatatA aura aniyatatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, varan donoM kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI karate haiM / ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki kauna karma niyativipAkI hogA- prathamataH, ve karma, jo kevala kRta nahIM, kintu upacita bhI haiM, niyatavipAka karma haiN| karma ke upacita hone kA matalaba hai, karma kA caittasika ke sAthasAtha bhautika dRSTi se bhI parisamApta honaa| dUsare, ve karma, jo tIvra prasAda (zraddhA) aura tIvra kleza (rAga-dveSa se kie jAte haiM, niyatavipAka karma haiN| bauddha darzana kI yaha dhAraNA jainadarzana se bahuta kucha milatI hai, lekina pramukha antara yahI hai ki jahA~ bauddha darzana tIvra zraddhA aura tIvra rAga-dveSa- donoM avasthA meM hone vAle karma ko niyatavipAkI mAnatA hai, vahA~ jainadarzana mAtra rAga-dveSa (kaSAya) kI avasthA meM kie hue karmoM ko hI niyatavipAkI mAnatA hai / tIvra zraddhA kI avasthA meM kie gae karma jaina- darzana ke anusAra niyatavipAkI nahIM haiN| hA~, yadi tIvra zraddhA ke sAtha prazasta rAga hotA hai, to zubha karmabandha to hotA hai, lekina vaha niyatavipAkI hI ho, yaha anivArya nahIM hai| donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki mAtRvadha, pitRvadha tathA dharma, saMgha aura tIrtha tathA dharmapravartaka ke prati kie gae aparAdha niyatavipAkI hote haiN| **** gItA kA dRSTikoNa - 56 vaidika paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki saMcita karma ko jJAna ke dvArA binA phalabhoga STa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, vaidika paramparA karmavipAka kI aniyatatA ko svIkAra kara letI hai| jJAnAgni saba karmoM ko bhasma kara detI hai, " arthAt jJAna ke dvArA saMcita karmoM ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi vaidika paramparA meM Arabdha karmoM kA bhoga anivArya mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, vaidika paramparA meM karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatAdonoM svIkAra kI gaI haiM, phira bhI usameM saMcita karmoM kI dRSTi se niyatavipAka kA vicAra nahIM miltaa| sabhI saMcita karma aniyatavipAkI mAna liye gae haiN|

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karma-siddhAnta 361 niSkarSa vastutaH, karma-siddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kI donoM virodhI dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika-jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa se karma-vipAka kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to naitika-AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka kucha mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka-mUlya pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai| niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika-jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNata: aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAe, to naitika-vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM rahatA hai| vipAka kI pUrNa niyatatA mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyatatA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hIdhAraNAe~ ekAntika-rUpa meM naitika-jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha haiM, ata: karmavipAka kI niyatatAniyatatA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika-darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| isake pUrva ki hama isa adhyAya ko samApta kareM, hameM karma-siddhAnta ke sambandha meM pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya-vicArakoM ke AkSepoM para bhI vicAra kara lenA caahie| 15. karma-siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara / karma-siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karane vAle vicArakoM ke dvArA karma-siddhAnta ke pratiSedha ke lie prAcInakAla se hI tarka prastuta kie jAte rahe haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne apane prasiddha grantha triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM una vicArakoM ke dvArA die jAne vAle kucha toM kA digdarzana karAyA hai| karma-siddhAnta ke virodha meM una vicArakoM kA nimna tarka hai, eka prastarakhaNDa jaba pratimA ke rUpa meM nirmita ho jAtA hai, tabasnAna, aMgarAga, mAlA, vastra aura alaMkAroM se usakI pUjA kI jAtI hai| vicAraNIya yaha hai ki usa pratimArUpa prastarakhaNDa ne kauna-sA puNya kiyA thA? eka anya prastarakhaNDa, jisa para upaviSTa hokara loga mala-mUtravisarjana karate haiM, usane kauna-sA pApa-karma kiyA thA? yadi prANI karma se hI janma grahaNa karate haiM aura marate haiM, phira jala ke budabuda kisa zubhAzubha karma se utpanna hote haiM aura vinaSTa hote haiM ?'57 karma-siddhAnta ke virodha meM diyA gayA yaha tarka vastuta: eka bhrAnta dhAraNA para khar3A huA hai| karma-siddhAnta kA niyama zarIrayukta cetana prANiyoM para lAgU hotA hai, jabaki Alocaka ne apane tarka jar3a padArthoM ke sandarbha meM die haiN| karma-siddhAnta kA niyama jar3a jagat ke lie nahIM hai, ata: jar3a jagat ke sambandha meM die hue tarka usa para kaise lAgU ho sakate haiN| yadi hama jaina-dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para unheM jIvanayukta mAneM, to bhI yaha AkSepa asatya hI

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362 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana siddha hotA hai, kyoMki jIvanayukta mAnane para yaha bhI sambhava hai ki unhoMne pUrva jIvana meM koI aisA zubha yA azubha karma kiyA hogA, jisakA pariNAma ve prApta kara rahe haiN| isa prakAra, donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha AkSepa samucita pratIta nahIM huaa| karma - siddhAnta para mekeMjI ke AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana ke pramukha vidvAn jAna mekeMjI ne apanI pustaka hindU ethiksa karma siddhAnta para kucha AkSepa kie haiM 1. karma - siddhAnta meM aneka aise karmoM ko bhI zubhAzubha phala dene vAlA mAna liyA gayA hai, jinheM sAmAnyatayA naitika dRSTi se acchA yA burA nahIM kahA jAtA hai / " vastutaH, jI kA yaha AkSepa karma siddhAnta para na hokara mAtra prAcya aura pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana antara ko spaSTa karatA hai| pAzcAtya - vicAraNA meM aneka prakAra ke dhArmika kriyA-karmoM, niSedhAtmaka evaM vaiyaktika-sadguNoM, jaise- upavAsa, dhyAnAdi tathA pazu - jagat meM pradarzita sahAnubhUti evaM karuNA ko naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha nahIM mAnA gayA hai, lekina dRSTikoNa kA bheda hai, kyoMki pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana nItizAstra ko mAnava samAja ke pArasparikavyavahAroM taka sImita karatA hai, ata: yaha dRSTibheda svAbhAvika hai| bhAratIya cintana kA AcAradarzana ke prati vyaktiniSTha dRSTikoNa inheM naitika mUlya pradAna kara detA hai| 2. maikeMjI kA dUsarA AkSepa yaha hai ki karma siddhAnta ke anusAra puraskAra aura daNDa do bAra die jAte haiN| eka bAra svarga aura naraka meM aura dUsarI bAra bhAvI janma meM | 19 maikeMjI kA yaha AkSepa paraloka kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa hai| bhAvI janma meM svarga aura naraka ke jIvana bhI sammilita haiN| koI bhI karma kevala eka hI bAra apanA phala pradAna karatA hai, yA to vaha apanA phala svargIya jIvana meM de yA nArakIya jIvana meM, athavA isI loka meM mAnavIya evaM pAzavika jIvanoM meN| 3. karma - siddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA ke vicAra ke virodha meM jAtA hai| 50 jahA~ taka maikeMjI ke isa AkSepa kA prazna hai, jaina aura bauddha - dRSTikoNa nizcita rUpa se apane karma - siddhAnta kI dhAraNA meM IzvarIya kRpA ko koI sthAna nahIM dete haiN| jaina- darzana ke anusAra vyakti svayaM hI apane vikAsa aura patana kA kAraNa banatA hai, ata: usake lie IzvarIya kRpA kA koI artha nahIM hai| gItA meM IzvarIya kRpA kA sthAna hai, lekina sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki Izvara karma-niyama ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karatA hai| yaha satya hai ki karma - siddhAnta aura IzvarIya kRpA ye do dhAraNAe~ eka-dUsare ke virodha meM jAtI haiM, lekina gItA ke anusAra yaha mAna liyA jAe ki Izvara karma-niyama ke anusAra zAsana karatA hai, to donoM dhAraNAoM meM koI virodha nahIM raha - - -

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karma-siddhAnta 363 jAtA hai| karma-siddhAnta kisI Izvara kI kRpA kI bhIkha kI apekSA AtmanirbharatA kA pATha par3hAtA hai| 4. karma-siddhAnta meM lokahita ke lie uThAe gae kaSTa aura pIr3A kI prazaMsA nirarthaka hai| isa AkSepase maikeMjI kA tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi karma-siddhAnta meM niSThA rakhane vAlA vyakti lokahita ke kArya karatA hai, to bhI vaha prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha vastuta: lokahita nahIM, varan svahita hI kara rahA hai| usake dvArA kie gae lokahita ke kAryoM kA pratiphala use milanevAlA hai| karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra lokahita meM bhI svArtha-buddhi hotI hai, ata: lokahita ke kArya prazaMsanIya nahIM mAne jA skte| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki karma-siddhAnta meM AsthA rakhane para lokahita meM bhI svArthabuddhi ho sakatI hai aura isa AdhAra para vyakti kA lokahita kA karma prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| svArtha-buddhi se kie gae lokahita karmoM ko bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM bhI prazaMsanIya nahIM kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki unameM lokahita kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM to niSkAma-buddhi se kiyA gayA lokahita hI sadaiva prazaMsanIya mAnA gayA hai| isa prazna para pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika-dRSTi se bhI vicAra kara liyA jaae| yadyapi pAramArthika-dRSTi se bhAratIya-AcAradarzana apane karma-siddhAnta ke dvArA yaha avazya svIkAra karate haiM ki vyakti kisI bhI dUsare kA hita-ahita nahIM kara sakatA, lekina vyAvahArika-dRSTi se yA nimitta-kAraNa kI dRSTi se yaha avazya mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti dUsare ke sukha-duHkha kA nimitta-kAraNa bana sakatA hai aura isa AdhAra para usakA loka-hita prazaMsanIya bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| vyAvahArika-naitikatA kI dRSTi se lokahita kA mahatva bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM svIkRta rahA hai| DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava ke zabdoM meM, AdhyAtmikaAtmasAkSAtkAra, na ki samAjasevA, jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai; lekina samAjasevA AdhyAtmika-AtmasAkSAtkAra kI sIr3hI kA prathama patthara hI siddha hotI hai| 62 5. maikeMjI ke vicAra meM karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para mAnava-jAti kI pIDAoM evaM du:khoM kA koI kAraNa nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| isa AkSepa kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki koI bhI kArya akAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| usakA koI na koI kAraNa to avazya hI mAnanA pdd'egaa| yadi mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa vyakti nahIM hai, to yA to usakA kAraNa IzyA hogA, yA prkRti| yadiisakA kAraNa Izvara hai, to vaha nirdayI hI siddha hogA aura yadi isakA kAraNa prakRti hai, to manuSya ke sambandha meM yAntrikatA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, lekina mAnava-vyavahAra ke yAntrikatA ke siddhAnta meM naitika aura jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM kA

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana koI sthAna nahIM rahegA, ataH mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa vyakti ko hI mAnanA pdd'egaa| samagra mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa pratyeka vyakti svayaM hI hai| jaina- vicAraNA meM isa sambandha meM sAmudAyika-dharma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jisakA bandhana aura vipAka - donoM hI samagra samAja ke sadasyoM ko eka sAtha hotA hai| yahI eka aisI dhAraNA hai, isa AkSepa kA samucita samAdhAna kara sakatI hai| 6. maikeMjI ke vicAra meM karma - siddhAnta yAntrika-rUpa meM kArya karatA hai aura karma ke manovaijJAnika pakSa yA prayojana ko vicAra meM nahIM letA hai| 64 - maikeMjI kA yaha dRSTikoNa bhI bhrAntipUrNa hI hai / karma - siddhAnta karma ke manovaijJAnika pakSa yA karttA ke prayojana ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna detA hai| karma ke mAnasikapakSa ke abhAva meM to bauddha aura vaidika-vicAraNAoM meM koI bandhana hI nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina- vicAraNAryApathika-bandha ke rUpa meM karma ke bAhya-pakSa ko svIkAra karatI hai, lekina usake anusAra bhI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa to yahI manovaijJAnika pakSa hai| jaina - sAhitya meM tandula matsya kI kathA spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtI hai ki karma kI bAhyakriyAnviti ke abhAva meM bhI mAtra vaicArika yA manovaijJAnika pakSa hI bandhana kA sRjana kara detA hai, ataH karma - siddhAnta meM manovaijJAnika pakSa yA karma ke mAnasika pahalU kI upekSA nahIM huI hai| isa prakAra, karma-siddhAnta para kie jAne vAle AkSepa naitikatA kI dRSTi se nirbala hI siddha hote haiM / karma - siddhAnta meM ananya AsthA rakhakara hI naitika jIvana meM Age bar3hA jA sakatA hai| 1 364 sandarbha graMtha - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. AuTalAinsa Apha iMDiyana philAsaphI, pR. 79. ethikala sTaDIja pR. 53. philAsAphikala kvATaralI, apraila 1932, pR. 72. zaMkarsa brahmabAda, pR. 248. thrI lekcararsa Ana vedAnta philAsaphI, pR. 165. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/2/64. saMyuttanikAya, 12 / 17. darzana aura cintana, pR. 219. AtmamImAMsA, pR. 80.

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karma-siddhAnta 365 10. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 220. 11. zvetAzvetaropaniSad, 1/1-2. 12. zvetAzvetara (bhA.), 1/2. vahI,6/1. 14. vahI, 1/3. 15. gItA, 8 /23,5/14,9/8, 18/61. aMguttaranikAya,3/61. suttanipAta vAseThasutta, 60-61. bauddhadharmadarzana, pR. 250. maljhimanikAya, 3/45. 20. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/2/64. sanmati prakaraNa, 3/53. 22. gItA, 18/14. 23. gItArahasya, pR. 55-56. gItA, 5/8-11. aMguttaranikAya-uddhRta bauddha-darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 463. bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 249. vahI, pR. 255. 28. karmavipAka (karmagrantha pahalA), 1. 29. darzana aura cintana, pR. 225. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, 6. aSTasahasrI, pR. 51; uddhRta-sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 227. karmavipAka, bhUmikA, pR. 24. zrI amara bhAratI, nava. 1965, pR. 9. 34. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 225-26. milindaprazna, lakSaNaprazna, dvitIya varga. 36. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 228. amara bhAratI, navambara 1965,pR. 11-12 38. samayasAra, 218-19. 39. mAjjhimanikAya, 3/1/3. 40. visuddhimagga, bhAga 2, pR. 205.

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366 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 41. 43. 44. 45. 49. 50. 51. 52. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 13 /23, 4/4. vahI, 20/23-30. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/2/64. bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 277. gItA, 1/42. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 129. gItArahasya, pR. 268. dekhie-AtmamImAMsA, pR. 132-133; milindaprazna, 4/8/30-35, pR. 288. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 254. tattvArthasUtra, 8 /2-3. bauddhadharma darzana, pR. 275. gItArahasya, pR. 274. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 260. mahAbhArata,zAntiparva, 290/17. bauddha dharma darzana, adhyAya 13. jJAnAgni sarvakarmANi bhasmasAt kurute-gItA, 4 /37. triSaSTizalA kA puruSacaritra, 1/1/335-36. hindU ethiksa, pR. 218. hindU ethiksa pR. 220. vahI, pR. 223. vahI, pR. 224. jaina ethiksa, pR. 30. vahI. pR. 27. jaina aithiksa, pR. 27. 54. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 367 111 karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 1. tIna prakAra ke karma jaina-dRSTi se karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti ThIka hai, lekina jaina-darzana meM sabhI karma athavA kriyAe~ samAna rUpa se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| usameM do prakAra ke karma mAne gae haiMeka ko karma kahA gayA hai, dUsare ko akrm| samasta sAmparAyika-kriyAe~ karma kI koTi meM AtI haiM aura IryApathika-kriyAeM akarma kI koTi meM AtI haiN| naitika-darzana kI dRSTi se prathama prakAra ke karma hI naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM aura dUsare prakAra ke karma naitikatA ke kSetra se pare haiN| unheM atinaitika kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAle sabhI karma bhI ekasamAna nahIM hote haiN| unameM se kucha zubha aura kucha azubha hote haiN| jaina-paribhASA meM inheM kramaza: puNya-karma aura pApa-karma kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM- (1) IryApathika-karma (akarma) (2) puNya-karma aura (3) paap-krm| bauddha-darzana meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma mAne gae haiM- (1) avyakta yA akRSNaazukla-karma (2) kuzala yA zukla-karma aura (3) akuzala yA kRssnn-krm| gItA meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma nirUpita haiM- (1) akarma (2) karma (kuzala karma) aura (3) vikarma (akuzala krm)| jaina-darzana kAryApathika-karma, bauddha-darzana kA avyakta yA akRSNaazukla-karma tathA gItA kA arma samAna hai| isI prakAra, jaina-darzana kA puNyakarma, bauddhadarzana kA kuzala (zukla) karma tathA gItA kA sakAma sAtvika-karma bhI samAna haiN| jainadarzana kA pApakarma bauddha-darzana kA akuzala (kRSNa) karma tathA gItA kA vikarma hai| ___pAzcAtya naitika-darzana kI dRSTi se bhI karma tIna prakAra ke haiM- (1) atinaitika, (2) naitika aura (3) anaitik| jaina-darzana kA IryApathika-karma atinaitika-karma hai, puNya-karma naitika-karma hai, aura pApakarma anaitika-karma hai| gItA kA akarma atinaitika, zubha karma yA karma naitika aura vikarma anaitika hai| bauddha-darzana meM anaitika, naitika aura atinaitika-karma ko kramaza: akuzala, kuzala aura avyakta karmaathavA kRSNa, zukla aura akRSNa-azukla-karma kahA gayA hai| inheM nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai :karma pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana jaina bauddha gItA 1. zuddha atinaitika-karma IryApathika-karma avyakta-karma akarma 2. zubha naitika-karma puNyakarma kuzala (zukla) karma karma

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368 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. azubha anaitika-karma pApa-karma akuzala (kRSNa) karma vikarma AdhyAtmikatA yA naitika-pUrNatA ke lie hameM kramaza: azubha karmoM se zubha karmoM kI ora aura zubha karmoM se zuddha karmoM kI ora bar3hanA hogaa| Age hama isI krama se una para thor3I adhika gaharAI se vivecana kreNge| 2. azubha yA pApa-karma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA kI hai ki vaiyaktika-sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAle, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai|'saamaajik-sndrbh meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApa ya prpiiddn)| vastuta:, jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase aniSTa phala kI prApti ho, vaha pApa hai| naitikajIvana kI dRSTi se ve sabhI karma, jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kie jAte haiM, pApa-karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa-karma haiN| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina-dRSTikoNa- jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa-karma 18 prakAra ke haiM- 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 3. adattAdAna (caurya karma), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7.mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDayantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA saMgraha kI vRtti), 10. rAga (Asakti), dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA Adi), 11. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 12. abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA (cugalI), 14. paraparivAda (paranindA), 15. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 16. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa), 17. mithyAdarzanazalya (ayathArtha jIvanadRSTi) bauddha-dRSTikoNa- bauddha-darzana meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-AdhAroM para nimna 10 prakAra ke pApoM, yA akuzala pApoM, yA akuzala karmoM kA varNana milatA hai|' (a) kAyika-pApa- 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. adattAdAna (corI), ___3. kAmesumicchAsAra (kAmabhoga sambandhI duraacaar)| (ba) vAcika-pApa- 4. musAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 5. pisunAvAcA (pizuna vacana), 6. pharUsAvAcA (kaThora vacana), 7. samphalApa (vyartha aalaap)|

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 369 (sa) mAnasika-pApa- 8. abhijjA (lobha), 9. vyApAda (mAnasika-hiMsA yA ahita cintana), 10. micchAdiTThI (mithyA dRSTikoNa) abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM nimna 14 akuzala caittasika batAe gae haiM - 1. moha (citta kA andhApana), mUDhatA, 2. ahirika (nirlajjatA), 3. anottappaMa-bhIratA (pApakarma meM bhaya na mAnanA), 4. uddhaccaM-uddhatapana (caMcalatA), 5. lobho (tRSNA), 6. diTThi-mithyAdRSTi, 7. mAno-ahaMkAra, 8. doso-dveSa, 9. issA-IrSyA (dUsare kI sampatti ko na saha sakanA), 10. macchariyaM-mAtsaryya (apanI sampatti ko chipAne kI pravRtti), 11. kukkucca-kaukRtya (kRta-akRta ke bAre meM pazcAtApa), 12. thInaM, 13. middhaM, 14. vicikicchA-vicikitsA (sNshy)| gItAkA dRSTikoNa gItA meM bhI jaina aura bauddha-darzana meM svIkRta ina pApAcaraNoM yA vikarmoM kA ullekha AsurI-sampadA ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| gItA-rahasya meM tilaka ne manusmRti ke AdhAra para nimna dasa prakAra ke pApAcaraNa kA varNana kiyA hai|' (a) kAyika- 1. hiMsA, 2. corI, 3. vybhicaar| (ba) vAcika- 4. mithyA (asatya), 5. tAnA mAranA, 6. kaTu vacana, 7.asaMgata vaannii| (sa) mAnasika- 8. paradravya kI abhilASA, 9. ahita-cintana, 10. vyartha aagrh| pApake kAraNa jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM- (1) rAga (Asakti), (2) dveSa (ghRNA), (3) moha (ajnyaan)| jIva rAga, dveSa aura moha se hI pApakarma karatA hai| buddha ke anusAra bhI pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM- (1) lobha (rAga), (2) dveSa aura (3) moh| gItA ke anusAra kAma (rAga) aura krodha hI pApa ke kAraNa haiN| 3. puNya (kuzala karma) puNya vaha hai, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika-stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya-pariveza meM santulana banAnA, yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai, isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra kahate haiM- zubhAsrava puNya hai, lekina puNya mAtra Amrava nahIM hai, vaha bandha aura vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upAdeya bhI hai, ata: aneka

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki puNya (azubha) karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai|' isa prakAra, AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta-avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai ki jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai|' AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM, "puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai, jo naukAbhavasAgara se zIghra pAra karA detI hai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI samayasAra nATaka meM kahate haiM ki 'jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika-samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai, vahI puNya hai / '10 jaina-tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya karma ve zubha pudgala - paramANu haiM, jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika- anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM, jo zubha pudgala - paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiM, sAtha hI dUsarI ora, ve pudgala - paramANu, jo ina zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha pudgala - paramANu dravyapuNya haiN| puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha-pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / " sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNya nirUpita haiM 2 - 1. annapuNya- bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArta kI kSudhA - nivRtti karanA / 2. pAnapuNya - tRSA ( pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| 3. layanapuNya - nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA, jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi banavAnA / 4. zayanapuNya- zayyA, bichaunA Adi denA / 370 5. vastrapuNya - vastra kA dAna denA / 6. manapuNya - mana se zubha vicAra karanA / jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA karanA / 7. vacanapuNya- prazasta evaM saMtoSa dene vAlI vANI kA prayoga karanA /

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karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 8. kAyapuNya- rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA karanA / 9. namaskArapuNya - gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana karanA / bauddha- AcAradarzana meM bhI puNya ke isa dAnAtmaka - svarUpa kI carcA milatI hai| saMyukta nikAya meM kahA gayA hai, anna, pAna, vastra, zayyA, Asana evaM cAdara ke dAnI paNDita puruSa meM puNya kI dhArAe~ A giratI haiN| abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM ( 1 ) zraddhA, (2) apramattatA (smRti), (3) pApakarma ke prati lajjA, (4) pApakarma ke prati bhaya, (5) alobha (tyAga), (6) advaiSa (maitrI), (7) samabhAva, (8) mana kI pavitratA, zarIra kI prasannatA, (10) mana kA halakApana, (11) zarIra kA halakApana, mana kI mRdutA, (12) zarIra kI mRdutA, (13) mana kI saralatA, zarIra kI saralatA Adi ko bhI kuzala caitasika kahA gayA hai| 13 jaina aura bauddha darzana meM puNyaviSayaka vizeSa antara yaha hai ki jaina darzana meM saMvara, nirjarA aura puNya meM antara kiyA gayA hai, kintu bauddha darzana meM aisA spaSTa antara nahIM hai / jainAcAradarzana meM samyakdarzana (zraddhA), samyakjJAna (prajJA) aura samyakcAritra (zIla) saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata haiM aura bauddha - AcAradarzana meM dharma, saMgha aura buddha ke prati dRr3ha zraddhA, zIla aura prajJA puNya (kuzala karma) ke antargata haiN| 4. puNya aura pApa ( zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI - 371 zubhAzubhatA yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM- (1) karma kA bAhya svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura (2) karttA kA abhiprAya / ina donoM meM - kauna - sA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana meM karttA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| gItA spaSTarUpa se kahatI hai ki jisameM kartRtva-bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAle, to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma bandhako prApta hotA hai / " dhammapada meM buddha vacana bhI aisA hI hai (naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa ho jAtA hai / bauddha darzana meM karttA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa sUtra - kRtAMgasUtra ke Ardraka-saMvAda meM bhI milatA hai| 1' jahA~ taka jainamAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni suzIlakumArajI likhate haiM, 'zubha-azubha karma ke baMdha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiN| eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahu~cAne ke lie usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAe, parantu DaoNkTara to pApa-karma ke

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAhI bhAga hogaa| isake viparIta, vahI DaoNkTara karuNA se prerita hokara vraNa cIratA hai| aura kadAcit usase rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai, to bhI DaoNkTara apanI zubha- bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai|" paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya-baMdha aura pApa-baMdha kI saccI kasauTI kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI karttA kA Azaya hI hai| 18 372 - isa prakAra, yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina-dharma meM bhI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiM, phira bhI usameM karma kA bAhya svarUpa upekSita nahIM hai| nizcayadRSTi manovRttiyA~ hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se karma kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM ArdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI-dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho, cAhe na jAnate hue hI khAtA ho, to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai| hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, isalie doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA, aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA hai ? " isase spaSTa hai ki jaina- dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| vAstava meM, sAmAjika-dRSTi yA loka-vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai| sAmAjika nyAya to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki AntarikavRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nahIM / jaina- dRSTi ekAMgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai / vaha vyakti sApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI hai / usameM dravya ( bAhya) aura bhAva (AMtarika ) - - na kA mUlya hai| yoga (bAhya-kriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti) - donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gae haiM, yadyapi usameM manovRtti hI pramukha kAraNa hai / vaha vRtti aura kriyA meM vibheda nahIM maantii| usakI samanvayavAdI dRSTi meM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nhiiN| mana meM zubha bhAva ho, to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai ? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai| mAnasika - hetu para hI jora dene vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai, "karma - bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle isa vAda ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM pha~sate rahate haiM ki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM- svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se, parantu yadi hRdaya pApamukta ho, to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, mana se

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 373 pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama (vAsanA-nigraha) meM zithila hai, parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa meM par3e haiN|20 pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI-dArzanika karma kI phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jabaki mArTinyU karmapreraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya-vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai- eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha-dRSTi yA zubha dRSTi hai, eka vyAvahArika-satya hai aura dUsarA paarmaarthik-sty| naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ata: usameM donoM kA hI mUlya hai| kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAne, yAkarma ke samAja para hone vAle pariNAma ko, donoM sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya-karma yA ucita karma kahA jAegA aura kisa prakAra kA karma pApa-karma yA anucita karma kahA jAegA, isa prazna para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIya-cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika-dRSTi hI pramukha hai| jahA~ karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti-sApekSa hai, vahA~ puNya-pApa kA vicAra samAja-sApekSa hai| jaba hama karma-akarma yA karmabandha kA vicAra karate haiM, to vaiyaktika karma-preraka yA vaiyaktika-cetanA kI vizuddhatA (vItarAgatA) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai, lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM, to samAja-kalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai| vastutaH, bhAratIya-cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI sImA se Upara uThanA hai| usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta-jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhana yAabandhana kA AdhAra hai, lekina zubha aura azubha-donoM meM hI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara atinaitika (zuddha) hogaa| zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yAanupasthiti kI nahIM, varan usakI prazastatA yA aprazastatA kI hai| prazasta-rAga zubha yA puNyabandhakA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazastarAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, tathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura manda hogI, vaha rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| dveSavihIna rAga yA prazasta-rAgahI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai| usa premase parArtha yA paropakAravRtti kA udaya hotA hai, jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai| usI se loka-maMgalakArI

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya-karma nissRta hote haiM, jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai| usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApakarma nissRta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM, jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai, vaha puNya karma hai aura jisa karma pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai, vaha pApa karma hai| -- 374 jaina-AcAradarzana puNya-karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika jora detA hai, ve sabhI samAja sApekSa haiN| vastutaH, zubha -azubha ke vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya-cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa kI samagra cintanA kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai / ' jaina- vicArakoM ne puNya-bandha dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka-maMgala se hai / isI prakAra, pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve sabhI loka-maMgalakArI tattva haiN| 2" isa prakAra, jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA puNyapApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika-saMdarbha meM use dekhanA hogA; yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya karttA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| 5. sAmAjika - jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kie gae vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai, lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA azubha hogA, isakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAe ? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM, vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA, yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta, jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla lagatA hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM apane lie anukUla lagatA hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIyaRSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai| saMkSepa meM, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai| jaina - darzana kA dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sRSTA hai| 22 dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa karma kA bandhana nahIM karatA / 23 sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma (zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 375 dUsare ko samajhanA caahie| sabhI ko jIvita rahane kI icchA hai| koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| sabhI ko apane prANa priya haiN| sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla hai, isalie vahI AcaraNa zreSTha hai, jisake dvArA kisI bhI prANa kA hanana nahIM ho| bauddha-darzanakA dRSTikoNa __bauddha-darzana meM bhI sarvatra Atmavat dRSTi ko hI karma ke zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki jaisA maiM hU~, vaise hI ye dUsare prANI bhI haiM aura jaise ye dUsare prANI haiM, vaisA hI maiM hU~, isa prakAra sabhI ko apane samAna samajhakara kisI kI hiMsA yA ghAta nahIM karanA caahie| dhammapada meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki sabhI prANI daNDa se Darate haiM, mRtyu se sabhI bhayakhAte haiM, sabako jIvana priya hai; ata: sabako apane samAna samajhakarana mAreM aura na mArane kI preraNA kreN| sukha cAhanevAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se jo du:kha detA hai, vaha marakara sukha nahIM pAtA, lekina jo sukha cAhane vAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se du:kha nahIM detA, vaha marakara sukha ko prApta hotA hai| hindU-dharma kA dRSTikoNa ___manusmRti, mahAbhArata tathA gItA meM bhI hameM isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana milatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sukha aura duHkha, sabhI meM dUsare prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi rakhakara vyavahAra karatA hai vahI paramayogI hai| mahAbhArata meM aneka sthAnoM para isa vicAra kA samarthana milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaisA apane lie cAhatA hai, vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsare ke prati bhI kre| tyAga-dAna, sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya, sabhI meM dUsare ko apanI AtmA ke samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA caahie| jo vyakti dUsare prANiyoM ke prati apane jaisA vyavahAra karatA hai, vahI svarga ke sukhoM ko prApta karatA hai| jo vyavahAra svayaM ko priya lagatA hai, vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati kiyA jaae| he yudhiSThira! dharma aura adharma kI pahacAna kA yahI lakSaNa hai| 32 pAzcAtya-dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya-cintana meM bhI sAmAjika-jIvana meM dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra karane kA yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai ki jaisA vyavahAra tuma apane lie cAhate ho, vaisA hI dUsare ke lie kro| kAMTa ne bhI kahA hai ki kevala usI niyama ke anusAra kAma karo, jise tuma eka sArvabhauma niyama bana jAne kI icchA karate ho| mAnavatA, cAhe vaha tumhAre andara ho, yA kisI anya ke, sadaiva sAdhya banI rahe, sAdhana kabhI na ho| kAMTa ke isa kathana kA Azaya bhI yahI hai ki naitika-jIvana ke saMdarbha meM sabhI ko apane samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA caahie|

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376 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora jaina-dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala-amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra tattva nau haiM, jinameM puNya aura pApa svataMtra tattva haiN| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne jIva, ajIva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa-ye sAta tattva ginAe haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai, lekina yaha vivAda mahatvapUrNa nahIM, kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tattva nahIM mAnatI hai, vaha bhI unako Amrava-tattva ke antargata mAna letI hai| yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Asrava nahIM haiM, varan unakA baMdha bhI hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai, ata: Amrava ke zubhAmrava aura azubhAsrava-ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki baMdha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoNge| isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM puNya ko svataMtra tattvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai| phira bhI, jaina-vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI hai, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| vastuta:, naitika-jIvana kI pUrNatAzubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha (puNya) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA rahatA hai, naitika-pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| RSibhASita-sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai, pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra-saMtati ke mUla haiN| AcArya kundakunda puNya-pApa, donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke bandhakatva kAantara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiN| samayasAra meM ve kahate haiM ki azubha karma pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI puNya-karma saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa haiM, jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha-ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai, usI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| phira bhI, AcArya puNya ko svarNa-ber3I kahakara usakI pApase kiJcit zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika-dRSTi se puNya aura pApa-donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyAjA sakatA, kyoMki antatogatvA donoM hI sambhava haiN| yahI bAta paM. jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiM puNya pApa doU karama, baMdharUpa huI maani| zuddha AtmA jinalahyo, namUcarama hita jaani||" jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate huebhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke lie antatogatvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hai, jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 377 karane meM sahAyaka hai| zuddha vastra ke lie sAbuna kA lagA honA anAvazyaka hai, use bhI alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA zuddhAtma-dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna maila ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pAparUpa malako alaga karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura usake alaga ho jAne para svayaM bhI alaga ho jAtA hai, ata: vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma se Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubhakarma bhI zuddha karma bana jAtA hai| dveSa para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ata: rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM, ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| puNya (zubha) karma ke sambandha meM eka mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki puNyopArjana kI uparyukta kriyAe~ jaba anAsakta bhAva se kI jAtI haiM, to ve zubha bandha kA kAraNa na hokara karmakSaya (saMvara aura nirjarA) kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| isI prakAra, saMvara aura nirjarA ke kAraNa saMyama aura tapa jaba AsaktabhAva yA phalAkAMkSA (nidAna, arthAt unake pratiphala ke rUpa meM kisI nizcita phala kI kAmanA karanA) se yukta hote haiM, to ve karmakSaya athavA nirvANa kA kAraNa na hokara bandhana kA hI kAraNa banate haiM, cAhe vaha sukhada phala ke rUpa meM kyoM na hoN| jainAcAradarzana meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ para gItA kA anAsakta karma-yoga jaina-darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI aura zubha se zuddhakarma (vItarAga-dazA) kI prApti hai| AtmA kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina-naitikatA kA antima sAdhya hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa bauddha-darzana bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna naitika-sAdhanA kI antima avasthA meM puNya aura pApa-donoM se Upara uThane kI bAta kahatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bhI samAna vicAroM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| bhagavAn buddha suttanipAta meM kahate haiM ki jo puNya aura pApa ko dUra kara zAMta (sama) ho jAtA hai, isa loka aura paraloka (ke yathArtha svarUpa) ko jAnakara (karma) rajarahita ho gayA hai, jo janma-maraNa se pare ho gayA hai, vaha zramaNa sthira, sthitAtmA (tathatA) kahalAtA hai| sabhiya parivrAjaka dvArA buddha-vandanA meM yahI bAta doharAyI gaI hai| vaha buddha ke prati kahatA hai, jisa prakAra sundara puNDarIka kamala pAnI meM lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra Apa puNya aura pApa-donoM meM lipta nahIM hote| isa prakAra, bauddha-darzana kA bhI antima lakSya zubha aura azubha se Upara uThanA hai|

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378 bhAratIya AcAra -darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItAkAra ne bhI yaha saMketa kiyA hai ki mukti ke lie zubhAzubha donoM prakAra ke karmaphaloM se mukta honA Avazyaka hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, he arjuna! tU jo bhI karma karatA hai, jo kucha khAtA hai, jo kucha havana karatA hai, jo kucha dAna detA hai, athavA tapa karatA hai, vaha sabhI zubhAzubha karma mujhe arpita kara de, arthAt unake prati kisI prakAra kI Asakti yA kartRtvabhAva mata rakha / isa prakAra, saMnyAsa - yoga se yukta hone para tU zubhAzubha phala dene vAle karma - bandhana se chUTa jAegA aura mujhe prApta hovegaa| 2 gItAkAra spaSTa karatA hai ki zubha aura zubha donoM hI karmabandhana haiM aura mukti ke lie unase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / buddhimAn manuSya zubha aura azubha yA puNya aura pApa- donoM ko tyAga detA hai / " sacce bhakta kA lakSaNa hue kahA gayA hai ki jo zubha aura azubha donoM kA parityAga kara cukA hai, arthAt jo donoM se Upara uTha cukA hai, vaha bhaktiyukta puruSa mujhe priya hai| 14 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne gItA ke paricAtmaka nibandha meM bhI isI dhAraNA ko prastuta kiyaa| ve AcArya kundakunda ke sAtha svara hokara kahate haiM, cAhe hama acchI icchAoM ke bandhana meM ba~dhe hoM, yA burI icchAoM ke, bandhana to donoM hI haiN| isase kyA antara par3atA hai ki jina jaMjIroM meM hama ba~dhe haiM, ve sone kI haiM, yA lohe kI / 45 jaina darzana ke samAna gItA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki jaba puNya karmoM ke sampAdana dvArA pApa karmoM kA kSaya kara diyA jAtA hai, taba vaha puruSa rAga- -dveSa ke dvandva se mukta hokara dRr3ha nizcayapUrvaka merI bhakti karatA hai / " isa prakAra, gItA bhI naitika jIvana ke lie azubha se zubha karma kI ora aura zubha karma se zuddha yA niSkAma karma kI ora bar3hane kA saMketa detI hai| kA antima lakSya bhI zubhAzubha se Upara niSkAma jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa hai| pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa - aneka pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ne naitika- jIvana kI pUrNatA ke lie zubhAzubha se pare jAnA Avazyaka mAnA hai| breDale kA kahanA hai ki naitikatA hameM zubhAzubha se pare le jAtI hai|" naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubha kA virodha banA rahatA hai, lekina AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA meM yaha virodha nahIM rahanA cAhie, ataH pUrNa Atma-sAkSAtkAra ke lie . hameM naitikatA (zubhAzubha) ke kSetra se Upara uThanA hogA / breDale ne naitikatA ke kSetra se Upara dharma (AdhyAtma) kA kSetra mAnA hai| usake anusAra, naitikatA kA anta dharma meM hotA hai, jahA~ vyakti zubhAzubha ke dvaMdva se Upara uThakara Izvara se tAdAtmya sthApita kara letA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anta meM hama aise sthAna para pahu~ca jAte haiM, jahA~ prakriyA kA anta hotA hai, yadyapi sarvottama kriyA sarvaprathama yahA~ se hI Arambha hotI hai| yahA~ para hamArI naitikatA Izvara se tAdAtmya meM carama avasthA meM phalita hotI hai aura sarvatra hama usa amara prema ko dekhate haiM, jo

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karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva sadaiva virodhAbhAsa para vikasita hotA hai, kintu jisameM virodhAbhAsa kA sadA ke lie anta hai| - breDa ne naitikatA aura dharma meM jo bheda kiyA, vaisA hI bheda bhAratIya darzanoM ne vyAvahArika naitikatA aura pAramArthika- naitikatA meM kiyA hai| vyAvahArika- naitikatA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai| yahA~ AcaraNa kI dRSTi samAja sApekSa hotI hai aura lokamaMgala hI unakA sAdhya hai| pAramArthika naitikatA kA kSetra zuddha cetanA (anAsakta yA vItarAga jIvana-dRSTi) hai, yaha vyakti - sApekSa hai| vyakti ko bandhana se bacAkara mukti kI ora le jAnA hI isakA antima sAdhya hai| 7. zuddha karma (akarma ) zuddha karma vaha jIvana-vyavahAra hai, jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaaltiiN| abandhaka karma hI zuddha karma haiN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karate haiM ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana meM kyA sambandha hai ? kyA 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti sarvAMzata: satya hai ? jaina, bauddha aura gItA AcAradarzanoM meM yaha ukti ki 'karma se prANI bandhana meM AtA hai' nirapekSa satya nahIM hai / eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiM, phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho, lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka-karma kyA haiM aura abandhaka - karma kyA haiM, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma (bandhaka - karma) kyA haiM aura akarma (abandhaka - karma) kyA haiM, isake viSaya meM vidvAn bhI mohita ho jAte haiN| 19 karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| yaha karmasamIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgamasUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI dhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI- donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue (arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama (puruSArtha) ho, para vaha azuddha hai aura karma - bandhana kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura use usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA pdd'taa| yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA gayA ho, to zuddha nahIM hotA / bandhana kI dRSTi se karma kA vicAra usake 379 -

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380 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bAhya svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat-varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko, jo ki eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotaa| lekina, kartA ke lie, jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai, yaha Avazyaka hai kikarma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe, kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai| kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA, jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jaaegaa| naitika-vikAsa ke lie baMdhaka aura abaMdhaka-karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| baMdhana kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai| 8. jaina-darzana meM karma-akarma-vicAra karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| (1) usakI bandhanAtmaka-zakti ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra pr| bandhanAtmaka-zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina-darzana meM karma aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha karma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiM, kucha akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva' - aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai| aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkriyatA nahIM, vaha to satata jAgarUkatA hai| apramatta-avasthA yA Atma-jAgrati kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai, jabaki pramatta-dazA yA Atma-jAgrati ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| vastuta:, kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM, varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya (jo ki AtmA kI pramatta-dazA haiM) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM, jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo Asrava yA bandhanakAraka kriyAe~ haiM, ve national

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 381 anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti ke sAdhana bana jAtI haiN| isa prakAra, jainavicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya-svarUpa kI apekSA-kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiN| jaina-darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai(1) IryApathika-kriyAe~ (akarma) aura (2) sAmparAyika-kriyAe~ (krm)| IryApathikakriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM aura sAmparAyika-kriyAe~, Asakta vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM, ve samasta kriyAe~, jo Asrava evaM bandhakI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve samasta kriyAe~, jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kI hetu haiM, akarma haiN| jaina-dRSTi meM akarma yAIryApathika-karma kA artha hai- rAga, dveSa evaM moharahita hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA karma aura karma kA artha hai-rAga-dveSa evaM mohasahita kriyaaeN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra jo kriyA yA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta hotA hai, vaha bandhana meM DAlatA hai, isalie vaha karma hai aura jo kriyA-vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hokara karttavya yA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie kiyAjAtA hai, vaha bandhanakA kAraNa nahIM hai, ata: akarma hai| jinheM jaina-darzana meM IryApathikakriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai, unheM bauddha-paramparA anupacita-avyakta yA akRSNaazukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM jaina-paramparA sAmparAyika-kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI hai, unheM bauddha-paramparA upacita-karma yA kRSNa-zukla-karma kahatI hai| isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 9. bauddha-darzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra ___bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI karma aura unake phala dene kI yogyatA ke prazna ko lekara mahAkarma-vibhaMga meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana kA pramukha prazna yaha hai ki kauna-se karma upacita hote haiN| karma ke upacita hone kA tAtparya saMcita hokara phala dene kI kSamatA ke yogya hone se hai| bauddha-paramparA kA upacita-karma jaina-paramparA ke vipAkodayI-karma se aura bauddha-paramparAkAanupacita-karma jaina-paramparA ke pradezodayIkarma (IryApathika-karma) se tulanIya hai| mahAkarmavibhaMga meM karma kI kRtyatA aura upacitatA ke sambandha ko lekara karma kA eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 1. ve karma, jo kRta (sampAdita) nahIM haiM, lekina upacita (phala-pradAtA) haiM- vAsanAoM ke tIvra Avega se prerita hokara kie gae aise karma-saMkalpa, jo kAryarUpa meM pariNata nahIM ho pAe, isa varga meM Ate haiM, jaise kisI vyakti ne krodha yA dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI ko mArane kA saMkalpa kiyA ho, lekina vaha use mArane kI kriyA ko sampAdita na kara sakA ho|

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382 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. ve karma, jo kRta bhI haiM aura upacita haiM- ve samasta aicchika-karma, jinako saMkalpapUrvaka sampAdita kiyA gayA hai, isa koTi meM Ate haiN| akRta upacita-karma aura kRta upacita-karma, donoM zubha aura azubha ho sakate haiN| 3.ve karma, jo kRta haiM, lekina upacita nahIM haiM- abhidharmakoSa ke anusAra nimna karma kRta hone para upacita nahIM hote haiM, arthAt apanA phala nahIM dete haiM (a) ve karma, jinheM saMkalpapUrvaka nahIM kiyA gayA hai, arthAt jo sacintya nahIM haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiN| (ba) ve karma, jo sacintya hote huebhI sahasAkRta haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiM, inheM hama Akasmika-karma kaha sakate haiN| Adhunika manovijJAna meM inheM vicAraprerita karma (AiDiyo moTara ekTIviTI) kahA jA sakatA hai| (sa) bhrAntivaza kiyA gayA karma bhI upacitta nahIM hotaa| (da) karma ke karane ke pazcAt yadi anutApa yA glAni ho, to usa pApa kA prakAzana karake pApa-virati kA vrata lene se vaha kRta karma upacita nahIM hotaa| (i) zubha kA abhyAsa karane se tathA Azraya-bala se (buddhAdi ke zaraNAgata ho jAne se) bhI pApakarma upacita nahIM hotaa| ___4.vekarma, jokRtabhInahIM haiM aura upacita bhI nahIM haiM- svapnAvasthA meM kie gae karma isI prakAra ke hote haiN| isa prakAra, prathama do vargoM ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura antima do prakAra ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaalte| bauddha-AcAradarzana meM bhI rAga-dveSa aura mohase yukta hone para hI karmako bandhanakAraka mAnA jAtA hai aura rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita karma ko bandhanakAraka nahIM mAnA jaataa| bauddha-darzana rAga-dveSa aura moharahita arhat ke kriyA-vyApAra ko bandhanakAraka nahIM mAnatA hai, aise karmoM ko akRSNa-azukla yA avyakta karma bhI kahA gayA hai| 10. gItA meM karma-akarma kA svarUpa gItA bhI isa sambandha meM gaharAI se vicAra karatI hai ki kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka hai aura kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai| gItA ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke haiM-(1) karma, (2) vikarma, (3) akarma / gItA ke anusAra karma aura vikarma bandhanakAraka haiM aura akarma bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| 1. karma- phala kI icchA se jo zubha karma kie jAte haiM, unakA nAma karma hai| 2. vikarma- samasta azubha karma, jo vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie kie jAte haiM,

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karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva unheM vikarma kahA gayA hai, sAtha hI phala kI icchA evaM azubha bhAvanA se jo dAna, tapa, sevA Adi zubha karma kie jAte haiM, ve bhI vikarma kahalAte haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai, jo tapa mUr3hatApUrvaka haTha se mana, vANI, zarIra kI pIr3A sahita, athavA dUsare kA aniSTa karane ke vicAra se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasa kahA jAtA hai| " sAdhAraNatayA mana, vANI evaM zarIra se hone vAle hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi niSiddha karmamAtra hI vikarma samajhe jAte haiM, parantu bAhya rUpa se vikarma pratIta hone vAle karma bhI kabhI karttA kI bhAvanAnusAra karma yA akarma ke rUpa meM badala jAte haiN| Asakti aura ahaMkAra se rahita hokara zuddha bhAva evaM mAtra kartavya - buddhi se kie jAne vAle karma (jo bAhyata: vikarma pratIta hote haiM) bhI phalotpAdaka na hone se akarma hI haiN| 57 3. akarma - phalAsaktirahita ho apanA kartavya samajhakara jo bhI karma kiyA jAtA hai, usa karma kA nAma akarma hai| gItA ke anusAra, paramAtmA meM abhinna bhAva se sthita hokara karttApana ke abhimAna se rahita puruSa dvArA jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha muni ke atirikta anya phala nahIM dene vAlA hone se akarma hI hai| 58 11. akarma kI artha-vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana kriyA- vyApAra ko bandhakatva kI dRSTi se bhAgoM meM bA~Ta dete haiM- 1. bandhaka - karma aura 2. abandhaka - karma / abandhaka kriyA- -vyApAra ko jaina-darzana meM akarma yA IryApathika-karma, bauddhadarzana meM akRSNa- azukla - karma yA avyakta karma tathA gItA meM akarma kahA gayA hai| sabhI samAlocya AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi meM akarma, karma - abhAva nahIM hai| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra karma - prakRti ke udaya ko samajhakara, binA -dveSa ke jo karma hotA hai, vaha akarma hI hai| mana, vANI, zarIra kI kriyA ke abhAva kA nAma hI akarma nahIM hai / gItA ke anusAra, vyakti kI manodazA ke AdhAra para kriyA na karane vAle vyaktiyoM kA kriyAtyAgarUpa akarma bhI karma bana sakatA hai aura kriyAzIla vyaktiyoM rAga 383 karma bhI akarma bana sakatA hai| gItA kahatI hai, karmendriyoM kI saba kriyAoM ko tyAga kriyArahita puruSa (jo apane ko sampUrNa kriyAoM kA tyAgI samajhatA hai) ke dvArA prakaTa rUpa se koI kAma hotA huA nadIkhane para bhI tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha rahane ke kAraNa usase vaha tyAgarUpakarma hotA hai| usakA vaha tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai / " isI prakAra, karttavya prApta hone para bhaya yA svArthavaza kartavya-karma se mu~ha mor3anA, vihita karmoM kA tyAga kara denA Adi meM bhI karma nahIM hote, parantu isa dazA meM bhI bhaya yA rAgabhAva akarma ko bhI banA detA hai| deg anAsakta- -vRtti aura kartavya-dRSTi se jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha karma rAga-dveSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa akarma bana jAtA hai| uparyukta vivecana se

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana spaSTa hai ki karma aura akarma kA nirNaya kevala zArIrika kriyAzIlatA yA niSkriyatA se nahIM hotaa| kartA ke bhAvoM ke anusAra hI karmoM kA svarUpa banatA hai| isa rahasya ko samyakrUpeNa jAnane vAlA hI gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM manuSyoM meM buddhimAn yogI hai| 61 sabhI vivecya AcAradarzanoM meM karma - akarma-vicAra meM vAsanA, icchA yA kartRtvabhAva pramukha tattva mAnA gayA hai| yadi karma ke sampAdana meM vAsanA, icchA yA kartRtva-buddhi kA bhAva nahIM hai, to vaha karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha karma akarma bana jAtA hai, vaha kriyA akriyA ho jAtI hai| vastutaH, karma akarma-vicAra meM kriyA pramukha tattva nahIM hai, pramukha tattva hai - kartA kA cetanA - pakSa / yadi cetanA jAgrata hai, apramatta hai, vizuddha hai, vAsanAzUnya hai, yathArthadRSTi sampanna hai, to phira kriyA kA bAhya svarUpa adhika mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| AcArya pUjyapAda kahate haiM, jo Atma-tattva meM sthira hai, vaha bolate hue bhI nahIM bolatA hai, calate hue bhI nahIM calatA hai, dekhate hue bhI nahIM dekhatA hai / 12 AcArya amRtacandra kA kathana hai, rAgAdi (bhAvoM) se mukta vyakti ke dvArA AcaraNa karate hue yadi hiMsA (prANaghAta) ho jAe, to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai' 3, arthAt hiMsA aura ahiMsA, pApa aura puNya mAtra bAhya-pariNAmoM para nirbhara nahIM hote, varan usameM karttA kI cittavRtti hI pramukha hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai, bhAvoM se virakta jIva zokarahita ho jAtA hai, vaha kamala-patra kI taraha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI lipta nahIM hotA / 64 gItAkAra bhI isI vicAradRSTi ko prastuta karate hue kahatA hai - jisane karma-phalAsakti kA tyAga kara diyA hai, jo vAsanAzUnya hone ke kAraNa sadaiva hI AkAMkSArahita hai aura Atmatattva meM sthira hone ke kAraNa Alambanarahita hai, vaha kriyAoM ko karate hue bhI kucha nahIM karatA hai / " gItA kA akarma jainadarzana ke saMvara aura nirjarA se bhI tulanIya hai| jaina darzana meM saMvara evaM nirjarA ke hetu kiyA jAne vAlA samasta kriyA- vyApAra mokSa kA hetu hone se akarma hI mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra, gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA se rahita hokara IzvarIya Adeza ke pAlanArtha jo niyata - karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha akarma hI mAnA gayA hai| donoM meM jo vicAra - sAmya hai, vaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane vAle ke lie kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| gItA aura jainAgama - AcArAMga meM milane vAlA nimna vicAra-sAmya bhI vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, 'agrakarma aura mUlakarma ke bhedoM meM viveka rakhakara hI karma kr| aise karmoM kA kartA hone para vaha sAdhaka niSkarma hI kahA jAtA hai| niSkarmatA ke jIvana meM upAdhiyoM kA Adhikya nahIM hotA, laukika-pradarzana nahIM hotaa| usakA zarIra mAtra yogakSema (zArIrika kriyAoM) kA vAhaka hotA hai / " gItA kahatI hai- AtmavijetA, indriyajit, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rakhane vAlA vyakti karma kA karttA hone para niSkarma kahA jAtA hai| vaha karma se lipta "66. 384 -

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 385 nahIM hotaa| jo phalAsakti se mukta hokara karma karatA hai, vaha naiSThika-zAnti prApta karatA hai, lekina jo phalAsakti se ba~dhA huA hai, vaha kucha nahIM karatA huA bhI karma-bandhana meM baMdha jAtA hai| gItA kA uparyukta kathana sUtrakRtAMga ke isa kathana se bhI kAphI nikaTatA rakhatA hai- mithyAdRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha phalAsakti se yukta hone ke kAraNa azuddha hotA hai aura bandhana kA hetu hai, lekina samyakdRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha zuddha hai, kyoMki vaha nirvANa kA hetu hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki donoM hI AcAradarzanoM meM akarma kA artha-niSkriyatA vivakSita nahIM hai, phira bhI tilaka ke anusAra yadi isakA artha niSkAma-buddhi se kie gae pravRttimaya sAMsArika-karma se mAnA jAe, to vaha buddhisaMgata nahIM hogaa| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkAmabuddhi se yukta hokara, athavA vItarAgAvasthA meM sAMsArika-pravRttamaya karma kiyA jAnA sambhava nhiiN| tilaka ke anusAra, niSkAma buddhi se yukta hokara yuddha taka lar3A jA sakatA hai, lekina jaina-darzana ko yaha svIkAra nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM akarma kA artha mAtra zArIrika-karma hI abhipreta hai| jaina-darzana kI IryApathika-kriyAe~ pramukhatayA anivArya zArIrika-kriyAe~ hI haiN| gItA meM bhI akarma kA artha zArIrika anivArya karma ke rUpa meM gRhIta hai (4/21) / AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya meM anivArya zArIrika-karmoM ko akarma kI koTi meM mAnA hai|" jaina-vicAraNA meM bhIakarma meM anivAryazArIrika-kriyAoM ke atirikta nirapekSa bhAva se janakalyANArtha kie jAne vAle karma tathA karmakSaya ke hetu kiyA jAne vAlA tapa, svAdhyAya Adi bhI samAviSTa haiN| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra, jo pravRttiyA~ pramAdarahita haiM, ve akarma haiN| tIrthaMkaroM kI saMgha-pravartana Adi lokakalyANakAraka pravRttiyA~ evaM sAmAnya sAdhaka ke karmakSaya (nirjarA) ke hetu kie gae sabhI sAdhanAtmaka-karma akarma haiN| saMkSepa meM, jo karma rAga-dveSa se rahita hone se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM, ve akarma hI haiN| gItArahasya meM bhI tilaka ne yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai| karma aura akarma kA vicAra karanA ho, to vaha itanI hI dRSTi se karanA cAhie ki manuSya ko vaha karma kahA~ taka baddha karegA, karane para bhI jo karma hameM baddha nahIM karatA, usake viSaya meM kahanA cAhie ki usakA karmatva athavA bandhakatva naSTa ho gyaa| yadi kisI bhI karma kA bandhakatvaarthAt karmatva isa prakAra naSTa ho jAe, to phira vaha karma akarma hI huA-karma ke bandhakatvase yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA haiM ki vaha karma hai yA akrm| jaina aura bauddha-AcAradarzana meM arhat ke kriyA-vyApAra ko tathA gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke kriyA-vyApAra ko bandhana aura vipAkarahita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki arhat yA sthitaprajJa meM rAga-dveSa aura moharUpI vAsanAoM kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai, ata: usakA kriyA-vyApAra bandhanakAraka nahIM hotA aura isalie vaha akarma kahA

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386 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jAtA hai| isa prakAra, tInoM AcAradarzana isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki vAsanA evaM kaSAya se rahita niSkAma karma akarma hai aura vAsanArahita sakAma karma hI karma hai, bandhanakAraka hai| uparyukta vivecanase niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki karma-akarma-vivakSA meM karma kA caitasika-pakSa hI mahatvapUrNa hai| kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka hai aura kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai, isakA nirNaya kriyA ke bAhyasvarUpa se nahIM, varan kriyA ke mUla meM nihita cetanA kI rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para hogaa| paM. sukhalAlajI karmagrantha kI bhUmikA meM likhate haiM, sAdhAraNa loga yaha samajha baiThate haiM ki amuka kAma nahIM karane se apane ko puNyapApa kA lepa nahIM lagegA, isase ve kAma ko chor3a dete haiM, para bahudhA unakI mAnasika-kriyA nahIM chuutttii| isase ve icchA rahane para bhI puNya-pApa ke lepa (bandha) se apane ko mukta nahIM kara skte| yadi kaSAya (rAgAdibhAva) nahIM haiM, to Upara kI koI bhI kriyA AtmA ko bandhana meM rakhane meM samartha nahIM hai| isase ulTe, yadi kaSAya kA vegabhItara vartamAna hai, to Upara se hajAra yatna karane para bhI koI apane ko bandhana se chur3A nahIM sktaa| isI se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki Asakti chor3akara jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhanakAraka nahIM hotaa| laM - sandarbha graMtha1. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 5, pR. 876. 2. jaina siddhAnta bola-saMgraha, bhAga 3, pR. 182. bauddha-darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, pR. 480. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR. 19-20. manusmRti, 12/5/7. tattvArthasUtra, 6/4. yogazAstra, 4/107. sthAnAMgaTIkA, 1/11-12. jaina dharma, pR. 84. samayasAra nATaka utthAnikA, 28. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/10/121. 12. sthAnAMgasUtra, 9. abhidhammatthasaMgaho,caittasika vibhAga. 14. gItA, 18/17. 15. dhammapada, 249. 16. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/27-42. - . 13.

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 387 20. 17. jaina dharma, pra. 160. 18. darzana aura cintana,khaNDa 2, pR. 226. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/27-42. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/24-29. 21. dekhie-aThAraha pApasthAna,pratikramaNa sUtra. 22. anuyogadvArasUtra, 129. dazavaikAlika,4/9. 24. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/4, pR. 104. dazavaikAlika, 611. suttanipAta, 37/27. dhammapada, 129,131, 132. 28. gItA, 6/32. 29. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, 258/21. mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 113/6-10 mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 113/6-10 subhASita saMgrahase uddhRta. nItizAstra kAsarvekSaNa, pR. 268 para uddhRta. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28/14. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4. 36. isibhAsiryasutta,9/2. samayasAra, 145-146. pravacanasAraTIkA, 1/72. samayasAraTIkA, pR. 207 suttanipAta, 32/11. vahI,32/38. gItA, 9/28. vahI, 2/50. 44. vahI, 12/16. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 56. gItA,7/28. 47. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 314. 48. vahI, pR. 342. 49. gItA, 4/16.

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388 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 50. 51. 52. 56. 60. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-24. gItA, 4/16. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/1-2. vahI, 1/8/3. AcArAMga, 1/4/2/1. dekheM- DevhalapamenTa oNpha maoNrala philAsaphI ina iMDiyA, pR. 168-174. gItA, 17/19. vahI, 18/17. vahI, 3/10. gItA, 3/6. vahI, 18/7. vahI, 4/18. iSTopadeza, 41. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 45. uttarAdhyayana, 32/99. gItA, 4/20. AcArAMga, 1/3/2/4, 1/3/1/110-dekhie AcArAMga (saMtabAla) pariziSTa, pR. 36-37. gItA, 5/7,5/12. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-23. gItArahasya, 4/16. (TippaNI) sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/12. gItA (zAM.), 4/21. gItArahasya, pR. 684. karmagrantha, prathama bhAga, bhUmikA, pR. 25-26. 71. 72. 73.

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 389 12 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 1. bandhana aura duHkha bandhana sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM kA pramukha pratyaya hai, yahI duHkha hai| bhAratIya-cintana ke anusAra naitika-jIvana kI samagra sAdhanA bandhana yA duHkha se mukti ke lie hai| isa prakAra, bandhana naitika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana-darzana kI pramukha mAnyatA hai| yadi bandhana kI vAstavikatA se inkAra karate haiM, to naitika-sAdhanA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki bhAratIya-darzana meM naitikatA kA pratyayasAmAjika-vyavahAra kI apekSA bandhana-mukti, duHkhamukti athavA AdhyAtmika-vikAsase sambandhita hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, jar3a dravyoM meM eka pudgala nAmaka dravya hai| pudgala ke aneka prakAroM meM karma-vargaNAyAkarma-paramANu bhI eka prakAra hai| karma-vargaNA yA karma-paramANu eka sUkSma bhautika-tattva (dravya) hai| isa sUkSma bhautika karma-dravya (Karmic Matter) se AtmA kA sambandhita honA hI bandhana hai| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti kahate haiM, 'kaSAyabhAva ke kAraNa jIva kAkarma-pudgala se AkrAnta ho jAnA hI bandha hai|''bndhn Atma kA anAtmase, jar3akA cetana se, deha kA dehI se saMyoga hai| yahI duHkha hai, kyoMki samagra du:khoM kA kAraNa hI mAnA gayA hai| vastuta:, AtmA ke bandhana kAarthasImitatA yA apUrNatA hai| AtmA kI sImitatA, apUrNatA, bandhana evaMduHkha, sabhI usake zarIra ke sAtha Abaddha hone ke kAraNa haiN| vAstava meM, zarIra hI bandhana hai| zarIra se yahA~ tAtparya sthUla-zarIra nahIM, varan liMga-zarIra, karma-zarIra yA sUkSma-zarIra hai, jo vyakti ke karma-saMskAroM se banatA hai| yaha sUkSma liMga-zarIra yA karma-zarIra hI prANiyoM ke sthUla zarIra kA AdhAra evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hai| janma-maraNa kI yaha paramparA hI bhAratIya-darzanoM meM du:kha yA bandhana mAnI gaI hai| karma-grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA jisa zakti (vIrya) vizeSase karma-paramANuoM ko AkarSita kara unheM ATha prakAra ke karmoM ke rUpa meM jIva-pradezoM se sambandhita karatA hai tathA karma-paramANuaura AtmA paraspara eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM, vaha bandhana hai| jaise dIpaka apanI uSmA se battI ke dvArA tela ko AkarSita kara use apane zarIra (lau) ke rUpa meM badala letA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmarUpI dIpaka apanI rAgabhAvarUpI uSmA ke kAraNa kriyAoMrUpI battI ke dvArA karma-paramANuoMrUpI tela ko AkarSita kara use apane karma-zarIrarUpI lau meM badala detA hai| isa prakAra, yaha bandhana kI prakriyA calatI rahatI hai| AtmA ke rAgabhAva se kriyAe~ hotI haiM, kriyAoM se karma

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390 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana paramANuoM kA Asrava (AkarSaNa) hotA hai aura karmAsrava se karma-bandha hotA hai| yaha bandhana kI prakriyA karmoM ke svabhAva (prakRti), mAtrA, kAla, maryAdA aura tIvratA-ina cAroM bAtoM kA nizcaya kara sampanna hotI hai| 1. prakRtibandha- yaha karma-paramANuoM kI prakRti (svabhAva) kA nizcaya karatA hai, arthAt karma ke dvArA AtmA kI jJAnazakti, darzanazakti Adi kisa zakti kA AvaraNa hogA, isa bAta kA nirdhAraNa karma kI prakRti karatI hai| 2. pradezabandha- karma-paramANu AtmA ke kisa vizeSa bhAga kA AvaraNa kareMge, isakA nizcaya pradezabandha karatA hai| yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai| sthiti aura anubhAga se nirapekSa karma-dalikoM kI saMkhyA kI pradhAnatA se karma-paramANuoM kA grahaNa pradeza-bandha kahalAtA hai| 3. sthitibandha- karma-paramANu kitane samaya taka sattA meM raheMge aura kaba apanA phala denA prArambha kareMge, isa kAla-maryAdA kA nizcaya sthitibandha karatA hai| yaha samaya maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| 4. anubhAgabandha- yaha karmoM ke bandha evaM vipAka kI tIvratA aura mandatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| yaha tIvratA yA gahanatA (Intensity) kA sUcaka hai| 2. bandhana kA kAraNa - Amrava jaina-dRSTikoNa- jaina-darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa Asrava hai|aasrvshbd kleza yAmala kA bodhaka hai| klezayAmala hI karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM ko AtmA ke samparka meM Ane kA kAraNa hai, ata: jaina-tattvajJAna meM AsravakA rUr3ha artha yaha bhI huA ki karmavargaNAoM kA AtmA meM AnA Asrava hai| apane mUla artha meM Asrava una kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, jo karmavargaNAoM ko AtmA kI ora lAte haiM aura isa prakAra AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiN| Asrava ke do bheda haiM-(1) bhAvAsrava aura (2) drvyaasv| AtmA kI vikArI-manodazA bhAvAsrava hai aura karmavargaNAoM ke AtmA meM Ane kI prakriyA dravyAsrava hai| isa prakAra, bhAvAsrava kAraNa hai aura dravyAsava kArya yA prakriyA hai| dravyAsrava kA kAraNa bhAvAsava hai, lekina yaha bhAvAtmaka-parivartana bhI akAraNa nahIM hai, varan pUrvabaddha karma ke kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra, pUrva-bandhana ke kAraNabhAvAnava aurabhAvAnavake kAraNa dravyAsavaaura dravyAsava se karma kA bandhana hotA hai| vaise, sAmAnya rUpa meM mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika-pravRttiyA~ hI Asava haiN| ye pravRttiyoM yA kriyAe~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM, zubha pravRttiyA~ puNya-karma kA Asrava haiM aura azubha pravRttiyA~ pApa-karma kA Asrava haiN| una sabhI mAnasika evaM kAyika-pravRttiyoM kA, joAsrava kahI jAtI haiM, vistRta vivecana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| jainAgamoM meM inakA vargIkaraNa

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA aneka sthaloM para aneka prakAra se milatA hai| yahA~ tattvArthasUtra ke AdhAra para eka vargIkaraNa prastuta kara denA hI paryApta hogaa| tattvArthasUtra meM Asrava do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- ( 1 ) IryApathika aura (2) sAmparAyika / ' jaina- darzana gItA ke samAna yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki jaba taka jIvana hai, taba taka zarIra se niSkriya nahIM rahA jA sktaa| mAnasika vRtti ke sAtha hI sAtha sahaja zArIrika evaM vAcika - kriyAe~ bhI calatI rahatI haiM aura kriyA ke phalasvarUpa karmAsrava bhI hotA rahatA hai, lekina jo vyakti kaluSita mAnasika vRttiyoM (kaSAyoM) ke Upara uTha jAtA hai, usakI aura sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI kriyAoM ke dvArA hone vAle Asrava meM antara to avazya hI mAnanA hogaa| kaSAyavRtti (dUSita manovRtti) se Upara uThe vyakti kI kriyAoM ke dvArA jo Asrava hotA hai, use jaina - paribhASA meM IryApathika-Asrava kahate haiN| jisa prakAra calate hue rAste kI dhUla kA sUkhA kaNa pahale kSaNa meM sUkhe vastra para lagatA hai, lekina gati ke sAtha hI dUsare kSaNa meM vilaga ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra kaSAyavRtti se rahita kriyAoM se pahale kSaNa meM hotA hai aura dUsare kSaNa meM vaha nirjarita ho jAtA hai| aisI kriyA AtmA meM koI vibhAga utpanna nahIM karatI, kintu jo kriyAe~ kaSAyasahita hotI haiM, unase sAmparAyikanava hotA hai| sAmparAyika- Asrava AtmA ke svabhAva kA AvaraNa kara usameM vibhAva utpanna karatA hai| -- tattvArtha meM sAmparAyika - Asrava kA AdhAra 38 prakAra kI kriyAe~ haiM 1-5, hiMsA, asatya bhASaNa, corI, maithuna, saMgraha (parigraha) - ye pA~ca avrata 6-9, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha- ye cAra kaSAya 10-14, pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana 391 15 - 38, caubIsa sAmparAyika-kriyAe~ 1. kAyikI - kriyA - zArIrika halana calana Adi kriyAe~ kAyikI - kriyA kahI jAtI haiN| yaha tIna prakAra kI haiM- (a) mithyAdRSTipramatta jIva kI kriyA, (ba) samyakadRSTipramatta jIva kI kriyA, (sa) samyakdRSTi-u -apramatta sAdhaka kI kriyA / inheM kramazaH avirata - kAyikI, duSpraNihita- kAyikI aura uparata - kAyikI - kriyA kahA jAtA hai| 2. adhikaraNikA - kriyA- ghAtaka astra-zastra Adi ke dvArA sampanna kI jAne vAlI hiMsAdi kI kriyA / ise prayoga kriyA bhI kahate haiN| 3. prAdveSikI - kriyA- dveSa, mAtsarya, IrSyA Adi se yukta hokara kI jAne vAlI kriyA / 4. pAritApanikI - tAr3anA, tarjanA Adi ke dvArA duHkha denA / yaha do prakAra kI haihai- 1. svayaM ko kaSTa denA aura 2. dUsare ko kaSTa denA / jo vicAraka jaina darzana ko

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAyakleza kA samarthaka mAnate haiM, unheM yahA~ eka bAra puna: vicAra karanA caahie| yadi usakA mantavya kAyAkleza kA hotA, to jaina darzana sva- pAritApanikI - kriyA ko pApa ke Agamana kA kAraNa nahIM maantaa| 392 5. prANAtipAtakI - kriyA- hiMsA karanA / isake bhI do bheda haiM- 1. svaprANAtipAtakI-kriyA, arthAt rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara Atma ke svasvabhAva kA ghAta karanA tathA 2. paraprANAtipAtakI - kriyA, arthAt kaSAyavaza dUsare prANiyoM kI hiMsA karanA / 6. Arambha kriyA- jar3a evaM cetana vastuoM kA vinAza karanA / 7. pArigrAhikI kriyA- jar3a padArthoM evaM cetana prANiyoM kA saMgraha karanA / 8. mAyA - kriyA- kapaTa karanA / 9. rAga - kriyA- Asakti karanA / yaha kriyA mAnasika - prakRti kI hai, ise prema pratyayikI - kriyA bhI kahate haiN| 10. dveSa- kriyA- dveSa - vRtti se kArya karanA / 11. apratyAkhyAna - kriyA- asaMyama yA avirati kI dazA meM hone vAlA karma apratyAkhyAna - kriyA hai / 12. mithyAdarzana-kriyA- mithyAdRSTitva se yukta honA evaM usake anusAra kriyA karanA / 13. dRSTijA - kriyA - dekhane kI kriyA evaM tajjanita rAga- -dveSAdibhAvarUpa- kriyA / 14. sparzana - kriyA - sparza sambandhI kriyA evaM tajjanita rAga-dveSAdi bhAva | ise pRSTA - kriyA bhI kahate haiM / 15. prAtItyakI-kriyA- jar3a padArtha evaM cetana vastuoM ke bAhya-saMyoga yA Azraya utpanna rAgAdi bhAva evaM tajjanita kriyA / 16. sAmanta kriyA - svayaM ke jar3a padArtha kI bhautika sampadA tathA cetana prANijasampadA; jaise patniyA~, dAsa, dAsI athavA pazu, pakSI ityAdi ko dekhakara logoM ke dvArA kI huI prazaMsA se harSita honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, logoM ke dvArA svaprazaMsA kI apekSA krnaa| sAmantavAda kA mUla AdhAra yahI hai| 17. svahastikI-kriyA- svayaM ke dvArA dUsare jIvoM ko trAsa yA kaSTa dene kI kriyA / isake do bheda haiM- 1. jIva - svahastikI, jaise-cA~TA mAranA, 2. ajIvasvahastikI, jaise-DaNDe se mAranA / 18. naisRSTikI - kriyA- kisI ko pheMkakara maarnaa| isake do bheda haiM- 1. jIvanisarga-kriyA; jaise-kisI prANI ko pakar3akara pheMka dene kI kriyA, 2. ajIva - nisargakriyA; jaise- bANa Adi mAranA /

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 19. AjJApanikA - kriyA- dUsare ko AjJA dekara karAI jAne vAlI kriyA yA pApakarma / 20. vaidAriNI - kriyA- vidAraNa karane yA phAr3ane se utpanna hone vAlI kriyA / kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra do vyaktiyoM yA samudAyoM meM vibheda karA denA yA svayaM ke svArtha ke lie do pakSoM (kretA-vikretA) ko galata salAha dekara phUTa DAlanA Adi / 21. anAbhoga-kriyA- avivekapUrvaka jIvana-vyavahAra kA sampAdana krnaa| 22. anAkAMkSA- kriyA- svahita evaM parahita kA dhyAna nahIM rakhakara kriyA karanA 23. prAyogikI - kriyA- mana se azubha vicAra, vANI se azubha sambhASaNa evaM zarIra se azubha karma karake mana, vANI aura zarIra zakti kA anucita rUpa meM upayoga karanA / 393 24. sAmudAyika-kriyA- samUha rUpa meM ikaTThe hokara azubha yA anucita kriyAoM kA karanA; jaise- sAmUhika vezyA nRtya krvaanaa| logoM ko Thagane ke lie sAmUhika rUpa se koI kampanI kholanA, athavA kisI ko mArane ke lie sAmUhika rUpa meM koI SaDyaMtra karanA Adi / mAtra zArIrika-vyApArarUpa IryApathikakriyA, jisakA vivecana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai, ko milAkara jaina- vicAraNA meM kriyA ke paccIsa bheda tathA Asrava ke 39 bheda hote haiN| kucha AcAryoM ne mana, vacana aura kAya - yoga ko milAkara Asrava ke 42 bheda bhImAne haiM / " AsravarUpa kriyAoM kA eka saMkSipta vargIkaraNa sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha hai| saMkSepa meM, ve kriyAe~ nimna prakAra haiM 10 - 1. artha- kriyA- apane kisI prayojana (artha) ke lie kriyA karanA; jaise apane lAbha ke lie dUsare kA ahita karanA / 2. anartha - kriyA- binA kisI prayojana ke kiyA jAne vAlA karma; jaise vyartha meM kisI ko satAnA / 3. hiMsA - kriyA - amuka vyakti ne mujhe athavA mere priyajanoM ko kaSTa diyA hai, athavA degA, yaha socakara usakI hiMsA karanA / 4. akasmAt - kriyA - zIghratAvaza athavA anajAne meM hone vAlA pApa- - karma; jaise ghAsa kATate-kATate jaldI meM anAja ke paudhe ko kATa denA / 5. dRSTiviparyAsa- kriyA- matibhrama se hone vAlA pApa-va -karma; jaise corAdi ke bhrama meM sAdhAraNa anaparAdhI puruSa ko daNDa denA, mAranA aadi| jaise dazaratha ke dvArA mRga ke bhrama meM kiyA gayA zravaNakumAra kA vadha / 6. mRSA - kriyA- jhUTha bolanA /

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394 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 7. adattAdAna-kriyA-caurya-karma krnaa| 8. adhyAtma-kriyA- bAhya nimitta ke abhAva meM hone vAle manovikAra, arthAt binA samucita kAraNa ke mana meM hone vAlA krodha Adi durbhaav| 9. mAna-kriyA- apanI prazaMsA yA ghamaNDa krnaa| 10. mitra-kriyA-priyajanoM,putra, putrI, putravadhU, patnI Adi ko kaThora daNDa denaa| 11. mAyA-kriyA- kapaTa karanA, DhoMga krnaa| 12. lobha-kriyA- lobha krnaa| . 13. IryApathikI-kriyA-apramatta, vivekI evaM saMyamI vyakti kIgamanAgamana evaM AhAra-vihAra kI kriyaa| vaise, mUlabhUta Asrava yoga (kriyA) hai, lekina yaha samagra kriyA-vyApAra bhI svata: prasUta nahIM hai| usake bhI preraka sUtra haiM, jinheM Asrava-dvAra yA bandha-hetu kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga, RSibhASita evaM tattvArthasUtra meM inakI saMkhyA 5 mAnI gaI hai-(1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura (5) yoga (kriyaa)|" samayasAra meM inameM se 4 kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM pramAda kA ullekha nahIM hai|12 uparyukta pA~ca pramukha Amrava-dvAra yA bandhahetuoM ko puna: aneka bheda-prabhedoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ kevala nAma-nirdeza karanA paryApta hai| pA~ca Asava-dvAroM yA bandha-hetuoM ke avAntara-bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. mithyAtva- mithyAtva ayathArtha dRSTikoNa hai, jo pA~ca prakAra kA hai- (1) ekAnta, (2) viparIta, (3) vinaya, (4) saMzaya aura (5) ajnyaan| 2. avirati- yaha amaryAdita eMva asaMyamita jIvana-praNAlI hai| isake bhI pA~ca bheda haiM- (1) hiMsA, (2) asatya, (3) steyavRtti, (4) maithuna (kAma-vAsanA) aura (5) parigraha (aaskti)| 3. pramAda- sAmAnyatayA, samaya kA anupayoga yA durupayoga pramAda hai| lakSyonmukha prayAsa ke sthAna para lakSya-vimukha prayAsa samaya kA durupayoga hai, jabaki prayAsa kA abhAva anupayoga hai| vastutaH, pramAda Atma-cetanA kA abhAva hai| pramAda pA~ca prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai (ka) vikathA- jIvana ke lakSya (sAdhya) aura usake sAdhanA-mArga para vicAra nahIM karate hue anAvazyaka carcAe~ krnaa| vikathAe~ cAra prakAra kI haiM- (1) rAjya-sambandhI (2) bhojana-sambandhI, (3) striyoM ke rUpa-saundarya-sambandhI, aura (4) desh-smbndhii| vikathA samaya kA durupayoga hai| . (kha) kaSAya- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| inakI upasthiti meM AtmacetanA kuNThita hotI hai, ata: ye bhI pramAda haiN|

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karma bantha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 395 (ga) rAga- Asakti bhI Atma-cetanA ko kuNThita karatI hai, isalie pramAda kahI jAtI hai| (gha) viSaya-sevana- pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevn| (Ga) nidrA- adhika nidrA lenaa| nidrA samaya kA anupayoga hai| 4. kaSAya-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ye cAra pramukha manodazAe~, jo apanI tIvratA aura mandatA ke AdhAra para 16 prakAra kI hotI haiM, kaSAya kahI jAtI haiN| ina kaSAyoM ke janaka hAsyAdi 9 prakAra ke manobhAva upakaSAya haiN| kaSAya aura upakaSAya milakara paccIsa bheda hote haiN| 5. yoga-jaina-zabdAvalI meM yoga kA artha kriyA hai, jo tIna prakAra kI haiM- (1) mAnasika-kriyA (manoyoga), (2) vAcika-kriyA (vacanayoga), (3) zArIrika-kriyA (kaayyog)| ___ yadi hama bandhana ke pramukha kAraNoM ko aura saMkSepa meM jAnanA cAheM, to jaina-paramparA meM bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNarAga (Asakti), dveSa aura mohamAne gae haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAga aura dveSa-ina donoM ko karma-bIja kahA gayA hai aura una donoM kA kAraNa moha batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, phira bhI unameM rAga hI pramukha hai| rAga ke kAraNa hI dveSa hotA hai| jaina-kathAnakoM ke anusAra indrabhUti gautama kA mahAvIra ke prati prazasta-rAga bhI unake kaivalya kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka rahA thaa| isa prakAra, rAga evaM moha (ajJAna) hI bandhana ke pramukha kAraNa haiN| AcArya kundakundarAga ko pramukha kAraNa batAte hue kahate haiM, AsaktaAtmA hI karma-bandha karatA hai aura anAsakta mukta ho jAtA hai, yahI jina bhagavAn kA upadeza hai, isalie karmoM meM Asakti mata rakho, lekina yadirAga (Asakti) kA kAraNa jAnanA cAheM, to jaina-paramparA ke anusAra moha hI isakA kAraNa siddha hotA hai, yadyapi moha aura rAga-dveSa sApekSa rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke kAraNa banate haiN| isa prakAra, dveSa kA kAraNa rAga aura rAga kA kAraNa moha hai| moha tathA rAga (Asakti) paraspara eka-dUsare ke kAraNa haiM, ata: rAga, dveSa aura moha-ye tIna hI jaina-paramparA meM bandhana ke mUla kAraNa haiN| isameM se dveSa ko, jo rAga (Asakti) janita hai, chor3a dene para roSa rAga (Asakti) aura moha (ajJAna)-ye do kAraNa bacate haiM, jo anyonyAzrita haiN| bauddha-darzana meM bandhana (duHkha) kA kAraNa jaina-vicAraNA kI bhA~ti hI bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI bandhana yA duHkha kA hetu Asrava mAnA gayA hai| umaseM bhI Asrava (Asava) zabda kA upayoga lagabhaga samAna artha meM hI huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zrI esa.sI. ghoSAla Adi kucha vicArakoM ne yaha mAna liyA ki bauddhoM ne yaha zabda jainoM se liyA hai| merI apanI dRSTi meM yaha zabda tatkAlIna

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396 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zramaNaparamparA kA sAmAnya zabda thaa| bauddhaparamparA meM Asrava zabda kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo madirA (Asava) ke samAna jJAna kA viparyaya kare, vaha Asrava hai| dUsare, jisase saMsArarUpI duHkha kA prasava hotA hai, vaha Asrava hai| jainadarzana meM Asavako saMsAra (bhava) evaM bandhana kA kAraNamAnA gyaahai| bauddhadarzana meM Asrava ko bhava kA hetu kahA gayA hai| donoM darzana arhatoM ko kSINAmrava kahate haiN| bauddhavicAraNA meM Asrava tInabhAne gae haiM- (1) kAma, (2) bhava aura (3) avidyA, lekina abhidharma meM dRSTi ko bhI Asrava kahA gayA hai| avidyA aura mithyAtva samAnArthI haiM hii| kAma ko kaSAya ke artha meM liyA jA sakatA hai aura bhava ko punarjanma ke artha meN| dhammapada meM pramAda ko Asrava kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM, jo kartavya ko chor3atA hai aura akarttavya ko karatA hai, aise malayukta pramAdiyoM ke Asrava bar3hate haiN| isa prakAra, jainavicAraNA ke samAna bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI pramAda Asrava kA kAraNa hai| bauddha aura jaina-vicAraNAoM meM isa artha meM bhI Asava ke vicAra ke sambandha meM mataikya hai ki Asrava avidyA (mithyAtva) ke kAraNa hotA hai, lekina yaha avidyA yA mithyAtva bhI akAraNa nahIM, varan AmravaprasUta hai| jisa prakAra bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSase bIja kI paramparA calatI hai, vaise hI avidyA (mithyAtva) se Asrava aura Asrava se avidyA (mithyAtva) kI paramparA parasparasApekSarUpameM calatI rahatI hai| buddha ne jahA~ avidyA ko Asrava kA kAraNa mAnA, vahA~ yaha bhI batAyA ki AsravoM ke samudaya se avidyA kA samudaya hotA hai|" ekake anusAra Asrava citta-mala haiM, dUsare ke anusAra veAtma-mala haiM, lekina isaAtmavAda sambandhI dArzanika-bheda ke hote hue bhI donoM kA sAdhanA-mArga Asava-kSaya ke nimitta hI hai| donoM kI dRSTi se AsravakSaya hI nirvANa-prApti kA prathama sopAna hai| buddha kahate haiM, bhikSuoM! saMskAra, tRSNA, vedanA, sparza, avidyA Adi sabhI anitya, saMskRta aura kisI kAraNa se utpanna hone vAle haiN| bhikSuoM ! ise bhI jAna lene aura dekha lene se AmravoM kA kSaya hotA ___ jaise jaina-paramparA meM rAga, dveSa aura moha bandhana ke mUlabhUta kAraNa mAne gae haiM, vaise hI bauddha-paramparA meM lobha (rAga), dveSa aura moha ko bandhana (karmoM kI utpatti) kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jo mUrkha lobha, dveSa aura moha se prerita hokara choTA yA bar3A, jo bhI karma karatA hai, use usI ko bhoganA par3atA hai, na ki dUsare kA kiyA huA, isalie buddhimAn bhikSu ko cAhie ki lobha, dveSa aura moha kA tyAga kara evaM vidyA kA lAbha kara sArI durgatiyoM se mukta ho| isa prakAra, jaina aura bauddha-donoM paramparAoM meM rAga, dveSa aura moha-yahI tIna bandhana (saMsAra-paribhramaNa) ke kAraNa siddha hote haiN| jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM isa bandhana

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 397 kI mUlabhUta tripuTI kAsApekSa-sambandha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, 'lobha aura dveSa kA hetu moha hai, kintu paryAya se rAga, dveSa bhI moha ke hetu haiN| 21 rAga, dveSa aura moha meM sApekSa-sambandha hai| ajJAna (moha) ke kAraNa hama rAga-dveSa karate haiM aura rAga-dveSa hI hameM yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita rakhate haiN| avidyA (moha) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA (rAga) ke kAraNa moha hotA hai| gItAkI dRSTi meM bandhana kA kAraNa jaina-paramparA bandhana meM kAraNa-rUpa meM jo pA~ca hetu batAtI hai, unako gItA kI AcAra-paramparA meM bhI bandhana ke hetu ke rUpa meM khojA jA sakatA hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke pA~ca hetu haiM- (1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura (5) yog| gItA meM mithyA-dRSTikoNa ko saMsAra-bhramaNa kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, mithyAtva ke pA~ca prakAra (1) ekAnta, (2) viparIta, (3) saMzaya, (4) vinaya (rUr3hivAditA) aura (5) ajJAna meM se viparIta, saMzayaaura ajJAna-ina tInakA vivecana gItA meM milatA hai| vinayako agara rUr3ha-paramparA ke artha meM leM, to gItA vaidika rUr3ha-paramparAoM kI AlocanA ke rUpa meM vinaya ko svIkAra kara letI hai| hA~, gItA meM ekAnta kA mithyAtva ke rUpa meM vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotaa| avirati kA vivecana gItA azuci-vrata ke rUpa meM karatI hai|2 gItA meM bhI hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahmacarya aura parigraha (lobha-Asakti) avirati-ye pA~coM prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gae haiN| pramAda, jo tamoguNa se pratyutpanna hai, gItA ke anusAra, adhogati kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA meM kaSAya' zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, tathApi jaina-vicAraNA meM kaSAya ke jo cAra bheda- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha batAe gae haiM, unako gItA meM bhI AsurI-sampadA kAlakSaNa evaM naraka AdiadhogatikA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM yoga zabda mAnasika, vAcika aura zArIrika-karma ke lie prayukta huA hai aura ina tInoM ko bandhana kA hetu mAnA gayA hai| gItA svatantra rUpa se zArIrika-karma ko bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnatI, vaha mAnasika-tathya se sambandhita hone parahI zArIrika-karmako bandhaka mAnatI hai, anyathA nhiiN| phira bhI, gItA ke 18veM adhyAya meM samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA sampAdana mana, vANI aura zarIra se mAnA gayA hai|24 gItA ke anusAra AsurI-sampadA bandhana kA hetu hai| usameM dambha, darpa, abhimAna, krodha, pAruSya (kaThora vANI) evaM ajJAna ko AsurI-sampadA kahA gayA hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, 'dambha, mAna, mada se samanvita duSpUrNa Asakti (kAmanAe~) se yukta tathA moha (ajJAna) se mithyAdRSTitva ko grahaNa kara prANI asadAcaraNa se yukta ho saMsAra-paribhramaNa karate haiN| yadi hama gItA ke isa zloka kA vizleSaNa kareM, to hameM yahA~ bhI bandhana ke kAma (Asakti) aura moha-ye do pramukha kAraNa pratIta hote haiM, jinheM jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM

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398 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ne svIkAra kiyA hai, isa zloka kA pUrvArddha kAma se prArambha hotA hai aura uttarArddha moha se| yadi granthakAra kI yaha yojanA yuktipUrNa mAnI jAe, to bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNa ekamata ho jAte haiN| uparyukta zloka ke pUrvArddha meM granthakAra ne dambha, mAna aura madako duSpUrNa kAma ke Azrita kahakara spaSTa rUpa meM kAma ko ina sabameM pramukha mAnA hai aura uttarArddha meM to mohAt zabda kA upayoga hI moha ke mahatva ko spaSTa batAtA hai| gItAkAra yahA~ moha (ajJAna) ke kAraNa do bAtoM kA honA svIkAra karatA hai- 1. mithyAdRSTi kA grahaNa aura 2. asadAcaraNa, jo hameM jaina-vicAraNA ke moha ke do bheda, darzana-moha aura cAritra-moha kI yAda dilA dete haiN| yaha bAta tulanAtmaka-adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| eka anya zloka meM bhI gItAkAra ne moha (avidyA-ajJAna) aura Asakti (tRSNA, rAga yA lobha) ko naraka kA kAraNa batAkara unake bandhakatva ko spaSTa kiyA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki moha-jAla meM AvRtta aura kAma-bhogoM meM Asakta puruSa apavitra narakoM meM girate haiM.28 arthAt moha aura Asakti patana ke kAraNa haiN| sAtaveM adhyAya meM gItA jaina-vicAraNA ke samAna saMsAra (arthAt bandhana) ke tIna kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA karatI hai| vahA~ gItA kahatI hai ki icchA (rAga), dveSa aura tajanita moha se sabhI prANI ajJAnI bana saMsAra ke bandhana ko prApta hote haiN| yahA~ gItAkAra rAga, dveSa aura moha-bandhana ke ina tIna kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA hI nahIM karatA, varan icchA -dveSa se utpanna moha kahakara jainadarzana ke samAna rAga, dveSa aura moha kI paraspara-sApekSatA ko bhI abhivyakta kara detA hai| sAMkhyayoga-darzana meM bandhanakA kAraNa ____yogasUtra meM bandhana yA kleza ke pA~ca kAraNa mAne gae haiM- 1. avidyA, 2. asmitA (ahaMkAra), 3. rAga (Asakti), 4. dveSa aura 5. abhiniveza (mRtyu kA bhy)| inameM bhI avidyA hI pramukha kAraNa hai, kyoMki zeSa cAroM avidyA para AdhArita haiN| jainadarzana ke rAga, dveSa aura moha (avidyA) isameM bhI svIkRta haiN| nyAya-darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa nyAya-darzana meM jaina-darzana ke samAna bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNa mAne gae haiM1.rAga, 2. dveSa aura 3. moh| rAga (Asakti) ke bhItara kAma, matsara, spRhA, tRSNA, lobha, mAyA tathA dambha kA samAveza hotA hai tathA dveSa meM krodha, IrSyA, asUyA, droha (hiMsA) tathA amarSa kaa|moh (ajJAna) meM mithyAjJAna, saMzaya, mAna aura pramAda hote haiN| rAga aura dveSa moha athavA ajJAna se utpanna hote haiN| isa prakAra, tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to sabhI vicAraNAoM meM avidyA (moha) aura rAga-dveSahI bandhana, duHkha yA kleza ke kAraNa haiN| dveSa bhI rAga ke kAraNa hotA hai, ata: mUlata: Asakti (rAga) aura avidyA (moha) hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, jinakI sthiti paraspara sApekSa-bhAva se hai|

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 399 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha bandha ke cAra prakAroM kA bandha ke kAraNoM se kyA sambandha hai, isa para vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina-darzana meM svIkRta bandha ke pA~ca kAraNoM meM se kaSAya aura yoga-ye do bandhana ke prakAra kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM, ata: kaSAya aura yoga ke . sandarbha meM bandha ke ina cAra prakAroM para vicAra apekSita hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti aura anubhAga-bandha se hai| kaSAya-vRtti kI tIvratA hI bandhana kI samayAvadhi (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) kA nizcaya karatI hai| pApa-bandha meM kaSAya jitane tIvra hoMge, bandhana kI samayAvadhi aura tIvratA bhI utanI hI adhika hogI, lekina puNya-bandhana meM kaSAya aura rAgabhAva kA bandhana kI samayAvadhi se to anuloma-sambandha hotA hai, lekina bandhana kI tIvratA se pratiloma-sambandha hotA hai, arthAt kaSAya jitane alpa hoMge, puNya-bandha utanA hI adhika hogaa| zubha karmoM kA bandha kaSAyoM kI tIvratA se kama aura kaSAyoM kI mandatA se adhika hogaa| jahA~ taka anubhAgabandha aura sthitibandha ke pArasparikasambandha kA prazna hai, azubha-bandha meM donoM meM anuloma-sambandha hotA hai, arthAt jitanI adhika samayAvadhi kA bandha hogA, utanA hI adhika tIvra hogA, lekina zubha-bandha meM donoM meM viloma-sambandha hogA, arthAt jitanI adhika samayAvadhi kA bandha hogA, utanA hI kama tIvra hogaa|32 ____ bandhana ke dUsare kAraNa yoga (Activity) kA sambandha pradeza-bandha aura prakRtibandhase hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda aura kaSAya ke abhAva meM mAtra kriyA (yoga) se bhI bandha hotA hai| kriyA karmaparamANuoM kI mAtrA (pradeza) aura guNa (prakRti) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| yoga yA kriyAe~ jitanI adhika hoMgI, utanI hI adhika mAtrA meM karma-paramANu AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara usase apanA sambandha sthApita kareMge, sAtha hI kriyA kA prakAra hI karma-pudgaloM kI prakRti kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki kriyA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kaSAyoM para nirbhara hotA hai aura antima rUpa meM to kaSAya hI karma-pudgaloM kI prakRti kA nizcaya karate haiM, lekina nikaTavartI kAraNa kI dRSTi se kriyA (yoga) hI karma-pudgaloM ke bandha kI prakRti kA nizcaya karatI hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana meM kaSAya yA rAga-bhAva kA sambandha bandhana kI samayAvadhi (sthiti) tathA tIvratA (anubhAga) se hotA hai, jabaki kriyA (yoga) kA sambandha bandhana kI mAtrA (pradeza) aura guNa (prakRti) se hotA hai| 4. aSTakarma aura unake kAraNa jisa rUpameM karma-paramANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate

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400 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karAte haiM, unake anusAra unake vibhAga kie jAte haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM- 1. jJAnAvaraNIya, 2. darzanAvaraNIya, 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5. AyuSya, 6. nAma, 7. gotra, aura 8. antraay|4 1.jJAnAvaraNIya-karma jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete haiM, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI haiM aura sahaja jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya-karma kahI jAtI haiN| jJAnAvaraNIya-karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa-jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya-karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve cha: haiN| 1. pradoSa- jJAnI kA avarNavAda (nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa nikaalnaa| 2. nihnava- jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA, athavA kisI viSaya ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| 3. antarAya- jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAnI evaM jJAna ke sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa krnaa| 4. mAtsarya- vidvAnoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi meM aruci rkhnaa| 5. asAdanA- jJAna evaM jJAnI puruSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM karanA, unakI samucita vinaya nahIM karanA aura 6. upaghAta- vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgrahayukta visaMvAda karanA athavA svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| uparyukta cha: prakAra kA anaitika-AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka- vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIyakarma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa hotA hai ___1. matijJAnAvaraNa- aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, 2. zrutijJAnAvaraNa- bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. avadhijJAnAvaraNaatIndriya jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, 4. mana:paryAya jJAnAvaraNa- dUsare kI mAnasika - avasthAoM kA jJAna-prApti kara lene kI zakti kA abhAva, 5. kevala-jJAnAvaraNa- pUrNa jJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhaav|36 . kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se inake 10 bheda batAe gae haiN| 1.sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta hone vAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. dRSTi-zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 5. gaMdhagrahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha-sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 7.svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8.svAda-sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza-kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sparza-sambandhI jJAna kI anuplbdhi|"

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karma bantha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 401 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, ve darzanAvaraNIya-karma kahalAtI haiN| jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu-tattva kA nirvizeSa (nirvikalpa) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI vizeSa guNa-dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai| darzanAvaraNIya-karma AtmA ke darzana-guNa ko AvRtta karatA hai| darzanAvaraNIya-karmabandha ke kAraNa-jJAnAvaraNIya-karma ke samAna hI cha: prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya-karma kA bandha hotA hai- (1) samyakdRSTi kI nindA (chidrAnveSaNa) karanA, athavA usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karanA, (3) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka bananA, (4) samyakdRSTi kA samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) samyakdRSTi para dveSa karanA, (6) samyakdRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgrahasahita vivAda krnaa| darzanAvaraNIya-karma kA vipAka- uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA kA darzana-guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai-"1. cakSudarzanAvaraNa- netra-zakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| 2. acakSudarzanAvaraNa- netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya anubhavazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| 3. avadhidarzanAvaraNa-sImita atIndriya-darzana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA upasthita honaa| 4. kevala darzanAvaraNa- paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| 5. nidrA- sAmAnya nidraa| 6. nidrAnidrA- gaharI nidraa| 7. pracalA- baiThe-baiThe A jAne vAlI nidraa| 8. pracalApracalA- calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidraa| 9. styAnagRddhi- jisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala-sAdhya kArya kara DAlatA hai| antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke dvividha vyaktitva ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiN| uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha utpanna ho jAtA hai| 3. vedanIya karma jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, use vedanIya-karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- 1. sAtAvedanIya aura 2. asaataavedniiy| sukharUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAtAvedanIya aura duHkharUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIyakarma kahalAtA hai| sAtAvedanIyakarma ke kAraNa-dasa prakAra kAzubhAcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti sukhadasaMvedanArUpa sAtAvedanIya-karma kA bandha karatA hai- 1. pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA krnaa| 2. vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA krnaa| 3. dvIndriya Adi prANiyoM para dayA krnaa| 4. paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para anukampA krnaa| 5. kisI

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402 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kobhI kisI prakAra se duHkha ndenaa| 6. kisI bhI prANIko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho, aisA kArya na krnaa| 7. kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM bnaanaa| 8. kisI bhI prANI ko rudana nahIM kraanaa| 9. kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA aura 10. kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM krnaa|40 karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya-karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhanA, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3hazraddhA mAnA gayA hai|41 tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai| 42 sAtAvedanIyakarma kA vipAka- uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai- 1. manohara, karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, 2. manojJa, sundara rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai, 3. sugandha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, 4. susvAdu bhojana-pAnAdi upalabdha hotA hai, 5. manojJa, komala, sparza va Asana, zayanAdi kI upalabdhi hotI hai, 6. vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, 7. zubha vacana, prazaMsAdisunane kA avasara prApta hotA hai, 8. zArIrika-sukha milatA hai|43 asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa-jina azubha AcaraNoM ke kAraNa prANIko duHkha saMvedanA prApta hotI hai, ve 12 prakAra ke haiM- 1 kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, 2. cintita banAnA, 3. zokAkula banAnA, 4. rulAnA, 5. mAranA aura 6. pratAr3ita karanA, ina cha: kriyAoM kI maMdatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho jAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra 1. du:kha, 2. zoka, 3. tApa, 4. Akandana, 5. vadha aura 6. paridevana-ye cha: asAtAvedanIya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa haiM, jo sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA se 12 prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArthasUtra kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhikasaMgata hai| karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha ke kAraNoM ke viparIta guru kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA tathA dAna evaM zraddhA kA abhAva asAtAvedanIya-karma ke kAraNa mAne gae haiN| ina kriyAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM- 1. karNa- kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM 2. amanojJa evaM saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko prApta hotA hai, 3. amanojJa gandhoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, 4. svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, 5. amanojJa, kaThora evaM du:khada saMvedanA utpanna karane vAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, 6. amanojJa mAnasika-anubhUtiyoM kA honA, 7. nindA-apamAnajanaka vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura 8. zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti se zarIra ko du:khada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiN|47 4. mohanIya karma jaise madirAAdi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM meM AtmA kI viveka-zakti kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 403 AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM-darzanamoha aura caaritrmoh| ___ mohanIya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sAmAnyatayA mohanIya-karma kA bandha cha: kAraNoM se hotA hai- 1. krodha, 2. ahaMkAra, 3. kapaTa, 4. lobha, 5.azubhAcaraNa aura 6. vivekAbhAva (vimuuddh'taa)| prathama pA~case cAritramoha kA aura antimase darzanamoha kA bandhana hotA hai| karmagrantha meM darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke bandhana ke kAraNa alaga-alaga batAe gae haiN| darzanamohake kAraNa haiM- unmArga-dezanA, sanmArgakAapalApa,dhArmika-sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthaMkara, mani. caitya (jina-pratimAe~) aura dharma-saMgha ke pratikUla aacrnn| cAritramoha-karma ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna honA pramukha haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta,saMgha,dharma aura deva ke avarNavAda (nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNAma ko cAritramoha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|50 samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa kAraNa batAe gae haiN| 11. jo kisI trasaprANIko pAnI meM DubAkaramAratA hai| 2.jo kisI trasaprANI ko tIvra azubhaadhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| 3. jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dhakara mAratA hai| 4. jo kisI trasa prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai| 5. jo kisI trasa prANI ke mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai| 6. jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala se mArakara ha~satA hai| 7. jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bolakara apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| 8. jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare para kalaMka lagAtA hai| 9. jo kalaha bar3hAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra bhASA bolatA hai| 10. jo pati-patnI meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA unheM mArmikavacanoM se jheMpA detA hai| 11. jo strI meM Asakta vyakti apane-Apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| 12. jo atyanta kAmuka vyakti apane-Apako brahmacArI kahatA hai| 13. jo cApalUsI karake apane svAmI ko ThagatA hai| 14. jo, jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai, vaha IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai| 15. jo apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai| 16. jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| 17. jo pramukha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| 18. jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai| 19. jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| 20. jo nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai| 21. jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kI nindA karatA hai| 22. jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kA avinaya karatA hai| 23. jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apaneApako bahuzruta kahatA hai| 24. jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI kahatA hai| 25. jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM karatA hai| 26. jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiN| 27. jo AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayAsa karate haiN| 28. jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogopabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA

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404 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai| 29. jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai| 30. jo asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane-Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| (a) darzana-moha- jaina-darzana meM darzana zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai- 1. pratyakSIkaraNa, 2. dRSTikoNa aura 3. shrddhaa| prathama artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya-karma se hai, jabaki dUsare aura tIsare artha kA sambandha mohanIya-karma se hai| darzana-moha ke kAraNa prANI meM samyak dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai| darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai1. mithyAtvamoha-jisake kAraNa prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai| zubha ko azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtvamoha hai| 2. samyakmithyAtvamoha- satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke sambandha meM anizcayAtmakatA aura 3. samyaktvamoha- kSAyika-samyaktva kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyaktva-moha hai," arthAt dRSTikoNa kI AMzika vishuddhtaa| (ba) cAritra-moha- cAritra-moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha hotA hai| cAritra-mohajanita azubhAcaraNa 25 prakAra kA hai -1. prabalatama krodha, 2. prabalatama mAna, 3. prabalatama mAyA (kapaTa), 4. prabalatama lobha, 5. ati krodha, 6. ati mAna, 7. ati mAyA (kapaTa), 8. ati lobha, 9. sAdhAraNa krodha, 10. sAdhAraNa mAna, 11. sAdhAraNa mAyA (kapaTa), 12. sAdhAraNa lobha, 13. alpa krodha, 14. alpa mAna, 15. alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura, 16. alpa lobha-ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya) haiM- 1. hAsya, 2.rati (sneha, rAga), 3. arati (dveSa), 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6. jugupsA (ghRNA), 7. strIveda (puruSa-sahavAsa kI icchA), 8. puruSaveda (strI-sahavAsa kI icchA), 9. napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa donoM ke sahavAsa kI icchaa)| mohanIya-karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa azubha kI ora pravRtti kI ruci hotI hai| anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jainaparamparA meM mohanIya-karma kA hai| jisa prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya-karma hai| mohanIya-karma kA kSayopazama hI naitika-vikAsa kA AdhAra hai| 5. AyuSya karma jisa prakAra ber3I kaidI kI svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra jo karma-paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate haiM, unheM AyuSya-karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai|

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 405 AyuSya-karma cAra prakAra kA hai- 1. naraka-Ayu, 2. tiryaMca-Ayu (vAnaspatika evaM pazujIvana) 3. manuSya-Ayu aura 4. dev-aayu| AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, usakA nirdeza bhI jaina-AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAne gae haiN| (a) nArakIya-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. mahArambha (bhayAnaka hiMsaka karma), 2. mahAparigraha (atyadhika saMcaya-vRtti), 3. manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA, 4. mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi nazIle padArthoM kA sevn| (ba) pAzavika-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. kapaTa karanA, 2. rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA, 3. asatya bhASaNa, 4. kama-jyAdA taula-mApa krnaa| karma-grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA prakaTa na karanA bhI tiryaMca-Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|" tattvArthasUtra meM mAyA (kapaTa) ko hI pazuyoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai| (sa) mAnava-jIvana kI prAptike cAra kAraNa-1.saralatA, 2. vinayazIlatA, 3. karuNA aura 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honaa| tattvArthasUtra meM 1. alpa Arambha, 2. alpaparigraha, 3. svabhAva kI saralatA aura 4. svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya-Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| (da) daivIya-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. sarAga (sakAma) saMyama kA pAlana, 2. saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, 3. sakAma-tapasyA (bAla-tapa), 4. svAbhAvika rUpa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gae haiN| karma-grantha ke anusAra avirata-samyakdRSTi manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata-zrAvaka, sarAgI-sAdhu, bAlatapasvI aura icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhitivaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karate hue akAma-nirjarA karane vAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiN|' AkasmikamaraNa-prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa Ayukarma ko bhoga rahA hai aura pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayukarma ke paramANu bhoga ke pazcAt pRthak hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAnaAyuka' ke pUrvabaddha samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM, usa samaya prANI ko vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane ke pUrva hI navIna zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi Ayuga kA bhoga isa prakAra niyata hai, to AkasmikamaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA ? isake pratyuttara meM jaina-vicArakoM ne Ayukarma kA bhoga do prakAra kA mAnA- 1. kramika, 2. aaksmik| kramika-bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Ayu kA bhoga dhIre-dhIre hotA rahatA hai, jabaki Akasmika-bhoga meM kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne

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406 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla-mRtyu kahate haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake sAta kAraNa batAe gae haiM- 1. harSa-zoka kA atireka, 2. viSa athavAzastra kA prayoga, 3.AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavAsarvathA-abhAva, 4. vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, 5. AghAta, 6. sarpadaMzAdi aura 7. shvaas-nirodh|2 6. nAma karma jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra banAtA hai, usI prakAra nAma-karma vibhinna paramANuoM se jagat ke prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka-tattva kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka-tattvoM ko nAma-karma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai, lekina vistArabhaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai| uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai- 1. zubhanAmakarma (acchA vyaktitva) aura 2. azubhanAmakarma (burA vyktitv)| prANI-jagat meM jo Azcaryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA pramukha kAraNa nAma-karma hai| zubhanAma-karma ke bandhake kAraNa- jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktitva kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gae haiM- 1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2. vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaJjasyapUrNa jiivn|63 zubhanAmakarmakA vipAka- uparyukta cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNase prApta zubha vyaktitva kA vipAka 14 prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka-vANI (iSTa zabda), 2. sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa rUpa), 3. zarIra se ni:sRta hone vAle maloM meM bhIsugaMdhi (iSTa gaMdha), 4. jaivIya-rasoM kI samucitatA (iSTa rasa), 5. tvacA kA sukomala honA (iSTa sparza), 6. acapala yogya gati (iSTa gati),7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa sthiti), 8. lAvaNya, 9. yaza:kIrti kA prasAra (iSTa yaza: kIrti), 10. yogya zArIrika-zakti (iSTa utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama), 11. logoM ko rucikara lage, aisA svara, 12. kAnta svara, 13. priya svara aura 14. manojJa svr|64 azubhanAmakarma ke kAraNa-nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNase vyakti (prANI) ko azubha vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai- 1. zarIra kI vakratA, 2. vacana kI vakratA, 3. mana kI vakratA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya-vRtti yA asAmaMjasyapUrNa jiivn| ___ azubhanAmakarma kA vipAka-1.aprabhAvakavANI (aniSTa zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa sparza), 3. zArIrika-maloM kA durgandhayukta honA (aniSTa gaMdha), 4. jaivIyarasoM kI asamucitatA (aniSTa rasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para na honA (aniSTa sthiti), 8. saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza, 10.

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 407 puruSArtha karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriya svara aura 14. akAnta svr| 7. gotra karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai, vaha gotrakarma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. ucca gotra (pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra (apratiSThita kula)167 kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai, isa para jainAcAra-darzana meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ahaMkAravRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| ucca gotra evaM nIca gotra ke karma-bandha ke kAraNa- nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlAvyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai- 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zArIrika-zakti), 4. rUpa (saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7.lAbha (upalabdhiyA~) aura 8.svAmitva (adhikaar)| isake viparIta, jo vyakti upayukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai, vaha nIca kula meM janma letA hai| karma-grantha ke anasAra bhI ahaMkArarahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA, adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai aura isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca gotra ko prApta karatA hai|tttvaarthsuutr ke anusAra para-nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana-ye nIca gotra ke bandhake hetu haiN| isake viparIta; para-prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadguNoM kAprakAzana, asadguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatAye ucca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN|69 gotra-karma kA vipAka- vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai- 1. niSkalaMka mAtR-pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSThita pitR-pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra, 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM tapa-zakti, 6. tIvra buddhi evaM vipula jJAnarAzipara adhikAra, 7. lAbha evaM vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. adhikAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI prApti, lekina ahaMkArI vyaktitva uparyukta samagra samatAoM se, athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai| 8. antarAya karma abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya-karma kahate haiN| yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai| 1. dAnAntarAya- dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya- koI prApti hone vAlI ho, lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jAnA, 3. bhogAntarAya - bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA, jaise vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA susvAdu bhojana bhI banA ho, lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnA par3e, 4. upabhogAntarAya- upabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, 5. vIryAntarAya - zakti ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakanA / - ( tattvArthasUtra, 8. 14 ) jaina nIti- darzana ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga-zakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha bhI apanI upalabdha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaise koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara, yA anya prakAra se dAna dene se roka detA hai, athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana para se uThA detA hai, to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI hai, athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra jina-pUjA Adi dharma-kAryoM meM vighna utpanna karane vAlA aura hiMsA meM tatpara vyakti bhI antarAya-karma kA saMcaya karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI antarAya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa hai| 71 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI -karma - - karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya ina cAra karmoM ko 'ghAtika' aura nAma, gotra, AyuSya aura vedanIya - ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai / ghAtI-karma AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti guNa kA AvaraNa karate haiN| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ataH jIvana-mukti meM bAdhaka hote ghAtakarmoM ke avidyArUpa mohanIyakarma hI AtmasvarUpa ke AvaraNa, kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthitikAla kI dRSTi se pramukha haiN| vastutaH, mohakarma hI eka aisA karma-saMskAra hai, jisake kAraNa karma-grantha kA pravAha satata banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI zakti hai| jisa prakAra ugane yogya bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko bar3hAtA rahatA hai, usI prakAra mohanIyarUpI karma- bIja jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya-rUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma-paramparA ko satata banAe rakhatA hai| mohanIya karma hI janma, maraNa, saMsAra yA bandhana kA mUla hai, zeSa ghAtI- karma usake sahayogI mAtra haiN| ise karmoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra mohakarma para vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa sAre karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti (AtmA) - 408

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 409 jIvana-mukta bana jAtA hai| __ aghAtI-karma ve haiM, jo AtmA ke svabhAva-dazA kI upalabdhi aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote|aghaatii-krm bhune hue bIja ke samAna haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM kI utpAdanakSamatA nahIM hotii| ve karma-paramparA kA pravAha banAe rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiN| sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~- AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtI-karmoM kI 45 karma-prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI haiM- 1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. deshghaatii| sarvaghAtI karma-prakRti kisI AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRti usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| ___AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAma-guNa ko mithyAtva (azuddha dRSTikoNa) sarva-rUpeNaAcchAdita kara detA hai| anantajJAna (kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai| pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiN| isI prakAra, cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM 12 hote haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiN| anantAnubandhI-kaSAya samyaktva kA, pratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya dezavratI-cAritra (gRhastha-dharma) kAaura pratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya sarvavratIcAritra (munidharma) kA pUrNatayA bAdhaka banatA hai, ata: ye 20 prakAra kI karma-prakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| zeSa, jJAnAvaraNIya-karma kI 4, darzanAvaraNIya-karma kI 3, mohanIya-karma kI 13, antarAya-karma kI 5 kula 25 karmaprakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| sarvaghAta kAarthamAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai, na ki ina guNoM kA anastitva, kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke pUrNa abhAvakI sthiti meM Atmatattva aura jar3a-tattva meM aMtara hI nahIM rhegaa| nandisUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAzako cAhe kitanA hIAvarita kyoM na kara le, phira bhI vaha na to usakI prakAza-kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai, usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRtta kyoM na kara leM, phira bhI unakA eka aMza hamezA hI anAvRtta rahatA hai| 2 6. pratItyasamutpAda aura aSTakarma, eka tulanAtmaka-vivecana jaina-darzana ke aSTakarma ke vargIkaraNa para koI tulanAtmaka-vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki bauddha-darzana aura gItA meM isa rUpa meM koI vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hai, lekina jisa prakAra jaina-darzana kA karma-vargIkaraNa bandhana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM pratItya-samutpAdabhI janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, ata: usa para saMkSepa meM vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogaa|

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pratItyasamutpAda kA artha hai - aisA hone para aisA hotA hai aura aisA na hone para aisA nahIM hotA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka utpAda kA koI pratyaya, hetu yA kAraNa avazya hotA hai| yadi pratyeka utpAda sahetuka hai, to phira hamAre bandhana yA duHkha kA bhI koI hetu avazya hogA / pratItyasamutpAda hamAre bandhana yA duHkha kI nimna 12 aMgoM meM kArya-kAraNAtmaka vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai / 410 - 1. avidyA- pratItyasamutpAda kI prathama kar3I avidyA hai| bauddha darzana meM avidyA kA artha hai - duHkha, duHkha samudaya, duHkha nirodha aura duHkha - nirodhamArgarUpI cAra Aryasatya sambandhI ajJAna / avidyA kA hetu Asrava hai, AsravoM ke samudaya se avidyA kA samudaya hotA hai aura avidyA ke kAraNa hI janma-maraNa paramparA kA saMsaraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra, bauddhadarzana meM avidyA saMsAra meM AvAgamana (bandhana) kA mUlAdhAra hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to avidyA jaina - paramparA ke darzana-moha ke samAna hai| donoM ke anusAra yaha eka AdhyAtmika andhatA yA samyak dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hai| donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki avidyA yA darzana - mohaduHkha, bandhana evaM anaitika- AcaraNa kA pramukha kAraNa hai| donoM hI paramparAe~ avidyA yA darzana-moha ko anAdi mAnate hue bhI ahetuka yA akAraNa nahIM mAnatI haiM, jaisA ki sAMkhyadarzana meM mAnA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA meM avidyA aura tRSNA meM tathA jaina - paramparA meM darzana - moha aura cAritra moha meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa sambandha mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, avidyA yA darzana - moha ahetuka nahIM hai, unakA hetu tRSNA yA cAritramoha hai| - 2. saMskAra - pratItyasamutpAda kI dUsarI kar3I saMskAra hai| kuzala- akuzala kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika cetanAe~, jo janma-maraNa paramparA kA kAraNa banatI haiM, saMskAra kahI jAtI haiN| saMskAra eka prakAra se mAnasika - vAsanA hai, jo avidyAjanya hai / saMskAra tIna prakAra ke haiM- 1. puNyAbhisaMskAra, 2 apuNyAbhisaMskAra, 3. anyonyaabhisNskaar| ye saMskAra jaina - paramparA ke cAritra moha se tulanIya haiN| puNyAbhisaMskAra puNya - bandhana se, apuNyAbhisaMskAra pApa-bandha se aura anyonyAbhisaMskAra puNyAnubandhIpApa yA pApAnubandhI- puNya se tulanIya haiN| - kSamatA kA 3. vijJAna - pratItyasamutpAda kI tIsarI kar3I vijJAna (cetanA) hai, jo saMskArajanya hai| vijJAna kA tAtparya una citta-dhArAoM se hai, jo pUrvajanma meM kie hue kuzala - akuzala karmoM ke vipAkasvarUpa isa janma meM prakaTa hotI haiM aura jinake kAraNa manuSya ko aindrika - saMvedana evaM anubhUti hotI hai, arthAt vijJAna indriyoM kI jJAna-sambandhI cetanaAdhAra evaM nirdhAraka hai| isa prakAra, vijJAna jaina- paramparA ke jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNakarma se tulanIya hai| pA~coM jJAnendriyA~ tathA mana- ye chaha vijJAna ke prakAra haiN|

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 411 4. nAma-rUpa- nAma-rUpa kA pratItyasamutpAda meM cauthA sthAna hai| nAma-rUpa kA hetu vijJAna (cetanA) hai| bauddha-darzana meM samasta jagat rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna-ina paMcaskandhoM se nirmita hai| prathama rUpaskandha ko rUpa aura zeSa cAroM skandhoM ko nAma kahA jAtA hai| rUpa bhautika aura nAma cetana hai| milindaprazna meM nAgasenaM likhate haiM ki jitanI sthUla cIje haiM, ve sabhI rUpa haiM aura jitanI sUkSma mAnasika-avasthAe~ haiM, ve nAma haiM pRthvI, agni, pAnI aura vAyu-ye cAroM mahAbhUta aura inase pratyutpanna sabhI vastue~ evaMzarIrAti rUpa kahI jAtI haiM, jabaki vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna-ye cAroM nAma kahe jAte haiM nAma jaina-vicAraNA ke AyuSyakarma, gatinAmakarma aura zarIra-nAmakarma kIsaMyukta avastha' se tulanIya haiN| 5. SaDAyatana- SaDAyatana se tAtparya cakSu, ghrANa, zravaNa, rasanAaura sparza-ina pA~ca indriyoM evaM chaThe mana se hai| SaDAyatana kA kAraNa nAma-rUpa hai| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karane para vyakti ke sandarbha meM nAma-rUpa aura SaDAyatana jaina-darzana ke nAma-karma ke samAna hai, kyoMki jaina-darzana meM nAmakarma aura bauddha-darzana meM nAma-rUpa tathA SaDAyatana vaiyaktikatA ke nirdhAraka haiM aura isa artha meM donoM hI samAna haiN| 6. sparza- SaDAyatana, arthAt indriyoM evaM mana ke hone se unakA apane-apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai| yaha indriyoM aura viSaya kA saMyoga hI sparza hai| yaha SaDAyatanoM para nirbhara hone se chaha prakAra kA hai- A~kha-sparza (dekhanA), kAna kA sparza (sunanA), nAka kA sparza (gandha-grahaNa), jIbha kA sparza (svAda), zarIra kA sparza (tvak-saMvedanA) aura mana kA sparza (vicaar-sNklp)| ye sabhI kuzala yA akuzala karma ke vipAka mAne gae haiN| 7. vedanA- vedanA sparza-janita hai| indriya aura viSayoM ke saMyoga kAmana para par3ane vAlA prathama prabhAva vedanA hai| indriyoM ke hone para unakAapane-apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai aura vaha samparka hamAre mana para prabhAva DAlatA hai| yaha prabhAva cAra prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. sukha-rUpa, 2. duHkha-rUpa, 3. sukha-duHkharUpa aura 4. asukh-aduHkhruup| pA~ca indriyoM evaM mana kI apekSA se vedanA ke chaha vibhAga bhI kie gae haiN| sparza aura vedanAjaina-vicAraNA ke vedanIya-karma ke samAna haiN| sukharUpa vedanA sAtAvedanIya aura duHkha-rUpa vedanA asAtAvedanIyase tulanIya hai| asukha-aduHkharUpa-vedanAkI tulanA jaina-darzana kI vedanIyakarma kI pradezodaya nAmaka avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| 8. tRSNA- indriyoM evaM mana ke viSayoM ke samparka kI cAha tRSNA hai| yaha chaha prakAra kI hotI hai- zabda-tRSNA, rUpa-tRSNA, gaMdha-tRSNA, rasa (AsvAda)-tRSNA, sparza-tRSNA aura mana ke viSayoM kI tRssnnaa| inameM se pratyeka kAmatRSNA, bhavatRSNA aura vibhavatRSNA ke rUpa meM tIna prakAra kI hotI hai| viSayoM ke bhoga kI vAsanA ko lekara jo tRSNA udita hotI

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412 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai, vaha kAma-tRSNA hai| viSaya (padArtha) aura viSayI (bhoktA) kA saMyoga sadaiva banA rahe, unakA uccheda na ho, yaha lAlasA bhavatRSNA hai| yaha zAzvatatA yA bane rahane kI tRSNA hai| arucikara yA duHkhada saMvedanarUpa viSayoM ke samparka ko lekara jo vinAza-sambandhI icchA udita hotI hai, vaha vibhavatRSNA hai| yaha dveSa sthAnIya evaM anastitva kI tRSNA hai| tRSNA lobha kA hI rUpa hai| isa prakAra, yaha jaina-darzana ke cAritramoha-karma ke antargata AjAtI hai| eka dUsare prakAra se tRSNAapUrNa yAatRpta icchA hai aura isa prakAra yaha antarAya-karma se bhI tulanIya hai, yadyapi donoM meM adhika nikaTatA nahIM hai| 9. upAdAna- upAdAna kA artha Asakti hai, jo taSNA ke kAraNa hotI hai| upAdAna cAra prakAra ke haiM- 1. kAmupAdAna-kAmabhoga meM gRddha bane rahanA, 2. dilRpAdAnamithyA dhAraNAoM se cipake rahanA, 3. sIlabbUtUpAdAna-vyartha ke karmakANDoM meM lage rahanA aura 4.attavAdUpAdAna-AtmavAda meM Asakti rkhnaa| upAdAna kAsambandha bhImohanIyakarma se hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| dilRpAdAna, sIlabbUtUpAdAna aura attavAdUpAdAna kA sambandha darzana-moha se aura kAmUpAdAna kA sambandha cAritramoha se hai| vaise ye upAdAna vaiyaktika-puruSArtha ko sanmArga kI dizA meM lagAne meM bAdhaka haiM aura isa rUpa meM vIryAntarAya ke samAna haiN| 10. bhava- bhava kA artha hai-punarjanma karAne vAlA krm| bhava do prakAra kA haikammabhava aura uppttibhv| jo karma punarjanma karAne vAlA hai, vaha karmabhava (kammabhava) hai aura jisa upAdAna ko lekara vyakti loka meM janma grahaNa karatA hai, vaha utpattibhava (uppattibhava) hai| bhava jaina-darzana ke AyuSyakarma se tulanIya hai| kammabhava bhAvI jIvana sambandhI AyuSyakarma kA bandha hai, jo tRSNA yA moha ke kAraNa hotA hai| utpattibhava vartamAna jIvana sambandhI AyuSya-dharma hai| 11. jAti- devoM kA devatva, manuSyoM kA manuSyatva, catuSpadoM kA catuSpadatva jAti kahA jAtA hai| jAti bhAvI-janma kI yoni kA nizcaya hai, jisase puna: janma grahaNa karanA hotA hai| jAti kI tulanA jaina-darzana ke jAti-nAmakarma se aura kucha rUpa meM gotra-karma se kI jA sakatI hai| ____12. jarA-maraNa-janmadhAraNa kara vRddhAvasthA aura mRtyuko prApta honA jarA-maraNa hai| jarA-maraNa kI tulanA bhI AyuSya-karma ke bhoga se kI jA sakatI hai| AyuSya-karma kA kSaya honA hI jarAmaraNa hai| isa prakAra, bauddha-darzana ke pratItya-samutpAda aura jaina-darzana ke karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kucha nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi donoM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki bauddha-darzana meM pratItyasamutpAda kI kar3iyoM meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa zrRMkhalA kI jo

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 413 manovaijJAnika-yojanA dikhAI gaI hai, vaisI jaina karma-siddhAnta meM nahIM hai| usameM kevala mohakarma kA anya karmoM se kucha sambandhakhojA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI paMcAstikAyasAra meM hameM eka aisI manovaijJAnika-yojanA parilakSita hotI hai, jisakI tulanA pratItyasamutpAdase kI jA sakatI hai| 7. mahAyAna-dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma mahAyAna bauddha-darzana meM karmoM kA jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa ke rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vaha jaina-darzana ke karma-vargIkaraNa ke kAphI nikaTa hai| klezAvaraNa bandhana evaMduHkha kA kAraNa hai, jabaki jJeyAvaraNajJAna ke prakAza yAsarvajJatA meM bAdhaka hai| klezAvaraNa jaina-darzana ke cAritramoha-karma aura jJeyAvaraNa kevalajJAnAvaraNa-karma se tulanIya hai| vaise jaina-vicAraNA dvArA svIkRta karma ke do kArya AvaraNa aura vikSepa kI tulanA bhI kramaza: jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa se kI jA sakatI hai| 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtI aura aghAtI-karma aSTa karmoM meM AtmA ke svabhAvake AvaraNa kI dRSTi se cAra karmaghAtI aura cArakarma aghAtI mAne gae haiM, lekina yadi navIna bandha yA punarjanma-utpAdaka karma kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to ekamAtra moha-karma hI navIna baMdha yA punarjanma kA utpAdaka hai, zeSa sabhI karmoM kA bandha moha-karma kI upasthiti meM hI hotA hai, moha-karma kI anupasthiti meM koI aisA bandha nahIM hotA, jisake kAraNa AtmA ko janmamaraNa ke cakra meM pha~sanA pdd'e| bauddha-darzana meM AtmA ke svabhAvako Avarita karane vAleghAtI aura aghAtI-karmoM ke sambandha meM to koI vicAra upalabdha nahIM hai, lekina usameM punarjanma-utpAdaka karma kI dRSTi se kammabhava aura uppattibhava kA vicAra avazya upalabdha hai| pratItya-samutpAda kI 12 kar3iyoM meM avidyA, saMskAra, tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhAva-pA~ca kammabhava haiN| inake kAraNa janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA pravAha calatA rahatA hai| zeSa vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, jAti aura jarAmaraNa utpattibhava haiM, jo apanI udaya yA vipAka-avasthA meM nae bandhana kA sRjana nahIM karate haiN| kammabhava meM avidyA aura saMskAra bhUtakAlIna jIvana ke arjita karma-saMskAra yA cetanA-saMskAra haiN| ye saMkalita hokara vipAka ke rUpa meM hamAre vartamAna jIvana ke utpattibhava (vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza aura vedanA) kA nizcaya karate haiN| tatpazcAt, vartamAna jIvana ke tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhavasvayaM kammabhava ke rUpa meM bhAvI jIvana ke utpattibhava ke rUpa meM jAti aura jarAmaraNa kA nizcaya karate haiN| vartamAna jIvana ke tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhavabhAvI-jIvana ke avidyA aura saMskAra bana jAte haiM, aura vartamAna meM bhAvI-jIvana ke lie nizcita hue jAti aura jarAmaraNabhAvI-jIvana meM vijJAna, nAmarUpa aura SaDAyatana ke kAraNa hote haiN| isa prakAra, kammabhava racanAtmaka karmazakti ke

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414 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke moha-karma ke samAna janmamaraNa kI zrRMkhalA kA sarjaka hai aura utpattibhava zeSa niSkriya karma-avasthAoM ke samAna hai, jo mohakarma yA kammabhava ke abhAva meM janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke pravAha ko banAe rakhane meM asamartha hai| isa prakAra, bauddha-darzana kA karmabhava jaina-darzana ke moha-karma se aura utpatti-bhava jaina-vicAraNA kI zeSa karmaavasthAoM ke samAna hai| ise nimna tulanAtmaka-tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai bauddha-paramparA jaina-paramparA kammabhava 1. avidyA mohakarma kI sattA kI avsthaa| 2. saMskAra / - mohakarma kI vipAka aura navIna bandha kI avsthaa| 3. tRSNA 4. upAdAna 5. bhava utpattibhava 6. vijJAna 7. nAma-rUpa 8. SaDAyatana 9. sparza 10. vedanA / 11. jAti 12. jarA-maraNa jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa AyuSya, nAma, gotra aura vedanIya karma kI vipAka avsthaa| bhAvI jIvana ke lie AyuSya, nAma, gotra Adi karmoM kI bandhana kI avsthaa| 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana karma-akarma vicAra meM hamane dekhA ki bandhana mukhya rUpa se kartA kI caittasikaavasthA para AdhArita hai, ata: yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki cetanA aura bandhana ke bIca kyA sambandha hai ? Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA Adhunika manovijJAna cetanA ke tIna pakSa mAnatA hai, jinheM kramaza:-(1) jJAnAtmakapakSa, (2) bhAvAtmaka-pakSa aura (3) saMkalpAtmaka-pakSa kahA jAtA hai| inhIM tIna pakSoM ke AdhAra para cetanA ke tIna kArya mAne jAte haiM- 1. jAnanA, 2. anubhava karanA, 3. icchA krnaa| bhAratIya-cintana meM bhI cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM athavA kAryoM ke sambandha meM prAcIna samaya se hI paryApta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakundane cetanA ke nimna tIna pakSoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai- 1. jJAnacetanA, 2. karmacetanA aura 3. krmphlcetnaa| tulanAtmaka

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karmabandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAna-cetanA ko cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa se, karmaphalacetanA ko cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka (anubhUtyAtmaka) pakSa se aura karma-cetanA ko cetanA ke saMkalpAtmakapakSa ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina- dRSTikoNa uparyukta tInoM pakSoM para bandhana ke kAraNa kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to jJAta hotA hai ki cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa yA jJAna- cetanA bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| jJAnacetanA to mukta jIvAtmAoM meM bhI hotI hai, ataH use bandhana kA kAraNa mAnanA asaMgata hai / karmaphalacetanA yA cetanA ke anubhUtyAtmaka-pakSa ko bhI apane-Apa meM bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki arhat yA kevalI meM bhI vedanIya karma kA phala bhogane ke kAraNa karmaphala- cetanA to hotI hai, lekina vaha usake bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM bntii| uttarAdhyayanasUtra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki indriyoM ke mAdhyama se honevAlI sukhada aura duHkhada anubhUtiyA~ vItarAga ke mana meM rAga-dveSa ke bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktiiN| 7 isa prakAra, na cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka-pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa hai| cetanA ke tIsare saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko, jise karmacetanA kahA jAtA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zeSa do - jJAnacetanA aura anubhavacetanA to cetanA kI niSkriya avasthAe~ haiM, yadyapi unameM pratibimbita hone vAlI bAhya ghaTanAe~ sakriya tattva haiM, lekina karma - cetanA - - svata: hI sakriya avasthA hai| saMkalpa, vikalpa evaM rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM kA janma cetanA kI isI avasthA meM hotA hai, ata: jaina-darzana meM cetanA kA yahI saMkalpAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi isake pIche upAdAna kAraka ke rUpa meM bhautika-tathyoM se prabhAvita hone vAlI, karmaphala cetanA kA hAtha avazya hotA hai| kucha vicArakoM ne karma-cetanA ko bhI niSkriya kriyA- cetanA ke rUpa meM samajhane kI koziza kI hai, lekina aisI avasthA meM cetanA kA koI bhI sakriya pakSa nahIM rahane se bandhana kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hogii| yadi karma - cetanA kevala kriyA ke hone kA jJAna hai, to phira vaha jJAna- cetanA yA karmaphalacetanA se bhinna nahIM hogI, ata: karmacetanA kI niSkriya rUpa meM vyAkhyA ucita pratIta nahIM hotI hai| kevala usI kA sambandha bandhana se ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vahI rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyAdi bhAva- karmoM kI karttA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa se tulanA - bauddha-vicAra meM bhI cetanA ko jJAnAtmaka, anubhavAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka-pakSoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai, jinheM kramazaH sannA, vedanA aura cetanA (saMkalpa) kahA gayA hai| " jaina - paramparA jise jJAna - cetanA kahatI hai, use bauddha paramparA meM sannA yA kriyA - cetanA kahA jAtA hai, jaina- - paramparA kI karmaphala- cetanA bauddha paramparA kI vipAka - cetanA yA 415

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416 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vedanA ke samakakSa hai, bauddha-vicAraNA kI cetanA (saMkalpa) kI tulanA jaina-vicAraNA kI karma-cetanAse kI jA sakatI hai| tInoM pakSoM se samanvita cetanA naitika AdhAra parazobhanA, akuzala aura avyakta-aise tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai| puna:, zobhanA yA kuzalacetanA ko tIna upabhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - 1. zubha saMkalpa-cetanA, 2. zubha vipAka-cetanA aura 3. zubha kriyaa-cetnaa| isI prakAra, azubha yA akuzala-cetanA bhI 1. akuzala saMkalpa-cetanA, 2. akuzala vipAka-cetanA, aura 3. akuzala kriyAcetanA (jJAna-cetanA)- aise tIna upabhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai, lekina usameM se zubha aura azubha vipAka-cetanAe~ tathA zubha aura azubha kriyA-cetanAe~ bandhana kI koTi meM nahIM AtI haiN| yadyapi bAhya-jagat meM ye kriyAzIlatA kI avasthAe~ haiM, lekina inake pIche kartA kA koI Azaya nahIM hone se ye bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| mAtrazubha aura azubhasaMkalpa-cetanA hI bandhana-dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM tathA saMsAra ke AvAgamana kA kAraNa haiN| l y // n h@ sandarbha graMtha1. tattvArthasUtra, 8/2-3. karma prakRti, bandhaprakaraNa, 1. 3. tattvArthasUtra TIkA, bhAga 1, pR. 343 uddhRta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 232. tattvArthasUtra, 8/4. tattvArthasUtra, 6/1-2. vahI, 6/3-4. vahI, 6/5. tattvArtha sUtra, 6/6. nava padArtha jJAnasAra, pR. 100. 10. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/1. (a) samavAyAMga, 5/4; (ba) isiyabhAsiya, 9/53; (sa) tattvArtha sUtra, 8/1. 12. samayasAra, 171. uttarAdhyayana, 32/7. 14. samayasAra, 157. 15. saMyuttanikAya, 36/8, 43/7/3, 45/5/10. dekhie- bauddha dharmadarzanA, pR. 245. dhammapada, 292%; 17. majjhimanikAya, 1/1/9. 18. saMyuttanikAya, 21/3/9. 19. aMguttaranikAya, 3/33, (pR. 137). 11. 16.

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karma bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 417 20. 21. 22. 23. 27. 29. 31. 33. 34. 36. vahI, 3/33. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR. 25. (a) gItA, 16/10; (ba) gItA (zAM.), 16/10. gItA, 14/13, 14/17. vahI, 18/15. vahI, 16/5. vahI, 16/4. vahI, 16/10. gItA, 16/16. gItA, 7/27; gItA (zAM.) 7/27. yogasUtra, 2/3. nItizAstra, pR.63. karmagrantha, bhAga 2, pR. 51., dekhie- sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 235 se 239. karmagrantha,bhAga 2, pR. 121. uttarAdhyayana, 33/23. (a) karmagrantha, 1/54., (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6/11. tattvArthasUtra, 8/7. navapadArthajJAnasAra, pR. 236. (a) tattvArthasUtra, 6/11.,(ba) karmagrantha, 1/54. tattvArthasUtra, 8/8. navapadArthajJAnasAra, pR. 237. karmagrantha, 1/55. tattvArthasUtra, 6/13. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR. 237. vahI, pR. 237. tattvArthasUtra, 6/12. karmagrantha, 1/55. navapadArthajJAnasAra, pR. 237. vahI, pR. 237. karmagrantha, 1/56-57. tattvArthasUtra, 6/14-15. samavAyAMga, 30/1. tattvArthasUtra, 8/10 37. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

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418 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 53. vahI, 8/10. 54. tattvArthasUtra, 8/11. 55. vahI, 6/19. 56. sthAnAMga, 114/4/373. 57. karmagrantha, 1/58. tattvArthasUtra, 6/17. 59. vahI, 6/18. vahI, 6/20. karmagrantha, 1/59. sthAnAMga, 7/561. 63. tattvArthasUtra, 6/22. 64. navapadArthajJAnasAra, pR. 239. 65. tattvArthasUtra, 6/21. 66. navapadArthajJAnasAra, pR. 239. tattvArthasUtra, 8/13. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR. 240. 69. (a) karmagrantha, 1/60; (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6/24. 70. navapadArthajJAnasAra, pR. 240. 71. (a) karmagrantha, 1/61. (ba). tattvArthasUtra, 6/26. nandisUtra, 42. 73. (a) dIghanikAya, 2/2; (ba) saMyuttanikAya, 12/1/2; (sa) bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 373-410. paMcAstikAyasAra, 128 va 129. 75. abhidharma koSa-karmanirdezanAmaka cauthA nirdeza, uddhRta jaina sTaDIja, pR. 251-252. 76. paMcAstikAyasAra, 38. 77. uttarAdhyayana, 32/100. 78. uddhRta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI pR. 247.

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 8816 13 sag yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AtmA ke pUrvakarma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa bandhana kI prakriyA avirAma gati se cala rahI hai| pUrvakarma-saMskAra vipAka ke avasara para AtmA ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa mAnasika evaM zArIrika kriyA- vyApAra hotA hai aura usa kriyA- - vyApAra ke kAraNa navIna karmAsrava evaM karma-bandha hotA hai, ata: yaha prazna upasthita bandhana se mukta kaise huA jAe ? jaina darzana bandhana se bacane ke lie jo upAya karatA hai, use saMvara kahate haiN| - 1. saMvara kA artha 419 bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMbara aura nirjarA) - - tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra Asrava-nirodha saMvara hai / ' saMvara mokSa kA mUla kAraNa' tathA naitika-sAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai| saMvara zabda 'sam' upasargapUrvaka 'vR' dhAtu se banA hai / vR dhAtu kA artha hai- rokanA yA nirodha krnaa| isa prakAra, saMvara zabda kA artha hai - AtmA meM praveza karane vAle karma - vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko roka denA / sAmAnyataH zArIrika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM kA yathAzakya nirodha karanA (rokanA) saMvara hai, kyoMki kriyAe~ hI Asrava kA kAraNa haiM / jaina - paramparA meM saMvara ko karma-paramANuoM ke Asrava ko rokane artha meM aura bauddha paramparA meM kriyA ke nirodha ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM karmavargaNA (paramANuoM) kA bhautika svarUpa mAnya nahIM hai, ata: ve saMvara ko jaina - paramparA ke artha meM nahIM lete haiN| usameM saMvara kA artha mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke kriyA - vyApAra yA aindrika pravRttiyoM kA saMyama hI abhipreta hai| vaise, jainaparamparA meM bhI saMvara ko kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke nirodha ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki saMvara ke pA~ca aMgoM meM ayoga (akriyA) bhI eka hai| yadi isa paramparAgata artha ko mAnya karate hue bhI thor3A Upara uThakara dekheM, to saMvara kA vAstavika artha saMyama hI hotA hai| jaina - paramparA meM saMvara ke rUpa meM jisa jIvana praNAlI kA vidhAna hai, vaha saMyamI - jIvana kI pratIka hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke pA~ca bhedoM kA vidhAna pA~coM indriyoM ke saMyama ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / ' uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to saMvara ke sthAna para saMyama Asrava nirodha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|' vastuta:, saMvara kA artha hai - anaitika yA pApA-pravRttiyoM se apane ko bacAnA aura saMvara zabda isa artha meM saMyama kA paryAya hI siddha hotA hai| bauddha paramparA meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga saMyama ke artha meM hI huA hai| dhammapada Adi meM prayukta saMvara zabda kA artha saMyama hI kiyA gayA hai|' saMvara zabda kA yaha -

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420 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana artha karane meM jahA~ eka ora hama tulanAtmaka-vivecana ko sulabha banA sakeMge, vahIM dUsarI ora jaina-paramparA ke mUla Azaya se bhI dUra nahIM jAeMge, lekinasaMvarakA yaha niSedhaka-artha hI saba-kucha nahIM hai, varan usakA eka vidhAyaka-pakSa bhI hai|shubhadhyvsaay bhI saMvara ke artha meM svIkAra kie gae haiM, kyoMki azubha kI nivRtti ke lie zubha kA aMgIkAra prAthamika sthiti meM Avazyaka hai| vRtti-zUnyatA ke abhyAsI ke lie bhI prathama, zubha-vRttiyoM ko aMgIkAra karanA hotA hai, kyoMki citta ke zubhavRtti se paripUrNa hone para azubhake lie koI sthAna nahIM rhtaa| azubhako haTAne ke lie zubha Avazyaka hai| saMvarakA arthazubha-vRttiyoM kA abhyAsa bhI hai| yadyapi vahA~ zabha kA mAtra vahI artha nahIM hai, jise hameM puNyAsava yA puNyabaMdha ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| 2. jaina-paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa (a) jaina-darzana meM saMvarakedobheda haiM- 1. dravya-saMvaraaura 2.bhaav-sNvr|drvysNgrh meM kahA gayA hai ki karmAsrava ko rokane se sakSama AtmA kI caittasika-sthiti bhAvasaMvara hai aura dravyAsrava ko rokane vAlA usa caittasika-sthiti kA pariNAma dravya-saMvara hai|| (ba) saMvara ke pA~ca aMga yA dvAra batAe gae haiM- 1. samyaktva- yathArtha dRSTikoNa, 2. virati-maryAdita yA saMyamita jIvana, 3. apramattatA- Atma-cetanatA, 4. akaSAyavRttikrodhAdi manovegoM kA abhAva aura 5. ayoga- akriyaa|' (sa) sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvarake AThabheda nirUpita haiM- 1. zrotra-indriya kAsaMyama, 2. cakSu-indriya kA saMyama, 3. ghrANa-indriya kA saMyama, 4. rasanA-indriya kA saMyama, 5. sparza indriya kA saMyama, 6. mana kA saMyama, 7. vacana kA saMyama, 8. zarIra kA sNym| (da) prakArAntara se jainAgamoM meM saMvara ke sattAvana bhedabhI pratipAdita haiM, jinameM pA~ca samitiyA~, tIna guptiyA~, dasavidha yati-dharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~ (bhAvanAe~) bAIsa parISaha aura pA~ca sAmAyika-cAritra sammilita haiN| ye sabhI karmAsava kA nirodha kara AtmA ko bandhana se bacAte haiM, ata: saMvara kahe jAte haiN| ina sabakA vizeSa sambandha saMnyAsa yA zramaNa jIvana se hai| uparyukta AdhAroM para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki saMvara kA tAtparya aisI maryAdita jIvana-praNAlI hai, jisameM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa (kriyAoM kA sampAdana) mana, vANI aura zarIra kI ayogya pravRttiyoM kA saMyamana, sadguNoM kA grahaNa, kaSTa-sahiSNutAaura samatvakI sAdhanA samAviSTa hai| jaina-darzana meM saMvara ke sAdhaka se yahI apekSA kI gaI hai ki usakA pratyeka AcaraNa saMyata evaM vivekapUrNa ho, cetanA sadaiva jAgrata rahe, tAki indriyoM ke viSaya usameM rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ paidA na kara skeN| jaba indriyA~ aura mana apane viSayoM ke samparka meM Ate haiM, to AtmA meM vikAra yA vAsanA utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA khar3I hotI hai, ata:

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bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA) sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ko sadaiva jAgrata rahate hue viSaya - sevanarUpa chidroM se Ane vAle karmAsrava yA vikAra se apanI rakSA karanI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kachuA jisa prakAra apane aMgoM ko sameTakara khatare se bAhara ho jAtA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka bhI adhyAtmayoga ke dvArA antarmukha hokara apane ko pApavRttiyoM se surakSita rkhe|' mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriya- vyApAroM kA saMyamana hI naitika jIvana kI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| sacce sAdhaka kI vyAkhyA karate hue dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sUtra tathA usake rahasya ko jAnakara hAtha, paira, vANI tathA indriyoM kA yathArtha saMyama rakhatA hai ( arthAt sanmArga meM vivekapUrvaka prayatnazIla rahatA hai), adhyAtmarasa meM hI jo masta rahatA hai aura apanI AtmA samAdhi meM lagAtA hai, vahI saccA sAdhaka hai| 10 bauddha darzana meM saMvara 3. tripiTaka - sAhitya meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga bahuta huA hai, lekina kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika-pravRtiyoM ke saMyamana ke artha meM hI / bhagavAn buddha saMyuttanikAya ke saMvarasutta meM, asaMvara aura saMvara kaise hotA hai, isake viSaya meM kahate haiM- bhikSuoM ! saMvara aura asaMvara kA upadeza karU~gA / use suno ? bhikSuoM! kaise asaMvara hotA hai ? 421 bhikSuo ! cakSuvijJeya rUpa, zrotravijJeya zabda, ghrANavijJeya gandha, jihvAvijJeya rasa, kAyAvijJeya sparza, manovijJeya dharma, abhISTa, sundara, lubhAvane, pyAre, kAmayukta, rAga meM ne vAle hote haiN| yadi koI bhikSu usakA abhinandana kare, usakI bar3AI kare aura usameM saMlagna ho jAe, to use samajhanA cAhie ki maiM kuzala dharmoM se gira rahA huuN| ise rihAna kahA hai| bhikSuoM! aise hI asaMvara hotA hai / bhikSuoM ! saMvara kaise hotA haiM ? bhikSuoM! cakSuvijJeya rUpa, zrotravijJeya zabda, ghrANavijJeya gandha, jihvAvijJeya rasa, kAyAvijJeya sparza, manovijJeya dharma, abhISTa, sundara, lubhAvane, pyAre, kAmayukta, rAga meM DAlane vAle hote haiN| yadi koI bhikSu unakA abhinandana na kare, unakI bar3AI na kare aura unameM saMlagna na ho, to use samajhanA cAhie ki maiM kuzala dharmoM se nahIM gira rahA huuN| isa aparihAna kahA hai| bhikSuoM ! aise hI saMvara hotA hai| dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM, 'bhikSuoM ! A~kha kA saMvara uttama hai, zrotra kA saMvara uttama hai, bhikSuoM ! nAsikA kA saMvara uttama hai aura uttama hai, jihvA kA saMvara / mana, vANI aura zarIra, sabhI kA saMvara uttama hai, jo bhikSu pUrNatayA saMvRta hai, vaha samagra duHkhoM se zIghra chUTa jAtA hai| 12

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422 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa prakAra, bauddha-darzana meM saMvara kA tattva svIkRta rahA hai| indriyanigraha aura mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke saMyama ko donoM paramparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| donoM hI saMvara (saMyama) ko navIna karma-saMtati se bacane kA upAya tathA nirvANa-mArga kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra karate haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke samAna buddha bhI sacce sAdhaka ko susamAhita (susaMvRta) rUpa meM dekhanA cAhate haiN| ve kahate haiM, jo vANI kA saMyama karatA hai, jo uttama rUpa se saMyata hai, jo adhyAtma meM sthita hai, jo samAdhiyukta hai aura santuSTa hai|'13 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA meM saMvarazabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, phira bhI mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriyoM ke saMyama kA vicAra to usameM hai hii| sUtrakRtAMga ke samAna kachuekA udAharaNa dete hue gItAkAra bhI kahatA hai ki kachuAapane aMgoM ko jaise sameTa letA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka jaba saba ora se apanI indriyoM ko indriyoM ke viSayoM se sameTa letA hai, taba usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai|' 'he arjuna ! yatna karate hue buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI yaha pramathana-svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra se hara letI haiN| jaise jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letA hai, vaise hI viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM ke bIca meM jisa indriya ke sAtha mana rahatA hai, vaha eka hI indriya isa ayukta puruSa kI buddhi kA haraNa kara letI hai| he mahAbAho! jisa puruSa kI indriyA~ saba prakAra ke indriya-viSayoM se vaza meM hotI haiM, usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai, isalie manuSya ko cAhie ki una sampUrNa indriyoM ko vaza meM karake samAhitacitta huA mere parAyaNa sthita hoe| isa prakAra gItA kA jora bhI saMyama para hai| 5. saMyama aura naitikatA vastuta:, jaina aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana saMyama ke pratyaya ko mukti ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| jaina-vicAraNA meM dharma (naitikatA) ke tIna pramukha aMga mAne gae haiM- 1. ahiMsA, 2. saMyama aura 3. tp| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, 'ahiMsA, saMyama aura taparUpadharma sarvotkRSTa maMgala hai|'16sNym kA artha hai, maryAdita yA niyamapUrvaka jIvana aura naitikatA kA bhI yahI artha hai| naitikatA ko maryAdita yA niyamapUrvaka jIvana se bhinna nahIM dekhA jA sktaa| kinhIM vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA ho sakatI hai ki vyakti ko jIvana-yAtrA ke saMcAlana meM kinhIM maryAdAoM evaM AcAra-niyamoM meM bA~dhanA ucita nahIM hai| tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki maryAdAoM ke dvArA vyakti ke jIvana kI svAbhAvikatA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura maryAdAe~ yA niyama kabhI bhI paramasAdhya nahIM ho skte| ve to svayaM eka prakAra kA baMdhana haiN| lakSya kI prApti meM maryAdAeM vyartha haiN| lekina, yaha mAnyatA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| prakRti kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa karane para jJAta

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 423 hotA hai ki prakRti (sampUrNa jagat) niyamoM se Abaddha hai| pAzcAtya-dArzanika spinojA kA kathana hai ki saMsAra meM jo kucha ho rahA hai, niyamabaddha ho rahA hai| isase bhinna kucha ho hI nahIM sakatA, jo kucha hotA hai, prAkRtika-niyama ke adhIna hotA hai| prakRti svayaM una tathyoM ko vyakta kara rahI hai, jo isa dhAraNA ko puSTa karate haiM ki vikAramukta avasthA kI prApti evaM Atma-vikAsa ke lie bhI maryAdAe~ Avazyaka haiN| cetana aura acetana-donoM prakAra kI sRSTi kI apanI-apanI maryAdAe~ haiN| sampUrNa jagat niyamoM se zAsita hai| jisa samaya jagat meM niyamoM kA astitva samApta hogA, usI samaya jagat kA astitva bhI samApta ho jaaegaa| nadI kA astitva taToM kI maryAdA meM hai| yadi nadI apanI sImArekhA (taTa) ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, to kyA usakA astitva raha sakatA hai ? kyA vaha apane lakSya jalanidhi (samudra) ko prApta kara sakatI hai, kiMvA jana-kalyANa meM upayogI ho sakatI hai? prakRti yadiapane niyamoM meM Abaddha na rahe, vaha maryAdA tor3a de, to vartamAna vizva kyA apanA astitva banAe rakha sakatA hai ? prakRti kA astitva svayaM unake niyamoM para hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kahate haiM, prakRti kA mArga logoM ke mana meM chAI bhAvanA aura saMskAra dvArA nahIM, varana zAzvata niyamoM dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai, vizva pUrNa rUpa se niyamabaddha hai|'18 pazu-jagat ke apane niyama aura apanI maryAdAe~ haiM, jinake AdhAra para ve apanI jIvana-yAtrA sampanna karate haiN| unakA AhAra-vihAra, sabhI niyamabaddha hai| ve nizcita samaya parabhojana kIkhojako jAte evaM vApasa lauTa Ate haiN| unake jIvana-kAryoM meM eka vyavasthA hotI hai, lekina uparyukta sabhI tathyoM ke prati Apatti yaha kI jA sakatI hai ki ye sabhI niyama svAbhAvika yA prAkRtika haiM, jabaki mAnavIya naitika-niyama kRtrima yA nirmita hote haiM, ataeva unakI mahattA prAkRtika-niyamoM kI mahattA ke AdhAra para siddha nahIM kI jA sktii| aba hama yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kareMge ki manuSya ke lie nirmita naitika-niyama kyoM Avazyaka haiM ? isa hetu hameM sarvaprathama yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hogA ki sAmAnya prANIvarga aura manuSya meM kyA antara hai, jisake AdhAra para use naitika-maryAdAe~ (nirmita niyama) pAlana karane ko kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki prANI-varga meM manuSya hI aisA prANI hai, jisameM cintana kI sarvAdhika kSamatA hai| usakA yaha jJAnaguNa yA vivekakSamatA hI use pazuoM se pRthakkara ucca sthAna pradAna karatI hai| naitika-niyama mAnava-jAti ke sahasroM varSoM ke cintana aura manana kA pariNAma haiN| unake mAnane se inakAra karane kA artha hogA ki manuSya-jAti ko usakI jJAna-kSamatA se vilaga kara pazu-jAti kI zreNI meM milA denaa| svAbhAvika niyama to pazuoM meM bhI hote haiN| unakA AcAra-vyavahAra unhIM niyamoM

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zAsita hotA hai| ve AhAra kI mAtrA, rakSA ke upAya Adi kA nizcaya ina svAbhAvika niyamoM ke sahAre karate haiM, lekina manuSya kI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki vaha svacintana ke AdhAra para apane hitAhita kA dhyAna rakhakara aisI maryAdAe~ nizcita kare, jisase vaha paramasAdhya ko prApta kara ske| kAMTa ne kahA hai ki 'anya padArtha niyama ke adhIna calate haiN| manuSya niyama ke pratyaya ke AdhIna bhI cala sakatA hai, anya zabdoM meM, usake lie Adarza banAnA aura una para calanA saMbhava hai| 19 424 manuSya apane ko pUrNa rUpa se prakRti para Azrita nahIM chodd'taa| vaha prakRti ke AdezoM kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana nahIM krtaa| mAnava-jAti kA itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki manuSya ne prakRti se zAsita hone kI apekSA usa para zAsana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, phira AcAra ke kSetra meM yaha dAvA kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ko apanI vRttiyoM kI pUrti hetu mAnavoM dvArA nirmita naitika-maryAdAoM dvArA zAsita nahIM karake svataMtra paricAraNa karane denA caahie| manuSya ne jIvana meM kRtrimatA ko adhika sthAna de diyA hai aura isa hetu ke lie adhika nirmita naitika maryAdAoM kI AvazyakatA hai| manuSya sAmAjikaprANI hai| yaha manuSya ke sambandha meM dUsarA mudrAlekha hai| yaha vyakta karatA hai ki manuSya ke niyama aise hone cAhie, jo use sAmAjika prANI banAe rkheN| yadi vaha itanA nahIM kare, to bhI sAmAjika-vyavasthA meM vyAghAta utpanna kare, aisI AcAra - vidhi ke nirmANa kA adhikAra use prApta nahIM hai| uparyukta nizcaya ke AdhAra para manuSya kI AcAra - vidhi yA naitika-maryAdAe~ do prakAra kI ho sakatI haiM- samAjagata aura Atmagata / pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI aise hI do vibhAga karate haiM- 1. upayogitAvAdI siddhAnta, 2. antarAtmaka - siddhAnta / lekina, nirapekSa rUpa se na to samAjagata-vidhi hI apanAyI jA sakatI hai aura na aatmgt| donoM kA mahatva sApekSa hai| yaha tathya alaga hai ki kisI paristhiti aura sAdhana kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI eka ko pramukhatA dI jA sakatI hai aura dUsarI gauNa ho sakatI hai, lekina eka kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karake Age nahIM bar3hA jA sktaa| naitika maryAdAoM kA pAlana hama apane svayaM ke lie kareM, yA samAja ke lie, lekina unakI anivAryatA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dRSTikoNa cAhe jo ho, donoM meM saMyama kA sthAna samAna hai| asaMyama se jIvana bigar3atA hai, prANI duHkhI hotA hai / 1. khAna-pAna meM saMyama- khAna-pAna meM saMyama atyanta Avazyaka hai| na pacane vAle, yA svAsthya ke virodhI tatvoM ke zarIra meM praveza ke kAraNa roga paidA hoNge| rugNa vyakti yadi bhojana kA saMyama na rakhe, to roga bar3hegA aura vaha mRtyu ke mukha meM pahu~ca jaaegaa| bhogoM meM saMyama - viSaya - sukha bar3e madhura lagate haiM, para yadi vyakti isameM saMyama na 2. --

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bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA) rakhe, to vIrya - nAza se zakti hrAsa, yAvat rogotpatti se maraNa taka ho sakatA hai| sundara striyoM ko dekhakara mana lalacA jAtA hai, kintu parAyI striyoM se viSaya - sukha kI icchA karane para samAja-vyavasthA meM vizrRMkhalatA paidA ho jaaegii| mana kI caMcalatA va daur3a meM yadi maryAdAe~ na raheM, to abhogya bahana, beTI, kuTumbinI taka se viSaya - sukha kI lAlasA jAgrata ho jAegI aura isa prakAra sAmAjika-maryAdAe~ samApta ho jaaeNgii| 3. vANI kA saMyama - bolane meM saMyama na rahe, to kalaha evaM manomAlinya bar3hatA hai / cAhe jaisA, jo bhI mana meM AyA, use bolane kA pariNAma bar3A dAruNa hotA hai / vacana ke asaMyama se choTI-sI bAta bhI vivAda kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| adhika jhagar3e isI kAraNa paidA hote haiN| mahAbhArata kA mahAyuddha vANI ke asaMyama kA hI pariNAma thaa| hama dekhate haiM ki vAdya yaMtroM ke vAdana meM, moTara Adi vAhanoM ke calAne meM hAtha kA saMyama jarUrI hotA hai| thor3A-sA hAtha kA saMyama khatma ki moTara kahIM se kahIM jA giregii| vAdya para niyaMtraNa na rahA, to saMgIta kA sArA majA kirakirA ho jaaegaa| isa prakAra, spaSTa hai ki saMyama ke binA jIvana cala nahIM sakatA, siddhi prApta nahIM ho sktii| saMyamarUpI breka hara kAma meM Avazyaka hai| jIvana kI yAtrA meM saMyamarUpI breka na ho, to mahAn anartha ho sakatA hai| sAmAjika-jIvana meM bhI saMyama ke abhAva meM sukhada jIvana kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAmAjika-jIvana meM saMyama ke binA praveza karanA saMbhava nahIM / vyakti jaba taka apane hitoM ko maryAdita nahIM kara sakatA aura apanI AkAMkSAoM ko samAja hita meM balidAna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha sAmAjika-jIvana meM ayogya hai| samAja meM zAMti aura samRddhi isI AdhAra para saMbhava hai, jaba usake sadasya apane hitoM kA niyaMtraNa karanA jaaneN| sAmAjika jIvana meM hameM hitoM kI prApti ke lie eka sImArekhA nizcita karanI hotI hai| hama apane hita sAdhana kI sImA vahIM taka bar3hA sakate haiM, jahA~ taka dUsare ke hita kI sImA prArambha hotI hai| samAja meM vyakti apanA svArtha sAdhana vahIM taka kara sakatA hai, jahA~ taka usase dUsare kA ahita na ho| isa sAmAjika jIvana ke Avazyaka tattva haiM- 1. anuzAsana, 2. sahayoga kI bhAvanA aura 3. apane hitoM kA balidAna karane kI kssmtaa| kyA ina sabakA AdhAra saMyama nahIM hai ? saccAI yaha hai ki saMyama ke binA sAmAjikajIvana kI kalpanA hI saMbhava nahIM / - saMyama aura mAnava-jIvana aise ghule-mile tathya haiM ki unase pare suvyavasthita jIvana kI kalpanA saMbhava nahIM dikhAI detii| saMyama kA dUsarA rUpa hI maryAdita jIvana-vyavasthA hai / manuSya ke lie amaryAdita jIvana-vyavasthA saMbhava nahIM hai| hama sabhI ora se maryAdAoM se Abaddha haiN| prAkRtika maryAdAe~, vyaktigata maryAdAe~, pArivArika maryAdAe~, sAmAjikamaryAdAe~, rASTrIya maryAdAe~ aura antarrASTrIya maryAdAe~, sabhI se manuSya baMdhA huA hai aura yadi 425 -

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426 bhAratIya AcAra - darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaha ina sabako svIkAra na kare, to vaha usa dazA meM pazu se bhI hIna hogA / isa prakAra, yaha siddha hotA hai ki maryAdAoM kA pAlana anivArya hai| sabhI maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA saMyama nahIM hai, lekina yadi maryAdAoM kA pAlana svecchA se kiyA jAtA hai, to unake pIche avyakta rUpa meM saMyama kA bhAva nihita rahatA hai| sAmAnyatayA, ve hI maryAdAe~ saMyama kahalAtI haiM, jinake dvArA vyakti AtmavikAsa aura paramasAdhya kI prApti karatA hai / 6. nirjarA AtmA ke sAtha karma-pudgaloM kA sambaddha honA baMdha hai aura AtmA se karma-vargaNAoM kA alaga honA nirjarA hai| navIna Ane vAle karma - pudgaloM ko rokanA ( saMvara) hai, parantu mAtra saMvara se nirvANa kI prApti saMbhava nahIM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki kisI bar3e tAlAba ke jala srotoM (pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAra) ko banda kara diyA jAe aura usake andara rahe hue jala ko ulIcA jAe aura tApa se sukhAyA jAe, to vaha vistIrNa tAlAba bhI sUkha jaaegaa|' isa rUpaka meM AtmA hI sarovara hai, karma pAnI hai, karma kA Asrava hI pAnI kA Agamana hai| usa pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAroM ko niruddha kara denA saMvara hai aura pAnI ko ulIcanA aura sukhAnA nirjarA hai| yaha rUpaka yaha batAtA hai ki 'saMvara se nae karmarUpI jala kA Agamana (Asrava) to ruka jAtA hai, lekina pUrva meM baMdhe hue, sattArUpa karmoM kA jala, jo AtmArUpI tAlAba meM zeSa hai, use sukhAnA hI nirjarA hai | 20 dravya aura bhAva-rUpa nirjarA- nirjarA zabda kA artha hai- jarjarita kara denA, jhAr3a denA, arthAt Atma-tattva se karma - pudgaloM kA alaga ho jAnA athavA alaga kara denA nirjarA hai / yaha nirjarA do prakAra kI hai| AtmA kA vaha caittasika avasthArUpa hetu, jisake dvArA karma-pudgala apanA phala dekara alaga ho jAte haiM, bhAva-nirjarA kahA jAtA hai| bhAva - nirjarA AtmA kI vaha vizuddha avasthA hai, jisake kAraNa karma - paramANu AtmA se alaga ho jAte haiN| yahI karma-paramANuoM kA AtmA se pRthakkaraNa dravya - nirjarA hai| bhAva-nirjarA kAraNarUpa hai aura dravya - nirjarA kAryarUpa hai| sakAma aura akAma - nirjarA - nirjarA ke ye do prakAra bhI mAne gae haiM 1. karma jitanI kAla - maryAdA ke sAtha ba~dhA hai, usake samApta ho jAne para apanA vipAka (phala) dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai, yaha yathAkAla - nirjarA hai| ise savipAka, akAma aura anaupakramika-nirjarA bhI kahate haiN| ise savipAka - nirjarA isalie kahate haiM ki isameM karma apanA vipAka dekara alaga hotA hai, arthAt isameM phalodaya (vipAkodaya) hotA hai| ise akAmanirjarA isa AdhAra para kahA gayA hai ki isameM karma ke alaga karane meM " vyakti ke saMkalpa kA tattva nahIM hotA / upakrama zabda prayAsa ke artha meM AtA hai, isameM vaiyaktika prayAsa kA abhAva hotA hai, ata: ise anaupakramika bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 427 prakAra se vipAka-avadhi ke Ane para apanA phala dekara svAbhAvika rUpa meM karma kA alaga ho jAnA hai| 2. tapasyA ke mAdhyama se karmoM ko unake phala dene ke samaya ke pUrva, arthAt unakI kAlasthiti paripakva hone ke pahile hI pradezodaya ke dvArA bhogakara balAt alaga kara diyA jAtA hai, to yaha nirjarA sakAma-nirjarA kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki nirjarita hone meM samaya kA tattva apanI sthiti ko pUrA nahIM karatA hai| ise avipAka-nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM vipAkodaya yA phalodaya nahIM hotA hai, mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai| vipAkodaya aura pradezodaya ke antarako eka udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaba klorophArma suMghAkara kisI vyakti kI cIra-phAr3a kI jAtI hai, to usameM use asAtAvedanIya (duHkhAnubhUti) nAmakakarma kA pradezodaya hotA hai, lekina vipAkodaya nahIM hotA hai| usameM duHkhada vedanA ke tathya to upasthita hote haiM, lekina duHkhada vedanAkI anubhUti nahIM hai| isI prakAra, pradezodaya-karma ke phala kA tathya to upasthita ho jAtA hai, lekina usakI phalAnubhUti nahIM hotI hai, ata: vaha avipAka-nirjarA kahI jAtI hai| ise sakAma-nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM karma-paramANuoM ko AtmA se alaga karane kA saMkalpa hotA hai| yaha aupakramika-nirjarA bhI kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki isameM upakrama yA prayAsa hotA hai| prayAsapUrvaka, taiyArIsahita, karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga kiyA jAtA hai| yaha karmoM ko nirjarita (kSaya) karane kA kRtrima prakAra hai| anaupakramika yA savipAka-nirjarA anicchApUrvaka, azAnta evaM vyAkula citta-vRtti se, pUrvasaMcita karma ke pratiphaloM kA sahana karanA hai, jabaki avipAka-nirjarA icchApUrvaka samabhAvoM se jIvana meM AI huI paristhitiyoM kA mukAbalA karanA hai| 7. jaina-sAdhanA meM aupakramika-nirjarA kA sthAna __jaina-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se nirjarA kA pahalA prakAra, jise savipAka yAanaupakramikanirjarA kahate haiM, adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| yaha pahalA prakAra sAdhanA ke kSetra meM hI nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki karmoM ke bandha aura nirjarA kA yaha krama to satata calA A rahA hai| hama pratikSaNa purAne karmoM kI nirjarA karate rahate haiM, lekina jaba taka navIna karmoM kA sRjana samApta nahIM hotA, aisI nirjarAse sApekSa rUpa meM koI lAbha nahIM hotaa| jaise koI vyakti purAne RNa kAbhugatAna to karatA rahe,lekina navIna RNabhI letA rahe,to vaha RNa-mukta nahIM ho paataa| jaina-darzana ke anusAra AtmA savipAka-nirjarA to anAdikAla se karatA ArahA hai, lekina nirvANa kA lAbha prApta nahIM kara skaa| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, 'yaha cetana AtmA karma ke vipAkakAla meM sukhada aura duHkhada phaloM kI anubhUti karate hue puna: du:kha ke bIjarUpa ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA bandha kara letA hai, kyoMki karma jaba apanA vipAka-phala dete haiM, to kisI nimitta se dete haiM aura ajJAnI AtmA zubha-nimitta para rAga aura azubha

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428 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nimitta para dveSa karake navIna bandha kara letA hai|1 ataH, sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke lie pahale yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki vaha prathama jJAna-yukta ho, karmAsrava kA nirodha kara apane-Apako saMvRta kre| saMvara ke abhAva meM nirjarA kA koI mUlya nahIM, vaha to anAdikAla se hotIArahI hai, kintu bhava-paramparAko samApta karane meM sahAyaka nahIM huii| dUsare, yadi AtmA saMvara kA AcaraNa karatA huA bhI isa yathAkAla honevAlI nirjarA kI pratIkSA meM baiThA rahe, to bhI vaha zAyada hI mukta ho sakegA, kyoMki jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra prANIkA karma-bandha itanA adhika hotA hai ki vaha aneka janmoM meM bhI zAyada isa karma-bandha se svAbhAvika nirjarAke mAdhyamase mukta ho sake, lekina itanI lambI samayAvadhi meM saMvarase skhalita hokara navIna karmoM ke bandhakI sambhAvanA bhI to rahatI hai, ata: sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke lie jo mArga batAyA gayA hai, vaha hai, aupakramika yA avipAka-nirjarA kaa| mahatva isI tapajanya aupakramika-nirjarA kA hai| RSibhASitasUtra meM RSi kahatA hai ki saMsArI-AtmA pratikSaNa nae karmoM kA bandha aura purAne karmoM kI nirjarA kara rahA hai, lekina tapa se hone vAlI nirjarA hI vizeSa (mahatvapUrNa) hai| 22 muni suzIlakumArajI likhate haiM ki 'bandha aura nirjarA kA pravAha avirAma gati se bar3ha rahA hai, kintu (jo) sAdhaka saMvara dvArA navIna Asrava ko niruddha kara tapasyA dvArA purAtana karmoM ko kSINa karatA calatA hai, vaha anta meM pUrNa rUpa se niSkarma bana jAtA hai| ___ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-AcAradarzana aupakramika yA avipAka-nirjarA para bala detA hai| jaina-tattvajJAna aupakramika-nirjarAkIdhAraNAke dvArA yaha svIkAra karake calatA hai ki karmoM ko unake vipAka ke pUrva hI samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha anivArya nahIM hai ki hameM apane pUrvakRta sabhI karmoM kA phala bhoganA hI pdd'e| jaina-darzana kahatA hai ki vyakti tapasyA se apane andara vaha sAmarthya utpanna kara letA hai ki jisase vaha apane koTikoTi janmoM ke saMcita karmoM ko kSaNamAtra meM binA phala bhoge hI samApta kara detA hai| sAdhaka ke dvArA aliptabhAvase kiyA huA tapazcaraNa usake karma-saMghAta para aisA prahAra karatA hai ki vaha jarjarita hokara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai| aupakramika-nirjarAke bheda- jainAcAra-darzana meM tapasyA ko pUrva saMcitakarmoM ke naSTa karane kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa aupakramika athavA avipAka-nirjarAke 12 bheda kie haiM, jo ki tapa ke hI 12 bheda haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM- 1. anazana yA upavAsa, 2. UnodarI-AhAra kI mAtrA meM kamI, 3.bhikSAcaryA athavA vRtti saMkSepa- maryAdita bhojana, 4. rasaparityAga-svAdajaya, 5. kAyA kleza-AsanAdi, 6. pratisaMlInatA-indriya-nirodha, kaSAya-nirodha, kriyA-nirodha tathA ekAMta nivAsa, 7. prAyazcitta-svecchA se daNDa grahaNa kara pApa-zuddhi yA duSkarmoM ke prati pazcAttApa, 8.

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banthana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 429 vinaya- vinamravRtti tathA variSThajanoM ke prati sammAna prakaTa karanA, 9. vaiyAvRtya-sevA, 10. svAdhyAya, 11. dhyAna aura 12. vyutsrg-mmtv-tyaag| isa prakAra, sAdhaka saMvara ke dvArA navIna-karmoM ke Asrava (Agamana) kA nirodha tathA nirjarA dvArA pUrva karmoM kA kSaya kara nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| 8. bauddha AcAra-darzana aura nirjarA buddha ne svatantra rUpa se nirjarA ke sambandha meM kucha kahA ho, aisA kahIM dikhAI nahIM diyA, phira bhI aMguttaranikAya meM eka prasaMga hai, jahA~ buddha ke antevAsI ziSya Ananda nirgrantha-paramparA meM pracalita nirjarA kA pariSkAra karate hue bauddha-dRSTikoNa upasthita karate haiN| abhaya licchaviAnanda ke sammukha nirjarAsambandhI jaina-dRSTikoNa ina zabdoM meM prastuta karate haiM- 'bhante! jJAtR-putra nirgrantha kA kahanA hai ki tapasyA se purAne karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura karmoM ko na karane se nae karmoM kA ghAta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, karma kA kSaya hone se duHkha kA kSaya, duHkha kAkSaya hone se vedanAkA kSaya aura vedanA kA kSaya hone se sAre duHkha kI nirjarA hogii| isa prakAra, sAMdRSTika nirjarA- vizuddhi se (duHkha kA) atikramaNa hotA hai| bhante!, bhagavAn (buddha) isa viSaya meM kyA kahate haiM ? ___ isa prakAra, abhaya dvArA nirjarA ke tapa-pradhAna nirgrantha-dRSTikoNa ko upasthita kara, nirjarA ke sambandha meM bhagavAn buddha kI vicArasaraNi ko jAnane kI jijJAsA prakaTa kI gaI hai| AyuSmAn Ananda isa sambandha meM bhagavAn buddha ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM, 'abhaya ! una bhagavAn (buddha) ke dvArA tIna nirjarA-vizuddhiyA~ samyak prakAra kahI gaI haiN| he abhaya ! bhikSu sadAcArI hotA hai, prAtimokSa-zikSA-padoM ke niyama kA samyak pAlana karane vAlAhotA hai, isa prakAra vaha zIla-sampanna bhikSu kAma-bhogoM se dUra ho caturtha dhyAna ko prApta kara vihAra karatA hai| isa prakAra, vaha zIla-sampanna bhikSu AsravoM kA kSaya kara anAsava-citta-vimukti, prajJA-vimukti ko isI zarIra meM jAnakara, sAkSAt kara, prApta kara, vihAra karatA hai| vaha nayA karma nahIM karatA aura purAne karmoM (ke phala) ko bhogakara samApta kara detA hai| yaha sAMdRSTika-nirjarA hai, akAlikA (deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se pre)| 26 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-paramparA nirjarA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra to kara letI hai, lekina usake tapasyAtmaka-pahalU ke sthAna para usake cAritra-vizuddhyAtmaka tathA citta-vizuddhyAtmaka-pahalU para hI adhika jora detI hai| buddha kI dRSTi se nirjarA ke lie kaThora tapasyA Avazyaka nahIM hai| Avazyaka hai- sadAcAra ke pAlana evaM samyak dhyAna ke dvArA prApta hone vAlI citt-vimukti| buddha nirjarA ke lie unhIM bAtoM para adhika jora dete haiM, jinheM jaina-darzana antaraMga-tapa kahatA hai|

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430 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. gItA kA dRSTikoNa yadyapi gItA meM nirjarA zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai, tathApi jaina-darzana nirjarA zabda kA jisa artha meM prayoga karatA hai, vaha artha gItA meM upalabdha hai| jaina-darzana meM nirjarA zabda kA artha purAtana karmoM ko kSaya karane kI prakriyA hai| gItA meM bhI purAne karmoM ko kSaya karane kI prakriyA kA nirdeza hai| gItA meM jJAna ko pUrva-saMcita karma ko naSTa karane kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki jisa prakAra prajvalita agni IMdhana ko bhasma kara detI hai, usI prakAra jJAnAgni sabhI purAtana karmoM ko naSTa kara detI hai| hameM yahA~ jaina-darzana aura gItA meM spaSTa virodha pratibhAsita hotA hai| jaina-vicAraNA tapa para jora detI hai aura gItA jJAna para, lekina adhika gaharAI para jAne para yaha virodha bahuta mAmUlI raha jAtA hai, kyoMki jainAcAradarzana meM tapa kA mAtra zArIrika yA bAhya-pakSa hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, varan usakA jJAnAtmaka evaM AMtarika-pakSa bhI svIkRta hai| jaina-darzana meM tapa ke vargIkaraNa meM svAdhyAya Adi ko sthAna dekara use jJAnAtmaka-svarUpa diyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, uttarAdhyayana evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM ajJAnatapa kI tIvra nindA bhI kI gaI hai, ata: jaina-vicAraka bhI yaha to svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirjarA jJAnAtmaka-tapa se hotI hai, ajJAnAtmaka-tapa se hI nhiiN| vastuta:, nirjarA yA karmakSaya ke nimitta jJAna aura karma (tapa)-donoM Avazyaka haiN| yahI nahIM, tapake lie jJAna ko prAthamika bhI jAnA gayA hai| nirjarA meM jJAna aura tapa kA kyA sthAna hai, ise jaina muni ratnacandrajI ke nimna padya se samajhA jA sakatA hai bAla (mUrkha) tapasvI kahate haiM jo kaSTa karor3oM varSa mhaan| jitane karma naSTa karate haiM usa tapa se vaha nara ajnyaan|| jJAnIjana utane karmoM kA kSaNa bhara meM kara dete haiM naash| jJAna nirjarA kA kAraNa hai milatA isase mukti prkaash| agni aura jala jisa prakAra se vastra zuddhi kara dete haiN| usI taraha se jJAna aura tapa karmoM kA kSaya karate haiN||28 . daulatarAmajI kahate haiM koTi janma tapa tapaiM jJAna bina karma jharai je| jJAnI ke dina mAhiM trigupti tai sahaja Tarai te||" isa prakAra, jainAcAra-darzana jJAna ko nirjarA kA kAraNa to mAnatA hai, lekina ekAMta kAraNa nahIM maantaa| jainAcAra-darzana kahatA hai, mAtra jJAna nirjarAkA kAraNa nahIM hai| yadi gItA ke uparyukta zloka ko AdhAra mAneM, to jahA~ gItA kA AcAra-darzana jJAna ko karmakSaya (nirjarA) kA kAraNa mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana jJAna samanvita tapa se karmakSaya (nirjarA) mAnatA hai, lekina jaba gItAkAra jJAna aura yoga (karma) kA samanvaya kara detA hai,

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 431 to donoM vicAraNAe~ eka-dUsare ke nikaTa A jAtI haiN| ___gItA purAtana karmoM se chUTane ke lie bhakti ko bhI sthAna detI hai| gItA ke anusAra yadibhakta apane ko pUrNatayA nizchalabhAva se bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM samarpita kara detA hai, to bhI vaha sabhI purAtana pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki 'tU sabadharmoM kA parityAga kara merIzaraNa meM A, maiM tujhe sabhI purAtana pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, tU cintA mata kr|' yadi tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to yahA~ jaina-darzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai| jaina-darzana purAtana karmoM se mukti ke lie unakA bhoga athavA tapasyA ke dvArA unakA kSaya-yaha do hI mArga dekhatA hai, lekina gItA purAtana karmoM ke kSaya karane ke lie na kevala jJAna evaM bhakti para bala detI hai, varan vaha jaina-vicAraNA meM prastuta saMyama aura nirjarA ke anya vividha sAdhanoM-indriya-saMyama evaM mana, vANI tathA zarIrakA saMyama, ekAnta-sevana, alpa-AhAra, dhyAna, vyutsarga (vairAgya) Adi kI bhI vivecanA karatI hai| kahA gayA hai ki 'he arjuna! vizuddha buddhi se yukta, ekAnta aura zuddha dezakA sevana karane vAlA tathA alpa AhAra karane vAlA, jIte hue mana, vANI aura zarIra vAlA aura dRr3ha vairAgya ko bhalI prakAra prApta puruSa nirantara dhyAna-yoga ke parAyaNa huA, sadaiva vairAgyayukta, anta:karaNa ko vaza meM karake tathA indriyoM ke zabdAdika viSayoM ko tyAgakara aura rAga-dveSoM ko naSTa karake tathA ahaMkAra, bala, ghamaNDa, kAma, krodha aura saMgraha ko tyAgakara, mamatArahita aura zAnta anta:karaNa huA, saccidAnandaghana brahma meM ekIbhAva hone ke yogya ho jAtA hai| 1 yadi tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se dekheM, togItAkAra ke isa kathana meM saMvara aura nirjarAke adhikAMza tathya samAviSTa haiN| yahA~ gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAraNA ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| 10. niSkarSa isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana baMdhana se mukti ke liye do upAyoM para bala dete haiM- navIna baMdha se bacane ke lie saMyama aura purAtana baMdhana se chUTane ke lie tapa, jJAna, bhakti yaadhyaan| jahA~ taka saMyama kI bAta hai, tInoM AcAra-darzana use lagabhaga samAna rUpa se svIkAra karate haiN| tInoM ke lie saMyama kA artha kevala indriyavyApAroM kA nirodha na hokara usake pIche rahI huI Asakti kA bhaya bhI hai| jahA~ taka purAtana karmoM se chUTane ke sAdhana kA prazna hai, jaina-darzana tapa para, bauddha-darzana dhyAna (citta-nirodha) para tathA gItA jJAna evaM bhakti para adhika bala detI hai, lekina jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jainadarzana kA tapa-jJAna samanvita hai, to gItA kA jJAna-mArga bhI tapa evaM saMyama se yukta hai| bauddhadarzana kA dhyAna bhI jaina-darzana aura gItA-donoM ko hI svIkRta hai| jo bhI antara pratIta hotA hai, vaha zabdoM kA hai, mUlAtmA kA nhiiN| jaina-darzana meM nirNaya ke sAdhana-rUpa jisa tapa kA vidhAna hai, usameM jJAna aura dhyAna-donoM hI samAhita haiN| tInoM AcAra-darzana sAdhaka se

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yaha apekSA karate haiM ki vaha saMyama (saMvara) ke dvArA navIna karmoM ke bandhana ko rokakara tathA jJAna, dhyAna aura tapasyA ke dvArA purAtana karmoM kA kSaya kara paramazreya ko prApta kare / sandarbha graMtha - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 432 tattvArthasUtra, 9/1. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR. 80. sthAnAMga, 5/2/427. uttarAdhyayana, 29/26. dhammapada, 360-363. dravyasaMgraha, 34. samavAyAMga, 5/5. sthAnAMga, 8/3/598. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/16. dazavaikAlika, 10/15. saMyuttanikAya, 34/2/5/5. dhammapada, 360-361 vahI, 362. tulanIya dazavaikAlika 10/15. gItA, 2/58. gItA, 2/60, 2/67, 2/68, 2/61. dazavaikAlika, 1/1 pazcimI darzana (dIvAnacanda), pR. 121. hinduoM kA jIvana-darzana, pR. 68. pazcimI darzana (dIvAnacandra ), pR. 164. uttarAdhyayana, 30/5-9. samayasAra, 389. sabhAsiyam, 9/10. jainadharma, pR. 87. uttarAdhyayana, 30 / 6. vahI, 30 / 7-8, 30. aMguttaranikAya, 3/74. (a) uttarAdhyayana, 9/44., (ba) sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8 /24. bhAvanAzataka, 72-73. chahaDhAlA, 4/5. gItA, 18/66. vahI, 18 /51-53.

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 433 14 naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 1. jIvana-lakSya kI zodha meM prANIya-vyavahAra lakSyAtmaka hotA hai, lekina lakSya kA cayana evaM nirdhAraNa eka jaTila prakriyA hai| lakSya ke nirdhAraNa meM mAtra preraNA hI kAma nahIM karatI, varan usameM buddhi kA bhI yogadAna rahatA hai| bauddhika-viveka isa bAta kA bhI vicAra karatA hai ki kaunasA Adarza usake lie zreyaskara hai| jIvana-vyavahAra ke zreyaskara Adarza kA nirdhAraNa nItizAstra karatA hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki zreya (parama-kalyANa) aura preya (vAsanApUrti) ke mArga bhinna-bhinna haiN| donoM manuSya ko do bhinna-bhinna dazAoM meM prerita karate haiN| usameM jo zreya kAvaraNa karatA hai, vahazubhakA anusaraNa karatA hai aura jo preya kA varaNa karatA hai, vaha patana kIora jAtA hai| preya aura zreya-donoM hI sAtha-sAtha manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| vivekavAn manuSya donoM kA samyak vicAra kara preya (bhoga-mArga) ke sthAna para zreya (kalyANa-mArga) kA varaNa karatA hai, jabaki mUrkha bhautika-sukhoM ke pIche preya (bhogamArga) kA varaNa karatA hai|' janma pA lenA hI paryApta nahIM hai| vaha to jIvana kA Arambhabindu hai, bhUmikA hai, usameM sambhAvanAe~ to haiM, lekina pUrNatA nhiiN| vahA~ se pUrNatA kI dizA meM vAstavika vikAsa prArambha hotA hai, lekina use gaMtavya mAnakara ruka jAnA vikAsa kI samasta sambhAvanAoM ko naSTa kara denA hai| jise hama jInA kahate haiM, vaha to nitya mRtyu kI ora prayANa hai| jaba taka hameM jIvana kI samyaka dizA yA jIvana kA lakSya jJAta nahIM hotA, taba taka jIne kA koI artha nhiiN| 2. jIvana kyA hai ? vastuta:, jIvana kA lakSya yA paramasAdhya kyA hai, isake lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki jIvana kyA hai ? kyoMki jIvana kA lakSya jIvana se haTakara nahIM ho sktaa| jIvana ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiN| eka, jaivika-dRSTi aura dUsarI, aadhyaatmik-dRsstti| jaivika-dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki jIvana eka aisI prakriyA hai, jo sadaiva hI pariveza ke prati kriyAzIla hai| jIvana kI yaha kriyAzIlatA mAtra santulana banAe rakhane kA prayAsa hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM jIvana gatizIla santulana hai|' spensara ke anusAra pariveza meM nihita tathya jIvana ke santulana ko bhaMga karate rahate haiM aura jIvana apanI kriyAzIlatA ke

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434 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA puna: isa santulana ko banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| yaha santulana banAne kA prayAsa hI jIvana kI prakriyA hai|' vikAsavAdiyoM ne ise hI 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa' kahA hai| vastuta:, use 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa kI apekSA 'samatva ke saMsthApana kA prayAsa' kahanA adhika ucita hai| 'samatva kA saMsthApana, santulana evaM samAyojana kI prakriyA hI jIvana kA mahatvapUrNa lakSya hai|' jahA~ bhI jIvana hai, yaha prakriyA avirAma gati se cala rahI hai| jIvana kA artha hai-samAyojana yA santulana kA pryaas| dUsare zabdoM meM, samAyojana aura santulana ke prayAsoM kI upasthiti hI jIvana hai, unakA abhAva hI jIvana kA abhAva hai, mRtyu hai| mRtyu aura kucha nahIM, mAtra santulana banAne kI prakriyA kA asaphala hokara TUTa jAnA hai| isa prakAra, jaivika-dRSTi se jIva santulana-zakti hai, samatva ke saMsthApana kI prakriyA hai| adhyAtmazAstra ke anusAra jIvana na to janma hai, na mRtyu / eka usakA prArambhabindu hai, dUsarA usake abhAva kI udghoSaNA karane vaalaa| jIvana ina donoM se Upara hai| janma aura mRtyu to eka zarIra meM usake Agamana aura cale jAne kI sUcanAe~ bhara haiM, vaha inase aprabhAvita hai| jIvana to jAgrati hai, cetanA hai| vaiyaktika-dRSTi se ise hI jIva kahate haiM aura yahI AtmA hai| yadi uparyukta donoM hI dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para jIvana kI eka samucita paribhASA dene kA prayAsa kiyA jAe, to kaha sakate haiM ki jIvana cetana-tattva kI santulana-zakti hai| cetanA jIvana hai aura jIvana kA kArya hai-samatva kA saMsthApana, ata: siddha yaha huA ki samatva kA saMsthApana cetanA kA kArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, samatva meM sthita rahanA hI cetanA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai, jo cetanA kA Adarza aura jIvana kI prakriyA kA carama lakSya ho sakatA hai| manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se cetana-jIvana kA vizleSaNa karane para hameM usake tIna pakSa jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa milate haiN| cetanA ko ina tIna pakSoM se bhinna kahIM dekhA nahIM jA sktaa| cetanA ina tIna prakriyAoM ke rUpa meM hI abhivyakta hotI hai| cetana jIvana kA prayAsa jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa kI kSamatAoM ke vikAsa ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| saMkSepa meM, jIvana-prakriyA samatva ke saMsthApana pakSoM kA pUrNatA kI dizA meM vikAsa kA prayAsa hai| isa prakAra, jIvana-prakriyA ko jAna lene para yaha vicAra Avazyaka hai ki hamAre naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya kyA ho sakatA hai ?

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 435 3. naitikatA kA sAdhya (a) saMgharSakA nirAkaraNa evaM samatva kAsaMsthApana , hamAre naitika-AcaraNakA lakSya kyA hai ? naitika-AcaraNa ke dvArA hama kyA pAnA cAhate haiM ? ye prazna naitika-jIvana ke sAdhya kA spaSTIkaraNa cAhate haiN| AcaraNa ke vikAsakrama kA itihAsa batAtA hai ki pratyeka yuga kI naitika-avadhAraNAe~ una paristhitiyoM meM vyakti ke vyavahAra kA eka aisA samAdhAna prastuta karane kA prayAsa thIM, jisake dvArA vyakti ke apane vAsanAtmaka aura bauddhika-pakSa ke madhya hone vAlAantardvandva samApta hokara jIvana meM saMtulana ho, vyakti aura samAja ke madhya pArasparika sambandhoM meM ucita samAyojana ho aura samAja athavA rASTroM ke madhya eka aisI vyavasthA kA nirmANa ho, jisake dvArA eka sAMgasaMtulana se yukta jIvana-praNAlI kA nirmANa ho ske| __ moTe taura para naitikatA ke vikAsa kA itihAsa yahI batAtA hai ki naitikatA kA sambandha hamezA unhIM AdarzoM se rahA hai, jinake dvArA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-sukha evaM zAnti kI upalabdhi ho ske|maanviiy jIvana-praNAlI meM hama tIna prakAra ke saMgharSa pAte haiM(1) manovRttiyoM kAAntarika-saMgharSa-jodo vAsanAoM ke madhya, vAsanA aura buddhi ke madhya tathA vAsanAevaM bauddhika-AdarzoM ke madhya calatA rahatA hai aura Antarika asantulana ko janma dekara Antarika-zAntibhaMga karatA hai, Adhunika manovijJAna ise 'iDa' aura 'supara igo' kA saMgharSa kahatA hai| (2) vyakti kI Antarika-abhiruciyoM aura bAhyaparisthitiyoM kA saMgharSa-jo vyakti aura usake bhautika-pariveza, vyakti aura vyakti athavA vyakti aura samAja ke madhya calatA rahatA hai aura kusaMyojana ko janma dekara vyakti kI jIvana-praNAlI ko dUSita banAtA hai| (3) bAhya-vAtAvaraNa ke madhya hone vAlA saMgharSa- jo vividha samAjoM eva rASTroM ke madhya hotA hai, jisake kAraNa zAnti, surakSA evaM astitva ke lie khatarA utpanna hotA hai| pratyeka yuga meM naitika-niyamoM kA kArya ina saMgharSoM ko samApta karane kA rahA hai| ve yaha batAte haiM ki hamArI jIvana-dRSTi kyA ho, jIvana kA AcaraNa kaisA ho, jisase yaha saMgharSa vyakti ko vikhaNDita na kara ske| yadyapive kahA~ taka ise samApta kara sake, yaha eka dUsarA prazna hai, jo naitika-AdezoM ke AcaraNa se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai, unakI mUlyAtmakatA se nhiiN| naitika-jIvana kA vyAvahArika-lakSya hamezA yahI rahA hai ki usake dvArA jIvana ke asaMtulana, kusaMyojana aura avyavasthAko samApta kara ekasaMtulita, susaMyojita evaM vyavasthita

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436 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jIvana-praNAlI kA nirmANa kiyA jAe, tAki eka aise vikasita mAnava-samAja kI saMracanA ho sake, jo ina saMgharSoM se mukta ho| vastutaH, naitika-jIvana kA lakSya eka aise samatva kI saMsthApanA karanA hai, jisase Antarika-manovRttiyoM kA saMgharSa, Antarika-icchAoM aura unakI pUrti ke bAhya-prayAsoM kA saMgharSa aura bAhya-samAjagata evaM rASTragata saMgharSa- jo svayaM vyakti ke dvArA prasUta nahIM hote hue bhI use prabhAvita karate haiM, samApta ho jaaeN| vaijJAnikoM ne jIvana kI pravRtti ko saMtulana banAne vAlI pravRtti kahA hai| jIvana kA Adarza saMtulana banAe rakhanA hai| jaba bhI kisI kAraNa se yaha saMtulana TUTatA hai, prANI usa saMtulana ko banAne kI koziza karatA hai| manovijJAna bhI prANI meM nihita isa saMtulana banAne kI abhivRtti ko batAtA hai| jIvana kA Adarza jIvana ke andara hI nihita hai| use bAhara khojanA pravaMcanA hai| jaisA ki jaiva-vijJAna evaM manovijJAna batAte haiM, yadijIvana meM svayaM saMtulana yA samatva banAne kI pravRtti pAI jAtI hai, yadi jIvana kA artha hI santulana kA prayAsa hai, to phira hameM jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM isI samatva yAsaMtulana banAe rakhane kI pravRtti ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| AcAra-vijJAna yadyapi eka mUlyAtmaka-vijJAna hai, phira bhI yaha jIvana kI vAstavikatA ko jhuThalA nahIM sakatA hai| jo svayaM jIvana meM nahIM hai, vaha jIvana ke dvArA pAyA nahIM jA sakatA, ata: vaha jIvana kA Adarza nahIM ho sktaa| aisA Adarza, jo Adarza hI rahe, lekina upalabdha nahIM ho sake, eka AdhyAtmika-mRgamarIcikA se adhika nahIM hai| cAhe Adarza Adarza banA rahe aura usakI pUrNata: upalabdhina bhI ho pAe phira bhIkamase kama AMzika rUpa meM to use upalabdha honA hI caahie| saMgharSa nahIM, samatva hI mAnavIya-jIvana kA Adarza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yahI hamArA svabhAva hai| jo svabhAva hai, vahI Adarza hai| svabhAva se bhinna Adarza kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| spensara, DArvina evaM mArksa prabhRti kucha vicAraka saMgharSa ko hI jIvana kA svabhAva mAnate haiM, lekina yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| vijJAna ke anusAra vastu kA svabhAva vaha hotA hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jo nitya aura nirapavAda hotA hai, vahI svabhAva hotA hai| yadi isa kasauTI para kaseM, to saMgharSa jIvana kA svabhAva siddha nahIM hotaa| yadi dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya-svabhAva meM saMgharSa hai aura mAnavIyaitihAsa varga-saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai aura saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai, to phira dvandvAtmakabhautikavAda saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA cAhatA hai ? saMgharSa miTAne ke lie hotA hai| jo miTAne kI, nirAkaraNa karane kI vastu hai, use svabhAva kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? saMgharSa yadi

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) mAnava - itihAsa kA eka tathya hai, to vaha mAnava-svabhAva saMgharSa nahIM, saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa yA samatva kI avasthA hai, kyoMki yugoM se mAnavIya prayAsa usI ke lie hote Ae haiN| saccA mAnava - itihAsa saMgharSa kI kahAnI nahIM, saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kI kahAnI hai / saMgharSa aura samatva ke vicalana jIvana meM hote haiM, lekina ve jIvana kA svabhAva nahIM, kyoMki jIvana kI prakriyA unake miTAne kI dizA meM hI prayAsazIla hai| saMgharSoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA hI naitikatA kA sAdhya hai| jisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se saMgharSa samApta ho, jIvana meM samatva aura santulana banA rahe, vahI AcaraNa naitika hai| vahI naitika-sAdhya hai| samatva jIvana kA sAdhya hai, vahI naitika - zubha hai| samatva zubha hai aura viSamatA azubha hai| kAmanA, Asakti, rAga, dveSa, vitarka Adi sabhI jIvana kI viSamatA, asantulana yA tanAva - avasthA ko abhivyakta karate haiM, ataH ye bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM azubha mAne gae haiN| isake viparIta, vAsanAzUnya, vitarkazUnya, niSkAma, anAsakta evaM vItarAgadazA hI naitika-zubha mAnI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki yahI samatva kA sRjana karatI hai| pAzcAtya naitika-vicAraka spensara kahate haiM ki jIvana ke nyUna se nyUna stara meM bhI jIvana ko banAe rakhane kI preraNA pradhAna hai, ataH vaha jIvana - vyavahAra hI zubha hai, jo jIvana nAye rakhane meM vAtAvaraNa se samAyojana karatA hai| spensara kI isa dhAraNA meM satya avazya hai, lekina vaha AMzika hI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAe~ bhI jIvana ke samAyojana meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko dekhatI to haiM, lekina unake anusAra jIvana ke vyavahAra kA samAyojana kisI prayojanahIna andha vikAsa ke nimitta nahIM hai| vaha eka prayojanapUrNa - samAyojana hai, jisake dvArA vyakti satya kI anubhUti karatA hai| gItA ke sthitaprajJa, bauddhadarzana ke arhat aura jaina- vicAra ke vItarAga kA jIvana Adarza eka pUrNa samAyojana kI sthiti hai / yadyapi bhAratIya- samAyojana aura pAzcAtya samAyojana kI dhAraNA meM prArambhika rUpa meM nikaTatA hai, lekina phira bhI donoM meM eka maulika antara hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM yaha samAyojana pramukhataH prANI aura vAtAvaraNa ke madhya hotA hai, jabaki bhAratIya cintana meM yaha samAyojana vyakti ke andara hI hotA hai| yaha eka AdhyAtmika saMtulana hai| saMtulana kA bhaMga aura santulana kI sthiti donoM Antarika tathya haiN| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI isa santulana bhaMga kA kAraNa haiM aura inase Upara uThakara, anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi hI saccA samAyojana hai| uparyukta bhAratIya vicAraNAe~ yaha to svIkAra karatI haiM ki jIvana ke santulana ko bhaMga karane meM vAtAvaraNa ke tathyoM kA hAtha hotA hai, lekina unake anusAra vAtAvaraNa isa - 437 *

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438 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana santulana ke bhaMga kA itanA mahatvapUrNa evaM nikaTavartI kAraNa nahIM hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNAoM meM vAtAvaraNa ke Upara vyakti kI sarvoparitA svIkRta hai| vAtAvaraNa ke tathya usI avasthA meM vyakti ke andara isa santulana kA vicalana utpanna kara sakate haiM, jaba vyakti svayaM vaisA caahe| vastue~ rAga aura dveSa kA nimitta-kAraNa ho sakatI haiM, lekina usameM rAga aura dveSa kA kartA to vyakti svayaM hai| jIvana ke saMtulana ko bhaMga karane meM vAtAvaraNa kA udAsIna kAraNa avazya hai, lekina vAstavika kAraNa to vyakti svayaM hI hai, ata: bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM naitika-jIvana kA kArya usa AMtarika-saMtulana kI sthApanA hai| bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM meM naitika-jIvana kA pramukha kArya vAtAvaraNa aura vyakti ke madhya samAyojana banAnA nahIM, varan vyakti ke Antarika-jIvana meM, usake mana aura buddhi meM isa saMtulana ko banAe rakhanA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAlA vyakti kA vyavahAra to usake vicAroM kA, usake mAnasa kA bAhya prakaTIkaraNa mAtra hai, ata: AvazyakatA to mAnasika-saMtulana kI hI hai| bhAratIya-cintana, vizeSakara jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika-jIvana eka samAyojanapUrNa, samarUpa evaM saMtulita jIvana hai; jisakA kendra hamAre vyaktitva ke andara hai| yaha Atma-kendrita samatvapUrNa jIvana hI naitika parama sAdhya hai aura naitikatA eka kalA ke rUpa meM hameM vaisA jIvana jInA sikhAtI hai, jaisAki hama dekha cuke haiN| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana hameM na kevala yaha batAte haiM ki hamAre jIvana kA Adarza kyA hai, varan yaha bhI batAte haiM ki isa Adarza kI upalabdhi kaise ho sakatI hai| ___ saMkSepa meM, bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM ke anusAra jIvana kAzabhatva samatva meM nihita hai| samatvapUrNa jIvanahI AdarzajIvana hai| pUrNa samatva kI yaha avasthAjainadharma meM vItarAgadazA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| gItA isI pUrNa samatva kI sthiti ko sthitaprajJatA kahatI hai, jabaki bauddha-darzana meM ise hI arhatAvasthAkahA jAtA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM jIvana kA Adarza yaha AdhyAtmika-samatva hai aura naitika-jIvana isa Adarza ko AtmasAt karane kI prakriyA hai| jisa prakAra ke jIvana-vyavahAra meM yaha samatva banA raha sakatA hai, vahI vyavahAra naitika hai| naitikatA isa samatva ke saMsthApana kI kalA hai| gItA meM isI kalA ko samatva-yoga kahA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ise sAmAjika-sAdhanA ke nAma se abhihita karatA hai aura bauddha-darzana meM use samyak-samAdhi kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzana jIvana ke vyavahAra-pakSa ko upekSita kara kisI AdhyAtmika yA naitika-Adarza kI

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naitika 5- jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) kalpanA nahIM krte| unakA naitika Adarza vyAvahArika jIvana meM AtmasAt karane kI vastu hai| gItA aura jaina darzana meM jisa mokSa aura bauddha darzana meM jisa nirvANa kI parikalpanA hai, vaha to pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai| vastutaH, mokSa yA nirvANa maraNottara sthiti nahIM hai| hama isa samatva kI sAdhanA ke madhura phala kA rasAsvAdana isI jIvana meM kara sakate haiN| buddha aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA thA ki naitika-sAdhanA kA tAtkAlika - phala 439 - hai ? kyoMki jo loga kisI maraNottara avasthA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate, unake lie isa prazna kA uttara diyA jAnA Avazyaka bhI thA jo naitika darzana aura dhArmika - jIvana kI aihika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM kara pAtA aura mAtra pAralaukika jIvana kI madhura lorI sunAkara hameM varttamAna kI samasyAoM ke prati tandrita karatA hai, vaha na to saccA naitikadarzana ho sakatA hai, na dharma / magadhAdhipati ajAtazatru ne isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hI buddha se yaha prazna kiyA thA ki zrAvaNya kA pratyakSa phala kyA hai ? buddha ne isa prazna kA jo uttara diyA hai vaha bhAratIya naitika-darzana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| buddha ke samagra kathana ko saMkSepa meM ina zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai- 'nirdoSa AcaraNa (zIla-saMvaraNa) se nirbhaya jIvana, vAsanAoM evaM vitarkoM ke prahANa se prazAnta mana:sthiti (citta-samAdhi) evaM ekAgratA tathA prazAnta, ekAgra, nirmala (rAgadveSa ke mala se rahita ) niSpApa evaM nizcala citta se tattva, vastusvarUpa yA paramArtha kA yathArtha bodha prApta ho jAtA hai| yahI zrAmaNya kA pratyakSa phala hai / " vastuta:, samyakdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra yA samyak - zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA karma, jJAna aura bhakti rUpa naitika AcaraNa se jIvana ke tIna pakSa AcAra, vicAra aura anubhUti meM samatva utpanna hotA hai, jo isI jIvana meM manuSya ko abhUtapUrva zAnti aura atula Ananda pradAna karatA hai, kyoMki azAnti, duHkha, vedanA evaM tanAva kA kAraNa Asakti, rAga yA tRSNA hai| usakA prahANa hone para jIvana meM svAbhAvika zAnti aura Ananda kA honA anivArya hai| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana apane sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM isI rAga-dveSa, Asakti yA tRSNA ke prahANa kA upAya batAte haiM, jisase vyakti zAzvata zAnti aura cirasaukhya kA AsvAdana kara sake / (ba) Atma- pUrNatA naitika- jIvana kA sAdhya kevala samatva kA saMsthApana hI nahIM hai, varan isase bhI adhika hai; aura vaha hai AtmapUrNatA kI dizA meM pragati, kyoMki jaba taka apUrNatA hai, samatva ke vicalana kI sambhAvanAe~ bhI haiN| apUrNatA kI avasthA meM sadaiva hI cAha (Want )

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440 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana upasthita rahatI hai aura jaba taka koI bhI cAha banI huI hai, samatva nahIM ho sktaa| kAmanA, vAsanA aura cAha, sabhI asantulana kI sUcaka haiM, unakI upasthiti meM samatva sambhava nahIM hotaa| samatva to pUrNa niSkAma evaM anAsakta jIvana meM sambhava hai| jaba taka apUrNatA hai, kAmanA hai aura jaba taka kAmanA hai, samatva nahIM hai, ata: pUrNa samatva ke lie AtmapUrNatA Avazyaka hai| hamAre vyAvahArika-jIvana meM bhI hamArA prayatna cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka-pakSoM ke vikAsa ke nimitta hotA hai| antazcetanA sadaiva hI isa dizA meM pratyanazIla rahatI hai ki hama apanI cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM meM dezakAlagata sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara skeN| vyakti apanI jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka-kSamatAoM kI pUrNatA cAhatA hai| sImitatA aura apUrNatA bhI vyakti ke mana kI vedanA hai aura vaha sadaivahI isa vedanA se chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai| usakI sImitatA aura apUrNatA jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai, jo pUrNatA ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai| jaba taka AtmapUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara liyA jAtA, taba taka pUrNa samatva nahIM hotA aura jaba taka pUrNa samatva nahIM hotA, naitika-pUrNatA bhI sambhava nahIM hotii| naitika-pUrNatA, AtmapUrNatA aura pUrNa samatva ke paryAyavAcI hI haiN| kANTa ne naitika-vikAsa kI dRSTi se AtmA kI amaratA ko anivArya mAnA hai| naitika-pUrNatA AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA meM hI sambhava hai| yaha pUrNayA yA ananta taka pragati, kevala isa mAnyatA para nirbhara hai ki vyaktitva meM usa pUrNatA ko prApta karane kI kSamatA hai aura usa anantatA yA pUrNatA taka pahu~cane ke lie usakI sthiratA bhI ananta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, AtmA amara hai| kANTa ne ananta kI dizA meM naitikapragati ke lie AtmA kI amaratA para bala diyA, lekina arabana ne pragati ko bhI naitikatA kI eka svatantra mAnyatA kahA hai| yadi naitika-pragati kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAegA, to naitika-jIvana kA mahAna uddezya samApta ho jAegA aura naitikatA pArasparikasambandhoM kI eka kahAnI-mAtra rhegii| pAzcAtya-jagat meM naitika-pragati kA tAtparya sAmAjika-jIvana kI pragati hai aura bhAratIya-darzana meM naitika-pragati se tAtparya, vaiyaktika AdhyAtmika-vikAsa hai| mokSa, nirvANa yA paramAtmA kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM naitika-pUrNatA kI prApti ko sambhava mAnanA naitika-jIvana kI dRSTi se ati Avazyaka hai| yadi naitika-pUrNatA yA paramazreya kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai, to naitika-jIvana aura naitika-pragati kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| naitikapragati ke antima caraNa ke rUpa meM AtmapUrNatA Avazyaka hai|

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 441 vastuta:, hamArI cetanA meM apanI apUrNatA kA jo bodha hai, vaha svayaM hI hamAre antas meM nihita pUrNatA kA saMketa hai| hameM apanI apUrNatA kA spaSTa bodha hai, lekina yaha apUrNatA kA spaSTa bodha binA pUrNatA ke pratyaya ke sambhava nhiiN| yadi hamArI cetanA yAAtmA, ananta yA pUrNa na ho, to hameM apanI-apUrNatA kA bodha bhI nahIM ho sktaa| breDale kA kathana hai ki 'cetanA ananta hai, kyoMki vaha anubhava karatI hai ki usakI kSamatAe~ sAnta evaM sImita haiM, lekina sImA yA apUrNatA ko jAnane ke lie asIma evaM pUrNa honA Avazyaka hai| jaba hamArI cetanA yaha jJAna rakhatI hai ki vaha sAnta, sImita yA apUrNa hai, to usakA yaha sImita hone kA jJAna svayaM isa sImA ko pAra kara jAtA hai| isa prakAra breDale 'sva' meM nihita pUrNatA kA saMketa karate haiN| AtmA pUrNa hai, yaha bAta bhAratIya-darzana ke vidyArthI ke lie naI nahIM hai, lekina isa AtmapUrNatA kA artha yaha nahIM ki hama pUrNa haiN| pUrNatA hamArI kSamatA (Capacity) hai, yogyatA (Ability) nhiiN| pUrNatA ke prakAza meM hameM apanI apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai, apUrNatA kA bodha pUrNatA kI upasthiti kA saMketa avazya hai, lekina vaha pUrNatA kI upalabdhi nahIM hai| jaise dUdha meM pratIta hone vAlI snignadhatA usameM nihita makkhana kI sUcaka avazya hai, lekina makkhana kI upalabdhi nahIM hai| jaise dUdha meM nihita makkhana ko pAne ke lie prayatna Avazyaka hai, vaise 'sva' meM nihita pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie prayatna Avazyaka hai| naitikatA usI samyak prayatna kI sUcaka hai, jisake mAdhyama se hama usa pUrNatA ko upalabdha kara sakate haiN| heDaphIlDa likhate haiM ki hama jo kucha haiM, vahI hamArA 'sva' (Self) nahIM hai, varan hamArA 'sva' vaha hai, jo ki hama ho sakate haiN| hamArI sambhAvanAoM meM hI hamArI sattA abhivyakta hotI hai aura isI artha meM AtmapUrNatA hamArA sAdhya bhI hai| jaise eka bAlaka meM nihita samagra kSamatAe~ jahA~ eka ora usakI sattA meM nihita haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora usakA sAdhya haiM, ThIka usI prakAra AtmapUrNatA hamArA sAdhya hai| yadi hama AtmapUrNatA ko naitika-jIvana kA parama sAdhya mAnate haiM, to hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA honA ki AtmapUrNatA kA tAtparya kyA hai ? AtmapUrNatA kA tAtparya Atmopalabdhi hI hai, vaha sva meM sva' ko pAnA hai, lekina jisa AtmA yA sva' ko upalabdha karanA hai, vaha sImita yA apUrNa AtmA nahIM, varan aisI AtmA hai, jo samagra vAsanAoM, saMkalpoM evaM saMgharSoM se Upara hai, vizuddha dRSTA evaM sAkSI-svarUpa hai| hamArI zuddha sattA hamAre jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa, sabhI kA AdhAra hote hue bhI sabhI se Upara eka nirvikalpa, vItarAga sAkSI kI sthiti hai| isI sthiti kI upalabdhi ko pUrNAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra, parama AtmA kI upalabdhikahA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM pUrNatA ke do artha

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442 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rahe haiM- eka artha meM vaha cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa ke madhya sAMga saMtulana hai, to dUsarI ora yaha vaiyaktika sImAoM aura sImitatAoM se Upara uThanA hai, tAki samAja ke anya ghaTakoM aura hamAre bIca kA dvaita samApta ho sake aura vyakti eka mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM samAja kAmArgadarzana kara ske| breDale kA kathana hai ki maiM apane ko naitika rUpa se abhivyakta tabhI karatA hU~, jaba merI AtmA merI nijI AtmA nahIM raha jAtI, jaba merA saMkalpa anya logoM ke saMkalpa se bhinna nahIM raha jAtA aura jaba maiM dUsaroM ke saMsAra meM kevala apane ko pAtA huuN| AtmAnubhUti kA artha hai-asIma va ananta ho jAnA, apane va parAe ke antara ko miTA denaa|' yaha hai parAbhautika-stara para AtmAnubhUti kA arth| manovaijJAnika-stara para AtmAnubhUti kA artha hogA-hamArI sampUrNa bauddhika, naitika evaM kalAtmaka-yogyatAoM tathA kSamatAoM kI abhivykti| yadi hama apanI kAmanAoM evaM uddezyoM ko eka sAtha rakhakara dekheM, to sabhI vizeSa uddezya kucha sAmAnya aura vyApaka uddezyoM ke antargata AjAte haiM, jo paraspara milakara eka samanvayAtmaka-samuccaya bana jAte haiN| isI samanvayAtmakasamuccaya meM hamArI AtmA pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta hotI hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM pUrNatA kA artha thor3A bhinna hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM AtmA (Self) kA artha vyaktitva hai aura jaba hama pAzcAtya-paramparA meM AtmapUrNatA kI bAta kahate haiM, to usakA tAtparya hai, vyaktitva kI puurnntaa| vyaktitva kA tAtparya hai- zarIra aura cetanA, lekina adhikAMzabhAratIya-darzana AtmAko tAttvika 'sat' ke rUpa meM lete haiM, ata: bhAratIya-cintana ke anusAra Atma-pUrNatA kA artha apanI tAttvika-sattA kI athavA paramArtha kI upalabdhi hai|yoN bhAratIya-paramparA meM AtmapUrNatA kA artha AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka-zaktiyoM kI pUrNatAbhI mAnya hai| bhAratIya-cintana ke anusAra manuSya ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa kA ananta jJAna, ananta saukhya (Ananda) aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM abhivyakta ho jAnA hI Atma-pUrNatA hai| yahI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM AtmA paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI zaktiyoM kA anAvaraNa evaM pUrNa abhivyakti, yahI paramAtmatattva kI prApti hai aura yahI AtmapUrNatA hai| (sa) Atma-sAkSAtkAra AtmapUrNatA para' yApUrva-anupasthita vastu kI upalabdhi nahIM, varan Atmopalabdhi hI hai| yaha eka aisI upalabdhi hai, jisameM pAnA kucha bhI nahIM, varan saba kucha kho denA hai| yaha pUrNa riktatA evaM zUnyatA hai| saba kucha kho dene para saba kucha pA liyA jAtA hai| pUrNa riktatA

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naitika - jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) Atma pUrNatA banakara prakaTa ho jAtI hai| bhautika-stara para 'para' ko pAkara 'sva' ko khote haiM, lekina AdhyAtmika-jIvana meM 'para' ko khokara 'sva' ko pA jAte haiN| jaina darzana meM ise yaha kahakara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki jitanI para - pariNati yA pudgala - pariNati hai, utanA hI - vismaraNa hai, 'sva' ko khonA hai aura jitanA para pariNati yA pudgala - pariNati kA abhAva hai, utanA hI AtmaramaNa yA 'sva' kI upalabdhi hai| jitanI 'para' meM Asakti hotI hai, utane hI hama 'sva' se dUra hote haiN| isake viparIta, 'para' meM Asakti kA jitanA abhAva hotA hai, utanA hI hama 'sva' yA AtmA ke samIpa hote haiN| jitanI mAtrA meM vAsanAe~, ahaMkAra aura citta - vikalpa kama hote haiM, utanI hI mAtrA meM Atmopalabdhi yA AtmasAkSAtkAra hotA hai| jaba cetanA meM inakA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai, to AtmasAkSAtkAra AtmapUrNatA ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai| jaina- dRSTikoNa aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra- jaina- naitikatA kA sAdhya bhI Atmopalabdhi yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra hI hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki 'mokSakAmI ko AtmA ko jAnanA cAhie, AtmA para hI zraddhA karanA cAhie aura AtmA kI hI anubhUti ( anucaritavya) karanA caahie| samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, pratyAkhyAna (tyAga), saMvara (saMyama) aura yoga, saba apane-Apa ko pAne ke sAdhana haiM, kyoMki yahI AtmA jJAna meM hai, darzana meM hai, tyAga meM hai, saMvara meM hai aura yoga meM hai 2 / ' AcArya kundakunda ke dRSTikoNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki naitika-kriyAe~ Atmopalabdhi hI haiM / vyavahAranaya se jinheM jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kahA gayA hai, nizcayanaya se vaha AtmA hI hai| isa prakAra naitika jIvana kA artha Atma-sAkSAtkAra yA AtmalAbha hai| 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM parama sAdhya . jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM naitika jIvana kA paramasAdhya yA paramazreya nirvANa yA AtmA kI upalabdhi hI mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM mokSa, nirvANa, paramAtmA kI prApti Adi jIvana meM carama lakSya yA paramazreya ke hI paryAyavAcI haiM, lekina hameM yaha spaSTa jAna lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya paramparA ke mokSa yA nirvANa kA tAtparya kyA hai ? sAmAnyatayA, mokSa yA nirvANa se hama kisI maraNottara - avasthA kI kalpanA karate haiM, lekina vAstavika sthiti usase bhinna hai| jise sAmAnyatayA mokSa yA nirvANa kahA jAtA hai, vaha to usakA maraNottara-pariNAmamAtra hai, jo ki hameM jIvana - mukti ke rUpa meM isI jIvana meM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| vastuta:, naitika jIvana kA sAdhya yahI jIvana- mukti hai, jise vyakti ko yahIM 443

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444 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura isI jagat meM prApta karanA hai| lokottara-mukti isakA anivArya pariNAma hai, jo ki zarIra ke chUTa jAne para prApta ho jAtI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana mukti ke do rUpoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, jinheM hama jIvana-mukti aura videha-mukti kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM mukti ke do rUpa- jaina-paramparA meM mukti ke ina do rUpoM ko bhAva-mokSa aura dravya-mokSa kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM bhAvamokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka arihanta aura dravyamokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka siddha mAne gae haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mokSa aura nirvANa zabdoM kA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayoga huA hai| unameM mokSa ko kAraNa aura nirvANa ko usakA kArya batAyA gayA hai (uttarA. 28/30) / isa sandarbha meM mokSa kA artha bhAva-mokSa yA rAgadveSa se mukti hai aura dravyamokSa kA artha nirvANa yA maraNottara-mukti kI prApti hai| bauddha-paramparA meM do prakAra kA nirvANa- bauddha-paramparA meM bhI do prakAra ke nirvANa mAne gae haiM- 1. sopAdizeSa-nirvANa dhAtu aura 2. anupAdizeSa-nirvANa dhaatu| itivRttaka meM kahA gayA hai ki anAsakta aura cakSumAn bhagavAn buddha ne nirvANa dhAtu ko ina do prakAra kA batAyA hai| eka dhAtu kA nAma sopAdizeSa hai, jo isa zarIra meM bAra-bAra lAne vAlI tRSNA ke kSaya ke bAda prApta hotI hai aura dUsarI anupAdizeSa hai, jo zarIra chUTane ke bAda prApta hotI hai (itivuttaka 2/7) / __ vaidika-paramparA meM do prakAra kI mukti- gItA aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ke samAna do prakAra kI mukti mAnI gaI hai- 1. jIvana-mukti aura 2. videh-mukti| jIvana-mukti rAgadveSa aura Asakti ke pUrNarUpeNa samApta ho jAne para prApta hotI hai aura aisAjIvanmukta sAdhaka jaba apanA zarIra chor3a detA hai, to vaha videhamukti kahI jAtI hai| jaina-darzana bauddha-darzana vaidika bhAvamokSa sopAdizeSa-nirvANa dhAtu jIvana-mukti dravyamokSa / anupAdizeSa-nirvANa dhAtu videha-mukti isa tAlikA ke AdhAra para jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM AcAra-darzana jIvanamukti aura videha-mukti ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, tInoM AcAradarzana jIvana-mukta ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM samAna dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki jaba taka jIvana-mukti prApta nahIM hotI, taba taka nirvANa, mokSa yA

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 445 paramAtmA ko bhI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jIvana-mukti prAthamika avasthA hai aura vyAvahArika-jIvana meM ise naitika-jIvana kA jIvana-Adarza svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa jIvana-mukta puruSa ko jaina-paramparA meM vItarAga kahA gayA hai, use hI vaidika-paramparA meM sthitaprajJa aura bauddha-paramparA meM arhat kahA gayA hai| Age, aba hama isI jIvana-mukta puruSa ke sambandha meM vicAra kreNge| 5. jainadarzana meM vItarAga kA jIvanAdarza jaina-darzana meM naitika-jIvana kA paramasAdhya vItarAgatA kI prApti rahA hai| jainadarzana meM vItarAga evaM arihanta (arhat) isI jIvanAdarza ke pratIka haiN| vItarAga kI jIvanazailI kyA hotI hai, isakA varNana jainAgamoM meM yatra-tatra bikharA huA hai| saMkSepa meM, una AdhAroM para use isa prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM Adarza puruSa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai jo mamatva evaM ahaMkAra se rahita hai, jisake citta meM koI Asakti nahIM hai aura jisane abhimAna kA tyAga kara diyA hai, jo prANImAtra ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai, jolAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa, mAna-apamAna aura nindA-prazaMsA meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, jise na isa loka kI aura na paraloka kI koI apekSA hai, kisI ke dvArA candana kA lepa karane para aura kisI ke dvArA basUle se chIlane para, jisake mana meM lepa karane vAle para rAga-bhAva aura basUle se chIlane vAle paradveSa-bhAva nahIM hotA, jo khAne meM aura anazana-vrata karane meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI mahApuruSa hai| jisa prakAra agnise zuddha kiyA huA sonA nirmala hotA hai, usI prakAra jo rAga-dveSa aura bhaya Adi se rahita hai, kucha nirmala hai| jisa prakAra kamala kIcar3a evaM pAnI meM utpanna hokara bhI usameM lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jo saMsAra ke kAma-bhogoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, bhAva se sadaiva hI virata rahatA hai, usa viratAtmA, anAsakta puruSa kI indriyoM ke zabdAdi viSaya bhI mana meM rAga-dveSa ke bhAva utpanna nahIM krte| jo viSaya rAgI vyaktiyoM ko duHkha dete haiM, ve vItarAgI ke lie du:kha ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| vaha rAga, dveSa aura moha ke adhyavasAyoM ko doSarUpa jAnakara sadaiva unake prati jAgrata rahatA huA mAdhyasthabhAva rakhatA hai, kisI prakAra ke saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM karatA huA tRSNA kA prahANa kara detA hai| vItarAga puruSa rAga-dveSa aura moha kA prahANa kara jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antarAya-karma kA kSaya kara kRtakRtya ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra moha, antarAya aura AmravoM se rahita vItarAga sarvajJa, sarvadarzI hotA hai| vaha zakladhyAna aura susamAdhi sahita hotA hai aura Ayu kA kSaya hone para mokSa prApta kara letA hai|

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446 6. bauddha darzana meM arhat kA jIvanAdarza AD bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prArambhika bauddha darzana meM naitika jIvana kA Adarza arhatAvasthA mAnA gayA hai| - bauddha darzana meM arhat avasthA se tAtparya tRSNA yA rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA pUrNa kSaya hai / jo rAga-dveSa aura moha se Upara uTha cukA hai, jisameM kisI bhI prakAra kI tRSNA nahIM hai, jo sukha-duHkha, lAbha-alAbha aura nindA-prazaMsA se samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI arhat hai / buddha ne aneka prasaMgoM para arhat ke jIvanAdarza ko prastuta kiyA hai| bauddha darzana meM arhat ko sthitAtmA, kevalI, upazAnta Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| dhammapada evaM suttanipAta meM arhat ke jIvanAdarza kA nimna vivaraNa upalabdha hai| dhammapada ke arhata-varga meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jo pRthvI ke samAna kSubdha nahIM hotA, jo indra ke stambha ke samAna apane vrata meM dRr3ha hai, jo jhIla ke sadRza kIcar3a athavA cittamala se rahita hai, usake lie saMsAra (janma-maraNa kA cakra) nahIM hotaa| jo samyak jJAna kI prApti se vimukta tathA upazAnta ho cukA hai, aise vyakti kA mana zAnta ho jAtA hai| jo manuSya aMdhavizvAsI nahIM hai, jo akRta arthAt nirvANa ko jAnane vAlA hai, jisane (janma-maraNa) ke bandhanoM ko kATa diyA hai, jo (pApapuNya ko) avakAza nahIM detA, jisane tRSNA ko nikAla diyA hai, vaha puruSottama kahalAtA hai''|' suttanipAta meM bhI upazAMta puruSa ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki 'jo isa zarIra ke tyAgane ke pahale hI tRSNA-rahita ho gayA ho, jo bhUta tathA bhaviSya para Azrita nahIM hai aura na Azrita hai vartamAna para, usake lie kahIM Asakti nahIM hai| jo krodha, trAsa, Atma-prazaMsA aura caMcalatA-rahita hai, jo vicArapUrvaka bolanevAlA hai, jo garvarahita hai aura vacana meM saMyamI hai, jo dRSTiyoM ke phera meM nahIM par3atA, jo Asakti, DhoMga, spRhA aura mAtsarya se rahita hai, jo pragalbhI nahIM hai, ghRNA rahita hai aura cugalakhora nahIM hai, jo priya vastuoM meM rata nahIM hotA aura abhimAnarahita hai, jo zAnta aura pratibhAzAlI hai, vaha na to ati zraddhAlu hotA hai aura na kisI se udAsa rahatA hai / jo anAsakti bhAva ko jAnakara Asaktirahita ho gayA hai, jisameM bhava yA vibhava ke prati tRSNA nahIM hai, viSayoM ke prati upekSAvAn hai, use upazAnta kahatA huuN| usake lie granthiyA~ nahIM haiM, kyoMki vaha tRSNA se pare ho gayA hai" / ' usI grantha meM sabhiyaparivrAjaka ko bhI zAnta puruSa evaM buddha kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo svayaM mArga para calakara zaMkAoM se pare ho gayA hai, jo janma - mRtyu ko dUra kara parinirvANa (jIvanmukti) saMprApta hai, jisakA brahmacaryavAsa kA uddezya pUrA ho gayA hai, jo sarvatra upekSAbhAva (anAsakti) se yukta hai, jo hiMsA se virata, smRtivAn (apramatta) prajJa, nirmala -

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 447 aura tRSNAse rahita hai, jo trikAladarzI, (karma) raja aura (karma) pApaserahita, vizuddha janmakSaya ko prApta hai, use buddha (arhat) kahate haiN| suttanipAta meM Adarza muni,Adarza brAhmaNa, Adarza zramaNa, upazAntAtmA, sthitAtmA Adi kA varNana bhI isI rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| 7. gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jIvanAdarza jaina-darzana ke vItarAga aura bauddha-darzana ke arhat ke jIvanAdarza ke samAna gItA meM sthitaprajJa, priyabhakta evaM yogI ke jIvanAdarza nirUpita haiN| gItA meM zrIkRSNa sthitaprajJa kA lakSaNa batAte haekahate haiM ki 'jaba vyakti mana meM sthita sampUrNa kAmanAoM kA parityAga kara detA hai aura AtmA se hI AtmA meM santuSTa hotA hai, duHkhoM kI prApti meM bhI jo udvigna nahIM hotA tathA sukhoM ke prati jisake mana meM koI spRhA nahIM hai, jisake rAga, bhaya aura krodha samApta ho gae haiM, arthAt vItarAga hai, jisakI kisI bhI vastu meM Asakti nahIM hai aura jo zubhAzubha ke prApta hone para na prasanna hotA hai aura na dveSa karatA hai, jisakI indriyA~ saba prakAra ke viSayoM se vaza meM kI haI haiM, aisA vyakti sthitaprajJa kahA jAtA hai| jo puruSa isa prakAra sampUrNa kAmanAoM kAtyAga kara mamatA, ahaMkAra aura spRhAse rahita hokara AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha zAnti ko prApta hotA hai|7|' gItA bhakta ke sambandha meM bhI yahI jIvanAdarza prastuta karatI hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki 'jo sabhI prANiyoM meM dveSabhAva evaM svArtha se rahita hokara niSkAmabhAva se sabhI ke prati maitrIyukta evaM karuNAvAn hai, jo mamatA aura ahaMkAra se rahita, sukha-duHkha meM samabhAvarakhanevAlA, kSamAzIla, saMtuSTa yogI, yatAtmA, dRr3hanizcayI hai, jisakA mana aura buddhi paramAtmA meM niyojita hai, jisase koI bhI jIva udvega ko prApta nahIM hotA aura jo svayaM bhI kisI udvega ko prApta nahIM hotA, harSa, amarSa, bhaya aura udvega se jorahita hai aura jo AkAMkSA se rahita, aMtara-bAhya zuddha, vyavahArakuzala, vyathA se rahita, sabhI ArambhoM (hiMsAdi pApakarmoM) kA tyAgI hai, jo na kabhI harSita hotA hai, na kabhI dveSa karatA hai, na kAmanA karatA hai tathA jo zubha aura azubha sampUrNa karmoM ke prati phalAsakti ko tyAga cukA hai, jo zatru-mitra, mAna-apamAna, zIta-uSNa, sukha-duHkha dvandvoM meM samabhAva se yukta hai| 8. zAMkaravedAMta meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNa AcArya zaMkara ne bhI vivekacUr3AmaNi meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'jisakI prajJA sthira hai, jo nirantara AtmAnanda kA anubhava karatA hai aura prapaMca ko bhUlA-sA rahatA hai, vRtti ke lIna rahate hue bhI jo jAgatA rahatA hai, kintu vAstava meM jo jAgrati kedharmoM se rahita hai tathA jisakA bodhasarvathA vAsanArahita hai, vaha puruSa

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana - jAnA jAtA hai| prArabdha kI samAptiparyanta chAyA ke samAna sadaiva sAtha rahane vAle, isa zarIra ke varttamAna rahate hue bhI isameM ahaM mamabhAva ( maiM - merApana ) kA abhAva ho jAnA, tI huI bAta ko yAda na karanA, bhaviSya kI cintA na karanA aura vartamAna meM prApta sukhaduHkhAdi meM udAsInatA, apane AtmasvarUpa meM sarvathA pRthak, isa guNa-doSamaya saMsAra meM sarvatra samadarzI honA, iSTa athavA aniSTa vastu kI prApti meM samAna bhAva rakhanA jIvanmukta puruSa kA lakSaNa hai" / ' 448 vastutaH, jIvanmukta vyaktitva ke sambandha meM sabhI AcAra - darzanoM meM paryApta vicArasAmya hai| itanA hI nahIM, jIvanmukta ke lakSaNoM meM sabhI ne samAna zabdoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| sabhI AcAra - darzanoM meM jIvanmukta, sthitaprajJa, sthitAtmA, vItarAga Adi zabda paryAyavAcI haiN| sabhI AcAra - darzanoM ke anusAra jIvanmukta vaha hai, jo rAga-dveSa aura vAsanAoM se Upara uTha cukA hai evaM vItarAga, anAsakta aura samabhAva se yukta hai| arastU ke Adarza puruSa kA vivecana aura Adhunika manovijJAna meM kiyA gayA paripakva vyaktitva kA vivecana bhI kucha arthoM meM jIvanmukta ke pratyaya ke nikaTa hai| 20 jIvanmukta ke deha chor3ane para jo avasthA prApta hotI hai, use videha, mukti, mokSa yA nirvANa kahA gayA hai| hA~, samAlocya darzanoM meM mokSa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM kucha mata - vaibhinnya avazya haiN| 9. jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa jaina tattva-mImAMsA ke anusAra saMvara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha ho jAne para aura nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para AtmA kI jo niSkarma zuddhAvasthA hotI hai, vaha mokSa hai| 21 karmamaloM ke abhAva meM karmabandhana bhI nahIM rahatA aura dhana kA abhAva hI mukti hai| 22 mokSa AtmA kI zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai| 23 anAtmA meM mamatva-AsaktirUpa AtmAbhimAna kA dUra ho jAnA hI mukti hai| 24 - dhana aura mukti kI yaha samagra vyAkhyA paryAyadRSTi kA viSaya hai| AtmA kA virUpa- paryAya hI bandhana hai aura svarUpa - paryAya mokSa hai| para padArtha yA pudgala paramANuoM nimitta se AtmA meM jo paryAe~ utpanna hotI haiM aura jisake kAraNa 'para' meM AtmabhAva (merApana ) utpanna hotA hai, vahI virUpaparyAya hai, parapariNati hai, 'sva' kI 'para' meM avasthiti hai, yahI bandhana hai aura isakA abhAva hI mukti hai / bandhana aura mukti donoM Atma- dravya yA cetanA kI hI do avasthAe~ haiN| vizuddha tattvadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA karanA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki Atma-tattva svasvarUpa kA parityAga kara

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 449 parasvarUpa meM kabhI bhI pariNata nahIM hotaa| vizuddha tattvadRSTi se to AtmA nityamukta hai, lekina jaba tattva kI paryAyoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, to bandhana aura mukti kI sambhavAnAe~ spaSTa ho jAtI haiM, kyoMki bandhana aura mukti paryAya-avasthA meM hI sambhava hotI hai| mokSa ko tattva kahA gayA hai, lekina vastuta: mokSa to bandhana kA abhAva hI hai| jainAgamoM meM mokSa-tattva para tIna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai- (1) bhAvAtmaka-dRSTikoNa, (2) abhAvAtmaka-dRSTikoNa aura (3) anirvcniiy-dRssttikonn| (a) bhAvAtmaka-dRSTikoNa- jaina-dArzanikoM ne bhAvAtmaka-dRSTikoNa se vicAra karate hue mokSAvasthA ko nirbAdha avasthA kahA hai| mokSa-avasthA meM samasta bandhanoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiN| yaha mokSa-bAdhaka tattvoM kI anupasthiti aura AtmazaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra mokSAvasthA meM manuSya kI avyakta zaktiyA~ vyakta ho jAtI haiN| unameM nihita jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa AdhyAtmika-anuzAsana ke dvArA anantajJAna, anantasukha aura anantazakti meM parivartita ho jAte haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne mokSa kI bhAvAtmaka-avasthA kA citraNa karate hue use 'zuddha, anantacatuSTayayukta, zAzvata, avinAzI, nirbAdha, atIndriya, anupama, nitya, avicala, anAlamba kahA hai|'26 AcArya Age calakara mokSa meM nimna bAtoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA karate haiM:7-(1) pUrNasaukhya, (2) pUrNajJAna, (3) pUrNadarzana, (4) pUrNavIrya (zakti), (5) amUrttatva, (6) astitva aura (7) sprdeshtaa| ye sAta bhAvAtmaka tathya sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM ko svIkAra nahIM haiN| vedAnta sapradezatA ko asvIkAra karatA hai| sAMkhya saukhya evaM vIrya ko aura nyAya-vaizeSika jJAna aura darzana ko bhI asvIkAra kara dete haiN| bauddha-zUnyavAda astitva kA bhI nirasana karatA hai aura cArvAka - darzana mokSa kI dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vastutaH, mokSAvasthA koanirvacanIya mAnate hue bhI vibhinna dArzanika-mAnyatAoM ke pratyuttara ke lie hI isa bhAvAtmakaavasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhAvAtmaka-dRSTi se jaina-vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM ananta-catuSTaya, arthAt ananta-jJAna, ananta-darzana, ananta-saukhya aura ananta-zakti kI upasthiti para bala detI hai| bIjarUpa meM yaha ananta-catuSTaya sabhI jIvoM meM svAbhAvika guNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| mokSa-dazA meM inake avarodhaka karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se yaha pUrNa rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiN| ananta-catuSTaya ke atirikta aSTakarmoM ke kSaya ke AdhAra para siddhoM meM ATha guNa bhI jaina-darzana meM mAnya haiM / (1) jJAnAvaraNa-karma ke naSTa ho jAne se

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450 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana muktAtmA ananta-jJAna yA pUrNa jJAna se yukta hotA hai| (2) darzanAvaraNa-karma ke naSTa ho jAne se ananta-darzana prakaTa hotA hai| (3) vedanIya-karma ke kSaya ho jAne se vizuddha anazvara AdhyAtmika-sukhoM se yukta hotA hai| (4) mohanIya-karma ke naSTa ho jAne se yathArtha dRSTi (kSAyika-samyaktva) se yukta hotA hai| moha-karma ke darzanamoha aura cAritramohaaise do bhAga kie jAte haiN| darzanamoha ke prahANa se yathArtha dRSTi aura cAritramoha ke kSaya se yathArtha cAritra (kSAyika-cAritra) prakaTa hotA hai, lekina mokSa-dazA meM kriyA-rUpa cAritra nahIM hotA, mAtra dRSTi-rUpa cAritra hotA hai, ata: use kSAyika-samyaktva ke antargata hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaise ATha karmoM kI 31 prakRtiyoM ke kSaya hone ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke 31 guNa mAne gae haiM, unameM yathAkhyAtacAritra ko svataMtra guNa mAnA gayA hai| (5) Ayukarma ke kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA azarIrI hotA hai, ata: vaha indriya-grAhya nahIM hotaa| (6) gotra-karma ke naSTa ho jAne se vaha agurulaghu hotA hai, arthAt sabhI siddha samAna hote haiM, unameM choTA-bar3A yA UMca-nIca kA bheda nahIM hotaa| (7) antarAyakarma kA prahANa ho jAne se AtmA bAdhArahita hotA hai, arthAt ananta-zakti sampanna hotA hai| ananta-zakti kA yaha vicAra mUlata: niSedhAtmaka hI hai| yaha mAtra bAdhAoM kA abhAva hai, lekina isa prakAra aSTa-karmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra se muktAtmA ke ATha guNoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra eka vyAvahArika saMkalpanA hI hai, usake vAstavika svarUpa kA vivecana nahIM hai, vyAvahArika-dRSTi se use samajhane kA prayAsa bhara hai| vastutaH, vaha anirvacanIya hai| AcArya nemicandra spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM 'siddhoM ke ina guNoM kA vidhAna mAtra siddhAnta ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jo aikAntika-mAnyatAe~ haiM, unake niSedha ke lie hai|'29 muktAtmA meM kevala-jJAna aura kevala-darzana ke rUpa meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ko svIkAra karake muktAtmA ko jar3a mAnane vAlI vaibhASika-bauddhoM aura nyAya-vaizeSikoM kI dhAraNA kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai| muktAtmA ke astitva yA akSayatA ko svIkAra kara mokSa ko abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM mAnane vAle jar3avAdI tathA sautrAntika bauddhoM kI mAnyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki mokSadazA kA yaha samagra citraNa apanA niSedhAtmaka-mUlya hI rakhatA hai| yaha vidhAna bhI niSedha ke lie hai| (ba) abhAvAtmaka-dRSTikoNa- jainAgamoM meM mokSAvasthA kA citraNa niSedhAtmaka rUpa se bhI huA hai| AcArAMga meM muktAtmA kA niSedhAtmaka-citraNa isa prakAra huA haimokSAvasthA meM samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA meM samasta karmajanya upAdhiyoM kA bhI

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) - abhAva hotA hai; ataH muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na vRttAkAra hai, na trikoNa hai, na catuSkoNa hai, na parimaNDala saMsthAnavAlA hai| vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta aura zveta varNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai| vaha sugandha aura durgandha vAlA bhI nahIM hai| na vaha tIkSNa, kaTuka, khaTTA, mIThA evaM amla rasa vAlA hai| usameM guru, laghu, komala, kaThora, snigdha, rukSa, zIta evaM uSNa Adi sparza-guNoM kA bhI abhAva hai| vaha na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, 'mokSadazA meM na sukha hai, na duHkha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma hai, na maraNa hai, na vahA~ indriyA~ haiM, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vyAmoha hai, na nidrA hai, na vahA~ cintA hai, na Arta aura raudra - vicAra hI haiN| vahA~ to dharma (zubha) aura zukla (zuddha) vicAroM kA bhI abhAva hai / " mokSAvasthA to sarva saMkalpoM kA abhAva hai / vaha buddhi aura vicAra kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha pakSAtikrAMta hai| isa prakAra, muktAvasthA kA niSedhAtmaka - vivecana usakI anirvacanIyatA ko batAne ke lie hai| (sa) anirvacanIya - dRSTikoNa - mokSatattva kA niSedhAtmaka - nirvacana anivArya rUpa se hameM anirvacanIyatA kI ora hI le jAtA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra karate hue jaina - dArzanikoM ne use anivarcanIya hI mAnA hai| 451 AcArAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai, 'samasta svara vahA~ se lauTa Ate haiM, arthAt dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA vaha viSaya nahIM hai| vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai, arthAt vaha vANI vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| vaha anupama hai, arUpI hai, sattAvAn hai / usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai, arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai, jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA sake 132 10. bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa bhagavAn buddha kI dRSTi meM nirvANa kA svarUpa kyA hai ? yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| bauddha darzana ke avAntara - sampradAyoM meM bhI nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara Atyantika virodha - pAyA jAtA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM paraspara virodhI niSkarSa nikAle haiM, jo eka tulanAtmaka-adhyetA ko adhika kaThinAI meM DAla dete haiN| vastuta:, isa kaThinAI kA mUla kAraNa pAli-nikAya se nirvANa kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se, alaga-alaga prakAra se vivecana kiyA jAnA hai| zrI puMseM evaM pro. nalinAkSadatta ne " bauddha - nirvANa ke sambandha meM

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452 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vidvAnoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko isa prakAra vargIkRta kiyA hai 1. nirvANa eka abhAvAtmaka-tathya hai| 2. nirvANa anivarcanIya avyaya-avasthA hai| 3. nirvANa kI buddha ne koI vyAkhyA nahIM dI hai| 4. nirvANa bhAvAtmaka, vizuddha evaM pUrNa-cetanA kI avasthA hai| bauddha-darzana ke avAntara-pramukha sampradAyoM kA nirvANa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna prakAra se dRSTi-bheda hai___1. vaibhASika-sampradAya- inake anusAra nirvANa saMskAroM yA saMskRta-dharmoM kA abhAva hai, kyoMki saMskRta-dharmatA hI anityatA hai, yahI bandhana evaM duHkha hai, lekina nirvANa to du:kha-nirodha hai, bandhanAbhAva hai aura isalie vaha eka asaMskRta-dharma hai aura asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM usakI bhAvAtmaka-sattA hai| vaibhASika-mata ke nirvANa ke svarUpa ko abhidharmakoSa kI vyAkhyA meM isa prakAra se batAyA gayA hai- nirvANa satya, asaMskRta, svataMtrasattA, pRthakbhUta satya padArtha (dravyasat) hai| nirvANa meM saMskAra yA paryAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai, lekina yahAM saMskAroM ke abhAva kA artha anastitva nahIM hai, varan eka bhAvAtmakaavasthA hI hai| nirvANa asaMskRta-dharma hai| pro. zAravAtskI ne vaibhASika-nirvANa ko ananta mRtyu kahA hai| unake anusAra, nirvANa AdhyAtmika-avasthA nahIM, varan cetanA evaM kriyA-zUnya jar3a avasthA hai, lekina esa.ke. mukarjI, pro. nalinAkSa datta" aura pro. mUrti ne pro. zAravAtskI ke isa dRSTikoNa kA virodha kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaibhASikanirvANa nizcita rUpa se eka bhAvAtmaka-avasthA hai| isameM yadyapi saMskAroM kA abhAva hotA hai, phira bhI usakI asaMskRta-dharma ke rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka-sattA hai| vaibhASika-nirvANa meM cetanA kA astitva hotA hai, yA nahIM hotA hai ? yaha prazna bhI vivAdAspada hai| pro. zAravAtskI nirvANa-dazA meM cetanA kA abhAvamAnate haiM, lekina pro. mukarjI isa sambandha meM eka pariSkRta dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM ki yazomitra kI abhidharmakoSa kI TIkA ke AdhAra para nirvANa kI dazA meM vizuddha mAnasa yA cetanA rahatI hai|" DaoN. lADa ne apane zodha-prabandha meM evaM paM. baladeva upAdhyAya ne bauddhadarzana-mImAMsA meM vaibhASika-bauddhoM ke eka tibbatIya-upasampradAya kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM kevala vAsanAtmaka evaM klezotpAdaka (sAsava) cetanA kA hI abhAva hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirvANa kI dazA meM anAsrava vizuddha cetanA kA astitva banA rahatA hai| vaibhASikoM ke isa upasaMpradAya

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 453 kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana-sammata nirvANa ke ati samIpa A jAtA hai, kyoMki yaha jainadarzana ke samAna nirvANAvasthA meM sattA (astitva) aura cetanA (jJAnopayoga evaM darzanopayoga)donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaibhASika-dRSTikoNa nirvANa ko saMskAroM kI dRSTi se abhAvAtmaka, dravya-satyatA kI dRSTi se bhAvAtmaka evaM bauddhika-vivecanA kI dRSTi se anirvacanIya mAnatA hai, phira bhI usakI vyAkhyAoM meM nirvANa kA bhAvAtmaka yA sattAtmaka pakSa adhika ubharA hai| 2. sautrAntika-sampradAya- sautrAntika vaibhASikoM ke samAna yaha mAnate hue bhI ki nirvANa saMskAroM kA abhAva hai, yaha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki asaMskRta-dharma kI koI bhAvAtmaka-sattA hotI hai| inake anusAra, kevala parivartanazIlatA hI tattva kA yathArtha svarUpa hai, ata: sautrAntika nirvANa kI dazA meM kisI asaMskRta aparivartanazIla nityatattva kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unakI mAnyatA meM aisA karanA buddha ke anityavAda aura kSaNikavAda kI avahelanA karanA hai| zAravAtskI ke anusAra sautrAntika-sampradAya meM nirvANa kA artha hai-jIvana kI prakriyA kA samApta ho jAnA, jisake pazcAt aisA koI jIvana-zUnya tattva zeSa nahIM rahatA, jisameM jIvana kI prakriyA samApta ho gaI ho|' nirvANa kSaNika cetanA-pravAha kA samApta ho jAnA hai, jisake bAda kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rahatA, kyoMki inake anusAra parivartana hI satya hai| parivartanazIlatA ke atirikta tattva kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai aura nirvANa-dazA meM parivartanoM kI zrRMkhalA samApta ho jAtI hai ata: usake pare koI sattA zeSa nahIM rhtii| isa prakAra, sautrAMtika-nirvANa abhAvAtmaka avasthAmAtra hai| samprati, barmA aura laMkA ke bauddha bhI nirvANako abhAvAtmaka yAanastitva ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| nirvANa ke bhAvAtmaka, abhAvAtmaka aura anirvacanIya-pakSoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sautrAntika-vicAradhArA nirvANa ke abhAvAtmaka-pakSa para adhika jora detI hai| yadyapi isa prakAra sautrAntika-sampradAya ke nirvANa kA abhAvAtmaka-dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAra ke virodha meM jAtA hai, tathApi sautrAntikoM meM bhI eka aisA upasampradAya thA, jisake anusAra nirvANa pUrNatayA abhAvAtmaka-dazA nahIM thii| unake anusAra, nirvANa-avasthA meM bhI vizuddha cetanA-paryAyoM kA pravAha rahatA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAra kI isa mAnyatA ke nikaTa hai, jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM bhI AtmA meM pariNAmIpana banA rahatA hai, arthAt mokSadazA meM AtmA meM caitanya jJAna-dhArA satata rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| 3. vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra)- mahAyAna ke pramukha grantha laMkAvatArasUtra ke anusAra

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454 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirvANa sapta pravRttivijJAnoM kIapravRttAvasthA hai, citta-pravRttiyoM kA nirodhhai| sthiramati ke anusAra nirvANa klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa kA kSaya hai| asaMga ke anusAra nivRtta citta (nirvANa) acitta hai, kyoMki vaha viSayoM kA grAhaka nahIM hai| vaha anupalabdha hai, kyoMki usakA koI bAhya Alambana nahIM hai aura isa prakAra Alambanarahita hone se lokottara-jJAna hai| doSThulya arthAt AvaraNa (klezAcaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa) ke naSTa ho jAne se nivRttacitta (AlayavijJAna) parAvRtta nahIM hotA, pravRtta nahIM hotaa| vaha anAvaraNa aura anAsravadhAtu hai, lekina asaMga kevala isa niSedhAtmaka-vivecana se santuSTa nahIM hote haiM, ve nirvANa kI anirvacanIya evaM bhAvAtmaka-vyAkhyA bhI prastuta karate haiN| nirvANaacintya hai, kyoMki tarka se use jAnA nahIM jA sakatA, lekina acintya hote hue bhI vaha kuzala hai, zAzvata hai, sukharUpa hai, vimuktakAya hai aura dharmAkhya hai| isa prakAra, vijJAnavAdI-mAnyatA meM nirvANa kI abhAvaparaka aura bhAvaparaka-vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha-sAtha unakI anirvacanIyatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vastuta:, nirvANa ke anivarcanIya svarUpa ke vikAsa kA zreya vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ko hI hai| laMkAvatArasUtra meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvocca vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| usake anusAra nirvANa vicAra kI koTiyoM se pare hai| vijJAnavAdI, nirvANa kA jaina-vicAra se ina arthoM meM sAmya hai- (1) nirvANa cetanA kA abhAva nahIM hai, varan vizuddha cetanA kI avasthA hai, (2) nirvANa samasta saMkalpoM kA kSaya hai, vaha cetanAkI nirvikalpAvasthA hai, (3) nirvANAvasthA meM bhI caitanya dhArA satata pravAhamAna (AtmapariNAmIpana) rahatI hai (yadyapiDaoN. candraghara zarmA ne AlayavijJAna ko aparivartanIya yA kUTastha mAnA hai)| paM. baladeva upAdhyAya ne bhI isa pravAhamAnatA yA parivartanazIlatA kA samarthana kiyA hai|" (4) nirvANAvasthA sarvajJatA kI avasthA hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI mokSa kI avasthA meM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana hote haiM, (5) asaMga ne mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra meM dharmakAya ko, jo nirvANa kI paryAyavAcI hai, svAbhAvika-kAya kahA hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM bhI mokSa ko svabhAvadazA kahA jAtA hai| svAbhAvika-kAya aura svabhAvadazA meM arthasAmya hai| 4. zUnyavAda- bauddha-darzana ke mAdhyamika-sampradAya meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIyasvarUpa kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huaahai| jaina tathA jainetaradArzanikoM ne zUnyatA kA abhAvAtmakaartha grahaNa kara mAdhyamika-nirvANako abhAvAtmaka-rUpa meM dekhA hai, lekina yaha usa sampradAya ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hI hai|maadhymik-dRsstti se nirvANa anivarcanIya

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 455 hai, catuSkoTi vinirmukta hai aura vahI paramatattva hai| vaha na bhAva hai, na abhAva hai| yadivANI se usakA nirvacana karanA hI Avazyaka ho, to mAtra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa aprahANa, asamprApta, anuccheda, azAzvata, aniruddha, anutpanna hai| nirvANa ko bhAvarUpa isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bhAvAtmaka-vastu yA to nitya hogI yA anity| nitya mAnane para nirvANa ke lie prayAsoM kA koI artha nahIM hogaa| anitya mAnane para binA prayAsa hI mokSa hogaa| nirvANa ko abhAva bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA tathAgata ke dvArA usakI prApti kA upadeza kyoM diyA jAtA ? nirvANa ko prahANa aura samprApta bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA nirvANa kRtaka evaM kAlika hogA aura yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vaha kAlavizeSa meM utpanna huA aura yadi vaha utpanna huA, to vaha jarAmaraNa ke samAna anitya hI hogaa| nirvANa ko uccheda yA zAzvata bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathAzAstA ke madhyamamArga kA ullaMghana hogA aura hama ucchedavAda yA zAzvatavAda kI mithyAdRSTi se grasita hoMge, isaliemAdhyamika-mata meM nirvANa bhAva aura abhAva-donoM nahIM hai| yaha to sarva saMkalpanAoM kA kSaya hai, prapaJcopazamatA hai| bauddha-dArzanikoM evaM vartamAna vidvAnoM meM bauddha-darzana meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara jo matabheda dRSTigata hotA hai, usakA mUla kAraNa buddha dvArA nirvANa kA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha rUpa se kathana kiyA jAnA hai| pAli-nikAya meM nirvANa ke ina vividha svarUpoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| udAna nAmaka eka laghu grantha meM hI nirvANa ke ina vividha rUpoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| nirvANabhAvAtmaka-tathya __isa sandarbha meM buddha-vacana isa prakAra haiM- 'bhikSuoM! nirvANaajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta hai| bhikSuoM ! yadi vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta nahIM hotA, to jAta, bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta kAvyupazama nahIM ho sktaa| bhikSuoM! kyoMki vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta aura asaMskRta hai, isalie jAta, bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta kA vyupazama jAnA jAtA hai|51-52 dhammapada meM nirvANa ko parama sukha, suttanipAta meM praNIta evaM amRta-pada kahA gayA hai, jise prApta kara lene para nacyuti kAbhaya hotA hai, na zoka hotA hai| use zAnta, saMsAropazama evaM sukhapada bhI kahA gayA hai| itivRttaka meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha dhruva, na utpanna hone vAlA, zoka aura rAgarahita hai| sabhI duHkhoM kA vahA~ nirodha ho jAtA hai| vaha saMskAroM kI zAnti evaM anuta hai!" mArya vA nirmANa kI bhAvAtmakatA kA samarthana karate hue vizuddhimArga

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456 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM likhate haiM- 'nirvANa nahIM hai, aisA nahIM kahanA caahie| bhava aura jarAmaraNa ke abhAva se yaha nitya hai, azithila-parAkrama-siddha, vizeSajJAna se prApta kie jAne se aura sarvajJa ke vacana tathA paramArtha se nirvANa vidyamAna hai|'57 nirvANa abhAvAtmaka-tathya nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA ke sambandha meM udAna meM nimna buddha-vacana haiM- 'lohe ke ghana kI coTa par3ane para jo cinagAriyA~ uThatI haiM, ve turanta hI bujha jAtI haiM, kahA~ gaIM, kucha patA nahIM cltaa| isI prakAra, kAma-bandhana se mukta ho nirvANa prApta puruSa kI gati kA koI bhI patA nahIM lagA sktaa|'58 zarIra chor3a diyA, saMjJA niruddha ho gii| sArI vedanAoM ko bhI, bilkula jalA diyaa| saMskAra zAnta ho gae, vijJAna asta ho gyaa||59 lekina, dIpa-zikhA aura agni ke bujha jAne, athavA saMjJA ke viruddha ho jAne kA artha abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| AcArya buddhaghoSa vizuddhimArga meM kahate haiM ki nirvANa kA vAstavika artha tRSNAkSaya athavA virAga hai| pro. kItha evaM pro. nalinAkSa datta aggivacchagottasutta ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki bujha jAne kA artha abhAvAtmakatA nahIM hai, varan astitva kI rahasyamaya evaM avarNanIya avasthA hai| pro. kItha ke anusAra nirvANa abhAva nahIM, varan cetanA kA apane mUla (vAstavika zuddha) svarUpa meM avasthita honA hai| pro. nalinAkSa datta ke zabdoM meM nirvANa kI agni-zikhA ke bujha jAne se kI jAne vAlI tulanA samucita hai, kyoMki bhAratIya-cintana meM Aga ke bujha jAne se tAtparya isake anastitva se na hokara usakA svAbhAvika, zuddha, adRzya, avyakta avasthA meM calA jAnA hai, jisameM ki vaha apane dRzya-prakaTana ke pUrva thii| bauddha-dArzanika saMgha-bhadra kA bhI yahI nirUpaNa hai ki agni kI upamA se hamako yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai ki nirvANa abhAva hai|" milindaprazna ke anusAra bhI nirvANadhAtu asti-dharma (asthidhamma), ekAnta sukha evaM apratibhAga hai| usakA lakSaNa svarUpata: nahIM batAyA jA sakatA, kintu guNataH dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaise jala pyAsa zAnta karatA hai, vaise hI nirvANa tRSNA ko zAnta karatA hai| nirvANa ko akRta kahane se bhI usakI ekAntaabhAvAtmakatA siddha nahIM hotii| Arya (sAdhaka) nirvANa kA utpAda nahIM karatA, phira bhI vaha usakA sAkSAtkAra (sAkSIkaroti) evaM pratilAbha (prApnoti) karatA hai| vastuta:,

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 457 nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki anirvacanIya kA nirvacana karane meM bhAvAtmaka-bhASA kI apekSA abhAvAtmaka-bhASA adhika yuktipUrNa hotI hai| nirvANakIanirvacanIyatA isa sambandha meM nimna buddha-vacana upalabdha haiM- 'bhikSuoM ! na to maiM use agati aura nagati kahatA hU~, na sthiti aura nacyuti kahatA hU~, use utpatti bhI nahIM kahatA huuN| vaha na to kahIM ThaharA hai, na pravartita hotA hai aura na usakA koI AdhAra hai, yahI duHkhoM kA anta hai| bhikSuoM! ananta kA samajhanA kaThina hai, nirvANa kA samajhanA AsAna nahIM, jisa jJAnI kI tRSNA naSTa ho jAtI hai, use (rAgAdikleza) kucha nahIM haiN|'6'udaan meM nirvANa ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jala, pRthvI, agni aura vAyu vahA~ nahIM ThaharatI, vahA~ na to zukra aura na Aditya prakAza karate haiN| vahA~ candramA kI prabhA bhI nahIM hai, na vahA~ aMdhakAra hI hotA hai| jaba kSINAmrava bhikSu apane-Apako jAna letA hai, tabarUpa-arUpa tathA sukha-duHkha se chUTa jAtA hai| udAna kA yaha vacana hameM gItA ke usa kathana kI yAda dilA detA hai, jahA~ zrIkRSNa kahate haiM jahA~ na pavana bahatA hai, na candra, sUrya prakAzita hote haiM, jahA~ jAne parapuna: isa saMsAra meM AyA nahIM jAtA, vahIM merA (AtmA kA) paramadhAma (svasthAna) hai|'66 bauddha-nirvANa kI yaha vizada vivecanA hameM isa niSkarSa para le jAtI hai ki prArambhika bauddha-darzana kA nirvANa abhAvAtmaka-tathya nahIM thaa| isake lie nimna tarka prastuta kie jA sakate haiM - 1. nirvANa yadi abhAvamAtra hotA, to vaha tRtIya Arya-satya kaise hotA ? kyoMki abhAva Aryacitta kA Alambana nahIM ho sktaa| 2. yadi tRtIya Arya-satya kA viSaya dravya-satya nahIM hai, to usake upadeza kA kyA mUlya hogA? 3. yadi nirvANa mAtra abhAva hai, to ucchedadRSTi samyagdRSTi hogI, lekina buddha ne to sadaiva hI ucchedadRSTi ko mithyAdRSTi kahA hai| 4. mahAyAna kI dharmakAya kI avadhAraNA aura usakI nirvANa se ekarUpatA tathA vijJAnavAda ke AlayavijJAna kI avadhAraNA nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka-vyAkhyA ke viparIta par3atI haiM, ata: nirvANa kA tAttvika-svarUpa abhAva siddha nahI haataa| usa abhAva yA nirodha kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki usameM vAsanA yA tRSNA kA abhAva hai, lekina jisa prakAra roga kA abhAva abhAva-mAtra hai, phira bhI sadbhUta hai, use Arogya kahate haiM, usI prakAra

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana - tRSNA kA abhAva bhI sadbhUta hai, use sukha kahA jAtA hai| dUsare, use abhAva isalie bhI kahA jAtA hai ki sAdhaka meM zAzvatavAda kI mithyAdRSTi bhI utpanna na ho / rAga kA prahANa hone se nirvANa meM maiM (atta) aura merApana (attA) nahIM hotA, isI se use abhAva kahA jAtA hai| nirvANa rAga kA, ahaM kA pUrNa vigalana hai, lekina ahaM yA mamatva kI samApti ko abhAva nahIM kaha sakate / nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka - kalpanA 'anatta' kA galata artha samajhane se utpanna huI hai| bauddha darzana meM anAtma (anatta) zabda Atma (tattva) kA abhAva nahIM batAtA, varan yaha batAtA hai ki jagat meM apanA yA merA koI nahIM hai| anAtma kA upadeza Asakti ke prahANa ke lie, tRSNA ke kSaya ke lie hai / " nirvANa tattva kA abhAva nahIM, varan apanepana yA ahaM kA abhAva hai| anatta (anAtma) vAda kI pUrNatA yaha batAne meM hai ki jagat meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jise merA yA apanA kahA jA ske| sabhI anAtma haiM, isa zikSA kA saccA artha yahI hai ki merA kucha bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki jahA~ merApana (AtmabhAva) AtA hai, vahA~ rAga evaM tRSNA kA udaya hotA hai, 'sva' kI 'para' meM avasthiti hotI hai, AtmadRSTi (mamatva) utpanna hotI hai, lekina yahI Atma- - dRSTi, 'sva' kA 'para' meM avasthita honA, rAgabhAva evaM tRSNA vRtta - dhana hai / jo tRSNA hai, vahI rAga hai aura jo rAga hai, vahI apanApana hai| nirvANa meM tRSNA kA kSaya hone se rAga nahIM hotA, rAga nahIM hone se apanApana (attA) bhI nahIM hotaa| bauddha - nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA kA sahI artha isa apanepana kA abhAva hai, tattva kA abhAva nahIM hai| vastutaH, tattva - lakSaNa kI dRSTi se nirvANa bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| vAsanAtmakaparyAyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha abhAva kahA jAtA hai, ata: pro. kItha aura nalinAkSa datta kI yaha mAnyatA ki bauddha-nirvANa abhAva nahIM hai, bauddha-vicAraNA kI mUla vicAra- dRSTi ke nikaTa hI hai / yadyapi bauddha-nirvANa bhAvAtmaka hai, tathApi bhAvAtmaka bhASA usakA yathArtha citra prastuta karane meM samartha nahIM hai, kyoMki bhAva kisI pakSa ko batAtA hai aura pakSa ke lie pratipakSa anivArya hai, jabaki nirvANa to pakSAtikrAMta hai| niSedhamUlaka kathana kI yaha vizeSatA hotI hai ki usake lie pratipakSa Avazyaka nahIM, ataH anirvacanIya kA nirvacana karane meM niSedhAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga hI adhika samIcIna hai| isa niSedhAtmaka - vivecanAzailI ne nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka - kalpanA ko adhika prabala banAyA hai| vastutaH to, nirvANa anirvacanIya hai / 11. gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa 458 gItA meM bhI naitika-sAdhanA kA lakSya hai - paramatattva, brahma, akSarapuruSa athavA puruSottama

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 459 kI praapti| gItAkAra prasaMgAntara se use hI mokSa, nirvANapada, avyaya-pada, paramapada, paramagati aura paramadhAma kahatA hai| jaina evaM bauddha-vicAraNA ke samAna gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI saMsAra punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kI prakriyA se yukta hai, jabaki mokSa punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kA abhAva hai| gItA kA sAdhaka yahI preraNA lekara Age bar3hatA hai (jarAmaraNamokSAya 7.29) aura kahatA hai jisako prApta kara lene para puna: saMsAra meM nahIM lauTanA hotA hai, usa paramapada kI gaveSaNA karanA caahie|'68 gItA kA Izvara bhI sAdhaka ko Azvasta karate hue yahI kahatA hai ki jise prApta para lene para puna: saMsAra meM AnA nahIM hotA, vahI merA paramadhAma (svasthAna) hai| paramasiddhi ko prApta hue mahAtmAjana mere ko prApta hokara, du:khoM ke ghara, isa asthira punarjanma ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| brahmalokaparyanta samagra jagat punarAvRtti-yukta hai, lekina jo bhI mujhe prApta kara letA hai, usakA punarjanma nahIM hotaa|'69 mokSa ke anAvRttirUpa lakSaNa ko batAne ke sAtha hImokSa ke svarUpa kA nirvacana karate hue gItA kahatI hai, isa avyakta se bhI pare anya sanAtana avyakta tattva hai, jo sabhI prANiyoM meM rahate hue bhI unake naSTa hone para naSTa nahIM hotA hai, arthAt cetanA-paryAyoM meM jo avyakta hai, unase bhI pare unakA AdhArabhUta Atmatattva hai| cetanA kI avasthAe~ nazvara haiM, lekina unase pare rahane vAlA yaha Atmatattva sanAtana hai, jo prANiyoM meM cetanA (jJAnaparyAyoM) ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote hue bhI una prANiyoM tathA unakI cetanA-paryAyoM (cetana-avasthAoM) ke naSTa hone para bhI naSTa nahIM hotA hai| usI AtmA ko akSara aura avyakta kahA gayA hai aura use hI parama-gati bhI kahate haiM, vahI paramadhAma bhI hai, vahI merA paramAtmasvarUpa yAAtmA kA nija-sthAna hai, jise prApta kara lene para puna: nivartana nahIM hotaa|'70 use akSara, brahma, paramatattva, svabhAva (AtmA kI svabhAvadazA) aura adhyAtma bhI kahA jAtA hai (8/3) / ' gItA kI dRSTi meM mokSa nirvANa hai, paramazAnti kA adhisthAna hai|" jaina-darzana kI bhA~ti gItA bhI yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki mokSasukhAvasthA hai| gItA ke anusAra muktAtmA brahmabhUta hokara atyanta sukha (anantasaukhya) kA anubhava karatA hai| yadyapi gItA evaM jaina-darzana meM muktAtmA meM jisa sukha kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, vaha na aindriya-sukha hai, na vaha mAtra du:khAbhAvarUpa-sukha hai, varan vaha atIndriya jJAnagamya anazvara-sukha hai|'73 niSkarSa- isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya-darzana meM mokSa yA nirvANa kA pratyaya naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya rahA hai aura naitika-sAdhya sambandhI aneka pahaluoM para prakAza DAlatA hai| rAga aura dveSa ke prahANa ke rUpa meM vaha pUrNa caittasika-samatva

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460 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI avasthA hai| icchA aura dveSa se utpanna hone vAle dvandvoM kA usameM pUrNa abhAva hone se vaha parama zAnti hai| tRSNA aura vedanAjanya duHkhoM kA pUrNa abhAva hone se vaha parama Ananda hai| janmamaraNa ke cakra se mukti ke rUpa meM vaha amRtapada hai| moha yA ajJAna kI pUrNa nivRtti ke rUpa meM vaha nirapekSa jJAna kI avasthA hai| cetanA kI jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmakazaktiyoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM unake pUrNa sAmaJjasya ke rUpa meM vaha AtmapUrNatA evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra hai| isa prakAra, pAzcAtya AcAra-darzanoM meM naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM jina vibhinna tathyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai, ve sabhI samaveta rUpa meM mokSa kI bhAratIya-dhAraNA meM upasthita haiN| 12. sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha kA pArasparika-sambandha sAdhya aura sAdhaka jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya (mokSa) aura sAdhaka meM abheda hI mAnA gayA hai| samayasAraTIkA meM AcArya amRtacandrasUri likhate haiM ki paradravya kA parihAra aura zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai| AcArya hemacandra sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda batAte hue likhate haiM ki kaSAyoM aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura unako vijita karane vAlA AtmA hI prabuddha puruSoM dvArA mokSa kahA jAtA hai| muni nyAyavijayajI likhate haiM ki AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura AtmAhI mokSa hai| jahA~ taka AtmA kaSAya aura indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hai, saMsAra hai aura unako hI jaba apane vazIbhUta kara letA hai, mokSa kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, naitika-sAdhya aura sAdhaka-donoM hI AtmA haiN| donoM meM maulika antara yahI hai ki AtmA jaba taka viSayoM aura kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta rahatA hai, taba taka sAdhaka hotA hai aura jaba una para vijaya pA letA hai, taba vahI sAdhaka bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI vAsanAoM ke mala se yukta avasthA hI usakA bandhana kahI jAtI hai aura vizuddha Atma-tattva kI avasthA hI mukti kahI jAtI hai| jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka-donoM meM antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki AtmA kI apUrNa avasthAhI sAdhaka-avasthA hai aura AtmA kI pUrNa avasthAhI sAdhya hai| jaina naitika-sAdhanA kA lakSya athavA Adarza koI bAhya-tattva nahIM, vaha to sAdhaka kA apanA hI svarUpa hai, usakI hI apanI pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| sAdhaka kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM, varan usake andara hI hai| sAdhaka ko use pAnA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki pAyA to vaha jAtA hai, jo vyakti ke bhItara nahIM ho, athavA apane se bAhya ho| naitika-sAdhya bAhya

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 461 upalabdhi nahIM, Antarika-upalabdhi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha nija guNoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AtmA ke nija-guNa yA sva-lakSaNa to sadaiva hI usameM upasthita haiN| sAdhaka ko kevala unheM prakaTa karanA hai| hamArI mUlabhUta kSamatAe~ sAdhakaavasthAaura siddha-avasthA meM vahI haiN| sAdhaka aura siddha-avasthA meM antara kSamatAoM kA nahIM, varan kSamatAoM ko yogyatAoM meM badala dene kA hai| jaise bIja vRkSa ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai, vaise hI AtmA ke nijaguNa pUrNarUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiN| sAdhaka AtmA ke jJAna, bhAva (anubhUti), aura saMkalpa ke tattva hI mokSa kI avasthA meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti ke rUpa meM sAdhya haiN| upAdhyAya amaramunijI kahate haiM ki jaina-sAdhanA sva meM sva ko upalabdha karanA hai, nija meM jinatva kI zodha karanA hai, antas meM pUrNarUpeNa ramamANa honA hai, AtmA ke bAhara eka kaNa meM bhI sAdhanA kI unmukhatA nahIM hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-vicAraNA tAttvika-dRSTi se sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abhedahI mAnatI hai| dravyArthikadRSTi se sAdhya aura sAdhaka-donoM eka hI haiM, yadyapi paryAyArthika-dRSTi yAvyavahAranaya se unameM bheda hai|aatmaakii svabhAva-dazAsAdhya hai aura AtmAkI vibhAvaparyAya hI sAdhaka hai| vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora gati hI sAdhanA hai| gItAkA dRSTikoNa ____ gItA meM bhI sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| gItA ke anusAra sAdhaka jIvAtmA aura sAdhya paramAtmA donoM meM abheda hI siddha hotA hai, yadyapi gItA ke kucha TIkAkAra bhinna mata bhI rakhate haiN| gItA ke anusAra naitika-Adarza yA parama sAdhya paramAtmA kI upalabdhi hI hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki maiM hI avyaya-mokSa kA, zAzvata-dharma kA aura ananta sukha kA mUla sthAna huuN|" dUsarI ora, ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki yaha jIvAtmA, jo ki sAdhaka hai, merA hI sanAtana aMza hai| isa prakAra, gItA ke anusAra aMza ke rUpa meM jIvAtmA sAdhaka hai aura aMzoM ke rUpa meM paramAtmA sAdhya hai, kyoMki aMza aura aMzI meM tAttvika-dRSTi se koI bheda nahIM hotA, isalie sAdhaka jIvAtmA aura sAdhya paramAtmA meM bhI koI bheda nahIM hai| unameM bheda mAnanA kevala vyAvahArika-bAta hai| sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya / jisa prakAra sAdhaka aura sAdhya meM abheda mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA-mArga aura sAdhya meM bhI abheda hai| jIvAtmA apane jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa ke rUpa meM sAdhaka kahA jAtA hai| usake yahI jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para

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462 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAdhanA-patha bana jAte haiN| yahI jaba apanI pUrNatA ko prakaTa kara lete haiM, to sAdhya bana jAte haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra aura samyaktapayaha sAdhanA-patha hai aura jaba ye samyak catuSTaya ananta jJAna, anantadarzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti ko upalabdha kara lete haiM, to vahI avasthA sAdhya bana jAtI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jo sAdhaka-cetanA kA svarUpa hai, vahI samyak banakara sAdhanApatha bana jAtA hai aura vahI pUrNa ke rUpa meM sAdhya hotA hai| sAdhanApatha aura sAdhya-donoM hI AtmA kI avasthAe~ haiN| AtmA kI samyak avasthA sAdhanA-patha hai aura pUrNa avasthA sAdhya hai| gItA ke anusAra bhI sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM jina sadguNoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai, unheM paramAtmA kI hI vibhUti mAnA gayA hai| yadi sAdhaka AtmA paramAtmA kA aMza hai aura sAdhanA-mArga paramAtmA kI vibhUti hai aura sAdhya vahI paramAtmA hai, to phira inameM abheda hI mAnA jaaegaa| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha abheda tAttvika hai, vyAvahArika nhiiN| vyAvahArika-jIvana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha tInoM alaga-alaga haiM, kyoMki yadi unameM yaha bheda svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAegA, to naitika-jIvana kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| AcAra-darzana kA kArya yahI hai ki vaha isa bAta kA nirdeza kare ki sAdhaka AtmA ko sAdhanA-mArga ke mAdhyama se siddhi kI prApti kaise ho sakatI hai| sandarbha graMtha1. kaThopaniSad, 1/2/1-2. 2. AuTalAinsa oNphajUlAjI, pR. 21. jIvana kIAdhyAtmika dRSTi, pR. 259. pharsTa prinsapals : spensara, pR. 66. Idealistic view of life, pR. 197. phAiva TAipsa Apha ethikalathyorIja, pR. 16. 7. dIghanikAya-sAmaJa phlsutt| 8. ethikala sTaDIja, adhyAya-2. 9. sAikAlAjI eNDamAralas, pR. 183. 10. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 11. 11. ethikala sTaDIj, pR. 11. 12. samayasAra, 18;samayasAraTIkA, 15 pR. 41.

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naitika-jIvana kA sAmya (mokSa) 463 13. uttarAdhyayana, 19/90-93,33/106-110,29--21, 27-28. vahIM dhammapada,95-97. suttanipAta,48/2-6,9-10. gItA, 2/55-58,71-72. gItA, 12/13-19. 19. vivekacUDAmaNi, 429-435. arastU, pR.125-129. tattvArthasUtra, 10/3. abhidhAna rAjendra,khaNDa 6, pR. 431. vahI, pR. 431. AtmamImAMsA,pR. 66-67. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR. 431. niyamasAra, 176-177. vahI, 181. pravacanasAroddhAra, 276/1593-1594. gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa, 69. AcArAMga, 1/5/3/171. niyamasAra, 178-179. AcArAMga, 1/5/6/171 tulanAkIjie-taittirIya 2/9, muNDaka 3/1/8. 33. inasAiklopIDiyAApha rilIjana eMDa ethiksa, khaNDa,9pR. 379-77. 34. AspekTas Apha mahAyAna ina rilezana TU hInayAna, pR. 145. abhidharmakoSa vyAkhyA, pR. 17. 36. kAnsepzana AphabuddhisTa nirvANa, pR. 27 37. AspekTas Apha mahAyAna ina rilezanaTUhInAyana, pR. 162. senTrala philAsaphIAphabuddhijma, pR. 272-273, 39. buddhisTa philAsphI, pR. 251. 40. (a) libarezana, pR. 69. (ba) bauddha-darzanamImAMsA, pR. 147. 41. kansepzana Apha buddhisTa nirvANa, pR. 29. laMkAvatArasUtra, 2/62. triMzikA-vijJaptibhASya, pR. 15, uddhRta-bauddha-darzana-mImAMsA, pR. 150. vahI, 29. 45. vahI, 30. 32.

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464 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 49. 53. 54. 57. 58. u 46. ekriTikala sarve Apha iMDiyana philAsaphI, pR.322. 47. bauddha-darzana-mImAMsA, pR. 244. 48. mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, 9/60, uddhRta mahAyAna, pR. 73. mAdhyamikakArikAvRtti, pR. 524 (senTrala. buddhijma, pR. 274) 50. vahI, pR. 521 51. udAna 8/3, itivuttaka, 2/2/6. vahI dhammapada, 203-204. suttanipAta, 13/4. dhammapada, 368. itivRttaka, 2/2/6. visuddhimagga, bhAga 2, pR. 119-121. udAna, 8/10. 59. udAna, 8/9. visuddhimagga, 16/64. uddhRta-bauddhadharma-darzana, pR. 294. udAna, 8/1. yahA~ pAThAntara hai. udAna, 8/3. vahI, 1/10. gItA, 15/6. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 464-465. gItA, 15/4. 69. vahI8/15-20, 15/6. 70. gItA, 8/20-21. 71. vahI, 6/15. 72. vahI, 6/28. 73. vahI, 6/21. 74. samayasAra TIkA, 305 tulanIya yogasUtra, 1/3. 75. yogazAstra,4/5. 76. adhyAtmatattvAloka, 4/6. 77. gItA, 14/27. 78. vahI, 15/7.

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 465 15 naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara dharma aura naitikatA kA sambandha- bhAratIya-cintana meM dharma aura naitikatA ke pratyaya sAtha-sAtha rahe haiN| kisI bhI vibhAjaka-rekhA ke AdhAra para ve alaga nahIM kie jA skte| jo naitika-zubha hai, vahI dharma hai aura jo dharma hai, vahI naitika-zubha hai| bhAratIyacintana meM dharma' zabdanaitika-sadguNa aura karttavya ke artha meM bahudhA prayukta huaahai| jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki yaha dharma hai, to hamArA tAtparya naitika-karcavya kI dhAraNA se hotA hai| dharma zabda kA dharma ke artha meM aura naitika-karttavya ke artha meM hone vAlA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki hamArI vicAra-paramparA meM dharma aura nIti alaga-alaga na hokara, eka rahe haiN| bhAratIyaparamparA kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki koI dhArmika hokara anaitika nahIM ho sakatA aura na koI anaitika-AcaraNa karane vAlA dhArmika ho sakatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra dhArmika hone ke pUrva naitika honA Avazyaka hai| samyaktva kI upalabdhi naitika-jIvana yA vAsanAoM ke niyamana ke dvArA hI sambhava hai aura jaba koI sacce arthoM meM dhArmika (samyagdRSTi) bana jAtA hai, to vaha anaitika bhI nahIM rhtaa| jaina-paramparA ke samAna bauddha aura gItA kI paramparA meM bhI dharma aura naitikatA ke pratyaya sAtha-sAtha rahe haiN| lekina, pAzcAtya-paramparA meM dharma aura naitikatA ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM dharma aura naitikatA ke AdhAra bhinna-bhinna haiN| dharma kAsambandhabhAvanA se hai, jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha karttavya se| dharma kA AdhAra vizvAsa yA zraddhA hai, jabaki naitikatA kA AdhAra bauddhikatA yA viveka hai| dharma kA sambandha hamAre bhAvAtmaka-pakSa se hai, jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha saMkalpAtmaka-pakSa se hai| semyuala alegjeNDara kA kathana hai ki vAstava meM dhArmika honA isase adhika kartavya nahIM, yadibhUkhA honA koI kartavya hai||' jisa prakAra bhUkhA hone meM karttavyabhAva nahIM hai, varan mAtra eka sAMvegika-avasthA hai, usI prakAra dharma bhI karttavya-bhAva nahIM hai, varan sAMvegika-avasthA hai| isa prakAra, unakI dRSTi meM dharma aura naitikatA alaga-alaga haiN| viliyama jemsa bhI dharma ko naitikatAse alagamAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki jaba hamadharmako usake sahI artha meM lete haiM. to usameM naitikatA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hotaa| unakA kathana hai ki 'yadi hameM dharma kA koI nizcita artha lenA hai, to hameM use bhAvake atireka aura utsAhapUrNa AliMgana ke artha meM lenA cAhie, jahA~ kaThora arthoM meM tathAkathita naitikatA kevala sira jhukAdetI hai aura rAha

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466 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana chor3a detI hai| dharma aura naitikatA ke isa gaThabandhana ko, jise bhAratIya-vicArakoM ne svIkAra kara liyA thA, tor3a dene para naitika-vicAraNA kI dRSTi se aneka vaicArika-kaThinAiyoM kI udbhAvanA sambhava thI, ata: aneka vicArakoM ne isa sambandha ko banAe rkhaa| yadyapi isa bAta ko lekara vicArakoM meM matabheda rahA kidharma aura naitikatA meM kauna prAthamika hai| dekArta, lAka prabhUti vicAraka IzvarIya-Adeza se naitika-niyamoM kI utpatti mAnane ke kAraNa dharma ko naitikatA se pahale mAnate haiN| udhara kAMTa, maithyU ArnalDa, mArTiMga Adi naitikatA para dharma ko adhiSThita karate haiN| kAMTa ke anusAra dharma naitikatA para AdhArita hai aura Izvara kA astitva naitikatA ke astitva ke kAraNa hai| Izvara nItizAstra kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatA hai| maithyU ArnalDa kA kathana hai ki bhAvanA se yukta naitikatA hI dharma hai|' dharma aura naitikatA ko alaga-alaga mAnakara unake sambandhoM kI vyAkhyA karanA apane meM asaMgata hai| jJAna aura zraddhA, jinake AdhAra para inheM alaga-alaga kiyA jAtA hai, nirapekSa rUpa meM alaga-alaga nahIM haiN| gItA meM jJAna, bhakti aura karma, bauddha-darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA tathA jaina-darzana meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ko nirapekSarUpeNa bhinna-bhinna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya-cintana kI isa sahI dizA ke samAna pazcima meM bhI breDale aura priMgala peTIsana Adi kucha vicArakoM ne socane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| breDale kA kathana hai ki naitikatA se pare jAnA naitika-karttavya hai aura vaha karttavya haidhArmika honaa| yahA~ pUrva aura pazcima ke naitika-cintana meM dharma aura naitikatA kI ekarUpatA yA vibhinnatA kA yaha vicAra-bheda samApta ho jAtA hai| breDale naitikatA aura dharma ke lie do alagazabdoM kA prayoga karate haiN| jaba ve kahate haiM ki naitikatA dharma meM samApta ho jAtI hai, to unakA artha naitikatA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM hai| dharma na to naitikatA-vihIna hai, na naitikatA dharma-vihIna hai| naitikatA aura dharma AtmapUrNatA kI dizA meM do avasthAe~ haiN| naitika-pUrNatA kAAdarza vAstavika nahIM hotA, varan yaha pUrNatA kI dizA meM mAtra prakriyA hai, jabaki dhArmika-Adarza vAstavika pUrNa hotA hai| breDale ke anusAra yaha asambhava hai ki eka vyakti dhArmika hote hue bhI anaitikaAcaraNa kre| aisI sthiti meM yA to vaha dharma kA DhoMga kara rahA hai, athavA usakA dharma hI mithyA hai| breDale zubhAzubha kI sImArekhA taka naitikatA kA kSetra mAnate haiM aura usake Age dharma kaa| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra dharma ke kSetra meM zubhAzubha kA vicAra samApta ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya-cintana yadyapi naitikatA aura dharma ke bIca aisI koI sImArekhA nahIM khIMcatA, phira

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 467 bhI vaha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki vyakti kA aMtima sAdhya zubhAzubha kI sImArekhA se Upara uThane meM hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki manuSya kA paramasAdhya zubhAzubhase Upara uThane meM hai| isa prakAra, breDale ke uparyukta cintanase bhAratIya vicAra adhika dUra nahIM hai, phira bhI pAzcAtya-paramparA meM aise aneka cintaka haiM, jo yaha mAnate haiM ki binA dhArmika hue bhI koI vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai| sadAcArIjIvana ke lie dhArmikatA anivArya nahIM hai| sAmyavAdI dezoM meM isI dharma-vihIna naitikatA kA pATha par3hAyA jAtA hai| yadi dharma kA artha kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA yA pUjA-upacAra ke kucha kriyAkAMDoM taka sImita hai, taba to yaha sambhava hai ki koI vyakti adhArmika hokara bhI naitika ho sakatA hai, lekina dharma kA sambandha siddhAnta yA Adarza ke prati niSThA yA zraddhA se hai, to usake abhAva meM koI bhI vyakti saccA naitika nahIM ho sktaa| zraddhA yA niSThA ke abhAva meM naitika-jIvana usa bhavana ke samAna hogA, jisakI nIMva nahIM hai| jisa prakAra binA nIMva kA bhavana kaba dhArAzAyI ho jAegA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, usI prakAra zraddhA yA niSThA-vihIna naitika-jIvana meM patana kI sambhAvanAe~ sadaiva banI rahatI haiN| dharma, jisakA paryAya zraddhA yA niSThA hai, naitika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| dharma naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura naitikatAdharma kAzarIra hai| eka-dUsare ke abhAva meM donoM nahIM ttikte| AcaraNa ke lie niSThA aura niSThA ke lie AcaraNa Avazyaka hai| jo loga sadAcaraNa aura naitika-jIvana ke lie dharma ko anAvazyaka mAnate haiM, unakI dRSTi meM dharma pUjA-upAsanA ke vidhividhAnoM se adhika nahIM hai, lekina dharma ke kendrIya-tattva niSThA aura sahAnubhUti to unheM bhI mAnya haiN| svayaM sAmyavAdI-vicAraka, jo dharma ko aphIma kI golI kahane kA sAhasa karate haiM, ve bhI sAmyavAda ke siddhAntoM ke prati niSThAvAn honA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| niSThA cAhe kisI siddhAnta yA Adarza ke prati ho, cAhe rASTra yA rASTranetA ke prati ho, cAhe mAnavatA ke prati ho, cAhe ati-mAnavIya sattA ke prati ho, naitika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| niSThA ke hone para hI sadAcaraNa sambhava hai| bhUmi meM pAnI hai-yaha vizvAsa hI kisI ko kuAMkhodane ke lie prayatnazIla banAtA hai| uccamAnavIya-mUlyoM yAAdhyAtmikamUlyoM para niSThA rakhe binA naitika-jIvana sambhava hI nahIM ho sktaa| niSThA yA zraddhA hI naitika-jIvana kA preraka-sUtra hai aura vahI naitikatA ke lie Thosa aura sthAyI AdhAra prastuta karatI hai| naitika-jIvana kA prArambha aura anta-donoM hI dharma meM hote haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki dharma aura naitika-jIvana sahagAmI rahe haiN| bhAratIya

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468 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana cintakoM ne jo sAdhanA-mArga batAe haiM, unameM zraddhA aura AcaraNa-donoM kA hI samAna mUlya hai| zraddhA, jo dharma kA kendrIya-tattva hai aura AcaraNa, jo naitikatA kA kendrIya-tattva hai, donoM milakara hI jIvana ke vikAsa ko sahI dizA meM gati dete haiN| yadyapi hameM yahAM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki zraddhA kA arthaandhazraddhA nahIM hai| dharma ke rUpa meM jisa niSThA aura zraddhAko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, vaha vastuta: ucca evaM AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM ke prati niSThA hI hai, jo pUrI taraha viveka yAprajJA se samanvita hai| zraddhAaura karma yA dharma aura naitikatA ke madhya sthita jJAna, vivekayA prajJA kA tattva na kevala donoM ko jor3atA hai, varan unheM galata dizAoM meM jAne se bacAtA bhI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya-darzana kI kucha prabuddha vicAraNAoM meM dharma kevala andhavizvAsa ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA hai| dharma ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka hai, lekina vaha zraddhA, viveka aura karma se samanvita hI honA cAhie aura sambhavata: jaina aura bauddha-vicAraNAoM ne isa dRSTikoNa ko vikasita hI kiyA hai| zraddhA yA niSThA mAnava-jIvana yA mAnavIya-cetanA kA eka bhAvAtmaka pakSa hai aura usake samucita vikAsa evaM pUrNatA ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai| na koI aisA yuga rahA aura na Age rahegA, jisameM dharma kA sthAna na ho| jaba taka mAnava-jIvana meM bhAvAtmaka-pakSa upasthita hai, taba taka dharma eka anivArya tattva hai| yaha sambhava hai ki tathAkathita dharmoM ke nAma paramAnava kI isa bhAvAtmaka-cetanA ko ubhAr3A gayA ho aura usakA galata dizA meM nirdeza bhI huA ho| yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna yuga meM dharma ke prati tIvra virodha parilakSita hotA hai, lekina isa virodha ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhI koI nayA dizA-nirdeza nahIM ho pAyA hai| purAne dharmoM ke sthAna para Aja ye rAjanItika-dharma khar3e ho rahe haiN| rASTravAda, sAmyavAda, pU~jIvAda Adi ke nAma para khar3e hone vAle ye nae dharma mAnavIya-cetanA ke usabhAvAtmaka-pakSa kA zoSaNa aura galata dizA-nirdeza Aja bhI kara rahe haiN| itanA hI nahIM, vartamAna yuga kI yaha sthiti usase bhI adhika dAruNa aura mAnava-jAti ke lie vinAzakAraka hai| AvazyakatA yaha hai ki mAnava kI niSThA kinhIM aise ucca AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM para kendrita kI jAe, jisase vaha apanI kSudratAoM, saMkucita vicAra-dRSTiyoM aura svArthamaya jIvana se Upara uThakara mAnavajAti ke kalyANa kI sAdhaka bana ske| dharma aura Izvara-dharma kA pratyaya Izvara kIdhAraNA se sambandhita hai|maanviiy-shrddhaa kA koI kendra honA Avazyaka hai aura zraddhA ke kendra ke rUpa meM Izvara kA vicAra sAmane AyA hai| yadyapi sabhI dharmoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai, tathApi usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna dharmoM meM alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiN| yahA~ una sabhI kI carcA meM

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 469 utaranA saMbhava nahIM hai| hama apanI isa vivecanA meM Izvara ke sambandha meM kevala unhIM dRSTikoNoM se vicAra kareMge, jo ki naitika-jIvana ke lie mahatvapUrNa haiN| Izvara ke sambandha meM naitikadRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para hamAre sAmane do prazna Ate haiM 1. Izvara karma-niyama ke vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meN| 2. Izvara naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meN| karma-siddhAnta aura Izvara- naitika-jIvana ke lie karma-siddhAnta meM AsthA Avazyaka hai| lagabhaga sabhIdhArmika-paramparAe~ naitika zubhAzubhakRtyoM ke pratiphala meM vizvAsa prakaTa kara karma-siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatI haiM, lekina usameM se kucha karmoM meM svata: apane phala dene kI kSamatAkAabhAvamAnatI haiM, jabaki dUsarI karmoM meM phala dene kI svata: kSamatAko svIkAra karatI haiN| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM sAMkhya, yoga, jaina, bauddha aura mImAMsaka karmoM ko phala dene meM svataH sakSama mAnate haiM, jabaki nyAya-vaizeSika aura vedAnta karmoM meM svata: phala dene kI kSamatA kA abhAva mAnakara Izvara ko phala-pradAtA svIkAra karate haiN| jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya aura mImAMsA-darzanoM meM kisI vaiyaktika-Izvara kA astitva hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yoga-darzana meM Izvara kA astitva to mAnya hai, lekina vaha kevala upAsanA kA viSaya evaM zraddhA kA kendra hai| karma niyama kA vyavasthApaka yA zubhAzubha karmoM kA phalapradAtA nahIM hai| brahmasUtra para AdhArita vedAnta-darzana meM Izvara ko zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala-pradAtA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI, zAMkara-darzana kI tattva-vivecanA meM pAramArthika-dRSTi se yaha dhAraNA atyanta nirbala par3a jAtI hai| umaseM phalapradAtA Izvara aura usakI vyavasthA kI vyAvahArika-sattA mAtra zeSa rahatI hai| nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana meM Izvara ko karma-niyama kA vyavasthApaka evaM karma-phala kA pradAtA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana evaM pUrvamImAMsA- darzana meM karmako cetanA aura svayaM phala dene kI kSamatA se yukta mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya, yoga evaM jaina-darzana karma ko jar3a mAnate haiN| jar3a karma apanA svata: phala kaise de sakate haiM, isa samasyA ke prati nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana meM nimna AkSepa prastuta kie gae haiM ___ 1. jar3akarma acetana hone ke kAraNa svata: phala pradAna nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki phalapradAna kI kriyA cetana kI preraNA ke binA nahIM ho sktii| 2. karma kA kartA jo caitanya hai, vaha bhI phalapradAtA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki kartA kabhI bhI svecchA se azubha karmoM kA phala prApta karanA nahIM cAhatA, ata: phalapradAtA Izvara ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai|

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470 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-darzana kA samAdhAna- jaina-vicArakoM ne ina AkSepoM ke pratyuttara meM kucha tarka prastuta kie haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra bhAMga, zarAba Adi nazIlI jar3a vastue~ upabhoga ke pazcAt eka nizcita samaya para svata: apane prabhAva se caitanya ko binA usakI icchA kI apekSA kie, prabhAvita karatI haiM, usI prakAra jar3a karma bhI svata: hI apanA phala pradAna karate haiN| zrImad rAjacandrabhAI likhate haiM' jhera sudhAsamaje nahIM, jIva khAya phala thaay| eka zubhAzubha karma no, bhoktApaNuM jnnaay|| arthAt, jaise viSa khAne vAlA usake prabhAva se baca nahIM sakatA, vaise hI karmoM kA kartA bhI unake prabhAva se nahIM baca sktaa| gItAkA dRSTikoNa-gItA meM phala-pradAtA ke rUpa meM to nahIM, lekina karma-niyama ke vyavasthApaka, athavA karmoM ke phala kA nizcaya karane vAle ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki 'maiM jisakA nizcaya kara diyA karatA hU~, vaha icchita phala manuSya ko milatA hai| yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki karmoM meM svata: phala dene kI kSamatA gItAkAra ko svIkAra hai| isa sambandha meM gItA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue lokamAnya tilaka likhate haiM ki karma kA cakra jaba eka bAra Arambha ho jAtA hai, taba use Izvara bhI nahIM roka sktaa| karmaphala nizcita kara dene kA kAma yadyapi Izvara kA hai, tathApi vedAnta-zAstra kA yaha siddhAnta hai ki ve phalahara ekake khare-khoTe karmoM kI. arthAta karmaakarma kI yogyatA ke anusAra die jAte haiM, isalie paramezvara isa sambandha meM vastuta: udAsIna hI hai- 'karma ke bhAvI pariNAma yA phala kevala karma ke niyamoM se hI utpanna huA karate haiN|' ina zabdoM kA gahana vizleSaNa hameM isa niSkarSa para pahu~cAtA hai ki gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM karma svata: apanA phala dene kI sAmarthya se yukta haiM, gItA ke anusAra Izvara ne to kevala yaha nizcaya kara diyA hai ki kisa karma kA kyA phala hogA? dUsare zabdoM meM, Izvara mAtra karmaniyama kA nirmAtA hai, karmaphalapradAtA nahIM; lekina tArkika-dRSTi se dekheM, to yahadhAraNA bhI adhika sabala nahIM, kyoMki jo karmaphala-nizcaya kA kArya gItAkAra Izvara se karAtA hai, vaha karmaphala-nizcaya kA kArya karmoM kI prakRti (svabhAva) svata: bhI kara sakatI hai| yaha kahane kI apekSA ki Izvara ne zubha kA pratiphala zubha aura azubha kA pratiphala azubha nizcita kiyA hai, yaha kahanA adhika ucita hai ki svabhAvata: zubha se zubha aura azubha se azubha kI niSpatti hotI hai| gItAkAra svayaM eka sthAna para spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 471 ki 'karma aura unake pratiphala ke saMyoga kA kartA Izvara nahIM hai, varan vaha to (karmoM ke) svabhAva yA prakRti se hotA rahatA hai|10| phira bhI, gItA meM kucha sthala aise haiM, jo isa para adhika vivecana kI apekSA karate haiN| karmavAda ke siddhAnta meM karma ko jo sarvocca sthAna diyA gayA hai, usase gItA kA spaSTa virodha hai| gItA meM Izvara kA sthAna karma-niyamake Upara hai| gItA meM karma-siddhAnta kI vaha kaThoratA nahIM hai, jo jaina-vicAra meM hai| gItA kA karma-niyama usake kAruNika Izvara ke isa udghoSase ki maiM tujhe sarva pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA', zithila ho jAtA hai| IzvarIya-kRpA kI apekSA aura usameM vizvAsa karma-siddhAnta kI vyavasthA ko cunautI hai| Izvara ko karmaniyama se Upara mAna lene se karma-siddhAnta khaMDita ho jAtA hai| yadikarma-niyama ke binA Izvara mAtra apanI svacchanda icchA se kisI ko mUrkha aura kisI ko vidvAn, kisI ko rAjA aura kisI ko raMka, kisI ko saMpanna aura kisI ko vipanna banAe, to use nyAyI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, lekina Izvara kabhI bhI anyAyI nahIM ho sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jo darzana Izvarako phalapradAtA mAnate haiM, ve bhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki Izvara jIvoM ke karmAnusAra hI unake sukha-duHkha kI vyavasthA karatA hai| jaise vyakti ke bhale-bure karma hote haiM, usake anusAra hI Izvara unheM pratiphala detA hai| IzvarIya-vyavasthA pUrI taraha karma-niyama se niyantrita hai| Izvara apanI icchA se usameM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, lekina yaha sarvazaktisampanna Izvara kA upahAsa hai| vaha eka aisA vyavasthApaka hai, jisako pada to diyA gayA hai, lekina adhikAra kucha bhI nhiiN| amaramunijI ke zabdoM meM, nizcaya hI yaha sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke sAtha khilavAr3a hai| eka tarapha use sarvazaktimAn mAnanA aura dUsarI ora use svataMtra hokara aNumAtra bhI parivartana kA adhikAra nahIM denA nizcaya hI Izvara kI mahatI viDambanA hai| yadi kAruNika Izvara kA kArya karma-niyama se anuzAsita hai, to phira na to aise Izvara kA koI mahatva rahatA hai aura na usakI karuNA kA koI arth| eka ora, IzvarIya-vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna mAnanA aura dUsarI ora, karma-vyavasthA ke lieIzvara kI AvazyakatA batAnA, karma-niyama aura Izvara-donoM kAhI upahAsa karanA hai| acchA to yahI hai ki karmoM meM svayaM hI apanA phala dene kI zakti mAna lI jAe, jisase Izvara kA Izvaratva bhI surakSita rahe aura karma-siddhAnta meM koI bAdhA bhI na aae| jo vicAraka karma-niyama ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM Izvara kA sthAna svIkAra karate haiM, ve bhIbhrAMta dhAraNA meM haiN| yadi Izvara karma-pravAha kA cAlaka hai, to karma-pravAha anAdi nahIM

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472 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ho sakatA, lekina tilaka svayaM svIkAra karate haiM ki karma-pravAha anAdi hai aura jaba eka bAra karma kA cakkara zurU ho jAtA hai, taba paramezvara bhI usameM hastakSepa nahIM krtaa|'12 tilaka eka ora karma-pravAha ko anAdi mAnanA cAhate haiM aura dUsarI ora, usake cAlaka ke rUpa meM Izvara ko bhIsthAna denA cAhate haiM tathA isa prayAsa meM eka sAtha AtmavirodhI kathana karate haiN| 'karma-pravAha anAdi hai aura jaba eka bAra karma kA cakkara zuru ho jAtA hai', yaha vAkya Atma-virodhI hai| jo anAdi hai, usakA Arambha nahIM ho sakatA aura jisakA Arambha nahIM hai, usakA koI cAlaka bhI nahIM ho sktaa| jaina-mAnyatA yaha hai ki yadyapijar3a-karmacetana-zakti ke abhAva meM svata: phala nahIM de sakate, lekina isake sAtha hI ve yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki karmoM ko apanA phala pradAna karane ke lie kartA se bhinna anya cetana sattA kI, athavA Izvara kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| karmoM ke karttA cetana AtmA ke dvArA svayaM hI vAsanA evaM kaSAyoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para karma-vipAka kA prakAra, kAlAvadhi, mAtrA aura tIvratA kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai| yaha AtmA svayaM hI apane karmoM kA kartA hai aura svayaM hI unakA phalapradAtA bana jAtA hai| yadi hama yaha mAna leM ki pratyeka jIvAtmA apane zuddha svarUpa kI dRSTi se paramAtmA hI hai, to phira hama cAhe Izvara ko karma-niyama kA niyAmaka aura phalapradAtA kaheM, yAjIvAtmAko svayaM hI apane karmoM kA kartA aura phalapradAtA mAneM, sthiti meM koI antara nahIM par3atA hai| AcArya haribhadra isI samanvayAtmaka-bhUmikA kA sparza karate hue kahate haiM ki jIva mAtra tAttvikadRSTi se paramAtmA hI hai aura vahI svayaM apane acche-bure karmoM kA kartA aura phalapradAtA bhI hai| isa tAttvika-dRSTi se karmaniyaMtA ke rUpa meM IzvaravAdabhI nirdoSa aura vyavasthita siddha ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana aura gItA kI vicAra-dRSTi meM bhI sAmAnyatayA vaha antara nahIM hai, jo mAna liyA gayA hai| karmaniyaMtA Izvara kA vicAra bauddha-paramparA meM bhI prAya: usI rUpa meM asvIkRta rahA hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha jaina-paramparA meM asvIkRta rahA hai| bauddha-paramparA bhI jaina-paramparA ke samAna karma-niyama ke nirmAtA aura karmoM ke phalapradAtA Izvara ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna mahAvIra aura buddha bhI mahAkAruNika haiN| ve prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se ubArane kI bhAvanA rakhate haiM, lekina unakI yaha karuNA karma-niyama se Upara nahIM hai| prANiyoM kI duHkha-vimukti ke lie ve kevala dizA-nirdezaka haiM, vimuktakartA nhiiN| duHkhoM se vimukti to prANI svayaM apane hI puruSArtha se pAtA hai| ve mArga batAne vAle haiM, gati to svayaM vyakti ko hI karanA hai|

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM Izvara- jaina aura bauddha - vicAraNAoM meM karma-niyAmaka ke rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya asvIkRta rahA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki unameM Izvara yA paramAtmA kA pratyaya nahIM hai| yogadarzana ke samAna jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara kA vicAra upasthita hai| jaina-sa -sAdhanA kA Adarza bhI gItA ke samAna paramAtmA kI upalabdhi hI rahA hai| bauddha-darzana meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM tathAgata-kAya yA dharmakAya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA, tInoM hI paramparAoM meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara kA vicAra svIkRta hai / jaina - paramparA meM naitika jIvana kA sAdhya jisa siddhAvasthA kI prApti mAnA gayA hai, vaha usameM svIkRta paramAtmA ke pratyaya ko spaSTa kara detI hai| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra yaha AtmA apane tAttvika zuddha svarUpa meM paramAtmA hI hai aura isI zuddha svarUpa yA paramAtmA kI upalabdhi naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| yadyapi jaina- paramparA aura gItA- donoM meM hI paramAtmA kI upalabdhi ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai, tathApi donoM meM thor3A tAttvikaantara hai / | jaina-pa - paramparA ke anusAra yaha paramAtmatva vyakti meM svayaM hI prasupta hai aura sAdhanA dvArA hameM use prakaTa karanA hai / tattvataH, pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA hai aura mAtra use prakaTa karanA hai / sAdhya ke rUpa meM paramAtmA hamase bhinna nahIM hai, varan vaha hamArI hI zuddha sattA kI avasthA hai| sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa paramAtmA ko svIkAra karate haiM, vaha hamArI hI zuddha, tAttvika evaM rAga- -dveSa aura karmamala se rahita sthiti hai / sAdhya paramAtmA bhI hamameM hI nihita hai| jaina-darzana meM pratyeka AtmA kA sAdhya apane meM nihita paramAtmatva ko prakaTa karanA hai aura isa rUpa meM usameM pratyeka AtmA hI paramAtmA mAnI gaI hai, ata: paramAtmA aisA koI bAhya Adarza yA sAdhya nahIM hai, jo vyakti se bhinna ho| hameM vahI pAnA hai, jo hamameM vidyamAna hai aura hamArI sattA kA sAra hai| isa prakAra, jaina- darzana meM pratyeka vyakti kA sAdhya yA paramAtmA alaga-alaga hai| yadyapi svarUpa dRSTi se sabhI meM nihita paramAtmatva samAna hai, tathApi sattA kI dRSTi se vaha bhinna-bhinna hai| gItA ke anusAra bhI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya paramAtmA kI upalabdhi hI hai aura paramAtmA ko hamArI sattA kA sAra batAyA gayA hai, phira bhI gItA kA vicAra jaina darzana se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki gItA meM pratyeka jIvAtmA paramAtmA kA aMza hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM pratyeka jIvAtmA svayaM hI paramAtmA hai| gItA ke anusAra naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM hameM jise prApta karanA hai, vaha pUrNa hai; jisake hama aMza haiN| gItA kA naitika-sAdhya yA paramAtmA AdhAra hai aura sAdhaka - jIvAtmA AdhArita hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM sAdhya- paramAtmA aura sAdhaka - 473

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana - jIvAtmA- donoM eka hI haiN| unameM na to aMza aura pUrNa kA sambandha hai aura na AdhAra aura AdhArita kA sambandha hai| gItA meM naitika - sAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkRta paramAtmA pratyeka sAdhaka vahI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM pratyeka sAdhaka kA sAdhya - paramAtmA tAttvika sattA kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna hai| gItA kA paramAtmA eka hI hai, jabaki jaina- darzana ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA hai / ina dArzanika sAmAnya antaroM ke hote hue bhI jahA~ taka naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM paramAtmA kI svIkRti kA prazna hai, donoM ke dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| donoM ke anusAra paramAtmA pUrNatA kI avasthA hai aura vahI pUrNatA naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| sAdhanA ke Adarza kI dRSTi se donoM meM paramAtmA kA svarUpa vahI mAnA gayA hai| pUrNa vItarAga, niSkAma, sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAn paramAtmA gItA kA naitika Adarza hai, to vahI vItarAga, ananta - jJAna, ananta- - darzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti se yukta paramAtmA jaina darzana kI naitika-sAdhanA kA Adarza hai| - 474 - jahA~ taka bauddha darzana meM naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM, athavA naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM paramAtmA athavA Izvara ke pratyaya kA prazna hai, usameM hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAyoM meM sAdhanA ke alaga-alaga Adarza rahe haiN| hInayAna kA naitika-sAdhya arhatAvasthA rahA hai, jabaki mahAyAna kI naitika-sAdhanA meM upAsya yA naitika - sAdhya ke rUpa meM buddha kA svAbhAvikakAya yA dharmakAya svIkRta rahA hai| phira bhI, sAmAnya rUpa se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki buddhatva kI prApti donoM meM hI naitika - sAdhya hai aura buddha paramAtmA ke rUpa meM naitikajIvana ke Adarza haiN| arhat ke Adarza ke rUpa meM hInayAna sampradAya meM jisa buddhatva ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha jaina- paramparA ke nikaTa hai, lekina mahAyAna meM svIkRta dharmakAya yA svAbhAvikakAya ke pratyaya gItA ke nikaTa Ate haiN| dharmakAya gItA ke vaiyaktika - Izvara ke samAna hI hai| mahAyAna-sampradAya meM buddha kA cAra vyUhoM ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa hai| pratyeka vyUha ko pAribhASika - bhASA meM kAya kahate haiN| buddha ke cAra kAya mAne gae haiM- 1. svAbhAvikakAya, 2. dharmakAya, 3. sambhogakAya aura 4. nirmANakAya / 14 1. svAbhAvikakAya - svAbhAvikakAya nirAsrava vizuddhi prApta dharmoM kI prakRti hai| ise gItA ke paramabrahma ke samAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha akAritra hai / jisa prakAra brahma nirvizeSa evaM nirapekSa hai, usI prakAra yaha bhI nirvizeSa hai| 2. dharmakAya - dharmakAya bhI parizuddha dharmoM kI prakRti hai / svAbhAvikakAya se yaha isa artha meM bhinna hai ki yaha sakAritra hai| dharmakAya sarvadA sarvabhUtahitarata hai, yadyapi ise bhI

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 475 nirvaiyaktika hI mAnA gayA hai| ise hama nirguNa Izvara kaha sakate haiN| 3. sambhogakAya-sarvabhUtahitaratadharmakAya jaba puruSavid (vaiyaktika) hokara lokakalyANa karane lagatA hai, taba use sambhogakAya kahate haiN| jo kAritra (karma) dharmakAya kA hai, vahI isakA hai, paradharmakAya arUpI hai, yaha rUpavAn hai, dharmakAya apuruSavid hai, yaha puruSavid hai, dharmakAya nirAkAra hai, yaha sAkAra hai, dharmakAya avyakta hai, yaha vyakta hai| isakI tulanA gItA ke vaiyaktika-Izvara se kI jA sakatI hai| 4. nirmANakAya-jina zAkya muni buddha kA vyakta darzana hama karate haiM, usakA nAma nirmANakAya hai| nirmANakAyoM ke dvArA hI buddha jagat kA bahuvidha sAdhana (kalyANa) karate haiN| nirmANakAya kI tulanA gItA ke Izvara ke avatAra se ho sakatI hai| - isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi hInayAna aura mahAyAna-sampradAyoM meM sAdhanA kA Adarza buddhatva rahA hai, tathApi donoM ne apane dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para usakI vyAkhyA bhinna rUpa meM kI hai| hInayAna ne usake vItarAga aura vItatRSNa-svarUpako svIkAra kiyA, jabaki mahAyAna ne usake svarUpa meM lokamaMgala kI udbhAvanA kii| hInayAna kA dRSTikoNa jainaparamparA ke nikaTa hai, jabaki mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa kucha arthoM meM gItA ke nikaTa hai| __ upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara- bhAratIya naitika-cintana dharma aura naitikatA ekadUsare ke abhinna rahe haiN| dhArmika-jIvana meM zraddhA ke lie kisI upAsya kI svIkRti Avazyaka hai| jaina, bauddha aura gAtA kI parAmparAoM meM upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai| jaina-paramparA meM upAsya ke rUpa meM arihaMta aura siddha mAne gae haiN| siddha ve AtmAe~ haiM jo nirvANa-lAbha kara cukI haiM, jabaki arihaMta ve jIvanmukta AtmAe~ haiM, jo naitikapUrNatA ko prApta kara isa jagat meM loka-maMgala ke lie kArya karatI haiN| jaina-paramparA meM arihaMta aura siddha upAsya avazya haiM, phira bhI ve gItA ke Izvara se bhinna haiN| gItA kA Izvara sadaiva hI upAsya hai, jabaki arihaMta aura siddha upAsaka se upAsya bane haiN| jahA~ taka karuNA kA prazna hai, siddha, jo kevala upAsanA ke Adarza haiM, svayaM apanI ora se upAsaka ke lie kucha bhI nahIM krte| upAsanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM arihata yadyapi sAdhanA-mArga kA upadeza nahIM hai, phira bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sAdhaka kI jo bhI upalabdhi hai, vaha svayaM usake prayatnoM kA phala hai| upAsya ke svarUpa kA jJAna tathA upAsanA apane meM nihita paramAtmatva ko prakaTa karane ke lie hai| bauddha-paramparA meM upAsya ke rUpa meM buddha athavA buddha ke sambhogakAya aura karmakAya

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476 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana svIkRta haiN| hInayAna-sampradAya buddha ko zAkya muni ke rUpa meM upAsya avazya mAnatA hai, lekina vaha jaina-paramparA ke samAna yaha mAnatA hai ki upAsaka svayaM ke prayatnoM se hI kisI dina upAsya bana sakatA hai| jahA~ taka mahAyAna-sampradAya kA prazna hai, usameM buddha ke sambhogakAya aura nirmANakAya upAsaka rahe haiM, lekina ve aise upAsya haiM, jo apane upAsaka kA maMgala bhI karate haiN| gItA meM upAsya ke rUpa meM vaiyaktika-Izvara kI dhAraNA svIkRta rahI hai| zrIkRSNa svayaM hI apane ko upAsya ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM aura logoM se apanI upAsanA kI apekSA bhI karate haiN| gItA kA upAsya apane bhakta kA uddhAraka bhI hai| yadi bhakta apane ko nizchala rUpa meM usake sAmane prastuta kara detA hai, to vaha usakI mukti kI jimmedArI bhI vahana karatA hai| Izvara mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM5 - vartamAna yuga meM Izvara-sambandhI vicAra ne eka naI dizA grahaNa kI hai| prAcIna yuga evaM madhya yuga taka Izvara kA pratyaya jagat ke tAttvika-AdhAra ke rUpa meM, usake nirmAtA evaM niyAmaka ke rUpa meM, athavAdhArmika-zraddhA ke kendra evaM upAsya ke rUpa meM vivecita hotA rahA, lekina vartamAna yuga meM Izvara-sambandhI vicAra pramukha rUpa se naitika-AdhAroM para vikasita huA hai| vartamAna yuga meM Izvara paramamUlyoM kA adhiSThAna aura unakA srota mAnA jAtA hai| kAMTa ne Izvara ke astitva ke sandarbha meM naitika -tarka prastuta kie haiN| kAMTa kA tarka hai ki eka sarvocca sattA athavA Izvara kA astitva mAnanA par3egA, jo dharma ko sukha se puraskRta kara sake tathA burAI ko duHkha dvArA kisI agale jIvana meM daNDita kara ske| mArTinyU naitika-bAdhyatA aura naitika-Adarza ke AdhAra para Izvara ke pratyaya ko khar3A karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM naitika-bAdhyatA Izvara ke AdhAra para hI A sakatI hai| Izvara hI naitika-bAdhyatAkAsrota hai| mArTinyU naitikaAdarza se bhI Izvara ke astitva kA niSkarSa nikAlatA hai| usakA tarka hai ki kyA naitika-Adarza kevala Adarza hai, vAstavika nahIM ? yadi vaha vAstavika nahIM hai, to usase hamAre caritra para koI prabhAva nahIM par3a sakatA, lekina naitika-Adarza kA prabhAva hamAre caritra para par3atA hai| vaha hameM zraddhAbhibhUta kara sakatA hai aura hameM U~cA uThA sakatA hai, isalie vaha vAstavika hai aura Izvara hamAre naitika-Adarza kA amara mUrtarUpa hai, jisakA hamArI naitika-cetanA meM aspaSTa pratibimba hai| munasTara barga, rAyasa aura priMgala-paiTIsana Izvara ko mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| munasTara barga mUlyoM kA adhiSThAna paramAtmA ko mAnatA hai| usake vicAra meM sAdhyoM

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naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 477 kA anusaraNa agara acetana rUpa se hotA hai, to ve sAdhya hI nahIM haiM, isalie paramAtmA ko cetana aura buddhiyukta mAnanA par3egA aura yaha mAnanA par3egA ki tArkika, saundaryAtmaka, naitika aura dhArmika-mUlya paramAtmA meM nivAsa karate haiN| mUlya Izvara ke andara pahale se hI pariniSpanna haiM aura Izvara satya, ziva, saundarya, nyAyazIla aura prema kI zAzvata pratimA hai, jo vizva meM vyApta hai aura manuSya ko eka acchI vizva-vyavasthA kA nirmANa karane ke lie preraNA detA hai| priMgala paiTIsana kA kathana hai ki satya, zubhatva aura saundarya svayaMbhU nahIM haiN| cetana anubhava ke bAhara ve koI artha nahIM rakhate, isalie hameM eka aisI Adi-buddhi ko mAnanA par3atA hai, jisase ve nitya-niSpanna hoN| Izvara svayaM sarvocca sattA aura sarvocca mUlya hai|17 samakAlIna vicAraka DablyU. Ara. sArlI naitikatA evaM naitika-mUlyoM ko Izvara meM adhiSThita mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki dharma kevala sAmAnya-naitikatA kA pUraka nahIM hai| vaha use aura kucha adhika detA hai| vaha manuSya kI dRSTi ko isa viSaya meM painI banAtA hai ki zubha kyA hai ? naitika-niyama aura naitika-Adarza IzvarIya-prakRti meM nivAsa karate haiM aura IzvarIya pUrNatA meM kucha rUpoM meM unakA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| IzvIya-icchA kevala naitika-Adeza nahIM hai, jaisA ki dhArmika-anumodana ke siddhAnta use svIkAra karate haiM, lekina vaha eka uccatama zubhatva hai| naitika-pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane meM upalabdha hotI hai| naitikamUlya santoSaprada rUpa meM IzvaravAda meM adhiSThita haiN| isa prakAra, samakAlIna vicAraka Izvarako mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| jahA~ taka isa sambandha meM jaina-dRSTikoNa kA savAla hai, jaina-dArzanikoM ne jJAna, bhAva, Ananda aura zakti ke rUpa meM cAra mUlya svIkAra kie haiN| ise ve apanI pAribhASikazabdAvalI meM anantacatuSTaya kahate haiN| jaina-darzana ke siddha yA Izvara meM ye cAroM guNa apanI pUrNatA ke sAtha hote haiM aura isa rUpa meM use mUlyoM kA adhiSThAna mAna liyA gayA hai| gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM bhI Izvara mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM Izvara ko sat, cit aura Anandamaya mAnA gayA hai| sat ke rUpa meM jJAnAtmaka, cit ke rUpa meM saundaryAtmaka aura Ananda ke rUpa meM vaha naitika-mUlyoM kA adhiSThAna hai| Izvara ko satya, ziva aura sundara bhI kahA gayA hai aura isa rUpa meM bhI usameM tArkika, saundaryAtmaka aura naitika-mUlyoM kA nivAsa hai| sandarbha graMtha1. uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 38. ... verAiTIz2aApha rilIjiyasa eksapIriyaMseja; uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 39.

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478 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR.38. ethikalasTaDIja, pR. 314,319. vahI, pR. 314. brahmasUtra, 3/2/28. AtmasiddhizAstra, 83. gItA, 7/22. gItArahasya, pR. 269. gItA, 5/14. samAja aura saMskRti, pR. 185. 12. gItArahasya, pR. 272. 13. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 207. 14. dekhie, bodhikAvitAra, paripRSThaka, pR. 143-144. 15. dekhie- pazcimIdarzana, pR.248-249. 16. pazcimI darzana, pR. 267. 17. diAiDiyAApha immArTeliTI, pR. 290 uddhRta-pazcimI darzana, pR. 267. 18. kaeNnTempararI ethikalathyorIz2a, pR. 280.

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 479 16 jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika-pakSa 1. manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana kA sambandha AcAra-darzana kA kArya jIvana ke sAdhya ke saMdarbha meM AcaraNa kI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura mUlyAMkana karanA hai| aucitya aura anaucitya ke sAre nirNaya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiN| kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAe~ hI, jinheM jaina-paribhASA meM 'yoga' kahA jAtA hai, AcAra-darzana kI viSayavastu haiN| manovijJAna kI adhyayana-sAmagrI bhI yahI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAe~ haiN| uDavartha ne manovijJAna ko mAnasika aura zArIrika- kriyAoM kA vijJAna kahA hai| isa prakAra, manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana kI viSaya-vastu eka hI hai| AcAra-darzana jIvana ke Adarza ke sandarbha meM unakA mUlyAMkana karatA hai aura manovijJAna unakI vAstavika prakRti kA anveSaNa karatA hai| vyavahAra ke tathyAtmaka-svarUpa ko samajhanA manovijJAna kA kArya hai aura vyavahAra ke Adarza kA nirdhAraNa karanA AcAra-darzana kA kArya hai, lekina kisI bhI Adarza kA nirdhAraNa tathyoM kI avahelanA karake nahIM hotA; 'hameM kyA honA cAhie', yaha bahuta-kucha isa para nirbhara karatA hai ki hamArI kSamatAe~ kyA haiM ? manovaijJAnika-adhyayana hameM yaha batAtA hai ki hama kyA haiM, athavA hamArI kSamatAe~ kyA haiM aura usI AdhAra para AcAra-darzana kahatA hai ki hameM kyA honA cAhie ? AcAra-darzana manovaijJAnika-tathyoM kI avahelanA karake Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| manovaijJAnika-tathyoM yA mAnavIya-prakRti kI avahelanA karake naitika-darzana kA nirdhAraNa karanA vyartha hogaa| aisA Adarza, jise mAnava yathArtha (Real) nahIM banA sake, mAtra chalanA hai| jisa Adarza (sAdhya) ko upalabdha karane kI kSamatAe~ mAnava meM nihita na hoM, use mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| manovijJAna kA AcAra-darzana se kitanA ghaniSTha sambandha hai, isa viSaya se itanA kahanA hI paryApta hai ki AcAra-darzana manovijJAna se pRthak hokara apane astitva ko hI khatare meM DAla detA hai| AcAra-darzana 'AcaraNa kaisA honA cAhie' -isa prazna ko hAtha meM letA hai, lekina AcaraNa kyA hai ? tathA kyoM aura kaise hotA hai ?' ina praznoM kA uttara manovijJAna detA hai| AcaraNa kI ina bAtoM ko samajhe binA AcaraNa ke darzana kA nirdhAraNa karanA, mAtra vaicArika-ur3Ana hI hogii| AcAra-darzana ke lie manovaijJAnika-adhyayana

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki aneka naitika-pratyayoM (udAharaNArtha - icchA, preraNA, saMkalpa, sukha, duHkha Adi) ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vizleSaNa manovijJAna hI pradAna karatA hai| kAMTa eka aisA pAzcAtya dArzanika thA, jisane manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI paravAha kie binA bauddhikaAdhAra para AcAra - darzana ke nirmANa kI kalpanA kI thI, lekina yahI bAta usake AcAradarzana kI AlocanA kA pramukha kAraNa bhI bnii| itanA hI nahIM, kAMTa ke bAda punaH AcAradarzana kI dizA manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI ora gii| kAMTa ne manovijJAna aura AcAra - darzana 480 melajola arastU ke yuga se hyUma aura sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samaya taka calA AyA thA, use samApta karane kI koziza kI thI, lekina kA~Ta ke bAda ke vicArakoM meM hegala ne use phira se jor3ane kI koziza kI aura sambhavata: breDale ne punaH use madhura banA diyaa| ricarDa vo likhate haiM, 'nikaTa bhUta ke naitika-darzana kI yaha vizeSatA thI ki usane dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika- praznoM ko alaga-alaga kara diyA, lekina aba naitika-darzana kA sabase acchA kArya yahI hogA ki vaha nikaTa bhaviSya meM mAnava-vyavahAra ke ina pakSoM ko isa prakAra alaga-alaga karake na rkheN| 2" yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki AcAra - darzana aura manovijJAna kI prakRti bhinna-bhinna hai, eka niyAmaka hai, to dUsarA vidhAyaka, aura yaha bhI sahI hai ki AcAra-darzana ke manovaijJAnika AdhAroM ko hI saba kucha mAna lene para hama tArkikabhAvavAdI athavA manovaijJAnika naitika-sandehavAda kI bhrAntiyoM se grasita hoNge| manovijJAna aura AcAra - darzana ko eka-dUsare se nitAnta svataMtra mAna lenA aura AcAra-darzana ko manovijJAna kA hI eka aMga banA denA- donoM dRSTiyA~ bhrAntipUrNa haiM / vastuta:, naitikaAdarza ke nirdhAraNa meM manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para mAnavIya prakRti ko samajhanA hI samyak dRSTikoNa hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI avahelanA nahIM huI hai| jaina-cintakoM ne to manovaijJAnika tathyoM ko bar3I gaharAI se samajhA hai| unhoMne apane naitika Adarza aura naitika sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa Thosa manovaijJAnika - nIMva para kiyA hai| jaina AcAra - darzana vyakti kI yathArtha manovaijJAnika - prakRti se bhinna naitikaAdarza kI kalpanA nahIM krtaa| sva-svarUpa se bhinna naitikatA yathArtha nahIM ho sktii| jo hamArI AtmA kA svAbhAvika svarUpa hai, vahI hamAre naitika jIvana kA parama Adarza ho sakatA hai| aisI naitikatA, jo vyakti kA apanA aMga na hokara, usakI manovaijJAnikaprakRti se pratikUla ho, jIvana kA Adarza nahIM bana sktii| jaina AcAra - darzana aura manovijJAna- jaina AcAra - darzana Thosa manovaijJAnika -. --

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 481 AdhAra para apane naitika-Adarza evaM sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa karatA hai| manovaijJAnikadRSTi se cetana-jIvana ke tIna aMga haiM- 1. jJAna, 2. bhAva, aura 3. sNklp|jain-vicaarkoN kI dRSTi meM ye tIna aMga jaina AcAra-darzana meM naitika-Adarza evaM naitika sAdhanA-mArga se nikaTa rUpase sambandhita haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana meM cetanA ke ina tIna aMgoM ke AdhAra para hI naitika-Adarza kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina naitika-Adarza anantacatuSTayarUpa hai, jo jIvana ke ina tIna aMgoM kI pUrNatA kA dyotaka hai| jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka-aMga kI pUrNatA anantajJAna aura anantadarzana meM, bhAvAtmaka-aMga kI pUrNatA anantasaukhya meM aura saMkalpAtmaka-aMga kI pUrNatA anantazakti meM mAnI gaI hai| jaina naitika sAdhanA-patha bhI jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa (karma) ke samyak rUpoM se hI nirmita hai| jJAna se samyagjJAna, bhAva se samyakdarzana (zraddhA), saMkalpa se samyakcAritra kA nirmANa huA hai| jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa samyak banakara hI jaina-naitikatA kA sAdhanA-patha banA dete haiN| cetana-jIvana ke vividha pakSa aura naitikatA- cetanA ke tIna pakSoM jJAna, cetanA aura saMkalpa kA naitikatA se kyA sambandha hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa meM bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai ki kyA hamArA jJAna aura vedanA bhI naitikatA se sambandhita hai ? jaina vicArakoM evaM gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM vyakti ke jJAna evaM vedanA kA naitikatA se sIdhA sambandha to nahIM hai, lekina sAmAnya vyakti kA jJAna aura vedanA mAtra vizuddha nahIM rahate, varan ve kisI rAga-dveSa aura AsaktirUpI mAnasikasaMkalpameM badala jAte haiN| jaise rUpa yA saundarya kA bodha koI pApa yA anaitikatA nahIM hai, lekina jaba usI rUpa yA saundarya ko rAga-bhAva se dekhA jAtA hai, athavA use dekhakara mana meM rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai, vaha dekhanA usI kSaNa naitikatA kI paridhi meM A jAtA hai| sAdhAraNa prANiyoM kA jJAna yA anubhUtiyA~ apane vizuddha rUpa meM nahIM raha kara saMkalpa se yukta hotI haiM', ve yA to kisI pUrvavartI rAga-dveSa se sambandhita hotI haiM, athavAanta meM kisI rAga, dveSa athavAAsakti kI manovRtti meM pariNata ho jAtI haiM aura aisI avasthA meM ve sabhI kriyAe~ naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAtI haiN| isI prakAra, mAtra zArIrika-kriyAe~ bhI jaba taka saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hotI, naitikatA kI parisImA meM nahIM AtI haiM, lekina saMkalpa se yukta hone para ve bhI naitikatA kI paridhi meM A jAtI haiN| jaina-darzana, bauddha-darzana aura gItA kI naitikatA kA Adarza yahI hai ki jJAnAtmaka evaM vedanAtmaka-cetanAe~ tathA zArIrika-kriyAe~ (anaicchika-kriyAe~) vizuddha rUpa meM raheM aura saMkalpAtmaka-pakSa, arthAt rAgAdibhAvoM se prabhAvita na hoM, kyoMki rAgAdi saMkalpoM se yukta karma hI naitika-nirNaya ke viSaya banate haiN| jaba taka jJAna aura vedanA evaM zArIrika- kriyA

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMkalpa meM pariNata yA saMkalpa se paricAlita nahIM hotI, ve naitikatA kI parisImA meM nahIM jaatiiN| naitikatA kA kSetra saMkalpayukta karma 2. 482 pAzcAtya- - dRSTikoNa - myUraheDa kahate haiM ki hama AcAra ko aicchika-kriyAoM ke rUpa meM paribhASita kara sakate haiM, ataH pAzcAtya - cintana ke anusAra naitika nirNaya kevala una aicchika karmoM para hI die jA sakate haiM, jo kisI vivekabuddhi-sampanna karttA dvArA svataMtra saMkalpapUrvaka sampAdita kie gae hoN| acetana prAkRtika ghaTanAe~ naitikatA kI paridhi meM nahIM AtIM, kyoMki unakA koI cetana- karttA nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra, pazu, bAlaka, pAgala aura mUrkha logoM ke karma bhI naitika nirNaya ke viSaya nahIM mAne gae haiM, kyoMki zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra, bAdhyatAmUlaka karma, cAhe unakI vaha bAdhyatA bhautika ho, anya vyaktiyoM kI adhInatA kI ho, athavA bhAvanA-granthiyoM yA sammohanajanita ho, naitika nirNaya kI paridhi meM nahIM Ate; kyoMki unameM svataMtra saMkalpa kA abhAva hotA hai| isa prakAra, pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM naitikatA kI paridhi meM Ane vAle karma ke lie tIna bAteM Avazyaka haiM- 1. zubhAzubha viveka-kSamatA, 2. karma-saMkalpa aura 3. karma-saMkalpa kA svataMtra honA / ina tIna bAtoM meM kisI eka kA abhAva hone para karma naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM banatA / pAzcAtya AcAra- darzana ke anusAra nimna anaicchikakriyAe~ sAmAnyatayA naitika nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM mAnI jAtI haiM- 1. svata: cAlita kriyAe~jaise khUna kI gati, pAcana-kriyA Adi, 2. prativartta kriyAeM- jaise chIMka, palaka jhapakanA, 3. aniyamita kriyAe~ - jaise bacce kA hAtha-paira mAranA, 4. mUlapravRttijanyakriyAe~- jo manozArIrika vinyAsa ke kAraNa hotI haiM, 5. vicAraprerita karma- jo vicAra se prerita hote hue bhI vicAra niyantrita nahIM hote haiN| jaina- dRSTikoNa- sAmAnyatayA, jaina AcAra-darzana bhI aicchika - karmoM ko ucita athavA anucita kI zreNI meM mAnatA hai aura unake aucitya evaM anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa bhI karma ke saMkalpa ke AdhAra para hI karatA hai, phira bhI jaina-darzana kucha anaicchika kahI jAne vAlI kriyAoM ko bhI naitikatA kI zreNI meM le AtA hai| jaina- vicAraka yaha to mAnate haiM ki adhikAMza anaicchika zArIrika kriyAoM kA karanA zarIra kA anivArya dharma hone ke kAraNa bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| unheM rokane athavA karane yA nahIM karane kI sAmarthya to vaiyaktika - saMkalpa meM nahIM hai, phira bhI unake sampanna karane kA DhaMga vyakti kI icchA ke adhIna hai| manAvaijJAnika bhI ise svIkAra karate haiM ki manuSya meM anaicchika aura anarjita kahA jAne vAlA mUlapravRtyAtmaka - vyavahAra vastutaH arjita aura aicchika hI hotA hai|

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 483 anivArya zArIrika kriyAoM ke karane aura nahIM karane kA prazna to jaina-dRSTi se naitikatA kI sImA meM nahIM AtA, lekina inake sampanna karane kA DhaMga naitika-vicAra kI parisImA meM AjAtA hai aura usakA naitika-mUlyAkaMna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhojana athavA malamUtra kA visarjana karanA ucita hai yA anucita hai, yaha prazna to jaina-naitikatA meM nahIM uThatA hai; lekina bhojana kaise karanA, kyA bhojana karanA, malamUtra kA virsajana kaise aura kahAM karanA, ye prazna naitikatA ke sImA-kSetra meM Ate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlapravRtyAtmaka mAnI jAne vAlI kriyAe~ to spaSTa rUpa se jaina-naitikatA ke kSetra meM samAviSTa haiM, jaise kAmavRtti, saMgrahavRtti aura AkramaNa-vRtti aadi| jaina naitika-vicAraNA vyakti kI jIvana-praNAlI ko atyanta nikaTa se parakhatI hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne jIvana kI sAmAnya kriyAoM, jaise calanA, baiThanA, sonA, khAnA aura bolanA, sabhI ko naitika-dRSTi se samajhane kI koziza kI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki 'sAdhaka kaise cale, kaise baiThe, kaise zayana kare, kaise bhojana kare aura kaise bhASaNa kare, tAki pApa-karma kA baMdha na ho ?' jainavicArakoM ne sAdhu ke lie jina AcAra-niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unameM gamana, bhASaNa, bhojana, vastuoM kA AdAna-pradAna evaM upayoga tathAmalamUtrAdi kA visarjana Adi sabhI kriyAoM ko samAviSTa kara liyA hai| lekina, isa kAraNa hameM isa bhrAnti meM nahIM par3anA cAhie ki jainAcAra-praNAlI meM jIvana kI sAmAnya kriyAoM para hI adhika vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura unake pIche koI gahana dRSTi nahIM hai| vaha yaha to svIkAra karatI hai ki hamAre samagra jIvana kA vyavahAra naitikatA se sambandhita hai, lekina yaha vyavahAra apane-Apa meM na to naitika hotA hai, na anaitik| dazavaikAlikasUtra kI bhUmikA meM saMtabAla likhate haiM ki granthakAra yaha bAta sAdhaka ke mana meM U~cA denA cAhatA hai ki koI amuka kriyA svayameva pApa nahIM hai, pApa yadi kucha hai, to vaha hai AtmA kI upayogahInatA (pramattatA); sajaga AtmA koI kriyA kyoM na kare, use pApa kA bandha nahIM hotA aura upayogarahita (ajAgrata) AtmA kucha bhI na kare, phira bhI vaha pApakI bhAgI hai| jaina-dRSTi meM jo kucha anaitika hai, vaha hai, vivekAbhAva athavA AtmA kI pramatta yaaajaagrt-avsthaa| koI bhI kriyA isI AdhAra parazubha aura azubha banatI hai| saMkSepa meM, jaina naitika-cintana meM kriyA svataH zubha aura azubha nahIM hotI, varan usake pIche rahI huI Atma-sajagatA kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti hI use zubha athavA azubha banAtI hai| dazavaikAlika meM jo yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki yadi baiThanA, uThanA, sonA tathA khAna-pAna, bhASaNa Adi sabhI kriyAe~ naitikatA ke kSetra meM AtI haiM, to phira unheM kisa prakAra sampAdita

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAe, jisase anaitikatA kI yA pApa-bandha kI sambhAvanA na ho ? granthakAra ne isakA jo samAdhAna diyA hai, vaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| vaha kahatA hai, jIvana kI ina sAmAnya kriyAoM ko yadi vivekapUrvaka sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai, to ve pApa-bandha kA kAraNa nahIM haiN| kriyAe~ anaitika nahIM hotIM, unake pIche jo rAga-dRSTi hai, pramattatA hai, yA vivekAbhAva hai, vahI azubha yA bandhana hai| kriyAoM ke viSaya meM naitika dRSTikoNa kA yahI sAra hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, mAtra ve anaicchika - karma, jo jJAnapUrvaka sampAdita nahIM kie jAte haiM, arthAt jinake pIche sAdhaka kI jAgarUkatA kA abhAva hai, naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiN| yadi sAdhaka pUrNataH jAgrata hai, to usake AhAra-1 ra-vihAra Adi anaicchika evaM svAbhAvika karma naitika - nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM banate / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki kevalI (jIvanmukta) kA baiThanA, uThanA Adi karma anaicchika hote haiM, ataH ve bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hote haiM, lekina mohayukta vyakti ke ve hI svAbhAvika anaicchika karma bandhana kA kAraNa hote haiN|' jaina- vicAraka kevala una anaicchika evaM svAbhAvika karmoM ko naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha ke kSetra meM nahIM mAnate, jo vivekapUrNa sampAdita hoM aura jinameM karttA kA rAgabhAva na ho| jainadRSTi meM anaicchika evaM anivArya zArIrika-karma ve haiM, jinakA karanA zarIra - nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka hai| inheM chor3akara, zeSa sabhI karma bandhana kA kAraNa hote haiM, isalie ve naitikatA kSetra meM bhI Ate haiM / 484 Adhunika nIti-vijJAna aicchika - karma meM bhAvanA, kAmanA, vimarza, cayana aura kAryAnvayana- aise pA~ca aMga mAnatA hai aura inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM bhI aicchika - karma ko adhUrA mAnA jAtA hai| jaina- vicAra meM aisA vivecana dekhane meM nahIM AyA, phira bhI niyamasAra meM karma ke bandhana kI carcA meM IhApUrvaka aura pariNAmapUrvaka aise do zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| isa AdhAra para sambhavataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki pariNAmapUrvaka karma ve haiM, jinameM kAmanA kA kriyAnvayana vimarza evaM cayana ke bAda hotA hai tathA IhApUrvaka karma ve haiM, jinameM kAmanA ke tatkAla bAda hI kriyAnvayana ho jAtA hai, unameM vimarza aura cayana kA abhAva hotA hai / pariNAmapUrvaka karma IhApUrvaka se bhinna haiN| IhApUrvaka karma meM phala kA vicAra nahIM hotA, mAtra vAsanA yA icchA hI karma - preraka hotI hai| jaina AcAra-darzana uparyukta vimarzapUrvaka sampAdita karma aura mAtra vAsanAprerita karma-donoM kA hI zubhAzubhatva kI dRSTi se vicAra karatA hai| niyamasAra' meM kahA hai ki vacana Adi kriyAe~ yadi phala ke saMkalpapUrvaka kI jAtI haiM, to ve zubhAzubha bandhana kA kAraNa hotI haiM, lekina phala ke saMkalpapUrvaka nahIM jAtI haiM, to unase koI bandhana nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra, vacana Adi kriyAe~ icchApUrvaka

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 485 kI jAtI haiM, to bandhana kA kAraNa haiM, icchArahita haiM, to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana meM naitika-nirNaya kI dRSTi se kriyAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI jAtI haiM- 1. sAmparAyika aura 2. iiryaapthik| sAmparAyika-kriyAe~ ve haiM, jo rAga-dveSa mUlaka, mAnasika-saMkalpoM evaM pramAdasahita hotI haiN| sAmparAyika-kriyAe~ hI naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya haiN| inake viparIta, jo kriyAe~ rAga-dveSamUlaka mAnasikasaMkalpoM se rahita hokara vivekapUrvaka evaM apramattabhAva se sampAdita hotI haiM, IryApathikakahI jAtI haiN| ye atinaitika (Amoral) hotI haiN| kriyAoM ke sAmAnya vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se jaina-darzana meM kriyAe~ tIna prakAra kI haiM- 1. mAnasika, 2. vAcika aura 3. shaariirik| kriyAoM ke tIna stara hote haiM, jinameM hokara ve pUrNa hotI haiM- 1. sarambha, 2. samArambha aura 3. Arambha / sarambha kriyA kAmAnasika-stara hai, yaha prAthamika sthiti hai, isameM mana meM kriyA kA vicAra utpanna hotA hai| samArambha kriyA kA vaha stara hai, jisameM kriyA kI dizA meM prathama prayAsa hote haiM, lekina kriyA pUrNa nahIM hotI hai| Arambha kriyA ke sampanna hone kiiavsthaahai| yaha vizleSaNa hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kriyA kA mUla usake mAnasika-stara para hai, vahI kriyA kA mUla srota hai aura isalie kriyA ke sambandha meM naitika-dRSTi se vicAra karane para vahI mahatvapUrNa hotA hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa-bauddha-darzana ko bhI yaha svIkAra hai ki anaicchika yA tRSNArahita karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hote, tRSNAsahita karma hI bandhanakAraka hote haiN| vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki anivArya zArIrika-karmoM ke prati bhI jisakI cetanA jAgrata hai, usa smRtimAn vyakti ke cittamala naSTa ho jAte haiM, use Asrava nahIM hotA hai| jaise sAmAnyajana, vaise arhat bhI dAnAdi puNyakarma karate hI haiM, kintu unake ve karma kuzala-karma nahIM hote, kisalie? vipAka na hone se| ve jo bhI kuzala karate haiM, vaha kriyA-mAtra hotA hai, usakA 'vipAka' nahIM hotaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa- gItA meM arjuna ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki naitika-dRSTi se Adarza puruSa ke jIvana kA sAmAnya vyavahAra kaisA hotA hai aura usakA usake naitika-jIvana para kyA prabhAva hotA hai ? gItA meM bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna isI vicAra kA samarthana hai ki kAmanArahita hokara aneka kriyAoM ko sampAdita karanevAlA zAnti prApta karatA hai| jo puruSa sAMsArika-Azraya se rahita sadA paramAnanda paramAtmA meM tRpta hai, vaha karmoM ke phala aura Asakti kA tyAga kara karma karatA huA bhI kucha nahIM karatA hai| jisane anta:karaNa aura zarIra jIta liyA hai tathA sampUrNa bhogoM kI sAmagrI ko tyAga diyA hai, aisA AzArahita puruSa kevala zarIra-sambandhI karma karatA huA pApa ko prApta nahIM hotaa|

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486 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niSkarSa- isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana saMkalpayukta karma hI ko naitika-vivecana kA viSaya banAte haiM, kintu usase Age bar3hakara ve mAtra kAmanA yA icchA ko bhI naitika-vivecanA kA viSaya banAte haiN| unake anusAra, akriyAnvita icchA evaM saMkalpa bhI naitika-vivecana kA mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai| naitikatA kI sImA meM Ane vAle saMkalpayukta karma ke mUla meM icchA yA kAmanA kA tattva rahA huA hai, jisase samagra vyavahAra hotA hai, ata: yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki yaha kAmanA aura icchA kyA hai ? kaise utpanna hotI hai ? aura kisa prakAra hamAre vyavahAra ko prerita karatI hai ? 3. prANIya-vyavahAra ke preraka-tattva vAsanA kA udbhava tathA vikAsa-vAsanA, kAmanA yA icchA se hI samagra vyavahAra kA udbhava hotA hai| yaha vAsanA, kAmanA yA icchA se prasUta samasta vyavahAra hI naitikavivecana kA viSaya hai| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM meM vAsanA, kAmanA, kAmaguNa, icchA, AzA, lobha, tRSNA aura Asakti samAna artha meM prayukta hue haiM, jinakA sAmAnya artha mana aura indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI cAha se hai| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM jIvavRtti (Want), kSudhA (Appetite), icchA (Desire), abhilASA (Wish) aura saMkalpa (Will) meM artha-vaibhinya evaM krama mAnA gayA hai| pAzcAtyoM ke anusAra isa sampUrNa krama meM cetanA kI spaSTatA ke AdhAra para vibheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvavRtti cetanA ke nimnatama stara vanaspati-jagat meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, pazujagat meM jIvavRtti ke sAtha-sAtha kSudhA kA bhI yoga hotA hai, lekina cetanA ke mAnavIya-stara para Akara to jIvavRtti se saMkalpa taka ke sAre hI tattva upalabdha hote haiN| vastuta:, jIvavRtti se lekara saMkalpa taka ke sAre staroM meM vAsanA ke mUlatattva kI dRSTi se koI antara nahIM hai, antara hai kevala cetana meM usake spaSTa bodha kaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya-darzanoM meM isa krama ke sambandha meM koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotaa| bhAratIya-sAhitya meM vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA aura icchA Adizabda to avazya milate haiM aura unameM vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se antara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI sAdhAraNatayA unakA samAna artha meM hI prayoga huA hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM tIvratA ke tAratamya kI dRSTi se vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA aura icchA meM eka krama mAnA jA sakatA hai| hameM yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pAzcAtya-vicAraka jahA~ vAsanA ke usa rUpa ko, jise ve saMkalpa (Will) kahate haiM, naitika-nirNaya kA viSaya banAte haiM, vahA~ bhAratIya-cinta meM vAsanA ke anya rUpa bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAte haiN| cetanA meM vAsanA ke spaSTa bodha kAabhAva vAsanA kA abhAva nahIM hai aura isalie jaina aura bauddha

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 487 vicAraNA ne pazu-jagat Adi cetanA ke nimna staroM ko bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnA hai| vahA~ pAzavika-stara para pAI jAne vAlI vAsanA kI andha-pravRtti ko bhI naitikanirNayoM kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| _ vAsanA AcaraNa kA preraka-sUtra- vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA yA saMkalpa hI sabhI naitika-vivecanA kI parisImA meM AnevAle vyavahAroM ke mUla meM nihita hai, isI se unakA udbhava hotA hai; ata: ise naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ane vAle karmoM kA preraka tathya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha puruSa kAmanAmaya hai", vyakti kI jaisI kAmanAe~ hotI haiM, vaisA usakA caritra banatA hai| vyakti ke samagra bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSyakAlika-karma, jinase usakA caritra banatA hai, kAma se hI pravRtta hote haiM aura usI meM unakA nivartana hotA hai| vyakti kyoM duSkarmoM yA anAcAra meM pravRtta hotA hai, yaha AcAradarzana kA eka gambhIra prazna hai| samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM ne isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai| jaina-dRSTikoNa-jaina-darzana meM rAga aura dveSa-ye do karma-bIja yAkarmamaya jIvana ke prerakasUtra mAne gae haiN| inameM bhI rAga hI pramukha hai|aacaaraaNgsuutr meM kahA gayA hai ki kAma meM jo Asakti hai, vaha karma kA preraka tathya hai|" sampUrNa jagat meM jo kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-karma (du:kha) hai, vaha kAma-bhogoM kI abhilASA se utpanna hotA hai|18 jaina-darzana ke anusAra yaha kAmanavAsanA yA rAgabhAva, jo ki pUrva karma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai, prANI ke vyavahAra kA preraka-sUtra hai| pUrva karma-saMskAroM se rAgAdike saMkalpa hote haiM aura unase hI karma kI paramparA bar3hatI hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa- bauddha-darzana meM karma-preraka ke rUpa meM kAma, tRSNA, icchA (chanda) evaM rAga mAne gae haiM, jo vastuta: ekahI artha ke bodha haiN| bhagavAna buddha kahate haiM ki tuSNA se yukta hokara prANI bandhana meM par3e hue kharagoza kI bhA~ti saMsAra-paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai|" kAma se hI samasta zoka aura bhaya utpanna hote haiN|20 aMguttaranikAya meM karmoM kI utpatti ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke chanda-rAgasthAnIya viSayoM ko lekara jo chanda (icchA) utpanna hotA hai, vahI karmoM kI utpatti kA hetu hai| isa prakAra bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla aura vartamAnakAla ke viSayoM ke sambandha meM jo icchA hai, vahI karmoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai| vaise, bhagavAn buddha ne lobha, dveSa aura mohaina tInoM ko azubha karmoM kI aura alobha, adveSa aura amoha kozubha karmoM kI utpattikA hetu bhI kahA hai|2 bauddha-darzana ne isa tathya ko bhI samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA ki vAsanA kI

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488 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana utpatti kA kAraNa kyA hai ? mAdhyamikakArikAvRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki kAma, maiM tere mUla ko jAnatA hU~, tU saMkalpoM se utpanna hotA hai| na maiM terA saMkalpa karU~gA aura na tU utpanna hogaa| vastuta:, kAma aura saMkalpa parasparAzrita haiN| kAma saMkalpajanita aura saMkalpa kAmajanita hai| kAma avyakta saMkalpa hai aura saMkalpa vyakta kAma hai| gItA kA dRSTikoNa- gItA meM arjuna ne bhI zrIkRSNa ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA ki he kRSNa ! vaha kyA vastu hai, jisase prerita hokara manuSya na cAhatA huA bhI pApa karatA hai, jaise koI usase balapUrvaka pApa karavA rahA ho ? kRSNa ne yahI kahA ki he arjuna ! rajoguNa se utpanna hone vAle kAma aura krodha hI preraka kAraNa haiM / vastutaH, kAma aura krodha meM bhI krodha to kAma se hI utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra, kAma hI ekamAtra preraka tattva hai jo manuSya ko pApAcaraNa meM niyojita karatA hai| AcArya zaMkara kahate haiM ki prANI kAma se prerita hokara hI pApa karatA hai| pravRttajanoM kA yahI pralApa sunA jAtA hai ki tRSNA ke kAraNa hI maiM yaha kArya karatA huuN|26 yahI kAma yA saMkalpa AcaraNa ko naitika-mUlya pradAna karatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para karmoM kA naitika-mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai aura yahI samagra naitika-nirNaya kI parisImA meM Ane vAle karmoM kI utpatti kA mUla hetu yA preraka tathya hai| pAzcAtya-manovaijJAnika phrAyaDa ne bhI vyavahAra kA mUlabhUta preraka tathya kAma hI mAnA hai| prayojanavAda ke praNetA DaoN. mekaDyUgala preraka tathya ko hArmo, arja yA mUlapravRtti (Instinct) kahate haiN| __ pAzcAtya-manovijJAna meM vyavahAra ke mUlabhUta prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa- paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya-manovaijJAnika isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki vyavahAra kA prerakatattva vAsanA yA kAma hai, phira bhI isa prazna ko lekara ki vAsanA ke mUlabhUta prakAra kitane haiM, unameM mataikya nahIM hai| phrAyaDa jahA~ kAma ko hI mUla preraka mAnate haiM, vahA~ dUsare vicArakoM ne mUlabhUta prerakoM kI saMkhyA 100 taka mAna lI hai| yaha nizcaya kara pAnA ki vyavahAra ke mUlabhUta preraka yA mUla-pravRttiyoM kitanI haiM, eka jaTila samasyA hai| pAzcAtya-manovaijJAnika-jagat meM mUlapravRtti kI pariSkRtadhAraNA ko prastuta karane vAle DaoN. mekaDyUgala svayaM bhI apane lekhana meM inakI saMkhyA ke bAre meM sthira nahIM raha pAe, unhoMne svayaM hI apane prArambhika-lekhana meM inakI saMkhyA 7 mAnI thI, jo bAda meM 14 taka ho gii| mUlabhUta 14 mUlapravRttiyA~ nimna haiM- 1. palAyanavRtti (bhaya), 2. ghRNA, 3. jijJAsA, 4. AkrAmakatA (krodha), 5. Atma-gaurava kI bhAvanA (mAna), 6. AtmahInatA, 7. mAtRtva kI saMpreraNA, 8. samUha-bhAvanA, 9. saMgrahavRtti, 10. racanAtmakatA, 11. bhojanAnveSaNa, 12. kAma, 13. zaraNAgati aura

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 489 14. hAsya (aamod)| bhAratIya-cintana meM isa sambandhameM koI mataikya nahIM hai ki mUlabhUta vyavahAra ke preraka tattva kitane haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa- jahA~ taka jaina-vicAraNA kA prazna hai, usameM bhI hameM inakI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM ekarUpatA nahIM miltii|jainaagmoN meM saNNAcetanAparaka-vyavahAra ke preraka tathyoM ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| saMjJA zArIrika-AvazyakatAoM evaM bhAvoM kI mAnasika-saMcetanA hai, jo paravartI vyavahAra kI preraka banatI hai| kisI sImA taka jaina saMjJA' zabda ko mUlapravRttikA samAnArthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM saMjJA kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se milatA hai, jinameM tIna vargIkaraNa pramukha haiM - (a) caturvidha vargIkaraNa- 1. AhAra-saMjJA, 2. bhaya-saMjJA, 3. parigraha-saMjJA aura 4. maithun-sNjnyaa| (ba) dazavidha vargIkaraNa- 1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3. parigraha, 4. maithuna, 5. krodha, 6. mAna, 7. mAyA, 8. lobha, 9. loka aura 10. ogh|28| (sa) SoDaSavidha vargIkaraNa- 1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3. parigraha, 4. maithuna, 5. sukha, 6. duHkha, 7. moha, 8. vicikitsA, 9.krodha, 10. mAna, 11. mAyA, 12. lobha, 13. zoka, 14. loka, 15. dharma aura 16. ogh| / ___ina vargIkaraNoM meM prathama vargIkaraNa kevala zArIrika-prerakoM ko prastuta karatA hai, jabaki antima vargIkaraNa meM zArIrikayA jaivika (Biological), mAnasika evaM sAmAjika (Social) prerakoM kA bhI samAveza hai| dUsare evaM tIsare vargIkaraNa meM krodhAdi kucha kaSAyoM evaM nokaSAyoM ko bhI saMjJA ke vargIkaraNa meM samAviSTa kara liyA gayA hai| saMjJA aura kaSAya meM antara ThIka usI AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisa AdhAra para pAzcAtya-manovijJAna meM mUlapravRtti aura usake saMlagna saMvega meM kiyA jAtA hai| krodha kI saMjJA krodha-kaSAya se ThIka usI prakAra bhinna hai, jisa prakAra AkrAmakatA kI mUlapravRtti se krodha kA saMvega bhinna hai| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karane para saMjJA evaM mUla-pravRttiyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA pAI jAtI hai| bauddha-darzana ke bAvana caittasika-dharma- bauddha-darzana meM karma-prerakoM ke rUpa meM caittasika-dharma mAne jA sakate haiN| sabhI caittasika-dharma ve tathya haiM, jo citta kI pravRtti ke hetu haiN| hetu ke AdhAra para citta do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. ahetuka-citta-jisa citta kI pravRtti kA lobha, dveSa AdikoI hetu nahIM hai, vaha ahetuka-citta hai aura 2. sahetuka-citta

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jisa citta kI pravRtti kA lobha-dveSa aura moha tathA alobha (paropakAra-vRtti), adveSa (hita-cintA) aura amoha (prajJA) - ina chaha hetuoM meM se koI bhI hetu hotA hai, vaha sahetukacitta hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra manuSya jisa kisI kArya meM pravRtta hotA hai, vaha ina chaha hetuoM meM se kisI eka ko lekara pravRtta hotA hai| sahetuka - citta tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. akuzala, 2. kuzala aura 3. avyakta / inameM lobha, dveSa aura moha- ye tIna akuzala-citta preraka haiN| jaba vaha alobha, adveSa aura amoha se pravRtta hotA hai, to kuzala citta kahA avyakta prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. vipAka sahetuka - citta aura 2. kriyA sahetuka - citta / jaba sahetuka - citta kI pravRtti pUrvakRta-karma ke phala bhoga ke rUpa meM mAtra vedanAtmaka (vipAka cetanA ke rUpa meM) hotI hai, to vaha vipAka sahetuka - citta hotA hai aura vItarAga, vItatRSNa arhat ko apane kriyA - vyApAra kI jo cetanA hai, vaha kriyA sahetukacitta kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi kriyA-sahetuka citta meM kriyA- preraka alobha, adveSa aura amoha 490 tattva to upasthita rahate haiM, tathApi tRSNA ke abhAva ke kAraNa usa kriyA kA zubha yA azubha phala- vipAka (IryApathika-kriyA ke samAna) nahIM hotA hai| yaha citta kevala arhat kA hai| isa prakAra, sahetuka - citta akuzala, kuzala tathA avyakta - tIna prakAra kA hotA hai| sahetukakuzala meM alobha, adveSa aura amoha ke karma-preraka hote haiN| sahetuka - avyakta citta meM bhI alobha, adveSa aura amoha ke karma-preraka hote haiM, lekina usameM tRSNA (rAga - bhAva) kA abhAva hotA hai| ina tIna sahetuka - cittoM ke bAvana caitasika-dharma (citta-avasthAe~) mAne gae haiM, jinameM teraha anya- samAna, caudaha akuzala aura paccIsa kuzala hote haiM / (a) anya - samAna caittasika- jo caittasika kuzala, akuzala aura avyakta, sabhI cittoM meM samAna rUpa se rahate haiM, ve anya samAna kahe jAte haiN| anya samAna caittasika bhI do prakAra ke haiM - (ka) sAdhAraNa anya samAna caittasika- jo pratyeka citta meM sadaiva upasthita rahate haiN| ye sAta haiM- 1. sparza, 2. vedanA, 3. saMjJA, 4. cetanA, 5. ekAgratA (AMzika), 6. jIvitendriya aura 7. manovikAra / (kha) prakIrNa anya - samAna caittasika- jo pratyeka citta meM yathAvasara utpanna hote rahate haiN| ye chaha haiM- 1. vitarka, 2. vicAra, 3. adhimojJa (Alambana meM sthiti), 4. vIrya (sAhasa), 5. prIti (prasannatA) aura 6. chanda (icchaa)| (ba) akuzala- caittasika- ye caudaha haiM- 1. moha, 2. nirlajjatA, 3. abhIrutA (pApa karane meM bhaya nahIM khAnA), 4. caMcalatA, 5. lobha, 6. mithyAdRSTi, 7. mAna, 8. dveSa,

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 491 9. IrSyA, 10. mAtsarya (kaSTa), 11. kaukRtya (pazcAttApa yA zoka), 12. styAna (citta kA tanAva), 13. gRddha (caittasika kA tanAva) aura 14. vicikitsA (sNshyaalupn)| (sa) kuzala-caittasika-ye paccIsa haiM- 1. zraddhA, 2. smRti (apramattatA), 3. pApakarma ke prati lajjA, 4. pApakarma ke prati bhaya, 5. alobha (tyAgabhAva), 6. adveSa (maitrI), 7. tatra madhyasthatA (anAsakti, upekSA yAsamabhAva), 8. kAya-prazrabdhi (prasannatA) 9. citta-prazrabdhi, 10. kAya-laghutA (ahaMkAra kA abhAva), 11. citta-laghutA, 12. kAya-vinamratA; 13. citta-vinamratA, 14. kAya-saralatA, 15. citta-saralatA, 16. kAya-karmaNyatA, 17. citta-karmaNyatA, 18. kAya-prAguNya (samarthatA), 19. cittaprAguNya, 20. samyakvANI, 21. samyak-karmaNyatA (karmAnta), 22. samyak-jIvikA, 23. karuNA, 24. muditA aura 25. prjnyaa| jaina-darzana meM svIkRta lagabhaga sabhI karmapreraka (saMjJAe~) bauddha-darzana ke isa vargIkaraNa meM A jAte haiN| itanA hI nahIM, varan bauddha-darzana unakA kAphI gahana vizleSaNa bhI prastuta karatA hai, lekina mUlabhUta dhAraNAoM ke viSaya meM donoM kA dRSTikoNa samAna hI hai| gItA meM karma-prerakoM kAvargIkaraNa- gItA meM karma-prerakoM kA vistRta vargIkaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA, gItA meM kAma aura krodha, jinheM prakArAntara se icchA aura dveSa bhI kahA gayA hai, karma-preraka haiN| dUsare dRSTikoNa se, gItA meM satva, raja aura tama-ye tIna guNa aura inake kAraNa utpanna hone vAlI citta kI saMkalpAtmaka-avasthAe~ bhI karma-preraka mAnI jA sakatI haiN| gItA kA yaha vizleSaNa saMkSipta hote hue bhI mUlata: jaina aura bauddhamantavya ke samAna hai| kAmanAoM ke vibhinna prakAroM ke vizleSaNa ke bAda bhI yaha prazna raha jAtA hai ki citta meM kAmanA kaise utpanna hotI hai aura kaise usakA vikAsa hotA hai| kAmanAkA udbhava evaM vikAsa- indriyoM ke mAdhyama se cetanA kA bAhya-viSayoM se samparka hotA hai| gaNadharavAda meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra devadatta apane mahala kI khir3akiyoM se bAhya-jagat ko dekhatA hai, usI prakAra prANI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhyapadArthoM se apanA samparka karatA hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ko bahirmukha kara diyA gayA hai, isalie jIva bAhya-viSayoM kI ora hI dekhatA hai, antarAtmA ko nhiiN| indriyoM ke bahirmukha hone se jIva kI ruci bAhya-viSayoM meM hotI hai aura isI se unako pAne kI kAmanA aura saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai| indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha viSaya anukUla aura kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| anukUla viSayoM meM puna: puna: pravRtta honA

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492 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura pratikUla viSayoM se bacanA, yahI vAsanA hai| anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti tathA pratikUla viSaya se nivRtti kA vicAra (saMkalpa) hI vAsanA yA kAma kA mukhya AdhAra hai| indriyoM ke lie anukUla viSaya sukhada aura pratikUla viSaya duHkhadamAne jAte haiM, ata: sukhada kI ora pravRtti karanA aura duHkhada se nivRtti cAhanA- yahI vAsanA kI cAlanA ke do kendra bana jAte haiM, jinameM sukhada viSaya dhanAtmaka tathA du:khada viSaya RNAtmaka cAlanA-kendra haiN| jaina-dRSTikoNa-jaina-darzana ke anusAra bhI sukha sadaiva anukUla aura duHkha sadaiva hI pratikUla hotA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki sukha sadaiva anukUla isalie hotA hai ki usakA jIvana-zakti ko banAe rakhane kI dRSTi se mUlya hai aura duHkha isalie pratikUla hotA hai ki vaha jIvana-zakti kA hrAsa karatA hai| yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya-vyavahAra kA cAlaka hai| jaina-dArzanika bhI prANIya-vyavahAra ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate haiN| anukUla ke prati AkarSaNa aura pratikUla ke prati vikarSaNa yaha indriya-svabhAva hai| anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti-yaha eka naisargika tathya hai, kyoMki sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hotA hai, isalie prANI sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hai| vastutaH, vAsanA hI apane vidhAyaka-rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhaka-rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai| jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho, vahI sukha aura jisameM vAsanA kI pUrti na ho, athavA vAsanA-pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho, vaha duHkh| anukUla sukhada viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa honA aura unheM grahaNa karanA indriyoM kI sahaja pravRtti hai| mana ke abhAva meM yaha andha indriya-pravRtti hotI hai, lekina jaba indriyoM ke sAtha mana kA yoga ho jAtA hai, to sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI puna:-puna: prApti kA tathA du:khada anubhUti se bacane kA saMkalpa hotA hai| yahI icchA yA saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI puna: prApti kI pravRtti ko hI icchA kahA hai| bhaviSya meM indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai| sukhada anubhUti ko puna: puna: prApta karane kI lAlasAyA icchA hI tIvra hokara Asakti yA rAga kA rUpa le letI hai| dUsarI ora, duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacane kI abhivRtti ghRNA evaMdveSa kA rUpa le letI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki manojJa, priya yA anukUla viSaya hI rAga kA kAraNa hote haiM aura pratikUla yA amanojJa viSaya dveSa kA kAraNa hote haiN| sukhada viSayoM se rAga aura duHkhada viSayoM se dveSa tathA anyAnya kaSAya aura azubhavRttiyA~ kaise pratiphalita hokara naitika patana kI dizA meM le jAtI haiM, ise uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| indriyoM tathA mana

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jaina - AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa - se viSayoM ke sevana kI lAlasA paidA hotI hai| sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se hI rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti prANI yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAma-guNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakta hokara jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka - sambandhI vAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai / una bhAvoM kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM aneka rUpoM (zarIroM) ko dhAraNa karatA hai / isa prakAra, indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIna, lajjita aura karuNAjanaka sthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai| 37 493 bauddha - dRSTikoNa - icchA kI utpatti kA vizleSaNa karate hue buddha kahate haiM- rAgasthAnIya viSayoM ko lekara citta meM vitarka paidA hote haiM, unase chanda (icchA) kI utpatti hotI hai / chanda (icchA) ke utpanna hone para citta una viSayoM se saMyukta ho jAtA hai, yahI citta kI Asakti hai / " yahI Asakti rAga hai| bhagavAn buddha ke anusAra rAga kI utpatti ke do hetu haiM- 1. zubha (anukUla) karake dekhanA aura 2. anucita vicAra / dveSa kI utpatti ke do hetu haiM- 1. pratikUla karake dekhanA aura 2. anucita vicAra / " yahA~ yaha avazya smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki bauddha-vicAraNA cetanA ko pramukhatA dene ke kAraNa icchA yA rAga- - dveSa kI utpatti ke kAraNa ko bhI mUlataH caittasika mAnatI hai| suttanipAta meM zUciloma yakSa buddha se pUchatA hai ki rAga-dveSa, rati- arati aura cittavitarka yA saMkalpa kA udgama kyA hai ? buddha kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra vRkSa ke tane se praroha nikala jAte haiM, vaise hI ye sabhI Atma ke iSTa-bhAva ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiN| yaha iSTabhAva yA tRSNA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai- 1. bhavatRSNA aura 2. vibhavatRSNA / ye donoM tRSNAe~ hI bauddha darzana meM vyavahAra kI niyAmaka haiN| gItA kA dRSTikoNa- gItA - bhASya meM AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM ki indriyoM ke anukUla sukhadAyaka viSayoM ke anubhava kI cAha hI tRSNA hai, Asakti yA kAma hai | 10 gItA meM bhI jaina - darzana ke samAna yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki mana se indriyoM ke viSayoM kA cintana karane para una viSayoM ke samparka kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura usase sakti kA janma hotA hai| Asakti ke viSayoM kI prApti meM jaba bAdhA utpanna hotI hai, to krodha (ghRNA) utpanna ho jAtA hai| krodha meM mUr3hatA yA aviveka, aviveka se smRtinAza aura smRtinAza se buddhi - nAza ho jAtA hai aura buddhi ke vinaSTa hone se vyakti vinAza kI ora calA jAtA hai / 1 niSkarSa - isa prakAra, vAsanA, kAma yA tRSNA se rAga-dveSa ke pratyaya nirmita hote haiN|

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494 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAga aura dveSa vAsanA yA tRSNA kI hI AkarSaNAtmaka aura vikarSaNAtmaka-zaktiyA~ haiN| gItAkAra kA spaSTa mata hai ki kAma se hI krodha utpanna hotA hai| tRSNA kI ina AkarSaNAtmaka aura vikarSaNAtmaka-zaktiyoM ko jaina-darzana meM rAga aura dveSa kahA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana meM rAga aura dveSa ke sAtha-sAtha inake lie adhika samucita paryAya hai- bhavatRSNA aura vibhvtRssnnaa| Adhunika-manovijJAna meM phrAyaDane inheM hI jIvanavRtti (Eros) aura mRtyuvRtti (Thenatos) kahA hai, karTalavina ne inheM AkarSaNa-zakti (Positive valence) aura vikarSaNazakti (Negative valence) kahA hai| isa prakAra, indriyoM kA viSayoM se sambandha hone para saMskAroM ke kAraNa mana meM viSayoM ke prati anukUla yA pratikUla bhAva banate haiM, jinase rAga-dveSa kA janma hotA hai aura ve prANI ke samagra kriyA-kalApoM kA niyamana karane lagate haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kAmanA, saMkalpa yA rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyoM kI utpatti ke mUlabhUta AdhAra hamArI indriyA~ aura mana haiM, ata: unake sambandha meM bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogaa| 'indriya' zabda kAartha- 'indriya' zabda ke artha kI vizada vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama kevala yahI kaheMge ki jina-jina sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai, athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA hai, ve indriyA~ haiN|42 isa arthako lekara jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA meM kahIM koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| indriyoM kI saMkhyA- (a) jaina-dRSTikoNa- jaina-darzana meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI gaI haiN| 1. zrotra, 2. cakSu, 3. ghrANa, 4. rasanA aura 5. sparzana (tvcaa)| jaina-darzana meM mana ko noindriya (Quasi sense organ) kahA jAtA hai| jaina-darzana meM karmendriyoM kA vicAra upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI pA~ca karmendriyA~ usakI 10 bala kI dhAraNA meM se vAkbala, zarIrabala aura zvAsocchAsa-bala meM samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| (ba) bauddha-dRSTikoNa- bauddha-grantha visuddhimagga meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 varNita hai| bauddha-vicAradhArA ukta pA~ca indriyoM evaM mana ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukha-du:kha tathA zubha evaM azubha manobhAvoM ko bhI indriyoM meM mAna letI hai| (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa- gItA meM bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna pA~ca indriyoM evaM chaThe mana ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zAMkara-vedAnta evaM sAMkhya-darzana meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai -5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ aura 1 ant:krnn| jaina-darzana meM indriya-svarUpa- jaina-darzana meM ukta pA~coM indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM- 1. dravyendriya, 2. bhAvendriya / indriyoM kA bAhya saMracanAtmaka-pakSa (Structural

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jaina - AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa aspect) dravyendriya hai aura unakA Antarika kriyAtmaka-pakSa (Functioual aspect) bhAvendriya hai| inameM se pratyeka meM punaH upavibhAga kie gae haiM, jaisA ki nimna sAraNI se spaSTa hai : indriya dravyendriya upakaraNa nivRtti (indriya-rakSaka aMga) (indriya- aMga) labdhi bhAvendriya 495 upayoga bahiraMga aMtaraMga bahiraMga aMtaraMga - jaina-darzana meM indriyoM ke viSaya - (1) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai| zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| jIva-zabda, ajIva-zabda aura mizra - shbd| kucha vicAraka 7 prakAra ke zabda bhI mAnate haiM / (2) cakSu-indriya kA viSaya rUpa saMvedanA hai| rUpa pA~ca prakAra kA hai - kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta / zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiN| ( 3 ) ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha-saMvedanA hai / gandha do prakAra kI hai- 1. sugandha aura 2. durgandha / (4) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai| rasa pA~ca hai- kaTu, amla, lavaNa, tikta aura madhura / (5) sparzana-indriya kA viSaya sparzAnubhUti hai| sparza ATha prakAra kA hai- uSNa, zIta, rukSa, cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza, komala / isa prakAra zrotrendriya ke 3, cakSurendriya ke 5, ghrANendriya ke 2, rasanA ke 5 aura sparzendriya ke 8, kula milAkara pA~coM indriyoM ke teIsa viSaya haiM / sAmAnya rUpa se, inhIM pA~coM indriyoM ke dvArA jIvAtmA ina viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha jIvAtmA zrotra, cakSu, tvacA, rasanA, ghrANa aura mana ke Azraya se hI viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| 45 indriyA~ apane viSayoM se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita karatI haiM aura jIvAtmA ko una viSayoM se kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM, isakA vistRta vivaraNa prajJApanAsUtra aura anya jaina-granthoM meM milatA hai| yahA~ itanA jAna lenA paryApta hai ki dravya-indriya kA viSaya se samparka hokara vaha bhAva - indriya ko prabhAvita karatI hai aura bhAva- indriya jIvAtmA kI zakti hone ke kAraNa usase jIvAtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| vastutaH, yaha indriyoM kA viSaya - samparka hI vyakti ke naitika patana

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAraNa bana jAtA hai, ataH samAlocya AcAra- darzanoM ne saMyama para jora diyA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA tRSNA ke bhAva jAgrata hote haiM aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai, athavA anukUla viSayoM kI prApti meM koI bAdhA AtI hai, to ghRNA yA vidveSa ke bhAva jAgrata hote haiN| isa prakAra, sukha-duHkha kA preraka niyama eka-dUsare ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| sukha kA sthAna rAga- Asakti yA tRSNA kA bhAva le tA hai aura duHkha kA sthAna ghRNA yA dveSa kA bhAva le letA hai| rAga-dveSa kI ye vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika-adha: patana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa haiN| sabhI samAlocya AcAra - darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-vicAraka kahate haiM ki rAga aura dveSa- donoM hI karma-paramparA ke bIja haiM aura karma-paramparA avidyA (moha) aura janma-maraNa kA mUla hai aura janma-maraNa hI duHkha hai / " gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna ! icchA (rAga) aura dveSa ke dvandva meM moha se AvRtta hokara prANI isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| rajoguNa se udbhUta hone vAle kAma (rAga) aura krodha hI prANI ko durAcaraMNa meM pravRtta karate haiN| 17 bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM, jisane rAga-dveSa aura moha ko chor3a diyA hai, vaha phira mAtA ke garbha meM nahIM par3atA / 48 496 isa samagra vivecana ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiM ki vividha indriyoM evaM mana dvArA unake viSayoM ke grahaNa kI cAha meM vAsanA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa hotA hai / vAsanA kA pratyaya punaH apane vidheyAtmaka evaM niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke rUpa meM sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAoM janma detA hai| yahI sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAe~ rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA kAraNa bana haiN| yahI dveSa kI vRttiyA~ krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi vividha prakAra ke anaitika vyApAra kA kAraNa hotI haiN| ina sabake mUla meM to aindrika evaM manojanya - vyApAra hI haiM aura isalie sAdhAraNa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika AcaraNa evaM naitika-vikAsa ke lie indriya aura mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara diyA jAe / AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki indriyoM para kAbU kie binA rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM para vijaya pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA", ataH isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA upayogI hogA ki kyA indriya aura mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai aura yadi sambhava hai, to usakA vAstavika rUpa kyA hai ? jaina-darzana meM indriya-nirodha - indriyoM ke viSaya apanI pUrti ke prayAsa meM kisa prakAra naitika patana kI ora le jAte haiM, isakA sajIva citraNa uttarAdhyayana ke 32 veM adhyAya meM milatA hai| yahAM usake kucha aMza prastuta haiN| -1

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jaina - AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSu - indriya hai aura rUpa cakSu - indriya kA viSaya haiN| priya rUpa rAga kA aura apriya rUpa dveSa kA kAraNa hai| 50 jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura pataMga mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyaMta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN| st rUpa kI AzA ke vaza par3A huA ajJAnI jIva, trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai tathA pIr3ita karatA hai| 2 rUpa meM mUcchita jIva una padArthoM ke utpAdana, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahAM hai ? vaha saMbhoga kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai|" rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotaa| jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upabhoga ke samaya bhI vaha du:kha pAtA hai| 54 zrotrendriya zabda ko grahaNa karane vAlI aura zabda zrotrendriya kA grAhya viSaya hai| priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda dveSa kA kAraNa hai / SS jisa prakAra rAga meM vRddha mRga mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM mUcchita jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai / " manojJa zabda kI lolupatA ke vazavartI bhArIkarmI jIva ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura pIr3A detA hai| " zabda meM mUcchita jIva manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai| vaha saMbhoga- kAla ke samaya meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahAM hai" ? tRSNA ke vaza meM par3A huA vaha jIva corI karatA hai tathA jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta rahatA hai aura duHkha se nahIM chUTa pAtA / 59 gandha ko nAsikA grahaNa karatI hai aura gandha nAsikA kA grAhya-viSaya hai| sugandha kA kAraNa hai aura durgandha dveSa kA kAraNa hai| 50 jisa prakAra sugandha meM mUrcchita sarpa bila se bAhara nikalakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra gandha meM atyanta Asakta jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai / " sugandha ke vazIbhUta hokara bAlajIva aneka prakAra se trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai / 12 sugandha meM Asakta jIva sugandhita padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya tathA viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai, vaha saMbhoga -kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahAM hai ?" gaMdha meM Asakta jIva ko kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha sugandha ke upabhoga ke samaya bhI duHkha evaM kleza hI pAtA hai| 4 - rasako rasanendriya grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa rasanendriya kA grAhya viSaya hai| manapasanda rasa rAga kA kAraNa aura mana ke pratikUla rasa dveSa kA kAraNa hai|'' jisa prakAra mAMsa khAne ke lAlaca meM matsya kA~Te meM pha~sakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rasoM meM atyanta gRddha jIva 497

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498 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana akAla meM mRtyu kA grAsa bana jAtA hai| rasoM meM Asakta jIvako kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaharasabhoga ke samaya duHkha aura kleza hI pAtA hai| isI prakAra, amanojJa rasoM meM dveSa karane vAlA jIva bhI duHkha-paramparA bar3hAtA hai aura kaluSita mana se karmoM kA upArjana karake du:khada phala bhogatA hai| sparza ko zarIra grahaNa karatA hai aura sparza sparzanendriya kA grAhya-viSaya hai| sukhada sparza rAga kA tathA duHkhada sparza dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jo jIva sukhada sparzoM meM ati Asakta hotA hai, vaha jaMgala ke tAlAba ke ThaMDe pAnI meM par3e hue aura makara dvArA grase hue bhaiMse kI taraha akAla meM hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| sparza kI AzA meM par3A haAbhArIkarmI jIva carAcara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|" sukhada sparzoM se mUchita prANI una vastuoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya evaM viyoga kI cintA meM hI ghulA karatA hai| bhoga ke samaya bhI vaha tRpta nahIM hotA, phira usake lie sukha kahA~ ?2 sparza meM Asakta jIvoM ko kiMcit bhI sukha nahIM hotaa| jisa vastu kI prApti kleza evaM duHkha se huI, usake bhoga ke samaya bhI kaSTa hI milatA hai| AcArya hemacandra yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki sparzanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hAthI, rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta machalI, ghrANendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara, cakSu-indriya ke vazIbhUta hokara pataMgA aura zrotrendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hariNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai| jaba eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai, to phira pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI kyA gati hogI? bauddha-darzana meM indriya-nirodha- itivRttaka meM buddha kahate haiM ki bhikSuoM, do bAtoM se yukta bhikSu usI janma meM duHkha, pIr3A, parezAnI aura santApake sAtha viharatA hai tathA zarIra chUTane para usakI durgati jAnanI caahie| kauna-sI do ?- indriyoM meM saMyama na karanA aura bhojana kI mAtrA na jaannaa| jisake cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, rasanA, kAya aura mana, itane dvAra gupta nahIM haiM, bhojana karane meM mAtrA nahIM jAnane vAlA aura indriyoM meM asaMyamI bhikSuzArIrika-duHkha tathA caitasikaduHkhako prApta hotA hai, usI prakAra bhikSu jalatI huI kAyA aura jalate hue citta se duHkhapUrvaka viharatA hai| ___ bhikSuoM, do bAtoM se yukta bhikSu isI janma meM sukha, pIr3A-rahita, parezAnI-rahita aura santAparahita viharatA hai tathA zarIra chUTane para usakI sugati jAnanA cAhie, kina do?indriyoM meM saMyama karanA aura bhojana karane meM mAtrA jaannaa|

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 499 jisake cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, rasanA, kAya aura mana, inake dvAra bhalI prakAra gupta haiM, bhojana karane meM mAtrA jAnane vAlA aura indriyoM meM saMyamI hai, vaha bhikSu sukhapUrvakazarIra-sukha tathA caittasika-sukha ko prApta hotA hai, usa prakAra kA bhikSu najalatI huI kAyA aura na jalate hue citta se yukta sukhapUrvaka viharatA hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki jo manuSya indriyoM ke viSayoM meM asaMyata rahatA hai, use mAra (kAma) sAdhanA se usI prakAra girA detA hai, jaise kamajora vRkSa ko vAyu girA detI hai, lekina jo indriyoM ke prati susaMyata rahatA hai, use mAra (kAma) usI prakAra sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM kara sakatA, jaise vAyu parvata ko vicalita nahIM kara sktaa| prAjJa bhikSu ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha indriyoM kA nirodha kara santuSTa ho, bhikSu-anuzAsana meM saMyama se rhe| gItA meM indriya-nirodha- gItA meM bhIbhagavAn kRSNane indriya-damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM nAva ko vAyu hara letI hai, vaise hI mana-sahita viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka bhI indriya isa puruSa kI buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hai|" jisa puruSa kI indriyA~ saba prakAra se indriyoM ke viSayoM se vaza meM kI huI hotI haiM, usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai| sAdhanA meM prayAsazIla buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI ye pramathana svabhAvavAlI indriyA~ jabaradastI hara letI haiM aura use sAdhanA ke patha se cyuta kara detI haiM, ata: saba indriyoM ko apane adhikAra meM karake citta ko mujha paramAtmA meM niyojita kre| jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ apane adhikAra meM haiM, vahI vastuta: prajJAvAn hai| anyatra kahA gayA hai ki sabase pahale indriyoM ko vaza meM karake jJAna kA vinAza karane vAle isa kAma kA parityAga kara aura yadi tU yaha samajhe ki indriyoM ko rokakara kAmarUpa bairI ko mArane kI merIzakti nahIM hai, to terI yaha bhUla hai, kyoMki isa zarIra se to indriyoM ko pare (zreSTha, balavAn aura sUkSma) kahate haiM aura indriyoM se pare mana hai aura mana se pare buddhi hai aura jo buddhi se bhI atyanta pare hai, vaha AtmA hai, ata: AtmA ke dvArA inakA nirodha karanA hI caahie| indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI haiM aura ye indriyoM ke viSaya jIvAtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| isa prakAra, AtmA kA Antarika-samatva bhaMga ho jAtA hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka zabda, rUpa, rasa, gaMdha tathA sparza-ina pA~coM indriyaviSayoM ke sevana ko sadA ke lie chor3a de|2| kyAindriya-damanasaMbhava hai ?-sabhI AcAra-darzana indriya-saMyama para bala dete haiM, lekina kyA inakA nirodha saMbhava hai ? vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaba taka jIva dehadhAraNa kie hai, usake dvArA indriya-vyApAra kA pUrNa nirodha saMbhava nhiiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha

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500 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jisa pariveza meM rahatA hai, usameM indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai, jaise-A~kha ke samakSa usakA viSaya prastuta hone para vaha use dekhane se vaMcita nahIM rakha sktaa| bhojana karate samaya AsvAda ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se indriya-vyApAra kA nirodha asambhava tathya hai| yadi indriya-vyApAroM kA pUrNa nirodha sambhava nahIM, to phira indriya-saMyama kA kyA artha hai ? isa prazna para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| jaina-darzana meM indriya-damana- jaina-darzana ke anusAra indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kA artha indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se vimukha karanA nahIM, varan viSaya-sevana ke mUla meM nihita rAga-dveSa kA samApta karanA hai| isa viSaya para AcArAMgasUtra meM sundara evaM manovaijJAnikadRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha zakya nahIM hai ki kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAeM ata: zabdoM kA nahIM, zabda ke prati jAgrata hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki nAka ke samakSa AI huI sugandhi yA durgandhi sUMghane meM na Ae, ata: gaMdha kA nahIM, gaMdhake prati jagane vAlI rAga-dveSa kI vRtti kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki rasanA para AyA huA acchA yA burA rasa cakhane meM na Ae, ata: rasa kA nahIM, rasa ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki zarIra se sparza hone vAle acche yA bure sparza kI anubhUti naho, ataH sparza kA nahIM, sparza ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM ki indriyoM ke zabdAdimanojJa athavA amanojJa viSaya-Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAgadveSa ke kAraNa banate haiM, vItarAga ke lie nhiiN| indriyoM aura mana ke viSaya, rAgI puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiN| ye viSaya vItarAgiyoM ke bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiN| kAma-bhoga na kisI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura na kisI meM vikAra hI paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSaya meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai|86 bauddha-darzana meM indriya-damana- isa viSaya meM bauddha AcAra-paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhI jaina-paramparA aura gItA ke samAna hI hai| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki na cakSu rUpoM kA bandhana hai aura na rUpa hI cakSu kA bandhana hai, kiMtu jo jahA~ donoM ke nimitta se chanda (rAga) utpanna hai, vastuta: vahI bandhana hai| 7 jJAnI sAdhaka ke dekhane meM dekhanA bhara hogA, sunane meM sunanAbhara hogA, jAnane meM jAnanA bhara hogA, arthAt vaha rUpAdikA jJAtA-dRSTA hogA, unameM rAgAsakta nahIM hogaa| apramatta sAdhaka rUpa Adi meM rAga nahIM karatA; rUpoM ko dekhakara

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 501 smRtivAn rahatA hai, virakta citta se vedana karatA hai, unameM anAsakta rahatA hai| rUpa ko dekhane aura jAnane se usakA rAgabandhana ghaTatA hI hai, bar3hatA nahIM, kyoMki vaha smRtivAn hokara viharatA hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI sArA bandhana indriya-vyApAra meM nahIM, varan mana kI dazA para nirbhara hai| gItA meM indriya-damana- gItA meM bhI hama isI prakAra kA nirdeza pAte haiN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ke arthoM meM, arthAt sabhI indriyoM ke viSayoM meM sthita jo rAga aura dveSa haiM, una donoM ke vaza meM nahIM hoeM, kyoMki ve donoM hI kalyANa-mArga meM vighna DAlane vAle mahAn zatru haiN| jo mUDha-buddhi puruSa indriyoM ko unake viSayoM se balAt rokakara indriyoM ke bhogoM kA mana se cintana karatA rahatA hai, usa puruSa ke rAga-dveSa nivRtta nahIM hone ke kAraNa vaha mithyAcArI yA dambhI kahA jAtA hai|" indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ko na grahaNa karane vAle puruSa ke kevala viSaya to nivRtta ho jAte haiM, kintu rAga-nivRtti nahIM hotii| aisA vyakti sacce arthoM meM nivRtta nahIM kahA jaataa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha nahIM, varan unameM nihita rAga-dveSa kA nirodha karanA hotA hai, kyoMki bandhana kA vAstavika kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM, varan rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ haiN| gItA kahatI hai ki rAga, dveSa se vimukta manuSya indriya-vyApAra karatA huA bhI pavitratA ko hI prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki gItA indriya-nirodha ke sthAna para manovRttiyoM ke nirodha para hI jora detI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke samAlocya AcAra-darzana indriya-nirodha kA vAstavika artha indriya-vyApAra kA nirodha nahIM, varan unake pIche rahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha batAte haiN| naitika-dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM ke sthAna paramana kI vRttiyA~ hI adhika mahatvapUrNa haiM, ata: yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki yaha mana kyA hai aura usakA naitika-jIvana se kyA sambandha hai? sandarbha graMtha1. manovijJAna-uDavartha eNDa mAvisa, pR.2. 2. ethikalasTaDIja, bhUmikA, pR. 16. 3. We may define conduct as volentary action. - The Elements of Ethics, p.46. 4. 5. 6. dazavaikAlika, 4/7. dazavaikAlikabhUmikA, pR. 12. dazavakAlika, 418

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502 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 16. 17. 7. niyamasAra, 174. vahI, 172-173. uttarAdhyayana, 24/21-25. dhammapada, 292-293. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR.10. 12. gItA, 2/24;2/21; 2/71. vahI, 4 /20-21. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 4/4/5. 15. zivapurANa uddhRta-adhyAtmayoga aura citta-vikalana, pR. 124. uttarAdhyayana, 32/7. AcArAMga, 1/3/2 18. uttarAdhyayana, 32/19. dhammapada,343. vahI, 215. aMguttaranikAya,3/109. vahI, 3/107. gItA, 3/36. vahI, 2/62. gItA (zAM.),3/37. vahI samavAyAMga, 4/4. prajJApanA pada, 8. abhidhAnarAjendrakhaNDa 7, pR. 301. 30. abhidhammatthasaMgaho-caittisikasaMgraha vibhAga, pR. 10-31. 31. gaNadharavAda-vAyubhUti se carcA. kaThopaniSad,2/1/1. 33. dazavaikAlika,6/11, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1658. 34. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 2, pR. 575. vahI, khaNDa 2, pR. 575. 36. uttarAdhyayana, 32/23. 37. uttarAdhyayana, 32/102-105. 38. aMguttaranikAya,2/11/6-7.

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jaina- AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. vahI, 2/11/6-7. gItA (zAM.), 25. gItA, 2/62-63. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 2, pR. 547. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR. 134-35. visuddhimaga, bhAga 2, pR. 103-128. gItA, 15/9. uttarAdhyayana, 32/6. gItA, 7/27/3/37. saMyuttanikAya, 1/2/10. yogazAstra, 4 / 24. uttarAdhyayana, 32/23. vahI, 32 / 24. vahI, 32 / 27. ast, 32/28. vahI, 32 / 32. vahI, 32 / 36. vahI, 32 / 37. vahI, 32 /40. vahI, 32 / 41. vahI, 32 /43. vahI, 32 /49. vahI, 32/50. vahI, 32/53. uttarAdhyayana, 32/54. at, 32/58. at, 32/62. vahI, 32/63. vahI, 32 / 71. vahI, 32 / 72. vahI, 32/72. vahI, 32/76. 503

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504 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. vahI, 32/70. vahI, 32 / 87. vahI, 32 / 84. ittivRttaka, 2/1/1. dhammapada, 7-8. dhammapada, 375. gItA, 2/67. ast, 2/68. vahI, 2/60-61. gItA, 3/41. vahI, 3/42. uttarAdhyayana, 16/10. AcArAMga, 2/3/15/131-135. uttarAdhyayana, 32/301. ast, 32/100. vahI, 32 / 101. saMyuttanikAya, 4/35/232. vahI, 4/65/95. at, 4/35/94. gItA, 3/34. vahI, 3/6. vahI, 2/59. gItA, 2/64,5/8-9. bhAratIya AcAra ra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana

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jaina-AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 505 KE 17 mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakAsthAna samagra saMkalpa, icchAe~, kAmanAe~ evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ Adi adhikAMza naitikapratyaya mana:prasUta haiM, mana hI sad-asadkA viveka karatA hai| yahI hamAre zubhAzubha bhAvoM kA AdhAra hai, ata: mana ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| mana kA svarUpa manake svarUpa-vizleSaNa kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki mana bhautika-tattva hai, athavA cetana-tattva hai ? jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana isa viSaya meM tIna bhinna-bhinna vicAra rakhate haiM- 1. bauddha-darzana mana ko cetana-tattva mAnatA hai| 2. gItA sAMkhya-darzana ke anurUpa mana ko jar3a prakRti se hI utpanna aura triguNAtmaka mAnatI hai| 3. jaina-darzana mana ko bhautika aura abhautika-donoM mAnatA hai| jaina-paramparA se milatA-julatA dRSTikoNa yoga-vAziSTha meM milatA hai| yadyapi yogavAziSTha ke nirvANa-prakaraNa meM mana ko jar3a kahA gayA hai aura usakI gatiyoM ko jar3a pASANa-khaNDa ke samAna anya se niyojita mAnA gayA hai, tathApi mana ko jaina-vicAraNA ke samAna jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa bhI mAnA gayA hai| dravyamana aura bhAvamana- jaina-vicAra meM mana ke bhautika rUpa ko dravya-mana aura cetanarUpa ko bhAvamana kahA gayA hai|' dravya-mana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM se banA huA hai| yaha mana kA AMgika evaM saMracanAtmaka-pakSa hai| sAdhAraNatayA, isameM zarIra ke sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka-aMga A jAte haiN| manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika-racanA-tantra meM pravAhita hone vAlI caitanyadhArA bhAvamana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, isa racanA-taMtra ko AtmA se milI huI jJAna, vedanA evaM saMkalpa kI caitanya-zakti hI bhAvamana hai| mana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai ?- eka prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita haiM ? digambara-paramparA ke grantha gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM dravyamana kAsthAna hRdaya mAnA gayA hai, jabaki zvetAmbara Agama-granthoM meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM hai ki mana zarIra ke kisa vizeSa bhAga meM sthita hai| paM. sukhalAlajI yaha mAnate haiM ki zvetAmbara-paramparA ko samagra sthUla-zarIra hI dravyamana kA sthAna iSTa hai| jahAM taka bhAvamana ke sthAna kA prazna hai, usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai, kyoMki Atmapradeza sampUrNa zarIra

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506 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM vyApta hai, ata: bhAvamana kA sthAna bhI sampUrNa zarIra hI siddha hotA hai|' bauddha-darzana meM mana ko hRdaya-pradezavartI mAnA gayA hai, jo ki digambara-sampradAya kI dravyamana-viSayaka mAnyatA ke nikaTa hai| sAMkhya-paramparA zvetAmbara-paramparA ke nikaTa hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki sAMkhya-paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna kevala hRdaya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSma yA liGga-sthAna meM, jo aSTAdaza tattvoM kA viziSTa nikAyarUpa hai, praviSTa hai aura sUkSma zarIra kA sthAna samasta sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai, ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra siddha hai| jaina-darzana meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana kI kalpanA- jaina naitika-vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrtacetana Atma-tattva aura jar3a karma-tattva kA jo sambandha svIkRta hai, usakI vyAkhyA ke lie mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta hai; anyathA jaina-darzana kI bandhana aura mukti kIdhAraNA hI asambhava hogii| vedAntika-advaitavAda, bauddha-vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke nirapekSa darzanoM meM sambandha kI samasyA hI nahIM aatii| sAMkhya-darzana AtmA ko kUTastha mAnatA hai, ata: vahA~ bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha kI koI samasyA nahIM hai, isalie ve mana ko ekAMta jar3a athavA cetana mAnakara apanA kAma calA lete haiM, lekina jar3a aura cetana ke madhya sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa jaina-darzana ke lie mana ko ubhayarUpa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina-vicAra meM mana ubhayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa hI jar3a-karmavargaNA aura cetana-AtmA ke madhya yojaka kar3I bana gayA hai| mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kArya-kSetra bhautika-jagat hai| jar3a-pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika-padArthoM se prabhAvita hotA hai aura cetana-pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-dArzanika mana ke dvArA AtmA aura jar3a-tattva ke madhya aparokSa sambandha banA dete haiM aura isa sambandha ke AdhAra para hI apanI bandhana kI dhAraNA ko siddha karate haiN| mana, jar3a aura cetana ke madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai, jo donoM svataMtra sattAoM meM sambandha banAe rakhatA hai| jaba taka yaha mAdhyama rahatA hai, tabhI taka jar3a evaM cetana-jagat meM pArasparika-prabhAvakatA rahatI hai, jisake kAraNa bandhana kA silasilA calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti ke lie pahale mana ke ina ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga karanA hotA hai| isase mana kI zakti kSINa hone lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA vilaya ho jAne para nirvANa prApta ho jAtA hai| nirvANa-dazA meM ubhayAtmakamana kA hI abhAva hone se bandhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA sambandha- jaina--vicAradhArA mana ke abhautika aura bhautika-pakSoM ko svIkAra karake hI saMtoSa nahIM mAna letI, varan ubhayAtmaka-mana ke dvArA

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 507 cetana (AtmA) aura jar3a (karma-paramANuoM) ke bIca pArasparika-pratikriyA bhI svIkAra karatI hai, lekina ubhayAtmaka-mana ke mAdhyama se jar3a aura cetana meM pArasparika-pratikriyA mAna lene mAtra se samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| prazna yaha hai ki bAhya bhautika-tathya cetana-AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita karate haiM, jabaki donoM svataMtra haiN| yadi ubhaya-rUpa mana ko unakA yojaka-tattva mAna liyA jAe, to bhI isase samasyA hala nahIM hotii| yaha to samasyA kA khisakAnA mAtra hai| jo sambandha kI samasyA bhautika-jagat aura AtmA ke madhya thI, use kevala dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke nAma se manojagat meM sthAnAMtarita kara diyA gayA hai| dravyamana aurabhAvamana kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM, yaha samasyA abhI banI huI hai| cAhe yaha sambandha kI samasyA bhautika aura AdhyAtmika-tattvoM ke madhya ho, cAhe jar3a karmaparamANu aura cetana-AtmA ke madhya ho, athavA mana ke Adhibhautika aura bhautika staroM para ho, samasyA avazya banI rahatI hai| usake nirAkaraNa ke tIna hI mArga ho sakate haiM, yA to bhautika aura AdhyAtmika-sattAoM meM se kisI eka ke astitva kA niSedha kara diyA jAe, athavA unameM eka prakAra kA samAnAntaravAda mAna liyA jAe, yA phira unameM kriyA-pratikriyA ko mAna liyA jaae| jaina-dArzanikoM ne pahale vikalpa meM yaha doSa pAyA ki yadi kevala cetana-tattva kI sattA mAnI jAe, to samasta bhautika-jagat ko mithyA kahakara anubhUti ke tathyoM ko ThukarA denA hogA, jaise ki vijJAnavAdI evaM zUnyavAdI bauddha-dArzanikoM tathA advaitavAdI AcArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| dUsarI ora, yadi cetana kI svataMtra sattA kA niSedha kara mAtra jar3a-tattva kI sattA ko hI mAnA jAe, to bhautikavAda meM jAnA hogA, jisameM naitikajIvana ke lie koI sthAna nahIM rhegaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke anusAra jaina-vicArakoM ne samAnAntaravAda ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki jaina-dArzanikoM ne mana evaM zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA hai aura isalie ve samAnAntaravAda ko bhI usakI samasta sImAoM sahita svIkAra kara lete haiN| ve caittasika aura acaittasika-tathyoM meM eka pUrva saMsthApita sAmaJjasya svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jaina-vicAraNA dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke madhya kevala samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaJjasya hI nahIM maantii| vyAvahArika-dRSTi se to jaina-vicAraka unameM vAstavika sambandha bhI mAnate haiN| samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva-saMsthApita sAmaJjasya to kevala pAramArthika yA dravyArthika-dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-dArzanika tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM jar3a aura cetana meM nitAnta bhinnatA mAnate hue bhI anubhava ke stara para yA manovaijJAnika-stara para unameM vAstavika sambandha ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| DaoN. kalaghATagI likhate haiM ki jaina-cintakoM ne mAnasika-bhAvoM ko jar3a-karmoM se prabhAvita

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508 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hone ke sandarbha meM eka pariSkRta samAnAntaravAda prastuta kiyA hai, jo vyakti ke mana aura zarIra ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA manobhautika-samAnAntaravAda hai, jabaki ve mAnasika aura zArIrika-tathyoM ke madhya hone vAlI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA ko upekSita nahIM krte| unakA siddhAnta samAnAntaravAda se bhI pare jAtA hai aura zarIra tathA AtmA ke madhya adhika ghaniSTha sambandha kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| unakA dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA siddhAnta isa kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta karatA hai| jainadRSTikoNa jar3a aura caitanya ke madhya pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNAko saMsthApita karatA hai|' naitika-cetanA meM mana kAsthAna-bhAratIya AcAra-darzana jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI samasyA kI eka vistRta vyAkhyA hai| bhAratIya-cintakoM ne kevala mukti kI upalabdhi ke hetu AcaraNa-mArga kA upadeza hI nahIM diyA, varan unhoMne yaha batAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA ki bandhana aura mukti kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? apane cintana aura anubhUti ke prakAza meM unhoMne isa prazna kA jo uttara pAyA hai, vaha hai- mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| jaina, bauddha tathA vaidika AcAra-darzanoM meM yaha tathya sarvasammata rUpa se grAhya hai| jaina-dRSTikoNa- jaina-darzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha paurANika-brahmAstra se bhI bhayaMkara hai| karmasiddhAnta kA eka vivecana hai ki mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandha utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara' kI sthiti kA ho sakatA hai| vacanayoga milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai| ghrANendriya, arthAt nAsikA ke milane para pacAsa sAgara aura cakSu ke milate hI sau sAgara kI sthiti kA bandha ho sakatA hai aura jaba amanaska paMcendriya kI dazA meM kAna milate haiM, to hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai, lekina yadi mana mila gayA aura utkRSTa mohanIya-karma kA bandha hone lagA, to vaha lAkha aura karor3a sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai| sattara kroDAkroDI (70 karor3a x 70 karor3a) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa-mohanIya karma kA bandha mana milane para hI hotA hai| yaha hai bandhana kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti, isalie mana ko khulA chor3ane se pahale manana karanA cAhie ki vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta meM to nahIM dhakela rahA hai ? jaina-vicAraNA meM mana mukti ke mArga kA prathama pravezadvAra hai| vahA~ kevala samanaska - prANI hI isa mArga para Age bar3ha sakate haiN| amanaska-prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna adhikArI prApta nahIM hai| samyagdRSTi kevala samanaska-prANiyoM ko hI prApta ho sakatI hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA mokSamArga kI ora bar3hane ke adhikArI haiN| samyagdarzana ko prApta karane ke lie tIvratama krodhAdi AvegoM kA saMyamana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki mana ke dvArA AvegoM kA saMyamana sambhava hai, isIlie kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie kI vAda kI prakriyA meM yathApravRttikaraNa taba hotA hai, jaba mana kA yoga hotA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai, jisase jJAna (viveka) prakaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva athavA zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura ajJAna ( mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, ajJAna kA nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi, jo mukti (nirvANa ) kI anivArya zarta hai, binA mana-zuddhi ke sambhava nahIM hai, ata: jaina- vicAraNA meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai| zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai, jabaki aniyaMtrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM, 'mana kA nirodha ho jAne para karma (bandhana) bhI pUrI taraha ruka jAte haiM, kyoMki karma ke Asrava mana ke adhIna haiM, lekina jo puruSa nirodha nahIM kara karatA hai, usake karmoM (bandhana) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai / "" bauddha-dRSTikoNa - bauddha-darzana meM citta, vijJapti Adi mana ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| bhagavAn buddha kA kathana hai ki sabhI pravRttiyoM kA Arambha mana se hotA hai, mana kI unameM pradhAnatA hai| ve pravRttiyA~ manomaya haiN| jo sadoSa mana se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai, usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai, jaise ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke pairoM kA anugamana karatA hai / 12 jo svaccha (zuddha) mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai, usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai, jaise sAtha nahIM chor3ane vAlI chAyA / " kumArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika ahitakArI'" aura sanmArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika hitakArI hai|'' jo isakA saMyama kareMge, ve mAra ke bandhana se mukta ho jaaeNge|" mahAyAna sampradAya ke pramukha grantha laMkAvatArasUtra kahA hai, 'citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti hotI hai| " 509 gItA evaM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa- vedAnta- paramparA meM bhI sarvatra yahI dRSTikoNa milatA hai ki bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| maitrANyupaniSad evaM tejobindUpaniSad 'manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hai| usake viSayAsakta hone para bandhana aura usakA nirviSaya honA hI mukti hai|" gItA meM kahA gayA hai 'indriyA~, mana aura buddhi hI isa (vAsanA) ke vAsasthAna kahe gae haiM aura (vAsanA) inake dvArA jJAna ko AvRtta kara jIvAtmA ko mohita karatI hai (bandhana meM DAle rakhatI hai)| '19 'jisakA mana

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510 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prazAnta hai, pApa (vAsanA) se rahita hai, jisake mana kI caMcalatA samApta ho gaI hai, usa brahmabhUta yogI ko uttama Ananda prApta hotA hai| AcArya zaMkara bhI viveka-cUr3AmaNi meM likhate haiM ki mana se hI bandhana kI kalpanA hotI hai aura usI se mokSa kii| mana hI dehAdi viSayoM meM rAga kara bA~dhatA hai aura phira viSavat viSayoM meM virasatA utpanna kara mukta kara detA hai, isIlie isa jIva ke bandhana aura mukti ke vidhAna meM manahI kAraNa hai, rajoguNa se malina huA mana bandhana kA hetu hotA hai tathA raja-tama se rahita zuddha sAtvika hone para mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra, uparyukta vivecana se siddha hai ki sabhI AcAra-darzanoM meM mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA prabalatama kAraNa hai| mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM?- prazna yaha hai ki mana hI ko kyoM bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA? jaina-tattvamImAMsA meM jar3a aura cetana-do mUla tattva haiM, zeSa Amrava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura nirjarA ina do mUla tattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika-kriyAoM (yoga) kA abhAva hai| dUsarI ora, manobhAva se rahita kAyika aura vAcika-karma evaM jar3akarma-paramANu bhI bandhanakAraka nahIM hote haiN| bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva Atmika avazya mAne gae haiM, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie kahA gayA hai ki binA cetana-sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote haiN| cetana-sattA rAgAdi ke utpAdanakA nimitta-kAraNaavazya hai, lekina binA mana ke vaharAgAdibhAva utpanna nahIM kara sakatI, isIlie yaha kahA gayA ki mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| __ mana AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA bhAga sampanna karatA hai, ise nimna rUpaka se samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAna lIjie, karmAvaraNase kuMThita zakti vAlA AtmA usa A~kha ke samAna hai, jisakI dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa ho cukI hai| jagat eka zveta vastu hai aura mana ainaka (cazmA) hai| AtmA ko mukti ke lie jagat ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karanA hai, lekina apanI svazakti ke kuMThita hone para vaha svayaM to sIdhe rUpa meM yathArtha jJAna nahIM pA sakA, use manarUpI ainaka kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai, lekina yadi ainaka raMgIna kA~ca kA ho, to vaha vastu kA yathArtha jJAna na dekara bhrAMta jJAna detA hai| usI prakAra, yadi mana rAga-dveSAdi vRttiyoM se dUSita (raMgIna) hai, to vaha yathArthajJAna nahIM detA aura bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai, lekina yadi manarUpI ainaka nirmala hai, to vaha vastutattva kA yathArtha jJAna dekara hameM mukta kara detA hai| jisa prakAra ainaka meM binA kisI cetana A~kha ke dekhane kI koI zakti

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 511 nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jar3a-paramANuoM meM bhI binA kisI cetana-AtmA ke saMyoga ke baMdhana-mukti kI zakti nahIM hotii| vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa prakAra ainaka meM dekhane vAle netra haiM, lekina vikAra yAraMgInatA netra meM nahokara ainaka meM hai, usI prakAra avidyA aura rAgadveSAdi vikAra AtmA se nahIM, varan mana se hote haiM aura ve hI bandhana ke hetu haiM, ata: mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| mana avidyA kAvAsasthAna- jaina, bauddha aura vaidika AcAra-darzana isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki bandhana kA kAraNa avidyA (moha) hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA kA vAsasthAna kyA hai ? AtmA ko isakA vAsasthAna mAnanA bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki jaina aura vedAnta-donoM paramparAoM meM AtmA kA svarUpabhAva to samyagjJAnamaya hai, athavA vaha zuddha caitanyasvarUpa hai, mithyAtva, moha kiMvA avidyAAtmAzrita ho sakate haiM, lekina ve AtmaguNa nahIM haiM aura isalie unheM Atmagata mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| avidyAko jar3a-prakRti kA guNa mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki yaha jJAnAbhAva hI nahIM, varan viparIta jJAna bhI hai, ata: avidyA kA vAsasthAnamana ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, jo jar3a-cetana kI yojaka kar3I hai, ata: mana meM hI avidyA nivAsa karatI hai aura mana kA nivartana hone para zuddha AtmadazA meM avidyA kI sambhAvanA kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM ho sakatI hai| ___jaina-paramparA ke samAna gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki indriyA~, mana aura buddhi isa kAma ke vAsasthAna haiN| inake AzrayabhUta hokara hI yaha kAma jJAna ko AcchAdita kara jIvAtmA ko mohita karatA hai| jJAna AtmA kA kArya hai, lekina jJAna meM jo vikAra AtA hai, vaha AtmA kA kArya nahokara mana kA kArya hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jahAM gItA meM vikAra yA kAma kA vAsasthAna mana ko mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina-vicAra meM kAmAdi kA vAsasthAna AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai| ve mana ke kArya avazya haiM, lekina unakA vAsasthAna AtmA hI hai, jaise raMgInatA ainaka meM hai, lekina raMgInatA kA jJAna to cetanA meM hI hogaa| yahA~ zaMkA hotI hai ki jaina-vicAraNA meM to aneka baddha prANiyoM ko amanaska mAnA gayA hai, phira unameM jo avidyA yA mithyAtva hai, vaha kisakA kArya hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaina-darzana meM prathama to sabhI prANiyoM meM bhAvamana kI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai| dUsare, zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra yadi mana ko sampUrNa zarIragata mAneM, to vahA~ dravyamanabhI hai, lekina vaha kevala ogha-saMjJA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, unheM kevala vivekazaktivihIna mana (Irrational Mind) prApta hai| jaina-darzana meM jo samanaska aura amanaska-prANiyoM kA bheda varNita hai, vaha viveka-zakti (Reason) kI apekSA se hai| samanaska-prANI kA artha

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana viveka zakti yukta prANI / amanaska - prANiyoM meM yaha vivekakSamatA nahIM hotI, ve na to sudIrgha bhUta kI smRti rakha sakate haiM aura na bhaviSya kA evaM zubhAzubha kA vicAra kara sakate haiN| unameM mAtra kAlika-saMjJA hotI hai aura mAtra aMdha - vAsanAoM (mUlapravRtti) se unakA vyavahAra cAlita hotA hai| amanaska ! ka- prANiyoM meM sattAtmaka mana to hai, lekina unameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA / vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa hI inheM amanaska kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra naitika-vikAsa kA prArambha vivekakSamatAyukta mana kI upalabdhi se hI hotA hai, jaba taka vivekakSamatAyukta mana prApta nahIM hotA taba taka zubhAzubha kA vibheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jaba taka zubhAzubha kA jJAna prApta nahIM hotA, taba taka naitika vikAsa kI sahI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura naitika pragati nahIM ho pAtI hai| 512 naitika pragati evaM naitika- uttaradAyitva aura mana- isa prakAra, jaina darzana meM viveka - kSamatAyukta mana ( Rational Mind) naitika pragati kI anivArya zarta mAnA gayA hai| breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI bauddhika kSamatA yA zubhAzubha viveka ko naitika pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai, phira bhI jaina- vicAraNA kA unase pramukha matabheda yaha hai ki ve naitika- uttaradAyitva aura naitika-pragati- donoM ke lie vivekakSamatA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina- vicAra meM naitika pragati ke lie to viveka Avazyaka hai, lekina naitika- uttaradAyitva ke lie vivekazakti Avazyaka nahIM hai| yadi koI prANI vivekAbhAva meM bhI koI anaitika-karma karatA hai, to jaina- dRSTi se vaha naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hogA, kyoMki 1. prathamata:, vivekAbhAva hI pramattatA hai aura yahI anaitikatA kA kAraNa hai, ata: vivekapUrvaka kArya na karane vAlA naitika- uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM hai| 2. viveka - zakti to sabhI AtmAoM meM hai, jinameM vaha prasupta hai, usake lie bhI ve svayaM hI uttarAdAyI haiN| 3. aneka prANI to aise haiM, jinameM viveka prakaTa ho cukA thA, jo kabhI samas yA vivekavAn prANI the, lekina unhoMne usa viveka zakti kA samyak upayoga nahIM kiyA / phalasvarUpa, unameM vaha vivekazakti punaH kuNThita ho gaI, ata: aise prANiyoM ko naitika- uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki kaI jIva aise bhI haiM, jinameM jarA bhI tarkazakti, prajJAzakti yA mana yA vANI kI zakti nahIM hotii| ve mUDha jIva sabake prati samAna doSI haiN| usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki saba yoniyoM ke jIva eka janma meM saMjJA (viveka) vAle ho, apane kie hue karmoM ke kAraNa dUsare janma meM asaMjJI (vivekazUnya) banakara janma lete haiM, ataeva vivekavAn honA yA na honA apane hI kRta karmoM kA phala hotA hai| isase - - - -

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 513 vivekAbhAva kI dazA meM jo kucha pApa-karma hote haiM, isakA uttaradAyitva bhI unakA hai|24 __ jaina-tattvajJAna meM jIvoM kI avyavahAra-rAzikI jo kalpanA kI gaI hai, usa varga ke jIvoM ke naitika-uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sUtrakRtAMga ke isa AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki avyavahAra-rAzi ke jIvoM meM to viveka kabhI prakaTa hI nahIM huaa| ve to kevala isa AdhAra para hI uttaradAyI mAne jA sakate haiM ki unameM jo vivekakSamatA prasupta hai, ve usako prakaTa nahIM kara rahe haiN| eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi naitika-pragati ke lie savivekamana' Avazyaka hai, to phira jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra vesabhI prANI, jinameM aise mana kA abhAva hai, naitika-pragati ke patha para kabhI Age nahIM bar3ha skeNge| jaina-darzana ke anusAra isa prazna kA uttara yaha hogA ki viveka ke abhAva meM bhI karma kA bandhana aura karma-bhoga to calatA hai, phira bhI jaba vicAraka-mana kA abhAva hotA hai, to prANI karmavAsanA se yukta hote hue bhI vaicArikasaMkalpa se yukta nahIM hotAaura isa kAraNa bandhana meM vaha tIvratA bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra, navIna karmoM kA bandha hote hue bhI tIvra bandha nahIM hotA hai aura purAne karmoM kA bhoga calatA rahatA hai, ata: nadI-pASANa-nyAya ke anusAra saMyoga se kabhI-na-kabhI vaha avasara upalabdha ho jAtA hai, jaba prANI viveka ko prApta kara letA hai aura naitika-vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki mana AcAra-darzana kA kendra-bindu hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana mana ko naitika-jIvana ke lie atyadhika mahatvapUrNa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, mana hI naitika-utthAna aura naitika-patana kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki samAlocya sabhI AcAra-darzana mana ke saMyama para jora dete haiN| ___ manovigraha- bhAratIya AcAra-darzana meM icchA-nirodha yA vAsanAoM ke damana kA svara kAphI mukharita huA hai| AcAra-darzana ke adhikAMza vidhi-niSedha icchAoM ke damana se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki icchAe~ tRpti cAhatI haiM aura tRpti bAhya-sAdhanoM para nirbhara hai| yadi bAhya-paristhiti pratikUla ho, to atRpta icchA mana meM hI kSobha utpanna karatI hai aura isa prakAra citta-zAnti yA AdhyAtmika-samatva kA bhaMga ho jAtA hai, ata: yaha mAnA gayA ki samatva ke naitika-Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie icchAoM kA damana kara diyA jaae| mana hI icchAoM evaM saMkalpoM kA utpAdaka hai, ata: icchA-nirodha kA artha manonigraha bhI mAna liyA gyaa| paMtajali ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki citta-vRtti kA nirodha hI yoga hai| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki mana svayaM hIsamagra klezoM kA dhAma hai, usameM jo bhI vRttiyA~ uThatI haiM, ve

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514 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sabhI bandhanarUpa haiM, ata: una manovyApAroM kA sarvathA nirodha kara denA hI nirvikalpa samAdhi hai aura yahI naitika-jIvana kA Adarza hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM icchA-nirodha aura manonigraha ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana meM manonigraha- uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, yaha mana duSTa aura bhayaMkara azva ke samAna cAroM dizAoM meM bhAgatA hai,26 ata: sAdhaka saMrambha, samArambha aura AraMbha meM pravRtta hote hue isa mana kA nigraha kre| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki AMdhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti ke icchuka evaM tapa karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai, ata: mana kA nirodha kie binA jo manuSya yogI hone kA nizcaya karatA hai, vaha usI prakAra ha~sI kA pAtra banatA hai, jaise koI paMgu puruSa eka gA~va se dUsare gA~va jAne kI icchA karake hAsyAspada banatA hai| mana kA nirodha hone para karmAsrava bhI pUrI taraha ruka jAtA hai, kyoMki karma kA Asava mana ke adhIna hai, kintu jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM kara pAtA, usake karmoM kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai, ataeva jo manuSya karmoM se apanI mukti cAhate haiM, unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle lampaTa mana ko rokane kA prayatna karanA caahie| bauddha-darzana meM manovigraha- dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha citta atyanta caMcala hai, isa para adhikAra kara kumArga se isakI rakSA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, isakI vRttiyoM kA kaThinatA se hI nivAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ata: buddhimAna ise aise hI sIdhA kare, jaise iSukAra (bANa banAne vAlA) bANa ko sIdhA karatA hai| yaha citta kaThinatA se nigrahita hotA hai, atyanta zIghragAmI aura yatheccha vivaraNa karane vAlA hai, isalie isakA damana karanA hI zreyaskara hai, damita kiyA huA citta hI sukhavarddhaka hotA hai| gItA meM manonigraha- gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha mana atyanta caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karane vAlA aura bar3A balavAn hai, isakA nirodha karanA Ayu ko rokane ke samAna atyanta duSkara hai| kRSNa kahate haiM ki nissaMdeha mana kA vigraha kaThinatA se hotA hai, phira bhI abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai aura isalie he arjuna ! tU mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara isa mana ko mere meM lgaa| yogavAsiSTha meM kahA hai ki mana kI upekSA se hI duHkha pahAr3a kI coTI ke samAna bar3hate jAte haiM aura mana ko vaza meM karane para vaise hI naSTa ho jAte hai, jaise sUrya ke sammukha hima naSTa ho jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM manonigraha; eka anucitadhAraNA- manonigraha ke ukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bhAratIya naitika-cintana para yaha AkSepa lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha Adhunika manovijJAna kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utrtaa| Adhunika manovijJAna icchAoM

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 515 ke damana evaM manonigraha ko mAnasika-samatva kA hetu na mAnakara usake ThIka viparIta, use citta-vikSobha kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| damana, nigraha, nirodha Aja kI manovaijJAnika-dhAraNA meM mAnasika saMtulana ko bhaMga karane vAle mAne gae haiN| phrAyaDa, eDalara, yuMga Adine vyaktitva ke vighaTana evaM manovikRtiyoM kA kAraNa damana aura pratirodha hI mAnA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI isa mAnyatA ko jhuThalAyA bhI nahIM jA sakatA ki icchA-nirodha aura manonigraha mAnasika-svAsthya ke lie ahitakara haiN| yahI nahIM, icchAoM ke damana meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hotI hai, ve damita icchAe~ utane hI vega se vikRta rUpa meM prakaTa hokara kevala apanI hI pUrti kA prayAsa hI nahIM karatI haiM, varan manuSya ke vyaktitva ko bhI vikRta banA detI haiN| yadihama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM, to phira naitika-jIvana se isa damana kI dhAraNA ko hI samApta kara denA hogaa| samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM meM damanakIanaucityatA- prazna uThatA hai ki kyA bhAratIya nIti-nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi se yaha tathya ojhala thA? bAta aisI nahIM hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kI dRSTi meM damanoM ke anaucitya kI dhAraNAatyanta spaSTa thI, jise sapramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina-darzana meM manonigraha kA anaucitya- jaina-paramparA apane pAribhASikazabdoM meM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki sAdhanA kA saccA mArga aupazamika nahIM, varan kSAyika hai| jaina-dRSTikoNa ke anusAra aupazamika-mArga vaha mArga hai, jisameM mana kI vRttiyoM yA nihita vAsanAoM ko dabAkara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hA jAtA hai| icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI aupazamika-mArga hai| jaise Aga ko rAkha se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai, vaise hI upazama meM karma-saMskAra yA vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAte hue naitikatA ke mArga para Age bar3hA jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM yaha damana kA mArga hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM bhI vAsanAsaMskAra ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kA mArga damana kA mArga hai| yaha mana kI zuddhi kA vAstavika mArga nahIM hai| yaha to mAnasika-gaMdagI ko DhakanA yA chipAnA mAtra hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne guNasthAna-prakaraNa meM batAyA hai ki vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kI yaha avasthA naitika-vikAsa meM Age taka nahIM calatI hai| aisA sAdhaka vikAsa kI agrima kakSAoM se anivAryatayA padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jisa damana ko Adhunika manovijJAna meM vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, vahI vicAraNA jainadarzana meM bhI maujUda thii|jain-vicaarnnaa ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka upazama (damana) ke AdhAra para naitika tathA AdhyAtmikapragati karatA hai, to vaha apane lakSya ke atyadhika nikaTa pahu~cakara bhI puna: patita ho jAtA

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516 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai| jaina-darzana kI pAribhASika-zabdAvalI meM kaheM, to upazama evaM kSayopazama-mArga kA sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke 14 guNasthAnoM meM se 11 veM guNasthAna taka pahuMcakara vahAM se giratA hai aura puna: prathama mithyAtva-guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai| yaha tathya jaina-sAdhanA meM damana ke anaucitya ko spaSTa kara detA hai| bauddha-darzana meM damanakAanaucitya- buddha ke madhyamamArga ke upadeza kA sAra yahI hai ki AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke mArga meM vAsanAoM kAdamana itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA unase Upara uTha jaanaa| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga aura vAsanAoM ke bhoga kA mArga-donoM hI buddha kI dRSTi meM sAdhanA ke sacce mArga nahIM haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne jisa madhyama-mArga kA upadeza diyA, usakA Azaya yahI thA ki sAdhanA meM damana para jo atyadhika jora diyA jA rahA thA. use kama kiyA jaae| bauddha-sAdhanA kA Adarza to cittazAnti hai, jabaki damana to cittakSobha yA mAnasika-dvandva ko hI janma detA hai| bauddhAcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki citta kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI, ata: isa taraha baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika-kSobha utpanna na ho| damana kI prakriyA citta-kSobha kI prakriyA hai, citta-zAnti kI nhiiN| zAntibhikSuzAstrI bodhicaryAvatAra kI bhUmikA meM likhate haiM ki buddha ke dharma meM jahA~ dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA pApa mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ apane ko pIr3A denA bhI anArya-karma kahA gayA hai|saugttntr ne bhI Atma-pIr3ana ke mArga ko ThIka nahIM smjhaa| kyA damana-mAtra se cittavikSobhasarvathA calA jAtA hogA? dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI, svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoNgii|' jaba taka bhogalipsA hai, taba taka cittakSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra, bauddha-vicAraNA ko damana kA pratyaya abhipreta nahIM hai| damana ke virodha meM uTha khar3I bauddha-vicAraNA kI carama pariNati cAhe vAmAcAra ke rUpa meM huI ho, lekina usakA damana kA virodha to avAstavika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| citta-zAnti ke sAdhanA-mArga meM damana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| gItAmeM damanakAanaucitya- yadi gaharAI se dekheM, to gItA bhI damana yA nigraha ke anaucitya ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki prANI apanI prakRti ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karate haiM, ve nigraha kaise kara sakate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki jo zarIra-rUpa se sthita bhUta-samudAya ko, arthAt zarIra, mana aura indriya Adi ke rUpa meM pariNata hue paMcamahAbhUtoM ko tathA anta:karaNa meM sthita mujha paramAtmA ko kRza karane vAle haiM, ve saba AsurI-svabhAvavAle haiN| yogavAsiSTha meM bhI yaha bAta aura adhika spaSTa rUpa se kahI gaI hai ki he rAjarSi ! tInoM logoM meM jitane bhI prANI haiM, svabhAva se hI unakI deha

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 517 dvayAtmaka hai, jaba taka zarIra hai, zarIra-dharma svabhAva se hI anivArya hai, prAkRtika-vAsanA kA damana yA nirodha nahIM hotAgItAkAra kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki yadyapi viSayoM ko grahaNa nahIM karane vAle, arthAt indriyoM ko unake viSayoM ke upabhoga karane se roka dene vAle vyaktiyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ke bhoga kA to nigraha ho jAtA hai, tathApi unakA rasa banA rahatA hai, arthAt bhoga-saMskAra mUlata: naSTa nahIM ho pAte aura anukUla paristhitiyoM meM puna: utpanna ho jAte haiN|40 rasavarjara-so'pyasya' kA pada spaSTa rUpa se yaha saMketa karatA hai ki gItA meM naitika-vikAsa kA vAstavika mArga, nigraha yA nirodhakA mArga nahIM hai| isa prakAra, gItA to icchAoM ke dvandvako samApta karanA cAhatI hai, lekina damana meM dvandvasamApta nahIM hotA, varan ulTA bar3ha jAtA hai, ata: use yaha damana kA mArga svIkArya nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra, na kevala jaina AcAra-darzana meM damana ko anucita mAnA gayA hai, varan bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana kA sAdhanA-mArga, vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, vAsanA kA kSayajaina-dRSTi meM vikAsa kA saccA mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, unakA kSaya karanA hai| prazna yaha hai ki vAsanAoM ke kSaya aura nirodha meM kyA aMtara hai? / nirodha se citta meM vAsanA uThatI hai aura phira use dabAyA jAtA hai, jabaki kSaya meM vAsanA kA uThanA hI zanai:-zanai: kama hokara samApta ho jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM damana meM vAsanA (Id) aura naitika-mana (Super ego) meM saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai, lekina kSaya meM yaha saMgharSa nahIM hotA hai, vahA~ to vAsanA uThatI hI nahIM hai| damana yA upazama meM hameM krodha AtA hai aura hama use dabAte haiM, yA use abhivyakta hone se rokate haiM, jabaki kSAyikabhAva meM krodhAdi ke bhAva hI samApta ho jAte haiN| jise sAdhAraNa bhASA meM gussA pI jAnA kahate haiM, vahI upazama hai| usameM lokamaryAdA Adi bAhya-tattva hI usake nirodha kA kAraNa banate haiM, isalie yaha Atmika-vikAsa nahIM hai, varan usakA DhoMga hai, eka Aropita-AvaraNa hai| yahA~ para yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki Agama-granthoM meM mana-nirodha kI bAta aneka sthAnoM para kahI gaI hai, usakA kyA artha hai ? lekina, vahA~ para nirodha kA artha damana nahIM lagAnA cAhie, anyathA aupazamika aura kSAyika-dRSTiyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAegA, ata: vahA~ para nirodha kA artha kSAyika-dRSTi se hI karanA samucita hai| prazna hotA hai ki kSAyika-dRSTi se mana kA zuddhikaraNa kaise kiyA jAe ? uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana ke nigraha ke viSaya meM jo rUpaka prastuta kiyA gayA hai, usameM zramaNa kezI gautama se pUchate haiM ki Apa

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518 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ekabhayAnakaduSTa azva para savAra haiM, jo bar3I tIvra gati se bhAgatA hai, vaha Apa ko unmArga kI ora na le jAkara sanmArga para kaise le jAtA hai ? gautama isa lAkSaNika-carcA ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki yaha mana hI sAhasika duSTa azva hai, jo cAroM ora bhAgatA hai| jAtivAna azva kI taraha zrutarUpI rassiyoM se bAMdhakara samatva evaM dharma-zikSA se usakA nigraha karatA huuN| isa gAthA meM do zabda mahatvapUrNa haiM, 'samme' tathA 'dhammasikkhAye' / dharma-zikSaNa dvArA mana kA nigraha karane kA artha damana nahIM, varan usakA udAttIkaraNa hai| dharma-zikSaNa kA artha hai-mana ko sadpravRttiyoM meM lagA denA, tAki vaha anartha ke mArga para jAe hI nhiiN| aise hI zrutarUpa rassI se bAMdhane kA artha hai-viveka evaM jJAna ke dvArA use ThIka mArga para claanaa| samatva ke dvArA kiyA gayA nigraha damana nahIM hai, varan ise saMtulita banAnA hai| mana kA saMtulana damana meM to saMbhava hI nahIM, kyoMki vaha to saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| jaba taka vAsanAoM kA saMgharSa hai, taba taka samatva ho hI nahIM sktaa| jaina sAdhanA-paddhati to samatva (samabhAva) kI sAdhanA hai| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga tocittakSobha utpanna karatA hai, ata: vaha use svIkAra nahIM hai| jainasAdhanA kA Adarza kSAyika-sAdhanA hai, jisameM vAsanA kA damana nahIM, varan vAsanAzUnyatA hI sAdhaka kA lakSya hai| gItA meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki mana ke vigraha kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai, vaha hai-vairAgya aura abhyaas| vairAgya manovRttiyoM tathA vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, vaha to bhogoM kI anukUla aura pratikUla sthitiyoM meM anAsakta-vRtti hai| dUsarI ora, abhyAsa zabda bhI damana kA samarthaka nahIM hai| yadi gItAkAra ko damana hI iSTa hotA, to phira vaha abhyAsa kI bAta hI nahIM krtaa| abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA damana meM nahIM hotI, vAsanAoM ko damita nahIM karanA ho, to phira kramika prayAsa kisalie? abhyAsa to vAsanAoM ke vilayana, pariSkAra yA udAttIkaraNa ke lie hai| naitika-vikAsa ke lie mAtra vAsanA kI vRttiyoM kA vilayana Avazyaka hai| vAsanAkSaya evaM manojaya kA samyak mArga-citta-vRttiyoM kA vilayana kaise ho, isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki mana jina-jina viSayoM meM pravRtta hotA ho, unase use balAt nahIM rokanA cAhie, kyoMki balAtra rokane se vaha usa ora aura adhika daur3ane lagatA hai aura na rokane se zAnta ho jAtA hai| jaise madonmatta hAthI ko rokA jAe, to vaha usa ora adhika prerita hotA hai aura use narokA jAe, to vaha apane iSTa viSayoM ko prApta karake zAnta ho jAtA hai| yahI sthiti mana kI hai| sAdhaka apane-apane viSaya ko grahaNa karatI huI indriyoM ko na to roke aura na unheM pravRtta kre| vaha kevala itanA dhyAna rakhe ki viSayoM ke prati rAga-dveSa utpanna na ho| vaha pratyeka sthiti meM taTastha banA rhe| vaha apanI

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna vRtti ko udAsIna banA le aura kiMcit bhI cintana yA saMkalpa-vikalpa na kre| jo cittasaMkalpoM se vyAkula hotA hai, usameM sthiratA nahIM A sakatI / 43 isa prakAra, kamanIya rUpa ko dekhatA huA bhI, sundara aura manojJa vANI ko sunatA huA bhI, sugaMdhita padArthoM ko sUMghatA huA bhI, rasa kA AsvAdana karatA huA bhI, komala padArthoM kA sparza karatA huA bhI aura citta ke vyApAroM ko na rokatA huA bhI udAsIna bhAva se yukta, pUrNa samabhAvI tathA Asakti kA parityAga kara bAhya aura Antarika- cintAoM evaM ceSTAoM se rahita hokara vaha ekAgratA ko prApta karake atIva unmanIbhAva (anAsakta-bhAva ) ko prApta kara letA hai| 44 519 udAsInabhAva meM nimagna, saba prakAra ke prayatna se rahita aura paramAnanda-dazA kI bhAvanA karane vAlA yogI kisI bhI jagaha mana ko nahIM jor3atA hai| isa prakAra, AtmA jaba mana kI upekSA kara detA hai, to vaha upekSita mana indriyoM kA Azraya nahIM karatA, arthAt indriyoM meM preraNA utpanna nahIM krtaa| aisI sthiti meM indriyA~ bhI apane-apane viSaya meM pravRtti karanA chor3a detI haiN| jaba AtmA mana meM preraNA utpanna nahIM karatA aura mana indriyoM ko prerita nahIM karatA, taba donoM tarapha se bhraSTa banA huA mana apane-Apa vilIna ho jAtA hai| jaba mana preraka nahIM rahatA, to pahale rAkha se AvRtta agni kI taraha zAnta ho jAtA hai aura phira pUrNa rUpa se usakA kSaya ho jAtA hai, arthAt cintA, smRti Adi usake sabhI vyApAra naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba vAyu - vihIna sthAna meM sthApita dIpaka jaise nirAbAdha prakAzamAna hotA hai, usI prakAra manovRttiyoM kI caMcalatArUpI vAyu kA abhAva ho jAne se AtmA meM karma-mala se rahita zuddha Atma-jJAna kA prakAza hotA hai| 45 jainAcAryoM ne isa prakAra vAsanAoM evaM mana ke vilayana kI jo avasthA batAI, vaha sahaja hI sAdhya nahIM hai| usake lie mana ko aneka avasthAoM meM se gujaranA hotA hai, ataH mana kI ina avasthAoM para bhI thor3A vicAra kara liyA jaae| jaina- darzana meM mana kI cAra avasthAe~- jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM naitika jIvana kI AdhArabhUmi hai, ata: citta kI vibhinna avasthAoM para vyakti ke naitika-vikAsa ko A~kA jA sakatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne mana kI cAra avasthAe~ mAnI haiM- 1. vikSipta mana, 2. yAtAyAta-mana, 3. zliSTa - mana aura 4. sulIna -mana 146 1. vikSipta - mana- yaha caMcala hotA hai, idhara-udhara bhaTakatA rahatA hai, isakA Alambana pramukhatayA bAhya viSaya hotA hai| yaha mana kI asthira avasthA hai| isameM saMkalpavikalpa yA vicAroM kI bhAga-daur3a macI rahatI hai, ata: isa avasthA meM mAnasika-zAnti

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520 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA abhAva hotA hai| yaha citta pUrI taraha bahirmukhI hotA hai| 2. yAtAyAta-mana- yAtAyAta mana kabhI bAhya-viSayoM kI ora jAtA hai, to kabhI andara sthita hone kA prayatna karatA hai| yaha yogAbhyAsa ke prArambha kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta apane pUrvAbhyAsa ke kAraNa bAharI viSayoM kI ora daur3atA rahatA hai, vaise thor3e-bahuta prayatna se use sthita kara liyA jAtA hai| kucha samaya usa para sthira rahakara puna: bAhya-viSayoM ke saMkalpa-vikalpa meM ulajha jAtA hai| jaba-jaba kucha sthira hotA hai, taba mAnasika-zAnti evaM Ananda kA anubhava karane lagatA hai| yAtAyAta-citta kathaMcitantarmukhI aura kathaMcit-barhimukhI hotA hai| 3. zliSTamana- yaha mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta kI sthiratA kA AdhAra yA Alambana prazasta-viSaya hotA hai| isameM jaise-jaise sthiratA AtI hai, Ananda bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| 4.sulIna-mana- yaha mana kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM saMkalpa-vikalpa evaM mAnasika -vRttiyoM kA laya ho jAtA hai| ise mana kI niruddhAvasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha paramAnanda kI avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM sabhI vAsanAoM kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| bauddha-darzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAe~- abhidhammatthasaMgaho ke anusAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI citta cAra prakAra kA hai- 1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottr| __ 1. kAmAvacara-citta- yaha citta kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| isameM vitarka evaM vicAroM kI adhikatA hotI hai| mana sAMsArika-bhogoM ke pIche bhaTakatA rahatA hai| 2. rUpAvacara-citta- isa avasthA meM vitarka-vicAra to hote haiM, lekina ekAgratA kA prayatna bhI hotA hai| citta kA Alambana bAhya-sthUla viSaya hI hote haiN| yaha yogAbhyAsI citta kI prAthamika-avasthA hai| 3. arUpAvacara-citta- isa avasthA meM citta kA Alambana rUpavAn bAhyapadArtha nahIM haiN| isa stara para citta kI vRttiyoM meM sthiratA hotI hai, lekina usakI ekAgratA nirviSaya nahIM hotii| usake viSaya atyanta sUkSma, jaise-ananta AkAza, ananta vijJAna yA akiJcanatA hote haiN| 4. lokottara-citta- isa avasthA meM vAsanA-saMskAra; rAga-dveSa evaM moha kA prahANa ho jAtA hai| isa avasthAko prApta kara lene para nizcita rUpase arhat-pada evaM nirvANa

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 521 kI prApti ho jAtI hai| yogadarzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~- yogadarzana meM cittabhUmi (mAnasika - avasthA) ke pA~ca prakAra haiM- 1.kSipta, 2. mUDha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddha / 1. kSipta-citta- isa avasthA meM citta rajoguNa ke prabhAva meM rahatA hai aura eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya para daur3atA rahatA hai, sthiratA nahIM rhtii| yaha avasthA yoga ke anukUla nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM mana aura indriyoM para saMyama nahIM rhtaa| 2. mUr3ha-citta- isa avasthA meM tama kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura isase nidrA, Alasya Adi kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| nidrAvasthA meM citta kI vRttiyoM kA kucha kAla ke lie tirobhAva ho jAtA hai, parantu yaha avasthA yogAvasthA nahIM hai| ____ 3. vikSipta-citta- vikSiptAvasthA meM mana thor3I dera ke lie eka viSaya meM lagatA hai, para turanta hI anya viSaya kI ora daur3a jAtA hai aura pahalA viSaya chUTa jAtA hai| yaha citta kI AMzika sthiratA kI avasthA hai| 4. ekAgra-citta- yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM citta dera taka eka viSaya para lagA rahatA hai| yaha kisI vastu para mAnasika-kendrIkaraNa yA dhyAna kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta kisI viSaya para vicAra yA dhyAna karatA rahatA hai, isalie isameM bhI sabhI cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha nahIM hotA, tathApi yaha yoga kI pahalI sIr3hI hai| 5. niruddha-citta- isa avasthA meM citta kI sabhI vRttiyoM kA (dhyeya-viSaya taka kA bhI) lopa ho jAtA hai aura citta apanI svAbhAvika sthira, zAMta avasthA meM A jAtA hai| jaina, bauddha aura yoga-darzana meM mana kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM ke nAmoM meM cAhe antara ho, lekina unake mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa meM koI antara nahIM hai, jaisA ki nimna tAlikA se spaSTa haibauddhadarzana yogadarzana vikSipta kAmAvacara kSipta evaM mUr3ha yAtAyAta rUpAvacara vikSipta zliSTa arUpAvacara ekAgra sulIna lokottara jainadarzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddhadarzana kA kAmAvacara-citta aura yogadarzana ke kSiA aura darida samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM jainadarzana - -- niruddha

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAmanAoM kI bahulatA hotI hai| isI prakAra, jainadarzana kA yAtAyAta-mana, bauddha darzana kA rUpAvacara- citta aura yogadarzana kA vikSipta-citta bhI samAnArthaka hai, sAmAnyatayA sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM alpakAlika sthiratA hotI hai tathA vAsanAoM ke vega meM thor3I kamI avazya ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra, jaina-darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha darzana kA arUpAvacara - citta aura yogadarzana kA ekAgra citta bhI samAna hI haiN| sabhI ne isako mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA kahA hai / citta kI antima avasthA, jise jainadarzana meM sulIna-mana, bauddha darzana meM lokottara - citta aura yogadarzana meM niruddha-citta kahA gayA hai, bhI samAna artha - dyotaka haiN| isameM vAsanA, saMskAra evaM saMkalpa - vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai| samagra naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya citta kI isa vAsanA-saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa se rahita avasthA ko prApta karanA hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki krama se abhyAsa bar3hAte hue, arthAt vikSipta se yAtAyAta - citta kA, yAtAyAta se zliSTa kA aura zliSTa se sulIna-citta kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| isa taraha abhyAsa karane se nirAlambana-dhyAna hone lagatA hai| nirAlambana-dhyAna meM samatva prApta karake paramAnanda kA anubhava karanA caahie| yogI ko cAhie ki vaha bahirAtmabhAva kA tyAga karake antarAtmA ke sAtha sAmIpya sthApita kare aura paramAtmamaya banane ke lie nirantara paramAtmA kA dhyAna kare 149 522 isa prakAra, citta-vRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana bhI samAlocya AcAradarzanoM kA pramukha lakSya rahA hai| inake dvArA hI mana kSobha utpanna hotA hai, jisase cetanA ke samatva kA bhaMga hotA hai, ata: Age isa prazna para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki ye citta-kSobha ko utpanna karane vAlI manovRttiyA~ kaunasI haiM aura inakA naitika - jIvana kyA sambandha hai ? sandarbha graMtha - gItA, 7/4, 13 /5. 2. yogavAziSTha nirvANa prakaraNa, 78 / 21, 3 / 91 / 31,3/91/37, 3 / 95/40, 3/ 96/41. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR. 74. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR. 140. vahI bhAratIya darzana, pR. 284-85. 1. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika-jIvana meM usakA sthAna 523 7. samapraoNblemsa Aphajaina sAikolAjI, pR. 29. 8. (a) maitrANyupaniSad, 4/11. (ba) brahmabindUpaniSad, 2. sAgara-samaya kA mApa-vizeSa. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/56. yogazAstra, 438. 12. dhammapada,1. vahI, 2. 14. vahI, 42. vahI, 43. 16. vahI,37. 17. laMkAvatArasUtra, 145. maitrANyupaniSad, 4/11, tejobindUpaniSad, 5/95. gItA, 3/40. vahI, 3/27. 21. vivekacUDAmaNi, 175-176. 22. gItA,3/40. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR. 140 tathA bhAga 2, pR. 311. 24. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/4. yogasUtra, 1/2. uttarAdhyayana, 23/58. vahI, 24/21. yogazAstra, 4/36-39. 29. dhammapada, 33-35. 30. gItA, 6/34. 31. vahI, 635. 32. vahI, 6/14.

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524 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 33. yogavAsiSTha, 3/99/46. 34. dekhie-guNasthAnArohaNa. 35. prajJopAyavinizcaya 5/40 udadhRta-bodhicaryAvatAra bhUmikA, pR. 20. 36. bodhicaryAvatAra bhUmikA, pR. 20. 37. gItA, 3/33. 38. vahI, 17/6. yogavAsiSTha, 105/109. gItA, 2/59. 41. vahI, 4/22,7/28, 1/55. 42. uttarAdhyayana, 23/58. yogazAstra, 12/27-28, 12/26, 12/19. vahI, 12/23-25. vahI, 12/33-36. yogazAstra, 12/2. 47. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR. 1. 48. bhAratIya darzana (dattA), pR. 190. yogazAstra, 12/5-6.

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 525 18 Sha manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~.) jaina-darzana meM manovRttiyoM ke viSaya meM do pramukha siddhAnta haiM- 1. kaSAya-siddhAnta aura 2. leshyaa-siddhaant| kaSAya-siddhAnta meM citta-kSobha ko utpanna karane vAlI azubha manovRttiyoM yA manovegoM kA pratipAdana hai aura lezyA-siddhAnta kA sambandha zubha evaM azubhadonoM prakAra kI manovRttiyoM se hai| kaSAya-siddhAnta samUcA jagat vAsanA se utpanna kaSAya kI agni se jhulasa rahA hai, ataeva zAntimArga ke pathika sAdhaka ke lie kaSAya kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| jaina-sUtroM meM sAdhaka vaM kaSAyoM se sarvathA dUra rahane ke lie kahA gayA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai hi anigrahita krodha aura mAna tathA bar3hatI huI mAyA tathA lobha-ye cAroM saMsAra bar3hAne-vAla. kaSAyeM punarjanmarUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karatI haiM, duHkha kA kAraNa haiM, ata: zAnti kA sAdhaka unheM tyAga de| __ kaSAya kA artha- kaSAya jainadharma kA pAribhASika-zabda hai| yaha 'kaSa' aura 'Aya'-ina do zabdoM ke mela se banA hai| kaSa' kAartha hai-saMsAra, karma athavA jnmmrnn| jisake dvArA prANI karmoM se bAMdhA jAtA hai, athavA jisase jIva puna:-puna: janmamaraNa ke cakra meM par3atA hai, vaha kaSAya hai| jo manovRttiyA~ AtmA ko kaluSita karatI haiM, unheM jainamanovijJAna kI bhASA meM kaSAya kahA jAtA hai| kaSAya anaitika-manovRttiyA~ haiN| kaSAya kI utpatti- vAsanA yAdharma-saMskAra se rAga-dveSa aura rAga-dveSa sekaSAya utpanna hote haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki pApa-karma ke do sthAna haiM- rAga aura dvess| rAga semAyA aura lobha tathA dveSa se krodha aura mAna utpanna hote haiN| rAga-dveSa kA kaSAyoM se kyA sambandha hai, isakA varNana vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM vibhinna nayoM (dRSTikoNoM) ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| saMgrahanaya ke vicAra se krodha aura mAna dveSarUpa haiM, jabaki mAyA aura lobha rAgarUpa haiM, kyoMki prathama do meM dUsare kIahita-bhAvanA hai aura antimado meM apanI svArthasAdhanA kA lakSya hai| vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se krodha, mAna aura mAyA-tInoM dveSarUpa haiM, kyoMki mAyA bhI dUsare ke vighAta kA vicAra hI hai| kevala lobha akelA rAgAtmaka hai, kyoMki usameM mamatvabhAva hai| RjusUtranaya kI dRSTi se kevala krodha hI dveSarUpa hai| zeSa kaSAyatrika ko RjusUtranaya kI dRSTi se na to kevala rAga-prerita kahA jA sakatA hai, na kevala dveSa

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai prerita / rAga- pra - prerita hone para ve rAga-rUpa haiM aura dveSa - prerita hone para dveSarUpa hotI haiN|' cAroM kaSAyeM vAsanA ke rAga-dveSAtmaka pakSoM kI AvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| vAsanA kA tattva apanI tIvratA kI avidheyAtmaka avasthA meM rAga aura niSedhAtmaka avasthA meM dveSa ho aura dveSa ke bhAva bAhya AvegAtmaka abhivyakti meM kaSAya kahe jAte haiN| kaSAya ke bheda - AvegoM kI avasthAe~ bhI tIvratA (Intenstiy) kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM hotI haiM, ata: tIvra AvegoM ko kaSAya aura maMda Avega yA tIvra AvegoM ke prerakoM ko no- kaSAya (upa- kaSAya) kahA gayA hai| kaSAyeM cAra haiM- 1. krodha, 2. mAna, 3. mAyA aura 4. lobha / AvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para inameM se pratyeka ko cAracAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai - 1. tIvratama, 2 tIvratara 3. tIvra aura 4. alpa / naitika dRSTi se tIvratama krodha Adi vyakti ke samyak dRSTikoNa meM vikAra lA dete haiN| tIvratara krodha Adi Atma-niyantraNa kI zakti ko chinna-bhinna kara DAlate haiN| tIvra krodha Adi AtmaniyantraNa kI zakti ke uccatama vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiN| alpa krodha Adi vyakti ko pUrNa vItarAga nahIM hone dete / cAroM kaSAyoM ke tIvratA ke AdhAra para cAra-cAra bheda haiM, ataH kaSAyoM kI saMkhyA 16 ho jAtI hai| nimna nau upa-Avega, upa-kaSAya yA kaSAya- preraka mAne gae haiM- 1. hAsya, 2. rati, 3. arati, 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6, ghRNA, 7. strIveda ( puruSa - samparka kI vAsanA), 8. puruSaveda (strI- samparka kI vAsanA), 9. napuMsakaveda (donoM samparka kI vAsanA / isa prakAra kula 25 kaSAyeM haiM' / krodha 526 - yaha eka mAnasika, kintu uttejaka Avega hai| uttejita hote hI vyakti bhAvAviSTa ho jAtA hai| usakI vicAra-kSamatA aura tarka-zakti lagabhaga zithila ho jAtI hai / bhAvAtmaka sthiti meM bar3he hue Aveza kI vRtti yuyutsA ko janma detI hai| yuyutsA se amarSa aura amarSa se AkramaNa kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra krodha aura bhaya meM yahI mukhya antara hai ki krodha ke Aveza meM AkramaNa kA aura bhaya ke Aveza meM Atma-rakSA kA prayatna hotA hai| - - jaina- vicAra meM sAmAnyatayA krodha ke do rUpa mAnya haiM- 1. dravya-krodha, 2. bhAvakrodha' / dravya-krodha ko Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se krodha kA AMgika-pakSa kahA jA sakatA hai, jisake kAraNa krodha meM hone vAle zArIrika parivartana hote haiN| bhAvakrodha krodha kI mAnasika avasthA hai / krodha kA anubhUtyAtmaka-pakSa bhAva- krodha hai, jabaki krodha kA abhivyaktyAtmaka yA zarIrAtmaka pakSa dravya-krodha hai| krodha ke vibhinna rUpa haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM isake dasa samAnArthaka nAma varNita haiM- 1. krodha- Avega kI uttejanAtmaka avasthA, 2. -

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 527 kopa-krodha se utpanna svabhAva kI caMcalatA, 3. doSa- svayaM para yA dUsare para doSa thopanA, 4. roSa-krodha kA parisphuTa rUpa, 5. saMjvalana-jalana yA IrSyA kI bhAvanA, 6. akSamAaparAdha kSamA na karanA, 7. kalaha- anucita bhASaNa karanA, 8. caNDikya- ugra rUpa dhAraNa karanA, 9. maMDana- hAthApAI karane para utArU honA, 10. vivAda-AkSepAtmaka - bhASaNa krnaa| krodha ke prakAra-krodha ke Avega kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ke AdhAra para cAra bheda kie gae haiN| ve isa bhAMti haiM 1. anantAnubaMdhI-krodha (tIvratamakrodha)- patthara meM par3I darAra ke samAna krodha, jo kisI ke prati eka bAra utpanna hone para jIvana-paryanta banA rahe, kabhI samApta na ho| 2. apratyAkhyAnI-krodha (tIvratara krodha)- sUkhate hue jalAzaya kI bhUmi meM par3I darAra jaise AgAmI varSA hote hI miTa jAtI hai, vaise hI apratyAkhyAnI-krodha eka varSa se adhika sthAI nahIM rahatA aura kisI ke samajhAne se zAnta ho jAtA hai| 3. pratyAkhyAnI-krodha (tIvra krodha)- bAlU kI rekhA jaise havA ke jhokoM se jaldI hI miTa jAtI hai, vaise hI pratyAkhyAnI-krodha cAra mAsa se adhika sthAI nahIM hotaa| 4.saMjvalana-krodha (alpakrodha)- zIghra hI miTa jAne vAlI pAnI meM khIMcI gaI rekhA ke samAna isa krodha meM sthAyitva nahIM hotA hai| bauddha-darzana meM krodhake tIna prakAra- bauddha-darzana meM bhI krodha ko lekara vyaktiyoM ke tIna prakAra mAne gae haiM- 1. ve vyakti, jinakA krodha patthara para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna cirasthAyI hotA hai, 2. ve vyakti, jinakA krodha pRthvI para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna alpasthAI hotA hai, 3. ve, jinakA krodha pAnI para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna asthAI hotA hai| donoM paramparAoM meM prastuta dRSTAnta- sAmya vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai|' mAna (ahaMkAra) ahaMkAra karanA mAna hai| ahaMkAra kula, bala, aizvarya, buddhi, jAti, jJAna Adi kisI bhI vizeSatA kA ho sakatA hai| manuSya meM svAbhimAna kI mUla pravRtti hai hI, parantu jaba svAbhimAna kI vRtti dambha yA pradarzana kA rUpa le letI hai, taba manuSya apane guNoM evaM yogyatAoM kA bar3he-car3he rUpa meM pradarzana karatA hai aura isa prakAra usake anta:karaNa meM mAnavRtti kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| abhimAnI manuSya apanIahaMvRtti kA poSa karatA rahatA hai| use apane se bar3hakara yA apanI barAbarI kA guNI vyakti koI dikhatA hI nhiiN| jaina-paramparA meM prakArAntara se mAna ke ATha bheda mAnya haiM- 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zakti), 4. aizvarya, 5. buddhi (sAmAnya buddhi), 6. jJAna (sUtroM kA jJAna), 7. saundarya

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528 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura 8. adhikAra (prbhutaa)| ina ATha prakAra kI zreSThatAoM kA ahaMkAra karanA gRhastha evaM sAdhu-donoM ke lie sarvathA varjita hai| inheM mada bhI kahA gayA hai| mAna nimna bAraha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai : 1.mAna- apane kisI guNa para ahaMvRtti, 2. mada- ahaMbhAva meM tanmayatA, 3. darpa- uttejanA-pUrNa ahaMbhAva, 4. stambha- avinamratA, 5. garva- ahaMkAra, 6. atyukroza- apane ko dUsare se zreSTha kahanA, 7. paraparivAdaparanindA, 8. utkarSa-apanA aizvarya prakaTa karanA, 9. apakarSa-dUsaroM ko tuccha samajhanA, 10. unnatanAma- guNI ke sAmane bhI na jhukanA, 11. unnata- dUsaroM ko tuccha samajhanA, 12. purnAma- yathocita rUpa se na jhuknaa| ahaMbhAva kI tIvratA aura mandatA ke anusAra mAna ke bhI cAra bheda haiM__ 1. anaMtAnubandhI-mAna- patthara ke khambhe ke samAna jo jhukatA nahIM, arthAt jisameM vinamratA nAmamAtra ko bhI nahIM hai| 2. apratyAkhyAnI-mAna- haDDI ke samAna kaThinatA se jhukane vAlA, arthAt jo vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM bAhya-dabAva ke kAraNa vinamra ho jAtA hai| 3. pratyAkhyAnI-mAna- lakar3I ke samAna thor3e se prayatna se jhuka jAne vAlA, arthAt jisake antara meM vinamratA to hotI hai, lekina jisakA prakaTana vizeSa sthiti meM hI hotA hai| 4. saMjvalana-mAna- beMta ke samAna atyanta saralatA se jhuka jAne vAlA, arthAt jo Atma-gaurava ko rakhate hue bhI vinamra banA rahatA hai| mAyA kapaTAcAra mAyA-kaSAya hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra isake pandraha nAma haiN| - 1. mAyA- kapaTAcAra, 2. upAdhi- Thagane ke uddezya se vyakti ke pAsa jAnA, 3. nikRtiThagane ke abhiprAya se adhika sammAna denA, 4. valaya- vakratApUrNa vacana, 5. gahana-Thagane ke vicAra se atyanta gUr3ha bhASaNa karanA, 6. nUma- Thagane ke hetu nikRSTa kArya karanA, 7. kalka- dUsaroM ko hiMsA ke lie ubhAranA, 8. karUpa- nindita vyavahAra karanA, 9. nihnatA- ThagAI ke lie kArya manda gati se karanA, 10. kilviNika- bhAMDoM ke samAna kuceSTA karanA, 11. AdaraNatA- anicchita kArya bhI apanAnA, 12. gUhanatA- apanI karatUta ko chipAne kA prayatna karanA, 13. vaMcakatA- ThagI, 14. prati-kuMcanatA- kisI ke sarala rUpase kahe gae vacanoM kA khaNDana karanA, 15. sAtiyoga- uttama vastu meM hIna vastu kI milAvaTa krnaa| yaha saba mAyA kI hI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| mAyA ke cAra prakAra-1.anaMtAnubandhI-mAyA (tIvratama kapaTAcAra)- atIva

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 529 kuTila, jaise bAMsa kI jar3a, 2. apratyAkhyAnI-mAyA (tIvratara kapaTAcAra)- bhaiMsa ke sIMga ke samAna kuTila, 3. pratyAkhyAnI-mAyA (tIvra kapaTAcAra)- gomUtra kIdhArA ke samAna kuTila, 4. saMjvalana-mAyA (alpa kapaTAcAra)- bAMsa ke chilake ke samAna kuttil| lobha mohanIya-karma ke udaya se citta meM utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA yA lAlasAlobha kahalAtI hai| lobha kI solaha avasthAe~ haiN|| - 1. lobha- saMgraha karane kI vRtti, 2. icchAabhilASA, 3. mUrchA- tIvra saMgraha-vRtti, 4. kAMkSA- prApta karane kI AzA, 5. gRddhiAsakti, 6. tRSNA- jor3ane kI icchA, vitaraNa kI virodhI vRtti, 7. mithyA-viSayoM kA dhyAna, 8. abhidhyA- nizcaya se Diga jAnA yA caMcalatA, 9. AzaMsanA- iSTa-prApti kI icchA karanA, 10. prArthanA- artha Adi kI yAcanA, 11. lAlapanatA- cATukAritA, 12. kAmAzA- kAma kI icchA, 13. bhogAzA- bhogya-padArthoM kI icchA, 14. jIvitAzA- jIvana kI kAmanA, 15. maraNAzA- marane kI kAmanA,1116. nandirAgaprApta sampatti meM anuraag| lobha ke cAra bheda-1.anaMtAnubandhI-lobha- majIThiyAraMga ke samAna, jo chUTe nahIM, arthAt atyadhika lobh| 2. apratyAkhyAnI-lobha- gAr3I ke pahie ke auganake samAna muzkila se chUTane vAlA lobh| 3. pratyAkhyAnI-lobha- kIcar3a ke samAna prayatna karane para chUTa jAne vAlA lobh| 4.saMjvalana-lobha-haldI ke lepakesamAna zIghratAse dUra ho jAnevAlA lobh| ___ nokaSAya-nokaSAyazabda dozabdoM ke yoga se banA hai, nokssaay| jaina-dArzanikoM ne 'no' zabda ko sAhacarya ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ina pradhAna kaSAyoM ke sahacArI-bhAvoM, athavA unakI sahayogI manovRttiyA~ jainaparibhASA meM nokaSAya kahI jAtI haiN| jahA~ pAzcAtya-manovijJAna meM kAma-vAsanA ko pramukha mUlavRtti tathA bhaya ko pramukha Avega mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana meM unheM sahacArIkaSAya yA upa-Avega kahA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki jahA~ pAzcAtyavicArakoM ne una para mAtra manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai, vahA~ jaina-vicAraNA meM jo mAnasika-tathya naitika-dRSTi se adhika azubha the, unheM kaSAya kahA gayA hai aura unake sahacArI athavA kAraka manobhAva ko nokaSAya kahA gayA hai| yadyapi manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se vicAra karane para nokaSAya ve prAthamika-sthitiyoM haiM, jinase kaSAyeM utpanna hotI haiM, tathApi AvegoM kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se nokaSAya kama tIvra hote haiM aura kaSAyeM adhika tIvra hotI haiN|

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana inheM kaSAya-kAraka bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina-granthoM meM inakI saMkhyA 9 mAnI gaI hai1. hAsya- sukha yA prasannatA kI abhivyakti hAsya hai| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra hAsya kA kAraNa pUrva karma yA vAsanA - saMskAra haiN| 2. zoka - iSTaviyoga aura aniSTayoga se sAmAnya vyakti meM jo manobhAva jAgrata hote haiM, ve zoka kahe jAte haiM / '' zoka cittavRtti kI vikalatA kA dyotaka hai" aura isa prakAra mAnasika- - samatva kA bhaMga karane vAlA hai| 3. rati ( ruci) - abhISTa padArthoM para prItibhAva, athavA indriya-viSayoM meM citta abhiratA hI rati hai / isake kAraNa hI Asakti evaM lobha kI bhAvanAe~ prabala hotI haiM | 16 530 4. arati - indriya-viSayoM meM aruci hI arati hai / aruci kA bhAva hI vikasita ghRNA aura dveSa banatA hai| rAga aura dveSa tathA ruci aura aruci meM pramukha antara yahI hai ki rAga aura dveSa manas kI sakriya avasthAe~ haiM, jabaki ruci aura aruci niSkriya avasthAe~ haiN| rati aura arati pUrva karma - saMskArajanita svAbhAvika ruci aura aruci kA bhAva hai| 5. ghRNA - ghRNA yA jugupsA aruci kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| aruci aura ghRNA meM kevala mAtrAtmaka antara hI hai / aruci kI apekSA ghRNA meM vizeSatA yaha hai ki aruci meM padArtha - vizeSa ke bhoga kI aruci hotI hai, lekina usakI upasthiti sahya hotI hai, jabaki ghRNA meM usakA bhoga aura usakI upasthiti donoM hI asahya hotI haiN| aruci kA vikasita rUpa ghRNA aura ghRNA kA vikasita rUpa dveSa hai| - 6. bhaya - kisI vAstavika yA kAlpanika tathya se AtmarakSA ke nimitta baca nikalane kI pravRtti hI bhaya hai| bhaya aura ghRNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki ghRNA ke mUla meM dveSabhAva rahatA hai, jabaki bhaya meM Atma-rakSaNa kA bhAva prabala hotA hai| ghRNA krodha aura dveSa kA eka rUpa hai, jabaki bhaya lobha yA rAga kI hI eka avasthA hai| jainAgamoM meM bhaya sAta prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai, jaise - 1. ihaloka -bhaya- yahA~ loka zabda saMsAra ke artha meM na hokara jAti ke artha meM bhI gRhIta hai| svajAti ke prANiyoM se, arthAt manuSyoM ke lie manuSyoM se utpanna hone vAlA bhaya, 2. paraloka-bhaya- anya jAti ke prANiyoM se hone vAlA bhaya, jaisemanuSyoM ke lie pazuoM kA bhaya, 3. AdAna-bhaya- dhana kI rakSA ke nimitta cora- - DAkU Adi bhaya ke bAhya-kAraNoM se utpanna bhaya, 4. akasmAt -bhaya- bAhya nimitta ke abhAva svakIya kalpanA se nirmita bhaya yA akAraNa bhaya / bhaya kA yaha rUpa mAnasika hI hotA hai, jise manovijJAna meM asAmAnya bhaya kahate haiN| 5. AjIvikA-bhaya- AjIvikA yA dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM kI samApti (viccheda) kA bhy| kucha granthoM meM isake sthAna para vedanA -

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 531 bhayakA ullekha hai| roga yA pIr3A kAbhaya vedanA-bhaya hai| 6. maraNa-bhaya- mRtyu kA bhaya; jaina aura bauddha-vicAraNA meM maraNa-dharmatA kA smaraNa to naitika-dRSTi se Avazyaka hai, lekina maraNa-bhaya (maraNAzA evaM jIvitAzA) ko naitika-dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai| 7. azloka (apayaza) bhaya- mAna-pratiSThA ko Thesa pahu~cane kA bhy|| 7. strIveda- strItva-saMbaMdhI kAma-vAsanA, arthAt puruSa se saMbhoga kI icchaa| jaina-vicAraNA meM liMga aura veda meM antara kiyA gayA hai| liMga AMgika-saMracanA kA pratIka hai, jabaki veda tatsambandhI vAsanAoM kI avasthA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki strI-liMga hone para strIveda ho hii| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra liMga (AMgika-racanA) kA kAraNa nAmaka-karma hai, jabaki veda (vAsanA ) kA kAraNa cAritramohanIya-karma hai| 8. puruSaveda-puruSatva sambandhI kAma-vAsanA, arthAt strI-saMbhoga kI icchaa| 9. napuMsakaveda-prANI meM strItva-sambandhI aura puruSatva-sambandhI, donoM vAsanAoM kA honA napuMsakaveda kahA jAtA hai| donoM ke saMbhoga kI icchA hI napuMsakaveda hai| kAma-vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra puruSakI kAmavAsanA zIghra hI pradIpta ho jAtI hai aura zIghra hI zAnta ho jAtI hai| strI kI kAmavAsanA derI se pradIpta hotI hai, lekina eka bAra pradIpta ho jAne para kAphI samaya taka zAnta nahIM hotii| napuMsaka kI kAmavAsanA zIghra pradIpta ho jAtI hai, lekina zAnta derI se hotI hai| isa prakAra, bhaya, zoka, ghRNA, hAsya, rati, arati aura kAmavikAra-ye upa-Avega haiN| ye bhI vyakti ke jIvana ko bahata prabhAvita karate haiN| krodha Adi kIzakti tIvra hotI hai, isalie ve Avega haiN| ye vyakti kI zArIrika aura mAnasika sthiti ko prabhAvita karane ke atirikta usake Antarika guNoM-samyak-dRSTikoNa, Atma-niyantraNa Adi ko bhI prabhAvita karate haiN| bhaya Adi upa-Avega vyakti ke Antarika-guNoM ko utanA pratyakSata: prabhAvita nahIM karate, jitanA zArIrika aura mAnasika-sthiti ko karate haiN| unakI zakti apekSAkRta kSINa hotI hai, isalie ve upa-Avega kahalAte haiN| kaSAya-jaya naitika-pragati kA AdhAra- jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra ukta 16 AvegoM (kaSAya) aura 9 upa-AvegoM (no-kaSAya) kA sIdhA sambandha vyakti ke caritrase hai| naitika-jIvana ke lie ina vAsanAoM evaM AvegoM se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vyakti inase Upara nahIM uThatA hai, vaha naitika-pragati nahIM kara sktaa| guNasthAna ArohaNa meM yaha tathya spaSTa rUpa se varNita hai ki naitika-vikAsa kI kisa avasthA meM kitanI kaSAyoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai aura kitanI zeSa rahatI haiN| naitikatA kI sarvocca bhUmikA samasta kaSAyoM ke samApta hone para hI prApta hotI hai|

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532 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-sUtroM meM ina cAra pramukha kaSAyoM ko 'caMDAla caukar3I' kahA gayA hai| inameM anantAnubandhI Adi jo vibhAga haiM, unako sadaiva dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie aura hamezA yaha prayatna karanA cAhie ki kaSAyoM meM tIvratA na Ae, kyoMki anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ke hone para sAdhaka anantakAla taka saMsAra-paribhramaNa karatA hai aura samyagdRSTi nahIM bana pAtA hai| yaha janma-maraNa ke roga kI asAdhyAvasthA hai| apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya ke hone para sAdhaka, zrAvaka yA gRhastha sAdhaka ke pada se gira jAtA hai| yaha sAdhaka ke AMzika cAritra kA nAza kara detI hai| yaha vikAroM kI duHsAdhyAvasthA hai| isI prakAra, pratyAkhyAnIkaSAya kI avasthA meM sAdhutva prApta nahIM hotaa| ise vikAroM kI prayatnasAdhyAvasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| sAdhaka ko apane jIvana meM uparyukta tInoM prakAra kI kaSAyoM ko sthAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki isase usakI sAdhanA yA cAritra-dharma kA nAza ho jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, sAdhaka ko apane andara saMjvalana-kaSAya ko bhI sthAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM sUkSmatama krodha-mAnA, mAyA aura lobha rahate haiM, sAdhaka apane lakSya-nirvANa kI prApti nahIM kara sktaa| saMkSepa meM, anantAnubandhI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratama avasthA yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai| apratyAkhyAnI-caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratara avasthA Atma-niyantraNa meM bAdhaka hai| pratyAkhyAnI-caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvra avasthA zramaNa-jIvana kI ghAtaka hai| isI prakAra, saMjvalana-caukar3I yA alpa-kaSAya pUrNa niSkAma yA vItarAga jIvana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai, isalie sAdhaka ko sUkSmatama kaSAyoM ko bhI dUra karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie, kyoMki inake hone para usakI sAdhanA meM pUrNatA nahIM A sktii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki Atma-hita cAhanevAlA sAdhaka pApa kI vRddhi karane vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ina cAra doSoM ko pUrNatayA chor3a de| naitika-jIvana kI sAdhanA karane vAlA inako kyoM chor3a de? isa tarka ke uttara meM dazavaikAlikasUtra meM inakI sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika-sadguNoM kA ghAta karane vAlI prakRti kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai- krodha prIti kA, mAna vinaya (namratA) kA, mAyA mitratA kA aura lobha sabhI sadguNoM kA nAza kara detA hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki mAna-vinaya, zruta, zIla-sadAcAra evaM trivarga kA ghAtaka hai, vaha vivekarUpI netroM ko naSTa karake manuSya ko andhA banA detA hai| krodha jaba utpanna hotA hai, to prathama Aga kI taraha usI ko jalAtA hai, jisameM vaha utpanna hotA hai| mAyA, avidyA aura asatya kI janaka hai aura zIlarUpI vRkSa ko naSTa karane meM kulhAr3e ke samAna tathA adhogati kI kAraNa hai| lobha samasta doSoM kI utpatti kI khAna hai, samasta sadguNoM ko nigala jAne vAlA rAkSasa hai, sAre duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa aura dharma tathA kAma-puruSArtha kA bAdhaka hai| yahA~ para vizeSa draSTavya yaha bhI hai ki kaSAyoM meM jahA~

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 533 krodha-mAnAdi ko eka yA adhika sadguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai, vahA~ lobha ko sarva sadguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai| lobha sabhI kaSAyoM meM nikRSTatama isalie hai ki vaha rAgAtmaka hai aura rAga yA Asakti hI samasta asatavRttiyoM kI janaka hai| muni nathamalajI sAmAjika-jIvana para hone vAle kaSAyoM ke pariNAmoM kI carcA karate hue likhate haiM ki hamAre matAnusAra (sAmAjika) sambandha-zuddhi kI kasauTI haiM- RjutA, mRdutA, zAnti aura tyAga se samanvita mnovRtti| hara vyakti meM cAra prakAra kI vRttiyA~ (kaSAya) hotI haiM :- 1. saMgraha, 2. Aveza, 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipaanaa)| cAra vRttiyA~ aura hotI haiN| ve ukta cAra pravRttiyoM kI pratipakSI haiM - 1. tyAga yA visarjana, 2. zAnti, 3. samAnatA yA mRdutA, 4. RjutA yA spsstttaa| ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ vaiyaktika haiM, isalie inheM anaitika aura naitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| inheM AdhyAtmika (vaiyaktika) doSa aura guNa kahA jA sakatA hai| ina vRttiyoM ke pariNAma samAja meM saMkrAnta hote haiN| unheM anaitika aura naitika kahA jA sakatA hai| pahale prakArakI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, nirapekSa-vyavahAra, krUra -vyavahAra, vishvaasghaat| 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke pariNAma- gAlI-galauja, yuddha, AkramaNa, prahAra, htyaa| garva (apane ko bar3A mAnane) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-ghRNA, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, kruur-vyvhaar| 4. mAyA (chipAne) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma- avizvAsa, amaitrIpUrNa vyvhaar| dUsare prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAmatyAga (visarjana) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma- prAmANikatA, sApekSa-vyavahAra, ashossnn| 2. zAnti kI manovRtti ke pariNAma- vAk-saMyama, anAkramaNa, samajhautA, smnvy| samAnatA kI manovRtti ke pariNAma- sApekSa-vyavahAra, prema, mRdu vyvhaar| 4. RjutA kI manovRtti ke pariNAma- maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, vishvaas| ataH, Avazyaka hai ki sAmAjika-jIvana kI zuddhi ke lie prathama prakAra kI vRttiyoM kA tyAga kara jIvana meM dUsare prakAra kI pratipakSI vRttiyoM ko sthAna diyA jaae| isa prakAra, vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-donoM hI jIvana kI dRSTiyoM se kaSAya-jaya Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra me kahA hai, krodhase AtmA adhogati ko jAtA hai aura mAna se bhI, mAyAse acchI gati (naitika-vikAsa) kA pratirodha ho jAtA hai, lobha se isa janma aura agale janma 3.

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana - donoM meM hI bhaya prApta hotA hai| 24 jo vyakti yaza, pUjA yA pratiSThA kI kAmanA karatA hai, mAna aura sammAna kI apekSA karatA hai, vaha vyakti apane mAna kI pUrti ke lie aneka prakAra ke pApa-karma karatA hai aura kapaTAcAra kA prazraya letA hai| 25 duSpUrya lobha kI pUrti meM lagA huA vyakti sadaiva hI duHkha uThAyA karatA hai, ataH ina janma-maraNarUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karane vAlI kaSAyoM kA parityAga kara denA caahie| 534 kaSAya-jaya kaise ? - prazna yaha hai ki mAnasika AvegoM (kaSAyoM) para vijaya kaise prApta kI jAe ? pahalI bAta yaha ki tIvra kaSAyodaya meM to viveka-buddhi prasupta hI ho jAtI hai, ata: viveka-buddhi se kaSAyoM kA nigraha sambhava nahIM raha jaataa| dUsare, icchApUrvaka bhI unakA nirodha sambhava nahIM, kyoMki icchA to svataH unase hI zAsita hone lagatI hai| pAzcAtya-dArzanika spInojA ke anusAra AvegoM kA niyaMtraNa saMkalpoM se bhI saMbhava nahIM, kyoMki saMkalpa to AvegAtmaka-svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI banate haiM aura usake hI eka aMga hote haiN| 26 tIsare, AvegoM kA nirodha bhI mAnasika svAsthya kI dRSTi se ahitakara mAnA gayA hai aura unakI kisI na kisI rUpa meM abhivyakti Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| tIvra AvegoM nirodha ke lie to eka hI mArga hai ki unheM unake virodhI AvegoM ke dvArA zithila kiyA jaae| spInojA kI mAnyatA yahI hai ki koI bhI Avega apane virodhI aura adhika zaktizAlI Avega ke dvArA hI niyaMtrita yA samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 27 jaina evaM anya bhAratIya-cintakoM ne isa sambandha meM yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zAnti se krodha ko, mRdutA se mAna ko, saralatA se mAyA ko aura santoSa se lobha ko jItanA cAhie / " AcArya kundakunda tathA AcArya hemacandra bhI yahI kahate haiM / " dhammapada kahA hai ki akrodha se krodha ko, sAdhutA se asAdhutA ko jIte tathA kRpaNatA ko dAna se aura mithyA bhASaNa ko satya se parAjita kre| 30 mahAbhArata meM bhI lagabhaga inhIM zabdoM meM ina vRttiyoM ke Upara vijaya prApta karane kA nirdeza hai| " mahAbhArata aura dhammapada kA yaha zabda - sAmya aura dazavaikAlika evaM dhammapada kA yaha vicAra - sAmya bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai| > vastutaH kaSAya hI Atma-vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiN| kaSAyoM kA naSTa ho jAnA hI bhavabhramaNa kA aMta hai| eka jainAcArya kA kathana hai, 'kaSAyamuktiH kila muktireva' - kaSAyoM se mukta honA hI vAstavika mukti hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki sAdhaka ko hamezA yahI vicAra karanA cAhie ki maiM na to krodha hU~, na mAna, na mAyA, na lobha hI hU~, arthAt ye merI AtmA ke guNa nahIM haiM, ataeva maiM na to inakA karttA hU~, na karavAtA hU~ aura na karane vAloM kA anumodana (samarthana karatA hU~ | 32 isa prakAra, kaSAyoM ko vikRti samajhakara sAdhaka zuddha Atma-svarUpa kA cintana

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) karate hue inase dUra hokara zIghra nirvANa prApta kara letA hai, kyoMki ina cAroM doSoM kA tyAga kara dene vAlA pApa nahIM karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobhaina cAra mahAdoSoM ko chor3a dene vAlA maharSi na to pApa karatA hai, na to karavAtA hai 33 / kaSAya-jaya se jIvanmukti ko prApta kara vaha niSkAma jIvana jItA hai| bauddha darzana aura kaSAya-jaya- dhammapada meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM huA hai| eka to usakA jaina- paramparA ke samAna dUSita cittavRti ke artha meM prayoga huA hai aura dUsare, saMnyasta jIvana ke pratIka gerUe vastroM ke artha meN| tathAgata kahate haiM- 'jo vyakti (rAgadveSAdi) kaSAyoM ko chor3e binA kASAya - vastroM (gerue kapar3oM) ko, arthAt saMnyAsa dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha saMyama ke yathArtha svarUpa se patita vyakti kASAya- vastroM (saMnyAsa - mArga) kA adhikArI nahIM hai, lekina jisane kaSAyoM (dUSita cittavRttiyoM) ko vamita kara diyA (taja diyA) hai, vaha saMyama ke yathArtha svarUpa se yukta vyakti kASAya - vastroM (saMnyAsa-mArga ) kA adhikArI hai| 34' bauddha-vicAra meM kaSAya zabda ke antargata kauna-kauna dUSita vRttiyA~ AtI haiM, isakA spaSTa ullekha hameM nahIM milA / krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ko bauddhavicAraNA meM dUSita citta vRtti ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA hai aura naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie unake parityAga kA nirdeza hai| buddha kahate haiM ki krodha ko chor3a do aura abhimAna kA tyAga kara do, samasta saMyojanoM ko tor3a do, jo puruSa nAma tathA rUpa meM Asakta nahIM hotA, (lobha nahIM karatA), jo akiMcana hai, usa para klezoM kA AkramaNa nahIM hotaa| jo uThate hue krodha ko usI taraha nigrahita kara letA hai, jaise sArathI ghor3e ko; vahI saccA sArathI hai (naitika - jIvana kA saccA sAdhaka hai), zeSa saba to mAtra lagAma pakar3ane vAle haiN| 35 bhikSuoM! lobha, dveSa aura moha pApacitta vAle manuSya ko apane bhItara hI utpanna hokara naSTa kara dete haiM, jaise kele ke per3a ko usI kA phala (kelaa)36| mAyAvI mara kara naraka meM utpanna prApta hotA hai| 7 suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki jo manuSya, jAti, dhana aura - gotra kA abhimAna karatA hai aura apane bandhuoM kA apamAna karatA hai, vaha usake parAbhava hai | jo krodha karatA hai, vairI hai tathA jo mAyAvI hai, use vRSala (nIca) jaano|" isa prakAra, bauddha darzana ina azubha- citta vRttiyoM kA niSedha kara sAdhaka ko inase Upara uThane kA saMdeza detA hai| - 535 gItA aura kaSAya-nirodha- yadyapi gItA meM kaSAyoM kA aisA caturvidha vargIkaraNa nahIM milatA, tathApi kaSAyoM ke rUpa meM jina azubha manovRttiyoM kA citraNa jainAgamoM meM hai, una sabhI azubha manovRttiyoM kA ullekha gItA meM bhI hai| hindU AcAra-darzana meM kaSAya zabda kA azubha manovRttiyoM ke artha meM prayoga virala hI huA hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM

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536 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaSAya zabda rAga-dveSa ke artha meM vyavahata huA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI kaSAya zabda kA prayoga azubha manovRttiyoM ke artha meM huA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki manuSya-jIvana kI tIna sIr3hiyoM, arthAt brahmacarya, gRhastha evaM vAnaprastha-Azrama meM kaSAyoM ko vijita kara phira saMnyAsa kA anusaraNa kreN"| gItA meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai, phira bhI gItA meM kaSAya-vRttiyoM kA vivecana hai| gItA kahatI hai ki 'dambha, darpa, mAna, krodha Adi AsurI sampadA haiN| 2 ahaMkAra, bala, darpa (mAna), kAma (lobha) aura krodha ke Azrita hokara manuSya apane aura dUsaroM ke zarIra meM sthita paramAtmA (AtmA) se dveSa karane vAle hote haiM, arthAt mAna, krodha, lobha Adi vikAroM ke vazIbhUta hokara AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko nahIM jAna pAte haiN| yaha kAma, krodha aura lobha AtmA kA nAza karane vAle (AtmA ko vikArI banAkara usake sva-lakSaNoM ko Avarita karane vAle) naraka ke dvAra haiM, ata: ina tInoM kA tyAga kara denA caahie| jo ina naraka ke dvAroM se mukta hokara apane kalyANa-mArga kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha paramagati ko prApta karatA hai| ina prakAra, krodha, mAna aura lobha-ina tIna kaSAyoM kA vivecana hameM gItA meM mila jAtA hai| gItA meM mAyA zabda kA prayoga to huA hai, lekina jisa nimnastarIya kapaTa-vRtti ke artha meM jaina-darzana meM usakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, usaartha meM usakA prayoga nahIM huA hai| vahA~ to vaha daivI mAyA (7/14) hai, phira bhI vaha naitika-vikAsa meM bAdhaka avazya mAnI gaI hai| gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki mAyA ke dvArA jinake jJAna kA apaharaNa ho gayA hai, aise AsurI-svabhAva se yukta, dUSita karmoM kA AcaraNa karanevAle, manuSyoM meM nIca, mUrkha mujha paramAtmA ko prApta nahIM hote| sArAMza yaha ki manovRttiyoM ke cAroM rUpa, jinheM jaina-vicAraNA kaSAya kahatI hai, gItA meM bhI nikRSTa mAne gae haiM aura naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke lie unakA parityAga karanA Avazyaka hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo manuSya isa zarIra ke nAza hone ke pahale hI kAma aura krodhase utpanna AvegoM (saMvegoM) ko sahana karane meM samartha hai, arthAt jo kAma evaM krodha kI bhAvanAoM se Upara uTha gayA hai, vahI yogI hai aura vahI sukhI hai| kAmakrodhAdi (kaSAya-vRttiyoM) se rahita, vijita-citta evaM vikArarahita AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnane vAlA jJAnI puruSa sabhI ora se brahma-nirvANa meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, arthAt jIvanmukta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM bhI jainadarzana ke samAna krodha (Aveza), mAna (ahaMkAra), mAyA (chipAne kI vRtti) aura lobha (saMgrahavRtti) Adi AvegoM ko vaiyaktika, AdhyAtmika-vikAsa evaM sAmAjika-sAbandhoM kI

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 537 zuddhi kI dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai| yadi vyakti ina AvegAtmaka-manovRttiyoM ko apane jIvana meM sthAna detA hai, to eka ora vaiyaktika-dRSTi se vaha apane AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai aura yathArtha-bodha se vaMcita rahatA hai, dUsarI ora, usakI ina vRttiyoM ke pariNAma sAmAjika-jIvana meM saMkrAnta hokara kramaza: saMgharSa (yuddha), zoSaNa, ghRNA (U~canIca kAbhAva) aura avizvAsako utpanna karate haiM aura pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvanavyavasthA astavyasta ho jAtI hai, ata: vaiyaktika-AdhyAtmika-vikAsa aura sAmaJjasyapUrNa sAmAjika jIvana-praNAlI ke lie AvegAtmaka-manovRttiyoM kA tyAga Avazyaka hai aura inake sthAna para inakI pratipakSI zAnti, samAnatA, saralatA (vizvasanIyatA) aura visarjana (tyAga) kI manovRttiyoM ko jIvana meM sthAna denA cAhie, tAki vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-jIvana kA vikAsa ho ske| vyakti jaise-jaise ina AvegAtmaka-manovRttiyoM se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise usakA vyaktitva paripakva banatA jAtA hai aura jaba ina AvegAtmaka-manobhAvoM se pUrNatayA Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba vItarAga, arhat yA jIvanamukta-avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, jo ki naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se ise paripakva vyaktitva (MATURED PERSONALITY) kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| Avega-naitikatA evaM vyaktitva- hamAre vyaktitva kA sIdhA sambandha hamAre AvegoM se hai| AvegoM kI jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, vyaktitva meM utanI hI adhika asthiratA hogii| vyakti jitanA AvegoM se Upara uThegA, usake vyaktitva meM sthiratA evaM paripakvatA AtI jaaegii| isI prakAra, vyakti meM anaitika-AvegoM (kaSAyoM) kI jitanI adhikatA hogI, naitika-dRSTi se usakA vyaktitva utanA hI nimnastarIya hogaa| AvegoM (manovRttiyoM) kI tIvratAaura unakIazubhatA-donoM hI vyaktitvako prabhAvita karatI haiN| vastutaH, AvegoM meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, utanI vyaktitva meM asthiratA hogI aura vyaktitva meM jitanI adhika asthiratA hogI ,utanI hI anaitikatA hogii| AvegAtmakaasthiratAanaitikatA kI jananI hai| isa prakAra; AvegAtmakatA, naitikatA aura vyaktitvatInoM hI eka-dUsare se jur3e haiN| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanAcAhie ki vyakti ke sandarbha meM na kevala AvegoM kI tIvratA para vicAra karanA cAhie, varan unakI prazastatA aura aprazastatA para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna kAla se hI vyakti ke AvegoM tathA manobhAvoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA sambandha hamAre vyaktitva se jor3A gayA hai| AcAradarzana meM vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa yA zreNI-vibhAjana kA AdhAra vyakti kI prazasta aura aprazasta-manovRttiyoM hI haiN| jisa vyakti meM jisa prakAra kI manovRttiyA~ hotI haiM, usI AdhAra para usake vyaktitva

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538 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| manovRttiyoM ke naitika-AdhAroM para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM aisA vargIkaraNa yA zreNI-vibhAjana upalabdha hai| jaina-darzana meM isa vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra lezyA-siddhAnta hai| bauddha-darzana meM lezyA kA sthAna abhijAti ne liyA hai, jabaki gItA meM ise daivI evaM AsurIsampadA ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| Age hama naitika-vyaktitva ke sambandha meM isI lezyA-siddhAnta kI carcA kreNge| naitika-vyaktitva kI carcA karate samaya hameM kaSAyasiddhAnta ke sthAna para lezyA-siddhAnta kI ora AnA hotA hai| kaSAya-siddhAnta kevala azubha AvegoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para carcA karatA hai, jabaki lezyA-siddhAnta meM zubha evaM azubha-donoM prakAra ke manobhAvoM kI carcA AtI hai| lezyA-siddhAnta aura naitika-vyaktitva ___ jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra lezyA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo AtmA ko karmoM se lipta karatI hai, jisake dvArA AtmAkoM se lipta hotI hai, yA bandhana meM AtI hai, vaha lezyA hai|" jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai- 1. dravya-lezyA aura 2. bhaav-leshyaa| 1. dravya-lezyA-dravya-lezyA sUkSma bhautikI-tattvoM se nirmita vaha AMgikasaMracanA hai, jo hamAre manobhAvoM evaM tajjanita karmoM kA sApekSa rUpa meM kAraNa athavA kArya banatI hai| jisa prakAra pittadravya kI vizeSatAse svabhAva meM krodhIpana AtA hai aura krodha ke kAraNa pitta kA nirmANa bahula rUpa meM hotA hai, usI prakAra ina sUkSma bhautika-tattvoM se manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAva ke hone para ina sUkSma saMracanAoM kA nirvANa hotA hai| inake svarUpa ke sambandha meM paM. sukhalAlajI evaM rAjendrasUrijI ne nimna tIna matoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai - 1. lezyA-dravya karma-vargaNA se bane hue haiN| yaha mata uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM hai| 2. lezyA-dravya badhyamAna karma-pravAharUpa haiN| yaha mata bhI uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM vAdivetAla zAntisUri kA hai| 3. lezyA yoga-pariNAma hai, arthAt zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAoM kA pariNAma hai| yaha mata AcArya haribhadra kA hai| bhAva-lezyA- bhAva-lezyA AtmA kA adhyavasAya yA anta:karaNakI vRtti hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM bhAva-lezyA AtmA kA manobhAva-vizeSa hai, jo saMkleza aura yoga se anugata hai| saMkleza ke tIvra, tIvratara, tIvratama, manda, mandatara, mandatama Adi aneka bheda hone se lezyA (manobhAva) vastuta: aneka prakAra kI hai, tathApi saMkSepa meM chaha bheda karake (jaina) zAstra meM usakA svarUpa varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) uttarAdhyayanasUtra" meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA nirvacana vividha pakSoM ke AdhAra para vistRta rUpa se huA hai, lekina hama apane vivecana ko lezyAoM ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa taka hI sImita rakhanA ucita smjheNge| manodazAoM me saMkleza kI nyUnAdhikatA, athavA manobhAvoM zubhatva se zubha kI ora bar3hane kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI unake vibhAga kie gae haiN| aprazasta aura prazasta - ina dvividha manobhAvoM ke unakI tAratamyatA ke AdhAra para chaha bheda varNita haiN| aprazasta manobhAva prazasta - manobhAva 1. kRSNa - lezyA - tIvratama aprazasta - manobhAva 4. tejolezyA - prazasta-manobhAva 5. padmalezyA - tIvra prazasta - manobhAva 2. nIla - lezyA - tIvra aprazasta manobhAva 3. kApota- lezyA - aprazasta - manobhAva 6. zuklalezyA - tIvratama prazasta manobhAva lezyAe~ evaM naitika- vyaktitva kA zreNI - vibhAjana- lezyAe~ manobhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa - - mAtra nahIM haiM, varan ye caritra ke AdhAra para kie gae vyaktitva ke prakAra bhI haiN| manobhAva athavA saMkalpa Antarika tathya hI nahIM haiM, varan ve kriyAoM ke rUpa meM bAhyaabhivyakti bhI cAhate haiM / vastutaH, saMkalpa hI karma meM rUpAntarita hote haiN| breDale kA yaha kathana ucita hai ki karma saMkalpa kA rUpAntaraNa hai| 50 manobhUmi yA saMkalpa vyakti ke AcaraNa kA preraka - sUtra hai, lekina karma-kSetra meM saMkalpa aura AcaraNa do alaga-alaga tattva nahIM rhte| AcaraNa se saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA kA nirmANa hotA hai aura saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA para hI AcaraNa sthita hotA hai| manobhUmi aura AcaraNa athavA caritra kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai / itanA hI nahIM, manovRtti svayaM meM bhI eka AcaraNa hai| / mAnasikakarma bhI karma hI hai| ataH, jaina- vicArakoM ne jaba lezyA - pariNAma kI carcA kI, to ve mAtra manodazAoM kI carcAoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, varan unhoMne usa manodazA se pratyutpanna jIvana ke karma-kSetra se ghaTita hone vAle vyavahAroM kI carcA bhI kI aura isa prakAra jaina lezyA - siddhAnta vyaktitva ke naitika pakSa ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke naitika-prakAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA siddhAnta bana gyaa| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa siddhAnta - 539 AdhAra para yaha batAyA ki naitika dRSTi se vyaktitva yA to naitika hogA yA anaitika hogA aura isa prakAra do varga hoMge - 1. naitika aura 2. anaitika / inheM dhArmika aura adhArmika, athavA zukla-pakSI aura kRSNa-pakSI bhI kahA gayA hai| vastutaH, eka varga vaha hai, jo naitikatA athavA zubha kI ora unmukha hai| dUsarA varga vaha hai, jo anaitikatA yA azubha kI ora unmukha hai| isa prakAra, naitika guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke ye do prakAra banate haiM, lekina jaina-vicAraka mAtra guNAtmaka-vargIkaraNa se -

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540 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana santuSTa nahIM hae aura unhoMne una do guNAtmaka prakAroM ko tIna-tIna prakAra ke mAtrAtmakaantaroM (jaghanya, madhyama evaM utkRSTa) ke AdhAra para chaha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| jaina lezyA-siddhAnta kA Tvidha-vargIkaraNa isI AdhAra para huA hai| yadyapi jainavicArakoM ne mAtrAtmaka-antaroM ke AdhAra para isa vargIkaraNa meM tIna, nau, ikyAsI aura do sau taiMtAlIsa upabheda bhI ginAeM haiM, lekina hama apane ko naitika-vyaktitva ke isa SaTvidha vargIkaraNa taka hI sImita rkheNge| kRSNa-lezyA (azubhatama manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitvakelakSaNa- yahanaitikavyaktitva kA sabase nikRSTa rUpa hai| isa avasthA meM prANI ke vicAra atyanta nimna koTi ke evaM krUra hote haiN| vAsanAtmaka-pakSa jIvana ke sampUrNa karmakSetra para hAvI rahatA hai| prANI apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika-kriyAoM para niyantraNa karane meM akSama rahatA hai| vaha apanI indriyoM para adhikAra na rakhe pAne ke kAraNa binA kisI prakAra ke zubhAzubha vicAra ke una indriya-viSayoM kI pUrti meM sadaiva nimagna banA rahatA hai| isa prakAra, bhogavilAsa meM Asakta ho, vaha unakI pUrti ke lie hiMsA, asatya, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha meM lagA rahatA hai| svabhAva se vaha nirdaya evaM nRzaMsa hotA hai aura hiMsaka-karma karane meM use tanika bhI aruci nahIM hotI tathA apane svArtha-sAdhana ke nimitta dUsare kA bar3A se bar3A ahita karane meM vaha saMkoca nahIM krtaa| kRSNalezyA se yukta prANI vAsanAoM ke andhapravAha se hI zAsita hotA hai aura isalie bhAvAveza meM usameM svayaM ke hitAhita kA vicAra karane kI kSamatA bhI nahIM hotii| vaha dUsare kA ahita mAtra isalie nahIM karatA ki usase usakA svayaM kA koI hita hogA, varan vaha to apane krUra svabhAva ke vazIbhUta ho aisA kiyA karatA hai, apane hita ke abhAva meM bhI vaha dUsare kA ahita karatA rahatA hai| nIla-lezyA (azubhatara manobhAva) ye yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- yaha naitika -vyaktitva kA prakAra pahale kI apekSA kucha ThIka hotA hai, lekina hotA azubha hI hai| isa avasthA meM bhI prANI kA vyavahAra vAsanAtmaka-pakSa se zAsita hotA hai, lekina vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM apanI buddhi kA upayoga karane lagatA hai, ata: isakA vyavahAra prakaTa rUpa meM to kucha prabhArjita-sA rahatA hai, lekina usake pIche kuTilatA hI kAma karatI hai| yaha virodhI kA ahita apratyakSa rUpa se karatA hai| aisA prANI IrSyAlu, asahiSNu, asaMyamI, ajJAnI, kapaTI, nirlajja, lampaTa, dveSa-buddhi se yukta, rasalolupa evaM pramAdI hotA hai,52 phira bhI vaha apanI sukha-suvidhA kA sadaiva dhyAna rakhatA hai| yaha dUsare kAahita apane hita ke nimitta karatA hai, yadyapi yaha apane alpa hita ke lie dUsare kA bar3A ahita bhI kara detA hai| jina prANiyoM se isakA svArtha sadhatA hai, una prANiyoM ke

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 541 hita kAaja-poSaNa-nyAya ke anusAra vaha kucha dhyAna avazya rakhatA hai, lekina manovRtti dUSita hI hotI hai, jaise-bakarA pAlane vAlA bakare ko isalie nahIM khilAtA ki usase bakare kA hita hogA, varan isalie khilAtA hai ki use mArane para adhika mAMsa milegaa| aisA vyakti dUsare kA bAhya-rUpa meM jo bhI hita karatA-sA dikhAI detA hai, usake pIche usakA gahana svArtha chipA rahatA hai| 3. kApota-lezyA (azubhamanovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- yaha manovRtti bhI dUSita hai| isa manovRtti meM prANI kA vyavahAra mana, vacana, karma se ekarUpa nahIM hotaa| usakI karanI aura kathanI bhinna hotI hai| manobhAvoM meM saralatA nahIM hotI, kapaTa aura ahaMkAra hotA hai| vaha apane doSoM ko sadaiva chipAne kI koziza karatA hai| usakA dRSTikoNaayathArtha evaM vyavahAra anArya hotA hai| vaha vacana se dUsare kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa karane vAlA, athavA dUsare ke rahasyoM ko prakaTa kara usase apanA hita sAdhane vAlA, dUsare ke dhana kA apaharaNa karane vAlA evaM mAtsarya-bhAvoM se yukta hotA hai| aisA vyakti dUsare kA ahita tabhI karatA hai, jaba usase usakI svArtha-siddhi hotI hai| ___4. tejo-lezyA (zubha manovRtti) seyuktavyaktitva ke lakSaNa- yahA~ manodazA pavitra hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM prANI pApabhIru hotA hai, arthAt vaha anaitika-AcaraNa kI ora pravRtta nahIM hotaa| yadyapi vaha sukhApekSI hotA hai, lekina kisI anaitika-AcaraNa dvArA unasukhoM kI prApti yAapanA svArtha-sAdhana nahIM krtaa|dhaarmik evaM naitika-AcaraNa meM usakI pUrNa AsthA hotI hai, ata: una kRtyoM ke sampAdana meM Ananda prApta karatA hai, jo dhArmika yA naitika-dRSTi se zubha haiN| isa manobhUmi meM dUsare ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI hotI hai| saMkSepa meM, isa manobhUmi meM sthita prANI pavitra AcaraNavAlA, namra, dhairyavAn, niSkapaTa, AkAMkSArahita, vinIta, saMyamI evaM yogI hotA hai| vaha priya evaM dRr3hadharmI tathA para-hitaiSI hotA hai| isa manobhUmi para dUsare kA ahita to sambhava hotA hai, lekina kevala usI sthiti meM, jabaki dUsarA usake hitoM kA hanana karane para utArU ho jaae| 5. padma-lezyA (zubhatara manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- isa manobhUmi meM pavitratA kI mAtrA pichalI bhUmikAkI apekSA adhika hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha-rUpa azubha manovRttiyA~ atIva alpa, arthAt samAptaprAya ho jAtI haiN| prANI saMyamI tathA yogI hotA hai tathA yoga-sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa AtmajayI evaM praphullacitta hotA hai| vaha alpabhASI, upazAMta evaM jitendriya hotA hai| 6.zukla-lezyA (paramazubha manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa- yaha manobhUmi zubha manovRtti kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai| pichalI manovRtti ke sabhI zubha guNa isa

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542 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana avasthA meM vartamAna rahate haiM, lekina unakI vizuddhi kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai| prANI upazAMta, jitendriya evaM prasannacitta hotA hai| usake jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA hai ki vaha apane hita ke lie dUsare ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA cAhatA hai , mana-vacana-karma se ekarUpa hotA hai tathA una para usakA pUrNa niyaMtraNa hotA hai| use mAtra apane Adarza kA bodha rahatA hai| binA kisI apekSA ke vaha mAtra svakarttavya ke paripAlana meM sadaiva jAgarUka rahatA hai| sadaiva svadharma evaM svasvarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| lezyA-siddhAnta aura bauddha-vicAraNA- bhArata meM guNa-karma ke AdhAra para yaha vargIkaraNa karane kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| yaha vargIkaraNa sAmAjika evaM naitika-donoM dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA rahA hai| sAmAjika-dRSTi se isane cAturvarNya ke siddhAnta kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA thA, jisa para janmanA aura karmaNA-dRSTikoNoM ko lekara zramaNa aura vaidika-paramparA meM kAphI vivAda bhI rahA hai| yahA~ hama isa guNa-karma ke AdhAra para vizaddha naitika-dRSTikoNa ke vargIkaraNa kI hI carcA kreNge| naitika-dRSTikoNa se guNa-karma ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparA ne kiyA hai, varan anya zramaNa-paramparAoM meM bhI aise vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiN| dIghanikAya meM AjIvaka-sampradAya ke AcArya maMkhaliputra gozAlaka evaM aMguttaranikAya meM pUrNa kazyapake nAma ke sAtha isa vargIkaraNa kA nirdeza hai| inakI mAnyatA ke anusAra kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra, zukla aura paramazukla-ye chaha abhijAtiyA~ haiN| ukta vargIkaraNa meM kRSNa-abhijAti meM AjIvaka-sampradAya se itara sampradAyoM ke gRhastha ko, nIla-abhijAti meM nirgrantha aura AjIvaka zramaNoM ke atirikta anya zramaNoM ko, lohita-abhijAti meM nirgrantha zramaNoM ko, haridra-abhijAti meM AjIvaka gRhasthoM ko, zukla-abhijAti meM AjIvaka zramaNoM ko aura paramazukla-abhijAti meM gozAlaka AdiAjIvaka-sampradAya ke praNetA varga ko rakhA gayA hai| uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA jaina-vicAraNA se bahuta-kucha zabda-sAmya hai, lekina jaina-dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa isa artha meM bhinna hai ki eka to yaha kevala mAnava-jati taka sImita hai, jabaki jaina-vargIkaraNa isameM sampUrNa prANI-varga kA samAveza karatA / dUsare, jaina-dRSTikoNa vyaktiparaka hai, jo sAmpradAyikatA se Upara uThakara yahI kAtA hai ki pratyeka vyakti yA vyakti-samUha apane guNa-karma ke AdhAra para kisI bhI varga yA abhijAti meM sammilita ho jAtA hai| yahA~ yaha vizeSa dRSTavya hai ki jahA~ gozAlaka dvArA sare zrama ko nIla-abhijAti meM rakhA gayA, vahA~ nirgranthoM ko lohita-abhijAti meM khanA unake prati kucha samAdara-bhAva kA dyotaka avazya hai| sambhava hai, mahAvIra evaM zAlaka kA

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manovRttiyA~ (kathAya evaM lezyAeM) 543 pUrva-sambandha isakA kAraNa rahA ho| jahA~ taka bhagavAn buddha kI tatsambandhI mAnyatA kA prazna hai, ve pUrNa kazyapa athavA gozAlaka kI mAnyatA se apane ko sahamata nahIM karate haiN| ve vyakti ke naitika-stara ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa to prastuta karate haiM, lekina apane vargIkaraNa ko jaina-vicAraNA ke samAna mAtra vastuniSTha hI rakhanA cAhate haiN| ve bhI yaha nahIM batAte ki amuka varga yA vyakti isa varga kA hai, varan yahI kahate haiM ki jisakI manobhUmikA evaM AcaraNa jisa varga ke anusAra hogA, vaha usa varga meM A jaaegaa| pUrNa kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue bhagavAn buddha Ananda se kahate haiM ki maiM abhijAtiyoM ko to mAnatA hU~, lekina merA mantavya dUsaroM se pRthak hai|" manodazA aura AcaraNaparakavargIkaraNa bauddha-vicAraNA kA pramukha maMtavya thaa| bauddha-vicAraNA meM prathamata: prazasta aura aprazasta-manobhAva tathA karma ke AdhAra para mAnava-jAti ko kRSNa aura zuklavarga meM rakhA gayA hai| jo krUra karmI haiM, ve kRSNaabhijAti ke haiM aura jo zubha karmI haiM, ve zukla-abhijAti ke haiN| puna:, kRSNa prakAra vAle aura zukla prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko guNa-karma ke AdhAra para tIna-tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA gyaa| jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI lezyAoM ko prazasta aura aprazasta-ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Takara pratyeka ke tIna vibhAga kie gae haiN| bauddha-vicAraNA ne zubhAzubha karma evaM manobhAva ke AdhAra para chaha varga to mAna lie, lekina isake atirikta unhoMne eka varga una logoM kA bhI mAnA, jo zubhAzubhase Upara uTha gae haiM aura ise akRSNa-zukla khaa| vaise, jaina-darzana meM bhI arhada ko alezI kahA gayA hai| lezyA-siddhAnta aura gItA- gItA meM bhI prANiyoM ke guNa-karma ke anusAra vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA milatI hai| gItA na kevala sAmAjika-dRSTi se prANiyoM kA guNakarma ke anusAra vargIkaraNa karatI hai, varan vaha naitika-AcaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI vargIkaraNa prastuta karatI hai| gItA ke 16 veM adhyAya meM prANiyoM kI AsurI evaM daivI-aisI do prakAra kI prakRti batalAI gaI hai aura isI AdhAra para prANiyoM ke do vibhAga kie gae haiN| gItA kA kathana hai ki prANiyoM yA manuSyoM kI prakRti do hI prakAra kI hotI hai, yA to daivI, yA aasurii| usameM bhI daivIguNa mokSa ke hetu haiM aura AsurIguNa bandhana ke hetu haiN| yadyapi gItA meM hameM dvividha vargIkaraNa hI milatA hai, lekina isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki mUlata: do hI prakAra hote haiM, jinheM hama cAhe devI aura AsurI-prakRti kaheM, cAhe kRSNa aura zuklalezyA kaheM, yA kRSNa aura zukla-abhijAti kheN| jaina-vicAraNA ke vivecana meM bhI do hI mUla prakAra haiN| prathama tIna kRSNa, nIla aura kApota-lezyA ko avizuddha, aprazasta aura saMkliSTa kahA gayA hai aura antima tIna tejo, padma aurazukla-lezyA ko vizuddha,

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544. bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prazasta aura asaMkliSTa kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki kRSNa, nIla evaM kApota adharma-lezyAe~ haiM aura inake kAraNa jIvadurgati meM jAtA hai aura tejo, padma evaM zakladharma-lezyAe~ haiM aura inake kAraNa jIvasugati meM jAtA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki kRSNa aura zukla ke bIca kI lezyAe~ vicAragata azubhatA aura zubhatA kA vividha mizraNa-mAtra haiN| jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra dharma-lezyAe~ yA prazasta-lezyAe~ mokSa kA hetu to hotI haiM evaM jIvanmukta avasthA taka vidyamAna bhI rahatI haiM, lekina videhamukti usI avasthA meM hotI hai, jaba prANI inase bhI Upara uTha jAtA hai, isIlie yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki dharma-lezyAe~ sugati kA kAraNa haiN|| jaina-vicAraNA vivecanA ke kSetra meM vizleSaNAtmaka adhikarahI hai, ataeva vargIkaraNa karane kI sthiti meM bhI usane kAphI gaharAI taka jAne kI koziza kI aura isI AdhAra para yahaSaTvidha vivecana kiyA, lekina tathya yaha hai ki guNAtmaka-antara ke AdhAra para to dohI bheda hote haiM, zeSa vargIkaraNa mAtrAtmaka hI hai aura isa prakAra yadi mUla AdhAroM kI ora dRSTi rakheM, to jaina aura gItA kI vicAraNA ko atinikaTa hI pAte haiN| jahA~ taka jaina-darzana kI dharma aura adharma-lezyAoM meM aura gItA kI daivI aura AsurI-sampadA meM prANI kI mana:sthiti evaM AcaraNa kA jo citraNa kiyA hai, usameM bahuta-kucha zabda evaM bhAva-sAmya dharma-lezyAoM meM prANI kI manaHsthiti daivI-sampadAse yukta prANI kI evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana ke AdhAra pr)| mana:sthiti evaM caritra jaina-dRSTikoNa gItA kA dRSTikoNa 1. prazAMta citta zAMtacitta evaM svaccha anta:karaNa vAlA 2. jJAna, dhyAna aura tana meM rata tattvajJAna ke lie dhyAna meM nirantara dRr3ha sthiti 3. indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA indriyoM kA damana karane vAlA 4. svAdhyAyI svAdhyAyI, dAnI evaM uttama karma karane vAlA 5. hitaiSI ahiMsAyukta, dayAzIla tathA abhaya 6. krodha kI nyUnatA akrodhI, kSamAzIla 7. mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA tyAgI tyAgI 8. alpabhASI apigunI tathA satyazIla 9. indriya aura mana para adhikAra rakhane / alolupa (indriya-viSayoM meM anAsakta)

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) vAlA 10. tejasvI 11. dRDhadharmI 12. namra evaM vinIta 13. capalatArahita tathA zAMta 14. pApabhIru aprazasta yA adharma - lezyAoM meM prANiyoM kI mana:sthiti evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana ke AdhAra para) " jaina- dRSTikoNa 1. ajJAnI 2. 3. mana, vacana evaM karma se agupta - 4. durAcArI 5. kapaTI 6. mithyAdRSTi 7. avicArapUrvaka karma karane vAlA 8. nRzaMsa 9. hiMsaka 10. rasalolupa evaM viSayI 11. avirata 12. cora tejasvI dhairyavAn komala capalatArahita (acapala ) loka aura zAstra - viruddha AcaraNa meM lajjA AsurI - sampadA se yukta prANiyoM kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (gItA ke AdhAra para) " gItAkA dRSTikoNa 67 545 karttavyAkarttavya ke jJAna kA abhAva naSTAtmA evaM cintAgrasta mAnasika evaM kAyika- zauca se rahita (apavitra) azuddha AcAra (durAcArI) kapaTI, mithyAbhASI AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya meM mithyAdRSTikoNa alpa buddhi krUrakarmI hiMsaka, jagat kA nAza karane vAlA kAmayoga -parAyaNa tathA krodhI tRSNAyukta cora

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546 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lezyA-siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya-nItivettA rAsa kA naitika-vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa- pAzcAtya-nItizAstra meM DablyU. rAsa bhI eka aisA vargIkaraNa prastuta karate haiM, jisakI tulanA jaina lezyA-siddhAnta se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa kahate haiM ki naitika-zubha eka aisA zubha hai, jo hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se sambandhita hai| naitika-zubhatA kA mUlya kevala isI bAta meM nahIM hai ki usakA preraka kyA hai, varan usakI anaitikatA ke prati avarodhaka-zakti se bhI hai| naitika-zubhatva ke sandarbha meM manobhAvoM kA unake nimnatama rUpa se uccatama rUpa taka nimna prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. dUsaroM ko jitanA adhika du:kha diyA jA sakatA hai, dene kI icchaa| 2. dUsaroM ko kisI vizeSa prakAra kA asthAyI duHkha utpanna karane kI icchaa| 3. naitika-dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| 4. aisA sukha prApta karane kI icchA, jo naitika-dRSTi se ucita na bhI ho, lekina kama se kama anucita bhI na ho| naitika-dRSTi se ucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| 6. dUsaroM ko sukha dene kI icchaa| 7. koI zubha kArya karane kI icchaa| 8. apane naitika-karttavya ke paripAlana kI icchaa|68 rAsa apane isa vargIkaraNa meM jaina lezyA-siddhAnta ke kAphI nikaTa A jAte haiN| jaina-vicAraka aura rAsa-donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika-zubha kA sambandha hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se hai| yahI nahIM, donoM vyakti ke naitika-vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isa bAta se karate haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa meM kitanA parivartana huA hai aura vaha vikAsa kI kisa bhUmikA meM sthita hai| rAsa ke vargIkaraNa ke pahale stara kI tulanA kRSNalezyA kI manobhUmi se kI jA sakatI hai, donoM hI dRSTikoNa ke anusAra isa stara meM prANI kI manovRtti dUsaroM ko yathAsambhava duHkha dene kI hotI hai| jaina-vicAraNA kA jAmuna ke vRkSa vAlA udAharaNa bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kRSNalezyA vAlA vyakti usa jAmuna ke vRkSa ko mUla se samApta karane kI icchA rakhatA hai, arthAt jitanA vinAza kiyA jA sakatA hai, yA jitanA du:kha diyA jA sakatA hai, use dene kI icchA rakhatA hai| dUsare stara kI tulanA nIlalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa ke anusAra vyakti isa stara meM dUsaroM ko asthAyI duHkha dene kI icchA rakhatA hai, jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra bhI isa avasthA meM prANI dUsare ko duHkha usI sthiti meM denA cAhatA hai, jaba unake duHkha dene se usakA svArtha sadhatA hai| isa prakAra, isa stara para prANI dUsaroM ko tabhI duHkha detA hai,

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) jaba usakA svArtha unase TakarAtA ho / yadyapi jaina- dRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki isa stara meM vyakti apane choTe se hita ke lie dUsare kA bar3A ahita karane meM nahIM sakucAtA / jainavicAraNA ke uparyukta udAharaNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki nIlalezyA vAlA vyakti phala ke lie samUla vRkSa kA nAza to nahIM karatA, lekina usakI zAkhA ko kATa dene kI manovRtti rakhatA hai, arthAt usa vRkSa kA pUrNa nAza nahIM, varan usake eka bhAga kA nAza karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, AMzika duHkha detA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara kI tulanA jaina- dRSTi kI kApotalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina- dRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki nIla aura kApota- lezyA ke ina staroM meM vyakti sukhApekSI hotA hai, lekina jina sukhoM kI vaha gaveSaNA karatA hai, ve vAsanA - sukha hI hote haiN| dUsare, jaina- vicAraNA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki kApota- lezyA ke stara taka vyakti apane svArthoM yA sukhoM kI prApti ke lie kisI naitika- zubhAzubhatA kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai| vaha jo bhI kucha karatA hai, vaha mAtra svArtha- prerita hotA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara meM bhI vyakti naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai| isa prakAra, yahA~ para bhI rAsa evaM jaina- dRSTikoNa vicAra - sAmya rakhate haiN| rAsa ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe staroM kI saMyukta rUpa se tulanA jaina- dRSTi kI tejolezyA ke stara ke sAtha ho sakatI hai| rAsa cauthe stara meM prANI kI prakRti isa prakAra . batAte haiM ki vyakti sukha to pAnA cAhatA hai, lekina vaha unhIM sukhoM kI prApti kA prayAsa karatA hai, jo yadi naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM, to kama se kama anucita bhI nahIM hoM, jabaki rAsa ke anusAra pA~caveM stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita sukhoM ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai tathA chaTheM stara para vaha dUsaroM ko sukha dene kA prayAsa bhI karatA hai| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI tejolezyA ke stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita sukhoM ko hI pAne kI icchA rakhatA hai, sAtha-sAtha vaha dUsare kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhatA hai| - rAsa ke sAtaveM stara kI tulanA jaina- dRSTi meM padmalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM ke anusAra isa stara para vyakti dUsaroM ke hita kA dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA dUsaroM ke hita ke lie usa saba kAryoM ko karane meM bhI tatpara rahatA hai, jo naitika dRSTi se zubha haiN| rAsa ke anusAra manobhAvoM ke AThaveM sarvocca stara para vyakti ko mAtra apane kartavya bodha rahatA hai, vaha hitAhita kI bhUmikAoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| usI prakAra, jainavicAraNA ke anusAra bhI naitikatA kI isa uccatama bhUmikA meM jise zukla - lezyA kahA hai, vyakti ko mava-bhAva kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai, ata: vaha sva aura para-bheda se Upara uThakara mAtra Atma-svarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzana, 547

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548 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana varan pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM se usakA caritra banatA hai aura usake AdhAra para usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai| vyakti kA AcaraNa eka ora usake manobhAvoM kA paricAyaka hai, to dUsarI ora usake naitikavyaktitva kA nirmAtA bhI hai| manobhAva evaM tajjanita AcaraNa jaise-jaise azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hatA hai, vaise-vaise naitika-dRSTi se vyaktitva meM bhI paripakvatA evaM vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| aise zuddha, saMtulita, sthira evaM paripakva vyaktitva kA nirmANa hI AcAra-darzana kA lakSya hai| m & in on os oa sandarbha graMtha1. dazavaikAlika,8/40. 2. dekhie- abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 3, pR. 395. 3. sthAnAMga,2-2. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2668-2671. tuma anantazakti ke srota ho, pR. 47. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 3, pR. 395 bhagavatIsUtra, 12/5/2. aMguttaranikAya,3/130. bhagavatI sUtra, 12/43. vahI, 12/54. 11. bhagavatI sUtra, 15/5/5. 12. tulanA kIjie- jIvanavRtti aura mRtyuvRtti (phrAyaDa) abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4,pR. 2161. vahI abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa7, pR. 1157. vahI, khaNDa 6,pR. 467. 17. zramaNa Avazyaka sUtra-bhayasUtra. 18. jainasAikolAjI, 131-134. tuma ananta zakti ke srota ho, pR. 47. 20. dazavaikAlika,8/37. 21. vahI, 8/38. 22. yogazAstra, 4/10, 18. 14.

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 549 23. 24. 25. 33. sUtra 34. 37. naitikatAkA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 9/54. dazavaikAlika,5/2/35. spInojA ina dI lAITa Apha vedAnta, pR. 266. spInojA nIti,4/7. dazavaikAlika, pR. 8/39. (a) niyamasAra, 115,(ba) yogazAstra, 4/23. dhammapadA, 223. mahAbhArata, udyoga parva-uddhRta dhammapada bhUmikA niyamasAra, 81. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/26. dhammapada,9-10. vahI, 221-222. saMyuttanikAya, 3/3/3. vahI, 40/13/1. suttanipAta,7/1. vahI, 6/14. chAndogya upaniSad,7/26/2. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, 244/3. gItA, 16/4. vahI, 16/18. vahI, 16/21-22. gItA,7/15. vahI,5/23. abhidhAna rAjendrakhaNDa 6, pR. 675. (a) adarzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 297 (ba) abhidhAna rAjendrakhaNDa 6, pR. 675. uttarAdhyayana, 34/3. ethikalasTaDIja, pR. 65. uttarAdhyayana, 34/21-22. vahI,34/23-24. vahI,34/25-26. 44. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Page #552
550 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 59. uttarAdhyayana, 34/27-28. vahI, 34/29-30. vahI, 34/31-32. aMguttaranikAya, 6/57. aMguttaranikAya, 6/57. gItA, 16/6. vahI, 16/5. abhidhAna rAjendrakhaNDa 6, pR. 687. uttarAdhyayana, 34/56-57. darzana aura cintana,bhAga 2, pR. 112. uttarAdhyayana, 34/27-32. gItA, 16/1-3. uttarAdhyayana, 34/21-36. gItA, 16/7-18. phAuNDezana oNpha ethiksa-uddhRta Contemporary Ethical theories, pR. 332. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68.

Page #553
sammatiyA~ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA gambhIra adhyayana prastuta kara dharmoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko eka navIna sArthakatA pradAna kI hai| isa pariprekSya meM lekhaka ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke adhyayanameM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha strotoM kA pratyakSataH upayoga kara bhAratIya AcAradarzana kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate hue prAmANikatA ke sAtha gaMbhIra tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyaahai| yahIMunake isagrantha kI vizeSatA hai| prophesara jaganAtha upAdhyAya bhUtapUrva saMkAyAdhyakSa, zramaNavidyA saMkAya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI yaha adhyayana vidvattApUrNa, gambhIra evaM vicArotpAdaka hai| isI ke sAtha hI atyaMta sarala evaM subodha hai| jaina darzana tathA paramparA meM gambhIra AsthA rakhate hue lekhaka ne bauddha aura bhagavadgItA ke AcAra darzanoM ke pratipAdana meM pUrI udAratA tathA niSpakSa dRSTikoNa kA paricaya diyA hai| tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke kSetra meM isa dRSTi se lekhaka kA yaha prayAsa atyaMta stutya tathA anukaraNIya hai| DaoN. rAmazaMkara mizra prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI prastuta graMtha darzanazAstra ke una snAtakottara vidyArthiyoM , zodha chAtroM, vidvAnoM evaM jijJAsuoM ke lie atyadhika upayogI siddha hogA, jo bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kA adhyayana karate haiM yA usameM ruci rakhate haiN| isa prakAra ke uccastarIya zodhapara AdhArita prAmANika graMtha ko praNayana kara DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ke kSetra meM eka mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| DaoN. raghunAtha giri prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma - zAjApura, 22 pharavarI 1932 (mAgha pUrNimA vi.sa. 1988) zikSaNa jaina siddhAMta vizArada, vyApAra vizArada, sAhitya ratna, ema.e. (darzanazAstra) pIeca.DI. (jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana) akAdamIyapada - vyAkhyAtAdarzanazAstra 1964-68 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka prAdhyApaka nidezaka mAnada nidezaka saMsthApaka nidezaka granthalekhana sampAdita grantha zodha Alekha pI.eca.DI.mArgadarzana sammAna - darzanazAstra 1968-85 - darzanazAstra 1985-89 - pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANAsI 1979-97 - Agama ahiMsAprAkRta saMsthAna udayapura (rAjasthAna) - prAcya vidyApIThazAjApurama.pra. - 40 pramukha grantha - 165 - 250 - 37 kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANAsI, u.pra., 01 jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara ma.pra., 03 vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjainama.pra., 16 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) pradIpa kumAra rAmapuriyA sammAna (1988, 1999), svAmI pravaNAnanda puraskAra (1987) DipDImala puraskAra 1992, AcArya hastI puraskAra 2004, jaina vidyAvAridhi puraskAra 2005, kalAmarmajJa puraskAra 2006, gautamagaNadhara puraskAra (prAkRta bhAratI jayapura) 2007, jainA (amerikA) kA presiDeMziyala avArDa 2007, AcArya tulasI prAkRta puraskAra (2008) zikAgoM, hyUsTana, nyujarsI, nArthakerolinA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAnsisko, lAsaeNjilsa, phiniksa, senTaluIsa, piTsabarga, DalaoNsa, nyUyArka (yU.esa.e.), ToraMTo (kanADA), laMdana (yU.ke.) - asembalI oNpha varlDa rilijansa 1985 meM evaM pArliyAmeMTa oNpha varlDa rilijansa zikAgo 1993 meM jaina dharma ke pratinidhi vaktA ke rUpa meM bhAga liyA, isake atirikta deza evaM videza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM vyaakhyaan| videzayAtrA pratinidhitva mudraka : AkRti AphaseTa, ujjaina phAna : 0734-2561720, 98276-77780, 98272-42489, 96300-777801