Jain Bauddh aur Gita ke Achar Darshano ka Tulnatmak Adhyayana Part 1

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Rajasthan Prakrit Bharti Sansthan Jaipur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001674/1

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H EADERSALERS K _G):45 = jaina,bauddha aura gItA AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 DaoN.sAgaramala jaina For Private Rersonal use only

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prAkRta bhAratI prakAzana : 19 : jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke prAcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 1 ( saiddhAntika pakSa) lekhaka DA0 sAgaramala jaina nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura

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(c) lekhaka prakAzaka rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura (rAjasthAna ) prAptisthAna 1. narendrakumAra sAgaramala sarAphA, zAjApura ( ma0pra0) 2. motIlAla banArasIdAsa, cauka vArANasI - 1 3. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANasI - 5 4. rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, yati zyAmalAlajI kA upAzraya, motIsiMha bhomiyoM kA rAstA, jayapura - 302002 prakAzana varSa san 1982 vIra nirvANa saM0 2509 mUlya : sattara rupaye Rs.70.00 mudraka bAbUlAla jaina phAgulla mahAvIra presa, bhelUpura, vArANasI - 5

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prakAzakIya prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, ( rAjasthAna ) ke dvArA 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra dazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, prathama bhAga ( siddhAnta-pakSa)' nAmaka pustaka prakAzita karate hue hameM atIva prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| Aja ke yuga meM jisa sAmAjika cetanA, sahiSNutA aura saha-astitva kI AvazyakatA hai, usake lie dharmoM kA samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai, tAki dharmoM ke bIca bar3hatI huI khAI ko pATA jA sake aura pratyeka dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha ho ske| isa dRSTibindu ko lakSya meM rakhakara pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka evaM bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke pramukha vidvAn DA0 sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM para eka bRhadkAya zodha prabandha Aja se lagabhaga 15 varSa pUrva likhA thaa| usI ke saiddhAntika pakSa se sambandhita adhyAyoM se prastuta grantha kI sAmagrI kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta grantha ke prArambha ke pA~ca adhyAyoM meM pAzcAttya naitika cintana kI samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya dRSTikoNa aura vizeSarUpa se jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / paravartI adhyAyoM meM samAlocya AcAradarzanoM ke tattva-jJAna, kama-siddhAnta aura manovijJAna para bhI gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka kI dRSTi niSpakSa, udAra, saMtulita evaM samanvayAtmaka hai / AzA hai vidvatjana unake isa vyApaka adhyayana se lAbhAnvita hoNge| prAkRta bhAratI dvArA isake pUrva bhI bhAratIya dharma, AcArazAstra evaM prAkRta bhASA ke 18 granthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai, usI krama meM yaha usakA 19vA prakAzana hai| isake prakAzana meM hameM vibhinna logoM kA vividha rUpoM meM jo sahayoga milA hai usake lie hama una sabake AbhArI haiM / mahAvIra presa, bhelUpura ne isake mudraNa kArya ko sundara evaM kalApUrNa DhaMga se pUrNa kiyA, etadartha hama unake bhI AbhArI haiM / devendrarAja mehatA vinayasAgara saciva saMyukta saciva prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura (rAjasthAna)

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purovAk yugoM se mAnava mastiSka isa prazna kA samAdhAna khojatA rahA hai ki usake jIvana kA parama zreya kyA hai ? mAnavIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo-jo uttara sujhAye unhIM se samagra pUrva evaM pazcima ke AcAra darzanoM kA nirmANa huA hai / AcAra ke sambandha meM ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kI upasthiti ne cintanazIla mAnava mastiSka ke sAmane eka nayI samasyA prastuta kI ki AcAra sambandhI ina vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM meM satya ke adhika nikaTa kauna hai ? phalasvarUpa una sabakA suvyavasthita rUpa se tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana Avazyaka huA / bhArata meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI sthiti pAzcAtya naitika vicAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM aisA prayAsa bahuta pahale se hotA rahA hai aura vartamAna yuga taka vaha kAphI vyavasthita aura vikasita ho gayA hai / lekina jahA~ taka bhAratIya naitika vicAra- paramparA kA prazna hai, yaha pArasparika tulanAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka adhyayana gaharAI se nahIM ho pAyA hai / yaha to hamArA sabase bar3A durbhAgya hI kahanA cAhie ki sAmpradAyika vyAmoha ke kAraNa hamane vibhinna sAmpradAyika naitikamAnyatAoM ke madhya rahI huI ekarUpatA ko prakaTa karane kA kabhI prayAsa hI nahIM kiyA / saMgIta saba vahI gA rahe the phira bhI apanI-apanI DhapalI aura apanA-apanA rAga thA, jo saba milakara itanA besurA ho gayA thA ki sAmAnya evaM vidvat-jana saMgIta ke usa sama-svara kI madhuratA kA rasAsvAdana nahIM kara sake / kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra Adi mahApuruSoM evaM bhAratIya RSi maharSiyoM ke naitika upadezoM kI vaha pavitra dharohara jise unhoMne apanI bauddhika pratibhA evaM satata sAdhanA ke anubhavoM se prApta kiyA thA, jo mAnava jAti ke lie cira-saukhya evaM zAzvat zAMti kA saMdeza lekara avatarita huI thI, mAnava usakA sahI mUlyAMkana nahIM kara sakA / mAnava ne yadyapi unake isa mahAn varadAna ko dharmavANI yA bhagavadvANI ke rUpa meM zraddhA se dekhA, usakI pUjA-pratiSThA kI, use sunahale vastroM meM Abaddha kara bhavya mandiroM aura maThoM meM surakSita rakhA / kucha ne zraddhAvaza usakA nitya pATha kiyA lekina haribhadrasUrI aura gAMdhI jaise birale hI the, jinhoMne usake samasvaroM ko sunA, usake marma taka pahu~cane kI koziza kI aura usakI ekarUpatA kA darzana kara, use jIvana meM utArA / sadbhAgya se pAzcAttya vicAra paramparA kI jijJAsu vRtti ke kAraNa vartamAna yuga meM asAmpradAyika AdhAroM para bhAratIya dharmoM kA adhyayana prArambha huA / yaha prayAsa

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bhAratIya evaM pAzcAttya donoM prakAra ke vidvAnoM dvArA kiyA gyaa| jina pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhAratIya AcAra darzana kA samagrarUpa se tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA unameM mekenjI aura hApakinsa pramukha haiM / mekenjI ne 'hindU ethiksa' tathA hApakinsa ne 'di ethiksa Apha iNDiyA' nAmaka grantha likhe| ina granthakAroM ke dRSTikoNa meM bhAratIya sampradAyoM ke sAmpradAyika vyAmoha kA to abhAva thA lekina eka dUsare prakAra kA vyAmoha thA, aura vaha thA IsAI dharma evaM pAzcAtya vicAra paramparA kI zreSThatA kaa| dUsare uparokta vicAraka bhAratIya AcAra paramparA ke srota granthoM ke itane nikaTa nahIM the, jitanA unakA adhyetA eka bhAratIya ho sakatA thaa| jina bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa sandarbha meM likhA unameM zrI zivasvAmI ayyara kA 'di ivholyUzana Apha hindU mArala AiDiyalsa' nAmaka vyAkhyAna graMtha hai, jisameM bhAratIya naitika-cintanA ke AcAra niyamoM kA sAmAnya rUpa meM vivecana hai, kintu jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNoM kA isameM abhAva-sA hI hai| bhAratIya AcAra darzana ke anya granthoM meM suzrI sUramAdAsa guptA kA 'di DevhalapamenTa Apha mArala philAsaphI ina iNDiyA' nAmaka zodha prabandha ullekhanIya hai / isameM vibhinna darzanoM ke naitika siddhAntoM kA vivaraNAtmaka saMkSipta prastutIkaraNa hai / lekhikA kI dRSTi meM samAlocanAtmaka aura tulanAtmaka vivecana adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM rahA hai / eka anya mahattvapUrNa graMtha zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA kA 'ethiksa Apha di hindUja' hai; isa graMtha meM vivecana zailI kI kAphI navInatA hai aura tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA nirvAha bhI santoSaprada rUpa meM huA hai| AdaraNIya tilakajI kA gItA rahasya yadyapi gItA para eka TIkA hai lekina usake pUrva bhAga meM unhoMne bhAratIya naitikatA kI jo vyAkhyAe~ prastuta kI haiM ve vastutaH sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / hindI samiti uttara pradeza se prakAzita padmabhUSaNa DaoN0 bhIkhanalAlajI Atreya kA 'bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa' nAmaka vizAlakAya graMtha bhI isa dizA meM eka mahattvapUrNa prayAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi isameM bhI vidvAn lekhaka ne tulanAtmaka evaM samAlocanAtmaka dRSTi evaM saiddhAntika vivecanA ko adhika mahattva nahIM diyA hai| grantha ke adhikAMza bhAga meM vibhinna bhAratIya vicArakoM ke naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai, phira bhI grantha ke antima bhAga meM vidvAn lekhaka dvArA jo kucha likhA gayA hai vaha yugIna sandarbha meM bhAratIya naitikatA ko samajhane kA eka mahattvapUrNa sAdhana avazya hai / isI prakAra landana se prakAzita (1965) zrI Izvaracandra kA 'ithikala philAsaphI Apha iNDiyA' nAmaka graMtha bhI bhAratIya nItizAstra ke adhyayana kA eka prAmANika grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| lekina uparokta donoM granthoM meM bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi kA adhika vikAsa nahIM dekhA jAtA hai / jahA~ taka jainAcAra ke vivecana kA prazna hai use ina samasta graMthoM meM sAmAnyatayA 15-20 pRSThoM se adhika kA sthAna upalabdha honA sambhava hI nahIM thaa| dUsare jaina AcAradarzana aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM nihita samAnatAoM kI carcA to

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zAyada hI kabhI uThI ho| isI prakAra gItA kI naitika mAnyatAoM kA jaina aura bauddha paramparA se kitanA sAmya hai yaha viSaya bhI achUtA hI rahA hai / jahA~ taka jaina AcAra darzana ke svatantra evaM vyApaka adhyayana kA prazna hai kucha prArambhika prayAsoM ko chor3akara yaha kSetra bhI achUtA hI rahA hai / jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA para AdaraNIya sAtakADI mukarjI, DaoN. TATiyA, DaoN0 padmarAje, DaoN0 harisatya bhaTTAcArya ke grantha upalabdha haiN| jaina manovijJAna para bhI DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA aura DaoN0 kalaghATagI ke graMtha upalabdha haiM / jabaki jaina AcAra darzana para svatantra rUpa se kisI bhI grantha kA abhAva hI thA, yadyapi DaoN0 zAntArAma bhAlacandra deva kA jaina muniyoM ke AcAra para eka vizAla-kAya zodha prabandha avazya upalabdha thA, lekina usameM bhI AcAra darzana kI saiddhAntika samIkSAoM kA abhAva hI hai| saMyoga se jaba ki yaha grantha apanI pUrNatA kI ora thA tabhI DaoN0 mehatA kA 'jaina AcAra' nAmaka anya bhI prakAza meM AyA, yadyapi isameM bhI AcAra darzana kI saiddhAntika samasyAoM para vizeSa vicAra nahIM huA hai / grandhakAra ne apane ko AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI vivecanA taka hI sImita rakhA hai / yadyapi yaha prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki isa grantha ko antima rUpa dene ke pUrva hI DaoN0 sogAnI kA 'ethikala DAkTrina ina jainijma (1967)', evaM DaoN0 bhArgava kA 'jaina ethiksa' (1968) nAmaka grantha prakAzita ho gaye haiN| yadyapi unameM bhI naitikatA kI saiddhAntika samasyAoM para vistRta rUpa se koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| sAtha hI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhI kucha vizeSa vicAra upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| pAzcAtya vicAraNA meM naitika pramApaka ke prazna ko lekara jisa DhaMga se vibhinna naitika dhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai usI DhaMga para hamAre yahA~ kI naitika dhAraNAoM kA adhyayana nahIM huA hai, mAtra zrI suzIla kumAra maitrA ne apane grantha ke pariziSTa meM isa DhaMga se eka prayAsa avazya kiyA hai| isa prakAra tulanAtmaka evaM samanvayAtmaka pariprekSya meM bhAratIya AcAra darzanoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA abhI bhI banI huI hai| prastuta grantha usI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai| samanvayAtmaka pariprekSya meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA bhAratIya cintakoM ne jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM ko kAphI sUkSma dRSTi se parakhA hai / pAzcAtya paramparA ke vibhinna naitika siddhAnta jo Aja apanI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM bhAratIya naitika cintana meM bikhare hue par3e haiN| prastuta grantha meM jaina AcAra darzana ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha usakI nikaTavartI do AcAra praNAliyoM se tulanA karane kA bhI yathAsambhava prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / __hamAre samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se kiye gaye isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA pramukha dRSTikoNa, jaina AcAra darzana kI, gItA aura bauddha AcAra darzana se jo sannikaTatA aura

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8 - sAmyatA hai, use abhivyakta karanA hai / adhyayana kI isa samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa hI mUlabhUta dArzanika virodha vivecanA kI dRSTi se upekSita se rahe haiM / yadyapi samAlocya vicAra paramparAoM meM dArzanika dRSTi-bheda haiM, phira bhI una vibhinna AdhAroM para nikAle gaye naitika niSkarSa itane samAna haiM ki ve adhyetA kA dhyAna apanI ora AkarSita kiye binA nahIM rahate haiM / yahI kAraNa thA ki samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane ke lie hamane inakI tattvamImAMsA ke sthAna para AcAramImAMsA kA cayana kiyA hai / kyoMki yaha eka aisA pakSa hai jahA~ tInoM dhArAe~ eka dUsare se milakara usa pavitra triveNI saMgama kA nirmANa karatI haiM jisameM avagAhana kara Aja bhI mAnava jAti apane cira-saMtApoM se parinivRta ho zAntilAbha kara sakatI hai / adhyayana dRSTi ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura bhI kaha denA Avazyaka hai vaha yaha ki samagra adhyayana meM jaina AcAra darzana ko mukhya bhUmikA meM evaM gItA aura bauddha AcAra darzana ko paripArzva meM rakhA gayA hai / ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra darzana kA vivecana utanI gaharAI aura vistAra se na ho pAyA hai jitanI ki unake bAre meM svatantra adhyayana kI dRSTi se apekSA kI jA sakatI hai / lekina isakA kAraNa bhI hamArI upekSAvRtti nahIM hokara adhyayana kI sImA evaM dRSTi hI hai / viSaya ke cayana ke sambandha meM sambhavataH yaha prazna uThatA hai ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM ko hI kyoM cunA gayA ? isa cayana ke pIche mukhya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki bhArata ke sAMskRtika pariveza ke nirmANa meM jina paramparAoM kA maulika yogadAna rahA ho tathA jo Aja bhI jIvanta paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhAratIya evaM anya dezoM ke janajIvana para apanA prabhAva banAye hue haiM, unheM hI adhyayana kA viSaya banAyA jaay| tAki tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke mAdhyama se unakI AcAra-niSTha ekarUpatA ko abhivyakta kiyA jA sake, jo unheM eka dUsare ke nikaTa lAne meM sahAyaka ho / prAcIna kAla kI nivRtti pradhAna zramaNa aura pravRtti pradhAna vaidika paramparAe~ hI bhAratIya sAMskRtika pariveza kA nirmANa karane vAlI pramukha paramparAe~ haiM / ina donoM ke pArasparika prabhAva evaM samanvaya se hI vartamAna bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai / inake pArasparika samanvaya ne nimna tIna dizAe~ grahaNa kI thI : 1. samanvaya kA eka rUpa thA jisameM nivRtti pradhAna aura pravRtti gauNa thI / yaha 'nivRtyAtmaka pravRtti' kA mArga thA / jIvanta AcAra darzanoM ke rUpa meM isakA pratinidhitva jaina paramparA karatI hai / 2. samanvaya kA dUsarA rUpa thA jisameM pravRtti pradhAna aura nivRtti gauNa thI / yaha 'pravRtyAtmaka nivRtti' kA mArga thA, jisakA pratinidhitva gItA se prabhAvita vartamAna hindU paramparA karatI hai |

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3. samanvaya kA tIsarA rUpa thA pravRtti aura nivRtti kI atiyoM se bacakara madhyama mArga para calanA; isakA dizAnirdeza bhagavAn buddha ne kiyaa| unake AcAra darzana meM parivAra ke tyAga ke artha meM nivRtti kA sthAna thA to sAmAjika kalyANa ke artha meM pravRtti kaa| vastutaH uparokta tInoM vicAraNAe~ hI apane samanvita rUpa meM samagra bhAratIya AcAra paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karatI haiN| vartamAna yuga taka inake bAhya rUpa meM aneka parivartana hote rahe phira bhI inakI pRSThabhUmi bahuta kucha vahI banI rahI hai| Aja bhI ye tInoM paramparAe~ bhAratIya naitika cintana ke eka pUrNa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karane meM samartha haiM / yahI nahIM tInoM paramparAe~ apane Antarika rUpa meM eka dUsare ke itanI nikaTa haiM ki apane adhyetA ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane ko prerita kara detI haiM / adhyayana sAmagrI evaM kSetra uparokta tInoM paramparAoM meM se jaina paramparA meM AcAra darzana kI dRSTi se bhI saiddhAntika rUpa meM koI ullekhanIya parivartana nahIM huA hai| yadyapi AgamoM kI apekSA pazcakAlIna granthoM meM AcAra sambandhI niyamoM meM thor3e-bahuta vyAvahArika parivartana avazya parilakSita hote haiN| phira bhI jaina paramparA kI yaha viziSTatA hai ki itanI lambI samayAvadhi meM vaha apane mUla kendra se adhika dUra nahIM ho paayii| Aja bhI vaha nivRtyAtmaka pravRtti ke apane mUla svarUpa se idhara-udhara kahIM nahIM bhaTakI hai| pazcakAlIna granthoM meM bhI Agama ke vicAroM kA hI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| ataH adhyayana kI dRSTi se mUla AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha paravartI AcAryoM ke granthoM evaM dRSTikoNoM kA upayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai| ___ IzAvAsyopaniSad evaM gItA kI mUlabhUta dhAraNA para jisa hindU AcAra paramparA kA vikAsa huA usameM saiddhAntika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se vartamAna kAla taka aneka parivartana hue aura pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna mAnyatAe~ banIM, jo eka dUsare ke virodha meM bhI khar3I rhiiN| ataH prastuta grantha meM una sabako sammilita karanA sambhava nahIM thaa| isalie hindU AcAra paramparA ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM gItA kA cayana karanA hI ucita pratIta huA, kyoMki hindU paramparA ke AdhArabhUta granthoM meM upaniSad, brahmasUtra evaM gItA kI prasthAnatrayI hI pramANa bhUta hai| cAhe hindU paramparA meM kitane hI pArasparika virodha hoM, cAhe hindU AcAra kI paridhiyA~ aneka hoM, phira bhI kendra sabakA eka hI hai / sabhI apane pakSa kA samarthana prasthAnatrayI ke AdhAra para karane kA prayAsa karate haiM / isa prakAra gItA Aja bhI sabhI kI zraddheya hai aura hindU AcAra darzana kA pratinidhitva karane meM samartha hai / DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, "yaha (gItA) hindU dharma ke kisI eka sampradAya kA pratinidhitva nahIM karatI varan samagra rUpa meM hindU dharma kA pratinidhitva karatI

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hai|" ataH tulanAtmaka dRSTi se gItA kA hI upayoga adhika kiyA gayA hai phira bhI gItA ke saMkSipta grantha hone ke kAraNa tulanAtmaka sAmyatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie yathAvasara upaniSadoM, smRtigranthoM tathA mahAbhArata kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| bauddhAcAra paramparA ne jisa madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA thA, vaha ucita samAdhAna to thA, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM nivRtti aura pravRtti ke madhya usa samatola ko banAye rakhanA sahaja nahIM thaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda vaha samatola vicalita ho gyaa| eka pakSa kA jhukAva nivRtti kI ora adhika huA aura vaha hInayAna (choTA vAhana) kahalAyA hai kyoMki nivRtyAtmaka sAdhanA meM adhika logoM ko lagA pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| dUsarI ora jo pakSa pravRtti kI ora jhukA evaM jisane jana kalyANa ke mArga ko apanAyA, vaha mahAyAna (bar3A vAhana) khlaayaa| eka bAra isa samatola kA vicalana hone ke bAda bauddha paramparA vibhinna avAntara sampradAyoM (nikAyoM) meM vibhAjita hotI calI gayo / prastuta tulanAtmaka vivecana meM bauddha darzana ko usa vistRta samagra rUpa meM sameTa pAnA asambhava thaa| dUsare una nikAyoM kI pArasparika dUrI itanI adhika hai, ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se ve adhika upayogI nahIM raha jAtIM; ataH prastuta grantha meM bauddha darzana se tAtparya prArambhika bauddha darzana se hI hai| prAcIna pAli tripiTaka sAhitya hI hamArI isa vivecanA kA mUla AdhAra rahA hai yadyapi hamane yathAvasara visuddhimagga, laMkAvatArasUtra, bodhicaryAvatAra Adi paravartI granthoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| grantha paricaya lagabhaga 1100 pRSThoM kA yaha bRhadkAya zodha-grantha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama bhAga meM AcAra darzana ke saiddhAntika pakSa kA aura dUsare bhAga meM AcAra ke vyAvahArika pakSa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / saiddhAntika vivecana ke prathama bhAga meM tIna khaNDa hai-- 1. naitika siddhAnta khaNDa / 2. dArzanika siddhAnta khaNDa / 3. manovaijJAnika siddhAnta khaNDa / vyAvahArika vivecanA ke dUsare bhAga meM bhI tIna khaNDa haiM1. sAdhanA mArga khaNDa / 2. sAmAjika naitikatA khaNDa / 3. naitika niyama khaNDa prathama naitika siddhAnta khaNDa ke bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa nAmaka prathama 1. bhagavadgItA (rAdhAkRSNan), pR0 14 /

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11 adhyAya meM naitikatA kI paribhASA aura naitika pratyayoM ke vivecana ke sAtha hI samAlocya AcAra darzanoM kI vizeSatAoM, unakA pAzcAtya paramparA se antara, una para pAzcAtya - vicArakoM ke AkSepa aura una AkSepoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM AcAra darzana kI adhyayana vidhi ke rUpa meM pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika vidhiyoM kI vivecanA aura bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya paramparA ke sAtha unakI tulanA kI gaI hai / tIsare adhyAya meM naitikatA ke nirapekSa aura sApekSa svarUpa kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura usa AdhAra para utsarga aura apavAda kI samasyA ko bhI samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / cauthe adhyAya meM naitika nirNaya ke svarUpa evaM viSaya ke sandarbha meM jaina dRSTikoNa aura pAzcAtya paramparA ke vicAroM ko tulanAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / pA~caveM adhyAya meM naitikatA ke pratimAna kI samasyA kA pAzcAtya AcAra darzana aura jaina dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para savistAra nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / isI adhyAya meM puruSArtha catuSTaya kA vivecana bhI bhAratIya mUlya - siddhAnta ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / isaprakAra prathama khaNDa meM 5 adhyAya haiM / dUsare khaNDa meM adhyAya chaH se pandraha taka dasa adhyAya haiM / chaThe adhyAya meM AcAra darzana ke tAttvika AdhAra ke rUpa meM naitikatA kI dRSTi se sat ke svarUpa kI samIkSA kI gaI hai aura samAlocya AcAra darzanoM kI tAttvika mAnyatAoM para vicAra evaM tulanA kI gaI hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM AtmA ke svarUpa kI naitika dRSTi se samIkSA aura bauddha evaM gItA ke dRSTikoNoM se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM AtmA kI amaratA ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / naveM adhyAya meM AtmA kI svatantratA para niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda ke sandarbha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / dasaveM adhyAya meM karma siddhAnta para samAlocya AcAra darzanoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / gyArahaveM adhyAya meM karma ke zubhatva, azubhatva aura zuddhatva kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / bArahaveM adhyAya meM bandhana evaM duHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa tathA isa sambandha meM jaina aura bauddha mantavyoM kI savistAra tulanA prastuta kI gaI hai / terahaveM adhyAya meM bandhana se mukti kI prakriyA ke sambandha meM saMyamAtmaka jIvana-dRSTi se saMvara aura nirjarA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / caudahaveM adhyAya meM naitika jIvana ke sAdhya vItarAga, arhat yA sthitaprajJa kI avasthA tathA mokSa ke svarUpa para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / pandrahaveM adhyAya meM naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai / tIsare manovaijJAnika khaNDa meM solaha se unnIsa taka cAra adhyAya haiM / solahaveM adhyAya meM AcAra darzana aura manovijJAna kA sambandha spaSTa karate hue karma-prerakoM, kriyAoM aura aindrika vyApAroM ke sambandha meM samAlocya AcAra darzanoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / satrahaveM adhyAya meM mana ke svarUpa, naitika jIvana meM usake

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12 sthAna tathA manonigraha ke pratyaya kI jaina, bauddha aura gotA aura pAzcAtya manovaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi se samIkSA kI gaI hai / aThArahaveM adhyAya meM manovRttiyoM ke rUpa meM kaSAya evaM lezyA siddhAnta kI vivecanA evaM bauddha darzana tathA pAzcAtya dArzanika 'rAsa' ke vicAroM se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai / grantha kA dUsarA bhAga vyAvahArika pakSa se sambandhita hai aura alaga jilda meM prakAzita huA hai / isake sAdhanA - mArga khaNDa meM eka se ATha taka ATha adhyAya haiM / prathama adhyAya meM jaina naitika sAdhanA ke kendrIya siddhAnta samatvayoga kI vivecanA tathA bauddha darzana aura gItA se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai / dUsare adhyAya meM mAnavIya cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka evaM saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM ke AdhAra para trividha sAdhanA patha kI AvazyakatA kA pratipAdana karate hue darzana (zraddhA), jJAna evaM cAritra ke pArasparika sambandhoM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / tIsare adhyAya meM mithyAtva (avidyA) ke svarUpa kI vivecanA kI gaI hai / cauthe se sAtaveM adhyAya taka kramazaH samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyak cAritra aura samyak-tapa evaM yoga mArga kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / AThaveM adhyAya meM nivRtti aura pravRtti kI samasyA para usake vibhinna pahaluoM sahita vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa sabhI adhyAyoM meM jaina dRSTikoNa kI bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAradarzanoM se tulanA kI gaI hai / ke prazna para tathA gyArahaveM adhyAya adhyAya meM svadharma ke sambandha meM sAmAjika naitikatA khaNDa ke sambandha meM nau se adhyAya meM bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA ke gayA hai / dasaveM adhyAya meM svahita aura lokahita meM varNa-vyavasthA aura Azrama - siddhAnta para tathA bArahaveM bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / terahaveM adhyAya meM sAmAjika naitikatA ke tIna kendrIya siddhAnta ahiMsA, anAgraha aura anAsakti kI carcA kI gaI hai / caudahaveM adhyAya meM sAmAjika dharma evaM dAyitva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA isa sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke vicAroM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai | aura bauddha evaM vyAvahArika naitika niyama khaNDa meM pA~ca adhyAya haiM, jinakI krama saMkhyA pandraha se unnIsa taka hai / pandrahaveM adhyAya meM gRhastha dharma ke niyamoM kA savistAra vivecana karate hue jaina vicAra kI bauddha, vaidika evaM gAMdhI ke vicAroM se tulanA bhI kI gaI hai / solahaveM adhyAya meM jaina muni ke AcAra-vicAra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai vaidika paramparAoM meM pratipAdita muniyoM ke AcAra-vicAra se hai / satrahaveM adhyAya meM jaina AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI carcA kI gaI hai / sAtha hI una niyamoM kI bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma ke AcAra niyamoM se tulanA kI gaI hai / aThArahaveM adhyAya meM AdhyAtmika ora naitika vikAsa kI carcA kI gaI hai aura isa sambandha meM jaina paramparA ke guNasthAna siddhAnta kI bauddha paramparA kI vikAsAtmaka bhUmiyoM aura usakI tulanA kI gaI caudaha taka cAra adhyAya haiM / naveM vikAsa ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA

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gItA ke triguNa siddhAnta se tulanA kI gaI hai / antima unnIsaveM adhyAya meM jaina AcAra kA prAcIna evaM arvAcIna saMdarbho meM mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai / kRtajJatAjJApana prastuta gaveSaNA meM jina mahApuruSoM, vicArakoM, lekhakoM, gurujanoM evaM mitroM kA sahayoga rahA hai una sabake prati AbhAra pradarzita karanA maiM apanA punIta kartavya samajhatA huuN| kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra evaM anekAneka RSi-maharSiyoM ke upadezoM kI yaha pavitra dharohara, jise unhoMne apanI prajJA evaM sAdhanA ke dvArA prApta kara mAnava-kalyANa ke lie jana-jana meM prasArita kiyA thA, Aja bhI hamAre lie mArgadarzaka hai aura hama unake prati zraddhAvanat haiN| lekina mahApuruSoM ke ye upadeza, Aja devavANI saMskRta, pAli evaM prAkRta meM jisa rUpa meM hameM saMkalita milate haiM, hama inake saMkalanakartAoM ke prati AbhArI haiM, jinake parizrama ke phalasvarUpa vaha pavitra thAtI surakSita rahakara Aja hameM upalabdha ho sakI hai / ____ samprati yuga ke una prabuddha vicArakoM ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karanA Avazyaka hai jinhoMne buddha, mahAvIra aura kRSNa ke mantavyoM ko yugIna sandarbha meM vistArapUrvaka vivecita evaM vizleSita kiyA hai| isa rUpa meM jaina darzana ke marmajJa paM0 sukhalAlajI, upAdhyAya amaramuni jI, muni nathamalajI, pro0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, bauddha darzana ke adhikArI vidvAn dharmAnanda kausambI evaM anya aneka vidvAnoM evaM lekhakoM kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~, jinake sAhitya ne mere cintana ko dizA-nirdeza diyA hai / ___ maiM jaina darzana para zodha karane vAle DaoN0 TATiyA, DaoN0 indracandra zAstrI, DaoN0 padma rAje, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, DaoN0 kalaghaTagI, DaoN. kamala canda sogAnI evaM DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava Adi una sabhI vidvAnoM kA bhI AbhArI haiM, jinake zodha granthoM ne mujhe na kevala viSaya aura zailI ke samajhane meM mArgadarzana diyA varan jaina granthoM ke aneka mahattvapUrNa sandarbho ko binA prayAsa ke mere lie upalabdha bhI karAyA hai| ina sabake atirikta meM vibhinna patra-patrikAoM ke una lekhakoM ke prati bhI AbhArI hU~, jinake vicAroM se prastuta gaveSaNA meM lAbhAnvita huA huuN| una gurujanoM ke prati, jinake vyaktigata sneha, protsAhana evaM mArgadarzana ne majhe isa kArya meM sahayoga diyA hai, zraddhA prakaTa karanA bhI merA anivArya kartavya hai| sarvaprathama maiM sauhArdra, saujanya evaM saMyama kI mUrti zraddheya guruvarya DaoN0 sI0 pI0 brahmoM kA atyanta hI AbhArI huuN| apane svAsthya kI cintA nahIM karate hue bhI unhoMne prastuta grantha ke aneka aMzoM ko dhyAnapUrvaka par3hA yA sunA evaM yathAvasara usameM sudhAra evaM saMzodhana ke lie nirdeza bhI kiyaa| maiM nahIM samajhatA hU~ ki kevala zAbdika AbhAra prakaTa karane mAtra se maiM unake prati apane dAyitva se uRNa ho sakatA huuN|

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DaoN0 sadAziva banarjI kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~ jinakI AtmIyatA, sahayoga evaM nirdezana se lAbhAnvita huA hU~ aura jinakA mRdu, nizchala evaM sarala svabhAva sadaiva hI unake prati merI zraddhA kA kendra rahA hai / mitravara DaoN. azoka kumAra lADa evaM pro0 govindadAsa mAhezvarI kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~, unake bahuvidha sahayoga ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| __ prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna ke saciva zrI devendrarAja mehatA evaM zrI vinayasAgarajI kA bhI maiM atyanta abhArI hU~, jinake sahayoga se yaha prakAzana sambhava ho sakA hai| mahAvIra presa ne jisa tatparatA aura sundaratA se yaha kArya sampanna kiyA hai, usake lie unake prati AbhAra vyakta karanA bhI merA kartavya hai| mitravara zrI jamanAlAlajI jaina ne isakI presa kApI taiyAra karane meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai ataH unake prati bhI hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karatA huuN| maiM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama parivAra ke DaoN0 harihara siMha, zrI mohanalAla jI, zrI maMgala prakAza mehatA tathA zodha chAtra, zrI ravizaMkara mizra, zrI aruNa kumAra siMha, zrI bhikhArI rAma yAdava aura zrI vijayakumAra jaina kA AbhArI hU~, jinase vividharUpoM meM sahAyatA prApta hotI rahI hai| anta meM pUjya pitA zrI rAjamalajI zakkara vAle, mAtu zrI gaMgAbAI, bhAI kailAza evaM patnI zrImatI kamalA jaina kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne mujhe vidyA kI upAsanA kA avasara diyaa| zramaNa vidyA ke prakANDa vidvAn prophesara paM0 jagannAtha jI upAdhyAya ne hamArI prArthanA ko svIkAra kara evaM grantha kA samagratayA avalokana kara bhUmikA likhane kI kRpA kI, etadartha hama unake atyanta AbhArI haiN| ___isa sampUrNa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai, sabhI kucha gurujanoM kA diyA huA hai, isameM maiM apanI maulikatA kA bhI kyA dAvA karU~? maiMne to anekAneka mahApuruSoM, RSiyoM, santoM, vicArakoM evaM lekhakoM ke zabda evaM vicAra-sumanoM kA saMcaya kara mA~ sarasvatI ke samarpaNa ke hetu isa mAlA kA prathana kiyA hai, isameM jo kucha mAnava ke lie uttama hitakAraka evaM kalyANakAraka tattva haiM, ve saba unake haiM / hA~, yaha sambhava hai ki merI alpamati evaM malinatA ke kAraNa isameM doSa A gaye hoM, una doSoM kA uttaradAyitva merA apanA hai| yadatra sauSThavaM kiMcittadgurvoreva me na hi / yadatrAsauSThavaM kiMcittanmamaiva tayorna hi / / vIra nirvANa divasa-dIpAvalI sAgaramala jaina 15 navambara, 1982

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bhUmikA 0 sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA gambhIra adhyayana prastuta kara dharmoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko eka navIna sArthakatA pradAna kI hai / Aja - kala bahuAyAmitA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dizA bana cukI hai / avazya hI eka sImA taka usakI bhI upayogitA hai, kintu usameM viSaya kI mAtra pallavagrAhitA aura jJAna kA satahIpana banA rahatA hai / isake viparIta DaoN0 jaina ne use viSaya kI dRSTi se nIti evaM AcAra kendrita tathA kSetra kI dRSTi se vizeSataH jainAgama, pAli tripiTaka aura gItA kendrita kiyA hai| isase unhoMne adhyayana ke apane niSkarSoM ko gambhIra evaM dizA-nirdezaka banA diyA hai / avazya hI tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke kSetra meM yaha grantha eka mahattvapUrNa nidarzana prastuta karatA hai / Aja kI sampUrNa vaizvika paristhiti meM zikSA kA uddezya mAnava saMskRti kA adhyayana hI ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra ke adhyayana meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / bhAratavarSa meM hajAroM-hajAra varSoM se anekAneka mAnava jAtiyoM ne apanI prajJA, pratibhA, zIla-sadAcAra, kalAe~ aura saundarya bhAvanAoM ko, jo vividha aura vyApaka AyAmoM meM vikasita kiyA hai, vaha sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI dharohara hai / isa prasaMga meM yaha kahanA bhI galata na hogA ki kAlasAgara ke jvArabhATe meM hamAre sAMskRtika itihAsa ke jitane tattva vilIna ho gaye, unake bhI vividha avazeSa hamAre vartamAna virAT jAtIya jIvana ke antastala meM kahIM na kahIM apane nijI svarUpa meM yA kucha rUpAntarita hokara hamArI vAsanAoM, bhAvoM, pravRttiyoM evaM rAgAtmaka sambandhoM ke bIca aMgIkRta rahate hue ardha nidrita yA jAgrata rUpa meM vartamAna haiM / isa virAT saMskRti kA jaise - jaise caturdik evaM puMkhAnupuMkha adhyayana bar3hegA, vaise-vaise yaha tathya spaSTa hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI vAstavika arhatA usake vizva-saMskRti hone meM hai / isa pUrI garimA ke bAvajUda yaha bhI eka durbhAgyapUrNa tathya hai ki itihAsa ke krUra AghAtoM ne usa garimA ko vahana karane kI kSamatA ko hamase Aja chIna lI hai / yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki virAT bhAratIya saMskRti kI saMvedanazIlatA kSudra bhAratIya hRdaya aura anudAra mana meM samA sake / yahI kAraNa hai ki hamane sAMskRtika adhyayana ke rAjamArga ko bhI Aja eka pagaDaMDI banA dI hai / phalataH vizvavidyAlayoM aura ucca zikSAsaMsthAnoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke nAma para vidvAnoM dvArA jo kucha adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai, usakI eka ghisI-piTI loka hai, jo veda, upaniSad, sUtra, smRti, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ko sparza karatI huI gujaratI hai / unakI dRSTi meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana

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kI mAtra itanI hI iyattA hai / phalataH itane mAtra se ve apane ko kRtakRtya aura apane adhyayana ko paripUrNa mAna lete haiN| pAli aura prAkRtoM ke bIca bahujana bhAratIya samAja kA hajAroM-hajAra varSoM kA sAMskRtika vaibhava surakSita hai| usake mAdhyama se hI vizva ke golArdha taka bhAratIyoM kA mAnavIya sandeza pahu~ca sakA thA / adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM una dhArAoM ke prati upekSA kI vRtti kitanI AtmaghAtI hai, yaha kahane kI bAta nahIM hai| isa pariprekSya meM lekhaka ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke adhyayana meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke trividha srotoM kA pratyakSataH upayoga kara bhAratIya AcAradarzana ko AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate hue prAmANikatA ke sAtha gambhIra tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai / yahI unake grantha ko vizeSatA hai / / DaoN. jaina pAzcAtya nItizAstra ke saphala adhyApaka rahe haiM, isalie unhoMne jagahajagaha para nItisambandhI una pramukha praznoM ko bhI sthAna diyA hai, jinake samAdhAna evaM vivecana kI naI pAzcAtya paddhati ko dhyAna meM rakhakara prAcIna bhAratIya zAstroM dvArA honA cAhie thaa| vastutaH isa dizA meM unake vizleSaNa aura niSkarSa unake gambhIra adhyayana aura cintana ke pariNAma haiM / ina grantha ke sampUrNa vaktavya kA pramukha kendrabindu samatA yA samatvayoga hai, jisase anuprANita inake samasta vizleSaNa aura niSkarSa haiM, jinakA Avazyaka sanniveza grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| samatAmUlaka AcArapakSa kI prAmANikatA ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki samyaktva kyA hai ? aura usake nirdhAraka tattva kyA hai ? unakA vivecana kiyA jaae| mithyA, bhrama yA andhavizvAsa se samyaktva ko vyAvRtta karane ke lie yaha bhI anivArya ho jAtA hai ki eka ora to mithyA dRSTiyoM kA vargIkaraNa evaM vizleSaNa ho aura dUsarI ora samyaktva kA satya kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha jo akATya sambandha hai, usakA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jaaye| samyaktva kA satya ke sAtha jaise avisaMvAda Avazyaka hai, vaise hI samyaktva ke kAraNa yA sAdhanoM kI vizuddhi aura unakI tathyAtmakatA ke sAtha susaMgati kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| isa dizA meM tapas aura yoga-sAdhanA kA vizleSaNa evaM parIkSaNa Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / lekhaka ne bar3I kuzalatA se ina mUlabhUta muddoM para jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke dArzanika niSkarSa prastuta kiye haiN| mUlataH nIti kA prazna AdhyAtmika yA bhAvAtmaka nahIM hai, apitu sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika hai / kama se kama usakI parIkSA ko bhUmi avazya hI samAja hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke vairAgyavAda ke sambandha meM aisI dhAraNA bana gaI hai ki vairAgyavAda kA paryavasAna sAmAjika samasyAoM se palAyana meM hotA hai| yadyapi yaha AkSepa sampUrNa bhAratIya jIvanadRSTiyoM para hai, tathApi vizeSakara zramaNadhArAoM aura vedAnta para isakA samarthana Adhunika vicArakoM dvArA bhI kiyA gayA hai / bhAratIya nIti evaM AcAra-darzana ke kSetra meM adhyayana karanevAle sabhI logoM ke samakSa yaha eka bar3I cunautI hai, jisakA samAdhAna

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17 pakSapAta aura Aveza se nahIM, apitu tathya aura viveka se hI sambhava hogaa| DaoN0 jaina ne isa prazna ko mahattva diyA hai aura usake samAdhAna ke lie aparicita evaM alpa paricita tathyoM ko prastuta karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai / isake lie unhoMne pravRtti evaM nivRtti dhArAoM ke kSetra aura unakI sImAoM ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai / unake bIca kI avirodhI tAttvika mAnyatAoM ko bhI ujAgara kiyA hai / bhAratIya dharmoM meM sAmAjikatA aura sAmAjika naitikatA kA utsa kyA hai ? vaha kauna-sA kendrIya tattva hai, jisa bindu ke caturdik nIti yA naitika vyavahAra AtmalAbha karate haiM ? ina praznoM ke nirNaya ke lie DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne sAmAjikatA aura sAmAjika cetanA kA vizad vizleSaNa kiyA hai / isI dizA meM unhoMne ahiMsA kI kendriyatA ko, usake niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka donoM rUpoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai / bhAratIya cintana kI viziSTatA ko prakaTa karane ke lie sAmAjika cetanA kA vizleSaNa karate hue DaoN0 jaina ne 'ati sAmAjikatA' ke stara kI carcA kI hai / avazya hI inakI ati sAmAjikatA kA artha asAmAjikatA nahIM hai / yaha mAtra vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA ke dvandva se ubArane ke lie unase atIta tathA unako apane meM AtmasAt karane vAlA, unase bhI utkRSTa adhyAtmapradhAna naitika stara batAne mAtra ke lie aMgIkRta hai / prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya vicAradhArAoM meM isa ucca stara kI ora anekadhA saMketa kiyA gayA hai 'ko vidhiH ko niSedha:' / sabhI bhAratIya cintana dhArAe~ vyaktivAdI haiM, yaha bhI eka pracalita dhAraNA hai / DaoN0 jaina ne isake nirAkaraNa ke lie vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA ko paribhASita kiyA hai aura unheM eka hI vyaktitva ke do pakSa batAyeM haiM / unakA udgama rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM kI kriyA-pratikriyA ke bIca mAnA hai / isI AdhAra para vaha yaha niSkarSa phalita karate haiM ki vItarAga evaM vItadveSa atisAmAjika hotA hai, asAmAjika nahIM / sAmAjikatA aura vaiyaktikatA ke virodhaparihAra ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki svahita evaM lokahita tathA svadharma aura paradharma ko khulakara vyAkhyAyita kiyA jAya / lekhaka ne bhAratIya dharmoM kI tInoM zAkhAoM meM svahita aura lokahita kA samanvaya dikhAyA hai / hita kI avadhAraNA kA dharma se ghaniSTha sambandha hai, vizeSakara prAcIna dharma-saMskRti vAle dezoM meM, jaisA ki bhAratavarSa / yadi svadharma vaiyaktika hai to vaha lokahita ke lie kitanI mAtrA meM preraNAprada hogA ? isI prakAra sAdhanA ke staroM ke AdhAra para bhI vicAra kiyA jAe, jaisA DaoN0 jaina ne kiyA hai. taba bhI vaha vyakti ke kSetra se bAhara nahIM jaataa| gItA meM paradharma kI bhayAvahatA kI jo mAnyatA hai, vaha bhI kaise sAmAjika hogI / svadharma ke rUpa meM varNadharma ko kyA lokahita ke artha meM sAmAjika kahA jA sakatA hai ? isa para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / isa grantha meM vicArArtha jitane viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai, unakA prasthAna

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- 18 - bindu hai-jaina dharma-darzana / use mukhyatA pradAna kara bauddha mAnyatAoM aura gItA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / isa sthiti meM prastAvita vicAroM ko jainadRSTi kI pUrva mAnyatAoM ne prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa grantha kI yaha eka svAbhAvika sImA hai / kintu ina pratibaddhatAoM ke bIca kucha aise prazna uThate haiM, jinakI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jAnA caahie| prAcIna bhAratIya darzanoM ko pratibaddhatA hai-nityavAda / bauddhadarzana eka prakAra se isakA apavAda hai| nityavAdI dRSTi kA eka bharA-pUrA parivAra hotA hai, jisameM AtmavAdI evaM IzvaravAdI mAnyatAeM bhI hotI haiM / isa mAnyatA ke anusAra nitya AtmA hI manuSya kA apanA svabhAva hai| rAga-dveSa Adi kaSAyoM ke kAraNa vaha svabhAvacyuta yA kendracyuta hai / samatva AtmA kA svarUpa hai / isa satya kA jJAna na hone se hI vaha bAhya viSamatAoM se prabhAvita hokara anekAneka dvandvoM ke bIca ulajhA rahatA hai / nIti kI caritArthatA isameM hai ki vaha dvandvoM, viSamatAoM se janita saMgharSoM se bacAkara vyakti ko AtmasamatA meM yathAvat pratiSThita kara de| isa pUrI mAnyatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM yadi yaha prazna kiyA jAye ki naitika mUlyoM kA utsa kyA hai ? to isakA sahaja uttara hogAsamatva prApta karanA arthAt AtmA kI zuddha dazA ko prApta kara lenaa| isIlie ve vyavahAra naitika kahe jAyeMge, jo AtmasamatA prApta karA deN| dvandvoM ke jagat meM rahanevAlA vyakti kyoM AtmasamatA kI prApti ke lie prerita hogA? isa prazna kA AtmasamatAvAdI uttara hai ki vyakti kA mUlabhUta svabhAva yataH AtmasamatA hai, ataH apane svabhAvagata sAmyAvasthA kI dazA meM jAne ke lie vaha ceSTA karatA hai| yadi yaha prazna kiyA jAe ki Apake uparyukta kathana kI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra kyA hai ? to uttara hogA samyagjJAna / jJAna ke samyaktva ke nirdhAraNa kA kyA AdhAra hai ? satya / satya kyA hai ? AtmasamatA / AtmA dhruva satya hai, jo na sAdhya hai aura na sAdhana / praznottara kA yaha cakraka nityavAda ke vizvAsa-bindu ke cAroM ora ghUmatA rahatA hai| ina pUrI pratijJAoM kA parIkSaNa yA prAmANya sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika bhUmi para sambhava nahIM hai| spaSTa hai ki nItigata prazna sAmAjika evaM dhArmika hai, jise vyavahAra evaM tarka kI koTi meM AnA cAhiye / isaliye viSamatAoM aura dvandvoM ke bIca usakI varaNIyatA evaM varIyatA kA nirdhAraNa karanA hotA hai| usakA utsa samAja hai aura usakA Adarza bhI sAmAjika mAnyatAe~ hI haiM, jinakI samAja meM zreSThatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| yaha saba parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM aura apekSAoM meM utpanna hote haiM aura unhIM ke dvArA acche yA bure nirdhArita bhI hote haiN| naitika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kI tAttvikatA kA artha mAtra itanA hI hai ki vaha choTe-choTe svArthoM se prerita evaM tAtkAlika nahIM haiM / nityavAda ke sAtha naitika praznoM ko jor3ane kA eka duSpariNAma yaha bhI hai ki eka sthiti meM pApI evaM durAcArI bhI naitika ho jAtA hai, yadi vaha Izvara kA ananya bhakta hai yA

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19 - yaha jJAta ho ki vyakti - AtmA apane prayAsoM se paramAtmA meM vilIna hotA hai / ina sabake bAvajUda nityavAdI avadhAraNA meM bhI yama, niyama, Atmopamya, karuNA, sevA, tyAga Adi guNoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai aura usake pakSa meM vipula zAstroM kI racanA bhI kI gaI hai / kintu inheM parama puruSArtha yA paramArtha svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai / ina guNoM ko sAmAnya dharma yA nIti kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai / vAstava meM ina guNoM kA aihikatA se pratyakSa sambandha hai / bhAratIya sandarbha meM unheM kathaMcit AdhyAtmikatA se bhI jor3A gayA hai aura use mUlya pradAna kiyA gayA hai kintu aisA karane meM isakI pUrI sAvadhAnI rakhanI hogI ki nIti kahIM adhyAtma meM mahattva na kho de / isake lie nIti ke sandarbha meM kSetra meM mAnI jAnI caahie| yadi adhyAtma kA to vivekapUrvaka use nIti aura karma se pRthak rakhanA hogA / DUba na jAya aura apane svayaM kA adhyAtma ko caritArthatA aihikatA ke aihikatA -nirapekSa svatantra astitva hai karmavAda bhI eka dUsarI mAnyatA hai jo nityavAdI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita hai, yadyapi usakI nirbAdha vyAkhyA nityavAda meM sambhava nahIM hotI / nityavAda ke viruddha karmavAda nItinirdhAraka mAnyatA hai, jisameM AtmA aura Izvara na mAnane para bhI bauddha karmavAdI haiM / paralokavAda ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa nIti kI aihikatAvAdI vyAkhyA kara sakanA bauddha ke lie kaThina hai / karma evaM karmaphala kI aihikatAvAdI vyAkhyA na kara sakane ke kAraNa hI karma paralokavAda se mila kara rahasya evaM vizvAsa bana gayA / vaha manuSya ke lie bhAra bana cukA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki adhyAtmavAdiyoM ke lie karma bandhana bana gayA, kyoMki usakA samAdhAna kaThina thA, phalataH usase nivRtta ho jAne ko hI puruSArtha mAnA jAne lagA / karmavAda kA ghaniSTha sambandha kAryakAraNabhAva se hai / kAryakAraNa ke bIca jitanI mAtrA meM sthira evaM nitya tattva sanniviSTa kiye jAyeMge, utanI mAtrA meM hI karmavAda kA nIti nirdhAraka rUpa kama hotA jAyegA / isa prasaMga meM vyakti aura samAja ke bIca ke sambandhoM kA yadi vizleSaNa kiyA jAe to jJAta hogA ki AtmA, Izvara aura paraloka Adi kI mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra una donoM ke bIca tArkika AdhAra para svatantra sambandha nahIM banane dete / pUrNa evaM apUrNa kisI prakAra ke nitya tattvoM ke na mAnane ke kAraNa bauddha tathA nitya ke sAtha anitya ko bhI sthAna dene ke kAraNa jaina isa sthiti meM haiM ki ve yathA sambhava karma kI svatantra vyAkhyA kara sakeM / yahI kAraNa hai ki ina dhArAoM meM etat sambandhI vipula sAhitya kA nirmANa huA, jo vaidikoM meM sambhava nahIM ho sakatA thA / vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM yadi sAmAjika upAdAna kAraNa nahIM haiM yA Avazyaka mAtrA se kama haiM, to nityavAda evaM paralokavAda ke prabhAva meM vyakti kyoM samAjanirapekSa evaM usase svatantra nahIM hotA jAegA ? isa dArzanika sthiti meM bhI nityavAdiyoM dvArA

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- 20 - vidhi-niSedha se atIta AtmavettA mahApuruSa ke dvArA lokasaMgraha yA lokakalyANa kA Adarza prastuta karAyA jAtA hai, kintu vaha unakI vyaktigata zreSThatA athavA vyaktigata mauja yA lIlA se adhika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vAstava meM usa niSprayojana vyakti ko prayojana denA tAkika nahIM raha jAtA / bauddhoM ke bodhisattva Adarza meM anyoM se jo kucha bhinnatA dikhAI par3atI hai, usake pIche bauddhoM kI sampUrNataH anityavAdI parivartanazIla kAryakAraNa kI vyAkhyA hai, kintu vahA~ bhI kucha vizvAsoM ke kAraNa parivartanavAdI kAryakAraNa siddhAnta ke bAvajUda usa AdhAra para nIti kI apekSita vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakI hai| eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai bhAratIya AdarzoM kA, jo sampUrNa jIvana ko prayojanavattA pradAna karate haiN| usameM zreSThatama hai nirvANa yA mokSa / saMkSepa meM nirvANa prApaMcika dvandvoM evaM duHkhoM se vimukti hai| isakA ghaniSTha sambandha vyakti ke sAtha hai, jo mahattvapUrNa hai; kintu saba kucha nahIM hai / isakA nirNaya lenA hogA ki mokSa kI pracalita avadhAraNA kitanI sAmAjika hai / jitanI mAtrA meM vaha sAmAjika hogA, utanI mAtrA meM hI vyavahAra ko naitika mUlya pradAna karane meM samartha hogaa| yadi mokSa samAja-nirapekSa hai to usakA stara nitAnta bhinna hogaa| isa sthiti meM svayaM cAhe vaha utkRSTa evaM mahattvapUrNa kyoM na ho, kintu vaha naitikatA kI samasyAoM se vyakti meM udAsInatA laayegaa| isI pariprekSya meM bhAratIya darzanoM para palAyanavAdI hone kA AkSepa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha AkSepa nirmUla nahIM hai, ataH upekSaNIya bhI nahIM hai| kama se kama bauddha aura jaina darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ke bIca navIna dRSTi se nIti sambandhI adhyayana karane kI adhika sambhAvanA hai, AvazyakatA hai usa dizA meM cintana kii| isI artha meM DaoN0 jaina kA grantha dizA-nirdezaka hai| jagannAtha upAdhyAya bhUtapUrva zramaNa vidyA saMkAyAdhyakSa sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

Page #22
viSaya sUcI bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 1. AcAradarzana ko mUlabhUta samasyAe~ 2. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA 3. saiddhAntika adhyayana kA vyAvahArika jIvana se sambandha vizuddha saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa 6 / vizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa . 6 / samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa 6/ 4. AcAradarzana kI paribhASA dharma niyamoM yA AjJAoM kA pAlana hai 9 / dharma cAritra kA paricAyaka hai 9 / dharma kartavya kI vivecanA karatA hai 10/ dharma parama zreya kI vivecanA karatA hai 10 / 5. bhAratIya paramparA meM AcAradarzana (notizAstra) kI prakRti kyA nItizAstra kalA hai ? 12 / nItizAstra kI dArzanika prakRti 13 / 6. naitika pratyaya aura unake artha 7. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ 8. naitika cintana kI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya paramparAoM meM pramukha antara 9. pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke bhAratIya AcAradarzana para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ in m 1. jJAna kI do vidhAe~ 2. jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna kI vidhAe~ 3. bauddha darzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 4. vaidika paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 5. pAzcAtya paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ m m m

Page #23
- 22 - mr m mr 38 40 6. jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM dRSTikoNoM kA vicAra-bheda 7. jaina darzana meM jJAna kI satyatA kA AdhAra 8. AcAradarzana kI adhyayana vidhiyA~ 9. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke vividha dRSTikoNa 10. kyA nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi naitika adhyayana kI vidhi hai ? 11. tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha 12. tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara 13. dravyAthika yA paryAyAthika nayoM kI dRSTi se naitikatA kA vicAra 14. AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA artha nizcayanaya kA artha 42 / AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAra dRSTi 45/ 15. naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi ke AdhAra Agama-vyavahAra 46 / zruta-nyavahAra 47 / AjJA-vyavahAra 47 / dhAraNA-vyavahAra 47 / jIta-vyavahAra 47 / 16. vyavahAra ke pA~ca AdhAroM kI vaidika paramparA se tulanA 17. AkSepa evaM samAdhAna 18. nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra kI ekarUpatA 19. nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi kA mUlyAMkana 20. pAzcAtya AcAradarzana ko adhyayana vidhiyAM aura jaina darzana jaivika vidhi 52 / aitihAsika vidhi 52 / manovaijJAnika vidhi 52/ dArzanika vidhi 52 / 21. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM vividha vidhiyoM kA samanvaya 47 nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 1. pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 2. bhAratIya dRSTikoNa jaina dRSTikoNa 60 | gItA kA dRSTikoNa 62 / mahAbhArata tathA manusmRti Adi 62 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 63 /

Page #24
64 70 baDale kA dRSTikoNa aura janadarzana 63 / 3. naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa 4. utsarga aura apavAda 5. DivI kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina darzana 6. sApekSa naitikatA aura manaparatAvAda 7. sApekSa naitikatA aura anekAntavAda 8. Adarza vyakti kA AcAra evaM mArga-nirdeza hI janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANabhUta 9. mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM zAstra 10. niSpakSa bauddhika prajJA hI antima nirNAyaka 11. nIti ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa tattva 74 naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 1. naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa 2. naitika nirNaya kA kartA 3. hetuvAda aura phalavAda kI samasyA 4. hetu aura phala ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA kA dRSTikoNa 5. jaina darzanoM meM hetuvAda aura phalavAda kA samanvaya __ tulanA 88 / mUlyAMkana 89 / 6. naitika nirNaya ke sandarbha meM pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dRSTikoNa mila | kAMTa | mArTinyU / maikeMjI | 7. abhiprAya aura jaina dRSTi 8. abhipreraka aura jaina dRSTi 9. saGkalpa aura jaina dRSTi 10. cAritra aura naitika nirNaya

Page #25
- 24 - bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 97 1. sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha 2. jaina darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa 3. naitika sandehavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana (a) naitika sandehavAda kI arthavaijJAnika yukti aura tArkika bhAvavAda 102 / (A) naitika sandehavAda kI manovaijJAnika yukti 103 / (i) naitika sandehavAda ko samAjazAstrIya yukti 104/ 4. jaina darzana ko naitika sandehavAda asvIkAra 5. naitika pratimAna ke siddhAnta / 6. vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta 1. bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta ( sAmAjika vidhAnavAda, vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda, IzvarIya vidhAnavAda ) 108 / 2. Antarika vidhAnavAda ( buddhivAda aura jaina darzana, naitika indriyavAda aura jaina darzana, sahAnubhUtivAda aura jaina darzana, naitika antarAtmavAda aura jaina darzana, manovaijJAnika antarA:mavAda ) 105 107 0 . 119 7. prayojanAtmaka athavA sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta 1. sukhavAda ( manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana, anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda, jaina AcAradarzana aura naitika sukhavAda, arastU kA mAtrA kA mAnaka aura jaina darzana ) 119 / 2. vikAsavAda aura jaina darzana 129 / 3. buddhiparatAvAda aura jaina darzana ( sArvabhauma vidhAna, prakRtividhAna, svayaMsAdhya, svatantratA, sAdhyoM kA rAjya ) 132 / 4. pUrNatAvAda aura jaina darzana 135 / 5. mUlya kA pratimAna aura jaina darzana 138/ 8. mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina AcAradarzana 1. AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aura jaina darzana 141 / 2. vivekavAda aura jaina darzana 142 / 3. AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta aura jaina darzana 143 / 138

Page #26
149 - 25 - 9. sattAvAdI nItizAstra aura jaina darzana AcAradarzana ko pramukhatA 145 / vaiyaktika nItizAstra 146 / antarmukhI cintana 146 / zAzvata Ananda padArthoM ke bhoga meM / nahIM 148/ 10. mArksavAda aura jaina AcAra darzana bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AdhAroM meM antara 150 / Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa meM antara 150 / bhogamaya evaM tyAgamaya jIvana-dRSTi meM antara 151 / mAnavamAtra kI samAnatA meM AsthA 152 / saMgraha kI pravRtti kA virodha 152 / samatva kA saMsthApana 152 / sAmya naitikatA kA pramApaka 152 / 11. DablyU0 ema0 arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura jaina darzana naitika mUlya 153 / 12. bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya 1. jainadRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 155 / 2. bauddha darzana meM puru SArthacatuSTaya 157 / 3. gItA meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 158 / 13. cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM krama-nirdhAraNa 14. mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM ? 15. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlyasiddhAntoM kI tulanA 16. naitika pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda 17. jaina darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa 153 155 163 166 AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 177 1. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha jaina dRSTikoNa 179 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 180 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 181 / sat ke svarUpa kA AcAradarzana para prabhAva 182 / sat ke svarUpa kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa 182 | bhAratIya cintana meM sat sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNa 183 / 2. ( a ) sat ke advaya, avikArya evaM AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI naitika samIkSA 186

Page #27
- 26 - 191 196 zaMkara kA dRSTikoNa ekAnta ekatattvavAdI nahIM hai 188 / zAMkara darzana kI mUlabhUta kamajorI 189 / (ba) sat ke aneka, anitya aura bhautika svarUpa kI naitika samIkSA bauddha darzana kA anityavAdI dRSTikoNa 191 | anityavAda evaM kSaNikavAda 192 | buddha kA anityavAda ucchedavAda nahIM hai 192 / sat ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa 194 / jaina dRSTi koNa kI gItA se tulanA 196 / 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI tattvayojanA kI tulanA jaina tattva yojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti 196 / bauddha tatva yojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti 197 / jaina tattva yojanA se tulanA 198 / gItA kI tattva yojanA 198 / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke tattvoM kI tulanAtmaka tAlikA 199 / 4. naitika mAnyatAe~ pAzcAtya AcAra darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 200 / bhAratIya AcAra darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 201 / jaina darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 201 | bauddha AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 201 / gItA kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 202 / 199 AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 205 206 207 209 1. naitikatA aura AtmA 2. AtmA ke pratyaya kI AvazyakatA 3. AtmA kA astitva 4. AtmA eka maulika tattva AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa 210 / 5. AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha ( a ) jaina dRSTikoNa 213 / ( ba ) bauddha dRSTikoNa 213 / (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa 213 / 6. AtmA ke lakSaNa 214

Page #28
- 27 - 218 220 225 (a) jJAnopayoga 215 / (ba) darzanopayoga 217 / (sa) Atma nirNaya ko zakti (vIrya) 217 / Ananda 218 / 7. AtmA pariNAmI hai apariNAmI AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 219/ 8. AtmA kartA hai ekAnta kartRtvavAda ke doSa 221 / AtmA-kartRtva ke sambandha meM kundakunda ke vicAra 222 / ekAnta akartRtvavAda ke doSa 223 / niSkarSa 223 / bauddha dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 223 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 224 / 9. AtmA bhoktA hai 10. AtmA svadeha pariNAma hai AtmA ke vibhutva kI naitika samIkSA 226 / 11. AtmAe~ aneka haiM ekAtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 226 / anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 227 / jaina darzana kA niSkarSa 227 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 228 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 229/ 12. AtmA ke bheda viveka-kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda 230 / jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 231 / gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa 232/ 226 230 AtmA kI amaratA 235 237 1. anitya AtmavAda ekAnta anitya AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 236 / 2. nitya-AtmavAda ekAnta nitya-AtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 238 / 3. jaina dRSTikoNa 4. bauddha dRSTikoNa buddha ke AtmavAda ke sambandha meM do galata dRSTikoNa 241 / 238 240

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- 28 - 244 246 247 5. bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa anAtma (anatta) kA artha 244 | AtmA (attA) kA artha 245 / anitya kA artha 245 / avyAkRta kA samyak artha 245 / buddha mauna kyoM rahe ? 245 / 6. jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa kI tulanA 7. gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA 247 / 8. AtmA ko amaratA aura punarjanma 9. karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma 10. IsAI aura islAma dharmoM kA dRSTikoNa 11. ukta dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 12. vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM ke lie vaMzAnukrama kA tarka evaM usakA uttara. 13. pUrvajanmoM kI smRti ke abhAva kA tarka evaM usakA uttara jaina dRSTikoNa 251 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 252 / kyA bauddha anAtmavAda punarjanma kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai ? 252 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 253 / niSkarSa 254/ 14. pAzcAtya darzana meM AtmA kI amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana dArzanika yuktiyAM 255 / vaijJAnika yukti 255 / naitika yuktiyA~ 256 / (a) jJAna kI pUrNatA ke lie 256 / (ba) naitika Adarza kI pUrNatA yA caritra ke lie pUrNa vikAsa ke lie 256 / (sa) mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie 256 / (da) zubhAzubha ke phala-bhoga ke lie 257 / 247 2488 248 248 250 250 254 AtmA kI svatantratA 261 1. naitika jIvana aura svatantratA vyakti-svAtantrya ke do dRSTikoNa 262 / 2. mahAvIrakAlIna niyativAdI mAnyatAe~ 1. bhavitavyatAvAda 263 / samIkSA 264 / 2. kAlavAda 264/ kAlavAda kA naitika jIvana meM yogadAna 265 / samIkSA 262

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29 265 / jainadarzana meM kAlavAda kA sthAna 265 / 3. svabhAvavAda 266 / svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna 266 / samIkSA 266 / svabhAvavAda kA jaina darzana meM sthAna 267 / 4. bhAgyavAda 268 / samIkSA 268 / 5 IzvaravAda 269 / 6. sarvajJatAvAda 270 / 3. pAzcAtya darzana meM niyativAda kI dhAraNA niyativAda ke sAmAnya lAbha 272 / niyativAda apane siddhAnta kA samarthana nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para karatA hai 272 / niyativAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogitA 272 / niyativAda ke sAmAnya doSa 274 / 4. yadRcchAvAda yadRcchAvAda kA naitika mUlya 275 / yadRcchAvAda ke pakSa meM yuktiyA~ 275 / samIkSA 276 / bhAratIya AcAradarzana aura yadRcchAvAda 276 / 5. jaina AcAradarzana meM puruSArtha aura niyativAda mahAvIra dvArA puruSArtha kA samarthana 277 / jainadarzana meM niyativAda ke tattva 277 / ( a ) sarvajJatA 277 / ( ba ) karmasiddhAnta 277 / 6. sarvajJatA kA pratyaya aura puruSArtha sambhAvanA sarvajJatA kA artha 278 | kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa 278 | paM0 sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa 279 / DaoN0 indracandra zAstrI kA dRSTikoNa 279 / sarvajJatA kA traikAlika jJAna sambandhI artha aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA 280 / 7. kyA jaina karma - siddhAnta nirdhAraNavAda hai ? 8. boddhadarzana aura niyativAda evaM yadRcchAvAda buddha dvArA yadRcchAvAda aura niyativAda kI AlocanA 282 | 9. kyA pratItyasamutpAda niyativAda hai ? 10. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda gItA meM, niyativAda (nirdhAraNavAda) ke tattva 286 / kyA gotA niyativAdI hai ? 287 / 271 274 277 278 281 282 284 286

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10 karma-siddhAnta 295 296 298 298 299 303 1. naitika vicAraNA meM karma-siddhAnta kA sthAna 2. karma-siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyA~ aura phalitArtha saMkSepa meM ina AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM ke phalitArtha nimnalikhita haiM 297/ 3. karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ 1. kAlavAda 298 / 2. svabhAvavAda 298 / 3. niyativAda 299 / 4. yadRcchAvAda 299 / 5. mahAbhUtavAda 299 / 6. prakRtivAda 299 / 7. IzvaravAda 299 / 5. aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa gItA kA dRSTikoNa 300 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 300 | jaina dRSTi koNa 301 / 6. jaina darzana kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa ___ gItA ke dvArA jaina dRSTikoNa kA samarthana 303 / 7. 'karma' zabda kA artha gItA meM karma zabda kA artha 304 / bauddha darzana meM karma kA artha 304 / jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA artha 305 / 8. karma kA bhautika svarUpa dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma 307 / dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma kA sambandha 308 / (a) bauddha dRSTikoNa evaM usakI samIkSA 308 / (ba) sAMkhya darzana aura zAMkara vedAnta ke dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 310 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 310 | eka samagra dRSTi koNa Avazyaka 311 / 9. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA 10. karma kI mUrtatA mUrta kA amUrta prabhAva 313 / mUrta kA amUrta se sambandha 314 / 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA jaina dRSTikoNa 314 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 314 / 12. karmaphala saMvibhAga 304 306

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318 jaina dRSTikoNa 316 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 316 / gItA evaM hindU paramparA kA dRSTikoNa 317 / tulanA evaM samIkSA 317 / 13. jaina darzana meM karma kI avasthA 1. bandha 318 / 2. saMkramaNa 319 / 3. udvartanA 319 / 4. apavartanA 319 / 5. sattA 320 / 6. udaya 320 / 7 udIraNA 320 / 8. upazamana 320 / 9. nidhatti 320 / 10. nikAcanA 320 / karma kI avasthAoM para bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA 321 / karma kI avasthAoM para hindU AcAra darzana kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA 321 / 14. karma vipAka ko niyatatA aura aniyatatA jaina dRSTikoNa 323 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 324 / niyatavipAka karma 324 / aniyatavipAka karma 324 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa .325 / niSkarSa 325 ) 25. karma-siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara karma-siddhAnta para mekeMjI ke AkSepa aura unake pratyuttara 325 / 332 11 karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 1. tIna prakAra ke karma 331 2. azubha yA pApa karma pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa 332 / jaina dRSTikoNa 332) bauddha dRSTikoNa 332 / kAyika pApa 332 / vAcika pApa 332 / mAnasika pApa 332 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 333 / pApa ke kAraNa 333 / 3. puNya (kuzala karma) 333 puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa 334 | 4. puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI 335 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra 338

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32 jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa 338 | bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa 339 / hindU dharma kA dRSTikoNa 339 / pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 340 / 6. zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora jaina dRSTikoNa 340 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 342 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 342 / pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 343 / 7. zuddha karma ( akarma ) 8. jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra 9. bauddha darzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra 1. ve karma jo kRta (sampAdita) nahIM haiM lekina upacita (phala pradAtA) haiM 346 / 2. ve karma jo kRta bhI haiM aura upacita haiN| 346 / 3. ve karma jo kRta haiM lekina upacita nahIM haiM 346 / 4. ve karma jo kRta bhI nahIM haiM aura upacita bhI nahIM haiM 10. gItA meM karma-akarma kA svarUpa 347 / 1. karma 347 / 2. vikarma 347 / 3. akarma 347 / 11. akarma kI artha- vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra 1. bandhana aura duHkha 1. prakRti bandha 356 / 2. pradeza bandha 356 / 3. sthiti bandha 356 / 4. anubhAga bandha 356 / 2. bandhana kA kAraNa Asrava jaina dRSTikoNa 356 / 1. mithyAtva 360 / 2. avirati 360 / 3. pramAda 361 / (ka) vikathA 361 / (kha) kaSAya 361 | (ga) rAga 361 | (gha) viSaya - sevana 361 / (Ga) nidrA 361 / 4. kaSAya 361 / 5. yoga 361 / bauddha darzana meM bandhana ( duHkha) kA kAraNa 362 / gotA kI dRSTi meM bandhana kA kAraNa 363 / sAMkhya yoga darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa 365 / nyAya darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa 365 / 340 343 344 346 12 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 347 348 355 356

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365 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha 4. aSTakarma aura unake kAraNa 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma 367 / jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa 367 / 1. pradoSa 367 / 2. nihnava 367 / 3. antarAya 367 / 4. mAtsarya 367 / 5. asAdanA 367 / 6. upaghAta 367 / jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka 367 / 1. matijJAnAvaraNa 367 / 2. zrutijJAnAvaraNa 367 / 3. avadhijJAnAvaraNa 367 / 4. manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNa 367 / 5. kevala jJAnAvaraNa 367 / 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma 368 | darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 368 | darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka 368 / 1. cakSudarzanAvaraNa 368/2. acakSudarzanAvaraNa 368 | 3. avadhidarzanAvaraNa 368) 4. kevaladarzanAvaraNa 368 ! 5 nidrA 368 / 6. nidrAnidrA 368 / 7. pracalA 368 / 8. styAnagRddhi 368 / 3. vedanIya karma 368/ sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa 369 / sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka 369 / asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa 369 / 4. mohanIya karma 370 / mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 370 / (a) darzana moha 371 / (ba) cAritra moha 371 / 5. AyuSya karma 372 / AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 372 / (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 372/ (ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 372 / (sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 373 / (da) daivIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 373 / AkasmikamaraNa 373 / 6. nAma karma 373 / zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 374 | zubhanAma karma kA vipAka 374 / azubhanAma karma ke kAraNa 374 / azubhanAma karma kA vipAka 374 / 7. gotra karma 375 / ucca gotra evaM nIca gotra ke karmabandha ke kAraNa 375 / gotra karma kA vipAka 375 / * 8. antarAya karma 375 / 1. dAnAntarAya 376 / 2. lAbhAntarAya 376 / 3. bhogAntarAya 376 / 4. upabhogAntarAya 376 / 5. vIryAntarAya 376 !

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- 34 - 376 378 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI karma sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma prakRtiyA~ 377 / 6. pratItyasamudatpAda aura aSTakarma, eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 1. avidyA 378 / 2. saMskAra 379 / 3. vijJAna 379 / 4. nAma-rUpa 379 / 5. SaDAyatana 379 / 6. sparza 380/ 7. vedanA 380 8. tRSNA 380 / 9. upAdAna 380 / 10. bhava 381 / 11. jAti 381 / 12. jarA-maraNa 381 / 7. mahAyAna dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtI aura aghAtI karma 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA 383 | jaina dRSTikoNa 384 / bauddha dRSTikoNa se tulanA 385 / 381 382 383 bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 387 388 389 390 391 1. saMvara kA artha 2. jaina paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa 3. bauddha darzana meM saMvara 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 5. saMyama aura naitikatA 1.khAna-pAna meM saMyama 393 / 2. bhogoM meM saMyama 394 / 3. vANI kA saMyama 394 / 6. nirjarA dravya aura bhAva nirjarA 395 / sakAma aura akAma nirjarA 395 / jaina sAdhanA meM aupakramika nirjarA kA sthAna 396 / aupakramika nirjarA ke bheda 398 / 7. bauddha AcAra darzana aura nirjarA 8. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 9. niSkarSa 395 399

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1. jIvana-lakSya kI zodha meM 2. jIvana kyA hai ? 3. naitikatA kA sAdhya ". 6. 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM parama sAdhya jaina darzana meM vItarAga kA jIvanAdarza bauddha darzana meM arhat kA jIvanAdarza 7. gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jIvanAdarza 8. zAMkara vedAnta meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNa jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa ay. 35 ( a ) saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa evaM samatva kA saMsthApana 407 / 1. manovRttiyoM kA Antarika saMgharSa / 2. vyakti kI Antarika abhiruciyoM aura bAhya paristhitiyoM kA saMgharSa / 3. bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya honevAlA saMgharSa 407 / ( ba ) Atma- pUrNatA 411 | (sa) Atma-sAkSAtkAra 414 | jaina dRSTikoNa aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra 414 / -- 14 naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) jaina darzana meM mukti ke do rUpa 415 / bauddha paramparA meM do prakAra kA nirvANa 415 / vaidika paramparA meM do prakAra kI mukti 416 / 10. bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa ( a ) bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 420 | ( ba ) abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 422 / ( sa ) anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa 422 / 1. vaibhASika sampradAya 423 / 2. sautrAntika sampradAya 324 | 3. vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra ) 425 / 4. zUnyavAda 426 / nirvANa bhAvAtmaka tathya 427 / nirvANa abhAvAtmaka tathya 427 / nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA 428 | 11. gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa niSkarSa 431 | 12. sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA patha kA pArasparika sambandha sAdhya aura sAdhaka - jainadRSTikoNa 431 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 433 / sAdhanA patha aura sAdhya 433 / 405 405 407 415 416 417 418 419 420 423 430 431

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1. dharma aura naitikatA kA sambandha 2. dharma aura Izvara 3. karma - siddhAnta aura Izvara 4. jaina darzana kA samAdhAna gItA kA dRSTikoNa 5. 6. naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM Izvara 7. upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara 8. Izvara mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM 1 1. manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana kA sambandha 36 2. naitikatA kA kSetra saMkalpayukta karma I jaina AcAra-darzana aura manovijJAna 454 / cetana jIvana ke vividha pakSa aura naitikatA 555 / 15 naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 16 jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 456 | jaina dRSTikoNa 446 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 459 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 459 / niSkarSa 459 / 3. prANIya vyavahAra ke preraka tattva 6. gItA meM karma - prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa vAsanA kA udbhava tathA vikAsa 460 | jaina dRSTikoNa 461 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 462 / pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM vyavahAra ke mUlabhUta prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa 462 / 4. jaina darzana meM vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa 5. bauddha darzana ke bAvana caittasika dharma ( a ) anya samAna caitta sika / ( ba ) akuzala caitta sika 464 / ( sa ) kuzala caitta sika 465 / 437 440 441 442 442 445 447 448 453 456 460 463 463 465

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- 37 - 465 468 469 7. kAmanA kA udbhava aura vikAsa jaina dRSTikoNa 466 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 467 / gItA kA dRSTi koNa 467 / niSkarSa 468 / 8. 'indriya' zabda kA artha (a) jaina dRSTikoNa | (ba) bauddha dRSTikoNa | (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa 468/ 9. jaina darzana meM indriya-svarUpa jaina darzana meM indriyoM ke viSaya 469 / jaina darzana meM indriya nirodha 471 / 10. bauddha darzana meM indriya-nirodha 11. gItA meM indriya-nirodha 12. kyA indriya-damana sambhava hai ? jainadarzana aura indriya-damana 474 | bauddha darzana aura indriyadamana 475 / gItA aura indriya-damana 475 / 472 473 474 17 mana kA svavarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 479 479 479 480 480 482 1. mana kA svarUpa 2. dravyamana aura bhAvamana 3. mana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai ? 4. jainadarzana meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana kI kalpanA 5. dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA sambandha 6. naitika cetanA meM mana kA sthAna / jaina dRSTikoNa 482 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 483 / gItA evaM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa 483 / 7. mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ? 8. mana avidyA kA vAsasthAna 9. naitika pragati aura naitika uttaradAyitva evaM mana 10. manonigraha 484 485 486 487

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489 489 491 492 jainadarzana meM manonigraha 488 / bauddhadarzana meM manonigraha 488 / gItA meM manonigraha 488 / 11. Adhunika manovijJAna meM manonigraha : eka anucita dhAraNA 12. samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM meM damana kI anaucityatA jaina darzana meM manonigraha kA anaucitya 489 / bauddha darzana meM damana kA anaucitya 490 / gItA meM damana kA anaucitya 490 / 13. jaina darzana kA sAdhanA mArga-vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, vAsanA kA kSaya; 14. vAsanAkSaya evaM manojaya kA samyak mArga 15. jaina darzana meM mana kI cAra avasthAe~ 1. vikSipta mana | 2. yAtAyAta mana | 3. zliSTa mana | 4. sulIna mana 494/ 16. bauddha darzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAe~ 1. kAmAvacara citta / 2. rUpAvacara citta 494 / 3. arUpA vacara citta / lokottara citta 495 / 17. yogadarzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~ 1. kSipta citta 2. mUr3ha citta | 3. vikSipta citta / 4. ekAgra citta / niruddha citta 495 / 494 18 manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 499 499 499 0 500 1. kaSAya siddhAnta 2. kaSAya kA artha 3. kaSAya kI utpatti 4. kaSAya ke bheda 6. krodha 1. krodha | 2. kopa | 3. doSa | 4. roSa | 5. saMjvalana | 6. akSamA | 7. kalaha | 8. caNDikya | 9. maMDana | 10. vivAda 501/ 7. krodha ke prakAra 1. anantAnubandhI krodha (tIvratama krodha) / 2. pratyAkhyAnI krodha

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501 503 (tIvratara krodha) | 3. apratyAkhyAnI krodha (tIvra krodha) / 4. saMjvalana krodha (alpa krodha) 501 / 8. bauddha darzana meM krodha ke tIna prakAra 9. mAna (ahaMkAra) 1. mAna | 2. mada | 3. darpa | 4. stambha | 5 garva | 6. atyukroza | 7. paraparivAda ) 8. utkarSa | 9. apakarSa | 10. unnatanAma /11. unnata | 12. purnAma 502 / mAna ke prakAra 1. anantAnubandhI mAna / 2. pratyAkhyAnI mAna / 3. apratyA khyAnI mAna | 4. saMjvalana mAna 502 / 10. mAyA 1. mAyA | 2. upAdhi | 3. nikRti | 4. valaya | 5. gahana | 6. nUma | 7. kalka | 8. karUpa | 9. nihnatA | 10. kilviSika | 11. AdaraNatA | 12. gRhanatA / 13. vaMcakatA | 14. pratikuMcanatA 502 / 15. sAtiyoga 503 / 11. mAyA ke cAra prakAra 1. anantAnubandhI mAyA | 2. apratyAkhyAnI mAyA / 3. pratyA khyAnI mAyA | 4. saMjvalana mAyA 503 / 12. lobha 1. lobha | 2. icchA | 3. mUrchA | 4. kAMkSA | 5. gRddhi | 6. tRSNA | 7. mithyA | 8. abhidhyA | 9. AzaMsanA | 10. prArthanA | 11. lAlapanatA | 12. kAmAzA | 13. bhogAzA | 14. jIvitAzA | 15. maraNAzA | 16. nandirAga 503 / 13. lobha ke cAra bhed| 1. anantAnubandhI lobha / 2. apratyAkhyAnI lobha | 3. pratyA khyAnI lobha / 4. saMjvalana lobha 503 / 14. nokaSAya 1. hAsya / 2. zoka | 3. rati / 4. arati | 5. ghRNA / 6. bhaya 504 / 7. strIveda | 8. puruSaveda | 9. napuMsakaveda 505 / 15. kaSAyajaya naitika pragati kA AdhAra 16. pahale prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 17. dUsare prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 503 503 507 507

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508 103 504 505 507 18. kaSAya-jaya kaise ? 19. bauddhadarzana aura kaSAya 20. gItA aura kaSAya-nirodha 21. Avega naitikatA evaM vyaktitva 22. lezyA siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva 1. dravya-lezyA 506 / 2. bhAva-lezyA 507 / 23. lezyAe~ evaM naitika vyaktitva kA zreNI vibhAjana kRSNa-lezyA (azubhatama-manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 508 / nIla-lezyA (azubhatara-manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 509 / kApota-lezyA (azubha-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 509 / tejo-lezyA (zubha-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 510 | padma-lezyA (zubhatara-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 510 | zukla-lezyA (paramazubha-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 510/ 24. lezyA-siddhAnta aura bauddha-vicAraNA 25. lezyA-siddhAnta aura gItA 26. lezyA-siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA rAsa kA naitika vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 1. AcAradarzana kI mUlabhUta samasyAe~ 2. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA 3. saiddhAntika adhyayana kA vyAvahArika jIvana se sambandha vizuddha saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa 6 / vizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa 6 / samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa 6 / 4. AcAradarzana kI paribhASA dharma niyamoM yA AjJAoM kA pAlana hai 9/dharma cAritra kA paricAyaka hai 9 / dharma kartavya kI vivecanA karatA hai 10 | dharma parama zreya kI vivecanA karatA hai 10/ 5. bhAratIya paramparA meM AcAradarzana (nItizAstra) kI prakRti kyA nItizAstra kalA hai ? 12 / nItizAstra kI dArzanika prakRti 13 / 6. naitika pratyaya aura unake artha 7. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ 8. naitika cintana kI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya paramparAoM meM pramukha antara 9. pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke bhAratIya AcAradarzana para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara

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bhAratIya AcAradarzane kA svarUpa 61. AcAradarzana kI mUlabhUta samasyAe~ manuSya vicArazIla prANI hai, isalie cintana aura manana karanA usakA pradhAna lakSaNa hai|' vicAra aura AcAra ye mAnavajIvana ke do pakSa haiM / AcAra jaba vicAra se samanvita yA sampRkta hotA hai taba jIvana meM viveka prakaTa hotA hai| vivekapUrNa AcaraNa meM hI mAnavajIvana kI mahattA hai| yoM to AhAra, nidrA, bhaya aura maithuna Adi sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ manuSya aura pazu saba meM samAna hI hotI haiM; kintu manuSya kI vizeSatA isI meM hai ki usake AcaraNa meM viveka ho / 2 vivekazUnya manuSya pazu ke samAna hai| viveka hI manuSya ko apane lakSya ke viSaya meM socane ke lie prerita karatA hai| manuSya vicAra karatA hai ki vaha kauna hai, kahA~ se AyA hai, isa jagat meM usake jIvana kA uddezya kyA hai, usa uddezya kI prApti vaha kaise kara sakatA hai, kaisA AcaraNa zreyaskara hai aura kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa zreya se vimukha karatA hai| vaha kaise cale, kaise khar3A rahe, kaise baiThe, kaise bhojana kare aura kaise bole, tAki pApa-karmoM kA bandha na ho ? mAnavIya jijJAsA kI ye abhivyaktiyA~ jo jaina Agama AcArAMga aura dazavakAlika meM pAyI jAtI haiM, spaSTa karatI haiM ki manuSya ke sAmane apane sAdhya ( goal of life ) aura usa sAdhya ko prApta karane ke mArga kI samasyA sadaiva rahI hai| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| sAmAjika ikAI hone ke nAte vaha samAja meM rahatA tathA jItA hai| ataH usake sAmane yaha bhI prazna uThatA hai ki vaha samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra kre| gItA meM arjuna isI samasyA ko lekara upasthita hotA hai ki yuddha meM pratipakSI ke rUpa meM khar3e hue svajanoM ke sAtha vaha kisa prakAra vyavahAra kare / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki paramazubha (zreya) yA sAdhya aura usake sAdhanA-mArga kI vyAkhyA tathA samAja-jIvana meM pArasparika vyavahAra kI samasyAe~ hI AcAradarzana ke pramukha prazna haiN| AcAradarzana ko yaha batAnA hai ki manuSya kA paramazubha ( ultimate good ) kyA hai aura vaha kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| samAja meM manuSya ko apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra karanA cAhie, Adi / 1. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 3. 2. hitopadeza, 25. 3. AcArAMga, 11114 ; dazavaikAlika, 417. 4. gItA, 2 // 6-8.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 62. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA mAnava meM nihita cintana kI prakriyA jaba usake sAmane jIvana ke paramazreya eva AcaraNa ke aucitya-anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke sambandha meM aneka prazna khar3e kara detI hai, to unake uttara hameM AcAradarzana ke adhyayana se hI prApta hote haiM / vahI paramazreya ke viSaya meM hameM dizA-nirdeza karatA hai| mAnava meM apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke AcaraNa ko taulane kI jo pravRtti hai, usakA samyak samAdhAna bhI AcAradarzana ke adhyayana dvArA hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| AcAradarzana hI aucitya-anaucitya kA bodha karAtA hai, vahI sAdhya aura usakI prApti ke sAdhanA-patha kA nirdeza karatA hai aura zubhAzubha ke pratimAna ko bhI nizcita karatA hai| isa taraha AcAradarzana ke bahumukhI adhyayana kI upayogitA apane meM mahattvapUrNa hai, jise nimnalikhita AdhAroM para jAnA jA sakatA hai 1. AcAradarzana sAdhya aura usakI upalabdhi ke mArga kA nirdezaka hai-- sAmAnyatayA gati jar3a aura cetana dono meM hotI hai / jar3a kI gati andhI hotI hai jabaki cetana kI gati lakSyonmukha hotI hai| lakSyonmukha dizA meM AcaraNa karanA hI caitanya-jIvana kI viziSTatA hai| Atma-cetanA evaM vivekazIlatA ke kAraNa manuSya meM svataH apane lakSya kA nirdhAraNa karane aura usako upalabdha karane kI kSamatA nihita hai| manuSya ke lie apane jIvana-lakSya ke nirdhAraNa kA kArya mahattvapUrNa hai| jIvana kA paramazreya yA Adarza kyA hai ? kyA bhUkha, pyAsa, maithuna Adi kI pUrti hI jIvana kA lakSya hai athavA inase Upara bhI jIvana kA koI mahAn evaM vyApaka Adarza hai ? yadi hai to vaha kyA hai ? ina praznoM ke uttara AcAradarzana ke adhyayana dvArA hI prApta ho sakate haiN| usI ke dvArA paramazreya yA paramazubha ko jAnA jA sakatA hai aura vahI hameM paramazreya kI upalabdhi kA mArga batA sakatA hai| AcAradarzana ke samyak adhyayana ke abhAva meM na to jIvana ke Adarza kA bodha sambhava hai, na usakI upalabdhi kA mArga mila sakatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki andhA cAhe kitanA hI bahAdura ho, vaha zatru-senA ko parAjita nahIM kara sakatA; usI prakAra ajJAnI yA lakSyabodha se vihIna sAdhaka bhI vikAroM para vijaya prApta nahIM kara sktaa|' AcArya baTTakera bhI mUlAcAra meM likhate haiM ki jinazAsana meM kevala do hI bAteM batAyI gayI haiM-mArga ( sAdhanApatha ) aura mArga kA phala ( sAdhanA kA aadrsh)|2 isa prakAra jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM manuSya ke lie paramazreya aura usakI prApti kA mArga, donoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai jo AcAradarzana ke adhyayana se hI mila sakatA hai| jahA~ bauddha AcAradarzana meM tRtIya Aryasatya duHkhanirodha (nirvANa ) ke rUpa meM paramazreya aura caturtha Aryasatya aSTAMgika mArga ke rUpa meM sAdhanApatha kA bodha karAyA gayA hai, vahIM jaina AcAradarzana meM bhI ratnatraya ko jIvana ke Adarza, pUrNatA yA mokSa kI 1. AcArAMganiyukti, 219. 2. mUlAcAra, 202.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa upalabdhi kA sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne bhI paramazreya aura usake sAdhanAmArga ke rUpa meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga evaM bhaktiyoga kA upadeza diyA hai| isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA adhyayana jIvana ke parama zreya aura usakI upalabdhi ke mArga kA nirdezaka bana sakatA hai, aura isalie unakA adhyayana bhI apekSita hai| 2. AcAradarzana AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA viveka sikhAtA hai-jIvana karmamaya hai| karmazUnya jIvana jar3atA hai| jIvana aura AcaraNa meM itanA nikaTatama sambandha hai ki donoM sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| eka ora AcaraNa kI sambhAvanA jIvana ke astitva ke sAtha jur3I hai, to dUsarI ora AcaraNa hI jIvana kA lakSaNa hai| jainadarzana meM AcaraNa ko jIva kA lakSaNa aura karma ko saMsAra kA mUla 2 mAnA gayA hai| jagat ke sabhI prANI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM se yukta hote haiN| ve nirantara kriyAzIla rahate haiN| gItA kahatI hai ki jagat ke prANI kisI bhI kSaNa kriyA ( karma ) se virata nahIM hote haiN| bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra to kriyAzIlatA hI jIvana hai, kriyA se bhinna kartA kA astitva hI nahIM hai| kriyA hI kartA hai|4 pAzcAtya cintaka maithyU ArnAlDa ke anusAra, AcaraNa jIvana kA tIna-cauthAI bhAga hai|5 maikeMjI kA kathana hai ki prayojanayukta kriyAzIlatA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAye to AcaraNa hI jIvana hai / ' isa prakAra yadi jIvana AcaraNamaya hai, to prazna uThatA hai ki kyA AcaraNa ke sabhI rUpoM kI upayogitA samAna hai ? uttara spaSTarUpa se nakArAtmaka hai| AcaraNa ke sabhI rUpoM kI upayogitA samAna nahIM mAnI jA sktii| AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpa vyakti evaM samAja ke lie kalyANakArI hote haiM aura kucha prArUpa akalyANakArI / ataH svAbhAvika hI yaha jijJAsA hotI hai ki AcaraNa ke kauna se prArUpa vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke lie hitakara haiM aura kauna se ahitakara ? dUsare zabdoM meM kauna sA AcaraNa ucita evaM kauna sA anucita hai ? AcAradarzana AcaraNa ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM AcaraNa ke aucitya evaM anaucitya kA nirdeza karatA hai| dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai ki zruta ke adhyayana ke dvArA hI kalyANakArI aura pApakArI pravRttiyoM kA bodha hotA hai| gItA ke anusAra, kartavya aura akartavya kI vyavasthA meM zAstra hI pramANabhUta hai| isa prakAra puNya-pApa, ucita-anucita yA kartavya-akartavya ke bodha ke lie AcAradarzana kA adhyayana nitAnta Avazyaka hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 11. 2. AcArAMganiyukti, 189. 3. gItA, 35. 4. visuddhimagga, uddhRta-bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana ( prathama bhAga), pR0 511. 5. dekhie-nItipravezikA, pR0 21. 6. vahI, pR0 21. 7. dazavaikAlika, 4 / 11. 8. gItA, 16 / 24.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. AcAradarzana AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana aura naitika pratimAna kI samIkSA karatA hai-cetanA ke sAtha jaba viveka prasphuTita hotA hai taba manuSya apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke AcaraNa ko hara kadama para taulatA hai, nirNaya karatA hai aura vicAra karatA hai ki vaha AcaraNa mAnavajIvana ke lakSya kI dizA meM hai yA nhiiN| yugoM se mAnava apane AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karatA rahA hai| cetana athavA acetana rUpa meM hara vicArazIla manuSya ke samakSa ucita aura anucita kA eka mAnadaNDa rahatA hai| phira cAhe usakA yaha mAnadaNDa tarkaviruddha aura asthira hI kyoM na ho, vaha apane isI mAnadaNDa ke AdhAra para aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirNaya detA hai| yadyapi pratyeka vyakti kisI-na-kisI mAnadaNDa kA upayoga karatA hai, phira bhI virale hI aise haiM jo socate haiM ki naitikatA ke mAnadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vibhinna avadhAraNAe~ kyA haiM aura vAstavika naitika pratimAna kauna sA hai ? naitika mAnadaNDa kA bodha aura usakI samIkSA AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM gaNadhara gautama kahate haiM ki prajJA ke dvArA dharma ( naitikatA ) kI samIkSA karo aura aura tarka ke dvArA tattva kA vizleSaNa karo' tathA vaijJAnika samIkSA ke AdhAra para dharma ke sAdhanoM arthAt AcAra ke prArUpoM kA nirNaya kro|2 AcAradarzana kA adhyayana isalie Avazyaka hai ki hamAre naitika nirNaya satya bana skeN| prazna cAhe ucita-anucita ke viveka kA ho, cAhe Adarza ke nirdhAraNa kA athavA naitika nirNaya kI samasyA kA; AcAradarzana kA adhyayana anivArya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra samUcA sAdhanA-mArga jJAna kI prAthamikatA para avasthita hai| prathama jJAna, aura tadanusAra AcaraNa, yahI jaina AcAradarzana kA svarNima sUtra hai| ajJAnI AtmA kyA sAdhanA karegA ? vaha zubha aura azubha, zreya aura preya athavA kalyANa aura pApa ke mArga ko kaise jAnegA? isalie jaina AcAryoM kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki pahale zruta ke adhyayana ke dvArA zubha aura azubha ke svarUpa ko samajho aura unheM ThIka-ThIka jAnakara zreya kA AcaraNa kro|4 AcArya kundakunda kA kahanA hai ki jo zreya aura azreya ke sambandha meM vijJa hai vahI durAcaraNa se nivRtta hokara sadAcArI banatA hai aura usI sadAcAra kI sAdhanA ke dvArA AtmavikAsa karatA huA paramasAdhya nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai|5 gItA kA bhI kahanA hai ki zubha ( karma ), azubha ( vikarma ) aura zuddha karma ( akarma ) ke svarUpa ko jAnanA 1. uttarAdhyayana, 23125. 2. vahI, 23 / 31. 3. dazavakAlika, 4 / 10. 4. vahI, 4 / 11. 5. darzanapAhuDa, 16.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa cAhie tathA zAstra ke dvArA vihita karma ko jAnakara hI vidvAn puruSa ko AcaraNa karanA caahie| kyoMki jo puruSa zAstra-vidhi ko chor3akara icchAnusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha na to sukha prApta karatA hai aura na hI paramagati ko prApta . hotA hai| 4. vibhinna naitika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke lie AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA-mAnava meM naitika viveka kI aparihArya upasthiti hI, usake jJAna kI apUrNatA aura paramArtha ke svarUpa kI jaTilatA ke kAraNa, aneka naitika siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kA AdhAra banI hai| vyakti kI mUlabhUta samasyA yaha hai ki vaha kisa AdhAra para yaha nirNaya kare ki kyA zubha hai aura kyA azubha hai / usake naitika nirNayoM kA AdhAra kyA ho ? vyakti ke pAsa aisA kauna-sA pratimAna yA nikaSa hai jisake AdhAra para vaha kisI karma ko zubha athavA azubha kahe ? vaha dRSTikoNa kyA hai jisake AdhAra para karmoM kI zubhatA aura azubhatA kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ? ina praznoM ne sadaiva mAnavIya cintana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai aura vicArakoM ne ina praznoM ke samAdhAna ke vibhinna prayAsa kiye haiN| kisI ne kartA ke saMkalpa yA karma preraka ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA, to kisI ne karmoM ke pariNAmoM ko hI unakI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra maanaa| isI prakAra 'karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI kasauTI kyA hai ?' isa prazna ke vividha uttaroM ke AdhAra para naitika pratimAnoM ke aneka siddhAnta astitva meM Aye / eka ora, kisI ne 'niyama' ko to kisI ne 'sukha' ko naitika pramApaka kahA; dUsarI ora, kucha vicArakoM ne 'AtmapUrNatA' ko hI naitika pramApaka mAnA, to kucha ne 'mUlya' ke naitika pratimAna kI sthApanA kI; itanA hI nahIM, ina vibhinna dhAraNAoM ke antargata bhI aneka siddhAnta astitva meM Aye / ataH vartamAna sthiti meM ina vibhinna siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA kiye binA hI naitika nirNaya de pAnA sambhava nahIM hai / naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana ke abhAva meM vyakti apane naitika viveka kA yathArtha upayoga nahIM kara sktaa| $ 3. saiddhAntika adhyayana kA vyAvahArika jIvana se sambandha naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana kA naitika AcaraNa se sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai / vyakti naitika siddhAntoM ke binA bhI naitika AcaraNa kara sakatA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki eka sadAcArI vyakti nItizAstra kA gahana adhyayana kre| eka ora nItizAstra ke saiddhAntika adhyayana ke binA bhI eka vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai, dUsarI ora nItizAstra kA eka marmajJa vidvAn bhI durAcArI ho sakatA hai| ataH yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana kA vyAvahArika dRSTi se kyA 1. gItA, 4 / 17. 2. vahI, 17124. 3. vahI, 17423.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana lAbha hai ? kyA naitika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana ko prabhAvita kara sakatA hai ? eka ora, mahAbhArata spaSTa kahatA hai ki dharma ko jAnate hue bhI usameM pravRtti nahIM hotI aura adharma ko jAnate hue bhI usase nivRtti nahIM hotii|' jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI kahA gayA ki jisa prakAra andhA vyakti prakAza hote hue bhI netrahIna hone kAraNa kucha bhI nahIM dekha pAtA, usI prakAra kucha pramatta manuSya zAstra ke samakSa rahate hue bhI samyak AcaraNa nahIM kara pAte / 2 kintu dUsarI ora, jaina darzana aura gItA yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA kA saiddhAntika adhyayana vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai / gItA ke antima adhyAya meM gItA ke paThana aura zravaNa kA mahattva isa lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara batAyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnasampanna hokara AtmA vinaya, tapa aura saccaritratA ko prApta karatA hai| isa prazna ko lekara ki 'nItizAstra kA vyAvahArika jIvana se kyA sambandha hai' pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke tIna dRSTikoNa haiM 1. vizuddha saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa-isa dRSTikoNa ke anusAra naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana kA hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana se koI sambandha nahIM hai / naitika siddhAnta mAtra vyAkhyAe~ haiM, ve yaha batAte haiM ki Adarza ke sambandha meM mAnavIya prakRti kyA hai ? use kaisI honA cAhie, isa bAta se usakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| naitika niyama Adeza nahIM, mAnavIya prakRti kI Adarza ke sambandha meM vyAkhyA hai| spinojA isa varga ke pramukha pratinidhi haiM / Adhunika vicArakoM meM bosAMke aura braDale ko bhI isI paramparA kA mAnA jAtA hai / AcAradarzana kI sahaja jJAnavAdI paramparA bhI yaha mAnatI hai ki zubhAzubha kA viveka svataH ho jAtA hai, ataH AcAradarzana kA saiddhAntika adhyayana vyAvahArika jIvana kI dRSTi se adhika upayogI nahIM hai| 2. vizuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa-isake anusAra naitika vivecanAoM kA sIdhA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hI hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM arastU ke pUrvavartI sabhI vicAraka, sToika, sukhavAdI, upayogitAvAdI, vikAsavAdI Adi isI varga meM Ate haiN| 3. samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa-isa mAnyatA ke anusAra naitika vivecanA kA sIdhA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se nahIM hai, phira bhI usakA prabhAva vyAvahArika jIvana para par3atA hai aura vaha jIvana ke Adarza ko hamAre sAmane prastuta kara detI hai, jisase usa Adarza kI ora gati kI jA ske| siddhAnta aura vyavahAra alagaalaga hote hue bhI paraspara sambandhita haiN| maikeMjI likhate haiM, "eka burA siddhAnta kabhI-kabhI eka pIr3hI kI abhiruci ko vikRta kara detA hai, jabaki eka acchA 1. mahAbhArata, uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 360. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 12 / 8. 3. gItA, 18168-71. 4. uttarAdhyayana, 29 / 59.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa siddhAnta usa abhiruci ko sudhArane meM sahAyaka bhI ho sakatA hai / "" grIka dArzanika arastU evaM kucha madhyakAlIna vicAraka evaM svayaM maikeMjI bhI isa mata ko ThIka mAnate haiM / prArambhika bauddha-darzana evaM jaina darzana naitikatA ke prati zuddha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa ko apanAkara hI Age bar3he the, yadyapi isake bAda dArzanika jaTilatAoM ne unheM bhI isa samanvayavAdI dhAraNA meM lAkara khar3A kara diyA hai / phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki kisI bhI bhAratIya paramparA ne apane AcAravijJAna kI vivecanA ko jIvana ke vyAvahArika pakSa se pUrNataH asambandhita mAnane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA / jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra nItizAstra kA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hai / eka ora, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlikasUtra meM jJAna yA saiddhAntika adhyayana ko vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai; kintu dUsarI ora, isa tathya ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki saiddhAntika adhyayana mAtra se hI jIvana kI vyAvahArika gutthI pUrI taraha sulajhatI nahIM / AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki mAtra jJAna se kArya kI niSpatti nahIM ho jAtI hai / jaise tairanA jAnanevAlA vyakti bhI tairane kI kriyA na karane para DUba jAtA hai, usI prakAra jo sAdhaka AcaraNazIla nahIM hai vaha bahuta-se zAstra par3ha lene para bhI saMsAra samudra meM DUba jAtA hai / 3 AcArya saiddhAntika adhyayana kI tulanA dIpaka se aura vyAvahArika viveka kI tulanA A~kha se karate hue kahate haiM, "zAstroM kA bahuta-sA adhyayana bhI kisa kAma kA ? kyA karor3oM dIpaka jalA dene se bhI andhe ko koI prakAza mila sakatA hai ? zAstra kA thor3A-sA adhyayana bhI AcaraNazIla sAdhaka ke lie upayogI hotA hai; jaise, jisakI A~kha khulI hai usake lie eka dIpaka kA prakAza bhI paryApta hai / ' isa prakAra jaina dRSTi ke anusAra saiddhAntika adhyayana hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie mAtra dizA-nirdezaka hai / naitika vivecanAe~ pratyakSa rUpa se vyAvahArika nahIM haiM, lekina ve jIvana ke Adarza ko spaSTa kara AcaraNa kA mArga prazasta karatI haiM / hamAre vyavahAra para unakA mahattvapUrNa prabhAva par3atA hai jisa prakAra A~kha ke lie prakAza aura prakAza ke lie A~kha Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra siddhAnta ke lie vyavahAra aura vyavahAra ke lie siddhAnta Avazyaka hai / donoM ke pArasparika sahayoga se hI jIvana ke Adarza kI dizA meM bar3hA jA sakatA hai / 4 / pAzcAtya paramparA meM rezaDAla aura mUra bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiM / rezaDAla kA kathana hai ki nItizAstra ke vyAvahArika mUlya para avizvAsa karanA una logoM ke lie bhI kaThina hai jo isake avyAvahArika svarUpa ko prakaTa karane meM 1. nItipravezikA, pR0 223. 2. Avazyaka niyukti 1151. 3. vahI, 1154. 4. vahI, 98 - 99.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ruci rakhate haiN|' mUra kA kahanA hai ki kartavyamImAMsA samagra naitika gaveSaNAoM kA lakSya hai| naitika AcaraNa ke lie jahA~ yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti yaha jAne ki kyA zubha hai aura kyA azubha; vahIM yaha bhI apekSita hai ki vaha kyoM zubha hai aura kyoM azubha, isakA bhI use samucita jJAna ho| yaha bAta naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana se hI sambhava hai| sAtha hI naitika AcaraNa kA mArga bhI itanA nirApada nahIM hai / kabhI-kabhI vyakti aisI dvividhA kI sthiti meM phaMsa jAtA hai ki sAmAnyataH ucita aura anucita kA nirNaya karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNaya karanA atyanta gahana viSaya hai / 3 vyakti ke jIvana meM aise aneka avasara upasthita ho jAte haiM jahA~ use dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM zubhAzubhatA kA nirNaya lenA hotA hai, kintu aisA nirNaya naitikatA ke saiddhAntika adhyayana ke AdhAra para hI adhika acche DhaMga se liyA jA sakatA hai| jaba kartavya evaM akartavya ke madhya dvividhA kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai taba naitikatA kA saiddhAntika adhyayana hI hamArA mArgadarzaka bana sakatA hai| isa saba ke atirikta vibhinna AcAradarzanoM kI deza-kAlagata vizeSatAe~ evaM vibhinnatAe~ svayaM . hameM naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana ke lie AkarSita karatI haiM / 4. AcAradarzana kI paribhASA AcAradarzana yA nItizAstra ko aneka prakAra se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai / pAzcAtya paramparA meM AcAradarzana kI paribhASAe~ aneka dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI haiN| kisI ne use rItirivAjoM aura niyamoM kA vijJAna mAnA, to kisI ne use caritra kA vijJAna btaayaa| dUsare kucha vicArakoM ne use kartavyazAstra aura aucitya-anaucitya ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA, to anya kucha vicArakoM ne use paramazubha ( zreya ) yA mAnavajIvana meM sannihita Adarza kA vijJAna btaayaa| saMkSepa meM nItizAstra kI pAzcAtya paribhASAoM ke ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. nItizAstra rItirivAjoM athavA sAmAjika niyamoM kA vijJAna hai| 2. nItizAstra AcaraNa yA caritra kA vijJAna hai / 3. nItizAstra ucita evaM anucita kA vijJAna hai| 4. nItizAstra kartavya kA vijJAna hai| 5. nItizAstra mAnavajIvana meM sannihita Adarza yA paramazreya kA vijJAna hai| 1. di thyorI Apha guDa aiNDa evila, pR0 418. 2. vahI, pR0 19. 3. gItA, 4 / 17. 4. dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, saMgamalAla pANDe, pR0 2-11.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 6. nItizAstra mUlyAMkana kA vijJAna hai| 7. nItizAstra naitika pratyayoM ke vizleSaNa kA vijJAna hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharmazAstra aura nItizAstra donoM alaga-alaga zAstra mAne gaye haiM, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya paramparA meM nItizAstra zabda kA prayoga bhale hI ho, lekina usakA artha pAzcAtya paramparA se bhinna hai / bhArata meM nItizAstra kA prayoga rAjanIti ke artha meM huA hai, phira bhI usameM sAmAjika jIvana-vyavasthA ke niyamoM kA vicAra avazya milatA hai| pAzcAtya paramparA meM nItizAstra ko 'ethiksa' kahA jAtA hai| ethiksa zabda ithosa ( ethos ) se banA hai, jisakA artha rItirivAja hai / isa sandarbha meM nItizAstra sAmAjika niyamoM yA AdezoM se sambandhita mAnA jAtA hai / pAzcAtya paramparA meM jise nItizAstra kahA jAtA hai, use bhAratIya paramparA meM dharmazAstra kahA gayA hai| ataH bhAratIya sandarbha meM nItizAstra kI paribhASA ko samajhane ke lie hameM dharma kI paribhASAoM kI ora jAnA hogaa| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma ko aneka rUpoM meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai, unameM se kucha pramukha dRSTikoNa isa prakAra haiM 1. dharma niyamoM yA AjJAoM kA pAlana hai--jaina paramparA meM dharma AjJApAlana ke rUpa meM vivecita hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA hai ki merI AjJAoM ke pAlana meM dharma hai|' mImAMsAdarzana meM dharma kA lakSaNa Adeza yA AjJA mAnA gayA hai, usake anusAra vedoM kI AjJA kA pAlana hI dharma hai / jaina paramparA meM laukika niyamoM yA sAmAjika maryAdAoM ko bhI dharma kahA gayA hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM grAmadharma, nagaradharma, saMghadharma Adi ke sandarbha meM dharma ko sAmAjika vidhi-vidhAnoM ke pAlana ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gayA hai| isa prakAra AcAradarzana ko niyamoM athavA rItirivAjoM kA zAstra mAnA gayA hai| dharma kI ye paribhASAe~ pAzcAtya paramparA meM nIti kI usa paribhASA ke samAna haiM jisameM nItizAstra ko rItirivAjoM kA vijJAna kahA gayA hai| 2. dharma cAritra kA paricAyaka hai--pAzcAtya vicAraka maikeMjI ne nItizAstra ko caritra kA vijJAna kahA hai| jaina paramparA meM dharma kI dUsarI paribhASA cAritra ke rUpa meM dI gayI hai / sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne dharma kA lakSaNa caritra mAnA hai|4 pravacanasAra meM AcArya kundakunda ne bhI cAritra ko hI dharma kahA hai|" AcArAMganiyukti ke anusAra, zAstra evaM pravacana kA sAra AcaraNa hai / 6 1. AcArAMga, 1 / 6 / 2 / 181. 2. mImAMsAdarzana, 111 / 2. 3. sthAnAMga, 1 / 10 / 11760. 4. sthAnAMgaTIkA, 4 / 3 / 320. 5. pravacanasAra, 17. 6. AcArAMganiyukti, 16-17.

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10 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaidika paramparA meM manu ne AcAra ko paramadharma kahakara dharma kA lakSaNa cAritra yA AcaraNa batAyA hai / 1 AcAra ko spaSTa karate hue manu ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki AcaraNa kA vAstavika artha rAgadveSa se rahita vyavahAra hai| ve kahate haiM ki rAgadveSa se rahita sajjana vidvAnoM dvArA jo AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai aura jise hamArI antarAtmA ThIka samajhatI hai vahI AcaraNa dharma hai / 2 3. dharma kartavya kI vivecanA karatA hai-lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM vyakti ke dAyitvoM kI vyAkhyA karanA dharma kA kAma hai| jaina paramparA meM dharma ko utkRSTa maMgala ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra dharma ko vizvakalyANakAraka batAyA hai / mahAbhArata meM dharma kI paribhASA isa rUpa meM kI gayI hai ki jo prajA ko dhAraNa karatA hai athavA jisase samasta prajA ( samAja ) kA dhAraNa yA saMrakSaNa hotA hai vahI dharma hai|4 gItA meM dharmazAstra ko kAryAkArya athavA kartavyAkartavya kI vyavasthA denevAlA batAyA gayA hai|5|| 4. dharma parama zreya kI vivecanA karatA hai--dazavakAlika niyukti meM dharma ko bhAva maMgala aura siddhi ( zreya ) kA kAraNa kahA hai / AcArAMganiyukti meM bhI dharma kA aMtima lakSya nirvANa batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki loka kA sAra dharma hai, dharma kA sAra jJAna hai, jJAna kA sAra saMyama ( sadAcAra ) hai aura saMyama kA sAra nirvANa hai / 6 isa prakAra dharma ko paramazreya kA udbodhaka mAnA gayA hai / kaThopaniSad meM bhI zreya aura preya ke vivecana meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo zreya kA cayana karatA hai, vahI vidvAn hai / AcArya zubhacandra ne dharma ko bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika abhyudaya kA sAdhaka batAyA hai / jaina paramparA meM dharma kI eka paribhASA vastusvabhAva ke rUpa meM bhI kI gayI hai| jisase svasvabhAva meM avasthiti aura vibhAvadazA kA parityAga hotA hai vaha dharma hai, kyoMki svasvabhAva hI hamArA paramazreya ho sakatA hai aura isa rUpa meM vahI dharma kahA jAtA hai| dharma kA lakSaNa yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki jo AtmA kA parizuddha svarUpa hai aura jo Adi, madhya aura anta sabhI meM kalyANakAraka hai vahI dharma hai / 10 vaizeSikasUtra meM dharma kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jisase abhyudaya aura zreya kI siddhi hotI hai vaha dharma hai| 1. manusmRti, 2 / 108. 2. vahI, 2 / 1. 3. dazavakAlika, 111; yogazAstra 4 / 100. 4. mahAbhArata, karNaparva, 69 / 59. 5. gItA, 16 / 24. 6. AcArAMganiyukti, 244. 7. kaThopaniSad , 2 / 1 / 2. 8. amola-sUkti-ratnAkara, pR0 27. 9. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 2663. 10. vahI, pR0 2669. 11. vaizeSikasUtra, uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 6.

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11 bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI dharma ko aneka rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI bhAratIya paramparA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM dharma kI kisI ekAMgI paribhASA para hI bala nahIM diyA gayA, varan dharma athavA nIti ke vividha pakSoM ko ubhArate hue unameM eka samanvaya hI khojane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| manu ne dharma ke lakSaNoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue ina sabhI pakSoM ko samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki veda evaM smRti kI AjJAoM kA paripAlana, sadAcAra aura Atmavat vyavahAra dharma kA lakSaNa hai| vastutaH jahA~ pAzcAtya paramparA meM ina vividha paribhASAoM kA Agraha dekhA jAtA hai vahA~ bhAratIya paramparAoM meM aisA Agraha nahIM hai, varan ve ina sabhI pakSoM ko samAna rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyeka paramparA meM dharma kI vividha vyAkhyAeM upalabdha ho jAtI haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhI dharma kI ina vividha paribhASAoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai dhammo vatthu sahAvo, khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhmmo| rayaNattayaM ca dhammo, jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhammo / / --kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 478 arthAt vastusvabhAva dharma hai, kSamAdi daza vidha dharma hai, ratnatraya dharma hai aura jIvoM kI rakSA karanA dharma hai / yaha dharma yA naitikatA kI vyApaka paribhASA hai / nItizAstra ke sandarbha meM ina paribhASAoM kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hogI--svasvabhAva paramazreya ke rUpa meM naitika sAdhya hai aura ratnatrayarUpa samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra usa paramazreyarUpa sAdhya ke sAdhana haiN| svabhAvadazA kI upalabdhi pAramArthika naitikatA hai aura samyagdarzana Adi vyAvahArika naitikatA hai / punaH kSamAdi daza vidha dharmoM ko vaiyaktika naitikatA aura dayA, karuNA Adi ko sAmAjika naitikatA kahA jA sakatA hai / 65. bhAratIya paramparA meM AcAradarzana ( nItizAstra ) kI prakRti pAzcAtya paramparA meM yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki nItizAstra kI prakRti kyA hai ? vaha vijJAna hai yA kalA ? athavA darzana kA eka aMga hai ? . vijJAna kA vyApaka artha kisI bhI viSaya kA suvyavasthita adhyayana hai aura isa artha ko svIkAra karane para nItizAstra bhI vijJAna hai, kyoMki vaha kartavya, zreya yA paramArtha kA suvyavasthita adhyayana karatA hai / myuraheDa ke anusAra vijJAna ke tIna lakSaNa haiM--samyak nirIkSaNa, nirIkSita tathyoM kA vargIkaraNa aura una tathyoM kI vyAkhyA / ina lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para bhI nItizAstra vijJAna hai kyoMki vaha naitika tathyoM kA nirIkSaNa, vargIkaraNa aura unakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| 1. manusmRti, 2 / 12.

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12 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nItizAstra ko vijJAna mAnanevAle vicArakoM meM isa AdhAra para matabheda hai ki nItizAstra tathyAtmaka vijJAna hai yA AdarzAtmaka vijJAna ? jo vicAraka nItizAstra ko samAja vijJAna yA manovijJAna kA hI eka aMga samajhate haiM unake anusAra nItizAstra bhI arthazAstra, manovijJAna yA vidhizAstra ke samAna eka tathyAtmaka vijJAna hai, jabaki dUsare kucha vicAraka use AdarzAtmaka vijJAna mAnate haiM jinake anusAra nItizAstra kA kArya tathyoM kI vyAkhyA karanA nahIM, varan Adarza kA nirdezana hai| nItizAstra kA sambandha 'hai' se nahIM, varan 'cAhie' se hai / vaha yaha batAtA hai ki 'kyA karanA cAhie' aura 'kyA nahIM karanA caahie'| nItizAstra ke nirNaya tathyAtmaka nahIM, varan mUlyAtmaka hote haiM aura isa rUpa meM vaha AdarzamUlaka vijJAna hI siddha hotA hai| 1. kyA nItizAstra kalA hai ? vijJAna aura kalA meM pramukha antara isa AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai ki vijJAna kA sambandha 'jJAna' yA vicAra se, aura kalA kA sambandha karma yA kRti se hotA hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM zukrAcArya ne vidyA ( vijJAna ) aura kalA meM pramukha antara isa AdhAra para mAnA hai ki jo vicAravinimaya kA viSaya hai vaha vidyA hai, aura jo kriyA kA viSaya hai vaha kalA hai| kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM nItizAstra AcaraNa kI kalA hai| jisa prakAra rekhAoM, binduoM aura raMgoM kA sundara vinyAsa citrakalA hai, svaroM kI suvyavasthA gAyanakalA hai; usI prakAra manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa kA sundara abhiyojana, santulana aura suvyavasthApana AcaraNa kI kalA hai / kalA racanAtmaka hotI hai lekina, isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usakA vivecanAtmaka pakSa se koI sambandha nahIM hai| vidyA yA vijJAna vivecanAtmaka hotA hai, lekina aneka vijJAna aise bhI haiM jo apane nirNayoM kI kriyAnviti ke abhAva meM apUrNa rahate haiM; jaise, zilpavijJAna yA cikitsA vijJAna / AcArazAstra kA sambandha jahA~ eka ora kartavya, zreya yA paramArtha ke vivecana se hai, vahIM dUsarI ora kriyAnviti se bhI hai| nItizAstra eka AdarzAtmaka vijJAna hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usameM kalAtmaka pakSa kA abhAva hai| yadyapi maikeMjI prabhRti kucha pAzcAtya nItivettAoM ne nItizAstra ko kalA mAnane se inakAra kiyA hai| maikeMjI apane nItipravezikA nAmaka grantha meM batAte haiM, "AcaraNa kI kalA ho hI nahIM sktii|" ve apane pakSa ke samarthana meM do tarka dete haiM (1) AcaraNa Adata hai na ki kSamatA, jabaki kalA naipuNyakSamatA hai| sadAcArI vyakti vaha hai jo sadAcaraNa karatA hai, jabaki acchA kalAkAra vaha hai jo acchA citra banA sakatA hai| sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM eka vyakti sadAcArI nahIM rahatA hai, athavA sadAcaraNa karane kI kSamatA-mAtra se koI sadAcArI nahIM ho 1. zukranIti, 4165.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa jAtA hai| (2) kalA kA sambandha nirmiti kI siddhi se hai, jabaki AcaraNa kA sambandha Antarika uddezya se hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, kalA kA sambandha sAdhya kI upalabdhi se hai jabaki AcaraNa kA sambandha sAdhana kI zuddhi yA sadbhAvanA se hai / bhAratIya paramparA kI dRSTi se maikeMjI kA yaha dRSTikoNa samucita nahIM hai / jaina paramparA aura gItA ke anusAra, jisakA dRSTikoNa athavA jisakI zraddhA samyak hai vaha sadAcaraNa kI kriyA ke abhAva meM bhI sadAcArI mAnA gayA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra avirata samyagdRSTi yadyapi azubhAcaraNa se virata nahIM hotA hai phira bhI AcarAMgasUtra meM yaha kahakara ki samyagdRSTI koI pApa nahIM karatA hai,' kSamatA ke AdhAra para use naitika vyakti mAna liyA gayA hai / gItA meM yaha kahakara ki bhagavAn ke prati samyak zraddhA se yukta durAcArI ko bhI sadAcArI hI mAnanA cAhie,2 isI bAta ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki naitika AcaraNa kI kSamatA se yukta hone para AcaraNa ke abhAva meM bhI kisI ko sadAcArI mAnA jA sakatA hai / dUsare yaha mAnanA ki nItizAstra kevala sAdhana-zuddhi aura sad-uddezya para bala detA hai, samucita nahIM hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM naitika jIvana kA paramalakSya mAtra sAdhana kI zuddhi yA saduddezyatA nahIM hai, varan mokSa ke sAdhya kI siddhi bhI hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM nItizAstra ko yogazAstra bhI kahA gayA hai, aura yoga vahI hai jo 'sAdhya' se jor3atA hai / gItA meM yoga ko 'karmakauzalya' bhI kahA gayA hai aura isa rUpa meM nItizAstra pravINatA para usI prakAra bala detA hai jisa prakAra kalA / bhAratIya paramparA meM nItizAstra AcaraNa kI kalAoM meM mahattvapUrNa kalA hai / kahA gayA hai sakalApi kalA kalAvatAM vikalAM puNya kalAM vinA khalu / sakale nayane vRthA yathA tanu bhAjAM hi kanInikA vinA // bhAratIya cintana meM AcArazAstra puNya kalA hai, aura puNya kalA ke abhAva meM sabhI kalAeM vaise hI vyartha haiM jisa prakAra kanInikA ke binA nayana vyartha hai| jainAcAryoM kA kathana hai, 'savvakalA dhammakalA jiNei' ( gautamakulaka ) arthAt dharmakalA sabhI kalAoM meM zreSTha hai| 2. nItizAstra kI dArzanika prakRti AcArazAstra na kevala vijJAna yA kalA hai, varan vaha darzana kA aMga bhI hai| yadi vijJAna kA artha mAnavIya anubhava ke kisI sImita bhAga kA adhyayana hai to nItizAstra vijJAna kI apekSA darzana hI adhika hai| isa artha meM use darzana kA eka aMga hI mAnanA cAhie kyoMki vaha anubhUti kA pUrNa rUpa se adhyayana karatA hai| bhaikeMjI ne svayaM ise isa artha meM darzana kA aMga mAnA hai| kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM vijJAna kA sambandha yathArtha se hotA hai| yadi vijJAna yathArthamUlaka zAstroM taka sImita hai to hameM nItizAstra ko 'darzana' ke kSetra meM rakhanA hogaa| yadyapi nIti1. AcArAMga, 1 / 3 / 2. 2. gItA, 9 / 30.

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14 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zAstra darzana se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki darzana kI koI pUrvamAnyatA ( postulate ) nahIM hotI hai jabaki nItizAstra kI kucha pUrvamAnyatAeM hotI haiN| yadi hama naitika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ko bhI nItizAstra kA aMga mAna lete haiM to nItizAstra vastutaH 'darzana' hI bana jAtA hai| phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki nItizAstra yA AcAradarzana korA buddhi vilAsa nahIM hai; usakA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hai, vaha vyAvahArika darzana hai / jaina nItizAstra meM samyagdarzana usake dArzanika pakSa ko, samyagjJAna usake vaijJAnika pakSa ko aura samyakcAritra usake kalAtmaka pakSa ko abhivyakta karate haiN| ___ sAdhya ( Adarza ) ke nirdezana evaM naitika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke rUpa meM nItizAstra darzana hai, jabaki AcaraNa ke vizleSaNa ke rUpa meM vaha vijJAna hai, aura caritra nirmANa ke rUpa meM vaha kalA hai / bhAratIya AcArazAstrIya paramparA meM naitika mAnyatAoM kA tAttvika vivecana, AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa aura AcaraNamArga kA nirdezana sabhI samAviSTa haiM, aura isa rUpa meM usameM darzana, vijJAna aura kalA ke pakSa upasthita haiN| vastutaH bhAratIya cintana meM hameM nItizAstra kA eka vyApaka svarUpa dRSTigata hotA hai, use sampUrNa jIvana kA AdhAra aura loka sthiti kA vyavasthApaka mAnA gayA hai / use dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha kA mUla aura mokSa kA pradAtA kahA gayA hai ___ sarvopajIvaka lokasthitikRnnItizAstrakam / dharmArthakAmamUlaM hi smRtaM mokSapradaM yataH // -zukranIti, 1 / 2 6. naitika pratyaya aura unake artha pAzcAtya AcAradarzana kI vibhinna paribhASAoM meM hamane yaha dekhA ki ve paribhASAeM nItizAstra ke kisI pratyayavizeSa para jora detI haiN| lekina nItizAstra meM kisI pratyaya vizeSa ko hI mahattva denA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa hogA / yadyapi nItizAstra ke vibhinna pratyayoM meM eka krama yA vyavasthA ho sakatI hai, tathApi kisI bhI pratyaya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nItizAstra ke pramukha pratyaya parama zubha, zubha, ucita, kartavya, cAritra Adi haiM / bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM yadyapi uparyukta sabhI naitika pratyaya upasthita haiM, tathApi bhAratIya paramparA meM unakI paribhASAeM anupalabdha haiN| isa sandarbha meM hameM pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa kA hI sahArA lenA hogA, phira bhI hama unheM bhAratIya sandarbha meM hI parakhane kA prayAsa kreNge| 1. paramazubha-bhAratIya paramparA meM jIvana kA paramazreya duHkhoM kA Atyantika vinAza aura akSaya Ananda kI upalabdhi hai| eka anya apekSA se AtmapUrNatA ko bhI jIvana kA paramazreya mAnA gayA hai| tAttvika dRSTi se paramazreya hamArI sattA kA sAratattva hai, use jaina paramparA meM svabhAvadazA kI upalabdhi aura gItA meM paramAtmA kI upalabdhi kahA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM ise nirvANa kahA jAtA hai aura

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 15 vistArapUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha hamArI sattA kA sAratattva, akSaya Ananda kI avasthA aura duHkhoM se Atyantika vimukti siddha hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM paramazreya, nirvANa, paramAtmadazA, svabhAvadazA Adi paryAyavAcI zabda hI mAne jAte haiN| paramazreya kA vivecana karanA yA use paribhASita karanA sambhava nahIM hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM use anirvacanIya arthAt avizleSya evaM aparibhASya hI batAyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya paramparA meM mUra ne bhI zubha ko avizleSya evaM aparibhASya mAnA hai| 2. zubha-bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se zubha aura paramazubha meM antara hai| paramazubha eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hai jabaki zubha laukika Adarza / bhAratIya paramparA meM ise puNya bhI kahA gayA hai| puNya yA paropakAra eka aisA Adarza hai jisakA lakSya dUsaroM kA hita karanA hai / ise hama sAmAjika jIvana kA Adarza bhI kaha sakate haiM / 3. aucitya aura anaucitya ke pratyaya-aucitya aura anaucitya ke pratyaya zubha yA paramazubha ke pratyaya para nirbhara haiN| jo AcaraNa zubha athavA paramazRbha kI dizA meM le jAtA hai vaha ucita kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jo AcaraNa zubha athavA paramazubha se vimukha karatA hai vaha anucita kahA jAtA hai / saMkSepa meM aucitya aura anaucitya kA AdhAra zubha aura paramazubha ke pratyaya hI haiN| yadyapi kucha logoM ne ucita aura anucita ko sAmAjika anumodana aura ananumodana se bhI jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jina karmoM ke pIche sAmAjika anumodana hai ve ucita haiM aura jina karmoM ke pIche sAmAjika anumodana nahIM hai ve anucita kahe jAte haiN| 4. kartavya-kartavya kA pratyaya yaha batAtA hai ki kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM kisI vizeSa kArya kA karanA hamArA dAyitva hai| kartavya kA udbhava sAmAjika evaM bauddhika jIvana meM hotA hai| kartavya kA bhAva yA to adhikAroM kI dhAraNA se yA buddhi se nirgamita hotA hai| 5. cAritra-caritra vyakti kI AdatoM se nirmita hotA hai aura vaha vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi ko spaSTa karatA hai| cAritra, jIvana jIne kA eka DhaMga-vizeSa hai| vyakti kI jo jIvanadRSTi hotI hai vaisA hI usake jIvana jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai aura vahI usake cAritra kA paricAyaka hotA hai| cAritra karma karane kI svecchArjita sthAyI pravRttiyoM kA saMgaThita rUpa hai| nItizAstra ke uparyukta pramukha pratyaya svatantrarUpa meM nahIM rahakara eka vyavasthA meM rahate haiN| unameM eka nikaTatama pArasparika sambandha bhI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM nirvANa paramazreya kI, puNya aura pApa zubhAzubha kI, evaM varNAzramadharma kartavyabhAva kI abhivyakti karate haiN| 67. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ dharma-adharma, zubha-azubha, kuzala-akuzala, zreya-preya aura ucita-anucita ke sambandha meM vicAra karane kI pravRtti mAnava meM prAcIna kAla se hI rahI hai / pazcima meM pAithA

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana gorasa, sukarAta, pleTo aura arastU Adi se lekara rasala, mUra, peTana Adi vartamAna yuga ke vicArakoM taka aura pUrva meM veda aura upaniSada ke kAla ke RSigaNoM evaM kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra kI paramparA se lekara tilaka aura gAMdhI ke vartamAna yuga taka naitika cintana kA yaha pravAha satata rUpa se pravAhita hotA rahA hai, phira bhI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa naitika cintana kI yaha dhArA pUrva aura pazcima meM kucha bhinna rUpoM meM pravAhita hotI rahI hai| pratyeka deza kI apanI bhaugolika paristhiti hotI hai| jina dezoM meM vyakti ko apane jIvanayApana ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hotI vahA~ jIvana ke ucca AdarzoM kA vikAsa bhI nahIM ho pAtA, lekina jahA~ jIvana kI prAthamika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti sahaja evaM sulabha hotI hai vahA~ cintana kI dizA bhI badala jAtI hai| isI prakAra pratyeka deza kI pUrvavartI paramparAe~ bhI usa deza kI cintana kI dhArA ko vizeSa dizA kI ora mor3a detI haiN| ataH pratyeka deza meM jIvana ke mUlyoM ke sambandha meM apanA vizeSa dRSTikoNa hotA hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika cintana ne hameM yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jalavAyu bhI vicAroM ko prabhAvita karatI hai| usakA prabhAva vyakti kI vAsanAoM aura svabhAvoM para par3atA hai| usake pariNAmasvarUpa bhI deza kI cintanadhArA eka nayI dizA le letI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI deza meM kucha aise prabuddha vyaktitvoM kA janma ho jAtA hai jo usa deza ke cintana ko nayA mor3a de dete haiN| bhArata kI apanI bhaugolika paristhiti, apanA jalavAyu, apanI pUrvavartI paramparAe~ aura apane mahApuruSa haiM; ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki usakI naitika cintana kI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhAratabhUmi meM vikasita hue haiM aura isa rUpa meM unakI kucha sAmAnya abhisvIkRtiyA~ haiM jo hameM unake vyavasthita aura tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie prerita karatI haiN| bhAratIya naitika cintana kI kucha pramukha vizeSatAe~ nimnalikhita haiM 1. jAgatika upAdAnoM ko nazvaratA-bhAratIya cintana meM jo kucha bhI aindrika anubhavoM ke viSaya haiM, ve sabhI parivartanazIla, vinAzazIla aura anitya mAne gaye haiM / jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAe~ jAgatika upAdAnoM kI isa nazvaratA ko svIkAra karake calatI haiN| 2. AtmA kI amaratA---yadyapi zarIra, indriyA~ aura unake viSaya nazvara mAne gaye haiM, lekina AtmA yA jIva ko nitya kahA gayA hai / jaina darzana aura gItA donoM hI AtmA ko nitya aura zAzvata mAnate haiN| donoM kA anusAra zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhI AtmA kA nAza nahIM hotaa| jahA~ taka bauddha vicAradhArA kA prazna hai vaha nitya AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, phira bhI vaha yaha 1. bhAvapAhuDa, 110; gItA, 2018; dhammapada, 151. 2. niyamasAra, 102, gItA, 2 / 20.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 17 mAnatI hai ki zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI vijJAna-pravAha yA cetanA-pravAha banA rahatA hai| 3. karma-siddhAnta meM vizvAsa-karma siddhAnta bhAratIya AcAradarzana kI viziSTa mAnyatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana isa karmasiddhAnta meM aTUTa zraddhA rakhate haiM / sabhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki kRta karmoM kA phalabhoga Avazyaka hai| 4. maraNottara jIvana evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta meM AsthA-jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana maraNottara jIvana evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake calate haiM / 2 karmasiddhAnta aura AtmA kI amaratA yaha anivAryataH punarjanma kI mAnyatA ko sthApita karate haiN| 5. svarga-naraka ke astitva meM vizvAsa-punarjanma ke siddhAnta kI dhAraNA ke sAtha yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra maraNottara avasthA meM svarga yA naraka ko prApta karatA hai / 3 zubha karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa svarga aura azubha karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa naraka kI prApti hotI hai| 6. jIvana ko duHkhamayatA-jIvana kI duHkhamayatA bhAratIya darzanoM kA eka pramukha pratyaya rahI hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM meM jIvana ko duHkhamaya mAnA gayA hai|4 duHkha kI abhisvIkRti bhAratIya AsthA kA prathama caraNa hai| buddha ne ise prathama Aryasatya kahA hai / vastutaH duHkha aura abhAva kI vedanA jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai jo pUrNatA ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai / duHkha bhAratIya naitikatA kA pravezadvAra hai / pAzcAtya sattAvAdI vicAraka kirkegArDa ne bhI duHkha ko naitika jIvana kA prathama caraNa kahA hai| bhAratIya cintana meM samagra naitikatA isI duHkha se vimukti kA prayAsa kahI jA sakatI hai / buddha aura mahAvIra kI pravacanadhArA janasamAja ko isI duHkhamayatA se ubArane ke lie pravAhita huii| duHkha bhAratIya cintana kA yathArtha hai aura duHkha vimukti aadrsh| 7. nirvANa : jIvana kA paramazreya-nirvANa yA mukti bhAratIya naitikatA kA paramazreya hai / duHkha se vimukti ko hI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai aura duHkhoM se pUrNa vimukti ko hI nirvANa yA mokSa kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi meM bhautika evaM vastugata sukha vAstavika sukha nahIM haiN| saccA sukha vastugata nahIM, apitu Atmagata hai| usakI upalabdhi tRSNA yA Asakti ke prahANa dvArA sambhava hai / vItarAga, anAsakta aura vItatRSNa honA hI unakI dRSTi meM vAstavika sukha hai| 1. sUtrakRtAMga 2 / 1 / 4; gItA, 5 / 15; dhammapada, 127. 2, uttarAdhyayana, 33-5, gItA, 8.1majjhimanikAya, 1 / 3 / 1. 3. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 5 / 12-29; gItA, 2137, 16:16; aMguttaranikAya, 2 / 3 / 7-8 4. uttarAdhyayana, 19 / 16; dhammapada, 146.

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18 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 8. naitika cintana kI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya paramparAoM meM pramukha antara 1. pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM naitikatA kA sambandha pAralaukika jIvana kI apekSA vartamAna jIvana se adhika mAnA gayA hai jabaki bhAratIya cintana meM pAralaukika jIvana ke sandarbha meM hI naitikatA kA vicAra adhika vikasita huA hai| yadyapi ekAnta rUpa meM na to pAzcAtya paramparA ko pUrNatayA laukika jIvana se aura na bhAratIya naitika cintana ko pUrNatayA pAralaukika jIvana se hI sambandhita mAnA jA sakatA hai| 2. bhAratIya naitika cintana, naitika siddhAntoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana na hokara, vyAvahArika naitika jIvana se sambandhita hai| bhAratIya naitika vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki kyA karanA cAhie aura kyA nahIM karanA cAhie, kauna-sA AcAra ucita hai aura kauna-sA AcAra anucita hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya naitikatA meM mukhyatayA naitika siddhAntoM kI apekSA naitika jIvana para adhika vicAra kiyA gayA hai / vaha upadezAtmaka hai| usakA sambandha vyAvahArika naitikatA se adhika hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, pAzcAtya AcAradarzana AcAra kA vijJAna hai jabaki bhAratIya AcAradarzana jIne kI kalA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya vicArakoM ne ApAtkAlIna evaM sAmAnya AcAra ke niyamoM kA gaharAI se vivecana to kiyA lekina naitikatA ke pratimAna evaM naitika pratyayoM kI saiddhAntika samIkSA bhArata meM utanI gaharAI se nahIM huI jitanI ki pazcima meN| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki bhAratIya naitika cintana meM kevala AcAra-niyamoM kA pratipAdana hai aura naitika samasyAoM para koI cintana nahIM huA hai, eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogii| aneka naitika samasyAoM kA sundara hala bhAratIya cintana ne diyA hai, jo usakI maulika pratibhA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| 3. bhAratIya naitika cintana pramukha rUpa se adhyAtmavAdI hai jabaki pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM bhautikavAdI dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa adhika dekhA jAtA hai / bhAratIya naitika cintana meM paramazreya nirvANa, mokSa yA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti hai, jabaki pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM paramazreya vyakti evaM samAja kA bhautika kalyANa hai| vaiyaktika yA sAmAjika hitoM kI upalabdhi evaM surakSA tathA vyavasthita aura sAmaMjasyapUrNa sAmAjika jIvana ko hI adhikAMza pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne naitikatA kA sAdhya mAnA hai| yadyapi hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pazcima meM bhI braDale prabhRti kucha AdhyAtmika vicArakoM ne naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM jisa AtmapUrNatA evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, vaha bhAratIya AdhyAtmika dRSTi se adhika dUra nahIM hai| isI prakAra, bhAratIya cintakoM ne bhI jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI pUrI taraha se avahelanA nahIM kI hai| 4. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki bhAratIya AcAraparamparA nirvANavAdI hone ke kAraNa vyaktiparaka rahI, jabaki

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa pAzcAtya paramparA samAjaparaka / vyakti kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa nirvANalakSI bhAratIya naitikatA kA pramukha dhyeya hai, jabaki sAmAjika santulana, sAmAjika pragati aura sAmAjika sAmaJjasya pAzcAtya naitika cintana kA pramukha sAdhya rahA hai| yadyapi thor3I gaharAI se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki jahA~ bhArata meM nirvANalakSI mahAyAna bauddha paramparA samagra sAdhanA ko samAjaparaka banA detI hai vahIM pazcima meM spinojA aura nItse naitikatA ko vyaktiparaka banA dete haiN| ataH isa sambandha meM koI bhI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa bhrAntipUrNa hI hogaa| $ 9. pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke bhAratIya AcAradarzana para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhAratIya naitika cintana para kucha AkSepa lagAye haiN| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ne apanI pustaka 'prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra' meM zveTjara ke dvArA lagAye gaye kucha AkSepoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| yahA~ hama unhIM AkSepoM ke sandarbha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kreNge| kyoMki ye AkSepa na kevala hindU vicAraNA para lAgU hote haiM, varan jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM para bhI lAgU hote haiM, isalie inapara vicAra apekSita hai| DaoN0 zveTjara ne bhAratIya paramparA para nimna AkSepa kiye haiM 1. hindU vicAraNA meM paramAnanda ( mokSa ) para jo bala diyA jAtA hai, vaha svAbhAvika taura para manuSya ko saMsAra aura jIvana ke niSedha kI ora le jAtA hai| 2. hindU vicAraNA anivAryataH pAralaukika hai aura mAnavatAvAdI AcAranIti aura pAralaukikatA ye donoM paraspara asaMgata haiN| 3. 'mAyA'-sambandhI hindU siddhAnta meM jIvana ko marIcikA batalAyA gayA hai| isameM eka truTi vaha hai ki yaha saMsAra aura jIvana kA niSedha karatA hai| phalataH hindU vicAraNA AcAranItiparaka nahIM hai| 4. vizva kI utpatti ke sambandha meM hindU dharma jo bar3I se bar3I bAta kaha sakatA hai, vaha yaha hai ki yaha bhagavAn kI lIlA hai| 5. mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna yA AtmasAkSAtkAra hai| yaha bAta naitika vikAsa se bhinna hai, isalie hindU dharma nItiparaka nahIM hai / 6. mAnava-prayAsoM kA lakSya palAyana ( nivRtti ) hai, samanvaya yA samajhautA nhiiN| yaha to sasIma ke bandhanoM se AtmA kI mukti huI, asIma ke AtmaprakAza aura usake sAdhana ke rUpa meM sasIma ko parivartita karane kI bAta isameM nahIM AyI / dharma jIvana aura usakI samasyAoM se bacane kI eka Ar3a hai, usase sukhada bhAvI jIvana ke lie manuSya ko koI AzA nahIM bNdhtii| 7. hindU dharma kA Adarza vyakti acchAI aura burAI ke naitika antara se pare hotA hai|

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 8. hindU vicAraNA Antarika pUrNatA ke lie jisa zIlAcAra para jora detI hai, usakA sakriya AcAranIti aura apane par3osI ko sahRdaya prema dene kI bAta se virodha hai / " 20 DA0 zveTjara kA yaha prathama AkSepa ki bhAratIya cintana jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai, bhrAntipUrNa hai / bhAratIya paramparA jIvana kA niSedha nahIM, varan jIvana kI pUrNatA sikhAtI hai / DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kahate haiM ki hindU matAvalambI AdhyAtmikatA ko mAnava - prakRti kA AdhArabhUta tattva mAnatA hai / Atmika sAkSAtkAra jIvana kI samasyAoM kA koI cAmatkArika samAdhAna nahIM, apitu jIvana ko apanI pUrNatA kI ora pahu~cAne kA kramika prayAsa hai / 2 bhAratIya paramparA meM, aura vizeSakara jaina paramparA meM mokSa kI jo dhAraNA svIkAra kI gayI hai vaha jIvana kA niSedha nahIM, varan jIvana kI pUrNatA hai / cetanA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM kA pUrNa vikAsa hI mokSa mAnA gayA hai / mahAvIra naitikatA ko jIvana - sApekSa mAnate haiM / vaha to jIvana jIne kI eka kalA hai, jIvana - prakriyA se bhinna usakA koI artha nahIM rahatA / mahAvIra yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki dharma kA AcaraNa aura naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi tathA tajjanita AdhyAtmika Adarza arthAt mokSa kI upalabdhi sabhI jIvanaprakriyA meM hI samAhita haiM / mahAvIra kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki jabataka vRddhAvasthA zarIra ko jarjarita nahIM kare, vyAdhiyoM se zarIra AkrAnta na ho, jabataka indriyA~ svastha haiM tabhI taka dharma kA AcaraNa sambhava hai / 3 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jabataka jIvana hai, sadguNoM kI ArAdhanA kara lenI cAhie / hindU paramparA meM bhI mahAvIra ke isI dRSTikoNa ko samarthana prApta hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki jabataka zarIra svastha hai, vRddhAvasthA dUra hai, sabhI indriyA~ apane-apane vyApAra meM saMlagna haiM, jabataka AyuSya kA kSaya nahIM hotA tabataka vidvAn ko Atma - lAbha ( paramazreya ) ke lie prayatnazIla rahanA cAhie / " yadi jIvana - sAdhya kI upalabdhi jIvana- prakriyA meM hI nihita hai to phira jaina aura vaidika paramparA ke AcAradarzanoM ko jIvana kA niSedhaka kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai| pUrNatA kI dizA meM gati jIvana ke vikAsa meM hai, usake niSedha meM nahIM / jIvana ke eka chora para apUrNatA hai, sImitatA hai; aura dUsare chora para pUrNatA aura anantatA hai / jIvana ina donoM choroM ke madhya sthita hai / jIvana kA kAma hai isa apUrNatA se pUrNatA kI ora, sasIma se asIma kI ora bar3hanA / bhAratIya paramparA meM jIvana kI jisa apUrNatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha jIvana kA niSedha nahIM hai / vastutaH jIvana kI isa apUrNatA ke bodha meM hI pUrNatA ke lie 1. iNDiyana thATa aiNDa iTsa DevalapameNTa, uddhRta - prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra, pR0 93. 2 . vahI, pR0 94. 3. dazavaikAlika; 8136. 4. uttarAdhyayana, 4 / 13. 5. dekhie -- nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 336.

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21 bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa abhIpsA jAgrata hotI hai aura usI abhIpsA se vyakti pUrNatA kI dizA meM prayatna karatA hai| pUrNatA kI abhIpsA hI samagra bhAratIya naitika evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM kA sAratattva hai| pUrNatA kA pratyaya jIvana kA niSedhaka nahIM, varan usake vikAsa kA hI paricAyaka hai| DA0 zveTajara kA dUsarA AkSepa hai ki hindU vicAraNA anivAryataH pAralaukika hai, aura mAnavatAvAdI AcAra-nIti aura pAralaukikatA ( ye donoM paraspara asaMgata haiM ) bhAratIya vicAraNA ke gahana adhyayana para AdhArita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi bhAratIya naitika cintana meM pAralaukika jIvana ke sandarbha meM naitikatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura naitika AcaraNa kA sambandha bhUta aura bhAvI jIvana se jor3A gayA hai ( jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai ) phira bhI yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki bhAratIya naitika cintana meM vartamAna jIvana kI upekSA kI gayI hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi vartamAna jIvana ke prati bhI hamezA sajaga rahI hai| jaina aura bauddha darzanoM ke ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha ke naitika siddhAnta pAralaukika jIvana kI apekSA vartamAna jIvana evaM samAja-vyavasthA se adhika sambandhita haiN| gItA jaba varNAzrama dharma aura niSkAma karmayoga kA upadeza detI hai to usakI dRSTi vartamAna vyAvahArika jIvana para bhI kendrita hai, aisA mAnanA bhI yuktisaMgata hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI isa bAta ko acchI taraha samajhate haiM ki svarga ke pralobhana aura naraka ke bhaya para khar3I huI naitikatA vAstavika naitikatA nahIM hai, varan vaha naitikatA kA AbhAsa-mAtra hai| jaina Agama dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki naitika AcaraNa na to isa jIvana meM sukha-sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke lie karanA cAhie aura na pAralaukika jIvana ke lie| jaina AcAradarzana meM samyagdRSTI yA jJAnI kI pahacAna hI yaha mAnI gayI hai ki jo na bhUta kI cintA karatA hai aura na bhaviSya kI AkAMkSA, vahI vAstavika jJAnI hai| gItA meM isI dRSTikoNa ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki paNDitajana bhUta aura bhaviSya kI cintA nahIM karate hue jo bhI kartavya sAmane upasthita hotA hai usakA pAlana karate haiM / 2 buddha kA kathana hai ki bIte hue kA zoka nahIM karate, AnevAle para mansUbe nahIM bA~dhate, jo upasthita hai usI se gujArA karate haiM ve zAnta bhikSu sadaiva prasanna rahate haiN| buddha kI dRSTi meM saccA sAdhaka na loka kI AzA karatA hai aura na paraloka kii|4 vastutaH jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM ne naitikatA athavA dharma ko pralobhana evaM bhaya ke AdhAra para khar3A karanA kabhI bhI ucita nahIM smjhaa| unakI 1. dazavakAlika, 9 / 4 / 7, 9 / 3 / 4. 2. gItA, 2 / 11. 3. saMyuttanikAya, 111110. 4. vahI, 2 / 3 / 6.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana dRSTi meM jo AcaraNa paraloka kI apekSA se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhanakArI kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM svarga aura naraka ke jo pAralaukika pratyaya upasthita kiye gaye haiM, unakA sambandha janasAdhAraNa se hai / jo vyakti bauddhika dRSTi se paripakva nahIM haiM aura jinakA jIvana bhaya aura pralobhana ke AdhAroM para hI cala rahA hai unheM anaitika jIvana se virata karane aura naitika jIvana ke prati AkarSita karane ke lie yadyapi svarga kA pralobhana aura naraka kA bhaya upasthita kiyA gayA hai, lekina yaha bhAratIya naitikatA kI antima dRSTi nahIM hai / bhaktoM kA zreNI - vibhAjana karate hue gItA yaha spaSTa kara detI hai ki jo sAdhaka bhaya yA pralobhana ke nimitta se bhakti ( sadAcaraNa ) karatA hai vaha nimna koTi kA hai| gItA meM bhaktoM kI jo cAra koTiyA~ kahI gayI haiM unameM Artta aura arthArthI ( svArthI ) bhakta, jo ki kramazaH bhaya athavA pralobhana ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana jIte haiM, nimna koTi ke mAne gaye haiM / ' buddha ne bhI zrAmaNya kA phala isI jIvana meM mAnA hai / ataH bhAratIya naitikatA kevala paraloka ke bhaya aura pralobhanoM para khar3I huI nahIM hai / paraloka ke pralobhana evaM bhaya ke AdhAra para jisa naitikatA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai usakA sambandha mAtra aparipakva sAdhakoM se hai / 22 DA0 zveTjara kA yaha dRSTikoNa bhrAntipUrNa hai ki mAnavatAvAdI nIti evaM pAralaukikatA paraspara asaMgata haiM / vastutaH isa dRSTikoNa ke pIche bhautikavAdI dhAraNA hI adhika prabala dikhAI detI hai / mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aihika jIvana taka hI apanA dhyAna sImita rakhanA cAhatA hai / usake anusAra, prakRti ke siddhAntoM ke anurUpa hI apane AcaraNa ko DhAla lenA hI manuSya kA naitika kartavya hai / mAnavatAvAdI AcAradarzana manuSya ko eka manobhautika evaM sAmAjika prANI ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai / usakI dRSTi meM nItizAstra yA to samAjazAstra kI eka zAkhA hai yA manovijJAna kA eka vibhAga / lekina yadi manuSya prAkRtika niyamoM ke adhIna hai to naitika sadguNoM ko aura AtmatyAga evaM AtmabalidAna ke pratyayoM ko koI protsAhana nahIM mila sakatA / DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM, bhautika AdhAra anivArya hote hue bhI vaha vAstavika jIvanayApana ke lie bahuta hI saMkucita pratIta hotA hai / manuSya kyA kevala zarIra hai jise khilAyA pilAyA, or3hAyA-pahanAyA aura AvAsita kiyA jA sakatA hai, yA vaha AtmA bhI hai jisakI kucha ucca AkAMkSAe~ haiM ? jina logoM ko bhautika sabhyatA kI niyAmateM, sArI sukha-suvidhAe~ prApta haiM una logoM ko bhI jaba hama hatAza aura kuNThita dekhate haiM, taba yaha samajha meM A jAtA hai ki manuSya kevala roTI yA bhAvanAtmaka uttejanA para hI jIvita nahIM raha sakatA / yadi zubhecchA, vizuddha prema aura vairAgya hamAre Adarza haiM to hamArI AcAranIti kI jar3a pAralaukikatA kI bhAvanA meM honI cAhie / vastutaH AcAradarzana eka AdarzAtmaka 2 1. gItA 7 16 - 17; tulanIya - cANakyanIti, 13/2. prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra, pR0 97 - 100. 2.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa 23 vijJAna hai / yadi hama 'jo haiM' usI se santuSTa haiM to hameM 'jo honA cAhie' isakA koI artha hamAre lie nahIM raha jaayegaa| dRzya jagat se pare bhI koI jIvana aura jagat hai yaha AsthA hI hameM naitika pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ne pAralaukikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA ko naitika jIvana ke lie jo svIkRti dI hai, usake pIche unakI yahI gahana dRSTi rahI hai ki hamArA paramazreya kevala isI jagat aura jIvana taka sImita nahIM hai| hameM vartamAna jIvana kI apUrNatAoM aura sImitatAoM se Upara uTha kara kisI sAdhya ko prApta karanA hai| DA0 zveTjara kA tIsarA AkSepa mAyAvAda se sambandhita hai| unhoMne mAyAvAda ke siddhAnta ko jIvana aura jagat kA niSedhaka mAna liyA hai| unakI dRSTi meM mAyAvAda kA siddhAnta jIvana aura jagat ko bhrama yA marIcikA mAnatA hai| ve likhate haiM ki eka aise saMsAra meM jisakA koI artha nahIM hai, manuSya naitika kAryoM meM nahIM juTa sktaa| mAyA ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karanevAle vyakti ke lie AcAranIti kA kevala sApekSika mahattva hI ho sakatA hai|' vastutaH DA0 zveTajara kI yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA ki mAyAvAda jIvana aura jagat kA niSedhaka hai, mAyA ke sahI artha ko nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa utpanna huI hai| ve prAtibhAsika satya aura vyAvahArika satya meM antara ko nahIM samajha pAye haiM / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne apane grantha 'hinduoM kI jIvanadRSTi' tathA 'prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra' meM ise vistArapUrvaka spaSTa kiyA hai ki mAyAvAda kA siddhAnta jIvana aura jagat kA niSedhaka nahIM hai| dUsare, zaMkara kA mAyAvAda samagra bhAratIya darzana kA pratinidhi nahIM hai| vistArabhaya se yahA~ usa samagra carcA meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| jahA~ taka jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA prazna hai, ve mAyAvAda ke siddhAnta ke samarthaka nahIM mAne jA sakate / jaina darzana to eka yathArthavAdI darzana hai aura isalie usameM mAyAvAda ke siddhAnta kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai / bauddha paramparA meM bhI zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda ke atirikta sabhI ne jIvana aura jagat kI vastugata vAstavika sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / gItA kI tattvamImAMsA ko bhI mAyAvAda kA samarthaka siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ataH yaha AkSepa unapara lAgU hI nahIM hotaa| DA0 zveTajara kA cauthA AkSepa hai ki hindUdharma ke anusAra yaha jagata bhagavAn kI lIlA hai / vastutaH yaha sahI hai ki jagat ko bhagavAn kI lIlA mAnane para niyativAda kA siddhAnta A jAtA hai aura jisameM naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| kintu jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se asvIkAra karatI haiM ki jagat Izvara kI lIlA hai| yadyapi gItA kI vicAraNA meM isa siddhAnta kA kucha samarthana aura tajja nita niya tivAda ke tattva avazya upasthita haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prazna hai, yaha AkSepa unapara lAgU nahIM hotaa| 1. iNDiyana thATa aiNDa iTsa DevalapameNTa, pR0 59-60.

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24 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana DA0 zveTjara kA pA~cavA~ AkSepa hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai| yaha bAta naitika vikAsa se bhinna hai, isalie hindU dharma AcAra yA nIti viSayaka nahIM hai| unake isa AkSepa meM unakI ekAMgI dRSTi kA hI paricaya milatA hai| prathama to sabhI bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ne jJAna ko hI ekamAtra mukti kA sAdhana mAnA ho, yaha kahanA yathArtha nahIM hai / bhAratIya dharmoM meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha hI karma, dhyAna aura bhakti ke tattva bhI upasthita haiN| jina vicArakoM ne jJAna ko hI mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA hai unhoMne bhI sadAcAra yA naitikatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA, varan sadAcAra yA naitika jIvana ko jJAnaprApti ke lie anivArya sAdhana batAyA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne apane sAdhanA-patha meM jJAna ko jo sthAna diyA hai vahI sthAna zIla yA AcaraNa ko bhI diyA hai| unakI sAdhanA-paddhati meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNa kA tattva bhI samAhita hai, ata: unheM anivArya rUpa se AcAramArgI darzana svIkAra karanA pdd'egaa| gItA ke niSkAma karmayoga siddhAnta meM bhI jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNa kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH yaha mAnanA par3egA ki bhAratIya paramparA meM AcArazAstra yA nIti kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / bhAratIya paramparA para chaThA AkSepa palAyanavAditA kA lagAyA gayA hai, lekina yadi hama vicArapUrvaka dekheM to bhAratIya darzana palAyanavAdI siddha nahIM hotaa| DA0 zveTjara kA yaha kahanA nitAnta bhrAmaka hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM mAnava prayAsoM kA lakSya palAyana hai, samanvaya yA samajhautA nhiiN| bhAratIya paramparA meM samanvaya aura sahayoga ke tattva prArambha se hI rahe haiN| kyA vedoM kA 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM' kA gAna, aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI 'saha nAvavatu saha nau bhunaktu saha vIrya karavAvahai' kI maMgalakAmanA tathA buddha aura mahAvIra kI paramparA kA saMghIya jIvana sAmAjika kSetra se palAyanavAditA hai ? bhAratIya paramparA kA saMnyAsadharma bhI jIvanakSetra se palAyana nahIM hai, varan svArthoM se Upara uThane kA prayAsa hai| ataH bhAratIya cintana para palAyanavAditA kA yaha AkSepa ucita nahIM hai| saMnyAsa jIvana aura jagat se palAyana nahIM, varan eka ucca vyaktitva aura ucca jagat kA nirmANa hai| vaha vAsanAoM aura kSudratAoM se Upara uThakara niSkAma evaM vizuddha premamaya jIvana jIne kI eka kalA hai| vAsanAoM evaM kSudratAoM se Upara uThane ke prayAsa ko palAyana nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhAratIya paramparA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki hameM jIvana kI vartamAna apUrNatAoM aura kSudratAoM se Upara uThanA hai, lekina isakA artha jIvana se inakAra nahIM hai, varan jIvana aura zarIra to usake sAdhana mAne gaye haiN| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM ki hindU dRSTikoNa kI vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki vaha mana, jIvana aura zarIra ke vikAsa ko jIvana kA prAthamika uddezya mAnatA hai / zArIrika svAsthya aura sphUrti sajIva zakti aura mAnasika santuSTi ke lie anivArya haiN| kintu usase bhI adhika usakI AvazyakatA isalie hai ki zarIra una mAnuSika . kAryoM ko karane kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai jinakA uddezya manuSya meM Izvara kI zodha aura

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana kA svarUpa abhivyakti karanA hotA hai / hama sasIma ke bandhana meM par3e hue haiM tathApi hama asIma kI AkAMkSA karate haiN| janma aura punarjanma kI lambI zRkhalA isa artha meM to bhArI bandhana hai, parantu dUsare artha meM vaha AtmajJAna kA sAdhana bhI hai| bhautika prANI hote hue bhI AdhyAtmika prANI ke rUpa meM apane ko vikasita kara lenA mAnavIya vikAsa kI uccatama upalabdhi hai / nazvara zarIra se sambaddha hote hue bhI AtmA kI amaratA meM nivAsa karanA isI ko kahate haiM / 1 vastutaH eka ucca AtmA ke nirmANa ke lie, jIvana kI apUrNatAoM aura kSudratAoM se Upara uThane ke lie, yadi nimna AtmA yA vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga Avazyaka ho to vaha na to jIvana se palAyana hai aura na inakAra hii| na kevala vaidika paramparA meM, varan jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai| DA0 zveTajara kA sAtavA~ AkSepa yaha hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM Adarza vyakti ko acchAI aura burAI ke naitika antara se pare mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAoM meM paramasAdhya zubha aura azubha yA acchAI aura burAI ke staroM se Upara uThanA mAnA gayA hai, lekina naitika pUrNatA ke lie yaha dRSTikoNa Avazyaka hai| vastutaH zubha aura azubha sApekSika sattAeM haiN| azubha ke astitva meM hI zubha kA artha rahA huA hai| zubha kI sattA tabhI taka hai jabataka ki azubha hai / lekina jabataka azubha kI upasthiti hai naitika pUrNatA sambhava nahIM / ataH naitika pUrNatA ke lie zubha aura azubha donoM se hI Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / naitika jIvana zubha aura azubha ke saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| lekina isa saMgharSa se Upara uThane ke lie zubha aura azubha kI sImAoM kA atikramaNa bhI Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka DraDale ne ise vistArapUrvaka spaSTa kiyA hai ki apane Adarza ko pAne ke lie manuSya ko naitikatA se pare dharma kI ora jAnA hotA hai jahA~ usakA Adarza yathArtha ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| unakI dRSTi meM naitika hone ke lie atinaitika honA bhI Avazyaka hai| ve likhate haiM ki naitikatA kA vicAra hameM usase pare le jAtA hai / 2 jaina paramparA ke anusAra acchAI yA burAI athavA puNya yA pApa donoM hI bandhana haiM aura mokSa ke sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie inase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / bauddha paramparA meM bhI Adarza vyaktitva ko puNya aura pApa se Upara mAnA gayA hai / isa sambandha meM vizeSa vicAra agale adhyAyoM meM kiyA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ vistAra meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM / vastutaH puNya aura pApa, zubha aura azubha yA acchAI aura burAI hamAre ahaMkAra, kartRtvabhAva yA Asakti (rAga) kA pariNAma hote haiM / jahA~ rAga hotA hai vahA~ dveSa kI upasthiti bhI rahatI hai, aura yahI kAraNa hai ki puNya ke sAtha-sAtha pApa kA yA zubha ke sAtha-sAtha azubha kA astitva bhI banA rahatA hai / dveSa yA azubha ke pUrNa prahANa para rAga kA astitva bhI nahIM rahatA aura 1. prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra, pR0 115-117. 2. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 250, 314.

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26 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aisI sthiti meM aparihArya rUpa se vyakti acchAI aura burAI ke naitika antara se Upara uTha jAtA hai / yadyapi isa sabakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM zubha yA acchAI asvIkRta rahI hai, varan kevala yahI batAyA gayA hai ki pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie, saMgharSamaya jIvana se Upara uThane ke lie, inase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / naitika pUrNatA ko prApta karane ke lie naitikatA ke kSetra kA atikramaNa Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzana isI mahattvapUrNa tathya ko dRSTigata rakhate hue yaha mAnate haiM ki naitika jIvana kA lakSya naitikatA ke kSetra se pare hai| atinaitika hokara hI naitika pUrNatA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra zveTjara Adi pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dvArA bhAratIya naitika cintana para sahRdayatA evaM sahAnubhUti ke abhAva ke jo AkSepa lagAye gaye, ve yA to bhAratIya naitikatA ke svarUpa ko binA samyak prakAra samajhe lagAye gaye haiM yA unameM kevala AlocanAtmaka dRSTi hI pramukha rahI hai| jisa saMskRti ne 'mere' aura 'parAye' ke vicAra ko hI hRdaya kI saMkucitatA kA dyotaka mAnA ho, jisane 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kI udAra avadhAraNA prastuta kI ho, jisane pratipala-- sarve'tra sukhinaH santu, sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu, mA kazcit duHkhamApnuyAt // kA gAna gAyA ho, jisameM bodhisatva, tIrthaMkara aura prabhu ke avataraNa kA Adarza lokamaMgala kI udAtta bhAvanA se paripUrNa ho, usake hRdaya ko kaise rikta kahA jA sakatA hai| prastuta adhyayana meM hamane isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki bhAratIya naitika cintana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana kisI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra karake nahIM calate haiN| bhAratIya cintana aura vizeSakara jaina vicAraNA eka sarvAMgINa evaM samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa ko lekara Age AtI hai / ataH jahA~ unameM vibhinna pAzcAtya vicAradhArAoM ke tattvoM kI upasthiti pAyI jAtI hai, vahIM ve apanI vyApaka dRSTi ke AdhAra para unameM samanvaya kA sUtra bhI prastuta kara dete haiM / bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa vyApaka evaM samanvayavAdI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unheM pAzcAtya naitika cintana ke vibhinna caukhaToM meM kahIM bhI phiTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, varan isake viparIta unakI vyApaka dRSTi ke AdhAra para vibhinna pAzcAtya vicAradhArAoM ko eka samagra evaM samanvita rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai|

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 1. jJAna kI do vidhAe~ 2. jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna kI vidhAe~ 3. bauddha darzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 4. vaidika paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 5. pAzcAtya paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 6. jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM dRSTikoNoM kA vicAra-bheda 7. jaina darzana meM jJAna kI satyatA kA AdhAra 8. AcAradarzana kI adhyayana vidhiyA~ 9. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke vividha dRSTikoNa 10. kyA nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi naitika adhyayana kI vidhi hai ? 11. tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha 12. tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara 13. dravyArthika yA paryAyArthika nayoM kI dRSTi se naitikatA kA vicAra 14. AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA artha nizcayanaya kA artha 42 / AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi 45 / 15. naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi ke AdhAra Agama - vyavahAra 46 | zruta-vyavahAra 47 / AjJA - vyavahAra 47 / dhAraNA vyavahAra 47 / jIta-vyavahAra 47 / 16. vyavahAra ke pA~ca AdhAroM kI vaidika paramparA se tulanA 17. AkSepa evaM samAdhAna 18. nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra kI ekarUpatA 19. nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi kA mUlyAMkana 20. pAzcAtya AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhiyA~ aura jaina darzana jaivika vidhi 52 / aitihAsika vidhi 52 / manovaijJAnika vidhi 52 / dArzanika vidhi 52 / 21. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM vividha vidhiyoM kA samanvaya p 27 g 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 46 47 48 49 49 51 53

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 1. jJAna kI do vidhAe~ ___ jJAna-prApti ke do sAdhana haiM----1. anubhUti aura 2. buddhi / jJAna kA kSetra ho yA AcAradarzana kA, hamArA anubhava aura hamArA bauddhika cintana sat ke kama se kama do pakSa to upasthita kara hI detA hai / eka, vaha jo dikhAI par3atA hai aura dUsarA, vaha jo isa dikhAI par3anevAle ke mUla meM hai---eka, vaha jo pratIti ( indriyAnubhUti ) hai aura dUsarA, vaha jo isa pratIti kA AdhAra hai| buddhi kabhI bhI isa bAta se santuSTa nahIM hotI ki jo kucha pratIti hai vaha usa rUpa meM satya hai, varana vaha svayaM usa pratIti ke pIche jhA~kanA cAhatI hai, vaha sat ke indriyagamya sthUla svarUpa se santuSTa na hokara usake sUkSma aura mUla svarUpa taka jAnA cAhatI hai| dRzya se santuSTa na hokara usakI tahataka praveza karanA mAnavIya buddhi kI naisargika prakRti hai aura jaba apane isa prayAsa meM vastutattva ke pratIta honevAle svarUpa aura usa pratIta ke mUla meM nihita buddhi-nirdiSTa svarUpa meM antara pAtI hai, to vaha svataH prasUta isa dvidhA meM par3a jAtI hai ki inameM se yathArtha kauna hai--pratIti kA viSaya, yA tattva kA buddhi-nirdiSTa svarUpa ? ___ cArvAka dArzanikoM, bhautikavAdiyoM, vaijJAnikoM evaM anubhavavAdiyoM ne vastutattva yA sat ke indriyapradatta jJAna ko hI yathArtha samajhA aura buddhipradatta usa jJAna ko, jo indriyAnubhUti kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatA thA, ayathArtha khaa| dUsarI ora kucha buddhivAdI tathA adhyAtmavAdI dArzanikoM ne usa indriyagamya jJAna ko ayathArtha kahA jo bauddhika kasauTI para kharA nahIM utaratA thaa| lekina ye ekAMgI dRSTikoNa samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna prastuta nahIM karate the| yahI kAraNa thA ki prabuddha dArzanikoM ko apanI vyAkhyAoM ke lie sat ke sambandha meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lenA par3A / jina dArzanikoM ne sat kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lene se inakAra kiyA, ve ekAMgI raha gaye aura unheM indriyajanya samvedanAtmaka jJAna aura tArkika cintanAtmaka jJAna meM se kisI eka ko ayathArtha mAnakara usakA parityAga karanA pdd'aa| sambhavataH isa dArzanika samasyA ke nirAkaraNa evaM sat ke sandarbha meM sarvAMga dRSTikoNa prastuta karane kA prathama prayAsa jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM parilakSita hotA hai| jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra na to indriyAnubhUti hI asatya hai aura na buddhipradatta jJAna hI / eka meM sat kA vaha jJAna hai jisa rUpa meM hamArI indriyA~ use grahaNa kara pAtI haiM / dUsare meM sat kA vaha jJAna hai jisa rUpa meM vaha hai athavA

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30 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana buddhi usake maulika svarUpa ke viSaya meM jo jJAna hameM pradAna karatI hai| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra pahalI ko vyavahAranaya kahate haiM aura dUsarI ko nizcayanaya / vyavahAradRSTi sthUlatattvagrAhI hai, jo yaha batAtI hai ki tattva yA sattA ko janasAdhAraNa kisa rUpa meM samajhatA hai / 1 nizcayadRSTi sUkSmatattvagrAhI hai jo sattA ke buddhipradatta vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karAtI hai| 2 jaise pRthvI sapATa evaM sthira hai, yaha vyavahAradRSTi hai, kyoMki hamArA loka-vyavahAra aisA hI mAnakara calatA hai| aura, pRthvI gola evaM gatizIla hai, yaha nizcayadRSTi hai arthAt vaha usakA vAstavika svarUpa hai| donoM meM se kisI ko bhI ayathArtha to kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki eka indriyapratIti ke rUpa meM satya hai aura dUsarA buddhi niSpanna satya hai| sat ke viSaya meM ye do dRSTiyA~ haiM / donoM hI apane-apane kSetra meM satya haiM, yadyapi donoM meM se koI bhI akele svatantra rUpa meM sat kA pUrNa svarUpa prakaTa nahIM karatI hai| 62. jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna kI vidhAe~ jaisA ki Upara kahA gayA hai, jaina dArzanika sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTikoNa lekara calate haiM---nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya / jaina darzana ke anusAra, "sat apane ApameM eka pUrNatA hai, anantatA hai| indriyAnubhUti, buddhi, bhASA aura vANI apanI sImA meM ananta ke ekAMza kA hI grahaNa kara pAtI haiM / vahI ekAMza kA bodha naya ( dRSTikoNa ) kahalAtA hai|"3 sat ke ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai, ve sabhI naya kahe jAte haiN| dRSTikoNoM ke sambandha meM jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sat kI abhivyakti ke lie bhASA ke jitane prArUpa ( kathana ke DhaMga ) ho sakate haiM utane hI naya ke bheda haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra, "jitane naya ke bheda ho sakate haiM utane hI vAda yA matAntara athavA dRSTikoNa hote haiN|"5 vaise to jaina darzana meM nayoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gayI hai, lekina phira bhI moTe taura para nayoM ke sAta aura do bheda kiye gaye haiN| hamane saptavidha vargIkaraNa ko apane vivecana kA viSaya na banAkara dvividha vargIkaraNa ko hI vivecana kA AdhAra banAyA hai| usakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki saptavidha vargIkaraNa kA sambandha AcAradarzana kI apekSA jJAnamImAMsA se adhika hai / dUsare, dvividha vargIkaraNa aisA vargIkaraNa hai jisameM anya sabhI vargIkaraNa antarbhUta haiM / nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya meM sabhI nayoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM vyavahAradRSTi aura nizcayadRSTi kA pratipAdana bar3e hI rocaka DhaMga se huA hai / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM, "bhante ! pravAhI gur3a meM kitane rasa, varNa, gandha, 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 1892. 2. vahI. 3. vahI, pR0 1853. 4. sanmatitarka, 3147; vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2265. 5. sanmatitarka, 3147. 6. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 1853.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna ko vidhAe~ aura sparza hote haiM ?" mahAvIra kahate haiM, " he gautama! maiM isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se detA hU~ / vyavahAranaya ( lokadRSTi ) kI apekSA se to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai, lekina nizcayanaya ( tattvadRSTi ) kI apekSA se usameM pA~ca varNa, pA~ca rasa, do gandha aura ATha sparza hote haiM / " 1 isa prakAra aneka viSayoM ko lekara unakA nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH nizcaya evaM vyavahAra dRSTiyoM kA vizleSaNa yahI batAtA hai ki sat na utanA hI hai jitanA vaha hameM indriyoM ke mAdhyama se pratIta hotA hai aura na utanA hI hai jitanA ki buddhi usake svarUpa kA nizcaya kara pAtI hai / sat ke samagra svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie aindrika jJAna aura bauddhika jJAna, donoM hI Avazyaka haiM / / ' eka anya apekSA se, jaina darzana meM jJAna kI tIna vidhAe~ mAnI gayI haiM / jaina darzana meM jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai - - ( 1 ) matijJAna, (2) zrutajJAna, (3) avadhijJAna, (4) mana:paryayajJAna aura (5) kevalajJAna / 2 inameM ' matijJAna aura zrutajJAna parokSajJAna haiM, aura zeSa tIna aparokSajJAna haiM / 3 aparokSajJAna meM AtmA ko sat kA binA kisI sAdhana ke sIdhA bodha hotA hai / ise aparokSAnubhUti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| zeSa do matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kramazaH anubhUtyAtmaka jJAna aura bauddhika jJAna se sambandhita haiM / " matijJAna meM jJAna ke sAdhana mana aura indriyA~ haiM 14 isa AdhAra para matijJAna ko anubhUtyAtmaka jJAna aura zrutajJAna ko tArkika yA bauddhika jJAna kahA jA sakatA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM ' vitarka ( buddhi ) ko zruta kahA hai Agamika jJAna bhI mAnA gayA hai / ' 6 lekina Agama bhI zrutajJAna bauddhika jJAna hI hai / isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA rUpa meM tIna vidhAeM upasthita ho jAtI haiM - (1) anubhUti yA aindrika jJAna, (2) bauddhika yA Agamika jJAna aura ( 3 ) aparokSAnubhUti yA Atmika jJAna / aparokSAnubhUti yA Atmika jJAna ko antardRSTi yA prajJA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / 13. bauddha darzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ / " bauddha darzana meM sat ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke lie pramukha rUpa do dRSTikoNa prastuta kiye gaye haiM / jainetara darzanoM meM, sarvaprathama pAlitripiTaka meM hama do dRSTiyoM kA varNana pAte haiM jinheM nItArtha aura neyyArtha kahA gayA hai / aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, " bhikSuo ! ye do tathAgata para mithyAropa karate haiM / jo neyyArthasUtra ( vyavahAra - bhASA ) ko nItArthasUtra ( paramArtha - bhASA ) prakaTa karatA hai aura nItArthasUtra ( paramArtha - bhASA ) ko neyyArthasUtra ( vyavahAra - bhASA ) karake prakaTa karatA hai / ' 19 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 18/6/44-46. 2. tattvArtha sUtra, 119. 3. vahI, 1111 - 12. 4. vahI, 114. 5. vahI, 9 / 45. 6. vahI, 1 20. 7. aMguttaranikAya, pR0 2. 31 vaise 'zrutajJAna kA eka artha bauddhika jJAna hI hai, ataH meM jJAnaprApti ke sAdhanoM ke

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32 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddha darzana kI do pramukha zAkhAoM-vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda meM bhI zUnya, tathatA yA sat ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie dRSTikoNoM kI zailI kA upayoga huA hai| mAdhyamikakArikA meM kahA gayA hai ki buddha ne do satyoM kA upadeza diyA hai(1) lokasaMvRti satya aura (2) paramArtha satya / ' candrakIrti ne lokasaMvRti satya ke bhI mithyAsaMvRti aura tathyasaMvRti ye do bheda kiye haiN| isa prakAra zUnyavAda meM mithyAsaMvRti, tathyasavRti aura paramArtha-tIna dRSTikoNa mAne gaye haiN| vijJAnavAda meM bhI tIna dRSTikoNoM kA pratipAdana hai, jinheM kramazaH (1) parikalpita, (2) paratantra aura (3) pariniSpanna-kahA gayA hai| vijJAnavAda kA paratantra jaina darzana ke parokSajJAna ke nikaTa hai| yahA~ use paratantra isalie kahA gayA hai ki vaha jJAna, mana aura indriyoM ke adhIna hotA hai| 6 4. vaidika paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ AcArya zaMkara ne apane pUrvavartI jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kI zailI kA anusaraNa karate hue tIna dRSTikoNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, jinheM ve kramazaH (1) pratibhAsika satya, (2) vyAvahArika satya, aura (3) pAramArthika satya kahate haiM / 2 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para to jaina paramparA ke nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya, paryAyArthikanaya aura dravyArthikanaya athavA bhUtArthanaya aura abhUtArthanaya bauddha paramparA ke nItArthanaya aura neyyArthanaya ke samAna haiN| nItArthanaya nizcayanaya, dravyAthikanaya yA abhUtArthanaya ke samAna hai, aura neyyArthanaya vyavahAranaya, paryAyAthikanaya yA bhUtArthanaya ke samAna hai| jaina paramparA ke nizcayanaya ko vijJAnavAdiyoM ne pariniSpanna aura zUnyavAdiyoM ne paramArtha kahA hai, aura vyavahAranaya ko vijJAnavAdiyoM ne paratantra aura zUnyavAdiyoM ne lokasaMvRti kahA hai| jaina paramparA kA nizcayanaya zaMkara kA pAramArthika satya hai aura vyavahAranaya vyAvahArika satya hai / 5. pAzcAtya paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ na kevala bhAratIya darzanoM meM, varan pAzcAtya darzanoM meM bhI pramukha rUpa se vyavahAra aura paramArtha ke dRSTikoNa svIkRta kiye jAte rahe haiN| DA0 candradhara zarmA likhate haiM ki ( vyavahAra aura paramArtha dRSTikoNoM kA ) yaha antara sadaiva hI rakhA jAtA rahA hai| vizva ke sabhI mahAna dArzanikoM ne ise kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / herA kliTasa ke Kato aura Ane, pAramenIDIz2a ke mata ( Opinion ) aura satya ( Truth ), sukarAta ke rUpa aura AkAra ( World and Form ), pleTo ke saMvedanA ( Sense ) aura pratyaya ( Idea ), arastU ke padArtha ( Matter ) aura cAlaka ( Mover ), spinojA ke dravya ( Substance ) aura paryAya, 1. mAdhyamikakArikA, 2418. 2. dekhie-zaMkarsa brahmavAda, pR0 166-171. 3. e kriTikala sarve Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI, pR0 59.

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33 bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM ( Modes ), kAMTa ke prapaMca ( Phenomenal ) aura tattva ( Noumerial ), hegala ke viparyaya ( Illusion ) aura nirapekSa ( Absolute ) tathA braDale ke AbhAsa ( Appearance ) aura sat ( Reality ) kisI na kisI rUpa meM usI vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa karate haiN| bhale hI inameM nAmoM kI bhinnatA ho, lekina unake vicAra inhIM do dRSTikoNoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| 66. jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM dRSTikoNoM kA vicAra-bheda yadyapi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate hue hamane bauddha, vaidika evaM pAzcAtya paramparA ke sAtha jaina paramparA ke sAmya ko dekhA, tathApi yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki unameM kucha vicAra-bheda bhI haiN| prathama to zaMkara ke pratibhAsika, candrakIrti kI mithyAsaMvRti aura vijJAnavAda ke parikalpita dRSTikoNoM ke samAna kisI dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana jaina paramparA meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM prastuta azuddhanizcayanaya kA vicAra, jise vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI madhyasthiti kA dyotaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, bauddha aura vaidika paramparA meM anupalabdha hai| isa sandarbha meM eka aura mahattvapUrNa antara jaina aura jainetara paramparAoM meM yaha hai ki bauddha zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda tathA zAMkaravedAnta meM vyavahAradRSTi yA lokasaMvRti ko paramArtha kI apekSA nimnastarIya mAnA gayA hai aura usase upalabdha honevAle jJAna ko bhI vAstavika rUpa meM satya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra vyavahAra aura nizcaya athavA paryAya dRSTi aura dravyadRSTi svasthAnoM kI apekSA se samastarIya mAnI gayI hai / vastutaH unameM koI tulanA karanA hI anucita hai, kyoMki donoM eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| sAtha hI jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya donoM hI sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nhiiN| jabaki zUnyavAda aura zAMkaravedAnta ke anusAra lokasaMvRtisatya yA vyavahAradRSTi hI sApekSa hai, paramArthadRSTi ko unameM nirapekSa mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra sabhI jJAna sApekSa haiM, tattva kI svasattA cAhe nirapekSa ho, lekina usakA jJAna, cAhe vaha vyAvahArika jJAna ho yA naizcayika, sApekSa hI hotA hai| nayacakra meM kahA gayA hai ki vastugata dharma bhale hI naya-viSayaka ho yA pramANa-viSayaka, ve paraspara sApekSa hI hote haiN| sApekSatA hI tattva hai aura nirapekSatA atattva / ' yadyapi hama nayacakra ke praNetA ke isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiM ki tattva kI sattA sApekSa hai, kyoMki aisA mAnane para to jaina darzana zUnyavAda hI bana jAyegA / hamArA abhiprAya to itanA hI hai ki tattva kI sattA cAhe apane Apa meM nirapekSa ho, lekina usake sandarbha meM honevAlA jJAna sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai / kyoMki jJAna ke sAdhana indriyA~, mana aura buddhi nirapekSa nahIM haiN| itanA hI nahIM, aparokSAnubhUti meM bhI jo vastuviSayaka jJAna hotA hai, vaha bhI dRSTikoNa se nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA / jJAna aura dRSTikoNa ye donoM sAtha-sAtha calate haiM, 1. nayacakra, uddhRta-nayavAda, pR0 36.

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34 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura isalie sArA hI jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| jaina darzana meM eka bhI sUtra aura artha aisA nahIM hai jo nayazUnya ( dRSTikoNarahita ) ho|' jaina dArzanikoM ne jJAna kI sApekSatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura isalie unakA kahanA hai ki jJAna kA pratyeka rUpa, cAhe vaha vyAvahArika yA laukika, athavA naizcayika yA tAttvika, apane-apane dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para satya hI hotA hai| usameM kisI ko bhI asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 67. jaina darzana meM jJAna kI satyatA kA AdhAra jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jaina AcAradarzana jJAna kI sApekSikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| sApekSika jJAna kI satyatA sva-apekSA se hI hotI hai, para-apekSA se nahIM / pratyeka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para avatarita satya usI dRSTikoNa kI apekSA se hI satya hotA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai ki jo dRSTikoNa yA naya paraspara eka-dUsare kA virodha karate haiM, ve svapara-praNAzI durnaya kahe jAte haiN| isake viparIta jo naya eka-dUsare ke pUraka aura sahayogI haiM, ve sva-paropakArI sunaya kahe jAte haiM / apekSA ke abhAva meM pratyeka dRSTikoNa asatya bana jAtA hai kyoMki vaha dUsare kA bAdha karatA hai, jabaki sApekSa hokara pratyeka naya satya bana jAtA hai| jJAna kI satyatA aura asatyatA apekSA para nirbhara mAnI gayI hai / vaha jisa apekSA ke AdhAra para nirmita hai usI apekSA kI dRSTi se satya hotA hai aura anya apekSAoM yA dRSTiyoM se vahI asatya ho jAtA hai| pratyeka dRSTikoNa sva-apekSA se satya hotA hai aura para-apekSA se asatya / 68. AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhiyA~ AcAradarzana meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi ke rUpa meM do adhyayana vidhiyA~ svIkRta haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne eka aura dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai jise unhoMne azuddha nizcayanaya kahA hai| vastutaH zuddha nizcayanaya dravyArthika dRSTi hai| ataH vaha cAhe naitika sAdhya ke svarUpa kA saMketa karatI ho, lekina use AcAradarzana kI vidhi nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM parivartana evaM bheda ko koI sthAna nahIM, jabaki naitikatA ke lie donoM Avazyaka haiN| isa prakAra AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI do hI dRSTiyA~ zeSa rahatI haiM jinheM hama AcAralakSI nizcayanaya ( azuddha nizcayanaya ) aura vyavahAranaya kaha sakate haiM / yadyapi tAttvika nizcayadRSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai, use naitika sAdhya kA svarUpa batAnevAlI dRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki tAttvika nizcayadRSTi naitika sAdhya ko tathA AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi ( azuddha nizcayanaya ) naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa ko aura vyavahAradRSTi naitikatA ke bAhya svarUpa ko prakaTa karatI hai| isa prakAra AcAradarzana ke adhyayana kI tIna vidhiyA~ ho jAtI haiM-(1) tAttvika nizcayadRSTa, (2) AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi aura (3) vyvhaardRsstti| 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, uddhRta-nayavAda bhUmikA, pR0 2.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM 69. AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke vividha dRSTikoNa ___ AcaraNa ke kSetra meM kartavya evaM akartavya kI vivecanA sahaja nahIM hai| gItA kA kathana hai ki 'karma, akarma aura vikarma kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| bar3e-bar3e vidvAn bhI yahA~ vimohita ho jAte haiN|'1 sabase pahale vivAda isa prazna ko lekara hai ki karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya kartA ke Antarika abhiprAya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAya yA kartA ke dvArA Acarita kRtya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAya ? yadi kartA ke Antarika abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA mApaka mAna liyA jAya, to bhI yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kartA ke abhiprAya kI zubhatA yA azubhatA kA mApaka tattva kyA hai ? kyA kartA kA abhiprAya nirapekSa zubha hai yA kisI anya kI apekSA se zubha hai ? yadi kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhatva pradAna karanevAlA anya koI tattva hai, to vaha kyA hai ? isa prakAra AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM kI jAnevAlI AcaraNa kI gahana vivecanA sarala evaM nirapekSa nahIM raha jAtI / jAna DyUI bhI likhate haiM, "AcaraNa eka jaTila cIja hai| itanI jaTila ki bauddhika dRSTi se use kisI eka siddhAnta meM bA~dhane ke hara prayatna vyartha hue haiN|"2 AcaraNa meM mana, buddhi, vicAra, anubhUti, icchA, vAsanA, kriyA Adi aneka tathyoM kA sammizraNa hai| yaha svayaM meM hI eka jaTilatA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra loka-vyavahAra nirapekSa nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM ki binA sApekSikatA ke loka-vyavahAra sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ataH AcAradarzana, jo ki AcaraNa ke mUlyAMkana kA prayAsa karatA hai, nirapekSarUpa se loka-vyavahAra ke bAre meM koI vicAra nahIM kara sakatA / jainAcAryoM kA sadaiva yahI udghoSa rahA hai ki jaTilatA kA vivecana binA apekSA ke karanA sambhava nahIM hai, isa prakAra AcaraNa kI vivecanA binA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke karanA sambhava nahIM hai / AcAradarzana kA sambandha AcaraNa ke vibhinna pakSoM se hai| isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki una vividha pakSoM ko samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para unakA vicAra kiyA jAya / ___ AcAradarzana ke sAdhya kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to hama pAte haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA sAdhya nirvANa hai| ise paramArtha, paramamUlya aura tAttvika sattA evaM pUrNatA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| usake svarUpa kA nirvacana bhI eka jaTila samasyA hai| bhASA, vANI aura tarka use grahaNa karane meM apUrNa haiN| bhASA asti aura nArita kI koTiyoM se sImita hai, vANI kI artha-vyaMjanA bhASA para 1. gItA, 416-17. 2. naitika jIvana kA siddhAnta, pR0 184. 3. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 1853. 4. vahI. 5. dekhie-AcArAMga 1 / 5 / 6 / 171; taitirIyopaniSad, 2 / 9; muNDakopaniSada, 3 / 118 udAna, 8 / 1, 3. Jain Educatio international

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdhArita hai aura buddhi vicAra kI vidhAoM se Upara uThane meM asamartha hai| ataH naitika sAdhya ke jJAna ke sAdhana bhI sApekSa haiM aura isalie binA apekSAoM ke usakA jJAna evaM nirvacana sambhava nahIM hotA hai| usake sambandha meM jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha mAtra sApekSa kathana hI hotA hai| vaha to paramArtha, sat yA pUrNatA hai| koI bhI dRSTikoNa sImita aura apUrNa hotA hai, usakA nirvAcana kaise ho sakatA hai ? bhASA, vicAra evaM dRSTi sabhI sImita haiM, apUrNa haiM; aura apUrNa meM pUrNa kA nirvacana karane evaM pUrNa ko jAnane kI kSamatA hI kahA~ ? lekina, yadi hama yahI mAnakara caleM ki apUrNa bhASA, vicAra aura dRSTi paramasAdhya ko abhivyakta karane meM asamartha hai to phira naitika Adarza kA bodha sambhava nahIM hogA aura usake abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki apUrNa buddhi yA vicAra, bhASA aura dRSTi, sat yA naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkRta nirvANa kI avasthA ke samagra svarUpa yA ananta apekSAoM kA ekasAtha bodha karAne meM asamartha haiM / lekina, ve usake ekAMza kA grahaNa aura bodha karA sakate haiM / jaina darzana tattva kI ajJeyatA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, lekina sAtha hI vaha tattva ke nirapekSa jJAna ko bhI sambhava nahIM mAnatA / jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM sat ananta vidhAoM se yukta hai aura isalie usake ananta pakSoM kI sApekSa rUpa meM hI samyak vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / AcAradarzana Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa tAttvika svarUpa kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, vaha dRSTikoNoM yA nayoM ke dvArA prApta nahIM hotii| lekina una vibhinna dRSTikoNoM yA nayoM se pratyutpanna vikalpoM ke samasta jAla ke vilaya hone para zuddha nirvikalpa samAdhi kI avasthA meM prApta hotI hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki AtmA ke viSaya meM sAre hI naya (dRSTikoNa) pakSapAta se yukta hote haiN| ataH vibhinna nayoM ke dvArA AtmA kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai / AcArya amRtacandra likhate haiM, "jo nayoM athavA pakSapAtoM ( dRSTikoNoM ke vyAmoha ) se Upara uTha jAtA hai| jisakA citta vikalpajAla ( aisA hai, aisA nahIM hai ) se rahita, zAnta ho cukA hai; jo mAtra apane svasvarUpa meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, vahI isa amRtatattva kA pAna karatA hai|"2 bauddha evaM vaidika AcAradarzanoM meM bhI paramatattva yA nirvANa kI prApti nirvikalpa samAdhi-dazA meM hI mAnI gayI hai| yadi naitika aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA lakSya vikalpoM yA vicAroM kI vidhAoM se Upara uThanA hai, to phira AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nayoM yA dRSTikoNoM ke nirUpaNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isa prazna kA samucita uttara AcArya kundakunda, bauddha zUnyavAdI dArzanika nAgArjuna aura vedAnta ke parama vidvAna AcArya zaMkara bahuta pahale hI de cuke haiN| yadyapi naitika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA vikalpoM, nayapakSoM evaM dRSTikoNoM se Upara uThane meM hI hai, tathApi ina nayapakSoM se Upara uThanA bhI unake hI sahAre sambhava hai| vyavahAra ke dvArA paramArtha kA jJAna hotA hai aura usa paramArtha ke dvArA nirvikalpa 1. samayasAra, 142. 2. samayasAraTIkA, 69. -

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM sattA yA Atmatattva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, "kisI anArya vyakti ko anArya bhASA ke abhAva meM apanI bAta samajhAne meM koI bhI Aryajana saphala nahIM hotA / use apanI bAta samajhAne ke lie usI kI bhASA kA avalambana lenA hotA hai| isI prakAra vyavahAradRSTi ke abhAva meM vyavahArajagat meM prANiyoM ko paramArtha kA bodha nahIM karAyA jA sktaa|' aise hI zabdoM meM AcArya nAgArjuna kahate haiM, "jisa prakAra mleccha kisI anya kI bhASA grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hotA, usI prakAra yaha jagat bhI laukika dRSTi se anya dRSTi ko grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hotaa| use vyavahAra ke binA paramArtha kA upadeza nahIM diyA jA sakatA aura paramArtha ke jJAna ke binA nirvANa prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|"2 isa prakAra kundakunda aura nAgArjuna donoM hI nirvANaprApti ke lie vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika donoM hI dRSTikoNoM kI upAdeyatA svIkAra karate haiN| hindU paramparA meM bhI eka anya rUpaka ke dvArA AcArya kundakunda aura nAgArjuna ke dRSTikoNa kA hI samarthana kiyA gayA hai / gItAbhASya meM DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne isI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki jisa prakAra kA~Te ke dvArA kA~TA nikAlA jAtA hai, usI prakAra vyavahAra se Upara uThane ke lie bhI vyavahAradRSTi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jisa prakAra kA~Te ke nikala jAne para kA~TA nikAlanevAle kA~Te ko pheMka diyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra paramArtha kA bodha ho jAne para vyavahAradRSTi kA bhI parityAga kara diyA jAtA hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka DraDale ne bhI sat ( Reality ) ke jJAna ke lie AbhAsa kI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai|4 vistAra-bhaya se unake vistRta vicAroM ko prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| "vAstavikatA yaha hai ki vyavahAranaya ke nirAkaraNa ke lie nizcayanaya kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai, kintu nizcayanaya kA Alambana bhI kartavya kI itizrI nahIM hai / usake Azraya se AtmA ke svarUpa kA bodha karake use chor3ane para tattva kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai|"5 svabhAva kA bodha nizcayanaya se hotA hai aura vibhAva kA bodha vyavahAranaya se / vyavahAranaya se vibhAva-avasthA ko jAnakara nizcayanaya se svabhAva kA bodha kiyA jAtA hai| svabhAva kA bodha ho jAne para vibhAva kA parityAga kara denA hI vyavahAra ke dvArA paramArtha ke bodha kI upAdeyatA hai| jaba nizcayanaya se svabhAva kA bodha ho jAtA hai taba sAdhanA ke dvArA usa svabhAvadazA meM avasthiti hI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hotA hai| svabhAva meM avasthita hone para svabhAva kA bauddhika jJAna bhI anAvazyaka ho jAtA hai| svasvarUpa meM sthita ho jAne 2. samayasAra, 8. 2. mAdhyamikakArikA, 24 / 10. 3. bhagavadgItA (rA0), pR0 114. 4. AbhAsa aura sata; pR0 480. 5. Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, pR0 268-69.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana para nizcayanaya bhI chUTa jAtA hai, jaise gur3a kA svAda lete hue gur3a ke svAda ke bauddhika jJAna kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| jaba svabhAva meM avasthiti hotI hai, taba samagra vikalpAtmaka jJAna vilupta ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra sAmAnya jIvana meM kisI rasAnubhUti kI avasthA meM vicAra aura vikalpa vilupta ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra nirvANa yA naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi meM bhI samagra vikalpAtmaka jJAna kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| phira bhI vikalpAtmaka jJAna kI AvazyakatA tabataka banI rahatI hai jabataka ki usa sAdhya kI upalabdhi nahIM ho jAtI / naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi taka vyakti ke lie dRSTikoNoM kI AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| ___isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki AcAradarzana meM karmoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva ke vivecana ke lie tathA naitika sAdhya ke bodha ke lie sabhI dRSTikoNa yA adhyayana vidhiyA~ Avazyaka haiM / phira bhI yaha vicAra apekSita hai ki naitika darzana meM nizcayanaya aura dhyavahAranaya, yA paramArthadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi meM kauna sI usake adhyayana kI pramukha vidhi hai| 10. kyA nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi naitika adhyayana kI vidhi hai ? jaina AcAradarzana meM zuddha nizcayanaya, azuddha anizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya-ye tIna dRSTikoNa mAnya haiM / inameM se kauna sA dRSTikoNa AcAradarzana kI adhyayanavidhi ho sakatA hai ? vastutaH AcaraNa kA sArA kSetra hI vyavahAra kA kSetra hai / nizcaya yA pAramArthika dRSTi se to sArI naitikatA hI vyAvahArika saMkalpanA hai| vizuddha pAramArthika yA nizcayadRSTi se bandhana aura mukti bhI vyAvahArika satya hI Thaharate haiM, kyoMki bandhana aura mukti donoM hI paryAyadRSTi ke viSaya haiN| tattva ( dravya ) dRSTi se to AtmA zuddha hI hai| ataH AtmA ko bandhana meM mAnakara usakI mukti ke nimitta kiyA jAnevAlA naitika AcaraNa bhI vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hI sambhava hai / AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTarUpa se kahA hai ki jIva karma se baddha hai, yaha vyavahAranaya kA vacana hai aura jIva karma se abaddha hai, yaha zuddha nizcayanaya kA kathana hai| AtmA kA bandhana aura mukti vyavahArasatya hai, paramArthadRSTi se to na bandhana hai aura na mukti hai| AcArya kahate haiM, "AtmA kA bandhana aura abandhana donoM hI dRSTisApekSa haiM, nayapakSa hai, paramatattva samayasAra ( zuddha AtmA ) 'pakSAtikrAMta' hai|"1 isa prakAra jaina dRSTikoNa se samasta naitika AcaraNa vyavahAra ke kSetra meM AtA hai / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA samagra sAdhanAmArga vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai|2| na kevala jaina paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI AcAradarzana ko vyavahAradRSTi kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| bauddha vicAraNA meM nAgArjuna kA 1. samayasAra, 141-142. 2. vahI, 7.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM bhI kathana hai ki buddha dvArA pratipAdita cAroM Aryasatya lokasaMvRti yA vyavahAra hI haiN|' vaidika paramparA meM AcArya gauDapAda ne bhI paramatattva ko bandhana aura mukti se nirapekSa mAnA hai| unake anusAra to jIva kI sattA bhI vyAvahArika hai| ataH usakA bandhana aura usakI mukti bhI vyAvahArika satya hai / pAzcAtya paramparA meM kAMTa ne bhI naitikatA ko vyAvahArika buddhi kA viSaya batAyA hai| kAMTa ne AcAradarzana para jo grantha likhA, usakA nAma hI 'vyAvahArika buddhi kI mImAMsA' hai| isa prakAra na kevala jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM; apitu pAzcAtya AcAradarzana ke prabuddha vicAraka kAMTa ke anusAra bhI naitikatA vyavahAradRSTi kA viSaya hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki samagra naitika AcaraNa vyavahAranaya ke kSetra meM hI AtA hai, tathApi jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM svIkRta naitika jIvana kA sAdhya nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi kA hI viSaya hai| ataH kevala yaha mAnanA ki naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi hI ekamAtra adhyayanavidhi ho sakatI hai, ekAMgI dhAraNA hI hogii| naitika sAdhya svalakSaNa yA svabhAvadazA kA sUcaka hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha dravyadRSTi, nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi kA hI viSaya hai / isa prakAra AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra donoM hI dRSTikoNa apekSita haiN| usameM nizcayadRSTi kA viSaya naitika sAdhya yA Adarza hai aura vyavahAradRSTi kA viSaya naitika AcaraNa yA karma hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya kA artha tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM prayukta nizcayanaya se kucha bhinna hai / 5 11. tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi sat ke usa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai jo sat kI trikAlAbAdhita svabhAvadazA, usakA mUlasvarUpa aura svalakSaNa hai, jo paryAya yA parivartanoM meM bhI sattA ke sAra ke rUpa meM banA rahatA hai| 'nizcayadRSTi abhedagAmI sattA ke zuddhasvarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kI sUcaka evaM bAhya-nirapekSa pariNAma kI vyAkhyA karatI hai|'3 tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM vyavahAra dRSTi sattA ke usa pakSa kA pratipAdana karatI hai jisa rUpa meM vaha pratIta hotI hai / vyavahAradRSTi bhedagAmI hai aura sat ke Agantuka lakSaNoM yA vibhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai| sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai| vyavahAranaya deza aura kAla sApekSa hai| vyavahAradRSTi ke anusAra AtmA janma bhI letA hai aura maratA bhI hai, vaha bandhana meM bhI AtA hai aura mukta bhI hotA hai| 1. mAdhyamika kArikA, 8 / 5-6; bauddhadarzanamImAMsA, pR0 288. 2. dekhie-brahmasUtra zAMkarabhASya adhyAsa vivecanA-bhAmatITIkA sahita. 3. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 2056.

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40 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6 12. tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara - jaina paramparA meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya nAmaka do nayoM yA dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ve tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana donoM kSetroM para lAgU hotI haiM, phira bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA pratipAdana bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM huA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI isa antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM, ve tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gayI haiN|' itara sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI taraha jaina darzana meM bhI tattvajJAna aura AcAra, donoM kA samAveza hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM meM hotA hai, lekina sAmAnyataH zAstrAbhyAsI isa antara ko 'jAna nahIM pAtA / tAttvika nizcayadRSTi aura AcAraviSayaka nizcayadRSTi, donoM eka nahIM haiM / yahI bAta ubhayaviSayaka vyavahAradRSTi kI hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya ye do zabda bhale hI samAna hoM, para tattvajJAna aura AcAra ke kSetra meM bhinna-bhinna abhiprAya rakhate haiM aura vibhinna pariNAmoM para pahu~cAte haiN| AcAragAmI nizcayadRSTi yA vyavahAradRSTi mukhyatayA mokSapuruSArtha kI dRSTi se vicAra karatI hai, jabaki tattvanirUpaka nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTi kevala jagat ke svarUpa kA vicAra karatI hai| saMkSepa meM tattvanirUpaNa kI dRSTi se 'kyA hai' yaha mahattvapUrNa hai aura AcAranirUpaNa meM 'kyA honA cAhie' yaha mahattvapUrNa hai| vastutaH tattvajJAna kI vidhAyaka ( Positive ) evaM vyAkhyAtmaka prakRti aura Adarza darzana kI niyAmaka ( Normative ) evaM AdarzamUlaka prakRti hI inameM yaha antara banA detI hai| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi yaha batAtI hai ki sattA kA mUla svarUpa kyA hai aura vyavahAradRSTi yaha batAtI hai ki sattA kisa rUpa meM pratIta ho rahI hai, usakA indriyagrAhya ( sthUla ) svarUpa kyA hai ? aura AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi kartA ke prayojana athavA karma kI AdarzonmukhatA ke AdhAra para usakI zubhAzubhatA kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai / nizcayanaya meM AcAra kA bAhya pakSa mahattvapUrNa nahIM hotA, varan usakA Antarika pakSa hI mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| isake viparIta AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para adhika vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTisammata tattvoM ke svarUpa kA sAdhAraNa jijJAsujana kabhI bhI sAkSAt nahIM kara paate| hama tattva kA sAkSAtkAra karanevAle anubhavI vyakti ke kathana para zraddhA rakhakara hI vaisA svarUpa mAnate haiN| lekina AcAra ke bAre meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| koI jAgarUka 1. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR0 500. -

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM sAdhaka apanI Antarika sat-asat vRttiyoM kA va unakI tIvratA aura mandatA ke tAratamya kA sIdhA sAkSAt kara sakatA hai / saMkSepa meM naizcayika AcAra kA sAkSAkAra vyakti ke lie sambhava hai, jabaki naizcayika tattva kA sAkSAtkAra pratyeka vyakti ke lie sambhava nahIM hai / apanI sat evaM asat Antarika vRttiyoM kA hameM sIdhA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / ve hamArI Antarika anubhUti ke viSaya haiM / tattva ke nizcayasvarUpa kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa sambhava nahIM hotA, vaha to mAtra buddhi kI khoja hai / tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM paryAyoM se bhinna zuddhatattva kI upalabdhi sAdhAraNa rUpa meM sambhava nahIM hotI, jabaki AcAra ke kSetra meM AcaraNa se bhinna Antarika vRttiyoM kA anubhava hotA hai / 1 tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi AtmA ke bandhana, mukti, kartRtva, bhoktRtva, Adi pratyayoM ko mahattva nahIM detI / ve usake lie gauNa haiN| kyoMki ve AtmA kI paryAyadazA ko hI sUcita karate haiM / AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi meM to bandhana aura mukti yA AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva aisI maulika dhAraNAe~ haiM jinheM vaha svIkAra karake hI Age bar3hatI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya kundakunda ne nizcayanaya meM do bheda svIkAra kiye / AcArya kundakunda tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM prayukta hone vAlI nizcayanaya ( paramArthadRSTi ) ko zuddha nizcayanaya kahate haiM aura AcAralakSI nizcaya dRSTi ko azuddha nizcayanaya kahate haiM / kucha AcAryoM ne nizcayanaya ke dravya (fro nizcayanaya aura paryAyArthika nizcayanaya aise do vibhAga kiye haiM / bauddhoM ke svatantra mAdhyamika sampradAya meM bhI paramArtha ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM-- ' paryAya - paramArtha aura aparyAyaparamArtha / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se hama dekhate haiM ki aparyAyaparamArtha ko sarvaprapaMcavarjita kahA gayA hai jo jainadarzana ke zuddhanizcayanaya kA hI samAnArthaka hai aura paryAyaparamArtha azuddha nizcayanaya yA paryAyArthika nizcayanaya kA samAnArthaka hai / 41 13. dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika nayoM kI dRSTi se naitikatA kA vicAra isI tathya ko jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra eka dUsare prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai / jainAgamoM meM dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika aise do dRSTikoNa yA naya svIkAra kiye gaye haiM / jaina darzana jar3a aura cetana, ubhaya paramatattvoM kI dRSTi se nityapariNAmavAda mAnatA hai / sAMkhyadarzana kevala prakRtipariNAmavAda mAnatA hai / gItA meM bhI prakRtipariNAmavAda mAnA gayA hai / sat kA eka pakSa vaha hai jisameM vaha prati kSaNa badalatA rahatA hai, jabaki dUsarA pakSa vaha hai jo ina parivartanoM ke pIche hai| lekina naitikatA kI samagra vivecanA to sat ke isa parivartanazIla pakSa ke lie hai / naitikatA eka gatyAtmakatA hai, eka prakriyA hai, eka honA hai ( Becoming ), jo parivartana kI dazA meM hI sambhava hai / usa aparivartanIya pakSa kI dRSTi se jo mAtra 1. madhyamArthasaMgraha, uddhRta -- dI seNTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma, pR0 248.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sattA ( Being ) hai, koI naitika vicAraNA sambhava hI nahIM / jaina vicAraNA bhI nahIM kahatI ki hamArA naitika Adarza parivartanazIlatA ( Becoming ) se aparivartanazIlatA ( Nonbecoming ) kI avasthA ko prApta karanA hai / kyoMki sat yadi utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya guNayukta hai, to phira mokSa - avasthA meM yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai / jaina vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM bhI mAtra jJAnadRSTi se AtmA kA pariNAmI - pana svIkAra karatI hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra paryAya ( Modes ) do prakAra ke hote haiM - eka svabhAvaparyAya ( Homogenous changes ) aura dUsarA vibhAvaparyAya yA virUpa parivartana ( Heterogenous changes ) / jaina naitikatA kA Adarza mAtra AtmA ko vibhAvaparyAya kI avasthA se svabhAvaparyAya avasthA meM lAnA hai / 42 isa prakAra jaina naitikatA sat ke dravyArthika pakSa ko apane vivecana kA viSaya na banAkara sat ke paryAyArthika pakSa ko hI vivecana kA viSaya banAtI hai, jisameM svabhAva paryAyAvasthA ko prApta karanA hI usakA naitika Adarza hai / 'svabhAvaparyAya tattva ke nijaguNoM ke kAraNa hotI hai evaM anya tattvoM se nirapekSa hotI hai / " isake viparIta anya tattva se sApekSa vibhAvaparyAya hotI hai / ataH naitikatA ke pratyaya kI dRSTi se AtmA kA svabhAvadazA meM rahanA naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa hai / isI ko AcAralakSI nizcayanaya kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaina dRSTi se sAre naitika AcaraNa kA sAra yA sAdhya yahI hai jise kisI anya kA sAdhana nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / yahI svalakSya mUlya ( End in itself ) hai, zeSa sArA AcaraNa isI ke lie hai, ata: sAdhanarUpa hai, sApekSa hai aura isa kAraNa mAtra vyAvahArika hai / $ 14. AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA artha nizcayanaya kA artha jaina AcAradarzana kA naitika Adarza mokSa hai / ataeva jo AcAra sIdhe rUpa meM mokSalakSI hai, vaha nizcaya - AcAra hai / AcaraNa kA vaha pakSa jisakA sIdhA sambandha bandhana aura mukti se hai, nizcaya - AcAra hai / vastutaH bandhana aura mukti kA sIdhA kAraNa AcaraNa kA bAhya svarUpa nahIM hotA, varan vyakti kI Antarika manovRttiyA~ hI hotI haiM / ataH ve Antarika manovRttiyA~ jo bandhana aura mukti kA sIdhA kAraNa banatI haiM, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya ( paramArthadRSTi ) ke sImAkSetra meM AtI haiM / rAga, dveSa aura moha kI tripuTI kA sambandha nizcayaAcAra se hai / 'naitika nirNayoM kI vaha dRSTi jo bAhya AcaraNa yA kriyAkalApoM se nirapekSa mAtra kartA ke prayojana ko lakSya meM rakhakara zubhAzubhatA kA vicAra karatI hai, nizcayadRSTi hai / ' 2 AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM bhI nizcaya 1. niyamasAra, 28. 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 2056.

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bhAratIda AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM AcAra sadaiva ekarUpa hI hotA hai| nizcayadRSTi se jo zubha hai vaha sadaiva zubha hai aura jo azubha hai vaha sadaiva azubha hai| deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika dRSTi se bhI usameM antara nahIM aataa| vaicArika yA manojanya adhyavasAyoM kA zubhatva aura azubhatva dezakAlagata bhedoM se nahIM badalatA, usameM apavAda ke lie koI guMjAiza nahIM / vyAvahArika naitikatA meM yA AcaraNa ke bAhya bhedoM meM bhI usakI ekarUpatA banI raha sakatI hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, "nizcaya-AcAra kI ( eka hI) bhUmikA para vartamAna eka hI vyakti anekavidha vyAvahArika AcAroM meM se gujaratA hai|"1 itanA hI nahIM, isake viparIta AcaraNa kI bAhya ekarUpatA meM bhI nizcayadRSTi se AcAra kI bhinnatA ho sakatI hai| vastutaH AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM nizcayaAcAra vaha kendra hai, jisake AdhAra se vyAvahArika AcAra ke vRtta banate haiN| jisa prakAra eka kendra se khIMce gaye aneka vRtta bhinna-bhinna pratIta hote hue bhI apane kendra kI dRSTi se eka hI mAne jAte haiM, unameM paridhigata vibhinnatA hote hue bhI kendragata ekatA hotI hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra, "nizcaya-AcAra samagra bAhya AcaraNa kA kendra hotA hai|"2 bAhya AcaraNa kA zubhatva aura azubhatva isI Abhyantarika kendra para nirbhara hai| zuddha nizcaya jo ki tattvamImAMsA kI eka vidhi hai, jaba naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayukta kI jAtI hai, to vaha do bAteM prastuta karatI hai-- 1. naitika Adarza yA sAdhya kA zuddha svarUpa / 2. naitika sAdhya kA naitika sAdhanA se abheda / naitika sAdhya vaha sthiti hai jahA~ pahu~cane para naitikatA samApta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki usake Age kucha prAptavya nahIM hai, kucha cAhanA nahIM hai aura isalie koI naitikatA nahIM hai / kyoMki naitikatA ke lie 'cAhie' yA 'Adarza' Avazyaka hai, ataH naitika sAdhya usa sthAna para sthita hai jahA~ tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana milate haiM / ataH naitika sAdhya kI vyAkhyA vizuddha pAramArthika dRSTi se hI sambhava hai| dUsarI ora naitika sAdhya pUrNatA kI vaha sthiti hai ki jaba hama usa sAdhya kI bhUmikA para sthita hokara vicAra karate haiM to vahA~ sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanApatha kA abheda ho jAtA hai| kyoMki jaba Adarza upalabdha ho jAtA hai, taba Adarza Adarza nahIM raha jAtA aura sAdhaka sAdhaka nahIM raha jAtA, na sAdhanApatha sAdhanApatha hI raha jAtA hai| naitika pUrNatA kI avasthA meM sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanApatha kA vibheda Tika nahIM paataa| yadi sAdhaka hai to usakA sAdhya hogA aura yadi sAdhya hai to phira naitika pUrNatA kaisI ? sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA sApekSa pada haiM / yadi eka hai to dUsarA hai / sAdhya ke abhAva meM na sAdhaka sAdhaka hotA hai aura na sAdhanApatha sAdhanApatha / usa avasthA meM to mAtra vizuddha sattA hai / yadi pUrvAvasthA kI dRSTi se upacArarUpa meM kahanA hI ho to 1. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 499. 2. bAhyasya abhyantaratvam / abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 2056.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaha sakate haiM ki usa dRSTi se sAdhya bhI AtmA hai, sAdhaka bhI AtmA hai aura jJAna, darzana, cAritrarUpa sAdhanAmArga bhI AtmA hai / tIsare, AcaraNa kA dikhAI denevAlA bAhya rUpa usake lie mahattvapUrNa nahIM hotA / AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAnoM se pAramArthika yA nizcaya - AcAra kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / usakA sambandha to mAtra kartA kI Antarika avasthAoM se hotA hai / 44 saMkSepa meM naitikatA kI nizcayadRSTi kA sambandha vaiyaktika naitikatA se hai / vaha naitika mUlyAMkana ke lie isa bAta kA vicAra nahIM karatI hai ki karma kA samAja para kyA pariNAma huA / vaha naitika mUlyoM kA aMkana sAmAjika dRSTi se nahIM, varan vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se karatI hai / vaha samAja sApekSa na hokara vyakti-sApekSa hotI hai / AcArya amRtacandra samayasAraTIkA meM isI bAta ko spaSTa karate haiM ki nizcayanaya AtmAzrita hai aura vyavahAranaya parAzrita ( samAja sApekSa ) hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra vyakti kI Antarika vAsanAoM kA sambandha 'naizcayika naitikatA' se hai / vyakti meM vAsanAoM evaM tRSNA kI agni jisa mAtrA meM zAnta hotI hai, usI mAtrA meM vaha nizcaya AcAra kI dRSTi se vikAsa kI dizA meM bar3hA huA mAnA jAtA hai / naizcayika naitikatA kriyA yA AcaraNa kI avasthA nahIM, varan anubhUti yA sAkSAtkAra kI avasthA hai / isameM zubhAzubhatva kA mApa isa AdhAra para nahIM hotA ki vyakti kyA karatA hai, varan isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki vaha apane svasvarUpa ko kahA~ taka pahacAna pAyA hai aura kahA~ taka usake nikaTa ho pAyA hai / Atmopalabdhi yA paramArtha kA sAkSAtkAra hI naitika jIvana kA paramAdarza hai aura isa Adarza ke sandarbha meM Antarika vRttiyoM kA Akalana karanA hI pAramArthika yA naizcayika naitikatA kA pramukha kArya hai / vyakti ke Antarika vicalana aura Antarika samatva kA Akalana nizcayadR STi kA kSetra hai / nizcayadRSTi naitika AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana usake Antarika pakSa, prayojana evaM usakI lakSyonmukhatA ke AdhAra para karatI hai / vaha naitikatA ke adhyayana meM karma ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko hI adhika mahattva detI hai / lekina naitikatA mAtra saMkalpa hI nahIM / naitika jIvana ke lie saMkalpa Avazyaka hai, parantu aisA saMkalpa jisameM kriyAnvayana kA prayAsa na ho to vaha saccA saMkalpa nahIM hotA hai / isIlie yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika jIvana meM saMkalpa ko mAtra saMkalpa nahIM rahanA cAhie, varan kAryarUpa meM pariNata bhI honA cAhie aura saMkalpa kI kAryarUpa pariNati hamAre sAmane naitikatA kA dUsarA pakSa prastuta karatI hai / mAtra saMkalpa to vyakti taka sImita raha sakatA hai, usakA samAja para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA, vaha samAja-nirapekSa ho sakatA hai| lekina jaba saMkalpa kArya meM pariNata kiyA jAtA hai, taba vaha mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM rahatA, varan sAmAjika bana jAtA hai / ataH naitikatA 1. samayasAraTIkA, 272.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM 45 kA vicAra kevala nizcayadRSTi se hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / aisA mUlyAMkana AMzika evaM apUrNa hI hogaa| naitikatA ke samucita mUlyAMkana ke lie naitikatA ke bAhya sAmAjika pakSa para bhI vicAra karanA jarUrI hai, lekina yaha sImA-kSetra AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi kA nahIM, vyavahAradRSTi kA hai| AcAra ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi AcaraNa ke bAhya ( samAjasApekSa ) pakSa para bala detI hai| usameM AcaraNa kI ekarUpatA nahIM, varan vividhatA hotI hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, "vyAvahArika AcAra aisA ekarUpa nahIM ( hai ) / nizcayaAcAra kI bhUmikA se niSpanna aise bhinna-bhinna deza-kAla-jAti-svabhAva-ruci adi. ke anusAra kabhI-kabhI parasparaviruddha dikhAI denevAle AcAra vyavahArika AcAra kI koTi meM gine jAte haiN|"1 vyAvahArika AcAra deza, kAla evaM vyakti-sApekSa hotA hai / usakA svarUpa parivartanazIla hotA hai| vaha to una paridhiyoM ke samAna hai jo samakendraka hote hue bhI dezakAlarUpI trijyA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa alaga-alaga hotI haiM / AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi kartA ke prayojana ko gauNa kara karmapariNAmoM para lokahita kI dRSTi se vicAra karatI hai / 2 dezakAlagata AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA bAhya svarUpa nizcita karanA vyAvahArika dRSTi kA kArya hai| vaha deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para naitika AcaraNa ke bAhya svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai / jahA~ taka AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva ke mUlyAMkana kA prazna hai, AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa yA kartA ke prayojana ke AdhAra para usake zubhatva kA mUlyAMkana naitikatA kI nizcayadRSTi karatI hai, jabaki AcaraNa ke bAhyapakSa yA pariNAma ke AdhAra para usake zubhatva kA nirNaya naitikatA kI vyavahAradRSTi karatI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra karmoM ke isa dvividha mUlyAMkana meM hI usakA samagra mUlyAMkana sambhava hotA hai| yadyapi yaha sambhava hai ki koI karma nizcayadRSTi se zubha yA naitika hote hue bhI vyAvahAradRSTi se azuddha yA anaitika ho sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, muni kA vaha vyavahAra jo zuddha manobhAva aura Agamika AjJAoM ke anukUla hote hue bhI yadi loka nindA yA lokaghRNA kA kAraNa hai, to vaha nizcayadRSTi se zuddha hote hue bhI vyavahAradRSTi se azuddha hI mAnA jAyegA / isI prakAra, koI karma vyavahAradRSTi se zuddha yA naitika pratIta hote hue bhI nizcayadRSTi se azuddha yA anaitika ho sakatA hai; jaise, phalAkAMkSA se kiyA huA tapa athavA yaza-pratiSThA kI icchA se kiyA huA paropakAra / bhAratIya AcAradarzana isa tathya ko svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika AcaraNa meM mAtra kartA kA vizuddha prayojana hI paryApta nahIM hai, usameM lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi bhI Avazyaka hai|| 1. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 499. 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR0 2056. 3. vahI, 907.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ___vyAvahArika naitikatA kA sambandha AcaraNa ke una sAmAjika niyamoM evaM vidhi-vidhAnoM se hai jinakA samAja kI ikAI ke rUpa meM vyakti ke dvArA pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| samAjadRSTi hI vyAvahArika naitikatA meM zubhAzubhatva kA AdhAra hai| vyAvahArika naitikatA kahatI hai ki kArya cAhe kartA ke prayojana kI dRSTi se zuddha ho, lekina yadi vaha loka viruddha hai to usakA AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie ( yadyapi zuddhaM tadapi lokaviruddhaM na samAcaret ) / vastutaH naitikatA kI vyavahAradRSTi AcaraNa ko sAmAjika sandarbha meM parakhatI hai| yaha AcaraNa ke zubhAzubhatva ke mApana kI samAja-sApekSa paddhati hai, jo vyakti ke sammukha sAmAjika naitikatA ko prastuta karatI hai / sAmAjika naitikatA kA pAlana vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA samAjavyavasthA yA saMghavyavasthA kI dRSTi se / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI paripUrNatA ke pazcAt bhI jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana samAnarUpa se isake paripAlana ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| ____ AcaraNa ke samagra vidhi-vidhAna evaM vividhatAeM vyAvahArika naitikatA ke viSaya haiM / vyAvahArika naitikatA kriyA hai / ataH AcaraNa kaise karanA cAhie, isakA nirdhAraNa vyAvahArika naitikatA kA viSaya hai| gRhastha evaM saMnyAsa-jIvana ke sAre vidhi-vidhAna jo vyakti aura samAja evaM vyakti aura usake pariveza ke madhya sAMga saMtulana ko banAye rakhane ke lie prastuta kiye jAte haiM, ve vyAvahArika naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM / vyAvahArika naitikatA, naitikatA kI sApekSika praNAlI hai / vaha hamAre sAmane sApekSa AcAravidhi prastuta karatI hai| 15. naitikatA ke kSetra meM vyavahAradaSTi ke AdhAra naizcayika naitikatA eka nirapekSa tathya hai, aura vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai| vyavahAradRSTi se naitika AcaraNa deza, kAla, vaiyaktika svabhAva, zakti aura ruci para nirbhara karatA hai| inakI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para vyAvahArika AcAra meM bhI bhinnatA sambhava hai / prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isa bAta kA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAya ki kisa deza, kAla evaM paristhiti meM kaisA AcaraNa ucita hai| jaina vicArakoM ne isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki nizcayadRSTi se to saMkalpa ( adhyavasAya ) kI zubhatA hI naitikatA kA AdhAra hai| lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karane evaM AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke pA~ca AdhAra mAne gaye haiM(1) Agama, (2) zruta, (3) AjJA, (4) dhAraNA aura (5) jIta / inhIM pAMca AdhAroM para vyavahAra ke bhI pA~ca bheda hote haiM, jo nimnAnusAra haiM 1. Agama-vyavahAra-kisa deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie, isakA nirdeza Agama granthoM meM milatA hai| ataH AgamoM meM varNita niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA Agama-vyavahAra hai / 1. sthAnAMga 2 / 5; abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 6, pR0 906.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM 47 2. zruta-vyavahAra--zruta kA sAmAnya artha gaNadharoM ke atirikta anya pUrvAcAryoM ke dvArA praNIta sAhitya se hai| jaba kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM AcaraNa ke sambandha meM AgamoM meM koI spaSTa nirdeza na milatA ho yA Agama anupalabdha ho to pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM evaM TIkAoM meM varNita AcAra ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA zruta-vyavahAra hai / kucha AcAryoM ne zruta kA artha abhidhAraNa yA paramparA bhI kiyA hai / ataH zruta-vyavahAra kA artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki pUrvAcAryoM se jo kucha suna rakhA ho athavA prAcIna samaya meM aisI vizeSa paristhiti meM kaisA vyavahAra kiyA gayA thA usake AdhAra para AcaraNa krnaa| 3. AjJA-vyavahAra----kisI deza, kAla evaM paristhiti ke AdhAra para utpanna avasthA-vizeSa meM kisa prakAra AcaraNa karanA cAhie, isake sambandha meM AgamoM evaM pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM meM koI nirdeza upalabdha na ho to aisI sthiti meM variSThajana, gurujana yA dezakAlavijJa vidvAn ( gItArtha) kI AjJA ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA AjJA-vyavahAra hai| 4. dhAraNA-vyavahAra--yadi paristhiti aisI ho ki jisake sambandha meM Agama evaM zruta ( sAhitya ) meM koI spaSTa nirdeza na ho aura yaha bhI sambhava na ho ki kisI dUrastha vijJa gurujana se koI nirdeza prApta kiyA jA sake to kartavya kA nizcaya svaviveka evaM mAnyatA ke AdhAra para karanA dhAraNA-vyavahAra hai| 5. jIta-vyavahAra-yadi paristhiti aisI ho ki uparyukta meM se koI bhI sAdhana sulabha na ho to loka-paramparA ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA jIta-vyavahAra hai| 16. vyavahAra ke pA~ca AdhAroM kI vaidika paramparA se tulanA vaidika paramparA meM manu ne AcaraNa ke nirNaya ke cAra AdhAra prastuta kiye haiN| unhoMne kahA hai ki veda ( RSiyoM kA jJAna ), smRti ( dharmazAstra ), sadAcAra aura AtmatuSTi ye cAra dharma yA nIti ko jAnane ke upAya haiM / jisa prakAra jaina paramparA meM AgamavyavahAra nItijJAna kA sarvocca upAya hai, usI prakAra manu ne bhI veda ko nIti ke jJAna kA sarvocca upAya mAnA hai| jisa prakAra jaina paramparA meM Agama ke bAda zruta kA sthAna hai, usI prakAra vaidika paramparA meM veda ke bAda smRti kA sthAna hai / veda aura smRti ke bAda vaidika paramparA meM nIti ke jAnane kA upAya sadAcAra batAyA gayA hai| manu ne svayaM sadAcAra kI vyAkhyA 'paramparAgata vyavahAra' ke rUpa meM kI hai| isa rUpa meM vaha jItavyavahAra se tulanIya hai| yadi hama zruta kA artha paramparA karate haiM to usa sthiti meM usakI tulanA zrutavyavahAra se bhI kI jA sakatI hai| manu ne nIti ke jAnane kA cauthA upAya AtmatuSTi mAnA hai| use kisI rUpa 1. manusmRti, 2 / 12. 2. vahI, 2018.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM dhAraNA ke samakakSa mAna sakate haiM / isa prakAra vaidika paramparA ke nIti ke jAnane ke cAroM upAya kisI na kisI rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM bhI svIkRta haiM / 48 jaina aura vaidika donoM paramparAoM meM yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki ina upAyoM meM eka pUrvAparatva kA krama bhI hai / jaina AcAryoM ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza diyA hai ki pUrva meM AcaraNa ke hetu nirdeza kI upalabdhi hote hue nimna ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA anaitikatA hai / " $ 17. AkSepa evaM samAdhAna jaina aura vaidika donoM paramparAoM meM vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke lie jo AdhAra mAne gaye haiM, unameM mAnavIya buddhi kA Akalana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, aisA AkSepa kiyA jA sakatA hai / veda, smRti, sadAcAra yA Agama, zruta aura AjJA Adi ko adhika mahattva dekara mAnavIya buddhi ko kama mahattva diyA gayA hai / lekina yaha mAnyatA bhrAnta hai / vastutaH jisa buddhi ko nimna sthAna diyA gayA hai vaha vAsanAtmaka yA rAga-dveSa se grasita buddhi hI hai / sAmAnya sAdhaka jo vAsanAmaya jIvana yA rAgadveSa se Upara nahIM uTha pAyA, usake viveka ke dvArA kiMkartavyamImAMsA meM galata nirNaya kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai / buddhi kI isa aparipakva dazA meM yadi svanirNaya kA adhikAra pradAna kara diyA jAya to yathArtha kartavyapatha se cyuti kI sambhAvanA hI adhika rahatI hai / yadi mUla zabda 'dhAraNA' ko dekheM to yaha artha aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai / dhAraNA zabda vivekabuddhi yA niSpakSabuddhi kI apekSA Agrahabuddhi kA sUcaka hai aura Agrahabuddhi se svArthaparAyaNatA yA rUr3hatA ke bhAva hI prabala hote haiM / ataH aisI Agrahabuddhi ko kiMkartavyamImAMsA meM adhika ucca sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA / sAtha hI yadi dhAraNA yA svaviveka ko adhika mahattva diyA jAyegA to naitika pratyayoM kI sAmAnyatA ( vastuniSThatA ) samApta ho jAyegI aura naitikatA ke kSetra meM vaiyaktikatA kA sthAna hI pramukha ho jAyegA / dUsarI ora yadi hama dekheM to AjJA, zruta aura Agama bhI abauddhika nahIM haiM, varan unameM kramazaH buddhi kI ujjvalatA yA niSpakSatA hI bar3hatI jAtI hai / AjJA dene ke yogya jisa gItArtha kA nirdeza jainAgamoM meM kiyA gayA hai, vaha eka ora deza, kAla evaM paristhiti ko yathArtha rUpa meM samajhatA hai, dUsarI ora Agama granthoM kA marmajJa bhI hotA hai / vastuta: vaha Adarza ( Agamika AjJAe~ ) evaM yathArtha ( vAstavika paristhitiyoM ) ke madhya samanvaya karAtA hai / vaha yathArtha ko dRSTigata rakhate hue Adarza ko isa rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai ki use yathArtha banAyA jA sake / naitika jIvana kA eka aisA satya hai ki Adarza rahatI hai / sarala zabdoM meM gItArtha kI AjJAoM kA ve dezakAla evaM vyakti kI paristhiti ko dhyAna gItArtha ( vijJa ) kI AjJAe~ meM meM 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 6, pR0 907. sadaiva yathArtha banane kI kSamatA pAlana sadaiva sambhava hai, kyoMki rakhakara dI jAtI haiM / vItarAga

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ 49 ke dvArA praNIta Agama niSpakSabuddhisampanna AcAryoM ke dvArA praNIta zruta aura dezakAlavijJa gItArtha kI AjJAe~ sAmAnya vyakti kI bauddhikatA kI apekSA sadaiva hI ucca viveka se sampanna haiM / ataH unako mahattva dene meM mAnavIya buddhi kI avahelanA bilakula nahIM hai / 18. nizcaya dRSTisammata AcAra kI ekarUpatA bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM tattvamImAMsIya nizcayadRSTi, AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi meM ekarUpatA nihita hai / tattvamImAMsAmUlaka nizcayadRSTi se pratipAdita sattA ke svarUpa aura vyavahAradRSTi se pratipAdita AcAra ke niyamoM meM bhinnatA hote hue bhI AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi ke dvArA pratipAdita naitika darzana meM ekarUpatA dikhAI detI hai / tattvamImAMsAmUlaka nizcayadRSTi kI apekSA AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki jahA~ tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi dvArA pratipAdita sattA kA svarUpa vibhinna darzanoM meM bhinna-bhinna hai, vahA~ AcAralakSI nizcayadRSTi se pratipAdita pAramArthika naitikatA ( nizcaya - AcAra ) sabhI mokSalakSI darzanoM meM ekarUpa hai / AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA bAhya rUpa bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI unakA Antarika pakSa tathA lakSya sabhI darzanoM meM samAna hai / sabhI mokSalakSI darzanoM meM naitika Adarza (mokSa kA svarUpa) tattvadRSTi se bhinna hote hue bhI lakSya kI dRSTi se eka hI hai aura isI ekarUpatA ke kAraNa AcAra kA naizcayika svarUpa bhI eka hI hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki yadyapi jainetara sabhI darzanoM meM nizcayadRSTisammata tattvanirUpaNa eka nahIM hai tathApi sabhI mokSalakSI darzanoM meM nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra va cAritra eka hI hai, bhale hI paribhASA yA vargIkaraNa bhinna-bhinna hoM / " jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI mokSalakSI darzana haiM aura usI ke AdhAra para naitika AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate haiM / ataH naizcayika AcAra kI dRSTi se unameM bahuta adhika sAmyatA pAyI jAtI hai / 19 nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi kA mUlyAMkana yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki naizcayika AcAra yA naitikatA ke Antarika svarUpa aura vyAvahArika AcAra yA naitikatA ke bAhya svarUpa meM AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se kauna adhika mUlyavAna hai ? jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM isa prazna kA uttara yaha hai ki yadyapi sAdhaka kI vaiyaktika dRSTi se naitikatA kA Antarika pahalU yA naizcayika AcAra mahattvapUrNa hai, lekina sAmAjika dRSTi se AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa yA vyAvahArika naitikatA kI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / jaina naitika darzana yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki yathArtha naitika jIvana meM nizcaya AcAra aura vyAvahArika AcAra meM ekarUpatA hotI hai / 1. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 498.

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50 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcaraNa ke Antarika evaM bAhya pakSoM meM koI antara nahIM hotA / vizuddha manobhAvoM kI avasthA meM anaitika AcaraNa sambhava hI nahIM hotA / itanA hI nahIM, jaina AcAradarzana ke anusAra naitika pUrNatA kI prApti ke pAzcAt bhI vyakti ko naitikatA ke bAhya niyamoM evaM vidhi-vidhAnoM kA pAlana yathAvata karate rahanA caahie| Avazyakaniyukti evaM AtmasiddhizAstra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi ziSya naitika pUrNatA ko prApta kara letA hai aura AcArya usa pUrNatA ko prApta na kara pAyA ho, to bhI saMgha kI maryAdA ke lie ziSya ko guru kI yathAvata sevA karanI cAhie / isa prakAra jaina AcAradarzana yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki Antarika dRSTi se naitika pUrNatA ko prAptakara lene para bhI bAhya (samAjasApekSa) naitika niyamoM kA paripAlana Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra vaha nizcayadRSTi para bala dete hue bhI vyavahAra kA lopa svIkAra nahIM krtaa| itanA hI nahIM, vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki paramArtha kI upalabdhi ho jAne para bhI vyavahAradharma, saMgha-maryAdAoM evaM sAmAjika naitika niyamoM kA pari- . pAlana Avazyaka hai| gItA aura bauddha AcAradarzana bhI vaiyaktika dRSTi se AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa para yatheSTa bala dete hue bhI lokavyavahAra kA AcaraNa Avazyaka mAnate haiN| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki 'jisa prakAra sAmAnya jana lokavyavahAra kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vidvAn bhI anAsakta hokara usI prakAra lokavyavahAra kA AcaraNa karatA rhe|'2 gItA meM pratipAdita svadharma, varNadharma aura lokasaMgraha ke siddhAnta isI kA samarthana karate haiM / bauddha AcAradarzana meM bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki arhatAvasthA ko prApta kara lene para bhI saMghIya jIvana ke bAhya niyamoM kA yathAvata pAlana karate rahanA cAhie / isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM naitika jIvana ke Antarika svarUpa yA nizcaya-AcAra para vaiyaktika dRSTi se paryApta mahattva dete hue bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSoM ko upekSaNIya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vaiyaktika dRSTi se AcaraNa kA Antarika pakSa mahattvapUrNa hai, lekina sAmAjika dRSTi se AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / sAmAnyatayA donoM meM koI tulanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI, kyoMki nizcayalakSI AcAra kA mahattva vyaktigata aura samAjagata aise do AdhAroM para hai / donoM meM se kisI eka ko chor3A bhI nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vyakti apane ApameM vyakti aura samAja donoM hI hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra naitikatA ke naizcayika aura vyAvahArika pahaluoM kI sabalatA apane-apane sthAna meM hai / isalie donoM kA pAlana apekSita hai| isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue mahAtmA gAMdhI ke AdhyAtmika gurutulya satpuruSa zrI rAjacandabhAI likhate haiM ki--- 1. (a) AtmasiddhizAstra, 19. (ba) AvazyakaniyuktibhASya, 123. 2. gItA, 325. 3. vinayapiTaka, cUlavagga, pR0 4-5.

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM 51 laghu svarUpa na vRtti nu grahyaM vrata abhimAna / grahe nahIM paramArtha ne levA laukika mAna / athavA nizcayanaya grahe mAtra zabda nI mAMya / lope sadvyavahAra ne sAdhanarahita thAya // nizcayavANI sAMmaLI sAdhana tajavAM noya / nizcaya rAkhI lakSa mAM sAdhana karavAM soya // naya nizcaya ekAMta thI AMmA nathI kahela / ekAMte vyavahAra nahIM banne sapi rahela // -Atma siddhizAstra, 28, 29, 131, 132. yadi Antarika vRtti pavitra nahIM huI hai aura mAtra apane ko dhArmika siddha karane ke lie bAhya vrata-niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai to aisA sAdhaka paramArtha ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, usakA AcaraNa mAtra laukika-pradarzana ke nimitta hotA hai| dUsare, koI nizcayadRSTi ko hI mahattva dekara AcaraNa kI bAhya kriyAoM ( sadvyavahAra ) kA parityAga karatA hai to vaha bhI sAdhanA se rahita hai| AtmA asaMga, abaddha aura nitya siddha hai aisI tAttvika nizcayavANI ko sunakara naitika vidhi-niyamoM kA chor3anA ucita nahIM hai, varan paramArthadRSTi ko Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake sadAcaraNa karate rahanA caahie| aikAntika dRSTikoNa meM naitika pratyayoM kI samagra vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| yathArtha naitika jIvana meM ekAnta nizcayadRSTi alaga-alaga rahakara kArya nahIM karatI, varan eka sAtha kArya karatI hai| naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa aura bAhya pakSa milakara hI samagra naitikatA kA nirmANa karate haiN| ve do bhinna-bhinna pahalU avazya haiM, lekina alaga-alaga tathya nahIM haiN| unheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| sikke ke donoM bAjuoM ko alaga-alaga dekha sakate haiM, lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| jahA~ naitika sAdhya ke lie paramArthadRSTi yA nizcayanaya Avazyaka hai, vahIM naitika sAdhanA ke lie vyavahAradRSTi bhI Avazyaka hai| donoM ke samavetarUpa meM hI naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi hotI hai| kahA hai nizcaya rAkhI lakSa mAM, pALe je vyavahAra / te nara mokSa pAmaze sandeha nahIM lagAra // 20. pAzcAtya AcAradarzana kI adhyayana vidhiyA~ aura jaina darzana pAzcAtya nItivettAoM ne AcAradarzana kI vibhinna samasyAoM ke samyak adhyayana ke lie jina vidhiyoM kA Azraya liyA hai, unheM do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-(1) anubhavamUlaka vidhiyA~ aura (2) dArzanika vidhiyA~ / pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM anubhavamUlaka vidhiyA~ tIna haiM 4

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52 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. jaivika vidhi-isa adhyayanavidhi ko mAnanevAle vicArakoM meM harbarTa spensara pramukha haiM / ye vicAraka naitika niyamoM ko sAmAjika niyamoM para, sAmAjika niyamoM ko manovaijJAnika niyamoM para, manovaijJAnika niyamoM ko jaivika niyamoM para aura jaivika niyamoM ko bhautika niyamoM para adhiSThita mAnate haiN| isa prakAra inake anusAra naitika niyama antatogatvA jaivika evaM bhautika niyamoM se hI nirgamita hote haiN| yaha vidhi AcAradarzana ko prakRta evaM vidhAyaka vijJAna ke rUpa meM dekhatI hai aura usakI niyAmaka evaM AdarzamUlaka prakRti ko apanI dRSTi se ojhala kara detI hai| isa prakAra yaha vidhi AcAradarzana ke nirdhAnta adhyayana ke lie ekAMgI siddha hotI hai| 2. aitihAsika vidhi-isa adhyayana vidhi ko mAnanevAle vicArakoM meM vikAsavAdI dArzanika evaM kArla mArksa Ate haiN| inake anusAra naitika pratyayoM evaM niyamoM kA vikAsa Adi asaMskRta rItirivAjoM se huA hai| naitikatA sAmAjika utkrAMti kA pariNAma hai aura nItizAstra kA kArya naitika pratyayoM kI utpatti aura vikAsa kI vyAkhyA prastuta karanA haiN| ye vicAraka bhI nItizAstra ko samAja kA prakRta itihAsa banAkara usakI niyAmaka yA AdarzamUlaka prakRti para dhyAna nahIM dete haiM / nItizAstra kA kArya naitika niyamoM kI utpatti kI vyAkhyA karanA nahIM, varan naitika Adarza ko prastuta karanA bhI hai| ___3. manovaijJAnika vidhi-isa vidhi ke dvArA naitika pratyayoM kI vyAkhyA karanevAle vicArakoM kA eka varga jisameM kArnepa, eyara, rasala, sTIvensana Adi tArkika bhAvavAdI vicAraka Ate haiM, zubha evaM ucita ke naitika pratyayoM ko manovaijJAnika evaM sAMvegika abhivyaktiyoM ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| yaha varga naitikatA ke AdarzamUlaka svarUpa ko naSTa kara naitika sandehavAda ko janma detA hai| manovaijJAnika vidhi ko mahattva denevAlA dUsarA varga naitika tathyoM ko cetanAgata mAnatA hai aura isalie yaha kahatA hai ki naitika pratyayoM ke samyak adhyayana ke lie manovaijJAnika paddhati kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie, tathApi ina vicArakoM ke anusAra naitika pratyaya mUlataH AdarzamUlaka haiM / ye vicAraka naitikatA kI AdarzamUlaka prakRti ko asvIkAra nahIM karate haiM, mAtra mAnava ke paramamaMgala kA nirdhAraNa karane meM usakI manovaijJAnika prakRti kA dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| inake anusAra mAnava kI manovaijJAnika prakRti hI usake paramamaMgala kA nirdeza kara sakatI hai, ataH usako dRSTi meM rakhate hue hI nItizAstra ko naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa karanA caahie| hyUma, benthama, mila prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka isa paddhati kA anusaraNa karate haiN| - uparyukta anubhavamUlaka vidhiyoM ke atirikta kucha vicArakoM ne AcAradarzana ke samyak adhyayana ke lie dArzanika vidhi kI sthApanA kI hai| dArzanika vidhi-jina vicArakoM ne AcAradarzana ko tattvamImAMsA para AdhA. rita mAnA aura naitika Adarza ko mAnavacetanA kI tAttvika sattA se anumita

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bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM jJAna kI vidhAeM 53 kiyA, unhoMne AcAradarzana kI vidhi ko dArzanika yA cintanaparaka mAnA hai| ina vicArakoM meM hegala, grIna Adi adhyAtmavAdI vicAraka pramukha haiN| AcAradarzana kI uparyukta adhyayanavidhiyoM ko anya prakAra se bhI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcAradarzana kI anubhavamUlaka vidhiyA~ vaijJAnika vidhiyoM kA hI rUpa haiM aura aindrika jJAna ke anubhavamUlaka AdhAroM para khar3I huI haiN| isake viparIta dArzanika vidhi cintanaparaka yA bauddhika hai| prathama varga yathArtha para adhika bala detA hai, dUsarA varga Adarza pr| prathama varga meM AnevAlI sabhI vidhiyA~ sApekSa vidhiyA~ bhI kahI jA sakatI haiM, kyoMki inameM naitika pratyaya evaM niyama eka sApekSa tathya hI siddha hote haiN| dUsare varga meM AnevAlI bauddhika vidhi yA dArzanika vidhi eka nirapekSa vidhi hai, kyoMki usameM naitika niyama nirapekSa mAne jAte haiN| isa prakAra AcAradarzana kI adhyayana vidhiyoM ko anubhavamUlaka aura anubhavAtIta, AgamanAtmaka aura nigamanAtmaka, yathArthamUlaka aura AdarzamUlaka athavA sApekSa aura nirapekSa kisI bhI rUpa meM dekhA jAya, unakA mUla mantavya vahI hotA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se anubhavamUlaka yathArthavAdI sApekSa vidhiyoM ko bhAratIya cintana kI vyavahAradRSTi ke samakakSa mAna sakate haiN| anubhavAtIta buddhimUlaka AdarzavAdI nirapekSa vidhi ko nizcayanaya yA paramArthadRSTi ke tulya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 21. bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM vividha vidhiyoM kA samanvaya - vastutaH naitika jIvana kA uddezya yathArtha se Adarza kI ora bar3hanA hai aura isa rUpa meM usake lie anubhavamUlaka aura anubhavAtIta donoM hI vidhiyA~ Avazyaka haiN| jo vicAraka inameM se kisI eka vidhi ko hI naitika darzana kI ekamAtra vidhi svIkAra karate haiM, ve naitika darzana ke samagra svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karane meM asamartha haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha prabuddha vicArakoM ne naitika darzana ke lie na kevala donoM hI vidhiyoM kA prayoga Avazyaka samajhA, varan unameM samIkSAtmaka praNAlI ke rUpa meM eka samanvaya bhI khojaa| jahA~ naitika Adarza kI vyAkhyA kA prazna hai, vahA~ hameM Anubhavika tathyoM se Upara uThakara vicAra karanA hogaa| vahIM dUsarI ora naitika niyamoM aura AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kI vyAkhyA karate samaya anubhavamUlaka AdhAroM kA Azraya lenA hogaa| jahA~ taka jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI bAta hai, unhoMne AcAradarzana ke adhyayana ke lie athavA naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI eka vidhi kA Azraya liyA ho, aisA nahIM lgtaa| ve yathAvasara sabhI paddhatiyoM ko apanAte haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne naitika Adarza mokSa kA pratipAdana dArzanika vidhi ke AdhAra para kiyA aura tAttvika sattA kI svarUpadazA ke rUpa meM usakI vyAkhyA kii| dUsarI ora naitika niyamoM ke pratipAdana meM unhoMne manovaijJAnika paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyaa| jaina AcAradarzana ke kendrIya siddhAnta ahiMsA kA pratipAdana isI manovaijJAnika

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdhAra para huA hai ki jIvana aura sukha sabhI ko priya hai tathA mRtyu aura duHkha sabhI ko apriya hai, ataH hiMsA nahIM karanA cAhie aura na kisI ko pIr3A hI pahuMcAnA cAhie / bauddha darzana meM bhI naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM nirvANa kA nirvacana dArzanika yA anubhavAtIta vidhi ke AdhAra para huA hai, aura ahiMsA va karuNA ke siddhAnta manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para prarUpita haiM / vinayapiTaka se to aisA lagatA hai ki buddha naitika niyamoM ke nirmANa meM mAnavamana kI manovaijJAnika parakha ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjika anumodana aura ananumodana ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhate haiM / vinayapiTaka ke aneka sandarbha isa bAta ko spaSTa kara dete haiM ki bauddha darzana meM AcAradarzana kI vividha bidhiyoM kA upayoga huA hai / vistArabhaya se yahA~ unakI carcA apekSita nahIM hai / vidhiyoM kA yaha prazna naitika niyamoM kI sApekSatA ke sAtha jur3A huA hai jisapara agale adhyAya meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai /

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 52 67 1. pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 2. bhAratIya dRSTikoNa jaina dRSTikoNa 60 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 62 / mahAbhArata tathA manusmRti Adi 62 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 63 / braDale kA dRSTikoNa aura jainadarzana 63 / 3. naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa 4. utsarga aura apavAda 5. DivI kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina darzana 6. sApekSa naitikatA aura manaparatAvAda 7. sApekSa naitikatA aura anekAntavAda 8. Adarza vyakti kA AcAra evaM mArga-nirdeza hI janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANabhUta 9. mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM zAstra 10. niSpakSa bauddhika prajJA hI antima nirNAyaka 11. nIti ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa tattva 70 70 71 74

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 6 1. pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM yaha prazna sadaiva vivAdAspada rahA hai ki naitikatA sApekSa hai yA nirpekss| naitikatA ko nirapekSa mAnanevAle vicArakoM meM pramukha haiM jarmana dArzanika kaaNtt| kAMTa kA kathana hai ki kevala usa siddhAnta ke anusAra AcaraNa karo jise tuma usI samaya eka sArvabhauma niyama banAne kA bhI saMkalpa kara sko| naitika niyama nirapekSa Adeza haiM jo deza, kAla athavA vyakti ke AdhAra para parivartita nahIM hote / yadi satya bolanA naitikatA hai to phira kisI bhI sthiti meM asatya bolanA naitika nahIM ho sakatA, pratyeka paristhiti meM satya hI bolanA caahie| kAMTa kI mAnyatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki jo AcaraNa naitika hai vaha sadaiva naitika rahegA aura jo anaitika hai vaha sadaiva anaitika rhegaa| deza-kAlagata athavA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se naitikatA prabhAvita nahIM hotii| jo vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitikatA nirapavAda evaM deza, kAla, pariveza aura vyaktigata tathyoM se nirapekSa hai, use nirapekSa naitikatA kI vicAraNA kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jo vicAraNAeM naitika AcaraNa ko sa-apavAda evaM deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla mAnatI haiM, ve naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNAe~ haiN| naitika sApekSavAdI vicAraNAe~ naitika niyamoM ko bAhya paristhitisApekSa mAnatI haiM / sApekSavAdI vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki jo karma eka avasthA meM naitika ho sakatA hai, vahI karma dUsarI avasthA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai| sApekSavAdI vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhiti nirapekSa karma naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya nahIM hai / karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana usa paristhiti ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai jisameM vaha sampanna hotA hai| isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki paristhiti ke parivartita ho jAne para karma kA naitika mUlya bhI badala sakatA hai| do bhinna paristhitiyoM meM sampanna samAna karma yA AcaraNa bhI naitika mUlya kI dRSTi se bhinna ho jAte haiM / 2 jaise satyavrata kA ekAMgI pAlana karane ke nAma para zatru ko rAjya kI gupta saMrakSaNa-vyavasthA kI jAnakArI denA anaitika hai| hAbz2a, mila, sijavika prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka aura vikAsavAsI vicAraka yahI dRSTikoNa apanAte haiN| 1. dekhie-greTa TreDIzansa ina ethiksa, pR0 218. 2. dekhie-kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 160.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana inakA naitika karmoM meM apavAda ko lekara kAMTa se virodha hai| ye vicAraka naitika jagat meM apavAda ko svIkAra karate haiN| hAja likhate haiM, "kisI akAla ke samaya jaba anAja kraya karane para bhI na mile, na dAna meM hI prApta ho, taba kSudhA-tRpti ke lie koI caurya-karma kA AcaraNa karatA hai to vaha anaitika karma kSamya hI mAnA jaayegaa|"1 mila ise adhika spaSTa karate hae likhate haiM, "aise samaya meM corI karake jIvana-rakSA karanA kevala kSamya hI nahIM hai, apitu kartavya hai / " 2 isI prakAra sijavika bhI naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM apavAda ko sthAna dete haiM, "yadyapi saba logoM ko saca bolanA cAhie, tathApi yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki jina rAjanItijJoM ko apanI kArravAI gupta rakhanI par3atI hai ve anya logoM ke sAtha hamezA saca hI bolA kreN|" phalavAdI naitika vicAraka jaoNna DyUI likhate haiM, "vAstava meM aise sthAna aura samaya arthAt aise sApekSa sambandha ho sakate haiM jinameM sAmAnya kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI jinheM sAdhAraNataH bhautika aura aindrika kahA jAtA hai, Adarza ho|" kAMTa naitika karmoM meM kisI bhI apavAda ko sthAna nahIM dete| unake bAre meM yaha ghaTanA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kAMTa ke lie kisI jahAja se phaloM kA piTArA A. rahA thaa| rAste meM jahAja saMkaTa meM phaMsa gayA aura yAtrI bhUkhoM marane lge| aisI sthiti meM ve phala khA liye gye| jaba kAMTa ke pAsa yaha khabara pahu~cI to kAMTa ne isa vyavahAra ko dhikkArA aura kahA ki una vyaktiyoM kA dUsare vyakti ke mAla ko binA anumati ke kAma meM lene kI apekSA mara jAnA zreyaskara thaa| naitika vicAraNA ke kSetra meM nirapekSa naitikatA kI dhAraNA kA virodha hotA rahA hai| amerikA ke phalavAdI dArzanika TaphTa kA kahanA hai ki jo naitika siddhAnta naMtika pratyayoM kA artha yathArtha paristhitiyoM se alaga haTakara karanA cAhate haiM ve vastutaH zUnya meM vicaraNa karate haiN| spensara Adi vikAsavAdI vicAraka, samAjazAstrIya vicAraka evaM mArksa prabhRti sAmyavAdI vicAraka. phrAyaDa Adi manovaijJAnika tathA nItizAstra ke saMvegavAdI evaM tarkika bhAvavAdI siddhAnta bhI karmoM kI naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| yadyapi naitika sApekSavAda bhI apanI kaThora vyAkhyA meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa apanA letA hai aura naitika jIvana ke lie lacIle AdarzoM kA nirmANa karane meM asaphala siddha ho jAtA hai| usameM naitika Adarza bikhara jAte haiM, kyoMki naitika AdarzoM ke saMgaThaka sAmAnya tattva kA usameM abhAva ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki spensara evaM DivI naitikatA ko sApekSa svIkAra karate hue bhI usase santuSTa nahIM hote aura kisI rUpa meM nirapekSa nIti ke tattva kI kalpanA kara DAlate haiN| 1. livAi-a-than, khaNDa 2, adhyAya 27, pR0 13. 2. yUTiliTerianijma, adhyAya 5, pR0 95. 3. naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta, pR059. 4. rIseNTa ethiksa ina iTsa brADara rilezansa, uddhRta-kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, 164.

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 62. bhAratIya dRSTikoNa pazcima kI taraha bhArata meM bhI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSoM para kAphI gahana vicAra huA hai| naitika karmoM kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirapavAditA kI carcA ke svara vedoM, smRtigranthoM aura paurANika sAhitya meM kAphI joroM se sunAI dete haiN| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra, naitikatA ko aikAntika rUpa se na to sApekSa kahA jA sakatA hai aura na nirapekSa / yadi vaha sApekSa hai to isIlie ki vaha nirapekSa bhI hai / 2 nirapekSa ke abhAva meM sApekSa saccA nahIM hai / vaha nirapekSa isalie hai ki vaha sApekSatA se Upara bhI hai| naitikatA kI sApekSatA evaM nirapekSatA ke prazna kA aikAntika hala jaina vicAraNA prastuta nahIM krtii| vaha naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate hue bhI usameM nirapekSatA ke sAmAnya tattva kI avadhAraNA karatI hai| vaha sApekSika naitikatA kI usa kamajorI ko spaSTa rUpa se jAnatI thI ki usameM naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa sAmAnya tattva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usakA abhAva hotA hai| sApekSa naitikatA AcaraNa ke tathyoM ko prastuta karatI hai, lekina AcaraNa ke Adarza ko nahIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vicAraNA ne bhI isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie vahI samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA thA, jise spensara aura DivI ne apanI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi ke navIna sandarbho meM vartamAna yuga meM prastuta kiyA hai| ___ isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki jaina naitikatA kisa artha meM sApekSa hai aura kisa artha meM nirapekSa hai| jaina tattvajJAna anekAnta-siddhAnta ko AdhAra mAnakara calatA hai| usake anusAra, sat ananta dharmAtmaka hai; ataH sat sambandhI prApta sArA jJAna AMzika hI hogA, pUrNa nahIM hogaa| hama saba jo naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM athavA jo usake AcaraNa meM lage hue haiM, pUrNa nahIM haiM / hameM apanI apUrNatA kA spaSTa bodha hai| ataH hama jo bhI jAneMge vaha apUrNa hI hogA, sAnta hogA, samakSa hogA, aura isalie AMzika evaM sApekSa hogaa| aura yadi jJAna hI sApekSa hogA to hamAre naitika nirNaya bhI, jo hama prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para dete haiM, sApekSa hI hoNge| isa prakAra anekAnta kI dhAraNA se naitika nirNayoM kI sApekSatA niSpanna hotI hai| AcaraNa ke jina tathyoM ko hama zubha-azubha athavA puNya-pApa ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, unake sandarbha meM sAdhAraNa vyakti dvArA diye gaye nirNaya sApekSa hI ho sakate haiN| hamAre nirNayoM ke dene meM kama se kama kartA ke prayojana evaM karma ke pariNAma ke pakSa to upasthita hote hI haiN| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM diye gaye hamAre adhikAMza nirNaya pariNAma sApekSa hote haiM, jabaki hamAre apane AcaraNa sambandhI nirNaya prayojana-sApekSa hote haiN| kisI bhI vyakti ko na to pUrNatayA yaha jJAna hotA hai ki kartA kA prayojana kyA thA aura na yaha jJAna hotA hai ki usake 1. dekhie-gItArahasya, adhyAya 2, karmajijJAsA. 2. svayambhUstotra, 103.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karmoM kA dUsaroM para kyA pariNAma huA / ataH janasAdhAraNa ke naitika nirNaya hamezA apUrNa hI hoMge / 60 dUsarI ora yaha sArA jagat hI apekSAoM se yukta hai, kyoMki jagat kI pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai / aise jagat meM Acarita naitikatA nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatI / sabhI karma deza, kAla athavA vyakti se sambandhita hote haiM, isalie nirapekSa nahIM ho sakate / bAhya jAgatika paristhitiyA~ aura karma ke pIche ke vaiyaktika prayojana bhI AcaraNa ko sApekSa banA dete haiM / (a) jaina dRSTikoNa eka hI prakAra se Acarita karma eka sthiti meM naitika hotA hai aura bhinna sthiti meM anaitika ho jAtA hai / eka hI karma eka ke lie naitika ho sakatA hai, dUsare ke lie anaitika | jaina vicAradhArA Acarita karmoM kI naitika sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatI hai / prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo Acarita karma Asrava yA bandhana ke kAraNa haiM ve bhI mokSa ke hetu ho jAte haiM aura jo mokSa ke hetu haiM, ve bhI bandhana ke hetu ho jAte haiM / " isa prakAra koI bhI anaMtika karma vizeSa paristhiti meM naitika bana jAtA hai aura koI bhI naitika karma vizeSa paristhiti meM anaitika bana sakatA hai / kevala sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti, jise jaina paribhASA meM 'bhAva' kahate haiM, AcaraNa ke karmoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai, aura usake sAtha-sAtha jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra aura kAla ko bhI karmoM kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA nirdhAraka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai / uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM kahA hai, "tIrthaMkara deza aura kAla ke anurUpa dharma kA upadeza karate haiM / " 2 AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja likhate haiM ki bandha aura nirjarA ( karmoM kI anaitikatA aura naitikatA ) meM bhAvoM kI pramukhatA hai, parantu bhAvoM ke sAtha sthAna aura kriyA kA bhI mUlya hai / 3 AcArya haribhadra ke aSTaka prakaraNa kI TIkA meM AcArya jinezvara ne carakasaMhitA kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisakA Azaya yaha hai ki deza, kAla aura rogAdi ke kAraNa mAnavajIvana meM kabhIkabhI aisI sthiti bhI A jAtI hai jaba akArya kArya bana jAtA hai, vidhAna niSedha kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai aura niSedha vidhAna kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai / isa prakAra jaina naitikatA meM sthAna ( deza ), samaya ( kAla ), mana:sthiti ( bhAva ) aura vyakti ina cAra ApekSikatAoM kA naitika mUlyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM pramukha mahattva hai / AcaraNa ke karma inhIM cAroM ke AdhAra para naitika aura anaitika banate rahate haiM / saMkSepa meM ekAnta rUpa se na to koI AcaraNa, karma yA kriyA naitika hai aura na anaitika; varan deza - kAlagata bAhya paristhitiyA~ aura dravya tathA bhAvagata paristhitiyA~ unheM vaisA 1. AcArAMga, 114/2/130; dekhie-zrI amarabhAratI, maI 1964, pR0 15. 2. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 23. 3. AcArAMga, hindI TIkA, pR0 378.

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA banA detI haiM / isa prakAra jaina naitikatA vyakti ke kartavyoM ke sambandha meM anekAntavAdI yA sApekSa dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai / vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki sAmAnya sthiti meM pratimA pUjana athavA dAnAdi kArya, jo eka gRhastha ke naitika kartavya haiM, ve hI eka muni yA saMnyAsI ke lie akartavya hote haiM - anaitika evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiM / kartavyAkartavyamImAMsA meM jaina vicAraNA kisI bhI aikAntika dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM karatI / AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM ki bhagavAn tIrthaMkara devoM ne na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta vidhAna kiyA hai aura na ekAnta niSedha hI kiyA hai, unakA eka hI Adeza hai ki jo kucha bhI kArya tuma kara rahe ho use satyabhUta hokara karo, use pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha karate raho / ' AcArya umAsvAti ko kathana hai, "naitika, anaitika, vidhi ( kartavya ), niSedha ( akartavya ); athavA AcaraNIya ( kalpa ), anAcaraNIya ( akalpa ) ekAnta rUpa se niyata nahIM haiM / deza, kAla, vyakti, avasthA, upaghAta aura vizuddha manaH sthiti ke AdhAra para anAcaraNIya AcaraNIya bana jAtA hai aura AcaraNIya anAcaraNIya / 2 upAdhyAya amaramunijI jaina darzana kI anekAntadRSTi ke AdhAra para jaina naitikatA ke sApekSika dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki tribhuvanodara vivaravartI samasta asaMkhyeya bhAva apane ApameM na to mokSa kA kAraNa haiM aura na saMsAra kA kAraNa haiM, sAdhaka kI apanI antaH sthiti hI unheM acche aura bure kA rUpa de detI 13 ataH ekAntarUpa meM na koI AcaraNa zubha hotA hai aura na koI azubha | ise spaSTa karate hue ve Age kahate haiM ki kucha vicAraka jIvana meM utsarga ( naitikatA kI nirapekSa yA nirapavAda sthiti ) ko pakar3akara calanA cAhate haiM, jIvana meM apavAda kA sarvathA apalApa karate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM apavAda ( naitikatA kA sApekSika dRSTikoNa ) dharma nahIM, apitu eka mahattara pApa hai / dUsarI ora, kucha sAdhaka ve haiM jo utsarga ko bhUlakara kevala apavAda kA sahArA lekara hI calanA cAhate nahIM A sakate / jaina sundara sAdhanA hai / * / ye donoM vicAra ekAMgI hone se upAdeya kI koTi meM dharma kI sAdhanA ekAnta kI nahIM, anekAnta kI svastha aura usake darzanakakSa meM mokSa ke hetuoM kI koI ba~dhI- ba~dhAyI niyata rUparekhA nahIM hai, koI iyattA nahIM hai / " ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina darzana ko anekAntavAdI vicArapaddhati ke AdhAra para sApekSika naitikatA kI dhAraNA mAnya hai / yadyapi usakA yaha sApekSa dRSTikoNa nirapekSa dRSTikoNa kA virodhI nahIM hai / jaina naitikatA meM eka pakSa nirapekSa naitikatA kA bhI hai, jisapara Age vicAra kiyA jAyegA / 1. upadezapada, 779. 2. prazamarati - prakaraNa ( umAsvAti ), 146; tulanA kIjie - brahmasUtra ( zAM0 ), 331 25; gItA ( zAM0 ) 3 / 35 tathA 18 / 47-48. 3. zrI amarabhAratI, maI 1964, pR0 15. 4. vahI, pharavarI 1965, pR0 5. 5. vahI, mArca 1965, pR0 28. 61

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (ba) gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA kA darzana bhI yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki kartavyAkartavya kA nirapekSa rUpa meM nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai|' gItA meM bhI AcAra ke niyamoM kI deza, kAla aura vyaktigata sApekSatA svIkRta hai / 2 gItA meM kahA hai ki deza, kAla aura pAtra kA vicAra kara jo dAna diyA jAtA hai vahI sAtvika hotA hai, arthAt AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirNaya deza, kAla aura vyakti kI avasthAoM para nirbhara hai / lokamAnya tilaka ke zabdoM meM kAryAkArya kI vyavasthA denevAlA gItA jaisA koI prAcIna grantha saMskRta sAhitya meM nahIM dikhAI detA / unhoMne 'gItA-rahasya' meM 'karma-jijJAsA' nAmaka adhyAya meM naitika niyamoM kI apavAditA aura sApekSikatA kI vizada carcA kI hai aura use hindU dharmazAstroM ke aneka uddharaNoM ke dvArA puSTa bhI kiyA hai| __ mahAbhArata tathA manusmRti Adi--mahAbhArata meM aneka prasaMga aise haiM jo naitika niyamoM kI sApekSikatA siddha karate haiN| zAntiparva meM bhISma pitAmaha kahate haiM ki aisA koI AcAra nahIM milatA jo hamezA sabake lie samAna rUpa se hitakAraka ho| yadi kisI eka AcAra ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to dUsarA AcAra usase bhI zreSTha pratIta hotA hai / eka AcAra kA dUsare ocAra se virodha bhI ho jAtA hai|" yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki kisI samaya dharmarUpa karma hI adharmarUpa aura kabhI adharmarUpa dIkhanevAlA karma hI dharma bana jAtA hai, ataH bhalIbhA~ti vicAra karake hI kArya karanA caahie| isa prakAra AcAra ke kisI eka nirapekSa rUpa kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| kAlabheda evaM dezabheda se AcAra meM parivartana hote rahate haiN| manu kA kathana hai ki yugoM ke anurUpa arthAt kAlagata bhedoM ke kAraNa kRtayuga ( satayuga ), tretAyuga, dvAparayuga evaM kalayuga meM AcAra ke niyama bhinna hote haiN| eka hI kriyA deza yA kAla ke bheda se dharma yA adharma ho jAtI hai / jo dharma hotA hai vaha adharma ho jAtA hai aura jo adharma hotA hai vaha dharma ho jAtA hai| corI, jhUTha aura hiMsA bhI avasthA-vizeSa meM dharma ho jAte haiM / gItA meM jisa kAryAkArya vyavasthiti kA pratipAdana hai, usakA prayojana yahI hai ki kiMkartavya kA nizcaya deza va kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke anusAra karanA caahie| gItA kA svadharma kA siddhAnta naitika sApekSatA kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai jo vaiyaktika 1. gItA, 4117. 2. vahI, 17 / 20. 3. gItArahasya, pR051. 4. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 259 / 17-18. 5. vahI, 33 // 32. 6. manusmRti, 1485. 7. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 63 / 11. w

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA guNoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para AcAra ke niyamoM kI vibhinnatA svIkAra karatA hai| bhAratIya varNadharma kA vidhAna bhI pAtra kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para nirbhara hai| yogyatA ke AdhAra para pAtra para sAmAjika kartavyoM kA dAyitva DAlanA hI varNavyavasthA kA pramukha uddezya hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM hindU AcAradarzana meM naitika AcaraNa deza, kAla aura vyakti sApekSa hai| (sa) bauddha dRSTikoNa isa sandarbha meM bauddha dRSTikoNa bhI jaina aura vaidika paramparAoM ke tulya hI hai| vizuddhimArga meM saparyanta aura aparyanta zIloM ke rUpa meM sApekSa naitika niyamoM aura nirapekSa naitika niyamoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|' buddha ne naitika niyamoM ke nirmANa meM sadaiva hI sApekSa dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai aura deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para ve svayaM hI parivartana karate rahe haiN| vinayapiTaka sAkSI hai ki AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke sandarbha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa kitanA sApekSa thaa| parinirvANa ke pUrva buddha ne Ananda se kahA thA, "he Ananda, yadi saMgha kI icchA ho, to merI mRtyu ke pazcAt vaha sAdhAraNa niyamoM ko chor3a de|" bauddha dharma ke marmajJa vidvAn dharmAnanda kosambI likhate haiM ki isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki choTe-moTe yA mAmUlI niyamoM ko chor3ane yA deza-kAla ke anusAra sAdhAraNa niyamoM meM heraphera karane ke lie bhagavAn ne saMgha ko anumati de dI thii|2 buddha ne bhI avantikA janapada meM vicaraNa karanevAle bhikSuoM ke lie snAna evaM upasampadA sambandhI niyamoM ko zithila kara diyA thaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha kA dRSTikoNa AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke sambandha meM sApekSa hI thaa| 63. braiDale kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina darzana pAzcAtya adhyAtmavAdI dArzanika DraDale kA dRSTikoNa bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI sApekSavAdI hai| ve likhate haiM, "pratyeka karma ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, aneka rUpa hote haiM, usake aneka vaicArika dRSTikoNa hote haiM aura vaha aneka guNoM se yukta hotA hai, sadaiva aneka aise siddhAnta ho sakate haiM jinake antargata vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura isalie use ( ekAntarUpa meM ) naitika athavA anaitika mAnane meM kucha kama kaThinAI nahIM hotI / vizva meM aisA koI bhI kArya nahIM hai jise kisI eka dhAraNA ke anusAra zubha yA azubha ThaharAyA jA ske|u merA sthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta batAtA hai ki yadi naitika tathya sApekSa nahIM hai to koI naitikatA nahIM hogI / aisI naitikatA jo sApekSa nahIM hai, vyartha hai| 1. visuddhimagga, mAga 1, pR0 14. 2. bhagavAna buddha, pR0 161. 3. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 196. 4. vahI, pR0 189.

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64 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa jaina darzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa kA mahattva hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina darzana meM naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa svIkAra nahIM hai| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki dharma zuddha hai, nitya aura zAzvata hai| naitikatA meM yadi koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai, to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA ke anusAra atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke sabhI dharmapravartakoM ( tIthaMkaroM) kI dharmaprajJapti eka hI hotI hai| lekina yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki dharmaprajJapti eka hone para bhI vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAraniyamoM meM bhinnatA ho sakatI hai, jaise ki mahAvIra evaM pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra-niyamoM meM thii| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitikatA ke Antarika aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM, jinheM pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA gayA hai / AcaraNa kA yaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla arthAt sApekSa hotA hai, parantu Antarika pakSa sadaiva ekarUpa hotA hai, nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika yA bhAvahiMsA sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, vaha kabhI bhI dharmamArga athavA naitika niyama nahIM ho sktii| lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita honevAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / Abhyantara-parigraha arthAt Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai, lekina dravya-parigraha ko sadaiva anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM, jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa ho sakatI hai, lekina AcaraNa ke Antarika bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hotI hai| sambhava hai ki bAhya rUpa meM azubha dIkhanevAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAye, lekina Antarika azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| jaina mAnyatA meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai, pariNAma kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, naitika saMkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai, lekina karma sApekSa hotA hai / isI kathana ko jaina paribhASA meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAranaya se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA ( Practical Morality ) sApekSa hai; lekina nizcayanaya se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya-naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jainasammata vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai aura nizcaya-naitikatA kartA ke saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva anaitika hI ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva 1. AcArAMga, 1 / 4 / 1 / 127. 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 23.

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA anaitika hotA hai, lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva anaitika hI ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai; varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai / ' _ naitikatA ke kSetra meM jaba eka bAra vyakti ke saMkalpa-svAtantrya ko svIkAra kara lete haiM, to phira yaha kahane kA adhikAra hI nahIM raha jAtA ki hamArA saMkalpa sApekSa hai aura taba naitikatA bhI sApekSa nahIM mAnI jA sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vicAraNA saMkalpa yA vicAroM kI dRSTi se naitikatA ko sApekSa nahIM maantii| usake anusAra zubha adhyavasAya yA saMkalpa sadaiva zubha hai, naitika hai, aura kabhI bhI anaitika yA adharma nahIM hotA; lekina kisI bhI nirapekSa naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke kSetra para pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahAra sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai| DaoN0 Izvaracandra zarmA likhate haiM, "yadi koI niyama AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama bana sakatA hai, to vaha bAhya na hokara Abhyantarika hI honA cAhie / 2 AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama vahI ho sakatA hai jo manuSya ke antas meM upasthita ho| yadi vaha niyama bAhyAtmaka ho to vaha sApekSa hI siddha hogA, kyoMki usakA pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko bAharI paristhitiyoM para nirbhara rahanA pdd'egaa| jainoM ne naitikatA ko nirapekSa to mAnA, lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra taka / jaina naitikatA 'mAnasa-karma' ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa svIkAra karatI hai, lekina kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke bAhya AcaraNa ke kSetra ko vaha sApekSa kahatI hai / vastutaH vicAra kA kSetra, mAnasa kA kSetra, AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ cetanA aura prajJA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai, naitika jIvana kA sAdhya usI meM sthita rahatA hai, ataH vahA~ naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva ekamAtra zAsaka nahIM hai, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM / vahA~ naitikatA kA sAdhanAtmaka pakSa hotA hai, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / vahA~ naitikatA kI sApekSatA hI samucita pratIta hotI hai| jaina vicAra ke itihAsa meM eka prasaMga aisA bhI AyA hai, jaba AcArya bhikSu jaise kucha vicArakoM ne naitikatA ke bAhyAtmaka niyamoM ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra karane kI koziza kii| vastutaH jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra sApekSa dRSTi ko hI svIkAra karatI haiM, ve naitika jIvana ke AcaraNa meM usa vAstavikatA (Fact) . 1. celanA ke dvArA apane satItva kI rakSA ke lie kI gayI AtmahatyA ko jaina vicAraNA meM anumodita hI diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra ceTaka ke dvArA nyAya kI rakSA ke lie lar3e gaye yuddha se unake ahiMsA ke vrata ko khaNDita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 2. pAzcAtya AcArazAstra kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 139.

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66 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI bhUmikA ko mahattva detI hai jisameM sAdhaka khar3A huA hai / lekina ve usa yathArthatA se Upara sthita Adarza kA samucita mUlyAMkana karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtIM / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ve 'jo hai' usapara to dhyAna detI haiM, lekina 'jo honA cAhie' usapara unakI dRSTi nahIM pahu~catI / unakI dRSTi yathArtha yA vAstavikatA para hotI hai, Adarza para nahIM / naitikatA kI aikAntika sApekSavAdI mAnyatA meM naitika Adarza kI sthApanA jaTila ho jAtI hai / usameM naitikatA sadaiva hI banI rahatI hai tathA aisI kaccI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai jisakA apanA koI 'AkAra' nahIM hotA / vaha to kumhAra ke cAka para rakhe hue mRttikA - piNDa ke samAna hotI hai, jisakA kyA bananA hai yaha nizcaya nahIM / dUsare sApekSika naitikatA ke siddhAnta meM mUlyAMkana kI kriyA paristhiti para AdhArita hotI hai / naitikatA kA sApekSa siddhAnta paristhiti para hI sArA bala detA hai / paristhiti sadaiva parivartanazIla hotI hai / itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka paristhiti apane ApameM 'viziSTa' hotI hai aura naitika kartA ke rUpa meM pratyeka vyakti bhI viziSTa hotA hai / ataH naitikatA ke sApekSa siddhAnta meM sAmAnya naitikaniyamoM kA nirmANa eka asambhAvanA bana jAtI hai / AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke abhAva meM vyAvahArika naitikatA kA bhI koI svarUpa avaziSTa nahIM rahatA / eka vyAvahArika AcAradarzana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki paristhiti evaM vyakti ke antara ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kucha aise varga banAye jinameM pratyeka varga evaM sthiti ke AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA sAmAnya pratimAna prastuta kiyA jA sake / jo naitika vicAraNAe~ kevala nirapekSa dRSTi ko svIkAra karatI haiM ve mAtra 'Adarza' kI ora dekhatI haiM / ve naitika Adarza ko prastuta kara detI haiM, lekina sAdhanApatha ke samucita nirdhAraNa meM asaphala ho jAtI haiM; kyoMki sAdhanA - patha sadaiva paristhiti-sApekSa hotA hai aura naitikatA kevala sAdhya raha jAtI hai / naitikatA kI nirapekSavAdI dhAraNA naitika jIvana ke prayojana athavA karma ke pIche nihita kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI saba kucha mAna letI hai / lekina naitikatA to jIvana ko DhAlanA hai, use sundara svarUpa pradAna karanA hai / isake lie AkAra aura sAmagrI donoM Avazyaka haiM / itanA hI nahIM, naitikatA kA sA~cA aisA bhI honA cAhie jo saba prakAra kI jIvana-sAmagrI ko DhAlane ke lie lacIlA ho / naitika jIvana ke Adarza isa prakAra prastuta kiye jAne cAhie ki usameM nimna se nimnatara cAritravAle se lagAkara uccatama naitika vikAsavAle prANiyoM ke samAhita hone kI sambhAvanA rhe| jaina naitikatA naitika Adarza ko itane lacIle rUpa meM prastuta karatI hai ki pApI jIva bhI kramika vikAsa karatA huA naitika sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para pahu~ca sake / naitikatA lakSyonmukha gati hai / usa gati meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi usa bhUmi para hI sthita hotI hai, jisapara vaha gati kara rahA hai / yadi apane gantavya mArga meM sAmane nahIM dekhatA to vaha kabhI bhI bAdhAoM se TakarAkara gira sakatA hai / isI prakAra jo sAdhaka kevala Adarza kI ora dekhatA hai aura usa bhUmi kI ora nahIM dekhatA jisapara

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 67 cala rahA hai, to vaha bhI aneka ThokareM khAtA hai aura bhaTaka jAtA hai / naitika jIvana meM bhI hamArI gati kA vahI svarUpa hotA hai jo hamAre dainika jIvana meM hotA hai / jisa prakAra dainika jIvana meM calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to kevala sAmane dekhane se calatA hai, na hI sirpha nIce dekhane se / calane kI samyak prakriyA vahI hai jisameM pathika sAmane aura nIce donoM ora dRSTi rakhe / naitika jIvana meM bhI sAdhaka ko yathArtha aura Adarza, donoM para dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai, tabhI naitika jIvana meM samyak pragati sambhava hai| yaha zaMkA uTha sakatI hai ki sAmAnya jIvana meM to do A~kheM milI haiM, lekina naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kauna sI haiM ? kisI apekSA se jJAna aura kriyA ko naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kahA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA kahatI hai ki jJAna nAmaka A~kha ko Adarza para kendrita karo aura kriyA nAmaka A~kha ko yathArtha para, arthAt karma ke AcaraNa meM yathArthatA kI ora dekho aura gantavya kI ora pragati karane meM Adarza kI or| 64. utsarga aura apavAda jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM rUpa svIkRta haiM / lekina usameM bhI nirapekSatA do bhinna arthoM meM prayukta hai / prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA vaha hai jisameM AcAra ke sAmAnya yA maulika niyamoM ko nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai aura vizeSa niyamoM ko sApekSa mAnA jAtA hai; jaise ahiMsA sAmAnya yA sArvabhauma niyama hai, lekina mAMsAhAra vizeSa niyama hai| jaina paribhASA meM kaheM to zramaNa ke mUlaguNa sAmAnya niyama haiM aura isa prakAra nirapekSa haiM, jabaki uttaraguNa vizeSa niyama haiM, sApekSa haiM / AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama dezakAlagata vibheda meM bhI apanI mUlabhUta dRSTi ke AdhAra para nirapekSa pratIta hote haiN| lekina isa prakAra kI nirapekSatA vastutaH sApekSa hI hai / AcaraNa ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi aura niSedha jisa sAmAnya dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, usakI apekSA se AcaraNa ke ve niyama usI rUpa meM AcaraNIya haiM / vyakti sAmAnya sthiti meM una niyamoM ke paripAlana meM kisI apavAda yA chUTa kI apekSA nahIM kara sakatA / yahA~ para bhI sAmAnya dazA kA vicAra vyakti evaM usakI dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai, arthAt yadi vyakti svastha hai aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI ve hI haiM jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara vidhi yA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, to vyakti ko una niyamoM tathA kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI tadanurUpa karanA hogaa| jaina paribhASA meM ise 'utsarga-mArga' kahA jAtA hai, jisameM sAdhaka ko naitika AcaraNa zAstroM meM pratipAdita rUpa meM hI karanA hotA hai| utsarga naitika vidhi-niSedhoM kA sAmAnya kathana hai| jaise mana, vacana, kAya se hiMsA na karanA, na karavAnA, na karanevAle kA samarthana krnaa| lekina jaba inhIM sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ko kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM zithila kara diyA jAtA hai, taba naitika AcaraNa kI usa avasthA ko 'apavAda-mArga' kahA jAtA hai| utsarga-mArga

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68 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apavAda - mArga kI apekSA se sApekSa hai, lekina jisa paristhitigata sAmAnyatA ke tattva ko svIkAra kara utsarga-mArga kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa sAmAnyatA ke tattva kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hI hotA hai / apavAda kI avasthA meM sAmAnya niyama kA bhaMga ho jAne se usakI mAnyatA khaNDita nahIM ho jAtI, usakI sAmAnyatA yA sArvabhaumikatA samApta nahIM ho jAtI / mAna lIjie, hama kisI niraparAdha prANI kI jAna bacAne ke lie asatya bolate haiM, isase satya bolane kA sAmAnya niyama khaNDita nahIM ho jAtA / apavAda na to kabhI maulika niyama bana sakatA hai, na apavAda ke kAraNa utsarga kI sAmAnyatA yA sArvabhaumikatA hI khaNDita hotI hai / utsarga-mArga ko nirapekSa kahane kA prayojana yahI hotA hai ki vaha maulika hotA hai, yadyapi una maulika niyamoM para AdhArita bahuta-se vizeSa niyama ho sakate haiM / utsarga mArga apavAda - bhAgaM kA bAdha nahIM karatA hai, vaha to mAtra itanA hI batAtA hai ki apavAda sAmAnya niyama nahIM bana sakatA / DA0 zrIcanda ke zabdoM meM, "nirapekSavAda ( utsarga-mArga ) sabhI niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha nahIM karanA cAhatA, parantu kevala sabhI maulika niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha karanA cAhatA hai / " utsarga kI nirapekSatA deza, kAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke andara hI hotI hai, usase bAhara nahIM / utsarga aura apavAda naitika AcaraNa kI vizeSa paddhatiyA~ haiM / lekina donoM hI kisI eka naitika lakSya ke lie haiM; isalie donoM naitika haiM / jaise, do mArga yadi eka hI nagara taka pahu~cAte hoM, to donoM hI mArga hoMge, amArga nahIM; vaise hI apavAdAtmaka naitikatA kA sApekSa svarUpa aura utsargAtmaka naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa donoM hI naitikatA ke svarUpa haiM aura koI bhI anaitika nahIM hai / lekina naitika nirapekSatA kA eka rUpa aura hai, jisameM vaha sadaiva hI deza, kAla evaM vyaktigata sImAoM se Upara uThI hotI hai / naitikatA kA vaha nirapekSa rUpa anya kucha nahIM, svayaM 'naitika Adarza' hI hai / naitikatA kA lakSya eka aisA nirapekSa tathya hai jo sAre naitika AcaraNoM ke mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai / naitika AcaraNa kI zubhAzubhatA kA aMkana isI para AdhArita hai / koI bhI AcaraNa, cAhe vaha utsarga mArga se ho yA apavAda - mArga se, hameM usa lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai jo zubha hai / isake viparIta jo bhI AcaraNa isa naitika Adarza se vimukha karatA hai, vaha azubha hai, anaitika hai / naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda nAmaka donoM mArga isI kI apekSA se sApekSa haiM aura isI ke mArga hone se nirapekSa bhI, kyoMki mArga ke rUpa meM kisI sthiti taka isase abhinna bhI hote haiM aura yahI abhinnatA unako nirapekSatA kA yayArtha tattva pradAna karatI hai / lakSyarUpI naitika cetanA ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para hI naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda, donoM mArgoM kA vidhAna hai / lakSyAtmaka naitika cetanA hI unakA nirapekSa tattva hai, jabaki AcaraNa kA sAdhanAtmaka mArga sApekSa tathya hai / lakSya yA naitika Adarza naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura bAhya AcaraNa usakA zarIra hai / apanI 1. nItizAstra kA paricaya, DA0 zrIcanda, pR0 122.

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA AtmA ke rUpa meM naitikatA nirapekSa hai, lekina apane zarIra ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva sApekSa hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM naitikatA ke donoM hI pakSa svIkRta haiN| vastutaH naitika jIvana kI samyak pragati ke lie donoM hI Avazyaka haiM / jaise lakSya para pahu~cane ke lie yAtrA aura par3Ava donoM Avazyaka hai vaise hI naitika jIvana ke lie bhI donoM pakSa Avazyaka hai / koI bhI eka dRSTikoNa samucita aura sarvAMgINa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| samakAlIna naitika cintana meM bhI jaina darzana ke isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana milatA hai| $ 5. DivI kA dRSTikoNa aura jaina varzana pAzcAtya phalavAdI dArzanika jAna DivI kA dRSTikoNa jaina darzana kI uparyukta vicAraNA ke nikaTa par3atA hai| isa saMdarbha meM usake vicAroM ko jAna lenA bhI Avazyaka hai / vaha likhatA hai ki 'naitika siddhAntoM kA kArya eka dRSTikoNa aura paddhati pradAna karanA hai jo kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM, jisameM ki vyakti apane Apako pAtA hai, zubha aura azubha tattvoM ke vizleSaNa ke lie use sakSama banAtI hai / ve paristhitiyAM sadaiva parivartanazIla haiM jinameM naitika AdarzoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| naitika mUlyAMkanoM, kartavyoM evaM naitika pratimAnoM ke lie una parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| yadyapi isakA yaha artha mAna lenA bhI mUrkhatApUrNa hogA ki sabhI naitika siddhAnta itane sApekSa haiM ki kisI bhI sAmAjika sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti nahIM hai| zubha kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai, lekina usakA AdhAra nahIM bdltaa| prAptamya lakSyoM evaM pariNAmoM kA AdhAra sadaiva samAna rahatA hai / vastutaH samagra naitikatA kA mUlabhUta svarUpa vahI rahatA hai| naitikatA ke vizeSa rUpa samaya-samaya para sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha badalate rahate haiN| lekina icchA, uddezya, sAmAjika mAMgeM evaM niyama aura sahAnubhUtipUrNa anumodana aura AvezapUrNa anumodana ke tathya sthira rahate haiN| naitikatA ke vizeSa pakSa asthira haiN| ve sadaiva apano vAstavika abhivyakti meM sadoSa hote haiN| lekina naitika prayatnoM kA AkArika svarUpa utanA hI sthAyI hai, jitanA ki svayaM mAnavajovana / naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla, sApekSika hai, lekina naitikatA kA sAdhyarUpI AtmA nirapekSa evaM aparivartanazIla hai| isa prakAra DivI ke vicAroM ko jaina darzana kI sthApanAoM se kAphI nikaTatA hai| donoM hI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa, athavA asthAyI evaM sthAyI pakSoM ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana se milatA-julatA eka dRSTikoNa vikAsavAdI dArzanika spensara kA bhI hai| spensara bhI naitika sApekSatA kI dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, lekina yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki pUrNa vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitikatA bhI nirapekSa bana jaayegii| spensara ke isa daSTikoNa ko jaina darzana kI bhASA meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaba apUrNatA hai taba taka sApekSatA hai, lekina pUrNatA kI prApti ke sAtha hI sApekSatA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai / 1. kaNTemparari aithikala pyorIja, pR0 163,

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70 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana $ 6. sApekSa naitikatA aura manaparatAvAda yadi naitika AcaraNa kA bAhya prArUpa eka sApekSa tathya hai aura deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai, to prazna uThatA hai ki kisa sthiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa kiyA jAye, isakA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAye ? jaina darzana kahatA hai ki utsarga-mArga sAmAnya mArga hai jisapara sAmAnya avasthA meM pratyeka sAdhaka ko calanA hotA hai| jaba taka deza, kAla aura vaiyaktika dRSTi se koI vizeSa paristhiti utpanna nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka pratyeka vyakti ko isa sAmAnya mArga para hI calanA hotA hai| lekina vizeSa athavA aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM vaha apavAda mArga para cala sakatA hai / lekina taba yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isakA nizcaya kauna kare ki amuka paristhiti meM apavAda - mArga kA avalambana liyA jA sakatA hai ? yadi isake nizcaya karane kA adhikAra svayaM vyakti ko de diyA jAtA hai to phira naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA ( objectivity ) kA abhAva hogA aura hara vyakti apanI icchAoM ke vazIbhUta ho apavAda mArga kA sahArA legA / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaba bhI AcAra ke niyamoM kI sApekSatA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to yaha naitika sApekSatAvAda ( moral relativism ) hameM anivAryataH manaparatAvAda ( subjectivism ) kI ora le jAtA hai / lekina manaparatAvAda meM Akara naitika niyama apanA samasta sthAyitva kho dete haiM, unakA koI vastugata AdhAra nahIM raha jAtA aura unameM eka prakAra kI anizcitatA aura avyavasthitatA A jAtI hai / sApekSika naitikatA evaM manaparatAvAda meM sAdhAraNajana kartavyAkartavya kA nizcaya kara pAne meM samartha nahIM hotA kyoMki paristhiti svayaM meM itanA jaTila tathya hai ki sAdhAraNajana usake yathArtha svarUpa ko samajha pAne meM asamartha hotA hai / dUsare, yadi sAdhAraNajana ko isake nizcaya kA adhikAra pradAna kara bhI diyA jAye to sAdhAraNajana ke manamaujIpana para naitika jIvana kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAyegI aura isa prakAra naitikatA kA samagra DhA~cA hI astavyasta ho jAyegA / ataH jaina naitika vicAraNA isa kSetra meM vyakti ko adhika svatantra nahIM chor3atI hai, ki vaha naitika pratyayoM ko itanA adhika vyaktiniSTha banA de ki unakA mUlya hI samApta ho jAye / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra vyakti ko itanI adhika svatantratA nahIM hai ki vaha zubhatva aura azubhatva ke pratyayoM ko manamAnA rUpa de sake / $ 7 sApekSa naitikatA aura anekAntavAda anekAntavAda tathA syAdvAda jaina darzana ke AdhArabhUta siddhAnta haiM / lekina kucha vicArakoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina darzana meM anekAntavAda evaM syAdvAda ke kAraNa naitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai / syAdvAda ke anusAra jo karma naitika hai vaha anaitika bhI ho jAtA hai aura jo kArya anaitika hai vaha naitika bhI ho jAtA hai / syAdvAda kI hI zailI meM ve apane AkSepa ko isa prakAra prastuta karate haiM, "kisI apekSA se vyabhicAra karanA anaitika hai ( syAt asti ) aura kisI apekSA se vyabhicAra karanA anaitika nahIM hai ( syAt nAsti ) / " isa prakAra vyabhicAra, hiMsA, corI Adi anaitika karma dUsarI apekSA se naitika bhI ho sakate haiM / yadi vyabhicAra

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 71 jaisA anaitika karma bhI naitika ho sakatA hai aura ahiMsA jaisA naitika karma bhI anaitika ho sakatA hai, to phira sAmAnya vyakti ke lie naitikatA kA kyA artha raha jAyegA, yaha samajhanA kaThina hai / isa AkSepa kA nirAkaraNa do prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai / eka to yaha ki yaha AkSepa isalie samucita nahIM hai ki syAdvAda ke anusAra naitikatA svayaM eka apekSA hai aura jo kisI eka apekSA se sat hotA hai, vaha usI apekSA se asat nahIM ho sakatA / yadi koI karma naitikatA kI apekSA se ucita yA naitika hai to phira vahI karma naitikatA ko usI apekSA se anucita yA anaitika nahIM ho sakatA / yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki naitikatA karma ke sambandha meM eka dRSTi hai, eka apekSA hai; ataH koI bhI karma naitika dRSTi se ucita aura anucita yA naitika aura anaitika donoM nahIM ho sakatA / yadi hiMsA kA vicAra yA vyabhicAra naitika dRSTi se anucita hai to vaha naitika dRSTi se kabhI bhI ucita nahIM ho sakatA / vastutaH jaina paramparA meM anekAntavAda svayaM bhI ekAnta nahIM hai, ekAnta aura anekAnta donoM usameM samAhita haiM / naya ( dRSTivizeSa) kI apekSA se usameM ekAnta kA pakSa samAhita hai to pramANa kI apekSA se unameM anekAnta kA tattva samAhita hai / naya yA dRSTikoNa vizeSa ke AdhAra para koI bhI karma yA to naitika hotA hai yA anaitika / lekina vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para usameM naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke donoM pakSa ho sakate haiM / yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki karma ke Antarika pakSa ke sandarbha meM naitikatA svayaM eka dRSTi hotI hai, jabaki karma ke bAhya pakSa ke sambandha meM anekAnta dRSTi svayaM bhI aneka dRSTikoNoM se vicAra karatI hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha sApekSa naitikatA ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatI hai / $ Adarza vyakti kA AcAra evaM mArga-nirdeza hI janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANabhUta sApekSa naitikatA meM janasAdhAraNa ke dvArA kartavyAkartavya kA nizcaya karanA sarala nahIM hai / ataH jaina naitikatA meM sAmAnya vyakti ke mArgadarzana ke rUpa meM 'gItArtha' kI yojanA kI gayI hai / gItArtha vaha Adarza vyakti hai jisakA AcaraNa janasAdhAraNa ke lie pramANa hotA hai / gItA ke AcAradarzana meM bhI janasAdhAraNa ke lie mArgadarzana ke rUpa meM zreSThajana ke AcAra ko hI pramANa mAnA gayA hai / gItA spaSTa rUpa meM kahatI hai ki zreSTha yA AtmajJAnI puruSa jisa prakAra kA AcaraNa karatA hai, sAdhAraNa manuSya bhI usI ke anurUpa AcaraNa karate haiM / vaha AcaraNa ke jisa prArUpa ko prAmANika mAnakara aMgIkAra karatA hai loga bhI usI kA anukaraNa karate haiM / " mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki mahAjana jina mArga se gaye hoM vahI dharma-mArga hai | yahI bAta jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM isa prakAra kahI gayI hai, "buddhimAn AcAryoM (Aryajana ) ke dvArA jisa dhArmika vyavahAra kA AcaraNa kiyA gayA hai use hI prAmANika mAnakara tadanurUpa AcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti kabhI bhI nindita nahIM hotA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale ke anusAra bhI naitika AcAra mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 312 / 115. 3, uttarAdhyayana, 1 / 42. ,3 1. gItA, 3 / 21. 2.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya Adarza vyakti ke caritra ke AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai|' jaina vicAraNA naitika maryAdAoM ko na to itanI kaThora hI banAtI hai ki vyakti unake andara svatantratApUrvaka vicaraNa na kara sake, na itanI adhika lacIlI hI ki vyakti icchAnusAra unheM mor3a de| jaina vicAraNA meM naitika maryAdAe~ durga ke khaNDahara jaisI nahIM haiM jisameM vicaraNa kI pUrNa svatantratA to hotI hai, lekina zatru ke praviSTa hone kA sadA bhaya banA rahatA hai / vaha to sudRr3ha cAradIvAriyoM se yukta usa durga ke samAna hai jisake andara vyakti ko vicaraNa kI svatantratA hai aura vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha usase bAhara bhI A jA sakatA hai, lekina zarta yahI hai ki aisI pratyeka sthiti meM use durga ke dvArapAla kI anujJA lenI hogii| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitikatA ke isa durga kA dvArapAla vaha 'gotArtha' hai jo deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samucita rUpa meM samajhakara sAmAnya vyakti ko apavAda ke kSetra meM praviSTa hone kI anujJA detA hai| apavAda kI avasthA ke sambandha meM nirNaya dene kA evaM yathA-paristhiti apavAdamArga meM AcaraNa karane athavA dUsare ko karAne kA samasta uttaradAyitva. 'gItArtha' para hI rahatA hai / gItArtha vaha vyakti hotA hai jo naitika vidhiniSedha ke AcArAMgAdi AcArasaMhitA kA tathA nizItha Adi chedasUtroM kA marmajJa ho evaM sva-prajJA se deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM samartha ho / gItArtha vaha hai jise kartavya aura akartavya ke lakSaNoM kA yathArtha jJAna hai, jo Ayavyaya, kAraNa-akAraNa, agADha (rogI, vRddha)-anAgADha, vastu-avastu, yukta-ayukta, samartha-asamartha, yatanA-ayatanA kA samyagjJAna rakhatA hai, sAtha hI samasta karttavya karma ke pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, vahI vidhivAn gItArtha hai|' $ 9. mArgadarzaka rUpa meM zAstra yadyapi jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhitivizeSa meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirdhAraNa 'gItArtha' karatA hai, tathApi gItArtha bhI vyakti hai, ataH usake nirNayoM meM bhI manaparatAvAda ko sambhAvanA rahatI hai| usake nirNayoM ko vastuniSThatA pradAna karane ke lie usake mArga-nirdezaka ke rUpa meM zAstra haiN| sApekSa naitikatA ko vastugata AdhAra dene ke lie hI zAstra ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki kArya-akArya kI vyavasthA dene meM zAstra pramANa haiN| lekina yadi zAstra ko hI kartavyAkartavya ke nizcaya kA AdhAra banAyA gayA, to naitika sApekSatA pUrI taraha surakSita nahIM raha sktii| paristhitiyAM itanI bhinna-bhinna hotI hai ki una sabhI paristhitiyoM ke sandarbho sahita AcAra-niyamoM kA vidhAna zAstra meM upalabdha nahIM ho sktaa| paristhitiyA~ satata parivartanazIla haiM, jabaki zAstra aparivartanazIla 1. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 196, 226. 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 3, pR0 902. 3. bRhatkalpaniyukti, 951. 4. gItA, 16 / 24.

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA hotA hai / ataH zAstra ko bhI sabhI paristhitiyoM meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirNAyaka yA AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| phira zAstra (zrutiyA~) bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM aura paraspara bhinna niyama bhI prastuta karate haiM, ataH ve bhI prAmANika nahIM ho sakate / ' isa prakAra sApekSa naitikatA meM kartavyAkartavya ke nizcaya kI samasyA rahatI hai / 10. niSpakSa bauddhika prajJA hI antima nirNAyaka ___isa samasyA ke samAdhAna meM hameM jaina dRSTikoNa kI eka vizeSatA dekhane ko milatI hai| vaha na to ekAnta rUpa meM zAstra ko hI sAre vidhiniSedha kA AdhAra banAtA hai, na vyakti ko hI; usake anusAra zAstra mArgadarzaka haiM, lekina antima nirNAyaka nahIM / antima nirNAyaka vyakti kA rAga aura vAsanAoM se rahita niSpakSa viveka hI hai| kisI paristhitivizeSa meM vyakti kA kyA kartavya hai aura kyA akartavya hai, isakA nirNaya zAstra ko mArgadarzaka mAnakara svayaM vyakti ko hI lenA hotA hai| AcArazAstra kA kArya hai vyakti ke sammukha sAmAnya aura apavAdAtmaka sthitiyoM meM AcAra kA svarUpa prastuta karanA / lekina paristhiti kA nizcaya to vyakti ko hI karanA hotA hai| zAstra Adeza nahIM, nirdeza detA hai| yahI dRSTikoNa gItA kA bhI hai / 2 gItokta zAstraprAmANya bhI isa tathya kA poSaka hai| lekina zAstra kA pramANa mAtra jAnane kI vastu hai, jisake dvArA nirNaya liyA jA sakatA hai| nirNaya karane kA adhikAra to vyakti ke pAsa hI surakSita hai| prastuta zloka kA 'jJAtvA' zabda svayaM hI isa tathya ko spaSTa karatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta rahA hai| pAzcAtya phalavAdI vicAraka jAna DivI likhate haiM ki naitika siddhAntoM kA upayoga Adeza ke rUpa meM nahIM hai, varana usa sAdhana ke rUpa meM haiM jisake AdhAra para vizeSa paristhiti meM kartavya kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA ske| naitika siddhAntoM kA kArya una dRSTikoNoM aura paddhatiyoM ko prastuta kara denA hai jo vyakti ko isa yogya banA sake ki, jisa vizeSa paristhiti meM vaha hai, usameM zubha aura azubha kA vizleSaNa kara sake / isa prakAra antima rUpa meM to vyakti kI niSpakSa prajJA hI kartavyAkartavya ke nirdhAraNa meM AdhAra banatI hai| jahA~ taka sApekSa naitikatA ko manaparatAvAda ke aikAntika doSoM se bacAne kA prazna hai, jaina dArzanikoM ne usake lie 'gItArtha' (Adarza vyakti) evaM 'zAstra' ke vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI prastuta kiye haiM; yadyapi inakA antima srota niSpakSa prajJA hI mAnI gyii| isa samagra vivecana meM hamane dekhAki jaina AcAradarzana anekAnta siddhAnta ke AdhAra para naitika pratyayoM kI sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatA hai, yadyapi usa sApekSatA meM bhI nirapekSatA kA sthAna hai hii| isa prakAra sApekSa ke sAtha hI sAtha eka nirapekSa pakSa bhI mAnA gayA hai| 1. mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 312 / 115. 2. tasmAcchAstraM pramANaM te kAryAkAryavyavasthitau / jJAtvA zAstravidhAnoktaM karma kartumihArhasi ||-giitaa. 16 / 24. 3. kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 163.

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74 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana $ 11. nIti ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa tatva vastutaH nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA kA yaha prazna ati prAcIna kAla se eka vivAdAspada viSaya rahA hai| mahAbhArata, smRti grantha evaM grIka dArzanika sAhitya meM isa sambandha meM paryApta cintana huA hai aura Aja taka vicAraka isa prazna ko sulajhAne meM lage hue haiN| vartamAna yuga meM samAjavaijJAnika sApekSatAvAda, manovaijJAnika sApekSatAvAda aura tArkika bhAvavAdI sApekSatAvAda Adi cintanadhArAe~ nIti ko sApekSa mAnatI haiM / unake anusAra, naitika mAnadaNDa aura naitika mUlyAMkana sApekSa haiM / ve yaha mAnate haiM ki kisI karma kI naitikatA deza, kAla, vyakti aura paristhiti ke parivartita hone se parivartita ho sakatI hai; arthAt jo karma eka deza meM naitika mAnA jAtA hai vaha dUsare deza meM anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai; jo AcAra kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA jAtA thA vahI dUsare yuga meM anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai; isI prakAra jo karma eka vyakti ke lie eka paristhiti meM naitika ho sakatA hai vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM anaitika ho sakatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, naitika niyama, naitika mUlyAMkana aura naitika nirNaya sApekSa haiN| deza, kAla, samAja, vyakti aura paristhiti ke tathya unheM prabhAvita karate haiM / cAhe hama naitika mAnadaNDa aura naitika nirNaya ko samAjasApekSa mAneM yA unheM vaiyaktika manobhAvoM kI abhivyakti kaheM, unakI sApekSikatA meM koI antara nahIM hotA hai / saMkSepa meM, sApekSatAvAdiyoM ke anusAra naitika niyama sArvakAlika, sArvadezika aura sArvajanika nahIM haiM / jabaki nirapekSatAvAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki naitika mAnaka aura naitika niyama aparivartanIya, sArvakAlika, sArvadezika, sArvajanika aura aparivartanIya haiM, arthAt naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke bIca eka aisI kaThora vibhAjaka rekhA hai jo anullaMghanIya hai; naitika kabhI bhI anaitika nahIM ho sakatA aura anaitika kabhI bhI naitika nahIM ho niyama deza, kAla, samAja, vyakti aura paristhiti se nirapekSa haiM haiM / naitika jIvana meM apavAda aura Apaddharma ke lie koI sthAna nahIM ke sandarbha meM ekAnta sApekSavAda aura ekAnta nirapekSavAda donoM hI ucita nahIM haiM / ve AMzika satya to haiM lekina nIti ke sampUrNa svarUpa ko spaSTa kara pAne meM samartha nahIM haiM / donoM kI apanI kucha kamiyA~ haiM / sakatA / naitika / ve zAzvata satya | vastutaH nIti nIti meM sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA donoM kA kyA aura kisa rUpa meM sthAna hai, yaha jAnane ke lie hameM nIti ke vividha pakSoM ko samajha lenA hogA / sarvaprathama nIti kA eka bAhya pakSa hotA hai aura dUsarA Antarika pakSa hotA hai, arthAt eka ora AcaraNa hotA hai to dUsarI ora AcaraNa kI preraka aura nirdezaka cetanA hotI hai / eka ora naitika Adarza yA sAdhya hotA hai aura dUsarI ora usa sAdhya kI prApti ke sAdhana yA niyama hote haiM / isI prakAra hamAre naitika nirNaya bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM -- eka ve jinheM hama svayaM ke sandarbha meM dete haiM, dUsare ve jinheM hama dUsaroM ke sambandha meM dete haiM / sAtha hI aise aneka siddhAnta hote haiM jinake AdhAra para naitika nirNaya diye jAte haiM /

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA 75 jahA~ taka naitikatA ke bAhya pakSa, arthAt AcaraNa yA karma kA sambandha hai, vaha nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA; sarvaprathama to vyakti jisa vizva meM AcaraNa karatA hai vaha ApekSikatA se yukta hai / jo karma hama karate haiM aura usake jo pariNAma niSpanna hote haiM ve mukhyataH hamAre saMkalpa para nirbhara na hokara una paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hote haiM jinameM hama jIvana jIte haiM / bAhya jagat para vyakti kI icchAe~ nahIM, apitu paristhitiyA~ zAsana karatI haiM / punaH, cAhe mAnavIya saMkalpa ko svatantra mAna bhI liyA jAya kintu mAnavIya AcaraNa ko svatantra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha Antarika aura bAhya paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hotA hai / ataH mAnavIya karma kA sampAdana aura unake niSpanna pariNAma donoM hI deza, kAla aura paristhiti para nirbhara hoMge / koI bhI karma deza, kAla, vyakti, samAja aura paristhiti se nirapekSa nahIM hogA / hamane dekhA ki bhAratIya cintana kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiM ki karma kI naitikatA nirapekSa nahIM hai / punaH naitika mUlyAMkana aura naitika nirNaya una siddhAntoM aura paristhitiyoM para nirbhara karate haiM jinameM ve diye jAte haiM / sarvaprathama to naitika mUlyAMkana vyakti aura paristhiti se nirapekSa hokara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyakti jisa samAja meM jIvana jItA hai vaha vividhatAoM se yukta hai / samAja meM vyakti kI apanI yogyatAoM evaM kSamatAoM ke AdhAra para eka nizcita sthiti hotI hai, usI sthiti ke anusAra usake kartavya evaM dAyitva hote haiM, ataH vaiyaktika dAyitvoM aura kartavyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai / gItA kA varNAzramadharma kA siddhAnta aura breDale kA 'merA sthAna aura usake kartavya' kA siddhAnta eka sApekSika naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM / ataH hameM sAmAjika sandarbha meM AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana sApekSa rUpa meM hI karanA hogA / vizva meM aisA koI eka sarvamAnya siddhAnta nahIM hai jo hamAre nirNayoM kA AdhAra bana ske| kucha prasaMgoM meM hama apane naitika nirNaya niSpanna karma-pariNAma para dete haiM, to kucha prasaMgoM meM karma ke vAMchita yA agrAvalokita pariNAma para, aura kabhI karma ke preraka ke AdhAra para bhI naitika nirNaya diye jAte haiM / ataH karma ke bAhya svarUpa aura usake vAle naitika mUlyAMkana tathA naitika nirNaya nirapekSa nahIM ho sakate, mAnanA hogA / punaH karma yA AcaraNa kisI Adarza yA lakSya kA sAdhana hotA hai aura sAdhana aneka ho sakate haiM / lakSya yA Adarza eka hone para bhI usakI prApti ke lie sAdhanoM ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra aneka mArga sujhAye jA sakate haiM, ataH AcaraNa kI vividhatA eka svAbhAvika tathya hai / do bhinna sandarbhoM meM paraspara viparIta dikhAI dene vAle mArga bhI apane lakSya kI apekSA se ucita mAne jA sakate haiM / punaH, jaba hama dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa para koI naitika nirNaya dete haiM to hamAre sAmane karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI hotA hai| ataH dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM hamAre mUlyAMkana aura nirNaya sApekSa hI ho sakate haiM / hama usake manobhAvoM ke pratyakSa draSTA nahIM hote haiM aura isalie usake AcaraNa ke mUlyAMkana meM hamako nirapekSa nirNaya dene kA koI adhikAra hI nahIM hotA hai kyoMki hamArA nirNaya kevala ghaTita pariNAmoM para hI sandarbha meM hone unheM sApekSa hI

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76 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hotA hai| ataH yaha nizcaya hI satya hai ki karma ke bAhya pakSa yA vyAvahArika pakSa kI naitikatA aura usake sandarbha meM diye jAne vAle naitika nirNaya donoM hI sApekSa hoNge| nIti aura naitika AcaraNa ko paristhitinirapekSa mAnanevAle naitika siddhAnta zUnya meM vicaraNa karate haiM aura nIti ke yathArtha svarUpa ko spaSTa kara pAne meM samartha nahIM hote haiN| kintu nIti ko ekAnta rUpa se sApekSa mAnanA bhI khatare se khAlI nahIM hai| (1) sarvaprathama, naitika sApekSatAghAda vyakti aura samAja kI vividhatA para to dRSTi DAlatA hai kintu usa vividhatA meM anusyUta ekatA kI upekSA karatA hai / vaha daizika, kAlika, sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika asamAnatA ko hI eka mAtra satya mAnatA hai / (2) dUsare, vaha sAdhya yA Adarza kI apekSA sAdhanoM para adhika bala detA hai, jabaki sAdhanoM kA mUlya svayaM usa sAdhya para Azrita hotA hai jisake ve sAdhana haiM / ( 3 ) tIsare, sApekSatAvAda karma ke bAhya svarUpa ko hI usakA sarvasva mAna letA hai unake Antarika pakSa yA karma ke mAnasa-pakSa kI upekSA karatA hai jabaki karma kI preraka bhAvanA kA bhI naitika dRSTi se samAna mUlya hai / ( 4 ) cauthe, naitika sApekSatAvAda saMkalpasvAtantrya ke siddhAnta ke virodha meM jAtA hai| yadi nIti ke nirdhAraka tattva bAhya haiM to phira hamArI saMkalpa kI svatantratA kA koI adhika mahattva nahIM rahatA hai| sApekSatAvAda ke anusAra nIti kA niyAmaka tattva dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ evaM sAmAjika tathya haiM, vaiyaktika cetanA nhiiN| kintu aisI sthiti meM saMkalpasvAtantrya kA kyA artha raha jAyegA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| saMkalpa ko sApekSa mAnane kA artha usakI svatantratA ko sImita karanA hai| (5 ) pAMcaveM, nIti ke sandarbha meM sApekSatAvAda hameM anivAryataH AtmaniSThAvAda kI ora le jAtA hai / lekina AtmaniSThAvAda meM Akara naitika niyama apanA samasta sthAyitva aura vastugata AdhAra kho dete haiM / naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA kA abhAva hotA hai tathA naitikatA kA DhA~cA astavyasta ho jAtA hai| (6) chaThe, hama bhI kaha sakate haiM ki sApekSatAvAda meM naitikatA kA zarIra to bacA rahatA hai kintu prANa cale jAte haiM, usameM viSayasAmagrI to rahatI hai kintu AkAra nahIM hotA hai; kyoMki nirapekSatA naitikatA kI AtmA hai| (7) sApekSatAvAda meM naitika mAnava kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai, eka sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa kA abhAva hotA hai; ataH naitika nirNaya dene meM vyakti ko vaisI hI kaThinAI anubhava hotI hai jaisI usa grAhaka ko hotI hai jise pratyeka dukAna para bhinna-bhinna mApa milate hoN| punaH, naitika paristhiti svayaM eka aisA jaTila tathya hai jisameM janasAdhAraNa ke lie binA kisI spaSTa sArvabhauma nirdezaka siddhAnta ke yaha taya kara pAnA kaThina hai ki usa paristhiti meM kyA naitika hai aura kyA anaitika ? ataH nIti meM kisI nirapekSa tattva kI avadhAraNA karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| isa sandarbha meM jAna DivI kA pUrvokta dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve paristhitiyA~ jinameM naitika bhAdoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva parivartanazIla haiM aura naitika niyamoM, naitika

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nirapekSa aura sApekSa naitikatA kartavyoM aura naitika mUlyAMkanoM ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai / kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ki naitika siddhAnta itane sApekSika haiM ki kisI sAmAjika sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti hI nahIM hotii| zubha kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai kintu zubha kA AkAra nahIM; dUsare zabdoM meM, naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitikatA kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI hai, kintu naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| naitika niyamoM meM apavAda yA Apaddharma kA nizcita hI sthAna hai aura aneka sthitiyoM meM apavAda-mArga kA AcaraNa hI naitika hotA hai| phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki apavAda kabhI bhI sAmAnya niyama kA sthAna nahIM le pAte haiN| nirapekSatAvAda ke sandarbha meM yaha eka bhrAnti hai ki vaha sabhI naitika niyamoM ko nirapekSa mAnatA hai| nirapekSatAvAda bhI sabhI niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha nahIM karatA, vaha kevala maulika niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA hI siddha karatA hai| vastuta. nIti kI vAstavika prakRti ko samajhane ke lie nirapekSatAvAda aura sApekSatAvAda donoM hI apekSita haiM / nIti kA kauna sA pakSa sApekSa hotA hai aura kauna sA pakSa nirapekSa, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai : (1) saMkalpa kI naitikatA nirapekSa hotI hai aura AcaraNa kI naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa kabhI naitika nahIM hotA yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| nIti meM jaba saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai to phira hameM yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM rahatA ki saMkalpa sApekSa hai, ataH saMkalpa kI naitikatA sApekSa nahIM ho sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM, karma kA jo mAnasika pakSa hai, bauddhika pakSa hai, vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai kintu karma kA jo vyAvahArika pakSa hai, AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha sApekSa hai| arthAt manomUlaka nIti nirapekSa hogI aura AcaraNamUlaka nIti sApekSa hogii| saMkalpa kA kSetra, prajJA kA kSetra, eka aisA kSetra hai jahA~ cetanA yA prajJA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai| antas meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai, vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kA zAsana nahIM hai, ataH isa kSetra meM nIti kI nirapekSatA sambhava hai| anAsakta karma kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhyAtmaka rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotA / ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki manovRtyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka nIti nirapekSa hogI kintu AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka nIti sApekSa hogii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina darzana meM naizcayika naitikatA ko nirapekSa aura vyAvahArika naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnA gayA hai| (2) dUsare, sAdhyAtmaka nIti yA naitika Adarza nirapekSa hotA hai kintu sAdhanaparaka nIti sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo sarvocca zubha hai vaha nirapekSa hai kintu usa sarvocca zubha kI prApti ke jo niyama yA mArga haiM ve sApekSa haiN| kyoMki eka hI sAdhya kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiM / punaH, vaiyaktika ruciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sApekSa mAnanA hI eka kucha niyama maulika udAharaNArtha, bhAraaisA vargIkaraNa hameM para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai / ataH sAdhyaparaka nIti ko yA naitika sAdhya ko nirapekSa aura sAghanaparaka nIti ko yathArtha dRSTikoNa ho sakatA hai / ( 3 ) tIsare, hote haiM aura kucha niyama una maulika niyamoM ke tIya paramparA meM sAmAnya dharma aura vizeSa dharma milatA hai / jaina paramparA meM bhI eka aisA hI vargIkaraNa se hai / yahA~ hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sAdhAraNatayA hI nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate haiM, vartanIya hI hote haiM / yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM ki aneka sthitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA / yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM kI nirapekSatA bhI unakI aparivartanazIlatA yA unake sthAyitva ke AdhAra para hI hai, sAdhya kI apekSA se to ve bhI sApekSa ho sakate haiM / jo naitika vicAradhArAe~ mAtra nirapekSatAvAda ko svIkAra karatI haiM ve yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI haiM / ve naitika Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI haiM kintu usa mArga kA nirdhAraNa karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtIM jo usa sAdhya evaM Adarza taka le jAtA hai, kyoMki naitika AcaraNa evaM vyavahAra to paristhitisApekSa hotA hai / naitikatA eka lakSyonmukha gati hai / lekina yadi usa gati meM vyakti kI dRSTi mAtra usa yathArtha bhUmikA taka ho, jisameM vaha khar3A hai, sImita hai to vaha kabhI bhI lakSya taka nahIM pahu~ca sakatA, vaha pathabhraSTa ho sakatA hai / dUsarI ora vaha vyakti, jo gantavya kI ora to dekha rahA hai kintu usa mArga ko nahIM dekha rahA hai jisameM vaha gati kara rahA hai, mArga meM vaha Thokara khAtA hai aura kaTakoM se apane ko pada - viddha kara letA hai / jisa prakAra calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai aura na mAtra nIce dekhane se hI, usI prakAra naitika pragati meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra nirapekSa dRSTi se calatA hai aura na mAtra sApekSa dRSTi se calatA hai / nirapekSatAvAda usa sthiti kI upekSA kara detA hai jisameM vyakti khar3A hai, jaba ki sApekSatAvAda usa Adarza yA sAdhya kI upekSA karatA hai jo ki gantavya hai / isI prakAra nirapekSatAvAda sAmAjika nIti kI upekSA kara mAtra vaiyaktika nIti para bala detA hai, kintu vyakti samAjanirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA / punaH nirapekSavAdI nIti meM sAdhya kI siddhi hI pramukha hotI hai, kintu vaha sAdhana upekSita banA rahatA hai jisake binA sAdhya kI siddhi sambhava nahIM hai | ataH samyak naitika jIvana ke lie nIti meM sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM tattvoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai / 78 naitika niyamoM meM sahAyaka hote haiM; (varNAzrama dharma ) mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa nAma sAmAnya yA mUlabhUta niyama vizeSa niyama to koI Apatti nahIM apavAda ho sakate haiM sApekSa evaM parihonI cAhie aura ve naitika

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1. naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa 2. naitika nirNaya kA kartA 3. hetuvAda aura phalavAda kI samasyA 4. hetu aura phala ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA kA dRSTikoNa 5. jaina darzanoM meM hetuvAda aura phalavAda kA samanvaya tulanA 88 | mUlyAMkana 89 / 6. naitika nirNaya ke sandarbha meM pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dRSTikoNa mila / kAMTa / mArTinyU / maikeMjI / 7. abhiprAya aura jaina dRSTi 8. abhipreraka aura jaina dRSTi 9. saGkalpa aura jaina dRSTi 10. cAritra aura naitika nirNaya 4 naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya how 79 81 82 82 84 87 90 92 93 93 94

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya sAmAnyatayA sabhI loga eka-dUsare ke vyavahAroM kI prazaMsA aura nindA karate haiMkisI ke AcaraNa ko acchA aura kisI ke AcaraNa ko burA kahate haiM / aksara hama karmoM ke zubhatva yA azubhatva kI carcA karate haiM-- udAharaNArtha, ahiMsA zubha hai, hiMsA azubha hai tathA dAna acchA hai, corI burI hai Adi / ye sabhI kathana naitika nirNaya kahe jAte haiM / jaba bhI hama kisI karma ke guNa-doSa kI carcA karate haiM, usake zubhatva yA azubhatva kA vicAra karate haiM yA usake aucitya aura anaucitya ko siddha karate haiM to hamAre vicAra evaM nirNaya naitikatA se sambandhita hote haiM aura inheM naitika nirNaya kahA jAtA hai / $ 1. naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa naitika nirNaya tathya viSayaka evaM varNanAtmaka nirNayoM se bhinna, haiM / tathyaviSayaka nirNaya sattA yA vastu ke svarUpa kA vivecana evaM aura mUlyaviSayaka nirNaya usakA samAlocana yA mUlyAMkana karate hue yaha batAte haiM ki use kyA honA cAhie / DA0 sinhA ke zabdoM meM, "naitika nirNaya vaha mAnasika vyApAra hai, jo kisI karma ko sat yA asat ghoSita karatA hai / naitika nirNaya yaha nirdeza karatA hai ki hamAre karmoM ko kaisA honA cAhie / naitika nirNaya meM paramahita kA jJAna samAviSTa hotA hai / jaba hama kisI aicchika karma ko dekhate haiM to naitika mAnadaNDa ( pratimAna ) se usakI tulanA karate haiM aura isa prakAra yaha nirNaya karate haiM ki vaha usake anusAra hai yA nahIM / karma kI naitika pratimAna se tulanA aura usake AdhAra para nikAlA gayA nigamana yA anumAna naitika nirNaya kI prakRti ko spaSTa karatA hai / naitika nirNaya meM tulanA, anumAna, samAlocana aura mUlyAMkana sabhI samAviSTa haiM / yadyapi sAmAnya avasthAoM se naitika nirNaya Antarika anubhava ke dvArA binA kisI tulanA, vicAra evaM samAlocana ke tatkAla bhI ho jAte haiM, tathApi naitika nirNayoM meM cintana, anumAna aura mUlyAMkana ke tattva sannihita rahate haiM / isa prakAra naitika nirNaya AnumAnika, samAlocanAtmaka aura mUlyAtmaka hote haiM / "" punaH ve manovaijJAnika arthAt hamArI bhAvanAoM ko prakaTa karanevAle tathA AdezAtmaka bhI hote haiM / yadyapi naitika nirNaya tArkika aura saundaryAtmaka nirNayoM ke samAna mUlyAtmaka nirNaya haiM, tathApi ve tArkika aura saundaryAtmaka nirNayoM se bhinna haiM / isa bhinnatA kA kAraNa AdarzoM kI bhinnatA hai| tarkazAstra kA viSaya evaM Adarza satya hai aura saundaryazAstra kA viSaya evaM Adarza sundaratA hai, jabaki nItizAstra kA viSaya evaM Adarza zubha yA 1. nItizAstra, pR0 43. mUlyAtmaka hote varNana karate haiM,

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ziva ( kalyANa ) hai| tArkika nirNaya jJAnAtpaka haiM aura saundaryaviSayaka nirNaya anubhUtyAtmaka, jabaki naitika nirNaya saMkalpAtmaka haiN|' $ 2. naitika nirNaya kA kartA naitika nirNaya kI sambhAvanA ke lie nirNAyaka, nirNaya kI vastu aura nirNaya kA mAnadaNDa tInoM hI Avazyaka haiN| prazna yaha hai ki naitika nirNaya kauna detA hai ? nItivettAoM kA isa sambandha meM matabheda hai| zephTsba rI naitika mUlyAMkana ke kartA ke rUpa meM nItivizeSajJa ko mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, jisa prakAra kalA kA pArakhI kalA ke sambandha meM nirNaya detA hai, usI prakAra nItivizeSajJa naitika karmoM ke bAre meM nirNaya detA hai| vastutaH naitika nirNaya kA kartA hamArI bauddhika yA Adarza AtmA hai| eDama smitha ne naitika nirNaya kA kartA nirapekSa dRSTA AtmA ko mAnA hai| unake anusAra hamArI ho AtmA eka taTastha nirNAyaka ke rUpa meM naitika nirNaya detI hai| vyakti kA nirNAyaka usakA Adarza AtmA hI hai jo eka taTastha dRSTA ke rUpa meM svayaM ke aura dUsaroM ke karmoM para naitika nirNaya detA hai| maikeMjI ne naitika nirNaya kA kartA usa dRSTikoNa ko mAnA hai jisase bhalA yA burA karma kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra naitika nirNaya kA kartA yA to nirapekSa dRSTA yA Adarza AtmA ko mAnA gayA hai, yA kartA ke usa dRSTikoNa ko jisake AdhAra para koI karma bhalA yA burA nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| yadi isa prazna ko jaina dRSTikoNa se dekhA jAya to uparyukta donoM dRSTikoNoM meM koI virodha nahIM rahatA / jaina darzana ke anusAra, yathArtha naitika nirNaya to nirapekSa dRSTA vItarAga AtmA ke dvArA hI ho sakate haiM, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM hamAre dRSTikoNa hI naitika nirNaya ke AdhAra banate haiN| vyakti apane dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI acche yA bure kA nirNaya letA hai| $3. hetuvAda aura phalavAda kI samasyA ___ kartA kA pratyeka karma jo naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya banatA hai, kisI uddezya se abhiprerita hokara prArambha hotA hai aura anta meM kisI pariNAma ko niSpanna karatA hai| isa prakAra kArya kA vizleSaNa yaha darzAtA hai ki pratyeka kArya meM eka hetu hotA hai jisase kArya kA prArambha hotA hai aura eka phala hotA hai jisameM kArya kI parisamApti hotI hai| hetu ko kArya kA mAnasika pakSa aura phala ko usakA bhautika pariNAma kahA jA sakatA hai| hetu kA kartA ke manobhAvoM se nikaTa sambandha hai. jabaki phala kA nikaTa sambandha karma se hai| heta para diyA gayA nirNaya kartA ke sambandha meM hotA hai jabaki phala para diyA gayA nirNaya karma yA kRtya ke sambandha meM hotA hai| nItijJoM ke lie yaha prazna vivAdapUrNa rahA hai ki kArya ke zabhatva evaM azubhatva kA mUlyAMkana usake hetu ke sambandha meM kiyA jAya yA usake phala ke sambandha meM, kyoMki kabhI-kabhI zubhatva evaM azubhatva kI dRSTi se hetu aura phala paraspara bhinna hote haiM-zubha hetu meM bhI azubha pariNAma kI niSpatti aura azubha hetu meM bhI zubha 1. dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 72-74. 2. nItizAstra, pR0 49. 3. A Manual of Ethics, p. 50.

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netika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya pariNAma kI niSpatti dekhI jAtI hai| yadyapi grIna prabhRti kucha pAzcAtya vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki zubha hetu se kiyA gayA kArya sarvadA zubha pariNAma denevAlA hotA hai, lekina anubhava yaha hai ki kabhI-kabhI kartA dvArA anapekSita karma-pariNAma bhI prApta ho jAte haiN| DAkTara rogI ko svastha karane ke lie zalya-kriyA karatA hai, lekina rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai| anapekSita karma-pariNAma ko pariNAma mAnane para grIna kI karma ke uddezya aura phala meM ekarUpatA kI mAnyatA Tika nahIM paatii| yadi kArya ke uddezya aura kArya ke vAstavika pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM ho to prazna utpanna hotA hai ki inameM se kise naitika nirNaya kA viSaya banAyA jAye ? pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM isa samasyA ko lekara spaSTatayA do pramukha matavAdoM kA nirmANa huA hai jo phalavAda aura hetuvAda nAma se abhihita kiye jA sakate haiM / phalavAdI dhAraNA kA pratinidhitva benthama aura mila karate haiN| benthama kI mAnyatA meM hetuoM kA acchA yA burA honA unake pariNAma para nirbhara hai| mila kI dRSTi meM 'hetu' ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA naitikatA kA kSetra hI nahIM hai| unakA kathana hai ki hetu ko kArya kI naitikatA se kucha bhI karanA nahIM hotaa| dUsarI ora, hetuvAdI paramparA kA pratinidhitva kAMTa, baTalara Adi vicAraka karate haiN| mila ke ThIka viparIta kAMTa kA kahanA hai ki hamArI kriyAoM ke pariNAma unako naitika mUlya nahIM de sakate / baTalara kahate haiM ki kisI kArya kI acchAI yA burAI bahuta kucha usa hetu para nirbhara hai, jisase vaha kiyA jAtA hai / phalavAda kI dRSTi se pariNAma hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| phalavAda sArA bala kArya ke usa vastuniSTha tatva para detA hai jo vAstava meM kiyA gayA hai / usake anusAra, naitikatA kA artha aise pariNAmoM ko utpanna karanA hai jinase janasAdhAraNa ke kalyANa meM abhivRddhi ho| phira bhI yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki pAzcAtya phalavAda kI dRSTi meM naitika mUlyAMkana ke lie pariNAma ko bhautika pariniSpatti utanI mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanI ki pariNAma kI vAMchitatA athavA pariNAma kA agrAvalokana / benthama yA mila yaha nahIM kahate ki yadi kisI DAkTara ke dvArA kI gayI cIraphAr3a se rogI kI mRtyu ho jAye to usakA kArya nindanIya hai -yadi sarjana kA vAMchita pariNAma yA agrAvalokita pariNAma cIra-phAr3a dvArA rogI ke jIvana kI rakSA karanA thA to vaha kArya naitika dRSTi se ucita hI thA, cAhe vaha usameM saphala na huA ho| mila evaM benthama ke anusAra, isa bAta se kartA kI naitikatA meM koI antara nahIM par3atA ki usane vaha kArya dhanArjana ke lie kiyA athavA apanI pratiSThA ke lie kiyA athavA dayA se prerita hokara kiyaa| phalavAda ke anusAra preraka (dhana, yaza aura dayA) naitika mUlyAMkana kI dRSTi se koI artha nahIM rkhte| isa dhAraNA ke viparIta hetuvAda meM saMkalpa athavA preraka hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| hetuvAda ke anusAra, yadi preraka azubha thA to kArya bhI azubha hI mAnA jAyegA / yadi koI DAkTara kisI sundara strI ke jIvana kI rakSA isa bhAva se prerita hokara karatA hai 1. yUTiliTeriyanijma, pR0 27; uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 75. 2. vahI. 3. vahI,pR0 76. TA

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ki vaha use vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana banAyegA, to hetuvAda kI dRSTi meM pariNAma ke zubha hone para DAkTara kA yaha kArya naitika dRSTi se azubha hI hogA / isa prakAra pAzcAtya naitika vicAraNA ke ye donoM pakSa karma ke do bhinna siroM para anAvazyaka bala dekara ekapakSIya dhAraNA kA vikAsa karate haiM / hetuvAda ke lie kArya kA Arambha ho saba kucha hai, jabaki phalavAda ke lie kArya kA anta hI saba kucha hai / ye vicAraka yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki Arambha aura anta, antatogatvA, eka hI sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna eka ho kArya ke do pahalU haiM jinheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| ina vicArakoM kI bhrAnti yaha nahIM hai ki inhoMne kArya ke ina do pahaluoM para gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA, varan bhrAnti yaha hai ki inhoMne inheM alaga-alaga karane kA asaphala prayAsa kiyA / jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko zarIra se alaga karake ThIka rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA, usI prakAra preraka ko usake pariNAma se alaga karake ThIka rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA / bhAratIya cintana meM bhI karma ke pariNAma aura karma ke hetu para vicAra to huA, lekina usameM itanI ekAMgatA kabhI nahIM AyI / 82 $4. hetu aura phala ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya AcAravijJAna kA yaha vivAdAtmaka prazna bhAratIya naitika cintana meM prArambhika yuga se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai / yadyapi isa sambandha meM bAla kI khAla bhArata meM utanI nahIM nikAlI gayI jitanI ki pazcima meM / jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bauddha vicAraNA kI hetuvAdaviSayaka dhAraNA kA rocaka upahAsa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / bauddhAgama majjhimanikAya meM bhI buddha ne svayaM ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnA hai aura nirgrantha (jaina) paramparA ko phalavAda kA samarthaka batAyA hai / yadyapi nirgrantha paramparA ko ekAntataH phalavAdI mAnanA asaMgata dhAraNA hai, kyoMki pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI jainAgamoM meM hetuvAda kA bhI prabala samarthana milatA hai / isa viSaya meM kiMcit gaharAI se pramANapurassara vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / yaha to nirvivAda hai ki bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bauddha darzana hetuvAda kA samarthaka hai| bauddha darzana naitika mUlyAMkana kI dRSTi se kartA ke hetu athavA kArya ke mAnasika pratyaya ko hI pramukhatA detA hai / dhammapada ke prArambha meM hI buddha kahate haiM ki sabhI prakAra ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa meM mAnasika vyApAra ( hetu ) hI pramukha hai, mana kI duSTatA aura prasannatA para hI karma bhI zubhAzubha hote haiM aura usI se sukha-duHkha milatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, majjhimanikAya meM eka aura prabala pramANa hai jahA~ buddha karma ke mAnasika pratyaya kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para hI bauddha paramparA aura nirgrantha paramparA meM antara bhI sthApita karate haiM / buddha kahate haiM, "maiM (nirgranthoM ke) kAyadaNDa, vacanadaNDa aura manadaNDa ke badale kAyakarma, vacanakarma aura manakarma kahatA hU~ aura nirgranthoM kI taraha kAyakarma (karma ke bAhya svarUpa) ko nahIM, varan manakarma (karma ke mAnasika pratyaya) kI pradhAnatA mAnatA hU~ / 2 1. dhammapada, 1 - 2. 2. majjhimanikAya, 56.

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 83 jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga se bhI isa tathya kA samarthana hotA hai ki bauddha paramparA hetuvAda kI samarthaka hai| granthakAra ne bauddha hetu vAda kA upahAsAtmaka citra prastuta kiyA hai| sUtrakAra pravrajyA grahaNa karane ko tatpara ArdrakakumAra ke sammukha eka bauddha zramaNa ke dvArA hI bauddha dRSTikoNa ko nimnalikhita zabdoM se prastuta karavAte haiM "khola ke piNDa ko manuSya jAnakara bhAle se cheda DAle aura usako Aga para sekeM athavA kumAra jAnakara tUmar3e ko aisA kare to hamAre mata ke anusAra prANivadha kA pApa lagatA hai| parantu khola yA piNDa mAnakara koI zrAvaka manuSya ko bhAle se chedakara Aga para seMke athavA tUmar3A mAnakara kumAra ko aisA kare to hamAre mata ke anusAra usako prANavadha kA pApa nahIM lagatA hai / " ___ yadyapi yaha citra eka virodhI Agama meM vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA, tathApi majjhimanikAya aura satrakRtAMga ke uparyukta sandarbho se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki bauddha naitikatA hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| usake anusAra karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra kartA kA hetu hai, na ki karma kA pariNAma / yadyapi saiddhAntika dRSTi se hetuvAda kA samarthana karate hue bhI vyAvahArika stara para bauddha darzana phalavAda kI avahelanA nahIM krtaa| vinayapiTaka meM aise aneka prasaMga haiM jahA~ karma ke hetu ko mahattva na dekara mAtra karma-pariNAma ke lokanindanIya hone ke AdhAra para hI usakA AcaraNa bhikSuoM ke lie avihita ThaharAyA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke lie karmapariNAma kA agrAvalokana utanA hI mahatvapUrNa hai jitanA vaha mila aura benthama ke lie hai| jahA~ taka gItA kI bAta hai, vaha bhI hetu vAda kA samarthana karatI hai / gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI kama ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra karma kA pariNAma na hokarA hetu hI hai| gItA kA niSkAma karmayoga kA siddhAnta 'karma-pariNAma' kI apekSa 'karma-hetu' para hI adhika jora detA hai / gItA meM arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya ke samarthana kA AdhAra kama-hetu hI hai, karma-pariNAma nhiiN| gItA meM kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki ( he arjuna ) amuka karma kA yaha phala mile yaha hetu ( mana meM) rakhakara karma karanevAlA na ho| pariNAma ko dRSTi meM rakhakara karma karanA gItAkAra ko abhipreta nahIM hai, kyoMki karma-phala para to vyakti kA adhikAra hI nahIM hai| gItA ke anusAra, phala ko dRSTi meM rakhakara karma karanevAle nimna stara ke haiN| tilaka bhI gItA ke AcAradarzana ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnate haiN| ve likhate haiM, 'karma choTe-bar3e hoM yA barAbara hoM, unameM naitika dRSTi se jo bheda ho jAtA hai vaha kartA ke hetu ke kAraNa hI hotA hai| (gItA meM ) bhagavAn ne arjuna se yaha socane ko nahIM kahA ki yuddha karane se kitane manuSyoM kA kalyANa hogA aura kitane logoM ko hAni hogI, balki arjuna se bhagavAn yahI kahate haiM ki isa samaya yaha vicAra gauNa hai ki tumhAre yuddha karane se bhISma mareMge yA droNa / mukhya bAta yahI hai ki tuma kisa buddhi ( hetu yA uddezya ) se yuddha karane ko taiyAra hue ho / yadi tumhArI buddhi sthitaprajJa ke samAna zuddha hogI aura usa pavitra buddhi se apanA kartavya karoge to phira 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 6 / 26-29. 2. gItA, 2 / 47. 3. vahI, 2 / 42.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana cAhe bhISma mareM yA droNa, tumheM usakA pApa nahIM lgegaa|' gItA meM kAMTa ke samAna saMkalpa ko hI samasta kAryoM kA mUla kahA gayA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne gItA-bhASya meM kahA hai, "sabhI kAmanAoM kA mUla saMkalpa hai|" AcArya zaMkara ne manusmRti (2 / 3) tathA mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para bhI ise siddha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAnti-parva meM kahA hai, "he kAma ! maiM tere mUla ko jAnatA hai| tU niHsaMdeha 'saMkalpa' se hI utpanna hotA hai / maiM terA 'saMkalpa, nahIM karUMgA, ataH phira tU mujhe prApta nahIM hogaa| inhIM zabdoM meM yahI tathya bauddha-grantha mahAnihesapAli meM bhI varNita hai / " arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya kA samarthana karate samaya gItA karma ke naitika mUlyAMkana meM bAhya pariNAma ko dRSTi se ojhala kara detI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gItA ekAnta hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| phira bhI gItA ke samagra svarUpa ko dRSTigata rakhate hue vicAra kiyA jAya to hameM apanI isa dhAraNA ke pariSkAra ke lie vivaza honA par3atA hai| yadi karma kA bAhya pariNAma koI naitika mUlya nahIM rakhatA hai to phira karmayoga aura lokasaMgraha ke lie karma karate rahane ke gItA ke upadeza kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| cAhe kRSNa ne arjuna ke dvArA prastuta yuddha ke pariNAmasvarUpa kulakSaya aura varNasaMkaratA kI utpatti ke vicAra kI upekSA kara dI ho, lekina anta meM unheM svayaM hI yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki 'yadi maiM karma na karUM to yaha loka bhraSTa ho jAya aura maiM varNasaMkara kA karanevAlA hoU~ tathA isa sArI prajA kA mAranevAlA banaM / yaha kyA kRSNa kI phaladRSTi nahIM hai ? svayaM tilaka bhI gItArahasya meM ise svIkAra karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM, gItA yaha kabhI nahIM kahatI ki bAhya karmoM kI ora kucha bhI dhyAna na diyA jAya / kisI manuSya kI, vizeSakara anajAne manuSya kI buddhi kI samatA kI parIkSA karane ke lie madyapi kevala usake bAhya karma yA AcaraNa hI pradhAna sAdhana hai; tathApi kevala isa bAhya AcaraNa dvArA hI nItimattA kI acUka parIkSA hamezA nahIM ho sktii|4 isa prakAra saiddhAntika dRSTi se hetuvAda kA samarthana karate hue bhI gItA vyAvahArika dRSTi se karma ke bAhya pariNAma kI upekSA nahIM krtii| gItA karmaphalAkAMkSA kA, yA karmaphalAsakti kA niSedha karatI hai, na ki karma-pariNAma ke agrAvalokana yA pUrvavicAra kaa| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki usakI dRSTi meM zubhAzubhatva ke nirNaya kA viSaya karmasaMkalpa hai| __ kArya ke mAnasika hetu aura bhautika pariNAma meM kauna naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya hai ? isa prazna para jaina-dRSTi se vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki jaina dRSTikoNa ne isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA samucita prayAsa kiyA hai / jaina dRSTi ekAMgI mAnyatAoM kI virodhI rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prathamataH usane hetuvAda kI ekAMgI mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM hetuvAda kA jo khaNDana hai, vaha ekAMgI hetuvAda kA hai| jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kiye gaye hetuvAda ke khaNDana ke 1. gItArahasya, pR0 481. 2. gItA zaMkarabhASya, 6 / 4; manusmRti, 2 / 3; mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 177 / 25; mahAnirdesapAli, 11111. 3. gItA, 3 / 24. 4. gItArahasya, pR0 482-483.

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya AdhAra para use phalavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka mAna lenA svayaM meM bahuta bar3I bhrAnti hogii| 5. jaina darzanoM meM hetuvAda aura phalavAda kA samanvaya __ jaina cintakoM dvArA hetuvAda kA phalavAda se bhI adhika samarthana kiyA gayA hai jise aneka tathyoM se paripuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra meM, AcArya samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA kI vRtti meM tathA AcArya vidyAnandi kI aSTasahasrI meM phalavAda kA khaNDana aura hetuvAda kA maNDana pAyA jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM spaSTa kahate haiM ki ( hiMsA kA ) adhyavasAya arthAt mAnasika hetu hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, cAhe ( bAhya rUpa meM ) hiMsA huI ho yA na huI ho|' vastu ( ghaTanA ) nahIM, varana saMkalpa hI bandhana ko kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, bAhya rUpa meM ghaTita karma-pariNAma naitika yA anaitika nahIM haiM, varan vyakti kA karma-saMkalpa yA hetu hI naitika yA anaitika hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM jaina AcArya samantabhadra aura vidyAnandi ke dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha suzIlakumAra maitra aura yadunAtha sinhA ne kiyA hai / AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM ki kArya kA zubhatva kevala isa tathya meM nihita nahIM hai ki usase dUsaroM ko sukha hotA hai aura svayaM ko kaSTa hotA hai / isI prakAra kArya kA azubhatva isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karatA ki usakI phala-niSpatti ke rUpa meM dUsaroM ko duHkha hotA hai aura svayaM ko sukha hotA hai / kyoMki yadi zubha-azubha kA artha dUsaroM kA sukha-duHkha ho to hameM jar3a padArtha aura vItarAga santa ko bhI bandhana meM mAnanA par3egA, arthAt unheM naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnanA hogA, kyoMki unake kriyAkalApa bhI kisI ke sukha aura duHkha kA kAraNa to banate hI haiM aura aisI dazA meM unheM bhI zubhAzubha kA bandha hogA hii| dUsare, yadi zubha kA artha svayaM kA duHkha aura azubha kA artha svayaM kA sukha ho to vItarAga tapasyA ke dvArA zubha kA bandha karegA aura jJAnI Atma-saMtoSa kI anubhUti karate hue bhI azubha yA pApa kA bandha kregaa| ataH siddha yaha hotA hai ki svayaM kA athavA dUsaroM kA sukha athavA duHkharUpa pariNAma zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, varan unake pIche nihita kartA kA zubhAzubha prayojana hI kisI kArya ke zubhatva athavA azubhatva kA nizcaya karatA hai| AcArya vidyAnandi phalavAda yA karma ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para naitika mUlyAMkana karane kI vastuniSTha paddhati kA virodha karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki kisI dUsare ke hitAhita ke AdhAra para puNya-pApa kA mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki kucha kriyAzIlatAe~ to puNya-pApa ke isa mApa se nIce haiM; jaise jar3a padArtha, aura kucha puNya-pApa ke isa mApa ke Upara haiM jaise arhat / puNya-pApa ke kSetra meM kriyAoM ke AdhAra para ve hI Ate haiM jo vAsanAoM se yukta haiN| kisI ko sukha yA 1. samayasAra, 262. 2. vahI, 265. 3. dekhie-di ethiksa Apha di hinda ja, pR0 321. 6

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88 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana duHkha dene mAtra se koI kArya puNya-pApa nahIM hotA, varan usa kArya ke pIche jo vAsanA hai, vahI kArya ke zubhAzubha hone kA kAraNa hai| vItarAga ke kAraNa kisI ko sukha yA duHkha ho sakatA hai, lekina usake pIche vAsanA yA prayojana na hone se use puNya-pApa kA bandha nahIM hotaa| niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina dRSTi ke anusAra bhI kartA kA prayojana yA abhisandhi hI zubhAzubhatva kI anivArya zarta hai, na ki mAtra sukha-duHkha ke pariNAma / zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI yahI mAnate haiM ki jaina AcAradarzana kArya ke pariNAma (phala) se vyatirikta usake hetu kI zuddhatA para hI bala detA hai| usake anusAra, "yadi kArya kisI zuddha prayojana se kiyA gayA hai, to vaha zubha hI hogA cAhe usase kisI dUsare ko duHkha hI kyoM na pahu~cA ho aura yadi azubha prayojana se kiyA gayA hai to azubha hI hogA cAhe pariNAma ke rUpa meM usase dUsaroM ko sukha huA ho|"1shrii suzIla kumAra maMtra kahate haiM, "zubhAzubha karma kA vinizcaya bAhya pariNAmoM para nahIM, varan kartA ke Atmagata prayojana kI prakRti ke AdhAra para karanA caahie|"2 tulanA--tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hetuvAda ke viSaya meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM adbhuta sAmya dikhAI detA hai| isa sambandha meM dhammapada, gItA tathA puruSArthasiddhaya pAya ke kathana draSTavya haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kahate haiM, "rAgAdi se rahita apramAdayukta AcaraNa karate hue yadi prANaghAta ho jAye to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai|"3 dhammapada meM kahA hai, "mAtA, pitA, do kSatriya rAjA evaM anucaroM sahita rASTra kA hanana karane para bhI vItatRSNa brAhmaNa ( jJAnI ) niSpApa hotA hai / "4 gItA kahatI hai, "jisameM Asakti aura kartRtvabhAva nahIM hai vaha isa samagra loka ko mArakara bhI na to mAratA hai aura na bandhana meM AtA hai / vastutaH aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|"5 yadyapi bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM itanI vaicArika ekarUpatA hai, tathApi gItA aura jainAcAradarzana meM eka antara yaha hai ki gItA ke anusAra sthitaprajJa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai, jabaki jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai ki isa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI, mAtra ho jAtI hai| prazna uThatA hai ki yadi jaina cintana ko prayojana yA hetuvAda svIkArya hai, to phira use hetuvAda ke samarthaka bauddha darzana kI AlocanA karane kA kyA adhikAra hai ? yadi jaina cintana ko ekAMtataH hetuvAda svIkArya hotA to vaha bauddha dArzanikoM kI AlocanA nahIM krtaa| jaina vicAraNA kA virodha to usa ekAMgI hetuvAda se hai jisameM bAhya vyavahAra kI avahelanA kI jAtI hai| ekAMgI hetuvAda meM jaina vicAraNA ne sabase bar3A khatarA yaha dekhA ki vaha naitika mUlyAMkana kI vastuniSTha 1. iNDiyana philAsaphI ( sinhA ) bhAga 2, pR0 264. 2. di ethiksa Apha di hindUja, pR0 324. 3. puruSArthasiddha yupAya, 45. 4. dhammapada, 294. gItA, 18 / 17.

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natika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya kasauTI ko samApta kara detA hai| phalasvarUpa hamAre pAsa dUsare ke kAryoM ke naitika mUlyAMkana kI koI kasauTI hI nahIM raha jaatii| yadi abhisandhi yA kartA kA prayojana hI hamAre karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka hai to phira eka vyakti dUsare ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM koI bhI naitika nirNaya nahIM de sakegA kyoMki kartA kA prayojana, jo ki eka vaiyavitaka tathya hai, dUsare ke dvArA jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM naitika nirNaya to kArya ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai / loga bAhya rUpa se anaitika AcaraNa karate hue bhI yaha kahakara ki usameM hamArA prayojana zubha thA; svayaM ke naitika yA dhArmika hone kA dAvA kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI bAhya rUpa meM anaitika AcaraNa karate hue aneka loga dhArmika yA naitika hone kA dAvA karate the| isI kAraNa mahAvIra ko yaha kahanA par3A ki 'mana se satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai ?1 isa prakAra ekAMgI hetuvAda kA sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki usameM naitikatA kA dambha panapatA hai| dUsare, ekAnta hetuvAda meM mana aura karma kI ekarUpatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| ekAMgI hetuvAda yaha mAna letA hai ki kArya ke mAnasika pakSa aura pariNAmAtmaka pakSa meM ekarUpatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, donoM svatatra haiM, unameM eka prakAra kA dvaita hai, jabaki sacce naitika jIvana kA artha hai--manasA-vAcA-karmaNA vyavahAra kI ekarUpatA / naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA to mana aura karma ke pUrNa sAmaMjasya meM hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kabhI-kabhI kartA ke hetu aura usake pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha pAtI hai, lekina yaha apavAdAtmaka sthiti hI hai, isake AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama kI pratiSThApanA nahIM ho sktii| sAmAnya mAnyatA to yaha hai ki bAhya AcaraNa kartA kI manodazAoM kA pratibimba hai / mUlyAMkana-yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina naitika vicAraNA ne kArya ke naitika mUlyAMkana ke lie saiddhAntika dRSTi se jahA~ kartA ke mAnasika hetu kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA, vahA~ vyAvahArika dRSTi se kArya ke bAhya pariNAma kI avahelanA bhI nahIM kI hai| zrI sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki jaina AcAradarzana AtmaniSTha naitikatA para bala dete hue bhI kAryoM ke pariNAmoM para samucita vicAra karatA hai / 2 jainAcAradarzana ke anusAra yadi kartA kevala apane uddezya kI zuddhatA kI ora hI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura pariNAma ke sambandha meM pUrva se hI vicAra nahIM karatA hai, to usakA vaha karma ayatanA ( aviveka ) aura pramAda ke kAraNa azubha hI mAnA jAtA hai aura sAdhaka prAyazcita kA pAtra banatA hai / karma-pariNAma kA pUrva viveka jaina naitikatA meM Avazyaka hai| naitika mUlyAMkana sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika donoM dRSTiyoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaba hama sAmAjika dRSTi se kisI karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana karate haiM, to vaha tathyaparaka dRSTi se hI hogA aura usa avasthA meM kArya ke pariNAma hI naitika nirNaya ke viSaya hoNge| lekina jaba vaiyaktika dRSTi se kisI karma kA naitika 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 6 / 35. 2. iNDiyana philAsaphI (je0 ena0 sinhA), bhAga 2, pR0 265.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mUlyAMkana karate haiM to hameM Atmaparaka dRSTi se karanA hogA aura usa avasthA meM kArya kA uddezya hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hogA | jainAcAradarzana kI bhASA meM karmaphala ke AdhAra para karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana karanA vyavahAradRSTi hai aura kartA ke uddezya ke AdhAra para karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana karanA nizcayadRSTi hai | jainAcAradarzana ke anusAra donoM pakSa apane-apane kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa haiM aura samagra AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se kisI kI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / jahA~ taka AtmaniSTha naitikatA kA prazna hai hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki naitika nirNaya kA viSaya koI Atmaparaka tathya hI ho sakatA hai, vastuparaka tathya nahIM / AtmaniSTha naitikatA meM naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ hotI haiM, bAhya ghaTanAe~ nahIM / pAzcAtya vicAraka mila ko bhI anta meM yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA dvArA vAMchita pariNAma hai, na ki bAhya rUpa meM vyakta bhautika pariNAma / lekina jaise hI hama kartA ke vAMchita pariNAma kI bAta karate haiM, kisI Antarika tathya kI ora saMketa karate haiM aura naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ke rUpa meM bAhya ghaTanAoM yA phala ke sthAna para karma ke mAnasika pakSa ko svIkAra kara lete haiM / jaise hI hama karma ke bhautika pakSa se mAnasika pakSa kI ora bar3hate haiM, hamAre vivecana kA kendra karma ke badale kartA bana jAtA hai / bAhya ghaTita bhautika pariNAma kartA ke mAnasa kA pratibimba avazya hai, lekina vaha sadaiva hI use yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita nahIM karatA / ata: abhrAnta naitika nirNaya ke lie karma ke caitasika pakSa yA kartA kI mAnasika avasthAoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / 6. naitika nirNaya ke sandarbha meM pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dRSTikoNa 90 jahA~ taka vaiyaktika naitikatA kA prazna hai, sabhI vivecya AcAradarzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI manodazAe~ haiM / bAhya pariNAma tabhI taka naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAnA jA sakatA hai jaba taka kartA kI manodazA ko yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita karatA hai, lekina AcaraNa kA mAnasika pakSa bhI itanA adhika vyApaka hai ki vicArakoM ne usake eka-eka pahalU ko lekara naitika nirNaya ke viSaya kI dRSTi se gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai / isake pariNAmasvarUpa cAra dRSTikoNa sAmane Aye / 1. mila kA kahanA hai ki kArya kI naitikatA pUrNataH 'abhiprAya' arthAt kartA jo kucha karanA cAhatA hai, usapara nirbhara hai / abhiprAya se mila kA tAtparya kArya ke usa rUpa se hai jisa rUpa meM kartA use karanA cAhatA hai / mAna lIjie, koI vyakti kisI khAsa vyakti kI hatyA karane ke lie usa savArI gAr3I ko ulaTanA cAhatA hai jisameM vaha vyakti baiThA hai / usakA prayAsa saphala hotA hai, aura usa eka vyakti ke sAtha-sAtha aura bhI bahuta se yAtrI mAre jAte haiM / isa ghaTanA meM, mila ke anusAra, usa vyakti ko kevala eka vyakti kI hatyA kA doSI na mAnakara, sabhI kI hatyA kA doSI mAnA jAyegA, kyoMki vaha gAr3I ko hI ulaTanA cAhatA hai /

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya 91. 2. kAMTa ke anusAra, naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kA saMkalpa hai| yadi uparyukta ghaTanA ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM to, kAMTa ke anusAra, vaha vyakti kevala usa vyaktivizeSa kI hatyA kA doSI hogA, na ki sabhI kI hatyA kA, kyoMki use kevala usI vyakti kI mRtyu apekSita thI / 3. mArTinyU ke anusAra, naitika nirNaya kA viSaya vaha preraka hokara kartA ne yaha kArya kiyA hai / Upara ke dRSTAnta ke sandarbha meM yadi kartA ne usakI hatyA vizeSa svArtha se prerita hokara kI, to lekina usane lokahita se prerita hokara hatyA kI, to vaha nirdoSa hI hai jisase prerita mArTinyU kaheMge ki vaha doSI hogA; mAnA jAyegA / 4. maikeMjI anusAra, kartA kA caritra hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai / mAna lIjie, koI vyakti naze meM golI calA detA hai aura usase kisI kI hatyA ho jAtI hai, to sambhava hai ki kAMTa aura mArTinyU kI dRSTi meM vaha nirdoSa ho, lekina maikeMjI kI dRSTi meM to vaha apane doSapUrNa caritra ke kAraNa doSI hI mAnA jAyegA / vicArakoM ne ina cAroM dRSTikoNoM kI chAnabIna karane para unheM ekAMgI evaM doSapUrNa pAyA hai / kintu jaina vicAraNA ina cAroM virodhI dRSTikoNoM meM samanvaya karake aura unakI ekAMgitA dUra karake eka samagra dRSTikoNa prastuta karatI hai / jaina vicAraNA meM zubha aura azubha ke nikaTavartI zabda saMbara aura Asrava haiM / hama kaha sakate haiM ki jisase karma bandhana ho vaha azubha arthAt Asrava hai aura jisase bandhana nahIM hotA vaha zubha arthAt saMvara hai / jaina darzana meM Asrava ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM (1) mithyA dRSTi, (2) kaSAya, (3) avirati, (4) pramAda, aura ( 5 ) yoga saMvara ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM (1) samyagdRSTi, (2) virati, (3) akaSAya, (4) apramAda, aura (5) ayoga | pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke ( 1 ) saMkalpa, (2) abhipreraka, (3) caritra aura (4) abhiprAya apane lAkSaNika arthoM meM nimna prakAra se samAnArthaka mAne jA sakate haiM / 1. saMkalpa 1. dRSTi mithyAdRSTi samyagdRSTi 2. preraka 3. caritra 4. abhiprAya pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke ( 1 ) saMkalpa, ( 2 ) preraka, (3) caritra, aura (4) abhiprAya kramazaH jaina darzana ke Asrava evaM saMvara ke pA~ca mUla hetuoM ke paryAyavAcI haiM aura zubhAzubha kA nirNaya ina pA~coM para hI hotA hai / ataH yaha mAnanA par3egA ki jaina darzana meM pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke ye cAroM dRSTikoNa avirodhapUrvaka samanvita haiM / uparyukta cAra matavAdoM ( dRSTikoNoM ) kI yadi bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ke sAtha tulanA kareM to kaha sakate haiM ki gItA kA dRSTikoNa kAMTa ke saMkalpavAda ke tathA bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke abhiprerakavAda ke adhika nikaTa hai, 2. kaSAya ( vAsanA ) 3. avirati virati duzcaritra } 4. pramAda apramAda 5. yoga ( zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAe~ ) saccaritra

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92 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kyoMki gItA naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI vyavasAyAtmikA buddhi ko mAnatI hai jo kAMTa ke saMkalpa ke nikaTa hI nahIM, varan samAnArthaka bhI hai| isI prakAra bauddha vicAraNA meM zubhAzubha ke nirNaya kA AdhAra prANI kI 'vAsanA' ( tRSNA ) ko mAnA gayA hai| tRSNA hI samasta pravRttiyoM kI preraka hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke adhika nikaTa hai| jahA~ taka jaina dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai use kisI sImA taka maikeMjI ke caritravAda ke nikaTa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki 'caritra' zabda meM jo artha vistAra hai vaha samanvayavAdI jaina dRSTikoNa ke anukUla hai| phira bhI, ina AcAradarzanoM ko kisI eka matavAda ke sAtha bA~dha denA saMgata nahIM hogA kyoMki unameM sabhI vicAraNAoM ke tathya khoje jA sakate haiN| gItA meM kAma aura krodha ke abhipreraka aura bauddha vicAraNA meM avidyA naitika nirNaya ke mahattvapUrNa viSaya haiM / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki bhAratIya vicAra-dRSTi samasyA ke kisI eka pahalU ko anya se alaga kara usapara vicAra nahIM karatI, varan sampUrNa samasyA kA vibhinna pahaluoM sahita vicAra karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba bauddha vicAraNA ne bandhana ke kAraNa para vicAra kiyA to avidyA, tRSNA Adi meM se kisI eka ko kAraNanahIM mAnA, varan pratItyasamutpAda ke rUpa meM unakI eka zrRMkhalA khar3I kara dii| jaina darzana ne jaba Asrava ke kAraNoM para vicAra kiyA to na kevala mithyAtva yA kaSAya meM se kisI eka para bala diyA, apitu mithyAtva, kaSAya, avirati, pramAda aura yoga ke paMcaka ko svIkAra kiyaa| yaha sambhava hai ki kisI dRSTi vizeSa se samaya kisI eka pakSa ko pramukhatA dI ho, lekina dUsare tathyoM ko jhuThalAyA nahIM gayA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraNA meM naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ke prazna ko lekara jo cAra dRSTikoNa haiM, ve jaina vicAraNA meM kisa rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM aura vaha unameM kaise samanvaya karatI hai, isakA saMkSipta vivecana bhI yahA~ apekSita hai| 67. abhiprAya aura jaina dRSTi __ jaina vicAraNA meM 'adhyavasAya' aura 'pariNAma' do vizeSa pracalita zabda haiM jo naitika nirNaya ke viSaya mAne jAte haiN| niyamasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya prANiyoM kI vacanAdi kriyAe~ pariNAmapUrvaka (saprayojana) hotI haiM, isalie bandhana kA kAraNa hotI haiM, jabaki kevalajJAnI kI vacanAdi kriyAe~ pariNAma (prayojana) pUrvaka nahIM hotIM, ataH ve bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotI haiN| jaina vicAraNA meM pariNAma' zabda jisa vizeSa artha meM prayukta hotA hai vaisA prayoga sAmAnyatayA anyatra nahIM dekhA jaataa| pariNAma zabda kA artha mAtra kArya kA phala nahIM, varan kArya kI mAnasika saMcetanA hai| sarala zabdoM meM, pariNAma kA tAtparya hai kArya kA kartA dvArA vAMchita phala / isa prakAra 'pariNAma' zabda mila ke abhiprAya yA prayojana kA hI paryAyavAcI hai| 1. niyamasAra, 172. 2. jainadarzana meM jisa prakAra yoga mAnasika aura zArIrika kRtyatA hai, usI prakAra mila ke anusAra abhiprAya bhI kRtyatA hai, ataH donoM hI samAna kahe jA sakate haiN|

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naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya mila kI galatI yaha nahIM thI ki usane prayojana ko naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAnA, usakI vAstavika galatI yaha thI ki usane 'prayojana' aura 'preraka' ke madhya eka khAI khodanA cAhA, lekina prayojanoM ke nizcaya meM preraka kA mahattvapUrNa bhAga hotA hai, jise bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA / mila prayojana ko preraka se alaga kara apane siddhAnta meM ekaigitA lA detA hai / lekina jaina vicArakoM ne pariNAma ko adhyavasAya kA samAnArthaka mAnakara use artha-vistAra diyA hai isase ve apane ko ekAMgitA ke doSa se bacA pAye / 8. abhipreraka aura jaina dRSTi bhAratIya cintana meM abhipreraka kevala sukha-duHkha kA niSkriya bhAva nahIM, varan rAga aura dveSa kA sakriya tattva hai, jo apane vibhinna rUpoM meM naitika nirNaya kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai| gItA meM rajoguNajanita lobha, kAma aura krodha ko abhipreraka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / " bauddha darzana meM karmoM kI utpatti ke tIna hetu (abhipreraka) mAne gaye haiM (1) lobha, (2) dveSa, aura (3) moha | chanda (icchA) ko bhI abhipreraka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 3 jaina darzana meM rAga-dveSa ko karma kA abhipreraka mAnA gayA hai / apekSAbheda se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAra kaSAyoM ko bhI abhipreraka kahA gayA hai / vAstava meM ina sabake mUla meM Asakti, tRSNA yA rAga hI hai aura bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ke anusAra yahI naitika nirNaya ke pramukha tattva haiM / gItA ke anusAra 'Asakti', bauddha darzana ke anusAra 'tRSNA' aura jaina darzana ke 'anusAra 'rAga' hI eka aisA tattva hai jisake AdhAra para zubha aura azubha kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai / 19. saMkalpa aura jaina dRSTi jaina vicAraNA meM pariNAma aura icchA meM koI antara sthApita kiyA ho, aisA hamArI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai; balki AcArya kundakunda ne to samayasAra meM unheM paryAya hI mAna liyA hai / lekina unhoMne niyamasAra meM bandhanakArI aura abandhanakArI karma ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue pariNAma aura IhA ke AdhAra para alaga-alaga vicAra kiyA hai / isase yaha phalita ho sakatA hai ki AcArya kI dRSTi meM pariNAma aura IhA meM kucha antara avazya hI rahA hogA / ' IhA ' zabda kA artha icchA hotA hai aura jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM yaha icchA bhI naitika nirNaya kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai / niyamasAra se spaSTa hai ki icchApUrvaka kiyA vacana Adi karma hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, lekina icchArahita kiyA huA vacana Adi karma bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai / 4 1. gItA, 14/12; 3 37. 2. aMguttaranikAya, 3 107. 3. vahI, 3 109. 4. uttarAdhyayana 32 7. 5. niyamasAra, 171. 93

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94 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jemsa saitha kahate haiM ki 'saMkalpa kA kArya sRSTi karanA nahIM, varan nirdezana aura niyantraNa karanA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pAzcAtya vicAraNA kA saMkalpa jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ke dRSTi ( darzana ) zabda ke nikaTa A jAtA hai, kyoMki jaina evaM bauddha vicAraNAoM meM dRSTi hI caritra kA niyAmaka evaM nirdezaka tattva hai| jaina tathA bauddha vicAraNAoM meM dRSTi ko utanA hI mahattva prApta hai, jitanA kAMTa kI vicAraNA meM saMkalpa ko| kAMTa ke saMkalpa ke samAna dRSTi bhI zubhAzubhatA kA antima mApaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, donoM hI apane Apa meM AkArika haiN| mithyAdRSTi aura samyagdRSTi apane Apa meM antarvastu nahIM, varan ve AkAra haiM jinake AdhAra para antarvastu kA mUlya banatA hai| jisa prakAra kAMTa ke nItizAstra meM saMkalpa naitikatA kA kendrIya tattva hai, usI prakAra jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA meM samyagdaSTi yA mithyAdaSTi naitikatA kA kendrIya tattva hai| $ 10. cAritra aura naitika nirNaya jaina vicAraNA maikeMjI ke sAtha sahamata hokara yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki vyakti kA cAritra bhI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai| mAna lIjie, kisI vyakti ke pAsa eka bharI huI bandUka hai / kisI prakAra kI asAvadhAnI se vaha cala jAtI hai aura kisI vyakti kI hatyA ho jAtI hai| isa prasaMga para sambhavataH kAMTa kaheMge ki usakA saMkalpa hatyA karane kA nahIM thA, ataH vaha doSI nahIM hai| mila bhI kaheMge ki usakA hatyA karane kA koI prayojana nahIM thA, ata: vaha doSI nahIM hai| mArTinyU kA preraka bhI vahA~ aprabhAvazAlI hai, ata: usake anusAra bhI vaha doSI nahIM hogaa| lekina jaina vicAraNA aura maikeMjI use doSI maaneNge| jaina vicAraNA kahegI ki vaha vyakti do AdhAroM para doSI hai (1) asAvadhAnI ( pramAda ) tathA (2) avirati / pahale to use hiMsaka zastra kA saMgraha hI nahIM karanA thA aura yadi kiyA bhI thA to sAvadhAna rahanA cAhie thaa| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra, cAritra ke bhAvAtmaka aura niSedhAtmaka aise do pakSa haiM / bhAvAtmaka dRSTi meM vaha jAgrati yA apramattatA hai aura niSedhAtmaka dRSTi meM vaha virati ( saMyama ) hai| naitika jIvana eka anuzAsita jIvana hai / saMyama aura apramAda ( anAlasya ) anuzAsita jIvana kA AdhAra hai| ataH sAdhaka jaba bhI inase dUra hotA hai, bandhana kI dizA meM bar3ha jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA to yahA~ taka kahatI hai ki yadi sAdhaka asAvadhAna hai, pramatta hai, to phira bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA na karate hue bhI vaha hiMsA kA doSI hai / * yadi hiMsA yA corI nahIM karane ke dRr3ha saMkalpa ke dvArA vaha una kAryoM se virata nahIM hotA hai to bhI vaha hiMsA yA corI kA bhAgI hai| ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vicAraNA meM naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ko lekara jo vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiM, una sabhI kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina vicAraka na kevala unheM svIkAra karate haiM, varan apanI anekAntavAdI dRSTi ke AdhAra para unameM samanvaya bhI karate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM karma ke ina vibhinna pakSoM para samaveta rUpa se vicAra karake hI naitika nirNaya denA sambhava hai| 1. e sTaDI Apha ethikala prinsapulsa (setha), pR0 44. 2. oghaniyukti, 754.

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5 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 1. sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha 2. jaina darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa 3. naitika sandehavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana (a) naitika sandehavAda kI arthavaijJAnika yukti aura tArkika bhAvavAda 102 / ( A ) naitika sandehavAda kI manovaijJAnika yukti 103 / (i) naitika sandehavAda kI samAjazAstrIya yukti 104 / 4. jaina darzana ko naitika sandehavAda asvIkAra 5. naitika pratimAna ke siddhAnta 6. vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta 1. bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta ( sAmAjika vidhAnavAda, vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda, IzvarIya vidhAnavAda ) 108 / 2. Antarika vidhAnavAda ( buddhivAda aura jaina darzana, naitika indriyavAda aura jaina darzana, sahAnubhUtivAda aura jaina darzana, naitika antarAtmavAda aura jaina darzana, manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda ) 110/ 7. prayojanAtmaka athavA sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta 1. sukhavAda ( manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana, anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda, jaina AcAradarzana aura naitika sukhavAda, arastU kA mAtrA kA mAnaka aura jaina darzana ) 119 / 2. vikAsavAda aura jaina darzana 129 / 3. buddhiparatAvAda aura jaina darzana ( sArvabhauma vidhAna, prakRtividhAna, svayaM sAdhya, svatantratA, sAdhyoM kA rAjya ) 132 / 4. pUrNatAvAda aura jaina darzana 135 / 5. mUlya kA pratimAna aura jaina darzana 138 / - 95 * -. 97 98 102 105 107 108 119

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8. mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina AcAradarzana 1. AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aura jaina darzana 141 / 2. vivekavAda aura jaina darzana 142 / 3. AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta aura jaina darzana 143 / 9. sattAvAdI nItizAstra aura jaina darzana AcAradarzana ko pramukhatA 145 / vaiyaktika nItizAstra 146 / antarmukhI cintana 146 / zAzvata Ananda padArthoM ke bhoga meM nahIM 148 | 10. mArksavAda aura jaina AcAra darzana bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AdhAroM meM antara 150 / Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa meM antara 150 / bhogamaya evaM tyAgamayaM jIvana-dRSTi meM antara 151 / mAnavamAtra kI samAnatA meM AsthA 152 / saMgraha kI pravRtti kA virodha 152 / samatva kA saMsthApana 152 / sAmya naitikatA kA pramApaka 152 / 11. DablyU 0 ema0 arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura jaina darzana naitika mUlya 153 / 12. bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya 1. jainadRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 155 / 2. bauddha darzana meM puruSArthacatuSTaya 157 / 3. gItA meM puruSArtha catuSTaya 158 / 13. cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM krama nirdhAraNa 14. mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM ? 15. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlyasiddhAntoM kI tulanA 16. naitika pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda 17. jaina darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa 96 - 138 145 149 153 155 160 163 163 166 171

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 61. sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha jaba hama sadAcAra yA naitikatA ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa yA naitika pratimAna ko jAnanA cAhate haiM, to sabase pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki sadAcAra kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kise hama sadAcAra kahate haiM / zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra zabda sat + AcAra ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai, arthAt jo AcaraNa sat ( Right ) yA ucita hai vaha sadAcAra hai| lekina yaha prazna banA rahatA hai ki sat yA ucita AcaraNa kyA hai ? yadyapi hama AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpoM ko sadAcAra aura kucha prArUpoM ko durAcAra kahate haiM kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna sA tattva hai jo kisI AcaraNa ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra banA detA hai| hama aksara yaha kahate haiM ki jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, hiMsA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA durAcAra hai aura karuNA, dayA, sahAnubhUti, ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi sadAcAra haiN| kintu vaha AdhAra kauna sA hai, jo ina AcaraNoM ko durAcAra yA sadAcAra banA detA hai| corI yA hiMsA kyoM durAcAra hai aura ImAnadArI yA satyavAditA kyoM sadAcAra hai ? yadi hama sat yA ucita ke aMgrejI paryAya rAITa (Right) para vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki Right zabda laTina Rectus zabda se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai niyamAnusAra arthAt jo AcaraNa niyamAnusAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo niyamaviruddha hai, vaha durAcAra hai / yahA~ niyama se tAtparya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika niyamoM yA paramparAoM se hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI sadAcAra zabda kI aisI hI vyAkhyA manusmRti meM upalabdha hotI hai, manu kA kathana hai tasmin deze ya AcAraH pAramparyakramAgataH / varNAnAM sAntarAlAnAM sa sadAcAra ucyate // 2-18 // arthAt jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM jo AcaraNa paramparA se calA AtA hai vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai / isakA artha yaha huA ki jo paramparAgata AcAra ke niyama haiM, unakA pAlana karanA hI sadAcAra hai / dUsare zabdoM meM jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM AcaraNa kI jo paramparAe~ svIkRta rahI haiM, unhIM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA sadAcAra kahA jaayegaa| kintu yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai / vastutaH ko IAcaraNa kisI deza yA kAla meM Acarita evaM anumodita hone se sadAcAra nahIM bana jaataa|

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98 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana __ koI AcaraNa kevala isalie sat yA ucita nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kisI samAja meM svIkRta hotA rahA hai, apitu vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki isalie svIkRta hotA rahA hai kyoMki vaha sat hai / kisI AcaraNa kA sat yA asat honA athavA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA svayaM usake svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai, na ki usake Acarita athavA anAcarita hone para / mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ne kahA thA--- jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravatti / jAnAmi adharma na ca me nivRtti / / arthAt maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~ kintu usa ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, usakA AcaraNa nahI krtaa| maiM adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~ parantu usase virata nahIM hotA, nivRtta nahIM hotaa| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI AcaraNa kA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vaha kisI varga yA samAja dvArA svIkRta yA asvIkRta hotA rahA hai / sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI mUlyavattA unake pariNAmoM para yA usa sAdhya para nirbhara hotI hai, jisake lie unakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA, svayaM AcaraNa para nahIM apitu usake abhipraraka yA sAdhya yA pariNAma para nirbhara hotI hai / yadyapi kisI AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA kA nirdhAraNa usake samAja para par3anevAle prabhAva ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai, phira bhI usakI mUlyavattA kA antima AdhAra to koI Adarza yA sAdhya hI hotA hai| ataH hama jaba sadAcAra ke mApadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM to hameM usa parama mUlya yA sAdhya para hI vicAra karanA hogA jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vastutaH mAnava jIvana kA parama sAdhya hI vaha tattva hai jo sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa yA kasauTI banatA hai| 2. jaina darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa ___aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki parama mUlya yA carama sAdhya kyA hai ? jaina darzana apane carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra, vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, jo AcaraNa mukti kA kAraNa hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai / kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai / jaina dharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAvadazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastutaH hamArA jo nijasvarUpa hai use prApta kara lenA athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai / usakI pAramparika zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM mahattvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai / unake anusAra, dharma vaha hai 'jo vastu kA nijasvabhAva hai ( vatthusahAvo dhammo )' / vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA hai jo usakI 1. kArtikeyAnuprekSA. 78.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva hai aura jo hamArA nijasvabhAva hai usI ko pA lenA hI mukti hai / ataH usa svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAnevAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa hai / punaH prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai ? bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne .bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thaa| ve pUchate haiM, "bhagavan, AtmA kA nijasvarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai ?" mahAvIra ne unake praznoM kA jo uttara diyA thA vahI Aja bhI samasta jaina AcAradarzana meM kisI karma ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA, "AtmA samatvasvarUpa hai aura usa samatva-svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai / "1 dUsare zabdoM meM samatA yA samabhAva svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai| aura jo vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM athavA viSamatA se samatA kI dizA meM le jAtA hai vahI dharma hai, naitikatA hai , sadAcAra hai| arthAt viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai / saMkSepa meM jaina dharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa sapatA evaM viSamatA athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva ke tattva haiN| svabhAva se phalita honevAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva se phalita honevAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai / samatA sadAcAra hai aura viSamatA durAcAra hai| yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi samatA kA artha parabhAva se haTakara zuddha svabhAva dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai, kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se samatA yA samabhAva kA artha rAgadveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnasika samatva kA artha hai-samasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita mana kI zAnta evaM vikSobha ( tanAva ) rahita avsthaa| yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika jIvana meM phalita hotA hai to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArika dRSTi se ise hama anAgraha yA anekAnta dRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isI samatva ke Arthika pakSa para vicAra karate haiM to ise aparigraha ke nAma se jAnate haiN| sAmyavAda evaM nyAsI siddhAnta isI aparigrahavRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| ataH 'samatva' ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / 2 'samatva' ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya ke sAthasAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai jisake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 1 / 9. 2. AcArAMga, 1 / 8 / 3

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100 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jahA~ taka vyakti ke caita sika yA Antarika samatva kA prazna hai, hama use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRtti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai, yaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa para bhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya usake AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM kintu . sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya evaM sAmudAyika pakSa ke sAtha adhika jur3A huA hai| jaba bhI hama sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai, isa bAta para adhika hotI hai / sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana meM usa AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM para bhI vicAra karatA hai / yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kasauTI khojanI hogI jo AcAra ke bAhya pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa sake / sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai aura parapIr3A hI pApa hai| tulasIdAsa ne ise nimnalikhita zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai - 'parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhAI, parapIr3A sama nahiM adhamAI / ' arthAt vyakti kA vaha AcaraNa jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai, sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakArI hai, ahitakara hai, vahI pApa hai, durAcAra hai / jaina dharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMgasUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai, "bhUtakAla meM jitane arhat ho gaye haiM, vartamAnakAla meM jitane arhat haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhat hoMge ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI sattvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA cAhie / yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|"1 kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA ke niSedha ko, yA dUsaroM ke hitasAdhana ko hI sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ sambhava haiM ki jaba mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hitasAdhana hotA ho athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho, kintu kyA aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara sakeMge / kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ko ekatrita kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karanemAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A sakegI, athavA yauna vAsanA kI santuSTi ke ve rUpa jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI hiMsA nahIM hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AyeMge ? sUtrakRtAMga meM 1. AcArAMga, 1 / 4 / 1 / 127.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 101 sadAcAritA kA aisA hI dAvA anya tIrthiyoM dvArA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thA | kyA hama usa vyakti ko jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge ? eka cora aura eka santa, donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM, phira bhI donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jAte / vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai / usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa arthAt vyakti kI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma arthAt sAmAjika jIvana para usakA prabhAva donoM hI vicAraNIya haiM / AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA vicAra para aura vicAra kI zubhAzubhatA svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai / sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA honA cAhie jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara sake / sAdhAraNatayA jaina dharma sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA - mAtra yahI ahiMsA hai / yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai to phira yaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, jabaki jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai / AcArya amRtacandajI ne kahA hai ki anRtavacana, steya, maithuna, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma diye gaye ve to kevala ziSyabodha ke lie haiM; mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI haiM / vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai / vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhI / usakA sambandha vyakti se bhI haiM aura samAja se bhI / ise jaina paramparA meM 'sva' kI hiMsA aura 'para' kI hiMsA, aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai / jaba hiMsA hamAre svasvarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kA ghAta karatI hai to vaha sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba vaha dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahuMcAtI hai to vaha para kI hiMsA hai / sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika pApa / kintu usake ye donoM hI rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiM / apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai / naitika nirNaya kI dRSTi se karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA vicAra karane ke lie naitika pratimAna ke viSaya meM pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / ataH tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha vicAraNIya hai ki pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM svIkRta naitika pratimAnoM kA sAmAnyarUpa se bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSarUpa se jaina darzana se kyA sambandha ho sakatA hai / pAzcAtya paramparA meM prArambha se hI naitika pratimAna ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa rahe haiM / prathama to yaha ki kucha vicArakoM ne kisI bhI naitika pratimAna ko svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA hai / ina vicArakoM kI paramparA 'naitika sandehavAda' ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai / dUsare yaha ki kucha vicArakoM ne naitika pratimAna ko to +

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102 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana svIkAra kiyA,le kina vaha naitika pratimAna kyA hai, isa viSaya meM unameM kAphI matabheda hai| pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dvArA vibhinna naitika pratimAnoM kI sthApanA kI gayI aura phalasvarUpa AcAra darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA nirmANa huaa| una sabakA vistRta evaM gahana cintana to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI una vibhinna dhAraNAoM ke sAtha jaina evaM anya darzana kA kyA sambandha ho sakatA hai, isapara saMkSipta vicAra karanA ucita hogaa| sarvaprathama 'natika sandehavAda' ko hI leN| 3. naitika sandehavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana . naitika sandehavAda kI vicAradhArA bhArata aura pAzcAtya dezoM meM prAcIna samaya se calI A rahI hai| bhArata ke cArvAka dArzanika aura grIsa ke sophisTa vicAraka isa vicAra-paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| bhAratIya paramparA meM naitika sandehavAda sambandhI vicAra pracalita the, aise sandarbha jaina, bauddha aura vaidika granthoM meM upalabdha haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne sUtrakRtAMga evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM isa vicAradhArA kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra dharma ( ucita ) aura adharma ( anucita ) kI zaMkA meM nahIM par3anA cAhie, kyoMki yaha sukhoM kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai, gadhe kI sIMga ke samAna dharma aura adharma kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI yakSa ke praznoM ke uttara meM yudhiSThira ne yahI kahA thA ki tarka ke dvArA dharmAdharma kA nirNaya karanA sambhava nahIM hai zruti bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata nahIM hai| RSiyoM ke kathana bhI paraspara virodhI haiM, ataH unake vacanoM ko bhI pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna ajJAnavAdI vicAraka saMjaya velaTTiputta isI naitika sandehavAda kA pratinidhitva karate the / naitika sandehavAda mUlarUpa meM yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki kisI bhI aise naitika pratimAna ko khoja pAnA asambhava hai jise dharmAdharma yA ucita-anucita ke nirNaya kA prAmANika AdhAra banAyA jA sake / pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM naitika sandehavAda kI dhAraNA tArkika AdhAroM para puSTa huI hai| naitika sandehavAdI pAzcAtya vicAraka isa sambandha meM to ekamata haiM ki ve naitika mAnaka ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina naitika mAnaka ko asvIkAra karane ke unake tarka alaga-alaga haiM / unake tIna varga haiM / (a) naitika sandehavAda kI arthavaijJAnika yukti aura tAkika bhAvavAda tArkika bhAvavAda ko mAnanevAle vicArakoM meM kAranepa, rasala evaM eara pramukha haiM / ye naitika Adeza evaM naitika pratyayoM ke bhASAviSayaka vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki naitika pratyaya mAtra sAMvegika abhivyaktiyA~ haiM aura inakI satyatA 1. (a) sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 1 / 1 / 11-12. (ba) triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 1 / 334. - 2. mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 312 / 115.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 103 aura asatyatA ke sandarbha meM vicAra karanA nirarthaka hai / ' inake anusAra zubha aura azubha, dharma aura adharma, acchA yA burA sabhI hamAre Antarika manobhAvoM kI abhivyaktiyA~ haiM kisI bhI karma yA vastu ko acchA yA zubha kahane kA artha yahI hai ki usake kAraNa hRdaya meM jo bhAva utpanna hotA hai vaha sukhada lagatA hai / naitika pratyaya Antarika bhAvoM ke udgAra mAtra haiM / acchAI kA artha hai, sukhada anubhUti / zubha aura azubha mUlyAtmaka nirNaya nahIM haiM, varNanAtmaka nirNaya haiN| sukhada bhAva ke atirikta na koI acchA hai aura duHkhada bhAva ke atirikta na koI azubha yA burA hai / eara ke anusAra jinheM naitikatA ke maulika pratyaya aura paribhASAe~ kahA jAtA hai, ve sabhI pratyAbhAsa ( Pseudo concept ) mAtra haiM kyoMki jisa vAkya meM ve rahate haiM use apanI ora se koI artha pradAna nahIM krte| pratyAbhAsa ke rUpa meM ve mAtra hamArI prasannatA yA kSobha ko prakaTa karate haiN| kisI karma ko ucita kahakara hama usake prati apanI prasannatA prakaTa karate haiM aura kisI kArya ko anucita kahakara hama usake prati apanA kSobha prakaTa karate haiN| naitika pratyayoM kA artha hamAre manobhAvoM se jur3A huA hai / 2 prophesara kAranepa ke anusAra, "eka mUlyAtmaka kathana vastutaH vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se chadmarUpa meM prastuta eka AjJA se adhika nahIM hai| isakA mAnavIya AcaraNa para kucha prabhAva to ho sakatA hai, lekina yaha prabhAva hamArI icchA yA anicchA se hI sambandhita hai| yaha na to satya ho sakatA hai aura na asatya / " 3 'corI karanA anucita hai' isa kathana kA artha hai corI mata karo yA mujhe corI pasanda nahIM, isa prakAra isakA koI satya mUlya nahIM hai| isa prakAra tArkika bhAvavAdI vicAraka 'aucitya', 'anaucitya', 'zubha', 'azubha' evaM 'cAhie' ke naitika pratyayoM ko bhAvanAtmaka abhivyakti athavA kSobha yA pasandagI kI prati kriyA mAtra mAnate haiM aura batAte haiM ki ye pratikriyAe~ bhI lokavyavahAra ke anusAra utpanna hotI haiM / isa prakAra na to koI maulika naitika pratyaya hai aura na naitika mAne jAnevAle pratyayoM kA koI mUlyAtmaka artha hI hai| sabhI naitika pratyaya sAmAjika paramparAoM kI sIkhI huI saMvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM ke DhaMga haiN| (A) naitika sandehavAda kI manovaijJAnika yukti manovaijJAnika AdhAra para naitika pratimAna ke prati sandehAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhanevAloM meM pramukha haiM vyavahAravAda ke praNetA vATsana aura manovizleSaNa sampradAya ke pravartaka phrAyaDa / vATsana kI dRSTi meM mAnavIya vyavahAra yAntrika evaM andha hai| ve apane adhyayana ko vyavahAra ke bAhya prakaTa svarUpa taka hI sImita rakhate haiM, yadi unake lie naitikatA kA koI sthAna ho sakatA hai, to vaha isI bAhya yAntrika evaM andha 1. kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 11. 2. dekhie- laiMgveja, lAjika aiNDa TUtha, pR0 108-9. 3. uddhRta-laiMgveja Apha mAralsa, pR0 12.

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104 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vyavahAra meM hI ho sakatA hai / lekina prayojana, lakSya athavA cetana uddezyoM se rahita vyavahAra meM naitikatA ko svIkAra karanA hAsyAspada hogA, kyoMki phira to havA kA bahanA aura pAnI kA giranA bhI naitikatA kI sImA meM A jAyegA / yadi vATsana kI dRSTi meM mAnavIya vyavahAra yAntrika evaM andha hai to phira usameM naitikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM ho sakatA / usameM naitikatA mAtra bhrama hogI / " phrAyaDa kI dRSTi meM mAnavIya vyavahAra jaivika vAsanAoM se niyantrita hotA hai / mAnavIya prakRti aisI hI hai to usake lie kisI naitika siddhAnta kI sthApanA hI sambhava nahIM hai / phrAyaDa ke anusAra manuSya mUlapravRtyAtmaka vAsanAoM kA samUha haiaura vAsanAoMke viruddha kisI naitika siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA tarka nirarthaka hai / phrAyaDa kI mAnyatA meM naitika AdarzoM kI upalabdhi asambhava hai / ve Adarza thothe haiM aura mAnavIya ayauktika vAsanAoM ke cirakAlIna damana ke prapaMcita prakSepaNa haiM, jo upalabdhi ke yogya hI nahIM haiN| isa prakAra phrAyaDa ke manovijJAna meM naitikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM rahatA / (i) naitika sandehavAda kI samAjazAstrIya yukti kucha samAjazAstrIya vicAraka bhI naitikatA ke nirapekSa, sthAyI evaM sArvabhaumika pratimAna ke astitva ke prati sandeha prakaTa karate haiM / viliyama grAhama samanera kahate haiM ki naitika mAnyatAe~ athavA ucita aura anucita kI dhAraNA samAja sApekSa hai / jo bhI tatkAlIna sAmAjika rItirivAjoM ke anukUla hotA hai vaha ucita, aura jo pratikUla hai vaha anucita hai / unake anusAra yaha rItirivAja nirNaya nahIM varan vikAsa hai ( jo vikAsa para AdhArita hai vaha nirapekSa nahIM ) / ataH naitikatA ke sandarbha meM nirapekSatA kA vicAra vyartha hai / vaha to rItirivAjoM se pratyutpanna hai aura kabhI bhI maulika aura racanAtmaka nahIM ho sakatI / tAtparya yaha hai ki nirapekSa artha meM naitika pratyayoM kA astitva bhrama haiM / eka svIkArAtmaka naitika siddhAnta ( sAmUhika ) icchA kI abhivyakti se adhika nahIM hai / 3 dUsare samAjazAstrIya vicAraka kArla manahIyama kahate haiM ki aisA koI ( naitika ) Adarza nahIM ho sakatA jo mAtra AkArika evaM nirapekSa ho / rItirivAja naitikatA kI bhAvanAtmaka prakRti meM samAviSTa hai aura phira aisI dazA meM naitika nirNayoM ke lie sthira mUlyoM ko khoja pAnA asambhava hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pUrva aura pazcima ke ye saba vicAraka kama se kama isa eka bAta para sahamata haiM ki naitikatA kI dhAraNA kA koI astitva nahIM hai aura usake sandarbha meM vicAra karanA nirarthaka hai / 1. kaNTemparara ethikala thyorIja, pR0 33. 2. vahI, pR0 37-38, 40. 3. vahI, pR0 59. 4. vahI, pR0 53.

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105 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 64. jaina darzana ko naitika sandehavAda asvIkAra jaina dArzanikoM ko kisI bhI prakAra kA naitika sandehavAda svIkAra nahIM hai / mahAvIra naitika pratimAna kI satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue kahate haiM ki 'kalyANa ( zubha ) tathA pApa ( azubha ) haiM, aisA hI nizcaya kare, isase anyathA nhiiN|'1 mahAvIra kA yaha vacana spaSTa kara detA hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM naitika sandehavAda kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| unhoMne aisI mAnyatA ko, jo zubha aura azubha kI vAstavika sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhatI, sadAcAraghAtaka mAnyatA kahA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicAraka saMjaya velaTThiputta bhI isI prakAra ke naitika sandehavAda meM vizvAsa karate the| mahAvIra ne unakI mAnyatA ko anucita hI mAnA thaa| saMjaya velaThThiputta kA darzana hyUma ke anubhavavAda, kAMTa ke ajJeyavAda evaM tArkika bhAvavAdiyoM ke vizleSaNavAda kA pUrvavartI sthUla rUpa thaa| usakI AlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ye vicAraka tarka-vitarka meM kuzala hote hue bhI sandeha se pare nahIM jA sake / vastutaH naitika sandehavAda mAnavIya Adarza kA nirUpaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai, cAhe usakA AdhAra naitika pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa ho athavA use mAnava kI manovaijJAnika avasthAoM yA sAmAjika AdhAroM para sthApita kiyA gayA ho| yadi hama zubha ko apanI manovaijJAnika bhAvAvasthAoM athavA sAmAjika paramparAoM meM khojane kA prayAsa kareMge to vaha unameM upalabdha nahIM hogA / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra naitika Adarza tarka ke mAdhyama se nahIM khojA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha tarka kA viSaya nahIM hai| usI prakAra mAnava ke yAntrika evaM sAmAjika vyavahAra meM bhI zubha kI khoja karanA vyartha kA prayAsa hI hogaa| ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta bhrAnti yaha hai ki ve bhASA ko pUrNa evaM sakSama rUpa se dekhate haiM, jabaki bhASA svayaM apUrNa hai| vaha pUrNatA ke naitika sAdhya kA vizleSaNa kaise karegI ? isI prakAra manuSya ko mAtra yAntrika evaM andha vAsanAoM se calanevAlA prANI mAna lenA bhI mAnava prakRti kA yathArtha vizleSaNa nahIM hogaa| punazca, naitika pratyayoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA ruci sApekSa mAnane para bhI svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi naitika pratyaya sAMvegika abhivyakti hai, to prazna yaha hai ki naitika AvegoM kA dUsare sAmAnya AvegoM se antara kA AdhAra kyA hai ? vaha kauna-sA tattva hai jo naitika Avega ko dUsare AvegoM se alaga karatA hai ? yaha to sunizcita satya hai ki naitika Avega dUsare AvegoM se bhinna haiN| dAyitvabodha kA Avega, anyAya ke prati Akroza kA Avega aura krodha kA Avega, ye tInoM bhinna-bhinna staroM ke Avega haiN| jo cetanA inakI 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 5 / 27-28. 2. vahI, 1 / 12 / 2.

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106 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhinnatA kA bodha karatI hai, vahI naitika mUlyoM kI draSTA bhI hai| naitika mUlyoM ko svIkAra kiye binA hama bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke AvegoM kA antara nahIM kara sakate / yadi isakA AdhAra pasandagI yA ruci hai, to phira pasandagI yA nApasandagI ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai ? kyoM hama caurya karma ko nApasanda karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM ? naitika bhAvoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI athavA ruci kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraMga ( Whim ) para nirbhara nahIM hai / inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha ( Subjective ) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA jo hamArI pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta, dRSTiyA~ yA mUlyabodha haiM jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko banAte haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ gaThita hotI haiN| mAnavIya ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika evaM prAkRtika ( Natural ) nahIM hai / jo tattva inako banAte haiM, unameM naitika mUlya bhI hai| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA bhI nahIM haiM, apitu vyakti ke mUlyasaMsthAna ke bodha se bhI utpanna hotI haiM / vastutaH mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai; manuSya mUlyoM kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nhiiN| ataH rucisApekSatA ke AdhAra para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya kA AdhAra sAmAjika upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nhiiN| mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya hai ? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA ? sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara nIti kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra kiye binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA para prazna-cihna nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| naitika mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArane meM nhiiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI naitika mUlyoM kA sRjaka nahIM hai| samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA avihita mAna sakatA hai| kintu sAmAjika vihitatA aura avihitatA naitika aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai / eka karma anaitika hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita mAnA jA sakatA hai / kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali yA muslima samAja meM bahu-patnIprathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thA / aneka dezoM meM vezyAvRtti, samalaiMgikatA, madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika hai--kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai ? nagnatA ko, zAsanatantra kI AlocanA ko, avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA anaitika nahIM kahA jA skegaa| mAnavoM ke samudAya vizeSa ke dvArA kisI karma ko vihita yA

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 107 vaidhAnika mAna lene mAtra se vaha naitika nahIM ho jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai, lekina naitika kabhI nhiiN| naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai| vaha sAmAjika vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai| samAja kisI karma ko vihita yA avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nhiiN| naitika pratyayoM ko athavA zubha ko samAja kI Adata se utpanna huA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isake viparIta, jise sAmAjika sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai, vaha acchAI yA zubha se utpanna hotA hai| naitika sandehavAda ke mUla meM yaha bhrAnti hai ki vaha mUlyoM ko vyAvahArika anubhavoM meM hI khojane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jaba ki ve unase Upara bhI hote haiN| naitika pratimAna yA Adarza hamAre vyavahAroM se prabhAvita nahIM hotA, balki usase hamAre vyavahAra prabhAvita hote haiM / vaha hamAre vyavahAroM ke mUla meM nihita hai| Aja naitika mAnadaNDoM kI jisa gatyAtmakatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM naitikatA ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gayI hai / Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avahelanA ko hI mUlya-krAnti mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAe~ Aja use kArA laga rahI haiM aura inheM tor3a-pheMkane meM hI use mUlyakrAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA ke nAma para vaha atantratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai| kintu yaha saba mUlya-vibhrama yA mUlya-viparyaya hI hai jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI mUlya-parivartana kahA jA rahA hai / yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya-krAnti yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai / yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura nIti-sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava ke itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho / vastutaH naitika mAnadaN? kI parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA avazya hai jo banA rahatA hai aura vaha hai svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA / naitika mUlyoM kI viSayavastu badalatI rahatI hai, kintu unakA AkAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM jo apanI mUlyavattA ko kabhI nahIM khote; mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiM / 65. naitika pratimAna ke siddhAnta jina vicArakoM ne naitika sandehavAda ko asvIkAra kara naitika pratimAnoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, unameM bhI naitika pratimAna ke sambandha meM matabheda hai| naitika pratimAna ke siddhAntoM ko do vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai-(1) vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta aura (2) sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta /

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108 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana $ 6. vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta naitika pratimAna ke vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta do prakAra ke haiM-(1) bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta aura (2) Antarika vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta / bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta ke bhI-(a) sAmAjika vidhAnavAda, (A) vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda aura (i) IzvarIya vidhAnavAda, ye tIna prakAra haiM / 1. bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta (a) sAmAjika vidhAnavAda-sAmAjika vidhAnavAda ke anusAra samAja dvArA svIkRta niyamoM kA pAlana karanA zubha aura sAmAjika niyamoM kA pAlana na karanA yA unakA ullaMghana karanA azubha hai| Adhunika pAzcAtya paramparA meM imAila Darakhima aura lyUkina levIbula isa siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka haiN| isa siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA yaha hai ki zubha aura azubha ke pratyayoM, jinheM hama naitika pratipAdana kA AdhAra banAte haiM, sAmAjika svIkRti aura asvIkRti se nirmita hote haiM / moTe taura para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAja jise ucita mAnatA hai vaha ucita hai aura samAja jise anucita mAnatA hai vaha anucita hai| isa prakAra isa siddhAnta ke anusAra sAmAjika svIkRti yA asvIkRti hI naitikatA kA pratimAna hai| jaina dArzanika sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika niyamoM ko asvIkAra nahIM krte| jaina paramparA meM ve sabhI laukika vidhiyA~ (sAmAjika niyama ) svIkArya haiM jinase samyaktva aura vratoM meM koI doSa nahIM lgtaa| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAmAjika niyama yadi vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka na hoM to unakA pAlana karanA ucita hai, lekina yadi ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiM to ve tyAjya hI haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nagaradharma, grAmadharma Adi ke rUpa meM laukika vidhAnoM ko mAnyatA pradAna kI gayI hai,2 phira bhI unheM naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se hI unakA mUlya svIkAra kiyA hai| gItA meM bhI kuladharma, jAti-maryAdA Adi ke rUpa meM sAmAjika vidhAnavAda kA samarthana huA hai| arjuna yuddha se isIlie bacanA cAhatA hai ki usase kuladharma aura jAtidharma ke naSTa hone kI sambhAvanA dikhAI detI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharmaadharma kI vyavasthA ke lie sAmAjika niyamoM evaM paramparAoM ko sthAna avazya diyA gayA hai, phira bhI ve bhAratIya darzana meM naitikatA ke carama pratimAna nahIM haiN| (A) vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda-vidhAnavAdI siddhAntoM kA eka prakAra yaha bhI hai jisameM rAjakIya niyamoM ko hI naitikatA kA pramApaka mAna liyA jAtA hai / Adhunika 1. "sarva evahi jainAnAM pramANaM laukiko vidhiH |"-yshstilkcmpuu , 8134. 2. sthAnAMgasUtra, 10. 3. gItA, 1140-43.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 109 yuga meM vaidhAnika niyamoM kI utpatti samAjanirapekSa nahIM hai, isalie sAmAjika vidhAnavAda aura vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda meM antara karanA ucita na hogaa| hA~, prAcIna yuga meM, jabaki rAjA hI vaidhAnika niyamoM kA niyAmaka hotA thA, vaidhAnika vidhAnavAda naitika pratimAna kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga thaa| bhojaprabandha ke anusAra rAjA ke vacana yA vidhAna se pavitra AtmA bhI apavitra ho jAtA hai aura apavitra AtmA bhI pavitra bana jAtA hai| rAjya ke niyamoM kA paripAlana jaina AcAradarzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| rAjyaniyamoM ke viruddha kAma karane ko jaina dArzanikoM ne anaitika karma kahA hai / zramaNa aura gRhastha donoM ke lie hI rAjakIya maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana anucita thaa|2 phira bhI jaina AcAradarzana ke anusAra rAjakIya niyama naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM ho sakate kyoMki rAjyaniyamoM kA vidhAna jina logoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, ve rAga aura dveSa se mukta nahIM hote, isalie unake Adeza pUrNatayA prAmANika nahIM kahe jA skte| rAjya ke niyama parivartanazIla hote haiM tathA vibhinna dezoM evaM samayoM meM alaga-alaga hote haiM, jabaki naitika pratimAna ko apekSAkRta sthAyI evaM dezakAlagata sImAoM se Upara honA caahie| (i) IzvarIya vidhAnavAda--IzvarIya vidhAnavAda ke anusAra naitikatA kA vAstavika AdhAra IzvarIya icchA evaM niyama hI haiN| IzvarIya niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA naitika hai aura usake viruddha AcaraNa karanA anaitika / pAzcAtya paramparA meM dekArta, lAka, spinojA Adi aneka vicAraka isa pratimAna ke samarthaka haiM / samakAlIna cintakoM meM kArla bartha, imila brUnara evaM rinholDanIbara Adi vicAraka isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| 3 IzvarIya AjJA meM naitikatA ke pratimAna ko khojane kI yaha paramparA bhAratIya cintana meM bhI hai| IzvarapraNIta dharmazAstroM kI AjJA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA bhAratIya AcAradarzana kI pramukha mAnyatA rahI hai| dharmadarzana ke anusAra to IzvarapraNIta zAstroM kI AjJAoM kA pAlana hI naitikatA kA carama pratimAna hai| hindU, bauddha aura jaina darzanoM meM bhI Izvara, buddha athavA tIrthaMkara kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA naitika jIvana kA anivArya aMga hai| gItA kA kathana hai ki jo zAstra ke vidhAna ko chor3akara manamAnI karatA hai use sukha, saphalatA aura uttama gati nahIM miltii| isalie kartavya-akartavya kA nirNaya karane ke lie zAstroM ko hI pramANa mAnanA caahie| zAstrokta vidhAna ko jAnakara usake anusAra hI karma karanA caahie| 1. dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 97. 2. upAsakadazAMga, 1143. 3. kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 98. 4. gItA, 1623-24..

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110 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddha paramparA meM bhI buddha dvArA praNIta niyamoM kA pAlana karanA naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA gayA hai| sampUrNa vinayapiTaka aura suttapiTaka meM naitika jIvana ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana hai aura Aja bhI bauddha upAsaka unheM naitikatA evaM anaitikatA ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| buddha ne svayaM yaha kahA thA ki 'jo dharma ko dekhatA hai vaha mujhe dekhatA hai aura jo mujhe dekhatA hai vaha dharma ko dekhatA hai / ' buddha ne apane parinirvANa ke samaya bhI antima bAra bhikSuoM ko Amantrita karake kahA, "he Ananda, zAyada tumako aisA ho, hamAre zAstA cale gaye--aba hamArA zAstA nahIM hai / Ananda, aisA mata smjhnaa| maiMne jo dharma aura vinaya ke upadeza diye haiM, prajJapta kiye haiM, mere bAda ve hI tumhAre zAstA hoMge / " 2 jaina paramparA meM bhI jinavacanoM kA pAlana karanA naitika jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| sarvajJapraNIta zAstroM kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA pratyeka gRhastha evaM zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki merI AjJAoM kA pAlana dharma hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM bhI vidhAnavAda kA sthAna hai| jaina AcAradarzana vItarAga puruSoM athavA tIthaMkaroM ke AdezoM ko naitika jIvana kA pratimAna svIkAra karatA hai / phira bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki yadi naitikatA ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM bAhya AdezoM ko hI saba kucha mAna liyA gayA to naitikatA Antarika vastu nahIM raha jAyegI / bAhya Adeza 'karanA cAhie' ke sthAna para 'karanA par3egA' kI prakRti kA hotA hai| vaha bahuta kucha puraskAra kI AzA evaM daNDa ke bhaya para nirbhara hotA hai, ataH use pUrNa rUpa se naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / naitika jIvana meM Izvara, buddha yA jina ke vacana mArgadarzaka ho sakate haiM, lekina kartavya kI bhAvanA kA udbhava to hamAre andara se hI honA caahie| yadi amanaska bhAva se naitika AdezoM kA pAlana kiyA bhI jAtA hai to usase koI vyakti naitika nahIM bana jAtA / naitikatA antarAtmA kI vastu hai| use bAhya vidhAnoM ke Azrita nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| 2. Antarika vidhAnavAda Antarika yA antarAtmaka vidhAnavAda ke anusAra zubha aura azubha kA nirNAyaka tattva vyakti kI antarAtmA hai / apanI antarAtmA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA zubha aura usake pratikUla AcaraNa karanA azubha mAnA gayA hai| pAzcAtya paramparA meM antarAtmaka vidhAnavAda ke pratipAdakoM meM henarI mora, ralpha kaDavartha, saimuala klArka, viliyama vulesTana, zephTsabarI, hacisana aura baTalara kI eka lambI paramparA hai| samakAlIna 1. itivRttaka, 15 / 3 ( pR051). 2. dIghanikAya, mahAparinibbANasutta, 2 / 3. 3. AcArAMga, 1 / 6 / 2 / 181. 4. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 110.

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111 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta cintakoM meM eDavarDa vesTaramArka, arthara keniAna rojarsa aura pheMka cepamenazArpa pramukha haiN|' bhAratIya paramparA meM Antarika vidhAnavAda kA samarthana manu ke yuga se hI milatA hai| manu ne 'mana:pUtaM samAcareta' kahakara isI antarAtmaka vidhAnavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai / 2 mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva meM bhI kahA gayA hai, 'sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya, dAna aura tyAga sabhI meM apanI AtmA ko pramANa mAnakara hI vyavahAra karanA caahie|"3 Antarika ( antarAtmaka ) vidhAnavAda kI yaha dhAraNA jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM bhI svIkRta rahI hai / lekina jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa kara detI haiM ki antarAtmA ke Adeza ko usI samaya prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai jaba vaha rAga aura dveSa se Upara uThakara koI nirNaya le / antarAtmA ko naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra karane ke lie yaha zarta Avazyaka hai, anyathA rAga-dveSa se yukta vAsanAmaya AtmA ke AdezoM ko bhI naitika mAnanA par3egA jo ki hAsyAspada hogaa| ataH yaha dRSTikoNa samucita hI hai ki rAga-dveSa se rahita sAkSI svarUpa antarAtmA ko hI naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra kiyA jAya / pAzcAtya paramparA ke antarAtmaka vidhAnavAdI vicArakoM ne isa sambandha meM gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA aura phalasvarUpa unakI AlocanA kI gyii| bhAratIya vicAraka isa sambandha meM sajaga rahe haiN| unake anusAra AtmA kA rAga-dveSa se rahita jo zuddha svarUpa hai vahI naitikatA kA pratimAna ho sakatA hai aura yadi isa rUpa meM hama antarAtmA ko naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra kareMge to usakA IzvarIya vidhAnavAda aura AtmapUrNatAvAda se bhI koI virodha nahIM rhegaa| naitika pratimAna ko Antarika vidhAna ke rUpa meM mAnanevAle vicArakoM meM antarAtmA yA antardRSTi ( Intuition ) ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiM aura unake alaga-alaga sampradAya bhI haiN| pramukha rUpa se una sampradAyoM ko nimna vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai-(a) buddhivAda yA tAkika sahaja jJAnavAda, (A) rasendriyavAda yA naitika indriyavAda, (i) sahAnubhUtivAda, (I) naitika antarAtmavAda, (u) manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda / (a) buddhivAda aura jaina darzana--kaimbrija pleTovAdiyoM ne, jinameM beMjAmina vicakoTa, rAlpha kaDavartha, henarI mora, ricarDa kambaralena, saimuala klArka aura viliyama vulesTana pramukha haiM, antarAtmA ko bauddhika yA tArkika mAnA hai| unakI dRSTi meM antardRSTi ( prajJA ) tarkamaya hai / rAlpha kaDavartha ke anusAra sadguNa aura avaguNa ke apane-apane svarUpa haiN| ve vastumUlaka evaM vastutantra haiM, na ki Atmatantra / vaha unheM jJAnAkAra pratyaya svarUpa mAnatA hai| usake anusAra hama zubha aura azubha kA jJAna ThIka vaise hI prApta kara sakate haiM, jaise tarkazAstra ke pratyayoM kA jJAna / ve indriya1. kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 61-73. 2. manusmRti, 6 / 46. 3. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 113 / 9-10. 4. dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 110-119.

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112 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana gamya nahIM, varan buddhigamya haiM / jaina paramparA rAlpha kaDavartha ke vicAroM se isa artha sahamata hai ki zubha aura azubha athavA puNya yA pApa kA vastuniSTha astitva hai / vaha kaDavartha ke sAtha isa artha meM bhI sahamata hai ki prajJA yA buddhi ke dvArA hama unheM jAna sakate haiM / yadyapi jaina darzana ke anusAra isakA jJAna atIndriya pratyakSa ke dvArA bhI hotA hai| saimuala klArka naitika niyamoM ko gaNita ke niyamoM ke samAna prAtibha evaM prAmANika mAnatA hai / usake anusAra, ve vastuoM ke svabhAva meM nihita haiM athavA ve vastuoM ke guNoM aura pArasparika sambandhoM meM vidyamAna haiM / unako hama apanI buddhi se pahacAnate haiM / yaha ho sakatA hai ki sabhI loga unakA pAlana na kareM, phira bhI ve unheM buddhi ke dvArA jAnate avazya haiN| saimuala klArka ke isa vicAra kI jaina darzana se tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI dharma vastu ke svabhAva meM nihita hai / vastu kA svabhAva hI dharma hai' aura buddhi athavA Antarika pratyakSa ke dvArA usa svabhAva ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| saimuala klArka ne sadAcAra ke cAra siddhAnta mAne haiM -- ( 1 ) Izvara bhakti kA siddhAnta, (2) samAnatA kA siddhAnta, (3) paropakAra kA siddhAnta aura ( 4 ) AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta / huA hai / 3 saimuala kA tIsarA saimuala ke anusAra, Izvara bhakti kA siddhAnta nityatA, anantatA, sarvazaktimattA, nyAya, dayA Adi IzvarIya guNoM ke prati niSThA hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra isakI tulanA samyagdarzana se kI jA sakatI hai| saimuala kA samAnatA kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki hara manuSya ke prati hama vahI vyavahAra kareM jisakI hama apane prati yuktiyukta azA karate haiM / jaina Agama sUtrakRtAMga meM naitikatA ke isa siddhAnta kI vistRta carcA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jisa vyavahAra kI hama apane prati apekSA karate haiM vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati karanA cAhie / 2 bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM bhI isI siddhAnta kA samarthana siddhAnta paropakAra kA siddhAnta hai / hameM sabhI manuSyoM ke sAtha bhalAI karanA cAhie | saimuala isake lie yaha pramANa detA hai ki sArvajanika paropakAra yA karuNA prakRti kA niyama hai, yaha sabhI mAnavoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI saMvAditA hai / jaina darzana meM bhI paropakAra ke siddhAnta ko prANI kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI sthApita kiyA gayA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki paraspara eka dUsare kA upakAra karanA jIva kA svabhAva hai / 4 saimuala kA cauthA siddhAnta AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta hai jisake anusAra pratyeka manuSya kA apane prati bhI kucha kartavya hai aura vaha yaha ki apanI vAsanAoM aura kSudhAoM ko niyantrita kare / jaina AcAradarzana meM AtmasaMyama vA mahattva - pUrNa sthAna hai | samagra jaina AcAradarzana ke niyama Atmasayama ke lie haiM / isa prakAra 1. " vatthu sahAvo dhammo " - kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 478. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 2 4. 3. dhammapada, 129 - 130; suttanipAta, 37 27; gItA, 6 32. 4. tattvArthasUtra, 5121.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 163 hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM saimuala ke cAroM hI siddhAntoM ko moTe rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / viliyama vulesTana Antarika vidhAnavAda ke siddhAntoM meM buddhivAda kA pramukha vyAkhyAtA hai| usake anusAra naitikatA tArkika satya hai aura anaitikatA tArkika mithyAtva hai / vulesTana zubhAzubha kI mImAMsA meM buddhi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna svIkAra karatA hai / buddhi ke dvArA prakAzita zubha kA parityAga eka prakAra kA Atmavirodha yA AtmapravaMcanA hai / jaina vicArakoM ne vulesTana kI isa dhAraNA kA samarthana kiyA hai / dharma kI samIkSA meM buddhi kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna jaina vicAraNA ko mAnya hai| kahA gayA hai ki 'sAdhaka ko prajJA ke dvArA hI dharma kI samIkSA karanI caahie| vijJAna ( vivekajJAna ) se hI dharma ke sAdhanoM kA nirNaya hotA hai|'' (A) naitika indriyavAda aura jaina darzana-naitika indriyavAda ke vicArakoM ke anusAra zubha aura azubha kA bodha buddhi ke dvArA nahIM, naitika indriya ke dvArA hotA hai / jisa prakAra hama sUndara aura asundara meM bheda karate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra zubha aura azubha meM viveka karate haiN| manuSya kA antaHkaraNa aisA hai jo zubha aura azubha meM antara sthApita kara detA hai| isa sampradAya ke vicArakoM meM zephTsabarI, hacisana aura jaoNna raskina pramukha haiM / ye saba vicAraka isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki zubha aura azubha kA antarAtmA meM pratyakSIkaraNa hotA hai / vicAra nahIM, varan anubhUti yA bhAva hI zubhAzubha kA nirNaya karate haiN| zephTsa barI ne tIna prakAra kI bhAvanAeM mAnI haiM--(1) asvAbhAvika yA asAmAjika bhAvanAe~ jinameM dveSa, IrSyA evaM nirdayatA Adi haiM, (2) svAbhAvika yA sAmAjika bhAvanAeM jinameM dayA, paropakAra, vAtsalya, maitrI ityAdi haiM aura (3) AtmabhAvanAe~ jinameM Atmaprema, jIvanaprema ityAdi haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se ina tInoM prakAra kI bhAvanAoM kI tulanA jaina darzana ke tIna upayogoM se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra nimna tIna upayoga haiM-(1) azubhopayoga, (2) zubhopayoga aura (3) zuddhopayoga / 2 azubhopayoga asAmAjika yA asvAbhAvika bhAvanA ke samakakSa hai| donoM ke anusAra isameM dveSa Adi vRttiyA~ hotI haiN| isI prakAra zubhopayoga svAbhAvika yA sAmAjika bhAvanAoM ke samAna hai| donoM hI vicAraNAe~ isameM prazasta rAgabhAva se yukta lokakalyANa: ko svIkAra karatI haiM / AtmabhAvanAoM kI tulanA zuddhopayoga se kI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM donoM meM adhika nikaTatA nahIM hai| kyoMki zephTsabarI ne AtmabhAvanAoM meM svArtha aura saMgrahabhAvanA ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| phira bhI kisI artha meM zephTsabarI aura jaina vicAraNA meM kucha vicArasAmya avazya parilakSita hotA hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 23325; 23 / 31. 2. jaina ethiksa, pR0 75-76.

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114 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hacisana naitika indriyavAda ke dUsare pramukha vicAraka haiN| unake siddhAntoM ke pramukha tathya haiM--(1) janmajAta pratyaya, (2) paropakAra-bhAvanA aura (3) zAnta preraka / inheM unhoMne Atmaprema, paropakAra aura naitika indriya kahA hai| hacisana ke anusAra zubha yA sadguNa sukhAnubhUti ke pUrvavartI haiM aura isI prakAra paropakAra kI bhAvanA vaisI hI svAbhAvika aura sArvabhaumika hai jaise bhautika jagata meM gurutvAkarSaNa kA niyama / hacisana ke uparyukta siddhAntoM kI jaina darzana se tulanA karate samaya yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM ke anusAra naitika pratyaya janmajAta haiM, arjita nahIM / zubha aura azubha kA nirmANa hamArI bhAvanAoM aura svIkRtiyoM se nahIM hotA, varan unake AdhAra para hamArI bhAvanAe~ banatI haiN| jisa prakAra hacisana paropakAra-bhAvanA ko svAbhAvika mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana bhI use jIva kA svabhAva mAnatA hai| hacisana ne bhAvanAoM ko do vargoM meM bA~TA haiM--pahalI zAnta aura dUsarI azAnta / zAnta aura vyApaka bhAvanAe~ zreyaskara haiN| hacisana ke isa vicAra kA samarthana na kevala jaina darzana varan anya bhAratIya darzana bhI karate haiN| raskina ke anusAra naitika indriya rasendriya hai| rasanA hI ekamAtra naitikatA hai| pahalA aura antima nirNAyaka prazna hai, 'Apa kyA pasanda karate haiM ? Apa jo pasanda karate haiM mujhe batAe~ aura taba maiM batA dUMgA ki Apa kyA haiM / ' raskina ke anusAra vyakti kI ruci hI usake naitika jIvana kA pratimAna abhivyakta karatI hai| raskina kI rasendriya yA naitika indriya kI tulanA zraddhA se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra raskina ke anusAra vyakti kI rUci naitikatA kA pratimAna hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM zraddhA naitikatA kA pratimAna hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki puruSa zraddhAmaya hai aura usakI jaisI zraddhA hotI hai usI ke anurUpa vaha ho jAtA hai / 2 gItA ke isa kathana kA raskina ke ruci-siddhAnta se bahuta kucha sAmya hai| jaina para mparA ke samyagdarzana ko raskina ke ruci siddhAnta ke tulya mAnA jA sakatA hai / antara yahI hai ruci para ki jaina paramparA samyagdarzana ( bhAvAtmaka zraddhA ) para aura raskina bala dete haiN| phira bhI donoM ke anusAra vahI naitikatA kA nirNAyaka pratimAna hai, yaha mahattva kI bAta hai| rasendriyavAda yA ruci siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki vaha ziva aura sundara meM antara sthApita nahIM kara pAtA / jaina vicArakoM ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA thA aura isIlie unhoMne samyagdarzana ko mahattvapUrNa mAnate hue bhI use samyakcAritra se alaga kiyaa| yaha ThIka hai ki ruci yA dRSTi ke AdhAra para cAritra kA nirmANa hotA hai / phira bhI donoM hI pRthak-pRthaka pakSa haiM / unako eka-dUsare se milAne kI galatI nahIM karanI caahie| (i) sahAnubhUtivAda aura jaina darzana-sahAnubhUtivAda Antarika vidhAnavAda kA eka pramukha prakAra hai| isake anusAra antardRSTi yA prajJA sahAnubhUtyAtmaka hai| 1. tattvArthasUtra, 5 / 21. 2. gItA, 1713.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 115 sahAnubhUti vaha tattva hai jo sadguNa kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai aura jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadguNa kahA jAtA hai / sahAnubhUti sadguNa kA sAdhana aura srota donoM hI hai / eDamasmitha isa dRSTikoNa ke pramukha pratipAdaka haiN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicAraka bhI isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiM / rasala prabhRti kucha vicAraka mAnava meM nihita isI sahAnubhUti ke tattva ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI vyAkhyA karate haiM / unake anusAra naitikatA IzvarIya Adeza yA pAralaukika jIvana ke prati pralobhana yA bhaya para nirbhara nahIM hai, varan mAnava kI prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva para nirbhara hai| jaina darzana se isa dRSTikoNa kI tulanA karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki jaina vicArakoM ne bhI mAnava meM nihita isa sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra to sabhI prANiyoM meM paraspara sahayoga kI vRtti svAbhAvika hai| lekina sahAnubhUti kA tattva prANI-prakRti kA aMga hote hue bhI sabhI meM samAna rUpa se nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| ataH sahAnubhUti ke AdhAra para naitikatA ko pUrNatayA nirbhara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| (I) naitika antarAtmavAda aura jaina darzana-naitika antarAtmavAda ke pravartaka josepha baTalara haiN| inake anusAra, sadguNa vaha hai jo mAnavaprakRti ke anurUpa ho aura durguNa vaha hai jo mAnavaprakRti ke viparIta ho / dUsare zabdoM meM, sadguNa mAnavaprakRti ke niyamoM kA anuvartana hai aura durguNa ina niyamoM kA ullaMghana hai / mAnavaprakRti se karma kI saMvAditA hI sadguNa hai aura karma kI visaMvAditA durguNa hai / lekina baTalara isa mAnavaprakRti ko mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti nahIM mAnate / yadi hama mAnavaprakRti kA artha mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti kareMge to vaha jo karatA hai usa sabako zubha samajhanA hogA / ataH hameM yahA~ yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki baTalara ke anusAra mAnavaprakRti kA artha mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti nahIM, varan Adarza prakRti hai / mAnava kI Adarza prakRti ke anurUpa jo karma hogA vaha zubha aura usake viparIta jo karma hogA vaha azubha mAnA jAyegA / baTalara ke isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana jaina paramparA bhI karatI hai / AtmA kI jo vibhAva avasthAe~ haiM yA jo visaMvAdI avasthAe~ haiM vahI azubha hai aura isake viparIta Atma kI jo svabhAva avasthA yA saMvAdI avasthA hai vaha zubha yA zuddha avasthA hai| jo karma AtmA ko svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAte haiM ve hI zubha yA zuddha karma haiM aura jo karma AtmA ko vibhAvadazA kI ora le jAte haiM ve azubha haiM / baTalara ne mAnavaprakRti ke cAra tattva mAne haiM-(1) vAsanA, (2) svaprema, (3) parahita aura (4) antarAtmA / jaina darzana ke anusAra mAnavaprakRti ke do hI tattva mAne jA sakate haiM-(1) vAsanA yA kaSAyAtmA aura (2) upayoga yA jnyaanaatmaa| baTalara ke anusAra ina sabameM antarAtmA hI naitika jIvana kA antima nirNAyaka tattva hai / baTalara ne isako prazaMsA aura nindA karanevAlI buddhi, naitika buddhi, 1. vistRta vivecanA evaM pramANa ke lie dekhie-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 130-135.

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116 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika indriya aura IzvarIya buddhi bhI kahA hai / yahI hamArI antarAtmA kA sthAyIbhAva aura hRdaya kA pratyakSa bhI hai| baTalara ke anusAra antarAtmA ke do pahalU haiM(1) zuddha jJAna aura (2) sarvAdhikAritA / sarvAdhikArI hone ke kAraNa vaha kriyApreraka aura sudhAraka bhI hai; aura zuddha jJAnamaya hone ke kAraNa vaha karmoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA viveka bhI karatA hai tathA satkarma aura sukha meM evaM asatkarma aura duHkha meM eka nizcita sambandha bhI dekhatA hai| baTalara ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa kI jaina darzana se tulanA karane para kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAnamaya AtmA hI naitika jIvana kA antima nirNAyaka tattva hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne ise Avazyaka mAnA hai ki naitika viveka karate samaya AtmA ko rAga aura dveSa kI bhAvanAoM se Upara uThA huA honA cAhie / rAga aura dveSa se Upara uThI huI AtmA jahA~ eka ora sanmArga kI preraka hai, vahIM yathArtha naitika nirNaya karane meM sakSama bhI hai| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM se alaga haTakara AtmA jaba koI bhI vivekapUrNa nirNaya karatA hai athavA karma karatA hai to vaha zubha hotA hai / isake viparIta kaSAya yA rAga-dveSa se prabhAvita hokara koI nirNaya karatA hai to vaha azubha hotA hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne antarAtmA meM viveka aura puruSArtha ( vIrya ) donoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo ki baTalara ke zuddha jJAna aura sarvAdhikAritA ke samAna hai / jaina darzana bhI baTalara ke samAna AtmA ke jJAnAtmaka tathA bhAvAtmaka ( darzana ) donoM hI pakSa svIkAra karatA hai jo pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga kahe jAte haiN| baTalara ne mAnavaprakRti ke pUrvokta cAra tattvoM meM eka AnupUrvI ko svIkAra kiyA hai jisameM sabase nIce vAsanAe~ haiM aura sabase Upara antarAtmA hai / jaise pazubala buddhibala ke adhIna ho jAtA hai usI prakAra vAsanAbala, svaprema aura parahita antarAtmA ke adhIna ho jAte haiM / jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhI naitika vikAsa kI dizA meM vAsanAbala kSINa hotA jAtA hai aura karmoM kA niyamana zuddha rAga-dveSa se rahita AtmA ke dvArA hone lagatA hai| baTalara kI antarAtmA IzvarIya buddhi ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA kI vItarAga AtmA se tulanIya hai| isa prakAra, baTalara ke naitika antarAtmavAda aura jaina paramparA meM bahutakucha sAmya khojA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI baTalara ke siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki antarAtmA jaba do viparIta Adeza detI hai to unake antarvirodha ko dUra karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / kiMkartavyavimUr3hatA kI avasthA meM baTalara kI antarAtmA naitika samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta nahIM krtii| (u) manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda --manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda ke pravartaka mArTinyU haiM / mArTinyU ne apane siddhAnta kA bahutakucha vikAsa baTalara ke antarAtma1. vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekhie-(a) nItizAstra ( sinhA ), pR0 121-126; (ba) TAipsa Apha ethikala thyorIja, mArTinyU.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 117 vAda se hI kiyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne use sudRr3ha manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mArTinyU ke anusAra, antarAtmA hI zubhAzubha kA nirNAyaka hai / vaha zubhAzubha kA vidhAna nahIM karatA hai, varana usa vidhAna ko dikhAtA hai jo karmoM ko zubhAzubha banAtA hai| usake anusAra, antarAtmA karmoM ke acche-bure tAratamya kA mAtra draSTA hai / sabhI karmoM ke srota hote haiM aura ina srotoM meM hI unake acche-bure tAratamya kA eka vidhAna hai| mArTinyU ke anusAra, karmapreraka do prakAra ke haiM--(1) prAthamika aura (2) gauNa / prAthamika karmapreraka cAra prakAra ke haiM(1) prAthamika pravartaka, jinameM kSudhA, maithuna evaM pAzavika sakriyatAe~ arthAta ArAma kI pravRtti haiM, (2) prAthamika vikarSaNa, jinameM dveSa, krodha aura bhaya samAhita haiM, (3) prAthamika AkarSaNa, yaha rAgabhAva yA Asakti hai, isameM vAtsalya ( putraSaNA ), samAjaprema ( lokaSaNA ) aura karuNA yA sahAnubhUti ke tattva samAhita haiM, (4) prAthamika bhAvanAe~, jinameM jijJAsA, vismaya aura zraddhA kA samAveza hai| ye satya, sundara aura ziva ( kalyANa ) kI ora pravRtta karate haiM / ye jJAna, anubhUti aura karma ke preraka haiM / dUsare gauNa karmapreraka bhI cAra prakAra ke haiM--(1) gauNa pravRttiyA~, jinameM svAda priyatA, kAmukatA, lobha aura mada samAhita haiM, (2) gauNa vikarSaNa, inameM mAtsarya, pratikAra aura zaMkAzIlatA samAviSTa haiM (3) gauNa AkarSaNa, inameM sneha, sAmAjikatA aura dayAbhAva kA samAveza hai, (4) gauNa bhAvanAe~, inameM satyArAdhanA, saundaryopAsanA aura dharmaniSThA samAhita haiN| . mArTinyU ke anusAra, naitika dRSTi se uparyukta sabhI karma-srota samAna naitika stara ke nahIM haiM, varan unameM naitika stara kI dRSTi se eka tAratamya hai jo nimnatama se uccatama naitika avasthA ko abhivyakta karatA hai / mArTinyU ke anusAra vaha tAratamya nimna hai-- 1. gauNa vikarSaNa--avizvAsa, dveSa, zaMkAzIlatA / 2. gauNa jaivika pravRttiyA~-ArAma kA prema tathA aindrika sukha / 3. prAthamika jaivika pravRttiyA~--bhojana tathA maithuna kI pazu-pravRttiyA~ / 4. prAthamika pAzavika pravRttiyA~--aniyantrita skriytaa| 5. lAbha kA lobha--pazu-pravRtti kI upaja / 6. gauNa AkarSaNa--sahAnubhUtimUlaka saMvedanAoM kI bhAvanAtmaka vRtti / 7. prAthamika vikarSaNa--ghRNo, bhaya, krodha / 8. gauNa pAzavika pravRttiyA~--sattA-moha athavA mahattvAkAMkSA / 9. gauNa abhibhAvanAe~-saMskRti, prema / 10. prAthamika bhAvanAe~--Azcarya tathA prazaMsA / 15. prAthamika AkarSaNa--vAtsalya, sAmAjika maitrI, udAratA, kRtajJatA / 12. dayA kA prAthamika AkarSaNa / 13. zraddhA kI prAthamika bhaavnaa|

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118 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa prakAra, mArTinyU ke anusAra karma-srotoM ke isa tAratamya meM zraddhA sarvocca naitika guNa hai aura gauNa vikarSaNa arthAt avizvAsa, mAtsarya aura sandehazIlatA sabase nimnatama durguNa hai| zraddhA mAtra guNa hai aura mAtsarya, dveSa Adi mAtra durguNa haiN| zeSa sabhI karmasrota ina donoM ke bIca meM Ate haiM aura unameM guNa aura avaguNa ke vibhinna prakAra ke samanvaya haiN| naitika dRSTi se vahI karma zubha hogA jo ucca karma prerakoM se utpanna hogaa| jo karma jitane adhika nimna karmasrota se utpanna hogA vaha utanA hI adhika anaitika hogA / saMkSepa meM, mArTinya ke yahI naitika vicAra haiN| mArTinyU ke naitika darzana kI tulanA jaina paramparA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra karmapreraka ye haiM-(1) rAga, (2) dveSa, (3) krodha, (4) mAna, (5) mAyA, (6) lobha, (7) bhaya, (8) parigraha, (9) maithuna, (10) AhAra, (11) loka, (12) dharma aura (13) ogha / inameM rAga aura dveSa do karmabIja haiM, aura krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ye cAra kaSAya haiM, tathA zeSa saMjJAe~ haiN| yadi hama mArTinyU ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa se tulanA kareM to inameM se adhikAMza vRttiyA~ usameM maujUda haiN| yahI nahIM, yadi hama cAheM to bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se inakA eka krama bhI taiyAra kara sakate haiM jisameM dveSa sabase nimna aura dharma sabase ucca hogA, aura aisI sthiti meM hama yaha bhI pAyeMge ki jaina darzana kA vaha vargIkaraNa mArTinyU ke uparyukta tAratamya se bhI kAphI samAnatA rkhegaa| krama kI dRSTi se inheM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai-(1) dveSa, (2) rAga, (3) lobha, (4) mAna, (5) mAyA-kapaTavRtti, (6) krodha, (7) ogha, (8) bhaya, (9) parigraha, (10) maithuna, (11) AhAra, (12) loka--sAmAjikatA aura (13) dharma / kucha matabhedoM ko chor3akara yaha krama-vyavasthA mArTinyU ke karmasrota ke naitika tAratamya se kAphI nikaTa hai| eka anya apekSA se bhI mArTinyU ke karmasrota ke naitika tAratamya kI tulanA jaina AcAradarzana se kI jA sakatI hai / yadi hama karmaprerakoM ke rUpa meM mithyAjJAna, mithyAdarzana, mithyAcAritra, samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra tathA AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha ina cAra saMjJAoM ko svIkAra kareM to bhI bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se eka krama taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai jo mArTinyU ke pUrvokta tAratamya ke kAphI nikaTa hogA / vaha krama isa prakAra hogA 1. mithyAdarzana--sandehazIlatA AkAMkSA evaM azraddhA / 2. mithyAjJAna-naitika viveka evaM buddhi kA abhAva / 3. mithyAcAritra-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke karmapreraka / 4. bhayavRtti-bhaya se utpanna karma / / 5. parigraha-saMcaya kI vRtti evaM AsaktibhAva / 6. maithuna-aindrika sukhoM kI icchA evaM yaunapravRttiyA~ / 7. AhAra-zarIra-rakSA evaM kSudhA nivRtti kI kriyAe~ / 8. samyakcAritra-sadAcaraNa /

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta . 119 9. samyagjJAna-naitika viveka / 10. samyagdarzana--zraddhA evaM AtmavizvAsa / yaha krama apane pUrNatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para una doSoM se grasita bhI nahIM hotA jo doSa mArTinyU ke naitika darzana meM haiN| Antarika vidhAnavAda ke virodha meM sAdhyavAdI aura vikAsavAdI siddhAnta Ate haiM / agale pRSThoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki unakA jaina darzana ke sAtha kitanA sAmya hai| 7. prayojanAtmaka athavA sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta naitika pratimAna ke dUsare prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko prayojanAtmaka yA sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta kahate haiN| ina siddhAntoM ke anusAra kisI karma kI naitikatA kA nirNaya usake sAdhya, prayojana, pariNAma, Adarza, paramazubha athavA mUlya ke AdhAra para honA caahie| lekina prayojanavAdI vicAraka karma ke vAstavika lakSya ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiN| ina vicArakoM ne vibhinna sAdhya mAne haiM aura isa kAraNa sAdhyavAdiyoM ke bhI kaI sampradAya haiM, unameM (1) sukhavAda, (2) vikAsavAda, (3) buddhiparatAvAda, (4) pUrNatAvAda evaM (5) mUlyavAda pramukha haiN| 1. sukhavAda sukhavAda ke anusAra karma kA sAdhya sukha kI prApti athavA tRpti hai| vahI karma zubha hai jo hamArI indriyaparatA ( vAsanAoM) ko santuSTa karatA hai aura vaha karma azubha hai jisase vAsanAoM kI pUrti athavA sukha kI prApti nahIM hotii| sukhavA diyoM ke bhI aneka upasampradAya haiN| unameM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura naitika sukhavAda pramukha haiN| naitika sukhavAdI paramparA meM bhI aneka upasampradAya haiN| sarvaprathama manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana ke pArasparika sambandhoM ke bAre meM vicAra karanA ucita hogaa| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda eka tathyaparaka siddhAnta hai jisake anusAra yaha manovaijJAnika satya hai ki vyakti sadaiva sukha ke lie prayAsa karatA hai / jaina AcAradarzana bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki samasta prANivarga svabhAva se hI sukhAbhilASI hai| dazakAlikasUtra spaSTa rUpa se prANivarga ko parama ( sukha ) dharmI mAnatA hai / ' TIkAkAroM ne parama zabda kA artha sukha karate hue isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI hai, "pRthvI Adi sthAvara prANI aura dvIndriya Adi trasa prANI, isa prakAra sarva prANI parama arthAt sukhadharmI haiM, sukhAbhilASI haiN|"2 sukha kI abhilASA karanA prANiyoM kA naisargika svabhAva hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI kahA hai ki 'sabhI prANiyoM ko sukha priya hai, anukUla hai aura duHkha apriya hai, pratikUla hai / '3 1. savvepANA paramAhammiA-dazavaikAlika, 4 / 9. 2. dazavakAlika TIkA, pR0 46. 3. save suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA |-aacaaraaNg 1 / 2 / 3281; tulanIya-duHkhAdudvijate sarvaH sarvasya sukhamIpsitam / mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 139-61.

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120 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ____ isa prakAra jaina AcAradarzana meM sukha kI abhilASA ko prANiyoM kI prakRti kA svAbhAvika lakSaNa mAnakara manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI dhAraNA ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jaina vicArakoM ne isa manovaijJAnika sukhavAdI dhAraNA kA apanI naitika mAnyatAoM ke saMsthApana meM bhI upayoga kiyA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM prANiyoM kI sukhAkAMkSA aura duHkha se rakSaNa kI manovaijJAnika prakRti kA naitika mAnaka ke rUpa meM sundara varNana hai| sUtrakRtAMga kA vaha kathAprasaMga isa prakAra hai, "kriyAvAdI akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI aise vibhinna vAdI, jinakI saMkhyA 363 kahI jAtI hai ( jo ) saba logoM ko parinirvANa aura mokSa kA upadeza dete haiN| ve apanI-apanI prajJA, chanda, zIla, dRSTi, ruci, pravRtti aura saMkalpa ke anusAra alagaalaga dharma mArga sthApita karake unakA pracAra karate haiN| eka samaya ye saba vAdI eka bar3A gherA banAkara eka sthAna para baiThe the| usa samaya eka manuSya jalate hue aMgAroM se bharI huI eka kar3hAI lohe kI saMDAsI se pakar3a kara, jahA~ ve saba baiThe the, lAyA aura kahane lagA, 'he matavAdiyoM, tuma saba apane-apane dharma ke pratipAdaka ho aura parinirvANa aura mokSa kA upadeza dete ho| tuma isa jalate hue aMgAroM se bharI huI kar3hAI ko eka muhUrta taka khule hue hAtha meM pakar3e rho|' aisA kahakara vaha manuSya vaha kar3hAI pratyeka ke hAtha meM rakhane gayA, para ve apane-apane hAtha pIche haTAne lge| taba usa manuSya ne unase pUchA, 'he matavAdiyoM, tuma apane hAtha pIche kyoM haTAte ho ? hAtha na jale, isIlie ? aura jale, to kyA ho ? duHkha ? duHkha na ho, isalie apane hAtha pIche haTAte ho, yahI bAta hai na ?' to isI mApa se dUsaroM ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra karanA, yahI dharmavicAra hai yA nahIM ? basa, taba to nApane kA gaja pramANa aura dharmavicAra mila gaye / "1 yaha prasaMga jaina naitikatA kI manauvaijJAnika sukhavAdI dhAraNA kA eka acchA citraNa hai jisameM na kevala naitikatA kA manovaijJAnika pakSa prastuta hai, varan use naitika siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kA AdhAra bhI banAyA gayA hai| phira bhI tulanAtmaka daSTi se isa manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ke donoM pakSoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| niSedhAtmaka dRSTi se yaha prANiyoM kI duHkha-nivAraNa kI svAbhAvika pravRtti ko abhi- . vyakta karatA hai, jabaki vidhAyaka dRSTi se prANiyoM kI sukha prApta karane kI svAbhAvika abhiruci kI ora saMketa karatA hai| __ anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda--na kevala jaina darzana varana anya bhAratIya darzanoM ne bhI sukhavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| bhautika sukhavAda ko mAnanevAle cArvAkoM kA siddhAnta to sarvaprasiddha hI hai| unake anusAra indriyoM kI vAsanAoM ko santuSTa karate hue sampUrNa jIvana meM sukha ko prApta karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / 2 cArvAka ke atirikta anya darzanakAroM ne bhI sukhavAda kA samarthana 1. sUtrakRtAMga (hindI), pR0 103-104. 2. sarvadarzanasaMgraha; pR0 4.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 121 kiyA hai / mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI sukha cAhate haiM aura duHkha se udvigna hote haiM / ' chAndogya upaniSad meM bhI isI sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba manuSya ko sukha prApta hotA hai tabhI vaha karma karatA hai| binA sukha mile koI karma nahIM karatA / ataH sukha kI hI vizeSa rUpa se jijJAsA karanA cAhie | cANakya ne bhI manuSya ko svArthI mAnA hai aura usake svArtha ko niyantrita karane ke lie rAjya sattA ko anivArya mAnA hai / usake anusAra manuSya svabhAvataH sukha kI prApti kA prayatna karatA hai / udyotakara ne mAnava manovijJAna ke AdhAra para sukha kI prApti aura duHkha kI nivRtti ko mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA hai / 3 bhAratIya paramparA meM sukhavAda kI dhAraNA kI abhivyakti prAcIna samaya se hI rahI hai, lekina cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara anya bhAratIya darzanoM ne vaiyaktika sukha ke sthAna para sadaiva sArvajanika sukha kI hI kAmanA kI hai| bhAratIya sAdhaka pratidina yaha prArthanA karatA hai ki sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhabhAgbhavet / / ( yajurveda, zAntipATha ) pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika sukhavAda se tulanA karane para hameM isakI eka viziSTatA kA paricaya milatA hai / pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika sukhavAda apane siddhAnta kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra pAkara mAtra yahI niSkarSa nikAlatA hai ki vyakti ke lie sukha kA anusaraNa karanA anivArya hai / lekina sukha ke sampAdana kI isa spardhA meM pratyeka prANI kA sukha dUsare prANiyoM ke sukhoM ke nAza para nirbhara ho to kyA karanA naitika hogA ? isa prazna kA uttara vahA~ nahIM milatA / sukhoM kA anusaraNa jitanA svAbhAvika hai, utanA hI svAbhAvika yaha bhI hai ki pAzcAtya paramparA meM jina bhautika sukhoM ke anukaraNa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, unako lekara prANiyoM ke hitoM meM hI paraspara saMgharSa hotA hai / yadi merA sukha kisI dUsare vyakti ke sukha ke nAza para nirbhara ho to kyA mere lie usa sukha kA anukaraNa ucita yA naitika hogA ? yadi svArthasukhavAda ke siddhAnta ko mAnakara sabhI loga dUsare ke sukhoM kA hanana karate hue svayaM ke sukha kA sampAdana karane meM laga jAyeM to na to samAja meM sukha aura zAnti banI rahegI aura na vyakti hI sukha prApta kara pAyegA, kyoMki dUsare vyakti bhI apanA sukha bhogate hue usake sukha meM bAdhA DAleMge / jaina naitikatA sukha ke anusaraNa kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra karate hue vyakti ko yaha to adhikAra pradAna karatI hai ki vaha svayaM ke sukha kA anusaraNa kare, lekina use apane vaiyaktika sukha kI upalabdhi ke prayAsa meM dUsare ke sukhoM evaM hitoM kA hanana karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai / yadi tumhAre sukha ke anusaraNa ke prayAsa meM dUsare ke sukha kA hanana anivArya hai to tumheM aise sukha kA anusaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie | kintu 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 139/61. 2. chAndogya upaniSada, 7/22 1. 3. dRSTavya - nyAyavArtika ( vArANasI saMskaraNa ), pR0 13; uddhRta - nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 151. 8

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122 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa AdhAra para koI yaha AkSepa kara sakatA hai ki aisI avasthA meM vaha apanI sukhavAdI dhAraNA se dUra ho jAtI hai| jaina naitikatA isa AkSepa ke pratyuttara meM yaha kahatI hai ki usapara isa AkSepa kA AropaNa usI dazA meM hogA ki jabaki hama sukhoM ke bhautika svarUpa kI ora hI dhyAna deNge| lekina jaina naitikatA to sukhoM ke Adhibhautika aura AdhyAtmika svarUpa ko bhI svIkAra karatI hai| pAzcAtya dhAraNA kI malabhata bhrAnti yahI hai ki vaha sukhoM ke vibhinna staroM para bala nahIM detI hai aura sukhoM ke bhautika svarUpa se Upara uThakara unake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI ora nahIM bar3hatI hai / sukhoM meM pArasparika saMgharSa to unake bhautika svarUpa taka hI sImita hai| jaina AcAradarzana aura naitika sukhavAda--naitika sukhavAda kI vicAradhArA yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki sukha kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie yA sukha hI vAMchanIya hai / naitika sukhavAda ke vicArakoM meM mila prabhRti kucha vicAraka naitika sukhavAda ko manovaijJAnika sukhavAda para AdhArita karate haiN| mila kA kahanA hai ki koI vastu yA viSaya kAmya hai, isakA pramANa yaha hai ki loga vastutaH usakI kAmanA karate haiN| sAmAnya sukha kAmya hai, isake lie ise chor3akara koI pramANa nahIM diyA jA sakatA ki pratyeka manuSya sukha kI kAmanA karatA hai| lekina sukhavAda ko manauvaijJAnika AdhAra para khar3A karane kA mila kA yaha prayAsa tArkika dRSTi se dUSita hI hai| yadi sabhI manuSya svabhAvataH sukha kI kAmanA karate haiM to phira 'sukha kI kAmanA karanI cAhie' isa kathana kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, jabaki naitika Adeza ke lie 'cAhie' Avazyaka hai| lekina manovaijJAnika sukhavAda isa 'cAhie' ke lie koI avakAza nahIM chodd'taa| isI kAraNa sijavika tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM DyUreMTa Dreka Adi ne sukhavAda ko vizuddha naitika AdhAra para khar3A kiyA hai| phira bhI uparyukta sabho vicArakoM ke lie sukha kAmya hai aura unakI dRSTi meM naitika Adeza hai--sukha ke lie prayatna karanA caahie| naitika sukhavAdI vicAradhArA kI dUsarI mAnyatA yaha bhI hai ki vastutaH jo sukha kAmya hai vaha vaiyaktika nahIM varan sAmAnya sukha hai / yaha dhAraNA upayogitAvAda ke nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI hai / upayogitAvAda kI vizeSatAeM nimnalikhita haiM... 1. adhika se adhika sukha 2 uccatama sukha ( aindrika sukhoM kI apekSA mAnasika sukha ucca koTi kA mAnA gayA hai) 3. adhika se adhika saMkhyA kA adhika se adhika sukha 4. bahusaMkhyakoM kA sukha 5. sArvabhauma evaM sAmAnya sukha 6. samAjika sukha 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 161 para uddhRta. . 2. kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 196.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta ina AdhAroM para upayogitAvAda ke mukhya siddhAnta isa prakAra haiM 1. sukha prApti aura duHkhamukti kevala yaha do hI svataHsAdhya ke rUpa meM kAmya haiM / anya sabhI vastue kevala isIlie kAmya haiM ki ve yA to sukhapUrNa haiM yA sukhavardhaka haiM, athavA duHkhoM kA nAza karanevAlI haiM / 2. jisa anupAta meM koI karma sukha yA duHkha detA hai, usI anupAta meM vaha zubha yA azubha hotA hai / 3. pratyeka vyakti kA sukha samAna hai / kisI eka vyakti kA sukha jitanA kAmya hai utanA hI dUsare vyakti kA / ataH sukha kI mAtrA ko bar3hAne kI ceSTA karanI cAhie cAhe vaha kisI kA bhI sukha ho / 4. sarvAdhika sukha kA artha hai sukha kI mAtrA meM adhika se adhika saMbhAvya vRddhi / isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki sukha aura duHkha ko mApA jA sakatA hai / 123 5. paropakArI hone kA artha hai sAmAjika sukha yA lokopayogitA meM vRddhi karanA / isI prakAra svArthI hone kA matalaba hai sAmAjika sukha meM kamI karanA / 1 isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki naitika sukhavAda kI dhAraNA sukha ko kAmya mAnate hue bhI lokahita yA lokamaMgala ko sthAna detI hai / jaina AcAradarzana meM naitika sukhavAda ke donoM pakSa arthAt sukhoM kI kAmyatA evaM upayogitA ( lokahita ) samAhita haiM jinapara hama yahA~ vicAra kareMge / jaina AcAradarzana meM naitika sukhavAda ke samarthaka kucha tathya milate haiM / mahAvIra ne kaI bAra yaha kahA hai ki 'jisase sukha ho vaha karo / 2 isa kathana ke AdhAra para yaha phalita nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra naitika sukhavAda ke samarthaka the / yadyapi hameM yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki sukha zabda kA jo artha mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thA, vaha vartamAna sukha zabda kI vyAkhyA se bhinna thaa| 1 eka anya dRSTi se bhI jaina naitikatA ko sukhavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai / kyoMki jaina naitika Adarza mokSa AtmA kI ananta saukhya kI avasthA hai aura isa prakAra jaina naitikatA sukha ke anusaraNa karane kA Adeza detI hai / isa artha meM bhI vaha sukhavAdI hai, yadyapi yahA~ para usakA sukha kI upalabdhi kA naitika Adarza bhautika sukha kI upalabdhi kA Adarza nahIM hai, varan vaha to paramAnanda kI avasthA kI upalabdhi kA Adarza hai / sAmAnya artha meM sukha-duHkha sApekSa zabda haiM, eka vikalpAtmaka sthiti hai / duHkha ke viparIta jo hai usakI anubhUti sukha hai, yA sukha duHkha kA abhAva hai| jaina darzana 'nirvANa' meM jisa ananta saukhya kI kalpanA karatA hai, vaha nirvikalpa sukha hai / vastuta: 13 jaina dRSTi meM nirvikalpa sukha hI vAstavika sukha hai / 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 168. 2. ahAsuhaM devANupiyaM / -upAsakadazAMgasUtra, 1 / 12. 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, 5717.

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124 - jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sukhavAda ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM 'sukha' zabda kA kyA artha abhipreta hai| kaThinAI yaha hai ki jainAgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta hai| prAkRta 'suha' zabda ke saMskRta bhASA meM 'sukha' aura 'zubha' aise do rUpa banate haiM / dUsare, jainAgamoM meM vibhinna sthaloM para 'suha' bhinna-bhinna aA~ meM prayukta huA hai| yoM prasaMga ke anukUla artha kA nizcaya karane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hotii| jainAcAryoM ne 'sukha' dasa prakAra ke mAne haiM'---(1) Arogyasukha, (2) dIrghAyuSyasukha, (3) sampattisukha, (4) kAmasukha, (5) bhogasukha, (6) santoSasukha, (7) astitvasukha, (8) zubhabhogasukha, (9) niSkramaNasukha aura (10) anAbAdhasukha / - sakha ke isa vargIkaraNa ko jaina dRSTi se nimnastarIya aura uccastarIya sukhoM ke sApekSa AdhAra para prastuta kiyA jAye to usakA svarUpa nimna hogA-(1) sampattisukha, (2) kAmasukha, (3) bhogasukha, (4) zubhabhogasukha, (5) Arogyasukha, (6) dIrghAyuSyasukha, (7) santoSasukha, (8) niSkramaNasukha, (9) astitvasukha aura (10) anAbAdhasukha / sampatti yA artha gAIsthika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai aura sAMsArika sukhoM ke lie kAraNabhUta hone se use 'sukha' kahA gayA hai / 2 bhAratIya vicAraNA ma cAra puruSArthoM meM artha ko eka puruSArtha mAnakara naitika dRSTi se usakA mahattva avazya svIkAra kiya gayA hai, lekina sampatti apane meM sAdhya nahIM hai| vaha to mAtra sAdhana hai| isI lie ise naitikatA kA sAdhya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / yadyapi mammana seTha ke samAna kucha loga hote haiM jinake lie dhana yA artha hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai, lekina jaina vicAraNA meM artha yA sampatti ko sukha mAnate hue bhI naitika paramamUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi sampatti ko sukha mAnakara usake apahAra kA niSedha avazya kiyA gayA hai, tathApi jaina darzana yaha to svIkAra karatA hai ki sukha kA cAhe nimnastarIya hI rUpa kyoM na ho, svAbhAvika rUpa se prANI ke jIvana kA sAdhya hotA hai| lekina naitikatA isa bAta meM nahIM hai ki usa nimnastarIya sukha ke anusaraNa meM uccastarIya sukhaM kA tyAga kara diyA jAya / sAmpattika sukha kA tyAga kAmasukha evaM bhogasukha ke lie karanA cAhie, kyoMki artha kAma aura bhoga kA sAdhana hai| isI prakAra kAma aura bhoga kA parityAga zubhabhoga ke lie karanA cAhie / yahA~ para jaina dArzanika kAmasukha aura bhogasukha tathA zubhabhogasukha meM antara karate haiN| kAmasukha aura bhogasukha kramazaH vAsanAtmaka aura indriyasukhoM ke pratIka haiM aura zubhabhoga mAnasika sukhoM kA pratIka hai| jaina vicArakoM ke mata meM indriyasukhoM kI apekSA mAnasika sukha zreSTha hai, ataH mAnasika sukha yA bauddhika sukha ke anusaraNa 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 737. 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1018. 3. vahI, pR0 1017.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 125 ke lie indriyasukhoM kA parityAga Avazyaka hai| eka dUsarI dRSTi se zubha zabda kA artha kalyANakArI karane para kAmasukha aura bhogasukha ko vaiyaktika aura zubhabhoga ko sAmAjika yA loka kalyANakArI kAryoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa sthiti meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra vaiyaktika sukhoM kA parityAga samAja ke kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAnA cAhie, yahI siddha hotA hai| vaiyaktika sukhabhoga kA lokakalyANa ke, hetu parityAga kiyA jAnA cAhie. yaha mAnakara jaina vicAraNA upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa A jAtI hai| lekina bauddhika sukha aura loka kalyANakArI kAryoM ke sampAdana meM rahA huA sukha bhI sarvopari nahIM rahatA, jabaki Arogya ( svAsthya ) evaM jIvana kA prazna upasthita ho jAtA hai / yadyapi bauddhika sukha . anusaraNIya hai tathApi svAsthya aura jIvana kI surakSA ke nimitta unakA bhI parityAga Avazyaka hai| ___kAma-bhoga, bauddhika sukhA aura svAsthya evaM jIvana sambandhI sukhoM kI AkAMkSAe~ apane meM sAdhya nahIM haiM / AkAMkSAe~ santoSa ke lie hotI haiM, ataH santoSajanita sukha ina saba AkAMkSAjanita sukhoM se zreSTha hai| kyoMki jina sukhoM ke mUla meM AkAMkSA yA icchA hotI hai, ve sukha duHkha pratyutpanna haiM / AkAMkSA yA icchA eka mAnasika tanAva hai aura sabhI tanAva duHkhada hote haiN| ataH duHkha pratyutpanna sukha sApekSa rUpa meM sukha hote hue bhI nimnastarIya sukha hI haiN| lekina santoSavRtti kA sukha aisA hai jisake kAraNa icchA yA tanAva samApta ho jAtA hai| usakA anta sukha rUpa hI hai, ataH usake lie ina sabhI prakAra ke sukhoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekina santoSasukha bhI apane meM sAdhya nahIM hai, santoSa se bar3A sukha niSkramaNa ( tyAga ) kA hai / santoSa meM icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai, lekina niSkramaNa meM icchA, mamatva yA Asakti kA abhAva hai / santoSa aura icchA ke abhAva kI pUrNatA Asakti ke abhAva meM hI hotI hai / santoSa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina anAsakti hotI hai| santoSa prayAsajanya hai, .. anAsakti svabhAvajanya hai / ataH eka santoSI vyakti kI apekSA bhI anAsakta vItarAga puruSa kA sukha kahIM adhika hotA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki na to apAra sampattizAlI puruSa hI sukhI hai, na adhikArasampanna senApati hI; pRthvI kA adhipati rAja evaM svarga ke nivAsI deva bhI ekAnta rUpa se sukhI nahIM haiM; jagat meM yadi koI ekAnta rUpa se sukhI hai, to vaha hai nispRha, vItarAga sAdhu / cakravartI aura devarAja indra ke sukhoM kI apekSA bhI, loka-vyApAra se nivRta nispRha zramaNa adhika sukhI hai| svAbhAvika taura para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki aisA kyoM kahA gayA ki nispRha vItarAga sAdhu hI sarvAdhika sukhI hai ? usakA sukha hI kyoM ucca koTi kA sukhA hai ? jainAcAryoM ne ukta prazna kA uttara nimna zabdoM meM diyA hai, nispRhatA ke atirikta zeSa 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1017. 2. manusmRti, 4 / 12. 3. nityasmaraNa, pR0 4. 4. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1018.

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126 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana saba sukha duHkha ke pratikAra ke nimitta hote haiM, mAtra sukha kA abhimAna utpanna karate haiM ve vAstavika sukha nahIM kahe jA sakate / ' sukha duHkha ke asthAyI pratikAra haiM, ve mAtra sukhAbhAsa haiM; vAstavika sukha nahIM haiN| vaiSayika sukhoM kI tulanA khAja ke khujAne se utpanna sukha se kI jAtI hai / jaise khAja khujAne se utpanna sukha kA Adi aura anta donoM duHkhapUrNa haiM, vaise hI vaiSayika sukhoM kA Adi aura anta donoM hI duHkhapUrNa haiM, ataH ve vAstavika sukha nahIM ho sakate / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkramaNa avasthA meM vyakti saba kucha tyAga detA hai, lekina tyAga usI kA kiyA jA sakatA hai jo 'para' hai, 'sva' kA tyAga nahIM kiyA 'jA sakatA / ata: saba kucha tyAga karane ke pazcAt jo zeSa rahatA hai vaha hai usakA parizuddha 'sva' / vahI apanA hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka maikeMjI bhI kahate haiM ki zuddha naitika dRSTikoNa se kisI bhI vyakti kA kisI bhI sampatti para koI adhikAra nahIM hai, sivAya usake jisane use apane astitva kA aMga banA liyA hai / jaina vicAraka yahA~ yaha kahanA cAheMge ki vastutaH kisI bhI bAhya sattA ko apanA aMga banAyA hI nahIM jA sakatA / apane astitva ko chor3akara zeSa saba bAhya hai / jarmana vicAraka jI0 sImela kahate haiM, 'zuddha artha meM apane astitva ke atirikta merA kucha bhI nahIM hai / " 3 ataH jo apanA nahIM hai, use chor3a denA usase nivRta honA niSkramaNa sukha hai aura jo sva hai use pA lenA astitva sukha hai / ise hama zuddhAtmadazA kaha sakate haiM jisameM AtmA vibhAvadazA se svabhAvadazA meM A jAtI hai aura AtmA ke nijaguNa prakaTa ho jAte haiM / yahI zuddha AtmadazA astitvasukha hai / vastutaH niSkramaNasukha aura astitvasukha eka hI avasthA ke do pahalU haiM-- pahalA niSedhAtmaka pahalU hai, dUsarA bhAvAtmaka pahalU / jo svabhAva nahIM hai use chor3ane se jo sukha hotA hai, vaha niSkramaNasukha hai aura jo 'sva' hai usake 'para' ke abhAva meM zuddha rUpa meM rahane se jo sukha milatA hai vaha astitvasukha hai / 'para' bhAva ko chor3anA niSkramaNasukha hai aura 'sva' - svabhAva meM ramaNa karanA astitvasukha hai / niSkramaNa, nispRhatA, yA vItarAgatA yA anAsakti ke dvArA 'para' - bhAva ko chor3ane aura 'sva' - svabhAva meM ramaNa karane kA jo sukha hai use jaina darzana ke anusAra uccatama naitika yA cAritrika sukha kahA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi yaha uccatama naitika sukha hai tathApi yaha bhI sAdhya nahIM hai, sAdhana hI hai / naitika jIvana svayaM eka sAdhana hai / naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai abAdha sukha / yahI sarvocca sukha hai, yahI nai tikatA kA Adarza hai / anAbAdha sukha vAstavika pUrNatA hai, mukti hai jisameM janma, jarA evaM maraNa Adi samasta bAdhAoM kA - 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1018. 2. nItipravezikA, pR0 251 kI TippaNI. 3. vahI, pR0 251 4. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1018.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 127 abhAva ho, jahA~ samasta AtmaguNa anAbAdha rUpa se prakaTa hoM, vahI anAbAdha sukha hai| yadi hama jaina naitikatA ko kisI vizeSa artha meM sukhavAda ke nAma se pukAranA ucita samajheM to usake naitika AcaraNa kA caramAdarza isa anAbAdha sukha kI upalabdhi hI hai, yaha mAnanA hogA / anAbAdha sukha vastutaH AdhyAmika Ananda kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM hama zuddha evaM pUrNa AtmasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiM / duHkha kA kAraNa tanAva hai aura tanAva kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa hai / jaba AtmA rAga-dveSa rUpa tanAva ko samApta kara detA hai aura arhat yA vItarAga avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai to use isa vAstavika sukha kA lAbha hotA hai jo vAsanAtmaka sukhoM kI apekSA ananta gunA adhika hai / jainAgamoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se prApta hone vAle laukika sukha vItarAga ke sukha kA anantavA~ bhAga bhI nahIM hote arthAt vItarAga ke sukha kI apekSA laukika sukha na kucha ke barAbara hai / 2 " sukhavAda ke anusAra bhI sukha mana yA citta kI zAnta bhAvanA hai / yaha jitanI pragAr3ha cirakAlIna tathA nirantara ho utanA hI sukha adhika hotA hai / vairAgya ( vItarAga dazA ) manuSya kI aisI hI pragAr3ha cirakAlIna aura nirantara zAntavRtti hai / yaha vRtti karma karane se nahIM, kintu karma kA parityAga karake ekAnta meM citta ko ekAgra karane se AtI hai / ataeva sukhavAda kI tArkika parAkASThA yaha hai ki vairAgya ( vItarAga dazA ) hI ekamAtra zreya hai / " 3 mahAbhArata meM bhI vAsanAmUlaka evaM aindrika sukhoM ko atyanta nimna koTi kA kahA gayA hai / mahAbhArata una aindrika tathA vAsanAtmaka sukhoM ko jo duHkhaprasUta haiM yA jinakA anta du:kha meM hotA hai tyAjya ThaharAtA hai / sabhI ( aindrika yA vAsanAtmaka ) sukha yA to duHkhAnta hote haiM yA duHkha se utpanna hote haiM / ataH jise zAzvata sukha kI apekSA hai use Adi aura anta meM duHkharUpa ina sukhoM kA tyAga kara denA cAhie / yahI nahIM, maharSi vedavyAsa kahate haiM ki 'binA tyAga kiye sukha nahIM milatA, binA tyAga kiye paramatattva kI upalabdhi bhI nahIM hotI / binA tyAga ke abhaya kI prApti bhI nahIM hotI / ataH saba kucha tyAga karake sukhI ho jAo / ' jaina darzana kI bhA~ti mahAbhArata meM bhI lagabhaga vaise hI zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai| ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se honevAle kAmasukha yA bhautikasukha tathA divya lokoM ke mahAn sukha bhI vItatRSNa vyakti ke sukhoM kI solahavIM kalA ke barAbara bhI nahIM haiM / 6 jaina vicAra ke sukha ke pUrNa yA anAbAdha svarUpa ko hI chAndogyopaniSad 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1018. 2. adhyAtmatatvAloka, pR0 630. 3. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 231. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 55. 4. 5. vahI, 6583. 6. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 6503; uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 230.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'bhUmA' kahA gayA hai / RSi kahatA hai ki jo bhUmA yA ananta hai vahI sukha hai alpa anitya meM sukha nahIM hai / anantatA, pUrNatA yA zAzvatatA hI sukha hai, ataH usI kI jijJAsA karanI cAhie / ' 128 4 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI sukha ko apane viziSTa artha meM naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina vicAraNA aura sAmAnya rUpa se a ya sabhI bhAratI vicAraNAoM meM naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM sukha ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura use zubhatva kA pramApaka bhI mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM sukha ko hI ekamAtra naitika jIvana kA sAdhya nahIM kahA gayA hai / sukha hamArI tAttvika prakRti ke aMga ke rUpa meM sAdhya avazya hai lekina isake sAtha hI hamArI tAttvika prakRti ke anya pakSa bhI haiM jinheM asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / sukhavAda kI, jaina darzana ke anusAra, pramukha AlocanA yaha hai ki vaha sukha ko hI ekamAtra sAdhya mAnatA hai, jabaki cetanA ke anya pakSa bhI samAna rUpa se naitika sAdhya banane kI apekSA rakhate haiM / sukhavAda cetanA ke mAtra anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai aura usake bauddhika pakSa kI avahelanA karatA hai / yahI usakA ekAMgIpana hai / jaina dArzanika sukhavAda ko svIkAra karate hue bhI bauddhika evaM jJAnAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA nahIM karate aura isa rUpa meM ve sukhavAdI vicAraNA ke tattvoM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI AlocanA ke pAtra nahIM banate haiM / arastU kA mAtrA kA mAnaka aura jaina darzana -- pAzcAtya vicArakoM meM arastU kA nAma agragaNya hai / arastU ke naitika darzana meM zubha kA pratimAna 'svarNima mAdhya' (Golden Mean) mAnA gayA hai / arastU ke anusAra pratyeka guNa apanI madhyAvasthA hI naitika zubha hotA hai / usane sadguNa aura durguNa kI kasauTI ke rUpa meM isI 'svarNima sAdhya' ko svIkAra kiyA hai / sadmArga madhyamamArga hai / udAharaNArtha sAhasa sadguNa hai jo kAyaratA aura ugratA kI madhyAvasthA hai / kAyaratA aura sadaiva saMgharSarata rahanA donoM hI avaguNa haiM / 'Adarza' ina donoM ke madhya meM hai, jise 'sAhasa' kahA jAtA hai / isI prakAra sAMsArika sukhoM meM anursata ke rUpa meM atyadhika bhoga-vilAsa aura virakti ke rUpa meM tapa-mArga yA deha-daNDana donoM anucita haiM / saMyama donoM kI madhyAvasthA ke rUpa meM sadguNa hai / yadyapi mAtrAtmaka mAnaka kI isa dhAraNA ke sambandha meM kucha apavAda svayaM arastU ne bhI svIkAra kiye haiM / jaina darzana meM arastU ke isa mAtrAtmaka mAnaka dRSTikoNa kA samarthana AcArya guNabhadra ke AtmAnuzAsana nAmaka grantha meM bhI milatA hai / ve likhate haiM ki sukha kA anubhava karanA burA nahIM hai, lekina usake pIche jo vAsanA hai, vaha burI hai / sukha1. chAndogya upaniSada, 7 23 1.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 129 bhoga se koI pApa nahIM hotA, pApa hotA hai sukha bhoga kI vAsanA ke kAraNa kyoMki yaha vAsanA samyak dRSTikoNa kI ghAtaka hai / vAsanA se samyaktva kA nAza hotA hai, jabaki samyaktva sukha kA hetu hai / vAsanA mAtrAtikramaNa kI ora le jAtI hai aura yahI mAtrAtikramaNa pApa hai / AcArya ise aura adhika spaSTa karate hue miThAI kA udAharaNa dete haiM / ve kahate haiM ki 'ajIrNa' miSTAnna bhojana se nahIM hotA, vaha hotA hai usakI mAtrA kA atikramaNa karane se, isa prakAra jaina darzana meM bhI arastU ke samAna mAtrA ke mAnaka kA vicAra upalabdha hai / 1 hama isI AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa upasthita kara sakate haiM ki prAkRtika kSudhAoM, udAtta bhAvanAoM aura saMvegoM kA damana nahIM karanA cAhie, varan unheM isa rUpa meM niyojita karanA cAhie ki ve pUrNa naitika jIvana kI dizA meM Age le jAyeM / 2. vikAsavAda aura jaina darzana vikA - vAdI AcAradarzana naitikatA ko eka prakriyA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM naitika pratyaya aura unake artha sApekSa haiM / sApekSa naitikatA vikAsavAdI a cAradarzana kI mahattvapUrNa mAnyatA hai / vikAsavAda ke anusAra naitikatA kA artha hai apane astitva ko banAye rakhanA aura vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahayogI honA / isake anusAra zubha kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahAyaka hai vaha zubha hai aura jo sahAyaka nahIM hai vaha azubha hai / vikAsavAdI darzana meM sukha ko naitika jIvana kA parama sAdhya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina usake sAtha hI vaiyaktika evaM jAtIya jIvana ke astitva ko bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / spensara kahate haiM ki jIvana kA antima sAdhya Ananda hai, lekina jIvana kA nikaTavartI sAdhya jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI haiM / 2 ve kahate haiM ki krama vikAsa kI gati sadaiva AtmarakSaNa kI dizA meM hotI hai aura vaha usa sImA ko usa samaya prApta hotA hai jaba jIvana lambAI aura caur3AI donoM meM hI adhikatama ho jAtA hai / 3 vikAsavAdI darzana meM jo prakriyAeM jIva ko vAtAvaraNa se samAyojita karatI haiM aura jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI meM vRddhi karatI haiM, ve hI naitika haiM / isa prakAra vikAsavAdI darzana meM pramukharUpa se tIna dRSTikoNa parilakSita hote haiM 1. jIvana kA rakSaNa, 2. pariveza se samAyojana, aura 3. vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahagAmI honA / jaina darzana vikAsavAda ke kucha tathyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / jIvana ko paramamUlya mAnane kI dhAraNA jaina darzana meM bhI svIkRta hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI ko vana evaM prANa priya haiM / * dazavaikA likasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki 1. AtmAnuzAsana, 28. 2. uddhRta - nItizAstra, pR0 92. 3. nItizAstra, pR0 99. 4. AcArAMga, 1/2/3.

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130 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sabhI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa|' isa prakAra jIvanarakSaNa ko eka pramukha tathya mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana kA ahiMsA siddhAnta bhI isI jIvanarakSaNa evaM jIvana ke paramamUlya kI dhAraNA para adhiSThita hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI isI vikAsavAdI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki apane jIvana ke kalyANa kA jo upAya jAna par3e use zIghra hI. paNDitapuruSoM se sIkha lenA caahie|2 spensara AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA AdhAra jIvanavardhakatA ko mAnate hue kahatA hai ki acchA AcaraNa jIvanavardhaka aura burA AcaraNa jIvana ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA pramApaka ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne jaina naitikatA ke sabhI niyamoM ko isI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta se nirgamita kiyA hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI yahI hai ki jo AcaraNa jIvana ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai vaha azubha hai aura jo AcaraNa jIvana ke rakSaNa kA kAraNa hai vaha zubha hai| isa prakAra spensara ke dRSTi koNa se jaina darzana kI sAmyatA siddha hotI hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki spensara jIvanarakSaNa ko zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnate hue bhI ahiMsA ke sUkSma . siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM krtaa| usake siddhAnta meM jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko vaha samAnatA nahIM dI gayI hai jo ki jaina darzana ke ahiMsA siddhAnta meM hai|| na kevala jaina-darzana meM varan bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM meM bhI jIvana ke mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jIvana kA rakSaNa vareNya hai / kauSItaki upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki niHzreyasa mAtra prANa meM hai / 4 cANakya ne bhI kahA hai ki dhana aura strI kI apekSA bhI AtmA ( jIvana ) kI sadaiva rakSA karanI caahie|5 buddha ne bhI jIvanarakSaNa ko Avazyaka kahA hai| dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM ki apane ko priya samajhA hai to apane ko surakSita rakhanA cAhie / 6 vikAsavAdI AcAradarzana kA dUsarA pramukha pratyaya samAyojana hai| pariveza ke prati samAyojana naitika jIvana kA Avazyaka aGga mAnA gayA hai| spensara ke zabdoM meM, sabhI burAiyoM kA utsa deha kA pariveza ke anurUpa na honA hai| spensara ne pariveza ke sAtha anurUpatA yA samAyojana ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya aura zubhAzubha kA pratimAna, donoM hI mAnA hai| jaina darzana meM bhI samAyojana ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana kA samatbayoga isI samAyojana kI prakriyA ko abhivyakta karatA hai 1. dazavaikAlika, 6 / 11. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 8 / 15. 3. DeTA Apha ethiksa, pR0 21; uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 213. 4. kauSItaki upaniSad , 312. 5. cANakyanIti; uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 205. 6. dhammapada, 157. . 7. . sozala sTeTisTiksa, pR0 77; uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 217.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 131 yadyapi jaina darzana meM samAyojana kA artha Antarika samatva se hai| usakI dRSTi meM bAhya samAyojana itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| usameM samAyojana kA artha cetanA kA svasvabhAva ke anurUpa honA hai| isa prakAra vikAsavAda aura jaina darzana donoM hI * samAyojana ko svIkAra karate haiN| lekina jahA~ vikAsavAda vyakti aura pariveza ke madhya samAyojana ko mahattva detA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana manovRttiyoM aura svasvabhAva ke madhya samAyojana ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vikAsavAda meM samAyojana jIvanarakSaNa ke lie hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM samAyojana AtmA ( svasvabhAva ) ke rakSaNa lie hai| vikAsavAda kA tIsarA pratyaya 'vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahagAmI honA' hai / jo karma vikAsa ko avaruddha karate haiM aura bAdhaka banate haiM ve anaitika haiM, aura jo karma vikAsa kI prakriyA ko Age bar3hAte haiM ve naitika haiN| jaina darzana meM vikAsa kA pratyaya to AyA hai, lekina bhautika vikAsa kA jo rUpa vikAsavAda meM mAnya hai, vaha jaina darzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai / jaina darzana AtmA ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa para jora detA hai aura isa dRSTi se vaha avazya hI una karmoM ko naitika mAnatA hai jo AtmavikAsa meM sahAyaka haiM aura una karmoM ko anaitika mAnatA hai jo Atmika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra vikAsa kA sarvocca rUpa AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM kI pUrNatA kI sthiti hai| jaba AtmA meM ye zaktiyA~ pUrNatayA prakaTa ho jAtI haiM aura unapara koI AvaraNa yA bAdhakatA nahIM hotI, tabhI naitika pUrNatA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana vikAsa ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate hue bhI vikAsavAda se thor3A bhinna hai / spensara kA vikAsavAdI darzana aura jaina darzana punaH eka sthAna para ekadUsare ke nikaTa Ate haiN| spensara ke anusAra vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai aura vikAsa kI pUrNatA para naitikatA nirapekSa bana jAtI hai| jaina darzana bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitika sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / usake anusAra bhI hama jaise-jaise AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI prakriyA meM Upara uThate jAte haiM,. vaise-vaise naitika bAdhyatAoM aura naitika sApekSatAoM se Upara uThate hue naitika nirapekSatA kI ora Age bar3hate haiN| ___spensara ne jIvana kI lambAI aura cauDAI ko naitika pratimAna banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina darzana jIvanarakSaNa kI bAta karate hue bhI spensara kI jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI ke naitika pratimAna ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / spensara ke anusAra jIvana kI lambAI kA artha hai dIrghAyu honA aura caur3AI kA artha hai jIvana kI sakriyatA yA karmaThatA / jaina darzana spensara kI upayukta mAnyatAoM ko samucita nahIM mAnatA, kyoMki eka mahApuruSa ko alpAyu hone ke kAraNa anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura eka DAkU ko zArIrika dRSTi se karmaTha hone para naitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jIvanavRddhi kA saccA artha to sadguNoM kI vRddhi hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne jIvanarakSaNa kI apekSA sadguNoM ke rakSaNa ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai| vaha to sadguNoM ke

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132 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana rakSaNa ke lie deha utsarga yA prANAnta ko bhI anaitika nahIM maantaa| usake anu. sAra jIvana apane meM sAdhya nahIM, varan naitika pUrNatA ko prApta karane kA sAdhana hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana aura spensara kA vikAsavAda kucha arthoM meM ekadUsare se bhinna bhI siddha hote haiN| spensara kA jIvana-vRddhi kA Adarza vastutaH vaiyaktika nItizAstra kA pratipAdaka hai / spensara ke lie vaiyaktika naitikatA hI pramukha thii| yadyapi usane jAtirakSaNa ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, tathApi sAmAjika nItizAstra kA pratipAdana vikAsavAda ke anya do vicArakoM ke dvArA hI huA hai| unameM sTIphena ne sAmAjika svAsthya ( Social Health ) aura alekjeNDara ne sAmAjika samakakSatA ( Sccial equilibrium ) ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yadyapi spaSTa rUpa meM jaina dArzanikoM ne ina siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM koI bAta kahI ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA, tathApi yadi hama sAmAjika svAsthya kA artha sAmAjika vyavasthA karate haiM to itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina darzana bhI eka suvyavasthita samAja-racanA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai / sAmAjika samakakSatA sAmAjika samatva kI sUcaka hai aura isa rUpa meM jaina darzana kA anAgraha aura aparigraha kA siddhAnta isa sAmAjika samatva kA saMrakSaNa karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM nirdiSTa prANiyoM kI sahayogAtmaka prakRti bhI sAmAjika samatva kI saMrakSaka hai| 3. buddhiparatAvAda aura jaina darzana ___kAMTa apane naitika siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM bhAvanAoM ko koI sthAna nahIM dete| unake anusAra naitika jIvana kA lakSya bhAvanAoM se Upara buddhimaya jIvana hai| kAMTa ke nItizAstra meM sad-icchA hI paramazubha hai / ve sadicchA ko sadbhAvanA nahIM varan kartavyabhAva mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, sadicchA yA paramazubha nirapekSa hai| kAMTa kA naitika darzana jJAna-mArga kA pratipAdaka hai, usameM kartavya kevala kartavya ke lie hote haiN| kAMTa kisI bhAvanA se prerita karma ko naitika nahIM mAnate / unake anusAra karma ko bhAvanA se nahIM, varan buddhi se niyantrita honA cAhie / niSpakSa buddhi se niyantrita karma hI naitika ho sakatA hai / kAMTa ne naitika Adeza ke yA karma, kI naitikatA ke pratimApaka pA~ca sUtra diye haiM 1. sArvabhauma vidhAna-tuma kevala usI niyama kA pAlana karo jisake mAdhyama se tuma usI samaya icchA kara sako ki yaha eka sArvabhauma vidhAna ho / 2. prakRti vidhAna-aisA karo, mAno tumhAre karma kA niyama tumhArI icchA ke mAdhyama se prakRti kA eka sArvabhauma vidhAna honevAlA ho|| 3. svayaMsAdhya-aisA karo, jisase svayaM ke vyaktitva meM tathA pratyeka anya puruSa ke vyaktitva meM nihita mAnavatA ko tuma sadA hI sAdhya ke rUpa meM prayoga karo, sAdhana ke rUpa meM nhiiN|

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 133 4. svatantratA - aisA karo ki tumhArI icchA usI samaya apane niyama ke mAdhyama se apane ko sArvabhauma vidhAna banAnevAlI samajha sake / 5. sAdhyoM kA rAjya -- aisA karo, mAno tuma sadA apane niyama ke mAdhyama se sAdhyoM ke eka sArvabhauma sAdhya ke vidhAyaka sadasya ho / " jaina darzana meM kAMTa ke siddhAntoM ke kucha sUtra avazya mila jAte haiM jinake AdhAra para donoM kI nikaTatA ko parakhA jA sakatA hai / + kAMTa aura jaina darzana, donoM naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM jJAna ko svIkAra karate haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra niSpakSa evaM nirapekSa pUrNajJAna ( kevalajJAna ) naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai yadyapi isa sandarbha jaina darzana aura kAMTa meM thor3A vicArabheda bhI hai / kAMTa ke anusAra nirapekSa jJAnamaya jIvana hI naitika sAdhya hai jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha bhAva bhI naitika sAdhya hai / jaina darzana mokSa-dazA meM anantajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha anantasukha kI upasthiti bhI mAnatA hai / kAMTa ke anusAra jJAna ho sAdhya hai, jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna bhI sAdhya hai / jahA~ taka paramazubha kI nirapekSatA kA prazna hai, jaina darzana naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa yA AcAralakSI nizcayanaya ko avazya hI nirapekSa mAnatA hai; lekina sAtha hI vha vyAvahArika naitikatA kI sApekSatA bhI svIkAra karatA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra Antarika naitikatA avazya nirapekSa aura nirapavAda hai; lekina bAhya naitika niyama to sApekSa aura sApavAda hI haiM / jaina darzana meM apavAdamArga yA Apaddharma kA vidhAna hai, yadyapi usake lie prAyazcita kA vidhAna bhI hai / sAmAnya sthiti meM nirapekSarUpa se hI naitika niyamoM ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra jahA~ jaina darzana nirapekSa aura sApekSa donoM hI prakAra kI naitika vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, vahA~ kAMTa kevala nirapekSa naitikatA para hI bala dete haiM / kAMTa apavAdamArga aura Apaddharma. ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake anusAra, jo zubha hai vaha sadaiva hI zubha hai aura jo azubha hai vaha sadaiva hI azubha hai / jahA~ taka vAsanAoM ke buddhi se niyantrita hone kA prazna hai, jaina darzana aura kAMTa donoM ke dRSTikoNa samAna haiM / jaina darzana bhI vAsanAoM para buddhi kA zAsana Avazyaka mAnatA hai / AcAramArga kI kaThoratA kI dRSTi se kAMTa aura jaina darzana ekadUsare ke nikaTa haiM / kAMTa ke AcAradarzana ko apavAdamArga evaM bhAvanA ke abhAva ke kAraNa kaThoratAvAda kahA jAtA hai jabaki jaina AcAradarzana ko tapapradhAna hone ke kAraNa kaThora kahA jAtA hai yadyapi jaina darzana apavAdamArga aura bhAvanA ko svIkAra karatA hai / kAMTa ke sArvabhauma vidhAna ke sUtra ke anusAra koI bhI karma tabhI naitika ho sakatA hai jabaki vaha sArvabhauma niyama banane kI kSamatA rakhatA ho / sAmAnya niyama hI naitika niyama ho sakatA hai / yadi koI niyama isa siddhAnta ke pratikUla hai to vaha 1. udghRta - nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 268. *

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134 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI anya koI kyoMki corI ko anaitika hai / udAharaNArtha, corI karane ko liijie| yadi koI vyakti corI ko apane AcaraNa kA vyaktigata niyama banAtA hai, to use yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki kyA vaha corI ko usI samaya sArvabhauma niyama banA sakatA hai ? spaSTa hai ki vaha yaha kabhI nahIM cAhegA ki usake dvArA curAye mAla corI kare / isa prakAra corI sArvabhauma niyama nahIM ho sakatI, sArvabhauma banAne para corI kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyegA / isI prakAra hiMsA, asatya, beImAnI Adi avaguNa bhI sArvabhauma niyama nahIM banAye jA sakate / isalie ve sabhI anaitika haiM / kAMTa ke isa sUtra kA Azaya yahI hai ki hama jaisA vyavahAra apane prati cAhate haiM vaisA hI AcaraNa dUsaroM ke prati kareM hama apane bAre meM jaisI icchA kareM vaisI hI icchA dUsare ke bAre meM bhI kreN| jaina darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI ise hI naitika niyama kA sarvasva mAnA gayA hai / jaina, bauddha evaM vaidika AcAradarzanoM meM bhI zubhAzubhatva ke pratipAdana ke rUpa meM yahI siddhAnta svIkRta hai / jaina AcAradarzana meM bhI karma ke zubhAzubhatva kA nirNAyaka yahI Atmavat dRSTi kA siddhAnta hai / gItA aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM bhI isa siddhAnta kA samarthana milatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kAMTa kA sArvabhauma vidhAna kA sUtra Atmavat dRSTi ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM bhAratIya paramparA meM hI svIkRta rahA hai / " kAMTa ke prakRti vidhAna ke sUtra kA Azaya yaha hai ki jo karma rUpatA aura soddezyatA ke anurUpa haiM ve hI karane cAhie / isa sUtra kA yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki svabhAva ke anurUpa hI karma karanA caahie| siddhAnta kA pratipAdana gItA meM svadharma siddhAnta ke rUpa meM huA hai / gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki jJAnavAna bhI apanI prakRti ke anurUpa hI darzana ke anusAra yaha kahanA par3egA ki AtmA kA jo svabhAvadazA hai usI se hamAre karma niHsRta hone cAhie / niHsRta hote haiM, ve hI naitika hote haiM / vibhAvadazA meM honevAle karma anaitika haiM / AcaraNa karate haiM / " jaina nija svabhAva hai yA jo jo karma svabhAvadaza / se kAMTa ke svayaM sAdhya ke sUtra kA Azaya yaha hai ki manuSya svayaM sAdhya hai aura usako kisI dUsare manuSya ke lie sAdhana nahIM bananA cAhie / yadi vyakti apanI AtmA ko sAdhya na banAkara svayaM ko kisI anya kA sAdhana banAtA hai to usakA yaha karma naitika nahIM mAnA jAyegA / jaina darzana meM aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai / isake viparIta aneka sthitiyoM meM vyakti ko dUsare ke hita kA sAdhana banane ko kahA gayA hai / yadi hama isa siddhAnta kA yaha Azaya svIkAra kareM ki mAnavatA kA ( cAhe vaha hamAre svayaM ke andara ho athavA kisI anya vyakti meM ) sammAna karanA cAhie to isa rUpa meM vaha jaina darzana meM bhI svIkRta ho sakatA hai / eka anya apekSA se bhI 1. (a) mahAbhArata, zAntiparva; udghRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 270. (A) paJcatantra, 41102. 2. gItA, 3 / 36. prakRti kI eka eka Azaya kAMTa ke isa

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 135 isa satra kA yaha bhI Azaya nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti kA naitika vikAsa aura patana svayaM usI para nirbhara hai| isa artha meM yaha siddhAnta naitika jIvana meM puruSArtha kI dhAraNA para bala detA hai aura yaha jaina darzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| jaina AcAradarzana kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki vyakti kA hita aura ahita svayaM usI para nirbhara hai| kAMTa ke svatantratA ke sUtra kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti ko samAna adhikAra prApta hai, ata: jise hama apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM use hI dUsaroM kA bhI adhikAra mAnanA caahie| yadi hama corI karate samaya dUsaroM kI sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM to dUsaroM ko bhI yaha adhikAra prApta hai ki ve ApakI sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnakara usakA upa-oga kreN| isa prakAra yaha sUtra samAna adhikAra kI bAta kahatA hai jo ki prathama sUtra se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| yaha sUtra bhI sabako apane samAna samajhane kA Adeza hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha Atmavat dRSTi kA hI pratipAdaka hai| ___ kAMTa kA sAdhyoM ke rAjya kA sUtra yaha batAtA hai ki sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna mUlyavAlA samajho aura isa artha meM yaha siddhAnta lokahita yA lokasaMgraha kA pratipAdaka hai tathA pArasparika sahayoga tathA pUrNa sAmaJjasya ke sAtha karma karane kA nirdeza detA hai| isameM bhI Atmavat dRSTi kA bhAva sannihita hai| isa sUtra meM pratipAdita sabhI vicAra jaina tathA anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM upalabdha haiN| 4. pUrNatAvAda aura jaina darzana pUrNatAvAda kA siddhAnta naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI pUrNatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / sukhavAda AtmA ke bhAvanAtmaka pakSa ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya batAtA hai, jabaki buddhivAda AtmA ke bauddhika pakSa ko hI naitikatA kA sAdhya mAnatA hai| sukhavAda aura buddhi vAda ke ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se Upara uThakara pUrNatAvAda bhAvanAtmaka AtmA aura bauddhika AtmA donoM ko hI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnatA hai| naitikatA samagra AtmA kI siddhi hai, usa AtmA kI jo ki buddhimaya bhI hai aura bhAvanAmaya bhii| vaha AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM ko nahIM, varan pUrNa AtmA ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya banAtA hai| vaha Atmika kSamatAoM ke pUrNa vikAsa kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karatA hai| pUrNatAvAda kA eka prAcIna rUpa IsA ke usa kathana meM milatA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'tuma vaise hI pUrNa ho jAo jaise svarga meM tumhArA pitA hai|' hegela ne bhI apane darzana kI mukhya zikSA pUrNa vyakti bano' ke rUpa meM dI hai| hegela ke dRSTikoNa kA hI vikAsa karanevAle pUrNatAvAdI vicArakoM meM keyarDa, grIna, DraDale evaM bosAMke pramukha haiN| samakAlIna pUrNatAvAdI vicArakoM meM 1. pUrNatAvAda ke vizeSa adhyayana ke lie dekhie (a) pazcimI AcAra vijJAna kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana-Izvaracandra zarmA, adhyAya 8,15. (ba) ethikala sTaDIja-baDale.

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136 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1 peTana aura myUraheDa Ate haiM / breDale apane pUrNatAvAda meM AtmasAkSAtkAra para bala dete haiM / unakA kathana hai ki apane ko eka ananta pUrNa ke rUpa meM prApta karo / breDale apane nItizAstra ke pramukha graMtha 'ethikala sTaDIja' meM isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki vyakti kA naitika sAdhya eka ananta pUrNa AtmA ke rUpa meM AtmasAkSAtkAra karanA hai / pUrNatAvAda kI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM ko nimna rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai -- ( 1 ) paramazubha vAsanAoM kA buddhi ke dvArA vyavasthApana evaM niyantraNa karanA hai / (2) naitika jIvana kI prakriyA AtmatyAga ke dvArA AtmalAbha kI hai / kSudra, pAzavika vAsanAmaya evaM indriyaparaka AtmA ke tyAga ke dvArA ucca evaM sAmAjika AtmA kA lAbha hI naitika vikAsa kI prakriyA hai / (3) naitikatA AdhyAtmika tattva ke ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA hai / ( 4 ) pUrNatAvAda naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa arthAt caritra vikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana para bala detA hai / ( 5 ) vaha apanI kSamatAoM ko pahacAna kara unake pUrNa prakaTana para bala detA hai / (6) manuSya hone ke lie sAmAjika honA Avazyaka hai yadyapi sAmAjikatA bhI antima nahIM hai, sAmAjikatA se bhI Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra vaha sAmAjikatA aura naitikatA ke kSetra ke atikramaNa para bala detA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAya to sabhI mokSalakSI darzana pUrNatAvAda ke samarthaka haiM / zrI saGgamalAla pANDe likhate haiM ki vAstava meM hindU dharma, bauddha dharma aura jaina dharma ke nItizAstra bahuta kucha ekasamAna haiM / ve sabhI manuSya ko pUrNa hone kI zikSA dete haiN| tInoM dharmoM kA pUrNatAvAda para triveNIsaGgama hone ke kAraNa pUrNatAvAda bhAratIya nItizAstra kA sarvamAnya siddhAnta ho gayA hai / " jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM bhAvanAmya aura buddhimaya donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai aura buddhi ke dvArA bhAvanAoM ke anuzAsana para bala detA hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana bhI mokSa ke naitika sAdhya meM bhAvanAtmaka aura bauddhika donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA yaha mAnatA hai ki vyAvahArika jIvana meM kaSAyayukta AtmA ko jJAnAtmA se anuzAsita honA caahie| jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI kaSAya AtmA kA tyAga aura jJAna, darzana aura cAritra guNa se yukta zuddha AtmA kA lAbha naitika jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai / jaina darzana aura pUrNatAvAda isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki naitikatA AdhyAtmika tatva ( AtmA ) ke ananta vikAsa kI . prakriyA hai / yadyapi pUrNatAvAda aura vizeSakara breDale kA dRSTikoNa yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA bhI ananta hai aura kabhI samApta nahIM hotI jabaki jaina darzana mAnatA hai ki vyakti ananta vikAsa kI isa prakriyA meM pUrNatA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai / pUrNatAvAda Adarza ke yathArtha bana jAne kI sambhAvanA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA jabaki jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki naitika pUrNatA kA yaha Adarza yathArtha 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 305.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 137 banAyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa, caritravikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana bhI naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa caritravikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana para bala detA hai| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda apanI kSamatAoM ko pahacAnakara unake pUrNa prakaTana taka puruSArthI banA raha / Avazyaka mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana bhI AtmA ke svasvarUpa ko jAnakara usakI pUrNatA ke lie satata parizrama aura jAgarUkatA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai / jaina darzana bhI pUrNatAvAda ke samAna sAmAjikatA ko naitikatA kA antima tattva nahIM mAnatA aura samAja se bhI Upara uThane kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina darzana kA naitika sAdhya mokSa hai, lekina mokSa pUrNatA yA AtmasAkSAtkAra kI avasthA hI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne mokSa kI avasthA meM anantacatuSTaya kI upalabdhi ko svIkAra kara yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki jaina darzana pUrNatA ke rUpa meM jIvana ke sabhI sadpakSoM kA pUrNa vikAsa cAhatA hai| vastutaH jaina darzana ke mokSa kI yaha dhAraNA pUrNatAvAda yA AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta se dUra nahIM hai / jaina darzana kA mokSa anya kucha nahIM, mAtra caitta jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka evaM saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti hai| vaidika paramparA meM bhI AtmapUrNatA, AtmalAbha yA AtmasAkSAtkAra ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ke lie hI saba kucha priya hotA hai|' AcArya zaMkara upadezasahasrI meM likhate haiM ki AtmalAbha se bar3A anya koI lAbha nahIM hai / 2 vaidika paramparA meM buddhi ke dvArA vAsanAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke tathya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| manusmRti evaM gItA meM varNadharma yA svadharma ke jo pratyaya haiM, ve bhI pUrNatAvAdI vicAraka DraDale ke 'svasthAna aura usake kartavya' ke siddhAntoM ke bahata adhika nikaTa haiN| gItA pUrNatAvAda ke samAna hI karmamArga, jJAnamArga evaM bhaktimArga ke samanvaya ko svIkAra karatI hai| dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ke puruSArthoM meM kAma aura artha ko svIkAra kara vaidika paramparA yaha spaSTa rUpa se batA detI hai ki jIvana meM bhAvanAtmaka pakSa kA bhI apanA mUlya hai| bhAvanA ko jIvana se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / naitika sAdhya bhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa nahIM, varan unakA pariSkAra hai| ____ bhAratIya paramparA meM pUrNatAvAda kA Arambha vedoM se hotA hai, jinameM pUrNatA ko prApta karanA mAnava jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM yahI pUrNatAvAda AtmasAkSAtkAra yA AtmalAbha ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai / gItA meM paramAtmA ko pUrNapuruSa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai aura usakI prApti ko hI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| 1. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad , 2 / 45. 2. upadezasahasrI, 16 / 4.

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138 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. mUlya kA pratimAna aura jaina darzana pAzcAtya vicAra-paramparA meM mUlyavAda naitika pratimAna kA eka mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta mAnA jAtA hai| mUlyavAda ke anusAra mUlya vaha hai jo bhAvanA yA icchA kI pUrti karatA hai / mUlya kI samucita paribhASA yaha ho sakatI hai ki 'mUlya vaha hai jise pAne ke lie vyakti aura samAja ceSTA karate haiM jisake lie jIvita rahate haiM aura jisake lie bar3A se bar3A utsarga karane ke lie taiyAra rahate haiN|' mUlyavAda ke anusAra zubha aura ucita, pariNAmoM yA zubha saMkalpoM para nirbhara nahIM haiM / zubha evaM ucita, jIvana ke una AdarzoM se nirgamita hote haiM jo hamAre jIvana kA paramArtha yA zreya haiN| mUlyavAda kI paramparA meM mUlya eka vyApaka zabda hai / vaha yadyapi zreya, sAdhya kA Adarza yA sUcaka hai, tathApi koI akelA sAdhya mUlya nahIM hai / mUlya sadaiva vyavasthA meM nirdhArita hotA hai| sukha, jIvana, vairAgya Adi meM pratyeka eka malya hai. kintu mUlya usase adhika vyApaka hai / 'mUlya' eka tattva nahIM hai eka vyavasthA hai aura usI vyavasthA meM kisI mUlya kA bodha hotA hai| __mUlyavAda mUlya kI apekSA mUlyoM ( Values ) para bala detA hai, phira bhI 'parama mUlya' yA sarvocca mUlya kyA hai, yaha viSaya mUlyavAdI vicAraNA meM vivAdapUrNa hI rahA hai / sukarAta 'jJAna' ko pleTo 'nyAya' ko, arastU 'uccavicArazIlatA' ko, spInojA 'Izvara' ko aura hegala 'vyaktitvalAbha' ko sarvocca mUlya mAnate haiN| arabana ne AdhyAtmika mUlyoM meM kramazaH kalAtmaka, bauddhika aura dhArmika ( cAritrika ) mUlyoM ke rUpa meM saundarya, satya aura ziva ( kalyANa ) ko parama mUlya mAnA hai, jinameM bhI prathama kI apekSA dUsarA aura dUsare kI apekSA tIsarA adhika ucca mAnA gayA hai / mUlyavAda kI isa paramparA meM bhI 'parama mUlya' kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para aneka varga banate haiM, unameM kucha dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra haiM 1. mAnavatA-kendrita mUlyavAda ( mAnavatAvAda ) 2. astitvavAdiyoM kA Atma-kendrita mUlyavAda 3. mArksa kA samAja evaM artha kendrita mUlyavAda 4. arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda 8. mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina AcAradarzana mAnavatAvAda' meM naitikatA kA pratyaya sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavatAvAda ko AcArazAstrIya dharma kahA jAtA hai| mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta naitikatA ko mAnava kI sAMskRtika cetanA ke vikAsa meM dekhatA hai| sAMskRtika vikAsa hI naitikatA kI kasauTI hai / sAMskRtika vikAsa evaM naitika jIvana mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai| mAnavatAvAdI cintana meM manuSya hI naitika mUlyoM kA mAnadaNDa hai aura mAnavIya guNoM kA vikAsa hI naitikatA hai| mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM kI 1. dekhie-(a) samakAlIna dArzanika cintana, pR0 300-325. (ba) kanTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 177-188.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 139 eka lambI paramparA hai| pleTo aura arastU se lekara lemANTa, jAkamAritA tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe, sI0 bI0 garneTa aura isrAila levina prabhRti vicAraka isa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / ye sabhI vicAraka mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko dekhate haiM, phira bhI prAthamika mAnavIya guNa kyA hai isa viSaya meM unameM matabheda haiN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM bhI isa prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa se tIna vaga haiM jinheM AtmacetanAvAdI, vivekavAdI aura AtmasaMyamavATI kaha sakate haiN| ina tInoM mAnyatAoM kA jaina darzana ke sAtha nikaTa sambandha dekhA jA sakatA hai| inake sAtha jaina darzana kI tulanA karane ke pUrva, mAnavatAvAda kI kucha sAmAnya pravRttiyoM kA jaina vicAra paramparA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| sarvaprathama mAnavatAvAdI vicAra paramparA sahAnubhUti ke pratyaya ko hI. naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtI hai / mAnavatAvAda ke anusAra manuSya kA parama prAptavya isI jagat meM kendrita hai aura isalie vaha apane naitika darzana ko kisI pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA para AdhRta nahIM karatA / usake anusAra naitika hone ke lie kisI pAralaukika Adarza yA sAdhya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, varan manuSya meM nihita sahAnubhUti kA tattva hI u / naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAna banAye rakhane ke lie paryApta hai| vaha naitikatA ko pralobhana aura bhaya ke AdhAra para khar3A na karake mAnava meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva para khar3A karatA hai| usake anusAra naitika hone ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki hama kisI pAralaukika sattA yA Izvara athavA karma ke niyama jaise kisI siddhAnta para AsthA rakheM, varan mAnavIya prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti kA tattva hI naitika hone ke lie paryApta hai| isa viSaya meM jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa kyA hai ? jaina darzana bhI prANI meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko svIkAra karatA hai, tathApi vaha karma siddhAnta ko bhI mAnakara calatA hai / isa prakAra jahA~ mAnavatAvAda sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana sahAnubhUti ke tattva ke sAtha-sAtha karma siddhAnta ko bhI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtA hai / / __ mAnavatAvAda sAMsArika hita-sAdhana para jora detA hai aura pAralaukika sukhakAmanA ko vyartha mAnatA hai| vaha manuSya ko sthUla aindrika sukhoM taka hI sImita nahIM rakhatA hai, varan kalA, sAhitya, maitrI aura sAmAjika samparka ke sUkSma sukhoM ko bhI sthAna detA hai| lemANTa paramparAvAdI aura mAnavatAvAdI AcAradarzanoM meM niSedhAtmaka aura vidhayAtmaka dRSTi se bheda spaSTa karatA hai| usake anusAra paramparAvAdI naitika darzana meM vartamAna ke prati udAsInatA aura paraloka meM sukha prApta karane kI icchA hotI hai, yaha niSedhAtmaka hai| isake viparIta mAnavatAvAda vartamAna jIvana ke prati AsthA rakhatA hai aura use sukhI banAnA cAhatA hai, yaha vidhAyaka hai / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika darzana pAralaukikatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiM, aura bhAvI jIvana ke astitva meM bhI AsthA rakhate haiM, lekina isa AdhAra

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140 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana para unheM niSedhAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki ve vartamAna jIvana ke prati udAsInatA nahIM rakhate / jaina dArzanika spaSTarUpa se kahate haiM ki naitika sAdhana kA pAralaukika sukha kI kAmanA se koI sambandha nahIM hai, balki pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA naitika karma dUSita hotA hai / jaina dArzanika naitika sAdhanA ko na aihika sukhoM ke lie aura na pAralaukika sukhoM ke lie mAnate haiM, varan unake anusAra to naitika sAdhanA kA ekamAtra sAdhya AtmavikAsa evaM AtmapUrNatA hai / buddha ne kahA hai ki naitika jIvana kA sAdhya pAralaukika sukha kI kAmanA nahIM hai / gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA ke rUpa meM pAralaukika sukha kI kAmanA ko anucita hI kahA gayA hai / jaina vicAradhArA naitika jIvana ke lie apanI dRSTi vartamAna para hI kendrita karatI hai / kahA gayA hai ki jo bhUta ke sambandha meM koI zoka nahIM karatA aura bhaviSya ke sambandha meM jisakI koI apekSAe~ nahIM haiM, jo mAtra vartamAna meM hI jItA hai, vahI saccA jJAnI hai / vizuddha vartamAna meM jInA jaina paramparA kA naitika Adarza rahA hai, ata: vaha vartamAna ke prati udAsIna nahIM hai aura isa artha meM vaha mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM ke sAtha bhI hai yadyapi vaha paraloka ke pratyaya se inakAra nahIM karatI hai / buddha ne bhI ajAtazatru se yahI kahA thA ki mere naitika darzana kI sAdhanA ko kendra pAralaukika jIvana nahIM, varan yahI jIvana hai / mAnavatAvAda sAmAnyarUpa se svAbhAvika icchAoM kA sarvathA damana ucita nahIM mAnatA, varan unakA saMyamana Avazyaka mAnatA hai / vaha saMyama kA samarthaka hai, damana kA nahIM / usake anusAra saccA naitika jIvana icchAoM ke damana meM nahIM, unake saMyamana meM hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI damana ke pratyaya ko svIkAra nahIM karate / unameM bhI icchAoM kA damana anucita mAnA gayA hai / isa sandarbha meM sapramANa vistRta vivecana alaga se kiyA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se damana ke sthAna para saMyama ko hI svIkAra karate haiM aura isa artha meM ve mAnavatAvAdI vicAradhArA ke sAtha haiM / mAnavatAvAda karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa samAja para usake pariNAma ke AdhAra para karatA hai / lemANTa ke anusAra karma - preraka aura karma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai / koI bhI kriyA binA preraNA ke nahIM hotI aura jahA~ preraNA hotI hai vahA~ karma bhI hotA hai / bauddha darzana aura gItA spaSTa rUpa se karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa karma-preraka ke AdhAra para karate haiM, karma-pariNAma ke AdhAra para nahIM / isa AdhAra para ve mAnavatAvAda se koI sAmya nahIM rakhate / jaina darzana vyavahAradRSTi se karmapariNAma ko aura nizcayadRSTi se karmapreraka ko aucitya aura anaucitya ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAnatA hai / isa prakAra jaina darzana kI mAnavatAbAda se isa sambandha meM AMzika samAnatA hai /

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 141 mAnavatAvAda manuSya ko hI samagra mUlyoM kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra usameM mAnavIya jIvana kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai| yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se isa prazna ko dekheM to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karanA hogA ki bhAratIya paramparA bhI mAnavIya jIvana ke mahattva ko svIkAra karatI hai| jaina Agama uttarAdhyayana meM mAnava jIvana ko durlabha batAyA gayA hai| AcArya amitagati ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA hai ki jIvana meM manuSya kA jIvana hI sarvazreSTha hai / dhammapada meM bhagavAn buddha ne bhI manuSya janma ko durlabha batAyA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki . rahasya kI bAta to yaha hai ki manuSya se zreSTha aura kucha nahIM hai / gosAmI tulasIdAsa bhI isa tathya ko prakaTa karate haiM-"bar3e bhAga mAnusa tana pAvA, sura duralabha saba granthanhi gAvA / " isa prakAra bhAratIya cintana meM manuSya jIvana ke sarvocca mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|' samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicAra meM prAthamika mAnavIya guNa ke prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa se tIna vicAradhArAeM pracalita haiN| jaina AcAradarzana ke sAtha inakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kI dRSTi se ina tInoM vicAradhArAoM para alagaalaga vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa aura jaina darzana AtmacetanatA yA AtmajAgrati ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra aura prAthamika mAnavIya guNa mAnanevAle mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe pramukha haiN| ye naitikatA ko AtmacetanA kA sahagAmI mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM naitikatA kA paribhASaka usa samagra sAmAjika prakriyA meM nahIM hai jisameM manuSya jItA hai, varan AtmacetanA kI usa mAnavIya prakriyA meM hai jo vyakti ke jIvana meM rahI huI hai / vastutaH naitikatA AtmacetanAmaya jIvana jIne meM hai| unakA kathana hai ki jIvana ke samagra mUlya jIvana kI cetanA meM nihita haiM / yahI eka aisAdRSTikoNa hai jo jIvana ke yA anya kinhIM bhI mUlyoM ko avadhAraNa kara sakatA hai| cetanA ke niyantraNa meM jo jIvana hai. vahI saccA jIvana hai / naitika hone kA artha yaha jAnanA hai ki hama kyA kara rahe haiM / jAgrata cetanA naitikatA hai aura prasupta cetanA anaitikatA hai / zubha evaM ucita kArya vaha nahIM hai, jisameM AtmavismRti hotI hai, varan vaha hai jisameM AtmacetanatA hotI hai / 2 ____ mAnavatAvAdI AcAradarzana kA yaha AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa jaina AcAradarzana ke ati nikaTa hai / vAranara phiTe ke naitika darzana kI yaha mAnyatA ati spaSTa 1. (a) mANussaM sudullahaM |-mhaaviir (ba) bhaveSu mAnuSyabhavaH pradhAnam |-amitgti (sa) kicce maNussa paTilAbho |-dhmmpd, 182. (da) guhyaM brahma vadidaM ko bravImi na mAnuSAt zreSThataraM hi kiMcit / -mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 299 / 20. 2. kaNTempareri ethikala thyorIja, pR0 177-180. .

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142 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana rUpa meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM upalabdha hai / ye AcAradarzana AtmacetanatA ko apramattatA yA AtmajAgRti kahate haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra pramAda AtmavismRti kI avasthA hai aura use anaitikatA kA pramukha AdhAra kahA gayA hai / jo bhI kriyAe~ pramAda kA kAraNa haiM yA pramAdapUrvaka kI jAtI haiM, ve sabhI anaitika haiM / AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jo prasupta cetanAvAlA hai vaha amuni ( anaitika ) hai aura jo jAgrata cetanAvAlA hai vaha muni ( naitika ) hai | " kRtAMga meM pramAda ko karma aura apramAda ko akarma kahakara yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo kriyAe~ AtmavismRti ko lAtI haiM ve bandhanakAraka haiM, isalie anaitika bhI haiM / isake viparIta, jo kriyAe~ apramatta cetanA kI avasthA meM bandhanakAraka nahIM hotIM aura ve pUrNatayA vizuddha aura naitika haiM / phiTe kA AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke ati nikaTa hai / sUtra 2 sampanna hotI haiM isa prakAra vAranara bauddha darzana meM bhI AtmacetanatA ko naitikatA kA pramukha adhAra mAnA gayA hai / buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki apramAda amaratA kA mArga hai aura pramAda mRtyu kA / 3 bauddha darzana meM aSTAMga sAdhanA mArga meM samyak smRti bhI isa bAta ko spaSTa karatI hai ki AtmasmRti yA jAgrata cetanA naitikatA kA AdhAra hai jabaki AtmavismRti anaitikatA kA AdhAra hai / nanda ko upadeza dete hue buddha kahate haiM ki jisake pAsa smRti nahIM hai use Arya satya kahA~ se prApta hogA; isalie calate hue cala rahA hU~, khar3e hote hue khar3A ho rahA hU~ evaM isI prakAra dUsare kArya karate samaya apanI smRti banAye rkho| isa prakAra buddha bhI AtmacetanatA ko naitika jIvana kA kendra svIkAra karate haiM / gItA meM bhI sammoha se smRtivinAza aura smRtivinAza se buddhinAza aisA kahakara yahI batAyA gayA hai ki AtmacetanatA naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai / " 2. vivekavAda aura jaina darzana mAnavatAvAda ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM dUsarA varga viveka ko prAthamika mAnavIya guNa mAnatA hai / sI0 bI0 garneTa aura isarAila levina ke anusAra naitikatA vivekapUrNa jIvana jIne meM hai / garneTa ke anusAra viveka tArkika saMgati nahIM, varan jIvana meM kauzala yA caturAI hai / bauddhikatA yA tarka usakA eka aMga ho sakatA hai, samagratA nahIM / garneTa apanI pustaka 'vijaDama oNpha kaNDakTa' meM prajJA ko hI sarvocca 1. AcArAMgaM, 11 / 3. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 118 3. 3. dhammapada, 2 / 1. 4. saundarananda, 14 / 43-45. 5. gItA, 2/63. 6. dekhie (a) kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 181-184. (ba) vijaDama Apha kaNDakTa-sI0 bI0 garneTa.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 143 sadguNa mAnate haiM aura prajJA yA viveka se nirdezita jIvana jIne meM naitikatA ke sAratattva kI abhivyakti mAnate haiM / unake anusAra naitikatA kI samyak evaM sArthaka vyAkhyA zubha, ucita, kartavya Adi naitika pratyayoM kI vyAkhyA meM nahIM, varan AcaraNa meM viveka ke sAmAnya pratyaya meM hai| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisA tattva hai, jo naitika paristhiti ke astitvavAna pakSa arthAt caritra, preraNAe~, Adata, rAgAtmakatA, vibhedIkaraNa mUlyanirdhAraNa aura sAdhya ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai| ina sabhI pakSoM ko pUrNatayA dRSTi meM rakhe binA jIvana meM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa kI AzA nahIM kI jA sktii| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisI locapUrNa dRSTi hai, jo samagra paristhitiyoM ke sabhI pakSoM kI samyak vicAraNA ke sAtha khoja karatI huI suyogya cunAva karatI hai / levina ne AcaraNa meM viveka kA tAtparya eka samayojanAtmaka kSamatA se mAnA hai| usake anusAra naitika hone kA artha mAnava kI mUlabhUta kSamatAoM kI abhivyakti hai| garneTa aura levina ke AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya jaina vicAraNA tathA anya sabhI bhAratIya vicAraNAoM meM bhI mAnya rahA hai / jaina vicArakoM ne samyakjJAna ke rUpa meM jo sAdhanAmArga batAyA hai vaha kevala tArkika jJAna nahIM hai, varan eka vivekapUrNa dRSTi hai / jaina paramparA meM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ke lie 'yatanA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| dazavakAlikasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jIvana kI vibhinna kriyAoM ko viveka yA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sampAdita karatA hai vaha anaitika AcaraNa nahIM karatA hai|' bauddha paramparA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai / buddha ne bhI aMguttaranikAya meM mahAvIra ke samAna hI isa tathya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| gItA meM karmakauzala ko hI yoga kahA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bhI AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai| garneTa ne AcaraNa meM viveka ke lie samagra paristhitiyoM evaM sabhI pakSoM kA vicAra Avazyaka mAnA hai jise hama jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA spaSTa kara sakate haiM / anekAntavAda kahatA hai ki vicAra ke kSetra meM ekAMgI dRSTikoNa rakhakara nirNaya nahIM lenA cAhie, varan eka sarvAMgINa dRSTikoNa rakhanA cAhie / garneTa kA karma ke sabhI pakSoM ke vicAra kA pratyaya anekAntavAdI sarvAMgINa dRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai| 3. AtmasaMyana kA siddhAnta aura jaina darzana mAnavatAvAdI naitika darzana ke tIsare varga kA pratinidhitva iraviMga babiTa2 karate haiM / babiTa ke anusAra mAnavatA evaM naitika jIvana kA sAra na to AtmacetanA1. dazavaikAlika, 4 / 8. 2. babiTa ke dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhie-(a) kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, pR0 185-186. (ba) di brekaDAuna Apha iNTaranezanalijma ___ -prakAzita 'di nezana' khaNDa sa (8) jUna 1915. (sa) Ana bIiMga krieTiva-babiTa.

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144 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana maya jIvana jIne meM hai aura na vivekapUrNa jIvana meM, varan vaha saMyamapUrNa jIvana yA anuzAsana meM hai / babiTa Adhunika yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa yaha batAte haiM ki eka ora hamane paramparAgata ( kaThora vairAgyavAdI ) dhAraNAoM ko tor3a diyA aura unake sthAna para chadma rUpa meM Adima bhogavAda ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga ke vicArakoM ne paramparAgata dhAraNAoM ke prativAda meM eka aisI galata dizA kA cayana kiyA hai jisameM mAnavIya hitoM ko coTa pahuMcI hai| unakA kathana hai ki manuSya meM nihita vAsanArUpI pApa ko asvIkRta karane kA artha usa barAI ko hI daSTi se ojhala kara denA hai jisake kAraNa mAnavIya sabhyatA kA astitva khatare meM par3a sakatA hai| manuSya kI vAsanAe~ haiM pApa haiM, anaitikatA hai, isa bAta ko bhUlakara hama mAnavIya sabhyatA kA vinAza kareMge, aura usake prati jAgrata rahakara mAnavIya bhyatA kA vikAsa kara skeNge| babiTa bahuta hI ojapUrNa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki hamameM jaivika pravega ( Vital Impulse ) to bahuta hai, AvazyakatA hai jaivika niyantraNa kii| hameM apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa karanA caahie| kevala sahAnubhUti ke nAma para sAmAjika ekatA nahIM A sktii| manuSyoM ko sahAnubhUti ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan anuzAsana ke sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para hI ekadUsare ke nikaTa lAyA jA sakatA hai| sahAnubhUti ke vistAra kA naitika darzana kevala bhAvanAtmaka mAnavatAvAda kI sthApanA karatA hai, jabaki AvazyakatA aise Thosa mAnavatAvAda kI hai jo anuzAsana para banatA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya AcAradarzana AtmasaMyama ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana naitika pUrNatA ke lie saMyama ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| usake vividha sAdhanApatha meM samyak AcaraNa kA bhI vahI mUlya hai jo viveka aura bhAvanA kA hai / dazavakAlikasUtra meM dharma ko ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapamaya batAyA hai| ahiMsA aura tapa bhI saMyama ke hI poSaka haiM aura isa artha meM saMyama eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai / bhikSu-jIvana aura gRhastha-jIvana ke AcaraNa meM saMyama yA anuzAsana ko savatra mahattva diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke sampUrNa upadeza kA sAra asaMyama se nivRtti aura saMyama meM pravRtti hai| isa prakAra babiTa kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ke ati nikaTa hai| babiTa kA yaha kahanA bhI ki vartamAna yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa saMyamAtmaka mUlyoM kA hrAsa hai, jaina darzana ko bhI svIkAra hai| vastuta: AtmasaMyama aura anuzAsana Aja ke yuga kI sabase mahattvapUrNa AvazyakatA hai| na kevala jaina darzana meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM meM bhI saMyama aura anuzAsana ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya naitika cintana meM saMyama kA pratyaya sabhI AcAradarzanoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM barAbara svIkRta rahA hai| saMyamamaya jIvana 1. dazavaikAlikasUtra, 111. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 31 / 2.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 145 bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA rahA hai, isalie babiTa kA yaha vicAra bhAratIya cintana ke lie koI nayI bAta nahIM hai| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM ke uparyukta tInoM siddhAnta yadyapi bhAratIya cintana meM svIkRta haiM, tathApi bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne ina tInoM ko samaveta rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM; bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM; tathA gItA meM zraddhA, jJAna aura karma ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se inheM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA kI zraddhA ko AtmacetanatA nahIM kahA jA sakatA tathApi gItA meM apramAda ke rUpa meM AtmacetanatA svIkRta hai / bauddha darzana ke isa trividha sAdhanApatha meM samAdhi AtmacetanatA kA, prajJA viveka kA aura zola saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| isI prakAra jaina darzana meM samyakdarzana AtmacetanatA kA, samyakjJAna viveka kA aura samyakcAritra saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / $ 9. sattAvAdI nItizAstra aura jaina darzana ___ 'sattAvAda' samakAlIna dArzanika cintana kA eka pramukha dArzanika sampradAya hai / kirkegArDa, heDegara, sAtra aura jesparsa isa vAda ke pramukha vicAraka haiM / yadyapi sattAvAdI vicArakoM meM kisI sImA taka matabheda hai tathApi kucha sAmAnya praznoM para ve sabhI ekamata haiN| sattAvAda kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha buddhivAda evaM viSayagata cintana kA virodhI hai tathA AtmaniSThatA aura antAna para adhika bala detA hai|' AcAra darzana-viSayaka aneka praznoM meM sattAvAda jaina darzana ke adhika nikaTa hai| ataH usakA saMkSipta tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| AcAradarzana ko pramukhatA jaina darzana ke samAna sattAvAda ke pramukha vicAraka kirkegArDa bhI tattvamImAMsA meM utanI ruci nahIM rakhate, jitanI AcAradarzana meN| unakI dRSTi meM kevala sat ziva aura sundara se U~cA nahIM hai| naitika AtmasattA hI sat hai kyoMki vaha gatyAtmaka aura udIyamAna hai tathA vyakti ko mahanIyatA pradAna karatI hai| naitika AtmasattA kA jJAna korA jJAna nahIM hai, varan usameM hamAre jIvana ko adhika UMcA aura mahAn banAne kI preraNA bhI hai / jaina darzana bhI nire tattvajJAna kA virodhI hai| jo tattvajJAna AtmavikAsa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA vaha nirarthaka hI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM aise nirarthaka jJAna kA upahAsa kiyA gayA hai / 2 jo jJAna naitika jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai aura naitika jIvana ko preraNA nahIM detA, vaha jJAna sattAvAda aura jaina AcAradarzana donoM ke lie hI anAvazyaka hai| buddha ne bhI nirI tattvamImAMsA kI upekSA hI kI thii| 1. dekhie-samakAlika dArzanika cintana, pR0 221-246. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 9-11; tulanA kIjie-dhammapada, 259.

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146 vaiyaktika nItizAstra AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se sabhI sattAvAdI vicAraka vyaktivAdI haiM / unakI dRSTi meM AcAradarzana AtmasApekSa hai, parasApekSa yA samAjasApekSa nahIM / naitika AcaraNa dUsare logoM ke lie nahIM, varan svayaM vyakti ke lie hai / naitikatA kA artha. lokakalyANa nahIM, varan AtmotthAna hai / karma kI naitikatA kA mUlyAMkana isa AdhAra para kiyA jAnA cAhie ki usameM kitanI tIvra AtmavedanA yA sva kI sattA kA bodha hai, na ki isa AdhAra para ki vaha kitanA adhika lokahitakArI hai / sattAvAda ke janaka kirkegArDa ke anusAra naitikatA Atmakendrita hai kahA jAtA hai| ki unhoMne naitika cintana meM koparanikasIya krAnti lA dI hai / unake pUrvavartI adhikAMza AcArazAstrI naitikatA ko parasApekSa mAnate the / unakI dRSTi meM hamArA naitika AcaraNa dUsare logoM ke lie hai, yadi hama aise ekAnta sthAna meM raheM jahA~ dUsarA koI vyakti na ho to hamAre lie naitikatA kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA / lekina kirkegArDa isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiM / unake anusAra naitikatA kA sambandha vyakti kI svayaM kI AtmA se hai na ki anya logoM yA samAja se / jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jahA~ taka jaina AcAradarzana kI bAta hai, nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se vaha vyaktivAda - kA hI samarthaka hai / usakI mAnyatA hai ki Atmahita hI naitika jIvana kA pramukha tattva hai / Atmahita karate hue lokahita sambhava ho to kiyA jA sakatA hai / lekina yadi lokahita aura Atmahita meM virodha ho to Atmahita karanA hI zreyaskara hai / " isa prakAra vyaktivAda ke samarthana meM jaina AcAradarzana aura sattAvAdI nItizAstra sAtha sAtha calate haiM / donoM kI dRSTi meM AtmotthAna yA vaiyaktika sAdhya 'sva' hI hai jisakI upalabdhi hI naitika jIvana kA sAra hai / antarmukhI cintana sattAvAdI cintaka, vizeSarUpa se kirkegArDa naitikatA ko anivAryatayA Atmakendrita mAnate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM sacce naitika jIvana kA prArambha Atmagata cintana yA antarmukhI pravRtti meM hotA hai / antarmukhatA yA AtmAbhimukha honA naitikatA kA pravezadvAra hai / jabataka viSayagata cintana hai, viSayAbhimukhatA hai, tabataka naitika jIvana meM praveza sambhava nahIM / cintana viSayAbhimukha hone para usakA svayaM ke jIvana para koI prabhAva nahIM hotA - usameM vicAroM kI niSkriya bhAga-daur3a hotI hai / saiddhAntika kahanA - sunanA mAtra hotA hai / Atmagata cintana meM hama satya meM hI sthita hote haiM / usake apane zabdoM meM kisI bAta ko socanA eka bAta hai aura usa socI huI bAta meM rahanA dUsarI bAta hai / kirkegArDa isa sambandha meM mRtyu kA udAharaNa dete haiM / unakA kahanA hai ki jaba taka hama mRtyu kA viSayagata cintana karate haiM, taba taka usakA hamAre Upara koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA / samAcArapatroM meM logoM kI par3hate haiM, logoM ko marate hue dekhate haiM; lekina dUsaroM kI mRtyu 1. uddhRta - AtmasAdhanAsaMgraha, pR0 441. mRtyu ke samAcAra hameM adhika nahIM

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta . 147 khalatI hai| yadi isI mRtyu kI bAta ko hama apane Upara lAgU kareM ki hamArI mRtyu ho rahI hai, to yaha vicAra hamArI bhAvanAoM, dhAraNAoM, yojanAoM aura kAryakalApoM ko ekadama badala detA hai / hama apanI mRtyu ke vicAra se ekadama gambhIra ho jAte haiN| hamAre AcaraNa meM antara A jAtA hai, jIvana meM krAnti ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra Atmagata cintana ko naitika jIvana kA anivArya tattva aura naitika patha para agrasara hone kA prathama caraNa mAnate haiN| - jaina AcAradarzana isa viSaya meM sattAvAda kA sahagAmI hai| usake anusAra bhI saccI naitikatA kA udbhava AtmAbhimukha hone para hotA hai / jaina cintana kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki jitanA AtmaramaNa hai utanI naitikatA hai aura jitanA pararamaNa hai utanI anaitikatA hai / ' pararamaNa, pudgalapariNati yA viSayAbhimukhatA anaitikatA hai aura Atma ramaNa yA sva meM avasthiti naitikatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki AtmA jaba sva-svabhAva meM sthita hotA hai taba vaha sva-samaya ( naitika ) hotA hai aura jaba 'para' paudgalika karmapradezoM meM sthita hotA huA parasvabhAva rUpa rAga-dveSa-moha kA pariNamana karatA hai taba vaha para-samaya ( anaitika ) hai| isI jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue muni nathamala jI likhate haiM ki naitikatA jaba mujhase bhinna vastu hai to vaha mujhase parokSa hogI aura parokSa ke prati merA utanA lagAva nahIM hogA jitane kI usase apekSA hotI hai| vaha ( naitikatA) mujhase abhinna hokara hI mere sva meM ghula sakatI hai / sAtmya hue binA koI auSadha bhI pariNAmajanaka nahIM hotI, taba naitikatA kI pariNati kaise hogI ? naitikatA upadezya nahIM hai, vaha svayaMprasUta hai| sva parokSatA kA nAma hI ana-AdhyAtmikatA hai| isakI paridhi meM vyakti pUrNa naitika nahIM bana pAtA, isIlie mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki jo AtmaramaNa hai vaha ahiMsA hai, jitanA bAhya ramaNa hai vaha hiMsA hai| isI satya kI ina zabdoM meM punarAvRtti kI jA sakatI hai ki jitanI Atma-pratyakSatA hai vaha naitikatA hai aura jitanI Atma-parokSatA hai vaha anaitikatA hai| jaina darzana kA samyakadaSTitva sattAvAdI darzana ke Atmagata cintana, AtmAbhimukhatA, Atma-avasthiti kA hI paryAyavAcI hai| jisa prakAra sattAvAdI darzana meM Atmagata cintana se naitika jIvana kA dvAra udghATita hotA hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana meM samyak dRSTi kI upalabdhi se hI naitika jIvana kA pravezadvAra khulatA hai| AtmAbhimukha honA hI samyakdarzana kI upalabdhi kA sahI svarUpa hai| donoM meM vAstavika samAnatA hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki dharma aura adharma kA AdhAra AtmA kI apanI pariNati hI hai, dUsaroM kI prasannatA yA nArAjagI nhiiN|3. - 1. dekhie-AcArAMga, 112 / 6 / 102, oghaniyukti, 754. 2. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 11. 3. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 3254.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AtmAbhimukhatA ke lie kirkegArDa ke samAna jaina AcAryoM ne bhI svayaM kI mRtyu ke vicAra kA udAharaNa diyA hai / jaina AcArya bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki svayaM kI mRtyu kA vicAra samagra jIvana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana lA detA hai / duHkhamayatA kA bodha 148 kirkegArDa ke anusAra jaba hama apanI dRSTi antarmukhI karate haiM aura apanI Antarika sattA kA vicAra karate haiM to eka ora hama apanI antaHcetanA ko akSuNNa Ananda, ananta zakti, zAzvata jIvana aura pUrNatA kI sajIva kalpanA se abhibhUta pAte haiM; to dUsarI ora hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI kSudratA duHkhamayatA aura apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai / isI antarvirodha meM viSAda yA vedanA kA janma hotA hai / yahI viSAda yA duHkhabodha sattAvAdI darzana meM naitika pragati kA prathama caraNa hai / jaina AcAradarzana meM bhI vartamAna jIvana kI duHkhamayatA evaM kSudratA kA bodha AdhyAtmikatA pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM pratipAdita anuprekSAoM meM anityabhAvanA, azaragabhAvanA aura azucibhAvanA ke pratyaya isI viSAda kI tIvratama anubhUti para bala dete haiM / bauddha darzana meM bhI isI duHkhabodha ke ' pratyaya ko prathama Aryasatya mAnA gayA hai| gItA kI to racanA hI 'viSAda yoga nAmaka prathama adhyAya se prArambha hotI hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana sattAvAda ke sAtha isa viSaya meM bhI ekamata haiM ki vartamAna apUrNatA evaM nazvaratA se pratyupannaviSAda yA duHkha kI tIvratama anubhUti hI naitika sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai / yaha vaha pyAsa yA abhIpsA hai, jo manuSya ko satya yA paramAtmA ke nikaTa le jAtI hai | tIvratama pyAsa se pAnI kI khoja prArambha hotI hai, duHkha kI vedanA meM hI zAzvata Ananda kI khoja kA prayatna prArambha hotA hai / zAzvata Ananda padArthoM ke bhoga meM nahIM kirkegArDa ke anusAra yadi viSAda yo duHkhAnubhUti kSaNika hai to vyakti bAhya saMsAra meM sApekSa vastugata sukhoM ke bhoga meM anurAga lene lagatA hai / lekina bAhya - sAMsArika sukha aura Antarika ananta Ananda donoM ko eka sAtha prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vaha apanI prasiddha pustaka " Either - Or" meM kahatA hai ki yA to hama sAMsArika sukhoM ke bhoga meM anurakta raheM aura Atmagata nirapekSa Ananda ko prApta na kareM yA sAMsArika vastugata sApekSa sukhoM ko chor3akara parama Ananda kI upalabdhi kareM / lekina jaise-jaise vyakti ko bhogamaya jIvana kI apUrNatA aura hInatA kA bodha hone lagatA hai, vaise-vaise vaha antarmukhI hotA jAtA hai aura nirapekSa Ananda - sat aura zubha ke prati usakI abhiruci bar3hatI jAtI hai / isa prakAra sattAvAda ke anusAra jIvana kA sAra bAhya vastugata sukha nahIM, varan zAzvata, ananta, pUrNa aura nirapekSa Atmika Ananda hai / jaina AcAradarzana bhI sattAvAda ke samAna jIvana kA paramasAdhya vastugata nazvara sukhoM ko nahIM, varan zAzvata Atmika Ananda ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / jaina

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 149 vicArakoM ne bhI bhautika sukhoM kI kSaNika aura duHkhapUrNa mAnakara unake parityAga kA hI nirdeza diyA hai / yadyapi yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina darzana aura kirkegArDa donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki bhautika jIvana evaM zarIra kI pUrNa upekSA sambhava nahIM hai / fgArDa ke anusAra manuSya ko kama se kama Izvara - sAnnidhya aura Ananda prApta karane ke lie to zarIra ko svastha rakhanA par3egA aura isalie thor3A-bahuta Izvara ko bhUla kara bhI zarIra kA rakSaNa kiyA jAtA hai / yadyapi zarIra- rakSA evaM bhautika jIvana ke jIne meM kucha samaya ke lie paramAtmA ke sAnnidhya se dUra ho jAte haiM, lekina ye vaMcita kSaNa vyakti meM tIvra AtmaglAni paidA karate haiM aura vyakti punaH usa avasthA meM lauTa jAnA cAhatA hai / jaina AcAradarzana ke guNasthAna siddhAnta meM isI tathya ko atyanta sUkSmatA se samajhAyA gayA hai / usameM batAyA gayA hai ki saccA sAdhaka (apramatta muni ) sadaiva hI AtmaramaNa meM lIna rahatA hai, lekina vaha bhI daihika kriyAoM ke nimitta usa AtmaramaNa ke apramatta saMyata guNasthAna se nIce pramattasaMyata guNasthAna meM utara AtA hai aura daihika kriyAoM se nivRtta ho punaH sAdhanA kI agrima bhUmikA para prasthita ho jAtA hai / 10. mArksavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, kintu isa sambandha meM mArksa ke anuyAyI lenina kA vaktavya draSTavya hai / ve kahate haiM ki 'prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA koI nItizAstra nahIM hai; bahudhA madhyavittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nItizAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM ( kintu ) unakA yaha tarIkA vicAroM ko bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai / hama unakA khaNDana karate haiM jo IzvarIya AdezoM se nItizAstra ko AvirbhUta karate haiM / hama kahate haiM yaha dhokhAdhar3I hai aura zramikoM aura kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pU~jIpatiyoM aura bhUpatiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlatA hai, hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nItizAstra sarvahArA varga ke vargasaMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai; jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai ( zeSa saba anIti hai ) / ' isa prakAra sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA; vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApaka hai, jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai / yaha ThIka hai ki mArksa bhautikavAdI hai, kintu vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai / yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAna sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogA / vastutaH nIti kA artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM AcAra

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150 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtma ra adhyayana aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM maryAdAoM kI svIkRti jinake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogaa| yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai, to vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI dRSTi hai; yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai to nIti kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai ? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA to nizcaya hI usake lie nIti kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kintu Aja kA manuSya pazu nahIM hai / usakI sAmAjikatA usake svabhAva se nissRta hai| ataH usake lie nIti kI svIkRti Avazyaka hai| mArksavAda aura jaina darzana sAmAjika nyAya aura samatA para bala dete haiM phira bhI donoM meM kucha AdhArabhUta bhinnatAe~ haiM jinapara vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| 1. bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AdhAroM meM antara-mArksa naitikatA kI vyAkhyA dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke AdhAra para karate haiN| ataH unake naitika Adarza ke nirdhAraNa meM AdhyAtmikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| mAkrsavAda kA AdhAra bhautika hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM naitikatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmikatA hai| naitikatA ke lie AdhyAtmika AdhAra isalie Avazyaka hai ki usake abhAva meM naitikatA ke lie koI Antarika AdhAra nahIM mila pAtA hai| saMkoca , bhaya, lajjA aura kAnUna-ye saba anaitikatA ke pratiSedha haiM, lekina ye bAhya haiN| usakA vAstavika pratiSadha kevala adhyAtma hI ho sakatA hai| adhyAtma saba pratiSedhoM kA pratiSedha hai, vaha naitika jIvana kA sarvocca praharI hai / AdhyAtmikatA hI eka aisA AdhAra hai jisameM naitikatA bAhara se thopI nahIM jAtI, apitu andara se vikasita hotI hai| bhautikavAda meM svArtha ke nivAraNa kA koI vAstavika AdhAra nahIM hai| AdhyAtmikatA hI eka aisA AdhAra hai jo vyakti ko svArtha se pUrNatayA Upara uThA sakatA hai| jahA~ vyakti ko bhautika spardhAoM meM se gujarane kI chUTa hai aura bhautika vikAsa hI parama lakSya hai, vahA~ vyakti apane vyaktitva ko samAja meM vilIna nahIM kara sktaa| jaba taka vyakti apane ko samAja meM vilIna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha svArtha se Upara bhI nahIM uTha sakatA / ataH naitika jIvana ke lie AdhyAtmika AdhAra apekSita hai| 2. Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa meM antara-mArksavAdI naitika darzana ke anusAra Arthika kriyAe~ hI samagra mAnavIya cintana aura pragati kI kendra haiM / dharma, darzana, kalA evaM sAmAjika saMsthAe~ sabhI vikAsamAna Arthika prakriyA para Azrita haiM aura isI vikAsamAna Arthika prakriyA meM hI naitika pratyayoM kI sArthakatA nihita hai| isa prakAra sAmyavAdI dRSTikoNa arthapradhAna hai, lekina isake viparIta jaina darzana ke anusAra naitika pragati kA kendra AtmA hai| mAvarsavAda apane naitika darzana meM adhyAtma evaM dharma ko isalie koI sthAna nahIM dena cAhatA ki adhyAtma tathA dharma

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 151 kI oTa meM burAiyA~ panapatI haiM, lekina yadi dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana burAiyoM ke panapane kI sambhAvanA ke kAraNa tyAjya hai to phira Arthika jIvana meM bhI to burAiyA~ panapatI haiM use kyoM nahIM chor3A jAtA ? mArksavAdI darzana jisa bhaya se dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana kA parityAga karatA hai. jaina darzana usI bhaya se arthapradhAna jIvana ko heya mAnatA hai / vAstavika dRSTi yaha honI cAhie ki jina kAraNoM se burAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, unakA nirakaraNa kiyA jaay| jisa prakAra arthavyavasthA sambandhI burAiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA sAmyavAda yA mArksavAda kA dhyeya hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana dharma evaM adhyAtma ke kSetra kI burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa karatA hai| donoM hI burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie prayatnazIla haiM, parantu donoM ke dRSTikoNa bhinna haiN| phira bhI jaina darzana Arthika kSetra meM utpanna burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ko apanI dRSTi ojhala nahIM karatA / vaha Arthika kSetra kI burAiyoM kA mUla kAraNa vyakti ke AdhyAtmika patana meM hI dekhatA hai aura usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna karatA hai| vastutaH sAmAjika viSamatA kA mUla Arthika jIvana meM nahIM, varan AdhyAtmika jIvana meM hI hai / yadi Arthika vikAsa hI sAmAjika vyavasthA ke parivartana kA AdhAra hai to Aja ke sampanna rASTra arthalolupatA se mukta kyoM nahIM haiM ? Aja ke sampanna vyakti evaM rASTra utane hI arthalolupa haiM jitane Adima yuga ke kabIle the| ataH sAmAjika viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa arthapradhAna dRSTi meM nahIM, varan hamArI AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika jIvana dRSTi meM hI sambhava hai| 3. bhogamaya evaM tyAgamaya jIvana dRSTi meM antara-mArksavAdI naitika darzana aura jaina AcAradarzana meM eka maulika antara yaha hai ki jahA~ jaina darzana saMyama para jora detA hai, vahA~ sAmyavAda meM saMyama yA vAsanAoM ke niyantraNa kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / bhogamaya dRSTi meM sAmyavAdI dRSTikoNa aura pUMjIvAdI dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| donoM hI uddAma vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM avirAma gati se lage hue haiN| donoM hI jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM aura lAlasAoM meM antara spaSTa nahIM kara pa rahe haiN| lekina vilAsitA kI dRSTi se Aja taka koI bhI vyakti evaM samAja apane ko zoSaNa, utpIr3ana aura krUratA se nahIM bacA sakA hai| Aja kI kaThinAI sambhavataH yaha hai ki hama jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM evaM vilAsitA meM antara nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| sAmyavAdI athavA bhautikavAdI dRSTi meM jIvana kI AvazyakatA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki AvazyakatA samAja ke dvArA anumodita honI caahie| samAja ko samAnatA ke stara para vilAsI banane kA maukA mile to mArksavAdI evaM bhautikavAdI vicAraka use ThukarAne ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| isake viparIta jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM AvazyakatA kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki jo jIvana ko banAye rakhe aura vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko kuNThita na kre| jaina darzana na kevala AvazyakatA ke parisImana para jora detA hai, varan vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki hameM jIvana kI anivAryatAoM tathA tRSNA (lAlasA) ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se jAnanA cAhie / vastutaH sAmAjika viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa

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152 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke prayatnoM se nahIM, apitu vAsanAoM ke saMyama se hI sambhava hai; kyoMki tRSNA kI pUrti kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM / sAmAjika samatva kA vikAsa saMyama se hI ho sakatA hai / ina bhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatAe~ haiM / 1. mAnava mAtra ko sanamAnatA meM AsthA- - jaina darzana aura sAmyavAda donoM hI mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA meM niSThA rakhate haiM / donoM hI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka manuSya ko jIne kA samAna adhikAra hai / apanI sukha-suvidhAoM ke lie dUsare kA zoSaNa anaitika hai / 2. saMgraha kI pravRtti kA virodha :- sAmyavAda aura jaina darzana donoM hI saMgraha kI vRtti ko anucita mAnate haiM / donoM ke anusAra saMgraha evaM vaiyaktika parigraha sAmAjika jIvana ke abhizApa haiM / jaina darzana kA parigrahaparimANavrata ahiMsaka sAmyavAda kI sthApanA kA prathama sopAna hai / jaina darzana na kevala parigraha kI maryAdA para jora detA hai, balki yaha bhI kahatA hai ki sAmAjika jIvana meM samAna vitaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai / buddha aura mahAvIra ke dvArA apane bhikSusaMgha meM pratipAdita yaha niyama ki 'upalabdhiyoM kA saMvibhAga karake bhoga karanA cAhie' sama vitaraNa ke siddhAnta kA prayoga hI thA / isa prakAra vaiyaktika parigraha kI maryAdA aura samavitaraNa sAmyavAda aura jaina darzana donoM ko svIkRta hai / 3. samatva kA saMsthApana - jaina AcAradarzana aura sAmyavAdI cintana donoM samatva kI saMsthApanA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM / yadyapi sAmyavAda Arthika samAnatA ko hI mahatvapUrNa mAnatA hai / usake lie samAnatA kA artha hai zoSaNarahita samAjavyavasthA | jaina darzana ma nasika samatva kI sthApanA para bala detA hai / 'sAmya' donoM ko abhipreta hai, phira bhI sAmyavAda meM sAmya kA artha bhautika yA Arthika sAmya hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM sAmya kA artha caittasika sAmya hai / jaina darzana meM sAmya ke saMsthApana kA sUtra pratyeka vyakti kI manobhUmi se prArambha hokara sAmAjika jIvana meM abhivyakta hotA hai / sAmyavAda meM samatva kA saMsthApana sAmUhika prayatna se hotA hai, vaha sAmAjika sAdhanA hai / 4. samya naitikatA kA pramApaka--sAmyavAda meM ve karma naitika mAne jAte haiM jo Arthika kSetra meM samatva kI sthApanA karate haiM, jo sAmAjika Arthika samAnatA ko banAye rakhate haiM tathA jo zoSaNa ko samApta karate haiM / jaina darzana meM bhI ve karma naitika mAne jAte haiM, jo caitta sika sAmya kI sthApanA karane meM sahAyaka haiM / donoM hI sAmya kI saMsthApanA ko naitikatA kA pramApaka mAnate haiM, yadyapi donoM kA sAmya kA artha thor3A bhinna hai | sAmyavAda kA paramazubha zoSaNarahita varga vihIna sAmyavAdI samAja kI racanA hai jabaki jaina darzana kA paramazubha samabhAva yA vItarAgadazA kI prApti hai | phira bhI donoM ke lie samatva, samAnatA yA samatA ke pratyaya samAna rUpa se naitikatA ke pramApaka haiM /

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 153 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana aura sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA kucha arthoM meM eka-dUsare ke nikaTa haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha kI bhikSu saMgha vyavasthA sAmyamUlaka samAjavyavasthA kA hI eka rUpa thI jisameM yogyatA ve. anurUpa kArya yA sAdhanA aura AvazyakatA ke anurUpa upalabdhi kA siddhAnta bhI kisI rUpa meM svIkRta thA / phira bhI bAhya rUpa meM donoM meM jisa samAnatA para bala diyA gayA hai, usake AdhAra bhinnabhinna haiM / sAmyavAda pramukha rUpa se bhautika evaM sAmAjika dRSTikoNa para jora detA hai, jabaki jaina darzana AdhyAtmika aura vyaktivAdI dRSTikoNa para jora detA hai| jaina darzana kA pramukha pratyaya 'sAmyavAda' nahIM, varan sAmyayoga hai| . 11. DablyU0 ema0 arabana kA AdhyAtmika mUlyavAda aura jaina darzana arabana' ke anusAra mUlyAMkana eka nirNayAtmaka prakriyA hai, jisameM sat ke prati prAthamika vizvAsoM ke jJAna kA tattva bhI hotA hai| isake sAtha hI usameM bhAvAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka anukriyA bhI hai| mUlyAMkana saMkalpAtmaka prakriyA kA bhAvapakSa hai| arabana mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM jJAnapakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvanA evaM saMkalpa kI upasthiti bhI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| mUlyAMkana meM nirantaratA kA tattva unakI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra hai| jitanI adhika nirantaratA hogI utanA hI adhika vaha prAmANika hogA / mUlyAMkana aura mUlya meM antara spaSTa karate hue arabana kahate haiM ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM karatA, varan mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko nirdhArita karate haiN| . arabana ke anusAra mUlya na koI guNa hai, na vastu yA sambandha / vastutaH mUlya aparibhASya hai, tathApi usakI prakRti ko usake sattA se sambandha ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sattA aura asattA ke madhya sthita hai| arabana minAMga ke samAna use vastuniS: kahatA hai| usakA artha 'honA cAhie' ( Ought to be ) meM hai| mUlya sadaiva astitva kA dAvA karate haiM, lekina unakA sat honA isI para nirbhara hai, ki sat ko hI mUlya ke usa rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAye, jisameM sattA aura astitva bhI ho| mUlya kI vastuniSThatA ke do AdhAra haiM--prathama yaha ki pratyeka vastuviSaya mUlya kI vidhA meM AtA hai aura dUsare pratyeka mUlya ucca aura nimna ke krama se sthita hai| arabana ke anusAra mUlyoM kI anubhUti unakI kisI krama meM anubhUti hai yaha binA mUlyoM meM pUrvAparatA mAne, kevala manovaijJAnika avasthA para nirbhara nahIM ho sktii| naitika malya-mUlya kI sAmAnya carcA ke bAda arabana naitika mUlya para Ate haiN| arabana ke anusAra naitika dRSTi se mUlyavAna hone kA artha hai manuSya ke lie mUlyavAna honA / naitika zubhatva mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta para nirbhara hai| mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta ko kucha logoM ne AkArika niyamoM kI vyavasthA ke rUpa meM. 1. dekhie-kaNTemparari ethikala thyorIja, adhyAya 17, pR0 274-284. 10

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154 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura kucha logoM ne sukha kI gaNanA ke rUpa meM dekhA thA, lekina arabana ke anusAra mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta kA tIsarA ekamAtra sambhAvita vikalpa hai 'AtmasAkSAtkAra' / AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta ke samarthana meM arabana arastU kI taraha hI tarka prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vastuoM kA zubhatva unakI kAryakuzalatA meM hai, aGgoM kA zubhatva jIvana meM unake yogadAna meM hai aura jIvana kA zubhatva AtmapUrNatA meM hai / manuSya 'Atma' ( self ) hai aura yadi yaha satya hai to phira mAnava kA vAstavika zubha usakI AtmaparipUrNatA meM hI nihita hai| arabana kI yaha dRSTi jaina paramparA ke ati nikaTa hai jo yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki AtmapUrNatA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya hai| arabana ke anusAra 'Atma' sAmAjika jIvana se alaga koI vyakti nahIM hai, varan vaha to sAmAjika maryAdAoM meM ba~dhA huA hai aura samAja ko apane mUlyAMkana se aura apane ko sAmAjika mUlyAMkana se prabhAvita pAtA hai| isa sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa thor3A bhinna hai, kyoMki jaina paramparA vyaktivAda ke adhika nikaTa hai| ___ arabana ke anusAra sva hita aura parahita kI samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna na to pariSkArita svahitavAda meM hai aura na bauddhika parahitavAda meM hai, varan sAmAnya zubha kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svahita aura parahita se Upara uTha jAne meM hai / yaha dRSTikoNa jaina paramparA meM bhI ThIka isI rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| jaina paramparA bhI svahita aura lokahita kI sImAoM se Upara uTha jAnA hI naitika jIvana kA lakSya mAnatI hai| arabana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta karate haiM ki mUlyAMkana karanevAlI mAnavIya cetanA ke dvArA yaha kaise jAnA jAya ki kauna se mUlya ucca koTi ke haiM aura kauna se mUlya nimna koTi ke ? arabana isake tIna siddhAnta batAte haiM pahalA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhyAtmaka yA Antarika mUlya sAdhanAtmaka yA bAhya mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca hai| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sthAyI mUlya asthAyI mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca hai aura tIsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki utpAdaka mUlya anutpAdaka mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca hai| ____ arabana inheM vyAvahArika viveka ke siddhAnta yA mUlya ke niyama kahate haiM / ye hameM batAte haiM ki AMgika mUlya jinameM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya samAhita haiM, kI apekSA sAmAjika mUlya jinameM sAhacarya aura cAritra ke mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| usI prakAra sAmAjika mUlyoM kI apekSA AdhyAtmika mUlya, jinameM bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| arabana kI dRSTi meM mUlyoM kI isI krama vyavasthA ke AdhAra para AtmasAkSAtkAra ke stara haiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie prasthita AtmA kI pUrNatA usa stara para hai, jise mUlyAMkana karanevAlI cetanA sarvocca mUlya samajhatI hai aura sarvocca mUlya vaha hai jo anubhUti kI pUrNatA meM tathA jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana meM sabase adhika

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 155 yogadAna karatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM ise hama vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| __eka ana yaAdhyAtmika mUlyavAdI vicAraka DablyU0 Ara0 sAlI jaina paramparA ke nikaTa Akara yaha kahate haiM ki naitika pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane meM hai| kintu jaina paramparA isase bhI Age bar3hakara yaha kahatI hai ki naitika pUrNatA paramAtmA banane meM hI hai| AtmA se paramAtmA, jIva se jina, sAdhaka se siddha , apUrNa se pUrNa kI upalabdhi meM hI naitika jIvana kI sArthakatA hai| __arabana kI mUlyoM kI krama-vyavasthA bhI jaina paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa hI haiM / jaina evaM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa puruSArthoM meM yahI krama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arabana ke Arthika mUlya arthapuruSArtha ke, zArIrika evaM manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke, sAhacaryAtmaka aura cAritrika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha ke tathA saundaryAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura dhArmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha ke tulya haiN| 12. bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mulya jisa prakAra pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta lokamAnya hai usI prakAra bhAratIya naitika cintana meM puruSArtha-siddhAnta, joki jIvanamUlyoM kA hI siddhAnta hai, paryApta lokapriya rahA hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne jIvana ke cAra puruSArtha yA mUlya mAne haiM--- . 1. artha ( Athika mUlya )-jIvana yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai; ataH daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane vAle ina sAdhanoM ko upalabdha karanA hI arthapuruSArtha hai| 2. kAma ( manodaihika mUlya )-jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhana juTAnA arthapuruSArtha aura una sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karanA kAmapuruSArtha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vividha indriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga kAmapuruSArtha hai| 3. dharma ( naitika mUlya )-jina niyamoM ke dvArA sAmAjika jIvana yA lokavyavahAra sucAru rUpa se cale, sva-para kalyANa ho, aura jo vyakti ko AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jAye, vaha dharmapuruSArtha hai / 4. mokSa ( AdhyAtmika mUlya )-nAdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa mokSa hai| 1. jaina dRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya sAmAnyatayA yaha samajhA jAtA hai nivRttipradhAna jaina darzana meM mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai| dharmapuruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAma ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| jainavicArakoM ke anusAra artha anartha kA mUla hai, sabhI kAma duHkha utpanna karanevAle haiN| lekina yaha vicAra 1. maraNasamAthi, 603. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 13 / 16.

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156 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ekAMgI hI mAnA jAyegA / koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai / jaina vicArakoM ne sadaiva hI vyakti ko svapuruSArtha se dhanopArjana kI preraNA dI hai / ve yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti ko kevala apane puruSArtha se upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA adhikAra hai / dUsaroM ke dvArA upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA use koI adhi-kAra nahIM hai / gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI putra ke lie bahana hotI hai aura dUsaroM kI lakSmI parastrI ke samAna hotI hai / donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai / ataH svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga karanA nyAyasaMgata hai / " jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna varNa ke logoM ko kina-kina sAdhanoM se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / brAhmaNoM ko mukha ( vidyA ) se, kSatriyoM ko asi ( rakSaNa ) se, vaNikoM ko vANijya se aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ko zilpAdi karma se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, kyoMki inhIM kI sAdhanA meM unakI lakSmI kA nivAsa hai / yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jainadRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM he haiM / lekina jaina darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ekAnta rUpa se heya haiM / yadi ve ekAMta rUpa se heya hote to AditIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva striyoM kI 64 aura puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM kA vidhAna kaise karate ? kyoMki unameM adhikAMza kalAe~ artha aura kAma puruSArtha se sambandhita haiM / 3 nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina vicAraNA meM samucita sthAna hai / jaina vicArakoM ne jisake tyAga para bala diyA hai vaha indriya-viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM, bhogoM ke prati Asakti yA rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hai / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra karma vipAka se upalabdha bhogoM se bacA nahIM jA sakatA / indriyoM ke sammukha unake viSaya upasthita hone para unake AsvAda se bhI bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, jo sambhava hai vaha yaha ki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti na rakhI jAye / itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vAsanAtmaka evaM saundaryAtmaka pakSa ko dharmonmukhI banAne tathA unake pArasparika virodha ko samApta karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai / unake anusAra mokSAbhimukha paraspara avirodha meM rahe hue sabhI puruSArtha AcaraNIya haiM / AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha upAsaka dharmapuruSArtha, arthapuruSArtha aura kAmapuruSArtha kA isa prakAra AcaraNa kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho / 4 AcArya bhadrabAhu ( 8vIM zatI) ne to ke pUrva hI isa bAta kI udghoSaNA kara dI catuSTaya avirodha bhAva se rahate haiM / AcArya likhate haiM ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko bhale hI AcArya hemacandra ( 11vIM zatAbdi ) thI ki jaina paramparA meM to puruSArthabar3e hI spaSTa evaM mArmika zabdoM meM anya koI vicAraka paraspara virodhI 1. prAkRta sUktisaroja, 11 11. 2 . vahI, 11 7. 3. dekhie kalpasUtra, ( bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA varNana ). 4. yogazAstra 1/52.

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157 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta mAnate hoM, kintu jinavANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna meM avatarita hone ke kAraNa paraspara asapatna ( avirodhI ) haiN| apanI-apanI bhUmikA ke yogya vihita anuSThAna rUpa dharma , svacchAzaya prayukta artha aura visrambhayukta arthAt maryAdAnukUla vaivAhika niyantraNa se svIkRta kAma, jinavANI ke anusAra, paraspara avirodhI haiN|' ye puruSArtha paraspara avirodhI tabhI hote haiM jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hote haiM aura jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hokara paraspara avirodha kI sthiti meM hoM, asapatna hoM, to ve samyak hote haiM, isalie AcaraNIya hote haiN| kintu jaba mokSa mArga se vimukha hokara puruSArthacatuSTaya paraspara virodha meM hote haiM, taba ve asamyak yA anucita evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiN| 2. bauddha darzana meM puruSArthacatuSTaya bhagavAn buddha yadyapi nivRtti mArgI zramaNa paramparA ke anugAmI haiM, tathApi unake vicAroM meM artha evaM kAma puruSArtha ke sambandha meM bhI dizAbodha upalabdha hai| dIghanikAya meM artha kI upalabdhi ke lie zrama karate rahane kA sandeza upalabdha hotA hai| buddha kahate haiM, Aja bahuta sardI hai, Aja bahuta garmI hai, aba to sandhyA ( dera ) ho gayI, isa kAra zrama se dUra bhAgatA huA manuSya dhanahIna ho jAtA hai| kintu jo sardI-garmI Adi ko sahakara kaThora parizrama karatA hai, vaha kabhI sukha se vaMcita nahIM hotA / 2 jaise prayatnavAna rahane se madhumakkhI kA chattA bar3hatA hai, cIMTI kA vAlmIka bar3hatA hai, vaise hI prayatnazIla manuSya kA aizvarya bar3hatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, prApta sampadA kA upayoga kisa prakAra ho, isa sambandha meM bhI buddha kA nirdeza hai ki sadgRhastha prApta dhana ke eka bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko vyApAra Adi kAryakSetra meM lagAye aura cauthe bhAga ko Apatti kAla meM kAma Ane ke lie surakSita rakha chodd'e| Aja kA pragatizIla arthazAstrI bhI Arthika pragati ke lie isase acche sUtra prastuta nahIM kara sakatA / buddha kevala arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| ve isa bAre meM bhI pUrNa satarka haiM ki yadi samAja meM dhana kA samucita vitaraNa nahIM hogA to arAjakatA aura asurakSA utpanna hogI / ve kahate haiM, nirdhanoM ko dhana nahIM diye jAnese daridratA bahuta bar3ha gayI aura daridratA ke bahuta bar3ha jAne se corI bahuta bar3ha gayI / 5 corN| ke bahuta bar3hane kA artha dhana kI asurakSA hai| isake pIche buddha kA nirdeza yahI hai ki samAja meM dhana kA samavitaraNa honA cAhie tAki samAja kA koI bhI varga abhAva se pIr3ita na ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM artha ko kabhI bhI dharma se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie, ve dharmayukta vyavasAya meM 1. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 262-264. 2. dIghanikAya, 31802. 3. vahI, 33814. 4. vahI, 3864. 5. vahI, 224.

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158 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana niyojita hone kA hI nirdeza dete haiN| jo jIvana meM dhana kA dAna evaM bhoga ke rUpa meM samucita upayoga nahIM karatA, usakA dhana nirarthaka hai, kyoMki marane vAle ke pIche usakA dhana Adi nahIM jAtA hai aura na dhana se jarAmaraNa se hI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai / 2 kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyamamArga kA pratipAdana karatA hai| udAna meM buddha kahate haiM, "brahmacarya jIvana ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai, yaha eka anta hai / kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, mithyAdhAraNA bar3atI hai, vyakti mArga se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai / "3 isa AdhAra para kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jo kAma dharma-aviruddha hai, jisase AdhyAtmika pragati yA citta kI vikalatA samApta honI hai| vaha kAma AcaraNIya hai / isake viparIta dharmaviruddha mAnasika azAntikAraka kAma yA viSayabhoga anAcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI jaina vicAra ke samAna dharmapuruSArtha nirvANa yA mokSapuraSArtha kA sAdhana hai / majjhimanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSaoM maiMne ber3e kI bhA~ti pAra jAne ke lie ( nirvANalAbha ke lie ) tumheM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nhiiN|"4 arthAt nirvANa kI dizA meM le jAnevAlA dharma hI AcaraNIya hai / buddha kI dRSTi meM jo dharma nirvANa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, jisase nirvANalAbha meM bAdhA AtI ho vaha tyAga dene yogya hai / itanA hI nahIM, buddha dharma ko eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie use bhI chor3a dene kA sandeza dete haiN| unakI dRSTi meM paramamUlya to nirvANa hI hai / 3. gItA meM puruSArthacatuSTaya puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bhI mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| vahI parama mUlya hai / dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArtha sambandhI dhRti ko gItAkAra ne rAjasI kahA hai| lekina yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki gItA meM ina puruSArthoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| gItAkAra jaba kAma kI nindA karatA hai,6 dharma ko chor3ane kI bAta karatA hai, to mokSapuruSArtha yA paramAtmA kI prApti kI apekSA se hii| mokSa hI paramasAdhya hai; dharma, artha aura kAma kA mokSa ke nimitta parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI yadi dharma, artha aura kAma mokSa ke avirodhI haiM to ve 1. suttanipAta, 26 / 29. 2. majjhimanikAya, 2 // 32 // 4. 3. udAna, jAtyandhavarga, 8. 4. majjhimanikAya, 121 / 4. 5. gItA, 18134. 6. vahI, 16 / 21. 7. vahI, 1866.

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 159 grAhya haiN| gItAkAra kI mAnyatA bhI yahI pratIta hotI hai ki artha aura kAra ko dharmAdhIna honA cAhie aura dharma ko mokSAbhimukha honA cAhie / dharmayukta, yajJapUrvaka evaM varNAnusAra kiyA gayA AjIvikopArjana gItA ke anusAra vihita hI hai| yadyapi dhana kI cintA meM DUbe rahanevAle aura dhana kA tathA dhana ke dvArA kiye gaye dAna-puNyAdi kA, abhimAna karanevAle ko gItA meM ajJAnI kahA gayA hai tathApi isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dhana ko ekamAtra sAdhya nahIM banA lenA cAhie aura na usakA tathA usake dvArA kiye gaye satkAryoM kA abhimAna hI karanA cAhie / isI prakAra kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki use dharma-aviruddha honA cAhie / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki prANiyoM meM dharma-aviruddha kAma maiM huuN| 2 sabhI bhogoM se vimukha hone kI apekSA gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yahI ucita hai ki unameM Asakti kA tyAga kiyA jAye / vastutaH yaha dRSTikoNa bhogoM ko mokSa ke avirodha meM rakhane kA prayAsa hai| isI prakAra gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki binA yajJa ke jo bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hai, to usakA pramukha dRSTikoNa kAma puruSArtha ko dharmAbhimukha banAne kA isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAoM meM cAroM puruSArtha svIkRta haiM, yadyapi sabhI ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ko dharma-aviruddha honA cAhie aura dharma ko sadaiva hI mokSAbhimukha honA cAhie / vastutaH yaha dRSTikoNa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM kA hai, varan samagra bhAratIya cintana kI isa sandarbha meM yahI dRSTi hai| manu kahate haiM ki ma-vihIna artha aura kAma ko chor3a denA caahie|4 mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki jo artha aura kAma dharma-virodhI hoM, unheM chor3a denA caahie|5 kauTilya apane arthazAstra meM aura vAtsyAyana apane kAmasUtra meM likhate haiM ki dharma aura artha se avirodha meM rahe hue kAma kA hI sevana karanA caahie| isa prakAra bhAratIya cintakoM kA prayAsa yahI rahA hai ki cAroM puruSArthoM ko isa prakAra saMyojita kiyA jAye ki ve paraspara avirodha kI avasthA meM rheN| isa hetu unhoMne unakA pArasparika sambandha nizcita karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| kauna sA puruSArtha sarvocca mUlyavAlA hai, isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane bhI Aye - 1. artha hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki dharma aura kAma donoM artha ke hone para upalabdha hote haiM / dhana ke abhAva meM na to kAma-bhoga hI prApta hote haiM, aura na dAna1. gItA, 16 / 10,12,15. 2. vahI, 7 / 11. 3. vahI, 3613. 4. manusmRti, 4 / 176. 5. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 3618-19. 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1117.

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160 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana puNyAdi dharma hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / ' kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra meM isI dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA hai / 2 2. kAma hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki viSayoM kI icchA yA kAma ke abhAva meM na to koI dhana prApta karanA cAhatA hai, aura na koI dharma karanA cAhatA hai / kAma hI artha aura dharma se zreSTha hai / 3 jaise dahI kA sAra makkhana hai, vaise hI artha aura dharma kA sAra kAma hai| 3. artha, kAma aura dharma tInoM hI svatantra puruSArtha haiM, tInoM kA samAna rUpa se sevana karanA caahie| jo eka kA sevana karatA hai vaha adhama hai, jo do ke sevana meM nipuNa hai vaha madhyama hai aura jo ina tInoM meM samAna rUpa se anurakta hai, vahI manuSya utama hai| 4. dharma hI zreSTha guNa ( puruSArtha ) hai, artha madhyama hai aura kAma sabakI apekSA nimna hai| kyoMki dharma se hI mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI haiM, dharma para hI loka-vyavasthA AdhArita hai aura dharma meM hI artha samAhita hai / 6 5. mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai / mokSa upAya ke rUpa meM jJAna aura anAsakti yahI parama kalyANakAraka hai| 13 cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM kramanirdhAraNa puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhinna dRSTikoNa paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM, lekina sApekSika dRSTi se inameM virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai| sAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para artha hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki arthAbhAva meM daihika mAMgoM ( kAma ) kI pUrti nahIM hotii| dUsarI ora, loka ke arthAbhAva se pIr3ita hone para dharmavyavasthA yA nIti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| kahA hI gayA hai-makhA kauna sA pApa nahIM karatA ? yadi sAdhaka ( vyakti ) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to daihika mUlya ( kAma ) hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai / manodaihika mUlyoM ( icchA evaM kAma ) ke abhAva meM na to nIti-anIti kA prazna khar3A hotA hai aura na Arthika sAdhanoM kI hI koI AvazyakatA / dUsare, dharmasAdhana aura AdhyAtmika pragati bhI zarIra se sambandhita hai / kahA gayA hai-dharmasAdhana ke lie zarIra hI prAthamika hai| daihika mAMgoM kI pUrti ke 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 167 / 12-13. 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1 / 7. 3. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 167 / 29. 4. vahI, 167 / 35. 5. vahI, 167 / 40. 6. vahI, 16748. 7. vahI, 167 / 46. 8. bubhukSitaHkiM na karoti pApam ? 9. zarIramA khalu dharma sApanam /

Page #206
bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta abhAva meM citta-zAnti bhI kaise hogI aura jisakA citta azAnta hai vaha kyA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karegA ? 161 isI prakAra jaba hama sAdhanAmArga para sAmAjika sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM, to dharma hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai / dharma hI sAmAjika vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai / dharma ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana astavyasta ho jAtA hai aura astavyasta sAmAjika jIvana meM arthotpAdana evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA donoM hI sambhava nahIM hotI / bhogoM kI namarasatA samApta ho jAtI hai / sAdhya yA Adarza kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para mokSa hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki sAre prayAsa jisake lie haiM vaha to AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti hI hai / saMkSepa meM sAdhanAtmaka dRSTi se Arthika mUlya ( artha ), jaivika dRSTi se manodaihika mUlya ( kAma ), sAmAjika dRSTi se naitika mUlya ( dharma ) aura sAdhyAtmaka dRSTi se AdhyAtmika mUlya ( mokSa ) pramukha haiM / lekina ye sabhI mUlya yA puruSArtha eka-dUsare se svatantra yA nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha sakate / mokSa yA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prApti ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai aura dharmasAdhana ke lie zarIra Avazyaka hai, zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ( kAma ) Avazyaka hai, aura unakI pUrti ke lie sAdhana ( artha ) juTAnA Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra sabhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura sabhI Avazyaka bhI haiM / jaina grantha nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAdi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM, aura jJAnAdi kA sAdhana deha hai aura deha kA sAdhana AhAra hai / isa prakAra cAroM puruSArthoM kA mahattva svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI kA mUlya samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai / jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra cAroM puruSArthoM meM eka sAdhya - sAdhana bhAva hai jisameM artha mAtra sAdhana hai aura mokSa mAtra sAdhya hai / kAma artha kI apekSA se sAdhya aura dharma kI apekSA se sAdhana hai / dharma ko artha aura kAma kA sAdhya aura mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / jaba sAdhana hI sAdhya bana jAtA hai to vaha dUsare ke birodha meM khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jIvana ke vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai / jainAgama sAhitya meM mammana seTha kI kathA artha ko sAdhya mAna lene kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki jaba 'dhana' sAdhya bana jAtA hai to vaha aihika aura pAralaukika donoM jIvana meM kaSTa hI lAtA hai / isI Azaya ko sAmane rakhate hue uttarAdhyayana arthAt usa vyakti kA dhana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'dhana meM pramatta puruSa kA dhana jisake lie dhana hI sAdhya hai na to isa loka meM aura na paraloka meM hI aise AdamI kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| dhana ke asIma moha se mUr3ha banA huA vaha vyakti, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para jaise mArga ko jAnate hue bhI mArga nahIM dekhatA, vaise hI vaha bhI nyAyamArga yA dharmamArga ko jAnate hue bhI use nahIM dekha pAtA / jaise eka hI nagara ko jAnevAle bhinna-bhinna mArga paraspara bhinna dizAoM meM sthita hote hue bhI 1. nizIthabhASya, 4791.

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162 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jAte, usI prakAra paraspara virodhI puruSArtha mokSAbhimukha hone para asapatna ( avirodhI ) bana jAte haiM / yahIM unameM eka mUlyAtmaka tAratamya spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM sarvocca sthAna mokSa kA hai, usake bAda dharma kA sthAna hai / dharma ke bAda kAma aura sabase anta meM artha kA sthAna AtA hai / kintu arthapuruSArtha jaba lokopakAra ke lie hotA hai, taba usakA sthAna kAmapuruSArtha se Upara hotA hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka arabana ne mUlya nirdhAraNa ke tIna niyama prastuta kiye haiM- ( 1 ) sAdhanAtmaka yA parataH mUlyoM kI apekSA sAdhyAtmaka yA svataH mUlya uccatara hai; (2) asthAyI yA alpakAlika mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyI evaM dIrghakAlika mUlya uccatara hai; (3) asRjaka mUlyoM kI apekSA sRjaka mUlya uccatara hai / yadi prathama niyama ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM, to dhana, sampatti, zrama Adi Arthika mUlya jaivika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika ( kAma aura dharma ) mUlyoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanamAtra haiM, ve svataH sAdhya nahIM haiM / bhAratIya cintana meM dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM- (1) dAna, (2) bhoga aura (3) nAza / vaha dAna ke rUpa meM dharmapuruSArtha kA aura bhoga ke rUpa meM kAmapuruSArtha ko sAdhana hI siddha hotA hai / kAmapuruSArtha sAmAnya rUpa meM svata: sAdhya pratIta hotA hai, lekina vicArapUrvaka dekhane para vaha bhI svataH sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / prathamata: jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke rUpa meM jo bhoga kiye jAte haiM, ve svayaM sAdhya nahIM, varan jIvana yA zarIra-rakSaNa ke sAdhanamAtra haiM / ina sabakA sAdhya svAsthya evaM jIvana hai / hama jIne ke lie khAte haiM, khAne ke lie nahIM jIte haiM / yadi hama kAmapuruSArtha ko kalA, dAmpatya, rati yA sneha ke rUpa meM mAneM to vaha bhI Ananda kA eka sAdhana hI ThaharatA hai / isa prakAra kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI svataH mUlya siddha nahIM hotA / usakA jo bhI sthAna ho sakatA hai vaha mAtra usake dvArA vyakti ke Ananda meM kI gayI abhivRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai / yadi alpakAlikatA yA sthAyitva ko dRSTi se vicAra kareM to kAmapuru-pArtha mokSa evaM dharma kI apekSA alpakAlika hI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kAmapuruSArtha ko nimna sthAna usakI kSaNikatA ke AdhAra para hI diyA hai| tIsare apane phala yA pariNAma ke AdhAra para bhI kAma puruSArtha nimna sthAna para ThaharatA hai, kyoMki vaha apane pIche duSpUra- tRSNA ko chor3a jAtA hai / usase upalabdha honevAle Ananda kI tulanA khujalI khujAne se kI gayI hai, jisakI phala- niSpatti kSaNika sukha ke bAda tIvra vedanA meM hotI hai / dharmapuruSArtha sAmAjika evaM dhArmika mUlya ke rUpa meM svataH sAdhya hai, lekina vaha bhI mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai jo sarvocca mUlya hai / isa prakAra arabana ke uparyukta mUlya nirdhAraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa puruSArthoM kA yahI krama siddha hotA hai jo ki jaina aura dUsare bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM svIkRta hai, jisameM artha sabase nimna mUlya hai aura mokSa sarvocca mUlya hai / 1. phaNDAmeNTalsa Apha ethiksa, pR0 170 - 171.

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163 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 14. mokSa sarvocca mulya kyoM? isa sambandha meM ye tarka diye jA sakate haiM 1. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvamAtra kI pravRtti duHkha-nivRtti kI ora hai| kyoMki mokSa duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti hai; ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| isI prakAra Ananda kI upalabdhi bhI prANImAtra kA lakSya hai, cUMki mokSa parama Ananda kI avasthA hai, ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| 2. mUlyoM kI vyavasthA meM sAdhya sAdhaka kI dRSTi se eka krama honA cAhie aura usa krama meM koI sarvocca evaM nirapekSa mUlya honA caahie| mokSa pUrNa evaM nirapekSa sthiti hai| ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| mUlya vaha hai jo kisI icchA kI pUrti kre| ataH jisake prApta ho jAne para koI icchA hI nahIM rahatI hai, vahI parama mUlya hai / mokSa meM koI apUrNa icchA nahIM rahatI hai, ataH vaha parama mUlya hai| 3. sabhI sAdhana kisI sAdhya ke lie hote haiM aura sAdhya kI upasthiti apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai| mokSa kI prApti ke pazcAt koI sAdhya nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha parama mUlya hai| yadi hama kisI anya mUlya ko svIkAra kareMge to vaha sAdhanamUlya hI hogA aura sAdhana-mUlya ko parama mUlya mAnane para naitikatA meM sArvalaukikatA evaM vastuniSThatA samApta ho jaayegii| 4. mokSa akSara evaM amRtapada hai, ataH sthAyI mUlyoM meM vaha sarvocca mUlya hai / 5. mokSa Antarika prakRti yA svasvabhAva hai| vahI ekamAtra parama mUlya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM hamArI prakRti ke sabhI pakSa apanI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM pUrNa samanvaya kI avasthA meM hote haiN| 15. bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlya siddhAntoM kI tulanA arabana aura evareTa ne jIvana ke vibhinna mUlyoM kI uccatA evaM nimnatA kA jo krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhAratIya cintana se kAphI sAmya rakhatA hai| arabana ne mUlyoM kA bargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai mUlya jaivika atijaivika sAmAjika AdhyAtmika Arthika zArIrika manovinoda saMgaThanAtmaka cAritrika bauddhika kalAtmaka dhArmika arabana ne sabase pahale mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai-( 1 ) jaivika aura (2) ati jaivika / atijaivika mUlya bhI sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika aise do prakAra ke haiM / isa prakAra mUlyoM ke sIna varga bana jAte haiM

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164 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. jaivika mUlda-zArIrika, Arthika aura manoraMjana ke mUlya jaivikamUlya haiN| Arthika mUlya maulika-rUpa se sAdhana-mUlya haiM, sAdhya nahIM / Arthika zubha svata: mUlyavAna nahIM haiM, unakA mUlya kevala zArIrika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko ajita karane ke sAdhana hone meM hai| sampatti svataH vAJchanIya nahIM hai, balki anya zubhoM kA sAdhana hone ke kAraNa vAJchanIya hai| sampatti eka sAdhanamUlya hai, sAdhya-mUlya nahIM / zArIrika mUlya bhI vaiyaktika mUlyoM ke sAdhaka hai / svAsthya aura zakti se yukta paripuSTa zarIra ko vyakti acche jIvana ke anya mUlyoM ke anusaraNa meM prayukta kara sakatA hai / krIr3A svayaM mUlya hai; kintu vaha bhI mukhyatayA sAdhana-mUlya hai / usakA sAdhya hai zArIrika svAsthya / manoraMjana cittavikSobha ko samApta karane kA sAdhana hai / krIr3A aura manoraMjana uccatara mUlyoM ke anusaraNa ke lie hameM zArIrika evaM mAnasika dRSTi se svastha rakhate haiN| 2. sAmAjika mUlya-sAmAjika mUlyoM ke antargat sAhacarya tathA caritra ke mUlya Ate haiM / Aja ke mAnavatAvAdI yuga meM to ina mUlyoM kA mahattva atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai / yadyapi ye donoM mUlya kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana-svarUpa prayukta hote haiM, parantu kucha mahAn puruSoM ne saccaritratA evaM samAjasevA ko jIvana ke parama lakSya ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai / manuSya samAja kA aMga hai / eka asIma AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra samAja ke sAtha apanI vaiyaktikatA kA ekAkAra karake hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3. AdhyAtmika mUlya-mUlyoM ke isa varga ke antargat bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka evaM dhArmika-tIna prakAra ke mUlya Ate haiN| ye tInoM mUlya mUlataH sAdhyamUlya haiN| ye AtmA kI sarvazreSTha yA parama Adarza prakRti arthAt satyaM, zivaM aura sundaraM kI abhiruciyoM ko tRpti pradAna karate haiM tathA jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM se zreSTha koTi ke haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM ke puruSArthacatuSTaya meM artha aura kAma jaivika mUlya haiM aura dharma aura mokSa atijaivika mUlya haiN| arabana ne jaivika mUlyoM meM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjAtmaka mUlya mAne haiN| inameM Arthika mUlya arthapuruSArtha tathA zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke samAna haiN| arabana ke dvArA atijaivika malyoM meM sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mAne gaye haiN| unameM sAmAjika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha se aura AdhyAtmika mUlya mokSapuruSArtha se sambandhita haiM / jisa prakAra arabana ne mUlyoM meM sabase nIce Arthika mUlya mAne haiM, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI arthapuruSArtha ko tAratamya kI dRSTi se sabase nIce mAnA hai| jisa prakAra arabana ke darzana meM zArIrika aura manoraMjana sambandhI mUlyoM kA sthAna Arthika mUlyoM se Upara, lekina sAmAjika mUlyoM se nIce hai usI prakAra bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI kAmapuruSArtha arthapuruSArtha se Upara lekina dharmapuruSArtha se nIce hai| jisa prakAra arabana ne AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko sarvocca mAnA hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM bhI mokSa ko sarvocca puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| arabana ke dRSTikoNa kI

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta bhAratIya cintana se kitanI adhika nikaTatA hai, ise nimna tAlikA se samajhA jA sakatA hai pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa mUlya jaivika mUlya 1. Arthika mUlya 2. zArIrika mUlya 3. manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya sAmAjika mUlya 4. saMgaThanAtmaka mUlya 5. cAritrika mUlya AdhyAtmika mUlya 6. kalAtmaka 7. bauddhika 8. dhArmika bhAratIya dRSTikoNa puruSArtha artha puruSArthaM kAmapuruSArtha "" "1 dharmapuruSArtha 33 11 mokSapuruSArtha Ananda ( saMkalpa ) cit ( jJAna ) sat ( bhAva ) jaina dRSTikoNa artha kAma " vyavahAradharma nizcayadharma 165 pAzcAtya vicAraka anta meM eka isa prakAra apanI mUlya - vivecanA meM prAcya aura hI niSkarSa para A jAte haiM aura vaha niSkarSa yaha hai ki AdhyAtmika mUlya yA AtmapUrNatA hI sarvocca mUlya hai evaM vahI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai / yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM svIkRta sabhI jIvana mUlya aura pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM svIkRta vibhinna naitika pratimAna jaina AcAradarzana meM svIkRta rahe haiM, tathApi isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina darzana ke pAsa naitika pratimAna ke kisI nizcita siddhAnta kA abhAva hai / vastuta: jaina darzana kI anekAntavAdI dRSTi hI isake mUla meM hai / jisa prakAra jaina darzana tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA ke kSetra meM vibhinna paraspara virodhI dArzanika vicAroM ko sApekSa rUpa se svIkAra karake unameM samanvaya karatA hai, usI prakAra jaina AcAradarzana bhI vibhinna naitika pratimAnoM ko sApekSika rUpa se svIkAra karake unameM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna karatA hai / ananta sukha evaM zakti anantajJAna anantadarzana yadyapi jaina AcAradarzana meM sApekSa dRSTi se naitika mAnaka sambandhI sabhI vicAra svIkAra kara liye gaye haiM, phira bhI usakI dRSTi meM karma kI zuddhatA isapara AdhArita hai ki vaha karma rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se kitanA mukta hai| usake anusAra jo karma anAsakta bhAva se sampAdita hote haiM ve hI AtmapUrNatA kI ora le jAte haiM / vItarAgAvasthA yA samabhAva kI upalabdhi hI usakA ekamAtra naitika sAdhya yA paramaH mUlya hai /

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166 $ 16. naitika pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda vastutaH manuSyoM kI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM, mApadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vividhatA hI naitika nirNayoM kI bhinnatA kA kAraNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| jaba bhI hama kisI AcaraNa kA naitika mUlyAMkana karate haiM to hamAre sAmane nIti sambandhI koI mApadaNDa, pratimAna yA mAnaka ( Moral standard ) avazya hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para hama vyakti ke caritra, AcaraNa athavA karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana ( Mcral valuation ) karate haiM / vibhinna deza, kAla, samAja aura saMskRtiyoM meM ye naitika mApadaNDa yA pratimAna alaga-alaga rahe haiM aura samaya-samaya para inameM parivartana hote rahe haiM / prAcIna grIka saMskRti meM jahA~ sAhasa aura nyAya ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAtA thA, vahIM paravartI IsAI saMskRti meM sahanazIlatA aura tyAga ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAne lagA / yaha eka vAstavikatA hai ki naitika pratimAna yA naitikatA ke mApadaNDa aneka rahe haiM tathA vibhinna vyakti aura vibhinna samAja alaga-alaga naitika pratimAnoM kA upayoga karate rahe haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM, eka hI vyakti apane jIvana meM bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna naitika pratimAnoM kA upayoga karatA hai / naitika pratimAna ke isa prazna para na kevala janasAdhAraNa meM apitu nItivettAoM meM bhI gahana matabheda hai / jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika pratimAnoM (Moral standards) kI isa vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA ko lekara aneka prazna upasthita hote haiN| kyA koI aisA sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna sambhava hai, jise sArvalaukika aura sArvakAlika mAnyatA prApta ho ? yadyapi aneka nItivettAoM ne apane naitika pratimAna ko sArvalaukika, sArvakAlIna evaM sArvajanIna siddha karane kA dAvA avazya kiyA hai; kintu jaba ve hI Apasa meM eka mata nahIM haiM to phira unake isa dAve ko kaise mAnya kiyA jA sakatA hai ? nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI niyamavAdI paramparA meM kabIle ke bAhya niyamoM kI avadhAraNA se lekara antarAtmA ke Adeza taka tathA sAdhyavAdI paramparA meM sthUla svArthamUlaka sukhavAda se prArambha karake buddhivAda, pUrNatAvAda aura mUlyavAda taka aneka naitika pratimAna prastuta kiye gaye haiM / yadi hama naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra naitika AvegoM Moral sentiments) ko svIkAra karate haiM to naitika mUlyAMkana meM ekarUpatA sambhava nahIM hogI, kyoMki vyaktiniSTha naitika AvegoM meM vividhatA svAbhAvika hai / naitika AvegoM kI isa vividhatA ko samakAlIna vicAraka eDavarDa vaisTaramArka ne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai / unake anusAra isa vividhatA kA kAraNa vyaktiyoM ke pariveza, dharma aura vizvAsoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI bhinnatA hai / jo vicAraka karma ke naitika aucitya evaM anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke lie vidhAnavAdI pratimAna apanAte haiM aura jAti, samAja, rAjya yA dharma dvArA prastuta vidhi-niSedha ( yaha karo aura yaha mata karo ) kI niyamAvaliyoM ko naitika pratimAna svIkAra karate haiM, unameM bhI prathama to isa prazna ko lekara hI

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mApadaNDa ke siddhAnta 167 matabheda hai ki jAti ( samAja ), rAjya zAsana aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta aneka niyamAvaliyoM meM se kise svIkAra kiyA jAe ? punaH pratyeka jAti, rAjya aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta ye niyamAvaliyA~ bhI alaga-alaga haiN| isa prakAra bAhya vidhAnavAda naitika pratimAna kA koI eka siddhAnta prastuta kara pAne meM asamartha hai / samakAlIna anumodanAtmaka siddhAnta ( Approbative theories) jo naitika pratimAna ko vaiyaktika, ruci sApekSa athavA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika anumodana para nirbhara mAnate haiM, kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiM / vyaktiyoM kA rucivaividhya aura sAmAjika AdarzoM meM pAyI jAnevAlI bhinnatAeM suspaSTa hI haiM / dhArmika anuzaMsA bhI alaga-alaga hotI hai, eka dharma jina karmoM kA anumodana karatA hai aura unheM naitika ThaharAtA hai, dUsarA dharma unhIM karmoM ko niSiddha aura anaitika ThaharAtA hai / vaidika dharma aura islAma jahA~ pazubali ko vaidha mAnate haiM, vahIM jaina, vaiSNava aura bauddha dharma use anaitika aura avaidha mAnate haiM / niSkarSa yahI hai ki ve sabhI siddhAnta kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiM, jo naitikatA kI kasauTI, vaiyaktika ruci, sAmAjika anumodana athavA dharmazAstra kI anuzaMsA ko mAnate haiM / antaH prajJAvAda athavA sarala zabdoM meM kaheM to siddhAnta bhI kisI eka naitika pratimAna ko de pAne meM jAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNaya sarala, sahaja aura aparokSa hote haiM, phira bhI anubhava yaha batAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNayoM meM ekarUpatA antaH prajJAvAdI hI isa sambandha meM ekamata nahIM haiM nahIM hotI / prathama to svayaM ki isa antaHprajJA kI prakRti hai, yaha bauddhika hai yA bhAvanAparaka / punaH yaha mAnanA ki sabhI kI antarAtmA eka-sI hai, ThIka nahIM hai; kyoMki antarAtmA kI saMracanA aura usake nirNaya bhI vyakti ke saMskAroM para AdhArita hote haiM / pazubali ke sambandha parivAroM meM saMskArita vyaktiyoM ke antarAtmA ke nirNaya eka antarAtmA koI sarala tathya nahIM hai, jaisA ki antaHprajJAvAda vaha vivekAtmaka cetanA ke vikAsa, pArivArika evaM sAmAjika saMskAroM tathA pariveza janya tathyoM dvArA nirmita eka jaTila racanA hai aura ye tInoM bAteM hamArI antarAtmA ko aura usake nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karatI haiM / meM muslima evaM jaina samAna nahIM hoMge / mAnatA hai, apitu antarAtmA ke anumodana kA asamartha hai / yadyapi yaha kahA isI prakAra sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta bhI kisI sArvabhauma naitika mAnadaNDa kA dAvA nahIM kara sake haiM, sarvaprathama to unameM isa prazna ko lekara hI matabheda hai ki mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya kyA ho sakatA hai ? mAnavatAvAdI vicAraka, jo mAnavIya guNa 'ke vikAsa ko hI naitikatA kI kasauTI mAnate haiM isa bAta para paraspara sahamata nahIM haiM ki AtmacetanA, vivekazIlatA aura saMyama meM kile sarvocca mAnavIya guNa mAnA jaae| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdiyoM meM jahA~ vAranara phiTe AtmacetanatA ko pramukha mAnate haiM, vahA~ sI0 bI0 garneTa aura isrAila levina vivekazIlatA ko tathA iraviMga d

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168 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana babiTa AtmasaMyama ko pramukha naitika guNa mAnate haiN| sAdhyavAdI paramparA ke sAmane yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa rahA hai ki mAnavIya cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa meM se kisakI santuSTi ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA jaae| isa sandarbha meM sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA vivAda to suprasiddha hI hai| sukhavAda jahA~ manuSya ke anubhUtyAtmaka ( vAsanAtmaka ) pakSa kI santuSTi ko mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya ghoSita karatA hai, vahA~ buddhivAda bhAvanA-nirapekSa buddhi ke AdezoM ke paripAlana meM hI naitika karttavya kI pUrNatA dekhatA hai / isa prakAra sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke naitika pratimAna eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| isakA mUla kAraNa donoM kI mUlyadRSTi ko bhinnatA hai; eka bhogavAda kA samarthaka hai, to dUsarA vairAgyavAda kaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, sukhavAdI vicAraka bhI 'kauna-sA sukha sAdhya hai ?' isa prazna para ekamata nahIM haiM ? koI vaiyaktika sukha ko sAdhya batAtA hai to koI samaSTi sukha ko athavA adhikatama logoM ke adhikatama sukha ko / punaH yaha sukha, aindrika sukha ho yA mAnasika sukha ho athavA AdhyAtmika Ananda ho, isa prazna para bhI matabheda hai / vairAgyavAdI paramparAe~ bhI sukha ko sAdhya mAnatI haiM, kintu ve jisa sukha kI bAta karatI haiM vaha sukha vastugata nahIM hai, vaha icchA Asakti yA tRSNA ke samApta hone para cetanA kI nirdvandva, tanAvarahita, samAdhipUrNa avasthA hai / isa prakAra sukha ko sAdhya mAnane ke prazna para unameM Ama sahamati hote hue bhI unake naitika pratimAna bhinna-bhinna hI hoMge, kyoMki sukha kI prakRtiyA~ bhinna bhinna haiN| yadyapi pUrNatAvAda Atmopalabdhi ko sAdhya mAnakara sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke bIca samanvaya sAdhane kA prayatna avazya karatA hai; kintu vaha isa prayAsa meM saphala huA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / punaH vaha bhI kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna ko prastuta kara sakatA hai, yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hai, kyoMki vyaktiyoM ke hita na kevala bhinna-bhinna haiM, apitu paraspara virodhI bhI haiM / rogI kA kalyANa aura DaoNkTara kA kalyANa eka nahIM hai, zramika kA kalyANa usake svAmI ke kalyANa se pRthaka hI hai; kisI sArvabhauma zubha ( Universal good ) kI bAta kitanI hI AkarSaka kyoM na ho, vaha bhrAnti hI hai| vaiyaktika hitoM ke yoga ke atirikta sAmAnya hita ( Common good ) mAtra amUrta kalpanA hai| na kevala vyaktiyoM ke hita yA zubha alaga-alaga hoMge apitu do bhinna paristhitiyoM meM eka vyakti ke hita bhI pRthak-pRthaka hoMge / eka hI vyakti do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM meM dAtA aura yAcaka donoM ho sakatA hai; kintu vayA donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA hita samAna hogA ? samAja meM eka kA hita dUsare ke hita kA bAdhaka ho sakatA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, hamArA eka hita hamAre hI dUsare hita meM bAdhaka ho sakatA hai / rasanendriya yA yauna vAsanA saMtuSTi ke zubha aura svAsthya sambandhI zubha sahagAmI hoM yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| vastutaH yaha dhAraNA ki 'manuSya kA yA manuSyoM kA koI sAmAnya zubha hai' apane-ApameM ayathArtha hai / jise hama sAmAnya zubha kahanA cAhate haiM vaha vibhinna zubhoM kA eka aisA skandha hai, jisame na

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 169 kevala bhinna-bhinna zubhoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA hai, apitu ve eka dUsare ke virodha meM bhI khar3e hue haiN| zubha eka nahIM, aneka haiM aura unameM pArasparika virodha bhI hai / kyA AtmalAbha aura AtmatyAga ke bIca koI virodha nahIM hai ? yadi pUrNatAvAdI nimnaAtmA ( Lower self ) ke tyAga dvArA uccAtmA ( Higher self ) ke lAbha kI bAta kahate haiM to ve jIvana ke ina do pakSoM meM virodha svIkAra karate haiM / punaH nimnAtmA bhI hamArI AtmA hai aura yadi hama usake niSedha kI bAta svIkAra karate haiM to hameM pUrNatAvAda ke siddhAnta ko chor3akara prakArAntara se buddhivAda yA vairAgyavAda ko hI svIkAra karanA hogA / isI prakAra vaiyaktika AtmA aura sAmAjika AtmA kA, athavA svArtha aura parArtha kA antarvirodha bhI samApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai; isIlie mUlyavAda kisI eka mUlya kI bAta na kahakara 'mUlyoM' yA 'mUlya-vizva ' kI bAta karatA hai / mUlyoM kI vipulatA ke isa siddhAnta meM naitika pratimAna kI vividhatA svabhAvatayA hI hogI, kyoMki pratyeka mUlya kA mUlyAMkana kisI dRSTi-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI hogA / cUMki manuSyoM kI jIvanadRSTiyAM yA mUlyadRSTiyA~ vividha haiM, ataH unapara AdhArita naitika pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoMge / punaH mUlyavAda meM mUlyoM ke tAratamya ko lekara sadaiva ho vivAda rahA hai / eka dRSTi se jo sarvocca mUlya lagatA hai, vahI dUsarI dRSTi se nimna mUlya ho sakatA hai / manuSya kI jIvanadRSTi yA mUlyadRSTi kA nirmANa bhI svayaM usake saMskAroM evaM parivezajanya tathyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai; ataH mUlyavAda naitika pratimAna ke' sandarbha meM vividhatA kI dhAraNA ko hI puSTa karatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki naitika pratimAna ke prazna para na kevala vividha dRSTikoNoM se vicAra huA hai, apitu usakA pratyeka siddhAnta svayaM bhI itane antarvirodhoM se yukta hai ki vaha eka sArvabhauma naitika mApadaNDa hone kA dAvA karane meM asamartha hai / Aja bhI isa sambandha meM kisI sarvamAnya siddhAnta kA abhAva hai / vastutaH naitika mAnadaNDoM kI yaha vividhatA svAbhAvika hI hai aura jo loga kisI eka sarvamAnya naitika pratimAna kI bAta karate haiM ve kalpanAloka meM hI vicaraNa karate haiM / naitika pratimAnoM kI isa vividhatA ke kaI kAraNa haiM / sarvaprathama to naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA yaha prazna usa manuSya ke sandarbha meM haiM jisakI prakRti bahuAyAmI ( Multi-dimensional ) aura antarvirodhoM se paripUrNa hai / manuSya kevala cetanasattA nahIM hai, apitu cetanAyukta zarIra hai; vaha kevala vyakti nahIM hai, apitu samAja meM jIne vAlA vyakti hai / usake astitva meM vAsanA aura viveka tathA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA ke tattva samAhita haiM / yahA~ hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hai ki vAsanA aura viveka meM tathA vyakti aura samAja meM svabhAvataH saMgati ( Harmony ) nahIM hai / ve svabhAvataH eka-dUsare ke virodha meM haiM / manovaijJAnika bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki 'iDa' ( vAsanA-tattva ) aura 'supara Igo' ( Adarza - tattva ) mAnavIya cetanA ke samakSa pratipakSI ke rUpa meM hI upasthita hote haiM / usameM samarpaNa aura zAsana kI do virodhI 11

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mUla pravRttiyA~ eka sAtha kAma karatI haiN| eka ora vaha apanI asmitA ko bacAye rakhanA cAhatA hai to dUsarI ora apane vyaktitva ko vyApaka banAnA cAhatA hai, samAja ke sAtha jur3anA cAhatA hai / aisI bahuAyAmI evaM antarvirodhoM se yukta sattA ke zubha yA hita eka nahIM, aneka hoMge aura jaba manuSya ke zubha yA hita ( Good ) hI vividha haiM to phira naitika pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoNge| kisI parama zubha ( Ultimate good ) kI kalpanA parama sattA ( Ultimate reality ) ke prasaMga meM cAhe sahI bhI ho; kintu mAnavIya astitva ke prasaMga meM sahI nahIM hai / manuSya ko manuSya mAnakara calanA hogAIzvara mAnakara nahIM; aura eka manuSya ke rUpa meM usake hita yA sAdhya vividha hI hoNge| sAtha hI hitoM yA sAdhyoM kI yaha vividhatA naitika pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko hI sUcita kregii| naitika pratimAna kA AdhAra vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi yA mUlya-dRSTi hogI, kintu vyakti kI mUlya-dRSTi yA jIvana-dRSTi vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra evaM paryAvaraNa ke AdhAra para hI nirmita hotI hai| vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, paryAvaraNa aura saMskAroM meM bhinnatAeM svAbhAvika haiM, ataH unakI mUlya-dRSTiyA~ alagaalaga hoMgI aura yadi mUlya-dRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna hoMgI to naitika pratimAna bhI vividha hoMge / yaha eka AnubhAvika tathya hai ki vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para eka hI ghaTanA kA naitika mUlyAMkana alaga-alaga hotA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM parivAra niyojana kI dhAraNA, janasaMkhyA ke bAhulya vAle dezoM kI dRSTi se cAhe ucita ho, kintu alpa janasaMkhyA vAle dezoM evaM jAtiyoM kI dRSTiyoM se anucita hogii| rASTravAda apanI prajAti kI asmitA kI dRSTi se cAhe acchA ho; kintu sampUrNa mAnavatA kI dRSTi se anucita hai / hama bhAratIya hI eka ora jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda ko kosate haiM to dUsarI ora bhAratIyatA ke nAma para apane ko gauravAnvita anubhava karate haiN| kyA hama yahA~ dohare mApadaNDa kA upayoga nahIM kara rahe haiM ? svatantratA kI bAta ko hI leM / kyA svatantratA aura sAmAjika anuzAsana sahagAmI hokara cala sakate haiM ? ApAtakAla ko hI lIjiye, vaiyaktika svatantratA ke hanana kI dRSTi se yA naukarazAhI ke hAvI hone kI dRSTi se hama usakI AlocanA kara sakate haiM kintu anuzAsana banAye rakhane aura arAjAtA ko samApta karane kI dRSTi se use ucita ThaharAyA jA sakatA hai / vastutaH ucitatA aura anucitatA kA mUlyAMkana kisI eka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para na hokara vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai, jo eka dRSTikoNa yA apekSA se naitika ho sakatA hai vahI dUsare dRSTikoNa yA apekSA se anucita ho sakatA hai; jo eka paristhiti meM ucita ho sakatA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM anucita ho sakatA hai| jo eka vyakti ke lie ucita hai, vahI dUsare ke lie anucita ho sakatA hai / eka sthUla zarIra vAle vyakti ke lie snigdha padArthoM kA sevana anucita hai, kintu kRzakAya vyakti ke lie ucita hai; ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki naitika mUlyAMkana ke vividha dRSTikoNa haiM aura ina

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta 171 vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha naitika pratimAna banate haiM, jo eka hI ghaTanA kA alaga-alaga naitika mUlyAMkana karate haiM / naitika mUlyAMkana paristhiti-sApekSa evaM daSTi-sApekSa mUlyAMkana haiM; ataH unakI mArvabhauma satyatA kA dAvA karanA bhI vyartha hai| kisI dRSTi-vizeSa yA apekSA-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI ve satya hote haiM / saMkSepa meM, sabhI naitika pratimAna mUlya-dRSTi-sApekSa haiM aura mUlya-dRSTi svayaM vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika sAmAjika evaM bhautika paryAvaraNa para nirbhara karatI hai aura caMki vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika evaM bhautika paryAvaraNa meM vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA hai, ataH naitika pratimAnoM meM vividhatA yA anekatA svAbhAvika hI hai| vaiyaktika zubha ko dRSTi se prastuta naitika pratimAna sAmAjika zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika pratimAna se bhinna hogA / isI prakAra vAsanA para AdhArita naitika pratimAna viveka para AdhArita naitika pratimAna se alaga hogA / rASTravAda se prabhAvita vyakti kI naitika kamauTI antarrASTrIyatA ke samarthaka vyakti kI naitika kasauTI se pRthak hogii| pU~jIvAda aura sAmyavAda ke naitika mAnadaNDa bhinna-bhinna hI raheMge; ataH hameM naitika mAnadaNDoM kI anekatA ko svIkAra karate hue yaha mAnanA hogA ki pratyeka naitika mAnadaNDa apane usa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI satya hai / / . kucha loga yahA~ kisI parama zubha kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para kisI eka naitika pratimAna kA dAvA kara sakate haiM; kintu vaha parama zubha yA to ina vibhinna zubhoM yA hitoM ko apane meM antarnihita karegA, yA inase pRthak hogA; yadi vaha ina bhinna-bhinna mAnavIya zubhoM ko apane meM antanihita karegA to vaha bhI naitika pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko svIkAra karegA; aura yadi vaha ina mAnavIya zubhoM se pRthak hogA to nItizAstra ke lie vyartha hI hogA, kyoMki nItizAstra kA pUrA sandarbha mAnava-sandarbha hai / naitika pratimAna kA prazna tabhI taka mahattvapUrNa hai jaba taka manuSya manuSya hai, yadi manuSya manuSya ke stara se Upara uThakara devatva ko prApta kara letA hai yA manuSya ke stara se nIce utarakara pazu bana jAtA hai to usake lie naitikatA yA anaitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai aura aise yathArtha manuSya ke lie naitikatA ke pratimAna aneka hI hoNge| naitika pratimAnoM ke sandarbha meM yahI anekAntadRSTi samyagdRSTi hogii| ise hama naitika pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda kaha sakate haiM / 17. jaina darzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa phira bhI mUla prazna yaha hai ki jaina darzana kA carama sAdhya kyA hai ? jaina darzana apane carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM jAtA hai vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo AcaraNa mukti kA

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172 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAraNa hai, vaha sadAcAra hai; aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai / kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai / jaina dharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAva - dazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai / vastutaH hamArA jo nija svarUpa hai use prApta kara lenA athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA ko prApti hI mokSa hai / usakI pArasparika zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM mahattvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai / unake anusAra dharma vaha hai jo vastu kA nija svabhAva hai ( vatthusahAvo dhammo ) / vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva hai aura jo hamArA nija svabhAva hai usI ko pA lenA hI mukti hai / ataH usa svabhAva dazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai / punaH prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thA / ve pUchate haiM, "bhagavAn, AtmA kA nija svarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai ?" mahAvIra ne unake saba praznoM kA jo uttara diyA thA vahI Aja bhI samasta jaina AcAradarzana meM kisI karma ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai / mahAvIra ne kahA thA, "AtmA samatva svarUpa hai aura usa samatva svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai / " dUsare zabdoM meM samatA svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai / aura jo vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM athavA viSamatA se samatA kI dizA meM le jAtA hai vahI dharma hai, naitikatA hai, sadAcAra hai / arthAt viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai / saMkSepa meM jaina dharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva ke tattva haiM / svabhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva yA parabhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai / sthita ho jAnA hai, yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogA / yadyapi dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se samatA kA artha parabhAva se haTakara zuddha svabhAva dazA meM kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi se samatA yA svabhAva kA artha rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai / manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnasika samatva kA artha hai samasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita mana ko zAnta evaM vikSobha ( tanAva ) rahita avasthA / yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika jIvana me phalita hotA hai to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiM / vaicArika dRSTi se isa hama anAgraha yA anekAnta dRSTi kahate haiM / jaba hama isI samatva ke Arthika pakSa se vicAra karate haiM to aparigraha ke nAma se jAnate haiM - sAmyavAda evaM nyAsI - siddhAnta isI aparigraha vRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiM / yaha samatva hI mAnasika kSetra meM

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bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAnta anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| ataH samatva nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu 'samatva' ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai jisake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| jahA~ taka vyakti ke caitasika yA Antarika samatva kA prazna hai hame use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai| yaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa para bhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya usake isa Antarika pakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM kintu phira bhI yaha sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya pakSa evaM sAmudAyika ke sAtha adhika jur3A hai| jaba bhI hama sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai, isa bAta para adhika hotI hai / sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana meM isake AcaraNa pariNAmoM para vicAra karatA hai / yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kaTautI khojanI hogI jo AcAra ke bAhya pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa sake / sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai, aura parapIr3A hI pApa hai / tulasIdAsa ne ise nimna zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai ___'parahita sarisa dharama nahi bhAI, para-pIr3A sama nahi adhamAI / ' arthAt vaha AcaraNa jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai sadAcAra hai, puNya hai; aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakArI hai, ahitakara hai, vahI pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jaina dharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMgasUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai, "bhUtakAla ke jitane arhat ho gaye haiM vartamAna kAla meM jitane arhat haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhata hoMge ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI sattvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA cAhie / yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|" kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka

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174 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pakSa kA yA dUsaroM ke hita sAdhana ko hI sadAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / aisI avasthAe~ sambhava hai ki jaba mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hitasAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho; kintu kyA aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara skeNge| kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama sa apAra dhanarAzi ko ekatrita kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A skegii| athavA yauna vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke ve rUpa jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI hiMsA nahIM hotI hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AyeMge / sUtrakRtAMga meM sadAcAritA kA eka aisA hI dAvA anya tIthiyoM dvArA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge / eka cora aura eka santa donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM phira bho donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jAte / vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai| usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa arthAt usakI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma arthAt sAmAjika jIvana para usakA prabhAva donoM hI vicAraNIya hai / AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA vicAra para, aura vicAra yA manobhAvoM kI zubhAzubhatA svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai / sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA honA cAhie jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara ske| sAdhAraNatayA jaina dharma sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA mAtra hI ahiMsA hai ? yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai to phira yaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sktii| jaba ki jana AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai / AcArya amRtacandra ne kahA hai ki anRtavacana, steya, maithuna, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma diye gaye ve to kevala ziSyabodha ke lie haiM / mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI hai| vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai / vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhii| usake sambandha vyakti sa bhI haiM aura samAja se bhI / ise jaima paramparA meM sva kI hiMsA aura para kI hiMsA aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai / jaba vaha hamAre sva svarUpa yA svabhAva dazA kA ghAta karatI hai to sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba vaha dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahu~cAtI hai vaha para kI hiMsA hai| sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika pApa / kintu usake ye donoM rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiM / ataH apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra ko kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai|

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AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra 177 1. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha jaina dRSTikoNa 179 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 180 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 181 / sat ke svarUpa kA AcAradarzana para prabhAva 182 / sat ke svarUpa kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa 182 / bhAratIya cintana meM sat sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNa 183 / 2. ( a ) sat ke advaya, avikArya evaM AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI naitika samIkSA 186 191 196 zaMkara kA dRSTikoNa ekAnta ekatattvavAdI nahIM hai 188 / zAMkara darzana kI mUlabhUta kamajorI 189 / ( ba ) sat ke aneka, anitya aura bhautika svarUpa kI naitika samIkSA bauddha darzana kA anityavAdI dRSTikoNa 191 | anityavAda evaM kSaNikavAda 192 | buddha kA anityavAda ucchedavAda nahIM hai 192 / sat ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa 194 / jaina dRSTi koNa kI gItA se tulanA 196/ 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI tattvayojanA kI tulanA jaina tattva yojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti 196 / bauddha tatva yojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti 197 / jaina tattva yojanA se tulanA 198 / gItA kI tattva yojanA 198 / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke tattvoM kI tulanAtmaka tAlikA 199 / 4. naitika mAnyatAeM pAzcAtya AcAra darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 200 | bhAratIya AcAra darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 201 / jaina darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 201 | bauddha AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 201 / gItA kI naitika mAnyatAe~ 202/ - 175 -

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra ___ AcAradarzana AdarzamUlaka vijJAna hai / vaha naitika jIvana ke Adarza ke nirdhAraNa evaM paramasattA se usake sambandha ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna karatA hai, ataH aparihArya rUpa se tAttvika carcA meM A jAtA hai| naitikatA kA carama sAdhya, paramasattA ( Reality ) se usakA sambandha, Adi kucha aise prazna haiM jo atyanta mahattvapUrNa tAttvika samasyAe~ prastuta kara dete haiN| inakA nirAkaraNa kiye binA AcAradarzana kA samyak vivecana sambhava nahIM hai| prastuta adhyAya meM bhAratIya AcAradarzana ke nimna tAttvika AdhAroM kI carcA kI jAyegI 1. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha / 2. sat ke svarUpa kI naitika smiikssaa| 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI tatvayojanA kI tulanA / 4. naitikatA kI mAnyatAe~ ( Posulates of morality ) / 61. AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha tattvamImAMsA sat ke svarUpa para vicAra karatI hai, jabaki AcAradarzana jIvanavyavahAra ke AdarzoM evaM mUlyoM kA vicAra karatA hai| vastutaH vicAra ke ye donoM kSetra eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiN| jaba hama eka-eka kSetra meM gaharAI se praveza karate haiM to nizcita hI eka kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara dUsare kSetra meM praveza karanA hotA hai / maikeMjI kA kathana hai ki ( nItizAstra meM ) jaba hama yaha pUchate haiM ki mAnava-jIvana kA mUlya kyA hai, taba hameM tatkAla yaha bhI pUchanA par3atA hai ki mAnava-vyaktitva kA tAtvika svarUpa kyA hai aura vAstavika jagat meM usakA sthAna kyA hai ? nissandeha yaha sambhava hai ki nItizAstra meM hama kucha dUra taka sattAmImAMsA kI antima samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prApta kiye binA cala sakeM, lekina ( antatogatvA ) ye ( samasyAe~) hameM ina ( tattvamImAMsAtmaka ) samasyAoM meM anivAryataH ulajhA hI detI haiN|' DA0 rAdhAkRSNan bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvamImAMsA ke pArasparika sambandha ko spaSTa karate hue likhate hai ki koI bhI AcArazAstra tattvadarzana para yA caramasatya ke eka dArzanika siddhAnta para Azrita avazya hogaa| caramasatya ke viSaya meM hamArI bhAvanA ke anurUpa hI hamArA AcaraNa hogaa| darzana aura AcaraNa sAtha-sAtha calate haiM / 1. nItipravezikA, pR0 28. 2. iNDiyana philAsaphI, bhAga 2, pR0 626,

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178 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vastutaH jaba taka hameM sat ke svarUpa athavA jIvana ke Adarza kA bodha nahIM hotA taba taka AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana bhI sambhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki yaha mUlyAMkana to vyavahAra yA saMkalpa ke naitika Adarza ke sandarbha meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa sat ke sandarbha meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / yahI eka aisA bindu hai jahA~ tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana milate haiM / ataH donoM ko eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mAnavIya anubhava ke viSayoM ke eka sImita bhAga ke vyavasthita adhyayana ko vijJAna kahate haiM / lekina jaba adhyayana kI dRSTi vyApaka hotI hai aura una anubhavoM kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM taka jAtI hai taba vaha darzana kahalAtI hai| yadyapi AcArazAstra ke adhyayana kA kSetra bhI sImita hai, tathApi usakI adhyayanadRSTi vyApaka hai aura isI ke AdhAra para vaha darzana kA aMga hai| mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSa haiM(1) jJAnAtmaka, (2) anubhUtyAtmaka aura (3) kriyAtmaka / ataH dArzanika adhyayana ke bhI tIna vibhAga kiye gaye, jo kramazaH (1) tattvadarzana, (2) dharmadarzana aura (3) AcAradarzana kahe jAte haiN| isa prakAra tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana kI viSayavastu bhinna nahIM hai, mAtra adhyayana ke pakSoM kI bhinnatA hai| maikeMjI kahate haiM ki nItizAstra jIvana ke sampUrNa anubhava para saMkalpa yA kriyAzIlatA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra karatA hai| vaha manuSya ko kartA yAnI kisI sAdhya kA anusaraNa karanevAle prANI ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai aura jJAtA yA bhoktA ke rUpa meM use kevala parokSataH dekhatA hai| lekina vaha manuSya kI sampUrNa kriyAzIlatA kA, jisa zubha ko pAne ke lie vaha prayatnazIla hai usake sampUrNa svarUpa kA, tathA isa prayatna meM vaha jo kucha karatA hai usake pUre artha kA vicAra karatA hai| cetanA ke vividha pakSoM kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para bhI tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana meM eka sImA ke bAda bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki jIvana aura jagat eka aisI saMgati hai jisameM sabhI tathya paraspara meM itane sApekSa haiM ki unheM alaga-alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAya to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke darzana bhI tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke madhya vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiN| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI yaha prakRti hai ki ve AcArazAstra ko darzana se pRthak nahIM karate haiM / isa sandarbha meM DA0 rAmAnanda tivArI likhate haiM ki na vedAnta meM aura na kisI anya bhAratIya darzana meM AcArazAstra ko darzana se pRthak kiyA gayA hai| darzana manuSya ke jIvana aura jJAna ke carama satya kI khoja kA pratIka hai, satya eka aura akhaNDa hai| ataH darzana ke kisI pakSa kI mImAMsA, use anya pakSoM se pathaka karake samucita rIti se nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| astu, vedAnta aura anya bhAratIya darzanoM 1. nItipravezikA, pR0 21.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 179 meM yaha AcAradarzana sambandhI cintana sAmAnya dArzanika cintana ke antargat hI hai, usase pRthaka nhiiN|' jaina dRSTikoNa __ jaina vicArakoM ne jIvana ke ina tInoM pakSoM ko alaga-alaga dekhA to sahI lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina darzana ne tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana para vicAra to kiyA, lekina inheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM rkhaa| sabhI eka dUsare meM itane ghule-mile haiM ki inheM eka dUsare se pRthak karanA sambhava hI nahIM hai| na to jaina AcAramImAMsA ko tattvamImAMsA aura dharmamImAMsA se pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na unase alaga kara use samajhA hI jA sakatA hai / jaina darzana kA mudrAlekha "samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSa mArgaH" mAnavIya cetanA ke anubhUtyAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka ( saMkalpAtmaka ) tInoM pakSoM ko samanvita rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai / yahA~ darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kramazaH dharma, tattvajJAna aura AcaraNa ke pratIka hai| isa prakAra jahA~ maikeMjI Adi pAzcAtya vicAraka naitikatA meM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa ko hI sammilita karate haiM, vahA~ jaina vicAraka naitikatA meM jIvana ke tInoM pakSa-anubhUti, jJAna aura kriyA ko sammilita karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana kA adhyayana karate samaya usakI tattvamImAMsA aura dharmamImAMsA ko chor3A nahIM jA sktaa| kyoMki usakI tAttvika mAnyatA 'anantadharmAtmaka vastu' ke AdhAra para hI anekAntavAda aura nayavAda ke siddhAnta khar3e haiM aura anekAntavAda ko hI AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vaicArika ahiMsA kahA gayA hai / dUsarI ora, ahiMsA ne jaba vyavahAra ke kSetra ko chor3a vicAra ke kSetra meM praveza kiyA to vaha anekAnta bana gyii| anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa se naitika sApekSatA kA prazna jur3A huA hai| isa prakAra tattvadarzana aura AcAradarzana eka dUsare se alaga nahIM raha jAte / jahA~ taka dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke sambandha kA prazna hai, jaina paramparA meM ve pUrI taraha eka dUsare se mile hue haiN| dharma hI nIti hai aura nIti hI dharma hai / donoM eka dUsare ke paryAyavAcI bana gaye haiM / yadi jaina paramparA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra samaveta rUpa meM mokSa-mArga hai to phira tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana eka dUsare se pUrNataH pRthaka hokara nahIM raha skte| pAzcAtya paramparA meM na kevala tattvadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke sambandha para vicAra kiyA gayA, varan unakI pUrvAparatA kA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| spinojA prabhRti kucha vicAraka tattvadarzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM aura usase AcAradarzana ko phalita karate haiN| dUsarI ora razaDAla prabhRti kucha vicAraka AcAradarzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM aura usake AdhAra para tattvadarzana kI yojanA karate haiN| jahA~ taka jaina vicAraNA meM tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana meM pUrvAparatA para vicAra karane kA prazna hai, 1. zaGkarAcArya kA AcAradarzana, pR0 84.

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180 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hamArI mAnyatA meM vahA~ para AcAradarzana hI prAthamika siddha hotA hai / vaha razaDAla kI mAnyatA kI samarthaka hai / jaina darzana meM AcAradarzana ke AdhAra para tattvayojanA kI gayI, na ki tattvayojanA ke AdhAra para unhoMne AcAradarzana kA nirmANa kiyA / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana Adi bhI jaina paramparA ko dArzanika paramparA kI apekSA AcAramArgIya paramparA hI kahanA adhika pasanda karate haiM / usameM naitika darzana prAthamika hai / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana likhate haiM ki AdhyAtma-vidyA ke viSaya meM jainamata una saba siddhAntoM ke virodha meM hai, jo naitika uttaradAyitva para bala nahIM dete / pro0 hariyannA bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiM / ve likhate haiM, "saccI bAta yaha hai ki jaina dharma kA mukhya lakSya AtmA ko pUrNa banAnA hai, na ki vizva kI vyAkhyA karanA / "2 jaina darzana ke sambandha meM zrI je0 ela0 jainI kA kathana hai ki usakA mUlamantra hai jJAna ke lie jIvana nahIM, balki jIvana ke lie jJAna hai / 3 jaina tattvamImAMsA meM pramukha rUpa se yahI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki vaha usake naitika darzana ko paripuSTa kare / jaina darzana ne apanI tattvamomAMsA meM naitika pakSa ko hI ubhArA hai / sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM ise bar3e hI sundara rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai - Asrava saMsAra ( duHkha ) kA hetu hai aura saMvara mukti kA hetu hai / yahI mAtra Arhat dRSTi kA sAra hai, zeSa sabhI isI kA vistAra mAtra hai / 4 bauddha dRSTikoNa buddha na kevala tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana meM aparihArya sambandha svIkAra karate haiM, varan aisI tattvamImAMsA ko, jo naitika jIvana kI samasyAoM se sambandhita nahIM hai, anAvazyaka bhI mAnate haiM / buddha kI dRSTi meM aisA samasta tattva-vivAda jo brahmacaryavAsa ( naitika jIvana ) ke lie nahIM hai, jo naitika jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM detA, varan unheM ulajhA detA hai, koI mUlya nahIM rakhatA / pro0 vhAiTaheDa kA bauddha dharma ke bAre meM yaha kahanA dhyAna dene yogya hai ki vaha itihAsa meM anuprayukta tattvamImAMsA kA sabase mahAn dRSTAnta hai / " pro0 hariyannA bhI likhate haiM ki buddha ke upadeza meM hameM zuddha tattvamImAMsA kA koI siddhAnta nahIM milegA / vaha saiddhAntika tattvamImAMsA ke viruddha the / buddha ke dvArA tattvamImAMsA kI nirarthakatA ke sambandha meM mAluMkyaputta ko diyA gayA upadeza prasiddha hai / ve kahate haiM, "he mAluMkyaputta, yadi koI manuSya apane zarIra meM bANa kA viSailA zalya ghusa jAne se chaTapaTAtA ho to Aptamitra zalya kriyA karane vAle vaidya ko bulA lAyeMge / parantu yadi vaha rogI usase kahe 1. bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, pR0 2=6. 2. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 174. 3. AuTalAinsa Apha jainIjma, pR0 112. 4. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR0 80. 5. rilIjana ina dI mekiMga, pR0 36. 6. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 136.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra ki maiM isa zalya ko taba taka hAtha nahIM lagAne dUMgA, jaba taka ki mujhe isa prazna kA uttara nahIM milatA ki yaha tIra kisane mArA? vaha mArane vAlA brAhmaNa thA yA kSatriya ? vaizya thA yA zUdra ? kAlA thA yA gorA ? usakA dhanuSa kisa prakAra kA thA ? dhanuSa kI rassI kisa padArtha kI banI huI thI ? Adi, to he mAlukyaputta, usa paristhiti meM vaha manuSya ina bAtoM ko jAne binA hI mara jaayegaa| isI prakAra jo koI isa bAta para ar3A rahegA ki jagat zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, Adi bAtoM kA spaSTIkaraNa hue binA maiM brahmacarya kA AcaraNa nahIM karUMgA, to vaha ina bAtoM ko jAne binA hI mara jaayegaa| he mAlukyaputta, jagat zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, aisA vizvAsa ho to bhI usase dhArmika AcaraNa meM sahAyatA milegI, aisI bAta nahIM hai / yadi aisA vizvAsa ho ki jagat zAzvata hai, to bhI jarA, maraNa, zoka, parideva Adi se mukti nahIM hotii| isI prakAra jagat zAzvata nahIM hai, zarIra aura AtmA eka hai, yA zarIra aura AtmA bhinna hai, maraNa ke pazcAt tathAgata ko punarjanma prApta hotA hai yA nahIM, Adi bAtoM para ima vizvAsa rakheM yA na rakheM; janma, jarA, maraNa, parideva to hai hii| isalie mAluMkyaputta, maiM ina bAtoM kI carcA meM nahIM par3A kyoMki usa vAda-vivAda se brahmacarya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI sthiratA nahIM A sktii| usa vAda se vairAgya utpanna nahIM hogA, pApa kA nirodha nahIM hogA, aura zAnti, prajJA, sambodha evaM nirvANa kI prApti nahIM hogii|" isa prakAra buddha aisI tattvamImAMsA ko nirarthaka samajhate the jisakA vyAvahArika jIvana kI samasyAoM se sIdhA sambandha nahIM thA aura jisameM kisI nizcita niSkarSa para pahu~canA sambhava nahIM thaa| aise praznoM ko unhoMne 'avyAkRta' kahakara chor3a diyA / buddha na aise tattvavicArakoM ko jo jagat zAzvata hai yA azAzvata hai, AtmA amara hai yA nazvara hai, Adi praznoM ke sambandha meM vAda-vivAda karate hue apanA samaya vyartha ga~vAte haiM, nirvANa kA adhikArI nahIM maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM aise loga mAra ke bandhana meM phaMsa jAte haiM / ve kevala unhIM tAtvika praznoM kI carcA karanA ucita samajhate the, jinakA natika jIvana se sIdhA sambandha ho aura isa rUpa meM unhoMne kevala cAra AryasatyoM yA cAra paramArthoM kI carcA kii| gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___ gItA meM bhI tattvamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana meM anivArya sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / arjuna kA moha dUra karane aura use karma meM pravRtta karane ke lie gItA meM diye gaye adhikAMza tarka tAttvika haiN| prathama tattvamImAMsA aura phira usase AcaraNa kI dizA-nirdhAraNa ke prayatna gItA meM aneka sthaloM para dekhe jA sakate haiN| gItA kA AcAradarzana usake tattvadarzana para khar3A hai| isa prakAra jahA~ jaina aura bauddha darzana 1. majjhimanikAya, cUla mAlaMkyaputta sutta, 63, pR0 254-255. 2. vahI, nivApasutta, 25, pR0 101. 3. vizeSa draSTavya-gItA, adhyAya 2, 4, 11, 13 aura 18.

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182 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcAradarzana ke AdhAra para tattvamImAMsA ko phalita karate haiM, vahA~ gItA tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para AcAra ke niyamoM ko pratipAdita karatI hai| yahA~ gItA jaina aura bauddha paramparA se bhinna hai / yahA~ usakA dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya vicAraka spinojA ke adhika nikaTa hai / gItA meM prastuta jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura karmayoga, sabhI para usakI tatvamImAMsA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai / ve usake tattvadarzana yA Izvara ( paramasattA ) ke svarUpa ke AdhAra para nikAle gaye naitika niSkarSa haiN| zrI saMgamalAla pANDe spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki gItA kA nItizAstra tattvajJAna yA tattvadarzana para AdhArita hai| itanA hI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM AlocakoM ko uttara dete hue ve adhika bala ke sAtha yaha likhate haiM ki hama gItA kI yaha eka bar3I dena mAnate haiM ki isake anusAra nItizAstra ko tattvajJAnamUlaka honA caahie| isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana yaha nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki tattvadarzana aura AcAradarzana meM aparihArya sambandha hai| phira bhI jahA~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ tAttvika samasyAoM ko naitika dRSTi se hala karane kA prayatna karatI haiM, vahA~ gItA naitika samasyAoM ko tAttvika buddhi se hala karane kA prayatna karatI hai / jahA~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM AcAradarzana ko dRSTi meM rakhakara paramArtha yA tattva ke svarUpa kI vivecanA kI gayI hai aura tattvadarzana kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ gItA meM tattvadarzana ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana ke niyamoM ko pratiphalita kiyA gayA hai / jaina va bauddha darzanoM meM naitika mAnyatAe~ AdhAra vAkya hai aura tattvadarzana niSkarSa vAkya hai, jabaki gItA meM tattva kA svarUpa AdhAra vAkya hai aura naitika niyama niSkarSa vAkya hai / sat ke svarUpa kA AcAravarzana para prabhAva ___AcAradarzana ke paramasAdhya yA naitika Adarza kA paramArtha yA sat ( Reality ) ke svarUpa se nikaTa kA sambandha hai| yahI nahIM, kisI darzana meM naitikatA kA kyA sthAna hogA yaha bAta bhI bahuta kucha usake sat ke svarUpa ke vivecana para nirbhara karatI hai| isI prakAra AcAradarzana meM jJAnamArga yA karmamArga meM se kise pramukhatA dI jAve, yaha bhI usakI sat-sambandhI mAnyatA para nirbhara hai| jo darzana sat ko avikArI, apari'NAmI evaM kUTastha mAnate haiM, ve apanI naitika sAdhanA meM jJAna ko hI mukti kA sAdhana mAnate haiM, jabaki jo darzana sat ko pariNAmI yA parivartanazIla samajhate haiM ve mukti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM AcaraNa yA karma ko svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra paramArtha yA tattva ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA se AcAradarzana prabhAvita hotA hai / sat ke svarUpa ko vibhinnatA ke kAraNa jaba mAnavIya jijJAsuvRtti ne indriyajJAna meM pratIta honevAle isa jagat ke antima 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 287. 2. vahI, pR0 263.

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bhAcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 183 rahasya ko samajhane ke lie bauddhika gaharAiyoM meM utaranA prArambha kiyA, to pariNAmasvarUpa sat sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA udbhava huA / yadyapi paramasattA, paramArtha yA sat jo bhI aura jaisA bhI hai, vaha hai / lekina jaba use indriyAnubhava, buddhi aura antardRSTi Adi vividha sAdhanoM ke dvArA jAnane evaM vivecita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha ina sAdhanoM kI vividhatAoM tathA vaicArika dRSTikoNoM kI vibhinnatA se vividha rUpa ho jAtA hai / isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue Rgveda kA RSi kahatA hai "eka sad viprAH bahudhA vadanti" eka hI sat ko vidvAn aneka prakAra se kahate haiN|' jinhoMne mAtra indriya-anubhavoM kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kara use samajhane kA prayatna kiyA unheM vaha aneka aura parivartanazIla pratIta huA, aura jinhoMne indriya-anubhavoM ko prAmANikatA meM sandeha kara kevala buddhi ke mAdhyama se use samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA, use advaya, avyaya aura avikArya ( apariNAmI ) paayaa| saMkSepa meM sat sambandhI dRSTikoNoM ko vibhinnatA ke nimna kAraNa diye jA sakate haiM1. indriyAnubhava, bauddhika jJAna, antardRSTi Adi jJAna ke sAdhanoM kI vividhatA / 2. vyaktiyoM ke dRSTikoNoM, jJAnAtmaka staroM tathA vaicArika parivezoM kI vibhinntaaeN| 3. bhASA kI apUrNatA tathA tajjanita abhivyakti sambandhI kaThinAiyA~ / 4. sat eka pUrNatA hai, jJAtA manas usakA hI eka aMza hai, aMza aMzI ko pUrNarUpeNa nahIM jAna sakatA / isa prakAra hamAre jJAna kI AMzikatA bhI sat sambandhI dRSTikoNoM kI vividhatA kA kAraNa hai| bhAratIya cintana meM sat sambandho vibhinna dRSTikoNa _dArzanika jagat meM sat-sambandhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke mUla meM pramukha rUpa se tIna prazna rahe haiM (a) sat ke ekatva aura anekatva kA prazna : isa sandarbha meM pramukha rUpa se tIna siddhAnta sAmane Aye haiN| (1) ekatvavAda ( Monoism ), (2) dvitattvavAda ( Dualism ) aura (3) bahutattvavAda ( Pluralism ) / (ba) sat ke parivartanazIla yA aparivartanazIla hone kA prazna : isa sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se do siddhAnta haiM-(1) sat nirvikAra evaM avyaya hai ( Being is Real ) aura (2) sat kA lakSaNa parivartanazIlatA hai yA parivartana ho sat hai ( Becoming is Real ) / (sa) sat ke bhautika yA AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA prazna : isa sambandha meM bhI pramukha rUpa se do dRSTikoNa haiM-(1) bhautikavAda ( Materialism ) aura (2) adhyAtmavAda ( Idealism ) / 1. Rgveda, 1.164 / 46.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana dArzanika jagat ke sabhI tAttvika siddhAnta uparyukta dRSTikoNoM ke vibhinna saMyogoM kA pariNAma haiM / saMkSepa meM pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM ke sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra haiM 184 1. cArvAk darzana sat ko bhautika, pariNAmI evaM aneka mAnatA hai / 2. prArambhika bauddha darzana ke anusAra sat parivartanazIla ( anitya ), aneka aura bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika donoM prakAra kA hai / 3. bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda sampradAya ke anusAra sat AdhyAtmika, advaya evaM parivartanazIla hai / 4. bauddhadarzana ke mAdhyamika ( zUnyavAda ) sampradAya ke anusAra paramArtha na pariNAmI hai aura na apariNAmI / vaha eka bhI nahIM hai aura nAnA bhI nahIM hai, use niHsvabhAva kahA gayA hai / 5. jaina darzana meM sat ko paryAyadRSTi se parivartanazIla, dravyadRSTi se dhrauvya ( avyaya ) lakSaNayukta, bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika donoM prakAra kA, tathA aneka mAnA gayA hai / 6. sAMkhya darzana sat ko bhautika ( prakRti ) evaM AdhyAtmika ( puruSa ) donoM prakAra kA mAnatA hai / sAtha hI vaha prakRti ke sambandha meM pariNAmavAda ko aura puruSa ke sambandha meM apariNAmavAda ( kUTasthatA ke pratyaya ) ko svIkAra karatA hai / isI prakAra vaha prakRti ke sandarbha meM abheda meM bheda kI kalpanA karatA hai, jabaki puruSa ke sambandha meM vAstavika anekatA ko svIkAra karatA hai | 7. nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM sat kI anekatA para bala diyA gayA hai, yadyapi vaha anekatA meM anusyUta ekatA ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai / usameM sat AdhyAtmika evaM bhautika donoM prakAra kA hai / 8. zAMkara vedAnta ke anusAra sat yA paramArtha (brahma) AdhyAtmika, advaya evaM avikArya hai tathA jIva aura jagat ko sattAe~ mAtra vivarta haiM / 9. viziSTAdvaitavAda ( rAmAnuja ) ke anusAra sat ( Izvara ) eka aisI sattA hai jisameM bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika donoM sattAe~ samAviSTa haiM / ve paramasattA ke pariNAmIpana ko svIkAra karate haiM / unakA darzana brahma pariNAmavAda hai / sAtha hI ve abheda meM bheda kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM / svargIya DA0 padmarAje ne sat-sambandhI bhAratIya dRSTikoNoM ko pA~ca vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai / " 1. prathama varga meM advaya, avyaya, avikArya sat kA advaya siddhAnta AtA hai, jo yaha mAnatA hai ki sat evaM kUTastha hai / parivartana yA anekatA mAtra vivarta hai| sat1. jaina thyorIja Apha royaliTI aiNDa naoNleja, pR0 25-26.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 185 sambandhI isa vicAra praNAlI kA pratinidhitva zaMkarAcArya karate haiM / DA0 candradhara zarmA ke matAnusAra vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI bauddha vicAraNAe~ bhI isI varga meM A sakatI haiM / 2. dUsare varga meM sat kA parivartanazIlatA kA siddhAnta AtA hai / isake anusAra sat kA lakSaNa anityatA, kSaNikatA evaM parivartanazIlatA hai / isa vicAradhArA kA anusaraNa prArambhika bauddha darzana karatA hai / prAcIna jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM varNita ucchedavAda ko bhI isI varga meM rakhA jA sakatA hai / 3. tIsare varga meM sat kA vaha siddhAnta AtA hai jisake anusAra sat meM bheda aura abheda donoM ke hote hue bhI abheda pradhAna hai aura bheda gauNa hai / bheda abheda ke adhIna hai / isa vicAradhArA kA pratinidhitva viziSTAdvaitavAda ke pravartaka rAmAnuja karate haiM / DA0 padmarAje ke anusAra inake atirikta sAMkhya darzana, nimbArka, bhAskarAcArya, yAdava prakAza tathA pAzcAtya vicAraka hegala bhI isakA samarthana karate haiM / gItA ko bhI isI varga meM rakhA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi AcArya zaMkara ne use advaitavAdI aura AcArya madhva ne use dvaitavAdI siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, phira bhI hamArI vinamra sammati meM unakI vyAkhyAe~ gItA kI mUla AtmA ke adhika nikaTa nahIM kahI jA sakatIM / gItA ke sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa kI mUlAtmA sAMkhya darzana aura rAmAnuja ke adhika nikaTa hai / 4. cauthe varga kA siddhAnta bhI sat meM bheda aura abheda donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, lekina tIsare varga se isakA antara isa AdhAra para hai ki yaha abheda ko gauNa aura bheda ko pramukha mAnatA hai / madhva isI mata kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / DA0 padmarAje ne vaizeSika darzana ko bhI isI varga kA mAnA hai / 5. pA~caveM varga ke siddhAnta meM sat ko bheda aura abhedamaya mAnate hue kisI eka ko pramukha nahIM mAnA gayA, varan donoM ko parasparApekSI aura sahayogI bheda aura abheda donoM sApekSa haiM aura eka dUsare para nirbhara hokara hI rakhate haiM, svatantra hokara nahIM / jaina darzana isI varga meM AtA hai / mAnA gayA hai / apanA astitva yadi hama vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM yA DA0 padmarAje ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para sat-sambandhI siddhAntoM kI naitika samIkSA karane kA prayatna kareMge to kAphI vistAra meM jAnA hogA tathA kucha sthitiyoM meM unakI eka dUsare se nikaTatA ke kAraNa anAvazyaka punarAvRttiyoM se bacanA sambhava nahIM ho sakegA / dUsare, DA0 padmarAje ke isa vargIkaraNa meM bauddha darzana ko advaita vedAnta ke ThIka virodha dikhAyA gayA haiM, yaha bhI samIcIna nahIM hai / ataH hama samIkSA kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se pUrvacarcita tIna AdhAroM para sat-sambandhI do vyAghAtI dRSTikoNa prastuta kareMge aura unakI naitika dRSTi se samIkSA karate hue isa sambandha meM jaina darzana, bauddha darzana aura gItA kI sthiti ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kareMge / meM

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186 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (a) sat kA svarUpa advaya, avikArya ( apariNAmI ) aura AdhyAtmika hai / ( zaMkara ) (ba) sat kA svarUpa aneka, parivartanazIla ( anitya) aura bhautika hai| (ajitakezakambala) prAcIna jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM hameM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda tathA akriyAvAda aura kriyAvAda ke nAma se sat-sambandhI do paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo bahuta kucha kramazaH prathama aura dUsare varga ke nikaTa Ate haiN| aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki sat-sambandhI uparyukta donoM paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNa naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA karane meM kahA~ taka saphala athavA asaphala rahate haiN| 62. (a) sat ke advaya, avikArya evaM AdhyAtmika svarUpa ko naitika samIkSA ___ sat-sambandhI ekatattvavAdI ekAnta dhAraNA meM AcAradarzana kA kyA sthAna ho sakatA hai, yaha cintya hai| yadi sat ( brahma) bhedAtIta hai to na to usameM vaiyaktika sAdhaka kI sattA banatI hai aura na zubhAzubha ke lie koI sthAna ho sakatA hai| AcAradarzana ke bandhana aura mukti ke pratyaya bhI mAtra kAlpanika hI raha jAte haiN| yadi brahma se bhinna koI sattA hai hI nahIM, to phira na to koI bandhana meM AnevAlA hI zeSa rahatA hai, na mukta honevAlA hii| yadi jIvAtmA ajJAna se bandhana meM AtA hai aura jJAnAtmaka sAdhanA dvArA mukta hotA hai, to jIvAtmA bhI to brahma se abhinna hai / isakA artha to yaha hogA ki brahma hI bandhana meM AtA hai, jo svayaM meM hI eka upahAsAspada dhAraNA hai / yadi yaha kahA jAe ki jIva vivarta hai to phira jIva ke sambandha meM hone vAle bandhana aura mukti bhI vivarta hoMge aura bandhana aura mukti ke vivarta hone para sArI naitikatA bhI vivarta hogI / aisI vivartamUlaka naitikatA kA kyA mUlya rahegA, yaha advaitavAdiyoM ke lie vicAraNIya hI hai| dUsare, yadi isa dhAraNA meM vikAra, parivartana Adi kA bhI koI sthAna nahIM hai to naitika patana aura naitika vikAsa yA bandhana aura mukti kI dhAraNAeM bhI Tika nahIM pAtI / naitika patana aura vikAsa parivartana hI haiM, jinakA mUlyAMkana naitika Adarza ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAtA hai / tIsare, yadi paramasattA AdhyAtmika hai to bandhana kaise hotA hai ? kisake kAraNa hotA hai ? yaha batAnA kaThina hotA hai| dUsare, tattva kI sattA mAne binA bandhana kI samIcIna vyAkhyA nahIM ho sktii| svayaM advaitavAda ko bhI anekatA aura bandhana ke kAraNa ke lie mAyA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA pdd'aa| itanA hI nahIM, use anAdi bhI mAnanA pdd'aa| paramatattva ke samAnAntara anAdi mAyA kI dhAraNA kaThora ekatvavAdI niSThA ke pratikUla hai / bandhana kA kAraNa mAyA asat to nahIM kahI jA sakatI, kyoMki asat kAraNa vastutaH kAraNa hI

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mAcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 187 nahIM hotA aura yadi asat ko kAraNa mAnA jAye to usakA kArya bhI asat hogA aura aisI sthiti meM bandhana bhI asat hogA / advaita ke pratipAdaka AcArya zaMkara kI dRSTi meM bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAyA asat nahIM hai| yadi use anirvacanIya mAnA jAtA hai to usakI sattA mAnanI hI par3egI, anirvacanIya mAyA abhAvAtmaka nahIM ho sakatI / yadi mAyA bhAvAtmaka hai, to eka brahma ke samakSa eka dUsarI sattA khar3I ho jAyegI aura advaitavAda khaNDita ho jAyegA / yadi use svatantra sattA na mAnakara brahma ke Azrita sattA kahA jAe to AzrayAnupapatti kA AkSepa lAgU hogaa| cAhe zaMkara ke advaitavAda, nAgArjuna ke zUnyavAda aura Arya asaMga ke vijJAnavAda ke tarka tAttvika dRSTi se sabala hoM, lekina naitikatA kI sakSama vyAkhyA prastuta karane meM to ve nirbala par3a jAte haiN| aneka pAzcAtya cintakoM ne bhI isa ekatvavAdI sat kI dhAraNA meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA ke prati zaMkA prakaTa kI hai| meksamUlara ne zAGkaravedAnta ko eka kaThora ekatvavAda ko saMjJA dekara usameM AcAra ke mUlya kA adhika sthAna svIkAra nahIM kiyA / DA0 arkahArTa kA 'sarvezvaravAda aura jIvana kA mUlya' sarvezvaravAdI ( ekatvavAdI) vicAraNA meM AcAradarzana kI asambhAvanA ko siddha karane vAlA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / ve likhate haiM ki yaha brahma ( sat ) nirguNa aura bhedAtIta hai, ataH zubhAzubha bheda se bhI pare hai / zubhAzubha ke bheda kA nirAkaraNa AcArazAstra ke AdhAra kA hI unmUlana kara detA hai / vedAnta meM vyaktitva ko bhI mithyA mAnA gayA hai| zubhAzubha ke bheda kA nirAkaraNa naitika nirNaya ko asambhava banA detA hai aura usake sAtha hI vyakti ko vAstavikatA kA niSedha naitika nirNaya ko anAvazyaka bhI banA detA hai / kaThora advaitavAdI vicAradhArA kI naitika akSamatA kA citraNa karate hue AptamImAMsA meM AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM ki ekAnta advaitavAda kI dhAraNA meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA bheda, sukha-duHkhAdi kA phalabheda, svarga-naraka Adi kA lokabheda nahIM rahatA hai aura na samyagjJAna aura mithyAjJAna tathA bandhana aura mokSa kA hI bheda rahatA hai / ataH aisA siddhAnta naitika dRSTi se sakSama nahIM ho sktaa| naitikatA ke lie to dvaita evaM anekatA Avazyaka hai / DA0 nathamala TA~TiyA likhate haiM ki ekAnta advaitavAdI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karane kA artha hogA-samAja, vAtAvaraNa, paraloka, tathA naitika aura dhArmika jIvana evaM tatsambandhI saMsthAoM kI pUrNa samApti-lekina aisA darzana mAnava-jAti ke lie upAdeya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha eka nizcita tathya hai ki kaThora ekatattvavAdI sat kI vyAkhyA, jo parivartana ko mithyA svIkAra karatI hai, AcAradarzana kA tAttvika AdhAra banane meM samartha nahIM hai / 1.vivekacUr3AmaNi, mAyA nirUpaNa. 2. zaMkarAcArya kA AcAradarzana, pR0 16-17. 3. AptamImAMsA, 25. 4. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 178. 12

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188 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zaMkara kA dRSTikoNa ekAnta ekatattvavAdI nahIM hai zaMkarAcArya ke sat-sambandhI dRSTikoNa ko aikAntika rUpa meM ekatattvavAdI mAnakara usameM jo AcAradarzana kI asambhAvanA siddha kI jAtI hai, vaha ucita nahIM hai / DA0 rAmAnanda ne bhI apane grantha 'zaMkarAcArya kA AcAradarzana' meM ekatattvavAdI, sarvezvaravAdI evaM mAyAvAdI vicArapraNAlI kA nirasana kara zAMkara vedAnta meM bhI jIva evaM jagat kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| ve likhate haiM, "jIva aura jagat donoM atyanta vivikta sattAe~ haiM, cAhe ve brahma se pRthak kalpanIya na hoN| mAyAvAda kA prasiddha siddhAnta-jagat kI sattA ke prasaMga meM nitAnta asaMgata hai| jIvana kI sattA vedAnta kA mUlAdhAra hai |-mokssaavsthaa meM jIvatva aura vyaktitva ke akSuNNa rahane kI sambhAvanA ke sAtha vedAnta meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA bhI avagamya ho jAtI hai / "" ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA ke lie sat-sambandhI kaThora ekatattvavAda evaM aparivartanazIlatA ke siddhAnta ko chor3anA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| DA0 rAmAnanda ne zAMkara darzana meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvyatA ko siddha karane ke prayAsa meM use jisa stara para lAkara khar3A kiyA hai, vahAM zAMkara darzana sat kI kaThora ekatattvavAdI dhAraNA se dUra haTakara abhedAzrita bheda ko usa dhAraNA para A jAtA hai, jahA~ zaMkara aura rAmAnuja meM koI vizeSa dUrI nahIM raha jaatii| svayaM DA0 rAmAnanda bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki rAmAnuja aura zaMkara meM vaha dUrI nahIM hai, jaiso paravartI zaMkarAnuyAyiyoM ne batAyI hai| ___ yadi zaMkara ekAnta advaitavAdI haiM, to nizcita hI unake darzana meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanAe~ dhUmila ho jAyeMgI, lekina vastusthiti aisI nahIM hai| ekatattvavAda meM AcAradarzana kI sambhAvanA to taba samApta ho jAtI hai, jabaki hara stara para hI abheda ko mAnA jaaye| lekina advaita ke prastotA AcArya zaMkara bhI hara stara para abheda kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM krte| advaitavAdI vicAradhArA ke anusAra paramatattva bheda evaM sImAoM se nirapekSa hai| usakA kahanA hai ki bheda mithyA hai, lekina bheda yA anekatA ke mithyA hone kA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha pratIti kA viSaya nahIM hai| yadyapi samasyA yaha bhI hai ki mithyA anekatA kaise pratIti kA viSaya bana jAtI hai ? lekina yahA~ isa carcA kI gaharAI meM jAnA iSTa nahIM hai| advaitavAda yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki pratIti kI dRSTi se na kevala vastugata anekatA hai varan vyaktigata anekatA bhI hai, aura pratIti ke kSetra meM isa bheda tathA anekatA ke kAraNa bandhana aura mukti evaM naitikatA aura dharma kI sambhAvanAe~ bhI haiN| isa prakAra advaitavAdI bhI kevala pAramArthika stara para hI abheda ko mAnate haiM; vyAvahArika stara para to unheM bhI bheda svIkAra hai| vyAvahArika stara para jaba bheda svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to AcAradarzana kI sambhAvyatA avagamya 1. zaMkarAcArya kA AcAradarzana, pR0 66-67. 2. vahI, pR0 62.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 189 ho jAtI hai / hamArI dRSTi meM advaitavAdI jaba taka pAramArthika stara para abheda aura advayatA, aura vyAvahArika stara para bheda aura anekatA ko svIkAra karate haiM taba taka koI galatI nahIM karate / svayaM jaina vicAraka bhI saMgrahanaya evaM dravyArthika dRSTi seto vastutattva meM abheda mAnate hI haiM / " isa AdhAra para bhI advaitavAda kI AlocanA karanA ucita nahIM hogA ki advaita darzana meM naitikatA kI avagamyatA vyAvahArika stara para hotI hai / jaina vicAradhArA meM bhI naitikatA kI avadhAraNA vyavahAranaya yA paryAyArthika dRSTi se hI sambhava hai / zAMkaradarzana kI mUlabhUta kamajorI paramArthadRSTi se paramArtha ke abheda ko hI satya aura vyavahAra ke bheda ko mithyA kahakara bhI advaitavAdI koI galatI nahIM karate haiM / pAramArthika abheda kI dRSTi se vyAvahArika bheda mithyA hai, yaha ThIka hai; lekina usase Age bar3hakara hameM yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki vyAvahArika bheda kI apekSA se pAramArthika abheda bhI mithyA hogA, kyoMki vastutattva svApekSA se satya hotA hai, parApekSA se to mithyA hotA hI hai / advaitavAdI AdhI dUra Akara ruka jAte haiN| Age bar3hakara vyAvahArika bheda kI apekSA se pAramArthika abheda ko mithyA kahane kA ve sAhasa nahIM karate / jaba pAramArthika abhedadRSTi kI apekSA vyAvahArika bhedadRSTi ko mithyA kahA jAtA hai, to hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki yahA~ usake midhyAtva kA pratipAdana apekSA - vizeSa se hI hai| eka apekSA ke dvArA dUsarI apekSAoM kA samagra niSedha to kabhI ho nahIM sakatA / kisI tIsarI apekSA se donoM hI yathArtha ho sakate haiM / yadi hama kaheM ki rAma dazaratha kI apekSA se putra haiM aura isalie ve dazaratha kI apekSA se pitA nahIM haiM, to isameM unake pitRtva kA samagra niSedha nahIM hotA; lava aura kuza kI apekSA se ve pitA ho sakate haiM / advaitavAdI galatI yaha karate haiM ki ve paramArthadRSTi kI apekSA se vyavahAra kA dazaratha kI apekSA se rAma kA pitRtva mithyA hai aura putratva satya hai, aura lava-kuza kI apekSA se rAma kA putratva mithyA hai aura pitRtva satya hai; lekina rAma kI apekSA se to na pitRtva mithyA hai na putratva mithyA hai, varan donoM yathArtha haiM / usI prakAra paramArthadRSTi kI apekSA se vyAvahArika bheda mithyA hai, pAramArthika abheda satya hai / vyavahAradRSTi kI apekSA se vyAvahArika bheda satya hai, pAramArthika abheda mithyA hai | lekina paramatattva kI apekSA se na abheda mithyA hai na bheda mithyA hai, donoM hI yathArtha pUrNa niSedha mAna lete haiM / hI | advaitavAdI vicAraka yaha kyoM bhUla jAte haiM ki bheda aura abheda to paramatattva ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ / ve sva-apekSA se yathArtha aura para- apekSA se ayathArtha hote hue bhI usa paramatattva kI apekSA se to donoM hI yathArtha haiM / advaitavAdI darzana kA mAnadaNDa lekara nApanevAle manISI DA0 rAdhAkRSNan jaina darzana ke anaikAntavAdI yathArtha - 1. (a) tattvArthabhASya, 1135; (ba) anuyogadvArasUtra, 123.

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190 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vAda ko mArga meM par3Ava DAlanevAlA kahate haiM / lekina vAstavikatA yaha hai ki advaitavAdI darzana kevala abheda kI apekSA se vyavahAra - jagat ke bheda kA niSedha kara bIca mArga meM par3Ava DAla detA hai / vaha Age bar3hakara yaha kyoM nahIM kahatA ki vyavahAra ke bheda kI apekSA se paramArtha kA abheda yA advaita honA bhI mithyA hai aura isase bhI Age bar3hakara yaha kyoM nahIM svIkAra karatA ki paramatattva kI apekSA se to bheda aura abheda donoM hI yathArtha haiM | advaitavAdI pAramArthika abheda kI apekSA vyAvahArika bheda ko nimnastarIya mAnakara galatI karate haiM / pAramArthika dRSTi aura vyAvahArika dRSTi to sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM, unameM se kisI ko bhI eka-dUsare se hIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| donoM hI apanI-apanI jagaha yathArtha haiM / vyAvahArika bheda bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai, jitanA pAramArthika abheda / donoM meM koI tulanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / kinhIM do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM se eka hI vastu ke khIMce hue citroM meM koI mithyA nahIM ho sakatA / donoM hI citra una una sthitiyoM kI apekSA se vastu kA sahI svarUpa hI prakaTa karate haiM / donoM hI samAnarUpa meM yathArtha haiM usI prakAra sat kA bhedavAdI dRSTikoNa bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai, jitanA sat kA abhedavAdI dRSTikoNa | kyoMki donoM sattA ke hI pakSa haiM / zAMkaradarzana kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki vaha pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika aisI do sattAe~ khar3I kara svayaM hI apane siddhAnta se pIche haTa jAtA hai / yadi zaMkara donoM kI vAstavika sattA mAnate haiM to unakA advaita khaNDita hotA hai / dUsarI ora yadi vyavahAra ko mithyA kahate haiM, to vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika aisI do sattAe~ nahIM ho sakatI / kumArila ne bhI zaMkara ke darzana meM yahI doSa dikhAyA hai / 2 vastutaH paramArtha aura vyavahAra do sattAe~ nahIM, sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyAM haiM aura donoM hI yathArtha haiM / / ki vaha pAra jaina dArzanikoM kA advaitavAda se na to isalie koI vivAda hai mArthika dRSTi se abheda ko mAnatA hai, kyoMki dravyArthika dRSTi se abheda to unheM bhI svIkAra hai aura na isalie koI virodha hai ki advaitavAda vyAvahArika stara para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kyoMki jaina vicArakoM ko bhI yahI dRSTikoNa mAnya hai / jaina darzana kA agara advaitavAda se koI virodha hai to vaha itanA hI hai ki jahA~ advaitavAda vyavahAra ko mithyA mAnatA hai vahA~ jaina darzana vyavahAra ko bhI yathArtha mAnatA haiM / advaitavAda ke isa dRSTikoNa ke prati jaina darzana kA AkSepa yaha haiM ki asat vyavahAra se sat paramArtha ko kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / asat naitikatA sat paramatattva kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM karA sakatI / advaitavAda meM asat vyAvahArika naitikatA aura sat paramArthika paramatattva meM koI sambandha hI nahIM bana pAtA kyoMki unameM eka asat aura dUsarA sat hai, jabaki jaina vicAra meM donoM hI sat haiM / jaina darzana meM vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM 1. bhAratIya darzana, khaNDa 1, pR0 311. 2. jaina thyorIja Apha riyaliTI aiNDa naoNleja, pR0 36 para uddhRta.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra hI sat kI do dRSTiyA~ hone se paraspara sambandhita haiM, jabaki advaitavAda meM ve paraspara virodhI sattAe~ hone se asambandhita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina darzana kI sat vyAvahArika naitikatA sat pAramArthika Atmatattva kA sAkSAtkAra karA sakatI hai, kyoMki sat se hI sat pAyA jA sakatA hai, asat se sat nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| vicArapUrvaka dekheM to advaitavAda bhI vyavahAra ko asat kahane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki usakI vyAvahArika sattA ko dhAraNA mAyA para avalambita hai aura yadi mAyA asat nahIM hai to vyAvahArika stara para honevAle bheda evaM parivartana bhI asat nahIM haiN| yahA~ hama zaMkara aura jaina darzana meM utanI dUrI nahIM pAte, jitanI ki AlocakoM dvArA batAyI gayI hai| $ 2. (ba) sat ke aneka, anitya aura bhautika svarUpa ko naitika samIkSA sat ke advaya, avikArya ( avyaya ) aura AdhyAtmika svarUpa ke ThIka viparIta sat kI vaha dhAraNA hai jo use aneka, anitya aura bhautika mAnatI hai / mahAvIra ke samakAlIna ajitakezakambala isa mata ko mAnane vAle pratIta hote haiM / yadi sat' kA svarUpa bhautika hai to usameM naitikatA ke lie koI bhI sthAna nahIM rahegA, kyoMki naitika viveka, naitika mUlya aura naitika nirNaya sabhI caitasika jIvana kI avasthAeM haiN| naitika mUlya mAtra jaivika nahIM haiM, ve atijaivika evaM AdhyAtmika bhI hai| bhautika sat meM aise mUlyoM ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jaataa| naitika mUlya aura naitika paramazreya kisI AdhyAtmika sattA para hI AdhRta ho sakate haiM, unakA Adi-srota AdhyAtmika sattA hai, bhautika sattA nahIM / dUsare, yadi sat kA svarUpa bhautika hai aura cetanA kA pratyaya zarIra ke sAtha hI utpanna hotA hai aura usake vinaSTa ho jAne para samApta ho jAtA hai, to aisI sthiti meM bhI naitika jIvana ke lie kyA sthAna hogA, yaha avazya hI vicAraNIya hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI sat kI bhautikavAdI tathA dehAtmavAdI vicAradhArA ko naitikatA kI samucita vyAkhyA ke lie asaMgata mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha zubhAzubha karmoM ke phalabhoga kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara pAtI hai|' kAMTa naitikatA ke lie AtmA kI amaratA ke vicAra ko anivArya samajhate haiM / isa prakAra sat kI bhautikavAdI mAnyatA naitikatA kI dRSTi se anupayukta hI hai| aba hama sat kI anityavAdI aura kSaNikavAdI mAnyatA para thor3A vicAra kreN| bauddha darzana kA anityavAdI dRSTikoNa .. bauddha darzana ke anusAra parivartana hI sat hai| usameM sat ko eka prakriyA mAnA gayA hai / yahA~ sat kA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva hai| isameM vastutattva ko utpAdavyayadharmI kahA gayA hai| parivartana kI dhAraNA ko aneka kSaNika sattAoM kI dhAraNAoM se dUra nahIM mAnA gayA hai, jo prathama kSaNa meM utpanna hotI hai aura dUsare kSaNa meM kisI navIna 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 2016 2.dIghanikAya, mahAsudassanasutta.

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192 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sattA ko janma dekara samApta ho jAtI hai / isa prakAra sat kA yaha prakriyA yA parivartanazIlatA kA siddhAnta anityavAda yA kSaNikavAda bana jAtA hai / anityavAda evaM kSaNikavAda saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina dArzanikoM kA isa dhAraNA ke viparIta yaha kahanA hai ki yaha ThIka hai ki utpatti ke binA nAza aura nAza ke binA utpatti sambhava nahIM hai, lekina utpatti aura nAza donoM kA Azraya koI padArtha honA cAhie / ekAnta nityapadArtha meM parivartana sambhava nahIM aura yadi padArthoM ko ekAnta kSaNika mAnA jAya to parivartita kauna hotA hai, yaha bhI nahIM batAyA jA sakatA / AcArya samantabhadra isa dRSTikoNa para AkSepa karate hue kahate haiM ki ekAnta kSaNikavAda ko mAnane para pretyabhAva ( punarjanma ) asambhava hogA aura pretyabhAva ke abhAva meM puNya-pApa kriyAoM ke pratiphala tathA bandhana aura mokSa bhI sambhava nahIM hoMge / ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM pratyabhijJA bhI sambhava nahIM hai aura pratyabhijJA ke abhAva meM kAryArambha bhI nahIM hogaa| phira phala kahA~ se ?" yuktyanuzAsana meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki kSaNikavAda meM bandhana aura mokSa kA koI sthAna nahIM / saMvRtisatya ( vyavahAra ) ke rUpa meM bhI unheM nahIM batAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki paramArtha ( sat ) to bhUSA svabhAva ( niHsvabhAva ) hai ( yahA~ nAgArjuna ke dRSTikoNa para kaTAkSa kiyA gayA hai ) / mukhya ko samApta kara dene para gauNa kA vidhAna sambhava nahIM / arthAt yadi paramArtha hI niHsvabhAva hai to phira vyavahAra ( saMvRtisatya ) kA vidhAna kaise hogA ? he vicAraka, terI vicAradRSTi vibhrAnta hai / pratyeka kSaNa meM utpanna hokara niruddha ho jAne vAle bhaMgoM meM binA kisI nityatattva ke koI tAdAtmya nahIM hogA aura unake pRthak-pRthak hone para na to pArivArika sambandha sambhava hoMge aura na dhana kA lenadena ho sambhava hogA / saMkSepa meM kSaNikavAda para pAMca AkSepa lagAye gaye haiM- (1) kRtapraNAza, (2) akRtabhoga, (3) bhavabhaMga, (4) pramokSabhaMga aura (5) smRtibhaMga | 3 isa prakAra ekAnta kSaNikavAda bhI naitikatA kI samIcIna vyAkhyA karane se saphala nahIM hotA / buddha kA amityavAda ucchedavAda nahIM hai anityatA aura kSaNikatA bauddha darzana ke pramukha pratyaya haiM / bhagavAna buddha ne apane upadezoM meM inapara bahuta adhika bala diyA hai / yaha bhI satya hai ki buddha sat ko eka prakriyA ( Process ) yA pravAha rUpa meM dekhate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM prakriyA evaM parivartanazIlatA se bhinna koI sattA nahIM hai / kriyA hai, lekina kriyA se bhinna koI kartA nahIM hai / bauddha darzana ke ina mantavyoM ko lekara AlocakoM ne use jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhagavAn buddha ke mUla Azaya se bahuta dUra hai / AlocakoM ne buddha ke 1. AptamImAMsA, 40-41. 2. yuktyanuzAsana, 15-16. 3. anyayogavyavacchedikA, 18.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 193 kSaNikavAda ko ucchedavAda mAna liyA aura usI AdhAra para usapara AkSepa kiye haiM jo ki vastutaH usapara lAgU nahIM hote / buddha kA kSaNikavAda ucchedavAda nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhagavAn buddha ne to svayaM ucchedavAda kI AlocanA kI hai / buddha kA virodha jitanA zAzvatavAda se hai, utanA hI ucchedavAda se bhI hai / ve ucchedavAda aura zAzvatavAda meM se kisI bhI vAda meM par3hanA nahI cAhate the, isIlie unhoMne vatsagotra parivrAjaka ke prati mauna rakhA / vatsagotra parivrAjaka bhagavAn se bolA, he gautama ! kyA 'astitA' hai ? usake yaha pUchane para bhagavAn cupa rahe / he gautama! kyA 'nAstitA' hai ? yaha pUchane para bhI bhagavAn cupa rahe / taba, vatsagotra parivrAjaka Asana se uThakara calA gayA / vatsagotra parivrAjaka ke cale jAne ke bAda hI AyuSmAn Ananda bhagavAn se bole, bhante ! vatsagotra parivrAjaka se pUche jAne para bhagavAn ne uttara kyoM nahIM diyA ? "Ananda ! yadi maiM vatsagotra parivrAjaka se 'astitA hai' kaha detA, to yaha zAzvatavAda kA siddhAnta ho jAtA aura yadi maiM vatsagotra se 'nAstitA hai' kaha detA to yaha ucchaMdavAda kA siddhAnta ho jAtA / "" buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke ekAnta-mArga se bacane ke lie sukha-duHkha ko ekAnta rUpa se AtmakRta aura parakRta mAnane se inakAra kiyA, kyoMki inameM se kisI bhI eka siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para unheM ekAnta yA ativAda meM jAne kI sambhAvanA pratIta huI / acelakAzyapa ke prati ve kahate haiM, "kAzyapa ! jo karatA hai vahI bhogatA hai khyAla kara, yadi kahA jAya ki duHkha apanA svayaM kiyA hotA hai to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA hai| kAzyapa ! 'dUsarA karatA hai aura dUsarA bhogatA hai' khyAla kara, yadi saMsAra ke phera meM par3A huA manuSya kahe ki duHkha parAye kA kiyA hotA hai to ucchedavAda ho jAtA hai / kAzyapa ! buddha ina do antoM ko chor3a satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiM / "2 buddha to madhyamamArga ke pratipAdaka haiM, bhalA ve kisI bhI ekAntadRSTi meM kaise par3ate ? unhoMne sat ke ekatva aura anekatva, astitva ( sthAyI ) aura anastitva ke ekAntika mArgoM kA parityAga karake madhyamamArga kA hI upadeza diyA hai / lokAyatika brAhmaNa se apane saMvAda meM svayaM unhoMne ise adhika spaSTa kara diyA hai / lokAyatika brAhmaNa bhagavAn se bolA, he gautama ! kyA sabhI kucha hai ? brAhmaNa ! aisA kahanA ki 'sabhI kucha hai' pahalI laukika bAta hai / 1. saMyuttanikAya, avyAkRtasaMyuktta, Anandasutta. 2. saMyuttanikAya, nidAnasaMyukta, acelakassapasutta.

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194 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana he gautama ! kyA sabhI kucha nahIM hai ? he brAhmaNa ! aisA kahanA ki 'sabhI kucha nahIM hai' dUsarI laukika bAta hai / he gautama ! kyA sabhI kucha ekatva ( advaita ) hai ? he brAhmaNa ! aisA kahanA ki 'sabhI kucha ekatva hai' tIsarI laukika bAta hai| he gautama ! kyA sabhI kucha nAnA hai ? he brAhmaNa ! 'sabhI kucha nAnA hai' aisA kahanA cauthI laukika bAta hai / brAhmaNa ! ina antoM ko chor3a buddha satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiM / / __isI bAta kI puSTi kAtyAyanagotrIya zramaNa ke sammukha kI gayI samyagdRSTi kI vyAkhyA se bhI hotI hai| AyuSmAn kAtyAyanagotra bhagavAn se bole, "bhante ! jo loga 'samyak-dRSTi' kahA karate haiM vaha 'samyak-dRSTi' hai kyA ?" "kAtyAyana ! saMsAra ke loga do avidyAoM meM par3e haiM-(1) astitva kI avidyA meM, aura (2) nAstitva kI avidyA meM / kAtyAyana ! 'sabhI kucha vidyamAna hai' yaha eka anta hai, 'sabhI kucha zUnya hai' yaha dUsarA anta hai / kAtyAyana ! buddha ina do antoM ko chor3a satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiN|"2 isa prakAra sat-sambandhI bauddha dRSTikoNa anityatAvAdI hote hue bhI ucchedavAda nahIM hai / AlocakoM ne use ucchedavAda samajhakara jo AlocanAe~ prastuta kI haiM, ve cAhe ucchedavAda ke sandarbha meM saMgata ho lekina nauddha darzana ke sandarbha meM nitAnta asaMgata haiN| buddha sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa para jora dete haiM, itane mAtra se use ucchedavAda nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / buddha ke isa kathana kA ki kriyA hai kartA nahIM, yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki buddha kartA yA kriyAzIla tattva kI sattA kA niSedha karate haiM / unake isa kathana kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki kriyA se bhinna kartA nahIM hai, parivartana se bhinna sattA nahIM hai / sattA aura parivartana meM pUrNa tadAtmya hai, sattA se bhinna parivartana aura parivartana se bhinna sattA kI sthiti nahIM hai / parivartana aura parivartanazIla anyonyAzrita yA sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa nahIM / vastutaH bauddha darzana kA sat sambandhI dRSTikoNa jaina darzana se utanA dUra nahIM hai jitanA ki mAna liyA gayA hai| buddha ne niSedhAtmaka bhASA meM sat ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ko asvIkAra kiyA aura use anuccheda evaM azAzvata kahA / mahAvIra ne svIkArAtmaka bhASA meM use 'nityAnitya' khaa| bauddha darzana kI. AlocanA kevala niSedhAtmaka pakSa para adhika bala dene ke rUpa meM ho kI jA sakatI hai| sat ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa ___ sat sambandhI uparyukta donoM virodhI dRSTikoNa naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke 1. saMyuttanikAya, nidAnasaMyutta, lokAyati kasutta. 2. saMyuttanikAya, nidAnasaMyutta, kaccAnagottasutta. 3. vizeSa draSTavya-mAdhyamika kArikA, 1.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 115 sandarbha meM pUrNatayA asaMgata haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki AcAramArgIya paramparA ke pratinidhi buddha ne unakA parityAga karanA Avazyaka mAnA / mahAvIra ne apanI anekAntavAdI aura samanvayavAdI paramparA ke anusAra unameM samanvaya sthApita kara naitika jIvana ke sandarbha meM unheM saMgata banAne kA prayatna kiyA / kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ne kevala 'upanneivA, vigamaivA aura dhuveivA' isa tripadI kA upadeza diyA aura gaNadharoM ne isI darzana sambandhI mUla Azaya ke AdhAra para dvAdazAMgoM kI racanA kii| isa prakAra sat ke svarUpa sambandhI mahAvIra kA yaha upadeza jaina darzana kA kendrIya tattva hai jisapara usakI tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura AcAradarzana khar3e hue haiM / tattvArthasUtra meM utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka sat' kahakara sat ko utpatti, vinAza aura sthiratA se yukta kahA hai| utpAda aura vyaya sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa ko vyakta karate haiM aura dhruvatA utpatti tathA vinAza ke madhya bhI usake vahI bane rahane vAle pakSa kA sUcaka hai / dhruvatA utpatti aura vinAza kA AdhAra hai aura unake madhya yojaka kar3I hai| yadi dhrauvyAtmaka pakSa ko asvIkAra kiyA jAyagA to utpatti aura vinAza paraspara asambandhita ho jAyeMge aura sattA aneka kSaNika evaM paraspara asambandhita sattAoM meM vibhakta ho jaayegii| aneka kSaNika evaM paraspara asambandhita sattAoM kI dhAraNA meM naitika vyaktitattva kA viccheda ho jAyegA aura naitika uttaradAyitva tathA bandhana aura mokSa kI vyAkhyA nahIM ho sakegI / isI prakAra yadi usake parivartanazIla pakSa ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA to naitika jIvana kI vibhinna avasthAe~ sambhava nahIM hoNgii| naitika vikAsa aura naitika patana tathA naitika karma sabhI samApta ho jAyeMge / ataH naitika dRSTi se sat kI yahI dhAraNA samIcIna hai / jaina darzana sat meM donoM pakSoM kI avadhAraNA kara donoM prakAra ke AkSepoM se apane ko bacA letA hai / isI prakAra jaina darzana sat ke AdhyAtmika ( jIva ) evaM bhautika ( ajIva ) aise do prakAra ko mAnakara Atma ke bandhana ke kAraNa kI bhI samucita vyAkhyA karatA hai| jaina darzana meM sata ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko 'dravya' aura parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAya kahA jAtA hai, lekina dravya aura paryAya anyonyAzrita evaM sApekSa haiM aura kabhI bhI eka dUsare se svatantra nahIM rahate / dravya ke binA koI paryAya nahIM hotI aura paryAyoM se zUnya koI dravya nahIM hotaa| dravya kI paryAya ( parivartanazIla avasthAe~) do prakAra kI hotI haiM3 (1) svabhAvaparyAya aura (2) vibhAvaparyAya / jo para ke nimitta se hotI haiM ve hI vibhAvaparyAya haiN| Atmadravya kI vibhAvaparyAyeM jo pudgala ke nimitta se hotI haiM, AtmA ke bandhana kI sUcaka haiM; jabaki svabhAvaparyAya mukti kI sUcaka hai| naitika jIvana kA artha hai vibhAvaparyAya se svabhAvaparyAya meM AnA / isa prakAra jaina 1. jaina satyaprakAza, kArtika 1663, pR0 316 para sArva siddhAntanI jar3a ( kApar3iyA ). 2. tattvArthasatra, 5 / 26. 3. samayasAra TIkA, 2-3.

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196 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana darzana meM sat do prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM- (12) AdhyAtmika ( jIva ) aura (2) bhautika ( ajIva ) / ye donoM pariNAmInitya haiM / jaina dRSTikoNa kI gItA se tulanA gItA kA dRSTikoNa kucha arthoM meM jaina darzana ke samAna hai aura kucha arthoM meM bhinna hai / jahA~ jaina darzana AdhyAtmika evaM bhautika aisI do svatantra sattAe~ mAnatA hai, vahIM gItA meM AdhyAtmika ( jIvAtmA ) aura bhautika ( prakRti ) sattAoM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI unheM paramasattA kA hI aMga mAnA gayA hai / jIvAtmA aura prakRti ( mAyA ) donoM hI paramezvara ke aMga haiM / kSetra yA bhautika sattA ke sandarbha meM gItA aura jaina darzana donoM kA hI dRSTikoNa samAna hai / donoM hI use pariNAmInitya mAnate haiM / jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika sattA ( AtmA ) kA prazna hai, gItA meM use kUTasthanitya mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM use bhI pariNAmI nitya mAnA gayA hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke darzanoM meM sat ke svarUpa kI tulanA ko nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai varzana jaina bauddha gItA - sattAe~ jIva ( AtmA ) ajIva ( bhautika sattA ) nAma ( vijJAna yA citta ) rUpa ( bhautika sattA ) paramAtmA jIva prakRti 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 14. 2. tavArthasUtra, 1 / 4. $ 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM tattvayojanA kI tulanA sat ke svarUpa kI carcA evaM naitika samIkSA karane ke kI tattvayojanA kI vyAkhyA evaM usakI gItA aura bauddha darzana se jaina tattvayojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti svarUpa pariNAmI nitya pariNAmI nitya pariNAmI pariNAmI kUTastha nitya kUTastha nitya pariNAmI nitya uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra ( 1 ) jIva, (2) ajIva, (3) bandha, (4) puNya, (5) pApa, (6) Asrava, (7) saMvara, (8) nirjarA aura (9) mokSa, ye nau tattva mAne gaye haiM / " tattvArthasUtra meM puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata mAnakara sAta tattvoM kA vidhAna hai | jIva kI naitika kartA ke rUpa meM aura ajIva kI naitika kartA ke karmakSetra bAhya jagat ke rUpa meM tAttvika sattAe~ haiM / jIva aura ajIva ke atirikta zeSa tattva vastutaH naitika bAda aba hama jaina darzana tulanA kareMge /

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 197 prakRti ke haiM / unakA sambandha sattA se nahIM, naitika prakriyA se hai / ve naitika prakriyA ke rUpa meM hI apanA astitva rakhate haiM, usase svatantra unakI koI sattA nahIM hai / mUla dravya to jIva aura ajIva hI haiM, zeSa tattva to jIva aura karma-pudgaloM ke sambandha kI sApekSa avasthAoM kA kathana karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, ye vibhinna naitika avasthAoM ko hI abhivyakta karate haiN| bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai ? bandhana kyoM aura kaise hotA hai ? usase chUTane kA upAya kyA hai ? yA kaise chuTakArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai ? chuTakArA milane ke pazcAt AtmA kisa sthiti meM rahatI hai ? Adi naitika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA prayAsa isa tattvayojanA meM parilakSita hai / puNya aura pApa karmoM ke zubhatva athavA azubhatva kA nizcaya karate haiM, Asrava bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, to bandha AtmA ke bandhana ke svarUpa evaM prakRti kA vivecana karatA hai| saMvara bandha ke nirodha kA upAya haiM, to nirjarA bandhana kI zrRMkhalA ko tor3ane kI vidhi hai aura mokSa sArI naitika sAdhanA kI phalazruti hai / ___ isa tattvayojanA meM jIva aura ajIva ye do tattva mAtra jJeya mAne gaye haiM, jabaki pApa, Asrava aura bandha yaha tInoM heya ( tyAjya ) aura puNya, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ye cAroM upAdeya (vareNya) mAne gaye haiN| pApa, Asrava aura bandha ina tIna se bacanA cAhie, jabaki puNya, saMvara aura nirjarA ina tIna kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie / antima tattva mokSa vaha Adarza hai jisakI upalabdhi ke lie inakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi nirvANa ke sAdhaka ke lie puNya kA AcaraNa bhI lakSya nahIM hai, phira bhI sAdhanA-mArga meM sahAyaka hone ke kAraNa usakI AvazyakatA svIkAra kI gayI hai| nirvANa ke sAdhaka ke lie puNya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa hone se zAstrakAroM ne puNya ko bhI heya yA tyAjya hI mAnA hai / AcArya zrI vinayacandra kahate haiM, "puNya-pApa Asrava parihariye, heya padAratha mAno re / " eka anya AcArya ne bhI jJeya, heya evaM upAdeya ke vargIkaraNa meM puNya ko heya hI mAnA hai| unake anusAra bandha, Asrava, puNya aura pApa heya ( tyAjya ) haiM, jIva aura ajIva yaha do jJeya haiM tathA saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa upAdeya ( vareNya ) / isa prakAra jaina tattvayojanA kI yaha prakRti usameM naitika pakSa kI pramukhatA ko spaSTa karatI hai aura hamAre usa pUrva kathana kA samarthana karatI hai ki 'jaina darzana meM tattvamomAMsA ke AdhAra para naitikatA khar3I nahIM huI hai, varan naitikatA ke AdhAra para tattvamImAMsA kI yojanA kI gayI hai|' bauddha tattvayojanA evaM usakI naitika prakRti bauddha darzana meM cAra AryasatyoM evaM cAra paramArthoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai| cAra Aryasatya isa prakAra haiM-(1) duHkha, (2) duHkha kA hetu, (3) duHkha nirodha aura (4) duHkhanirodha kA mArga / 2 abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM nimna cAra paramArtha batAye haiM-(1) citta, 1. AtmasAdhanAsaMgraha, pR0 31 para uddhRta. 2. dhammapada, 273.

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198 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (2) caittasika, (3) rUpa aura (4) nirvANa | bauddha paramparA ke cAroM Aryasatya pUrNataH naitika jIvana prakriyA se sambaddha haiM / duHkha citta ke samasta viSayoM yA jAgatika upAdAnoM kI nazvaratA, janma-maraNa kI bhavaparamparA aura citta ke bandhana kA pratIka hai / duHkha kA hetu janma-maraNa kI bhavaparamparA ke kAraNoM kA sUcaka hai / vaha anaitika jIvana ke kAraNoM evaM sthitiyoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / vaha batAtA hai ki duHkha yA janma-maraNa kI paramparA athavA anaitikatA ke hetu kyA haiM / ina hetuoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM ho use pratItyasamutpAda kA niyama bhI kahA jAtA hai / caturtha Aryasatya -- duHkha nirodha kA mArga - yaha batAtA hai ki yadi duHkha sahetuka hai to hetu kA nirAkaraNa bhI sambhava hai / duHkha ke hetuoM kA nirAkaraNa kaise ho sakatA hai yaha batAnA caturtha Aryasatya kA pramukha uddezya hai / isa rUpa meM vaha naitika jIvanapaddhati yA aSTAMgamArga kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / tRtIya Aryasatya duHkha nirodha naitika sAdhanA kI phalazruti ke rUpa meM nirvANa avasthA kA sUcaka hai / cAro paramArthoM meM citta ko naitika jIvana ke pramukha sUtradhAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / caitanika citta kI kuzala, akuzala yA naitika-anaitika avasthAe~ haiM / caittasika citta kI avasthAe~ haiM aura citta caittasika avasthAoM kA samUha hai / rUpa citta kA AzrayasthAna evaM kAryakSetra hai / nirvANa tRSNA kA kSaya ho jAnA hai / yadi hama cAra AryasatyoM aura cAra paramArthoM para sammilita rUpa se vicAra karate haiM to unameM tRtIya Aryasatya duHkhanirodha aura caturtha paramArtha nirvANa eka hI hai / caittasikoM kA yA to citta meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai yA unakA antarbhAva prathama tIna AryasatyoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra hamAre pAsa 6 pratyaya bacate haiM (1) citta, ( 2 ) rUpa, (3) du:kha, (4) duHkhahetu, ( 5 ) duHkhanirodha kA mArga aura (6) du:kha nirodha yA nirvANa | jaina tattvayojanA se tulanA kI jA sakatI jIva ke pratyaya se uparyukta 6 pratyayoM kI tulanA jaina tattvayojanA se nimna rUpa hai / bauddha darzana kA citta yA vijJAna tAttvika dRSTi se jaina darzana ke bhinna hai, phira bhI naitika kartA ke rUpa meM donoM samAna haiM / isI prakAra rUpa kA pratyaya jaina darzana ke ajIva ke tulya hai / bauddha paramparA kA duHkha jaina samAna hai, jabaki duHkhahetu kI tulanA Asrava se kI jA sakatI hai meM Asrava ko bandhana kA aura bauddha paramparA meM duHkhahetu ( pratItyasamutpAda ) ko duHkha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / isI prakAra duHkhanirodha kA mArga ( aSTAMgamArga ) jaina paramparA ke saMvara aura nirjarA se tulanIya hai / duHkhanirodha yA nirvANa kI tulanA jaina paramparA ke mokSa se kI jA sakatI hai / gItA kI tattvayojanA gItA meM paramatattva ke rUpa meM 'paramAtmA' ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura usI 1. abhidhammatthasaMga ho, pR0 1. -- paramparA ke bandhana ke kyoMki jaina paramparA

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra bauddha saMvara / ke aMza rUpa meM jIvAtmA aura prakRti ( mAyA) kI sthiti mAnI hai / naitika darzana kI apekSA se gotA kA jIvAtmA jaina paramparA kA jIva hai aura prakRti ke kAraNa ajJAnAvRta honA bandhana hai aura AtmA kI sattA ke sArarUpa paramAtmA ko pA lenA mukti hai| gItA meM bandhana ke kAraNoM evaM mukti ke upAyoM kI carcA to hai, lekina unakA tattva ke rUpa meM koI vivecana nahIM hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke tattvoM kI tulanAtmaka tAlikA jaina gItA jIva nAma ( citta yA vijJAna ) jIvAtmA ajIva rUpa prakRti bandhana duHkha jIvAtmA aura prakRti kA saMyoga Asrava duHkhahetu ( pratItyasamutpAda ) ajJAna duHkhanirodha kA mArga jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura karmayoga nirjarA ( aSTAMgamArga ) mokSa ( nirvANa ) duHkhanirodha ( nirvANa ) paramAtmA kI prApti (nirvANa) 64. naitika mAnyatAe~ pratyeka vijJAna suvyavasthita adhyayana ke lie kucha AdhArabhUta mAnyatAeM lekara calatA hai jo ki usakI samagra tArkika samIkSAoM aura niSkarSoM ke mUla meM hotI haiN| unhIM ke AdhAra para usa vijJAna meM tarkasaMgata siddhAntoM kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai / ataH pratyeka vijJAna ke lie apanI mAnyatAoM meM vizvAsa aura niSThA rakhanA Avazyaka hai| yadi hama una AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM meM niSTA nahIM rakhate haiM to hamAre lie usa vijJAna ke niSkarSa nirarthaka ho jAte hai / udAharaNArtha, yadi koI prakRti kI samarUpatA tathA kAraNatA ke niyama meM vizvAsa na rakhe to usake lie bhautika vijJAna ke niSkarSoM kA kyA mUlya rahegA ? AcAradarzana meM naitika mAnyatAe~ bhI ve AdhArabhUta tattva haiM, jinake abhAva meM naitika jIvana bhramamAtra aura durbodha hotA hai| naitika mAnyatAeM AcAradarzana ke bhavya mahala ke ve stambha haiM jinake jarjarita ho jAne para vaha bhavya mahala Dhaha jAtA hai / AcAradarzana kA bhavya mahala inhIM naitika mAnyatAoM ke prati aTUTa niSThA para avasthita hai / yadi hama inake prati saMdehazIla rahe to hamAre lie naitikatA arthahIna ho jaayegii| ataH hameM inapara niSThA rakhakara hI Age bar3hanA hogA / naitika mAnyatAoM para niSThA rakhanA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki ve vaijJAnika svayaMsiddhiyoM se bhinna haiN| vaijJAnika svayaMsiddhiyoM kA bauddhika pratyAkhyAna sambhava nahIM hai, jabaki naitika mAnyatAoM kA bauddhika pratyAkhyAna sambhava hai kyoMki unakI siddhi tarkazAstra ke niyamoM se nahIM hotI / naitika mAnyatAoM kA AdhAra na tarka hai na svayaMsiddhi, varan AsthA hai /

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200 jena, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sUtrakRtAMga meM sadAcAra yA naitika jIvana ke lie kucha bAtoM meM Astikya buddhi rakhane kA spaSTa nirdeza hai aura vistArapUrvaka yaha batAyA hai ki kauna-sI mAnyatAeM sadAcArI jIvana meM bAdhaka haiM aura kauna-sI mAnyatAeM sahAyaka haiN| yadi naitika mAnyatAe~ mAtra pUrvakalpanAe~ yA manokAmanA haiM aura unakA bauddhika pratyAkhyAna ( tAkika nirasana ) sambhava hai to phira unakA kyA mUlya hogA ? yadi hama unheM naitika dRSTi se tarka ke AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayatna bhI kareM to vaha mAtra kAmanAoM kA aucityIkaraNa hogaa| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM kAMTa aura arabana ne isa prazna kI samIkSA kI hai| kAMTa kahate haiM ki ye mAnyatAe~ tarkasiddha siddhAnta nahIM haiM, apitu pUrvakalpanAe~ haiM jo vyavahArataH anivArya haiN| yadyapi ye hamAre bauddhika jJAna kA vistAra nahIM karatI haiM, tathApi vyavahAra ke prasaMga meM bauddhika pratyayoM ko vastuniSTha satyatA ( Objective Reality ) pradAna karatI haiN| zrI saMgamalAla pANDe kahate haiM ki kAMTa ne naitika mAnyatAoM ke bauddhika pratyAkhyAna se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA ki korA bauddhika vivecana nissAra hai aura naitika vyavahAra usa vastu ko siddha kara detA hai jise korA bauddhika vivecana asiddha yA saMzayagrasta chor3a detA hai| zrI arabana likhate haiM ki naitika mAnyatAoM ko kAmanA ( manokalpanA ) kahane se yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki naitika mAnyatAoM meM koI satyatA nahIM hai| isase to yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki usa satya ko pAne kI balavatI kAmanA hone ke kAraNa vaha satya hai aura usakI prApti bhI sambhava hai / vijJAna kI mAnyatA kevala usake pratipAdya viSaya kI vyAkhyA ke lie hai| usakA jIvana aura vyavahAra se koI sambandha nahIM hai| kintu naitika mAnyatAe~ vAstava meM ve satya hai jinase manuSya jIte haiN| yadi ve bhrama yA asatya ho jAye to vastutaH hamArA jInA hI samApta ho jaaye| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAeM pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM sarvaprathama kAMTa ne tIna naitika mAnyatAoM kI sthApanA kI-(1) saMkalpa kI svatantratA, (2) AtmA kI amaratA aura (3) Izvara kA astitva / kelDarauDa ne saMkalpa kI svataMtratA evaM amaratA ke atirikta vyaktitva, bauddhikatA ( manISA ) tathA zakti ko bhI naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai / kAMTa naitika pragati kI anivAryatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karate haiM, 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 // 5 // 12-26. 2. kAMTas selekzana, pR0 368. 3. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 45-46. 4. phaNDAmeNTalasa oNpha ithiksa, pR0 357-359.

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AcAradarzana ke tAttvika AdhAra 201 jabaki arabana ne use bhI svatantra rUpa se naitikatA kI mAnyatA kahA / razaDAla vizva ke bauddhika prayojana, kAla tathA amaMgala kI vAstavikatA ko bhI naitikatA kI mAnyatA ke antargata le Ate haiM / bosAMke bhI amaMgala kI vAstavika sattA ko svIkAra karate haiM / saMkSepa meM, pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM svIkRta mukhya naitika mAnyatAe~ haiM(1) manISA ( vivekabuddhi ) aura karmazakti se yukta AtmA ( vyaktitva ), ( 2 ) AtmA kI amaratA, (3) AtmA kI svatantratA, (4) Izvara kA astitva ( naitika mUlyoM kA srota evaM naitika jIvana kA Adarza ), (5) naitika pragati ( naitika pUrNatA kI sambhA - vanA ) tathA (6) amaMgala ( azubha ) kI vAstavikatA | bhAratIya AdhAravarzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM karmasiddhAnta ko naitikatA kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA kahA jA sakatA hai / karmasiddhAnta karma aura unake pratiphala ke anivArya sambandha ko sUcita karatA hai / karmasiddhAnta kI sahayogI naitika mAnyatAe~ haiM-- punarjanma kI dhAraNA (AtmA kI amaratA ) evaM karma ke cayana kI svatantratA / isI prakAra karmaphala ke pradAtA athavA naitika jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara ke astitva kI mAnyatA bhI bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM rahI hai / inake atirikta bhAratIya darzana meM bandhana ( duHkha ) aura usake kAraNa tathA bandhana se mukti ( duHkha - vimukti ) aura usake upAya ( sAdhanApatha ) bhI naitika mAnyatA ke antargata Ate haiM / nadarzana kI naitika mAnyatAeM jaina darzana kI tattvayojanA meM svIkRta nava tattvoM kA bahuta kucha sambandha naitika mAnyatA se hai / phira bhI pAzcAtya paramparA ke sAtha suvidhApUrNa tulanA ke lie jaina tattvayojanA ke AdhAra para naitika mAnyatAoM ko nimna rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai | (a) kartA se sambandhita naitika mAnyatAe~ - ( 1 ) AtmA kA bauddhika evaM Anandamaya " svarUpa, (2) AtmA kI amaratA yA punarjanma kA pratyaya, (3) AtmA kI svatantratA / -- (ba) karma se sambandhita naitika mAnyatAe~ - ( 4 ) karmasiddhAnta, (5) bandhana ( du:kha ) tathA usake kAraNa, (6) karma kA zubhatva, azubhatva evaM zuddhatva, (7) bandhana se mukti ke upAya ( saMvara evaM nirjarA ) / (sa) naitika sAdhya se sambandhita naitika mAnyatAe~ - (8) naitika jIvana kA aihika Adarza (arhatva ), (9) naitika jIvana kA carama sAdhya ( mokSa ) / bauddha AcAradarzana kI naitika mAnyatAeM cAra Aryasatya hI bauddha darzana kI naitika mAnyatAe~ haiM / duHkha yA amaMgala ko upasthiti yaha prAthamika naitika mAnyatA hai / duHkha ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM pratItyasamutpAda dUsarI naitika mAnyatA hai jo ki jaina darzana meM svIkRta karmasiddhAnta

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202 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke samAna hI hai / caturtha Aryasatya meM bauddha darzana duHkhanivRtti ke upAya ke rUpa meM apane sAdhanA mArga kA nirdeza karatA hai / bauddha darzana kI yaha mAnyatA jaina darzana ke trividha sAdhanApatha ke samAna hI hai / bauddha darzana meM tIsare Aryasatya ke rUpa meM nirvANa dhAraNA hai jo naitika sAdhya hai / gItA kI naitika mAnyatAe~ gItA ke AcAradarzana meM naitika mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM jIvAtmA, karmasiddhAnta aura Izvara ke pratyaya svIkRta rahe haiM / naitika mAnyatAe~ AcAradarzana ke kI nIMva ke samAna haiN| unake abhAva meM nahIM hai / maulika tAttvika AdhAra haiM, ve AcAradarzana AcAra ke bhavya mahala kA nirmANa sambhava bhAratIya cintana meM AtmA ke astitva kI avadhAraNA karmasiddhAnta kI avadhAraNA aura Izvara ke astitva kI avadhAraNA ke pIche mUlarUpa se nItizAstra ko eka Thosa tAttvika AdhAra pradAna karane kI dRSTi rahI hai / isalie cAhe AtmA ke astitva ko yA Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karane kA prayatna ho, use naitika AdhAra para hI puSTa karane kA prayAsa huA hai /

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 205 206 207 W 214 218 220 1. naitikatA aura AtmA 2. AtmA ke pratyaya kI AvazyakatA 3. AtmA kA astitva 4. AtmA eka maulika tattva AkSepa evaM nirAkaraNa 210 / 5. AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha (a) jaina dRSTikoNa 213 ) ( ba ) bauddha dRSTikoNa 213 / (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa 213 / 6. AtmA ke lakSaNa (a) jJAnopayoga 215 / (ba) darzanopayoga 217 / (sa) Atma nirNaya kI zakti (vIrya) 217 / Ananda 218/ 7. AtmA pariNAmI hai apariNAmI AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 219/ 8. AtmA kartA hai ekAnta kartRtvavAda ke doSa 221 / AtmA-kartRtva ke sambandha meM kundakunda ke vicAra 222 / ekAnta akartRtvavAda ke doSa 223 / niSkarSa 223 / bauddha dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 223 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 224 / 9. AtmA bhoktA hai 10. AtmA svadeha pariNAma hai AtmA ke vibhutva kI naitika samIkSA 226 / 11. AtmAeM aneka hai ekAtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 226 / anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 227 / jaina darzana kA niSkarSa 227 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 228 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 229 / 12. AtmA ke bheda viveka-kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda 230 | jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 231 / gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa 232 / 225 225 226 230 - 205 -

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 1. naitikatA aura AtmA naitikatA jIvana ke Adarza kI upalabdhi kA prayAsa hai| vaha eka mArga hai jo usa Adarza kI ora jAtA hai / vaha eka gati hai jo Adarza kI upalabdhi kI dizA kI ora jAtI hai / naitikatA eka kriyA bhI hai, eka mArga bhI hai; vaha Adarza kI upalabdhi kA prayAsa hone se kriyA hai aura AdarzAbhimukha hone se maarg| vaha aisI kriyA hai jo apUrNatA se pUrNatA kI ora, bandhana se mukti kI ora, duHkha se duHkhavimukti kI ora le jAtI hai| lekina visudvimagga ke anusAra yadi kevala yaha kahA jAya ki vahA~ mAtra kriyA hai kartA nahIM, mArga hai calanevAlA nahIM, duHkha hai duHkhita nahIM, parinirvANa ( duHkhavimukti) hai parinivRta nahIM to itane se buddhi ko santoSa nahIM hotA / yadyapi bauddha darzana ke anusAra kriyA se bhinna kartA ko sthiti nahIM hai tathApi sAmAnya vyakti ke lie to binA kartA ke kriyA kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM hai| binA pathika ke mArga kA koI artha nahIM hai| naitika cintana zubhAzubha kA viveka hai, aura vaha viveka kisI caitanya tattva meM ho sakatA hai| binA kisI aise viveka kSamatAyukta, zubhAzubha ke jJAtA caitanyatattva kI svIkRti ke naitika darzana kA koI astitva nahIM ho sktaa| naitikatA koI amUrta pratyaya nahIM varan eka vAstavika yA yathArtha pratyaya hai| naitikatA kA sambandha saMkalpa aura kriyA (zubhecchA evaM karma ) se hai, lekina saMkalpa aura kriyA cetana-tattva kI abhivyaktiyA~ hI to haiM / AcAradarzana ke anusAra jisameM naitika Adarza kA bodha, naitika viveka aura naitika jIvana kA anusaraNa karane kI kSamatA hai, use AtmA yA 'sva' (Self ) kahA jAtA hai| koI bhI AcAradarzana binA Atma-tattva ke vivecana ke Age nahIM bar3hatA / Atmatatva vaha kendra-bindu hai jisake AsapAsa naitika darzana gati karatA hai| naitikatA kI koI bhI vyAkhyA AtmA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| naitikatA kA pratyaya AtmA ke pratyaya kA anugAmI hai / naitika jIvana aura naitika darzana Atma-sApekSa haiN| naitika siddhAntoM kI pratiSThApanA ke lie Atma-siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA anivArya hai| kisI 2. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, zaza28. 2. vimuddhimagga, uddhata-bauddha darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, prathama bhAga, pR0 511. 13

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI naitika siddhAnta kA samucita mUlyAMkana AtmAsambandhI siddhAnta ke prakAza meM aura AtmAsambandhI siddhAnta kA mUlyAMkana naitika siddhAnta ke prakAza meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / buddha ke anAtmavAda ke siddhAnta ke pIche anAsakti kA naitika darzana hI thA aura upaniSadoM ke ekAtmavAda ke pIche naitika darzana kA Atmavat dRSTi yA samatvabhAva kA siddhAnta hI thaa| jo loga AtmasvarUpa ko vyAkhyA ke abhAva meM kisI bhI naitika vicAra kA mUlyAMkana karane kA prayAsa karate haiM athavA naitika siddhAntoM ke sandarbha ke binA hI usake AtmAsambandhI siddhAnta ko samajhane kI koziza karate haiM, ve bhrAnti meM haiN| 62. AtmA ke pratyaya kI AvazyakatA AtmA kA pratyaya naitika vicAraNA ke lie kyoM Avazyaka hai ? isa prazna kA samucita uttara nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para diyA jA sakatA hai 1. naitikatA eka vicAra hai, jise kisI vicAraka kI apekSA hai / 2. naitikatA yA anaitikatA kAryoM ke mAdhyama se hI abhivyakta hotI hai / sAmAnya jana vicArapUrvaka sampAdita kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake kartA ko naitika athavA anaitika mAnatA hai, ataH vicArapUrvaka kAryoM ko sampAdita karanevAlA svacetana kartA naitika darzana ke lie Avazyaka hai| 3. zubhAzubha kA jJAna evaM viveka naitika uttaradAyitva kI anivArya zarta hai| naitika uttaradAyitva kisI vivekavAna cetanA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| 4. naitika yA anaitika karmoM ke lie kartA usI sthiti meM uttaradAyI hai, jaba karma svayaM kartA kA ho| yaha sva (Self ) kA vicAra AtmA kA vicAra hai evaM AtmAzrita hai| 5. naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie karma kartA ke saMkalpa ( will ) kA pariNAma honA cAhie / saMkalpa-cetanA ( AtmA) ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai / 6. naitika evaM anaitika karma ke sampanna hone ke pUrva vibhinna icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ke madhya saMgharSa hotA hai aura usameM se kisI eka kA cayana hotA hai, ata: isa saMgharSa kA draSTA evaM cayana kA kartA koI svacetana Atma-tattva hI ho sakatA hai| 7. naitika uttaradAyitva meM saMkalpa ko svatantratA anivArya zarta hai aura saMkalpa ko svatantratA svacetana (Atmacetana ) Atmatattva meM hI ho sakatI hai| 8. yadi naitikatA eka Adarza hai to Adarza ko abhisvIkRti aura usakI .. upalabdhi kA prayAsa AtmA ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| jaina darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa prazna para samucita rUpa se vicAra karane ke lie hameM yaha jAna lenA hogA ki kisI tarkasiddha naitika darzana ke lie kisa prakAra ke AtmasiddhAnta ko AvazyakatA hai aura jaina darzana ko tatsambandhI mAnyatAe~ kahA~ taka naitika vicAraNA ke anukUla hai| yahA~ tAttvika samAlocanAoM meM na jAkara mAtra naitikatA kI dRSTi se hI Atma-sambandhI mAnyatAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai|

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA $ 3. AtmA kA astitva jahA~ taka naitika jIvana kA prazna hai AtmA ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai / jaina darzana meM naitika vikAsa kI pahalI zarta AtmavizvAsa hai / jaina vicArakoM ne AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kiye haiM 1. jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asad kI koI sArtha saMjJA hI nahIM banatI / " 207 2. jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI jIva kI sattA ko siddha karatA hai / devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSa / 3 3. zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki maiM nahIM hU~, vahI to jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai / yadi AtmA hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~ ? jo niSedha kara rahA hai vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai / saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva kI anivAryatA hai jo usakA AdhAra ho / binA adhiSThAna ke kisI jJAna kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI / saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA cAhie / mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM, he gautama! yadi saMzayI hI nahIM hai to 'maiM haiM ' yA 'nahIM hai' yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai ? yadi tuma svayaM hI apane khuda ke viSaya meM sandeha kara sakate ho to phira kisameM saMzaya na hogaa| kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiM / jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahIM AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| jo pratyakSa anubhava me siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM / AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiM / sukhaduHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM / ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiM / * AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai / " AcArya zaMkara bhI brahmasUtrabhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana ! kara rahA hai vahI to usakA svarUpa hai / AtmA ke astitva ke lie svataH bodha ko zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM kahatA hai ki maiM nahIM haiM / anyatra zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahate haiM ki bodha se sattA ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthaka 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1575. 2. vahI, 1571. 3. vahI, 1557. 4. jaina darzana, pR0 154. 5. AcArAMga, 115/51166. 6. brahmasUtra, zAMkara bhASya, 3 / 17. 7. vahI, 1 1 2.

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208 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yadi hameM AtmA kA svataH bodha hotA hai to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kiyA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke astitva meM sandeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu sandeha meM sandeha karanA to sambhava nahI hai, sandeha kA astitva sandeha se pare ha | sandeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka ke abhAva meM vicAra nahIM ho sakatA / meM vicAra karatA hU~, ataH maiM hU~ / isa prakAra dekArta ke anusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaMsiddha hai | 2 AtmA amUrta hai, ataH usako usa rUpa meM to nahIM jAna sakate jaise ghaTa paTa Adi vastuoM kA indriyapratyakSa ke rUpa meM jJAna hotA hai / lekina itane mAtra se usakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jaina AcAryoM ne isake lie guNa aura guNI kA tarka diyA hUM / ghaTa Adi jina vastuoM ko hama jAnate haiM unakA bhI yathArthapratyakSa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki hame jinakA pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha ghaTa ke rUpAdi guNoM kA pratyakSa hai / lakina ghaTa mAtra rUpa nahIM hai, vaha to aneka guNoM kA samUha hai jinheM hama nahIM jAnate, rUpa AkAra ) to unameM se eka guNa hai / jaba rUpaguNa ke pratyakSIkaraNa ko ghaTa kA pratyakSIkaraNa mAna lete haiM aura hameM koI saMzaya nahIM hotA, to phira jJAnaguNa se AtmA kA pratyakSa kyoM nahIM mAna leta / 3 Adhunika vaijJAnika bhI aneka tattvoM kA vAstavika pratyakSa nahIM kara pAte haiM, jaise Ithara; phira bhI kAryoM ke AdhAra para unakA astitva mAnate haiM eva svarUpa vivecana bhI karate haiM / phira AtmA ke cetanAtmaka kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake astitva ko kyoM na svIkAra kiyA jAye ? vastutaH AtmA yA cetanA ke astitva kA prazna mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhA vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai / bhAratIya cintakoM meM cArvAka evaM boddha tathA pazcima meM hyUma, jemsa Adi vicAraka AtmA ke astitva kA niSedha karata haiM / vastutaH unakA niSedha AtmA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha hai / va AtmA ko eka svatantra nitya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lakina cetana avasthA yA cetanA pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA kA astitva to unheM bhI svIkAra hai / cArvAka darzana bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki AtmA kA sarvathA abhAva hai, usakA niSedha mAtra AtmA ko svatantra maulika tattva mAnane se hai / bauddha vicAraka anAtmavAda kI pratisthApanA meM AtmA ( cetanA ) kA niSedha nahIM karate, varan usakI nityatA kA niSedha karate haiM / hyUma bhI anubhUti se bhinna kisI svatantra Atmatattva kA hI niSedha karate haiM | udyotakara kA nyAyavArtika meM yaha kahanA samucita jAna par3atA hai ki AtmA 1. brahmasUtra, zAMkara bhASya, 3 2 21; tulanA kIjie - AcArAMga, 125 5. 2. pazcimA darzana, pR0 106. 3. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1558.

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mAsmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA ke astitva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyataH koI vivAda hI nahIM hai; yadi vivAda hai to usakA sambandha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa se hai ( na ki usake astitva se ) / svarUpa kI dRSTi se koI zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko, aura koI vijJAna-saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai| kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM jo ina sabase pRthak svatantra Atmatattva ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana aura gItA AtmA ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / 64. AtmA eka maulika tattva AtmA eka maulika tattva hai athavA anya kisI tattva se utpanna huA hai, yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| sabhI darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki saMsAra Atma aura anAtma kA saMyoga hai, lekina inameM mUla tattva kyA hai ? yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai| isa sambandha meM cAra pramukha dhAraNAe~ haiM--(1) mUla tattva jar3a ( acetana ) hai aura usI se cetana kI utpatti hotI hai / ajitakezakambalin, cArvAka dArzanika evaM bhautikavAdI isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (2) mUla tatva cetana hai aura usI kI apekSA se jar3a kI sattA mAnI jA sakatI hai| bauddha vijJAnavAda, zAMkara vedAnta tathA barkale isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiN| (3) kucha vicAraka aise bhI haiM jinhoMne paramatatva ko eka mAnate hue bhI use jar3acetana ubhayarUpa svIkAra kiyA aura donoM ko hI usakA paryAya maanaa| gItA, rAmAnuja aura spinojA isa mata kA pratipAdana karate haiM / (4) kucha vicAraka jar3a aura cetana donoM ko hI paramatatva mAnate haiM aura unake svatantra asttiva meM vizvAsa karate haiN| sAMkhya, jaina aura dekArta isa dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karate haiM / jaina vicAraka spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki kabhI bhI jar3a se cetana kI utpatti nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zIlAMkAcArya likhate haiM ki bhUta samudAya svatantradharmI hai, usakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUtoM ke anya pRthak-pRthak guNa haiM, anya guNoMvAle padArthoM se yA unake samUha se bhI kisI apUrva ( navIna ) gaNa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI, jaise rukSa bAlakA kaNoM ke samudAya meM snigdha tela kI utpatti nahIM hotii| ataH caitanya AtmA kA hI guNa ho sakatA hai, bhUtoM kA nahIM / jar3a bhUtoM se cetana AtmA kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| zarIra bhI jJAnAdi caitanya guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanAzUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI caitanya nahIM hai to unake kArya meM caitanya kahA~ se A jaayegaa| pratyeka kArya, kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se rahatA hai| jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha zaktirUpa se rahA huA kArya vyakta rUpa meM sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba bhautika tattvoM meM cetanA nahIM hai, taba yaha kaise sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanyaguNa vAlA ho jAya ? yadi cetanA pratyeka 1. nyAyavArtika, pR0 366 ( AtmamImAMsA pR0 2 para uddhRta ). 2. satrakRtAMga TIkA, 1318,

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210 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM ho sktii| reNu ke pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA taila reNukaNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / ataH yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM ki caitanya caturbhUta ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| gItA bhI kahatI hai ki asat kA prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA aura sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA hai| yadi caitanya bhUtoM meM nahIM hai to vaha unake saMyoga se nirmita zarIra meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa| zarIra meM caitanya kI upalabdhi hotI hai; ataH usakA AdhAra zarIra nahIM, AtmA hai / AtmA kI jar3a se bhinnatA siddha karane ke lie zIlAMkAcArya eka dUsarI yukti prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki pAMcoM indriyoM ke viSaya alagaalaga haiM, pratyeka indriya apane viSaya kA hI jJAna karatI hai, jaba ki pA~coM indriyoM ka viSayoM kA ekatrIbhUta rUpa meM jJAna karane vAlA anya koI avazya hai aura vaha AtmA hai| isI sambandha meM zaMkara ko bhI eka yukti hai / jisake sambandha meM pro0 e0 sI0 mukarjI ne apanI pustaka 'necara Apha selpha' meM kAphI prakAza DAlA hai / zaMkara pUchate haiM ki bhautikavAdiyoM ke anusAra bhUtoM se utpanna honevAlI usa cetanA kA svarUpa kyA ha ? unake anusAra yA tA cetanA una tattvoM kI pratyakSa kartA hogI yA unakA hI eka guNa hogii| prathama sthiti meM yadi cetanA guNoM kI pratyakSa kartA hogI, to vaha unase pratyuspanna nahIM hogii| dUsare yaha kahanA bhI hAsyAspada hogA ki bhautika guNa apane hI guNoM ko jJAna kI viSayavastu banAte haiN| yaha mAnanA ki cetanA jo bhautika padArthoM kA hI eka guNa hai, unase hI pratyutpanna hai, una bhautika padArthoM ko hI apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtI hai-utanA hI hAsyAspada hai jitanA yaha mAnanA ki Aga apane ko hI jalAto hai athavA naTa apane hI kaMdhoM para car3ha sakatA hai / isa prakAra zaMkara kA niSkarSa bhI yahI hai ki cetanA ( AtmA ) bhautika tattvoM se vyatirikta aura jJAnasvarUpa hai| Apa evaM nirAkaraNa sAmAnya rUpa se jaina vicAraNA meM AtmA yA jIva ko apaudgalika, vizuddha caitanya evaM jar3a se bhinna svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA jAtA hai / lekina dArzanikoM kA AkSepa hai ki jaina vicAra meM jIva kA svarUpa bahuta kucha paudgalika bana gayA hai / yaha AkSepa ajaina dArzanikoM kA hI nahIM, aneka jaina cintakoM kA bhI hai aura usake lie Agamika AdhAroM para kucha tarka bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra ne isa viSaya meM eka praznAvalI bhI prastuta kI thii| yahAM usa praznAvalI ke kucha una pramukha muddoM 1. jaina darzana, pR0 157. 2. gItA, 2116. 3. satrakRtAMga TIkA, 11118. 4. dA necara Apha selpha, pR0 141-143. 5. anekAnta, jUna 1942.

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 211 para hI carcA karanA apekSita hai, jo jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM hI pArasparika virodha ko prakaTa karate haiM- 1. jIva yadi podgalika nahIM hai to usameM saukSmya sthaulya athavA saMkoca - vistAra kriyA aura pradeza parispanda kaise bana sakatA hai ? jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra saumya sthaulya ko pudgala kA paryAya mAnA gayA hai / (2) mAnI gayI hai / (3) 2. jIva ke apaudgalika hone para AtmA meM padArthoM kA pratibimbita honA bhI kaise bana sakatA hai ? kyoMki pratibimba kA grAhaka pudgala hI hotA hai / jaina-vicAra meM jJAna kI utpatti padArthoM ke AtmA meM pratibimbita hone se hI 3. apaudgalika aura amUrtika jIvAtmA kA paudgalika evaM mUrtika karmoM ke sAtha baddha hokara vikArI honA kaise bana sakatA hai ? ( isa prakAra ke bandha kA koI dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / svarNa aura pASANa ke anAdibandha kA jo dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai, vaha viSama dRSTAnta hai aura eka prakAra se svarNasthAnI jIva kA paudgalika honA hI sUcita karatA hai / (8) 4. rAgAdika ko paudgalika kahA gayA hai aura rAgAdika jIva ke pariNAma haiM- binA jAva ke unakA astitva nahIM / ( yadi jIva paudgalika nahIM to rAgAdika paudgalika kaise siddha ho sakeMge ? isake sivAya apaudgalika jIvAtmA meM kRSNa nIlAdi lezyAe~ kaise bana sakatI haiM ? ) (10) jaina darzana jar3a aura cetana ke dvaita ko aura unakI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai / vaha sabhI prakAra ke advaitavAda kA virodha karatA hai, cAhe vaha zaMkara kA AdhyAtmika advaitavAda ho athavA cArvAka evaM anya vaijJAnikoM kA bhautika advaitavAda ho / lekina isa saiddhAntika mAnyatA se uparyukta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM hotA / isake lie hameM jIva ke svarUpa ko usa sandarbha meM dekhanA hogA jisameM uparyukta zaMkAeM prastuta kI gayI haiM / prathamataH saMkoca - vistAra tathA usake AdhAra para hone vAle sokSamya evaM sthaulya tathA bandhana aura rAgAdibhAva kA honA sabhI baddha jIvAtmAoM yA hamAre vartamAna sImita vyaktitva ke kAraNa haiM / jahA~ taka sImita vyaktitva yA baddha jIvAtmA kA prazna haiM, vaha ekAnta rUpa se na to bhautika hai aura na abhautika / jaina cintaka muni nathamala jI inhIM praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue likhate haiM ki merI mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva na sarvathA paudgalika hai, aura na sarvathA apodgalika / yadi use sarvathA paudgalika mAneM to usameM caitanya nahIM ho sakatA aura use sarvathA apaudgalika mAneM to usameM saMkoca - vistAra, prakAzamaya anubhava, UrdhvagauravadharmitA, rAgAdi nahIM ho sakate / maiM jahA~ taka samajha sakA hU~, koI bhI zarIradhArI jIva apaudgalika nahIM hai / jaina AcAryoM ne usameM saMkoca - vistAra bandhana Adi mAne haiM, apaudgalikatA usakI antima pariNati hai jo zarIra mukti se pahale kabhI prApta nahIM hotii| muni jI ke isa 1. taTa do pravAha eka, pR0 54.

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212 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kathana ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIva kA apaudgalika svarUpa upalabdhi nahIM, Adarza hai / jaina sAdhanA kA lakSya isI apaudgalika svarUpakI upalabdhi hai / jIva kI paudgalikatA tathya hai, Adarza nahIM aura jIva kI apaudgalikatA Adarza hai, jAgatika tathya nahIM / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa abhautika hI hai, yadyapi vaha tathya nahIM kSamatA hai jise upalabdha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra bIja meM vRkSa vAstavika rUpa meM kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotA, lekina sattA to rahatI ho hai jo vikAsa kI prakriyA meM jAkara vAstavikatA bana jAtI hai / isI prakAra naitika vikAsa kI prakriyA se hI jIva usa abhautika svarUpa ko jo mAtra prasupta sattA meM thA, vAstavikatA banA detA hai / jaina vicAra yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika jIvana ke lie jIvAtmA kA sarvathA apaudgalika svarUpa aura sarvathA paudgalika svarUpa donoM hI vyartha haiM / naitika jIvana kriyAzIlatA hai, jo AtmA ke sarvathA apaudgalika svarUpa meM sambhava nahIM hai / naitika jIvana ke lie eka sazarIrI vyaktitva cAhie / lekina jaba taka AtmA ko apaudgalika svarUpa upalabdha nahIM ho jAtA, naitika sAdhya mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotI / jaba taka AtmA zarIra meM Abaddha hai, vaha apanI sImitatA yA apUrNatA se Upara nahIM uTha sakatA / ataH naitika Adarza kI dRSTi se AtmA kA apaudgalika svarUpa bhI svIkAra karanA hogA / jaba taka hama sImitatAoM aura apUrNatAoM se Upara nahIM uTha jAte haiM, taba taka hama sazarIra vyaktitva bane raheMge aura hamAre sAmane naitikatA kA kAryaM - kSetra bhI banA rahegA / $ 5. AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva pUrNatayA abhautika nahIM hai / vaha zarIra aura AtmA kA viziSTa saMyoga hai / naitika dRSTi se yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki AtmA aura zarIra kA kyA sambandha hai, kyA AtmA bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai athavA AtmA vahI hai jo zarIra hai ? yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki AtmA bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai to zarIra-dharma ( bhUkha, pyAsa, maithuna, nidrA pramAda Adi ) kA sambandha naitikatA se nahIM rahegA, na hiMsA vyabhicAra Adi anaitika karma hoMge / sAtha hI samasta zArIrika karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke lie AtmA ko uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakegA / kAyakRta karmoM kA phala use nahIM milanA cAhie / isa janma ke zarIra ke karmoM kA phala dUsare janma kA zarIra bhoge yaha bhI nyAyocita nahIM hogA, kyoMki donoM zarIra bhinna haiM / aisI sthiti meM akRtAgama kA doSa hogA / sAtha hI AtmA aura zarIra ko ekAMta rUpa se bhinna mAnane para zarIra se dUsare kI sevA, stuti, kAyika tapa Adi naitika evaM zubha kriyAoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jAyegA / ye kriyAe~ AtmavikAsa meM sahAyaka nahIM mAnI jA skeNgii| dUsare, yadi AtmA vahI hai jo zarIra hai- yaha mAnA jAve to zarIra ke vinAza ke sAtha AtmA kA vinAza mAnanA hogA aura aisI sthiti meM aneka

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala abhogya hI raha jaayegaa| naitika dRSTi se kRtapraNAza kA doSa upasthita ho jaayegaa| ataH AtmA aura zarIra ko eka hI mAnane meM ve bhI sabhI doSa upasthita ho jAveMge jo anitya AtmavAda ke haiN| isa prakAra donoM hI ekAntika dRSTikoNa naitika darzana kI upapatti meM sahAyaka nahIM hote| (a) jaina dRSTikoNa ___ mahAvIra ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki 'bhagavan ! jIva vahI hai jo zarIra hai yA jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai ?' to mahAvIra ne uttara diyA, "he gautama ! jIva zarIra bhI hai aura jIva zarIra se bhinna bhI hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra ne AtmA aura deha ke madhya bhinnatva aura ekatva donoM ko svIkAra karake naitika maryAdA kI sthApanA ko sambhava bnaayaa| AcArya kundakunda ne AtmA aura zarIra ke ekatva aura bhinnatva ko lekara yahI vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se AtmA aura deha eka hI hai, lekina nizcayadRSTi se AtmA aura deha kadApi eka nahIM ho skte| vastutaH AtmA aura zarIra meM ekatva mAne bimA stuti, vaMdana, sevA Adi aneka naitika AcaraNa kI kriyAe~ sambhava nahIM / dUsarI ora AtmA aura deha meM bhinnatA mAne binA AsaktinAza aura bhedavijJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| naitika vivecana kI dRSTi se ekatva aura anekatva donoM apekSita haiM / yahI jaina naitikatA kI mAnyatA hai| mahAvIra ne aikAntika vAdoM ko chor3akara anekAnta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA aura donoM vAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| (ba) bauddha dRSTikoNa bhagavAn buddha bhI naitika dRSTi se donoM ko hI anucita mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki he bhikSu ! jIva vahI hai jo zarIra hai, aisI dRSTi rakhane para brahmacaryavAsa ( naitikAcaraNa ) sambhava nahIM hotaa| he bhikSu ! jIva anya hai aura zarIra anya hai aisI dRSTi rakhane para bhI brahmacaryavAsa sambhava nahIM hotA hai| he bhikSu ! isI lie tathAgata donoM antoM ko chor3akara madhyamamArga kA dharmopadeza dete haiN| ___ isa prakAra bhagavAn buddha ne donoM hI pakSoM ko sadoSa jAnakara unheM chor3ane kA nirNaya liyaa| unake anusAra, bhedapakSa aura abhedapakSa donoM galata haiM aura jo inameM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karatA hai, mithyAdaSTi ko utpanna karatA hai| mahAvIra ne donoM pakSoM ko aikAntika rUpa meM sadoSa to mAnA, lekina unako chor3ane kI apekSA unheM sApekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA ke anusAra zarIra ke naSTa hone para bhI AtmA naSTa nahIM hotA aura dUsarA 1. bhagavatIsatra, 13 / 7 / 465. 2. samayasAra, 27. 3. saMyuktanikAya, 12 / 135.

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214 zarIra grahaNa karatA hai / jaise vyakti vastroM ko jIrNa hone para AtmA jIrNa zarIroM ko badalatA rahatA hai / " gItA meM zarIra ko kSetrajJa kahA gayA hai aura yaha mAnA gayA hai ki hamAre vartamAna kSetrajJa yA AtmA aura zarIra ke saMyoga se utpanna hue haiM / 3 jaina, boddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana badala detA hai vaise yaha kSetra aura AtmA ko vyaktitva kSetra aura isa prakAra AtmA ko eka AdhyAtmika maulika tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA ha, lekina jahA~ taka naitika kartA ke rUpa meM hamAre vyaktitvoM kA prazna hai use eka manonAvika yA zarIrayukta AtmA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra vyaktitva AtmA aura pudgala kA viziSTa saMyoga hai / bauddha darzana ke anusAra bhI manuSya nAma ( mAnasika ) ora rUpa bhautika ) kA saMyoga hai / gItA use kSetra ( jar3a prakRti ) aura kSetrajJa ( AtmA ) kA saMyoga mAnatI hai / 36. AtmA ke lakSaNa naitikatA ke lie AtmA yA vyaktitva kA honA hI paryApta nahIM hai, varan usameM kucha viziSTa kSamatAe~ bhA honA cAhie jinake AdhAra naitika sAdhya kA anusaraNa kiyA jA saka tathA natika viveka evaM sakalpa kI kSamatA ke AdhAra para naitika uttaradAyitva kA samucita vyAkhyA kA jA saka / DA0 yadunAtha sinhA ke anusAra AtmA ko eka pAstavika, sthAyA, Atmacatana evaM svataMtra kartA honA cAhie / sva ke bhItara jAtma-sacAlana tathA AtmAnaNaya kI zakti ( saMkalpa svAtantrya ) honA cAhie / tarka athavA buddhi kA AtmA kA eka anivArya tatva honA cAhie / zrI kelDarauDa ke anusAra AtmA kavala manISA ke rUpa meM hI nahI, zakti ke rUpa meM bhI prakaTa hotI hai / meM eka AtmaciMtana, buddhimAn tathA AtmanirNAyaka zakti hai / isa prakAra vyaktitva meM nAtmacatana sattA, Atmaniyantrita buddhi tathA AtmanirNAyaka kriyA kA samAveza hotA 6 / " jaina dAzAnakA na AtmA meM ananta catuSTaya arthAt jJAna, darzana, saukhya ( Ananda ) Ara vArya ( zakti ) kA anantatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| darzana Atmacetana sattA kA, jJAna AtmAnayantrita buddhi kA aura vIrya saMkalpazakti yA sAdhya kA anusaraNa karane kI kSamatA evaM kriyA kA samAnArthaka hai / pramANanayatattvAloka meM AtmA ke nimna lakSaNa varNita hai, 'AtmA cetanyasvarUpa, pariNAmI, kartA sAkSAt bhoktA, svadeha - parimANa, pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna-bhinna aura paudgalika karmoM se yukta hai / 6 jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga kahA gayA hai / " upayoga zabda cetanA ko abhivyakta karatA hai / yaha smaraNIya hai 1, gItA, 2 / 22. 2. vahI, 13 1. 3. vahI, 13 / 26. 4. nItizAstra, pR0 281-282. 5. vahI, pR0 283 para uddhRta. 6. pramANanayatattvAloka, 7156. 7. (a) tavArthasatra, zada. (ba) uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 11.

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mAtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 215 ki jaina darzana cetanA ko AtmA kA sva lakSaNa mAnatA hai, nyAya-vaizeSika darzana ke samAna cetanA ko AtmA kA Agantuka guNa nahIM maantaa| isa sambandha meM jaina darzana kA vicAra zaMkara ke anurUpa hai ki nirvANa yA mukti kI avasthA meM bhI AtmA caitanya hI rahatA hai / mukti kI avasthA meM usakI cetanA-zakti abAdhita evaM pUrNa hotI hai, aura saMsArAvasthA meM usakI cetanA-zakti Avarita hotI hai, yadyapi jIva kI cetanA-zakti kA pUrNa AvaraNa kabhI nahIM hotA hai| isake viparIta nyAya-vaizeSika darzana muktAvasthA meM AtmA meM cetanA kA abhAva mAnate haiN| yadi muktAvasthA meM cetanA kA sadbhAva nahIM mAnA jAtA hai to mukti kA Adarza adhika AkarSaka nahIM rahatA / isalie AlocakoM ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki nyAya-vaizeSika darzana ko mukti prApta karane kI apekSA to vRndAvana meM zRgAla-yoni meM vicaraNa karanA kahIM adhika acchA hai / he gautama, tumhArI yaha pASANavat mukti tumheM hI mubAraka ho, tuma sacamuca hI gautama (bala) ho / ' lekina jahA~ taka naitika jIvana-kSetra kI bAta hai, vahA~ taka sabhI AtmA meM cetanA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| sAMkhya, yoga aura vedAnta darzana ise svalakSaNa kI apekSA se svIkAra karate haiM aura nyAya-vaizeSika ise Agantuka lakSaNa kI apekSA se svIkAra karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, dehAtmavAdI cArvAka aura anAtmavAdI bauddha bhI vyaktitva ma cetanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| vastutaH cetanA naitika jIvana kI anivArya sthiti hai, naitika uttaradAyitva aura naitika viveka cetanA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai / jaina darzana meM cetanA ke sthAna para 'upayoga' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| tatvArthasUtra meM upayoga ( cetanA ) do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-(1) jJAnAtmaka ( jJAnopayoga) aura ( 2 ) anubhUtyAtmaka ( darzanopayoga ) / DA0 kalaghATagI upayoga zabda meM cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka tInoM hI pakSoM ko samAhita karate haiN|" vastutaH naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se AtmA ke ye tInoM pakSa Avazyaka hai / pro0 sinhA na bhI AtmA meM ina tInoM kI upasthiti ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| Age hama ina tInoM para thor3e vistAra se carcA kreNge| ( a ) jJAnopayoga jaina vicAraNA meM jJAna ko AtmA kA svabhAva yA svalakSaNa mAnA gayA hai / vastutaH yadi AtmA meM jJAna nahIM ho to naitika jIvana meM nimna tIna bAteM asambhava hoMgI(1) naitika Adarza kA bodha, (2) zubhAzubha kA vibeka aura ( 2 ) naitika uttaradAyitva / 1. nandisatra, satra 42. 2. libarezana, pR0 63 para uddhRta. 3. naiSadhacaritra, 17.75. 4. tatvArthasatra, 26. 5. sama prAbalemsa ina jaina sAikolAjI, pR0 4.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyabana naitika sAdhya kA bodha naitika jIvana kI prathama zarta hai, kyoMki jabataka paramazreya kA bodha nahIM hogA tabataka na to zubhAzubha aura na aucitya-anaucitya kA viveka hogA aura na samyak dizA meM naitika pragati hI sambhava hogii| jahA~ taka naitika athavA anaitika kahe jAnevAle AcaraNa kA prazna hai, vaha AcaraNa mAtra kartA kI apekSA nahIM karatA, varan zubhAzubha kI viveka-kSamatA-yukta kartA kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki jaDa padArthoM kI kriyAoM ke naitika athavA anaitika hone ke sambandha meM koI vicAra nahIM karatA / itanA hI nahIM, pAzcAtya vicArakoM ko dRSTi meM to zubhAzubha viveka kI zakti ke abhAva meM bhI kisI kartA ke karma naitika athavA anaitika nahIM mAne jAte, jaise bAlaka athavA manovikRta kA AcaraNa / yadyapi jaina vicAraNA isa sambandha meM thor3I bhinna dRSTi rakhatI hai| vaha yaha to svIkAra karatI hai ki cetanA ke abhAva meM jaDa padArthoM kI kriyAe~ naitika yA anaitika nahIM hotii| vaha pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke sAtha isa bAta meM bhI sahamata hai ki naitika viveka zakti ke vAstavika abhAva meM kisI ke bhI karmoM ko naitika athavA anaitika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| lekina jaina vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki sabhI caitanya prANiyoM meM mUlataH zubhAzubha kA viveka karanevAlI zakti nihita hai / AtmA aura viveka alaga-alaga nahIM rahate-jahA~ cetanA yA AtmA hai vahA~ viveka hai hii| . aisA koI bhI prANI nahIM jisameM mUlataH naitika viveka kA abhAva ho| jaina vicAraka kahate hai ki viveka-kSamatA ( Capacity ) to sabhI meM hai lekina viveka yogyatA ( Ability ) sabameM nahIM hai| naitika viveka kA astitva sabhI meM hai, lekina usakA prakaTana sabhI meM nahIM hai| kisI prANI ke karmoM kA naitikatA yA anaitikatA kI sImA meM AnA viveka-zakti ke prakaTana para nahIM, varan usake astitva para nirbhara karatA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra, AtmA meM nihita viveka-zakti ko prakaTa na karanA svayaM meM hI sabase bar3I anaitikatA hai| isa prakAra jahA~ pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM pAgala. bAlaka Adi prANiyoM kA vyavahAra naitikatA kI sImA meM nahIM AtA, vahIM jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM ina sabakA vyavahAra naitikatA kI sImA meM AtA hai| naitika viveka kI kSamatA anivArya rUpa se naitika uttaradAyitva ko le AtI hai| yadi hameM yaha bodha ho sakatA hai ki amuka zubha hai aura amuka azubha hai, to hama zubha kA anusaraNa nahIM karane ke lie aura azubha kA anusaraNa karane ke lie uttaradAyI ThaharAye jA sakate haiN| jaina vicAraNA AtmA meM jJAna-kSamatA ko svIkAra kara naitika sAdhya ke bodha, naitika viveka aura naitika uttaradAyitva ke pratyayoM ko apane AcAradarzana meM sthAna de detI hai| AtmA apanI isa sImita kSamatA ko naitika jIvana ke mAdhyama se vikasita karate hue anta meM use pUrNa jJAna kI yogyatA ( anantajJAna ) meM badala letA hai| jJAna ke mAdhyama se hI AtmA kA naitika vikAsa hotA hai aura naitika vikAsa ke dvArA jJAna pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai / jJAnopayoga pA~ca prakAra kA hai-( 1 ) matijJAna, ( 2 ) zrutajJAna, ( 3 ) avadhi

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA jJAna, ( 4 ) manaHparyAyajJAna aura ( 5 ) kevalajJAna / Adhunika naitika zabdAvalI meM inheM kramaza: ( 1 ) anubhavAtmakajJAna, ( 2 ) bauddhika yA vimarzamUlaka jJAna, ( 3 ) aparokSa jJAna yA antardRSTyAtmakajJAna, ( 4 ) AtmacetanatA aura ( 5 ) AtmasAkSAtkAra kaha sakate haiM / Adhunika AcAradarzana meM bhI jJAna ke ina pA~ca prakAroM para AdhArita pA~ca prakAra ke naitika darzana haiM - ( 1 ) anubhavAtmakajJAna para AdhArita benthama, mila Adi ke sukhavAdI siddhAnta, ( 2 ) bauddhika jJAna para ArdhArita spInojA aura kAMTa ke buddhimUlaka siddhAnta, ( 3 ) aparokSajJAna yA antardRSTi para AdhArita zaiphTasubarI, hacAsana, mArTinyU, kaDavartha Adi kA sahaja jJAnavAdI siddhAnta, ( 4 ) AtmacetanatA para AdhArita vAranaraphiTe kA mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta tathA kirkegArDa kA astitvavAdI siddhAnta aura ( 5 ) AtmasAkSAtkAra para Adharita breDale, grAna Adi ke AtmapUrNatAvAdI siddhAnta / jaina vicAraNA jJAna ke ina pA~ca prakAroM ko svIkAra kara uparyukta pA~ca prakAra ke naitika siddhAntoM ke samanvaya kA acchA AdhAra prastuta karatI hai / ( ba ) darzanopayoga dazana jJAna kI prathama bhUmikA hai, yaha cetanA kA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa hai / jaina darzana me darzanApayAga cAra prakAra kA hai - ( 1 ) cakSudarzana, (2) acakSudarzana, ( 3 ) avadhi - darzana Ara ( 4 ) kevaladarzana / Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se inheM kramaza: ( 1 ) pratyakSIkaraNa, ( 2 ) saMvedanA, (3) atIndriya- pratyakSa aura ( 4 ) AtmAnubhUti kahA 'jA sakatA hai | anubhUti yA sAkSAtkAra niSThA yA zraddhA kA AdhAra hai / jJAna meM sandeha ho sakatA hai, lekina anubhUti meM sandeha nahIM hotA / yahI kAraNa haiM ki AtmA kI yaha anubhUtyAtmaka kSamatA ( darzanopayAga ) jaina nItizAstra meM 'zraddhA' ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA / zraddhA ke artha ma 'darzana' jaina AcAramImAMsA kA AdhAra hai / yadi AtmA meM anubhUtyAtmaka kSamatA na hogI, to naitika mUlyoM kA bodha sambhava nahIM hogA / naitika mUlya bauddhika nahIM, anubhUtyAtmaka haiN| binA anubhUtyAtmaka kSamatA ke unakI anubhUti kaMsa hogA ? natika Adarza kA bodha isI para nirbhara hai / AtmA kI isa kSamatA ko dRSTi yA niSThA ke rUpa meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai / sAdhanA ke kSetra meM isakI antima pariNati nirvikalpa samAdhi ( zukladhyAna ) meM AtmasAkSAtkAra kI avasthA mAnI gayI hai / ( sa ) Atma-nirNaya kA zakti ( vIrya ) cetanA ( upayoga ) kA tIsarA pakSa saMkalpAtmaka mAnA gayA hai / ise AtmanirNaya ko zakti bhI kaha sakate haiM / yaha eka prakAra se saMkalpa zakti ( vIrya ) hai / yadi AtmA meM AtmanirNaya kI kSamatA ( saMkalpasvAtantrya ) nahIM mAnI jAyegI, to naitika uttaradAyitva ko vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogI / AtmanirNaya kI zakti naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai / usake binA naitika Adeza bhI bAhya ho jAyegA aura bAhya naitika Adeza yA bAhya naitika bAdhyatA ( External Moral Sanction ).

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218 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika jIvana ko saccA artha nahIM dete haiM / naitika bAdhyatA yA naitika Adeza ko Antarika hone ke lie saMkalpa svAtantrya aura naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie AtmA meM AtmanirNaya kI zakti Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM upayoga ( cetanA ) lakSaNa ke antagaMta jJAnopayoga ke rUpa meM naitika vibekakSamatA ko, darzanopayoga ke rUpa meM mUlyAtmaka anubhUti kI kSamatA ko tathA vIrya athavA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se AtmanirNaya ( saMkalpa ) kI zakti ko svIkAra kiyA hai| anantacatuSTaya kI dRSTi se AtmA kI ye tInoM zaktiyA~ anantajJAna, anantadarzana aura anantavIrya ke antargata A jAtI haiM / ye tInoM zaktiyA~ AtmA meM pUrNa rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM, usake svalakSaNa haiM, yadyapi hamAre sImita vyaktitvoM meM ve Avarita yA kuNThita haiM / naitika jIvana kA lakSya inako pUrNatA kI 'dizA meM vikasita karanA hai / Ananda jaina darzana meM Ananda ( saukhya ) ko bhI AtmA kA svalakSaNa mAnA gayA hai / -yadi Ananda AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM mAnA jAyegA to naitika Adarza zuSka ho jAyegA tathA naitika jIvana meM koI bhAvAtmaka pakSa nahIM rahegA / Ananda AtmA kA bhAvAtmaka pakSa hai / yadi Ananda ko AtmA kA svalakSaNa na mAnakara AtmA se bAhya mAnA - jAyegA to naitika jIvana kA sAdhya bhI AtmA se bAhya hogA aura naitikatA Antarika nahIM hokara bAhya tathyoM para nirbhara hogii| yadi AnandakSamatA Atmagata na hokara vastugata hogI to naitikatA bhautika sukhoM kI upalabdhi para nirbhara hogI / phira anubhavAtmaka jIvana meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki Ananda kA pratyaya pUrNatayA bAhya nahIM hotA / vaha vastuoM kI apekSA hamArI cetanA para nirbhara hotA hai / ataH Ananda ko AtmA kA hI svalakSaNa mAnanA hogaa| jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa tarkasaMgata hai| bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vaizeSika evaM sAMkhya vicAraNAe~ saukhya yA Ananda ko AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM mAnatIM / sAMkhya ke anusAra Ananda sattvaguNa kA pariNAma hai, ataH vaha prakRti kA ho guNa hai, AtmA kA nahIM / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana use cetanA para nirbhara mAnate haiM, cUMki unake anusAra cetanA bhI AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM hokara Agantuka guNa haiM, ataH sukha bhI Agantuka guNa hai / isa sambandha meM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ke nikaTa hai / usameM brahma ko sat aura cit ke sAtha-sAtha Anandamaya bhI mAnA gayA hai / AtmA ke ina cAra mUlabhUta lakSaNoM kI carcA ke uparAnta hama jaina darzana meM AtmA sambandhI anya mAnyatAoM kI carcA tathA unakI naitika samIkSA kareMge / 67. AtmA pariNAmI hai jaina darzana AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnatA hai aura sAMkhya evaM zAMkara vedAnta AtmA ko apariNAmI ( kUTastha ) mAnate haiM / buddha ke samakAlIna vicAraka pUrNakAzyapa bhI

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 219 AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the / AtmA ko apariNAmI ( kUTastha ) mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA meM koI vikAra, parivartana yA sthityantara nahIM hotA / pUrNakAzyapa ke siddhAntoM kA varNana bauddha sAhitya meM isa prakAra milatA hai - 'agara koI kriyA kare, karAye, kATe, kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye, corI kare, prANiyoM ko mAra DAle paradArAgamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nahIM lagatA / tIkSNa dhAravAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke mAMsa kA Dhera lagA hai to bhI use koI pApa nahIM, doSa nahIM hotA / dAna, dharma aura satya bhASaNa se koI puNyaprApti nahIM hotI / " " isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI haiM ki isa prakAra kA upadeza denevAlA vyakti korDa yazasvI loka-sammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA varan koI dhUrta honA cAhie / lekina pUrNa kAzyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, lataH yaha nizcita hai ki yaha naitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sakatA / lekina yaha unake akriya AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hai jo unake virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai / phira bhI yaha satya hai ki pUrNakAzyapa AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnate the / unakI ukta mAnyatA kA bhrAnta niSkarSa nikAlakara unheM anaitika AcaraNa kA samarthaka darzAyA gayA hai / yaha batA pAnA to bar3A kaThina hai ki sAMkhya- paramparA aura pUrNakAzyapa kI yaha paramparA eka hI thI athavA alaga-alaga / inameM kauna pUrvavartI thI isakA bhI nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yadyapi dharmAnanda kosambI aura rAhula sAMkRtyAyana yaha siddha karate haiM ki pUrNakAzyapa kI isa paramparA ke AdhAra para sAMkhya darzana aura gItA kI vicAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana Adi pUrNakAzyapa ko sAMkhya paramparA kA ho AcArya mAnate hai 13 yahA~ to hamArA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki samAlocya naitika vicAraNAoM ke vikAsa kAla meM yaha dhAraNA bhI balavatI thI ki AtmA apariNAmI hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI AtmA ke akriyAvAda ko mAnanevAloM kA ullekha hai / kahA gayA haiM ki 'kucha dUsare ghRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA - karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM karatA, vaha to akartA hai / 4 apariNAmI AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 1. AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnane kI sthiti meM AtmA ke bhAvoM meM parivartana mithyA hogA / yadi AtmA ke bhAvoM meM vikAra aura parivartana kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai, to AtmA ko yA to nitya-mukta mAnanA hogA yA nitya-baddha, aura donoM avasthAoM meM naitika jIvana ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jAyegA / naitika sAdhanA bandhana se mukti kA prayAsa hai aura yadi bandhana nitya hai to phira mukti ke lie 1. majjhimanikAya, cUlasAropamasutta. 2. bhagavAna buddha, pR0 184. 3. vahI. 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 111113.

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220 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prayAsa kA koI artha nahIM / dUsare, yadi AtmA nitya-mukta hai to bhI mukti kA prayAsa nirarthaka hI hai| 2. AtmA ko avikArI mAnane para bandhana kA kAraNa samajhAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki AtmA kA bandhana dUsare ke kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA aura AtmA svayaM avikArI hone se apane bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH spaSTa hai ki apariNAmI AtmabAda bandhana kI samucita vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM hai| 3. naitika vikAsa aura naitika patana donoM Atma-pariNAmavAda kI avasthA meM hI sambhava hai / zubhatva aura azubhatva donoM pariNAmI AtmA meM hI ghaTa sakate haiN| 4. manauvaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnane para sukha-duHkhAdi bhAvoM ko nahIM ghaTAyA jA sktaa| Atma-apariNAmavAda kI ina kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa hI jaina vicAraka AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnate haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki sat utpAdavyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai, ataH AtmA bhI utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai| isI AdhAra para AtmA meM paryAyaparivartana sambhava hai| AtmA meM tatva-dRSTi se dhrauvyatA hote hue bhI paryAyadRSTi se usameM parivartana hote rahate haiM / bauddha darzana bhI parivartana ( pariNAmIpana ) ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra to caittAsaka vRttiyoM yA mAnasika avasthAoM se bhinna koI AtmA nAmaka tatva hI nahIM hai / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ne hI tAtkAlika una mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyA jo AtmA ko apariNAmI mAnatI thiiN| rahI gItA ke dRSTikoNa kI bAta, to vaha Atma pariNAmavAda ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| vaha AtmA ko kUTastha-nitya mAnatI hai / isa sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa madhyastha hai| jahA~ bauddha darzana use mAtra pariNAmI (pratikSaNa parivartanazIla ) mAnatA hai, vahA~ gItA use kUTastha-nitya kahatI hai / jaina darzana apanI samanvayavAdI paddhati ke anurUpa use pariNAmI nitya kahatA hai / pariNAmI AtmavAda kA prazna AtmA ke kartRtva se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita hai, ataH aba usapara vicAra kreNge| 8. AtmA kartA hai naitika dRSTi se AtmA hI naitika karmoM kA kartA hai| lekina hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki yaha AtmA kisa artha meM kartA hai| pAzcAtya naitika vicAraNA meM naitika athavA anaitika karmoM kA kartA manuSya ko mAna liyA gayA hai, ata. vahA~ kartRtva kI samasyA vivAda kA viSaya nahIM rahI hai, lekina bhAratIya paramparA meM yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai / bhAratIya vicAraka isa sambandha meM to ekamata haiM ki manuSya naitika-anaitika karmoM kA kartA hai| lekina bhAratIya vicAraka aura gaharAI meM utare / unhoMne batAyA ki manuSya to bhautika zarIra aura cetana AtmA ke saMyoga kA pariNAma hai, usameM cit aMza bhI

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA hai aura acit aMza bhI hai / ataH prazna yaha hai ki cit evaM acit aMza meM kauna naitika karmoM kA kartA evaM uttaradAyI hai ? isa prazna kA uttara tIna prakAra se diyA gyaa| kucha vicArakoM ne acit aMza, acetana jar3a-prakRti ko kartA maanaa| sAMkhya vicArakoM ne batAyA ki jar3a-prakRti hI zubhAzubha karmoM kI kI hai| vahI naitika uttaradAyitva ke AdhAra para bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai| zaMkara ne isa kartRtva ko mAyAdhIna pAyA aura use eka bhrAnti maanaa| isa prakAra sAMkhya darzana evaM zaMkara ne AtmA ko akartA kahA, dUsarI ora nyAyavaizeSika Adi vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kartA mAnA, lekina jaina vicArakoM ne ina donoM aikAntika mAnyatAoM ke madhya kA rAstA cunaa| jaina AcAragranthoM meM yaha vacana bahutAyata se upalabdha hote haiM ki AtmA kartA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ho sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki sira kATanevAlA zatru bhI utanA apakAra nahIM karatA jitanA durAcaraNa meM pravRtta apanI AtmA karatI hai| yahI nahIM, sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmA ko akartA mAnanevAle logoM kI AlocanA karate hue spaSTa rUpa meM kahA gayA hai-kucha dUsare ( loga ) to dhRSTatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki karanA karAnA Adi kriyA AtmA nahIM karatA, vaha to akartA hai| ina vAdiyoM ko satya jJAna kA patA nahIM aura na unheM dharma kA hI bhAna hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra ko nAva aura jIva ko nAvika kahakara jIva para naitika karmoM kA uttaradAyitva DAlA gayA hai| lekina ukta sandarbho ke AdhAra para yaha samajha lenA nitAnta bhramapUrNa hogA ki jaina AcAradarzana AtmakartRtvavAda ko mAnatA hai, kyoMki aikAntika rUpa meM mAnA gayA AtmakartRtvavAda bhI naitika samIkSA kI kasauTI para doSapUrNa utaratA hai / ekAnta kartRtvavAda ke doSa 1. yadi AtmA ko ekAnta rUpa se karmoM kA kartA mAnA jAya, to kartRtva usakA svalakSaNa honA cAhie aura aisI sthiti meM nirvANAvasthA meM bhI usameM kartRtva rhegaa| yadi kartApana AtmA kA svalakSaNa hai to vaha kabhI chUTa nahIM sakatA aura jo chUTa sakatA hai vaha svalakSaNa nahIM ho sktaa| 2. jisa prakAra svarNa svarNAbhUSaNa kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, rajatAbhUSaNa kA nahIM; usI prakAra yadi AtmA ko kartA mAnA jAya to vaha mAtra caittasika avasthAoM kA hI kartA siddha ho sakatA hai, jar3a ( bhautika ) karmoM kA kartA nhiiN| jaina naitika vicAraNA 1. sAMkhyakArikA, 56-57. 2. vahI, 62. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 20137, 4. vahI, 20148. 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 111 / 13-21. 6. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 73; tulanA kIjie kaThopaniSad, 1 / 3 / 3.

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222 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM AtmA ko karmoM kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai, lekina jainAcArya kundakunda ne svayaM hI prazna kiyA hai ki karma to jar3a hai aura AtmA cetana, donoM bhinna haiM; phira AtmA ko jar3a karmoM kA kartA kaise mAnA jAya ? AtmA jar3a meM nahIM aura jar3a AtmA meM nahIM, phira vaha cetana AtmA jar3a karmoM kA kartA kaise ho sakatA hai ? tapta lauha- piNDa meM agni rahate hue bhI vaha usakA kartA yA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatI, vastutaH to vahA~ bhI lauha loha meM hai aura agni agni meM / ' 3. AtmA ko svalakSaNa kI dRSTi se kartA mAnane para mukti kI sambhAvanA hI samApta ho jAyegI, kyoMki yadi kartRtva svalakSaNa hai to mokSadazA meM bhI rahegA aura isake kAraNa use bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA banI rahegI / Atma-kartRtva ke sambandha meM kundakunda ke vicAra ina AkSepoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue mahAvIra ke paravartI kucha jaina vicArakoM ne bhI jaba AtmakartRtva kI isa samasyA kI gahana samIkSA kI to unhoMne bhI yaha kaha diyA ki AtmA kartA nahIM / AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM eka gahana samIkSA ke pazcAt spaSTa rUpa meM kaha diyA ki jIva ( AtmA ) akartA hai, guNa hI karmoM ke kartA haiM / 2 jo yaha jAnatA hai ki AtmA ( karmoM kA ) kartA nahIM hai, vahI ( saccA ) jJAnI hai | AtmA ko dharma ( zubha ) athavA pApa ( azubha ) Adi ke vaicArika pariNAmoM kA kartA kahA jAtA hai, lekina vaha kisI bhI prakAra kartA nahIM hotA hai, jo isa prakAra jAnatA hai, vahI jJAnI hai / isa prakAra AcArya kundakunda Atma-kartRtva kI mAnyatA kA spaSTa niSedha karate haiM / lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki yaha vicAraNA AcArya kI svayaM kI hai aura pUrvavartI sAhitya meM isakA koI ullekha nahIM hai / sarvAdhika prAcIna jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI aisA saMketa milatA hai ki jo guNa ( indriyaviSaya ) hai, hI bandhana hai / isa prakAra yahA~ bhI bandhana athavA kartRtva kA uttaradAyitva AtmA para nahIM, varan guNoM (indriyaviSayoM ) para DAlA gayA hai / pUrvavartI bandhana apane vipAka meM nayA bandhana arjita karatA hai aura yaha paramparA calatI rahatI hai, AtmA to kahIM bIca meM AtA hI nahIM hai / phira use kartA kaise mAnA jAye ? isa prakAra jahA~ eka ora aneka jainAcAryoM ke AtmA ko kartA kahA, vahA~ kundakunda ne usake akartRtva para bala diyA / ina paraspara virodhI do dRSTikoNoM kA kathana hama eka hI AcAradarzana meM pAte haiM / lekina donoM hI dRSTikoNa sApekSa rUpa meM satya haiM, kyoMki yadi AtmA ko ekAntarUpa se akartA mAnA jAe to bhI naitika dRSTi se kucha samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM / 1. samayasAra, 130 - 140; samayasAraTIkA, kalaza 16. 2. vahI, 112. 3. vahI, 75. 4. je guNe se AvaTTe je AvaTTe se guNe / AcArAMga, 121250

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 223 ekAnta akartRtvavAda ke doSa 1. yadi AtmA akartA hai to use zubhAzubha karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA skegaa| 2. yadi AtmA akartA hai to zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA bhI nahIM hogA aura zubhAzubha kA kartA nahIM hone se vaha bandhana meM nahIM aayegaa| 3. uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA kA pratyaya arthahIna hotA hai, yadi AtmA ko akartA mAnA jAe to uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| 4. naitika Adeza kisI kartA kI apekSA karate haiN| yadi AtmA akartA hai to naitika Adeza kisake lie hai ? 5. makti yadi naitika AcaraNa kA pariNAma hai to akartA AtmA ke lie usakA kyA artha rahegA? niSkarSa AtmakartRtvavAda aura Atma-akartRtvavAda ke viSaya meM AcArya kundakunda kA dRSTikoNa bhI ekAMgI nahIM, kyoMki aikAntika mAnyatAoM se isakA samyak nirAkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA / AcArya ne samayasAra meM lagabhaga 75 gAthAoM meM isa samasyA kI gahana samIkSA prastuta kI hai|' AcArya bhI kartRtva aura akartRtva ke vivAda kA samAdhAna sApekSa dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI karate haiM, unake sAre nirNayoM ko nimna tIna dRSTikoNoM meM abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. vyavahAradRSTi kI apekSA se AtmA zarIra ke sahayoga se ( kriyAoM kA ) kartA hai| jaba taka AtmA karma-zarIra se yukta hai, vaha karmoM kA kartA hai aura usa sthiti taka zubhAzubha karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI bhI hai| 2. paryAyArthika nizcayadRSTi (azuddhanizcayanaya ) ke anusAra AtmA jar3a karmoM kA kartA nahIM hai, varan mAtra karma pudgala ke nimitta se apane caittasika bhAvoM ( adhyavasAya ) kA kartA hai| 3. zuddhanizcayanaya yA dravyAthika ( paramArtha ) dRSTi se AtmA akartA hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA bauddha darzana anAtmavAdI hai| usameM AtmakartRtvavAda kI samasyA hI nahIM hai| vaha cetanA ke kartRtva ko svIkAra karatA hai evaM cetanA yA manovRtti ke AdhAra para hI 1. samayasAra, kartRkarmAdhikAra, 70-144. 2. vahI, 84. 3. vahI, 81-83. 4. vahI, 62.

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224 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcArakzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kamoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA naitika nirNaya karatA hai| lekina usakI vaha cetanA to pravAha hai / ataH jise naitika yA anaitika karmoM kA kartA mAnA jAya athavA uttaradAyI banAyA jAya, aisI koI cetanA baca nahIM rhtii| nadI ke pravAha meM DubAnevAlI jala-dhArA ke samAna vaha to parivartanazIla hai / vAstavika dRSTi se dekheM to DUbane kI kriyA mAtra hai, DubAnevAlA koI nhiiN| kriyA sampanna hone taka bhI jisakA astitva nahIM rahatA, use kartA kaise kahA jAya ? phira bhI, vyAvahArika dRSTi se vyakti ko kartA mAnA gayA hai / buddha kahate haiM, apane se utpanna, apane se kiyA pApa, apane kartA durbuddhi manuSya ko vaise hI vidIrNa kara detA hai jaisa maNi ko vajra kATa detA hai| apane se kiyA pApa apane ko hI malina karatA hai, apane se pApa nahIM kare to svayaM hI zuddha rahatA hai| zuddhi-azuddhi pratyeka kI alaga hai, dUsarA dUsare ko zuddha nahIM kara sktaa| isa prakAra naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se bauddha darzana 'pravAhI AtmA' ko kartA eva uttaradAyI mAnatA hai| gotA kA dRSTikoNa gItA kUTastha AtmavAda ko mAnatI hai| gItA meM aise vacanoM kA abhAva nahIM hai jo AtmA ke akartRtva ko sUcita karate haiN| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki jo puruSa sampUrNa karmoM ko saba prakAra se prakRti se hI kiye hue dekhatA hai tathA AtmA ko akartA dekhatA hai, vahI samyak draSTA hai| sampUrNa karma prakRti ke guNoM dvArA kiye hue haiM, to bhI ahaMkAra se mohita antaHkaraNavAlA puruSa 'maiM kartA hU~', aisA mAna letA hai|' he arjuna, guNavibhAga aura karmavibhAga ke tattva ko jAnanevAlA jJAnI puruSa sampUrNa guNa guNoM meM vartate haiM, aisA mAnakara Asakta nahIM hotaa|" guNAtIta hone se yaha avinAzI paramAtmA zarIra meM sthita hote hue bhI vAstava meM na karatA hai ( aura ) na lipta hotA hai| __ isa prakAra gItA meM AtmA ko akartA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI gItokta naitika AdezoM kA pAlana nahIM karane se pratyutpanna uttaradAyitva kI saMgata vyAkhyA AtmA ke kartRtva ko mAne binA nahIM ho paatii| gItA meM AtmA ko akartA kahane kA artha itanA hI hai ki prakRti se bhinna vizuddha AtmA akartA hai| AtmA kA kartRtva prakRti ke saMyoga se hI hai| jaise jaina darzana meM tattvadRSTi se akartA AtmA meM karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se kartRtvabhAva mAnA gayA hai, vaise hI gItA meM bhI akartA AtmA meM prakRti 1. dhammapada, 161. 2. vahI, 165. 3. gItA, 13 / 26. 4. vahI, za27. 5. vahIM, 3228. 6. vahI, 13 / 31.

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 225 ke saMyoga se kartRtva kA AropaNa ho sakatA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAya to gItA kA dRSTikoNa AcArya kundakunda ke dRSTikoNa ke atyadhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai / " AtmA bhoktA hai| yadi naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA ko kartA mAnanA Avazyaka hai to use bhoktA bhI mAnanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki jo karmoM kA kartA hai use hI unake phaloM kA bhoga bhI karanA cAhie | jaise AtmA kA kartRtva karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se sambhava hai, vaise hI AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI karmapudgaloM ke nimitta se hI sambhava hai / kartRtva aura bhoktRtva, donoM hI zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM pAye jAte haiM, muktAtmA yA zuddhAtmA meM nahIM / bhoktRtva vedanIya karma ke kAraNa hI sambhava hai / jaina darzana AtmA kA bhoktRtva bhI sApekSa dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA meM svIkAra karatA hai / 1. vyAvahArika dRSTi se zarIrayukta baddhAtmA bhoktA hai / 2. azuddha nizcayanaya yA paryAyadRSTi se AtmA mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA vedaka hai / 3. paramArthadRSTi se AtmA bhoktA aura vedaka nahIM, mAtra draSTA yA sAkSI - svarUpa hai | 2 naitika dRSTi se bhoktRtva karma aura usake pratiphala ke saMyoga ke lie Avazyaka hai / jo kartA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se unake phaloM kA bhoktA bhI hai anyathA karma aura usake phalabhoga meM anivArya sambandha siddha nahIM ho sakegA / aisI sthiti meM naitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyegA / ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki AtmA bhoktA hai, lekina AtmA kA bhoktA honA baddhAtmA yA sazarIra AtmA ke lie hI samucita hai / muktAtmA bhoktA nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAkSIsvarUpa yA draSTA hotA hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana bhI sazarIra jIvAtmA meM bhoktRtva ko svIkAra karate haiM / $ 10. AtmA svadeha parimANa hai yadyapi jaina vicAraNA meM AtmAoM ko rUpa, rasa, varNa, gandha, sparza Adi se vivarjita kahA gayA hai, tathApi AtmA ko zarIrAkAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ haiM : eka ke anusAra AtmA vibhu ( sarvavyApI ) hai, dUsarI ke anusAra aNu hai / sAMkhya, nyAya aura advaita vedAnta AtmA ko vibhu mAnate haiM aura rAmAnuja aNu mAnate haiM / jaina darzana ko isa sambandha meM madhyastha dRSTi hai / usake anusAra AtmA aNu bhI hai aura vibhu bhI / vaha sUkSma itanA hai ki eka AkAza pradeza ke anantaveM bhAga ke barAbara hai aura vibhu hai to itanA hai ki samagra loka ko 1. samayasAra 112; gItA, 3 / 27-28. 2. samayasAra, 81-92.

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226 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vyApta kara sakatA hai| jaina darzana AtmA meM saMkoca-vistAra ko svIkAra karatA hai aura isa AdhAra para AtmA ko svadeha-parimANa mAnatA hai| jaise dIpaka kA prakAza choTe kamare meM rahane para choTe kamare ko aura bar3e kamare meM rahane para bar3e kamare ko prakAzita karatA hai vaise hI AtmA bhI jisa deha meM rahatA hai use caitanyAbhibhUta kara detA hai| AtmA ke vibhutva kI netika samIkSA 1. yadi AtmA vibhu ( sarvavyApaka ) hai to vaha dUsare zarIroM meM bhI hogA, phira una zarIroM ke karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hogA / yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki AtmA dUsare zarIroM meM nahIM hai, to phira vaha sarvavyApaka nahIM hogA / 2. yadi AtmA vibhu hai to dUsare zarIroM meM honevAle sukha-duHkha ke bhoga se kaise baca sakegA? 3. vibhu AtmA ke siddhAnta meM kauna AtmA kisa zarIra kA niyAmaka hai, yaha batAnA kaThina hai| vastutaH naitika jIvana ke lie pratyeka zarIra meM eka AtmA kA siddhAnta hI saMgata ho sakatA hai, tAki usa zarIra ke karmoM ke AdhAra para use uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jA sake / 4. AtmA ko sarvavyApakatA kA siddhAnta anekAtmavAda ke sAtha kathamapi saMgata nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI ora anekAtmavAda ke abhAva me naitika jIvana kI saMgata vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| yadyapi gItA paramAtmA kA vibhu mAnatI hai, lekina use jIvAtmA ke rUpa meM sampUrNa zarIra meM sthita tathA eka zarIra se dUsare zarIra meM saMkramaNa karanevAlA bhI mAnatI hai / $11. AtmAeM aneka haiM AtmA eka hai yA aneka-yaha dArzanika dRSTi se vivAda kA viSaya kA rahA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmAe~ aneka haiM aura pratyeka zarIra kI AtmA bhinna hai / yadi AtmA ko eka mAnA jAtA hai to naitika dRSTi se aneka samasyAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM / ekAtmavAda ko naitika samIkSA 1. AtmA ko eka mAnane para sabhI jIvoM kI mukti aura bandhana eka sAtha hoNge| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI zarIradhAriyoM ke naitika vikAsa evaM patana kI vibhinna avasthAeM bhI yugapad hogii| lekina aisA to dikhatA nhiiN| naitika stara bhI saba prANiyoM kA. 1. kramazaH nigoda evaM kevalIsamudghAta kI avasthA meM. 2. gItA, 224. 3. vahI, 13332. .. 4. vahI, 1548. .

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 227 alaga-alaga hai / yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka vyakti mukta ho cuke haiM aura aneka abhI bandhana meM haiM / 2. AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktika naitika prayAsoM kA mUlya samApta ho jAyegA / yadi AtmA eka hI hai to vyaktigata prayAsoM evaM kriyAoM se na to usakI mukti sambhava hogI na vaha bandhana meM hI AyegA / 3. AtmA ke eka mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva tathA tajjanita puraskAra aura daNDa kI vyavasthA kA bhI koI artha nahIM raha jAyegA / sArAMza meM AtmA ko eka mAnane para vaiyaktikatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaiyaktikatA ke abhAva meM naitika vikAsa, naitika uttaradAyitva aura puruSArtha Adi naitika pratyayoM kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA / isIlie vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki sukha-duHkha, janma-maraNa, bandhanamukti Adi ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai / " sAMkhyakArikA meM bhI janma-maraNa, indriyoM kI vibhinnatAoM, pratyeka kI alaga-alaga pravRtti aura svabhAva yA naitika vikAsa kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI anekatA siddha kI gayI hai / 2 anekAtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI anekAtmavAda naitika jIvana ke lie vaiyaktikatA kA pratyaya to prastuta kara detA hai, tathApi aneka AtmAe~ mAnane para bhI kucha naitika kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM / ina naitika kaThinAiyoM meM pramukhatama yaha hai ki naitikatA kA samagra prayAsa jisa ahaM ke visarjana ke lie hai usI ahaM ( vaiyaktikatA ) ko hI yaha AdhArabhUta banA detA hai / anekAtmavAda meM ahaM kabhI bhI pUrNatayA visarjita nahIM ho sakatA / isI ahaM se rAga aura Asakti kA janma hotA hai / ahaM tRSNA kA hI eka rUpa hai, 'maiM' bhI bandhana hI hai / jaina darzana kA niSkarSa jaina darzana ne isa samasyA kA bhI anekAnta dRSTi se sundara hala prastuta kiyA hai / usake anusAra AtmA eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI / samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA kahA gayA hai ki AtmA eka hai / anyatra use aneka ( bhI ) kahA gayA hai / TIkAkAroM ne isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA ki AtmA dravyApekSA se eka hai a paryAyApekSA se aneka; jaise sindhu kA jala na eka hai na aneka, vaha jalarAzi kI dRSTi se eka hai aura jala - binduoM kI dRSTi se aneka bhI / samasta jala - bindu apanA svatantra 1. vizeSAMvazyakabhASya, 1582. 2. sAMkhyakArikA, 18. 3. samavAyAMga, 111 sthAnAMga, 11. 4. bhagavatI sUtra, 21.

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228 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana astitva rakhate hue usa jalarAzi se abhinna hI haiN| usI prakAra ananta cetana AtmAe~ apanA svatantra astitva rakhate hue bhI apane cetanA svabhAva ke kAraNa eka cetana Atmadravya hI haiN| . mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna bar3e sundara DhaMga se TokAkAroM ke pahale hI kara diyA thaa| ve somila nAmaka brAhmaNa ko apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM, 'he somila / dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana rUpa do paryAyoM kI pradhAnatA se maiM do huuN| kabhI nyUnAdhika nahIM honevAle AtmapradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita huuN| tInoM kAloM meM badalate rahanevAle upayogasvabhAva ko dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN|2 isa prakAra mahAvIra jahA~ eka ora dravyadRSTi ( Substancial view ) se AtmA ke ekatva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora paryAyAthika dRSTi se eka hI jIvAtmA meM cetana paryAyoM ke pravAha ke rUpa se aneka vyaktitvoM ko saMkalpanA ko bhI svIkAra kara zaMkara ke advaitavAda aura bauddha kSaNika AtmavAda kI khAI ko pATane kI koziza karate haiN| isa prakAra jaina vicAraka AtmAoM meM gaNAtmaka antara nahIM mAnate haiM / lekina vicAra kI dizA meM kevala sAmAnya daSTi se kAma nahIM calatA, vizeSa daSTi kA bhI apanA sthAna hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM vicAra kI do daSTiyA~ haiM aura donoM kA apanA mahattva hai / mahAsAgara kI jalarAzi sAmAnya dRSTi se eka hai, lekina vizeSa dRSTi se vahI jalarAzi aneka jala-binduoM kA samUha pratIta hotI hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke viSaya meM hai / cetanA paryAyoM kI vizeSa daSTi se AtmAe~ aneka hai aura cetanA dravya kI dRSTi se AtmA eka hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra Atma dravya eka prakAra kA hai, lekina usameM ananta vaiyaktika AtmAoM kI sattA hai| itanA hI nahIM, pratyeka vaiyaktika AtmA bhI apanI parivartanazIla caittasika avasthAoM ke AdhAra para svayaM bhI eka sthira ikAI na hokara pravAhazIla ikAI hai| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA caritra yA vyaktitva parivartanazIla hai| vaha dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM meM badalatA rahatA hai, phira bhI vaha vahI rahatA hai / hamAre meM bhI aneka vyaktitva banate aura bigar3ate rahate haiM / phira bhI ve hamAre hI aMga haiM, isa AdhAra para hama unake lie uttaradAyI bane rahate haiM / isa prakAra jaina darzana abheda meM bheda, ekatva meM anekatva ko dhAraNA ko sthAna dekara naitikatA ke lie eka Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana aneka cittapravAhoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / vaha mAnatA hai ki isa jagat 1. samavAyAMgaTIkA, 111. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 158 / 10.

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA meM aneka cittadhArAe~ haiN| pratyeka vyaktitva eka svatantra cittapravAha hai / 'ka' ka, kara ka ka ke rUpa meM eka cittapravAha hai to 'kha' kha, kha2 kha kha ke rUpa meM dUsarA cittapravAha hai / jagat kA pratyeka prANI eka aisA hI cittapravAha hai| jaina darzana jinheM jIva kI paryAya avasthAoM kI dhArA kahatA hai, bauddha darzana use cittapravAha kahatA hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM pratyeka jIva alaga hai, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM pratyeka cittapravAha alaga hai / jaise bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM AlayavijJAna hai vaise jaina darzana meM Atmadravya hai; yadyapi ina sabameM rahe hue tAttvika antara ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA meM jIvAtmAoM kI anekatA svIkRta hai, lekina unheM paramAtmA kA aMza mAnA gayA hai| isa artha meM tAttvika AtmA ko eka hI mAnA hai / 2 phira bhI sAdhAraNa artha meM jIvAtmAoM kI anekatA aura unake svatantra vyaktitvoM kI dhAraNA gItA meM svIkRta hai| zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki vAstava meM na to aisA hI hai ki maiM kisI kAla meM nahIM thA athavA tU nahIM thA athavA ye sabhI rAjA loga nahIM the, aura na aisA hI hai ki isase Age hama saba nahIM rheNge| isase spaSTatayA yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki gItA aneka svatantra vyaktitvoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| sAMkhya dArzanikoM ne bhI AtmA kI anekatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne anekatA ke lie tIna tarka diye haiM-(1) janma, mRtyu, indriyoM evaM zarIroM kI vibhinnatA (2) pratyeka vyakti kI bhinna-bhinna pravRttiyA~ ( kriyAkalApa ) aura ( 3 ) vyaktiyoM ke svabhAvoM kI bhinnatA jo unameM sattva, raja aura tama kI asamAnatA ke kAraNa hotI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM kevala advaita vedAnta tathA cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara sabhI ne pratyeka prANI kI AtmA kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vastutaH naitika jIvana ke lie vyaktitva kI svatantra sattA Avazyaka hai| hAphaDiMga likhate haiM ki naitika jIvana vyaktigata jIvana hai| naitika Adarza kI prApti vyakti apane vyaktigata jIvana meM karatA hai / agara vyakti kA yA usakI naitika AtmA kA paramAtmA meM vilaya ho jAya to usake naitika jIvana kA anta ho jaayegaa| naitika jIvana hamezA vyaktigata hotA hai| usakA na prakRti meM vilaya ho sakatA hai aura na paramAtmA meN| isa prakAra naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke lie aneka AtmAoM ( vyaktitvoM) kI dhAraNA hI eka tarkasaMgata siddhAnta ho sakatA hai| 1. gotA, 15 / 7. 2. vahI, 66,13130-31. 3. vahI, 2 / 12. 4. sAMkhyakArikA, 18. 5. pazci mI darzana, pR0 216.

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20 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 12. AtmA ke bheda jaina darzana aneka AtmAoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha pratyeka AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para usake bheda karatA hai / jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna pakSoM kI apekSA se AtmA ke ATha bheda kiye gaye haiM 1. dravyAtmA-AtmA kA tAttvika svarUpa / 2. kaSAyAtmA-krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM yA manovegoM se yukta cetanA kI avasthA / 3. yogAtmA-zarIra se yukta hone para cetanA kI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM kI avasthA / 4. upayogAtmA-AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka aura anubhUtyAtmaka zaktiyA~ / yaha AtmA kA cetanAtmaka vyApAra hai / 5. jJAnAtmA-cetanA kI viveka aura tarka kI zakti / 6. darzanAtmA-cetanA kI bhAvAtmaka avasthA / 7. cAritrAtmA-cetanA kI saMkalpAtmaka zakti / 8. vIryAtmA-cetanA kI kriyAtmaka zakti / uparyukta ATha prakAroM meM dravyAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA aura darzanAtmA ye cAra tAttvika AtmA ke svarUpa ke hI dyotaka haiM, zeSa cAra kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, cAritrAtmA aura vIryAtmA ye cAroM AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita svarUpa ke nidarzaka haiN| tAttvika AtmA dravya kI apekSA se nitya hotI hai yadyapi usameM jJAnAdi kI paryAyeM hotI rahatI haiN| anubhavAdhArita AtmA cetanA kI zarIra se yukta avasthA hai| yaha parivartanazIla evaM vikArayukta hotI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA prazna bhI isI anubhavAdhArita AtmA se sambandhita hai / vibhinna darzanoM meM Atma-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM jo pArasparika virodha dikhAI detA hai, vaha AtmA ke ina do pakSoM meM kisI pakSavizeSa para bala dene ke kAraNa hotA hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM bauddha darzana ne AtmA ke anubhavAdhArita pakSa para adhika bala diyA, jabaki sAMkhya aura zAMkara vedAnta ne AtmA ke tAttvika svarUpa para hI apanI dRSTi kendrita kii| jaina darzana donoM ho pakSoM ko svIkAra kara unake bIca samanvaya kA kArya karatA hai / naitika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se kaha sakate haiM ki yaha anubhavAdhArita yA vyAvahArika AtmA naitika sAdhaka hai aura anubhavAtIta zuddha dravyAtmA naitika sAdhya hai| viveka-kSamatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bheda viveka-kSamatA kI dRSTi se AtmAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai-(1) samanaska, 1. bhagavatIsatra, 12 / 10 / 467.

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AtmA kA svarUpa aura naitikatA 231 (2) amanaska / samanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM jinheM viveka-kSamatA yukta mana upalabdha hai aura amanaska AtmAe~ ve haiM jinheM aisA viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka naitika jIvana ke kSetra kA prazna hai, samanaska AtmAe~ hI naitika AcaraNa kara sakatI haiM aura ve hI naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi kara sakatI haiM, kyoMki viveka-kSamatA se yukta mana kI upalabdhi hone para hI AtmA meM zubhAzubha kA viveka karane kI kSamatA hotI hai, sAtha hI isI vivekabuddhi ke AdhAra para ve vAsanAoM kA saMyamana bhI kara sakatI haiM / jina AtmAoM meM aisI viveka-kSamatA kA abhAva hai, unameM saMyama kI kSamatA kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isalie ve naitika pragati bhI nahIM kara sktiiN| naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA meM viveka aura saMyama donoM kA honA Avazyaka hai aura vaha kevala paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI unhIM meM sambhava hai jo samanaska haiM / yahA~ jaivika AdhAra para bhI AtmA ke vargIkaraNa para vicAra apekSita hai, kyoMki jaina dharma kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bahuta kucha usI para nirbhara hai| jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina darzana ke anusAra jaivika AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa nimna tAlikA se spaSTa ho sakatA hai __ jIva trasa sthAvara paMcendriya caturindriya trIndriya dvIndriya pRthvIkAya apakAya tejaskAya vAyukAya vanaspatikAya jaivika dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM dasa prANa-zaktiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM / sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM meM cAra zaktiyA~ hotI haiM-(1) sparza-anubhava zakti, (2) zArIrika zakti, (3) jIvana ( Ayu ) zakti aura (4) zvasana zakti / dvIndriya jIvoM meM ina cAra zaktiyoM ke atirikta svAda aura vANI kI zakti bhI hotI hai| trIndriya jIvoM meM ina chaH zaktiyoM sAtha hI gandhagrahaNa kI kSamatA bhI hotI hai| caturindriya jIvoM meM ina sAta zaktiyoM ke atirikta dekhane kI sAmarthya bhI hotI hai / paMcendriya amanaska jIvoM meM ina ATha zaktiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zravaNa-zakti bhI hotI hai| aura samanaska paMcendriya jIvoM meM inake atirikta manaHzakti bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM kula dasa jaivika zaktiyA~ yA prANa-zaktiyAM mAnI gayI haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpatva aura bahutva Adi kA vicAra inhIM jaivika zaktiyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai / jitanI adhika prANa-zaktiyoM se yukta prANI kI hiMsA kI jAtI hai, vaha utanI hI bhayaMkara samajhI jAtI hai|

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke mAcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina paramparA meM gatiyoM ke AdhAra para jIva cAra prakAra ke mAne gae haiM-(1) deva, ( 2 ) manuSya, (3) pazu ( tiryaJca ) aura ( 4 ) nAraka / jahAM taka zakti aura kSamatA kA prazna hai deva kA sthAna manuSya se U~cA mAnA gayA hai| lekina jahA~ taka naitika sAdhanA kI bAta hai jaina paramparA manuSyajanma ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnatI hai| usake anusAra mAnavajIvana hI aisA jIvana hai jisase mukti yA naitika pUrNatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI siddha ho sakatA hai, anya koI nhiiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI uparyukta cAroM jAtiyA~ svIkRta rahI haiM lekina unameM deva aura manuSya donoM meM hI mukta hone kI kSamatA ko mAna liyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra eka deva binA mAnava janma grahaNa kiye devagati se hI nirvANa lAbha kara sakatA hai, jabaki jaina paramparA ke anusAra kevala manuSya hI nirvANa kA adhikArI hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA mAnavajanma ko carama mUlyavAna banA detI hai| isa prakAra AtmA ke svarUpa kA naitika dRSTi se vivecana karane ke pazcAt agale adhyAya meM hama AtmA kI amaratA kI naitika mAnyatA ke sambandha meM vicAra karane kA prayatna kreNge|

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AtmA ko amaratA 235 237 238 240 244 247 247 1. anitya AtmavAda __ekAnta anitya AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA 236 / 2. nitya-AtmavAda ___ekAnta nitya-AtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 238 / 3. jaina dRSTikoNa 4. bauddha dRSTikoNa buddha ke AtmavAda ke sambandha meM do galata dRSTikoNa 241 / 5. bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa anAtma (anatta) kA artha 244 / AtmA (attA) kA artha 245 / anitya kA artha 245 / avyAkRta kA samyak artha 245 / buddha mauna kyoM rahe ? 245 / 6. jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa kI tulanA 7. gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA 247 / 8. AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma 9. karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma 10. IsAI aura islAma dharmoM kA dRSTikoNa 11. ukta dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 12. vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM ke lie vaMzAnukrama kA tarka evaM usakA uttara. 13. pUrvajanmoM kI smRti ke abhAva kA tarka evaM usakA uttara jaina dRSTikoNa 251 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 252 / kyA bauddha anAtmavAda punarjanma kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai ? 252 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 253 / niSkarSa 254 / 14. pAzcAtya darzana meM AtmA kI amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana dArzanika yuktiyA~ 255 / vaijJAnika yukti 255 | naitika yuktiyA~ 256 / (a) jJAna kI pUrNatA ke lie 256 / (ba) naitika Adarza kI pUrNatA yA caritra ke lie pUrNa vikAsa ke lie 256 / (sa) mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie 256 / (da) zubhAzubha ke phala-bhoga ke lie 257 / 248 248 248 250 250 - 233 -

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AtmA kI amaratA AtmA kI amaratA kA prazna naitikatA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka kAMTa AtmA kI amaratA ko naitika jIvana kI saMgata vyAkhyA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM ke prAcIna yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai / usa yuga meM yaha prazna AtmA kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke rUpa meM athavA zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM bahucita rahA hai| vastutaH Atma-astitva ko lekara dArzanikoM meM itanA vivAda nahIM hai, vivAda kA viSaya hai-AtmA kI nityatA aura anitytaa| yaha viSaya tattvajJAna kI apekSA bhI naitika darzana se adhika sambandhita hai / jaina vicArakoM ne naitika vyavasthA ko pramukha mAnakara usake AdhAra para hI AtmA kI nityatA aura anityatA kI samasyA kA hala khojane kI koziza kii| ataH yaha dekhanA bhI upayogI hogA ki AtmA ko nitya athavA anitya mAnane para naitika dRSTi se kauna-sI kaThinAiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| 61. anitya AtmavAda anitya AtmavAda ko bhUtAtmavAda, dehAtmavAda aura ucchedavAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / cArvAka darzana aura ajitakezakambala isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate haiM / inake anusAra AtmA svatantra tattva nahIM hai, varan usakI utpatti bhUtoM ke yoga se hotI hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM isa siddhAnta kA ullekha isa rUpa meM milatA hai ki 'kucha logoM ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAza ye pAMca mahAbhUta haiN| ina paMca mahAbhUtoM ke yoga se AtmA utpanna hotI hai aura inakA vinAza ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM yahI bAta ina zabdoM meM hai, 'zarIra meM jIva svataH utpanna hotA hai aura zarIra naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA hai, bAda meM nahIM rahatA hai / 2 bauddhAgamoM meM prastuta ajitakezakambala kI vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai| jaba maratA hai ( zarIra kI ) pRthvI-pRthvI meM, pAnI-pAnI meM, agni-agni meM aura vAyuvAyu meM mila jAte haiM-bhUrkha ho cAhe paNDita, zarIra chor3ane para sabhI ucchinna ho jAte haiN| 1. satrakRtAMga, 111:7-8. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 18. 3. dIghanikAya, sAmaNNaphalasutta.

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236 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ekAnta anitya AtmavAda kI naitika samIkSA . naitika darzana kI daSTi se tarka kI kasauTI para anitya AtmavAda ke prati nimna AkSepa prastuta kiye jA sakate haiM 1. aneka azubha kRtyoM kA phala isa jIvana meM nahIM mila pAtA hai| yadi AtmA deha ke sAtha naSTa ho jAtA hai to phira avazeSa kRtyoM kA phala milanA sambhava nahIM hogaa| yadi sabhI zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala nahIM mila pAtA hai to naitika avyavasthA utpanna hogii| dUsare, yadi zubhAzubha kI phalaprApti kA AkarSaNa aura bhaya sAmAnya vyakti ko nahIM ho to vaha na to zubhAcaraNa kI ora prerita hogA, na azubhAcaraNa se vimukha hogaa| sampUrNa zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala prApta hotA hai, karmavAda ke isa siddhAnta ko lakSya meM rakhakara hameM AtmA kI nityatA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI hai| usake AdhAra para karmavipAka evaM karmaphala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| - 2. vAsanAoM aura kartavya ke saMgharSa para vijaya prApta karanA hI naitikatA hai| parantu yaha kArya itanA kaThina hai ki eka sImita jIvana meM use pUrNa karanA sambhava nahIM hai / anitya AtmavAda ko mAnane para dUsare jIvana kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM rahegI aura naitikatA ke dhyeya ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA skegaa| 3. saMsAra meM aneka vyaktiyoM ko janma se hI mAnasika, zArIrika evaM bhautika upalabdhiyA~ evaM vikAsa ke avasara prApta hote haiM, jaba ki anekoM ko prayAsa karane para bhI saphalatA nahIM mila paatii| yaha saba upalabdhi yA anupalabdhi mAtra vartamAna jIvana kA to kAraNa nahIM ho sktii| yadi yaha akAraNa hai, to jagat meM kAraNa niyama kI sArvabhaumikatA nahIM hogI aura yadi sakAraNa hai to dehAtmavAda athavA anityAtmavAda ke AdhAra para usakA kAraNa nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| 4. dehAtmavAda mAnane para zarIra kI sabhI upAdhiyA~ AtmA kI upAdhiyA~ hoMgI aura taba zArIrika vAsanAoM kI pUrti ko hI naitika mAnanA par3egA tathA kisI bhI ucca naitika siddhAnta kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hogii| 5. zarIra hI AtmA hai, aisA mAnane para zArIrika zaktiyAM hI vyavahAra ko preraka hoMgI aura naitikatA meM niyativAda A jAyegA, svatantra cayana kA abhAva rahegA aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA koI mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM rhegaa| 6. anitya AtmavAda meM jIva kI utpatti mAnanI hogI / aura jahA~ jIva kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai vahA~ na to bandhana kA koI samacita kAraNa hotA hai aura na mukti kA koI artha / ataH anityAtmavAda meM naitika dRSTi se bandhana aura mukti kI koI vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| 7. anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNyasaMcaya tathA paropakAra, dAna Adi naitika AdezoM ke paripAlana ke prati koI AkarSaNa nahIM rahatA hai|

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AtmA kI amaratA 8. anitya-AtmavAda kI sthiti meM naitika sAdhanA kA koI artha nhiiN| naitika sAdhanA kA Adarza jisa paramArtha kI upalabdhi hai, usake lie anitya AtmavAda meM koI sthAna nhiiN| ina kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa anitya AtmavAda kA naitikatA meM koI sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| pAzcAtya cintaka kAMTa ne bhI vyAvahArika buddhi kI apekSA se naitika jIvana ke lie AtmA kI amaratA ke vicAra kA samarthana kiyA hai / unake anusAra, prathamataH zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala milanA Avazyaka hai aura cU~ki vaha isa janma meM hI pUrI taraha se sampanna nahIM ho pAtA, ataH vaha agale janma kI anivAryatA ko sUcita karatA hai| dUsare, naitika vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI AtmA kI amaratA Avazyaka hai / kAMTa likhate haiM ki saMsAra meM niHzreyas kI upalabdhi nIti-nidhArya icchA kA Avazyaka viSaya hai, kintu isa icchA meM naitika niyama se mana kI pUrNa anurUpatA niHzreyas kI sabase bar3I zarta hai| isa anurUpatA ko koI bhI vivekazIla manuSya jIvana bhara meM bhI nahIM prApta kara sktaa| yaha ananta pragati kevala isa mAnyatA para sambhava hai ki manuSya ke vyaktitva aura astitva kI sthiratA ananta hai arthAt AtmA amara hai| niHzreyas kI siddhi isa prakAra AtmA kI amaratA kI mAnyatA para nirbhara hai| astu, AtmA kI amaratA naitika niyama se anivAryataH sambaddha hone ke kAraNa naitikatA kI eka mAnyatA hai|' jaina darzana ne bhI manovaijJAnika evaM naitika AdhAroM para AtmA kI anityatA kA khaNDana aura nityatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI AtmA yadi anitya ho, to smRti, pratyabhijJA Adi sambhava nhiiN| sAtha hI, yaha bhI bodha nahIM ho sakatA ki maiM vahI hU~ jo kabhI baccA thA aura Aja bar3A ho gayA huuN| naitika dRSTi se prathamataH yadi AtmA nitya na ho to naitika vyavasthA Tika nahIM sktii| kRtapraNAza aura akRtAbhyupagama ke doSa hoNge| arthAt kRtakarmoM kA phala nahIM mila sakegA aura akRtakarmoM kA phala bhoganA hogA aura mokSa (bhavapramokSa ) kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyegA, kyoMki koI sthAyI jIva hai hI nahIM, to mokSa phira kisakA ho sakatA hai ? isa prakAra naitika dRSTi se AtmA kI nityatA kI mAnyatA apekSita hai| 62. nitya-AtmavAda nitya-AtmavAda ke anusAra AtmA anAdi evaM zAzvata hai| naitika dRSTi se nityaAtmavAda zubhAzubha kRtyoM ke phala ke lie maraNottara jIvana ko svIkAra karatA hai| yadyapi maraNottara jIvana kI dhAraNA meM jahA~ bhAratIya vicAraka punarjanma ko svIkAra kara naitika vikAsa ke lie vibhinna avasaroM kI sambhAvanA ko mAnate haiM, vahIM IsAI 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 50-51. 2. anyayogavyavacchedikA, 18..

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238 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura islAma dharma punarjanma nahIM mAnate haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka AtmA kI nityatA evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko nahIM maantaa| bauddha darzana bhI nitya-AtmavAda ko nahIM mAnatA, lekina punarjanma mAnatA hai| zeSa sabhI darzana nitya-AtmavAda evaM punarjanma ko svIkAra karate hai / upaniSad, vedAnta, sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka sabhI kA AtmA kI nityatA meM vizvAsa hai / gItA meM bhI AtmA ko aja, zAzvata evaM nitya kahA gayA hai / jaina darzana ne bhI tattva-dRSTi se AtmA ko nitya mAnA hai / ekAnta nitya-AtmavAda kI naitika kaThinAI 1. AtmA kI nityatA kA vicAra bhI eka AtmAsakti hai, isalie tRSNA hI hai| jahA~ AtmA ko nitya mAnA jAtA hai, vahA~ usase 'merA' AtmA aisA lagAva utpanna ho jAtA hai / yaha rAga hai aura bandhana kA kAraNa hai / pUrNa nirveda ke lie sabhI padArthoM ko aura unake sambandhoM ko anitya rUpa meM dekhanA hogA, cAhe vaha AtmA hI ho / yadi unheM nitya mAnA gayA to pUrNa virAga nahIM ho sakatA / isa prakAra AtmA kI nityatA kI dhAraNA bhI AtmAsakti hai jo naitika sAdhanA ke lie anucita hai| 2. yadi AtmA kI dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA aura usameM honevAle utpAda-vyaya ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA to AtmA kI paryAyAvasthAe~ nahIM hoMgI aura paryAyAvasthAoM ke abhAva meM kisI bhI prakAra kA sthityantara sambhava nahIM hogaa| phira bandha-mokSa, puNya-pApa Adi avasthAe~ AtmA para lAgU nahIM hoMgI / isa prakAra ekAntanityatA kI mAnyatA meM ve sabhI doSa uTha khar3e hoMge jo apariNAmI AtmavAda ke haiM / 33. jaina dRSTikoNa ___ jaina vicArakoM ne naitika vicAraNA tathA saMsAra aura mokSa kI upapatti ke lie na to nitya-AtmavAda ko upayukta samajhA aura na anitya-AtmavAda ko; ekAnta nityavAda aura ekAnta anityavAda donoM hI sadoSa haiN| AcArya hemacandra donoM ko naitika darzana kI dRSTi se anupayukta batAte hue likhate haiM, yadi AtmA ko ekAnta nitya mAneM to isakA artha hogA ki AtmA meM avasthAntara athavA sthityantara nahIM hotaa| yadi ise mAna liyA jAye to sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha Adi bhinna-bhinna avasthAeM AtmA meM ghaTita nahIM hoNgii| phira sthityantara yA bhinna-bhinna pariNAmoM, zubhAzubha bhAvoM kI zakyatA na hone se puNya-pApa kI vibhinna vRttiyA~ evaM pravRttiyA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hoMgI, na bandhana aura mokSa kI upapatti kI jA skegii| ekAnta rUpa se AtmA ko anitya yA kSaNika mAnane para bhI satkarma aura duSkarma ke vipAka ke phalasvarUpa honevAle sukhaduHkha kA bhoga, puNya-pApa tathA bandhana aura mokSa kI upapatti sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki vahA~ eka kSaNa ke paryAya meM jo kArya kiyA thA, usakA phala dUsare kSaNa ke paryAya ko milegA, kyoMki vahA~ una satat parivartanazIla paryAyoM ke madhya koI anusyUta eka sthAyI tattva (dravya ) nahIM hai, ataH yaha kahA jA sakegA ki jisane kiyA thA use phala nahIM

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AtmA kI amaratA 239 7 milA aura jisane nahIM kiyA thA use milA, arthAt naitika karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se akRtAgama aura kRtapraNAza kA doSa hogA / ataH AtmA ko nitya mAnakara bhI satata parivartanazIla ( anitya ) mAnA jAye to usameM zubhAzubha Adi vibhinna bhAvoM kI sthiti mAnane ke sAtha hI usake phaloM kA bhavAntara meM bhoga bhI sambhava ho sakegA / isa prakAra jaina darzana sApekSa rUpa se AtmA ko nitya aura anitya donoM svIkAra karatA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA amUrta hone ke kAraNa nitya hai / ra bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI jIva ko anAdi, anidhana, avinAzI, akSaya, dhruva aura nitya kahA gayA hai / 3 lekina ina saba sthAnoM para nityatA kA artha pariNAmI nityatA hI samajhanA cAhie / bhagavatI sUtra evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM mahAvIra ne gautama ke prazna kA uttara dete hue AtmA ko zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM kahA hai / "bhagavan ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ?" " gautama ! jIva zAzvata ( nitya ) bhI hai aura azAzvata ( anitya ) bhI / " "bhagavan ! yaha kaise kahA gayA ki jIva nitya bhI hai, anitya bhI ?" " gautama ! dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai, bhAva kI apekSA se anitya / 4 AtmA dravya ( sattA ) kI apekSA se nitya hai arthAt AtmA na to kabhI anAtma ( jar3a ) se utpanna hotA hai aura na kisI bhI avasthA meM apane cetanA lakSaNa ko chor3akara jar3a banatA hai / isI dRSTi se use nitya kahA jAtA hai / lekina AtmA kI mAnasika avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, ataH isa apekSA se use anitya kahA gayA hai / Adhunika darzana kI bhASA meM jaina darzana ke anusAra tAttvika AtmA nitya hai aura anubhavAdhArita AtmA anitya hai jisa prakAra svarNAbhUSaNa svarNa kI dRSTi se nitya aura AbhUSaNa kI dRSTi se anitya hai, usI prakAra AtmA Atmatattva kI dRSTi se nitya aura vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI dRSTi se anitya hai / / jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM mahAvIra ne apane isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anitya / mahAvora kahate haiM, 'he jamAlI, jIva zAzvata hai / tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM hai jaba yaha jIva ( AtmA ) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogA / isI apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai / he jamAlI, jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMki nAraka marakara tiryaMca hotA hai, tiyaMca marakara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya marakara deva hotA hai / isa prakAra ina nAnAvasthAoM ko prApta karane ke kAraNa use 1. vItarAgastotra, 82-3. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 16, 3. bhagavatIsUtra, ha|6|3 | 87. 4. vahI, 7 2 273. 15

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240 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana anitya kahA jAtA / ' naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se AtmA ko nityAnitya ( pariNAmInitya ) mAnanA hI samucita hai / naitikatA kI dhAraNA meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai, usakA nirAkaraNa kevala pariNAmInitya AtmavAda meM hI sambhava hai| naitikatA kA virodhAbhAsa yaha hai ki jahA~ naitikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa Atmatattva kI vivakSA hai use nitya, zAzvata, aparivartanazIla, sadaiva samarUpa meM sthita, nirvikAra honA cAhie anyathA punaH bandhana evaM patana kI sambhAvanAe~ uTha khar3I hoMgI, vahIM dUsarI ora naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jisa Atmatattva kI vivakSA hai use kartA, bhoktA, vedaka evaM parivartanazIla honA cAhie anyathA karma aura unake pratiphala aura pAdhanA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI taratamatA kI upapatti nahIM hogii| jaina vicArakoM ne isa virodhAbhAsa kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathamataH unhoMne kAnta nityAtmavAda aura anityAtmavAda ke doSoM ko spaSTa kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA, phira yaha batAyA hai ki virodhAbhAsa to taba hotA hai jaba nityatA aura anityatA ko eka hI dRSTi se mAnA jAya / lekina jaba vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nityatA aura anityatA kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to usameM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM rahatA hai / jaina darzana AtmA ko paryAyAthika dRSTi ( vyavahAranaya ) kI apekSA se anitya mAnakara tathA dravyAthika dRSTi ( nizcayanaya ) kI apekSA se nitya mAnakara apanI AtmA sambandhI dhAraNA ko naitika darzana ke anukUla siddha karatA hai| $ 4. bauddha dRSTikoNa bhagavAn buddha bhI AtmA kI zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI dhAraNAoM ko naitika evaM sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi se anucita mAnate haiN| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha ne AtmA ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI donoM prakAra kI dhAraNAoM ko mithyAdRSTi kahA hai| ve kahate haiM, "rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA Adi ke svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hone para aisI mithyAdRSTi utpanna hotI hai-maiM marakara nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, avipariNAmadharmA hoU~gA / athavA aisI mithyAdRSTi utpanna hotI hai ki sabhI ucchinna ho jAte haiM, lupta ho jAte haiM, marane ke bAda nahIM rhte|"2 buddha kI dRSTi meM yadi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vahI aparivartiSNu AtmA marakara punarjanma letI hai to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA hai aura yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki mAtA-pitA ke saMyoga se cAra mahAbhUtoM se AtmA utpanna hotI hai aura isalie zarIra ke naSTa hote hI AtmA bhI ucchinna, vinaSTa aura vilupta hotI hai to yaha ucchedavAda hai / acelakAzyapa ko buddha ne savistAra yaha spaSTa kara diyA thA ki ve zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda, ina do antoM ( aikAntika mAnyatAoM ) ko chor3akara satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiN| buddha sadaiva hI isa sambandha meM satarka rahe haiM ki unakA koI 1. bhagavatIsatra, 6 / 6 / 387; 1 / 4 / 42. 2. sNyuttnikaay,23||1||3-5. 3. Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pR047. saMyuttanikAya, 12 / 2 / 7.

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AtmA kI amaratA 241 zAnti nahIM bhI kathana aisA na ho jisakA artha zAzvatavAda athavA ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM lagAyA jA ske| isalie buddha ne duHkha svakRta hai yA parakRta, jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai yA jIva vahI hai jo zarIra hai, tathAgata kA marane ke bAda kyA hotA hai ? Adi praznoM kA nizcita uttara na dekara unheM avyAkRta btaayaa| kyoMki ina praznoM kA hA~ yA nA meM aikAntika uttara dene para zAzvatavAda yA ucchedavAda meM kisI eka vicAra kA anusaraNa hotA hai / buddha AtmA ke sambandha meM kisI bhI aikAntika dRSTikoNa ko asvI - kAra karate haiM / buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki 'maiM hU~' yaha galata vicAra hai, 'maiM nahIM hU~' yaha galata vicAra hai, 'maiM hoU~gA' yaha galata vicAra hai, aura 'maiM nahIM hoU~gA' yaha galata vicAra hai / ye galata vicAra roga hai, phor3e haiM, kA~Te haiM / buddha ne inheM roga, phor3e aura zalya isalie kahA ki isa prakAra ke vicAroM se mAnava mana ko mila sakatI / buddha yaha nahIM cAhate the ki manuSya yaha soce ki kahIM maiM mRtyu ke bAda vinaSTa to nahIM ho jAU~gA, kyoMki aisA socegA to use atyanta vedanA hogI / svayaM bhagavAn buddha ke zabdoM meM use Antarika azani - trAsa hogA / aise hogA jaise hRdaya para bijalI gira par3I ho - hA ! maiM ucchinna ho jAU~gA / hA ! maiM naSTa ho jAU~gA / hAya ! maiM nahIM rahU~gA ! isa prakAra ajJa puruSa zoka karatA hai, mUcchita hotA hai / " ucchedavAda mAnava ko zAnti pradAna nahIM kara sakatA / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ucchedavAda ko mAnane para durAcAroM kI ora pravRtti ho jAye, kyoMki durAcAroM kA pratiphala bhAvI janmoM meM milegA aisA vicAra bhI mAnava mana meM nahIM rahegA / isa prakAra eka ora anAvazyaka bhaya mAnava mana ko AkrAnta kareMge, dUsarI ora anaitika jIvana kI ora pravRtti hogI / buddha yaha bhI nahIM cAhate the ki manuSya yaha soce ki marakara maiM to nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, nirvikAra hoU~gA aura ananta varSoM taka vaise hI sthita rahU~gA; kyoMki unakI dRSTi meM aisA vicAra Asaktivardhaka hai / AtmA ko zAzvata mAnane para manuSya yaha vicAra karane lagatA hai ki maiM vigata janma meM kyA thA, kauna merA thA, maiM bhaviSya meM kyA hoU~gA / buddha kI dRSTi meM ye vicAra bhI citta ke virAga ke lie nahIM hote, ulTe inase Asakti bar3hatI hai, rAga aura dveSa utpanna hote haiM / buddha ke zabdoM meM ye vicAra amanasikaraNoyadharmaM ( ayogya vicAra ) haiM / isa prakAra buddha sAdhaka ko AtmA ke sambandha meM ucchedavAda aura zAzvatavAda kI mithyA dhAraNAoM se bacane kA hI sandeza dete haiM / lekina Akhira buddha kA AtmA ke sambandha meM kyA dRSTikoNa hai, ise bhI to jAnanA hogA / yadi buddha ke Atma- siddhAnta ke bAre meM kucha kahanA hai to use azAzvatAnucchedavAda hI kaha sakate haiM / buddha ke AtmavAda ke sambandha meM vo galata dRSTikoNa yadyapi buddha ne AtmA ke sambandha meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda kI aikAntika 1. majjhimanikAya, 1/3/2. 2. vaDhI 111 / 2.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana dhAraNAoM kA virodha kiyA, phira bhI unake anitya, anAtma, avyAkRta tathA mauna ko samyak rUpa se samajhe binA vicArakoM ne unheM kisI eka ati kI ora le jAne kA prayatna kiyaa| eka ora prAcIna evaM madhya yuga ke bauddha darzana ke sabhI dArzanika AlocakagaNa tathA sampratiyuga ke bauddha darzana ke marmajJa vidvAn paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana haiM, to dUsarI ora sampratiyuga ke rAyaz2aDeviDsa, ku0 AI0 bI0 hArnara, bhAnanda ke0 kumArasvAmI aura DA0 rAdhAkRSNan jaise manISI haiN| prathama varga buddha ke anitya, kSaNika aura anAtma para adhika bala dekara unakA artha ucchedavAdI dRSTikoNa se karatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha darzana ke ina dArzanika AlocakoM ne usapara kRtapraNAza, akRtabhoga, smRtibhaMga aura pramokSabhaMga ke doSa lagAkara usako dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko naitika darzana ke pratikUla siddha kiyaa| yaha isalie huA ki bauddha darzana kA yaha Alocaka varga kevala AlocanA ke uddezya se buddha ke mantavyoM kA artha lagAnA cAhatA thA tAki bauddha darzana ko tarka kI dRSTi se nirbala, avyAvahArika tathA naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA karane meM asaphala siddha kara ske| ina vicArakoM meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza evaM doSadarzanabuddhi kA prAdhAnya thaa| paM0 rAhulajo bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI vyAkhyA meM ucchedavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthaka pratIta hote haiM / ve likhate haiM, "buddha kA anityavAda bhI dUsarA utpanna hotA hai dUsarA naSTa hotA hai-ke kahe ke anusAra kisI eka maulika tattva kA bAharI parivartana mAtra nahIM, balki eka kA bilakula nAza aura dUsare kA bilakula nayA utpAda hai| buddha kArya-kAraNa kI nirantara yA avicchinna santati ko nahIM mAnate / pratItyasamutpAda kArya-kAraNa niyama ko avicchinna nahIM vicchinna pravAha batalAtA hai / '' lekina yaha mAnane para bauddha darzana ko kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga ke doSoM se bacAyA nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare, yadi buddha kA mantavya yahI thA ki dUsarA utpanna hotA dUsarA vinaSTa hotA hai, to phira unheM ucchedavAda kA samarthana karane meM kauna-sA doSa pratIta huA? unhoMne acelakAzyapa ke sAmane yaha kyoM svIkAra nahIM kiyA ki sukha-duHkha kA bhoga svakRta nahIM hai ? phira isa AdhAra para buddha ke karma-siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA kaise hogI ? hamAre dRSTikoNa se buddha ke mantavyoM ko aisI vyAkhyA unake naitika AdarzoM ke anukUla siddha nahIM hogii| dUsare, yaha mAnanA ki pratItyasamutpAda kAryakAraNa niyama ko vicchinna pravAha batAtA hai, nitAnta asaMgata hai| pravAha sadaiva hI vicchinna nahIM, avicchinna hotA hai| yadi vicchinna hogA, to vaha pravAha hI nahIM raha jaaygaa| kAryakAraNa ke pratyaya sadaiva hI avicchinna ( abhinna ) hote haiN| yadi ve vicchinna haiM, eka-dUsare se pUrNa svatantra haiM, to phira unameM kArya-kAraNa ( santAna-santAnie ) kA sambandha kaise hogA? kArya-kAraNa yA pratItyasamutpAda kA niyama vastutaH parivartanazIlatA kA dyotaka hai, na ki uccheda 5. darzana digdarzana, pR0 514.

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AtmA kI amaratA kaa| sambhavataH rAhulajI aisI vyAkhyA isalie kara gaye tAki ve buddha ke darzana ko vartamAna bhautikavAdI caukhaTe meM phiTa kara skeN| dUsare varga ne buddha ke mauna, avyAkRta evaM piTaka granthoM ke kucha anya sandarbho ke AdhAra para buddha ke AtmA-sambandhI dRSTikoNa meM aupaniSadika AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / rAyaz2aDeviDsa, ku0 AI0 bI0 hArnara, Ananda ke0 kumArasvAmI evaM DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kA prayatna isI dizA meM rahA hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kA kathana hai upaniSadeM AtmA ke eka AvaraNa ke bAda dUsare AvaraNa ko dUra karatI huI anta meM saba vastuoM kI AdhArabhUmi taka pahu~catI haiN| isa prakriyA ke anta meM ve sArvabhauma vyApaka AtmA kI upalabdhi karatI haiM. jo ki ina saba sAnta vastuoM meM se eka bhI nahIM hai, yadyapi una sabakI AdhArabhUmi hai| buddha kA bhI vastutaH yahI mata hai, yadyapi nizcita rUpa se ve isako kahate nahIM haiN| kucha hArnara aura kumArasvAmI bhI likhate haiM ki buddha ke samasta siddhAntavAkyoM meM yaha kahIM bhI nahIM likhA milatA ki AtmA nahIM hai / yaha AtmA vyAvahArika AtmA ( jIvAtmA ) se, jisakA punaH-punaH kSaya hotA rahatA hai, bhinna hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki pratyakSa tathA apratyakSa donoM prakAra se AtmA kI pratiSThA hI kI gayI hai| bAra-bAra duharAye gaye kathana ki yaha merI AtmA nahIM hai, AtmA kI sthApanA ke sabala pramANa haiN| pratyeka bauddha se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha usa AtmA kA, jo usakI AtmA kI apekSA pradhAna hai, Adara kregaa| yaha pradhAna AtmA hI AtmA kA svAmI hai yA AtmA kA carama lakSya hai| buddha apane isa kathana meM ki maiMne AtmA kI zaraNa le lI hai, apanI zaraNa kI ora saMketa nahIM karate, varan ve isI 'AtmA' kI ora saMketa karate haiN| isI 'AtmA' kA varNana unake ina kathanoM meM bhI milatA hai-AtmA kI khoja karo ( attAnaM gaveseyyAtha ) AtmA ko apanA Azraya aura dIpaka banAo ( attasaraNa attdiip)| yahA~ para mahAn AtmA tathA laghu AtmA meM bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha nizcita hai ki buddha ne na to Izvara kI, na AtmA kI aura na zAzvata kI upekSA kI hai / lekina buddha-mantavyoM meM aupaniSadika AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa bhI anadhikAra ceSTA hI kahA jaayegaa| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM, 'hamArA vinamra mantavya hai ki ( isa uparyukta AkhyAna ke ) attAnaM gaveseyyAtha ( AtmA ko DhUMDho ) meM aupaniSada 'AtmA' ke upadeza ko dekhanA bekAra hai, cAhe bhale hI DA0 rAdhAkRSNan, kumArasvAmI aura AI0 bI0 hArnara ne isa prakAra kA anadhikArapUrNa prayatna kiyA ho / '3 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha darzana ke Atma-siddhAnta ko samajhane meM donoM hI dRSTikoNa ucita nahIM haiM / vastutaH ina bhrAntiyoM ke mUla meM jahA~ Agraha dRSTi hai vahIM bauddha sAhitya meM prayukta anAtma, 1. gautama di buddha, pR0 36-40. 2. gautama buddha, pR0 32-33. 3. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 456.

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244 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana anitya, avyAkRta, buddha ke mauna tathA AtmA zabda kI samyaka vyAkhyA kA abhAva bhI hai / ataH Avazyaka hai ki inake samyak artha ko samajhane kA thor3A prayAsa kiyA jaaye| 65. bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa anAtma ( anatta) kA artha ___ bauddha darzana meM 'attA' zabda kA artha hai merA, apanA / buddha jaba anAtma kA upadeza dete haiM to unakA tAtparya yaha hai ki isa Anubhavika jagat meM koI bhI padArtha aisA nahIM jise merA yA apanA kahA jA sake, kyoMki sabhI padArtha, sabhI rUpa, sabhI vedanA, sabhI saMskAra aura sabhI vijJAna ( caittasika anubhUtiyA~ ) hamArI icchAoM ke anurUpa nahIM. haiM, anitya haiM, duHkharUpa haiM / unake bAre meM yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve apane haiM, ataH ve anAtma ( apane nahIM ) haiM / buddha ke dvArA diyA gayA vaha anAtma kA upadeza hameM kundakunda ke una vacanoM kI yAda dilAtA hai jisameM unhoMne jJAtA ( AtmA) kA jJAna ke samasta viSayoM se vibheda batAyA hai| bauddha AgamoM meM ye hI mUlabhUta vicAra anAtmavAda ke upadeza ke rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| inakA yaha phalitArtha nahIM milatA hai ki AtmA nahIM hai| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya kA mantavya hai ki buddha kA eka bhI vacana sampUrNa pAli tripiTaka meM isa nivizeSa artha kA uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki AtmA nahIM hai / jahA~ unhoMne 'anAtmA' kahA, vahA~ paMca skandhoM kI apekSA se hI kahA hai, bAraha AyatanoM aura aThAraha dhAtuoM ke kSetra ko lekara hI kahA hai| isa prakAra buddha-vacanoM meM anAtma kA artha 'apanA nahIM' itanA hI hai| vaha sApekSa kathana hai / isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki 'AtmA nahIM hai' / buddha ne AtmA ko na zAzvata kahA, na azAzvata kahA, na yaha kahA ki AtmA hai, na yaha kahA ki AtmA nahIM hai| kevala rUpAdi paMcaskandhoM kA vizleSaNa kara yaha batA diyA ki inameM kahIM AtmA nahIM hai| bauddha darzana ke anAtmavAda ko usake AcAradarzana ke sandarbha meM hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| buddha ke AcAradarzana kA sArA bala tRSNA ke prahANa para hai / tRSNA na kevala sthUla padArthoM para hotI hai, varan sUkSma AdhyAtmika padArthoM para bhI ho sakatI hai| vaha astitva kI bhI ho sakatI hai ( bhavatRSNA) aura anastitva kI bhI (vibhvtRssnnaa)| ataH usa taSNA ke sabhI nivezanoM ( Azraya sthAnoM) ko ucchinna karane ke lie buddha ne anAtma kA upadeza diyaa| vastutaH anAtmavAda vinamratA kI Atyantika koTi, anAsakti kI uccatama avasthA aura AtmasaMyama kI ekamAtra kasauTI hai / isa anAtma kA upadeza unhoMne tRSNA ke prahANa evaM mamatva ke visarjana ke lie diyaa| yadi unheM anAtma kA artha 'AtmA nahIM' abhipreta hotA to ve ucchedavAda kA virodha hI kyoM karate ? buddha ne ucchedavAda ko asvIkAra kiyA hai, ataH bauddha mantavya meM anAtma kA artha 'AtmA nahIM hai' karanA anucita hai| 1. samayasAra, 390-402. 2. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 439-440.

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AtmA ko amaratA 245 mAtmA (attA) kA artha piTaka-sAhitya meM jahA~ anAtma ( anatta ) kA prayoga huA hai, vahIM usameM AtmA ( attA) zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai / buddha ne yaha bhI upadeza diyA hai ki AtmA kI zaraNa svIkAra karo ( attasaraNa ), AtmA ko hI apanA prakAza banAo ( attadIpa ); AtmA kI khoja karo (attAnaM gaveseyyAtha ) / isI AdhAra para Ananda ke0 kumArasvAmI, ku0 hArnara aura DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne bauddha darzana meM aupaniSadika AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / lekina yaha prayatna samyak nahIM hai| zrI upAdhyAya ke zabdo meM yaha anadhikArapUrNa prayatna hI hai / yahA~ buddha kisI pAramArthika avinAzI evaM akSaya AtmA kI zaraNa grahaNa karane yA khoja karane kI bAta nahIM kahate haiM / sampUrNa buddha vacanoM ke prakAza meM yahA~ AtmA zabda kA artha svayaM ( Self ) yA parivartanazIla sva hai / jisa prakAra anAtma kA artha 'apanA nahIM hai usI prakAra Atma kA artha 'apanA' yA 'svayaM' hai| anitya kA artha anitya kA artha vinAzazIla mAnA jAtA hai, lekina yadi anitya kA artha vinAzI kareMge to hama phira ucchedavAda kI ora hoNge| vastutaH anitya kA artha hai parivartanazIla / parivartana aura vinAza alaga-alaga haiM / vinAza meM abhAva ho jAtA hai, parivartana meM vaha punaH eka naye rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| jaise bIja paudhe ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, vinaSTa nahIM hotA / buddha sattva kI anityatA yA kSaNikatA kA upadeza dete haiM, to unakA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha vinaSTa ho jAne vAlA hai, varan yahI hai ki vaha parivartanazIla hai, vaha eka kSaNa bhI binA parivartana ke nahIM rahatA / bauddha darzana meM anitya aura kSaNika kA matalaba hai satat privrtnshiil| jaina darzana jise pariNAmI kahatA hai, use hI bauddha darzana meM anitya yA kSaNika kahA gayA hai / adhyAkRta kA samyak artha buddha ne jIva aura zarIra kI bhinnatA, tathAgata kI parinirvANa ke pazcAta kI sthiti Adi praznoM ko avyAkRta koTi meM rakhA hai| buddha kA avyAkRta kahane kA Azaya yahI hai ki asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM se sImita vyAvahArika bhASA use batA pAne meM asamartha hai / hA~ aura nA meM isakA koI uttara nahIM diyA jA sakatA / jaina darzana meM jo artha 'avaktavya' kA hai, vahI artha bauddha darzana meM 'avyAkRta' kA hai| yuddha mauna kyoM rahe? buddha ke mauna rahane kA artha yaha hai ki AtmA-sambandhI praznoM kA uttara hA~ aura nA meM nahIM diyA jA sakatA, ataH jahA~ kisI aikAntika mAnyatA meM jAne kI sambhAvanA ho vahA~ mauna rahanA hI adhika upayukta hai| buddha ne Ananda ke samakSa apane mauna kA kAraNa 1. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 456.

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246 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana spaSTa kara diyA thA ki ve yadi 'hA~' kahate to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA aura 'nA' kahate to ucchedavAda ho jaataa| 6. jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa ko tulanA __mahAvIra tathA buddha donoM hI AtmA ke sambandha meM ucchedavAdI evaM zAzvatavAdI aikAntika dRSTikoNoM ke virodhI haiN| donoM meM antara kevala yaha hai ki jahA~ mahAvIra vidheyAtmaka bhASA meM AtmA ko nityAnitya kahate haiM, vahA~ buddha niSedhAtmaka bhASA meM use anucchedAzAzvata kahate haiM / buddha jahA~ anitya AtmavAda aura nitya AtmavAda ke doSoM ko dikhAkara donoM dRSTikoNoM ko asvIkAra kara dete haiM, vahA~ mahAvIra una aikAntika mAnyatAoM ke apekSAmUlaka samanvaya ke AdhAra para unake doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karane kA prayatna karate haiN|' buddha ne AtmA ke parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala diyA aura isI AdhAra para use anitya bhI kahA aura yaha bhI batAyA ki isa parivartanazIla cetanA se svatantra koI AtmA nahIM hai yA kriyA se bhinna kAraka kI sattA nahIM hai / buddha avicchinna, parivartanazIla cetanA-pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina buddha kA yaha mantavya jaina vicAraNA se utanA adhika dUra nahIM hai jitanA ki samajhA jAtA hai / jaina vicAraNA dravya-AtmA kI zAzvatatA para bala dekara yaha samajhatI hai ki usakA mantavya bauddha vicAraNA kA virodhI hai, lekina jaina vicAraNA meM dravya kA svarUpa kyA hai ? yahI na ki jo guNa aura paryAya se yukta hai vaha dravya hai / jaina vicAraNA meM dravya paryAya se abhinna hI hai aura yadi isI abhinnatA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jAya ki kriyA ( paryAya ) se bhinna kartA ( dravya ) nahIM hai, to usameM kahA~ virodha raha jAtA hai ? dravya aura paryAya, ye AtmA ke sambandha meM do dRSTikoNa hai, do vivikta sattAeM nahIM haiN| unakI isa abhinnatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina darzana kA AtmA bhI sadaiva hI parivartanazIla hai / phira avicchinna cetanA-pravAha ( parivartanoM ko paramparA ) kI dRSTi se AtmA ko zAzvata mAnane meM bauddha darzana ko bhI koI bAdhA nahIM hai, kyoMki usake anusAra bhI pratyeka cetana dhArA kA pravAha banA rahatA hai / isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ke mantavya meM bhI cetanA-pravAha yA cetanA-paramparA kI dRSTi se AtmA nitya ( anuccheda ) hai aura parivartanazIlatA kI dRSTi se AtmA anitya ( azAzvata) hai| jaina paramparA meM dravyArthika naya kA Agamika nAma avyucchiti naya aura paryAyAthika naya kA vyucchiti naya bhI hai / hamArI sammati meM avyucchiti naya kA tAtparya hai pravAha yA paramparA ko apekSA se aura vyucchiti naya kA tAtparya hai avasthA-vizeSa kI apekSA se / yadi isa AdhAra para kahA jAye ki jaina darzana cetana-dhArA kI apekSA se ( avyucchiti naya se ) AtmA 1. mAdhyamikakArikA, 166, 18-10; tulanIya-padmanandi paMcaviMzatikA, 8.13. 2. guNa-paryAyavadvya m |-tttvaarth satra, 5 / 37.

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AtmA ko amaratA 247 ko nitya aura cetana avasthA-vizeSa ( vyucchiti naya ) kI dRSTi se AtmA ko anitya mAnatA hai to vaha apane ko bauddha darzana ke nikaTa hI khar3A pAtA hai| 67. gItA kA dRSTikoNa Atma kI nityatA ke prazna para gItA kA dRSTikoNa bilakula spaSTa hai| gItA meM AtmA ko spaSTarUpa se nitya kahA gayA hai| zrI kRSNa kahate haiM ki jIvAtmA ke ye sabhI zarIra nAzavAna kahe gaye haiM, lekina yaha jIvAtmA to avinAzI hai| na to yaha kabhI utpanna hotA hai aura na maratA hai| yaha ajanmA, nitya, zAzvata aura purAtana hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para bhI isakA nAza nahIM hotaa| vaha AtmA acchedya, adAhya, akledya, azoSya, nitya, sarvavyApaka, acala aura sanAtana hai| isa AtmA ko jo mAranevAlA samajhatA hai aura jo dUsarA ( koI ) isa AtmA ko deha ke nAza se maiM naSTa ho gayA-aise naSTa huA mAnatA hai-arthAt hananakriyA kA karma mAnatA hai, ve donoM hI ahaMpratyaya ke viSayabhUta AtmA ko aviveka ke kAraNa nahIM jAnate / yaha AtmA utpanna nahIM hotA aura maratA bhI nhiiN|' isa prakAra gItA AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA jaina darzana ke samAna gItA bhI tAttvika AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, gItA meM jIva kI vibhinna zArIrika evaM mAnasika avasthAoM kI anityatA kA saMketa bhI upalabdha hai| isa AdhAra para gItA kA mantavya bhI jaina dRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai / yadyapi gItA AtmA ke avinAzI svarUpa para hI adhika jora detI hai| ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahAM eka ora bauddha darzana AtmA ke anitya yA parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala detA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora gItA AtmA ke nitya yA zAzvata pakSa para adhika bala detI hai| jabaki jaina darzana donoM pakSoM para samAna bala dete hue unameM sundara samanvaya prastuta karatA hai / 68. AtmA ko amaratA aura punarjanma AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiM / jaba AtmA ko amara mAna liyA jAtA hai, to punarjanma bhI svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| gItA kahatI hai jisa prakAra manuSya vastroM ke jIrNa ho jAne para naye vastra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai / na kevala gotA meM, varan bauddha darzana meM bhI ise mAnA gayA hai / DA0 rAmAnanda 1. gItA, 2 / 18-20, 23-24; tulanA kareM-AcArAMga, 1 / 33. 2. vahI, 25 / 16. 3. bahI, 2 / 22; tulanA kareM-theragAthA, 1138688.

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28 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana tivArI punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki ekajanma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka kAla vizeSa meM Arambha hokara eka kAla vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu cirantana kA kAlika sambandha anyAya (tarkaviruddha) hai aura isa ( ekajanma ke ) siddhAnta se usakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai-punarjanma kA siddhAnta jIvana kI eka nyAyasaMgata aura naitika vyAkhyA denA cAhatA hai| ekajanma-siddhAnta ke anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgadeyoM ke bheda ko akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogaa| 9. karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma DA0 mohanalAla mehatA karmasiddhAnta ke AdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM, karmasiddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma-siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karmasiddhAnta arthazUnya hai|' AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM yadyapi punarjanma-siddhAnta aura karmasiddhAnta eka dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM vikasita kucha AcAradarzanoM ne karmasiddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI dArzanika nitze ne karmazakti aura punarjanma para jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve mahattvapUrNa haiM / ve likhate haiM, karma-zakti ke jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita haiM tathA kAla ananta haiN| isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke haiM vahI phira Age yathApUrva kabhI na kabhI avazya utpanna hote hI haiM / $10. IsAI aura islAma dharmo kA dRSTikoNa IsAI aura islAma AcAradarzana yaha to mAnate haiM ki vyakti apane naitika zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala anivArya rUpa se prApta karatA hai aura yadi vaha apane kRtyoM ke phaloM ko isa jIvana meM pUrNatayA nahIM bhoga pAtA hai to maraNa ke bAda unakA phala bhogatA hai, lekina phira bhI ve punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra, vyakti ko sRSTi ke anta meM apane kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke anusAra hamezA ke lie svarga yA kisI nizcita samaya ke lie naraka meM bheja diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ vyakti apane kRtyoM kA phala bhogatA rahatA hai| isa prakAra ve karmasiddhAnta ko mAnate hue bhI punajanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| $11. ukta dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA 1. jo vicAraNAeM karmasiddhAnta ko svIkAra karane para bhI punarjanma ko nahIM mAnatI haiM, ve isa tathya kI vyAkhyA karane meM samartha nahIM ho pAtI haiM ki vartamAna jIvana 1. zaMkara kA AcAradarzana, pR0 68. 2. jaina sAikAlaoNjI, pR0 173. 3. gItArahasya, pR0 268.

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6 AtmA kI amaratA 249 meM jo naisargika vaiSamya hai usakA kAraNa kyA hai ? kyoM eka prANI sampanna evaM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai athavA janmanA aindrika evaM bauddhika kSamatA se yukta hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA daridra evaM hIna kula meM janma letA hai aura janmanA honendriya evaM bauddhika dRSTi se pichar3A huA hotA hai ? kyoM eka prANI ko manuSya zarIra milatA hai aura dUsare ko pazu zarIra milatA hai ? yadi isakA kAraNa IzvarecchA hai to Izvara anyAyI siddha hotA hai / dUsare, vyakti ko apanI akSamatAoM aura unake kAraNa utpanna anaitika kRtyoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakegA / khAnAbadoza jAtiyoM meM janma lene vAlA bAlaka saMskAravaza jo anaitika AcaraNa kA mArga apanAtA hai, usakA uttaradAyittva kisa para hogA ? vaiyaktika vibhinnatAe~ IzvarecchA kA pariNAma nahIM, varan vyakti ke apane hI kRtyoM kA pariNAma haiN| vartamAna jIvana meM jo bhI kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA use anupalabdha hai aura jinake phalasvarUpa use naitika vikAsa kA avasara prApta nahIM hotA hai unakA kAraNa bhI vaha svayaM hI hai aura usakA uttaradAyitva bhI usI para hai / 2. naitika vikAsa kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, varan usake poche janma-janmAntara kI sAdhanA hotI hai / punarjanma kA siddhAnta prANI ko naitika vikAsa ke hetu ananta avasara pradAna karatA hai / breDale naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ko ananta prakriyA mAnate haiM yadi naitikatA AtmapUrNatA evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra kI dizA meM satat prakriyA hai to phira binA punarjanma ke isa vikAsa kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3hA jA sakatA hai ? gItA meM bhI naitika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie aneka janmoM kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai / DA0 TaoNTiyA bhI likhate haiM ki 'yadi AdhyAtmika pUrNatA (mukti) eka tathya hai to usake sAkSAtkAra ke lie aneka janma Avazyaka haiM / '3 3. sAtha hI AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke lie bhI punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki vartamAna bandhana kI avasthA kA kAraNa bhUtakAlIna jIvana meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai / 4. jo naitika darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate, ve vyakti ke sAtha samucita nyAya nahIM karate / aparAdha ke lie daNDa Avazyaka hai, lekina isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki vikAsa yA sudhAra kA avasara hI samApta kara diyA jAye / jaina naitikatA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake vyakti ko naitika vikAsa ke aneka avasara pradAna karatI hai tathA apane ko eka pragatizIla naitika darzana siddha karatI hai / punarjanma kI dhAraNA daNDa ke sudhAravAdI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI hai, jabaki punarjanma ko nahIM mAnanevAlI naitika vicAraNAe~ daNDa ke badalA lene ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karatI haiM, joki vartamAna yuga meM eka paramparAgata anucita dhAraNA hai / 1. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 313. 2. gItA, 6 / 45. 3. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 221.

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250 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 12 vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM ke lie vaMzAnakrama kA tarka evaM usakA uttara ___ jIvavijJAna ne apanI vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM ke AdhAra para jisa vaMzAnukrama ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI hai usase karmasiddhAnta para veSThita punarjanmavAda kA nirasana ho jAtA hai / isa dhAraNA ke anusAra vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA AdhAra vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza hai, lekina yaha dhAraNA bhrAntipUrNa hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza ke AdhAra para vyaktitva kI zithilatA ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina prathama to vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza hamAre vyaktitva ke samagrarUpeNa nirNAyaka nahIM haiM, dUsare vaMzAnukrama evaM pariveza ke nizcaya kA AdhAra kyA hai ? yadi hama yahA~ kevala saMyoga ko svIkAra kareMge to phira naitika jIvana evaM uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA hI asambhava hogI, jo kisI bhI naitika vicAraNA ko abhISTa nahIM hogii| DA0 mehatA ke zabdoM meM 'zuddha vaMzAnukrama jaisA koI tathya hI nahIM hai / koI bhI vaMzAnukrama vyakti ke pUrva caritra evaM karmoM se aprabhAvita nahIM hai|'' arthAt jo vaMzAnukrama hameM upalabdha huA hai usake kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke lie bhI pUrvajanma ke karmoM kI mAnyatA Avazyaka lagatI hai / yadyapi abhI taka vaijJAnika AdhAroM para punarjanma kI dhAraNA ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai, tathApi hamAre anubhavAtmaka jagat meM aisI aneka ghaHnAeM ghaTI haiM jinakA samucita evaM bodhagamya samAdhAna punarjanma kI dhAraNA meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai / 'pro0 banarjI ne rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya ke parAmanovijJAna vibhAga meM apUrva smRti evaM pUrvajanma kI smRti se sambandhita deza evaM videza kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana evaM satyApana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura unameM se aneka ko prAmANika bhI pAyA hai| una prAmANika ghaTanAoM kI saMgati kevala, punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke dvArA hI khojI jA sakatI hai| 13. pUrvajanmoM kI smRti ke abhAva kA tarka evaM usakA uttara punarjanma ke viruddha yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki yadi vahI AtmA (cetanA) punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai to phira use pUrvajanmoM kI smRti kyoM nahIM rahatI hai ? yadi hameM pUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAoM kI smRti nahIM hai to phira punarjanma ko kisa AdhAra para mAnA jAye ? lekina yaha tarka ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki hama aksara dekhate haiM ki hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI bhI smRti nahIM rhtii| yadi hama vartamAna jIvana ke vismarita bhAga ko asvIkAra nahIM karate haiM to phira kevala smaraNa ke abhAva meM pUrvajanmoM ko kaise asvIkAra kara sakate haiM / vastutaH jisa prakAra hamAre vartamAna jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAeM acetana stara para rahatI haiM, vaise hI pUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAeM bhI acetana stara para banI rahatI haiM aura viziSTa avasaroM para cetanA ke stara 1. jaina sAikAlaoNjI, pR0 175. 2. naI duniyA, somavAra aMka, apraila-maI 1968.

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AtmA kI amaratA 256 para bhI vyakta ho jAtI haiN| yaha bhI tarka diyA jAtA hai ki hameM apane jina kRtyoM kI smRti nahIM hai, hama kyoM unake pratiphala kA bhoga kareM ? lekina yaha tarka bhI samucita nahIM hai / isase kyA pharka par3atA hai ki hameM apane karmoM kI smRti hai yA nahIM ? yadi hamane unheM kiyA hai to unakA phala bhoganA hI hogaa| yadi koI vyakti itanA adhika madyapAna kara le ki naze meM use apane kiye hue madyapAna kI smRti bhI nahIM rahe, lekina isase kyA vaha usake naze se baca sakatA hai ? jo kiyA hai, usakA bhoga anivArya hai, cAhe usakI smRti ho yA na ho / ' jaina dRSTikoNa jaina cintakoM ne isIlie karmasiddhAnta kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA evaM avasaroM kI suvidhA Adi kA jo janmanA naisargika vaiSamya hai, usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrvajanmoM ke kRtya haiN| saMkSepa meM vaMzAnugata evaM naisargika vaiSamya pUrvajanmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai| yahI nahIM, varan anukUla evaM pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi bhI zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI janmoM meM zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-sambandha kI dRSTi se A0 vikalpa mAne gaye haiM-(1) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM hI phala deveM / ( 2 ) vartamAna janma ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveM / (3) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveM / ( 4 ) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke azubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveM / (5) vartamAna janma ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveM / (6) vartamAna janma ke zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveM / (7) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma vartamAna janma meM phala deveN| (8) bhUtakAlIna janmoM ke zubha karma bhAvI janmoM meM phala deveM / isa prakAra jaina darzana meM vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUtakAlIna evaM bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra cAra prakAra kI yoniyA~ haiM-(1) deva ( svargIya jIvana ), (2) manuSya, ( 3 ) tiryaMca ( vAnaspatika evaM pazu jIvana ), aura (4) nAraka ( nArakIya jiivn)| prANI apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra ina yoniyoM meM janma letA hai / yadi vaha zubha karma karatA hai to deva aura manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letA hai aura azubha karma karatA hai to pazu gati yA nArakIya gati prApta karatA hai| manuSya marakara pazu bhI ho sakatA hai aura deva bhii| prANI bhAvI jIvana meM kyA hogA. yaha usake vartamAna jIvana ke naitika AcaraNa para nirbhara karatA hai| 1. dekhie-jaina sAikAlAjI, pR0 175. 2. sthAnAMga, 6 / 2 / 7. 3. tattvArthasatra, 8 / 11.

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252 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana bhI punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM buddha ke pUrva janmoM kI kathAe~ saMkalita hai| saMyuktanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, 'sabhI jIva mareMge, mRtyu meM hI jIvana kA anta hotA hai, unakI gati apane karma ke anusAra hogI, puNya-pApa ke phala se, pApa karane se naraka ko, puNya karane se sugati ko, isalie sadA puNya karma kare jisase paraloka banatA hai| apanA kamAyA puNya hI prANiyoM ke lie paraloka meM AdhAra hotA hai / ' bauddha darzana kI yaha nizcita mAnyatA hai ki sattva (prANI ) aneka janmoM meM saMsaraNa kara apane karmoM kA bhoga karatA hai| usameM bhI vartamAna jIvana ke karmaphala kA sambandha bhAvI janmoM se mAnA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se usameM tIna prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM-(1) dRSTadharma-vedanIya-isI janma meM phala denevAlA, (2) upapadya-vedanIya-agale janma meM phala denevAlA, (3) aparaparyAya vedanIya-agale janma ke pazcAt kisI bhI janma meM phala denevAlA / bauddha darzana meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna yoniyA~ mAnI gaI haiM / bauddha darzana meM inheM bhUmiyA~ kahA gayA haiM / ye bhUmiyA~ cAra hai-(1) apAyabhUmi ( durgatiyA~-nAraka, tiryaMca, preta aura asura ), ( 2 ) kAmasugatabhUmi ( sugatiyA~-manuSya aura kucha deva jAtiyA~ ), ( 3 ) rUpAvacarabhami (viziSTa deva jAtiyA~ ) aura (4) arUpAvacarabhUmi / bauddha darzana meM jaina darzana kI cAroM gatiyA~ svIkRta haiN| naitika vikAsa ke AdhAra para inake aneka bheda donoM hI darzanoM meM mAnya haiM, unameM nAma vargIkaraNa ke dRSTikoNa Adi meM bhI bahuta kucha samAnatA hai / dhyAna rakhane yogya eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki jahA~ bauddha darzana meM kucha viziSTa deva yoniyoM se sIdhe nirvANa kI prApti ko sambhava mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana kevala manuSya-janma se nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava mAnatA hai| kyA bauddha anAtmavAda punarjanma kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai ? sAmAnyatayA vipakSI vicArakoM ne bauddha-dharma ke anAtmavAda aura kSaNikavAda ko -panarjanma kI vyAkhyA kI dRSTi se asaMgata mAnA hai| lekina vastusthiti aisI nahIM hai| AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, 'nairAtmyavAda se punarjanma aura karma ke prati uttaradAyitva ke siddhAnta ko kSati nahIM phuNctii| AtmA kI pratijJA karanA bhUla hai, santati kA ullekha karanA caahie|" anAtmavAda yA kSaNikavAda ke sAtha punarjanma kA siddhAnta kaise saMgata ho sakatA hai, isakI vivecanA bhadanta nAgasena ne rAjA milinda ke sAmane kI thii| jaba milinda ne nAgasena se anAtmavAda evaM kSaNikavAda kI vivecanA sunI to unake hRdaya meM bhI punarjanma kI asambhAvanA kI zaMkA uTha khar3I huI / unhoMne nAgasena 1. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR. 284. 2 abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR0 60. 3. vahI, pR0 56. 4. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR0 286.

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AtmA ko amaratA 253 se samAdhAna ke lie prazna kiyA, bhante nAgasena ! kauna utpanna hotA hai ( punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai)? kyA vaha vahI rahatA hai yA anya ho jAtA hai ? nAgasena ne uttara diyA, na to vahI aura na anya / jaise eka yuvaka vRddha hone taka na to vahI rahatA hai aura na anya ho jAtA hai, vaise jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai vaha na to vahI rahatA hai, na anya ho jAtA hai| milinda phira bhI santuSTa na ho skaa| usane yaha jAnanA cAhA ki vaha kyA hai jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai ? nAgasena ne isake uttara meM spaSTa kiyA ki yaha nAmarUpAtmaka santati-pravAha hI punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai / ve kahate haiM, rAjan ! mRtyu ke samaya jisakA anta hotA hai, vaha to eka anya nAmarUpa hotA hai aura jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai, vaha eka anya / kintu dvitIya ( nAmarUpa ) prathama ( nAmarUpa) meM se hI nikalatA hai / ataH he mahArAja ! dharma-santati ho saMsaraNa karatI hai| bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM sAti kevaTTaputta nAmaka bhikSu ko yaha mithyA dhAraNA utpanna huI thI ki vahI eka vijJAna AvAgamana karatA hai| isapara bhagavAn ne use samajhAyA thA ki vijJAna to pratItyasamutpanna hai / vaha to bhautika padArthoM kI apekSA bhI adhika kSaNika hai / vaha zAzvata rUpa se saMsaraNa karanevAlA nahIM ho sakatA / vastusthiti yaha hai ki eka janma ke antima vijJAna (cetanA) ke laya hote hI dUsare janma kA prathama vijJAna uTha khar3A hotA hai / isa kAraNa na to vahI jIva rahatA hai aura na dUsarA hI ho jAtA hai| bauddha darzana aneka cittadhArAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki ka ka, ka2 ka ka eka cittadhArA hai aura kha kha, kha2 kha khara dUsarI cittadhArA hai / yadyapi ka, ka2 ka ekadUsare se abhinna nahIM haiM aura kha, kha2 kha bhI ekadUsare se abhinna nahIM hai, tathApi inameM se pratyeka AtmasantAna ke sadasyoM ke bIca jo bandhutA hai, vaha eka AtmasantAna ke eka sadasya aura dUsarI AtmasantAna ke sadasya arthAt ka, yA kha, ke bIca nahIM hai / bauddha dharma AtmA kA aisI sthAyI sattA ke rUpa meM jo badalatI huI zArIrika aura mAnasika avasthAoM ke bIca svayaM aparivartita banI rahe, avazya niSedha karatA hai; para usake sthAna para eka tarala AtmA ko svIkAra karatA hai / bauddha darzana upAdAna ke abheda ke artha meM ekatA ko to asvIkAra karatA hai, lekina usake sthAna para sAtatya ko svIkAra karatA hai| yaha AtmasantAnoM kI pravAhI dhArAoM kA sAtatya hI bauddha darzana kA 'AtmA' hai| yahI tarala AtmA punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra bauddha anAtmavAda aura kSaNikavAda kI bhUmi ko kSati pahu~cAe binA punarjanma kI vyAkhyA sambhava hai / 10 gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA bhI jaina darzana ke samAna AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma ko svIkAra 1. milindapanho ( lakkhaNapanho ); uddhRta-bauddha dharma tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 484. 2. vahI, pR0 485. 3. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 146.147.

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254 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke mAcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karatI hai / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, jaise jIvAtmA ko isa zarIra meM kumAra, yuvA aura vRddha avasthAeM prApta hotI hai, vaise hI ise anya zarIroM kI prApti bhI hotI hai| jaise manuSya jIrNa vastroM ko badalakara navIna vastra grahaNa karatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA purAne zarIroM ko chor3akara naye zarIra grahaNa karatA hai / gItAkAra naitika sAdhya kI prApti ke nimitta aneka janmoM kI sAdhanA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM / isa AdhAra para punarjanma kA samarthana bhI kiyA gayA hai / gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para punarjanma sambandhI nirdeza upalabdha haiN| gItA meM yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki prANI ko apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke AdhAra para uccaloka ( daivIya jIvana ) madhyaloka ( mAnavIya jIvana ) aura adholoka (nArakIya evaM pazu jIvana ) kI prApti hotI hai| upaniSadoM se bhI isakA samarthana hotA hai ki yadi prANI zubhAcaraNa karatA hai to vaha zubha yoniyoM meM janma letA hai aura azubha AcaraNa karatA hai to nimna yoniyoM meM janma letA hai / kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki apane karma aura jJAna ke anusAra kitane hI dehadhArI to zarIra dhAraNa karane ke lie kisI yoni ko prApta hote haiM aura kitane hI sthAvara-bhAva vRkSAdi kI jAti ko prApta ho jAte haiN|' chAndogyopaniSad meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo acchA AcaraNa kareMge ve agale jIvana meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya Adi kA acchA jIvana prApta kareMge, lekina jo durAcArI hoMge ve zUkara, kutte aura zUdra Adi kI nimna yoniyoM meM janma leNge| niSkarSa __ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiM / punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA mahattvapUrNa lAbha yaha hai ki vaha jahA~ eka ora vyakti meM avasara kI anekatA ke AdhAra para ghora nirAzA ke kSaNoM meM bhI AzAvAditA kA saMcAra karatA hai, vahA~ yaha batAtA hai ki hama jaba taka naitika sAdhya nirvANa kI prApti nahIM kara lete haiM taba taka hameM prakRti kI ora se avasara pradAna kie jAte raheMge tAki hama apane sAdhya ko prApta kara skeN| dUsarI ora, vyakti ke hRdaya se mRtyu ke bhaya ko samApta karatA hai| 14. pAzcAtya darzana meM AtmA ko amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana pAzcAtya dArzanika kSetra meM bhI isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pleTo se lekara vartamAna yuga taka AtmA kI amaratA yA maraNottara jIvana kI siddhi ke 1. gItA, 2 / 13. . 2. vahI, 2 / 22. 3. vahI, 6 / 45, 716. 4. vahI, 14 / 18, 16 / 20. 5. kaThopaniSad, 2 / 2 / 7. 6. chAndogyopaniSad, 5 / 10 / 7.

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AtmA ko amaratA 255 lie dArzanika, vaijJAnika tathA naitika yuktiyA~ prastuta kI gayI haiM / kucha pramukha vicArakoM kI yuktiyA~ nimnAnusAra haiM dArzanika yuktiyAM-pleTo ne AtmA kI amaratA ke lie nimna dArzanika yuktiyAM dI hai-(1) avayavahIna hone se AtmA kI amaratA siddha hotI hai| AtmA nirAvayava hai, avibhAjya hai| isalie AtmA amara hai| (2) sraSTA kI acchAI se bhI AtmA ko amaratA siddha hotI hai| yadi Izvara acchA hai to vaha AtmA ko naSTa nahIM hone degA aura usake karmoM ke phala se vaMcita nahIM karegA / ( 3 ) AtmA sat hai aura sat asat nahIM ho sktaa| (4) buddhi AtmA kA svarUpa hai| aindriyatA aura icchA AtmA ke maraNazIla aMza haiM, kyoMki ye zarIra ke Upara nirbhara haiN| lekina buddhi AtmA kA amara aMza hai| (5) AtmA kA pahale bhI astitva thA aura isalie Age bhI rahegA / zarIra ke paidA hone se pahale AtmA thI, isalie zarIra kA nAza hone ke bAda bhI rhegii| zarIra ke nAza hone se AtmA nAmaka abhautika sattA ke astitva para koI asara nahIM hotaa| (6) AtmA meM zarIra aura usake bandhanoM se mukta hone kI apratihata icchA pAyI jAtI hai / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vaha svarUpataH amara hai| arastU bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA aindrika aMza maraNazIla hai, yahA~ taka ki usakI niSkriya buddhi bhI, jo ki zarIra ke Upara nirbhara hai, maraNazIla hai| lekina usakI sakriya buddhi abhautika hai aura isalie amara hai| barkale bhI AtmA kI niravayavatA, avibhAjyatA aura abhautikatA se usakI amaratA ko siddha karatA hai / lAibnIz2a bhI AtmA kI abhautikatA se usakI amaratA siddha karatA hai / vaijJAnika yukti-mArTinyU ne zakti-akSayatA ( UrjA kI nityatA ) kI vaijJAnika dhAraNA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki mRtyu apane bhautika rUpa meM kevala zakti kA parivartana hai / mRtyu hone para zarIra kI zaktiyA~ vizRMkhala ho jAtI haiM, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa zarIra naSTa ho jAtA hai / parantu zakti-akSayatA ke niyama ke anusAra ye zaktiyAM pUrNataH naSTa nahIM ho sktiiN| yA to zakti-akSa yatA niyama meM mAnasika zakti sammilita rahatI hai athavA nahIM rahatI / yadi yaha bhautika zakti para lAgU hotA hai to mana padArtha se pRthak athavA svatantra rahatA hai arthAt manuSya kI AtmA mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI jIvita raha sakatI hai| parantu yadi yaha niyama bhautika aura mAnasika donoM zaktiyoM para lAgU hotA hai to ThIka jisa prakAra bhautika zakti pUrNataH kabhI bhI samApta nahIM ho sakatI, varan kisI na kisI rUpa meM bacI hI rahatI hai, usI prakAra mAnasika zakti bhI mRtyu ke uparAnta pUrNataH samApta nahIM ho sakatI varan yaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM maujUda rahatI hai / isa prakAra mAnavIya AtmA kI amaratA zakti-akSayatA niyama ke viruddha nahIM hai|' 1. uddhRta-nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 291. 16

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256 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika yuktiyA~-Adhunika yuga meM AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane ke lie dArzanika yuktiyoM kI apekSA naitika yaktiyoM ko adhika pasanda kiyA jAtA hai / mATinya, kAMTa, jemsa setha aura hAphaDiMga Adi ne nimnalikhita naitika yuktiyAM dI haiM (a) jJAna kI pUrNatA ke lie-mArTinya AtmA kI amaratA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki hamArI manISA dika-kAla se maryAdita hotI hai| manISA ko vikAsa hetu kramazaH dik-kAla kI maryAdAoM se Upara uThanA hotA hai| parantu vartamAna sImita jIvana meM mAnasa dik-kAla kI maryAdAoM ko pUrNataH nahIM lAMgha sakatA / ataH yaha AzA karanA tarkasaMgata hogA ki mRtyu ke pazcAt eka bhaviSya jIvana hotA hai jisameM manISA apanI pUrNatA prApta karegI tathA dik-kAla kI maryAdAoM kA pUrNa ullaMghana kara skegii| jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI jaba taka AtmA pUrNa jJAna ko prApta nahIM kara letA hai, vaha punaH-punaH janma dhAraNa karatA hai|' (ba) naitika Avarza kI pUrNatA yA caritra ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie-mArTinyU kA kahanA hai ki naitika Adarza asIma hotA hai| yaha vartamAna jIvana meM pUrNataH prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| naitika pragati jitanI adhika hotI hai, naitika Adarza bhI utanA hI adhika ucca hotA jAtA hai / ataH naitika Adarza kI prApti ke lie anazvara athavA amara jIvana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kAMTa isakA varNana isa prakAra karatA hai-icchA evaM kartavya ke madhya saMgharSoM ko kabhI bhI pUrNataH sImita jIvana meM samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH vartamAna jIvana ke hI krama meM eka bhAvI jIvana bhI honA cAhie, jahA~ mAnavIya AtmA kA vyaktitva jIvita rahakara icchA evaM kartavya ke madhya sAmaMjasya sthApita kara sake / jemsa setha ne ima naitika dalIla ko isa prakAra diyA hai-naitika Adarza aparichinna hai| sImita kAla meM use prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isalie AtmA kA astitva ananta kAla taka rahanA cAhie ati AtmA ko amara honA cAhie / manuSya ke jIvana kA lakSya asoma hai| isa ToTe-ye jIvana meM usako prA pA jAnA asambhava hai| yaha jIvana to bhAvI jIvana ke giA taiyAra hone kA samaya hai| mRtyu jIvana kA anta nahIM hai| zaktiyoM kI mArthakatA tabhI hai, jaba unakI purI abhivyakti ho / aisI zakti ko mAnanA jisako pUrI abhivyakti na ho sake, svavirodhI hai| (sa) mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie-hAphaDiMga ne mUlyoM kI nityatA ke siddhAnta ko mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki isa jIvana meM hama jina mUlyoM ko upalabdha karate haiM, ve naitika duniyA meM surakSita rahate haiN| unakA nAza nahIM hotA aura apane adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pR0 292. 2. vahI, pR0 262. 3. vahI, pR0 292. 4. pazcimI darzana, pR0 219.

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AtmA kI amaratA 257 unheM AtmA kA sanAtana astitva cAhie / isa prakAra mUlyoM kI nityatA kA siddhAnta AtmA kI amaratA siddha karatA hai / 1 (da) zubhAzubha ke phala-bhoga ke lie kAMTa ne AtmA kI amaratA ke samarthana meM eka aura naitika dalIla dI hai / hameM isa bAta kA pakkA vizvAsa hotA hai ki puNya karanevAle ko sukha milanA cAhie aura pApa karanevAle ko duHkha / lekina puNya karane vAle isa duniyA meM bahuta kama sukhI hote haiM / isalie hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki marane ke bAda eka dUsarA jIvana hogA jisameM puNya karanevAloM ko ucita mAtrA meM sukha aura pApa karanevAloM ko ucita mAtrA meM duHkha milegA / dekhA jAtA hai ki yahA~ pApiyoM ko bhI pUrA daNDa nahIM milatA / zArIrika yAtanA, kArAvAsa ityAdi se bhI pApiyoM ko ucita mAtrA meM duHkha nahIM milatA / isalie bhaviSya ke jIvana meM unako ucita mAtrA meM duHkha milegA | isalie isa janma ke naitika karmoM ke phalabhoga ke lie maraNottara jIvana ko svIkAra karanA hogA / eka vyakti jIvana bhara satkarma karatA hai lekina use burA phala milatA hai aura dUsarA vyakti jIvana bhara asatkarma karatA hai lekina use acchA phala milatA hai to hamArI yaha mAnyatA hotI hai ki isa jIvana ke pUrva jIvana meM pahale vyakti ne asatkarma kiye hoMge aura dUsare ne satkarma, jinakA pratiphala unheM isa jIvana meM mila rahA hai / isa prakAra isa jIvana ke pUrva jIvana ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai / isa prakAra vartamAna jIvana janma se pUrva aura vartamAna jIvana kI samApti ke pazcAt bhI AtmA kA astitva mAnanA hI AtmA kI amaratA kI mAnyatA hai / binA AtmA kI amaratA ko svIkAra kiye karmaphalavyatikrama kI samyak vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakatI 1. pazcimI darzana, pR0 216. 2. bahI, pR0 216.

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Page #304
1. naitika jIvana aura svatantratA vyakti svAtantrya ke do dRSTikoNa 262 / 2. mahAvIrakAlIna niyativAdI mAnyatAe~ 1. bhavitavyatAvAda 263 / samIkSA 264 / 2. kAlavAda 264 / kAlavAda kA naitika jIvana meM yogadAna 265 / samIkSA 265 / jainadarzana meM kAlavAda kA sthAna 265 / 3. svabhAvavAda 266 / svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna 266 / samIkSA 266 / svabhAvavAda kA jaina darzana meM sthAna 267 / 4. bhAgyavAda 268 / samIkSA 268 / 5 IzvaravAda 269 / 6. sarvajJatAvAda 270 / 3. pAzcAtya darzana meM niyativAda kI dhAraNA niyativAda ke sAmAnya lAbha 272 / niyativAda apane siddhAnta kA samarthana nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para karatA hai 272 / niyativAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogitA 272 / niyativAda ke sAmAnya doSa 274 / 4. yadRcchAvAda 9 AtmA kI svatantratA yadRcchAvAda kA naitika mUlya 275 | yadRcchAvAda ke pakSa meM yuktiyA~ 275 / samIkSA 276 / bhAratIya AcAradarzana aura yaducchAvAda 276 / 5. jaina AcAradarzana meM puruSArtha aura niyativAda mahAvIra dvArA puruSArtha kA samarthana 277 / jainadarzana meM niyativAda ke tattva 277 / ( a ) sarvajJatA 277 / ( ba ) karmasiddhAnta 277 / 6. sarvajJatA kA pratyaya aura puruSArtha sambhAvanA sarvajJatA kA artha 278 | kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa 278 | paM0 sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa 279 / DaoN0 indracandra zAstrI kA dRSTikoNa 279 / sarvajJatA kA traikAlika jJAna sambandhI artha aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA 280 | - 251- 261 262 271 274 277 278

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7 kyA jaina karma siddhAnta nirdhAraNavAda hai ? 8. bauddhadarzana aura niyativAda evaM yadRcchAvAda "buddha dvArA yadRcchAvAda aura niyativAda kI AlocanA 282 | 9. kyA pratItyasamutpAda niyativAda hai ? 10. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda gItA meM niyativAda ( nirdhAraNavAda) ke tattva 286 / kyA gItA niyativAdI hai ? 287 / 11. samyak jIvana dRSTi ke lie donoM hI apekSita12. karma niyama aura Atmazakti 13. Atma-nirdhAraNavAda 26 289 282 284 286 289 290 290

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ww $1. naitika jIvana aura svatantratA pAzcAtya vicAraka kAMTa naitika Adeza ko eka nirapekSa Adeza mAnate haiM jaba ki gItA use IzvarIya Adeza mAnatI hai / cAhe nirapekSa Adeza kaheM yA IzvarIya Adeza, karma -saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai / Adeza kA artha hai 'tumheM yaha karanA cAhie / ' lekina 'cAhie' meM svatantratA chipI huI hai / kAMTa kahate haiM ki tumheM karanA cAhie, kyoMki tuma kara sakate ho / ' svatantratA ke abhAva meM 'cAhie' kA koI artha hI nahIM rahatA hai / yadi hama gItA aura kAMTa kI taraha naitikatA ko Adeza ke rUpa meM na mAneM, varan jaina aura bauddha vicArakoM ke samAna naitikatA ko eka aise Adarza ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM, jise prApta karanA hai, to bhI karma evaM saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai / naitikatA ke lie hara sthiti meM manuSya meM karma evaM saMkalpa kI svatantratA kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai / naitika AcaraNa eka saMkalpAtmaka karma | yadi hama saMkalpa karane aura tadanurUpa AcaraNa karane meM vyakti ko svatantra nahIM mAnate haiM to naitika uttaradAyitva kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaataa| yadi manuSya naitika Adarza ko prApta karane kI koI svatantra zakti nahIM rakhatA athavA vaha naitika Adeza kA pAlana karane aura nahIM karane meM svatantra nahIM hai to usake lie naitika Adeza evaM naitika Adarza donoM hI nirarthaka ho jAte haiM / DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, 'yadi manuSya kevala sahaja vRtti se calanevAlA sIdhA-sAdA prANI ho, yadi usakI icchAe~ aura usake nirNaya kevala anuvAMzikatA aura pariveza kI zaktiyoM ke hI pariNAma hoM taba naitika nirNaya bilakula asaMgata hai / maikeMjI kA kathana hai, yadi naitika Adeza meM koI sArthakatA hai| to saMkalpa pUrI taraha se paristhitiyoM ke adhIna nahIM ho sakatA, balki kisI artha meM use svatantra avazya honA cAhie / svatantratA ke abhAva meM vyakti ko puNya aura pApa ke lie uttaradAyI bhI nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakatA, na use zubha aura azubha karma ke phala ke rUpa meM puraskAra aura daNDa hI diyA jA sakatA hai / yadi vyakti zubhAzubha karmoM kA cayana karane aura unakA AcaraNa karane meM svatantra nahIM hai to vaha unake phala kA adhikA bhI nahIM ho sakatA / dUsare, cAhe saMkalpa aura karma kI svatantratA ke abhAva meM naitika Adarza kI prApti mAnI bhI jAye, lekina yaha eka aisI upalabdhi hogI jisameM 1. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 69. 2. bhagavadgItA ( rA0 ), pR0 50. 3. nItipravezikA, pR0 71. AtmA kI svatantratA :

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vyakti kA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hogaa| jisa Adarza kA cayana vyakti ke dvArA na ho aura jisakI upalabdhi meM usakA apanA koI aicchika kArya na ho, vaha usakA Adarza nahIM hogA aura vaha upalabdhi bhI usakI nahIM kahI jA skegii| vyakti jo kucha kara sakatA hai vahI usakA kartavya bana sakatA hai| jisa kArya ke sampanna karane kI kSamatA vyakti meM nahIM hai vaha kArya usakA kartavya bhI nahIM ho sakatA / arastU ne kahA hai, Adarza ko manuSya ke lie vyavahArya aura prAptiyogya honA caahie| jisa Adarza ko vyakti upalabdha nahIM kara sakatA, use usakA Adarza yA lakSya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jo vicAraka vyakti meM aisI svatantra saMkalpa aura AcaraNa kI zakti kA abhAva mAnate haiM ve AcAradarzana ko AdarzamUlaka vijJAna kI apekSA prakRta-itihAsa banA dete haiM aura isa prakAra AcAradarzana ke mUla svarUpa ko hI samApta kara dete haiN| vyakti-svAtantrya ke do dRSTikoNa yadi svatantratA Avazyaka hai to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA vyakti svatantra hai ? isa viSaya meM prAcIna kAla se hI do dRSTikoNa rahe haiN| jina logoM ne isa prazna kA uttara svIkArAtmaka rUpa meM diyA aura yaha mAnA ki vyakti kRtyoM ke cayana aura unake sampAdana meM svacchanda hai, unheM prAcIna bhAratIya darzana meM yadRcchAvAdI kahA jAtA hai aura pAzcAtya vicAraNA meM atantratAvAdI yA anirdhAraNavAdI kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta jina vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA uttara niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM diyA aura yaha mAnA ki vyakti meM aisI svacchandatA kA abhAva hai, unheM bhAratIya cintana meM niyativAdI, bhAgyavAdI, daivavAdI Adi ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| pazcima meM inheM niyativAdI, paratantratAvAdI yA nirdhAraNavAdI kahate haiM / yadRcchAvAdI aura niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ vyakti kI svatantratA ke sambandha meM paraspara virodhI vicAra prastuta karatI haiM, mataH sAmAnya vyakti ke lie yaha kaThina ho jAtA hai ki vaha kise satya aura kise asatya kahe / dArzanikoM ne prAcIna kAla se ina siddhAntoM kI gahana samIkSA kI hai aura inake aucitya kA ThIka-ThIka mUlyAMkana karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai / agale pRSThoM meM unakI samIkSAe~ prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / 12. mahAvIrakAlIna niyativAdI mAnyatAe~ anirdhAraNavAda ( puruSArthavAda ) yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti apane lakSya kA nirdhAraNa karane meM, usakI prApti ke prayAsa meM aura usa lakSya kI upalabdhi karane meM svacchanda evaM sakSama hai| lekina yaha dhAraNA anubhavAtmaka jIvana meM kharI nahIM utaratI aura anubhavAtmaka jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA karane meM puruSArthavAda asaphala ho jAtA hai| anubhavAtmaka jIvana meM eka ora vyakti ke nirantara lakSyAtmaka, ucita 1. kSamatA se hamArA tAtparya yogyatA ( ability ) se na hokara kSamatA ( capability) 2. nItipravezikA, pR0 71.

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mAtmA ko svatantratA 263 evaM kaThina prayAsoM ke bAda bhI saphalatA usakA varaNa nahIM karatI, jabaki dUsarI ora koI vyakti anAyAsa hI saphalatA prApta kara letA hai, to vyakti kI AsthA puruSArthavAda se DagamagA uThatI hai / vaha puruSArthavAda ke siddhAnta ko thothA samajhakara dUra pheMka detA hai aura niyativAda ko apanA letA hai / niyativAda kI zaraNa meM jAkara mAnava apanI sAmarthya aura zakti bhUlakara yaha mAnane lagatA hai ki vaiyaktika upalabdhi hI nahIM, varan vaiyaktika prayAsa aura vaiyaktika saMkalpa sabhI yA to pUrva-niyata haiM yA kisI anya sattA ke dvArA nirdhArita haiM / unake pAne yA na pAne, karane yA na karane meM vyakti unake adhIna hai| lekina yaha niyantraka sattA kyA hai ? isa viSaya meM niyativAdI vicAraka vibhinna mata rakhate haiN| jaina aura bauddha AcAradarzanoM ke samakAlIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM bhI niyativAdI paramparA ke kucha rUpa milate haiM / ye sabhI niyativAdI paramparAe~ vyakti ke avaza evaM nirdhArita hone ke niSkarSa kI dRSTi se ekamata hote hue bhI apane AdhAroM ko bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM prastuta karatI haiM / tatkAlIna cintana meM nirdhAraNavAda ke nimna rUpa milate haiM-(1) bhavitavyatAvAda, (2) kAlavAda, ( 3 ) svabhAvavAda, (4) bhAgyavAda, (5) sarvajJatAvAda aura ( 6 ) IzvaravAda / 1. bhavitavyatAvAda mahAvIra tathA buddha ke samakAlIna pramukha vicArakoM meM gozAlaka isa vicAra ke pratipAdaka pratIta hote haiM / gozAlaka kI isa niyativAdI vicAradhArA ke pramANa hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti aura upAsakadazAMga meM evaM bauddha tripiTaka ke dIghanikAya Adi granthoM me milate haiN| gozAlaka kI mAnyatA ko upAsakadazAMga ke chaThe adhyAya meM nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kI dharmaprajJapti meM ( vyakti meM ) utthAna ( karmasaMkalpa ), karma (kriyA ), bala ( zArIrika zakti ), vIrya ( Atmateja ), pauruSa ( karma karane kI sAmarthya ) aura parAkrama svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vizva ke samasta parivartana niyata haiM / ' dIghanikAya meM kahA gayA hai, 'hetu ke binA prANI apavitra hote haiM, hetu ke binA prANI zuddha hote haiM-apanI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA, koI puruSa kucha nahIM kara sktaa| (kisI meM ) bala nahIM hai, vIrya nahIM hai / puruSa kI koI zakti nahIM hai, parAkrama nahIM hai| sarvasattva, sarvaprANI, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva to avaza, durbala evaM nirvIrya haiN| ve niyati, saMgati ( paristhiti ) evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNata hote haiM aura chaH meM se kisI eka jAti meM rahakara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM / agara koI kahe ki isa zIla se, isa vrata se, isa tapa se, athavA brahmacarya se aparipakva karma ko paripakva banAU~gA aura paripakva karma ke phaloM kA bhoga karake use naSTa kara dUMgA to vaha usase nahIM ho skegaa| 1. upAsakadazAMga, 6 / 166. 2. dIghanikAya, sAmaNNaphalasutta.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana gozAlaka yaha mAnate haiM ki bhAvI ghaTanAe~ ( bhavitavyatA) pUrvaniyata haiM, usameM parivartana sambhava nahIM hai| yadi bhavitavyatA meM parivartana sambhava nahIM, to icchA-svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA koI prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| yaha dRSTikoNa kisI ghaTanA kI utpatti ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM vyakti ke puruSArtha ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, varan yaha mAnatA hai ki ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM aura jisa prakAra sUta kA golA khulatA jAtA hai aura sUta bAhara AtA jAtA hai usI prakAra kAlarUpI golA khulatA jAtA hai aura pUrva niyata ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hotI rahatI haiM / samIkSA yaha bhavitavyatA yA pUrvanirdhAraNavAdI niyativAda AcAradarzana ko yadRcchAvAda ke doSoM se bacAkara naitika unaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| sAtha hI naitika jIvana meM santoSa para bala dete hue bhUta aura bhaviSya kI duzcintAoM evaM AkAMkSAoM se bacAtA hai| lekina vaha svayaM eka dUsarI ati kI ora calA jAtA hai jisameM naitika uttaradAyitva ko vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotii| jaba vyakti ke samasta kriyAkalApoM ko pUrvaniyata mAna liyA jAtA hai to naitika uttaradAyitva evaM naitika Adeza kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| 2. kAlavAda kAlavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki kAla hI pramukha tattva hai / kAla ke dvArA hI kriyAkalApoM kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai / sRSTi kI sArI kriyAe~ evaM ghaTanAe~ kAla ke adhIna haiM aura kAla ke garbha meM sthita haiN| atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya sabhI kAla ke garbha meM samAhita haiN| kAlAtIta dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhaviSya bhaviSya nahIM rahegA aura sabhI ghaTanAe~ kAla meM pUrvaniyata hoNgii| yadi ghaTanAeM kAla meM niyata haiM to vyakti usameM koI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA aura isa artha meM vyakti ke puruSArtha aura svatantratA kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| atharvaveda meM kahA gayA hai ki kAla ne pRthvI ko utpanna kiyA, kAla ke AdhAra para sUrya tapatA hai, kAla ke AdhAra para hI samasta bhUta rahate haiM, kAla ke kAraNa hI A~kheM dekhatI haiM, kAla hI Izvara hai / vaha prajApati kA bhI pitA hai|' mahAbhArata meM kAla ko samasta jagat ke sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa Adi kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai-lAbha-hAni, sukha-duHkha, kAma-krodha, abhyudaya aura parAbhava tathA bandhana aura mokSa sabhI kAla ke dvArA hotA hai / 2 gItA meM bhI jIvana-maraNa Adi kA kAraNa kAla hI kahA gayA hai / jaina grantha gommaTasAra meM isa siddhAnta ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, 'kAla hI sabako utpanna karanevAlA evaM naSTa karanevAlA hai| vaha soye 1. atharvaveda, 16 / 6 / 53-54. 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 227 / 83-84. 3. gItA, 11 // 32.

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AtmA ko svatantratA 265 hue logoM meM bhI jAgatA hai| use koI bhI dhokhA nahIM de sakatA / " isa prakAra kAlavAda kAla ko mahattva dekara yaha batAtA hai ki kAla ke pakane para hI kAryaniSpatti sambhava hai / kAlalabdhi kI paripakvatA hI vaiyaktika vikAsa meM sahAyaka yA bAdhaka banatI hai / kAlavAda kA naitika jIvana meM yogadAna kAlavAda kartRtvabhAva evaM ahaMkAra kA nirAkaraNa kara kisa rUpa meM naitika vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai, isakA sundara citraNa mahAbhArata meM milatA hai / bali isa siddhAnta ke mAdhyama se indra ko samabhAva kA sundara pATha par3hAte haiM / ve kahate haiM, kAla hai, ataH vidvAn puruSa nAza, vinAza, aizvarya, sukha-duHkha ke prApta prasanna hotA hai aura na kheda karatA hai / 2 samIkSA phira bhI kAlavAda kA siddhAnta mAnane para naitikatA kyoMki ( 1 ) kAlavAda meM puruSArtha kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, mAna letA hai, jabaki naitika dRSTi se vyakti meM puruSArtha kI hai / ( 2 ) kAla ko hI ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA ki samayamaryAdA ke pUrNa hone para kaccA phala pakatA hai, samaya ke Ane para hI vRkSa phala dene meM samartha hotA hai / phira bhI samaya hI ekamAtra pramukha kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / puruSArtha ke dvArA bhI kucha bAteM samaya pakane ke pUrva hI upalabdha kI jA sakatI haiN| Ama ke eka vRkSa meM yadi sAmAnyatayA pA~ca varSa ke pazcAt phala Ate hoM to hama apane prayAsa, jala aura khAda ke dvArA eka-do varSa pUrva hI phala prApta kara sakate haiM / kAlavAda ke ekAMgI dRSTikoNa kI AlocanA zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM bhI kI gayI hai / jaina darzana meM kAlavAda kA sthAna 1. gommaTasAra ( karmakANDa ), 879. 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 229 / 73-74. 3. tattvArthasUtra, 5/22. sabhI kA kAraNa hone para na to kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM / vaha vyakti ko puruSArthahIna sambhAvanA mAnanA anivArya sakatA, yadyapi yaha sahI hai jaina vicArakoM ne apanI tattvamImAMsA meM kAla ko svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara use samasta parivartanoM kA AdhAra mAnA hai / unake anusAra, vastutattva meM parivartana - zIlatA ke guNa kA kAraNa kAla hai 13 jaina karmavAda meM bhI kAla kA samucita mUlyAMkana huA hai / karmavAda meM pratyeka prakAra kI karmavargaNAoM ke bandhana se mukti taka ke kAla ke sambandha meM paryApta vicAra huA hai, phira bhI yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki karmavAda meM to puruSArtha ke lie eka sahAyaka tattva to banatA hai lekina vaha puruSArtha kA sthAna nahIM le sakatA / dUsare, karmavAda meM yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki niyata kAla ke pahale hI puruSArtha dvArA karmoM kA phala prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / karmasiddhAnta meM 'udIraNA' kA

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266 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vidhAna jaina darzana meM kAlavAda ke Upara puruSArthavAda kI svIkRti ko abhivyakta karatA hai| 3. svabhAvavAda jagat vividhatAoM kA puMja hai aura svabhAvavAda ke anusAra svabhAva hI isa vividhatA kA kAraNa hai / agni kI uSNatA aura jala kI zItalatA svabhAvagata hI hai| Ama kI guThalI se Ama aura bera kI guThalI se bera hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki unakA svabhAva aisA hI hai / AcArya guNaratna SaDdarzanasamuccayavRtti meM tathA AcAra nemicandra gommaTasAra meM svabhAvavAda kI dhAraNA ko nimna zabdoM meM abhivyakta karate haiM, 'kA~Te kI tIkSNatA, mRga evaM pakSiyoM kI vicitratA, Ikha meM mAdhurya, nIma meM kaTutA kA koI kartA nahIM hai, ve guNa-svabhAva se hI nirmita hote haiN|' naitika jagat meM bhI vividhatAeM haiM / eka vyakti sadAcAra kI ora pravRtta hotA hai, dUsarA durAcAra kI ora / Akhira isa vividhatA kA kAraNa kyA hai ? svabhAvavAdiyoM ke anusAra isakA kAraNa 'svabhAva' hI hai / mahAbhArata meM zubhAzubha pravRttiyoM kA preraka svabhAva mAnA gayA hai / svabhAvavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sabhI kucha svabhAva se nirdhArita hai, vyakti apane prayatna yA puruSArtha se usameM koI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI taraha ke bhAva aura abhAva svabhAva se pravartita evaM nivartita hote haiM, puruSa ke prayatna se kucha nahIM hotA / gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki loka kA pravartana svabhAva se hI ho rahA hai| svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna __svabhAvavAda kA naitika yogadAna do rUpoM meM hai-eka to svabhAvavAda Adata ke rUpa meM hamAre caritra ko vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai, vaha naitika jIvana meM Adata yA svabhAva kA mahattva spaSTa karatA hai| dUsare svabhAvavAda kartRtvabhAva evaM abhimAna ke doSoM se bacA letA hai tathA durjanoM para bhI karuNA bhAva rakhane kA sandeza detA hai| yadi sabhI zubhAzubha pravRtti svabhAva se hI hotI hai to apano zreSThatA kA abhimAna evaM kartRtva bhAva bhI vRthA hogaa| dUsare, yadi durjana kI durjanatA bhI svabhAva ke kAraNa hai to vaha hamAre krodha kA nahIM varan dayA kA pAtra hI honA caahie| isa prakAra svabhAvavAdI zubhAzubha sthitiyoM meM kisI ko doSI nahIM mAnate hue samabhAva kA pATha par3hAtA hai / samIkSA svabhAvavAda jAgatika vaicitrya kI vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai, lekina naitikatA ke kSetra 1. (a) cArvAka darzana kI zAstrIya samIkSA, pR0 143. (ba) gommaTasAra (karmakANDa ), gA0 883. 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 222 / 22. 3. vahI, 222115. 4. gItA, 5 / 14. 5. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 222 / 22.

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AtmA kI svatantratA 267 meM vaha pUrNatayA tarkasaMgata siddha nahIM hotA kyoMki svabhAvavAda mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva kI samasyA utpanna hogii| dUsare, svabhAvavAda naitika jIvana meM puruSArtha kI avahelanA karegA aura puruSArtha ke abhAva meM naitika pragati evaM naitika Adeza kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| tIsare, yadi svabhAvavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki svabhAva nirmita hotA hai to vaha nirapekSa siddhAnta nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura phira svabhAva kisa kAraNa banatA hai yaha prazna bhI to mahattvapUrNa hogaa| cauthe, svabhAvavAda yadi yaha mAna letA hai ki saba kucha 'svabhAva' se hotA hai to AtmA meM vibhAva mAnanA ucita nahIM hogA aura anaitika AcaraNa, asadpravRtti, jJAna-zakti kI sImitatA Adi ke kAraNa kyA haiM yaha batAnA kaThina hogaa| pA~caveM, sadAcaraNa aura durAcaraNa yadi svabhAvajanya haiM. to phira durAcArI kabhI bhI sadAcArI na ho sakegA aura isa prakAra naitika vikAsa athavA mukti kA koI bhI artha nahIM rhegaa| svabhAvavAda kA jaina darzana meM sthAna lekina upayukta AlocanAoM kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki svabhAvavAda kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai / jaina darzana meM svabhAva kA mUlya svIkRta hai| bhautika jagat meM to svabhAva (prakRti ) kA ekachatra rAjya hai hI, lekina AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhI vikAsa svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatA hai| naitika lakSya AtmA ke svasvarUpa kI upalabdhi aura naitika sAdhanA kA artha AtmA ke svaguNa ko prakaTa karanA hI hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM bhI svabhAva kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / karmasiddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki mUla svabhAva kA avarodha ho jAnA hI bandhana ( karmAvaraNa) hai, aura karmAvaraNa kA alaga haTa jAnA aura mUla kA svabhAva prakaTa ho jAnA hI mukti hai| karmasiddhAnta yaha bhI mAnakara calatA hai ki naitika jIvana kevala svabhAva ko hI prakaTa karatA hai| anantajJAna, anantadarzana Adi guNa AtmA kA svabhAva hai, tabhI to naitika sAdhanA ke dvArA unheM prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vahA~ to naitika jIvana yA samyakcAritra bhI AtmA kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki tabhI to use apanAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana kA virodha svabhAvavAda se nahIM hai, balki svabhAvavAda ke ekAMgI dRSTikoNa se hai| mAtra svabhAvavAda ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM / svabhAva kA naitika jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, lekina use naitika jIvana kA sabakucha mAnanA bhrAnti hogI / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra naitikatA vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora prayANa hai, aura svasvabhAva meM sthita rahanA hI naitika pUrNatA hai| gItA jaba 'svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH' kA udghoSa karatI hai, to yahI kahatI hai / lekina svabhAvavAda mAtra svabhAva kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, vibhAva ( vikRti ) kI nahIM, aura isalie vaha naitika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI apUrNa hai| yaha apUrNatA usake karmasiddhAnta ke virodhI hone meM hai| svabhAvavAda yadi karmasiddhAnta aura vaiyaktika svatantratA kA ekAnta virodhI banatA hai tabhI usakA naitika mUlya samApta hotA hai| lekina svabhAvavAda karmasiddhAnta

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268 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA virodhI nahIM hai| mahAbhArata meM spaSTa kahA hai ki samasta karma apane svabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| svabhAva aura kucha nahIM, pUrva karmoM ke dvArA nirdhArita Adata hai, vaha pUrva caritra se nirmita vartamAna caritra hai aura isa artha meM naitikatA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga bhI hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke sandarbha meM vyakti kI pUrvabaddha karmaprakRtiyA~ hI usakA svabhAva hai, jisase vaha nirdhArita hotA hai| lekina yaha karmaprakRti AtmA kA svalakSaNa nahIM hai, eka Aropita avasthA hai| 4. bhAgyavAda bhavitavyatAvAda nirdhAraNa ke kisI kAraNa ko prastuta karanA Avazyaka nahIM samajhatA / usake anusAra sabhI ghaTanAeM pUrvaniyata hai, unakA koI kAraNa yA hetu nahIM hai / jisa samaya meM jo jaisA honA hai vaha vaisA hI hogA, usakA koI kAraNa nahIM diyA jA . sktaa| isake viparIta bhAgyavAda kAraNatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kara karmasiddhAnta kI kaThora vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para apane niyativAdI niSkarSa ko prastuta karatA hai| bhAgya pUrvakarma hI haiM jo vartamAna jIvana kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra pratyeka kriyA yA karma kA phala hotA hai aura vaha phala svayaM meM eka kriyA hotA hai jo kisI anuvartI phala kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| pratyeka karma apane pUrvavartI karma kA kArya hotA hai aura anuvartI karma kA kAraNa hotA hai, aura isa prakAra yaha kArya aura pariNAma kI yaha zRMkhalA svataH calatI rahatI hai / hamAre pUrvavartI jIvana ke ghaTanAkrama se vartamAna jIvana ke ghaTanAkrama kA nizcaya hotA hai aura yahI ghaTanAkrama hamAre bhAvI jIvana ke ghaTanAkrama kA nizcaya karatA hai| bhUta ke kAraNa hamAre vartamAna kA nizcaya ho cukA hotA hai aura vahI vartamAna hamAre bhAvI kA nizcaya karatA hai / vyakti apane vartamAna meM, jo pUrvabhUta se nizcita hai, parivartana nahIM kara sakatA aura yadi vyakti vartamAna meM parivartana nahIM kara sakatA to vaha apane bhAvI meM bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki vaha to usI aparivartanIya vartamAna se utpanna hai| yahI bAta isa prakAra bhI rakhI jA sakatI hai ki hamAre pUrva nirmita caritra ke AdhAra para vartamAna ke karma niHsRta hote haiM jo svayaM hamAre bhAvI caritra kA nirmANa karate haiN| isa prakAra hamAre caritra kA pravAha bhUta se bhaviSya kI ora bahatA rahatA hai, vyakti usameM svecchA se koI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| isa prakAra bhAgyavAda kAraNatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kara jaba vyakti meM vartamAna meM parivartana karane kI kSamatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, taba vaha niyativAda bana jAtA hai| samIkSA bhAgyavAda yaha to svIkAra karatA hai ki vyakti svayaM apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA hai, lekina jaba vaha kArya-kAraNatA kI kaThora vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI mAna letA hai 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 222225. sarvArthasiddhi), 8 / 3; tattvArthasatra ( rAjavAtika ), 8 / 3.

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AtmA kI svatantratA 26 ki vyakti apane bhAgya kA nirmANa kara lene para usameM parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, taba vaha niyativAda bana jAtA hai / yadi hama yaha mAna leM ki hama apane bhaviSya ko banA sakate haiM, lekina usake sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra kara leM ki hama apane vartamAna meM, jo hamAre bhUta kA pariNAma hai, koI parivartana nahIM kara sakate to hama apane bhAvI ke nirmAtA bhI nahIM rahate / pUrva nirdhAraNavAdI niyativAda sarvakAloM ke lie vyakti ke hAtha se jIvananirmANa kI zakti chIna letA hai, jaba ki bhAgyavAda kahatA hai ki bhUta tumhArA thA, bhaviSya bhI tumhArA hai; lekina vartamAna tumhAre bhUta ke adhikAra meM hai, tuma usameM svecchayA kucha nahIM kara sakate / lekina bhUta aura bhAvI ko apane hAtha meM mAna lene para bhI yadi vartamAna hamAre adhikAra meM nahIM hai to bhUta aura bhAvI bhI vastutaH hamAre adhikAra meM nahIM haiM aura isa prakAra naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sambhAvanAe~ samApta ho jAtI haiM / bhAgyavAda karmasiddhAnta ko to svIkAra karatA hai, lekina use itanA kaThora banA detA hai ki usameM puruSArthavAdI karmasiddhAnta niyativAda bana jAtA hai / bhAratIya karmasiddhAnta kI kaThora vyAkhyA svayaM eka niyativAdI niSkarSa kI ora le jAtI hai / yadi hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki hamAre vartamAna AcaraNa kI choTIbar3I sabhI kriyAe~ pUrva karmoM kA phala hotI haiM to phira bhAvI caritra ke nirmANa ke lie hamAre pAsa kucha nahIM raha jaataa| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne vartamAnakAlika kriyAoM ko samagrarUpeNa pUrvakarma se nirdhArita honA svIkAra nahIM kiyA, na yaha svIkAra kiyA ki jo bhI karma kiyA jAtA hai usa sabakA bhoga anivArya hai / lekina AcArya zaMkara gItA kI TIkA meM aisI vyAkhyA karate haiM jisase samarthana milatA hai / ve likhate haiM ki 'jIvana ke lie jo kucha A~kha Adi kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai, ve bhI pahale kiye hue puNya-pApa kA pariNAma hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI vyakti kA jIvana aura usakA pariveza sabhI usake pUrva karmoM se nirdhArita hote haiM / lekina ina AdhAroM para jaina darzana aura gItA ko isa varga meM nahIM liyA jA sakatA / kyoMki jaina darzana aura gItA yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vyakti kevala karma-niyama se zAsita honevAlA hI nahIM hai, usase Upara bhI hai / samagra vyaktitva ko karma ke niyama ke anta-gaMta nahIM bAMdhA jA sakatA / niyativAda ko kholane yA mUMdane 5. IzvaravAda jaba IzvaravAdI dhAraNAoM meM yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki saba kucha Izvara kI icchA se hotA hai aura hamArI vaiyaktika icchAe~ evaM karma bhI usakI icchA se prerita hote haiM to hama punaH eka bAra niyativAda kI ora cale jAte haiM / IzvarIya yA devI pUrvanirNayana ke isa siddhAnta ke anusAra samasta zakti paramAtmA ke hAthoM meM hotI hai / vyakti to nitAnta asahAya, svatantra rUpa se saMkalpa aura prayatna karane meM asamartha aura 1. aMguttaranikAya, 3361, 366. 2. gItA ( zAMkarabhASya ), 18/15.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana IzvarIya hAthoM kA eka upakaraNa mAtra hotA hai| jo IzvaravAdI darzana yaha svIkAra kara lete haiM ki IzvarIya saMkalpa hI ekamAtra saMkalpa hai, vyakti to usa saMkalpapUrti meM eka nimitta mAtra hai, athavA yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vaiyaktika vikAsa aura mukti IzvarIya cunAva para nirbhara hai-Izvara jisakA vikAsa karanA cAhatA hai use sanmArga meM niyojita kara detA hai, to ve niyativAdI dhAraNA ke zikAra bana jAte haiN| isa vicAradhArA ke mUla meM Izvara ko sarvazaktisampanna mAnane kI dhAraNA hai| samAlocya AcAradarzanoM ke pUrvakAla meM yaha vicAradhArA vidyamAna thii| upaniSad sAhitya meM isa viSaya ke aneka sandarbha khoje jA sakate haiN| DA0 Atreya ke zabdoM meM upaniSadoM meM yahA~ taka bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisako ve (paramAtmA) Upara uThAnA cAhate haiM, usase acche karma karAte haiM aura jisako nIce girAnA cAhate haiM, usase bure karma karAte haiN|' kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai, jaba yaha paramAtmA svayaM cunatA hai tabhI yaha usake dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / IsAI dharma meM bhI seNTa oNgasTAina yahI mAnate the ki manuSya kA uddhAra kevala bhagavAn kI dayA se ho sakatA hai, yadyapi pailegiyasa ne unakI isa dhAraNA kA virodha kiyA thA aura svatantra saMkalpa kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA thA / gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para isa dhAraNA kA samarthana milatA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki kaI vicArakoM ne use niyativAdI vicAraNA ke samarthaka grantha ke rUpa meM dekhA, yadyapi yaha dhAraNA samucita nahIM hai / isapara hama agale pRSThoM meM prakAza ddaaleNge| 6. sarvajJatAvAda sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA zramaNa aura vaidika donoM paramparAoM kI prAcIna dhAraNA hai / sarvajJatAvAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sarvajJa deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara Thakara kAlAtIta dRSTi se sampanna hotA hai aura isa kAraNa use bhUta ke sAtha-sAtha bhaviSya kA bhI pUrvajJAna hotA hai / lekina jo jJAta hai usameM sambhAvanA, saMyoga yA aniyatatA nahIM ho sktii| niyata ghaTanAoM kA pUrvajJAna ho sakatA hai, aniyata ghaTanAoM kA nahIM / yadi sarvajJa ko bhaviSya kA pUrvajJAna hotA hai aura vaha yathArtha bhaviSyavANI kara sakatA hai, to isakA artha hai ki bhaviSya kI samasta ghaTanAe~ niyata haiM / bhaviSyadarzana aura pUrvajJAna meM pUrvanirdhAraNa gabhita hai| yadi bhaviSya kI sabhI ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM to vaiyaktika svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA kyA artha hai ? yadi jIvana kI samasta ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata hai to phira naitika Adarza, vaiyaktika svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| sarvajJa ke pUrvajJAna meM karma kA cayana nizcita hotA hai, usameM koI anya vikalpa nahIM hotA; taba vaha cayana cayana hI nahIM hogA aura cayana nahIM hai to uttaradAyitva bhI nahIM bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR0649. 2. kaThopaniSad, rA23. 3. bhagavadgItA (rA0), pR064-65.

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mAtmA kI svatantratA 271 hogA / arthAt sarvajJatAvAda anivAryataH niyativAda kI ora le jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uparyukta chaH prakAra ke niyativAda prAcIna bhAratIya cintana meM upalabdha haiM, lekina pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM jo niyativAda svIkRta hai, usakA AdhAra inase bhinna hai| vaha vaijJAnika jagat ke kAraNatA ke niyama para AdhArita hai| isa prasaMga meM usapara bhI thor3I carcA kara lenA Avazyaka hai| 3. pAzcAtya darzana meM niyativAda ko dhAraNA pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM niyativAda kI dhAraNA vaijJAnika kAraNa-siddhAnta para AdhArita hai / use hama 'vaijJAnika niyativAda' kaha sakate haiM / yadyapi vaijJAnika niyativAda ghaTanAoM ko pUrvaniyata to nahIM mAnatA, lekina jaba hama kAraNatA ke niyamoM ko hI jagat kA ekamAtra satya svIkAra kara lete haiM to bhI hama niyativAda ke ghere meM Abaddha ho jAte haiN| yadi sabhI anuvartI ghaTanAe~ apanI pUrvavartI ghaTanAoM se kAraNatA ke niyama ke AdhAra para ba~dhI huI haiM, to phira vaiyaktika AcaraNa meM saMkalpa-svAtantrya kA kyA sthAna raha jAyegA ? pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM isI kAraNa-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNavAda kA vikAsa huA hai| pAzcAtya darzana ke aneka vidvAnoM ne prakRta vijJAnoM ke prabhAva meM Akara kAraNatA ke niyama ko pUrNarUpa se mAnavIya prakRti para bhI thopane kA prayAsa kiyA aura pariNAma yaha huA ki ve niyativAda ke daladala meM phaMsa gye| inhoMne yaha mAna liyA ki manuSya eka Atmacetana prANI to avazya hai, lekina usake samasta saMkalpa evaM saMkalpajanya karma bhautika paristhitiyoM aura zArIrika tathA mAnasika dazAoM se ThIka usI prakAra niyata hote haiM, jisa prakAra pArasparika AkarSaNa aura vikarSaNa se grahoM ko gati niyata hotI hai| isa vaijJAnika kAraNatAvAdI yAntrika dhAraNA meM manuSya ke samagra saMkalpa evaM karma pariveza aura vaMzAnukrama ke pari-NAma hote haiM, unhIM se niyata hote haiM aura mAnavIya svatantratA samApta ho jAtI hai| manuSya mAnavIya zarIra ke rUpa meM eka aisA Atmacetana yantra hotA hai jo parivezarUpI zakti se prabhAvita evaM cAlita hotA hai| saMkalpa evaM karma usake apane nahIM hote, varan prakRti ko niyAmaka zakti kA pariNAma hote haiN| isa samagra vicAraNA meM kAraNatAvAdI dhAraNA para hI adhika jora diyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya cintana meM isake aneka rUpa haiM, jinameM pramukha haiM vATasana kA paristhitivAdI niyativAda aura phrAyaDa kA mAnasika niyativAda / pazcima meM niyativAdI vicArakoM ko eka lambI paramparA hai jisameM -spInojA, hyUma, benthama, mila, kaDavartha Adi ullekhanIya haiN| kAraNatAvAdI niyativAda bhI puruSArtha evaM saMkalpa-svAtantrya kI dhAraNA kA utanA hI virodhI siddha hotA hai jitanA saMyogavAda yA yadRcchAvAda / vastutaH kisI bhI aikAntika vicArapraNAlI meM, cAhe vaha kAraNatA kI ho yA akAraNatA kI, mAnavIya puruSArtha kA yathArtha mUlyAMkana nahIM ho sakatA; naitika jIvana ke lie donoM Avazyaka haiN| lekina apane aikAntika rUpa meM donoM hI naitika jIvana ko asambhava banA dete haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina dArzanika aikAntika / mAnyatA ko asamyak mAnate haiN|

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272 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana niyativAda ke sAmAnya lAbha niyativAda ke sambandha meM sabhI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya dRSTikoNoM kI naitika samIkSA karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki unake guNa-doSoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara liyA jAye / niyativAdI vicAraka apane siddhAnta ke samarthana meM kahate haiM ki (1) niyativAda saMkalpa kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai / vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vyakti kA vyaktitva tathA balavatI preraNAe~ hI usake saMkalpa ke mUla meM haiN| saMkalpa saMyogajanya ( Casual ) nahIM hai varan usake caritra se hI nirgamita hai, ataH vaha usake lie uttaradAyI hai / (2) yadRcchAvAda meM saMkalpa saMyogajanya (Akasmika ) hotA hai, ataH usameM uttaradAyitva nahIM AtA, jabaki niyativAda meM saMkalpa caritra kA pariNAma hotA hai, ataH vaha uttaradAyitva kI samyak vyAkhyA karatA hai| niyativAda apane siddhAnta kA samarthana nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para karatA hai 1. saMkalpa kA manovijJAna-isake anusAra saMkalpa svatantra nahIM hai, balki prabalatama pravartana ke dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai / 2. mAnava-svabhAva kI bhaviSyavANI kI sambhAvanA-yadi mAnava-karma pUrvaparisthitiyoM ke dvArA nirdhArita na hokara pUrNatayA svatantra hote to unakA pUrvajJAna sambhava na hotA, jaisA ki sAdhAraNataH hotA hai / 3. kArya-kAraNa niyama-cUMki koI bhI ghaTanA akAraNa nahIM hotI, isalie saMsAra meM koI vastu kAraNahIna nahIM hai / ataH saMkalpa bhI svatantra nahIM hai / 4. zakti-nityatA kA niyama-vizva meM zakti kA pariNAma sadA samAna rahatA hai, kintu saMkalpa-svAtantrya meM nUtana bhautika zakti kI sRSTi tathA vizva meM zakti ke nizcita parimANa kI vRddhi garbhita hai| 5. vizva-viSayaka jar3avAdI parikalpanA-mana mastiSka kA upavikAra hai, aura isalie usameM kAraNa-zakti aura svatantratA nhiiN| 6. vizva kI sarvezvaravAdI parikalpanA-isake anusAra Izvara hI ekamAtra satya hai tathA manuSya ke mana kI apanI svatantra sattA aura phalasvarUpa saMkalpa-svAtantrya nahIM haiN| 7. Izvara kA pUrvajJAna-manuSya ke bhAvI karmoM ko pahale se jAnane ke kAraNa, Izvara unheM pahale hI nirdhArita kara cukA hai| niyativAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogitA niyativAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM kyA upayogitA hai, yaha bAta mahAbhArata evaM pAzcAtya vicAraka spInojA ke kathanoM se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparka meM niyativAdI vicAra kI upayogitA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai 1. nItizAstra, pR0 288-289.

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mAtmA kI svatantratA . 1. sabhI bhAva svabhAva se utpanna hote haiM, jo isa bAta ko nizcita rUpa se jAna letA hai usakA darpa yA abhimAna kyA bigAr3a sakatA hai ?' arthAt niyativAda ko mAnane para darpa yA abhimAna nahIM hotaa| 2. mujhe jo avasthA prApta huI, aisI hI honahAra ( bhavitavyatA ) thii| jo ise jAna letA hai, vaha kabhI bhI moha meM nahIM pdd'taa| 3. jo vastu nahIM milanevAlI hotI hai usako koI manuSya mantra, bala, parAkrama, buddhi, puruSArtha, zIla, sadAcAra aura dhana-sampatti se bhI nahIM pA sakatA, phira usakI anupalabdhi ke lie zoka kyoM kiyA jAya ? isa prakAra niyativAda ko mAnane para kaThina paristhitiyoM meM bhI koI zoka nahIM hotaa| 4. sabhI kucha kAla ke adhIna hai, isa prakAra jagat kI niyatatA jAnanevAle ko kyA vyathA ho sakatI hai ? vaha to lAbha-alAbha yA sukha-duHkha meM bhI samabhAva rakhatA hai| isa prakAra niyativAda duHkhada avasthAoM meM bhI dhairya evaM samabhAva kA pATha par3hAkara tathA sukhada avasthAoM meM ahaMkAra aura kartRtvabhAva ke doSoM se bacAkara, pUrNatayA niSkAma jIvana jInA sikhAtA hai| spInojA ne IzvaravAdI niyativAda ke nimna lAbha batAye haiM, jinakA mahAbhArata kI vicAraNA se kAphI sAmya hai| 1. yaha hameM sarvathA IzvarIya vidhAna ke anusAra calanA sikhAtA hai aura IzvarIya svabhAva kA bhAgI banAtA hai| aisA siddhAnta hamArI AtmA ko kevala pUrNa zAnti hI pradAna nahIM karatA, balki yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki hamArA niratizaya sukha, hamArI dhanyatA yA kRtakRtyatA eka Izvara ke jJAna meM hai jisake dvArA hamAre kArya prema aura dharmaniSThA ko codanA ke anusAra hI hote haiM / 2. yaha siddhAnta hameM AcaraNa kI una bAtoM ko nirdhArita mAnane kI sIkha detA hai jo hamArI zakti se bAhara hai| yaha hameM devI vidhAna yA bhAgya kI anukUla yA pratikala sthiti meM bhI dhairya aura sahanazIlatApUrvaka mana ko sAmyAvasthA rakhane kA pATha par3hAtA hai| 3. yaha siddhAnta hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ko udAtta banAtA hai, kyoMki yaha hameM kisI bhI manuSya se ghRNA, tiraskAra, upahAsa, IrSyA yA krodha na karanA sikhAtA hai| niyativAda ko upayogitA ke sambandha meM jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa bhI yahI hai / vaha apane sarvajJatAvAda evaM karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA usI samatva-bhAvanA aura niSkAma dRSTi kA pATha par3hAtA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki sarvajJa ne jaisA apane jJAna meM dekhA 1. maha bhArata, zantiparva, 222127. 2. vahI, 226 / 12. 3. vahI, 226 / 20. 4 vahI, 224 / 16. 5. spInojA aura usakA darzana, pR0 93. 17

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jaina, bauddha tayA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai, vaisA hI hotA hai athavA hogA, usameM tilamAtra bhI parivartana nahIM hotaa| ataH na to zoka karanA cAhie aura na vyartha kI cintA hI karanI cAhie-'rAI ghaTe na tila bar3he raha raha jIva nizaMka / ' isI prakAra karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke anusAra vaha kahatA hai ki sukha-duHkha, Apatti aura sampatti sabhI pUrvakarma ke adhIna haiM / ataH na to inake lie vyAkulatA evaM Asakti rakhanI cAhie aura na inake nimitta banane vAloM ke prati ghRNA, tiraskAra yA krodha karanA cAhie / gItA meM niyativAda kA tattva jisa IzvarIya vidhAna ke rUpa meM pratipAdita hai, usake pIche bhI yahI nirdeza hai ki sabhI kucha IzvarIya icchA se saMcAlita ho rahA hai, ataH na to kartRtva kA abhimAna karanA cAhie aura na anukUla-pratikUla sthitiyoM meM vicalita honA cAhie, varan IzvarIya yantra ke rUpa meM anAsakta evaM taTastha bhAva se - AcaraNa karate rahanA cAhie, usakI kRpA se hI parama zAnti prApta hogii| niyativAda ke sAmAnya doSa niyativAda ke uparyukta lAbha hote hue bhI usameM na to naitika pragati ke lie mAnavIya puruSArtha kA koI mahattva rahatA hai aura na kisI prakAra ke naitika uttaradAyitva kI sthApanA hI sambhava hotI hai aura na naitika Adeza hI koI artha rakhatA hai / jabaki, naitikatA ke lie naitika pragati aura naitika uttaradAyitva anivArya hai| naitika Adeza kI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki vyakti meM cayana kI svatantra sambhAvanAoM ko svIkAra kiyA jAye / vyakti ko jo kucha karanA hai vaha yadi pUrI taraha nizcita hai, to yaha kahane kA kyA artha raha jAtA hai ki use yaha karanA cAhie aura yaha nahIM karanA cAhie ? iso prakAra naitika pragati ke lie puruSArtha-kSamatA ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| yadi vyakti meM svatantra rUpa se kucha karane kI kSamatA nahIM hai to phira usase naitika pragati kI apekSA karanA vyartha hai| sAtha hI naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki cunAva vyakti ne svayaM kiyA ho yA vaha cunAva ke lie bAdhya nahIM kiyA gayA ho aura isa artha meM karma svayaM usakA ho| lekina niyativAda ise svIkAra nahIM karatA aura isa prakAra naitikatA kI samucita vyAkhyA karane meM asaphala siddha hotA hai / 4. yadRcchAvAda bhAratIya sAhitya meM niyativAda kA virodhI siddhAnta yadRcchAvAda hai / zvetAzvatara upaniSad aura gItA meM yadRcchAvAda kA ullekha hai / yadRcchAvAda niyativAda kA . virodhI hai / vaha mAnavIya saMkalpa evaM varaNa ( cayana ) ko kArya-kAraNa niyama se pare evaM ahetuka mAnatA hai / yadRcchA zabda kA artha AkasmikatA yA saMyoga hai / ' yadRcchA 1. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 321-32. 2. gItA, 18:61-62. 3. zvetAzvatara upaniSad, 12, gItA, 2 / 12,4 / 22. 4. zvetAzvatara upaniSad (bhA0), 1.2.

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AtmA ko svatantratA 275 bhavitavyatA se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki bhavitavyatA meM ghaTanAoM ko pUrvaniyata mAnA gayA hai aura yadRcchAvAda meM aniyata mAnA gayA hai| yadRcchAvAda meM saMyoga hI mahattvapUrNa hai, vaha pratyeka ghaTanA ko eka saMyoga ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai aura usa saMyoga ko Akasmika mAnatA hai| yadRcchAvAda eka prakAra se atantratAvAda hai| pAzcAtya naitika cintana ke sandarbha meM yadRcchAvAda kA vivecana icchA-svAtantrya siddhAnta ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha mAnatA hai ki icchAoM kA koI hetu nahIM hotA, ve ahetuka haiN| yadacchAvAda kA naitika mUlya yadRcchAvAda kA icchA-svAtantrya ke rUpa meM kucha mUlya avazya ho sakatA hai| yadRcchAvAdI naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA kA prayatna karatA hai, kyoMki usake anusAra kArya kI bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI jA sakatI / braiDale ne uttaradAyitva kI samasyA para vicAra karate hue kahA hai ki naitika jIvana meM vyakti ko uttaradAyI banAne kI dRSTi se niyativAda aura icchA-svAtantrya donoM kA sthAna hai|' yadyapi pUrvasaMskAroM ( pUrvakarma ) ko vartamAna caritra ke nirmANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, tathApi pUrvasaMskAroM ko hI saba kucha mAnane para hama niyativAda ke nikaTa hoNge| vAstava meM yadRcchA kA siddhAnta kAraNa kA abhAva nahIM, varan kAraNa ke Upara kartA kI svatantra icchA kA svIkaraNa hai aura naitika uttaradAyitva evaM naitika Adeza kI dRSTi se kartA kI icchA kI svatantratA kA apanA mUlya hai / yadRcchAvAda ke pakSa meM yuktiyAra 1. varaNa kA artha-yadRcchAvAdI jaba kisI icchA kA varaNa karatA hai aura koI saMkalpa karatA hai taba vaha pUrNa svatantra hai / usapara kisI anya vyakti yA vastu kA aMkuza nahIM hotaa| vaha Antarika preraNAoM aura icchAoM se bhI svatantra hai, kyoMki inake viparIta bhI vaha varaNa kara sakatA hai / isakA prabala pramANa yaha hai ki jo loga usako bhalIbhA~ti jAnate haiM ve usake varaNa ko taba taka ThIka taraha se nahIM batA sakate jaba taka ki usane varaNa na kara liyA ho| usake varaNa kI bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI jA sakatI / agara koI bhaviSyavANI kara de to vaha apane varaNa se usako galata siddha kara detA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki varaNa pUrNatayA samasta hetuoM se rahita hai, yA ahetuka hai / 2. dAyitva kI vyAkhyA-yadRcchAvAdI kahatA hai ki uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA yadRcchAvAda se hI ho sakatI hai / yadRcchAvAdI apane karma ke lie uttaradAyI hai, kyoMki usake kArya kI bhaviSyavANI koI nahIM kara sakatA / yadRcchAvAda ko na mAnane se vyakti kA uttaradAyitva samApta ho jAtA hai / 1. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 32-33. 2. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, 57-58.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. parivartanavAda-yadRcchAvAdI parivartanavAdI hai| vaha vyaktitva ko nitya yA sthAyI nahIM mAnatA / usakA kahanA hai ki caritra sthira nahIM, apitu asthira hai| usameM kisI bhI kSaNa AmUla parivartana sambhava hai / vaha vyAdha se vAlmIki athavA siddhArtha se buddha ho sakatA hai| samIkSA yadi icchA-svAtantrya kA artha akAraNa yA akasmAt hai to phira uttaradAyitva kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotA / jaba taka vyakti yaha nahIM jAna letA ki vaha kyA karane vAlA hai taba taka use naitika kRtyoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi icchAsvAtantrya kA artha pUrI taraha aniyatatA evaM bhaviSyavANI kI asambhAvanA hai to phira karma kA cayana mAtra saMyoga ( Chance ) hI hogA aura taba naitika uttaradAyitva nahIM mAtA hai / isa prakAra yadRcchAvAda naitika uttaradAyitva kI dRSTi se asaMgata hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzana aura yadRcchAvAda jaina karma-siddhAnta meM yadRcchA kA samucita mUlyAMkana huA hai / karma-siddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki yadyapi vyakti zubhAzubha kriyAoM ke karane meM pUrvakarmaprakRtiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai, phira bhI vyakti meM zubha-azubha pravRtti ke cayana kI svatantratA rahatI hai| karma-siddhAnta vyakti kA nirdezaka to banatA hai, lekina zAsaka nahIM / jaina darzana meM mAtmA kI svatantratA karma-siddhAnta ko niyAmakatA para hI svIkRta hai| karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI nirNAyaka zakti kA apaharaNa nahIM karatIM yadyapi kuNThita avazya karatI haiN| aura, yadi yadRcchA kA artha naitika jIvana meM nirNaya kI svatantratA mAnate haiM to kaha sakate haiM ki jaina karma-siddhAnta meM usakA samucita mUlyAMkana huA hai| yadyapi yadRcchA ke saMyogavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana jaina paramparA meM nahIM hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra jagat meM bhautika evaM cattasika donoM staroM para kAraNatA kA pratyaya kAma karatA hai / hamAre saMkalpoM ke pIche bhI pUrva karma yA pUrvasaMskAra kArya kara rahe haiM / vastutaH jaina darzana ke anusAra vyakti pUrNa svatantra nahIM hai, usameM svatantratA kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM aura vaha pUrNa svatantratA kI dizA meM Upara uTha sakatA hai / bauddha darzana pratItyasamutpAda ke niyama ko svIkAra kara yadRcchAvAda ke ahetuvAdI yA saMyogavAdI dRSTikoNa ko asvIkAra karatA hai / vaha ahetuvAda ko naitika dRSTi se anupayogI mAnatA hai, yadyapi dUsarI ora hetu vAda ko bhI apane aikAntika artha meM naitika jIvana ke lie anupayukta mAnatA hai / buddha ne donoM vicAradhArAoM kA ativAda ke rUpa meM virodha kiyA hai / ve to madhyama mArga kA hI anusaraNa karate haiN| gItA meM yadRcchAvAda kI koI samIkSA upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI itamA avazya hai ki gItA yadRcchAvAda ke ahetuvAdI pakSa kA samarthana nahIM karatI hai| vaha kartA kI svatantratA ko mAnate hue bhI karma aura saMkalpa ko ahetuka nahIM maantii|

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AtmA ko svatantratA vastutaH samAlocya AcAradarzana niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda kA aikAntika samarthana nahIM karate, unameM donoM kA sApekSa sthAna hai / $ 5. jaina AcAradarzana meM puruSArtha aura niyativAda * mahAvIra dvArA puruSArtha kA samarthana jaina vicAradhArA puruSArthavAda kI samarthaka rahI hai / upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM kriyA, bala ( zArIrika zakti ), vIrya ( Atmazakti ), puruSAkAra ( pauruSa ) aura parAkrama ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vizva ke samasta bhAva aniyata ( aNiyayA savtra bhAvA ) mAne gaye haiM / " isa prakAra mahAvIra niyativAda yA nirdhAraNavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kA pratipAdana karate haiM / unhoMne jIvana bhara gozAlaka ke niyativAda kA virodha kiyA / upAsaka dazAMga meM mahAvIra ne sakaDAlaputra zrAvaka ke sammukha aneka yuktiyoM se niyativAda - kA nirasana karake puruSArthavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai / 2 jaina darzana meM niyativAda ke tattva ( a ) sarvajJatA - yadyapi upAsakadazAMga ke AdhAra para sampUrNa ghaTanAkrama ko aniyata mAnakara puruSArthavAda kI sthApanA to ho jAtI hai, lekina isa kathana kI saMgati jaina vicAraNA kI trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA ke sAtha nahIM baiThatI hai / yadi sarvajJa trikAlajJa hai to phira vaha bhaviSya ko bhI jAnegA, lekina aniyata bhaviSya nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / yahA~ para do hI mArga haiM, yA to sarvajJa kI trikAlajJatA kI dhAraNA ko chor3akara usakA artha AtmajJAna yA dArzanika siddhAntoM kA jJAna liyA jAye athavA isa dhAraNA ko chor3A jAye ki saba bhAva aniyata haiM / 207 ( ba ) karmasiddhAnta - yadi sarvajJatA kI trikAlajJa dhAraNA se alaga haTakara aniyatatA ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kara leM, to bhI dUsare anya prazna sAmane Ate haiM / prathama to yaha ki saba bhAvoM ko aniyata mAnane para yadRcchAvAda ( saMyogavAda ) ke doSa A jAveMge aura kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta yA hetuvAda ko asvIkRta kara saMyogavAda mAnanA par3egA jisameM naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hogA kyoMki yadi hamAre kArya saMyoga kA pariNAma haiM to hama usake lie uttaradAyI nahIM ho sakate / dUsare, aniyata bhAvoM kI saMgati karma siddhAnta se bhI nahIM baiThatIM / yadi sabhI bhAva aniyata haiM to phira zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA zubhAzubha phaloM se anivArya sambandha bhI nahIM hogA / yadi zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA unake phaloM se anivArya sambandha nahIM mAnA jAyegA to phira vyakti kI sArI naitika AsthA hI DagamagA jAyegI / tIsare, aniyatatA kA artha kAraNatA yA hetu kA abhAva bhI nahIM hotA / kAraNatA ke pratyaya ko asvIkAra karane para sArA karma siddhAnta hI Dhaha jAyegA | karma siddhAnta naitika jagat meM svIkRta kAraNatA ke siddhAnta kA hI eka rUpa hai / 1. upAsaka dazAMga, 6 166. 2. vahI, 7 193 - 197.

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278 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina vicAraNA meM karma-siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha trikAlajJa sarvajJa kI dhAraNA svIkRta rahI hai| yahI do aise pratyaya haiM jinake dvArA niyativAda kA tattva bhI jaina vicAraNA meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai| sarvajJatA kA pratyaya aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA jaina vicAra meM sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA svIkRta rahI hai, lekina isake AdhAra para jaina AcAradarzana ko niyativAdI kahanA isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki sarvajJatA kA kyA artha hai| sarvajJatA kA artha jaina darzana sarvajJatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / jainAgamoM meM aneka aise sthala haiM jinameM tIrthaMkaroM evaM kevalajJAniyoM ko trikAlajJa sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, aMtakRtadazAMgasUtra evaM anya jainAgamoM meM isa trikAlajJa sarvajJatAvAdI dhAraNA ke anusAra gozAlaka, zreNika, kRSNa Adi ke bhAvI jIvana ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI bhI kI gayo hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa jisa rUpa meM ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA jAnatA hai, ve usI rUpa meM ghaTita hotI haiM / kArtikeyAnaprekSA meM kahA gayA hai ki jisakI jisa deza, jisa kAla aura jisa prakAra se janma athavA mRtyu kI ghaTanAoM ko sarvajJa ne dekhA hai ve usI deza, usI kAla aura usI prakAra se hoNgii| usameM indra yA tIrthaMkara koI bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA / ' uttarakAlIna jaina granthoM meM isa traikAlika jJAna sambandhI sarvajJatva kI dhAraNA kA mAtra vikAsa hI nahIM huA, varan usako tAkika AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi buddha ne mahAvIra kI trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue usakA upahAsAtmaka citraNa bhI kiyA aura apane sambandha meM trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI isa dhAraNA kA niSedha bhI kiyA thA, lekina paravartI bauddha sAhitya meM buddha ko bhI usI artha meM sarvajJa svIkAra kara liyA gayA jisa artha meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM athavA IzvaravAdI darzanoM meM Izvara ko sarvajJa mAnA jAtA hai / sarvajJatva ke isa artha ko lekara ki sarvajJa hastAmalakavat sabhI jAgatika padArthoM kI kAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, jaina vidvAnoM ne bhI kAphI UhApoha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, sarvajJatA kI nayI paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gyiiN| kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa prAcIna yuga meM AcArya kundakunda aura yAkinI sunU haribhadra ne sarvajJatA kI trikAladarzI uparyukta paramparAgata paribhASA ko mAnya rakhate hue bhI nayI paribhASAe~ prastuta kii| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra evaM pravacanasAra meM kahA ki sarvajJa lokAloka jaisI Atmetara vastuoM ko jAnatA hai yaha vyavahAranaya hai, jabaki yaha kahanA ki sarvajJa 1. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 321.322. 2. marimanikAya, 2 / 3 / 6, 2 / 3 / 1.

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AtmA kI svatantratA 279 sva-Atma svarUpa ko jAnatA hai yaha paramArthadRSTi hai / AcArya haribhadra ne bhI sarvajJatA kA sarvasampradAya - aviruddha artha kiyA / paM0 sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa vartamAna yuga ke paNDita sukhalAlajI ne AcArAMga evaM vyAkhyAprajJapti ke sandarbhoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki AtmA, jagat evaM sAdhanAmArga sambandhI dArzanika jJAna ko hI usa yuga meM sarvajJatva mAnA jAtA thA, na ki traikAlika jJAna ko / jaina paramparA kA sarvajJatva sambandhI dRSTikoNa mUla meM kevala itanA hI thA ki dravya aura paryAya ubhaya ko samAnabhAva se jAnanA hI jJAna kI pUrNatA hai / buddha jaba mAluMkyaputta nAmaka apane ziSya se kahate haiM ki maiM cAra AryasatyoM ke jJAna kA hI dAvA karatA hU~ aura dUsare agamya evaM kAlpanika tattvoM ke jJAna kA nahIM, taba vaha vAstavikatA kI bhUmikA para haiM / usI bhUmikA ke sAtha mahAvIra ke sarvajJatva kI tulanA karane para bhI phalita yahI hotA hai ki atyukti aura alpokti nahIM karanevAle santa prakRti ke mahAvIra dravya paryAyavAda kI purAnI nirgrantha paramparA ke jJAna ko hI sarvajJatva rUpa mAnate hoMge / jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM itanA pharka avazya rahA hai ki aneka tArkika bauddha vidvAnoM ne buddha ko kAlika jJAna ke dvArA sarvajJa sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai tathApi aneka asAdhAraNa ( pratibhAsampanna ) bauddha vidvAnoM ne unako sIdhe sAde artha meM hI sarvajJa ghaTAyA hai, jabaki jaina paramparA meM sarvajJa kA sIdhAsAdA artha bhulA diyA jAkara usake sthAna meM tarkasiddha artha hI pracalita evaM pratiSThita ho gayA / jaina paramparA meM sarvajJa ke sthAna para pracalita pAribhASika zabda kevalajJAnI bhI apane mUla artha meM dArzanika jJAna kI pUrNatA ko hI pragaTa karatA hai, na ki traikAlika jJAna ko / 'kevala' zabda sAMkhya darzana meM bhI prakRtipuruSa viveka ke hI prayukta hotA hai aura yadi yaha zabda sAMkhya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM AyA hai yaha mAnA jAye, to isa AdhAra para bhI kevalajJAna kA artha dArzanika jJAna athavA tattva ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna hI hogA na ki traikAlika jJAna / AcArAMga kA yaha vacana 'je egaM jANaI se savvaM jANai' yahI batAtA hai ki jo eka AtmasvarUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai vaha usakI sabhI kaSAyaparyAyoM ko bhI yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai na ki kAlika sarvajJatA / kevalajJAnI ke sambandha meM Agama kA yaha vacana ki 'sI jANai sINa jANai' ( bhagavatIsUtra ) bhI yahI batAtA hai kevalajJAna maikAlika sarvajJatA nahIM hai, varan vizuddha AdhyAtmika yA dArzanika jJAna hai / 2 artha meM DA0 indracandra zAstrI kA dRSTikoNa sarvajJatA ke sthAna para prayukta honevAlA anantajJAna bhI traikAlika jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / ananta kA artha sarva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / vastutaH yaha zabda stutiparaka 1. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR0 550. 2. vahI, pR0 51-552.

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280 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana artha meM ho AyA hai jaise vartamAna meM bhI kisI asAdhAraNa vidvAn ke bAre meM kaha dete haiM ki unake jJAna kA kyA anta, unakA jJAna to athAha hai / isI prakAra dUsarA paryAyavAcI zabda kevalajJAna Atma-anAtma ke viveka yA AdhyAtmika jJAna se sambandhita hai / ' yadi ina saba AdhAroM para sarvajJatA kA artha mAtra pUrNa dArzanika jJAna yA AdhyAtmika jJAna athavA tattvasvarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna kareM, taba to jaina darzana meM puruSArtha kA sthAna spaSTa ho jAtA hai aura usake dvArA gozAlaka ke niyativAda ke viruddha prastuta puruSArthavAdI dhAraNA kI rakSA bhI kI jA sakatI hai / sarvajJatA kA traikAlika jJAna sambandhI artha aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA lekina eka gaveSaka vidyArthI ke lie yaha ucita nahIM hogA ki paramparA siddha kAlika sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kI avahelanA kara dI jAye / na kevala jaina paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI sarvajJatA kA traikAlika jJAnaparaka artha svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna se yaha kahakara ki 'una aneka janmoM ko maiM jAnatA hU~, tU nahIM, ' apanI sarvajJatA kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai / yaha prazna zaMkA kI dRSTi se dekhA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra, buddha aura kRSNa sarvajJa the yA nahIM; athavA kisI vyakti ko aisA traikAlika jJAna ho sakatA hai yA nahIM / phira bhI trikAlajJa sarvajJa kI kalpanA tarkaviruddha nahIM kahI jA sakatI / deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara trikAlajJa sarvajJa kI dhAraNA siddha ho jAtI hai / prabuddha vaijJAnika evaM sApekSavAda ke pravartaka AinsTIna ne nirapekSa dRSTA kI parikalpanA ko svIkAra kiyA thA / koI trikAlajJa sarvajJa astitva meM hai yA thA, yaha cAhe satya na ho lekina koI trikAlajJa sarvajJa ho sakatA hai yaha tArkika satya avazya hai / kyoMki yadi jagat eka niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai to usa vyavasthA ke jJAna ke sAtha hI ThIka vaise hI traikAlika ghaTanAoM ke jJAna kI sambhAvanA spaSTa ho jAtI hai, jaise eka jyotiSI ko nakSatra - vijJAna ke niyamoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra para bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI sUrya evaM candra grahaNoM kI ghaTanAoM kA traikAlika jJAna ho jAtA hai / yadi sarvajJa Atma- dravya ko sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai to hameM AtmA kI sabhI paryAyoM ko niyata bhI mAnanA hogA / yaha mAnyatA spaSTa rUpa se nirdhAraNavAda kI dizA meM le jAtI hai / yadyapi niyativAda aura jaina sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jahA~ niyativAda meM puruSArtha yA vyakti kI svatantratA ko asvIkAra kara niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai vahA~ sarvajJa ke jJAna meM puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA ko mAnakara hI saba bhAvoM kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / upAdhyAya hastImalajI ne apane eka lekha meM isakA samarthana kiyA hai / yadyapi 1. DA0 indracandra se carcA ke AdhAra para. 2. gItA, 450 3. kaoNsamolAjI olDa eNDa nyU, bhUmikA pR0 13. 4. zramaNopAsaka, 20 julAI 1967, pR0 60.

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AtmA kI svatantratA unhoMne mahAvIra ke jaM vanaprasaMgoM ke AdhAra para ghaTanAoM ko niyatAniyata mAnakara sarvajJatA aura puruSArthavAda meM saMgati biThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai, tathApi paryAyoM ko niyatAniyata mAnane se trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kAphI nirbala ho jAtI hai / trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA niyata puruSArtha ke rUpa meM hI ho sakatI hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka spInojA ne bhI aise hI niyata puruSArtha kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha niyata hotA hai aniyata nahIM, vaha puruSArtha yA vaiyaktika svatantratA kA apaharaNa to nahIM karatI, lekina use aniyata bhI nahIM rahane detI / upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki niyativAda puruSArtha kA apalApa nahIM karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai ki siddhirUpa sAdhya bhI niyata hai tathaiva puruSArtharUpa sAdhana bhI niyata hai / donoM hI AtmA kI paryAya hai| eka siddhirUpa paryAya hai dUsarI sAdhanarUpa paryAya hai| niyativAda meM puruSArtha ko sthAna nahIM hai, binA kAraNa ke hI vahA~ kArya hotA hai, yaha bAta nahIM hai| niyati meM puruSArtha hotA hai para vaha bhI niyata hI hotA hai, aniyata nhiiN|' sAtha hI sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kA apalApa isalie bhI nahIM hotA ki sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA niyatatA kA pramANa ho sakatI hai, lekina kAraNa nahIM / sarvajJatA kA pratyaya vyakti kA niyAmaka nahIM banatA, vaha mAtra usakI niyatatA ko jAnatA hai| puruSArtha jJAna kI dRSTi se niyata avazya hotA hai, lekina puruSArtha jisake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai vaha to jJAtA hai aura jJAtA jJAna se niyata nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra sarvajJatA ke pratyaya meM vyakti kI svatantratA kA kuNThana nahIM hotaa| sarvajJa se vyakti kA kartRtva nirdhArita nahIM hotA, varan sarvajJa bhaviSya meM jo kiyA jAnevAlA hai, usako jAnatA hai| sarvajJa jo jAnatA hai, vyakti vaisA karane ko bAdhya hai aisA nahIM, varan jo vyakti ke dvArA kiyA jAnevAlA hai, use sarvajJa jAnatA hai| aisA mAnane para sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA kA apalApa nahIM hotaa| zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki Izvara kA pUrvajJAna bhI mAnavIya svatantratA kA virodhI nahIM hai| prAkdRSTi athavA pUrvajJAna kA artha anivAryataH pUrvanirdhAraNa nahIM hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvajJatAvAda nirdhAraNavAda nahIM hai / $ 7. kyA jaina karma-siddhAnta nirdhAraNavAda hai ? jaina karma-siddhAnta ko ekAnta rUpa meM niyativAda yA nirdhAraNavAda nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina karma-siddhAnta yaha avazya mAnatA hai ki vyakti kA pratyeka saMkalpa evaM pratyeka kriII akAraNa nahIM hotI hai, usake pIche kAraNa rUpa meM pUrvavartI karma rahate haiN| hamArI sArI kriyAe~, samagra vicAra aura manobhAva pUrvakarma kA pariNAma hote haiM, unase nirdhArita hote haiM / lekina itane mAtra se karma siddhAnta ko nirdhAraNavAda mAna lenA saMgata nahIM hogaa| prathama to yaha ki jaina karma-siddhAnta vyakti kI samagra svatantratA kA 1. amara bhAratI, sitambara 1667, pR0 59-61. 2. nItizAstra, pR0 260.

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jaina, baukha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apaharaNa nahIM karatA / jaina karma siddhAnta karmoM kI avasthAoM meM saMkramaNa, apavartana, udIraNA aura pradezodaya kI dhAraNA evaM AtmA meM apUrvakaraNa kI zakti ko svIkAra kara karma-niyama ke Upara vyakti kI svatantratA ko svIkAra kara letA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki vaha yaha svIkAra kara letA hai ki vyakti jaisejaise apanI svatantratA ko samajhatA hai aura anya ( para ) ke nirdhAraNa se apane ko bacAtA hai, vaise-vaise karma-niyama ke Upara apanA adhikAra prApta karatA jAtA hai / apUrvakaraNa anAvRtikaraNa evaM kevalIsamudghAta ke pratyaya karma-niyama ke Upara vyakti kI svatantratA ke samarthaka haiN| dUsare, yadi yaha bhI mAna liyA jAye ki karma-siddhAnta meM nirdhAraNavAda yA niyativAda kA tattva hai to bhI karma siddhAnta meM nirdhAraka tattva bAhya nahIM hai / karma siddhAnta eka prakAra se AtmanirdhAraNavAda hai| hamArA nirdhAraNa karanevAle hamAre hI pUrvakarma yA saMskAra hote haiN| hamArA pUrvavartI jIvana hI hamAre vartamAna jIvana kA niyAmaka hotA hai, arthAt hama hI apane niyAmaka hote haiN| karma kA niyama vyakti kI svatantratA kA apalApa nahIM krtaa| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan bhI isI dhAraNA kA samarthana karate hue likhate haiM ki 'svatantratA kA artha svacchandatA nahIM hai aura na karma kA artha niyati hai / karma yA atIta ke sAtha sambandha kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki manuSya svatantra rUpa se koI karma nahIM kara sakatA, balki usameM svatantra karma to antanihita hI hai / jo niyama hameM atIta ke sAtha jor3atA hai, vaha isa bAta kA bhI pratipAdana karatA hai ki hama karma ke niyama ko svatantra kArya se parAbhUta kara sakate haiN| yaha ho sakatA hai ki aMtIta arthAt hamAre saMcita karma hamAre mArga meM bAdhAe~ DAleM, kintu ve saba manuSya kI sRjanAtmaka zakti ke Age usI mAtrA meM jhuka jAyeMge jisa mAtrA meM usameM gambhIratA aura dRr3hatA hogI / vastutaH jaina karmasiddhAnta ke dvArA svIkRta AtmanirdhAraNavAda hI eka aisA siddhAnta hai jo naitika uttaradAyitva kI samucita vyAkhyA karatA hai / pAzcAtya cintana meM bhI niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda kA samanvaya AtmanirdhAraNavAda ke rUpa meM hI khojA gayA hai| 18. bauddha darzana aura niyativAda evaM yadRcchAvAda buddha dvArA yadRcchAvAda aura niyativAda kI AlocanA-bauddha vicAra na kevala ahetuvAdI yadRcchAvAda evaM niyativAda kA nirasana karatA hai, varan IzvaravAdI niyativAda aura bhAgyavAdI niyativAda kI bhI AlocanA karatA hai aura unheM naitikatA kI vyAkhyA kA samucita siddhAnta nahIM maantaa| bauddhAgamoM meM ina vicAraNAoM kI samAlocanA yaha kahakara kI gayI ki ye vicAraNAe~ antatogatvA akarmaNyatAvAda kI ora le jAtI haiN| aMguttaranikAya meM inakI samAlocanA karate hue buddha kahate haiM, bhikSuo, ye tIna tIthikoM ke aise mata haiM ki jo paNDitoM dvArA uhApoha kie jAne para, pUche jAne para, carcA kie jAne para, jahA~ kahIM bhI jAkara rukate haiM vahA~ akarmaNyatA para hI jAkara rukate haiM / kauna se tIna ? 1. jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, pR0 288-260.

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AtmA ko svatantratA 1. bhikSuo ! kucha zramaNa brAhmaNoM kA yaha mata hai, yaha dRSTi hai ki jo kucha bho koI AdamI sukha-duHkha yA aduHkha-asukha kA anubhava karatA hai vaha saba pUrvakarmoM ke phalasvarUpa anubhava karatA hai / taba unase maiM kahatA hU~-to AyuSmAno ! tumhAre mata ke anusAra pUrvajanma ke karma ke phalasvarUpa AdamI prANI hiMsA karanevAle hote haiM, pUrvajanma ke karma ke phalasvarUpa AdamI corI karanevAle-abrahmacArI-jhUTha bolanevAle-cugalakhora-vyartha bakavAda karanevAle-lobhI-krodhI--mithyAdRSTivAle hote haiM / bhikSuo! pUrvakRta karma ko hI sAra rUpa grahaNa kara lene se yaha karanA yogya hai aura yaha karanA ayogya hai isa viSaya meM saMkalpa nahIM hotA, prayatna nahIM hotA / jaba yaha karanA yogya hai aura yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM hI yathArthajJAna nahIM hotA to isa prakAra ke mUDhasmRti asaMyata logoM kA apane Apako dhArmika zramaNa (naitika vyakti ) kahanA bhI sahetuka ( tarkayukta) nahIM hai| 2. bhikSuo ! kucha zramaNa brAhmaNoM kA yaha mata hai, yaha dRSTi hai ki jo kucha bhI koI AdamI sukha-duHkha yA aduHkha-asukha anubhava karatA hai, vaha saba Izvara-nirmANa ke kAraNa anubhava karatA hai / ___ taba maiM unase kahatA hU~-AyuSmAno ! tumhAre mata ke anusAra Izvara-nirmANa ke phalasvarUpa hI AdamI prANI hiMsA karanevAle hote hai-corI karanevAle- abrahmacArIjhUTha bolanevAle-cugalakhora-kaThora bolane vAle vyartha bakavAda karanevAle--lobhIkrodhI-mithyAdRSTI hote haiM / bhikSuo ! Izvara-nirmANa ko hI sArarUpa grahaNa kara lene se yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai isa viSaya meM saMkalpa nahIM hotA, prayatna nahIM hotA / jaba yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai, isa viSaya meM hI yathArthajJAna nahIM hotA to isa prakAra ke mUDhasmRti, asaMyata logoM kA apane Apako dhArmika zramaNa kahanA sahetuka nahIM hotaa| ___3. bhikSuo ! kucha zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA yaha mata hai, yaha dRSTi hai ki jo kucha bhI koI AdamI sukha-duHkha yA aduHkha-asukha anubhava karatA hai, vaha saba binA kisI hetu ke, binA kisI kAraNa ke ( anubhava karatA hai ) / taba maiM unase kahatA hU~-AyuSmAno ! tumhAre mata ke anusAra binA kisI hetu ke, binA kisI kAraNa ke AdamI prANI hiMsA karanevAle hote haiM-corI karanevAle-abrahmacArI-jhUTha bolanevAle-cugalakhora-kaThora bolanevAle-vyartha bakavAda karanevAlelobhI-krodhI-mithyAdRSTivAle hote haiM / bhikSuo! isa ahetuvAda ko, isa akAraNavAda ko hI sArarUpa grahaNa kara lene se yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai isa viSaya meM saMkalpa nahIM hotA, prayatna nahIM hotaa| jaba yaha karanA yogya hai, yaha karanA ayogya hai isa viSaya meM hI yathArthajJAna nahIM hotA to isa prakAra ke mUDhasmRti, asaMyata logoM

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284 - kA apane Apako hotA / " jaina, boddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ka zramaNa ( naitika vyakti ) kahanA sahetuka ( tarkapUrNa ) nahIM bauddha AgamoM kA yaha sandarbha isa bAta kA ahetuvAda tathA niyativAda kisI bhI artha meM -samutpAda meM niyativAda jisa aMza meM adhiSThita hai, nahIM hai / 69. kyA pratItyasamutpAda niyativAda hai ? sambhavataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratItyasamutpAda kI dhAraNA ke sAtha hI bauddha darzana meM bhI niyativAda kA tattva praviSTa ho jAtA hai / pratItyasamutpAda kAraNa niyama kA hI dUsarA nAma hai / pratItyasamutpAda kI sAdhAraNa vyAkhyA hai, 'aisA hone para yaha hotA hai / ' yadi hama isa vyAkhyA ko kaThora arthoM meM svIkAra kareM to niyativAda ke adhika nikaTa A jAte haiM / yadi pUrvavartI ghaTanA niyatarUpa se apanI anuvartI ghaTanA se ba~ huI hai to phira icchA svAtantrya ke lie sthAna hI kahA~ ? yadi pratItyasamutpAda meM strIkRta avidyA, saMskAra, vijJAna, nAma, rUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vaMdanA, tRSNA tathA bhava Adi pratyaya eka-dUsare se niyatarUpa meM ba~dhe hue haiM to phira isa zrRMkhalA ko tor3anA kaThina hogA; kyoMki SaDAyatana to upalabdha hai hI, usase sparza, vedanA Adi hoMge hI, aura unake hone para tRSNA hogI hI aura isa prakAra nirvANa kA prayAsa aura usakI prApti donoM hI asambhava hoMge / AcArya bAdarAyaNa ne brahmasUtra ( 22|4|22 ) meM bauddha darzana para yahI AkSepa kiyA hai ki 'santAna aura santAniyoM kA buddhipUrvaka athavA abuddhi- pUrvaka nAza sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki santAna aura santAniyoM kA viccheda nahIM hotA / ' AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtra ke bhASya meM likhate haiM ki sarva santAnoM meM santAniyoM ke viccheda rahita kArya kAraNa bhAva hone se santAna ke viccheda kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / 3 yadi pratItyasamutpAda kI isa zrRMkhalA ko tor3A nahIM jA sakatA to phira naitika jIvana aura nirvANa kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaataa| lekina pratItyasamutpAda ko niyativAda yA nirdhAraNavAda kahanA eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogI / bauddha darzana apane pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA jahA~ eka ora yadRcchAvAda kA nirasana karatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usake hI dvArA pUrvanirdhAraNavAda kA nirasana kara detA hai / gaharAI se vicAra karane para pratIta hotA hai ki pUrvanirdhAraNavAda aura yadRcchAvAda donoM hI karmahetu yA kAraNa kI * samucita vyAkhyA nahIM dete, mUlataH donoM hI ahetuvAdI yA akAraNavAdI dhAraNAe~ haiM / pratItyasamutpAda hetu kI vyAkhyA ke dvArA una donoM kA hI nirasana kara detA hai / pratItyasamutpAda yadRcchAvAda yA ahetuvAda ke nirAkaraNa ke lie hetuphala ke anivArya sambandha 1. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 61, pR0 177-179. 2. brahmasUtra (zAM0 ), 2 / 2 / 4 / 22. spaSTa pramANa hai ki bauddha vicAraNA ko abhipreta nahIM hai / phira bhI pratItyausakA pUrNatayA nivAraNa bhI sambhava *

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AtmA ko svatantratA 285: ke rUpa meM niyativAda ko avazya svIkRta karatA hai / vaha hetu aura unake phala ke anivArya sambandha ko spaSTa kara vartamAna duHkha kA kAraNa prastuta karatA hai / ? duHkha kA pratIka jarA-maraNa hai / jarA-maraNa kyoM hotA hai ? jAti ( janma ) ke kAraNa / janma kyoM hotA hai ? bhava ( janmadAyaka karma ) ke kAraNa / janmadAyaka karma kyoM hote haiM ? upAdAna ( Asakti ) ke kAraNa / Asakti kyoM hotI hai ? tRSNA ( icchA ) ke kAraNa / tRSNA kyoM hotI hai vedanA arthAt anubhUti ke kAraNa | vedanA kyoM hotI hai ? viSayoM kA sparza yA samparka hone ke kAraNa / sparza kyoM hotA hai ? chaH indriyoM ( SaDAyatana ) ke rahane ke kAraNa / chaH indriyA~ kyoM hotI nAma-rUpa arthAt mana aura zarIra ke kAraNa / nAma rUpa kyoM hotA hai ? isakI utpatti ke kSaNa vijJAna ( cintA ) rahane ke kAraNa / vijJAna kyoM hotA hai ? saMskAra ( pUrvajanma ke anubhava ) ke kAraNa | saMskAra kyoM hote haiM ? avidyA ( pUrvajanma kI duHkha -dazA ) ke kAraNa / yadyapi isa prakAra pratItyasamutpAda hetu aura phala ke anivArya sambandha ko abhivyakta avazya karatA hai, lekina vaha kabhI bhI yaha nahIM kahatA ki isa hetu phala- paramparA kA nirodha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, varan isake viparIta vaha to yaha kahatA hai ki isa hetuphalaparamparA kA nirodha kiyA jA sakatA hai dvitIya aura caturtha Aryasatya ke madhya nirudhya aura nirodhaka kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai / aSTAMgika mArga pratItyasamutpAda ke daza nidAnoM kA nimna rUpa meM nirodha karatA hainirodhaka / www.y Arya aSTAMgika mArga 1. samyak dRSTi 2. samyak saMkalpa 3. samyak vAk 4. samyak karmAnta 5. samyak AjIva 6. samyak vyAyAma 7. samyaka smRti 8. samyak samAdhi nirudhya daza nidAna avidyA saMskAra vijJAna nAma-rUpa aura SaDAyatana sparza vedanA tRSNA aura upAdAna bhava aura jAti isa prakAra sArI hetuphalaparamparA kI zrRMkhalA hI samApta kI jA sakatI hai aura vyakti nirvANalAbha prApta kara sakatA hai| sAtha hI pratItyasamutpAda kA pratyeka aMga ( dharma ) koI bAhya tathya nahIM, varan vyakti kI apanI hI avasthAe~ haiM / pratItyasamutpAda karmasiddhAnta kA hI eka rUpa hai aura isa artha meM usameM nirdhAraka tattva bAhya nahIM Antarika haiM / karmasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM vaha AtmanirdhAraNavAda hI siddha hotA hai jo bauddha naitikatA ko yadRcchAvAda ( hetuvAda ) aura niyativAda donoM ke doSoM se baccA letA hai /

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286 $ 10. gotA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda gItA meM niyativAda ( nirdhAraNavAda ) ke tattva - sAdhAraNa dRSTi se dekhane para gItA ko niyativAdI vicAraNA ke nikaTa pAyA jA sakatA hai aura isI kAraNa kucha pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya vicArakoM ne use niyativAdI kahA bhI hai| gItA kI samIkSA karate hue pro0 hila likhate haiM ki 'gItA meM saMkalpa-svAtantrya eka pUrNa niyativAdI vicAradhArA ke antargata kArya karanevAlI cayana kI mithyA svatantratA hai / " isa * prakAra hila ke anusAra gItA niyativAdI dRSTikoNa kI samarthaka hai / jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana eka samasyA kaI karmoM kA kartA na jA DA0 bhIkhanalAla Atreya yadyapi gItA ko pUrNarUpeNa niyativAdI vicAraNA kA pratipAdaka grantha nahIM mAnate haiM, tathApi ve gItA meM nihita niyativAdI tattvoM kI ora saMketa karate hue likhate haiM, 'deva aura puruSArtha kI samasyA jaisI hI darzanoM aura bhagavadgItA ne khar3I kara dI hai / ye zAstra puruSa ko mAnakara prakRti ko kartA mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki saba kucha prakRti ke guNoM dvArA ho rahA hai / kRSNa ne arjuna se kahA thA yadi vaha svayaM lar3anA nahIM cAhegA to bhI prakRti usako lar3AI meM pravRtta kara degI / prakRti aura puruSa ke kartavya aura akarttavya kI samasyA ko gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne yaha kahakara aura jaTila banA diyA ki Izvara apanI mAyA se saba prANiyoM ko kaThaputalI kI nAI nacA rahA hai / gItA meM hameM aise aneka zloka mila jAte haiM jinakA niyativAdaparaka artha lagAyA sakatA hai / naveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki apanI prakRti ko vaza meM rakhate hue maiM ina bhUtoM ke samUha ko bArabAra utpanna karatA hU~ jo ki prakRti ke vaza meM hone ke kAraNa bilakula bebasa haiM / gyArahaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai, 'maiM lokoM kA vinAza karanevAlA kAla hU~ jo pravRddha hokara lokoM ke vinAza meM lagA hU~, yaha saba paraspara virodhI senA meM paMktibaddha khar3e hue yoddhA tere (karma ke ) binA bhI zeSa nahIM raheMge - yaha saba to mere dvArA pUrva meM hI mAre jA cuke haiM / he arjuna ! tU aba isakA kAraNa bhara bana jA / DA0 rAdhAkRSNan bhI isa zloka kI TippaNI meM likhate haiM ki Izvara bhavitavyatA kI saba bAtoM kA nizcaya karatA hai aura unheM niyata karatA hai - aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lekhaka daivI pUrva-nirNayana ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karatA hai aura vyakti ko nitAnta asahAyatA aura kSudratA tathA saMkalpa aura prayatna kI vyarthatA kI ora saMketa karatA hai / " itanA hI nahIM, gItAkAra vyakti ke hAtha se naitika vikAsa kI sArI kSamatAoM ko bhI chInakara unheM paramAtmA ke hAthoM meM dene kA prayAsa kara niyativAdI dhAraNA ko aura adhika sabala banA detA hai / dasaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa kahate haiM, 'maiM saba vastuoM kA utpattisthAna hU~, mujhase sArI sRSTi 1. gItA ( anUdita - hila ) viSaya praveza, pR0 48. 2. bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 646. 3. gItA, 118. 4. vahI, 11 / 32-33. 5. magavadgItA ( rA0 ), pR0 275.

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AtmA ko svatantratA 287 calatI hai, isa bAta ko jAnakara jJAnI loga vizvAsapUrvaka merI pUjA karate haiM jo isa prakAra nirantara merI upAsanA aura bhakti karate haiM unheM maiM buddhi yoga pradAna karatA hU~ jisake dvArA ve mere pAsa pahu~ca jAte haiN|' aThArahaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki Izvara saba prANiyoM ke hRdayasthAna meM sthita hokara apanI mAyA se unheM yantra ke rUpa meM calA rahA hai|' isa zloka meM to gItAkAra niyativAdI dhAraNA ke yAntrika siddhAnta ko bhI pratipAdita kara detA hai| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki gItA kA niyativAda eka ardhayAntrika niyativAda hai, bhrAnti hI hogii| isa viSaya para samyak rUpa se vicAra karanA apekSita hai| ___ kyA gItA niyativAdI hai ?-uparyukta avataraNoM ke AdhAra para gItA niyativAda kA grantha pratIta avazya hotA hai, lekina gItA meM hI aneka sthala aise bhI haiM jo icchAsvAtantrya kA pratipAdana karate haiM / adhikAMza TIkAkAra bhI gItA ko niyativAdI grantha nahIM maante| gItA ke Adya vyAkhyAkAra AcArya zaMkara ise spaSTa kara dete haiM ki gItA meM niyativAdI evaM icchAsvAtantryavAdI dhAraNAoM kA sahI svarUpa kyA hai| AcArya zaMkara svayaM yaha samasyA uThAte haiM ki yadi sabhI jIva prakRti ke anusAra hI ceSTA karate haiM, prakRti se rahita koI nahIM hai to puruSa ke prayatna kI AvazyakatA na rahane se vidhiniSedhadarzaka zAstra (AcAradarzana) nirarthaka hogA ? itanA hI nahIM, yadi hama kisI grantha ke upasaMhAra ko umakI saiddhAntika dhAraNA kA niSkarSa mAneM to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki ga tA AtmasvAtantrya ke siddhAnta ko hI svIkAra karatI hai kyoMki anta meM zrIkRSNa arjuna se yahI kahate haiM ki jaisI terI icchA ho vaisA kara / gItA meM niyativAda svIkAra karane ke do hI AdhAra haiM-(1) prakRti aura (2) Izvara / yA to yaha mAnA gayA hai ki prANiyoM kA sArA vyavahAra prakRti se niyantrita hotA hai yA Izvara se / lekina Izvara prakRti yA mAyA ke mAdhyama se hI unheM niyantrita karatA hai, sIdhe rUpa meM nahIM / ataH yaha samajhanA hogA ki prakRti athavA mAyA kA isa sandarbha meM kyA artha hai| AcArya zaMkara isa sandarbha meM prakRti kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki jo pUrvakRta puNya-pApa Adi saMskAra vartamAna janmAdi meM prakaTa hotA hai, usakA nAma prakRti hai| arthAt isa prakAra naitikatA ke sandarbha meM prakRti yA mAyA kA tAtparya karmasiddhAnta se hai, naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra meM gItA kI prakRti karma-prakRti hI hai, jo bhUtakAlIna karmasaMskAroM se nirmita hokara vartamAna jIvana-vyavahAra ko niyantrita karatI hai| isa prakAra gItA meM AcaraNa ke kSetra kA niyantraka tattva svayaM vyakti se udbhUta usakI karma-prakRti hI siddha hotI hai| gItA meM Izvara ko jisa rUpa meM niyAmaka mAnA gayA hai vaha svecchAcArI nahIM hai / vaha Izvara sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva se yukta niyamapUrvaka kArya karanevAlA hai, ataH prANiyoM ke AcaraNa kA niyAmaka tattva Izvara nahIM, varan vaha karma kA niyama 1, gItA, 1861. 2. gItA zAMvara bhASya, 333. 3. gItA, 18163.

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288 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai jisake anusAra hI Izvara kArya karatA hai| Izvara to mAtra karma-niyama ke adhiSThAtA ke rUpa meM hI usakA niyAmaka kahA jA sakatA hai| tilaka bhI gItA meM Izvara ko isI rUpa meM niyAmaka mAnate haiN|' niSkarSa yaha hai ki gItA meM yadi koI niyativAdI tattva hai to vaha karma kA niyama hI hai aura prANI-vyavahAra kA niyamana isI ke AdhAra para hotA hai| lekina yadi hama karma-niyama ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM vyakti ke vyavahAra kA niyantraka tattva mAna lete haiM to bhI niyativAda ke paMje meM A jAte haiN| karma-vipAka kA niyama jise gItA meM Izvara kI prakRti yA mAyA athavA IzvarIya niyama kahA gayA hai, vastutaH kyA hai ? usakA vyakti para kitanA zAsana hai yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hogaa| gItA ke anusAra vyakti karma-niyama meM apanI icchA se koI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| phira bhI prazna uThatA hai ki vaha prANiyoM kA kisa artha meM niyamana karatA hai ? gItA meM karma ko jo prakRti yA mAyA kahA gayA hai usakA gahana artha yaha hai ki vaha jar3a hai, aura isalie prakRti yA mAyA kA niyama jaDa kA niyama hai| jar3a ke niyama ko hI hama vijJAna kI bhASA meM kArya-kAraNa kA niyama kahate haiM aura karma-siddhAnta kA niyama bhI kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA hI eka rUpa hai / aisI sthiti meM karma-siddhAnta ko jar3a jagata kA niyama mAna lene para use prANI-jagat para lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jar3a aura cetana bhinna-bhinna tattva haiN| gItA jaba AtmA ke dvArA Atma ke utthAna kI bAta kahatI hai (65 ) taba vaha nizcita rUpa se yahI iMgita karatI hai ki icchA-svAtantrya kA siddhAnta hI cetana-jagat kA siddhAnta hai / anAtma ( jar3a ) aura Atma ( cetana ) do bhinna sattAe~ haiM aura donoM ke svatantra niyama haiN| jar3a jagat ke niyama ke rUpa meM hI niyativAda panapatA hai / yadyapi vartamAna vaijJAnika siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para to paramANu jagata meM bhI niyatatA kA niyama pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM hotA / paramANuoM kI Antarika gati meM bhI aniyatatA hotI hai| phira bhI cetana-jagat kA niyama to icchA-svAtantrya kA siddhAnta hI kahA jA sakatA hai jisameM puruSArtha kI dhAraNA balavatI hotI hai| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan bhI likhate haiM, 'prakRti niyativAda kI vyavasthA hai| lekina vaha ruddha vyavasthA nahIM hai| AtmA kI zaktiyA~ use prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, usako gati kI dizA ko mor3a sakatI haiN| karma kA niyama anAtma ( jar3a ) ke kSetra meM pUrI taraha lAgU hotA hai, jahA~ prANIzAstrIya aura sAmAjika anuvAMzika tA dRr3hatA ke sAtha jamI huI hai, kintu kartA ( vyakti ) meM svAdhInatA kI sambhAvanA hai, prakRti ke niyativAda para, saMsAra kI anivAryatA ( bAdhyatA ) para, vijaya pAne kI sambhAvanAe~ haiN| ___ naitikatA kA jagat na pUrNatayA jar3a hai aura na pUrNatayA cetana hai| naitika kartA ke rUpa meM jIva ( baddhAtmA ) na to zuddharUpa se Atma hai aura na zuddha rUpa se anAtma, 1. gItArahasya, adhyAya 10 ( karma-vipAka aura Atma-svAtantrya ). 2. bhagavadgItA ( rA0), pR0 51.

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mAtmA ko svatantratA 289 vaha to Atma aura anAtma kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| mAnavIya jagat meM jisa rUpa meM anAtma Atma para hAvI rahatA hai, usI sthiti taka Atma-tattva para niyativAda kA adhikAra rahatA hai| lekina Atma cAhe anAtma se kitanA hI dabA huA ho, vaha kabhI bhI anAtma nahIM ho jAtA hai aura isIlie usameM svatantratA kI sambhAvanAe~ cAhe vaha kitanI hI dhUmila kyoM na hoM, samApta nahIM hotI haiN| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiMkartA ( AtmA) kA artha hai svatantratA yA anirdhaaritaa| jIvana apanI AtmasImitatA meM apanI manovaijJAnika aura sAmAjika svataHcAlitatA meM sacce vartA ( zuddhAtmA ) kA vikRta rUpa hai| karma ke niyama para AtmA kI svAdhInatA ko puSTi dvArA vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai--vizva kI ve zaktiyA~ jinakA manuSya para prabhAva par3atA hai, nimnatara prakRti kI pratinidhi haiM, parantu usakI ( manuSya ko ) AtmA prakRti ( jaina paribhASA meM karma-prakRti ) ke ghere ko tor3a sakatI hai aura brahma ( zuddhAtmA ) ke sAtha apane sambandha ko pahacAna sakatI hai| hamArA bandhana kisI vijAtIya tattva para Azrita rahane meM hai| manuSya acche aura bure meM cunAva kara sakane kI ( nihita ) svatantratA se Upara uThakara usa uccatara svatantratA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai / -gItA meM vyakti kI bhale aura bure kA cunAva kara sakane kI svAdhInatA para aura uma DhaMga para jisase ki vaha ima svatantratA kA prayoga karatA hai, jora diyA gayA hai-prakRti nirapekSa rUpa meM saba bAtoM kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara detI hai / karma eka dazA hai, bhavitavyatA nhiiN|' 11. samyaka jIvana-dRSTi ke lie donoM dRSTikoNa apekSita vastutaH saphala jovana saMcAlana ke lie niyati aura puruSArtha, donoM Avazyaka haiM / niyativAda jIvana ke atota-pakSa ko samajhAne kI dRSTi hai to puruSArthavAda jIvana ke bhAvI pakSa ko samajhane kI dRSTi hai / puruSArthavAda to bhAvI ko samujjvala banAne kI kalA evaM vidhi bhI hai| niyativAda ke dvArA hameM mAtra apane atIta ko samajhane kI koziza karanA caahie| niyativAda yaha batA sakatA hai ki jo kucha ho cukA hai una paristhitiyoM meM vahI honA thaa| durbhAgyapUrNa bhUta ke sambandha meM yahI siddhAnta hamAre jovana kI sAMtvanA bana sakatA hai / bhUta ke sambandha meM puruSArthavAda yaha socane ko bAdhya karegA ki yadi kArya amuka prakAra se kiyA hotA to saphalatA mila jAtI, lekina bhUta kI sthiti meM parivartana karanA to vartamAna ke puruSArtha adhikAra meM nahIM hai / vastutaH bhUta to vaha tIra hai jo hAtha se chUTa cukA hai| ataH bhUta ke sambandha meM puruSArthavAdI dRSTi pazcAttApa ke sivAya kucha nahIM de sktii| vartamAna meM khar3e hokara bhUta kI ora dekhane ke lie niyativAdI dRSTi hI ucita hai / bhUta badalA nahIM jA sakatA, usake lie niryAtavAdI dRSTi paryApta hai / lekina bhAvI ajJAta hotA hai, usake sambandha meM kucha bhI pUrva kathana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaba taka vyakti meM yaha sAmarthya nahIM hai ki vaha apane asIma agrima bhaviSya ko dekha sake, use bhAvI ke sambandha meM niyativAdI kiMvA bhAgyavAdI dhAraNA banAne kA koI adhikAra nahIM / niyativAda nizcitatA hai| nizcitatA jJAtatA 1. bhagavadgItA, pR0 51-52.

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290 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAtha rahatI hai| ajJAtatA anizcitatA hai aura yadi bhaviSya ajJAta hai to usakI vyAkhyA niyativAda ke dvArA sambhava hI nahIM hai / bhaviSya ke sambandha meM niyativAdI dhAraNA nirAzA, nIrasatA aura niSkriyatA ke dvArA pragati ke sAre dvAroM ko avaruddha kara detI hai| bhAvI ko sukhada evaM samRddha banAne ke lie puruSArthavAda ke prati niSThA Avazyaka hai / jIvana kA svarNima sUtra hai-bhUta ke sambandha meM bhAgyavAdI ( niyativAdI ) raho aura bhAvI ke sambandha meM puruSArthavAdI / 12. karma-niyama aura Atmazakti ___ karma-niyama aura AtmA meM kauna balavAn hai, yaha prazna prAcInakAla se hI vicAraNIya rahA hai| yadyapi karma hamAre saMskAroM aura hamAre jIvana jIne ke DhaMga ko prabhAvita karatA hai; lekina karmoM kA kartA AtmA hai| AtmA svayaM . hI apane karmoM se baddha hotA hai, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki usa bandhana se mukta hone kI sAmarthya bhI AtmA meM hI hai| upAdhyAya amaramuni jI likhate haiM ki ananta gagana meM meghoM kI kitanI hI ghanaghora ghaTA chA jAe, phira bhI ve sUrya kI prabhA kA sarvathA vilopa nahIM kara sktiiN| bAdaloM meM sUrya ko AcchAdita karane kI zakti to hai, kintu usake Aloka ko sarvathA vilupta karane kI zakti unameM nahIM hai| yahI bAta AtmA ke sambandha meM hai / karma meM AtmA ke sahaja svAbhAvika guNoM ko AcchAdita karane kI zakti hai isameM jarA bhI asatya nahIM hai, para AtmA ko AcchAdita karanevAle karma kitane hI pragAr3ha kyoM na hoM unameM AtmA ke eka bhI guNa ko mUlataH naSTa karane kI zakti nahIM hai| jaise sUrya svayaM meghoM ko utpanna karatA hai, unase AcchAdita ho jAtA hai aura phira vahI sUrya apanI zakti se unheM chinna-bhinna bhI kara DAlatA hai| isI prakAra AtmA bhI svayaM karmoM ko utpanna karatA hai, unase AcchAdita ho jAtA hai aura phira svayaM hI una karmoM ko nirjarA ke dvArA chinna-bhinna bhI kara DAlatA hai / ' vastutaH karmazakti mahattvapUrNa hai, lekina vaha Atmazakti kI apekSA adhika balavAn nahIM hai| karma saMkalpajanya haiM aura isalie ve AtmA se ho utpanna hote hai / karmoM ko jo bhI kucha zakti milatI hai, isake mUla meM hamAre hI saMkalpa hote haiM / ataH yaha mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM ki karmazakti Atmazakti se balavAn hai / AtmA apane puruSArtha ke dvArA karmoM kI niyAmakatA se Upara uTha sakatA hai| kucha logoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki karmAvaraNa ke halke hone para Atma-vizuddhi hotI hai, lekina yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hai / amaramuni jo likhate haiM ki karma TUTe to AtmA vizuddha ho, yaha siddhAnta nahIM hai; balki siddhAnta yaha hai ki AtmA kA zuddha puruSArtha jAge, to karma halke hoN| isa prakAra karma-niyama ke Upara Atmazakti kA sthAna hai / 13. Atma-nirdhAraNavAda vibhinna niyativAdI tattva hamAre vyaktitva ke nirmANa evaM nirdhAraNa ke bAhya kAraNa yA nimitta avazya haiM, lekina unako svarUpa pradAna karanevAlA kendrIya tattva 1. samAja aura saMskRti, pR0 168. 2. vahI, pR0 166.

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AtmA ko amaratA 211 to hamArI cetanA hai / DA0 yadunAtha sinhA likhate haiM, mAnavIya karma aMzataH svataMtra hote haiM tathA aMzataH gata jIvanoM meM saMcita puNya-pApa athavA dharma-adharma se nirdhArita hote haiM / saMkalpazakti ke svatantra karmoM ko puruskAra ( puruSArtha ) kahA gayA hai aura gata jIvana meM ajita pApa-puNyoM ( karma saMskAra ) ko deva kahate haiN| ve aise acetana pUrvasvabhAva haiM, jo ki bhItara se hI hamAre aicchika karmoM ko aMzataH nirdhArita karate haiM tathA aMzataH unake pariNAmoM ko bala yA bAdhA pahuMcAte haiN| manovaijJAnika pUrvasvabhAva hamAre svayaM ke karma haiM / ve AtmA ke prati bAhya nahIM haiM, ve usameM nihita haiN|' cetanA (AtmA) kA nirdhAraNa bAhya nahIM, Anta raka hai / bAhya tattva usakA nirdhAraNa tabhI kara sakate haiM jaba cetanA svayaM apane para unakA AropaNa kara letI hai| hamArA bandhana svayaM ke dvArA svayaM para Aropita hai| sarAga cetanA svayaM apane ko paratantra (bandhana ) banA letI hai aura vItarAga cetanA apane ko svatantra ( mukta ) kara letI hai / yahI AtmanirdhAraNavAda hai aura yahI hamArI svatantratA kA saccA rahasya hai| svatantratA kA a. atantratA nahIM, AtmatantratA hai / cetanA ko parApekSI, pudgalApekSI sarAga yA tRSNAyukta banAnA yahI paratantratA kA sRjana hai aura cetanA ko jJAtAdRSTAsvarUpa vizuddha svasvabhAva yA vItarAgadazA meM sthita rakhanA hI svatantratA kI upalabdhi hai / sarAgatA aura vItarAgatA donoM hI cetanA kI sthitiyAM haiN| sarAgatA parApekSI avazya hai, lekina vaha 'para' nahIM 'sva' hI hai / bAhya padArtha 'rAga' ke nimitta mAtra haiN| unameM rAga kA kartA to yaha svayaM AtmA hI hai| eka AtmA kI vibhAvaavasthA hai, dUsarI usakI svabhAva-avasthA hai| vibhAva ho bandhana hai, kyoMki vaha parApekSI hai aura svabhAva hI mukti hai| lekina vibhAva yA sarAgatA bhI AtmA ke dvArA svayaM Aropita dazA hai, ataH usameM bhI AtmA kI svatantratA kI dhAraNA kA apalApa nahIM hotA hai yadyapi vibhAvadazA, sarAgatA yA karma-saMskAra hamAre kAryoM ko nirdhArita avazya karate haiM / lekina ve AtmAzrita haiM, ataH AtmA unapara vijaya prApta karake apanI saccI svatantratA upalabdha kara sakatI hai| isIlie uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA svayaM hI apane sukha-duHkha yA bandhana kA sRSTA hai aura svayaM hI unakA visarjana karanevAlA hai| satpatha meM niyojita AtmA svayaM hI apanA mitra hai aura kupatha meM niyojita AtmA hI apanA zatru hai| hamArI AtmA hI hameM paratantra banAtI hai, ataH svayaM se ( svayaM kI dRSpravRttiyoM se ) hI yuddha karanA cAhie, dUsare bAhya zatruoM (tattvoM) se yuddha karane se kyA lAbha ? AtmA ke dvArA AtmA para vijayalAbha karanevAlA hI svatantratA ke sacce sukha ko upalabdha karatA hai| gItA me bhI kahA hai ki yaha AtmA svayaM hI apanA mitra hai aura svayaM hI apanA zatru hai, isalie manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha svayaM hI apanA uddhAra kare, svayaM apanA patana na kreN| dhammapada meM bhI yahI kahA hai-svayaM apane dvArA kRta pApoM se hI svayaM hI apane ko malina karatA hai aura svayaM apane dvArA pApa nahIM karake apane ko vizuddha karatA 1. nItizAstra, pR0 60. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 20137. 3. vahI, 935. 4. gaMtA, 6 / 4-5.

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292 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai| jo apane ko anuzAsita rakhegA vaha sukhapUrvaka vihAra karegA kyoMki vyakti svayaM hI apanA svAmI hai, svayaM hI apanA sAdhya hai| isa prakAra sabhI bhAratIya AcAradarzana AtmasvAtantrya evaM AtmanirdhAraNavAda kA samarthana karate hue vyakti ko AtmanirdhAraNa se AtmasvAtantrya kI dizA meM bar3hane kI preraNA dete haiM / yaha smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki pAzcAtya cintana kA icchA-svAtantrya AtmasvAtantrya nahIM hai / bhAratIya cintana aura vizeSa rUpa meM jaina cintana bhI AtmasvAtantrya ko to svIkAra karatA hai, lekina icchA-svAtantrya ko nahIM / icchA svatantra nahIM hotI kyoMki vaha akAraNa nahIM, sakAraNa hai| kisI bhI icchA kI utpatti ke lie tatsambandhI karmavargaNAoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| usa icchA ko karanevAlI cetanA yA AtmA hI vAstava meM svatantra hai / svatantratA cetanA yA AtmA kA svarUpa lakSaNa hai, vaha tattva kA svarUpa hai, hamArA tAttvika adhikAra hai / lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha hameM upalabdha bhI hai| rUso ne kahA hai ki manuSya svatantra paidA hotA hai, parantu cAroM aura jaMjIroM meM jakar3A najara AtA hai / yaha kathana rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa se sahI hai, parantu naitika athavA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se satya kucha dUsarA hI pratIta hotA hai / vahA~ yaha kahanA adhika yuktisaMgata aura satya hogA ki manuSya paidA paratantra hotA hai, parantu vaha cAhe to svatantra ho sakatA hai / svatantratA hamArA svabhAva hai| 'hama svatantra hai' isakI apekSA yaha kahanA adhika upayukta hai ki 'hamameM svatantra hone kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM aura naitika jIvana kI sArI prakriyA usI svatantratA ko prakaTa karane ke lie hai|' mahAbhArata meM isa tathya ko bar3e hI sundara zabdoM meM yaha kahakara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki yaha svatantra AtmA svatantratA ke dvArA svatantratA ko prApta kara letA hai / arthAt yaha jIvAtmA jo apane tAttvika svarUpa meM svatantra hai, AmaktirUpI bandhana se svatantra hokara saccI svatantratA yA mukti kA lAbha kara letA hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva svatantratA aura nirdhAraNatA kA mizraNa hai, lekina hama nirdhAraNatA ko samApta kara sacce arthoM meM svatantra ho sakate haiM / DA. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM ki jIvana tAza ke pattoM ke khela kI taraha hai / patte hameM bA~Ta diye jAte haiM, cAhe ve acche hoM yA bure / isa sImA taka niyativAda kA zAsana hai| parantu hama khela ko bar3hiyA DhaMga se yA kharAba Dhaga se khela sakate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki eka kuzala khilAr3I ke pAsa bahuta kharAba patte Aye hoM aura phira bhI vaha khela meM jIta jaaye| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki eka kharAba khilAr3I ke pAsa acche patte Aye hoM aura phira bhI vaha khela kA nAza karake rakha de / hamArA jIvana paravazatA aura svatantratA, daivayoga aura cunAva kA mizraNa hai / apane cunAva kA samucita rUpa se prayoga karate hue hama dhIre-dhIre saba tattvoM para niyantraNa kara sakate haiM aura prakRti ke niyativAda ko bilakula samApta kara sakate haiN|" __ svabhAvataH hama svataMtra hai aura hamane svayaM apanI hI vAsanAoM evaM AsaktiyoM ke baMdhana khar3e kara liye haiM / hama una baMdhanoM ko samApta kara pUrNa svataMtratA prApta kara sakate haiN| - 1. dhammapada, 165. 2, vahI, 160. 3. nIti kI ora, pR0 55. 4. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 308 / 27 30. 5. jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, pR0 292; bhagavadgItA ( rA0), pR0 53. /

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1. naitika vicAraNA meM karma siddhAnta kA sthAna 2. karma siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyAM aura phalitArtha saMkSepa meM ina AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM ke phalitArtha nimnalikhita haiM 297 / 3. karma siddhAnta kA udbhava 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ 1. kAlavAda 298 / 2. svabhAvavAda 298 / 3. niyativAda 299 / 4. yadRcchAvAda 299 / 5. mahAbhUtavAda 299 / 6. prakRtivAda 299 / 7. IzvaravAda 299 / 5. aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa gItA kA dRSTikoNa 300 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 300 / jaina dRSTikoNa 301 / 6. jaina darzana kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa gItA ke dvArA jaina dRSTikoNa kA samarthana 303 / 7. 'karma' zabda kA artha gItA meM karma zabda kA artha 304 / bauddha darzana meM karma kA artha 304 / jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA artha 305 / 8. karma kA bhautika svarUpa 10 karma - siddhAnta dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma 307 / dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma kA sambandha 308 | (a) bauddha dRSTikoNa evaM usakI samIkSA 308 | (ba) sAMkhya darzana aura zAMkara vedAnta ke dRSTikoNa ko samIkSA 310 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 310 / eka samagra daSTikoNa Avazyaka 311 / 9. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA 293 ww hai .. 295. 296 298 298 299 303 304 306 311

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10. karma kI mUrtatA mUrta kA amUrta prabhAva 313 / mUrta kA amUrta se sambandha 314 / 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA jaina dRSTikoNa 314 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 314 / 12. karmaphala saMvibhAga jaina dRSTikoNa 316 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 316 | gItA evaM hindU paramparA kA dRSTikoNa 317 / tulanA evaM 317 / samIkSA 13. jaina darzana meM karma kI avasthA 319 / 320 | 1. bandha 318 / 2. saMkramaNa 319 / 3. udvartanA 4. apavartanA 319 / 5. sattA 320 / 6. udaya 7 udIraNA 320 / 8. upazamana 320 / 9 nidhatti 320 / 10. nikAcanA 320 / karma kI avasthAoM para bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA 321 / karma kI avasthAoM para hindU AcAra darzana kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA 321 / 14. karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA jaina dRSTikoNa 323 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 324 / niyatavipAka karma 324 / aniyatavipAka karma 324 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 325 / niSkarSa 325 / 15. karma-siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara karma - siddhAnta para mekeMjI ke AkSepa aura unake pratyuttara 325 /. 294 313 314 315 318 323. 325

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karma-siddhAnta 1. naitika vicAraNA meM karma-siddhAnta kA sthAna ___sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAye rakhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki karmoM kI zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra zubhAzubha phala prApta hone kI dhAraNA meM usakA vizvAsa banA rahe / koI bhI AcAradarzana isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kiye binA janasAdhAraNa ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAye rakhane meM saphala nahIM hotaa| __karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra naitikatA ke kSetra meM AnevAle vartamAnakAlika samasta mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika karma bhUtakAlIna karmoM se prabhAvita hote haiM aura bhaviSya ke karmoM para apanA prabhAva DAlane kI kSamatA se yukta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM, vaijJAnika jagat meM tathyoM evaM ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie jo sthAna kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA hai, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vahI sthAna 'karma-siddhAnta' kA hai| prophesara hariyannA ke anusAra, "karma-siddhAnta kA Azaya yahI hai ki naitika jagat meM bhI bhautika jagat kI bhAMti, paryApta kAraNa ke binA kucha ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| yaha samasta duHkha kA Adi srota hamAre vyaktitva meM hI khojakara Izvara aura prativezI ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai|"1 atItakAlIna jIvana hI vartamAna vyaktitva kA vidhAyaka hai| jisa prakAra koI bhI vartamAna ghaTanA kisI paravartI ghaTanA kA kAraNa banatI hai usI prakAra hamArA vartamAna AcaraNa hamAre paravartI AcaraNa evaM caritra kA kAraNa banatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka DraDale jaba yaha kahate haiM 'mAnava caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai|"2 to unakA tAtparya yahI hai ki atIta ke kRtya hI vartamAna caritra ke nirmAtA haiM aura isI vartamAna caritra ke AdhAra para hamAre bhAvI caritra ( vyaktitva ) kA nirmANa hotA hai| __ karma-siddhAnta kI AvazyakatA AcAradarzana ke lie utanI hI hai, jitanI vijJAna ke lie kAryakAraNa siddhAnta kii| vijJAna kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM AsthA prakaTa karake hI Age bar3ha sakatA hai aura AcAradarzana karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para hI samAja meM naitikatA ke prati niSThA jAgRta kara sakatA hai| jisa prakAra kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta ke parityAga karane para vaijJAnika gaveSaNAe~ nirarthaka haiM, usI prakAra karma-siddhAnta se vihIna AcAradarzana bhI arthazUnya hotA hai| pro0 veMkaTaramaNa likhate haiM ki 'karma 1. AuTalAinsa Apha iMDiyana philAsaphI, pR0 7. 2. ethikala sTaDIja pR0 53.

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293 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana siddhAnta kAryakAraNa siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcaraNa ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM kucha bhI saMyoga athavA svacchandatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai / " jagat meM sabhI kucha kisI niyama ke adhIna haiN| DaoN0 Ara0 esa0 navalakhA kA kathana hai ki 'yadi kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta jAgatika tathyoM kI vyAkhyA ko prAmANika rUpa se prastuta karatA hai, to phira usakA naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayoga karanA nyAyika kyoM nahIM hogA / 2 maiksamUlara ne bhI likhA hai ki 'yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA yA burA karma ( binA phala diye ) samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA ThIka vaisA hI vizvAsa hai jaisA ki bhautika jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA ke niyama kA vizvAsa hai / karma siddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta meM sAmya hote hue bhI unake viSayoM kI prakRti ke kAraNa donoM meM jo maulika antara hai, use dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie / bhautika jagat meM kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta kA viSaya jar3a padArtha hote haiM, ataH usameM jitanI niyatatA hotI hai vaisI niyatatA prANIjagat meM lAgU honevAle karmasiddhAnta meM nahIM ho sakatI / yahI kAraNa hai ki karma siddhAnta meM niyatatA aura svatantratA kA samucita saMyoga hotA hai / upayogitA ke tarka ( praigmeTika laoNjika ) kI dRSTi se bhI yaha dhAraNA Avazyaka aura aucityapUrNa pratIta hotI hai ki hama AcAradarzana meM eka aise siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA kareM, jo naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phala ke AdhAra para unake pUrvavartI aura anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kara sake tathA prANiyoM ko zubha kI ora pravRtta aura azubha se vimukha kare / bhAratIya cintakoM ne karma siddhAnta kI sthApanA ke dvArA na kevala naitika kriyAoM ke phala kI anivAryatA prakaTa kI, varan unake pUrvavartI kArakoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kI, sAtha hI sRSTi ke vaiSamya kA sundaratama samAdhAna bhI kiyA / $ 2. karma - siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyAM aura phalitArtha karma - siddhAnta kI prathama mAnyatA yaha hai ki pratyeka kriyA usake pariNAma se jur3I hai / usakA paravartI prabhAva aura pariNAma hotA hai / pratyeka naitika kriyA anivAryatayA phalayukta hotI hai, phalazUnya nahIM hotI / karma siddhAnta kI dUsarI mAnyatA yaha hai ki usa pariNAma kI anubhUti vahI vyakti karatA hai jisane pUrvavartI kriyA kI hai / pUrvavartI kriyAoM kA kartA hI usake pariNAma kA bhoktA hotA hai / tIsare, karma siddhAnta yaha bhI mAnakara calatA hai ki karma aura usake vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai / jaba ina tInoM praznoM kA vicAra karate haiM to zubhAzubha naitika 1. philAsA phikala kvATaralI, apraila 1932, pR072. 2. zaMkarsa brahmavAda, pR0 248. 3. zrI lekcararsa Ana vedAnta philAsaphI, pR0 165.

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karma-siddhAnta 297 kriyAoM ke phalayukta yA savipAka hone ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana ekamata pratIta hote haiM / bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM ne niSkAmabhAva evaM vItarAgadRSTi se yukta AcaraNa ko zubhAzubha ko koTi se pare atinaitika ( A moral ) mAnakara phalazUnya yA avipAkI mAnA hai| jaina vicAraNA ne aise AcaraNa ko phalayukta mAnate hue bhI usake phala yA vipAka ke sambandha meM IryApathika bandha aura mAtra pradezodaya kA jo vicAra prastuta kiyA hai usake AdhAra para yaha matabheda mahattvapUrNa nahIM raha jAtA hai / jahA~ taka karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA vahI AtmA hotA hai isa mAnyatA kA sambandha hai, gItA aura jaina darzana kI dRSTi se jo AtmA karmoM kA kartA hai, vahI unake karmaphaloM kA bhoktA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki AtmA svakRta sukhaduHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga nahIM karatA / ' buddha ke sAmane bhI jaba yahI prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki AtmA svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai yA parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai to buddha ne mahAvIra se bhinna uttara diyA aura kahA ki prANI yA AtmA ke sukha-duHkha na to svakRta haiM, na parakRta / 2 buddha ko svakRta mAnane meM zAzvatavAda kA aura parakRta mAnane meM ucchedavAda kA doSa dikhAI diyA, ataH unhoMne mAtra vipAka-paramparA ko hI svIkAra kiyaa| jahA~ taka karma-vipAkaparamparA ke pravAha ko anAdi mAnane kA prazna hai, tonoM hI AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se use anAdi mAnate haiN| saMkSepa meM ina AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM ke phalitArtha nimnalikhita haiM 1. vyakti kA vartamAna vyaktitva usake pUrvavartI vyaktitva ( caritra ) kA pariNAma hai aura yahI vartamAna vyaktitva ( caritra ) usake bhAvI vyaktitva kA nirmAtA hai / 2. naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha jo kriyAe~ vyakti ne kI hai vahI unake pariNAmoM kA bhoktA bhI hai| yadi vaha una saba pariNAmoM ko isa jIvana meM nahIM bhoga pAtA hai, to vaha una pariNAmoM ko bhogane ke lie bhAvI janma grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra karma-siddhAnta se punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhI phalita hotA hai| 3. sAtha hI ina pariNAmoM ke bhoga ke lie isa zarIra ko chor3ane ke pazcAt dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karanevAlA koI sthAyI tattva bhI honA caahie| isa prakAra naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phalabhoga ke sAtha AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta jur3a jAtA hai| yadi karma-siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ke sAtha AtmA kI amaratA svIkAra nahIM kI jAtI hai, to jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga ke doSa upasthita hote haiM / unakI dRSTi meM AtmA kI amaratA yA nityatA kI dhAraNA ke abhAva meM karma-siddhAnta kAphI nirbala par3a jAtA hai / isa prakAra AtmA kI amaratA kI dhAraNA karma-siddhAnta kI anivArya phalazruti hai| 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 1 / 2 / 64. 2. saMyuttanikAya, 12 / 17.

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298 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayanA kSetra meM zubha aura azubha kA phala zubha aura azubha 4. karma - siddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki AcAra ke aisI do prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiM / sAtha hI zubha pravRtti pravRtti kA phala azubha hotA hai / 5. karma siddhAnta cetana Atma-tattva ko prabhAvita karanevAlI pratyeka ghaTanA evaM anubhUti ke kAraNa kI khoja bAhya jagat meM nahIM karatA, varan Antarika jagat meM karatA hai / vaha svayaM cetanA meM hI usake kAraNa ko khojane kI koziza karatA hai / 6 3. karma - siddhAnta kA udbhava karma siddhAnta kA udbhava kaise huA, yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai / bhAratIya cintana A jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM paramparAoM meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa to huA hai, lekina usake sarvAMgINa vikAsa kA zreya jaina paramparA ko hI hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki 'yadyapi vaidika sAhitya tathA bauddha sAhitya meM karmasambandhI vicAra haiM, para vaha itanA alpa hai ki usakA koI khAsa graMtha usa sAhitya meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / usake viparIta jaina darzana meM karmasambandhI vicAra sUkSma, vyavasthita aura ati vistRta hai / " vaidika paramparA kI prArambhika avasthA meM upaniSadkAla taka koI Thosa karma siddhAnta nahIM bana pAyA thA, yadyapi vaidika sAhitya meM Rt ke rUpa meM usakA aspaSTa nirdeza avazya upalabdha hai / pro0 mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki 'Adhunika vidvAnoM meM isa viSaya meM koI vivAda nahIM hai ki upaniSadoM ke pUrvakAlIna vaidika sAhitya meM karma yA adRSTa kI kalpanA kA spaSTa rUpa dikhAI nahIM detA / karma kAraNa hai aisA vAda bhI upaniSadoM kA sarvasammatavAda ho, yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 2 vaidika sAhitya meM Rta ke niyama ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina usakI vistRta vyAkhyA usameM upalabdha nahIM hai / pUrva yuga meM jina vicArakoM ne isa vaicitryamaya sRSTi, vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM, vyakti kI vibhinna sukhada duHkhada anubhUtiyoM tathA sad-asad pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, unameM se adhikAMza ne isa kAraNa ko khoja bAhya tathyoM meM kI / unake ina prayAsoM ke phalasvarUpa vibhinna dhArAe~ udbhUta huI / $ 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ zvetAzvataropaniSad, sUtrakRtAMga, aMguttaranikAya, mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva tathA gItA meM ina vividha vicAradhArAoM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiM / unameM kucha pramukha mAnyatAe~ isa prakAra haiM 1. kAlavAda -- samagra jAgatika tathyoM, vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM tathA vyakti ke sukha-duHkha evaM kriyAkalApoM kA ekamAtra kAraNa kAla hai / 2. svabhAvavAda - jo bhI ghaTita hotA hai yA hogA, usakA AdhAra vastu kA apanA svabhAva hai / svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / 1. darzana aura cintana, pR0 219. 2. AtmamImAMsA, pR0 80.

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karma-siddhAnta 199 3. niyativAda - ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA pUrvaniyata hai aura ve usI rUpa meM ghaTita hotI haiM | unheM koI kabhI bhI anyathA nahIM kara sakatA / jaisA honA hotA hai, vaisA hI hotA hai / 4. yadRcchAvAda - jagata kI kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI bhI niyata hetu nahIM hai, usakA ghaTita honA mAtra eka saMyoga ( chance ) hai / isa prakAra yaha saMyoga para bala detA hai tathA ahetuvAdI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai / 5. mahAbhUtavAda - yaha bhautikavAdI dhAraNA hai / isake anusAra pRthvI, agni, vAyu aura pAnI ye cAroM mahAbhUta hI mUlabhUta kAraNa haiM, sabhI kucha inake vibhinna saMyogoM kA pariNAma hai / 6. prakRtivAda - prakRtivAda triguNAtmaka prakRti ko hI samagra jAgatika vikAsa tathA mAnavIya sukha-duHkha evaM bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai / 7. IzvaravAda - isake anusAra Izvara hI jagat kA racayitA evaM niyantA hai / jo bhI kucha hotA hai vaha saba usI ko icchA kA pariNAma hai / jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM evaM aupaniSadika sAhitya meM ina sabhI mAnyatAoM kI AlocanA kI gayI hai / yaha samAlocanA hI eka vyavasthita karma siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA AdhAra banI hai / DA0 nathamala TaoNTiyA ke zabdoM meM sRSTi sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM hI karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA, aisA pratIta hotA hai / " 5. aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa aupaniSadika sAhitya meM sarvaprathama ina vividha mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kI gayI hai / jahA~ pUrvavartI RSiyoM ne jagat ke vaicitrya evaM vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa kinhIM bAhya tattvoM ko mAnakara santoSa kiyA hogA, vahA~ aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne ina mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke dvArA Antarika kAraNa khojane kA prayAsa kiyA / zvetAzvatara upaniSad ke prArambha meM hI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA sukhaduHkha meM prerita hokara saMsAra yAtrA ( vyavasthA ) kA anuvartana kara rahe haiM ? RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta, yoni (prakRti), puruSa evaM inakA saMyoga kAraNa hai ? isa para vicAra karanA cAhie RSi kA kahanA ki kAla svabhAva Adi kAraNa nahIM ho sakate, na inakA saMyoga hI hai; kyoMki inameM se pratyeka tathA inakA saMyoga sabhI AtmA se AtmA se tAdAtmyabhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / jIvAtmA bhI kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha to svayaM sukha-duHkha ke adhIna hai / 2 zvetAzvatara bhASya meM kAla, svabhAva Adi ke kAraNa na ho sakane ke sambandha meM yaha bhI tarka diyA gayA hai ki kAlAdi meM / kAraNa ho sakatA 'para' hai, ataH inakA 1. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 220. 2. zvatAzvataropaniSad, 111-20

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana se pratyeka alaga-alaga rUpa meM kAraNa nahIM mAne jA sakate, aisA mAnanA pratyakSa-viruddha hai, kyoMki loka meM kAlAdi nimittoM ke paraspara milane para hI kArya hote dekhA jAtA hai / karma-siddhAnta kI udbhAvanA meM aupaniSadika cintana kA yogadAna yaha hai ki usameM tatkAlIna kAla, svabhAva, niyati Adi siddhAntoM kI apUrNatA ko abhivyakta karane kA prayAsa mAtra kiyA gyaa| usane na kevala inakA niSedha kiyA, varan inake sthAna para Izvara ( brahma ) ko kAraNa mAnane kA prayAsa kiyA / zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha buddhimAn to svabhAva ko kAraNa batalAte haiM aura kucha kAla ko / kintu ye mohagrasta haiM ( ataH ThIka nahIM jAnate ) / yaha bhagavAn kI mahimA hI hai, jisase loka meM yaha brahmacakra dhUma rahA hai / lekina vaha brahma bhI pUrvakathita vibhinna kAraNoM kA adhiSThAna hI bana sakA, kAraNa nahIM / 3 bhASyakAra kahate haiM ki brahma na kAraNa hai, na akAraNa, na kAraNa-akAraNa ubhayarUpa hai, na donoM se bhinna hai| advitIya paramAtmA kA kAraNatva upAdAna athavA nimitta svataH kucha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika cintana meM kAraNa kyA hai ? yaha nizcaya nahIM ho skaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa gItA meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, prakRtivAda, daivavAda evaM IzvaravAda ke saMketa milate haiN| gItAkAra ina saba siddhAntoM ko yathAvasara svIkAra karake calatA hai| vaha kabhI kAla ko, kabhI prakRti ko, kabhI svabhAva ko, to kabhI puruSa athavA Izvara ko kAraNa mAnatA hai| yadyapi gItAkAra pUrvavartI vicArakoM se isa bAta meM to bhinna hai ki inameM se vaha kisI eka hI siddhAnta ko mAnakara nahIM calatA, varan yathAvasara sabhI ke mUlya ko svIkAra karake calatA hai; tathApi usameM spaSTa samanvaya kA abhAvasA lagatA hai aura isa taraha sabhI siddhAnta pRthak se raha jAte haiN| phira bhI itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki gItAkAra antima kAraNa ke rUpa meM Izvara ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa __ zramaNa-paramparA meM ina vibhinna vAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA evaM brahma ke sthAna para karma ko hI isakA kAraNa mAnA gyaa| buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ne karma ko hI Izvara ke sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA aura jagat ke vaicitrya kA kAraNa karma hai, aisI udghoSaNA kI / IzvaravAdI darzanoM meM jo sthAna Izvara kA hai, vahI sthAna bauddha aura jaina darzana meM karma-siddhAnta ne le liyA hai| 1. zvetAzvetara ( bhA0), 12. 2. vahI, 6 / 1. 3. vahI, 1 // 3. 4. gItA, 823, 5 / 14, 68, 1861.

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karma - siddhAnta aMguttaranikAya meM bhagavAn buddha ne vibhinna kAraNatAvAdI aura akAraNatAvAdI dRSTikoNoM kI samIkSA kI hai / " jagat ke vyavasthA niyama ke rUpa meM buddha spaSTarUpa se karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiM / suttanipAta meM svayaM buddha kahate haiM, kisI kA karma naSTa nahIM hotA / kartA use prApta karatA ho hai / pApakarma karanevAlA paraloka meM apane ko duHkha meM par3A pAtA hai / saMsAra karma se calatA hai, prajA karma se calatI hai / ratha kA cakra jisa prakAra ANI se ba~dhA rahatA hai usI prakAra prANI karma se ba~dhe rahate haiM / bauddha mantavya ko AcArya narendradeva nimna zabdoM meM prastuta karate haiM, jIva-loka aura bhAjana-loka ( vizva ) kI vicitratA IzvarakRta nahIM hai / koI Izvara nahIM hai jisane buddhipUrvaka isakI racanA kI ho / lokavaicitrya karmaja haiM, yaha sattvoM ke karma se utpanna hotA hai / bauddha vicAra meM prakRti evaM svabhAva ko mAtra bhautika jar3a jagat kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / buddha spaSTa rUpa se karmavAda ko svIkAra karate haiM / buddha se zubha mANavaka ne prazna kiyA thA, 'he gautama, kyA hetu hai, kyA pratyaya hai, ki manuSya hote hue bhI manuSya rUpa vAle meM hInatA aura uttamatA dikhAI par3atI hai ? he gautama, yahA~ manuSya alpAyu dekhane meM Ate haiM aura dIrghAyu bhI; bahurogI bhI alparogI bhI; kurUpa bhI rUpavAn bhI; daridra bhI dhanavAna bhI; nirbuddhi bhI prajJAvAn bho / he gautama, kyA kAraNa hai ki yahA~ prANiyoM meM itanI hInatA aura praNItatA (uttamatA) dikhAI par3atI hai ? " bhagavAn buddha ne jo isakA uttara diyA hai vaha bauddha dharma meM karmavAda ke sthAna ko spaSTa kara detA hai / ve kahate haiM, he mANavaka prANI karmasvayaM ( karma hI jinakA apanA ), karma - dAyAda, karmayoni, karmabandhu aura karma pratizaraNa hai / karma hI prANiyoM ko isa hInatA aura uttamatA meM vibhakta karatA hai / bauddha darzana meM karma ko caittasika pratyaya ke rUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura yaha mAnA gayA hai ki karma ke kAraNa hI AcAra, vicAra evaM svarUpa kI yaha vividhatA hai / isa prakAra bauddha dharma ne karma ko kAraNa mAna kara prANiyoM kI honatA evaM praNItatA kA uttara to bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM diyA hai, phira bhI yaha karma kA niyama kisa prakAra apanA kArya karatA hai, isakA kAla-svabhAva Adi se kyA sambandha hai, isake bAre meM usameM itanA adhika vistRta vivecana nahIM hai jitanA ki jaina darzana meM hai | jaina dRSTikoNa jaina darzana meM bhI kAraNatA sambandhI ina vividha siddhAntoM kI samokSA kI gayI / sUtrakRtAMga evaM usake paravartI jaina sAhitya meM inameM se adhikAMza vicAraNAoM kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai / yahA~ vistAra meM na jAkara una samIkSAoM kI 1. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 61. 2. suttanipAta vAseThasutta, 60-61. 3. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR0 250. 4. majjhimanikAya, 3 / 45. '

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302 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sArabhUta bAtoM ko prastuta karanA hI paryApta hai| sAmAnyatayA vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUti kA AdhAra kAla nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yadi kAla hI ekamAtra kAraNa hai to eka hI samaya meM eka vyakti sukhI aura dUsarA vyakti duHkhI nahIM ho sakatA / phira acetana kAla hamArI sukha-duHkhAtmaka cetana avasthAoM kA kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai ? yadi yaha mAne ki vyakti kI sad-asad pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa yA preraka tattva svabhAva hai aura hama usakA atikramaNa nahIM kara sakate haiM, to naitika sudhAra, naitika pragati kaise hogI? dasyu aMgulimAla bhikSu aMgulimAla meM nahIM badala skegaa| niyativAda ko svIkAraka rane para bhI jIvana meM prayatna yA puruSArtha kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jaayegaa| isI prakAra Izvara ko hI preraka yA kAraNa mAnane para vyakti kI zubhAzubha pravRttiyoM ke lie prazaMsA yA nindA kA koI artha nahIM raha jaayegaa| yadi Izvara hI vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa hai to phira vaha nyAyI nahIM kahA jA skegaa| pUrva-nirdezita ina vibhinna vAdoM meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda aura IzvaravAda isalie bhI asvIkArya haiM ki ina meM kAraNa ko bAhya mAnA gayA, lekina kAraNa pratyaya ko jIvAtmA se bAhya mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda mAnanA par3egA aura nirdhAraNavAda yA AtmA kI cayana sambandhI paratantratA meM naitika uttaradAyitva kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| prakRtivAda ko mAnane para AtmA ko akriya yA kUTastha mAnanA par3egA, jo naitika mAnyatA ke anukUla siddha nahIM hogA / usameM AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA sambhava nhiiN| mahAbhUtoM ko kAraNa mAnane para dehAtmavAda yA ucchedavAda ko svIkAra karanA hogA, lekina AtmA ke sthAyI astitva ke abhAva meM karmaphala vyatikrama aura naitika pragati kI dhAraNA kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga kI samasyA utpanna ho jAyegI, sAtha ho bhautikavAdI dRSTi bhogavAda kI ora pravRtta karegI aura jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| yadRcchAvAda ko svIkAra karane para sabakucha saMyoga para nirbhara hogA, lekina saMyoga yA ahetukatA bhI naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se samIcIna nahIM hai / naitika jIvana meM eka vyavasthA tathA krama hai, jise ahetuvAdI nahIM samajhA sktaa| ina sabhI siddhAntoM kI uparyukta akSamatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina darzana ne karma-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kii| jaina vicAradhArA ne saMsAra kI prakriyA ko anAdi mAnate hue jIvoM ke sukha-duHkha evaM unakI vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa karma ko mAnA / bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra spaSTa kahate haiM ki jIva svakRta sukha-du kha kA bhoga karatA hai. parakRta kA nhiiN|' phira bhI jaina karma-siddhAnta kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha apane karma-siddhAnta meM uparyukta vibhinna matoM ko yathocita sthAna de detA hai / jaina karmasiddhAnta meM kAlavAda kA sthAna isa rUpa meM hai ki karma kA phaladAna usake vipAka-kAla para hI nirbhara hotA hai / pratyeka karma ko apane vipAka kI dRSTi se eka niyata kAla 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 112 / 64.

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karma-siddhAnta 103 maryAdA hotI hai aura sAmAnyatayA karma usa niyata samaya para hI apanA phala pradAna karatA hai / isI prakAra pratyeka karma kA niyata svabhAva hotA hai / karma apane svabhAva ke anusAra hI phala pradAna karatA hai, sAmAnyatayA isa dhAraNA ko yaha kahakara bhI prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti apane AcaraNa ke dvArA eka vizeSa caritra ( svabhAva ) kA nirmANa kara letA hai / vahI vyakti kA caritra usake bhAvI AcaraNa ko niyata karatA hai / isa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti kI pravRtti hotI hai / pUrva-ajita karma hI vyakti kI niyati bana jAte haiM / isa artha meM karma-siddhAnta meM niyati kA tattva bhI praviSTa hai| karma ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM karmaparamANuoM ko sthAna dekara karma-siddhAnta bhautika tattva ke mUlya ko bhI svIkAra kara letA hai / isI prakAra karma-siddhAnta meM vyakti kI karma kI cayanAtmaka svatantratA ko svIkAra kara yadRcchAvAdI dhAraNA ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA hai| karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra vyakti svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA, niyantA aura svAmI hai / isa rUpa meM vaha svayaM hI Izvara bhI hai / isa prakAra jaina-darzana aneka ekAMgI dhAraNAoM ke samucita samanvaya ke AdhAra para apanA karma-siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai / 6. jaina darzana kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa jana AcAryoM ne kAla, svabhAva Adi sambandhI vibhinna kArakoM aura puruSArtha ke samanvaya meM AcAradarzana ke eka sacce siddhAnta kI khoja karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| AcArya siddha sena kA kahanA hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakarma aura puruSArtha paraspara nirapekSa rUpa meM kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM ayathArtha bana jAte haiM, jabaki yahI siddhAnta paraspara sApekSa rUpa meM samanvita hokara kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM saphala ho jAte haiN| gItA ke dvArA jaina dRSTikoNa kA samarthana gItA meM jaina darzana ke isa samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana prApta hotA hai / gItA kahatI hai ki manuSya mana, vANI aura zarIra se jo bhI ucita aura anucita karma karatA hai usake kAraNa ke rUpa meM adhiSThAna, kartA, indriyA~, vibhinna prakAra kI ceSTAe~ aura daiva yaha pA~coM hI kAraNa hote haiM / vastutaH mAnavIya vyavahAra kI preraNA evaM AcaraNa ke rUpa meM vibhinna niyativAdI tattva aura manuSya kA puruSArtha donoM hI kArya karate haiN| ina donoM ke samanvaya ke dvArA hI naitika uttaradAyitva evaM naitika jIvana ke preraka kI saphala vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki karma-siddhAnta hameM eka aisA pratyaya detA hai jisameM vibhinna kArakoM kA sundara samanvaya khojA jA sakatA hai aura jo naitikatA ke lie samyak jIvanadRSTi pradAna karatA hai / 1. sanmati prakaraNa, 3153. 2. gItA, 1814.'

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104 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 67. 'karma' zabda kA artha 'karma' zabda ke aneka artha haiM / sAdhAraNataH 'karma' zabda kA artha 'kriyA' hai, pratyeka prakAra kI halacala, cAhe vaha mAnasika ho athavA zArIrika, kriyA kahI jAtI hai / gItA meM karma zabda kA artha mImAMsAdarzana meM karma kA tAtparya yajJa-yAga Adi kriyAoM se hai jabaki gItA varNAzrama ke anusAra kiye jAnevAle smArta-kAryoM ko bhI karma kahatI hai / tilaka ke anusAra gItA meM karma zabda kevala yajJa-yAga evaM smArta karma ke hI saMkucita artha meM prayukta nahIM huA hai, varan sabhI prakAra ke kriyA-vyApAroM ke vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA hai| manuSya jo kucha bhI karatA hai, jo bhI kucha nahIM karane kA mAnasika saMkalpa yA Agraha rakhatA hai ve sabhI kAyika evaM mAnasika pravRttiyA~ bhagavadgItA ke anusAra karma hI haiN|2 bauddha darzana meM karma kA artha bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI karma zabda kA prayoga kriyA ke artha meM kiyA hai| vahA~ bhI zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM ko kama kahA gayA hai, jo apanI naitika zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra kuzala karma athavA akuzala karma kahe jAte haiM / bauddha darzana meM yadyapi zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika ina tInoM prakAra kI kriyAoM ke artha meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai, phira bhI vahAM kevala cetanA ko pramukhatA dI gayI hai aura cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| buddha ne kahA hai, 'cetanA hI bhikSuo karma hai aisA maiM kahatA hU~, cetanA ke dvArA hI karma ko karatA hai kAyA se, vANI se yA mana se / ' yahA~ para cetanA ko karma kahane kA Azaya kevala yahI hai ki cetanA ke hone para hI ye samasta kriyAe~ sambhava haiN| bauddha darzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai, ki dUsare karmoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| usameM karma ke sabhI pakSoM kA sApekSa mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / Azraya, svabhAva aura samutthAna kI dRSTi se tInoM prakAra ke karmoM kA apanAapanA viziSTa sthAna hai| Azraya kI dRSTi se kAyakarma hI pradhAna hai kyoMki manakarma aura vAcAkarma bhI kAyA para hI Azrita haiN| svabhAva kI dRSTi se vAkkarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki kAya aura mana svabhAvataH karma nahIM haiM, karma unakA svasvabhAva nahIM hai| yadi samutthAna ( Arambha ) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to manakarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoki sabhI karmoM kA Arambha mana se hai / bauddha darzana meM samutthAna kAraNa ko pramukhatA dekara hI yaha kahA gayA hai ki cetanA hI karma hai| sAtha hI isI AdhAra para karmoM kA eka dvividha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai-1. cetanA karma aura 2. cetayitvA karma / cetanA 1. gItArahasya, pR0 55-56. 2. gItA 58.11. 3. aMguttaranikAya-uddhRta bauddha darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 463.

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karma-siddhAnta 305. mAnasa - karma hai aura cetanA se utpanna hone ke kAraNa zeSa donoM vAcika aura kAyika karma cetayitvA karma kahe gaye haiM / " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi karma zabda kriyA ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, lekina karma - siddhAnta meM karma zabda kA artha kriyA se adhika vistRta hai / vahA~ para karma zabda meM zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika kriyA, usa kriyA kA vizuddha cetanA para par3anevAlA prabhAva evaM isa prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa bhAvI kriyAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura una bhAvI kriyAoM ke kAraNa utpanna honevAlI anubhUti sabhI samAviSTa ho jAtI hai / sAdhAraNa rUpa meM karma zabda se kriyA, kriyA kA uddezya aura usakA phalavipAka tInoM hI artha liye jAte haiM / karma meM kriyA kA uddezya, kriyA aura usake phalavipAka taka ke sAre tathya sannihita haiM / AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, kevala cetanA ( Azaya ) aura karma ho sakala karma nahIM haiM / ( usa meM ) karma ke pariNAma kA bhI vicAra karanA hogA / 2 jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA artha sAmAnyatayA kriyA ko karma kahA jAtA hai; kriyAe~ tIna prakAra kI haiM - 1. zArIrika, 2. mAnasika aura 3 vAcika | zAstrIya bhASA meM inheM 'yoga' kahA gayA hai / lekina jaina paramparA meM karma kA yaha kriyAparaka artha karma zabda kI eka AMzika vyAkhyA hI prastuta karatA hai / usameM kriyA ke hetu para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / AcArya devendrasUri karma ko paribhASA meM likhate haiM, jIva kI kriyA kA jo hetu hai, vaha karma hai / 3 paM0 sukhalAlajI kahate haiM ki mithyAtva kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai vahI karma kahalAtA hai / * isa prakAra ve karma hetu aura kriyA donoM ko hI karma ke antargata le jAte haiM ! jaina paramparA meM karma ke do pakSa haiM- ( 1 ) rAga-dveSa, kaSAya Adi manobhAva aura (2) karmapudgala / karmapudgala kriyA kA hetu hai aura rAgadveSAdi kriyA hai / karmapudgala se tAtparya una jar3a paramANuoM ( zarIrarAsAyanika tattvoM ) se hai jo prANI ko kisI kriyA ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara, usase apanA sambandha sthApita kara karmazarIra kI racanA karate haiM aura samayavizeSa ke pakane para apane phala ( vipAka ) ke rUpa meM vizeSa prakAra ko anubhUtiyA~ utpanna kara alaga ho jAte haiM / inheM dravya-karma kahate haiM / saMkSepa meM jaina vicAra meM karma kA tAtparya Atmazakti ko prabhAvita aura kuMThita karanevAle tattva se hai / sabhI Astika darzanoM ne eka aisI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo AtmA yA cetanA kI zuddhatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai / jaina darzana use 'karma' kahatA hai / vahI sattA vedAnta meM mAyA yA avidyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa aura mImAMsA meM 1. bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 241. 2. vahI, pR0 255. 3. karmavipAka ( karmagrantha pahalA ), 1. 4. darzana aura cintana, pR0 225.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradazanA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apUrva ke nAma se kahI gayI hai / bauddha darzana meM vahI karma ke sAtha-sAtha avidyA, saMskAra aura vAsanA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai / nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa aura saMskAra tathA vaizeSika darzana ke dharmAdharma bhI jaina darzana ke karma ke samAnArthaka haiM / sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti ( triguNAtmaka sattA ) aura yogadarzana meM Azaya zabda bhI isI artha ko abhivyakta karate haiM / zaiva darzana kA 'pAza' zabda bhI jaina darzana ke karma kA samAnArthaka hai / yadyapi uparyukta zabdakarma ke paryAyavAcI kahe jA sakate haiM, phira bhI pratyeka zabda apane gahana vizleSaNa meM eka-dUsare se pRthak artha kI abhivyaMjanA bhI karatA hai / phira bhI sabhI vicAraNAoM meM yaha samAnatA hai ki sabhI karma saMskAra ko AtmA kA bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa svIkAra karate haiM / jaina dharma do prakAra ke kAraNa mAnatA hai - 1. nimitta kAraNa aura 2 upAdAna kAraNa / karma siddhAnta meM karma ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM karma-vargagA tathA upAdAna kAraNa ke rUpa meM AtmA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 68. karma kA bhautika svarUpa jaina darzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI prakriyA kI vyAkhyA binA ajIva ( jar3a ) tattva ke vivecana ke sambhava nahIM / AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai ? jaba yaha prazna jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa AyA, to unhoMne batAyA ki AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa mAtra AtmA nahIM ho sakatA / pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to AtmA meM svataH ke bandhana meM Ane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai / jaise binA kumhAra, cAka Adi nimittoM ke miTTI svataH ghaTa kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakatI, vaise hI AtmA svataH binA kisI bAhya nimitta ke koI bhI aisI kriyA nahIM kara sakatA jo usake bandhana kA kAraNa ho / vastutaH krodha Adi kaSAya, rAga, dveSa evaM moha Adi bandhaka manovRttiyA~ bhI AtmA meM svataH utpanna nahIM ho sakatIM jaba taka ki ve karmavargaNAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM cetanA ke samakSa upasthita nahIM hotIM / yadi manovaijJAnika dRSTi se kahA jAve to jisa prakAra zarIrarasAyanoM aura raktarasAyanoM ke parivartana hamAre saMvegoM ( manobhAvoM ) kA kAraNa hote haiM aura saMvegoM ke kAraNa hamAre raktarasAyana aura zarIrarasAyana meM parivartana hote haiM, donoM parivartana paraspara sApekSa haiM, usI prakAra karma ke lie Atmatattva aura jar3a karma vargaNAe~ paraspara sApekSa haiM / jar3a karma vargaNAoM ke kAraNa manobhAva utpanna hote haiM aura una manobhAvoM ke kAraNa punaH jar3a karma paramANuoM kA Asrava evaM bandha hotA hai jo apanI vipAka avasthA meM punaH manobhAvoM ( kaSAyoM ) kA kAraNa banate haiM / isa prakAra manobhAvoM ( Atmika pravRtti ) aura jar3a karma paramANuoM ke paraspara prabhAva kA krama calatA rahatA hai / jaise vRkSa aura bIja meM pArasparika sambandha hai vaise hI AtmA ke bandhana kI dRSTi se AtmA kI azuddha manovRttiyoM ( kaSAya evaM moha ) aura karma paramANuoM meM pArasparika sambandha hai / jar3a karma paramANu aura AtmA meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kramazaH nimitta aura upAdAna kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai / karma-pudgala bandhanakA nimitta kAraNa hai aura AtmA upAdAna kAraNa hai / 306

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karma- siddhAnta jaina vicAraka ekAnta rUpa meM na to AtmA ko hI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate haiM aura na jar3a karma varmaNAoM ko, apitu yaha mAnate haiM ki jar3a karma vargaNAoM ke nimitta se mAtmA bandha karatA hai / dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma 1 / karma ke dravyAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka ye do pakSa haiM / pratyeka karma saMkalpa ke hetu ke rUpa meM vicAraka ( upAdAna kAraNa ) aura usa vicAra kA preraka ( nimitta kAraNa ) donoM hI Avazyaka haiM / AtmA ke mAnasika vicAra bhAva-karma haiM aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se hote haiM yA jo inakA preraka hai vaha dravya karma hai / karma ke cetana-acetana pakSoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya nemicandra likhate haiM, 'pudgala - piNDa dravyakarma hai aura usakI cetanA ko prabhAvita karanevAlI zakti bhAva-karma hai / " karma siddhAnta kI samucita vyAkhyA ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma ke AkAra ( form ) aura viSayavastu ( matter ) donoM hI hoM / jar3a-karma paramANu-karma kI viSayavastu haiM, aura manobhAva usake AkAra haiM / hamAre sukha-duHkhAdi anubhavoM athavA zubhAzubha karma saMkalpoM ke lie karma paramANu bhautika kAraNa haiM aura manobhAva caitasika kAraNa haiM AtmA meM jo mithyAtva ( ajJAna ) aura kaSAya ( azucita vRtti ) rUpa, rAga, dveSa Adi bhAva haiM vahI bhAva - karma hai / bhAva-karma AtmA kA vaibhAvika pariNAma ( dUSita vRtti ) hai aura svayaM AtmA hI usakA upAdAna hai / bhAva-karma kA Antarika kAraNa AtmA hai, jaise ghaTa kA Antarika ( upAdAna ) kAraNa miTTI hai / dravya karma sUkSma kArmaNa jAti ke paramANuoM SAT vikAra hai aura AtmA unakA nimitta kAraNa haiM, jaise kumhAra ghar3e kA nimitta kAraNa hai | AcArya vidyAnandi ne aSTasahasrI meM dravyakarma ko 'AvaraNa' aura bhAvakarma ko 'doSa' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| cUMki dravya-karma Atma-zaktiyoM ke prakaTana ko rokatA hai, ataH vaha 'AvaraNa' hai aura bhAva-karma svayaM AtmA kI hI vibhAvAvasthA hai, ataH vaha 'doSa' hai / jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma ke AvaraNa aura doSa do kArya hote haiM, usI prakAra vedAnta meM mAyA ke do kArya mAne gaye haiM- AvaraNa aura vikSepa | jainAcAryoM ne AvaraNa aura doSa athavA dravya karma aura bhAva-karma ke madhya kArya-kAraNa bhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / jaina karmasiddhAnta meM manovikAroM kA svarUpa karma-paramANuoM kI prakRti para nirbhara karatA hai aura karma-paramANuoM kI prakRti kA nirdhAraNa manovikAroM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM karma ke cetana aura acetana donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jise vaha apanI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kahatA hai / :07 jaise kisI kArya ke lie nimitta aura upAdAna donoM kAraNa Avazyaka haiM, vaise hI jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA ( jIva ) ke pratyeka karmasaMkalpa ke lie upAdAna 1. gommaTasAra karmaka. NDa, 6. 2. aSTasahasrI, pR0 51; uddhRta- sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 227.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyaya rUpa meM bhAvakarma ( manovikAra ) aura nimittarUpa meM dravyakarma ( karma - paramANu ) donoM Avazyaka haiM / ( jar3a paramANu hI karma kA bhautika yA acit pakSa hai aura jar3a karma - paramANuoM se prabhAvita vikArayukta cetanA kI avasthA karma kA caittasika pakSa hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva kI jo zubhAzubharUpa naitika pravRtti hai, usakA mUla kAraNa to mAnasika ( bhAvakarma ) hai lekina una mAnasika vRttiyoM ke lie jisa bAhya kAraNa kI apekSA hai vahI dravya karma hai / ise hama vyakti kA pariveza kaha sakate haiM / manovRttiyoM, kaSAyoM athavA bhAvoM kI utpatti svataH nahIM ho sakatI, usakA bhI kAraNa apekSita hai / sabhI bhAva jisa nimitta kI apekSA karate haiM, vahI dravya-karma hai / isI prakAra jaba taka AtmA meM kaSAyoM ( manovikAra ) athavA bhAvakarma kI upasthiti nahIM ho, taba taka karma - paramANu jIva ke lie karmarUpa meM ( bandhana ke rUpa meM ) pariNata nahIM ho sakate / isa prakAra karma ke donoM pakSa apekSita haiM / dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma kA sambandha paM0 sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki bhAva - karma ke hone meM dravya karma nimitta haiM aura dravya karma meM bhAva karma nimitta; donoM kA Apasa meM bIjAMkura kI taraha kArya kAraNabhAva sambandha hai / " isa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma ke cetana aura jar3a donoM pakSoM meM bIjAMkuravat pArasparika kAryakAraNabhAva mAnA gayA hai / jaise bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja banatA hai aura unameM kisI ko bhI pUrvApara nahIM kahA jA sakatA, vaise hI dravyakarma aura 308 kiyA jA sakatA / yadyapi pratyeka bhAvakarma meM bhI kisI pUrvAparatA kA nizcaya nahIM dravyakarma kI apekSA se usakA bhAvakarma pUrva hogA aura pratyeka bhAvakarma ke lie usakA dravyakarma pUrva hogA / vastutaH inameM santati apekSA se anAdi kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai / upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki bhAvakarma ke hone meM pUrvabaddha dravya-karma nimitta hai aura vartamAna meM badhyamAna dravyakarma meM bhAvakarma nimitta hai / donoM meM nimitta vaimittika rUpa kAryakAraNa sambandha hai | (a) bauddha dRSTikoNa evaM usakI samIkSA yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki karmoM ke bhautika pakSa ko kyoM svIkAra kareM ? bauddha darzana karma ke caittasika pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki bandhana ke kAraNa avidyA, vAsanA, tRSNAdi caittasika tattva hI haiM / DaoN0 TAMTiyA isa sandarbha meM jaina mata kI samucitatA para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM ki yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki krodhAdi kaSAya, jo AtmA ke bandhana kI sthitiyA~ haiM, AtmA ke hI guNa haiM aura isalie AtmA ke guNoM ( caittasika dazAoM) ko AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM AtI hai / lekina isa sambandha meM jaina vicArakoM kA uttara yaha hogA ki krodhAdi kaSAya avasthAe~ bandha kI 1. karmavipAka, bhUmikA, pR0 24. 2. zrI amara bhAratI, nava0 1665, pR0 9.

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karma-siddhAnta 309 prakRtiyA~ haiM, krodhAdi kaSAya avasthA meM honA to svataH hI AtmA kA bandhana hai, ve bandhana ko upAdhi (nimittakAraNa ) nahIM ho sakatI / kaSAya bandhana kA sRjana karatI hai, lekina unakI upAdhi ( condition ) to anivAryatayA unase bhinna honI caahie| kyoMki kaSAya Adi AtmA ko vaibhAvika avasthAe~ haiM, isalie unakA kAraka yA upAdhi ( nimitta ) AtmA ke guNoM se bhinna honA cAhie aura isa prakAra kaSAya aura bandhana kI upAdhi yA nimitta kAraNa anivArya rUpa se bhautika honA caahie| yadi bandhana kA kAraNa Antarika aura caitta sika hI hai aura kisI bAhya tattva se prabhAvita nahIM hotA to phira usase mukti kA kyA artha hogaa|' jaina mata ke anusAra yadi bandhana aura bandhana kA kAraNa donoM hI samAna prakRti ke haiM to upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNa kA antara hI samApta ho jaavegaa| yadi kaSAya AtmA meM svataH hI utpanna ho jAte haiM to ve usakA svabhAva hI hoMge aura yadi ve AtmA kA svabhAva haiM to unheM chor3A nahIM jA sakegA aura yadi unheM chor3anA sambhava nahIM to mukti bhI sambhava nahIM hogii| dUsare jo svabhAva hai vaha Antarika evaM svataH hai aura yadi svabhAva meM svataH binA kisI bAhya nimitta ke hI vikAra A sakatA hai, to phira bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA sadaiva banI rahegI aura mukti kA koI artha hI nahIM rhegaa| yadi pAnI meM svataH hI USNatA utpanna ho jAve to zItalatA usakA svabhAva nahIM ho sktaa| AtmA meM bhI yadi manovikAra svataH hI utpanna ho sake to vaha nirvikAra nahIM raha sakatA / jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki USNatA ke saMyoga se jisa prakAra pAnI svaguNa zItalatA ko chor3a vikArI ho jAtA hai, vaise hI AtmA jar3a karma-paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI vikArI banatA hai| kaSAyAdi bhAva AtmA kI vibhAvAvasthA ke sUcaka haiM, ve svataH hI vibhAva ke kAraNa nahIM ho sakate / vibhAva svataHprasUta nahIM hotA, usakA koI bAhya nimitta avazya honA caahie| jaise pAnI ko zItalatA kI svabhAva-dazA se USNatA kI vibhAvadazA meM parivartita hone ke lie svasvabhAva se bhinna agni kA saMyoga (bAhya nimitta) Avazyaka hai, vaise hI AtmA ko jJAna-darzana rUpa svasvabhAva kA parityAga kara kaSAyarUpa vibhAvadazA ko grahaNa karane ke lie bAhya nimitta rUpa karma-pudgaloM kA honA Avazyaka hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra jar3a karma-paramANu aura cetana AtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ke binA vibhAvadazA yA bandhana kathamapi sambhava nahIM / bauddha vicAraka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki amUrta caittasika tattva hI amUrta cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM / mUrta jar3a ( rUpa) amUrta cetana ( nAma ) ko prabhAvita nahIM krtaa| lekina isa AdhAra para jar3a-cetanamaya jagat yA bauddha paribhASA meM nAma-rUpAtmaka jagat ko vyAkhyA sabhava nahIM hai / yadi caittasika tattvoM aura bhautika tattvoM ke madhya koI kAraNAtmaka sambandha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, to unake sambandhoM se utpanna isa 1. sTaDoja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 225-26.

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310 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jagat kI tArkika vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne isI kaThinAI se bacane ke lie bhautika jagat ( rUpa ) kA nirasana kiyA, lekina yaha to vAstavikatA se muMha mor3anA hI thaa| bauddha darzana karma yA bandhana ke mAtra caittasika pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / lekina thor3I adhika gaharAI se vicAra karane para dikhAI detA hai ki bauddha darzana meM bhI donoM pakSa milate haiN| pratItyasamutpAda meM vijJAna ( cetanA) tathA nAma-rUpa ke madhya kAraNa-sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| milindaprazna meM to spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki nAma ( cetana pakSa ) aura rUpa ( bhautika pakSa ) anyonyAzrayabhAva se sambaddha haiN| vastutaH bauddha darzana bho nAma ( cetana ) aura rUpa ( bhautika ) donoM ke sahayoga se hI kArya-niSpatti mAnatA hai| usakA yaha kahanA ki cetanA hI karma hai, kevala isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki kArya-niSpatti meM cetanA sakriya tattva ke rUpa meM pramukha kAraNa hai| (ba) sAMkhya-darzana aura zAMkaravevAnta ke dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA ___ sAMkhya-dArzanikoM ne puruSa ko kUTastha mAnakara kevala jar3a prakRti ke AdhAra para bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA karanA cAhA, lekina ve bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke madhya koI vAstavika sambandha sthApita nahIM kara pAye aura dArzanikoM ke dvArA kaThora AlocanA ke pAtra bane / unhoMne buddhi, ahaMkAra aura mana jaise caittasika tattvoM ko bhI pUrNataH jar3a-prakRti kA pariNAma mAnA jo ki isa AlocanA se bacane kA pUrvaprayAsa hI kahA jA sakatA hai / sAMkhya darzana bandhana aura mukti ko prakRti se sambandhita kara naitika jagat meM apanI vAstavikavAditA kI rakSA nahIM kara paayaa| yadi bandhana aura mukti donoM jar3a prakRti se hI hote haiM, to phira bandhana se mukti ko ora prayAsa rUpa naitikatA bhI jar3a-prakRti se hI sambandhita hogii| lekina sAMkhya naitika cetanA jisa vivekajJAna para adhiSThita hai, vaha jar3a-prakRti meM sambhava nhiiN| vivekAbhAva aura vivekajJAna donoM kA sambandha to puruSa se hai| yadi puruSa avikArI, apariNAmI aura kUTastha hai to usameM vivekAbhAvarUpa vikAra jar3a-prakRti ke kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai| kUTastha AtmavAda AtmA ke vibhAva yA bandhana kI tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA nahIM karatA / isa prakAra sAMkhya darzana tArkika dRSTi se apanI rakSA karane meM asamartha rahA / zAMkaravedAnta meM karma evaM mAyA paryAyavAcI haiN| usameM bhI sAMkhya ke puruSa ke samAna Atman yA brahman ko nirvikArI evaM nirapekSa mAnA gayA hai, lekina yadi AtmA nirvikArI aura nirapekSa hai to phira bandhana, mukti aura naitikatA kI sArI kahAnI arthahIna hai / iso kaThinAI ko samajhakara zAMkara vedAnta ne bandhana aura mukti ko mAtra vyavahAradRSTi se svIkAra kiyaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa saiddhAntika dRSTi se gItA sAMkhya darzana se prabhAvita hai aura bandhana ko mAtra jar3a 1. milindaprazna, lakSaNaprazna, dvitIya varga.

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karma-siddhAnta 3.11. prakRti se sambandhita mAnatI hai / usameM AtmA ko akartA hI kahA gayA hai, lekina gItA meM jo bandhana kA kAraNa hai vaha pUrNatayA jar3a (bhautika) nahIM hai / jaba taka jar3a prakRti kI upasthiti meM puruSa yA AtmA ahaMkAra se yukta nahIM hotA, taba taka bandhana nahIM hotA / AtmA kA ahaMbhAva hI vaha caittasika pakSa hai, ahaMbhAva kA nimitta hai / rUpa cetana puruSa donoM hI jo bandhana kA mUlabhUta upAahaMkAra ke lie nimitta ke apekSita haiM / dAna hai aura jar3a prakRti usa rUpa prakRti aura upAdAna ke kA bhautika pakSa hai aura puruSa usakA cetana pakSa / isa prakAra yahA~ darzana nikaTa A jAte haiN| gItA kI prakRti jaina darzana ke dravyakarma ke samAna haiM aura gItA kA ahaMkAra bhAvakarma ke samAna hai / donoM meM kArya kAraNabhAva hai aura donoM ko upasthiti meM hI bandhana hotA hai / eka samagra dRSTikoNa bhAvazyaka bandhana aura mukti ke vAstaeka samagra dRSTikoNa bandhana karmamaya naitika jIvana ko samucita vyavasthA ke lie, vika vizleSaNa ke lie, eka samagra dRSTikoNa Avazyaka hai / aura mukti ko na to pUrNatayA jar3a prakRti para Aropita karatA hai aura na use mAtra caittasika tattvoM para AdhArita karatA hai / yadi karma kA acetana yA jar3a pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA jAye, to karma AkArahIna viSayavastu hogA aura yadi karma kA caittasika pakSa ho svIkAreM to karma viSayavastuvihIna AkAra hogA / lekina viSayavastuvihIna AkAra aura AkAravihIna viSayavastu donoM hI vAstavikatA se dUra haiM / jaina karma siddhAnta karma ke bhautika evaM bhAvAtmaka pakSa para samucita jora dekara jar3a aura cetana ke madhya eka vAstavika sambandha banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai / DA0 TaoNTiyA likhate haiM, "karma apane pUrNa vizleSaNa meM jar3a aura cetana ke madhya yojaka kar3I hai - yaha cetana aura cetanasaMyuktajar3a pArasparika parivartanoM kI sahayogAtmakatA ko abhivyaMjita karatA hai / " sAMkhya yoga ke anusAra karma pUrNataH jar3a prakRti se sambandhita hai aura isalie vaha prakRti hI hai jo bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai / bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma pUrNatayA cetanA ke sambandhita hai aura isalie cetanA hI bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai / lekina jaina vicAraka ina ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se santuSTa nahIM the / unake anusAra saMsAra kA artha hai jar3a aura cetana kA pArasparika bandhana aura mukti kA artha hai donoM kA alaga-alaga ho jAnA / 69. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA vastutaH naitika dRSTi se yaha prazna adhika mahattvapUrNa hai ki caitanya Atmatattva aura karmaparamANuoM ( bhautika tattva ) ke madhya kyA sambandha hai ? jina dArzanikoM ne carama satya ke rUpa meM advaita kI dhAraNA ko chor3akara dvaita kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI unake lie yaha prazna banA rahA ki inake pArasparika sambandhoM kI vyAkhyA kreN| yaha eka kaThina 1. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 228 19 prakRti ahaMkAra gItA aura jaina

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312 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana samasyA hai / isa samasyA se bacane ke lie hI aneka cintakoM ne ekatattvavAda kI dhAraNA sthApita kI / bhAratIya cArvAka dArzanikoM evaM Adhunika bhautikavAdiyoM ne jar3a ko hI carama satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra isa samasyA ke samAdhAna se chuTTI pAI / dUsarI ora zaMkara evaM bauddha vijJAnavAda ne cetana ko hI carama satya mAnA / isa prakAra unheM bhI isa samasyA ke samAdhAna kA koI prayAsa nahIM karanA par3A, yadyapi unake samakSa yaha samasyA avazya thI ki isa dRzya bhautika jagat kI vyAkhyA kaise kareM ? aura isakA usa vizuddha caitanya parama tattva se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita kareM ? unhoMne isa jagat ko mAtra pratIti batAkara samasyA kA samAdhAna khojA / lekina vaha samAdhAna bhI sAmAnya buddhi ko santuSTa na kara pAyA / pazcima meM barkale ne bhI jar3a kI sattA ko mana se svatantra na mAnakara aisA hI prayAsa kiyA thA, lekina naitikatA ko samucita vyAkhyA kisI bhI prakAra ke ekatattvavAda meM sambhava nahIM / jina vicArakoM ne jaina darzana ke samAna naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jar3a aura cetana, puruSa aura prakRti athavA manas aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA unake lie yaha mahattvapUrNa samasyA thI ki ve isa bAta kI vyAkhyA kareM ki ina donoM ke bIca kyA sambandha hai ? pazcima meM yaha samasyA dekArta ke sAmane bhI upasthita thI / dekArta ne isakA hala pArasparika pratikriyAvAda ke AdhAra para kiyA / lekina svataMtra sattAoM meM paraspara pratikriyA kaisI ? spInojA ne usake sthAna para samAnAntara - pada kI sthApanA kI aura jar3a-caitanya meM pArasparika pratikriyA na mAnate hue bhI unameM eka prakAra ke samAnAntara parivartana ko svIkAra kiyA tathA isakA AdhAra sattA kI tAttvika ekatA mAnA / lAIbanIja ne pratikriyAvAda kI kaThinAiyoM se bacane ke lie pUrvasthApita sAmaMjasya kI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana kiyA aura batAyA ki sRSTi ke samaya hI mana aura zarIra ke bIca Izvara ne aisI pUrvAnukUlatA utpanna kara dI hai ki unameM sadA sAmaJjasya rahatA hai, jaise--do alaga ghar3iyA~ yadi eka bAra eka sAtha milA dI jAtI haiM to ve ekadUsare para binA pratikriyA karate hue bhI samAna samaya hI sUcita karatI haiM, vaise hI mAnasika parivartana aura zArIrika parivartana paraspara aprabhAvita evaM svatantra hote hue bhI eka sAtha hote rahate haiM / pazcima meM yaha samasyA acetana zarIra aura cetanA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara thI / jabaki bhArata meM sambandha kI yaha samasyA prakRti, triguNa athavA karma-paramANu aura AtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara thI / gaharAI se vicAra karane para yahA~ bho mUla samasyA zarIra aura AtmA ke sambandha ko lekara hI hai / yadyapi zarIra se bhAratIya cintakoM kA tAtparya sthUla zarIra se na hokara sUkSma zarIra ( liMga - zarIra ) se hai / yahI liMgazarIra jaina darzana meM karma zarIra kahA jAtA hai jo karmaparamANuoM kA banA hotA hai aura baMdhana kI dazA meM sadaiva AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai / yahA~ bhI mUla prazna yahI hai ki yaha liMga zarIra yA karma zarIra AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita karatA hai / sAMkhya darzana

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karma-siddhAnta puruSa tathA prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra karate hue bhI apane kUTastha AtmavAda ke kAraNa inake pArasparika sambandha ko ThIka prakAra se nahIM samajhA paayaa| jaina darzana vastuvAdI evaM pariNAmavAdI hai aura isalie vaha jar3a-cetana ke madhya vAstavika sambandha svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI anubhava nahIM karatA / vaha cetanA para honevAle jar3a ke prabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki anubhava hameM yaha batAtA hai ki jar3a mAdaka padArthoM kA prabhAva cetanA para par3atA hI hai| ataH yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki jar3a karma vargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana-AtmA para par3atA hai| saMsAra kA artha jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika sambandha hai| $10. karma ko mUrtatA . jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya-karma pudgalajanya hai, ataH mUrta ( bhautika ) hai| kAraNa se jisa prakAra kArya kA anumAna hotA hai, usI prakAra kArya se bhI kAraNa kA anumAna hotA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra zarIra Adi kArya mUrta hai to unakA kAraNa karma bhI mUrta hI honA caahie| karma kI mUrtatA siddha karane ke lie kucha tarka isa prakAra diye jA sakate haiM-karma mUtaM hai, kyoMki usake sambandha se sukha-duHkha Adi kA jJAna hotA hai, jaise bhojana se / karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usake sambandha se vedanA hotI hai, jaise agni se / yadi karma amUrta hotA, to usake kAraNa sukha-duHkhAdi kI vedanA sambhava nahIM hotii| mUrta kA amUrta prabhAva yadi karma mUrta hai, to phira vaha amUrta AtmA para apanA prabhAva kaise DAlatA hai ? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni kA amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM par3atA, usI prakAra amUrta AtmA para bhI mUrta karma kA koI prabhAva nahIM par3anA cAhie ? isakA uttara yahI hai ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdi guNoM para mUrta madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| ukta prazna kA eka dUsarA tarkasaMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha bhI hai ki karma ke sambandha me AtmA kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai / kyoMki saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karma-santati se sambaddha hai, isa apekSA se AtmA sarvathA amUrta nahIM hai, apitu karma-sambaddha hone ke kAraNa svarUpataH amUrta hote hue bhI vastutaH kathaMcit mUrta hai| isa dRSTi se bhI AtmA para mUrta karma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| vastutaH jisa para karma-siddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai vaha vyaktitva amUrta nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA (abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI AtmA bhautika tathyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA zarIra (karma-zarIra) ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sktii| mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se usa para mUrta-karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| 1 amara bhAratI, navambara 1965, pR0 11-12.

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314 mUrta kA amUrta se sambandha yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki mUrta karma amUrta AtmA se kaise sambandhita hote haiM ? jaina vicArakoM kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki jaise mUrta ghaTa amUrta AkAza ke sAtha sambandhita hotA hai vaise hI mUrta karma amUrta AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiM / jaina vicArakoM ne AtmA aura karma ke sambandha ko nIra-kSIravat athavA agni-lauhapiMDavat mAnA hai / yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi do svatantra sattAoM - jar3a karmaparamANu aura cetana meM pArasparika prabhAva ko svIkAra kiyA jAyegA to phira muktAvasthA meM bhI jar3akarmaparamANu AtmA ko prabhAvita kiye binA nahIM raheMge aura mukti kA koI artha nahIM hogA / yadi ve paraspara eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karane meM sakSama nahIM haiM to phira bandhana hI kaise siddha hogA ? AcArya kundakunda ne isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA ki jaise svarNa kIcar3a meM rahane para bhI jaMga nahIM khAtA jabaki lohA jaMga khA jAtA hai, isI prakAra zuddhAtmA karmaparamANuoM ke madhya rahate hue bhI unake nimitta se vikA nahIM banatA jabaki azuddha AtmA vikArI bana jAtA hai| jar3a karma - paramANu usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakate haiM jo pUrva meM rAga-dveSa Adi se azuddha hai / " vastutaH AtmA jaba taka bhautika zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karma-paramANu use prabhAvita kara sakate haiM / karma-zarIra ke rUpa meM rahe hue karma-paramANu hI bAhya jagat ke karma - paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa kara sakate haiM / cUMki muktAvasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai, ataH usa avasthA meM karmaparamANuoM kI upasthiti meM bhI use bandhana meM Ane kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / $ 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAga-dveSa Adi kI zubhAzubha vRttiyA~ hI bhAvakarma ke rUpa meM AtmA kI avasthA vizeSa haiM / bhAvakarma kI upasthiti meM hI dravya-karma AtmA ke dvArA grahaNa kiye jAte haiM / bhAvakarma ke nimitta se dravyakarma kA Asrava hotA rahatA hai aura yahI dravyakarma samaya vizeSa meM bhAvakarma kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai / isa prakAra karma-pravAha calatA rahatA hai / karma-pravAha hI saMsAra hai / karma aura vipAka kI paramparA se yaha saMsAracakra pravartita hotA rahatA hai / bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki karma se vipAka pravartita hote haiM aura vipAka se karma utpanna hotA hai / karma se punarjanma hotA hai aura isa prakAra yaha saMsAra pravartita hotA hai / ataH yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki karma aura AtmA kA sambandha kaba se hai athavA karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA prArambha kaba huA ? yadi hama ise sAdi mAnate haiM to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki kisI kAla-vizeSa meM AtmA baddha huA, usake pahale mukta thA; phira use bandhana meM Ane kA kyA kAraNa ? yadi muktAtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA mAnI jAye to mukti kA mUlya adhika nahIM raha jAtA 1. samayasAra, 218-19. 2. mAjjhimanikAya; 31113.

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kama-siddhAnta dUsarI ora yadi ise anAdi mAnA jAye to jo anAdi hai vaha ananta bhI hogA aura isa avasthA meM mukti kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM raha jaayegii| jaina dRSTikoNa jaina dArzanikoM ne samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie eka sApekSa uttara diyA hai / unakA kahanA ki karmaparamparA karmavizeSa kI apekSA se sAdi aura sAnta hai aura pravAha ko dRSTi se anAdi-ananta hai| karmaparamparA kA pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi to hai, lekina ananta nahIM hai| use ananta nahIM mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki karmavizeSa ke rUpa meM to sAdi hai aura yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake to vaha paramparA ananta nahIM raha sktii| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga-dveSarUpI karmabIja ke bhuna jAne para karma-pravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai / karma-paramparA ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jisake AdhAra para bandhana kA anAditva, mukti se anAvRtti aura mukti kI sambhAvanA ko samucita vyAkhyA ho sakatI hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha AcAradarzana bhI bandhana ke anAditva aura mukti se anAvRtti ko dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| ataH bauddha dRSTi se karma-paramparA ko vyaktavizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi aura sAnta mAnanA samucita pratIta hotA hai| bauddha dArzanika kAraNarUpa karmaparamparA se Age kisI kartA ko nahIM dekhate haiN| unake anusAra, saccA jJAnI kAraNa se Age kartA ko nahIM dekhatA na vipAka kI pravRtti se Age vipAka bhoganevAle ko / kintu kAraNa ke hone para kartA hai aura vipAka kI pravRtti se bhoganevAlA hai, aisA mAnatA hai / bauddha dArzanika apanI anAtmavAdI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kAraNarUpa karma. paramparA para ruka jAnA pasanda karate haiM, kyoMki isa AdhAra para anAtma ko avadhAraNA sarala hotI hai| lekina karma ke kAraNa ko mAnanA aura usake kAraka ko nahIM mAnanA eka vadatovyAghAta hai| yahA~ hama isakI gaharAI meM nahIM jAnA cAhate / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki kartA, karma aura karma-vipAka tInoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrvakoTi nahIM mAnI jA sktii| bauddha dArzanika bhI karma aura vipAka ke sambandha meM ise svIkAra karate haiN| kahA hai ki karma aura vipAka ke pravartita hone para vakSa bIja ke samAna kisI kA pUrva chora nahIM jAna par3atA hai| isa prakAra bauddha dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI pravAha anAdi to hai, lekina vaiyaktika dRSTi se vaha ananta nahIM rhtaa| jaise kisI bIja ke bhuna jAne para usa bIja kI dRSTi se bIja-vRkSa kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai, vaise hI vyakti ke rAga, dvaSa aura moha kA prahANa ho jAne para usa vyakti ko karma-vipAka paramparA kA anta ho jAtA hai / 12. karmaphala savibhAga karma-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki kyA eka vyakti apane 1. visuddhimagga, bhAga 2, pR0 205.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiye hue zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare vyakti ko de sakatA hai athavA nahIM de sakatA ? kyA vyakti apane kiye hue zubhAzubha karmoM kA hI bhoga karatA hai athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA kiye hue zubhAzubha kA phala bhI use milatA hai ? isa sandarbha meM samAlocya AcAradarzanoM ke dRSTikoNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / jaina dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prANI ke zubhAzubha karmoM ke pratiphala meM koI bhAgIdAra nahIM bana sakatA / jo vyakti zubhAzubha karma karatA hai vahI usakA phala prApta karatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa vidhAna hai saMsArI jIva sva evaM para ke lie jo sAdhAraNa karma karatA hai usa karma ke phala-bhoga ke samaya ve bandhu-bAndhava ( parijana ) hissA nahIM lete|' isI grantha meM prANI kI anAthatA kA nirNaya karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki na to mAtA-pitA aura putra-pautrAdi hI prANI kA hitAhita karane meM samartha haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se jaba yaha prazna kiyA gayA ki prANI svakRta sukhaduHkha kA bhoga karate haiM yA parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM ? to mahAvIra kA spaSTa uttara thA ki prANI svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate hai, parakRta kA nhiiN| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karmaphala saMvibhAga ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana meM bodhisatva kA Adarza karmaphala saMvibhAga ke vicAra ko puSTa karatA hai / bodhisatva to sadaiva yaha kAmanA karate hai ki unake kuzala karmoM kA phala vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ko mile / phira bhI bauddha darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki kevala zubhakarmoM meM hI dUsare ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha daSTikoNa ke sambandha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate hai ki sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki karma svakIya hai, jo karma karatA hai vahI ( santAnapravAha kI apekSA se ) usakA phala bhogatA hai / kintu pAlInikAya meM bhI puNya pariNAmanA ( pattidAna ) hai / vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki mRta kI sahAyatA ho sakatI hai / sthaviravAdI preta aura devoM ko dakSiNA dete haiM arthAt bhikSukoM ko diye hue dAna ( dakSiNA ) se jo puNya saMcita hotA hai, usako dete haiN| bauddhoM ke anusAra hama apane puNya meM dUsare ko sammilita kara sakate haiM, pApa meM nhiiN|' hinduoM ke samAna hI bauddha bhI pretayoni meM vizvAsa karate haiM aura preta ke nimitta jo bhI dAna-puNya Adi kiyA jAtA hai usakA phala preta ko milatA hai, yaha mAnate haiM / bauddha yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki yadi prANI marakara paradattopajIvI pretAvasthA meM janma letA hai, taba to use yahA~ usake nimitta kiyA jAnevAlA puNyakarma kA phala milatA hai, lekina yadi vaha marakara manuSya, 1. uttarAdhyayanasa tra, 13.23, 4 / 4. 2. vahI, 20123-30. 3. bhagavatIsatra, 1 / 2 / 64. 4. bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 277.

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karma-siddhAnta 317 nAraka, tiryaMca yA deva yoni meM utpanna hotA hai to puNya karma karanevAle ko hI usakA phala milatA hai / isa prakAra bauddha vicAraNA kuzala karmoM ke phala saMvibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA eva hindU paramparA kA dRSTikoNa gItA karmaphala saMvibhAga meM vizvAsa karatI hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai / gItA meM zrAddha-tarpaNa Adi kriyAoM ke abhAva meM tathA kuladharma ke vinaSTa hone se pitara kA patana ho jAtA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai|' isakA spaSTa artha hai ki saMtAnAdi dvArA kiye gaye zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA prabhAva unake pitaroM para par3atA hai / mahAbhArata meM yaha bAta bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai ki na kevala santAna ke kRtyoM kA prabhAva pUrvajoM para par3atA hai varan pUrvajoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala bhI santAna ko prApta hotA hai / zAntiparva meM bhISma yudhiSThira se kahate haiM, 'he rAjan, cAhe kisI AdamI ko usake pApa karmoM kA phala usa samaya milatA huA na dIkha par3e, tathApi vaha use hI nahIM kintu usake putroM, pautroM aura prapautroM taka ko bhoganA par3atA hai / '2 isI sandarbha meM manusmRti (4 / 173 ) evaM mahAbhArata ( Adiparva, 80 / 3 ) kA uddharaNa dete hue tilaka bhI likhate haiM ki na kevala hameM, kintu kabhI-kabhI hamAre nAma-rUpAtmaka deha se utpanna lar3akoM aura hamAre nAtiyoM taka ko karmaphala bhogane par3ate haiM / isa prakAra hindU vicAraNA sabhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala-saMvibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai| tulanA eva samIkSA bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki hindU dharma meM manuSya ke zubha aura azubha karmoM kA phala usake pUrvajoM evaM santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai, jaba ki bauddha dharma meM kevala puNya karmo kA phala hI pretoM ko milatA hai| hindU dharma meM puNya aura pApa donoM karmoM kA phala-saMvibhAga svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jaba ki bauddhadharma kA siddhAnta yaha hai ki kuzala ( puNya ) karma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, akuzala (pApa) karma kA nhiiN| milindaprazna meM do kAraNoM se akuzala karma ko saMvibhAga ke ayogya mAnA hai (1) pApa-karma meM preta kI anumati nahIM hai, ataH usakA phala use nahIM mila sktaa| (2) akuzala parimita hotA hai, ataH usakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho sakatA; kintu kuzala vipula hotA hai ataH usakA saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai| lekina vicArapUrvaka dekheM to yaha tarka aucityapUrNa nahIM hai| yadi anumati ke abhAva meM azubha kA phala prApta nahIM hotA hai to phira zubha kA phala kaise prApta ho 1. gItA, 1142. 2 mahAbhArata, zantiparva, 126. 1. gItArahasya, pR0 268. 4. dekhie-AtmamImAMsA, pR0 132-133; milindaprazna, 4 / 8 / 30-35, pR0 288.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sakatA hai ? dUsare yaha kahanA ki akuzala parimita hai, ThIka nahIM hai| isa kathana kA kyA AdhAra hai ki akuzala ( pApa ) parimita hai ? dUsare, parimita kA bhI bhAga honA saMbhava hai / vyAvahArika dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa kA prabhAva kevala parijanoM para hI nahIM, samAja para bhI par3atA hai / vartamAna vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI manuSya kI zubhAzubha kriyAoM se samAja evaM bhAvI pIr3hI prabhAvita hotI hai| eka manuSya kI galata nIti kA pariNAma samUce rASTra aura rASTra kI bhAvI pIr3hI ko bhugatanA par3atA hai, yaha eka svayaMsiddha tathya hai / aisI sthiti meM karmaphala kA saMvibhAga-siddhAnta hI hamArI vyavahArabuddhi ko santuSTa karatA hai / lekina isa dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara lene para karma-siddhAnta ke mUla para hI kuThArAghAta hotA hai, kyoMki karma-siddhAnta meM vaiyaktika vividha anubhUtiyoM kA kAraNa vyakti ke andara hI mAnA jAtA hai, jabaki phala-saMvibhAga ke AdhAra para hameM bAhya kAraNa ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai| jaina karma-siddhAnta meM phala-saMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM upAdAna kAraNa (Antarika kAraNa) aura nimitta kAraNa ( bAhya kAraNa ) kA bheda samajhanA hogaa| jaina karma-siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki vividha sukhada-duHkhada anubhUtiyoM kA mUla kAraNa ( upAdAna kAraNa ) to vyakti ke apane hI pUrva-karma hai| dUsarA vyakti to mAtra nimitta bana sakatA hai / arthAt upAdAna kAraNa kI dRSTi se sukha-duHkhAdi anubhava svakRta hai aura nimittakAraNa kI dRSTi se parakRta hai / gItA bhI yaha dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai / gItA meM kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki yaha loga to apanI hI mauta mareMge, tU to mAtra nimitta hogaa| lekina yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai yadi hama dUsaroM kA hitAhita karane meM mAtra nimitta hote haiM, to phira hameM pApa-puNya kA bhAgI kyoM mAnA jAtA hai ? jaina-vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna khojA hai / unakA kahanA hai ki hamAre puNya-pApa dUsare ke hitAhita kI kriyA para nirbhara na hokara hamArI manovRtti para nirbhara haiN| hama dUsaroM kA hitAhita karane para uttaradAyI isalie haiM ki vaha karma evaM karma-saMkalpa hamArA hai| dUsaroM ke prati hamArA jo dRSTikoNa hai, vahI hameM uttaradAyI banAtA hai| usI ke AdhAra para vyakti karma kA bandha karatA hai aura usakA phala bhogatA hai| $ 13. jaina darzana meM karma ko avasthA jaina darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para gaharAI se vicAra huA hai / pramukha rUpa se karmoM kI dasa avasthAe~ mAnI gayI hai-1. bandha, 2. saMkramaNa, 3. utkarSaNa, 4. apavartana, 5. sattA, 6. udaya, 7. udIraNA, 8. upazamana, 9. nidhatti aura 10. nikAcanA / 1. bandha-kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karma-paramANuoM kA Atma-pradezoM se 1. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 254.

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319 karma siddhAnta jo sambandha hotA hai, use jaina darzana meM bandha kahA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA eka svatantra adhyAya meM kI gaI hai / 2. saMkramaNa - eka karma ke aneka avAntara bheda haiM aura jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai / yaha avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kA adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai / saMkramaNa vaha prakriyA hai jisameM AtmA pUrva - baddha karmoM kI avAntara prakRtiyoM, samayAvadhi, tIvratA evaM parimANa ( mAtrA ) ko parivartita karatA hai / saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karma prakRti kA, navIna karma-prakRti kA bandha karate samaya milAkara tatpazcAt navIna karma-prakRti meM usakA rUpAntaraNa kara sakatA hai / udAharaNArtha, pUrva meM baddha duHkhada saMvedana rUpa asAtAvedanIya karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karate samaya hI sAtAvedanIya karma-prakRti ke sAtha milAkara usakA sAtAvedanIya karma meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi darzanamoha karma kI tIna prakRtiyoM mithyAtvamoha, samyaktvamoha aura mizramoha meM navIna bandha ke abhAva meM bhI saMkramaNa sambhava hotA hai, kyoMki samyavatvamoha evaM mizramoha kA bandha nahIM hotA hai, ve avasthAeM mithyAtvamoha karma ke zuddhIkaraNa se hotI haiM / saMkramaNa karmoM ke avAntara bhedoM meM hI hotA hai, mUla bhedoM meM nahIM hotA hai, arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA Ayukarma meM saMkramaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI prakAra kucha avAntara karma aise haiM jinakA rUpAntara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jaise darzana - mohanIya aura cAritra mohanIya karma kA rUpAntara nahIM hotA / isI prakAra koI narakAyu ke bandha ko manuSya Ayu ke bandha meM nahIM badala sakatA / naitika dRSTi meM saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA kI do mahattvapUrNa bAteM haiM - eka to yaha hai ki saMkramaNa kI kSamatA kevala AtmA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai / jo AtmA jitanA pavitra hotA hai utanI hI usakI Atmazakti prakaTa hotI hai aura utanI usameM karma saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI hotI hai / lekina jo vyakti jitanA adhika apavitra hotA hai, usameM karma saMkramaNa kI kSamatA utanI hI kSINa hotI hai aura vaha adhika mAtrA meM paristhitiyoM ( karmoM ) kA dAsa hotA hai / pavitra AtmAe~ paristhitiyoM kI dAsa na haM kara unakI svAmI bana jAtI / isa prakAra saMkramaNa kI prakriyA AtmA ke svAtantrya aura dAsatA ko vyakti kI naitika pragati para adhiSThita karatI hai / dUsare, saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA bhAgyavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda ko sabala banAtI hai / 2. udvartanA-AtmA se karma-paramANuoM ke baddha hote samaya jo kASAyika tAratamatA hotI hai usI ke anusAra bandhana ke samaya karma kI sthiti tathA tIvratA kA nizcaya hotA hai / jaina karma- siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA navIna bandha karate samaya pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAlamaryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hA bhI sakatI hai / yahI karma-paramANuoM kI kAlamaryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hAne kI kriyA udvartanA kahI jAtI haiM / 4. apavartanA-jisa prakAra navIna bandha ke samaya pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAla maryAdA - 1. tattvArthasatra, 82-3. *

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ( sthiti ) aura tIvratA ( anubhAga ) ko bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra use kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha kama karane kI kriyA apavartanA kahalAtI hai| __5. sattA-karmoM kA bandha ho jAne ke pazcAt unakA vipAka bhaviSya meM kisI samaya hotA hai / pratyeka karma apane sattA-kAla ke samApta hone para hI phala ( vipAka ) de pAtA hai / jitane samaya taka kAla-maryAdA paripakva na hone ke kAraNa karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha banA rahatA hai, usa avasthA ko sattA kahate haiN| 6. udaya-jaba karma apanA phala ( vipAka ) denA prArambha kara dete haiM, usa avasthA ko udaya kahate haiM / jaina darzana yaha bho mAnatA hai ki sabhI karma apanA phala pradAna to karate haiM lekina kucha karma aise bhI hAte haiM jo phala dete hue bhI bhoktA ko phala kI anubhUti nahIM karAte haiM aura nijarita ho jAte haiM / jaina darzana meM phala denA aura phala kI anubhUti honA ye alaga tathya mAne gaye haiM / jo karma binA phala kI anubhUti karAye nirjarita ho jAga hai, usakA udaya pradezodaya kahA jAtA hai| jaise, Aparezana karate samaya acetana avasthA meM zalya-kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotI / kaSAya ke abhAva meM IryApathika kriyA ke kAraNa jo bandha hotA hai usakA mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai / jo karma-paramANu apanI phalAnubhUti karavAkara AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| vipAkodaya kI avasthA meM to pradezodaya hotA hI hai, lekina pradezodaya kI avasthA meM vipAkodaya ho hI, yaha anivArya nahIM hai / * 7. udIraNA-jisa prakAra samaya se pUrva kRtrima rUpa se phala ko pakAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra niyata kAla ke pUrva hI prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara karmoM ke phaloM ko bhoga lenA udIraNA hai / sAdhAraNa niyama yaha hai ki jisa karma prakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtoya karma-prakRti kI udIraNA sambhava hai / 8. upazamana-karmoM ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI unake phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie dabA denA yA unheM kisI kAla-vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM akSama banA denA upazamana hai / upazamana me karma ko DhaMkI huI agni ke samAna banA diyA jAtA hai / jisa prakAra rAkha se dabI huI agni usa AvaraNa ke dUra hote hI punaH prajvalita ho jAto hai, usI prakAra upazamana ko avasthA ke samApta hote hI karma punaH udaya meM Akara apanA phala detA hai / upazamana meM karma kI sattA naSTa nahIM hotI hai, mAtra use kAla-vizeSa taka ke lie phala dene meM akSama banAyA jAtA hai| 9. nirdhAtta-karma kI vaha avasthA nidhatti hai jisameM karma na apane avAntara bhedoM meM rUpAntarita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiN| lekina karmoM kI samaya-maryAdA aura vipAka-tIvratA ( parimANa ) ko kama-adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava haiN| 10. nikAcanA-karmoM kA bandhana itanA pragAr3ha honA ki unakI kAla-maryAdA evaM tIvratA ( parimANa ) meM koI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, na samaya ke pUrva unakA bhoga

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karma-siddhAnta 3.1. hI kiyA sake, nikAcanA kahA jAtA hai / isameM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai usI rUpa meM usako anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai / karma kI avasthAoM para bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA bauddha karma vicAraNA meM janaka, upasthambhaka, upapIlaka aura upaghAtaka aise cAra karma mAne gaye haiM / janaka karma dUsarA janma grahaNa karavAte haiM, isa rUpa meM ve sattA kI avasthA se tulanIya haiM / upasthambhaka karma dUsare karma kA phala dene meM sahAyaka hote haiM, ye utkarSaNa kI prakriyA ke sahAyaka mAne jA sakate haiM / upapIlaka karma dUsare karmoM kI zakti ko kSINa karate haiM, ye apavartana kI avasthA se tulanIya haiM / upaghAtaka karma dUsare karma kA vipAka rokakara apanA phala dete haiM. ye karma upazamana kI prakriyA ke nikaTa haiM / bauddha darzana meM karma-phala ke saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI gayI hai / bauddha darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki yadyapi karma ( phala ) kA vipraNAza nahIM hai, tathApi karma phala kA sAtikrama ho sakatA hai / vipacyamAna karmoM kA saMkramaNa ho sakatA hai / vipacyamAna karma ke haiM jinako badalA jA sakatA hai arthAt jinakA mAtikramaNa ( saMkramaNa ) ho sakatA hai, yadyapi phala bhoga anivArya hai / unheM aniyata - vedanIya kintu niyatavipAkakarma bhI kahA jAtA hai / bauddha darzana kA niyatavedanIya niyatavipAka karma jaina darzana ke nikAcanA se tulanIya hai / karma kI avasthAoM para hindU Acagradarzana kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA karmoM kI sattA, udaya, udIraNA aura upazamana ina cAra avasthAoM kA vivecana saMcita, prArabdha aura kriyamANa samasta karma saMcita karma hindU AcAradarzana meM bhI milatA hai / vahA~ karmoM kI aisI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI gayI haiN| vartamAna kSaNa ke pUrva taka kiye gaye saMcita karma kahe jAte haiM, inheM hI apUrva aura adRSTa bhI kahA gayA hai / ke jisa bhAga kA phalabhoga zurU ho jAtA hai use hI prArabdha prakAra pUrvabaddha karma ke do bhAga hote haiM / jo bhAga apanA phala hai vaha prArabdha ( Arabdha ) karma kahalAtA hai zeSa bhAga jisakA huA hai anArabdha ( saMcita ) kahalAtA hai / lokamAnya tilaka ne svatantra avasthA-bheda nahIM mAnA hai / ve kahate haiM ki yadi usakA pANinisUtra ke anusAra bhaviSyakAlika artha lete haiM, to use anArabdha kahA jAyegA / 2 tulanA kI dRSTi se karma kI anArabdha yA saMcita avasthA ho 'sattA' ko avasthA kahI jA sakatI hai / isI prakAra prArabdha karma kI tulanA karma kI udaya avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai / kucha loga navIna karma-saMcaya ko dRSTi se kriyamANa nAmaka svatantra avasthA mAnate haiM / kriyamANa: karma kI tulanA jaina vicAraNA ke bandhamAna karma se kI jA sakatI hai / DA0 TaoNTiyA karma kahate haiM / isa denA prArambha kara detA phalabhoga prArambha nahIM 'kriyamANa karma' aisA 1. bauddha dharma darzana, pR0 275 / 2. gItArahasya, pR0 274.

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322 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMcita karma kI tulanA karma kI sattA avasthA se, prArabdhakarma kI tulanA udaya karma se tathA kriyamANa karma kI tulanA bandhamAna karma se karate haiM / " vaidika paramparA meM karma kI upazamana avasthA ko mAnyatA kA spaSTa nirdeza to nahIM milatA, phira bhI mahAbhArata meM pArAzaragItA meM eka nirdeza hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki kabhI-kabhI manuSya kA pUrva - kAla meM kiyA gayA puNya ( apanA phala dene kI rAha dekhatA huA ) cupa baiThA rahatA hai / 2 isa avasthA kI tulanA jaina vicAraNA ke upazamana se kI jA sakatI hai / karma kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM kA prazna karmavipAka ko niyatatA se sambandhita hai / ataH isa prazna para bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / $ 14. karma vipAka ko niyatatA aura aniyatatA jaina dRSTikoNa hamane Upara karmoM kI avasthAoM para vicAra karate hue dekhA ki kucha karma aise haiM jinakA vipAka niyata hai aura usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jo jaina vicAraNA meM nikAcita karma kahe jAte haiM / jinakA bandha jisa vipAka * ko lekara hotA hai usI vipAka ke dvArA ve kSaya (nirjarita) hote haiM anya kisI prakAra se nahIM, yahI karma vipAka kI niyatatA hai| isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI haiM, jinakA vipAka usI rUpa meM anivArya nahIM hotA / unake vipAka ke svarUpa, mAtrA, samayAvadhi evaM tIvratA Adi meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jinheM hama anikAcita karma ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM / jaina vicAraNA karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA donoM ko hI svIkAra karatI hai aura batAtI hai ki karmoM ke pIche rahI huI kaSAyoM kI tIvratA evaM alpatA ke AdhAra para hI kramazaH niyata-vipAkI evaM aniyata-vipAkI karmoM kA bandha hotA hai / jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke poche tIvra kaSAya ( vAsanAe~) hotI haiM, unakA bandha bhI ati pragAr3ha hotA hai aura usakA vipAka bhI niyata hotA hai / isake viparIta jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche kaSAya alpa hotI hai unakA bandha zithila hotA hai aura isIlie unakA vipAka bhI aniyata hotA hai / jaina karma siddhAnta kI saMkramaNa, udvartanA, - apavartatA, udoraNA evaM upazamana kI avasthAe~ karmoM ke aniyata vipAka kI ora - saMketa karatI haiM, lekina jaina vicAraNA sabhI karmoM ko aniyatavipAkI nahIM mAnatI / jina karmoM kA bandha tIvra kaSAya bhAvoM ke phalasvarUpa hotA hai unheM vaha niyaMtavipAkI karma mAnatI hai / vaiyaktika dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka meM parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI / jaba vyakti eka AdhyAtmika U~cAI para pahu~ca jAtA hai, tabhI usameM karma vipAka ko aniyata banAne kI zakti utpanna hotI hai / phira bhI smaraNa 1. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 260. - 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 260 / 17.

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karma - siddhAnta 323 rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti kitanI hI AdhyAtmika U~cAI para sthita ho, vaha mAtra unhIM karmoM kA vipAka aniyata banA sakatA hai, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI karma ke rUpa meM huA hai / jina karmoM kA bandha niyatavipAkI karmoM ke rUpa meM huA hai unakA bhoga anivArya hai / isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA karmoM ke niyatatA aura aniyatatA ke donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra karatI hai aura isa AdhAra para apane karma siddhAnta ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda ke doSoM se bacA letI hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa' bauddha darzana meM bhI karmoM ke vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / bauddha darzana meM karmoM ko niyata vipAkI aura aniyatavipAkI donoM prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| jina karmoM kA phala bhoga anivArya nahIM yA jinakA pratisaMvedana Avazyaka nahIM ve karma aniyatavipAkI haiM / aniyatavipAkI karma ke phalabhoga kA ullaMghana ho sakatA hai / isake atirikta ve karma jinakA pratisaMvedana yA phalabhoga anivArya hai ke niyatavipAkI karma haiM arthAt unake phalabhoga kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kucha bauddha AcAryoM ne niyatavipAkI aura aniyatavipAkI karmoM meM pratyeka ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai / niyatavipAka karma (1) dRSTadharmavedanIya niyatavipAka karma arthAt isI janma meM anivArya phala denevAlA karma / ( 2 ) upapadyavedanIya niyatavipAka karma arthAt upapanna hokara samantara janma meM anivArya phala denevAlA karma / ( 3 ) aparAparyavedanIya niyatavipAka karma arthAt vilamba se anivArya phala denevAlA karma / ( 4 ) aniyata vedanIya kintu niyatavipAka karma arthAt ve karma jo vipacyamAna to haiM ( jinakA svabhAva badalA jA sakatA hai evaM sAtikramaNa ho sakatA hai ) kintu jinakA bhoga anivArya hai / isake atirikta kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra niyatavipAka karma para vipAka - kAla kI niyatatA ke AdhAra para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura aisI avasthA meM niyatavipAka karma ke do rUpa hoMge (1) jinakA vipAka bhI niyata hai aura vipAka - kAla bhI niyata hai| tathA (2) ve jinakA vipAka to niyata hai, lekina vipAka-kAla niyata nahIM / aise karma aparAparyaMvedanIya se dRSTadharbhavedanIya bana jAte haiM / aniyatavipAka karma (1) dRSTadharmavedanIya aniyatavipAka karma arthAt jo isI janma meM phala denevAlA hai lekina jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka nahIM hai / (2) upapadyavedanIya aniyatavipAka karma arthAt upapanna hokara samantara janma meM phala denevAlA hai lekina jisakA phalabhoga ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai / ( 3 ) aparAparyaM aniyatavipAka karma arthAt jo derI se 1. bauddha dharma darzana, adhyAya 13.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana phala denevAlA hai lekina jisakA phala-bhoga Avazyaka hai| (4) aniyatavedanIya aniyatavipAka karma arthAt jo anubhUti aura vipAka dAnoM dRSTiyoM se aniyata hai / isa prakAra bauddha vicAraka na kevala karmoM ke vipAka meM niyatatA aura aniyatatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, varan donoM kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI karate haiM / ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki kauna karma niyatavipAko hogA-prathamataH ve karma jo kevala kRta nahIM kintu upacita bhI haiM niyatavipAka karma haiN| karma ke upacita hone kA matalaba hai karma kA caitasika ke sAtha-sAtha bhautika dRSTi se bhI parisamApta honA / dUsare, ve karma jo tIvra prasAda ( zraddhA ) aura tIvra kleza ( rAga-dveSa ) se kiye jAte haiM, niyatavipAka karma haiM / bauddha darzana kI yaha dhAraNA jaina darzana se bahuta kucha milatI hai, lekina pramukha antara yahI hai ki jahA~ bauddha darzana tIvra zraddhA aura tIvra rAga-dveSa donoM avasthA meM honevAle karma ko niyatavipAkI mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana mAtra rAga-dveSa ( kaSAya ) kI avasyA meM kiye hue karmoM ko hI niyatavipAkI mAnatA hai| tIvra zraddhA kI avasthA meM kie gaye karma jaina darzana ke anusAra niyatavipAkI nahIM haiM / hA~, yadi tIvra zraddhA ke sAtha prazasta rAga hotA hai to zubha karma bandha to hotA hai lekina vaha niyatavipAkI hI ho, yaha anivArya nahIM hai / donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki mAtRvadha, pitRvadha tathA dharma, saMgha aura tIrtha tathA dharmapravartaka ke prati kiye gaye aparAdha niyatavipAkI hote haiN| gItA kA dRSTikoNa vaidika paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki saMcita karma ko jJAna ke dvArA binA phalabhoga ke hI naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra vaidika paramparA karmavipAka kI aniyatatA ko svIkAra kara letI hai| jJAnAgni saba karmoM ko bhasma kara detI hai|' arthAta jJAna ke dvArA saMcita karmoM ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi vaidika paramparA meM Arabdha karmoM kA bhoga anivArya mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA donoM svIkAra kI gaI hai / phira bhI usameM saMcita karmoM kI daSTi se niyatavipAka kA vicAra nahIM miltaa| sabhI saMcita karma aniyatavipAko mAna liye gaye haiN| niSkarSa vastutaH karma-siddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kI donoM virodhI dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa se karma-vipAka kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to naitika AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka kucha mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka mUlya pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai| niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNataH aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAve to 1. jJAnAgni sarvakarmANi bhasmasAt kurute-gItA, 4 / 37.

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karma-siddhAnta 125 naitika vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM rahatA hai| vipAka kI pUrNa niyatatA mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyatatA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hI dhAraNAe~ aikAntika rUpa meM naitika jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha haiN| ataH karma-vipAka kI niyatatAniyatatA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| isake pUrva ki hama isa adhyAya ko samApta kareM, hameM karma-siddhAnta ke sambandha meM pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vicArakoM ke AkSepoM para bhI vicAra kara lenA caahie| 15. karma-siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara __ karma-siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karanevAle vicArakoM ke dvArA karma-siddhAnta ke pratiSetra ke lie prAcIna kAla se hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte rahe haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne apane prasiddha grantha triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM una vicArakoM ke dvArA diye jAne vAle kucha tarkoM kA digdarzana karAyA hai| karma-siddhAnta ke virodha meM una vicArakoM kA nimna tarka hai, "eka prastarakhaNDa jaba pratimA ke rUpa meM nirmita ho jAtA hai taba snAna, aMgarAga, mAlA, vastra aura alaMkAroM se usakI pUjA kI jAtI hai| vicAraNIya yaha hai ki usa pratimArUpa prastarakhaNDa ne kauna-sA puNya kiyA thA ? eka anya prastara khaNDa jisa para upaviSTa hokara loga mala-mUtra-visarjana karate haiM, usane kauna-sA pApa-karma kiyA thA ? yadi prANI karma se hI janma grahaNa karate haiM aura marate haiM, phira jala ke budabuda kisa zubhAzubha karma se utpanna hote haiM aura vinaSTa hote haiM ?'' karma-siddhAnta ke virodha meM diyA gayA yaha tarka vastutaH eka bhrAnta dhAraNA para khar3A huA hai / karma-siddhAnta kA niyama zarIrayukta cetana prANiyoM para lAgU hotA hai, jabaki Alocaka ne apane tarka jar3a padArthoM ke sandarbha meM diye haiN| karma-siddhAnta kA niyama jar3a jagata ke lie nahIM hai| ataH ar3a jagat ke sambandha meM diye hue tarka usa para kaise lAgU ho sakate haiN| yadi hama jaina dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para unheM jIvanayukta mAneM to bhI yaha AkSepa asatya hI siddha hotA hai| kyoMki jIvanayukta mAnane para yaha bhI sambhava hai ki unhoMne pUrva jIvana meM koI aisA zubha yA azubha karma kiyA hogA jisakA pariNAma ve prApta kara rahe haiN| isa prakAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha AkSepa samucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| kama-siddhAnta para mekaeNjI ke AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara pAzcAtya AcAradarzana ke pramukha vidvAn jAna mekeMjI ne apanI pustaka hindU ethiksa meM karma-siddhAnta para kucha AkSepa kiye haiM 1. karma-siddhAnta meM aneka aise karmoM ko bhI zubhAzubha phala denevAlA mAna liyA gayA hai jinheM sAmAnyatayA naitika dRSTi se acchA yA burA nahIM kahA jAtA hai / 1. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 1 / 1 / 335-36. 2. hindU ethiksa, pR0 218.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vastutaH mekeMjI kA yaha AkSepa karma-siddhAnta para na hokara mAtra prAcya aura pAzcAtya AcAradarzana ke antara ko spaSTa karatA hai / pAzcAtya vicAraNA meM aneka prakAra ke dhArmika kriyA-karmoM, niSedhAtmaka evaM vaiyaktika sadguNoM-jaise upavAsa, dhyAnAdi tathA paza jagat meM pradarzita sahAnubhUti evaM karuNA ko naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha nahIM mAnA gayA hai| lekina dRSTikoNa kA bheda hai| kyoMki pAzcAtya AcAra darzana nItizAstra ko mAnava samAja ke pArasparika vyavahAroM taka sImita karatA hai, ataH yaha daSTibheda svAbhAvika hai| bhAratIya cintana kA AcAradarzana ke prati vyaktiniSTha dRSTikoNa inheM naitika mUlya pradAna kara detA hai| 2. maikeMjI kA dUsarA AkSepa yaha hai ki karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra puraskAra aura daNDa do bAra diye jAte haiN| eka bAra svarga aura naraka meM, aura dUsarI bAra bhAvI janma meM / ' maikeMjI kA yaha AkSepa paraloka kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa hai| bhAvI janma meM svarga aura naraka ke jIvana bhI sammilita haiN| koI bhI karma kevala eka hI bAra apanA phala pradAna karatA hai| yA to vaha apanA phala svargIya jIvana meM deyA nArakIya jIvana meM athavA isI loka meM mAnavIya evaM pAzavika jIvanoM meM / 3. karma-siddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA ke vicAra ke virodha meM jAtA hai| jahA~taka mekeMjI ke isa AkSepa kA prazna hai, jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa nizcita rUpa se apane karma-siddhAnta kI dhAraNA meM IzvarIya kRpA ko koI sthAna nahIM dete haiM / jainadarzana ke anusAra vyakti svayaM hI apane vikAsa aura patana kA kAraNa banatA hai, ataH usake lie IzvarIya kRpA kA koI artha nahIM hai| gItA meM IzvarIya kRpA kA sthAna hai, lekina sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki Izvara karma-niyama ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karatA hai| yaha satya hai ki karma-siddhAnta aura IzvarIya kRpA ye do dhAraNAe~ eka-dUsare ke virodha meM jAtI hai, lekina gItA ke anusAra yaha mAna liyA jAya ki Izvara karma-niyama ke anusAra zAsana karatA hai, to donoM dhAraNAoM meM koI virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai / karma-siddhAnta kisI Izvara kI kRpA kI bhIkha kI apekSA AtmanirbharatA kA pATha par3hAtA hai / 4. karma-siddhAnta meM lokahita ke lie uThAye gaye kaSTa aura pIr3A kI prazaMsA nirarthaka hai|3 isa AkSepa se mekeMjI kA tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi karma-siddhAnta meM niSThA rakhanevAlA vyakti lokahita ke kArya karatA hai to bhI vaha prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha vastutaH lokahita nahIM varan svahita hI kara rahA hai / usake dvArA kiye gaye lokahita ke kAryoM kA pratiphala use milanevAlA hai / karma-siddhAnta ke 1. hinda ethiksa pR0 220. 2. vahI, pR0 223. 1. vahI, pR0 224.

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karma siddhAnta anusAra lokahita meM bhI svArtha-buddhi hotI hai, ataH lokahita ke kArya prazaMsanIya nahIM mAne jA skte| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki karma-siddhAnta meM AsthA rakhane para lokahita meM bhI svArthabuddhi ho sakatI haiM aura isa AdhAra para vyakti kA lokahita kA karbha prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / svArtha-buddhi se kiye gaye lokahita karmoM ko bhAratIya AcAra darzanoM meM bhI prazaMsanIya nahIM kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki unameM lokahita kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM to niSkAma-buddhi se kiyA gayA lokahita hI sadaiva prazaMsanIya mAnA gayA hai| ___isa prazna para pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI vicAra kara liyA jAya / yadyapi pAramArthika dRSTi se bhAratIya AcAradarzana apane karma-siddhAnta ke dvArA yaha avazya svIkAra karate hai ki vyakti kisI bhI dUsare kA hita-ahita nahIM kara sakatA, lekina vyAvahArika dRSTi se yA nimitta kAraNa kI dRSTi se yaha avazya mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti dUsare ke sukha-duHkha kA nimitta kAraNa bana sakatA hai aura isa AdhAra para usakA loka-hita prazaMsanIya bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| vyAvahArika naitikatA kI dRSTi se lokahita kA mahattva bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM svIkRta rahA hai| DaoN0 dayAnanda bhArgava ke zabdoM meM AdhyAtmika AtmasAkSAtkAra, na ki samAjasevA, jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai; lekina samAjasevA AdhyAtmika AtmasAkSAtkAra kI sIr3hI kA prathama patthara hI siddha hotI hai|' 5. maikeMjI ke vicAra meM karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para mAnava jAti kI pIDAoM evaM duHkhoM kA koI kAraNa nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| isa AkSepa kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki koI bhI kArya akAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| usakA koI na koI kAraNa to avazya hI mAnanA par3egA / yadi mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa vyakti nahIM hai to yA to usakA kAraNa Izvara hogA yA prakRti / yadi isakA kAraNa Izvara hai to vaha nirdayI hI siddha hogA aura yadi isakA kAraNa prakRti hai to manuSya ke sambandha meM yAntrikatA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| lekina mAnava-vyavahAra ke yAntrikatA ke siddhAnta meM naitika aura jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM kA koI sthAna nahIM rahegA / ataH mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa vyakti ko hI mAnanA par3egA / samagra mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa pratyeka vyakti svayaM hI hai / jaina-vicAraNA meM isa sambandha meM sAmudAyika karma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jisakA bandhana aura vipAka donoM hI samagra samAja ke sadasyoM ko eka sAtha hotA hai / yahI eka aisI dhAraNA hai jo isa AkSepa kA samucita samAdhAna kara sakatI hai| 1. jaina aithiksa, pR0 30. 2. vahI, pR0 27. 20

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328 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. mekeMjI ke vicAra meM karma-siddhAnta yAntrika rUpa meM kArya karatA hai aura karma ke manovaijJAnika pakSa yA prayojana ko vicAra meM nahIM letA hai| mekeMjI kA yaha dRSTikoNa bhI bhrAntipUrNa hI hai / karma-siddhAnta karma ke manovaijJAnika pakSa yA kartA ke prayojana ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna detA hai / karma ke mAnasika pakSa ke abhAva meM to bauddha aura vaidika vicAraNAoM meM koI bandhana hI nahIM mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina vicAraNA IryApathika bandha ke rUpa meM karma ke bAhya pakSa ko svIkAra karatI hai, lekina usake anusAra bhI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa to yahI manovaijJAnika pakSa hai| jaina sAhitya meM tandula matsya kI kathA spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtI hai ki karma kI bAhya 'kriyAnviti ke abhAva meM bhI mAtra vaicArika yA manovaijJAnika pakSa hI bandhana kA sujana kara detA hai, ataH karma-siddhAnta meM manovaijJAnika pakSa yA karma ke mAnasika pahalU kI upekSA nahIM huI hai| isa prakAra karma-siddhAnta para kiye jAnevAle AkSepa naitikatA kI dRSTi se nirbala hI siddha hote haiM / karma-siddhAnta meM ananya AsthA rakhakara hI naitika jIvana meM Age bar3hA jA sakatA hai| 1. jaina aithiksa, 10 27.

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11 karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 332 333 335 338 1. tIna prakAra ke karma 2. azubha yA pApa karma pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa 332 / jaina dRSTikoNa 332 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 332 / kAyika pApa 332 / vAcika pApa 332 / mAnasika pApa 332 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 333 / pApa ke kAraNa 333 / 3. puNya (kuzala karma) puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa 334/ 4. puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa 338 / bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa 339 / hindU dharma kA dRSTikoNa 339 / pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 340 6. zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora jaina dRSTikoNa 340 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 342 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 342 / pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 343 / 7. zuddha karma (akarma) 8. jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra 9. bauddha darzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra 1. ve karma jo kRta (sampAdita) nahIM haiM lekina upacita (phala pradAtA) haiM 346 / 2. ve karma jo kRta bhI haiM aura upacita haiM 346 / 3. ve karma jo kRta haiM lekina upacita nahIM haiM 346 / 4. ve karma jo kRta bhI nahIM haiM aura upacita bhI nahIM haiM 347 / 10. gItA meM karma-akarma kA svarUpa 1. karma 347 / 2. vikarma 347 / 3. akarma 347 / 11. akarma kI artha-vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra 343 344 347 348

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 61. tIna prakAra ke karma jaina dRSTi se 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti ThIka hai, lekina jaina darzana meM sabhI karma athavA kriyAe~ samAna rUpa se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| usameM do prakAra ke karma mAne gaye hai-eka ko karma kahA gayA hai, dUsare ko akarma / samasta sAmparAyika kriyAe~ karma kI koTi meM AtI haiM aura IryApathika kriyAe~ akarma kI koTi meM AtI haiN| naitika darzana kI dRSTi se prathama prakAra ke karma hI naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM aura dUsare prakAra ke karma naitikatA ke kSetra se pare haiN| unheM atinaitika kahA jA sakatA hai / lekina naitikatA ke kSetra meM AnevAle sabhI karma bhI ekasamAna nahIM hote haiN| unameM se kucha zubha aura kucha azubha hote haiN| jaina paribhASA meM inheM kramazaH puNya-karma aura pApa-karma kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-(1) IryApathika karma ( akarma) (2) puNya-karma aura (3) pApa-karma / bauddha darzana meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM-(1) avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma (2) kuzala yA zukla karbha aura (3) akuzala yA kRSNa karma / gItA meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma nirUpita haiM-(1) akarma (2) karma (kuzala karma) aura (3) vikarma (akuzala krm)| jaina darzana kA Ipithika karma, bauddha darzana kA avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma tathA gItA kA akarma samAna hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana kA puNya karma, bauddha darzana kA kuzala (zukla) karma tathA gItA kA sakAma sAtvika karma bhI samAna hai / jaina darzana kA pApa karma bauddha darzana kA akuzala (kRSNa) karma tathA gItA kA vikarma hai / pAzcAtya naitika darzana kI dRSTi se bhI karma tIna prakAra ke haiM-(1) atinaitika (2) naitika aura (3) anaitika / jaina darzana kA IryApathika karma atinaitika karma hai. puNya karma naitika karma hai, aura pApakarma anaitika karma hai| gItA kA akarma atinaitika zubha karma yA karma naitika aura vikarma anaitika hai| bauddha darzana meM anaitika, naitika aura atinaitika karma ko kramazaH akuzala, kuzala aura avyakta karma athavA kRSNa, zukla aura akRSNa-azukla karma kahA gayA hai| inheM nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai :karma pAzcAtya AcAradarzana jaina bauddha gItA 1. zuddha atinaitika karma I-pathika karma avyakta karma akarma 2. zubha naitika karma puNya karma kuzala (zukla)karma karma 3. azubha anaitika karma pApa-kama akuzala (kRSNa) karma vikama

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdhyAtmikatA yA naitika pUrNatA ke lie hameM kramazaH azubha karmoM se zubha karmoM kI ora aura zubha karmoM se zuddha karmoM kI ora bar3hanA hogaa| Age hama isI krama se unapara thor3I adhika gaharAI se vivecana kreNge| 62. azubha yA pApa karma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA kI hai ki vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAle, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya parapIDanaM ) / vastutaH jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase aniSTa phala kI prApti ho vaha pApa hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ve sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kiye jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa karma haiN| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina dRSTikoNa-jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke hai1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda ( asatya bhASaNa ) 3. adattAdAna (caurya karma), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha ( gussA), 7. mAna ( ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA ( kapaTa, chala, Sar3ayantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha ( saMcaya yA saMgraha kI vRtti), 10. rAga ( Asakti ), dveSa (ghaNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA Adi), 11. kleza ( saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 12. abhyAkhyAna ( doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA ( cugalI ), 14. paraparivAda ( paranindA ), 15. rati-arati ( harSa aura zoka ), 16. mAyA-mRSA ( kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa ), 17. mithyAdarzanazalya ( ayathArtha jIvanadRSTi )2 baudha dRSTikoNa-bauddha darzana meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika AdhAroM para nimna 10 prakAra ke pApoM yA akuzala karmoM kA varNana milatA hai| (a) kAyika pApa-1. prANAtipAta ( hiMsA ), 2. adattAdAna ( corI), 3. kAmesumicchAcAra ( kAmabhoga sambandhI durAcAra ) / (ba) vAcika pAra-4. musAvAda ( asatya bhASaNa), 5. pisunAvAcA ( pizuna vacana ), 6. pharUsAvAcA ( kaThora vacana ), 7. samphalApa (vyartha AlApa ) / (sa) mAnasika pApa-8. abhijjA ( lobha ) 9. vyApAda ( mAnasika hiMsA yA ahitA cintana ), 10. micchAdiTThI ( mithyA dRSTikoNa ) / 1. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 5, pR0 876. 2. jaina siddha nta bola-saMgraha, bhAga 3, 60182. 3. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, 50 480.

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karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva abhidhammatsaMgaho meM nimna 14 akuzala caittasika batAye gaye haiM'1. moha (vitta kA andhApana ), mUDhatA, 2. ahirika ( nirlajjatA ), 3. anottappaM - a- bhIrutA ( pApa karma meM bhaya na mAnanA ), 4. uddhaccaM - uddhatapana ( caMcalatA ), 5. lobho ( tRSNA ), 6. diTTi - mithyAdRSTi, 7 mAno - ahaMkAra, 8. doso - dveSa, 9 issA - IrSyA ( dUsare kI sampatti ko na saha sakanA ), 10. macchariyaM - mAtsarya ( apanI sampatti ko chipAne kI pravRtti ), 11. kukkucca - kaukRtya ( kRtaakRta ke bAre meM pazcAttApa ), 12. thInaM, 13. middha, 14. vicikicchA - vicikitsA ( saMzaya ) / gItA kA dRSTikoNa tilaka ne manusmRti gItA meM bhI jaina aura bauddha darzana meM svIkRta ina pApAcaraNoM yA vikarmoM kA ullekha AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / gItArahasya meM ke AdhAra para nimna dasa prakAra ke pApAcaraNa kA varNana kiyA hai | (a) kAyika - 1. hiMsA, 2. corI, 3. vyabhicAra / (ba) vAcika - 4. mithyA ( asatya ), 5. tAnA mAranA, asaMgata vANI / (sa) mAnasika - 8. paradravya kI abhilASA, 9. ahita cintana, 10. pApa ke kAraNa 133 1. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 50 16- 20. 2. manusmRti, 125.7. 3. tattvArthasatra, 6 / 4. 4. yogazAstra, 4 107. na vicArakoM ke anusAra pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM - ( 1 ) rAga ( Asakti ), ( 2 ) dveSa ( ghRNA ), (3) moha ( ajJAna ) / jova rAga, dveSa aura moha se hI pApakarma karatA hai / buddha ke anusAra bhI pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM- (1) lobha (rAga), (2) dveSa aura (3) moha | gItA ke anusAra kAma (rAga) aura krodha hI pApa ke kAraNa haiM / $ 3. puNya ( kuzala karma ) 6. kaTu vacana, 7. vyartha Agraha puNya vaha hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai / mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai / puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra kahate haiM - zubhAsrava puNya hai / 3 lekina puNya mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, vaha bandha aura vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upAdeya bhI hai | ataH aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai / AcArya hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki puNya (azubha) karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai / isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha ( pApa ) 1

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai / puNya ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai|' AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM, "puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai jo naukA ko bhavasAgara se zIvra pAra karA detI hai / jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI samayasAra nATaka meM kahate haiM ki "jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai vahI puNya hai|"3 __ jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya-karma ve zubha pudgala-paramANu haiM jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiM / AtmA kI ve manodazAeM evaM kriyAeM bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala-paramANu jo ina zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha pudgala-paramANu dravyapuNya haiM / puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha-pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNya nirUpita hai - 1. annapuNya-bhojanAdi dekara kSadhArta kI kSudhA-nivRtti karanA / 2. pAnapuNya-tRSA ( pyAsa ) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilAnA / 3. layanapuNya-nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi banavAnA / 4. zayanapuNya-zayyA, bichaunA Adi denA / 5. vastrapuNya-vastra kA dAna denA / 6. manapuNya-mana se zubha vicAra karanA / jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA karanA / 7. vacanapuNya-prazasta evaM saMtoSa denevAlI vANI kA prayoga karanA / 1. sthAnAMga TIkA, 111-12. 2. jaina dharma, pR0 84. 3. samayamAra nATaka utthAnikA, 28. 4. bhagavatIsatra, 7 / 10 / 121. 5. sthAnAMgasatra, 6.

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karma kA azubhAva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 8. kAyapuNya-rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA karanA / 9. namaskArapuNya-gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana krnaa| bauddha AcAradarzana meM bhI puNya ke isa dAnAtmaka svarUpa kI carcA milatI hai| saMyuktanikAya meM kahA gayA hai, anna, pAna, vastra, zayyA, Asana evaM cAdara ke dAnI paNDita puruSa meM puNya kI dhArAe~ A giratI haiN| abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM (1) zraddhA, (2) apramattatA ( smRti ), (3) pApa karma ke prati lajjA, (4) pApa karma ke prati bhaya, (5) alobha ( tyAga), (6) advaiSa ( maitrI), (7) samabhAva, (8) mana kI pavitratA zarIra kI prasannatA, (10) mana kA halakApana, (11) zarIra kA halakApana, mana kI mRdutA, (12) zarIra kI mRdutA, (13) mana kI saralatA, zarIra kI saralatA Adi ko bhI kuzala caitasika kahA gayA hai|' jaina aura bauddha darzana meM puNya viSayaka vizeSa antara yaha hai ki jaina darzana meM saMvara, nirjarA aura puNya meM antara kiyA gayA hai, kintu bauddha darzana meM aisA spaSTa antara nahIM hai| jainAcAradarzana meM samyakadarzana ( zraddhA ), samyajJAna (prajJA ) aura samyakcAritra ( zIla) saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata haiM aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM dharma, saMgha aura buddha ke prati dRr3ha zraddhA, zIla aura prajJA puNya ( kuzala karma ) ke antargata hai / 64. puNya aura pApa ( zubha aura azubha ) ko kasauTI zubhAzubhatA yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM-(1) karma kA bAhya svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura (2) kartA kA abhiprAya / ina donoM meM kauna-sA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gayA / gItA spaSTarUpa se kahatI hai ki jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nilipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAle to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana ko prApta hotA hai / 2 dhammapada meM buddha-vacana bhI aisA hI hai ( naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta ) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai / bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke Ardraka samvAda meM bhI milatA hai| jahAM taka jaina mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karbha kI zubhAzubhatA kA 1. amidhammatthasaMgaho,caitasika vibhAga. 2. gItA, 1817. 3. dhammapada, 246. 4. satrakRtAMga, 2 / 6 / 27-42.

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336 jena, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdhAra mAnA gayA hai / muni suzIlakumArajI likhate haiM, 'zubha-azubha karma ke badha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiM / eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahu~cAne ke lie usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye parantu DaoNkTara to pApa-karma ke bandha kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI DaoNkTara karuNA se prerita hokara braNa cIratA hai aura kadAcit usase rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai, to bhI DaoNkTara apanI zubha-bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai / " paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya-baMdha aura pApa-baMdha kI saccI kasauTI kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai / 2 isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiM, phira bhI usameM karma kA bAhya svarUpa upekSita nahIM hai nizcayadRSTi se to manovRttiyA~ hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se karma kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM ArdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho-- cAhe na jAnate hue hI khAtA ho - to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai / hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, isalie doSa ( pApa ) nahIM lagatA aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA hai ? isase spaSTa hai ki jaina dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai / vAstava meM sAmAjika dRSTi yA loka-vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai / sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki Antarika vRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUmarA nahIM / jaina dRSTi ekAMgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai / vaha vyaktisApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI hai / usameM dravya ( bAhya ) aura bhAva ( AMtarika ) donoM kA mUlya hai / yoga ( bAhya kriyA) aura bhAva ( manovRtti ) donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, yadyapi usameM manovRtti hI pramukha kAraNa hai / vaha vRtti aura kriyA meM vibheda nahIM mAnatI / usakI samanvayavAdI dRSTi meM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nahIM / mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai / vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM ( azubhAcaraNa ) karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai ? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai | mAnasika hetu para hI jora denevAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai, "karma - bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAnevAle isa 1. jaina dharma, pR0 160. 2. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR0 226. 3. sUtrakRtAMga, 226 / 27-42.

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva vAda ko mAnanevAle kitane hI loga sasAra meM phaMsate rahate haiM ki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM-svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se / parantu yadi hRdaya pApa-mukta ho to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile / yaha vAda jJAna hai, mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha sayama ( vAsanA-nigraha ) meM zithila hai| parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa me par3e haiN|' pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI dArzanika karma kI phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jaba ki mArTinyU karmapreraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai-eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha-dRSTi yA zuddha dRSTi hai| eka vyAvahArika satya hai aura dUsarA pAramArthika satya / naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ataH usameM donoM kA hI mUlya hai / __ kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAne, yA karma ke samAja para honevAle pariNAma ko, donoM sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya-karma yA ucita karma kahA jAyegA aura kisa prakAra kA karma pApa-karma yA anucita karma kahA jAyegA, isa prazna para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM puNya pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai / jahA~ karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti-sApekSa hai, vahA~ puNya-pApa kA vicAra samAja-sApekSa hai / jaba hama karma-akarma yA karmabandha kA vicAra karate haiM, to vaiyaktika karma-preraka yA vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA ( vItarAgatA ) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai / lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM to samAjakalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai / vastutaH bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI sImA se Upara uThanA hai / usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhana yA abandhana kA AdhAra hai / lekina zubha aura azubha donoM meM hI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara atinaitika (zuddha) hogaa| zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kI nahIM, varan usakI prazastatA yA aprazastatA kI hai / prazasta-rAga zubha yA puNyabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazastarAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, yathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura manda hogI vaha rAga utanA prazasta 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 1 / 24-29. .

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338 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| dveSavihIna rAga yA prazasta rAga hI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai / usa prema se parArtha yA paropakAravRtti kA udaya hotA hai jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai| usI se lokamaMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya-karma nissRta hote hai, jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai / usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApakarma nissRta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai vaha puNya karma hai aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai vaha pApa karma hai| jaina AcAradarzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika jora detA hai ve sabhI samAja-sApekSa haiN| vastutaH zubha-azubha ke vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai / bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa kI samagra cintanA kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai|' jaina vicArakoM ne puNya-bandha ke dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka-maMgala se hai| isI prakAra pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve sabhI loka-amaMgalakArI tattva hai| isa prakAra jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika saMdarbha meM use dekhanA hogA; yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya kartA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| 65. sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kiye gaye vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai| lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA azubha hogA isakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAye? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM vaisA AvaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hame anukUla hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM apane lie anukUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai| saMkSepa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai / jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa jaina darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat 1. dekhie-aThAraha pApa sthAna, pratikramaNa satra .

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karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 339. dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sRSTA hai / " dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM karatA / sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma ( zubhAzubhatva ) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA caahie| sabhI ko jIvita rahane kI icchA hai / koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| sabhI ko apane prANa priya haiM / sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla hai / isalie vahI AcaraNa zreSTha hai, jisake dvArA kisI bhI prANa kA hanana nahIM ho / * bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnA dUsare prANI bhI haiM aura samAna samajhakara kisI bauddha darzana meM bhI sarvatra Atmavat dRSTi ko hI karma ke gayA hai / suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki jaisA maiM hU~ vaise hI ye jaise ye dUsare prANI haiM vaisA hI maiM hU~, isa prakAra sabhI ko apane kI hiMsA yA ghAta nahIM karanA cAhie / " dhammapada meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki sabhI prANI daNDa se Darane haiM, mRtyu se sabhI bhaya khAte haiM, sabako jIvana priya hai; ataH sabako apane samAna samajhakara na mAre aura na mArane kI preraNA kare / sukha cAhanevAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se jo duHkha detA hai vaha marakara sukha nahIM paataa| lekina jo sukha cAhanevAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se duHkha nahIM detA vaha marakara sukha ko prApta hotA hai / " hindU dharma kA dRSTikoNa manusmRti, mahAbhArata tathA gItA meM bhI hameM isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana milatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sukha aura duHkha sabhI meM dUsare prANiyoM ke pra Atmavat dRSTi rakhakara vyavahAra karatA hai vahI paramayogI hai / mahAbha rata meM aneka sthAnoM para isa vicAra kA samarthana milatA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaisA apa lie cAhatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsare ke prati bhI kare / " tyAga-dAna, sugba-duHkha, priya apriya sabhI meM dUsare ko apanI AtmA ke samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA cAhie / jo vyakti dUsare prANiyoM ke prati apane jaisA vyavahAra karatA hai vahI svarga 1. anuyogadvArastra, 126. 2. dazavaikAlika, 49. 3. satra kRrtAga, 224, pR0 104. 4. dazavaikAlika, 6 / 11. 5. suttanipAta, 37 27. 6. dhammapada, 129, 131, 132. 7. gItA, 6 / 32. 8. mahAbhArata zAMti parva, 258 / 21. 6. mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 1136 - 10.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sukhoM ko prApta karatA hai| jo vyavahAra svayaM ko priya lagatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati kiyA jAya / he yudhiSThira, dharma aura adharma kI pahacAna kA yahI lakSaNa hai| pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya cintana meM bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra karane kA yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai ki jaisA vyavahAra tuma apane lie cAhate ho vaisA hI dUsare ke lie kro| kAMTa ne bhI kahA hai ki kevala usI niyama ke anusAra kAma karo jise tuma eka sArvabhauma niyama bana jAne kI icchA karate ho / mAnavatA, cAhe vaha tumhAre andara ho yA kisI anya ke, sadaiva sAdhya banI rahe, sAdhana kabhI na ho| kAMTa ke isa kathana kA Azaya bhI yahI hai ki naitika jIvana ke saMdarbha meM sabhI ko apane samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA cAhie / 66. zubha aura azubha se zuddha ko ora jaina dRSTi koNa jaina vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala-amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gayI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra tattva nau haiM jinameM puNya aura pApa svataMtra tatva haiM / tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne jova, ajIva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, badha aura mokSa ye sAta tattva ginAye haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai / lekina yaha vivAda mahattvapUrNa nahIM kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tatva nahIM mAnatI hai vaha bhI usako Asrava tatva ke antargata mAna letI hai| yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Asrava nahIM haiM, varan unakA baMdha bhI hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai| ataH Asrava ke zubhAsrava aura azubhAsrava ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki baMdha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoNge| isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM 'puNya ko svataMtra tattvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI hai, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| vastutaH naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha ( puNya ) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha ( puNya ) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| 1. mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 11306-10. 2. subhASita saMgraha se uddhRta. 3. natizAstra kA sarvekSa ga, pR0 268 para uddhRta. 4. uttarAdhyayanamAtra, 28 / 14. "5 tattvArthasatra, 114.

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva RSibhAsita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai, pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati ke mUla haiM / ' AcArya kundakunda puNya-pApa donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke bandhakatva kA antara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM / samayasAra meM ve kahate haiM ki azubha karma pApa ( kuzIla ) aura zubha karma puNya ( suzIla ) kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI puNya karma saMsAra (bandhana ) kA kAraNa hai jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha-ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai, usI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa-ber3I kahakara usakI pApa se kiJcit zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiM / AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTi se puNya aura pApa donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki antatogatvA donoM hI bandhana haiN| yahI bAta paM0 jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiM puNya pApa doU karama, baMgharUpa duI mAni / zusa AtmA jina lahyo, namU carana hita jAni // jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke lie antatogatvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hai jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane meM sahAyaka hai / zuddha vastra ke lie sAbuna kA lagA honA anAvazyaka hai use bhI alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA zuddhAtma-dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna maila ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pAparUpa mala ko alaga karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura usake alaga ho jAne para svayaM bhI alaga ho jAtA hai / ataH vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma se Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubha karma bhI zuddha karma bana jAtA hai / dveSa para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ataH rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM, ve zuddha ( Ipithika ) hote haiN| puNya (zubha) karma ke sambandha meM eka mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki puNyopArjana kI uparyukta kriyAe~ jaba anA paktabhAva se kI jAtI haiM, to ve zubha bandha kA kAraNa na hokara karmakSaya ( saMvara aura nirjarA ) kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| isI prakAra saMvara aura nirjarA ke kAraNa saMyama aura tapa jaba AsaktabhAva yA phalAkAMkSA ( nidAna arthAta unake pratiphala ke rUpa meM kisI nizcita phala kI kAmanA karanA) se yukta hote haiM, to ve karma kSaya athavA nirvANa kA kAraNa na hokara bandhana kA hI kAraNa banate haiM, cAhe vaha sukhada 1. isibhAsiyaM sutta, 6 / 2. 2. samayasAra, 145-146. 3. pravacanasAraTIkA, 1172. 4. samayasAraTIkA. pR0207.

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342 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana phala ke rUpa meM kyoM na hoM / jainAcAradarzana meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / yahA~ para gItA kA anAsakta karma yoga jaina darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI aura zubha se zuddhakarma ( vItarAga dazA ) kI prApti hai | AtmA kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina naitikatA kA antima sAdhya hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana bhI jaina darzana ke samAna naitika sAdhanA kI antima avasthA meM puNya aura pApa donoM se Upara uThane kI bAta kahatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bhI samAna vicAroM kA pratipAdana karatA hai / bhagavAn buddha suttanipAta meM kahate haiM ki jo puNya aura pApa ko dUra kara zAMta ( sama ) ho gayA hai, isa loka aura paraloka ( ke yathArtha svarUpa ) ko jAna kara ( karma ) raja rahita ho gayA hai, jo janma-maraNa se pare ho gayA hai, vaha zramaNa sthira, sthitAtmA ( tathatA ) kahalAtA hai / " sabhiya parivrAjaka dvArA buddha-vaMdanA meM yahI bAta doharAyI gayI hai / vaha buddha ke prati kahatA hai, 'jisa prakAra sundara puNDarIka kamala pAnI meM lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra Apa puNya aura pApa donoM meM lipta nahIM hote / isa prakAra bauddha darzana kA bhI antima lakSya zubha aura azubha se Upara uThanA hai / gItAkA dRSTikoNa gItAkAra ne bhI yaha saMketa kiyA hai ki mukti ke lie zubhAzubha donoM prakAra ke karmaphaloM se mukta honA Avazyaka hai / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, he arjuna, tU jo bhI karma karatA hai, jo kucha khAtA hai, jo kucha havana karatA hai, jo kucha dAna detA hai athavA tapa karatA hai vaha sabhI zubhAzubha karma mujhe arpita kara de arthAt unake prati kisI prakAra kI Asakti yA kartRtvabhAva mata rakha / isa prakAra saMnyAsa yoga se yukta hone para tU zubhAzubha phala denevAle karma - bandhana se chUTa jAyegA aura mujhe prApta hovegA / 3 gItAkAra spaSTa karatA hai ki zubha aura azubha donoM hI karma bandhana haiM aura mukti ke lie unase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / buddhimAn manuSya zubha aura azubha yA puNya aura pApa donoM ko tyAga detA hai / * sacce bhakta kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo zubha aura azubha donoM kA parityAga kara cukA hai arthAt jo donoM se Upara uTha cukA hai vaha bhaktiyukta puruSa mujhe priya hai / " DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne gItA ke paricayAtmaka nibandha meM bhI isI dhAraNA ko prastuta kiyaa| ve AcArya kundakunda ke sAtha samaHvara hokara 1. sutta napAta, 32111. 2. vahI, 32 38. 3. gItA, 6 28. 4. vahI, 250. 5. vahI, 12 / 16.

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karma kA azumatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva kahate haiM, cAhe hama acchI icchAoM ke bandhana meM baMdhe hoM yA burI icchAoM ke, bandhana to donA hI hai| isase kyA antara par3atA hai ki jina jaMjIroM meM hama ba~dhe haiM ve sone kI hai yA lohe kii| jaina darzana ke samAna gItA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki jaba puNya karmoM ke sampAdana dvArA pApa karmoM kA kSaya kara diyA jAtA hai, taba vaha puruSa rAga-dveSa ke dvandva se mukta hokara dRr3ha nizcayapUrvaka merI bhakti karatA hai / isa prakAra gItA bhI naitika jIvana ke lie azubha se zubha karma kI ora aura zubha karma se zuddha yA niSkAma kama kI ora bar3hane kA saketa detI hai| gItA kA antima lakSya bhI zubhAzubha se Upara nikAma jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa hai| pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa aneka pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA ke lie zubhAzubha se pare jAnA Avazyaka mAnA hai| breDale kA kahanA hai ki naitikatA hameM zubhAzubha se pare le jAtI hai| naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubha kA virodha banA rahatA hai, lekina Atma-pUrNatA ko avasthA meM yaha virodha nahIM rahanA cAhie / ataH pUrNa AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie hameM naitikatA ( zubhAzubha ) ke kSetra se Upara uThanA hogaa| breDale ne naitikatA ke kSetra se Upara dharma ( AdhyAtma ) kA kSetra mAnA hai| usake anusAra, naitikatA kA anta dharma meM hotA hai, jahA~ vyakti zubhAzubha ke dvaMdva se Upara uThakara hezvara se tAdAtmya sthApita kara letA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anta meM hama aise sthAna para pahu~ca jAte haiM, jahAM prakriyA kA anta hotA hai, yadyapi sarvottama kriyA sarvaprathama yahA~ se hI Arambha hotI hai| yahA~ para hamArI naitikatA Izvara se tAdAtmya meM carama avasthA meM phalita hotI hai aura sarvatra hama usa amara prema ko dekhate haiM, jo sadaiva virodhAbhAsa para vikasita hotA hai, kintu jisameM virodhAbhAsa kA sadA ke lie anta ho jAtA hai / breDale ne naitikatA aura dharma meM jo bheda kiyA, vaisA hI bheda bhAratIya darzanoM ne vyAvahArika naitikatA aura pAramArthika naitikatA meM kiyA hai| vyAvahArika naitikatA kA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai| yahA~ AcaraNa kI dRSTi samAja-sApekSa hotI hai aura loka-maMgala ho usakA sAdhya hai| pAramArthika naitikatA kA kSetra zuddha cetanA ( anAsakta yA vItarAga jAvana dRSTi hai, yaha vyakti-sApekSa hai / vyakti ko bandhana se bacAkara mukti kI ora le jAnA hI isakA antima sAdhya hai| 67. zuddha karma ( akarma) zuddha karma vaha jIvana-vyavahAra hai jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM DAlatIM / abandhaka karma hI zuddha karma hai| jaina, bauddha aura 1. bhagavadgItA ( ra,0), pR0 56. 2. gotA, 7428. 3. e thakala sTaDIja, pR0 314. 4. vahI, pR0 342.

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344 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana gItA ke AcAradarzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karate haiM ki AcaraNa kriyA ) evaM bandhana meM kyA sambandha hai ? kyA 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti sarvAMzataH satya hai ? jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM yaha ukti ki 'karma se prANI bandhana meM AtA hai' nirapekSa satya nahIM hai / eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiM, phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho / lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai aura abandhaka karma kyA haiM, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma ( bandhaka karma ) kyA haiM aura akarma ( abaMdhaka karma ) kyA hai, isake viSaya meM vidvAn bhI mohita ho jAte haiM / " karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai / yaha karma-samIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiM / mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai / jJAnI aura ajJAnI donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue ( arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue ) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama ( puruSArtha ) ho, para vaha azuddha hai aura karma-bandhana kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura use usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA par3atA / yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA gayA ho to zuddha nahIM hotA / bandhana kI dRSTi se karma kA vicAra usake bAhya svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai / karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko, jo ki eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotA / lekina, kartA ke lie jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe, kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai / kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jAyegA / 3 naitika vikAsa ke lie baMdhaka aura abaMdhaka karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai / baMdhana kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai / $ 8. jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usapara do dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA 1. gItA, 4 / 16. 2. satrakRtAMga, 18:22-24. 3. gItA, 4 / 160

Page #390
karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 345 jA sakatA hai / (1) usako bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra para / bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM, aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai / jaina darzana meM karma aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha karma ko vIrya ( puruSArtha ) kahate haiM, kucha akarmaH ko vIrya ( puruSArtha ) kahate haiM / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai. jabaki dUsare vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai / isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki 'karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva' aisA nahIM mAnanA cAhie / ve anyantaH sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai| aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkriyatA nahIM, vaha to satata jAgarUkatA hai / apramatta avasthA yA Atma-jAgRti kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai jabaki pramatta dazA yA Atma-jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma ( bandhana ) banA jAtI hai / vastutaH kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM, varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya ( jo ki AtmA kI pramatta dazA hai ) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM jabaki kaSAya evaM Asani se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo Asrava yA bandhanakAraka kriyAe~ haiM ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti ke sAdhana bana jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiN| jaina darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-(1) IryApathika kriyAe~ ( akarma) aura (2) sAmparAyika kriyAe~ ( karma ) / Ipithika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM jo bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM aura sAmparAyika kriyAe~ Asakta vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM jo bandhanakAraka haiM / saMkSepa meM ve samasta kriyAe~ jo Asrava evaM bandha kI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve samasta kriyAe~ jo saMbara evaM nirjarA kI hetu hai, akarma haiM / jaina dRSTi meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hai-rAga-dveSa evaM moha rahita hokara mAtra kartavya athavA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAnevAlA karma / aura karma kA artha hai rAga-dveSa evaM mohasahita kriyAe~ / jaina darzana ke anusAra jo kriyA yA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta hotA hai vaha bandhana meM DAlatA hai isalie vaha 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 108 / 1-2. 2. vahI, 13. 3. AcArAMga, 1 / 4 / 2 / 1.

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146 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karma hai aura jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hokara karttavya yA zarIranirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai ataH akarma hai / jinheM jaina darzana meM IryApathika kriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai unheM bauddha paramparA anupacita * avyakta yA akRSNa- azukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM jaina paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI hai. unheM bauddha paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa-zukla karma kahatI hai / isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / $ 9 bauddha darzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI karma aura unake phala dene kI yogyatA ke prazna ko lekara mahAkarma vibhaMga meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / " bauddha darzana kA pramukha prazna yaha hai ki kauna se karma upacita hote haiM / karma ke upacita hone kA tAtparya saMcita hokara phala dene kI kSamatA ke yogya hone se hai / bauddha paramparA kA upacita karma jaina paramparA ke vipAkodayI karma se aura bauddhaparamparA kA anupacita karma jainaparamparA ke pradezodayIkarma ( IrSyA'pathika karma ) se tulanIya hai / mahAkarmavibhaMga meM karma kI kRtyatA aura upacitatA ke -sambandha ko lekara karma kA eka catuvidha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 1. ve karma jo kRta ( sampAdita ) nahIM haiM lekina upacita ( phala pradAtA ) haiMvAsanAoM ke tIvra Avega se prerita hokara kiye gaye aise karma-saMkalpa jo kAryarUpa meM pariNata nahIM ho pAye, isa varga meM Ate haiN| jai kimI vyakti ne krAdha yA dveSa ke bazIbhUta hokara kisI ko mArane kA saMkalpa kiyA ho, lekina vaha use mArane kI kriyA ko sampAdita na kara sakA ho / 2. ve karma jo kRta bhI haiM aura upacita haiM - ve samasta aicchika karma jinako saMkalpapUrvaka sampAdita kiyA gayA hai, isa koTi me ate haiM / akRta upacita karma aura kRta upacita karma donoM zubha aura azubha ho sakate hai | ----- 3. ve karma jo kRta haiM lekina upacita nahIM haiM - abhidharmakoSa ke anusAra nimna karma kRta hone para upacita nahIM hote haiM arthAt apanA phala nahIM dete haiN| ---------- ( a ) ve karma jinheM saMkalpapUrvaka nahIM kiyA gayA hai, arthAt jo sacintya nahIM haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiM 1 ( ba ) ve karma jo sacintya hote hue bhI sahasAkRta haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiM / 'inheM hama Akasmika karma kaha sakate haiM / Adhunika manovijJAna meM inheM vicAraprerita karma AiDiyo moTara ekTIviTI ) kahA jA sakatA hai / ( sa ) bhrAntivaza kiyA gayA karma bhI upacita nahIM hotA / ( da ) karma ke karane ke pazcAt yadi anutApa yA glAni ho, to usa pApa kA prakAzana karake pApa-virati kA vrata lene se vaha kRtakarma upacita nahIM hotA / 1. dekheM - DevhalapamenTa Apha maoNrala philAsaphI ina iM DayA, pR0 168-174.

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 347 ( I ) zubha kA abhyAsa karane se tathA Azraya bala se ( buddhAdi ke zaraNAgata ho jAne se ) bhI pApakarma upacita nahIM hotA / 4. ve karma jo kRta bhI nahIM haiM aura upacita bhI nahIM haiM-svapnAvasthA meM kiye gaye karma isI prakAra ke hote haiM / isa prakAra prathama do vargoM ke karma prANo ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura antima do prakAra ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM nahIM DAlate / bauddha AcAradarzana meM bhI rAga dveSa aura moha se yukta hone para hI karma ko bandhanakAraka mAnA jAtA hai aura rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita karma ko bandhanakAraka nahIM mAnA jAtA / bauddha darzana rAga-dveSa aura moha rahita arhat ke kriyA-vyApAra ko bandhanakAraka nahIM mAnatA hai, aise karmoM ko akRSNa-azukla yA avyakta karma bhI kahA gayA hai / $10. gItA meM karma-akarma kA svarUpa gItA bhI isa sambandha meM gaharAI se vicAra karatI hai ki kauna-sA karma bandhana. kAraka aura kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai| gItA ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke haiM-(1) karma, (2) vikarma, ( 3 ) akrm| gItA ke anusAra karma aura vikarma bandhanakAraka haiM aura akarma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai| 1. karma-phala kI icchA se jo zubha karma kiye jAte haiM, usakA nAma karma hai| 2. vikarma-samasta azabha karma jo vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie kiye jAte haiM, unheM vikarma kahA gayA hai / sAtha hI phala kI icchA evaM azubha bhAvanA se jo dAna, tapa, sevA Adi zubha karma kiye jAte haiM, ve bhI vikarma kahalAte haiM / gItA meM kahA gayA, hai, jo tapa mUr3hatApUrvaka haTha se mana, vANI, zarIra ko pIr3Asahita athavA dUsare kA aniSTa karane ke vicAra se kiyA jAtA hai vaha tAmasa kahA jAtA hai| sAdhAraNatayA mana, vANI evaM zarIra se honevAle hiMsA, asatya', corI Adi niSiddha karma mAtra hI vikarma samajhe jAte hai, parantu bAhya rUpa se vikarma pratIta honevAle karma bhI kabhI kartA kI bhAvanAnusAra karma yA akarma ke rUpa meM badala jAte haiN| Asakti aura ahaMkAra se rahita hokara zuddha bhAva evaM mAtra kartavya-buddhi se kiye jAnevAle karma ( jo bAhyataH vikarma pratIta hote haiM) bhI phalotpAdaka na hone se akarma hI haiM / 3. akarma-phalasaktirahita ho apanA kartavya samajhakara jo bhI karma kiyA jAtA hai usa karma kA nAma akarma hai / gItA ke anusAra, paramAtmA meM abhinna bhAva se sthita hokara kartApana ke abhimAna se rahita puruSa dvArA jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha mukti ke atirikta anya phala nahIM denevAlA hone se akarma hI hai / 1. gItA, 1716. 2. vahI, 1827. 3. vahI, 3310.

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348 $ 11. akarma kI artha- vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana kriyA - vyApAra ko bandhakatva kI dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM bA~Ta dete haiM - 1. bandhaka karma aura 2. abandhaka karma / abandhaka kriyA - vyApAra ko jaina darzana meM akarma yA IryApathika karma, bauddhadarzana meM akRSNa- azukla karma yA avyaktakarma tathA gItA meM akarma kahA gayA hai| sabhI samAlocya AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi meM akarma karma-abhAva nahIM hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra karma prakRti ke udaya ko samajhakara, binA rAga-dveSa ke jo karma hotA hai vaha akarma hI hai / mana, vANI, zarIra kI kriyA ke abhAva kA nAma hI akarma nahIM hai| gItA ke anusAra, vyakti kI manodazA ke AdhAra para kriyA na karanevAle vyaktiyoM kA kriyAtyAgarUpa akarma bhI karma bana sakatA hai aura kriyAzIla vyaktiyoM kA karma bhI akarma bana sakatA hai / gItA kahatI hai, karmendriyoM kI saba kriyAoM ko tyAga kriyArahita puruSa ( jo apane ko sampUrNa kriyAoM kA tyAgI samajhatA hai ) ke dvArA prakaTa rUpa se koI kAma hotA huA na dokhane para bhI tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha rahane ke kAraNa usase vaha tyAgarUpa karma hotA hai / tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai / isI prakAra kartavya prApta hone para bhaya yA svArthavaza kartavya karma se muMha mor3anA, vihita karmoM kA tyAga kara denA Adi meM bhI karma nahIM hote, parantu isa dazA meM bhI bhaya yA rAgabhAva akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai / anAsakta vRtti aura kartavya dRSTi se jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha karma rAga-dveSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa akarma bana jAtA hai / uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki karma aura akarma kA nirNaya kevala zArIrika kriyAzIlatA yA niSkriyatA se nahIM hotA / kartA ke bhAvoM ke anusAra hI karmoM kA svarUpa banatA hai / isa rahasya ko samyakrUpeNa jAnanevAlA hI gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM manuSyoM buddhimAn yogI hai / sabhI vivecya AcAradarzanoM meM karma akarma vicAra meM vAsanA, icchA yA kartRtvabhAva usakA vaha hI pramukha tattva mAnA gayA hai / yadi karma ke sampAdana meM vAsanA, icchA yA kartRtvabuddhi kA bhAva nahIM hai to vaha karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hotA / dUsare zabdoM meM bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha karma akarma bana jAtA hai, vaha kriyA akriyA ho jAtI hai / vastutaH karma akarma vicAra meM kriyA pramukha tattva nahIM hai, pramukha tattva hai kartA kA cetana pakSa / yadi cetanA jAgRta hai, apramatta hai, vizuddha hai, vAsanAzUnya hai, yathArtha dRSTi sampanna hai, to phira kriyA kA bAhya svarUpa adhika mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| AcAryaM pUjyapAda kahate haiM, jo Atma-tattva meM sthira hai vaha bolate hue bhI nahIM bolatA hai, calate hue bhI nahIM calatA hai, dekhate hue bhI nahIM dekhatA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA kathana hai, 'rAgAdi ( bhAvoM ) 1. gaMtA, 3.6. 2. vaha 18 / 7. 3. vahI, 4 / 18. 4. iSTopadeza, 41. jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayanA

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 349 se mukta vyakti ke dvArA AcaraNa karate hue yadi hiMsA (prANaghAta ) ho jAye to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai arthAt hiMsA aura ahiMsA, pApa aura puNya mAtra bAhya-pariNAmoM para nirbhara nahIM hote, varan usameM kartA ko cittavRtti hI pramukha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai, bhAvoM se virakta jIva zokarahita ho jAtA hai, vaha kamala-patra kI taraha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI lipta nahIM hotaa|2 gotAkAra bhI iso vicAra-dRSTi ko prastuta karate hue kahatA hai-jisane karma-phalAsakti kA tyAga kara diyA hai, jo vAsanAzUnya hone ke kAraNa sadaiva hI AkAMkSArahita hai aura Atmatattva meM sthira hone kAraNa Alambana. rahita hai, vaha kriyAoM ko karate hue bhI kucha nahIM karatA hai| gItA kA akarma jainadarzana ke saMvara aura nirjarA se bhI tulanIya hai| jaina darzana meM saMvara evaM nirjarA ke hetu kiyA jAnevAlA samasta kriyA-vyApAra mokSa kA hetu hone se akarma hI mAnA gayA hai / isI prakAra gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA se rahita hokara IzvarIya Adeza ke pAlanArtha jo niyata karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha akarma ho mAnA gayA hai| donoM meM jo vicArasAmya hai, vaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanevAle ke lie kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai| gItA aura jainAgama AcArAMga meM milane vAlA nimna vicAra-sAmya bhI vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, 'agrakarma aura mUla karma ke bhedoM meM viveka rakhakara hI karma kr| aise karmoM kA kartA hone para bhI vaha sAdhaka niSkarma hI kahA jAtA hai / niSkarmatA ke jIvana meM upAdhiyoM kA Adhikya nahIM hotA, laukika pradarzana nahIM hotaa| usakA zarIra mAtra yogakSema ( zArIrika kriyAoM) kA vAhaka hotA hai|'4 gItA kahatI hai-AtmavijetA, indriyajit sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rakhanevAlA vyakti karma kA kartA hone para niSkarma kahA jAtA hai| vaha karma se lipta nahIM hotaa| jo phalAsakti se mukta hokara karma karatA hai, vaha naiSThika zAnti prApta karatA hai| lekina jo phalAsakti se ba~dhA huA hai, vaha kucha nahIM karatA huA bho karma-bandhana se ba~dha jAtA hai|" gItA kA uparyukta kathana sUtra kRtAMga ke isa kathana se bhI kAphI nikaTatA rakhatA hai-mithyAdRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha phalAsakti se yukta hone ke kAraNa azuddha hotA hai aura bandhana kA hetu hai / lekina samyak dRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha zuddha hai kyoMki vaha nirvANa kA hetu hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki donoM hI AcAradarzanoM meM akarma kA artha niSkriyatA vivakSita nahIM hai, phira bhI tilaka ke anusAra yadi isakA artha niSkAma buddhi se 1. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 45. 2. uttara.dhyayana, 32 99. 3. gItA, 420. 4. AcArAMga, 113 / 2 / 4, 163|1|110-dekhiye AcArAMga ( saMtabAla ) pariziSTa, pR0 36.37. 5. gItA, 57,5512. 6. sa trakRtAMga, 1 / 8 / 22-23.

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350 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiye gaye pravRttimaya sAMsArika karma se mAnA jAya to vaha buddhisaMgata nahIM hogaa| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkAmabuddhi se yukta hokara athavA vItarAgAvasthA meM sAMsArika pravRttimaya karma kA kiyA jAnA sambhava nhiiN| tilaka ke anusAra, niSkAma buddhi se yukta hokara yuddha taka lar3A jA sakatA hai| lekina jaina darzana ko yaha svIkAra nahIM hai / usakI dRSTi meM akarma kA artha mAtra zArIrika anivArya karma hI abhipreta hai / jaina darzana kI Ipithika kriyAe~ pramukhatayA anivArya zArIrika kriyAe~ hI haiN| 2 gItA meM bhI akarma kA artha zArIrika anivArya karma ke rUpa meM gRhota hai (4 / 21) / AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya meM anivArya zArIrika karmoM ko akarma kI koTi meM mAnA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM bhI akarma meM anivArya zArIrika kriyAoM ke atirikta nirapekSa bhAva se jana kalyANArtha kiye jAnevAle karma tathA karmakSaya ke hetu kiyA jAnevAlA tapa svAdhyAya Adi bhI samAviSTa hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra, jo pravRttiyA~ pramAdarahita haiM, ve akarma haiN| tIrthaMkaroM kI saMgha-pravartana Adi lokakalyANakAraka pravRttiyA~ evaM sAmAnya sAdhaka ke karmakSaya (nirjarA ) ke hetu kiye gaye sabhI sAdhanAtmaka karma akarma haiN| saMkSepa meM jo karma rAga-dveSa se rahita hone se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM, ve akarma hI haiM / gItA rahasya meM bhI tilaka ne yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai| karma aura akarma kA vicAra karanA ho to vaha itano hI dRSTi se karanA cAhie ki manuSya ko vaha karma kahA~ taka baddha karegA, karane para bhI jo karma hameM baddha nahIM karatA, usake viSaya meM kahanA cAhie ki usakA karmatva athavA bandhakatva naSTa ho gayA / yadi kisI bhI karma kA bandhakatva arthAt karmatva isa prakAra naSTa ho jAya, to phira vaha karma akarma ho huA-karma ke bandhakatva se yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha karma hai yA akarma / 4 jaina aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM arhata ke kriyA-vyApAra ko tathA gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke kriyA-vyApAra ko bandhana aura vipAkarahita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki arhat. yA sthitaprajJa me rAga-dveSa aura moharUpI vAsanAoM kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai / ataH usakA kriyA-vyApAra bandhanakAraka nahIM hotA aura isalie vaha akarma kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra tInoM AcAradarzana isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki vAsanA evaM kaSAya se rahita niSkAma karma akarma hai aura vAsanAsahita sakAma karma hI karma hai, bandhanakAraka hai| uparyukta vivecana se nikarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki karma-akarbha vivakSA meM karma kA caittasika pakSa hI mahattvapUrNa hai| kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka hai aura kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai, isakA nirNaya kriyA ke bAhyasvarUpa se nahIM varan kriyA ke mUla 1. gItArahasya, 4 / 16. (TippaNI) 2. satrakRtAMga 2 / 2 / 12. 3 gItA (0), 4 / 21. 4. gItArahasya, pR0684.

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karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva meM nihita cetanA kI rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para hogaa| paM0 sukhalAlajI karmagrantha ko bhUmikA meM likhate haiM, sAdhAraNa loga yaha samajha baiThate haiM ki amuka kAma nahIM karane se apane ko puNya-pApa kA lepa nahIM lagegA, isase ve kAma ko chor3a dete haiN| para bahudhA unakI mAnasika kriyA nahIM chuutttii| isase ve icchA rahane para bhI puNya-pApa ke lepa (bandha ) se apane ko mukta nahIM kara skte| yadi kaSAya ( rAgAdibhAva ) nahIM hai to Upara kI koI bhI kriyA AtmA ko bandhana meM rakhane meM samartha nahIM hai| isase ulTe, yadi kaSAya kA vega bhItara vartamAna hai to Upara se hajAra yatna karane para bhI koI apane ko bandhana se chur3A nahIM sktaa| isI se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki Asakti chor3akara jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhanakAraka nahIM hotA / ' 1. karmagrantha, prathama bhAga, bhUmikA, pR0 25-26. :

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12 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 355 356 1. bandhana aura duHkha 1. prakRti bandha 356 / 2. pradeza bandha 356 / 3. sthiti bandha 356 / 4. anubhAga bandha 356 / 2. bandhana kA kAraNa-Asrava jaina dRSTikoNa 356 / 1. mithyAtva 360 / 2. avirati 360 / 3. pramAda 361 / (ka) vikathA 361 / (kha) kathAya 361 / (ga) rAga 361 / (gha) viSaya-sevana 361 / (Ga) nidrA 361 / 4. kaSAya 361 / 5. yoga 361 / bauddha darzana meM bandhana (duHkha) kA kAraNa 362 / gItA kI dRSTi meM bandhana kA kAraNa 363 / sAMkhya yoga darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa 365 / nyAya darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa 365 / 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha 4. aSTakarma aura unake kAraNa 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma 367 / jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa 367 / 1. pradoSa 367 / 2. nihnava 367 / 3. antarAya 367 / 4. mAtsarya 367 / 5. asAdanA 367 / 6. upadhAta 367 / jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka 367 / 1. matijJAnAvaraNa 367 / 2. zrutijJAnAvaraNa 367 / 3. avadhijJAnAvaraNa 367 / 4. manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNa 367 / 5. kevala jJAnAvaraNa 367 / 2.darzanAvaraNIya karma 368 / darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 368 | darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka 368 / 1. cakSudarzanAvaraNa 368/2. acakSudarzanAvaraNa 368 | 3. avadhidarzanAvaraNa 368 / 4. kevaladarzanAvaraNa 368 / 5. nidrA 368/ 6. nidrAnidrA 368/ 7. pracalA 368/8. styAnagRddhi 368/

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3. vedanIya karma 368/ sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa 369 / sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka 369 / asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa 369 / 4. mohanIya karma 370 / mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 370 / (a) darzana moha 371 / (ba) cAritra moha 371 / 5. AyuSya karma 372 / AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 372 / (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 372/ (ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 372/ (sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 373 / (da) devIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa 373 / AkasmikamaraNa 373 / 6. nAma karma 373 / zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa 374 | zubhanAma karma kA vipAka 374 / azubhanAma karma ke kAraNa 374 / azubhanAma karma kA vipAka 374 / 7. gotra karma 375 / ucca gotra evaM nIca gotra ke karmabandha ke kAraNa 375 / gotra karma kA vipAka 375 / 8. antarAya karma 375 / 1. dAnAntarAya 376 / 2. lAbhAntarAya 376 / 3. bhogAntarAya 376 / 4. upabhogA ntarAya 376 / 5. vIryAntarAya 376 / 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI karma sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma prakRtiyA~ 377 / 6. pratItyasamudatpAda aura aSTakarma, eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 1. avidyA 378 / 2. saMskAra 379 / 3. vijJAna 379 / 4. nAma-rUpa 379 / 5. SaDAyatana 379 / 6. sparza 380/ 7. vedanA 380 8. tRSNA 380 / 9. upAdAna 380 / 10. bhava 381 / 11. jAti 381 / 12. jarA-maraNa 381 / 7. mahAyAna dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtI aura aghAtI karma 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA 383 / jaina dRSTikoNa 384 / bauddha dRSTikoNa se tulanA 385 / 378 381 382 383

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 61. bandhana aura duHkha bandhana sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA pramukha pratyaya hai, yahI duHkha hai| bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra, naitika jIvana kI samagra sAdhanA bandhana yA dRHkha se mukti ke lie hai| isa prakAra bandhana naitika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana-darzana kI pramukha mAnyatA hai| yadi bandhana kI vAstavikatA se inkAra karate haiM, to naitika sAdhanA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki bhAratIya darzana meM naitikatA kA pratyaya sAmAjika vyavahAra kI apekSA bandhanamukti, duHkha-mukti athavA AdhyAtmika vikAsa se sambandhita hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra, jar3a dravyoM meM eka pudgala nAmaka dravya hai / pudgala ke aneka prakAroM meM karma-vargaNA yA karma-paramANu bhI eka prakAra hai| karma-vargaNA yA karma-paramANu eka sUkSma bhautika tattva (dravya ) hai| isa sUkSma bhautika karma-dravya ( Karmic Matter ) se AtmA kA sambandhita honA hI bandhana hai / tattvArthasatra meM umAsvAti kahate haiM, "kaSAyabhAva ke kAraNa jIva kA karma-pudgala se AkrAnta ho jAnA hI bandha hai / "1 bandhana Atma kA anAtma sa, jar3a kA cetana se, deha kA dehI se saMyoga hai| yahI duHkha hai, kyoMki samagra duHkhoM kA kAraNa zarIra ho mAnA gayA hai ! vastutaH AtmA ke bandhana kA artha sImitatA yA apUrNatA hai / AtmA kI sImitatA, apUrNatA, bandhana evaM duHkha, sabhI usake zarIra ke sAtha Abaddha hone ke kAraNa hai / vAstava meM, zarIra ho bandhana hai| zarIra se yahA~ tAtparya sthUla zarIra nahIM, varan liMga-zarIra, karma-zarIra yA sUkSma-zarIra hai, jo vyakti ke karma-saMskAroM se banatA hai| yaha sUkSma liMga-zarIra yA karma-zarIra hI prANiyoM ke sthUla zarIra kA AdhAra evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hai / janma-maraNa kI yaha paramparA hI bhAratIya darzanoM meM duHkha yA bandhana mAnI gayI hai| karma-grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA jisa zakti ( vIrya ) vizeSa se karma-paramANuoM ko AkarSita kara unheM ATha prakAra ke karmoM ke rUpa meM jIva-pradezoM se sambandhita karatA hai tathA karmaparamANu aura AtmA paraspara ekadUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM, vaha bandhana hai| jaise dIpaka apanI USmA se battI ke dvArA tela ko AvarSita kara use apane zarIra (lo) ke rUpa meM badala letA hai vaise hI yaha AtmarUpI dIpaka apane rAgabhAvarUpI USmA ke kAraNa kriyAoMrUpo batto ke dvArA karma-paramANuoMrUpI tela ko AkarSita kara use apane karma 1 tatvArtha tra dA2-3. 2. karma prakRti, bandha prakaraNa, 1.

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356 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zarIrarUpI lau meM badala detA hai / isa prakAra yaha bandhana kI prakriyA calatI rahatI hai| "AtmA ke rAgabhAva sa kiyAe~ hotI haiM, kriyAoM se karma paramANuoM kA Asrava ( AkarSaNa ) hotA hai aura karmAsrava se karma-bandha hotA hai / yaha bandhana kI prakriyA karmoM * svabhAva ( prakRti ), mAtrA, kAla, maryAdA aura tIvratA ina cAroM bAtoM kA nizcaya kara sampanna hotI hai / "2 1. prakRti bandha-yaha karma paramANuoM kI prakRti (svabhAva) kA nizcaya karatA hai, arthAt karma ke dvArA AtmA kI jJAnazakti, darzanazakti Adi kisa zakti kA AvaraNa hogA, isa bAta kA nirdhAraNa karma kI prakRti karatI hai / 2. pradeza bandha-karma-paramANa AtmA ke kisa vizeSa bhAga kA AvaraNa kareMge, isakA nizcaya pradeza bandha karatA hai / yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai / sthiti aura anubhAga se nirapekSa karma-dalikoM kI saMkhyA kI pradhAnatA se karma-paramANuoM kA grahaNa pradeza-bandha kahalAtA hai| 3. sthiti bandha-karma-paramANu kitane samaya taka sattA meM raheMge aura kaba apanA phala denA prArambha kareMge, isa kAla-maryAdA kA nizcaya sthitibandha karatA hai / yaha samaya maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| 4. anubhAga bandha-yaha karmoM ke bandha evaM vipAka kI tIvratA aura mandatA kA nizcaya karatA hai / yaha tIvratA yA gahanatA ( Intensity ) kA sUcaka hai / 62. bandhana kA kAraNa-Asrava jaina dRSTikoNa-jaina darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa Asrava hai| Asrava zabda kleza yA mala kA bodhaka hai / kleza yA mala hI karmavargaNA ke padgaloM ko AtmA ke samparka meM Ane kA kAraNa hai / ataH jaina tattvajJAna meM Asrava kA rUr3ha artha yaha bhI huA ki karmavargaNAoM kA AtmA meM AnA Asrava hai / apane mUla artha meM Asrava una kArakoM ko vyAkhyA karatA hai, jo karmavargaNAoM ko AtmA kI ora lAte haiM aura isa prakAra AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiM / Asrava ke do bheda haiM (1) bhAvAtrava aura (2) dravyAsrava / AtmA kI vikArI manodazA bhAvAsrava hai aura karmavargaNAoM ke AtmA meM Ane kI prakriyA dravyAsrava hai / isa prakAra bhAvAsrava kAraNa hai aura dravyAsrava kArya yA prakriyA hai / dravyAsrava kA kAraNa bhAvAsrava hai, lekina yaha bhAvAtmaka parivartana bhI akAraNa nahIM hai, varan pUrvabaddha karma ke kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra pUrva bandhana ke kAraNa bhAvAsrava aura bhAvAsrava ke kAraNa dravyAsrava aura dravyAsrava se karma kA bandhana hotA hai| 1. tattvArthasUtra TIkA, bhAga 1, pR0 343 uddhRta sTaDIja ina jaina phalAsaphI, pR0 232. 2. tatvArthasUtra, 84

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 357 vaise sAmAnya rUpa meM 'mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika pravRttiyA~ hI Asrava haiN|'' ye pravRttiyA~ yA kriyAe~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM. zubha pravRttiyA~ puNya karma kA Asrava haiM aura azubha pravRttiyA~ pApa karma kA Asrava haiM / 2 una sabhI mAnasika evaM kAyika pravRttiyoM kA, jo Asrava kahI jAtI haiM, vistRta vivecana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai / jainAgamoM me inakA vargIkaraNa aneka sthaloM para aneka prakAra se milatA hai / yahA~ tattvArthasUtra ke AdhAra para eka vargIkaraNa prastuta kara denA hI paryApta hogaa| tattvArthasUtra meM Asrava do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-(1) ryApathika aura (2) sAmparAyika / jaina darzana gItA ke samAna yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki jaba taka jIvana hai, taba taka zarIra se niSkriya nahIM rahA jA sktaa| mAnasika vRtti ke sAtha ho sAtha sahaja zArIrika evaM vAcika kriyAeM bhI calatI rahatI haiM aura kriyA ke phalasvarUpa karmAsrava bhI hotA rahatA hai| lekina jo vyakti kaluSita mAnasika vRttiyoM ( kaSAyoM) ke Upara uTha jAtA hai, usakI aura sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI kriyAoM ke dvArA honevAle Asrava meM antara to avazya hI mAnanA hogaa| kaSAyavRtti ( dUSita manovRtti ) se Upara uThe vyakti kI kriyAoM ke dvArA jo Asrava hotA hai, use jaina paribhASA meM IryApathika Asrava kahate haiN| jisa prakAra calate hue rAste ko dhUla kA sUkhA kaNa pahale kSaNa meM sUkhe vastra para lagatA hai, lekina gati ke sAtha hI dUsare kSaNa meM vilaga ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra kaSAyavRtti se rahita kriyAoM se pahale kSaNa meM Asrava hotA hai aura dUsare kSaNa meM vaha nirjarita ho jAtA hai| aisI kriyA AtmA meM koI vibhAva utpanna nahIM karatI, kintu jo kriyAeM kaSAyasahita hotI haiM unase sAmparAyika Asrava hotA hai / sAmparAyika Asrava AtmA ke svabhAva kA AvaraNa kara usameM vibhAva utpanna karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM sAmparAyika Asrava kA AdhAra 38 prakAra kI kriyAe~ hai1-5, hiMsA, asatya-bhASaNa, corI, maithuna, saMgraha (parigraha) ye pA~ca avrata 6-9, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ye cAra kaSAya 10-14, pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana 15-38, caubIsa sAmparAyika kriyAe~ 1. kAyikI kriyA-zArIrika halana-calana Adi kriyAe~ kAyikI kriyA kahI jAtI haiM / yaha tIna prakAra kI haiM-(a) mithyAdRSTi pramata jIva kI kriyA, (ba) samyak dRSTi pramatta jIva kI kriyA, (sa) samyakadRSTi apramatta sAdhaka kI kriyaa| inheM kramaza: avirata kAyikI, duSpraNihita kAyikI aura uparata kAyikI kriyA kahA jAtA hai / 1. tattvArthasatra 6 / 1.2. 2. vahI, 6 / 3-4. 3. vahI, 6 / 5.

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358 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. adhikaraNikA kriyA-ghAtaka astra-zastra Adi ke dvArA sampanna kI jAne vAlI hiMsAdi kI kriyA / ise prayoga kriyA bhI kahate haiM / ___3. prAdveSikI kriyA-dveSa, mAtsarya, IrSyA Adi se yukta hokara kI jAnevAlI 'kriyaa| 4. pAritApanikI-tAr3anA, tarjanA Adi ke dvArA duHkha denaa| yaha do prakAra kI hai-1. svayaM ko kaSTa denA aura 2. dUsare ko kaSTa denaa| jo vicAraka jaina darzana ko kAyAkleza kA samarthaka mAnate haiM unheM yahA~ eka bAra punaH vicAra karanA cAhie / yadi usakA mantavya kAyAkleza kA hotA to jaina darzana sva-pAritApanikI kriyA ko pApa ke Agamana kA kAraNa nahIM maantaa| 5. prANAtipAtakI kriyA-hiMsA krnaa| isake bhI do bheda haiM-1. svaprANAtipAtakI kriyA arthAt rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara Atma ke svasvabhAva kA ghAta karanA tathA 2. paraprANAtipAtakI kriyA arthAt kaSAyavaza dUsare prANiyoM kI hiMsA krnaa| 6. Arambha kriyA-jar3a evaM cetana vastuoM kA vinAza karanA / 7. pArigrAhikI kriyA-jar3a padArthoM evaM cetana prANiyoM kA saMgraha karanA / 8. mAyA kriyA-kapaTa karanA / 9. rAga kriyA-Asakti krnaa| yaha kriyA mAnasika prakRti kI hai ise prema atyayikI kriyA bhI kahate haiM / 10. dveSa kriyA-dveSa-vRtti se kArya krnaa| 11. apratyAkhyAna kriyA-asaMyama yA avirati kI dazA meM honevAlA karma apratyAkhyAna kriyA hai / 12. mithyAdarzana kriyA-mithyAdRSTitva se yukta honA evaM usake anusAra kriyA krnaa| 13. dRSTijA kriyA-dekhane kI kriyA evaM tajjanita rAga-dveSAdi bhAvarUpa kriyaa| 14. sparzana kriyA sparza sambandhI kriyA evaM tajjanita rAga-dveSAdi bhAva / ise 'pRSTijA kriyA bhI kahate hai| 15. prAtItyakI kriyA-jar3a padArtha evaM cetana vastuoM ke bAhya saMyoga yA Azraya se utpanna rAgAdi bhAva evaM tajjanita kriyA / 16. sAmanta kriyA-svayaM ke jar3a padArtha kI bhautika sampadA tathA cetana prANija sampadA; jaise patniyA~, dAsa, dAsI, athavA pazu pakSI ityAdi ko dekhakara logoM ke dvArA kI huI prazaMsA se harSita honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM logoM ke dvArA svaprazaMsA kI apekSA karanA / sAmantavAda kA mUla AdhAra yahI hai /

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 17. svahastikI kriyA-svayaM ke dvArA dUsare jIvoM ko trAsa yA kaSTa dene kI kriyaa| isake do bheda haiM-1. jIva svahastikI,-jaise cAMTA mAranA, 2. ajIva svahastikI, jaise DaNDe se mAranA / 18. naisRSTiko kriyA-kisI ko pheMkakara mAranA / isake do bheda hai-1. jIvanisarga kriyA; jaise kisI prANI ko pakar3akara pheMka dene kI kriyA, 2. ajIva-nisarga kriyA; jaise bAga Adi mAranA / / 19. AjJApanikA kriyA-dUsare ko AjJA dekara karAI jAnevAlI kriyA yA pApa krm| 20. vaidAriNo kriyA-vidAraNa karane yA phAr3ane se utpanna honevAlI kriyA / kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra do vyaktiyoM yA samudAyoM meM vibheda karA denA yA svayaM ke svArtha ke lie do pakSoM ( kretA-vikretA) ko galata salAha dekara phUTa DAlanA Adi / 21. anAbhoga kriyA-avivekapUrvaka jIvana-vyavahAra kA sampAdana karanA / 22. anAkAMkSA kriyA--svahita evaM parahita kA dhyAna nahIM rakhakara kriyA krnaa| 23. prAyogikI kriyA-mana se azubha vicAra, vANI se azubha sambhApaNa evaM zarIra se azubha karma karake, mana, vANI aura zarIra zakti kA anucita rUpa meM upayoga krnaa| 24. sAmudAyika kriyA-samUha rUpa meM ikaTThe hokara azubha yA anucita kriyAoM kA karanA; jaise sAmUhika vezyA-nRtya krvaanaa| logoM ko Thagane ke lie sAmUhika rUpa se koI kampanI kholanA athavA kisI ko mArane ke lie sAmUhika rUpa meM koI SaDyaMtra karanA Adi / ___mAtra zArIrika vyApArarUpa I-pathika kriyA, jisakA vivecana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai; ko milAkara jainavicAraNA meM kriyA ke paccIsa bheda tathA Asrava ke 39 bheda hote haiM / ' kucha AcAryoM ne mana, vacana aura kAya yoga ko milAkara Asrava ke 42 bheda bhI mAne hai / 2 / / Asrava rUpa kriyAoM kA eka saMkSipta vargIkaraNa sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha hai| saMkSepa meM ve kriyAe~ nimna prakAra haiN| 1. artha kriyA-apane kisI prayojana ( artha ) ke lie kriyA karanA; jaise apane lAbha ke lie dUsare kA ahita karanA / 2. anartha kriyA-binA kisI prayojana ke kiyA jAne vAlA karma; jaise vyartha meM kisI ko satAnA / 1. tatvArtha satra,66. 2. nava padArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 100. 3. sa vakRtAMga, 2 / 2 / 1.

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360 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. hiMsA kriyA-amuka vyakti ne mujhe athavA mere priyajanoM ko kaSTa diyA hai athavA degA, yaha socakara usakI hiMsA krnaa| 4. akasmAt kriyA-zIghratAvaza athavA anajAne meM honevAlA pApa-karma; jaise ghAsa kATate kATate jaldI meM anAja ke paudhe ko kATa denA / 5. dRSTi viparyAsa kriyA-matibhrama se honevAlA pApa-karma; jaise caurAdi ke bhrama meM sAdhAraNa anaparAdhI puruSa ko daNDa denA, mAranA aadi| jaise dazaratha ke dvArA mRga ke bhrama meM kiyA gayA zravaNakumAra kA vadha / 6. mRSA kriyA-jhUTha bolanA / 7. adattAdAna kriyA-caurya karma karanA / 8. adhyAtma kriyA-bAhya nimitta ke abhAva meM honevAle manovikAra arthAt binA samucita kAraNa ke mana meM honevAlA krodha Adi durbhAva / 9. mAna kriyA-apanI prazaMsA yA ghamaNDa karanA / 10. mitra kriyA-priyajanoM, putra, putrI, putravadhU. patnI Adi ko kaThora daNDa denaa| 11. mAyA kriyA-kapaTa karanA, DhoMga karanA / 12. lobha kriyA-lobha karanA / 13. IryapathikI kriyA-aprapatta, vivekI evaM saMyamI vyakti kI gamanAgamana evaM AhAra-vihAra kI kriyaa| .. vaise mUlabhUta Asrava yoga ( kriyA) hai| lekina yaha samagra kriyA-vyApAra bhI svataHprasUta nahIM hai| usake bhI preraka sUtra haiM jinheM Asrava-dvAra yA bandha hetu kahA gayA hai / samavAyAMga, RSibhASita evaM tattvArthasUtra meM inakI saMkhyA 5 mAnI gayI hai (1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura (5) yoga (kriyaa)| samayasAra meM inameM se 4 kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM pramAda kA ullekha nhiiN|' uparyukta pA~ca pramukha Asrava-dvAra yA bandhahetuoM ko punaH aneka bheda-prabhedoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ kevala nAmanirdeza karanA paryApta hai / pA~ca Asrava dvAroM yA bandhahetuoM ke avAntara bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. mithyAtva-mithyAtva ayathArtha dRSTikoNa hai jo pAMca prakAra kA hai(1) ekAnta, (2) viparIta, (3) vinaya, (4) saMzaya aura (5) ajJAna / 2. avirati-yaha amaryAdita evaM asaMyamita jIvana praNAlI hai| isake bhI pA~ca bheda haiM-(1) hiMsA, (2) asatya, (3) steyavRtti, (4) maithuna (kAma vAsanA) aura (5) parigraha (aaskti)| 1. (a) samavAyAMga, 5 / 4; (ba) isiyabhAsiya, 6 / 5; (sa) tattvArtha sUtra, 8 / 1. 2. samayasAra, 171.

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kama-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 361 3. pramAda-sAmAnyatayA samaya kA anupayoga yA durupayoga pramAda hai / lakSyonmukha prayAsa ke sthAna para lakSya vimukha prayAsa samaya kA durupayoga hai, jabaki prayAsa kA abhAva anupayoga hai / vastutaH pramAda Atma-cetanA kA abhAva hai / pramAda pA~ca prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai (ka) vikathA-jIvana ke lakSya (sAdhya) aura usake sAdhanA mArga para vicAra nahIM karate hue anAvazyaka carcAe~ karanA / vikathAe~ cAra prakAra kI hai-(1) rAjya sambandhI (2) bhojana sambandhI, (3) striyoM ke rUpa saundarya sambandhI, aura (4) deza smbndhii| vikathA samaya kA durupayoga hai / (kha) kaSAya-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / inakI upasthiti meM AtmacetanA kuNThita hotI hai / ataH ye bhI pramAda haiN| (a) rAga-Asakti bhI Atma-cetanA ko kuNThita karatI hai, isalie pramAda kaho jAtI hai| (3) vizya-sevana-pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana / (Ga) nidrA-adhika nidrA lenA / nidrA samaya kA anupayoga hai / 4. kaSAya-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye cAra pramukha manodazAe~, jo apanI tIvratA aura mandatA ke AdhAra para 16 prakAra kI hotI haiM, kaSAya kahI jAtI haiN| ina kaSAyoM ke janaka hAsyAdi 9 prakAra ke manobhAva upakaSAya haiM / kaSAya aura upa. kaSAya milakara paccIsa bheda hote haiM / 5. yoga-jaina zabdAvalI meM yoga kA artha kriyA hai jo tIna prakAra kI haiM(1) mAnasika kriyA (manoyoga), (2) vAcika kriyA (vacanayoga) (3) zArIrika kriyA (kAya yog)| yadi hama bandhana ke pramukha kAraNoM ko aura saMkSepa meM jAnanA cAheM to jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNa rAga ( Asakti ), dveSa aura moha mAne gaye haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAga aura dveSa ina donoM ko karma-bIja kahA gayA hai aura una donoM kA kAraNa moha batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, phira bhI unameM rAga hI pramukha hai / rAga ke kAraNa hI dveSa hotA hai / jaina kathAnakoM ke anusAra indrabhUti gautama kA mahAvIra ke prati prazasta rAga bhI unake kaivalya kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka rahA thaa| isa prakAra rAga evaM moha ( ajJAna ) hI bandhana ke pramukha kAraNa haiM / AcArya kundakunda rAga ko pramukha kAraNa batAte hue kahate haiM, Asakta AtmA hI karma bandha karatA hai aura anAsakta mukta ho jAtA hai, yahI jina bhagavAn kA upadeza hai| isalie karmoM meM Asakti mata rkho| lekina yadi rAga ( Asakti ) kA kAraNa jAnanA cAhe to jaina 1. uttarAdhyayana, 327. 2. samayasAra, 157.

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362 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana paramparA ke anusAra moha hI isakA kAraNa siddha hotA hai / yadyapi moha aura rAga-dveSa sApekSa rUpa meM ekadUsare ke kAraNa banate haiM / isa prakAra dveSa kA kAraNa rAga aura rAga kA kAraNa moha hai| moha tathA rAga ( Asakti) paraspara ekadUsare ke kAraNa haiN| ataH rAga, dveSa aura moha ye tIna hI jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke mUla kAraNa hai / isameM se dveSa ko jo rAga ( Asakti ) janita hai, chor3a dene para zeSa rAga ( Asakti ) aura moha ( ajJAna ) ye do kAraNa bacate haiM, jo anyonyAzrita haiM / bauddha darzana meM bandhana ( duHkha ) kA kAraNa jaina vicAraNA ko bhA~ti hI bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI bandhana yA duHkha kA hetu asrava mAnA gayA hai| usameM bhI Asrava ( Asava ) zabda kA upayoga lagabhaga samAna artha meM hI huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zrI esa0 sI0 ghoSAla Adi kucha vicAroM ne yaha mAna liyA ki bauddhoM ne yaha zabda jainoM se liyA hai| merI apanI dRSTi meM yaha zabda tatkAlIna zramaNaparamparA kA sAmAnya zabda thA / bauddhaparamparA meM Asrava zabda kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo madirA ( Asava ) ke samAna jJAna kA viparyaya kare vaha Asrava hai / dUsare jisase saMsArarUpI duHkha kA prasava hotA hai vaha Asrava hai / jainadarzana meM Asrava ko saMsAra ( bhava ) evaM bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / bauddhada na meM Asrava ko bhava kA hetu kahA gayA hai / donoM darzana arhatoM ko kSINAsrava kahate haiN| bauddhavicAraNA meM Asrava tIna mAne gaye haiM-(1) kAma, (2) bhava aura (3) avidyaa| lekina abhidharma meM dRSTi ko bhI Asrava kahA gayA hai|' avidyA aura mithyAtva samAnArthI haiM hii| kAma ko kaSAya ke artha meM liyA jA sakatA hai aura bhava ko punarjanma ke artha meM / dhammapada meM pramAda ko Asrava kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM, jo kartavya ko chor3atA hai aura akartavya ko karatA hai aise malayukta pramAdiyoM ke Asrava bar3hate haiM / isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA ke samAna bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI pramAda Asrava kA kAraNa hai| bauddha aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM isa artha meM bhI Asrava ke vicAra ke sambandha meM mataikya hai ki Asrava avidyA ( mithyAtva ) ke kAraNa hotA hai| lekina yaha avidyA yA mithyAtva bhI akAraNa nahIM, varan AsravaprasUta hai| jisa prakAra bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja kI paramparA calatI hai, vaise hI avidyA ( mithyAtva ) se Asrava aura ArUva se avidyA ( mithyAtva ) kI paramparA paraspara sApekSarUpa meM calatI rahatI hai / buddha ne jahA~ avidyA ko Asrava kA kAraNa mAnA, vahAM yaha bhI batAyA ki AsravoM ke samudaya se avidyA kA samudaya hotA hai| eka ke anusAra Asrava citta-mala hai, dUsare ke anu 1. saMyuttanikAya, 36 / 8,43 / 7 / 3, 4515 / 10. dekhiye-bauddha dharmadarzana, pR0 245. 2. dhammapada, 262, 3. majjhimanikAya, 1416.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 363 sAra ve Atma-mala haiM, lekina isa AtmavAda sambandhI dArzanika bheda ke hote hue bhI donoM kA sAdhanAmArga Asrava-kSaya ke nimitta hI hai / donoM kI dRSTi meM AsravakSaya hI nirvANa prApti kA prathama sopAna hai / buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuo ! saMskAra, tRSNA, vedanA, sparza, avidyA Adi sabhI anitya, saMskRta aura kisI kAraNa se utpanna honevAle haiM / bhikSuo ! ise bhI jAna lene aura dekha lene se AsravoM kA kSaya hotA hai / " / ' jaise jaina paramparA meM rAga, dveSa aura moha bandhana ke mUlabhUta kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, vaise hI bauddha paramparA meM lobha (rAga), dveSa aura moha ko bandhana ( karmoM kI utpatti) kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / jo mUrkha lobha, dveSa aura moha se prerita hokara choTA yA bar3A jo bhI karma karatA hai, use usI ko bhoganA par3atA hai, na ki dUsare kA kiyA huA / isalie buddhimAn bhikSu ko cAhie ki lobha, dveSa aura moha kA tyAga kara evaM vidyA kA lAbha kara sArI durgatiyoM se mukta ho isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM bandhana (saMsAra - paribhramaNa) ke kAraNa siddha hote haiM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM isa bandhana kI mUlabhUta tripuTI kA sApekSa sambandha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, "lobha aura dveSa kA hetu moha hai, kintu paryAya se rAga, dveSa bhI moha ke hetu haiM / " rAga, dveSa aura moha meM sApekSa sambandha hai / ajJAna ( moha) ke kAraNa hama rAga-dveSa karate haiM aura rAga-dveSa hI hameM yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita rakhate haiM / avidyA ( moha) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA rAga, dveSa aura moha yahI tIna / (rAga) ke kAraNa moha hotA hai / gItA kI dRSTi meM bandhana kA kAraNa - jaina paramparA bandhana ke kAraNa-rUpa meM jo pA~ca hetu batAtI hai, unako gItA kI AcAra paramparA meM bhI bandhana ke hetu ke rUpa meM khojA jA sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke pA~ca hetu haiM - ( 1 ) mithyAtva ( 2 ) avirati, (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura ( 5 ) yoga / gItA meM mithyA dRSTikoNa ko saMsAra-bhramaNa kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / itanA hI nahIM, mithyAtva ke pA~ca prakAra ( 1 ) ekAnta, (2) viparIta, (3) saMzaya, (4) vinaya ( rUr3hivAditA) aura (5) ajJAna meM se viparIta, saMzaya aura ajJAna ina tIna kA vivecana gItA meM milatA hai / vinaya ko agara rUr3ha paramparA ke artha meM leM to gItA vaidika rUr3ha paramparAoM kI AlocanA ke rUpa meM vinaya ko svIkAra kara letI hai / hA~, gItA meM ekAnta kA mithyAtva ke rUpa meM vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA / avirati kA vivecana gItA azucivrata ke rUpa meM karatI 1. saMyuttanikAya, 21 / 3 / 9. 3. vahI, 3 / 33. 22 3 2. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 33, ( pR0 137 ). 4. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR0 25.

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364 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai / gItA meM bhI hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahmacarya aura parigraha ( lobha - Asakti ) avirati ye pA~coM prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| pramAda jo tamoguNa se pratyutpanna hai, gItA ke anusAra, adhogati kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi gItA meM 'kaSAya' zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, tathApi jaina vicAraNA meM kaSAya ke jo cAra bheda - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha batAye gaye haiM, unako gItA meM bhI AsurI sampadA kA lakSaNa evaM naraka Adi adhogati kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM yoga zabda mAnasika, vAcika aura zArIrika karma ke lie prayukta huA hai aura ina tInoM ko bandhana kA hetu mAnA gayA hai / gItA svatantra rUpa se zArIrika karma ko bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnatI, vaha mAnasika tathya se sambandhita hone para hI zArIrika karma ko bandhaka mAnatI hai, anyathA nahIM / phira bhI gItA ke 18veM adhyAya meM samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA sampAdana mana, vANI aura zarIra se mAnA gayA hai / gItA ke anusAra AsurI - sampadA bandhana kA hetu hai / usameM dambha, darpa abhimAna, krodha, pAruSya ( kaThora vANI ) evaM ajJAna ko AsurI-sampadA kahA gayA hai / " zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, 'dambha, mAna, mada se samanvita duSpUrNa Asakti ( kAmanAe~ ) se yukta tathA moha ( ajJAna ) se mithyAdRSTitva ko grahaNa kara prANI asadAcaraNa se yukta ho saMsAra paribhramaNa karate haiN'| yadi hama gItA ke isa zloka kA vizleSaNa kareM to hameM yahA~ bhI bandhana ke kAma ( Asakti ) aura moha ye do pramukha kAraNa pratIta hote haiM, jinheM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, isa zloka kA pUrvArddha kAma se prArambha hotA hai aura uttarArddha moha se / yadi granthakAra kI yaha yojanA yuktipUrNa mAnI jAye to bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNa ekamata ho jAte haiM / uparyukta zloka ke pUrvArddha meM granthakAra ne dambha, mAna aura mada ko duSpUrNa kAma ke Azrita kahakara spaSTa rUpa meM kAma ko ina sabameM pramukha mAnA hai aura uttarArddha meM to mohAt zabda kA upayoga hI moha ke mahattva ko spaSTa batAtA hai / gItAkAra yahA~ moha ( ajJAna ) ke kAraNa do bAtoM kA honA svIkAra karatA hai - 1. mithyAdRSTi kA grahaNa aura 2. asadAcaraNa, jo hameM jaina vicAraNA ke moha ke do bheda darzana - moha aura cAritra moha kI yAda dilA dete haiM / yaha bAta tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai / eka anya zloka meM bhI gItAkAra ne moha (avidyA - ajJAna) aura Asakti ( tRSNA, ko naraka kA kAraNa batAkara unake bandhakatva ko spaSTa kiyA hai / 16 / 10. rAga yA lobha ) vahA~ kahA gayA 3. vahI, 18 / 15. vahI, 16 / 4. 5. 1. ( a ) gItA, 16 10; (ba) gItA ( zAM0 ), 2. gItA, 14 / 13, 14 / 17. 4. vahI, 16 / 5.. 6. vahI 16 / 10.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 365 hai ki moha-jAla meM AvRtta aura kAma-bhogoM meM Asakta puruSa apavitra narakoM meM girate haiN|' arthAt moha aura Asakti patana ke kAraNa haiM / sAtaveM adhyAya meM gItA jaina vicAraNA ke samAna saMsAra ( arthAt bandhana ) ke tIna kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA karatI hai| vahA~ gItA kahatI hai ki icchA (rAga), dveSa aura tajjanita moha se sabhI prANI ajJAnI bana saMsAra ke bandhana ko prApta hote haiM / yahA~ gItAkAra rAga, dveSa aura moha bandhana ke ina tIna kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA hI nahIM karatA, varan icchA-dveSa se utpanna moha kahakara jainadarzana ke samAna rAga, dveSa aura moha kI paraspara sApekSatA ko bhI abhivyakta kara detA hai| sAMkhya yoga darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa-yogasUtra meM bandhana yA kleza ke pA~ca kAraNa mAne gaye haiM-1. avidyA, 2. asmitA (ahaMkAra), 3. rAga (Asakti), 4. dveSa aura 5. abhiniveza (mRtya kA bhy)|3 inameM bhI avidyA hI pramukha kAraNa hai, kyoMki zeSa cAroM avidyA para AdhArita haiN| jainadarzana ke rAga, dveSa aura moha (avidyA) isameM bhI svIkRta haiN| nyAya darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa-nyAyadarzana meM jainadarzana ke samAna bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNa mAne gaye haiM-1. rAga, 2. dveSa aura 3. moha / rAga (Asakti) ke bhItara kAma, matsara, spRhA, tRSNA, lobha, mAyA tathA dambha kA samAveza hotA hai tathA dveSa meM krodha, IrSyA, asUyA, droha (hiMsA) tathA amarSa kA / moha (ajJAna) meM mithyAjJAna, saMzaya, mAna aura pramAda hote haiN| rAga aura dveSa moha athavA ajJAna se utpanna hote haiN| isa prakAra tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to sabhI vicAraNAoM meM avidyA (moha) aura rAga-dveSa hI bandhana, duHkha yA kleza ke kAraNa haiM / dveSa bhI rAga ke kAraNa hotA hai, ataH mUlataH Asakti (rAga) aura avidyA (moha) hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, jinakI sthiti paraspara sApekSa bhAva se hai| 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha-bandha ke cAra prakAroM kA bandha ke kAraNoM se kyA sambandha hai, isapara vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana meM svIkRta bandha ke pA~ca kAraNoM meM se kaSAya aura yoga ye do bandhana ke prakAra kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM / ataH kaSAya aura yoga ke sandarbha meM bandha ke ina cAra prakAroM para vicAra apekSita hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti aura anubhAga-bandha se hai| kaSAyavRtti kI tIvratA hI bandhana kI samayAvadhi (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) kA nizcaya karatI hai| pApa-bandha 1. gItA, 16 / 16. 3. yogasUtra, 2 // 3. 2. gItA, 7 / 27; gItA (zAM0), 7 / 27. 4. nItizAstra, pR0 63.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM kaSAya jitane tIvra hoMge, bandhana kI samayAvadhi aura tIvratA bhI utanI hI adhika hogI / lekina puNya-bandha meM kaSAya aura rAgabhAva kA bandhana kI samayAvadhi se to anuloma sambandha hotA hai, lekina bandhana kI tIvratA se pratiloma sambandha hotA hai arthAt kaSAya jitane alpa hoMge puNyabandha utanA hI adhika hogA / zubha karmoM kA bandha kaSAyoM kI tIvratA se kama aura kaSAyoM kI mandatA se adhika hogaa| jahA~ taka anubhAgabandha aura sthitibandha ke pArasparika sambandha kA prazna hai, azubha-bandha meM donoM meM anuloma sambandha hotA hai arthAt jitanI adhika samayAvadhi kA bandha hogA utanA hI adhika tIvra hogA, lekina zubha-bandha meM donoM meM viloma-sambandha hogA arthAt jitanI adhika samayAvadhi kA bandha hogA utanA hI kama tIvra hogaa|' bandhana ke dUsare kAraNa yoga ( Activity ) kA sambandha pradeza-bandha aura prakRti-bandha se hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda aura kaSAya ke abhAva meM mAtra kriyA (yoga) se bhI bandha hotA hai| kriyA karmaparamANuoM kI mAtrA (pradeza) aura guNa (prakRti) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| yoga yA kriyAe~ jitanI adhika hoMgI, utanI hI adhika mAtrA meM karma-paramANu AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara usase apanA sambandha sthApita kreNge| sAtha hI kriyA kA prakAra hI karmapadgagaloM kI prakRti kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki kriyA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kaSAyoM para nirbhara hotA hai aura antima rUpa meM to kaSAya hI karmapudgaloM kI prakRti kA nizcaya karate haiN| lekina nikaTavartI kAraNa kI dRSTi se kriyA (yoga) hI karma-pudgaloM ke bandha kI prakRti kA nizcaya karatI hai / 2 isa prakAra jainadarzana meM kaSAya yA rAga bhAva kA sambandha bandhanaM kI samayAvadhi (sthiti) tathA tIvratA (anubhAga) se hotA hai jabaki kriyA (yoga) kA sambandha bandhana kI mAtrA (pradeza) aura guNa (prakRti) se hotA hai| aSTakama aura unake kAraNa jisa rUpa meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karAte haiM unake anusAra unake vibhAga kiye jAte haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM-~-1. jJAnAvaraNIya, 2. darzanAvaraNIya, 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5. AyuSya 6. nAma, 7. gotra, aura 8. antarAya / 1. karmagrantha, bhAga 2, pR0 51. dekhie-sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 235 se 239. 2. karmagrantha, bhAga 2, pR0 121. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 33 / 23.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 367 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete haiM, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko Dhaka detI haiM aura sahaja jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahI jAtI haiM / jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa-jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve chaH haiN| 1. pradoSa-jJAnI kA avarNavAda (nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa nikAlanA / 2. nihnava-jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA athavA kisI viSaya ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| 3. antarAya-jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAnI evaM jJAna ke sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa krnaa| 4. mAtsaryavidvAnoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi meM aruci rkhnaa| 5. asAdanA-jJAna evaM jJAnI puruSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM karanA, unakI samucita vinaya nahIM karanA aura 6. upaghAta-vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgraha yukta visaMvAda karanA athavA svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| uparyukta chaH prakAra kA anaitika AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai|' jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka-vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa hotA hai 1. matijJAnAvaraNa-aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, 2. zratijJAnAvaraNa--bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. avadhi jJAnAvaraNa-atIndriya jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, 4. manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNadUsare kI mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna prApti kara lene kI zakti kA abhAva, 5. kevala jJAnAvaraNa---pUrNajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva / / __ kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se inake 10 bheda batAye gaye haiM / 1. sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta honevAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. dRSTi zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 5. gaMdhagrahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 7. svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8. svAda sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza-kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sparza sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi / ' - 3. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 236. 1. (a) karmagrantha, 1 / 54. (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 11. 2. tattvArthasUtra, 87.

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368 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai usI prakAra jo karmavaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, ve darzanAvaraNIya karma kahalAtI haiM / jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu tattva kA nirvizeSa ( nirvikalpa ) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI vizeSa guNa dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai | darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke darzana - guNa ko AvRtta karatA hai / darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa -- jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke samAna hI chaH prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hotA hai-- (1) samyaka dRSTi kI nindA ( chidrAnveSaNa) karanA athavA usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karanA, (3) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka bananA, (4) samyakadRSTi kA samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) samyakadRSTi para dveSa karanA, (6) samyakadRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgraha sahita vivAda karanA / 1 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka - uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA kA darzana guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai-2 1. cakSudarzanAvaraNa - netrazakti kA avaruddha ho jAnA / 2. acakSudarzanAvaraNa - netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya anubhavazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| 3. avadhidarzanAvaraNasImita atIndriya darzana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA upasthita honA / 4. kevala darzanAvaraNa- paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honA / 5. nidrA - sAmAnya nidrA / 6 nidrAnidrA - gaharI nidrA / 7. pracalA - baiThe-baiThe A jAne vAlI nidrA / 8. pracalApracalA--calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidrA / 6. styAnagRddhijisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala - sAdhya kArya kara DAlatA hai / antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke dvividha vyaktitva ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiM / uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha utpanna ho jAtA hai / 3. vedanIya karma jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, use vedanIya karma kahate haiM / isake do bheda haiM- 1. sAtAvedanIya aura 2 asAtAvedanIya / sukha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAtAvedanIya aura duHkha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIya karma kahalAtA hai / 1. (a) tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 11. (ba) karmagrantha, 1 / 54. 2. tattvArtha sUtra, 88.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 369 sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa - dasa prakAra kA zubhAcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti sukhada saMvedanA rUpa sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karatA hai--1 pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA karanA / 2. vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA karanA / 3. dvIndriya Adi prANiyoM para dayA karanA / 4. paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para anukampA karanA / 5. kisI ko bhI kisI prakAra se duHkha na denA / 6. kisI bhI prANI ko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho aisA kArya na karanA / 7. kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM banAnA / 8. kisI bhI prANI ko rudana nahIM karAnA / 9. kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA aura 10. kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM karanA / ' karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhanA, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3hazraddhA mAnA gayA hai / 3 tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai / 1 3 sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka - uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai-- 1. manohara, karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, 2. manojJa, sundara rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai, 3. sugandha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, 4 susvAdu bhojana - pAnAdi upalabdha hotA hai, 5. manojJa, komala sparza va Asana zayanAdi kI upalabdhi hotI hai, 6. vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, 7. zubha vacana, prazaMsAdi sunane kA avasara prApta hotA hai, 8. zArIrika sukha milatA hai / sAta vedanIya karma ke kAraNa -- jina azubha AcaraNoM ke kAraNa prANI ko duHkhada saMvedanA prApta hotI hai, ve 12 prakAra ke haiM- 1. kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, 2 . cintita banAnA, 3. zokAkula banAnA, 4. rulAnA, 5. mAranA aura 6. pratAr3ita karanA, ina cha: kriyAoM kI maMdatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho jAte hai / tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra 1. duHkha, 2. zoka, 3. tApa, 4. Akrandana, 5. vadha aura 6 paridevana ye cha: asAtAvedanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa haiM jo 'sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA 12 prakAra ke ho jAte haiM / sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArtha sUtra kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhika saMgata hai / 6 karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha ke kAraNoM ke viparIta guru kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA, tathA dAna evaM 1. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 237. 3. tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 13. 5. vahI, pR0 237. 2. karmagrantha 1 / 55. 4. 6. tattvArtha sUtra, 6 / 12. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 237.

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370 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zraddhA kA abhAva asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN|' ina kriyAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM.---1. karNa-kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM 2. amanojJa evaM saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko - prApta hotA hai, 3. amanojJa gandhoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, 4. svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, 5. amanojJa, kaThora evaM duHkhada saMvedanA utpanna karanevAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, 6. amanojJa mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA honA, 7. nindAapamAnajanaka vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura 8. zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti se zarIra ko duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM / 2 4. mohanIya karma __ jaise madirA Adi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM se AtmA kI viveka-zakti kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM-darzanamoha aura cAritramoha / / mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa-sAmAnyatayA mohanIya karma kA bandha chaH kAraNoM se hotA hai---1. krodha, 2. ahaMkAra, 3. kapaTa, 4. lobha, 5. azubhAcaraNa aura 6. vivekAbhAva ( vimUr3hatA ) / prathama pA~ca se cAritramoha kA aura antima se darzanamoha kA bandha hotA hai| karmagrantha meM darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke bandhana ke kAraNa alaga-alaga batAye gaye haiN| darzanamoha ke kAraNa haiM-unmArga dezanA, sanmArga kA apalApa, dhArmika sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthakara, muni, caitya (jinapratimAe~) aura dharma-saMgha ke pratikUla AcaraNa / cAritramoha karma ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna honA pramukha haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta, saMgha, dharma aura deva ke avarNavAda (nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNAma ko cAritramoha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa kAraNa batAye gaye haiN| 1. jo kisI trasa prANI ko pAnI meM DubAkara mAratA hai| 2. jo kisI trasa prANI ko tIvra azubha adhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| 3. jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dha kara mAratA hai| 4. jo kisI. trasa prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai| 5. jo kisI trasa prANI ke mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai / 6. jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala se mArakara 1. karmagrantha, 1155. 3. vahI, pR0 237. 5. tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 14-15. 2. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 237. 4. karmagrantha, 1156-57. 6. samavAyAMga, 30 / 1.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA ha~satA hai / 7. jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bolakara apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| 8. jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare para kalaMka lagAtA hai / 9. jo kalaha bar3hAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra bhASA bolatA hai / 10. jo pati-patnI meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA unheM mArmika vacanoM se jheMpA detA hai| 11. jo strI meM Asakta vyakti apane-Apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| 12. jo atyanta kAmuka vyakti apane Apa ko brahmacArI kahatA hai| 13. jo cApalUsI karake apane svAmI ko ugatA hai| 14. jo jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai vaha IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai| 15. jo apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai| 16. jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| 17. jo pramukha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| 18. jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai| 19. jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| 20. jo nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai| 21. jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kI nindA karatA hai| 22. jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kA avinaya karatA hai / 23. jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apane-Apako bahuzruta kahatA hai / 24. jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI kahatA hai| 25. jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM karatA / 26. jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiN| 27. jo AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayoga karate haiM / 28. jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogopabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA hai / 29. jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai| 30. jo asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| (a) darzana-moha-jaina-darzana meM darzana zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai-1. pratyakSIkaraNa, 2. dRSTikoNa aura 3. zraddhA / prathama artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya karma se hai, jabaki dUsare aura tIsare artha kA sambandha mohanIya karma se hai| darzanamoha ke kAraNa prANI meM samyaka dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai / darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai-1. mithyAtva moha-jisake kAraNa prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai| zubha ko azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtva moha hai / 2. samyak-mithyAtva moha--satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke sambandha meM anizcayAtmakatA aura 3. samyaktva moha-kSayika samyaktva kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyaktva moha hai' arthAt dRSTikoNa kI AMzika vizuddhatA / . (ba) cAritra-moha-~-cAritra-moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha hotA hai| cAritra-mohajanita azubhAcaraNa 25 prakAra kA hai...---1. prabalatama krodha, 1. tattvArthasUtra, 8 / 10. 2. vahI, 8.10. ..

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. prabalatama mAna, 3. prabalatama mAyA (kapaTa), '4. prabalatama lobha, 5. ati krodha, 6. ati mAna, 7. ati mAyA (kapaTa), 8. ati lobha, 9.sAdhAraNa krodha, 10. sAdhAraNa mAna, 11. sAdhAraNa mAyA (kapaTa), 12. sAdhAraNa lobha, 13. alpa krodha, 14.alpa mAna, 15. alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura, 16 alpa lobha ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya ) haiM--1. hAsya, 2. rati (sneha, rAga), 3. arati (dveSa), 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6. jugupsA (ghRNA), 7. strIveda (puruSa sahavAsa kI icchA), 8. puruSaveda (strI sahavAsa kI icchA), 9. napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa donoM ke sahavAsa kI icchaa)| mohanIya karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa azubha kI ora pravRtti kI ruci hotI hai| anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM mohanIya karma kA hai| jisa prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya karma hai| mohanIya karma kA kSayopazama hI naitika vikAsa kA AdhAra hai| 5. AyuSya karma jisa prakAra ber3I kaidI kI svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra jo karma paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate haiM, unheM AyuSya karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai| AyuSya karma cAra prakAra kA hai--1. naraka Ayu, 2. tiryaMca Ayu (vAnaspatika evaM pazu jIvana) 3. manuSya Ayu aura 4. deva Ayu / ' - AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa-sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, usakA nirdeza bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiN|3| . (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa-1. mahArambha (bhayAnaka hiMsaka karma), 2. mahAparigraha (atyadhika saMcaya vRtti), 3. manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA, 4. mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi nazIle padArthoM kA sevana / (ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAraM kAraNa-1. kapaTa karanA, 2. rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA, 3. asatya bhASaNa, 4. kama-jyAdA tola-mApa krnaa| karma 1. tattvArthasUtra, 8.11. .. 3. sthAnAMga, 1 / 4 / 4 / 373. 2. vahA, para

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 373 grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA prakaTa na karanA bhI tiryaJca Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM mAyA (kapaTa) ko hI pazuyoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai / - (sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa-1. saralatA, 2. vinayazIlatA, 3. karuNA aura 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honaa| tattvArthasUtra meM 1. alpa Arambha, 2. alpa parigraha, 3. svabhAva kI saralatA aura 4. svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / 3 (da) daivIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa--1. sarAga (sakAma) saMyama kA ' pAlana, 2. saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, 3. sakAma tapasyA (bAla' tapa) 4. svAbhAvika rUpa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| karma-grantha ke anusAra avirata samyakdRSTi manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata zrAvaka, sarAgI-- sAdhu, bAla-tapasvI aura icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhiti vaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karate hue akAma-nirjarA karanevAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiM / ... AkasmikamaraNa-prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa Ayu karma ko bhoga rahA hai aura pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayu karma ke paramANu bhoga ke pazcAt pRthaka hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAna Ayukarma ke pUrvabaddha samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM usa samaya prANI ko vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane ke pUrva hI navIna zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai| lekina yadi AyuSya kA bhoga isa prakAra niyata hai to AkasmikamaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA ? isake pratyuttara meM jaina-vicArakoM ne Ayukarma kA bhoga do prakAra kA mAnA---1. kramika, 2. Akasmika / kramika bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Ayu kA bhoga dhIredhIre hotA rahatA hai, jabaki Akasmika bhoga meM kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla mRtyu kahate hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake sAta kAraNa batAye gaye haiM---1. harSa-zoka kA atireka, 2. viSa athavA zastra kA prayoga, 3. AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavA sarvathAabhAva 4. vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, 5. AghAta 6. sarpadaMzAdi aura 7. zvAsanirodha / 6. nAma karma jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra banAtA hai, usI 1. karmagrantha, 1158. 3. vahI, 6 / 18. 5. karmagrantha, 1159. 2. tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 17. 4. vahI, 6 / 20. 6. sthAnAMga, 7 / 561.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prakAra nAma-karma vibhinna paramANuoM se jagat ke prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kaha sakate haiM / jaina-darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAma karma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai lekina vistArabhaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai| uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai-1. zubhanAmakarma (acchA vyaktitva) aura 2. azubhanAmakarma (burA vyktitv)| prANIjagat meM jo Azcaryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA pramukha kAraNa nAmakarma hai| zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa-jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktvi kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiM-1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2. vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaJjasya pUrNa jIvana / ' zubhanAmakarma kA vipAka-uparyukta cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNa se prApta zubha vyaktitva kA vipAka 14 prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai.---1. adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka vANI (iSTa zabda), 2. sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa rUpa), 3. zarIra se niHsata honevAle maloM meM bhI sugaMdhi (iSTa gaMdha), 4. jaivIya rasoM kI samucitatA (iSTa rasa), 5. tvacA kA sukomala honA (iSTa sparza), 6. acapala yogya gati (iSTa gati), 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa sthiti), 8. lAvaNya, 9. yazaHkIrti kA prasAra (iSTa yazaH kIrti), 10. yogya zArIrika zakti (iSTa utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama), 11. logoM ko rucikara lage aisA svara, 12. kAnta svara, 13. priya svara aura 14. manojJa svara / 2 azubha nAma karma ke kAraNa-nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNa se vyakti (prANI) ko azubha vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai--1. zarIra kI vakratA, 2. vacana kI vakratA, 3. mana kI vakratA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya vRtti yA asAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana / ___azubhanAma karma kA vipAka-1. aprabhAvaka vANI (aniSTa zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa sparza), 3. zArIrika maloM kA durgandhayukta honA (aniSTa gaMdha), 4. jaivIya rasoM kI asamucitatA (aniSTa rasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para na honA (aniSTa sthiti), 8. saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza, 10. puruSArtha karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriya svara aura 14. akAnta svara / 4 1. tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 22. 2. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 239. . 3. tattvArthasUtra 6 / 21. 4. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 239.

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karmabandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 7. gotra karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai, vaha gotra karma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai--1. ucca gotra (pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra (apratiSThita kul)|' kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai, isa para jainAcAra-darzana meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ahaMkAravRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| ucca gotra evaM nIca gotra ke karma-bandha ke kAraNa-nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlA vyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zArIrika zakti), 4. rUpa (saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7. lAbha (upalabdhiyA~) aura 8. svAmitva (adhikaar)| isake viparIta jo vyakti uparyukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai vaha nIca kula meM janma letA hai / 2 karma-grantha ke anusAra bhI ahaMkAra rahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA. adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai aura isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca gotra ko prApta karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra para-nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana ye nIca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| isake viparIta para-prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadguNoM kA prakAzana, asadguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatA ye ucca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiM / 3 gotra-karma kA vipAka-vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai--1. niSkalaMka mAtR-pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSThita pitR-pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra, 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM tapa-zakti, 6. tIvra buddhi evaM vipulajJAna rAzi para adhikAra, 7. lAbha evaM vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. adhikAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI prApti lekina ahaMkArI vyaktitva uparyukta samagra kSamatAoM se athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai| 8. antarAya karma ___abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya karma kahate. 1. tattvArthasUtra, 8 / 13. 2. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 240. 3. (a) karmagrantha, 1160; 4. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 240.. (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 24.

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376 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana haiN| yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai| 1. dAnAntarAya-dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya-koI prApti hone vAlI ho lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A jAnA, 3. bhogAntarAya-bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA jaise vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA susvAdu bhojana bhI banA ho lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnI par3e, 4. upabhogAntarAyaupabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, 5. vIryAntarAyazavita ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakanA / -(tattvArthasUtra, 8.14) - jaina nIti-darzana ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga-zakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha bhI apanI upalabdha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaise koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara yA anya prakAra se dAna dene se roka detA hai athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana para se uThA detA hai to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI hai athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra jina-pUjA Adi dharma-kAryoM meM vighna utpanna karane vAlA aura hiMsA meM tatpara vyakti bhI antarAya karma kA saMcaya karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI antarAya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa hai|' 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI karma karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya ina cAra karmoM ko 'ghAtika' aura nAma, gotra, AyuSya aura vedanIya ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai| ghAtI karma AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti guNa kA AvaraNa karate haiN| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ata: jIvanamukti meM bAdhaka hote haiN| ina ghAtI karmoM meM avidyA rUpa mohanIya karma hI AtmasvarUpa ke AvaraNa, kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthitikAla kI dRSTi se pramukha haiN| vastutaH mohakarma hI eka aisA karma-saMskAra hai, jisake kAraNa karma-bandha kA pravAha satata banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI zakti hai / jisa prakAra ugane yogya bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko bar3hAtA rahatA hai usI prakAra mohanIya rUpI karma-bIja jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya rUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma-paramparA ko satata banAye rakhatA 1. (a) karmagrantha, 1161; (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 26.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 377 hai| mohanIya karma hI janma, maraNa, saMsAra yA bandhana kA mUla hai, zeSa ghAtI karma usake sahayogI mAtra haiN| ise karmoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra moha karma para vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa sAre karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa kA pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti (AtmA) jIvana-mukta bana jAtA hai| aghAtI karma ve haiM jo AtmA ke svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote / aghAtI karma bhune hue bIja ke samAna haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM kI utpAdana-kSamatA nahIM hotii| ve karma-paramparA kA pravAha banAye rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiN| sarvaghAtI, aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~-AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtI karmoM kI 45 karma-prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI haiM-1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. deshghaatii| sarvaghAtI karma prakRti kisI AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRti usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAma-guNa ko mithyAtva (azuddha dRSTikoNa) sarva-rUpeNa AcchAdita kara detA hai| anantajJAna (kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai| pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiN| isI prakAra cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM 12 hote haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiN| anantAnubandhI kaSAya samyaktva kA, pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya dezavratI cAritra (gRhastha dharma) kA aura pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya sarvavratIcAritra (munidharma) kA pUrNatayA bAdhaka banatA hai| ataH ye 20 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| zeSa jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI 4, darzanAvaraNIya karma kI 3, mohanIya karma kI 13, antarAya karma kI 5 kula 25 karma-prakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| sarvaghAta kA arthamAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai na ki ina guNoM kA anastitva / kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke pUrNa abhAva kI sthiti meM Atma-tattva aura jar3a-tattva meM aMtara hI nahIM rhegaa| karma to prakaTana meM bAdhaka tattva haiM, ve AtmaguNoM ko vinaSTa nahIM kara sakate / nandisUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko cAhe kitanA hI Avarita kyoM

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378 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana na kara le, phira bhI vaha na to usakI prakAza kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai, usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRta kyoM na kara le, phira bhI unakA eka aMza hamezA hI anAvRta rahatA hai / 1 6. pratItyasamutpAda aura aSTakarma, eka tulanAtmaka vivecana jaina darzana ke aSTakarma ke vargIkaraNa para koI tulanAtmaka vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki bauddha darzana aura gItA meM isa rUpa meM koI vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hai / lekina jisa prakAra jaina darzana kA karma-vargIkaraNa bandhana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai usI prakAra bauddha paramparA meM pratItyasamutpAda bhI janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / ataH usa para saMkSepa meM vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogA / pratItyasamutpAda kA artha hai aisA hone para aisA hotA hai aura aisA na hone para aisA nahIM hotA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka utpAda kA koI pratyaya hetu yA kAraNa avazya hotA hai| yadi pratyeka utpAda sahetuka hai to phira hamAre bandhana yA duHkha kA bhI koI hetu avazya hogA / pratItyasamutpAda hamAre bandhana yA duHkha kI nimna 12 aMgoM meM kArya kAraNAtmaka vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai / 1. avidyA - pratItyasamutpAda kI prathama kar3I avidyA hai / bauddha darzana meM avidyA kA artha hai duHkha, duHkha samudaya, duHkha nirodha aura duHkha nirodhamArga rUpI cAra Aryasatya sambandhI ajJAna / avidyA kA hetu Asrava hai, AsravoM ke samudaya se avidyA kA samudaya hotA hai aura avidyA ke kAraNa hI janma-maraNa paramparA kA saMsaraNa hotA hai / isa prakAra bauddha darzana meM avidyA saMsAra meM AvAgamana ( bandhana) kA mUlAdhAra hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAye to avidyA jaina - paramparA ke darzanamoha ke samAna hai / donoM ke anusAra yaha eka AdhyAtmika andhatA yA samyakdRSTikoNa kA abhAva hai / donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki avidyA yA darzanamoha duHkha, baMndhana evaM anaitika AcaraNa kA pramukha kAraNa hai / donoM hI paramparAe~ avidyA yA darzana moha ko anAdi mAnate hue bhI ahetuka yA akAraNa nahIM mAnatI haiM, jaisA ki sAMkhya darzana meM mAnA gayA hai / bauddha paramparA meM avidyA aura tRSNA meM tathA jaina - paramparA meM darzana - moha aura cAritra moha meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa 1. nandisUtra, 42. 2. (a) dIghanikAya, 22; (ba) saMyuttanikAya, 12 / 1 / 2; (sa) bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 373-410.

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kama-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 379 sambandha mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra avidyA yA darzana-moha ahetuka nahIM hai, unakA hetu tRSNA yA cAritra moha hai / 2. saMskAra - pratItyasamutpAda kI dUsarI kar3I saMskAra hai / kuzala-akuzala kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika cetanAe~, jo janma-maraNa paramparA kA kAraNa banatI haiM, saMskAra kahI jAtI haiM / saMskAra eka prakAra se mAnasika vAsanA hai jo avidyAjanya hai | saMskAra tIna prakAra ke haiM- 1. puNyAbhisaMskAra, 2 . apuNyAtrisaMskAra, 3. anyonyAbhisaMskAra / ye saMskAra jaina paramparA ke cAritra moha se tulanIya haiM / puNyAbhisaMskAra puNya-bandha se, apuNyAbhisaMskAra pApa-bandha se aura anyonyAbhisaMskAra puNyAnubandhI pApa yA pApAnubandhI puNya se tulanIya hai / 3. vijJAna - pratItyasamutpAda kI tIsarI kar3I vijJAna (cetanA) hai, jo saMskArajanya hai | vijJAna kA tAtparya una citta dhArAoM se hai jo pUrvajanma meM kiye hue kuzala - akuzala karmoM ke vipAkasvarUpa isa janma meM prakaTa hotI haiM aura jinake kAraNa manuSya ko aindrika saMvedana evaM anubhUti hotI hai arthAt vijJAna indriyoM kI jJAna-sambandhI cetana - kSamatA kA AdhAra evaM nirdhAraka hai / isa prakAra vijJAna jaina-paramparA ke jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa karma se tulanIya hai / pA~coM jJAnendriyA~ tathA mana ye chaha vijJAna ke prakAra haiM / 4. nAma-rUpa -- nAma-rUpa kA pratItyasamutpAda meM cauthA sthAna hai / nAma-rUpa kA hetu vijJAna (cetanA) hai / bauddha darzana meM samasta jagat-rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna, ina paMcaskandhoM se nirmita hai / prathama rUpaskandha ko rUpa aura zeSa cAroM skandhoM ko nAma kahA jAtA hai / rUpa bhautika aura nAma cetana hai / milindaprazna meM nAgasena likhate haiM ki jitanI sthUla cIjeM haiM ve sabhI rUpa haiM aura jitanI sUkSma mAnasika avasthAe~ haiM ve nAma haiM / pRthvI, agni, pAnI aura vAyu ye cAroM mahAbhUta aura inase pratyutpanna sabhI vastue~ evaM zarIrAdi rUpa kahI jAtI haiM, jabaki vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna ye cAroM nAma kahe jAte haiM / nAmajaina- vicAraNA ke AyuSya karma, gatinAmakarma aura avasthA se tulanIya haiM / zarIra nAmakarma kI saMyukta 5. SaDAyatana - SaDAyatana se tAtparya cakSu, ghrANa, zravaNa, rasanA aura sparza ina pA~ca indriyoM evaM chaThe mana se hai / SaDAyatana kA kAraNa nAma-rUpa hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para vyakti ke sandarbha meM nAma rUpa aura SaDAyatana jaina darzana ke nAma-karma ke samAna hai / kyoMki jaina darzana meM nAmakarma aura bauddhadarzana meM nAma rUpa tathA SaDAyatana vaiyaktikatA ke nirdhAraka haiM aura isa artha meM donoM hI samAna haiM / .23 .1

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.380 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. sparza--SaDAyatana arthAt indriyoM evaM mana ke hone se unakA apane-apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai| yaha indriyoM aura viSaya kA saMyoga hI sparza hai| yaha SaDAyatanoM para nirbhara hone se chaha prakAra kA hai--A~kha-sparza (dekhanA), kAna kA sparza (sunanA), nAka kA sparza (gandha-grahaNa), jIbha kA sparza (svAda), zarIra kA sparza (tvak saMvedanA) aura mana kA sparza (vicaar-sNklp)| ye sabhI kuzala yA akuzala karma ke vipAka mAne gaye haiN| ____7. vedanA-vedanA sparza-janita hai| indriya aura viSayoM ke saMyoga kA mana para par3ane vAlA prathama prabhAva vedanA hai| indriyoM ke hone para unakA apane-apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai aura vaha samparka hamAre mana para prabhAva DAlatA hai| yaha prabhAva cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-1. sukha rUpa, 2. duHkha rUpa, 3. sukha-duHkha rUpa aura 4. asukha-aduHkha ruup| pA~ca indriyoM evaM mana kI apekSA se vedanA ke chaha vibhAga bhI kiye gaye haiN| sparza aura vedanA jaina-vicAraNA ke vedanIya karma ke samAna haiN| sukharUpa vedanA sAtAvedanIya aura duHkha-rUpa vedanA asAtAvedanIya se tulanIya hai| asukha-aduHkha rUpa-vedanA kI tulanA jaina darzana kI vedanIya karma kI pradezodaya nAmaka avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai / 8. tRSNA-indriyoM evaM mana ke viSayoM ke samparka kI cAha tRSNA hai| yaha chaha prakAra kI hotI hai--zabda-tRSNA, rUpa-tRSNA, gaMdha-tRSNA, rasa (AsvAda)-tRSNA, sparza-tRSNA aura mana ke viSayoM kI tRSNA / inameM se pratyeka kAmatRSNA, bhavatRSNA aura vibhavatRSNA ke rUpa meM tIna prakAra kI hotI hai| viSayoM ke bhoga kI vAsanA ko lekara jo tRSNA udita hotI hai, vaha kAma-tRSNA hai| viSaya (padArtha) aura viSayI (bhoktA) kA saMyoga sadaiva banA rahe, unakA uccheda na ho, yaha lAlasA bhavatRSNA hai| yaha zAzvatatA yA bane rahane kI tRSNA hai / arucikara yA duHkhada saMvedana rUpa viSayoM ke samparka ko lekara jo vinAza-sambandhI icchA udita hotI hai, vaha vibhava tRSNA hai / yaha dveSa sthAnIya evaM anastitva kI tRSNA hai| tRSNA lobha kA hI rUpa hai / isa prakAra yaha jaina-darzana ke cAritramoha karma ke antargata A jAtI hai| eka dUsare prakAra se tRSNA apUrNa yA atRpta icchA hai aura isa prakAra yaha antarAya karma se bhI tulanIya hai, yadyapi donoM meM adhika nikaTatA 'nahIM hai| 6. upAdAna-upAdAna kA artha Asakti hai jo tRSNA ke kAraNa hotI hai| upAdAna cAra prakAra ke haiM--1. kAmupAdAna-kAmabhoga meM gRddha bane rahanA, 2. diThUpAdAna-mithyA dhAraNAoM se cipake rahanA, 4. sIlabbUtUpAdAna-vyartha ke karmakANDoM meM lage rahanA aura 4. attavAdUpAdAna-AtmavAda meM Asakti rakhanA /

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pharma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 381 upAdAna kA sambandha bhI mohanIya karma se hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| dilRpAdAna, sIlabbUttapAdAna aura attavAdUpAdAna kA sambandha darzana-moha se aura kAmupAdAna kA sambandha cAritramoha se hai| vaise ye upAdAna vaiyaktika puruSArtha ko sanmArga kI dizA meM lagAne meM bAdhaka haiM aura isa rUpa meM vIryAntarAya ke samAna haiN| - 10. bhava- bhava kA artha hai punarjanma karAne vAlA krm| bhava do prakAra kA hai-kammabhava aura uppttibhv| jo karma punarjanma karAne vAlA hai vaha karmabhava (kammabhava) haiaura jisa upAdAna ko lekara vyakti loka meM janma grahaNa karatA hai vaha utpattibhava (utpattibhava) hai| bhava jaina-darzana ke AyuSya karma se tulanIya hai / kammabhava bhAvI jovana sambandhI AyuSya-karma kA bandha hai jo tRSNA yA moha ke kAraNa hotA hai| uppattibhava vartamAna jIvana sambandhI AyuSya-karma hai| 11. jAti-devoM kA devatva, manuSyoM kA manuSyatva, catuSpadoM kA catuSpadatva jAti kahA jAtA hai / jAti bhAvI janma kI yoni kA nizcaya hai jisase punaH janma grahaNa karanA hotA hai| jAti kI tulanA jaina-darzana ke jAti nAma karma se aura kucha rUpa meM gotra-karma se kI jA sakatI hai| 12. jarA-maraNa-janma dhAraNa kara vRddhAvasthA aura mRtyu ko prApta honA jarA-maraNa hai / jarA-maraNa kI tulanA bhI AyuSya karma ke bhoga se kI jA sakatI hai| AyuSya-karma kA kSaya honA hI jarAmaraNa hai / isa prakAra bauddha-darzana ke pratItya-samutpAda aura jaina-darzana ke karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kucha nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi donoM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki bauddhadarzana meM pratItyasamutpAda kI kar3iyoM meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa zRMkhalA kI jo manovaijJAnika yojanA dikhAI gaI hai, vaisI jaina karma-siddhAnta meM nahIM hai| usameM kevala mohakarma kA anya karmoM se kucha sambandha khojA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI paMcAstikAyasAra meM hameM eka aisI manovaijJAnika yojanA parilakSita hotI hai, jisakI tulanA pratItyasamutpAda se kI jA sakatI hai|' 67. mahAyAna dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma mahAyAna bauddha-darzana meM karmoM kA jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa ke rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vaha jaina darzana ke karma vargIkaraNa ke kAphI nikaTa hai / klezAvaraNa bandhana evaM duHkha kA kAraNa hai jabaki jJeyAvaraNa jJAna ke prakAza yA sarvajJatA meM 1. paMcAstikAyasAra, 128 va 129. 2. abhidharma koSa-karmanirdeza nAmaka cauthA nirdeza, uddhRta jaina sTaDIja, pR0 251 252.

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382 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bAdhaka hai| klezAvaraNa jaina-darzana ke cAritra-moha karma aura jJeyAvaraNa kevalajJAnAvaraNa karma se tulanIya hai| vaise jaina vicAraNA dvArA svIkRta karma ke do kArya AvaraNa aura vikSepa kI tulanA bhI kramazaH jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa se kI jA sakatI hai| 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtI aura aghAtI karma aSTa karmoM meM AtmA ke svabhAva ke AvaraNa kI dRSTi se cAra karma ghAtI aura cAra karma aghAtI mAne gaye haiM, lekina yadi navIna bandha yA punarjanma utpAdaka karma kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to eka mAtra moha-karma hI navIna baMdha yA punarjanma kA utpAdaka hai, zeSa sabhI karmoM kA bandha moha-karma kI upasthiti meM hI hotA hai| moha-karma kI anupasthiti meM koI aisA bandha nahIM hotA jisake kAraNa AtmA ko janmamaraNa ke cakra meM pha~sanA pdd'e| bauddha-darzana meM AtmA ke svabhAva ko Avarita karanevAle ghAtI aura aghAtI karmoM ke sambandha meM to koI vicAra upalabdha nahIM hai lekina usameM punarjanma utpAdaka karma kI dRSTi se kammabhava aura uppattibhava kA vicAra avazya upalabdha hai| pratItyasamutpAda kI 12 kar3iyoM meM avidyA, saMskAra, tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhava pA~ca kammabhava haiN| inake kAraNa janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA pravAha calatA rahatA hai| zeSa vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, jAti aura jarAmaraNa utpattibhava haiM, jo apanI udaya yA vipAka avasthA meM naye bandhana kA sajana nahIM karate haiM / kammabhava meM avidyA aura saMskAra bhUtakAlIna jIvana ke ajita karma-saMskAra yA cetanAsaMskAra haiM / ye saMkalita hokara vipAka ke rUpa meM hamAre vartamAna jIvana ke utpattibhavaM (vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza aura vedanA) kA nizcaya karate haiN| tatpazcAt vartamAna jIvana ke tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhava svayaM kammabhava ke rUpa meM bhAvI jIvana ke utpattibhava ke rUpa meM jAti aura jarAmaraNa kA nizcaya karate haiM / vartamAna jIvana ke tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhava bhAvI-jIvana ke avidyA aura saMskAra bana jAte haiM aura vartamAna meM bhAvI jIvana ke lie nizcita hue jAti aura jarAmaraNa bhAvI jIvana meM vijJAna, nAmarUpa aura SaDAyatana ke kAraNa hote haiN| isa prakAra kammabhava racanAtmaka karma zakti ke rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke moha-karma ke samAna janmamaraNa kI zRkhaMlA kA sarjaka hai aura utpatti-bhava zeSa niSkriya karma avasthAoM ke samAna hai, jo mohakarma yA kammabhava ke abhAva meM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kepravAha ko banAye rakhane meM asamartha hai| isa prakAra bauddha-darzana kA karmabhava jainadarzana ke moha-karma se aura utpatti-bhava jaina vicAraNA kI zeSa karma avasthAoM ke samAna hai / ise nimna tulanAtmaka tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai

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phArma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 383 bauddha-paramparA jaina-paramparA mohakarma kI sattA kI avasthA / mohakarma kI vipAka aura navIna bandha kI avasthA / kammabhava 1. avidyA / 2. saMskAra 3. tRSNA 4. upAdAna hai 5. bhava utpattibhava 6. vijJAna 7. nAma-rUpa 8. SaDAyatana 9. sparza 10. vedanA 11. jAti 12. jarA-maraNa , jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa AyuSya, nAma, gotra aura vedanIya karma kI vipAka avasthA / bhAvI jIvana ke lie AyuSya, nAma, gotra Adi karmoM kI bandha kI avasthA / 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana ___ karma-akarma vicAra meM hamane dekhA ki bandhana mukhya rUpa se kartA kI caittasika avasthA para AdhArita hai, ataH yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki cetanA aura bandhana ke bIca kyA sambandha hai ? Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA . Adhunika manovijJAna cetanA ke tIna pakSa mAnatA hai, jinheM kramazaH (1) jJAnAtmaka pakSa, (2) bhAvAtmaka pakSa aura (3) saMkalpAtmaka pakSa kahA jAtA hai| inhIM tIna pakSoM ke AdhAra para cetanA ke tIna kArya mAne jAte haiM.--1. jAnanA 2. anubhava karanA 3. icchA krnaa| bhAratIya cintana meM bhI cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM athavA kAryoM ke sambandha meM prAcIna samaya se hI paryApta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne cetanA ke nimna tIna pakSoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai-1. jJAnacetanA 2. karmacetanA aura 3. karmaphalacetanA / ' tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAna-cetanA ko cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa se, karmaphalacetanA ko cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka (anubhUtyAtmaka) pakSa se aura karma-cetanA ko cetanA ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / * paMcA stikAyasAra, 38. -

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384 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayanajana dRSTikoNa uparyukta tInoM pakSoM para bandhana ke kAraNa kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa yA jJAna-cetanA bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| jJAna cetanA to mukta jIvAtmAoM meM bhI hotI hai, ataH use bandhana kA kAraNa mAnanA asaMgata hai| karmaphalacetanA yA cetanA ke anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa ko bhI apane Apa meM bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki arhat yA kevalI meM bhI vedanIya karma kA phala bhogane ke kAraNa karmaphala cetanA to hotI hai, lekina vaha usake bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM bntii| uttarAdhyayanasUtra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki indriyoM ke mAdhyama se honevAlI sukhada aura duHkhada anubhUtiyA~ vItarAga ke mana meM rAga-dveSa ke bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktiiN|' isa prakAra na cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa hai| cetanA ke tIsare saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko, jise karmacetanA kahA jAtA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki zeSa do jJAnacetanA aura anubhavacetanA to cetanA kI niSkriya avasthAe~ haiM, yadyapi unameM pratibimbita hone vAlI bAhya ghaTanAe~ sakriya tattva haiM / lekina karma-cetanA svataH hI sakriya avasthA hai| saMkalpa, vikalpa evaM rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM kA janma cetanA kI isI avasthA meM hotA hai ataH jaina-darzana meM cetanA kA yahI saMkalpAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi isake pIche upAdAna kAraka ke rUpa meM bhautika tathyoM se prabhAvita honevAlI karmaphala cetanA kA hAtha avazya hotA hai| kucha vicArakoM ne karma-cetanA ko bhI niSkriya kriyAcetanA ke rUpa meM samajhane kI koziza kI hai, lekina aisI avasthA meM cetanA kA koI bhI sakriya pakSa nahIM rahane se bandhana kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hogii| yadi karma-cetanA kevala kriyA ke hone kA jJAna hai to phira vaha jJAna cetanA yA karmaphalacetanA se bhinna nahIM hogii| ataH karmacetanA kI niSkriya rUpa meM vyAkhyA ucita pratIta nahIM hotI hai| kevala usI kA sambandha bandhana se ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vahI rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyAdi bhAva-karmoM kI kartA hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa se tulanA bauddha vicAra meM bhI cetanA ko jJAnAtmaka, anubhavAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai, jinheM kramazaH sannA, vedanA aura cetanA (saMkalpa) kahA gayA hai|2 jaina paramparA jise jJAna-cetanA kahatI hai use bauddha-paramparA meM sannA yA kriyA-cetanA kahA jAtA hai, jaina paramparA kI karmaphala cetanA bauddha paramparA kI vipAka-cetanA yA vedanA ke samakakSa hai| bauddha-vicAraNA kI cetanA (saMkalpa) kI 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 100. 2. uddhRta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 247.

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karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 385 tulanA jaina vicAraNA kI karma-cetanA se kI jA sakatI hai| tInoM pakSoM se samanvita cetanA naitika AdhAra para zo bhanA, akuzala aura avyakta aise tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gayI hai| punaH zobhanA yA kuzala cetanA ko tIna upabhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-1. zubha saMkalpa cetanA, 2. zubha vipAka cetanA aura 3. zubha kriyA cetnaa| isI prakAra azubha yA akuzala' cetanA bhI 1. akuzala saMkalpa cetanA, 2. akuzala vipAka cetanA, aura 3. akuzala kriyA cetanA (jJAna cetanA)aise tIna upabhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai| lekina isameM se zubha aura azubha vipAka cetanAe~ tathA zubha aura azubha kriyA cetanAe~ bandhana kI koTi meM nahIM AtI haiN| yadyapi bAhya jagat meM ye kriyAzIlatA kI avasthAe~ haiM, lekina inake pIche kartA kA koI Azaya nahIM hone se ye bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| mAtra zubha aura azubha saMkalpa-cetanA hI bandhana dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM tathA saMsAra ke AvAgamana kA kAraNa haiN|

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391 bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 1. saMvara kA artha 387 2. jaina paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa 388 3. bauddha darzana meM saMvara 389 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 5. saMyama aura naitikatA 1.khAna-pAna meM saMyama 393 / 2. bhogoM meM saMyama 394 | 3. vANI kA saMyama 394 / 6. nirjarA 395 dravya aura bhAva nirjarA 395 / sakAma aura akAma nirjarA 395 / jaina sAdhanA meM aupakramika nirjarA kA sthAna 396 / aupakramika nirjarA ke bheda 398 / 7. boTa AcAra darzana aura nirjarA 398 8. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 399 9. niSkarSa 401 - 387 -

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13 bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AtmA ke pUrvakarma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa bandhana kI prakriyA avirAma gati se cala rahI hai| pUrvakarma-saMskAra vipAka ke avasara para AtmA ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa mAnasika evaM zArIrika kriyA-vyApAra hotA hai aura usa kriyA vyApAra ke kAraNa navIna karmAsrava evaM karma-bandha hotA hai| ataH yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki bandhana se mukta kaise huA jAya? jaina darzana bandhana se bacane ke lie jo upAya batAtA hai, use saMvara kahate haiN| 1. saMvara kA artha tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra Asrava-nirodha saMvara hai|' saMvara mokSa kA mUlakAraNa tathA naitika sAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai| saMvara zabda sam upasargapUrvaka va dhAtu se banA hai| vR dhAtu kA artha hai rokanA yA nirodha karanA / isa prakAra saMvara zabda kA artha hai AtmA meM praveza karanevAle karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko roka denA / sAmAnyataH zArIrika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM kA yathAzakya nirodha (rokanA) karanA saMvara hai, kyoMki kriyAe~ hI Asrava kA kAraNa haiN| jaina-paramparA meM saMvara ko karma-paramANuoM ke Asrava ko rokane ke artha meM aura bauddha-paramparA meM kriyA ke nirodha ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki bauddha-paramparA meM karmavargaNA (paramANuoM) kA bhautika svarUpa mAnya nahIM hai, ataH ve saMvara ko jaina-paramparA ke artha meM nahIM lete haiN| usameM saMvara kA artha mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke kriyA-vyApAra yA aindrika pravRttiyoM kA saMyama hI abhipreta hai| vaise jaina-paramparA meM bhI saMvara ko kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke nirodha ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki saMvara ke pA~ca aMgoM meM ayoga (akriyA) bhI eka hai| yadi isa paramparAgata artha ko mAnya karate hue bhI thor3A para uTha-. kara dekheM to saMvara kA vAstavika artha saMyama hI hotA hai| jaina-paramparA meM saMvara ke rUpa meM jisa jIvana-praNAlI kA vidhAna hai vaha saMyamI jIvana kI pratIka hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke pA~ca bhedoM kA vidhAna pA~coM indriyoM ke saMyama ke rUpa meM 1. tattvArthasUtra, 9 / 1. 2. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR0 80.

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388 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to saMvara ke sthAna para saMyama ko hI Asravanirodha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| vastutaH saMvara kA artha hai anaitika yA pApakArI pravRttiyoM se apane ko bacAnA aura saMvara zabda isa artha meM saMyama kA paryAya hI siddha hotA hai| bauddha-parampapA meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga saMyama ke artha meM hI huA hai / dhammapada Adi meM prayukta saMvara zabda kA artha saMyama hI kiyA gayA hai / 3. savara zabda kA yaha artha karane meM jahA~ eka ora hama tulanAtmaka vivecana ko sulabha banA sakeMge vahIM dUsarI ora jaina-paramparA ke mUla Azaya se bhI dUra nahIM jaayeNge| lekina saMvara kA yaha niSedhaka artha hI saba-kucha nahIM hai, varan usakA eka vidhAyaka pakSa bhI hai| zubha adhyavasAya bhI saMvara ke artha meM svIkAra kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki azubha kI nivRtti ke liye zubha kA aMgIkAra prAthamika sthiti meM Avazyaka hai / vRtti-zUnyatA ke abhyAsI ke lie bhI prathama zubha-vRttiyoM ko aMgIkAra karanA hotA hai| kyoMki citta kA zubhavRtti se paripUrNa hone para azubha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM rhtaa| azubha ko haTAne ke lie zubha Avazyaka hai| saMvara kA artha zubhavRttiyoM kA abhyAsa bhI hai| yadyapi vahA~ zubha kA mAtra vahI artha nahIM hai jise hama puNyAsrava yA puNyabaMdha ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM / / 2. jaina paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa (a) jaina-darzana meM saMvara ke do bheda haiM.--1. dravya saMvara aura 2. bhAva saMvara / dravyasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai ki karmAsrava ko rokane meM sakSama AtmA kI caittasika sthiti bhAvasaMvara hai, aura dravyAsrava ko rokane vAlA usa cattasika sthiti kA pariNAma dravya saMvara hai|| . (ba) saMvara ke pA~ca aMga yA dvAra batAye gaye haiM--1. samyaktva-yathArtha dRSTikoNa, 2. virati-maryAdita yA saMyamita jIvana, 3. apramattatA-Atma-cetanatA, 4. akaSAyavRtti-krodhAdi manovegoM kA abhAva aura 5. ayoga-akriyA / " . (sa) sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke ATha bheda nirUpita haiM-1. zrotra indriya kA saMyama, 2. cakSu indriya kA saMyama, 3. ghrANa indriya kA saMyama, 4. rasanA indriya kA saMyama, 5. sparza indriya kA saMyama, 6. mana kA saMyama, 7. vacana kA saMyama, 8. zarIra kA saMyama / (da) prakArAntara se jainAgamoM meM saMvara ke sattAvana bheda bhI pratipAdita haiM, jinameM pA~ca samitiyA~, tIna guptiyA~, dasavidha yati-dharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~ (bhAva1. sthAnAMga, 5 / 2 / 427. 2. uttarAdhyayana, 29 / 26. 3. dhammapada, 360-363. 4. dravyasaMgraha, 34. 5. samavAyAMga, 5 / 5. 6. sthAnAMga, 813.598.

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bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA ) nAe~) bAIsa parISaha aura pA~ca sAmAyika cAritra sammilita haiM / ye sabhI karmAsrava kA nirodha kara AtmA ko bandhana se bacAte haiM, ataH saMvara kahe jAte haiM / ina sabakA vizeSa sambandha saMnyAsa yA zramaNa jIvana se hai / uparyukta AdhAroM para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki saMvara kA tAtparya aisI maryA -- dita jIvana praNAlI hai jisameM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ( kriyAoM kA sampAdana) mana, vANI aura zarIra kI ayogya pravRttiyoM kA saMyamana, sadguNoM kA grahaNa, kaSTasahiSNutA aura samatva kI sAdhanA samAviSTa hai / jaina darzana meM saMvara ke sAdhaka se yahI apekSA kI gaI hai ki usakA pratyeka AcaraNa saMyata evaM vivekapUrNa ho, cetanA sadaiva jAgRta rahe tAki indriyoM ke viSaya usameM rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ paidA na kara. skeN| jaba indriyA~ aura mana apane viSayoM ke samparka meM Ate haiM to AtmA meM vikAra yA vAsanA utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA khar3I hotI hai, ataH sAdhanA -mArga ke pathika ko sadaiva jAgRta rahate hue viSaya - sevana rUpa chidroM se Ane vAle karmAsrava yA vikAra se apanI rakSA karanI hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kachuA jisa prakAra apane aMgoM ko sameTakara khatare se bAhara ho jAtA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka bhI adhyAtma yoga ke dvArA antarmukha hokara apane ko pApa vRttiyoM se surakSita rakhe / mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriya-vyApAroM kA saMyamana hI naitika jIvana kI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| sacce sAdhaka kI vyAkhyA karate hue dazavaikA likasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sUtra tathA usake rahasya ko jAnakara hAtha, paira, vANI, tathA indriyoM kA yathArtha saMyama rakhatA hai ( arthAt sanmArga meM vivekapUrvaka prayatnazIla rahatA hai ), adhyAtmarasa meM hI jo masta rahatA hai aura apanI AtmA ko samAdhi meM lagAtA hai, vahI saccA sAdhaka hai / 389. 3. bauddha darzana meM saMvara tripiTaka sAhitya meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga bahuta huA hai, lekina kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika pravRtiyoM ke saMyamana ke artha meM hI / bhagavAn buddha saMyuttanikAya ke saMvaramutta meM asaMvara aura saMvara kaise hotA hai isake viSaya meM kahate haiMbhikSuo ! saMvara aura asaMvara kA upadeza karU~gA / use suno| bhikSuo kaise asaMvara hotA hai ? bhikSuo ! cakSuvijJeya rUpa, zrotravijJeya zabda, ghrANavijJeya gandha, jihvAvijJeya rasa, kAyAvijJeya sparza, manovijJeya dharma, abhISTa, sundara, lubhAvane, pyAre, kAmayukta, rAga meM DAlanevAle hote haiM / yadi koI bhikSu usakA abhinandana kareM, usakI bar3AI, 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 11816. 2. dazavaMkAlikaM, 10/15.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kare aura usameM salaMgna ho jAya, to use samajhanA cAhie ki maiM kuzala dharmoM se gira rahA huuN| ise parihAna kahA hai| bhikSuo ! aise hI asaMvara hotA hai / bhikSuo ! saMvara kaise hotA hai ? bhikSuo ! cakSuvijJeya rUpa, zrotravijJeya zabda, ghrANavijJeya gandha, jihvA vizeSa rasa, kAyAvijJeya sparza, manovijJeya dharma, abhISTa, sundara, lubhAvane, pyAre, kAmayukta, rAga meM DAlane vAle hote haiN| yadi koI bhikSu unakA abhinandana na kare, unakI bar3AI na kare, aura unameM saMlagna na ho, to use samajhanA cAhie ki maiM kuzala dharmoM se nahIM gira rahA hU~ / ise aparihAna kahA hai| bhikSuo ! aise hI saMvara hotA hai|' . dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuo! A~kha kA saMvara uttama hai, zrotra kA saMvara uttama hai, bhikSuo ! nAsikA kA saMvara uttama hai aura uttama hai jihvA kA saMvara / mana, vANI aura zarIra sabhI kA saMvara uttama hai| jo bhikSu pUrNatayA saMvRta hai, vaha samagra duHkhoM se zIghra hI chUTa jAtA hai / "2 isa prakAra bauddha-darzana meM saMvara kA tattva svIkRta rahA hai| indriyanigraha aura mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke saMyama ko donoM paramparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| donoM hI saMvara (saMyama) ko navIna karma-saMtati se bacane kA upAya tathA nirvANa-mArga kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra karate haiN| dazavakAlikasUtra ke samAna buddha bhI sacce. sAdhaka ko susamAhita (susaMvRta) rUpa meM dekhanA cAhate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki "bhikSu vastutaH vaha kahalAtA hai, jo hAtha aura paira kA saMyama karatA hai, jo vANI kA saMyama karatA hai, jo uttama rUpa se saMyata hai, jo adhyAtma meM sthita hai, jo samAdhiyukta hai aura santuSTa hai / ''3 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___ gItA meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, phira bhI mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriyoM ke saMyama kA vicAra to usameM hai hii| sUtrakRtAMga ke samAna kachue kA udAharaNa dete hue gItAkAra bhI kahatA hai ki "kachuA apane aMgoM ko jaise sameTa letA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka jaba saba ora se apanI indriyoM ko indriyoM ke viSayoM se sameTa letA hai, taba usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai|'4 1. saMyutta nikAya, 34 / 2 / 5 / 5. 3. vahI, 362. tulanIya dazavakAlika 10 / 15 2. dhammapada, 360-361. 4. gItA, 2058.

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391: bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMbara aura nirjarA) " he arjuna ! yatna karate hue buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI yaha pramathana -svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra se hara letI haiM / jaise jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letA hai, vaise hI viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM ke bIca meM jisa indriya ke sAtha mana rahatA hai, vaha eka hI indriya isa ayukta puruSa kI buddhi kA haraNa kara letI hai / he mahAbAho ! jisa puruSa kI indriyA~ saba prakAra ke indriyoM-viSayoM se vaza meM hotI haiM usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai / isalie manuSya ko cAhie ki una sampUrNa indriyoM ko vaza meM karake samAhitacitta huA mere parAyaNa sthita hoye / " " isa prakAra gItA kA jora bhI saMyama para hai / 5. saMyama aura naitikatA vastutaH jaina aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana saMyama ke pratyaya ko mukti ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiM / jaina- vicAraNA meM dharma (naitikatA) ke tIna pramukha aMga mAne gaye haiM--1. ahiMsA 2. saMyama aura 3. tapa / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa dharma sarvotkRSTa maMgala hai" / 2 saMyama kA artha hai maryAdita yA niyamapUrvaka jIvana aura naitikatA kA bhI yahI artha hai / naitikatA ko maryAdita yA niyamapUrvaka jIvana se bhinna nahIM dekhA jA sakatA / kinhIM vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA ho sakatI hai ki vyakti ko jIvana-yAtrA ke saMcAlana meM kinhIM maryAdAoM evaM AcAra niyamoM meM bA~dhanA ucita nahIM hai / tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki maryAdAoM ke dvArA vyakti ke jIvana kI svAbhAvikatA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura maryAdAe~ yA niyama kabhI bhI paramasAdhya nahIM ho sakate / ve to svayaM eka prakAra kA baMdhana haiM / lakSya kI prApti meM maryAdAe~ vyartha haiM / lekina yaha mAnyatA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai / prakRti kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa karane para jJAta hotA hai ki prakRti (sampUrNa jagata ) niyamoM se Abaddha hai / pAzcAtya dArzanika spinojA kA kathana hai ki saMsAra meM jo kucha ho rahA hai, niyamabaddha ho rahA hai / isase bhinna kucha ho hI nahIM sakatA, jo kucha hotA hai prAkRtika niyama ke adhIna hotA hai / 3 prakRti svayaM una tathyoM ko vyakta kara rahI hai jo isa dhAraNA ko puSTa karate haiM ki vikAramukta avasthA kI prApti evaM Atma - vikAsa ke lie bhI maryAdAe~ Avazyaka haiN| cetana aura acetana donoM prakAra kI sRSTi kI apanIapanI maryAdAe~ haiM / sampUrNa jagat niyamoM se zAsita hai / jisa samaya jagat meM niyamoM kA astitva samApta hogA, usI samaya jagat kA astitva bhI samApta ho jAyegA / 1 2. dazavaikAlika, 111. 1. gItA, 2060, 267, 268, 2 / 61. 3. pazcimI darzana ( dIvAnacanda), pR0 121. .

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392 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nadI kA astitva taToM kI maryAdA meM hai| yadi nadI apanI sImArekhA (taTa) ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai to kyA usakA astitva raha sakatA hai ? kyA vaha apane lakSya jalanidhi (samudra) ko prApta kara sakatI hai, kiMvA jana-kalyANa meM upayogI ho sakatI hai ? prakRti yadi apane niyamoM meM Abaddha na rahe, vaha maryAdA tor3a de to vartamAna vizva kyA apanA astitva banAye rakha sakatA hai ? prakRti kA astitva svayaM unake niyamoM para hai / DA. rAdhAkRSNan kahate haiM, "prakRti kA mArga logoM ke mana meM chAI bhAvanA aura saMskAra dvArA nahIM, varan zAzvata niyamoM dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai, vizva pUrNa rUpa se niyamabaddha hai|'' pazu jagat ke apane niyama aura apanI maryAdAe~ haiM, jinake AdhAra para ve apanI jIvana-yAtrA sampanna karate haiN| unakA AhAra-vihAra sabhI niyamabaddha hai| ve nizcita samaya para bhojana kI khoja ko jAte evaM vApasa lauTa Ate haiN| unake jIvana-kAryoM meM eka vyavasthA hotI hai| lekina uparyukta sabhI tathyoM ke prati Apatti yaha kI jA sakatI hai ki ye sabhI niyama svabhAvika yA prAkRtika haiM jaba ki mAnavIya naitika niyama kRtrima yA nirmita hote haiN| ataeva unakI mahattA prAkRtika niyamoM kI mahattA ke AdhAra para siddha nahIM kI jA sktii| ___ aba hama yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kareMge ki manuSya ke lie nirmita naitika niyama kyoM Avazyaka haiM / isa hetu hameM sarvaprathama yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hogA ki sAmAnya prANI varga aura manuSya meM kyA antara hai, jisake AdhAra para use naitika maryAdAe~ (nirmita niyama) pAlana karane ko kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki prANI-varga meM manuSya hI aisA prANI hai jisameM cintana kI sarvAdhika kSamatA hai| usakA yaha jJAnaguNa yA vivekakSamatA hI use pazuoM se pRthak kara ucca sthAna pradAna karatI hai| naitika niyama mAnava-jAti ke sahasroM varSoM ke cintana aura manana kA pariNAma haiM / unake mAnane se inakAra karane kA artha hogA ki manuSya-jAti ko usakI jJAna-kSamatA se vilaga kara pazu-jAti kI zreNI meM milA denA / svAbhAvika niyama to pazuoM meM bhI hote haiN| unakA AcAra-vyavahAra unhIM niyamoM se zAsita hotA hai| ve AhAra kI mAtrA, rakSA ke upAya Adi kA nizcaya ina svAbhAvika niyamoM ke sahAre karate haiN| lekina manuSya kI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki vaha svacintana ke AdhAra para apane hitA hita kA dhyAna rakha kara aisI maryAdAe~ nizcita kare jisase vaha paramasAdhya ko prApta kara sake / kAMTa ne kahA hai ki "anya padArtha niyama ke adhIna calate haiN| manuSya niyama ke pratyaya ke AdhIna 1. hinduoM kA jIvana-darzana, pR0 68.

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 393 bhI cala sakatA hai anya zabdoM meM usake lie Adarza banAnA aura una para calanA saMbhava hai| __ manuSya apane ko pUrNa rUpa se prakRti para Azrita nahIM chodd'taa| vaha prakRti ke AdezoM kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana nahIM krtaa| mAnava-jAti kA itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki manuSya ne prakRti se zAsita hone kI apekSA usa para zAsana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| phira AcAra ke kSetra meM yaha dAvA kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ko apanI vRttiyoM kI pUrti hetu mAnavoM dvArA nirmita naitika maryAdAoM dvArA zAsita nahIM karake svataMtra paricAraNa karane denA cAhie / manuSya ne jIvana meM kRtrimatA ko adhika sthAna de diyA hai aura isa hetu unake lie adhika nirmita naitika maryAdAoM kI AvazyakatA hai| manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai| yaha manuSya ke sambandha meM dUsarA mudrAlekha hai / yaha vyakta karatA hai ki manuSya ke niyama aise hone cAhie jo use sAmAjika prANI banAye rkheN| yadi vaha itanA nahIM kare, to bhI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM vyAghAta utpanna kare, aisI AcAra vidhi ke nirmANa kA adhikAra use prApta nahIM hai / uparyukta nizcaya ke AdhAra para manuSya kI AcAra-vidhi yA naitika maryAdAe~ do prakAra kI ho sakatI haiM -samAjagata aura Atmagata / pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI aise hI do vibhAga karate haiM--1. upayogitAvAdI siddhAnta, 2. antarAtmaka siddhAnta / lekina nirapekSa rUpa se na to sAmAjagata vidhi hI apanAyI jA sakatI hai aura na Atmagata / donoM kA mahatva sApekSa hai| yaha tathya alaga hai ki kisI paristhiti aura sAdhana kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI eka ko pramukhatA dI jA sakatI hai aura dUsarI gauNa ho sakatI hai, lekina eka kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karake Age nahIM bar3hA jA sktaa| naitika maryAdAoM kA pAlana hama apane svayaM ke lie kareM yA samAja ke lie, lekina unakI anivAryatA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dRSTikoNa cAhe jo ho, donoM meM saMyama kA sthAna samAna hai| asaMyama se jIvana bigar3atA hai, prANI duHkhI hotA hai| 1. khAna-pAna meM saMyama-khAna-pAna meM saMyama atyanta Avazyaka hai| na pacane vAle yA svAsthya ke virodhI tatvoM ke zarIra meM praveza ke kAraNa roga paidA hoNge| rugNa vyakti yadi bhojana kA saMyama na rakhe, to roga bar3hegA aura vaha mRtyu ke mukha meM / pahu~ca jaayegaa| 1. pazcimI darzana (dIvAnacaMdra), pR0 164.

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394 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. bhogoM meM saMyama-viSaya-sukha bar3e madhura lagate haiM, para yadi vyakti isameM saMyama na rakhe to vIrya-nAza se zakti hrAsa yAvat rogotpatti se maraNa taka ho sakatA hai| sundara striyoM ko dekhakara mana lalacA jAtA hai, kintu parAyI striyoM se viSaya-sukha kI icchA karane para samAja-vyavasthA meM vizRkhaMlatA paidA ho jaayegii| mana kI caMcalatA va daur3a meM yadi maryAdAe~ na raheM to abhogya bahana, beTI, kuTumbinI taka se viSaya-sukha kI lAlasA jAgRta ho jAyegI aura isa prakAra sAmAjika maryAdAe~ samApta ho jaayNgii|| 3. vANI kA saMyama---bolane meM saMyama na rahe to kalaha evaM manomAlinya bar3hatA hai| cAhe jaisA, jo bhI mana meM AyA, use bolane kA pariNAma bar3A dAruNa hotA hai| vacana ke asaMyama se choTI-sI bAta bhI vivAda kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| adhika jhagar3e isI kAraNa paidA hote haiN| mahAbhArata kA mahAyuddha vANI ke asaMyama kA hI pariNAma thA / hama dekhate haiM ki vAdya-yaMtroM ke vAdana meM, moTara Adi vAhanoM ke calAne meM hAtha kA saMyama jarUrI hotA hai| thor3A-sA hAtha kA saMyama khatma ki moTara kahIM se kahIM jA giregI / tAla va vAdya para niyaMtraNa na rahA to saMgIta kA sArA majA kirakirA ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki saMyama ke binA jIvana cala nahIM sakatA, siddhi prApta nahIM ho sktii| saMyama rUpI breka hara kAma meM Avazyaka hai| jIvana kI yAtrA meM saMyama rUpI breka na ho to mahAn anartha ho sakatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI saMyama ke abhAva meM sukhada jIvana kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAmAjika jIvana meM saMyama ke binA praveza karanA saMbhava nhiiN| vyakti jaba taka apane hitoM ko maryAdita nahIM kara sakatA aura apanI AkAMkSAoM ko samAja-hita meM balidAna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha sAmAjika jIvana ke ayogya hai| samAja meM zAMti aura samRddhi isI AdhAra para saMbhava hai, jaba usake sadasya apane hitoM kA niyaMtraNa karanA jAneM / sAmAjika jIvana meM hameM hitoM kI prApti ke lie eka sImArekhA nizcita karanI hotI hai| hama apane hita-sAdhana kI sImA vahIM taka bar3hA sakate haiM, jahA~ taka dUsare ke hita kI sImA prArambha hotI hai| samAja meM vyakti apanA svArtha-sAdhana vahIM taka kara sakatA hai jahA~ taka usase dUsare kA ahita na ho| isa sAmAjika jIvana ke Avazyaka tattva haiM-1. anuzAsana, 2. sahayoga kI bhAvanA aura 3. apane hitoM kA balidAna karane kI kssmtaa| kyA ina sabakA AdhAra saMyama nahIM hai ? saccAI yaha hai ki saMyama ke binA sAmAjika jIvana kI kalpanA hI saMbhava nhiiN|

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 395 saMyama aura mAnava-jIvana aise ghule-mile tathya haiM ki unase pare suvyavasthita jIvana kI kalpanA saMbhava nahIM dikhAI detii| saMyama kA dUsarA rUpa hI maryAdita jIvana-vyavasthA hai| manuSya ke lie amaryAdita jIvana-vyavasthA saMbhava nahIM hai| hama sabhI ora se maryAdAoM se Abaddha haiN| prAkRtika maryAdAe~, vyaktigata maryAdAe~, pArivArika maryAdAe~, sAmAjika-maryAdAe~, rASTrIya maryAdAe~, aura antarrASTrIya maryAdAe~ sabhI se manuSya baMdhA huA hai aura yadi vaha ina sabako svIkAra na kare to vaha usa dazA meM pazu se bhI hIna hogaa| . isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki maryAdAoM kA pAlana anivArya hai| sabhI maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA saMyama nahIM hai lekina yadi maryAdAoM kA pAlana svecchA se kiyA jAtA hai to unake pIche avyakta rUpa meM saMyama kA bhAva nihita rahatA hai| sAmAnyatayA ve hI maryAdAe~ saMyama kahalAtI haiM jinake dvArA vyakti AtmavikAsa aura paramasAdhya kI prApti karatA hai| 6. nirjarA - AtmA ke sAtha karma-pudgaloM kA sambaddha honA baMdha hai aura AtmA se karmavargaNAoM kA alaga honA nirjarA hai| navIna Ane vAle karma-pudgaloM ko rokanA (saMvara) hai, parantu mAtra saMvara se nirvANa kI prApti saMbhava nhiiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki kisI bar3e tAlAba ke jala srotoM (pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAroM) ko banda kara diyA jAe aura usake andara rahe hue jala ko ulIcA jAya aura tApa se sukhAyA jAe to vaha vistIrNa tAlAba bhI sUkha jaaegaa|" isa rUpaka meM AtmA hI sarovara hai, karma pAnI hai, karma kA Asrava hI pAnI kA Agamana hai| usa pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAroM ko niruddha kara denA saMvara hai aura pAnI kA ulIcanA aura sukhAnA nirjarA hai / yaha rUpaka yaha batAtA hai ki "saMvara se naye karma rUpI jala kA Agamana (Asrava) to ruka jAtA hai, lekina pUrva meM baMdhe hue, sattArUpa karmoM kA jala jo AtmArUpI tAlAba meM zeSa hai, use sukhAnA hI nirjarA hai|' . dravya aura bhAva rUpa nirjarA-nirjarA zabda kA artha hai jarjarita kara denA, jhAr3a denA arthAt Atma-tattva se karma-pudgaloM kA alaga ho jAnA athavA alaga kara denA nirjarA hai| yaha nirjarA do prakAra kI hai| AtmA kA vaha caittasika avasthA rUpa hetu jisake dvArA karma-pudgala apanA phala dekara alaga ho jAte haiM, bhAva-nirjarA kahA jAtA hai| bhAva-nirjarA AtmA kI vaha vizuddha avasthA hai jisake kAraNa karmaparamANu AtmA se alaga ho jAte haiN| yahI karma-paramANuoM kA AtmA se pRthakkaraNa dravya nirjarA hai| bhAva-nirjarA kAraNa rUpa hai aura dravya-nirjarA kArya rUpa hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana 30 / 5-9. 24

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396 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sakAma aura akAma nirjarA-nirjarA ke ye do prakAra bhI mAne gaye haiM 1. karma jitanI kAla-maryAdA ke sAtha ba~dhA hai, usake samApta ho jAne para apanA vipAka (phala) dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai, yaha yathAkAla-nirjarA hai| ise savipAka, akAma aura anaupakramika nirjarA bhI kahate haiN| ise savipAka nirjarA isalie kahate haiM ki isameM karma apanA vipAka dekara alaga hotA hai arthAt isameM phalodaya (vipAkodaya) hotA hai| ise akAma nirjarA isa AdhAra para kahA gayA hai ki isameM karma ke alaga karane meM vyakti ke saMkalpa kA tattva nahIM hotaa| upakrama zabda prayAsa ke artha meM AtA hai, isameM vaiyaktika prayAsa kA abhAva hotA hai, ataH ise anaupakramika bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka prakAra se vipAka-avadhi ke Ane para apanA phala dekara svAbhAvika rUpa meM karma kA alaga ho jAnA hai / 2. tapasyA ke mAdhyama se karmoM ko unake phala dene ke samaya ke pUrva arthAt unakI kAlasthiti paripakva hone ke pahile hI pradezodaya ke dvArA bhogakara balAt alaga kara diyA jAtA hai, to yaha nirjarA sakAma nirjarA kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki nirjarita hone meM samaya kA tattva apanI sthiti ko pUrI nahIM karatA hai| ise avipAka nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM vipAkodaya yA phalodaya nahIM hotA hai, mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai| vipAkodaya aura pradezodaya ke antara ko eka udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaba klorophArma suMghAkara kisI vyakti kI cIra-phAr3a kI jAtI hai to usameM use asAtAvedanIya (duHkhAnubhUti) nAmaka karma kA pradezodaya hotA hai, lekina vipAkodaya nahIM hotA hai| usameM duHkhada vedanA ke tathya to upasthita hote haiM, lekina duHkhada vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hai| isI prakAra pradezodaya karma ke phala kA tathya to upasthita ho jAtA hai, lekina usakI phalAnubhUti nahIM hotI hai| ataH vaha avipAkA nirjarA kahI jAtI hai| ise sakAma nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM karma-paramANuoM ko AtmA se alaga karane kA saMkalpa hotA hai / yaha aupakramika nirjarA bhI kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki isameM upakrama yA prayAsa hotA hai| prayAsapUrvaka, taiyArIsahita, karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga kiyA jAtA hai| yaha karmoM ko nirjarita (kSaya) karane kA kRtrima prakAra hai| anaupakramika yA savipAka-nirjarA anicchApUrvaka, azAnta evaM vyAkula cittavRtti se, pUrvasaMcita karma ke pratiphaloM kA sahana karanA hai jaba ki avipAka nirjarA icchApUrvaka samabhAvoM se jIvana meM AI huI paristhitiyoM kA mukAbalA karanA hai| 67. jaina sAdhanA meM aupakramika nirjarA kA sthAna jaina-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se nirjarA kA pahalA prakAra jise savipAka yA anaupa

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) Rmika nirjarA kahate haiM, adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai / yaha pahalA prakAra sAdhanA ke kSetra meM hI nahIM AtA hai kyoMki karmoM ke bandha aura nirjarA kA yaha krama to satata calA A rahA hai / hama pratikSaNa purAne karmoM kI nirjarA karate rahate haiM, lekina jaba taka navIna karmoM kA sRjana samApta nahIM hotA, aisI nirjarA se sApekSa rUpa meM koI lAbha nahIM hotA / jaise koI vyakti purAne RNa kA bhugatAna to karatA rahe lekina navIna RNa bhI letA rahe to vaha RNa-mukta nahIM ho paataa| jaina-darzana ke anusAra AtmA savipAka nirjarA to anAdikAla se karatA A rahA hai, lekina nirvANa kA lAbha prApta nahIM kara skaa| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM "yaha cetana AtmA karma ke vipAkakAla me sukhada aura duHkhada phaloM kI anubhUti karate hue punaH duHkha ke bIja rUpa ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA bandha kara letA hai / kyoMki karma jaba apanA vipAka phala dete haiM, to kisI nimitta se dete haiM aura ajJAnI AtmA zubha nimitta para rAga aura azubha nimitta para dveSa karake navIna bandha kara letA hai|' ataH sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke lie pahale yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki vaha prathama jJAna-yukta ho karmAsrava kA nirodha kara apane Apako saMvRta kre| saMvara ke abhAva meM nirjarA kA koI mUlya nahIM, vaha to anAdikAla se hotI A rahI hai, kintu bhava-paramparA ko samApta karane meM sahAyaka nahIM huii| dUsare, yadi AtmA saMvara kA AcaraNa karatA huA bhI isa yathAkAla honevAlI nirjarA kI pratIkSA meM baiThA rahe to bhI vaha zAyada hI mukta ho sakegA, kyoMki jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra prANI kA karma-bandha itanA adhika hotA hai ki vaha aneka janmoM meM bhI zAyada isa karma-bandha se svAbhAvika nirjarA ke mAdhyama se mukta ho sake / lekina itanI lambI samayAvadhi meM saMvara se skhalita hokara navIna karmoM ke bandha kI sambhAvanA bhI to rahatI hai| ataH sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke liye jo mArga batAyA gayA hai, vaha hai, aupakramika yA avipAka nirjarA kaa| mahattva isI tapajanya aupakramika nirjarA kA hai / RSibhASita sUtra meM-RSi kahatA hai ki "saMsArI AtmA pratikSaNa naye karmoM kA bandha aura purAne karmoM kI nirjarA kara rahA hai, lekina tapa se hone vAlI nirjarA hI vizeSa (mahattvapUrNa) hai / "2 muni suzIlakumAra jI likhate haiM ki "bandha aura nirjarA kA pravAha avirAma gati se bar3ha rahA hai, kintu (jo) sAdhaka saMvara dvArA navIna Asrava ko niruddhakara tapasyA dvArA purAtana karmoM ko kSINa karatA calatA hai, vaha anta meM pUrNa rUpa se niSkarma bana jAtA hai / 3 1. samayasAra, 389. 2. isibhAsiyam, 9 / 10. 3. jainadharma, pR0 87. .

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398 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana .. isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAradarzana aupakramika yA avipAka nirjarA para bala detA hai| jaina-tattvajJAna aupakramika nirjarA kI dhAraNA ke dvArA yaha svIkAra karake calatA hai ki karmoM ko unake vipAka ke pUrva hI samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha anivArya nahIM hai ki hameM apane pUrvakRta sabhI karmoM kA phala bhoganA hI pdd'e| jainadarzana kahatA hai ki vyakti tapasyA se apane andara vaha sAmarthya utpanna kara letA hai ki jisase vaha apane koTi-koTi janmoM ke saMcita karmoM ko kSaNamAtra meM binA phala bhoge hI samApta kara detA hai| sAdhaka ke dvArA alipta bhAva se kiyA huA tapazcaraNa usake karma-saMghAta para aisA prahAra karatA hai ki vaha jarjarita hokara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai| aupakramika nirjarA ke bheda-jainAcAra-darzana meM tapasyA ko pUrva saMcitakarmoM ke naSTa karane kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai|' jaina vicArakoM ne isa aupakramika athavA avipAka nirjarA ke 12 bheda kiye haiM jo ki tapa ke hI 12 bheda haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM-1. anazana yA upavAsa, 2. UnodarI-AhAra ke mAtrA meM kamI, 3. bhikSAcaryA athavA vRtti saMkSepa-maryAdita bhojana, 4. rasaparityAga-svAdajaya, 5. kAyA kleza-AsanAdi, 6. pratisaMlInatA-indriya-nirodha, kaSAya-nirodha, kriyA-nirodha tathA ekAMta nivAsa, 7. prAyazcitta-svecchA se daNDa grahaNa kara pApa-zuddhi yA duSkarmoM ke prati pazcAttApa, 8. vinaya-vinamravRtti tathA variSThajanoM ke prati sammAna prakaTa karanA, 9. vaiyAvRtya-sevA, 10. svAdhyAya, 11. dhyAna aura 12. vyutsarga-mamatvatya ga / __ isa prakAra sAdhaka saMvara ke dvArA navIna-karmoM ke Asrava (Agamana) kA nirodha tathA nirjarA dvArA pUrva karmoM kA kSaya kara nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| 8. bauddha prAcAra-darzana aura nirjarA : buddha ne svatantra rUpa se nirjarA ke sambandha meM kucha kahA ho, aisA kahIM dikhAI nahIM diyA, phira bhI aMguttaranikAya meM eka prasaMga hai jahA~ buddha ke antevAsI ziSya Ananda nirgrantha-paramparA meM pracalita nirjarA kA pariSkAra karate hue bauddha-dRSTikoNa upasthita karate haiN| abhaya licchabi Ananda ke sammukha nirjarAsambandhI jana-dRSTikoNa ina zabdoM meM prastuta karate haiM-"bhante ! jJAtR-putra nirgrantha kA kahanA hai ki tapasyA se purAne karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura karmoM ko na karane se naye karmoM kA ghAta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra karma kA kSaya hone se duHkha kA kSaya, duHkha kA kSaya hone se vedanA kA kSaya aura vedanA kA kSaya hone se sAre duHkha kI nirjarA hogii| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 3016. 2. vahI, 3017-8, 30. ..

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399 bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) isa prakAra sAMdaSTika nirjarA-vizuddhi se (duHkha kA) atikramaNa hotA hai| bhante, bhagavAn (buddha) isa viSaya meM kyA kahate haiM" ? ___isa prakAra abhaya dvArA, nirjarA ke tapa-pradhAna nimrantha-dRSTikoNa ko upasthita kara, nirjarA ke sambandha meM bhagavAna buddha kI vicArasaraNi ko jAnane kI jijJAsA prakaTa kI gaI hai| AyuSmAn Ananda isa sambandha meM bhagavAn buddha ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM, "abhaya ! una bhagavAn (buddha) ke dvArA tIna nirjarAvizuddhiyA~ samyak prakAra kahI gayI haiM / he abhaya ! bhikSu sadAcArI hotA hai, prAtimokSa-zikSA-padoM ke niyama kA samyak pAlana karanevAlA hotA hai, isa prakAra vaha zIla-sampanna bhikSu kAma-bhogoM se dUra ho caturtha dhyAna ko prApta kara vihAra karatA hai / isa prakAra vaha zIla-sampanna bhikSu AsravoM kA kSaya kara anAsrava-citta-vimukti, prajJA-vimukti ko isI zarIra meM jAna kara, sAkSAt kara, prApta kara, vihAra karatA hai / vaha nayA karma nahIM karatA aura purAne karmoM (ke phala) ko bhogakara samApta kara detA hai| yaha sAMdRSTika nirjarA hai, akAlikA ( deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se pre)|" isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-paramparA nirjarA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra to kara letI hai, lekina usake tapasyAtmaka pahalU ke sthAna para usake cAritravizuddhayAtmaka tathA citta-vizuddhayAtmaka pahalU para hI adhika jora detI hai / buddha kI / dRSTi meM nirjarA ke liye kaThora tapasyA Avazyaka nahIM hai| Avazyaka hai-sadAcAra ke pAlana evaM samyak dhyAna ke dvArA prApta honevAlI citta-vimukti / buddha nirjarA ke liye unhIM bAtoM para adhika jora dete haiM, jinheM jaina-darzana antaraMga tapa kahatA hai| JE. gItA kA dRSTikoNa : yadyapi gItA meM nirjarA zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai, tathApi jaina-darzana nirjarA zabda kA jisa artha meM prayoga karatA hai, vaha artha gItA meM upalabdha hai| jaina-darzana meM nirjarA zabda kA artha purAtana karmoM ko kSaya karane kI prakriyA hai| gItA meM bhI purAne karmoM ko kSaya karane kI prakriyA kA nirdeza hai / gItA meM jJAna ko pUrva-saMcita karma ko naSTa karane kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki jisa prakAra prajvalita agni IMdhana ko bhasma kara detI hai, usI prakAra jJAnAgni sabhI purAtana karmoM ko naSTa kara detI hai| hameM yahA~ jaina-darzana aura gItA meM spaSTa virodha pratimAsita hotA hai| jaina-vicAraNA tapa para jora detI hai, aura gItA jJAna para / lekina adhika gaharAI para jAne para yaha virodha bahuta mAmUlI raha jAtA hai, kyoMki 1. aMguttaranikAya, 3174.

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400 __ jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jainAcAra-darzana meM tapa kA mAtra zArIrika yA bAhya pakSa hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, varan usakA jJAnAtmaka evaM AMtarika pakSa bhI svIkRta hai| jaina-darzana meM tapa ke vargIkaraNa meM svAdhyAya Adi ko sthAna dekara use jJAnAtmaka svarUpa diyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, uttarAdhyayana evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM ajJAnatapa kI tIvra nindA bhI kI gaI hai|' ataH jaina vicAraka bhI yaha to svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirjarA jJAnAtmaka tapa se hotI hai, ajJAnAtmaka tapa se hI nhiiN| vastutaH nirjarA yA karmakSaya ke nimitta jJAna aura karma (tapa) donoM Avazyaka haiN| yahI nahIM, tapa ke lie jJAna ko prAthamika bhI mAnA gayA hai| nirjarA meM jJAna aura tapa kA kyA sthAva hai, ise jaina muni ratnacandrajI ke nimna padya se samajhA jA sakatA hai bAla (mUrkha) tapasvI sahate haiM jo kaSTa karor3oM varSa mahAna / jitane karma naSTa karate haiM usa tapa se vaha nara ajJAna / / jJAnIjana utane karmoM kA kSaNa bhara meM kara dete haiM nAza / jJAna nija.rA kA kAraNa hai milatA isase mukti. prakAza // agni aura jala jisa prakAra se vastra zuddhi kara dete haiN| usI taraha se jJAna aura tapa karmoM kA kSaya karate haiM / paM0 daulatarAmajI kahate haiM koTi janma tapa tapaiM jJAna bina karma jharai je jJAnI ke dina mAhiM trigupti tai sahaja Tarai te||' isa prakAra jainAcAra-darzana jJAna ko nirjarA kA kAraNa to mAnatA hai, lekina ekAMta kAraNa nahIM maantaa| jainAcAra-darzana kahatA hai mAtra jJAna nirjarA kA kAraNa nahIM hai| yadi gItA ke uparyukta zloka ko AdhAra mAneM to jahA~ gItA kA AcAra-darzana jJAna ko karmakSaya (nirjarA) kA kAraNa mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana jJAna samanvita tapa se karmakSaya (nirjarA) mAnatA hai, lekina jaba gItAkAra jJAna aura yoga (karma) kA samanvaya kara detA hai, to donoM vicAraNAeM eka dUsare ke nikaTa A jAtI haiN| gItA purAtana karmoM se chUTane ke liye bhakti ko bhI sthAna detI hai| gItA ke anusAra yadi bhakta apane ko pUrNatayA nizchala bhAva se bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM samarpita kara detA hai to bhI vaha sabhI purAtana pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| gItA 1. (a) uttarAdhyayana, 9 / 44. 2. bhAvanAzataka, 72-73. (ba) sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 8 / 24. 3. chahaDhAlA, 4 / 5.

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bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 401 meM zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki "tU saba dharmoM kA parityAga kara merI zaraNa meM A, maiM tujhe sabhI purAtana pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, tU cintA mata kr|"' yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to yahA~ jaina-darzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai| jaina-darzana purAtana karmoM se mukti ke lie unakA bhoga athavA tapasyA ke dvArA unakA kSaya yaha do hI mArga dekhatA hai| lekina gItA purAtana karmoM ke kSaya karane ke lie na kevala jJAna evaM bhakti para bala detI hai, varan vaha jaina vicAraNA meM prastuta saMyama aura nirjarA ke anya vividha sAdhanoM-indriya saMyama evaM mana, vANI tathA zarIra kA saMyama, ekAnta sevana, alpa-AhAra, dhyAna, vyutsarga (vairAgya) Adi kI bhI vivecanA karatI hai| kahA gayA hai ki "he arjuna ! vizuddha buddhi se yukta, ekAnta aura zuddha deza kA sevana karanevAlA tathA alpa AhAra karanevAlA, jIte hue mana, vANI aura zarIra vAlA aura dRr3ha vairAgya ko bhalI prakAra prApta puruSa nirantara dhyAna-yoga ke parAyaNa huA, sadaiva vairAgyayukta, antaHkaraNa ko vaza meM karake tathA indriyoM ke zabdAdika viSayoM ko tyAgakara aura rAga-dveSoM ko naSTa karake tathA ahaMkAra, bala, ghamaNDa, kAma, krodha aura saMgraha ko tyAgakara, mamatArahita aura zAnta antaHkaraNa huA, saccidAnandaghana brahma meM ekIbhAva hone ke yogya ho jAtA hai / "2 yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM to gItAkAra ke isa kathana meM saMvara aura nirjarA ke adhikAMza tathya samAviSTa haiM / yahA~ gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| 10. niSkarSa : ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana baMdhana se mukti ke liye do upAyoM para bala dete haiM-navIna baMdha se bacane ke liye saMyama aura purAtana baMdhana se chUTane ke liye tapa, jJAna bhakti yA dhyAna / jahA~ taka saMyama kI bAta hai, tInoM AcAra-darzana use lagabhaga samAna rUpa se svIkAra karate haiN| tInoM ke liye saMyama kA artha kevala indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha na hokara usake pIche rahI huI Asakti kA kSaya bhI hai / jahA~ taka purAtana karmoM se chUTane ke sAdhana kA prazna hai jaina-darzana tapa para, bauddha-darzana dhyAna (citta-nirodha) para tathA gItA jJAna evaM bhakti para adhika bala detI hai| lekina jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jaina-darzana kA tapa jJAna samanvita hai to gItA kA jJAnamArga bhI tapa evaM saMyama se yukta hai| bauddha-darzana kA dhyAna bhI jaina-darzana aura gItA donoM ko hI svIkRta hai| jo bhI 1. gItA, 18166. 2. vahI, 18151-53.

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana antara pratIta hotA hai, vaha zabdoM kA hai, mUlAtmA kA nhiiN| jaina-darzana meM nirjarA ke sAdhana rUpa jisa tapa kA vidhAna hai, usameM jJAna aura dhyAna donoM hI samAhita haiN| tInoM AcAra-darzana sAdhaka se yaha apekSA karate haiM ki vaha saMyama (saMvara) ke dvArA navIna karmoM ke bandhana ko rokakara tathA jJAna, dhyAna aura tapasyA ke dvArA purAtana karmoM kA kSaya kara paramazreya ko prApta kre|

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1. jIvana-lakSya kI zodha meM 2. jIvana kyA hai ? 3 naitikatA kA sAdhya (a) saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa evaM samatva kA saMsthApana 407 / 1. manovRttiyoM kA Antarika saMgharSa / 2. vyakti kI Antarika abhiruciyoM aura bAhya paristhitiyoM kA saMgharSa / 3. bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya honevAlA saMgharSa 407 | ( ba ) Atma- pUrNatA 411 / (sa) Atma-sAkSAtkAra 414 | jaina dRSTikoNa aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra 414 / 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM parama sAdhya jaina darzana meM mukti ke do rUpa 415 / bauddha paramparA meM do prakAra kA nirvANa 415 / vaidika paramparA meM do prakAra kI mukti 416 / 5. jaina darzana meM vItarAga kA jIvanAdarza bauddha darzana meM arhat kA jIvanAdarza gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jIvanAdarza 7. 8. zAMkara vedAnta meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNa 9. jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa 14 naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) (a) bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 420 | (ba) abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 422 / ( sa ) anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa 422 / 10. bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa 1. vaibhASika sampradAya 423 / 2. sautrAntika sampradAya 324 / vijJAnavAda ( yogAcAra ) 425 / 4. zUnyavAda 426 / nirvANa bhAvAtmaka tathya 427 / nirvANa abhAvAtmaka tathya 427 / nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA 428 / 11. gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa niSkarSa 431 / 12. sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA patha kA pArasparika sambandha sAdhya aura sAdhaka ja ka- jaina dRSTikoNa 431 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 433 | sAdhanA patha aura sAdhya 433 / - 403 - 405 405 407 415 416 417 418 419 420 423 430 431

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14 naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) $ 1. jIvana-lakSya kI zodha meM prANIya vyavahAra lakSyAtmaka hotA hai, lekina lakSya kA cayana evaM nirdhAraNa eka jaTila prakriyA hai / lakSya ke nirdhAraNa meM mAtra preraNA hI kAma nahIM karatI, varan usameM buddhi kA bhI yogadAna rahatA hai| bauddhika viveka isa bAta kA bhI vicAra karatA hai ki kaunasA Adarza usake lie zreyaskara hai / jIvana-vyavahAra ke zreyaskara Adarza kA nirdhAraNa nItizAstra karatA hai / kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki zreya (parama kalyANa)-aura preya (vAsanApUrti) ke mArga bhinna-bhinna haiN| donoM manuSya ko do bhinna-bhinna dizAoM meM prerita karate haiM / usameM jo zreya kA varaNa karatA hai vaha zubha kA anusaraNa karatA hai aura jo preya kA varaNa karatA hai vaha patana kI ora jAtA hai / preya bhaura zreya donoM hI sAthasAtha manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiM / vivekavAn manuSya donoM kA samyak vicAra kara preya (bhoga-mArga) ke sthAna para zreya (kalyANa-mArga) kA varaNa karatA hai, jabaki mUrkha bhautika sukhoM ke pIche preya (bhoga- mArga) kA varaNa karatA hai|' janma pA lenA hI paryApta nahIM hai| vaha to jIvana kA Arambha-bindu hai, bhUmikA hai, usameM sambhAvanAe~ to haiM, lekina pUrNatA nhiiN| vahA~ se pUrNatA kI dizA meM vAstavika vikAsa prArambha hotA hai, lekina use gaMtavya mAnakara ruka jAnA vikAsa kI samasta sambhAvanAoM ko naSTa kara denA hai| jise hama jInA kahate haiM, vaha to nitya mRtyu kI ora prayANa hai| jaba taka hameM jIvana kI samyaka dizA yA jIvana kA lakSya jJAta nahIM hotA, taba taka jIne kA koI artha nhiiN| $ 2. jIvana kyA hai ? vastutaH jIvana kA lakSya yA paramasAdhya kyA hai, isake lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki jIvana kyA hai ? kyoMki jIvana kA lakSya jIvana se haTakara nahIM ho sktaa| jIvana ke sambandha meM do dRSTiyA~ haiM / eka jaivika dRSTi aura dUsarI AdhyAtmika dRSTi / jaivika dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki jIvana eka aisI prakriyA hai jo sadaiva hI pariveza ke prati kriyAzIla hai / 2 jIvana kI yaha kriyAzIlatA mAtra santulana banAye rakhane kA prayAsa hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM "jIvana gatizIla santulana hai|" spensara ke anusAra "pariveza meM nihita tathya jIvana ke santulana ko bhaMga karate rahate haiM 1. kaThopaniSad, 1 / 2 / 1-2 2. AuTalAinsa oNpha jUlAjI, pR0 21 3. jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi', pR0 259

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406 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura jIvana apanI kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA punaH isa santulana ko banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| yaha santulana banAne kA prayAsa hI jIvana kI prakriyA hai / " vikAsavAdiyoM ne ise hI 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa' kahA hai / vastutaH use 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa' kI apekSA 'samatva ke saMsthApana kA prayAsa' kahanA adhika ucita hai| "samatva kA saMsthApana, santulana evaM samAyojana kI prakriyA hI jIvana kA mahattvapUrNa lakSaNa hai / " jahA~ bhI jIvana hai, yaha prakriyA avirAma gati se cala rahI hai / jIvana kA artha hai samAyojana yA santulana kA prayAsa / dUsare zabdoM meM samAyojana aura santulana ke prayAsoM kI upasthiti hI jIvana hai, unakA abhAva hI jIvana kA abhAva hai, mRtyu hai / mRtyu aura kucha nahIM, mAtra santulana banAne kI prakriyA kA asaphala hokara TUTa jAnA hai| isa prakara jaivika dRSTi se jIvana santulana-zakti hai, samatva ke saMsthApana kI prakriyA hai / adhyAtmazAstra ke anusAra jIvana na to janma hai, na mRtyu / eka usakA prArambha bindu hai, dUsarA usake abhAva kI udghoSaNA karane vaalaa| jIvana ina donoM se Upara hai| janma aura mRtyu to eka zarIra meM usake Agamana aura cale jAne kI sUcanAe~ bhara haiM, vaha inase aprabhAvita hai| jIvana to jAgRti hai, cetanA hai / vaiyaktika dRSTi se ise hI jIva kahate haiM aura yahI AtmA hai / yadi uparyukta donoM hI dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para jIvana kI eka samucita paribhASA dene kA prayAsa kiyA jAya to kaha sakate haiM ki jIvana cetana tattvakI santulana-zakti hai| cetanA jIvana hai aura jIvana kA kArya hai samatva kA saMsthApana / ataH siddha yaha huA ki samatva kA saMsthApana cetanA kA kArya hai / dUsare zabdoM meM samatva meM sthita rahanA hI cetanA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai, jo cetanA kA Adarza aura jIvana ko prakriyA kA carama lakSya ho sakatA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se cetana-jIvana kA vizleSaNa karane para hameM usake tIna pakSa jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa milate haiN| cetanA ko ina tIna pakSoM se bhinna kahIM dekhA nahIM jA sktaa| cetanA ina tIna prakriyAoM ke rUpa meM hI abhivyakta hotI hai| cetana jIvana kA prayAsa jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa kI kSamatAoM ke vikAsa ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai / saMkSepa meM jIvana-prakriyA samatva ke saMsthApana kA prayatna karate hue cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM kA pUrNatA kI dizA meM vikAsa kA prayAsa hai / isa prakAra jIvana-prakriyA ko jAna lene para yaha vicAra Avazyaka hai ki hamAre naitika jIvana kA sAdhya kyA ho sakatA hai ? 1. pharsTa prinsapalsaH spensara, pR0 66 2. Idealistic view of life, pR0 197 3. phAiva TAipsa Apha ethikala thyorIz2a, pR0 16

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407 naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) $3. naitikatA kA sAdhya (a) saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa evaM samatva kA saMsthApana hamAre naitika AcaraNa kA lakSya kyA hai ? naitika AcaraNa ke dvArA hama kyA pAnA cAhate haiM ? ye prazna naitika jIvana ke sAdhya kA spaSTIkaraNa cAhate haiN| AcaraNa ke vikAsa-krama kA itihAsa batAtA hai ki pratyeka yuga kI naitika avadhAraNAe~ una paristhitiyoM meM vyakti ke vyavahAra kA eka aisA samAdhAna prastuta karane kA prayAsa thIM, jisake dvArA vyakti ke apane vAsanAtmaka aura bauddhika pakSa ke madhya honevAlA antardvandva samApta hokara jIvana meM saMtulana ho, vyakti aura samAja ke madhya pArasparika sambandhoM meM ucita samAyojana ho aura samAja athavA rASTroM ke madhya eka aisI vyavasthA kA nirmANa ho, jisake dvArA eka sAMgasaMtulana se yukta jIvana-praNAlI kA nirmANa ho ske| moTe taura para naitikatA ke vikAsa kA itihAsa yahI batAtA hai ki naitikatA kA sambandha hamezA unhIM AdarzoM se rahA hai, jinake dvArA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika sukha evaM zAnti kI upalabdhi ho ske| mAnavIya jIvana-praNAlI meM hama tIna prakAra ke saMgharSa pAte haiM--(1) manovRttiyoM kA Antarika saMgharSa-jo do vAsanAoM ke madhya, vAsanA aura buddhi ke madhya, tathA vAsanA evaM bauddhika AdarzoM ke madhya calatA rahatA hai aura Antarika asantulana ko janma dekara Antarika zAnti bhaMga karatA hai, Adhanika manovijJAna ise 'iDa' aura 'supara igo' kA saMgharSa kahatA hai / (2) vyakti ko Antarika abhiruciyoM aura bAhya paristhitiyoM kA saMgharSa-jo vyakti aura usake bhautika pariveza, vyakti aura vyakti athavA vyakti aura samAja ke madhya calatA rahatA hai aura kusaMyojana ko janma dekara vyakti kI jIvana-praNAlI ko dUSita banAtA hai / (3) bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya honevAlA saMgharSa-jo vividha samAjoM evaM rASTroM ke madhya hote haiM, jisake kAraNa zAnti, surakSA evaM astitva ke lie khatarA utpanna hotA hai| pratyeka yuga meM naitika niyamoM kA kArya ina saMgharSoM ko samApta karane kA rahA hai / ve yaha batAte haiM ki hamArI jIvana-dRSTi kyA ho, jIvana kA AcaraNa kaisA ho, jisase yaha saMgharSa vyakti ko vikhaNDita na kara sake / yadyapi ve kahA~ taka ise samApta kara sake yaha eka dUsarA prazna hai, jo naitika AdezoM ke AcaraNa se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai, unakI mUlyAtmakatA se nhiiN| naitika jIvana kA vyAvahArika lakSya hamezA yahI rahA hai ki usake dvArA jIvana ke asaMtulana, kusaMyojana aura avyavasthA ko samApta kara eka saMtulita, susaMyojita evaM vyavasthita jIvana-praNAlI kA nirmANa kiyA jAye, tAki eka aise vikasita mAnava-samAja kI saMracanA ho sake, jo ina saMgharSoM se mukta ho| vastutaH naitika jIvana kA lakSya eka

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408 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravazanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aise samatva kI saMsthApanA karanA hai, jisase Antarika manovRttiyoM kA saMgharSa, Antarika icchAoM aura unakI pUrti ke bAhya prayAsoM kA saMgharSa aura bAhya samAjagata evaM rASTragata saMgharSa-jo svayaM vyakti ke dvArA prasUta nahIM hote hue bhI use prabhAvita karate haiM. samApta ho jAyeM / vaijJAnikoM ne jIvana kI pravRtti ko saMtulana banAne vAlI pravRtti kahA hai / jIvana kA Adarza saMtulana banAye rakhanA hai / jaba bhI kisI kAraNa se yaha saMtulana TUTatA hai, prANI usa saMtulana ko banAne kI koziza karatA hai / manovijJAna bhI prANI meM nihita isa saMtulana banAne kI abhivRtti ko batAtA hai| jIvana kA Adarza jIvana ke andara hI nihita hai| use bAhara khojanA pravaMcanA hai| jaisAki jaiva-vijJAna evaM manovijJAna batAte haiM, yadi jIvana meM svayaM saMtulana yA samatva banAne kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai, yadi jIvana kA artha ho santulana kA prayAsa hai, to phira hameM jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM isI samatva yA saMtulana banAye rakhane kI pravRtti ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| AcAra-vijJAna yadyapi eka mUlyAtmaka vijJAna hai, phira bhI vaha jIvana ke vAstavikatA ko jhuThalA nahIM sakatA hai| jo svayaM jIvana meM nahIM hai, vaha jIvana ke dvArA pAyA nahIM jA sakatA / ataH vaha jIvana kA Adarza nahIM ho sktaa| aisA Adarza jo Adarza hI rahe, lekina upalabdha nahIM ho sake, eka AdhyAtmika mRgamarIcikA se adhika nahIM hai| cAhe Adarza Adarza banA rahe aura usakI pUrNataH upalabdhi na bhI ho pAye phira bhI kama se kama AMzika rUpa meM to use upalabdha honA hI cAhie / saMgharSa nahIM samatva hI mAnavIya jIvana kA Adarza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yahI hamArA svabhAva hai / jo svabhAva hai, vahI Adarza hai / svabhAva se bhinna Adarza kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| spensara, DAvina evaM mArksa prabhRti kucha vicAraka saMgharSa ko hI jIvana kA svabhAva mAnate haiN| lekina yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai / vijJAna ke anusAra vastu kA svabhAva vaha hotA hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jo nitya aura nira. pavAda hotA hai, vahI svabhAva hotA hai| yadi isa kasauTI para kaseM to saMgharSa jIvana kA svabhAva siddha nahIM hotaa| yadi dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya-svabhAva meM saMgharSa hai aura mAnavIya itihAsa varga-saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai aura saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai, to phira dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA cAhatA hai ? saMgharSa miTAne ke lie hotA hai| jo miTAne kI, nirAkaraNa karane kI vastu hai, use svabhAva kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? saMgharSa yadi mAnava-itihAsa kA eka tathya hai to vaha usake doSoM kA, usake vibhAva kA itihAsa hai, usake svabhAva kA itihAsa nahIM / mAnava-svabhAva saMgharSa nahIM, saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa yA samatva kI avasthA hai| kyoMki yugoM se mAnavIya prayAsa usI ke lie hote Aye haiN| saccA mAnava itihAsa saMgharSa kI kahAnI nahIM, saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kI kahAnI hai /

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) saMgharSa aura samatva ke vicalana jIvana meM hote haiM, lekina ve jIvana kA svabhAva nahIM / kyoMki jIvana kI prakriyA unake miTAne kI dizA meM hI prayAsazIla hai / saMgharSo kA nirAkaraNa karanA hI naitikatA kA sAdhya hai / jisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se saMgharSa samApta ho, jIvana meM samatva aura santulana banA rahe, vahI AcaraNa naitika hai / vahI naitika sAdhya hai / samatva jIvana kA sAdhya hai, vahI naitika zubha hai / samatva zubha hai aura viSamatA azubha hai / kAmanA, Asakti, rAga, dveSa, vitarka Adi sabhI jIvana kI viSamatA, asantulana yA tanAva - avasthA ko abhivyakta karate haiM / ataH ye bhAratIya naitika cintana meM azubha mAne gaye haiM / isake viparIta vAsanAzUnya, vitarkazUnya, niSkAma, anAsakta evaM vItarAgadazA hI naitika-zubha mAnI jA sakatI hai / kyoMki yahI samatva kA sRjana karatI hai / pAzcAtya naitika vicAraka spensara kahate haiM ki jIvana ke nyUna se nyUna stara meM bhI jIvana ko banAye rakhane kI preraNA pradhAna hai / ataH vaha jIvana vyavahAra hI zubha hai jo jIvana ko banAye rakhane meM vAtAvaraNa se samAyojana karatA hai / spensara kI isa dhAraNA meM satya avazya hai, lekina vaha AMzika hI hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAe~ bhI jIvana ke samAyojana meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko dekhatI to haiM, lekina unake anusAra jIvana ke vyavahAra kA samAyojana kisI prayojanahIna andha vikAsa nimitta nahIM hai / vaha eka prayojanapUrNa samAyojana hai, jisake dvArA vyakti satya kI anubhUti karatA hai / gItA ke sthitaprajJa, bauddha darzana ke arhat aura jaina-vicAra ke vItarAga kA jIvana - Adarza eka pUrNa samAyojana kI sthiti hai / yadyapi bhAratIya samAyojana aura pAzcAtya samAyojana kI dhAraNA meM prArambhika rUpa meM nikaTatA hai, lekina phira bhI donoM meM eka maulika antara hai / pAzcAtya paramparA meM yaha samAyojana pramukhataH prANI aura vAtAvaraNa ke madhya hotA hai, jabaki bhAratIya cintana meM yaha samAyojana vyakti ke andara hI hotA hai / yaha eka AdhyAtmika saMtulana hai| saMtulana kA bhaMga aura santulana kI sthiti donoM Antarika tathya haiM / rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI isa santulana bhaMga kA kAraNa haiM aura inase Upara uThakara, anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi hI saccA samAyojana hai / uparyukta bhAratIya vicAraNAe~ yaha to svIkAra karatI haiM ki jIvana ke santulana ko bhaMga karane meM vAtAvaraNa ke tathyoM kA hAtha hotA hai, lekina unake anusAra vAtAvaraNa isa santulana ke bhaMga kA itanA mahattvapUrNa evaM nikaTavartI kAraNa nahIM hai | jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNAoM meM vAtAvaraNa ke Upara vyakti kI sarvoparitA svIkRta hai / vAtAvaraNa ke tathya usI avasthA meM vyakti andara isa vastue~ rAga kA kartA to santulana kA vicalana utpanna kara sakate haiM jaba vyakti svayaM vaisA cAhe / aura dveSa kA nimitta kAraNa ho sakatI haiM, lekina usameM rAga aura dveSa vyakti svayaM hai / jIvana ke saMtulana ko bhaMga karane meM vAtAvaraNa kA udAsIna kAraNa 409

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410 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanI kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana avazya hai, lekina vAstavika kAraNa to vyakti svayaM hI hai| ataH bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM naitika jIvana kA kArya usa AMtarika saMtulana kI sthApanA hai| bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM meM naitika jIvana kA pramukha kArya vAtAvaraNa aura vyakti ke madhya samAyojana banAnA nahIM, varam vyakti ke Antarika jIvana meM, usake mana aura buddhi meM, isa saMtulana ko banAye rakhanA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAlA vyakti kA vyavahAra to usake vicAroM kA, usake mAnasa kA, bAdya prakaTIkaraNa mAtra hai / ataH AvazyakatA to mAnasika saMtulana kI hI hai / / bhAratIya cintana, vizeSakara jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika jIvana eka samAyojana pUrNa, samarUpa evaM saMtulita jIvana hai; jisakA kendra hamAre vyaktitva ke andara hai| yaha Atma-kendrita samatvapUrNa jIvana hI naitika paramasAdhya hai aura naitikatA eka kalA ke rUpa meM hameM vaisA jIvana jInA sikhAtI hai, jaisAki hama dekha cuke haiM / bhAratIya AcAra darzana hameM na kevala yaha batAte haiM ki hamAre jIvana kA Adarza kyA hai, varan yaha bhI batAte hai ki isa Adarza kI upalabdhi kaise ho sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM bhAratoya AcAra-darzanoM ke anusAra jIvana kA zubhatva samatva meM nihita hai / samatvapUrNa jIvana hI Adarza jIvana hai| pUrNa samatva kI yaha avasthA jainadharma meM vItarAgadazA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| gItA isI pUrNa samatva kI sthiti ko sthitaprajJatA kahatI hai, jabaki bauddha darzana meM ise hI arhatAvasthA kahA jAtA hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM jIvana kA Adarza yaha AdhyAtmika samatva hai aura naitika jIvana isa Adarza ko AtmasAt karane kI prakriyA hai| jisa prakAra ke jIvanavyavahAra meM yaha samatva banA raha sakatA hai, vahI vyavahAra naitika hai| naitikatA isa samatva ke saMsthApana kI kalA hai| gItA meM isI kalA ko samatva-yoga kahA gayA hai / jaina-darzana ise sAmAjika sAdhanA ke nAma se abhihita karatA hai aura bauddha-darzana meM use samyak-samAdhi kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana jIvana ke vyavahAra pakSa ko upekSita kara kisI AdhyAtmika yA naitika Adarza kI kalpanA nahIM krte| unakA naitika Adarza vyAvahArika jIvana meM AtmasAt karane kI vastu hai| gItA aura jaina darzana meM jisa mokSa aura bauddha darzana meM jisa nirvANa kI parikalpanA hai, vaha to pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai| vastutaH mokSa yA nirvANa maraNottara sthiti nahIM hai| hama isa samatva kI sAdhanA ke madhuraphala kA rasAsvAdana, isI jIvana meM kara sakate haiN| buddha aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA thA ki naitika sAdhanA kA tAtkAlika phala kyA hai ? kyoMki jo loga kisI maraNottara avasthA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate, unake lie isa prazna kA uttara diyA jAnA Avazyaka bhI thA-jo naitika darzana aura

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 411 dhArmika jIvana kI aihika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM kara pAtA aura mAtra pAralaukika jIvana kI madhuralorI sunAkara hameM vartamAna kI samasyAoM ke prati tandrita karatA hai, vaha na to saccA naitika darzana ho saktA hai, na dharma / magadhAdhipati ajAtazatru ne isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hI buddha se yaha prazna kiyA thA ki zrAmaNya kA pratyakSa phala kyA hai ? buddha ne isa prazna kA jo uttara diyA hai vaha bhAratIya naitika darzana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| buddha ke samagra kathana ko saMkSepa meM ina zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai-"nirdoSa AcaraNa (zIla-saMvaraNa) se nirbhaya jIvana, vAsanAoM evaM vitarkoM ke prahANa se prazAnta manaHsthiti (citta samAdhi) evaM ekAgratA tathA prazAnta, ekAgra, nirmala (rAgadveSa ke mala se rahita) niSpApa evaM nizcala citta se tattva, vastusvarUpa yA paramArtha kA yathArtha bodha prApta ho jAtA hai| yahI zrAmaNya kA pratyakSaphala hai / '' vastutaH samyakdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra yA samyak zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA karma, jJAna, aura bhakti rUpa naitika AcaraNa se jIvana ke tIna pakSa AcAra, vicAra aura anubhati meM samatva utpanna hotA hai, jo isI jIvana meM manuSya ko abhUtapUrva zAnti aura atula Ananda pradAna karatA hai| kyoMki azAnti, duHkha, vedanA evaM tanAva kA kAraNa Asakti, rAga yA tRSNA hai| usakA prahANa hone para jIvana meM svAbhAvika zAnti aura Ananda kA honA anivArya hai| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana apane sAdhanA mArga ke rUpa meM isI rAga-dveSa, Asakti yA tRSNA ke prahANa kA upAya batAte haiM, jisase vyakti zAzvata zAnti aura cirasaukhya kA AsvAdana kara sake / (ba) Atma-pUrNatA naitika jIvana kA sAdhya kevala samatva kA saMsthApana hI nahIM hai, varan isase bhI adhika hai; aura vaha hai AtmapUrNatA kI dizA meM pragati / kyoMki jaba taka apUrNatA hai samatva ke vicalana kI sambhAvanAe~ bhI haiM / apUrNatA kI avasthA meM sadaiva hI cAha (Want) upasthita rahatI hai aura jaba taka koI bhI cAha banI huI hai, samatva nahIM ho sktaa| kAmanA, vAsanA aura cAha sabhI asaMtulana ko sUcaka haiM, unakI upasthiti meM samatva sambhava nahIM hotaa| samatva to pUrNa niSkAma evaM anAsakta jIvana meM sambhava hai / jaba taka apUrNatA hai, kAmanA hai; aura jaba taka kAmanA hai, samatva nahIM hai / ataH pUrNa samatva ke lie AtmapUrNatA Avazyaka hai| hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI hamArA prayatna cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM ke vikAsa ke nimitta hotA hai| antazcetanA sadaiva hI isa dizA meM prayatnazIla rahatI hai ki hama apanI cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM meM dezakAlagata sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara skeN| vyakti 1. dIghanikAya-sAmaJjaphalasutta

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412 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apanI jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka kSamatAoM kI pUrNatA cAhatA hai / sImitatA aura apUrNatA bhI vyakti ke mana kI vedanA hai aura vaha sadaiva hI isa vedanA se chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai / usakI sImitatA aura apUrNatA jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai, jo pUrNatA ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai / jaba taka AtmapUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara liyA jAtA, taba taka pUrNa samatva nahIM hotA; aura jaba taka pUrNa samatva nahIM hotA, naitika pUrNatA bhI sambhava nahIM hotI / naitika pUrNatA, AtmapUrNatA aura pUrNa samatva ke paryAyavAcI hI haiM / kANTa ne naitika vikAsa kI dRSTi se AtmA kI amaratA ko anivArya mAnA hai / naitika pUrNatA AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA meM hI sambhava hai / yaha pUrNatA yA ananta taka pragati, kevala isa mAnyatA para nirbhara hai ki vyaktitva meM usa pUrNatA ko prApta karane kI kSamatA hai aura usa anantatA yA pUrNatA taka pahu~cane ke lie usakI sthiratA bhI ananta hai / dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA amara hai / kANTa ne ananta kI dizA meM naitika pragati ke lie AtmA kI amaratA para bala diyA, lekina arabana ne pragati ko bhI naitikatA kI eka svatantra mAnyatA kahA hai / yadi naitika pragati kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAyegA, to naitika jIvana kA mahAn uddezya samApta ho jAyegA, aura naitikatA pArasparika sambandhoM kI eka kahAnI mAtra rahegI / pAzcAtya jagat meM naitika pragati kA tAtparya sAmAjika jIvana kI pragati hai aura bhAratIya darzana meM naitika pragati se tAtparya, vaiyaktika AdhyAtmika vikAsa hai / mokSa, nirvANa yA paramAtmA kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM naitika pUrNatA kI prApti ko sambhava mAnanA naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ati Avazyaka hai / yadi naitika pUrNatA yA paramazreya kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai, to naitika jIvana aura naitika pragati kA koI artha nahIM rahegA 1 naitika pragati ke antima caraNa ke rUpa meM AtmapUrNatA Avazyaka hai / vastutaH hamArI cetanA meM apanI apUrNatA kA jo bodha hai, vaha svayaM hI hamAre anta meM nihita pUrNatA kA saMketa hai / hameM apanI apUrNatA kA spaSTa bodha hai, lekina yaha apUrNatA kA spaSTa bodha binA pUrNatA ke pratyaya ke sambhava nahIM / yadi hamArI cetanA yA AtmA, ananta yA pUrNa na ho to hameM apanI - apUrNatA kA bodha bhI nahIM ho sakatA / breDale kA kathana hai ki " cetanA ananta hai, kyoMki vaha anubhava karatI hai ki usakI kSamatAe~ sAnta evaM sImita haiM / lekina sImA yA apUrNatA ko jAnane ke lie asIma evaM pUrNa honA Avazyaka hai / jaba hamArI cetanA yaha sImita yA apUrNa hai to usakA yaha sImita hone kA jJAna svayaM isa sImA ko pAra kara jAtA hai / isa prakAra breDale 'sva' meM nihita pUrNatA kA saMketa karate haiM / " AtmA pUrNa hai, yaha bAta bhAratIya darzana ke vidyArthI ke lie nayI nahIM hai, lekina isa AtmapUrNatA kA artha yaha nahIM ki hama pUrNa haiM / pUrNatA hamArI kSamatA ( Capacity) hai, yogyatA jJAna rakhatI hai ki vaha sAnta, 1. ethikala sTaDIja, adhyAya- 2

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 413 (Ability) nahIM / pUrNatA ke prakAza meM hameM apanI apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai, apUrNatA kA bodha pUrNatA kI upasthiti kA saMketa avazya hai, lekina vaha pUrNatA kI upalabdhi nahIM hai / jaise dUdha meM pratIta hone vAlI snigdhatA usameM nihita makkhana kI sUcaka avazya hai, lekina makkhana kI upalabdhi nahIM hai / jaise dUdha meM nihita makkhana ko pAne ke lie prayatna Avazyaka hai, vaise 'sva' meM nihita pUrNatA kI upalabdhi ke lie prayatna Avazyaka hai / naitikatA usI samyak prayatna kI sUcaka hai, jisake mAdhyama se hama usa pUrNatA ko upalabdha kara sakate haiM / heDapholDa likhate haiM ki "hama jo kucha haiM vahI hamArA 'sva' (Self) nahIM hai, varan hamArA 'sva' vaha hai joki hama ho sakate haiM / " hamArI sambhAvanAoM meM ho hamArI sattA abhivyakta hotI hai aura isI artha meM AtmapUrNatA hamArA sAdhya bhI hai / jaise eka bAlaka meM nihita samagra kSamatAe~ jahA~ eka ora usakI sattA meM nihita haiM vahIM dUsarI ora usakA sAdhya haiN| ThIka isI prakAra AtmapUrNatA hamArA sAdhya hai / yadi hama AtmapUrNatA ko naitika jIvana kA parama sAdhya mAnate haiM, to hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA honA ki AtmapUrNatA kA tAtparya kyA hai ? AtmapUrNatA kA tAtparya Atmopalabdhi hI hai, vaha sva meM 'sva' ko pAnA hai / lekina jisa AtmA yA 'sva' ko upalabdha karanA hai vaha sImita yA apUrNa AtmA nahIM, varan aisI AtmA hai jo samagra vAsanAoM, saMkalpoM evaM saMgharSoM se Upara hai, vizuddha dRSTA evaM sAkSI svarUpa hai / hamArI zuddha sattA hamAre jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa sabhI kA AdhAra hote hue bhI sabhI se Upara eka nirvikalpa, vItarAga sAkSI kI sthiti hai / isI sthiti kI upalabdhi ko pUrNAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra, parama AtmA kI upalabdhi kahA jAtA hai / pAzcAtya darzana meM pUrNatA ke do artha rahe haiM--eka artha meM vaha cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa ke madhya sAMga saMtulana hai to dUsarI ora vaha vaiyaktika sImAoM aura sImitatAoM se Upara uThanA hai tAki samAja ke anya ghaTakoM aura hamAre bIca kA dvata samApta ho sake aura vyakti eka mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM samAja kA mArgadarzana kara sake / breDale kA kathana hai ki 'maiM apane naitika rUpa se abhivyakta tabhI karatA hU~, jaba merI AtmA merI nijI AtmA nahIM raha jAtI, jaba merA saMkalpa anya logoM ke saMkalpa se bhinna nahIM raha jAtA aura jaba maiM dUsaroM ke saMsAra meM kevala apane ko pAtA hU~ / AtmAnubhUti kA artha hai asIma va ananta ho jAnA, apane va parAye ke antara ko miTA denA / yaha hai parAbhautika stara para AtmAnubhUti kA artha / manovaijJAnika stara para AtmAnubhUti kA artha hogA hamArI sampUrNa bauddhika, naitika evaM kalAtmaka yogyatAoM tathA kSamatAoM kI abhivyakti / yadi hama apanI kAmanAoM evaM uddezyoM ko eka sAtha rakhakara dekheM to sabhI vizeSa uddezya kucha sAmAnya aura vyApaka uddezyoM ke antargata A jAte haiM jo paraspara milakara eka 1. sAikAlAjI eNDa mAralas, pR0 183 2. ethikala sTaDIj, pR0 11

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana samanvayAtmaka samuccaya bana jAte haiM / isI samanvayAtmaka samuccaya meM hamArI AtmA pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta hotI hai / " 414 bhAratIya paramparA pUrNatA kA artha thor3A bhinna hai / pAzcAtya paramparA meM AtmA (Self) kA artha vyaktitva hai aura jaba hama pAzcAtya paramparA meM AtmapUrNatA kI bAta kahate haiM to usakA tAtparya hai vyaktitva kI pUrNatA / vyaktitva kA tAtparya hai zarIra aura cetanA | lekina adhikAMza bhAratIya darzana AtmA ko tAttvika 'sat' ke rUpa meM lete haiM / ataH bhAratIya cintana anusAra Atma- pUrNatA kA artha apanI tAttvika sattA kI athavA paramArtha kI upalabdhi hai / yoM bhAratIya paramparA meM AtmapUrNatA kA artha AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM kI pUrNatA bhI mAnya hai | bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra manuSya ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa kA ananta jJAna, ananta sokhya (Ananda) aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM abhivyakta ho jAnA hI Atma-pUrNatA hai / yahI vaha avasthA hai jisameM AtmA paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI zaktiyoM kA anAvaraNa evaM pUrNa abhivyakti yahI paramAtmatattva kI prApti hai aura yahI AtmapUrNatA hai / (sa) Atma-sAkSAtkAra AtmapUrNatA 'para' yA pUrva anupasthita vastu kI upalabdhi nahIM varan Atmopalabdhi hI hai / yaha eka aisI upalabdhi hai, jisameM pAnA kucha bhI nahIM, varan saba kucha kho denA hai | yaha pUrNa riktatA evaM zUnyatA hai / saba kucha kho dene para saba kucha pA liyA jAtA hai / pUrNa riktatA pUrNatA bana kara prakaTa ho jAtI hai / bhautika stara para 'para' ko pAkara 'sva' ko khote haiM, lekina AdhyAtmika jIvana meM 'para' ko khokara 'sva' ko pA jAte haiM / jaina darzana meM ise yaha kahakara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki jitanI para - pariNati yA pudgala - pariNati hai, utanA hI Atma-vismaraNa hai, 'sva' ko khonA hai aura jitanA para pariNati yA pudgala - pariNati kA abhAva hai utanA hI AtmaramaNa yA 'sva' kI upalabdhi hai / jitanI 'para' meM Asakti hotI hai, utane hI hama 'sva' se dUra hote haiM / isake viparIta 'para' meM Asakti kA jitanA abhAva hotA hai, utanA hI hama 'sva' yA AtmA ke samIpa hote haiM / jitanI mAtrA meM vAsanAe~, ahaMkAra aura citta-vikalpa kama hote haiM, utanI hI mAtrA meM Atmopalabdhi yA AtmasAkSAtkAra hotA hai | jaba cetanA meM inakA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai, to AtmasAkSAtkAra AtmapUrNatA ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai / jaina dRSTikoNa aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra - jaina naitikatA kA sAdhya bhI Atmopalabdhi yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra hI hai / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki 'mokSakAmI kI AtmA ko jAnanA cAhie, AtmA para hI zraddhA karanA cAhie aura AtmA kI hI anubhUti 1. ethikala sTaDIj, pR0 11

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 415 (anucaritavya) karanA cAhie / samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, pratyAkhyAna (tyAga), saMvara (saMyama) aura yoga saba apane Apa ko pAne ke sAdhana haiN| kyoMki yahI AtmA jJAna meM hai, darzana meM hai, cAritra meM hai, tyAga meM hai, saMvara meM hai aura yoga meM hai| " AcArya kundakunda ke dRSTikoNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki naitika kriyAe~ Atmopalabdhi hI haiN| vyavahAranaya se jinheM jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kahA gayA hai, nizcayanaya se vaha AtmA hI hai| isa prakAra naitika jIvana kA artha Atma-sAkSAtkAra yA AtmalAbha hai| $ 4. jaina, bauddha aura gotA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM parama sAdhya jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM naitika jIvana kA paramasAdhya yA paramazreya nirvANa yA AtmA kI upalabdhi hI mAnA gayA hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM mokSa, nirvANa, paramAtmA kI prApti Adi jIvana ke carama laya yA paramazreya ke hI paryAyavAcI haiM / lekina hameM yaha spaSTa jAna lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM mokSa yA nirvANa kA tAtparya kyA hai ? sAmAnyatayA mokSa yA nirvANa se hama kisI maraNottara avasthA kI kalpanA karate haiN| lekina vAstavika sthiti isase bhinna hai| jise sAmAnyatayA mokSa yA nirvANa kahA jAtA hai, vaha to usakA maraNottara pariNAma mAtra hai jo ki hameM jIvana-mukti ke rUpa meM isI jIvana meM upalabdha ho jAtA hai / vastutaH naitika jIvana kA sAdhya yahI jIvana-muvita hai, jise vyakti ko yahIM aura isI jagat meM prApta karanA hai| lokottara mukti to isakA anivArya pariNAma hai jo ki zarIra ke chUTa jAne para prApta ho jAtI hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana mukti ke do rUpoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, jinheM hama jIvana-mukti aura videha-mukti kaha sakate haiN| jaina darzana meM mukti ke do rUpa-jaina-paramparA meM mukti ke ina do rUpoM ko bhAvamokSa aura dravya-mokSa kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhAvamokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka arihanta aura dravyamokSa kI avasthA ke pratIka siddha mAne gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM mokSa aura nirvANa zabdoM kA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayoga huA hai / unameM mokSa ko kAraNa aura nirvANa ko usakA kArya batAyA gayA hai (uttraa028|30)| isa sandarbha meM mokSa kA artha bhAva-mokSa yA rAgadveSa se mukti hai aura dravyamokSa kA artha nirvANa yA maraNottara mukti kI prApti hai| bauddha-paramparA meM do prakAra kA nirvANa-bauddha-paramparA meM bhI do prakAra ke nirvANa mAne gaye haiM-1. sopAdizeSa nirvANa dhAtu aura 2. anupAdizeSa nirvANa dhAtu / itivRttaka meM kahA gayA hai ki anAsakta aura cakSumagana bhagavAn buddha ne nirvANa dhAtu ko 1. samayasAra, 18; samayasAraTIkA, 15 10 41

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416 ___ jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ina do prakAra kA batAyA hai| eka dhAtu kA nAma sopAdizeSa hai, jo isa zarIra meM bAra-bAra lAnevAlI tRSNA ke kSaya ke bAda prApta hotI hai aura dUsarI anupAdizeSa hai, jo zarIra chUTane ke bAda prApta hotI hai (itivRttaka 27) / vaivika paramparA meM do prakAra kI mukti--gItA aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ke samAna do prakAra kI mukti mAnI gayI hai-1. jIvanamukti aura 2. videha-mukti / jIvana-mukti rAgadvaSa aura Asakti ke pUrNarUpeNa samApta ho jAne para prApta hotI hai aura aisA jIvanmukta sAdhaka jaba apanA zarIra chor3a detA hai to vaha videha-mukti kahI jAtI hai / jaina darzana bauddha darzana vaidika bhAvamokSa sopAdizeSa nirvANa dhAtu jIvana-mukti dravyamokSa anupAdizeSa nirvANa dhAtu videha-mukti isa tAlikA ke AdhAra para jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM AcAra darzana jIvanamukti aura videha-mukti ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiM / itanA hI nahIM, tInoM AcAra darzana jIvana-mukta ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM samAna dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki jaba taka jIvana-mukti prApta nahIM hotI taba taka nirvANa, mokSa yA paramAtmA ko bhI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jIvana-mukti prAthamika avasthA hai aura vyAvahArika jIvana meM ise naitika jIvana kA jIvana-Adarza svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jise jIvana-mukta puruSa ko jaina-paramparA meM vItarAga kahA gayA hai, use hI vaidika paramparA meM sthitaprajJa aura bauddha -paramparA meM arhat kahA gayA hai / Age aba hama isI jIvana-mukta puruSa ke sambandha meM vicAra kareMge / 65. jainadarzana meM vItarAga kA jIvanAdarza jaina-darzana meM naitika jIvana kA paramasAdhya vItarAgatA kI prApti rahA hai / jainadarzana meM vItarAga evaM arihanta (arhata) isI jIvanAdarza ke pratIka haiM / vItarAga kI jIvana-zailI kyA hotI hai, isakA varNana jainAgamoM meM yatra-tatra bikharA huA hai / saMkSepa meM una AdhAroM para use isa prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM Adarza puruSa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai "jo mamatva evaM ahaMkAra se rahita hai, jisake citta meM koI Asakti nahIM hai aura jisane abhimAna kA tyAga kara diyA hai, jo prANimAtra ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai| jo lAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha, jIvanamaraNa, mAna-apamAna aura nindA-prazaMsA meM samabhAva rakhatA hai / jise na isa loka kI aura na paraloka kI koI apekSA hai, kisI ke dvArA candana kA lepa karane para aura kisI ke dvArA basUle se chIlane para, jisake mana meM lepa karane vAle para rAga-bhAva aura basUle se chIlane vAle para dvaiSa-bhAva nahIM hotA, jo khAne meM aura anazana vrata karane meM samabhAva

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 417 rakhatA hai, vahI mahApuruSa hai|" jisa prakAra agni se zuddha kiyA huA sonA nirmala hotA hai, usI prakAra jo rAga-dveSa aura bhaya Adi se rahita, nirmala hai / jisa prakAra kamala kIcar3a evaM pAnI meM utpanna hokara bhI usameM lipta nahIM hotA usI prakAra jo saMsAra ke kAma-bhogoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, bhAva se sadaiva hI virata rahatA hai, usa viratAtmA, anAsakta puruSa ko indriyoM ke zabdAdi viSaya bhI mana meM rAga-dveSa ke bhAva utpanna nahIM krte| jo viSaya rAgI vyaktiyoM ko duHkha dete haiM, ve vItarAgI ke lie duHkha ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| vaha rAga, dvoSa aura moha ke adhyavasAyoM ko doSa rUpa jAnakara sadaiva unake prati jAgRta rahatA huA mAdhyasthabhAva rakhatA hai| kisI prakAra ke saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM karatA huA tRSNA kA prahANa kara detA hai| vItarAga puruSa rAgadveSa aura moha kA prahANa kara jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antarAya karma kA kSaya kara kRtakRtya ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra moha, antarAya aura AsravoM se rahita vItarAga sarvajJa, sarvadarzI hotA hai| vaha zukladhyAna aura susamAdhi sahita hotA hai aura Ayu kA kSaya hone para mokSa prApta kara letA hai| $ 6. bauddha darzana meM ahaMta kA jIvanAdarza prArambhika bauddha darzana meM naitika jIvana kA Adarza arhatAvasthA mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM arhat-avasthA se tAtparya tRSNA yA rAga-dvaSa kI vRttiyoM kA pUrNa kSaya hai| jo rAga, dveSa aura moha se Upara uTha cukA hai, jisameM kisI bhI prakAra kI tRSNA nahIM hai, jo sukha-duHkha, lAbha-alAbha aura nindA-prazaMsA meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI arhat hai / buddha ne aneka prasaMgoM para arhat ke jIvanAdarza ko prastuta kiyA hai / bauddha-darzana meM arhat ko sthitAtmA, kevalI, upazAnta Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| dhammapada evaM suttanipAta meM arhat ke jIvanAdarza kA nimna vivaraNa upalabdha hai| dhammapada ke arhat-varga meM kahA gayA hai ki "jo pRthvI ke samAna kSubdha nahIM hotA, jo indra ke stambha ke samAna apane vrata meM dRr3ha hai, jo jhIla ke sadRza kIcar3a athavA cittamala se rahita hai, usake lie saMsAra (janma-maraNa kA cakra) nahIM hotaa| jo samyak jJAna kI prApti se vimukta tathA upazAnta ho cukA hai, aise vyakti kA mana zAnta ho jAtA hai / jo manuSya aMdhavizvAsI nahIM hai, jo akRta arthAt nirvANa ko jAnane vAlA hai, jisane (janma-maraNa) ke bandhanoM ko kATa diyA hai, jo (pApa-puNya ko) avakAza nahIM detA, jisane tRSNA ko nikAla diyA hai, vaha puruSottama kahalAtA hai / " suttanipAta meM bhI upazAMta puruSa ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki "jo isa zarIra ke tyAgane ke pahale hI 1-2 uttarAdhyayana, 19 / 90-93, 33 / 106-110 29-21, 27-28 3. dhammapada, 95-97

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418 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana tRSNA-rahita ho gayA ho, jo bhUta tathA bhaviSya para Azrita nahIM hai aura na Azrita hai vartamAna para, usake lie kahIM Asakti nahIM hai / jo krodha, trAsa, Atma-prazaMsA aura caMcalatA-rahita hai, jo vicAra pUrvaka bolanevAlA hai, jo garva rahita hai aura vacana meM saMyamI hai, jo dRSTiyoM ke phera meM nahIM par3atA, jo Asakti, DhoMga, spRhA aura mAtsarya se rahita hai / jo pragalbhI nahIM hai, ghRNA-rahita hai aura cugalakhora nahIM hai, jo priya vastuoM meM rata nahIM hotA aura abhimAna rahita hai, jo zAnta aura pratibhAzAlI hai, vaha na to ati zraddhAlu hotA hai aura na kisI se udAsa rahatA hai| jo anAsakti bhAva ko jAnakara Asakti rahita ho gayA hai, jisameM bhava yA vibhava ke prati tRSNA nahIM hai, viSayoM ke prati upekSAvAn hai, use upazAnta kahatA huuN| usake lie granthiyA~ nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha tRSNA se pare ho gayA hai|" usI grantha meM sabhiyaparivrAjaka ko bhI zAnta puruSa evaM buddha kA svarUpa batAte hue 5 hA gayA hai ki jo svayaM mArga para calakara zaMkAoM se pare ho gayA hai, jo janma-mRtyu ko dUra kara parinirvANa (jIvanmukti) prApta hai, jisakA brahmacaryavAsa kA uddezya pUrA ho gayA hai, jo sarvatra upekSAbhAva (anAsakti) se yukta hai, jo hiMsA se virata, smRtivAn (apramatta) prajJa, nirmala aura tRSNA se rahita hai, jo trikAladarzI, (karma) raja aura (karma) pApa se rahita, vizuddha janma-kSaya ko prApta hai, use buddha (arhat) kahate haiM / suttanipAta meM Adarza muni, Adarza brAhmaNa, Adarza zramaNa, upazAntAtmA, sthitAtmA Adi kA varNana bhI isI rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / 67. gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jIvanAdarza jaina darzana ke vItarAga aura bauddha darzana ke arhata ke jIvanAdarza ke samAna gItA meM sthitaprajJa, priyabhakta evaM yogI ke jIvanAdarza nirUpita haiN| gItA meM zrIkRSNa sthitaprajJa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahate haiM ki "jaba vyakti mana meM sthita sampUrNa kAmanAoM kA parityAga kara detA hai aura AtmA se hI AtmA meM santuSTa hotA hai, duHkhoM kI prApti meM bhI jo udvigna nahIM hotA tathA sukhoM ke prati jisake mana meM koI spRhA nahIM hai, jisake rAga, bhaya aura krodha samApta ho gaye haiM arthAt vItarAga hai, jisakI kisI bhI vastu meM Asakti nahIM hai aura jo zubhAzubha ke prApta hone para na prasanna hotA hai aura na dveSa karatA hai, jisako indriyA~ saba prakAra ke viSayoM se vaza meM kI huI haiM, aisA vyakti sthitaprajJa kahA jAtA hai / jo puruSa isa prakAra sampUrNa kAmanAoM kA tyAga kara mamatA, ahaMkAra aura spRhA se rahita hokara AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha zAnti ko prApta hotA hai|" gItA bhakta ke sambandha meM bhI yahI jIvanAdarza prastuta karatI hai / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki "jo sabhI prANiyoM meM dvaSa bhAva evaM svArtha se rahita hokara niSkAma bhAva se sabhI ke prati maitrI yukta evaM karuNAvAn hai / jo mamatA aura ahaMkAra se rahita, 1. suttanipAta, 48 / 2-6, 9-10 2. gItA, 2155-58, 71-72

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 419 sukha-duHkha meM samabhAva rakhane vAlA, kSamAzIla, saMtuSTa yogI, yatAtmA, daDhanizcayI hai. jisakA mana aura buddhi paramAtmA meM niyojita hai / jisase koI bhI jIva udvega ko prApta nahIM hotA aura jo svayaM bhI visI udvaga ko prApta nahIM hotaa| harSa, amarSa, bhaya aura udvega se jo rahita hai aura jo AkAMkSA se rahita, aMtara-bAhya zuddha, vyavahArakuzala, vyathA se rahita, sabhI ArambhoM (hiMsAdi pApakarmoM) kA tyAgI hai| jo na kabhI harSita hotA hai, na kabhI dvaSa karatA hai, na kAmanA karatA hai tathA jo zubha aura azabha sampUrNa karmoM ke prati phalAsakti ko tyAga cukA hai / jo zatru-mitra, mAna-apamAna, zIta. uSNa, sukha-duHkha Adi dvandvoM meM samabhAva se yukta hai|" 68, zAMkaravedAMta meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNa AcArya zaMkara ne bhI vivekacUDAmaNi meM jIvanmukta ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'jisakI prajJA sthira hai, jo nirantara AtmAnanda kA anubhava karatA hai aura prapaMca ko bhUlA-sA rahatA hai, vRtti ke lIna rahate hue bhI jo jAgatA rahatA hai, kintu vAstava meM jo jAgRti ke dharmo se rahita hai tathA jisakA bodha sarvathA vAsanArahita hai, vaha puruSa jIvanmukta mAnA jAtA hai| prArabdha kI samApti paryanta chAyA ke samAna sadaiva sAtha rahanevAle, isa zarIra ke vartamAna rahate hue bhI isameM ahaM-mamabhAva (maiM-merApana) kA abhAva ho jAnA, bItI huI bAta ko yAda na karanA, bhaviSya kI cintA na karanA aura vartamAna meM prApta sukha-duHkhAdi meM udAsInatA, apane AtmasvarUpa se sarvathA pRthak, isa guNa-doSamaya saMsAra meM sarvatra samadarzI honA, iSTa athavA aniSTa vastu kI prApti meM samAna bhAva rakhanA jIvanmukta puruSa kA lakSaNa hai|" vastutaH jIvanmukta vyaktitva ke sambandha meM sabhI AcAra darzanoM meM paryApta vicArasAmya hai| itanA hI nahIM, jIvanmukta ke lakSaNoM meM sabhI ne samAna zabdoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| sabhI AcAra-darzanoM meM jIvanmukta, sthitaprajJa, sthitAtmA, vItarAga Adi zabda paryAyavAcI hai| sabhI AcAra-darzanoM ke anusAra jIvanmukta vaha hai jo rAga-dveSa aura vAsanAoM se Upara uTha cukA hai evaM vItarAga, anAsakta aura samabhAva se yukta hai| arastU ke Adarza puruSa kA vivecana aura Adhunika manovijJAna meM kiyA gayA paripakva vyaktitva kA vivecana bhI kucha arthoM meM jIvanmukta ke pratyaya ke nikaTa hai / jIvanmukta ke deha chor3ane para jo avasthA prApta hotI hai, use videha-mukti, mokSa yA nirvANa kahA gayA hai| hA~, samAlocya darzanoM meM mokSa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM kucha mata-vaibhinnya avazya hai / 2. vivekacUr3AmaNi, 429-435 1. gItA, 12 / 13-19 3. arastU, pR0 125-129

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420 jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa jaina tattva-mImAMsA ke anusAra saMvara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha ho jAne para aura nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para AtmA ko jo niSkarma zuddhAvasthA hotI hai, vaha mokSa hai / ' karmamaloM ke abhAva meM karma bandhana bhI nahIM rahatA aura bandhana kA abhAva hI mukti hai / mokSa AtmA kI zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai / ' anAtmA meM mamatva AsaktirUpa AtmAbhimAna kA dUra ho jAnA hI mukti hai / 8 4 bandhana aura mukti kI yaha samagra vyAkhyA paryAyadRSTi kA viSaya hai / AtmA kA virUpa paryAya hI bandhana hai aura svarUpa paryAya mokSa hai / para-padArtha yA pudgala paramANuoM ke nimitta se AtmA meM jo paryAe~ utpanna hotI haiM aura jisake kAraNa 'para' meM AtmabhAva (merApana) utpanna hotA hai, vahI virUpaparyAya hai, parapariNati hai, 'sva' kI 'para' meM avasthiti hai, yahI bandhana hai aura isakA abhAva hI mukti hai / bandhana aura . mukti donoM Atma- dravya yA cetanA kI hI do avasthAe~ haiM / vizuddha tattvadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA karanA saMbhava nahIM hai / kyoMki Atma tattva svasvarUpa kA parityAga kara parasvarUpa meM kabhI bhI pariNata nahIM hotA / vizuddha tattvadRSTi se to AtmA nityamukta hai / lekina jaba tattva kI paryAyoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai to bandhana aura mukti kI sambhavAnAe~ spaSTa ho jAtI haiM, kyoMki bandhana aura mukti paryAya avasthA meM hI sambhava hotI hai / mokSa ko tattva kahA gayA hai, lekina vastutaH mokSa to bandhana kA abhAva hI hai / jainAgamoM meM mokSa tattva para tIna dRSTiyoM se vicAra huA hai - ( 1 ) bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa, (2) abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa aura (3) anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa | (a) bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina dArzanikoM ne bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra karate hue mokSAvasthA ko nirbAdha avasthA kahA hai / " mokSa avasthA meM samasta bandhanoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiM / mokSa bAdhaka tattvoM kI anupasthiti aura AtmazaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra mokSAvasthA meM manuSya kI avyakta zaktiyA~ vyakta ho jAtI haiM / usameM nihita jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa AdhyAtmika anuzAsana ke dvArA anantajJAna, anantasukha aura anantazakti meM parivartita ho jAte haiM / AcArya kundakunda ne mokSa kI bhAvAtmaka avasthA kA citraNa karate hue use "zuddha, anantacatuSTaya yukta, zAzvata, avinAzI, nibaMdha, atIndriya, anupama, nitya, 1. tattvArtha sUtra, 10 / 3 3. vahI, pR0 431 5. 2. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 431 4. AtmamImAMsA, pR0 66-67 abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 431

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 421 avicala, anAlamba kahA hai / "" AcArya Age calakara mokSa meM nimna bAtoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA karate haiM - ( 1 ) pUrNasaukhya, (2) pUrNajJAna, (3) pUrNadarzana, (4) pUrNavIrya (zakti), (5) amUrtatva, (6) astitva aura (7) sapradezatA / ye sAta bhAvAtmaka tathya sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ko svIkAra nahIM haiM / vedAnta sapradezatA ko asvIkAra karatA hai / sAMkhya saukhya evaM vIrya ko aura nyAya-vaizeSika jJAna aura darzana ko bhI asvIkAra kara dete haiM / bauddha-zUnyavAda astitva kA bhI nirasana karatA hai aura cArvAka darzana mokSa kI dhAraNA ko hI svIkAra nahIM karatA / vastutaH mokSAvasthA ko anirvacanIya mAnate hue bhI vibhinna dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pratyuttara ke lie hI isa bhAvAtmaka avasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se jaina vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM ananta catuSTaya arthAt ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta - saukhya aura ananta zakti kI upasthiti para bala detI hai / bIjarUpa meM yaha ananta catuSTaya sabhI jIvoM meM svAbhAvika guNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai / mokSa - dazA meM inake avarodhaka karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se yaha pUrNa rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte / ananta catuSTaya ke atirikta aSTakarmoM ke kSaya ke AdhAra para siddhoM meM ATha guNa bhI jaina darzana meM mAnya haiM / (1) jJAnAvaraNa karma ke naSTa ho jAne se muktAtmA ananta jJAna yA pUrNa jJAna se yukta hotA hai, (2) darzanAvaraNa karma ke naSTa ho jAne se ananta darzana prakaTa hotA hai / (3) vedanIya karma ke kSaya ho jAne se vizuddha anazvara AdhyAtmika sukhoM se yukta hotA hai / (4) mohanIya karma ke naSTa ho jAne se yathArtha dRSTi ( kSAyika samyaktva ) se yukta hotA hai / moha karma ke darzanamoha aura cAritramoha aise do bhAga kie jAte haiM / darzanamoha ke prahANa se yathArtha dRSTi aura cAritramoha ke kSaya se tet cAritra ( kSAyikacAritra) prakaTa hotA hai| lekina mokSa-dazA meM kriyA-rUpa cAritra nahIM hotA, mAtra dRSTi-rUpa cAritra hotA hai / ataH use jJAyika samyaktva ke antargata hI mAnA jA sakatA hai / vaise ATha karmoM kI 31 prakRtiyoM ke kSaya hone ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke 31 guNa mAne gaye haiM, unameM yathAkhyAta cAritra ko svataMtra guNa mAnA gayA hai / ( 5 ) Ayukarma ke kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA azarIrI hotA hai, ataH vaha indriya grAhya nahIM hotA / ( 6 ) gotra karma ke naSTa ho jAne se vaha agurulaghu hotA hai arthAt sabhI siddha samAna hote haiM, unameM choTA-bar3A yA UMca-nIca kA bheda nahIM hotA / ( 7 ) antarAyakarma kA prahANa ho jAne se AtmA bAdhA rahita hotA hai arthAt ananta zakti sampanna hotA hai 3 ananta zakti kA yaha vicAra mUlataH niSedhAtmaka hI hai / yaha mAtra bAdhAoM kA abhAva hai / lekina isa prakAra aSTa- karmo ke prahANa ke AdhAra se muktAtmA ke ATha guNoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra eka vyAvahArika saMkalpanA hI hai / usake vAstavika svarUpa kA vivecana 2 . vahI, 181 1. niyamasAra, 176-177 3. pravacanasAroddhAra, 276 / 1593-1594 21

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422 . jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM hai, vyAvahArika dRSTi se use samajhane kA prayAsa bhara hai / vastutaH vaha anirvacanIya hai| AcArya nemicandra spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM "siddhoM ke ina guNoM kA vidhAna mAtra siddhAnta ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jo aikAntika mAnyatAeM haiM, unake niSedha ke lie hai|" muktAtmA meM kevala-jJAna aura kevala-darzana ke rUpa meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ko svIkAra karake muktAtmA ko jar3a mAnane vAlI vaibhASika bauddhoM aura nyAya-vaizeSikoM kI dhAraNA kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai / muktAtmA ke astitva yA akSayatA ko svIkAra kara mokSa ko abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM mAnane vAle jar3avAdI tathA sautrAntika bauddhoM kI mAnyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mokSadazA kA yaha samagra citraNa apanA niSedhAtmaka mUlya hI rakhatA hai / yaha vidhAna bhI niSedha ke lie hai| (ba) abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa-jainAgamoM meM mokSAvasthA kA citraNa niSedhAtmaka rUpa se bhI huA hai / AcArAMga meM muktAtmA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa isa prakAra huA haimokSAvasthA meM samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA meM samasta karmajanya upAdhiyoM kA bhI abhAva hotA hai; ataH muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na vRttAkAra hai, na trikoNa hai, na catuSkoNa hai, na parimaNDala saMsthAnavAlA hai| vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta aura zveta varNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai| vaha sugandha aura durgandha vAlA bhI nahIM hai / na vaha tIkSNa, kaTuka, khaTThA, mIThA evaM amla rasa vAlA hai| usameM guru, laghu, komala, kaThora, snigdha, rukSa, zIta evaM uSNa Adi sparza-guNoM kA bhI abhAva hai| vaha na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napaMsaka hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, "mokSadazA meM na sukha hai, na duHkha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma hai, na maraNa hai, na vahA~ indriyA~ haiM, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vyAmoha hai, na nidrA hai, na vahAM cintA hai, na Arta aura rodra vicAra hI haiN| vahA~ to dharma (zubha) aura zukla (zuddha) vicAroM kA bhI abhAva hai|" mokSAvasthA to sarva saMkalpoM kA abhAva hai| vaha buddhi aura vicAra kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha pakSAtikrAMta hai / isa prakAra muktAvasthA kA niSedhAtmaka vivecana usakI anirvacanIyatA ko batAne ke lie hai / (sa) anirvacanIya dRSTikoNa-mokSatattva kA niSedhAtmaka nirvacana anivArya rUpa se hameM anirvacanIyatA kI ora hI le jAtA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra karate hue jainadArzanikoM ne use anirvacanIya hI mAnA hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai, "samasta svara vahA~ se lauTa Ate haiN| arthAt dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA vaha viSaya nahIM hai| vANI usakA 2. AcArAMga, 115 / 6 / 171 1. gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa, 69 3. niyamasAra, 178-179

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naitika jIvana kA sASya (mokSa) 423 nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai arthAt vaha vANI vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA / vaha anupama hai, arUpI hai, sattAvAn hai / usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai, jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske|'' bauddha-varzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpa--bhagavAn buddha kI dRSTi meM nirvANa kA svarUpa kyA hai ? yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| bauddha-darzana ke avAntara sampradAyoM meM bhI nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara Atyantika virodha pAyA jAtA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM paraspara virodhI niSkarSa nikAle haiM, jo eka tulanAtmaka adhyetA ko adhika kaThinAI meM DAla dete haiN| vastutaH isa kaThinAI kA mUla kAraNa pAli nikAya meM nirvANa kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se, alaga-alaga prakAra se vivecana kiyA jAnA hai| zrI puMseM evaM pro0 nalinAkSadatta ne bauddha nirvANa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko isa prakAra vargIkRta kiyA hai 1. nirvANa eka abhAvAtmaka tathya hai / 2. nirvANa anivarcanIya avyaya avasthA hai| 3. nirvANa kI buddha ne koI vyAkhyA nahIM dI hai| 4. nirvANa bhAvAtmaka, vizuddha evaM pUrNa-cetanA kI avasthA hai| bauddha-darzana ke avAntara pramukha sampradAyoM kA nirvANa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna prakAra se dRSTi-bheda hai 1. vaibhASika sampradAya-inake anusAra nirvANa saMskAroM yA saMskRta dharmoM kA abhAva hai / kyoMki saMskRtadharmatA hI anityatA hai, yahI bandhana evaM duHkha hai / lekina nirvANa to duHkha-nirodha hai, bandhanAbhAva hai aura isalie vaha eka asaMskRta dharma hai aura asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM usakI bhAvAtmaka sattA hai / vaibhASika mata ke nirvANa ke svarUpa ko abhidharmakoSa kI vyAkhyA meM isa prakAra se batAyA gayA hai-nirvANa nitya, asaMskRta, svataMtrasattA, pRthabhUta satya padArtha (dravyasat) hai| nirvANa meM saMskAra yA paryAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai, lekina yahAM saMskAroM ke abhAva kA artha anastitva nahIM hai, varan eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hI hai / nirvANa asaMskRta dharma hai| pro. zAravAtskI ne vaibhASika nirvANa ko ananta mRtyu kahA hai| unake anusAra nirvANa AdhyAtmika avasthA nahIM, varan 1. AcArAMga, 1 / 5 / 6 / 171 tulanA kIjie-taittirIya 2 / 9, muNDaka 33148 2. inasAiklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana eMDa ethiksa, khaNDa, 9 pR0 379-77 3. AspekTas Apha mahAyAna ina rilezana TU hInayAna, pR0 145 4. abhidharma koSa vyAkhyA, 10 17 5. kAnsepzana Apha buddhisTa nirvANa, pR0 27

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424 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana cetanA evaM kriyA-zUnya jar3a avasthA hai / lekina esa0 ke0 mukarjI, pro0 nalinAkSadatta' aura pro0 mUrti ne pro0 zAravAtskI ke isa dRSTikoNa kA virodha kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaibhASika nirvANa nizcita rUpa se eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai / isameM yadyapi saMskAroM kA abhAva hotA hai phira bhI usakI asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka sattA hai / vaibhASika nirvANa meM cetanA kA astitva hotA hai yA nahIM hotA hai ? yaha prazna bhI vivAdAspada hai| pro0 zAravAtsakI nirvANa-dazA meM cetanA kA abhAva mAnate haiM, lekina pro0 mukarjI isa sambandha meM eka pariSkRta dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM ki yazomitra kI abhidharmakoSa kI TIkA ke AdhAra para nirvANa kI dazA meM vizuddha mAnasa yA cetanA rahatI hai| DA0 lADa ne apane zodha-prabandha meM evaM paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya ne bauddhadarzana-mImAMsA meM vaibhASika bauddhoM ke eka tibbatIya upasampradAya kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM kevala vAsanAtmaka evaM klezotpAdaka (sAsava) cetanA kA hI abhAva hotA hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirvANa kI dazA meM anAsrava vizuddha cetanA kA astitva banA rahatA hai / vaibhASikoM ke isa upasaMpradAya kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana-sammata nirvANa ke ati samIpa A jAtA hai / kyoMki yaha jana-darzana ke samAna nirvANAvasthA meM sattA (astitva) aura cetanA (jJAnopayoga evaM darzanopayoga) donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaibhASika dRSTikoNa-nirvANa ko saMskAroM kI dRSTi se abhAvAtmaka, dravya-satyatA kI dRSTi se bhAvAtmaka evaM bauddhika vivecanA kI dRSTi se anirvacanIya mAnatA hai| phira bhI usakI vyAkhyAoM meM nirvANa kA bhAvAtmaka yA sattAtmaka pakSa adhika ubharA hai / 2. sautrAntika sampradAya-sautrAntika vaibhASikoM ke samAna yaha mAnate hue bhI ki nirvANa saMskAroM kA abhAva hai, yaha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki asaMskRta dharma kI koI bhAvAtmaka sattA hotI hai| inake anusAra kevala parivartanazIlatA hI tattva kA yathArtha svarUpa hai / ataH sautrAntika nirvANa kI dazA meM kisI asaMskRta aparivartanazIla nitya tattva kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karate / unakI mAnyatA meM aisA karanA buddha ke anityavAda aura kSaNikavAda kI avahelanA karanA hai| zAravAtskI ke anusAra sautrAntika sampradAya meM nirvANa kA artha hai jIvana kI prakriyA kA samApta ho jAnA, jisake pazcAt aisA koI jIvana-zUnya tatva zeSa nahIM rahatA, jisameM jIvana kI prakriyA samApta ho gayI ho|' nirvANa kSaNika cetanA-pravAha kA samApta ho jAnA hai, jisake bAda kucha bhI zeSa 1. AspekTas Apha mahAyAna ina rilezana TU hInayAna, pR0 162 2. senTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma, pR0 272-273 3. buddhisTa philAsaphI, pR0 251 4. (a) libarezana, pR0 69 (ba) bauddha-darzanamImAMsA, pR0 147 5. kansepzana Apha buddhisTa nirvANa, pR0 29

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 425 nahIM rhtaa| kyoMki inake anusAra parivartana hI satya hai / parivartanazIlatA ke atirikta tattva kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai aura nirvANa-dazA meM parivartanoM kI zrRMkhalA samApta ho jAtI hai / ataH usake pare koI sattA zeSa nahIM rhtii| isa prakAra sautrAMtikanirvANa abhAvAtmaka avasthA mAtra hai / samprati barmA aura laMkA ke bauddha bhI nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka yA anastitva ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / nirvANa ke bhAvAtmaka, abhAvAtmaka aura anirvacanIya pakSoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sautrAntika vicAradhArA nirvANa ke abhAvAtmaka pakSa para adhika jora detI hai / yadyapi isa prakAra sautrAntika sampradAya ke nirvANa kA abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAra ke virodha meM jAtA hai, tathApi sautrAntikoM meM bhI eka aisA upasampradAya thA jisake anusAra nirvANa pUrNatayA abhAvAtmaka dazA nahIM thii| unake anusAra nirvANa avasthA meM bhI vizuddha cetanA-paryAyoM kA pravAha rahatA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAra kI isa mAnyatA ke nikaTa hai, jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM bhI AtmA meM pariNAmIpana banA rahatA hai arthAt mokSadazA meM AtmA meM caitanya jJAna-dhArA satata rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| 3. vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra)-mahAyAna ke pramukha grantha laMkAvatArasUtra ke anusAra nirvANa sapta pravRttivijJAnoM kI apravRttAvasthA hai, citta-pravRttiyoM kA nirodha hai|' sthiramati ke anusAra nirvANa klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa kA kSaya hai / asaMga ke anusAra nivRtta citta (nirvANa) acitta hai, kyoMki vaha viSayoM kA grAhaka nahIM hai / vaha anupalabdha hai| kyoMki usakA koI bAhya Alambana nahIM hai aura isa prakAra Alambanarahita hone se lokottara jJAna hai| doSThulya arthAt AvaraNa (klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa) ke naSTa ho jAne se nivRttacitta (AlayavijJAna) parAvRtta nahIM hotA, pravRtta nahIM hotaa| vaha anAvaraNa aura anAsra vadhAtu hai / lekina asaMga kevala isa niSedhAtmaka vivecana se santuSTa nahIM hote haiM, ve nirvANa kI anirvacanIya evaM bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA bhI prastuta karate haiN| nirvANa acintya hai| kyoMki tarka se use jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| lekina acintya hote hue bhI vaha kuzala hai, zAzvata hai, sukharUpa hai, vimuktakAya hai aura dharmAkhya hai| isa prakAra vijJAnavAdI mAnyatA meM nirvANa kI abhAvaparaka aura bhAvaparaka vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha-sAtha unakI anirvacanIyatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH nirvANa ke anivarcanIya svarUpa ke vikAsa kA zreya vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ko hI hai| 1. laMkAvatArasUtra, 2062 2. triMzikA-vijJaptibhASya, pR0 15 uddhRta-bauddha-darzana-mImAMsA, pR0 150 3. vahI, 29 4. vahI, 30

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jena, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana laMkAvatArasUtra meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvocca vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai | usake anusAra nirvANa vicAra kI koTiyoM se pare hai / vijJAnavAdI nirvANa kA jaina- vicAra se ina arthoM meM sAmya hai --- (1) nirvANa cetanA kA abhAva nahIM hai, varan vizuddha cetanA kI avasthA hai, (2) nirvANa samasta saMkalpoM kA kSaya hai, vaha cetanA kI nirvikalpAvasthA hai, (3) nirvANAvasthA meM bhI caitanya dhArA satata pravAhamAna (AtmapariNAmopana ) rahatI hai (yadyapi DA0 candradhara zarmA ne AlayavijJAna ko aparivartanIya yA kUTastha mAnA hai ) / paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya ne bhI isa pravAhamAnatA yA parivartanazIlatA kA samarthana kiyA hai / 2 (4) nirvANAvasthA sarvajJatA kI avasthA hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI mokSa kI avasthA meM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana hote haiM, (5) asaMga ne mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra meM dharmakAya ko, jo nirvANa ko paryAyavAcI hai, svAbhAvika kAya kahA hai / jaina vicAraNA meM bhI mokSa ko svabhAvadazA kahA jAtA hai / svAbhAvika - kAya aura svabhAvadazA meM arthasAmya hai / 426 4. zUnyavAda - bauddha darzana ke mAdhyamika sampradAya meM nirvANa ke anivarcanIya svarUpa kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai / jaina tathA jainetara dArzanikoM ne zUnyatA kA abhAvAtmaka artha grahaNa kara mAdhyamika nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM dekhA hai / lekina yaha usa sampradAya ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hI hai / mAdhyamika dRSTi se nirvANa anivarcanIya hai, catuSkoTi vinirmukta hai aura vahI paramatattva hai / vaha na bhAva hai na abhAva hai / yadi vANI se usakA nirvacana karanA hI Avazyaka ho to mAtra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa aprahANa, asamprApta, anuccheda, azAzvata, aniruddha, anutpanna hai / " nirvANa ko bhAvarUpa isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bhAvAtmaka vastu yA to nitya hogI yA anitya / nitya mAnane para nirvANa ke lie prayAsoM kA koI artha nahIM hogA / anitya mAnane para binA prayAsa hI mokSa hogA / nirvANa ko abhAva bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA tathAgata ke dvArA usakI prApti kA upadeza kyoM diyA jAtA ? nirvANa ko prANa aura samprApta bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA nirvANa kRtaka evaM kAlika hogA aura yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vaha kAla- vizeSa meM utpanna huA aura yadi vaha utpanna huA to vaha jarAmaraNa ke samAna anitya hI hogA / nirvANa ko uccheda yA zAzvata bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA zAstA ke madhyamamArga kA ullaMghana hogA aura hama ucchedavAda yA zAzvatavAda kI mithyAdRSTi se grasita hoMge / isalie mAdhyamika 1. e kriTikala sarve Apha iMDiyana philAsaphI, pR0 322 2. bauddha darzana - mImAMsA, pR0 244 3. mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, 9 / 60, uddhRta mahAyAna, pR0 73 4. mAdhyamikakArikAvRtti, pR0 524 (senTrala0 buddhijma, pR0 274 ) 5. vahI, pR0 521

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 427 mata meM nirvANa mAva aura abhAva donoM nahIM hai / vaha to sarva saMkalpanAoM kA kSaya hai, prapaJcopazamatA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM evaM vartamAna vidvAnoM meM bauddha-darzana meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara jo matabheda dRSTigata hotA hai, usakA mUla kAraNa buddha dvArA nirvANa kA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha rUpa se kathana kiyA jAnA hai / pAli-nikAya meM nirvANa ke ina vividha svarUpoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| udAna nAmaka eka laghu grantha meM hI nirvANa ke ina vividha rUpoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai / nirvANa bhAvAtmaka tathya isa sandarbha meM buddha-vacana isa prakAra hai-"bhikSuo! nirvANa ajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta hai / bhikSuo! yadi vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta nahIM hotA to jAta, bhUta, kRta, aura saMskRta kA vyupazama nahIM ho sktaa| bhikSuo! kyoMki vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta aura asaMskRta hai, isalie jAta, bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta kA vyupazama jAnA jAtA hai / dhammapada meM nirvANa ko parama sukha, suttanipAta meM praNIta evaM amRta pada kahA gayA hai, jise prApta kara lene para na cyuti kA bhaya hotA hai, na zoka hotA hai / use zAnta, saMsAropazama, evaM sukhapada bhI kahA gayA hai|" itivRttaka meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha dhruva, na utpanna hone vAlA, zoka aura rAgarahita hai / sabhI duHkhoM kA vahA~ nirodha ho jAtA hai| vaha saMskAroM kI zAnti evaM sukha hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa nirvANa kI bhAvAtmakatA kA samarthana karate hue vizuddhimArga meM likhate haiM-"nirvANa nahIM hai, aisA nahIM kahanA cAhie / bhava aura jarAmaraNa ke abhAva se vaha nitya hai, azithila-parAkramasiddha, vizeSajJAna se prApta kiye jAne se aura sarvajJa ke vacana tathA paramArtha se nirvANa vidyamAna hai|" nirvANa abhAvAtmaka tathya nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA ke sambandha meM udAna meM nimna buddha-vacana haiM-"lohe ke ghana kI coTa par3ane para jo cinagAriyA~ uThatI haiM ve turanta hI bujha jAtI haiM, kahA~ gaI kucha patA nahIM cltaa| isI prakAra kAma-bandhana se mukta ho nirvANa prApta puruSa kI gati kA koI bhI patA nahIM lagA sktaa| zarIra chor3a diyA, saMjJA niruddha ho gaI, sArI vedanAoM ko bhI, bilakula jalA diyaa| saMskAra zAnta ho gae, vijJAna asta ho gayA / 1-2. udAna 8 / 3, itivRttaka, 2 / 2 / 6 3. dhammapada, 203-204 4. suttanipAta, 1314 5. dhammapada, 368 6. itivRttaka, 2 / 2 / 6 7. visuddhimagga, bhAga 2, pR0 119-121 8. udAna, 8.10 9. udAna, 89

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428 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana lekina dIpa-zikhA aura agni ke bujha jAne athavA saMjJA ke niruddha ho jAne kA artha abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / AcArya buddhaghoSa vizuddhimArga meM kahate haiM ki nirvANa kA vAstavika artha tRSNAkSaya athavA virAga hai / ' pro0 kItha evaM pro0 nalinAkSadatta aggivacchagottasutta ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki bujha jAne kA artha abhAvAtmakatA nahIM hai, varan astitva kI rahasyamaya evaM avarNanIya avasthA hai| pro0 kItha ke anusAra nirvANa abhAva nahIM, varan cetanA kA apane mUla (vAstavika zuddha) svarUpa meM avasthita honA hai| pro0 nalinAkSadatta ke zabdoM meM nirvANa kI agni-zikhA ke bujha jAne se kI jAnevAlI tulanA samucita hai, kyoMki bhAratIya cintana meM Aga ke bujha jAne se tAtparya usake anastitva se na hokara usakA svAbhAvika, zuddha, adRzya, avyakta avasthA meM calA jAnA hai, jisameM ki vaha apane dRzya-prakaTana ke pUrva thii| bauddha dArzanika saMghabhadra kA bhI yahI nirUpaNa hai ki agni kI upamA se hamako yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai ki nirvANa abhAva hai|2 milindaprazna ke anusAra bhI nirvANadhAtu asti-dharma (asthidhamma), ekAnta sukha evaM apratibhAga hai / usakA lakSaNa svarUpataH nahIM batAyA jA sakatA, kintu guNataH dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaise jala pyAsa zAnta karatA hai, vaise hI nirvANa tRSNA ko zAnta karatA hai| nirvANa ko akRta kahane se bhI usakI ekAnta abhAvAtmakatA siddha nahIM hotii| Arya (sAdhaka) nirvANa kA utpAda nahIM karatA, phira bhI vaha usakA sAkSAtkAra (sAkSIkaroti) evaM pratilAbha (prApnoti) karatA hai / vastutaH nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki anivarcanIya kA nirNacana karane meM bhAvAtmaka bhASA kI apekSA abhAvAtmaka bhASA adhika yuktipUrNa hotI hai| nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA __ isa sambandha meM nimna buddha-vacana upalabdha haiM-"bhikSuo ! na to maiM use agati aura na gati kahatA hU~, na sthiti aura na cyuti kahatA hai, use utpatti bhI nahIM kahatA huuN| vaha na to kahIM ThaharA hai, na pravartita hotA hai aura na usakA koI AdhAra hai, yahI duHkhoM kA anta hai / bhikSuo! ananta kA samajhanA kaThina hai, nirvANa kA samajhanA AsAna nahIM, jisa jJAnI kI tRSNA naSTa ho jAtI hai use (rAgAdikleza) kucha nahIM haiN|" udAna meM nirvANa ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki "jala, pRthvI, agni aura vAyu vahA~ nahIM ThaharatI, vahA~ na to zukra aura na Aditya prakAza karate haiM / vahA~ candramA kI prabhA bhI nahIM hai, na vahA~ aMdhakAra hI hotA hai| jaba kSINAsrava bhikSu apane Apako jAna letA hai taba rUpa-arUpa tathA sukha-duHkha se chUTa jAtA hai / "6 udAna kA yaha vacana 1. visuddhimagga, 16 / 64 4. yahA~ pAThAntara hai 2. uddhRta-bauddhadharma-darzana, pR0 294 3. udAna, 801 5. udAna, 8 / 3 6. vahI, 1110

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) 429 hameM gItA ke usa kathana kI yAda dilA detA hai jahA~ zrIkRSNa kahate haiM "jahA~ na pavana bahatA hai, na candra, sUrya prakAzita hote haiM / jahA~ jAne para punaH isa saMsAra meM AyA nahIM jAtA / vahIM merA (AtmA kA) paramadhAma (svasthAna) hai|" bauddha-nirvANa kI yaha vizada vivecanA hameM isa niSkarSa para le jAtI hai ki prArambhika bauddha-darzana kA nirvANa abhAvAtmaka tathya nahIM thaa| isake lie nimna tarka prastuta kiye jA sakate haiM / 1. nirvANa yadi abhAva mAtra hotA to vaha tRtIya Arya-satya kaise hotA ? kyoMki abhAva Aryacitta kA Alambana nahIM ho sktaa| 2. yadi tRtIya Arya-satya kA viSaya dravya satya nahIM hai to usake upadeza kA kyA mUlya hogA? 3. yadi nirvANa mAtra abhAva hai to ucchedadRSTi samyagdRSTi hogii| lekina buddha ne to sadaiva hI ucchedadRSTi ko mithyAdRSTi kahA hai / 4. mahAyAna kI dharmakAya kI avadhAraNA aura usakI nirvANa se ekarUpatA tathA vijJAnavAda ke AlayavijJAna kI avadhAraNA nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA ke viparIta par3atI haiM / ataH nirvANa kA tAttvika svarUpa 'abhAva' siddha nahIM hotA / use abhAva yA nirodha kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki usameM vAsanA yA tRSNA kA abhAva hai / lekina jisa prakAra roga kA abhAva abhAva mAtra hai, phira bhI sadbhUta hai, use Arogya kahate haiM / usI prakAra tRSNA kA abhAva bhI sadbhUta hai, use sukha kahA jAtA hai / dUsare, use abhAva isalie bhI kahA jAtA hai ki sAdhaka meM zAzvatavAda kI mithyAdRSTi bhI utpanna na ho / rAga kA prahANa hone se nirvANa meM maiM (atta) aura merApana (attA) nahIM hotA / isI se use abhAva kahA jAtA hai| nirvANa rAga kA, ahaM kA pUrNa vigalana hai, lekina ahaM yA mamatva kI samApti ko abhAva nahIM kaha sakate / nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka kalpanA 'anatta' kA galata artha samajhane se utpanna huI hai / bauddhadarzana meM anAtma (anatta) zabda Atma (tattva) kA abhAva nahIM batAtA, varan yaha batAtA hai ki jagat meM apanA yA merA koI nahIM hai / anAtma kA upadeza Asakti ke prahANa ke lie, tRSNA ke kSaya ke lie hai / nirvANa tattva kA abhAva nahIM, varan apanepana yA ahaM kA abhAva hai / anatta (anAtma) vAda kI pUrNatA yaha batAne meM hai ki jagat meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise merA yA apanA kahA jA sake / sabhI anAtma haiM, isa zikSA kA saccA artha yahI hai ki merA kucha bhI nahIM hai| kyoMki jahA~ merApana (AtmabhAva) AtA hai-vahA~ rAga evaM tRSNA kA udaya hotA hai / 'sva' kI 'para' meM avasthiti hotI hai / AtmadRSTi (mamatva) utpanna 1. gItA, 15 / 6 2. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 464-465

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430 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hotI hai| lekina yahI Atma-dRSTi, 'sva' kA 'para' meM avasthita honA, rAgabhAva evaM tRSNA kI vRtti bandhana hai / jo tRSNA hai, vahI rAga hai aura jo rAga hai, vahI apanApana hai / nirvANa meM tRSNA kA kSaya hone se rAga nahIM hotA, rAga nahIM hone se apanApana (attA) bhI nahIM hotaa| bauddha-nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA kA sahI artha isa apanepana kA abhAva hai, tattva kA abhAva nahIM hai / vastutaH tattva-lakSaNa kI dRSTi se nirvANa bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| vAsanAtmaka paryAyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha abhAva kahA jAtA hai| ataH pro0 kItha aura nalinAkSadatta kI yaha mAnyatA ki bauddha-nirvANa abhAva nahIM hai, bauddha vicAraNA kI mUla vicAra dRSTi ke nikaTa hI hai / yadyapi bauddha-nirvANa bhAvAtmaka hai, tathApi bhAvAtmaka bhASA usakA yathArtha citra prastuta karane meM samartha nahIM hai / kyoMki bhAva kisI pakSa ko batAtA hai aura pakSa ke lie pratipakSa anivArya hai, jabaki nirvANa to pakSAtikrAMta hai| niSedhamUlaka kathana kI yaha vizeSatA hotI hai ki usake lie pratipakSa Avazyaka nhiiN| ataH anirvacanIya kA nirvacana karane meM niSedhAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga hI adhika samIcIna hai| isa niSedhAtmaka vivecanAzailI ne nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka kalpanA ko adhika prabala banAyA hai| vastutaH to nirvANa anirvacanIya hai| 611. gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpa-gItA meM bhI naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya hai paramatattva, brahma, akSarapuruSa athavA puruSottama kI prApti / gItAkAra prasaMgAntara se use hI mokSa, nirvANapada, avyaya-pada, paramapada, paramagati aura paramadhAma kahatA hai / jaina evaM bauddha vicAraNA ke samAna gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI saMsAra punarAgamana yA janmamaraNa kI prakriyA se yukta hai, jabaki mokSa punarAgamana yA janma-maraNa kA abhAva hai| gItA kA sAdhaka yahI preraNA lekara Age bar3hatA hai (jarAmaraNamokSAya 7.29) aura kahatA hai "jisako prApta kara lene para punaH saMsAra meM nahIM lauTanA hotA hai, usa parama pada kI gaveSaNA karanA caahie|"' gItA kA Izvara bhI sAdhaka ko Azvasta karate hue yahI kahatA hai ki "jise prApta kara lene para punaH saMsAra meM AnA nahIM hotA, vahI merA paramadhAma (svasthAna) hai| paramasiddhi ko prApta hue mahAtmA jana mere ko prApta hokara, duHkhoM ke ghara, isa asthira punarjanma ko prApta nahIM hote haiM / brahmaloka paryanta samagra jagat punarAvRtti-yukta hai| lekina jo bhI mujhe prApta kara letA hai, usakA punajanma nahIM hotA / "2 mokSa ke anAvRttirUpa lakSaNa ko batAne ke sAtha hI mokSa ke svarUpa kA nirvacana karate hue gItA kahatI hai, "isa avyakta se bhI pare anya sanAtana avyakta tattva hai jo sabhI prANiyoM meM rahate hue bhI unake naSTa hone para naSTa nahIM hotA hai arthAt cetanA-paryAyoM meM jo avyakta hai unase bhI pare unakA AdhArabhUta Asmatattva hai| cetanA kI avasthAe~ nazvara haiM, lekina unase pare rahanevAlA yaha 1. gItA, 15 / 4 2. vahI 8 / 15-20, 15 / 6

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokSa) Atmatattva sanAtana hai jo prANiyoM meM cetanA (jJAna paryAyoM) ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote hue bhI una prANiyoM tathA unakI cetanA paryAyoM (cetana avasthAoM) ke naSTa hone para bhI naSTa nahIM hotA hai / usI AtmA ko akSara aura avyakta kahA gayA hai aura use hI paramagati bhI kahate haiM, vahI paramadhAma bhI haiM, vahI merA paramAtmasvarUpa yA AtmA kA nijasthAna hai, jise prApta kara lene para punaH nivartana nahIM hotA / "" " use akSara, brahma, paramatattva, svabhAva ( AtmA kI svabhAvadazA) aura adhyAtma bhI kahA jAtA hai ( 813) 1" gItA kI dRSTi meM mokSa nirvANa hai, paramazAnti kA adhisthAna hai / jaina darzana kI bhA~ti gItA bho yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki mokSa sukhAvasthA hai / gItA ke anusAra " muktAtmA brahmabhUta hokara atyanta sukha (anantasaukhya) kA anubhava karatA hai / " yadyapi gotA evaM jaina darzana meM "muktAtmA meM jisa sukha kI kalpanA kI gayI hai, vaha na aindriya sukha hai, na vaha mAtra duHkhAbhAvarUpa sukha hai, varan vaha atIndriya jJAnagamya anazvara sukha hai / " niSkarSa- - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya darzana meM mokSa yA nirvANa kA pratyaya naitika jIvana kA sAdhya rahA hai aura naitika sAdhya sambandhI aneka pahaluoM para prakAza DAlatA hai / rAga aura dveSa ke prahANa ke rUpa meM vaha pUrNa caitta sika samatva kI avasthA hai / icchA aura dveSa se utpanna honevAle dvandvoM kA usameM pUrNa abhAva hone se vaha parama zAnti hai / tRSNA aura vedanAjanya duHkhoM kA pUrNa abhAva hone se vaha parama Ananda hai / janmamaraNa ke cakra se mukti ke rUpa meM vaha amRtapada hai / moha yA ajJAna kI pUrNa nivRtti ke rUpa meM vaha nirapekSa jJAna kI avasthA hai | cetanA kI jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM unake pUrNa sAmaJjasya ke rUpa meM vaha AtmapUrNatA evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra hai / isa prakAra pAzcAtya AcAra darzanoM meM naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM jina vibhinna tathyoM kI carcA kI gayI hai, ve sabhI samaveta rUpa meM mokSa kI bhAratIya dhAraNA meM upasthita haiM / $ 12. sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA patha kA pArasparika sambandha sAdhya ora sAdhaka jaina AcAra - darzana meM sAdhya (mokSa) aura sAdhaka meM abheda hI mAnA gayA hai / samayasAraTIkA meM AcArya amRtacandrasUri likhate haiM ki para dravya kA parihAra aura zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai / " AcArya hemacandra sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda 1. gItA, 8 20-21 3. vahI, 6 / 28 5. samayasAra TIkA, 305 tulanIya yogasUtra, 13 2. vahI, 6 / 15 4. vahI, 6 / 21 431

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana batAte hue likhate haiM ki kaSAyoM aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura unako vijita karanevAlA AtmA hI prabuddha puruSoM dvArA mokSa kahA jAtA hai / " muni nyAyavijaya jI likhate haiM ki "AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura AtmA hI mokSa hai / jahA~ taka AtmA kaSAya aura indriyoMke vazIbhUta hai, saMsAra haiM aura unako hI jaba apane vazIbhUta kara letA hai, mokSa kahA jAtA hai / " isa prakAra naitika sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM hI AtmA haiM / donoM meM maulika antara yahI hai ki AtmA jaba taka viSayoM aura kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta rahatA hai, taba taka sAdhaka hotA hai aura jaba una para vijaya pA letA hai taba vahI sAdhya bana jAtA hai / AtmA kI vAsanAoM ke mala se yukta avasthA hI usakA bandhana kahI jAtI hai aura vizuddha Atma-tattva kI avasthA hI mukti kahI jAtI hai / 432 / jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM meM antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki AtmA kI apUrNa avasthA hI sAdhaka avasthA hai aura AtmA kI pUrNa avasthA hI sAdhya hai / jaina naitika-sAdhanA kA lakSya athavA Adarza koI bAhya tattva nahIM, vaha to sAdhaka kA apanA hI svarUpa hai / usakI hI apanI pUrNatA kI avasthA hai / sAdhaka kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM, varan usake andara hI hai / sAdhaka ko use pAnA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki pAyA to vaha jAtA hai jo vyakti ke bhItara nahIM ho athavA apane se bAhya ho / naitika sAdhya bAhya upalabdhi nahIM, Antarika upalabdhi hai / dUsare zabdoM meM vaha nija guNoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AtmA ke nija guNa yA sva lakSaNa to sadaiva hI usameM upasthita haiM sAdhaka ko kevala unheM prakaTa karanA hai / hamArI mUlabhUta kSamatAe~ sAdhaka avasthA aura siddha avasthA meM vahI haiM / sAdhaka aura siddha avasthA meM antara kSamatAoM kA nahIM, varan kSamatAoM ko yogyatAoM meM badala dene kA hai / jaise bIja vRkSa ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai, vaise hI AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNarUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiM / sAdhaka AtmA ke jJAna, bhAva (anubhUti), aura saMkalpa ke tattva hI mokSa kI avasthA meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiM / vaha AtmA jo kaSAya aura yoga se yukta hai aura isa kAraNa baddha, sImita aura apUrNa hai, sAdhaka hai aura vahI AtmA apane anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti ke rUpa meM sAdhya hai / upAdhyAya amaramunijI kahate haiM ki jaina sAdhanA sva meM sva ko upalabdha karanA hai, nija meM jinatva kI zodha karanA hai, antas meM pUrNarUpeNa ramamANa honA hai, AtmA ke bAhara eka kaNa meM bhI sAdhanA kI unmukhatA nahIM hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vicAraNA tAttvika dRSTi se sAdhya 1. yogazAstra, 4/5 2. adhyAtmatattvAloka, 416

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naitika jIvana kA sAdhya (mokA) aura sAdhaka meM abheda hI mAnatI hai| dravyAthikadRSTi se sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM eka hI haiM, yadyapi paryAyAthika dRSTi yA vyavahAranaya se unameM bheda hai / AtmA kI svabhAva dazA sAdhya hai aura AtmA ko vibhAvaparyAya hI sAdhaka hai| vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora gati hI sAdhanA hai| gotA kA dRSTikoNa gItA meM bhI sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda mAnA gayA hai / gItA ke anusAra sAdhaka jIvAtmA aura sAdhya paramAtmA donoM meM abheda hI siddha hotA hai, yadyapi gItA ke kucha TIkAkAra bhinna mata bhI rakhate haiM / gItA ke anusAra naitika Adarza yA parama sAdhya paramAtmA ko upalabdhi hI hai / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki maiM hI avyaya mokSa kA, zAzvata dharma kA aura ananta sukha kA mUla sthAna huuN|' dUsarI ora ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki 'yaha jIvAtmA-jo ki sAdhaka hai, merA hI sanAtana aMza haiM / 2 isa prakAra gItA ke anusAra aMza ke rUpa meM jIvAtmA sAdhaka hai aura aMzI ke rUpa meM paramAtmA sAdhya hai| kyoMki aMza aura aMzI meM tAttvika dRSTi se koI bheda nahIM hotA, isalie sAdhaka jIvAtmA aura sAdhya paramAtmA meM bhI koI bheda nahIM hai| unameM bheda mAnanA kevala vyAvahArika bAta hai| sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya-jisa prakAra sAdhaka aura sAdhya meM abheda mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA-mArga aura sAdhya meM bhI abheda hai / jIvAtmA apane jJAna, anubhati aura saMkalpa ke rUpa meM sAdhaka kahA jAtA hai| usake yahI jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA-patha bana jAte haiN| yahI jaba apanI pUrNatA ko prakaTa kara lete haiM to sAdhya bana jAte haiM / jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra aura samyaktapa yaha sAdhanA-patha hai aura jaba ye samyak catuSTaya ananta-jJAna, anantadarzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti ko upalabdha kara lete haiM to vahI avasthA sAdhya bana jAtI hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jo sAdhaka cetanA kA svarUpa hai vahI samyak banakara sAdhanApatha bana jAtA hai aura vahI pUrNa ke rUpa meM sAdhya hotA hai / sAdhanApatha aura sAdhya donoM hI AtmA kI avasthAe~ haiM / AtmA kI samyak avasthA sAdhanA-patha hai aura pUrNa avasthA sAdhya hai| gItA ke anusAra bhI sAdhanA mArga ke rUpa meM jina sadguNoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai, unheM paramAtmA kI hI vibhUti mAnA gayA hai / yadi sAdhaka AtmA paramAtmA kA 1. gItA. 14 / 27 2. vahI, 15 / 7 /

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434 jaina, baukha tathA gItA ke mAcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aMza hai aura sAdhanA-mArga paramAtmA kI vibhUti hai aura sAdhya vahI paramAtmA hai to phira inameM abheda hI mAnA jaayegaa| yahAM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha abheda tAttvika hai, vyAvahArika nhiiN| vyAvahArika jIvana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha tInoM alaga-alaga haiM : kyoMki yadi unameM yaha bheda svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAyegA, to naitika jIvana kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaayegaa| AcAra-darzana kA kArya yahI hai ki vaha isa bAta kA nirdeza kare ki sAdhaka AtmA ko sAdhanA-mArga ke mAdhyama se siddhi kI prApti kaise ho sakatI hai /

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15 naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 440 1. dharma aura naitikatA kA sambandha 2. dharma aura Izvara 3. karma-sidAnta aura Izvara 4. jaina darzana kA samAdhAna 5. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 6. naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM Izvara 7. upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara 8. Izvara mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM 442 442 448 - 435 -

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15 naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara dharma aura naitikatA kA sambandha - bhAratIya cintana meM dharma aura naitikatA ke pratyaya sAtha-sAtha rahe haiN| kisI bhI vibhAjaka rekhA ke AdhAra para ve alaga nahIM kiye jA sakate / jo naitika zubha hai, vahI dharma hai, aura jo dharma hai vahI naitika zubha hai / bhAratIya cintana meM 'dharma' zabda naitika sadguNa aura kartavya ke artha meM bahudhA prayukta huA hai / jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki yaha dharma hai to hamArA tAtparya naitika kartavya kI dhAraNA se hotA hai / dharma zabda kA dharma ke artha meM aura naitika kartavya ke artha meM hone vAlA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki hamArI vicAra- paramparA meM dharma aura nIti alaga-alaga na hokara, eka rahe / bhAratIya paramparA kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki koI bhI dhArmika hokara anaitika nahIM ho sakatA aura na koI anaitika AcaraNa karane vAlA dhArmika ho sakatA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra dhArmika hone ke pUrva naitika honA Avazyaka hai / samyaktva kI upalabdhi naitika jIvana yA vAsanAoM ke niyamana ke dvArA hI sambhava hai aura jaba koI sacce arthoM meM dhArmika (samyagdRSTi ) bana jAtA hai to vaha anaitika bhI nahIM rahatA / jaina paramparA ke samAna bauddha aura gItA kI paramparA meM bhI dharma aura naitikatA ke pratyaya sAtha-sAtha rahe haiM / lekina pAzcAtya paramparA meM dharma aura naitikatA ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai / pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM dharma aura naitikatA ke AdhAra bhinnabhinna hai / dharma kA sambandha bhAvanA se hai jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha kartavya se / dharma kA AdhAra vizvAsa yA zraddhA hai jabaki naitikatA kA AdhAra bauddhikatA yA viveka hai / dharma kA sambandha hamAre bhAvanAtmaka pakSa se hai jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha saMkalpAtmaka pakSa se hai / semyuala alegjeNDara kA kathana hai ki " vAstava meM dhArmika honA isase adhika kartavya nahIM, yadi bhUkhA honA koI kartavya hai / " jisa prakAra bhUkhA hone meM kartavyabhAva nahIM hai, varan mAtra eka sAMvegika avasthA hai / usI prakAra dharma bhI kartavyabhAva nahIM hai, varan sAMvegika avasthA hai / isa prakAra unakI dRSTi meM dharma aura naitikatA alaga-alaga haiM | viliyama jemsa bhI dharma ko naitikatA se alaga mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki jaba hama dharma ko usake sahI artha meM lete haiM to usameM naitikatA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hotaa| unakA kathana hai ki "yadi hameM dharma kA koI nizcita artha lenA hai, to hameM 1. uddhRta - nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 38

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438 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana use bhAva ke atireka aura utsAhapUrNa AliMgana ke artha meM lenA cAhie, jahA~ kaThora arthoM meM tathAkathita naitikatA kevala sira jhukA detI hai aura rAha chor3a detI hai / ''. dharma aura naitikatA ke isa gaThabandhana ko, jise bhAratIya vicArakoM ne svIkAra kara liyA thA, tor3a dene para naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se aneka vaicArika kaThinAiyoM kI udbhAvanA sambhava thii| ataH aneka vicArakoM ne isa sambandha ko banAye rakhA / yadyapi isa bAta ko lekara vicArakoM meM matabheda rahA ki dharma aura naitikatA meM kauna prAthamika hai| dekArta, lAka prabhRti vicAraka IzvarIya Adeza se naitika niyamoM kI utpatti mAnane ke kAraNa dharma ko naitikatA se pahale mAnate haiN| udhara kAMTa, maithyU ArnalDa, mArTina Adi naitikatA para dharma ko adhiSThita karate haiN| kAMTa ke anusAra dharma naitikatA para AdhArita hai aura Izvara kA astitva naitikatA ke astitva ke kAraNa hai / Izvara nItizAstra kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatA hai / maithyU ArnalDa kA kathana hai ki "bhAvanA se yukta naitikatA hI dharma hai|" dharma aura naitikatA ko alaga-alaga mAnakara unake sambandhoM kI vyAkhyA karanA apane meM asaMgata hai / jJAna aura zraddhA jinake AdhAra para inheM alaga-alaga kiyA jAtA hai, nirapekSa rUpa meM alaga-alaga nahIM haiN| gItA meM jJAna, bhakti aura karma, bauddha-darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA tathA jaina-darzana meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ko nirapekSarUpeNa bhinna-bhinna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya cintana kI isa sahI dizA ke samAna pazcima meM bhI breDale aura priMgala peTIsana Adi kucha vicArakoM ne socane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| breDale kA kathana hai ki naitikatA se pare jAnA naitika kartavya hai aura vaha kartavya hai dhArmika honA / yahA~ pUrva aura pazcima ke naitika cintana meM dharma aura naitikatA kI ekarUpatA yA vibhinnatA kA yaha vicAra-bheda samApta ho jAtA hai| breDale naitikatA aura dharma ke lie do alaga zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiN| jaba ve kahate haiM ki naitikatA dharma meM samApta ho jAtI hai, to unakA artha naitikatA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM hai| dharma na to naitikatA-vihIna hai, na naitikatA dharma-vihIna hai / naitikatA aura dharma AtmapUrNatA dizA meM do avasthAeM haiM / naitika pUrNatA kA Adarza vAstavika nahIM hotA varan vaha pUrNatA kI dizA meM mAtra prakriyA hai, jabaki dhArmika Adarza vAstavika pUrNa hotA hai| breDale ke anusAra yaha asambhava hai ki eka vyakti dhArmika hote hue bhI anaitika AcaraNa kre| aisI sthiti meM yA to vaha dharma kA DhoMga kara rahA hai athavA usakA dharma hI mithyA hai| breDale zubhAzubha kI sImArekhA taka naitikatA kA kSetra 1. verAiTIz2a Apha rilIjiyasa eksapIriyaMseja; uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 39 2. uddhRta-nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 38 3. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 314, 319 4. vahI, pR0 314

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara mAnate haiM aura usake Age dharma kaa| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra dharma ke kSetra meM zubhAzubha kA vicAra samApta ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya cintana yadyapi naitikatA aura dharma ke bIca aisI koI sImArekhA nahIM khiiNctaa| phira bhI vaha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki vyakti kA aMtima sAdhya zubhAzubha kI sImArekhA se Upara uThane meM hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki manuSya kA paramasAdhya zubhAzubha se Upara uThane meM hai| isa prakAra braDale ke uparyukta cintana se bhAratIya vicAra adhika dUra nahIM hai| phira bhI pAzcAtya paramparA meM aise aneka cintaka haiM, jo yaha mAnate haiM ki binA dhArmika hue bhI koI vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai| sadAcArI jIvana ke lie dhArmikatA anivArya nahIM hai / sAmyavAdI dezoM meM isI dharma-vihIna naitikatA kA pATha par3hAyA jAtA hai| yadi dharma kA artha kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA yA pUjA-upacAra ke kucha kriyAkAMDoM taka sImita hai taba to yaha sambhava hai ki koI vyakti adhArmika hokara bhI naitika ho sakatA hai| lekina dharma kA sambandha siddhAnta yA Adarza ke prati niSThA yA zraddhA se hai, to usake abhAva meM koI bhI vyakti saccA naitika nahIM ho sakatA / zraddhA yA niSThA ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana usa bhavana ke samAna hogA, jisakI nIMva nahIM hai / jisa prakAra binA nIMva kA bhavana kaba dhArAzAyI ho jAyegA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA usI prakAra zraddhA yA niSThA-vihIna naitika jIvana meM patana kI sambhAvanAe~ sadaiva banI rahatI haiN| dharma jisakA paryAya zraddhA yA niSThA hai, naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| dharma naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura naitikatA dharma kA zarIra hai| ekadUsare ke abhAva meM donoM nahIM Tikate / AcaraNa ke lie niSThA aura niSThA ke lie AcaraNa Avazyaka hai| jo loga sadAcaraNa aura naitika jIvana ke lie dharma ko anAvazyaka mAnate haiM unakI dRSTi meM dharma pUjA-upAsanA ke vidhividhAnoM se adhika nahIM hai| lekina dharma ke kendrIya tattva niSThA aura sahAnubhUti to unheM bhI mAnya haiM / svayaM sAmyavAdI vicAraka jo dharma ko aphIma kI golI kahane kA sAhasa karate haiM, ve bhI sAmyavAda ke siddhAntoM ke prati niSThAvAn honA Avazyaka mAnate haiM / niSThA cAhe kisI siddhAnta yA Adarza ke prati ho, cAhe rASTra yA rASTranetA ke prati ho, cAhe mAnavatA ke prati ho, cAhe ati-mAnavIya sattA ke prati ho, naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai / niSThA ke hone para hI sadAcaraNa sambhava hai| bhUmi meM pAnI hai yaha vizvAsa hI kisI ko kuA khodane ke lie prayatnazIla banAtA hai / ucca mAnavIya mUlyoM yA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para niSThA rakhe binA naitika jIvana sambhava hI nahIM ho sakatA / niSThA yA zraddhA hI naitika jIvana kA preraka sUtra hai aura vahI naitikatA ke lie Thosa aura sthAyI AdhAra prastuta karatI hai| naitika jIvana kA prArambha aura anta donoM hI dharma meM hote haiN| 28

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440 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki dharma aura naitika jIvana sahagAmI rahe haiN| bhAratIya cintakoM ne jo sAdhanA-mArga batAye haiM, unameM zraddhA aura AcaraNa donoM kA hI samAna mUlya hai| zraddhA jo dharma kA kendrIya tattva hai aura AcaraNa jo naitikatA kA kendrIya tattva hai, donoM milakara hI jIvana ke vikAsa ko sahI dizA meM gati dete haiN| yadyapi hameM yahAM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki zraddhA kA artha andhazraddhA nahIM hai / dharma ke rUpa meM jisa niSThA aura zraddhA ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, vaha vastutaH ucca evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke prati niSThA hI hai jo pUrI taraha viveka yA prajJA se samanvita hai / zraddhA aura karma yA dharma aura naitikatA ke madhya sthita jJAna, viveka yA prajJA kA tattva na kevala donoM ko jor3atA hai varan unheM galata dizAoM meM jAne se bacAtA bhI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya darzana kI kucha prabuddha vicAraNAoM meM dharma kevala andhavizvAsa ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA hai / dharma ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka hai, lekina vaha zraddhA, viveka aura karma se samanvita hI honA cAhie aura sambhavataH jaina aura bauddha vicAraNAoM ne isa dRSTikoNa ko vikasita hI kiyA hai| ___ zraddhA yA niSThA mAnava-jIvana yA mAnavIya cetanA kA eka bhAvAtmaka pakSa hai aura usake samucita vikAsa evaM pUrNatA ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai| na koI aisA yuga rahA aura na Age rahegA jisameM dharma kA sthAna na ho| jabataka mAnava-jIvana meM bhAvAtmaka pakSa upasthita hai, tabataka dharma eka anivArya tattva hai / yaha sambhava hai ki tathAkathita dharmoM ke nAma para mAnava kI isa bhAvAtmaka cetanA ko ubhAr3A gayA ho aura usakA galata dizA meM nirdeza bhI huA ho| yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna yuga meM dharma ke prati tIvra virodha parilakSita hotA hai, lekina isa virodha ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhI koI nayA dizA-nirdeza nahIM ho pAyA hai| purAne dharmoM ke sthAna para Aja ye rAjanaitika dharma khar3e ho rahe haiM / rASTravAda, sAmyavAda, pU~jIvAda Adi ke nAma para khar3e hone vAle ye nae dharma mAnavIya cetanA ke usa bhAvAtmaka pakSa kA zoSaNa aura galata dizA-nirdeza Aja bhI kara rahe haiN| itanA hI nahIM, vartamAna yuga kI yaha sthiti usase bhI adhika dAruNa aura mAnava jAti ke lie vinAzakAraka hai| AvazyakatA yaha hai ki mAnava kI niSThA kinhIM aise ucca AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para kendrita kI jAye jisase vaha apanI kSudratAoM, saMkucita vicAra-dRSTiyoM aura svArthamaya jIvana se Upara uThakara mAnava-jAti ke kalyANa kI sAdhaka bana sake / dharma aura Izvara-dharma kA pratyaya Izvara kI dhAraNA se sambandhita hai| mAnavIya zraddhA kA koI kendra honA Avazyaka hai aura zraddhA ke kendra ke rUpa meM Izvara kA vicAra sAmane AyA hai / yadyapi sabhI dharmoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai, tathApi usake svarUpa meM sambandha meM vibhinna dharmoM meM alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiM /

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 441 yahA~ una sabhI kI carcA meM utaranA saMbhava nahIM hai| hama apanI isa vivecanA meM Izvara ke sambandha meM kevala unhIM dRSTikoNoM se vicAra kareMge joki naitika jIvana ke lie mahatvapUrNa haiM / Izvara ke sambandha meM naitika dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para hamAre sAmane do prazna Ate haiM 1. Izvara karma niyama ke vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM / 2. Izvara naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM / karma-siddhAnta aura Izvara-naitika jIvana ke lie karma-siddhAnta meM AsthA Avazyaka hai / lagabhaga sabhI dhArmika paramparAe~ naitika zubhAzubha kRtyoM ke pratiphala meM vizvAsa prakaTa kara karma-siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatI haiM, lekina usameM se kucha karmoM meM svataH apane phala dene kI kSamatA kA abhAva mAnatI haiM, jabaki dUsarI karmoM meM phala dene kI svataH kSamatA ko svIkAra karatI haiN| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM sAMkhya, yoga, jaina, bauddha aura mImAMsaka karmoM ko phala dene meM svataH sakSama mAnate haiM jabaki nyAya, vaizeSika aura vedAnta karmoM meM svataH phala dene kI kSamatA kA abhAva mAnakara Izvara ko phala pradAtA svIkAra karate haiN| jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya aura mImAMsA darzanoM meM kisI vaiyaktika Izvara kA astitva ho svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yoga darzana meM Izvara kA astitva to mAnya hai, lekina vaha kevala upAsanA kA viSaya evaM zraddhA kA kendra hai / karma niyama kA vyavasthApaka yA zubhAzubha karmoM kA phalapradAtA nahIM hai| brahmasUtra para AdhArita vedAntadarzana meM 'Izvara ko zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala pradAtA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI zAMkara darzana kI tattva vivecanA meM pAramArthika dRSTi se yaha dhAraNA atyanta nirbala par3a jAtI hai| usameM phalapradAtA Izvara aura usakI vyavasthA kI vyAvahArika sattA mAtra zeSa rahatI hai / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM Izvara ko karma-niyama kA vyavasthApaka evaM karmaphala kA pradAtA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana evaM pUrvamImAMsA-darzana meM karma ko cetana aura svayaM phala dene kI kSamatA se yukta mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya, yoga evaM jaina darzana karma ko jar3a mAnate haiM / jar3a karma apanA svataH phala kaise de sakate haiM, isa samasyA ke prati nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM nimna AkSepa prastuta kie gae haiM 1. jar3akarma acetana hone ke kAraNa svataH phala pradAna nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki phala pradAna kI kriyA cetana kI preraNA ke binA nahIM ho sktii| 2. karma kA kartA jo caitanya hai, vaha bhI phalapradAtA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki kartA kabhI bhI svecchA se azubha karmoM kA phala prApta karanA nahIM cAhatA / ataH phala pradAtA Izvara ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai| 1. brahmasUtra, 3 / 2 / 28

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442 _ jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina darzana kA samAdhAna-jaina vicArakoM ne ina AkSepoM ke pratyuttara meM kucha tarka prastuta kiye haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra bhAMga, zarAba Adi nazIlI jar3a vastue~ upabhoga ke pazcAt eka nizcita samaya para svataH apane prabhAva se caitanya ko binA usakI icchA kI apekSA kie, prabhAvita karatI haiM, usI prakAra jar3a karma bhI svataH hI apanA phala pradAna karate haiM / zrImad rAjacandra bhAI likhate haiM jhera sughAsamaje nahIM, jIva khAya phala thAya / ema zubhAzubha karma no, bhoktApaNuM jaNAya / / arthAt jaise viSa khAne vAlA usake prabhAva se baca nahIM sakatA, vaise hI karmoM kA kartA bhI unake prabhAva se nahIM baca sktaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa-gItA meM phala-pradAtA ke rUpa meM to nahIM, lekina karma niyama ke vyavasthApaka athavA karmoM ke phala kA nizcaya karane vAle ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki "maiM jisakA nizcaya kara diyA karatA hU~ vaha icchita phala manuSya ko milatA hai|" yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki karmoM meM svataH phala dene kI kSamatA gItAkAra ko svIkAra hai| isa sambandha meM gItA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue lokamAnya tilaka likhate haiM ki karma kA cakra jaba eka bAra Arambha ho jAtA hai taba use Izvara bhI nahIM roka sktaa| karmaphala nizcita kara dene kA kAma yadyapi Izvara kA hai, tathApi vedAnta-zAstra kA yaha siddhAnta hai ki ve phala hara eka ke khare-khoTe karmoM kI arthAt karma akarma kI yogyatA ke anusAra diye jAte hai / isalie paramezvara isa sambandha meM vastutaH udAsIna hI hai-"karma ke bhAvI pariNAma yA phala kevala karma ke niyamoM se hI utpanna huA karate haiN|" ina zabdoM kA gahana vizleSaNa hameM isI niSkarSa para pahu~cAtA hai ki gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM karma svataH apanA phala dene kI sAmarthya se yukta hai, gItA ke anusAra Izvara ne to kevala yaha nizcaya kara diyA hai ki kisa karma kA kyA phala hogaa| dUsare zabdoM meM Izvara mAtra karma-niyama kA nirmAtA hai, karmaphala pradAtA nahIM; lekina tArkika dRSTi se dekheM to yaha dhAraNA bhI adhika sabala nahIM, kyoMki jo karmaphala-nizcaya kA kArya gItAkAra Izvara se karAtA hai vaha karmaphala-nizcaya kA kArya karmoM kI prakRti ( svabhAva) svataH bhI kara sakatI hai / yaha kahane kI apekSA ki Izvara ne zubha kA pratiphala zubha aura aura azubha kA pratiphala azubha nizcita kiyA hai, yaha kahanA adhika ucita hai ki svabhAvataH zubha se zubha aura azubha se azubha kI niSpatti hotI hai / gItAkAra svayaM eka sthAna para spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki "karma aura unake pratiphala ke saMyoga 1. AtmasiddhizAstra, 83 2. gItA, 7 / 22 3. gItArahasya, pR0 269

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 443 kA kartA Izvara nahIM hai, varan vaha to ( karmoM ke ) svabhAva yA prakRti se hotA rahatA hai / "" C phira bhI gItA meM kucha sthala aise haiM jo isa prazna para adhika vivecana kI apekSA karate haiM / karmavAda ke siddhAnta meM karma ko jo sarvocca sthAna diyA gayA hai, usase gItA kA spaSTa virodha hai / gItA meM Izvara kA sthAna karma-niyama ke Upara hai / gItA meM karmasiddhAnta kI vaha kaThoratA nahIM hai, jo jaina-vicAra meM hai / gotA kA karma-niyama usake kAruNika Izvara ke isa udghoSa se ki 'maiM tujhe sarva pApoM se mukta kara dU~gA' zithila ho jAtA hai / IzvarIya kRpA kI apekSA aura usameM vizvAsa karma siddhAnta kI vyavasthA ko cunautI hai / Izvara ko karma-niyama se Upara mAna lene se karma - siddhAnta khaMDita ho jAtA hai / yadi karma-niyama ke binA Izvara mAtra apanI svacchanda icchA se kisI ko mUrkha aura kisI ko vidvAn, kisI ko rAjA aura kisI ko raMka, kisI ko saMpanna aura kisI ko vipanna banAye to use nyAyI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / lekina Izvara kabhI bhI anyAyI nahIM ho sakatA / yahI kAraNa haiM ki jo darzana Izvara ko phala pradAtA mAnate haiM ve bhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki Izvara jIvoM ke karmAnusAra hI unake sukha-duHkha kI vyavasthA karatA hai / jaise vyakti ke bhale-bure karma hote haiM usake anusAra hI Izvara unheM pratiphala detA haiM / IzvarIya vyavasthA pUrI taraha karma-niyama se niyantrita hai / Izvara apanI icchA se usameM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA lekina yaha sarvazaktisampanna Izvara kA upahAsa hai / vaha eka aisA vyavasthApaka hai jisako pada to diyA gayA hai, lekina adhikAra kucha bhI nahIM / amaramuni jI ke zabdoM meM nizcaya ho yaha sarvazaktimAn Izvara ke sAtha khilavAr3a hai / eka tarapha use sarvazaktimAn mAnanA aura dUsarI ora use svataMtra hokara aNumAtra bhI parivartana kA adhikAra nahIM denA nizcaya hI Izvara kI mahatI viDambanA hai / yadi kAruNika Izvara kA kArya karma-niyama se anuzAsita hai to phira na to aise Izvara kA koI mahattva rahatA hai aura na usakI karuNA kA koI artha | eka ora IzvarIya vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna mAnanA aura dUsarI ora karma-vyavasthA ke lie Izvara kI AvazyakatA batAnA, karma-niyama aura Izvara donoM kA hI upahAsa karanA hai / acchA to yahI hai ki karmoM meM svayaM hI apanA phala dene kI zakti mAna lI jAe, jisase Izvara kA Izvaratva bhI surakSita rahe aura karma siddhAnta meM koI bAdhA bhI na Aye / jo vicAraka karma-niyama ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM Izvara kA sthAna svIkAra karate haiM, ve bhI bhrAMta dhAraNA meM haiM / yadi Izvara karma - pravAha kA cAlaka hai to karma-pravAha anAdi 1. gItA, 5 / 14 2. samAja aura saMskRti, pR0 185

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM ho sakatA / lekina tilaka svayaM svIkAra karate haiM ki "karma pravAha anAdi hai aura jaba eka bAra karma kA cakkara zurU ho jAtA hai taba paramezvara bhI usameM hastakSepa nahIM karatA / " tilaka eka ora karma pravAha ko anAdi mAnanA cAhate haiM aura dUsarI ora usake cAlaka ke rUpa meM Izvara ko bhI sthAna denA cAhate haiM tathA isa prayAsa meM eka sAtha AtmavirodhI kathana karate haiM / 'karma-pravAha anAdi hai aura jaba eka bAra karma kA cakkara zurU ho jAtA hai, yaha vAkya Atma-virodhI hai / jo anAdi hai usakA Arambha nahIM ho sakatA aura jisakA Arambha nahIM hai usakA koI cAlaka bhI nahIM ho sakatA / 444 jaina mAnyatA yaha hai ki yadyapi jar3a-karma cetana zakti ke abhAva meM svataH phala nahIM de sakate, lekina isake sAtha hI ve yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki karmoM ko apanA phala pradAna karane ke lie kartA se bhinna anya cetana sattA kI athavA Izvara kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / karmoM ke kartA cetana AtmA ke dvArA svayaM hI vAsanA evaM kaSAyoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para karma vipAka kA prakAra, kAlAvadhi, mAtrA aura tIvratA kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai / yaha AtmA svayaM hI apane karmoM kA kartA hai aura svayaM hI unakA phala pradAtA bana jAtA hai / yadi hama yaha mAna leM ki pratyeka jIvAtmA apane zuddha svarUpa kI dRSTi se paramAtmA hI hai to phira hama cAhe Izvara ko karma-niyama kA niyAmaka aura phala pradAtA kaheM yA jIvAtmA ko svayaM hI apane karmoM kA kartA aura phala pradAtA mAneM, sthiti meM koI antara nahIM par3atA hai / AcArya haribhadra isI samanvayAtmaka bhUmikA kA sparza karate hue kahate haiM ki "jIva mAtra tAttvika dRSTi se paramAtmA hI hai aura vahI svayaM apane acche-bure karmoM kA kartA aura phalapradAtA bhI hai / isa tAttvika dRSTi se karma niyaMtA ke rUpa meM IzvaravAda bhI nirdoSa aura vyavasthita siddha ho jAtA hai / " isa prakAra jaina darzana aura gItA kI vicAra - dRSTi meM bhI sAmAnyatayA vaha antara nahIM hai jo mAna liyA gayA hai / karma niyaMtA Izvara kA vicAra bauddha paramparA meM bhI prAyaH usI rUpa meM asvIkRta rahA hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha jaina- paramparA meM asvIkRta rahA hai / bauddha paramparA bhI jaina paramparA ke samAna karma - niyama ke nirmAtA aura karmoM ke phala pradAtA Izvara ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karatI / gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna mahAvIra aura buddha bhI mahA kAruNika haiM / ve prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se ubArane kI bhAvanA rakhate haiM, lekina unakI yaha karuNA karma-niyama se Upara nahIM hai / prANiyoM kI duHkha vimukti ke lie ve kevala dizAnirdezaka haiM, vimukta kartA nahIM / duHkhoM se vimukti to prANI svayaM apane hI puruSArtha se pAtA hai / ve mArga batAnevAle haiM, gati to svayaM vyakti ko hI karanA hai / 1. gItArahasya, pR0 272 2. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 207

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maitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 445 netika sAdhya ke rUpa meM Izvara-jaina aura bauddha vicAraNAoM meM karma-niyAmaka ke rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya asvIkRta rahA hai| lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki unameM Izvara yA paramAtmA kA pratyaya nahIM hai| yoga darzana ke samAna jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara kA vicAra upasthita hai / jana-sAdhanA kA Adarza bhI gItA ke samAna paramAtmA kI upalabdhi hI rahA hai| bauddha-darzana meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM tathAgata-kAya yA dharmakAya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA tInoM hI paramparAoM meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara kA vicAra svIkRta hai / jaina-paramparA meM naitika jIvana kA sAdhya jisa siddhAvasthA kI prApti mAnA gayA hai, vaha usameM svIkRta paramAtmA ke pratyaya ko spaSTa kara detI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yaha AtmA apane tAttvika zuddha svarUpa meM paramAtmA hI hai aura isI zuddha svarUpa yA paramAtmA kI upalabdhi naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai / yadyapi jaina paramparA aura gItA donoM meM hI paramAtmA ko upalabdhi ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai, tathApi donoM meM thor3A tAttvika antara hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra yaha paramAtmatva vyakti meM svayaM hI prasupta hai aura sAdhanA ke dvArA hameM use prakaTa karanA hai| tattvataH pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA hai aura mAtra use prakaTa karanA hai| sAdhya ke rUpa meM paramAtmA hamase bhinna nahIM hai, varan vaha hamArI hI zuddha sattA kI avasthA hai| sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa paramAtmA ko svIkAra karate haiM, vaha hamArI hI zuddha, tAttvika evaM rAga-dveSa aura karmamala se rahita sthiti hai / sAdhya paramAtmA bhI hamameM hI nihita hai / jaina-darzana meM pratyeka AtmA kA sAdhya apane meM nihita paramAtmatva ko prakaTa karanA hai aura isa rUpa meM usameM pratyeka AtmA hI paramAtmA mAnI gaI hai| ataH paramAtmA aisA koI bAhya Adarza yA sAdhya nahIM hai, jo vyakti se bhinna ho| hameM vahI pAnA hai jo hamameM vidyamAna hai aura hamArI sattA kA sAra hai| isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM pratyeka vyakti kA sAdhya yA paramAtmA alaga-alaga hai / yadyapi svarUpa dRSTi se sabhI meM nihita paramAtmatva samAna hai, tathApi sattA kI dRSTi se vaha bhinna-bhinna hai / gItA ke anusAra bhI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya paramAtmA kI upalabdhi hI hai aura paramAtmA ko hamArI sattA kA sAra batAyA gayA hai, phira bhI gItA kA vicAra jainadarzana se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki gItA meM pratyeka jIvAtmA paramAtmA kA aMza hai jabaki jaina darzana meM pratyeka jIvAtmA svayaM hI paramAtmA hai / gItA ke anusAra naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM hameM jise prApta karanA hai, vaha pUrNa hai; jisake hama aMza haiN| gItA kA naitika sAdhya yA paramAtmA AdhAra hai aura sAdhaka jIvAtmA AdhArita hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM sAdhya paramAtmA aura sAdhaka jIvAtmA donoM eka hI haiN| unameM na to aMza aura

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446 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pUrNa kA sambandha hai aura na AdhAra aura AdhArita kA sambandha hai| gItA meM naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkRta paramAtmA pratyeka sAdhaka ke lie vahI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM pratyeka sAdhaka kA sAdhya paramAtmA, tAttvika sattA kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna hai / gItA kA paramAtmA eka hI hai, jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA hai / ina dArzanika sAmAnya antaroM ke hote hue bhI jahA~ taka naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM paramAtmA kI svIkRti kA prazna hai, donoM ke dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| donoM ke anusAra paramAtmA pUrNatA kI avasthA hai aura vahI pUrNatA naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai / sAdhanA ke Adarza kI dRSTi se donoM meM paramAtmA kA svarUpa vahI mAnA gayA hai / pUrNa vItarAga, niSkAma, sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAna paramAtmA gItA kA naitika Adarza hai to vahI vItarAga, ananta-jJAna, ananta-darzana, anantasaukhya aura anantazakti se yukta paramAtmA jaina-darzana kI naitika sAdhanA kA Adarza hai / jahA~ taka bauddha-darzana meM naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM athavA naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM paramAtmA athavA Izvara ke pratyaya kA prazna hai, usameM hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAyoM meM sAdhanA ke alaga-alaga Adarza rahe haiN| hInayAna kA naitika sAdhya arhatAvasthA rahA hai, jabaki mahAyAna kI naitika sAdhanA meM upAsya yA naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM buddha kA svAbhAvikakAya yA dharmakAya svIkRta rahA hai| phira bhI sAmAnyarUpa se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki buddhatva kI prApti donoM meM hI naitika sAdhya hai aura buddha paramAtmA ke rUpa meM naitika jIvana ke Adarza haiN| ___ arhat ke Adarza ke rUpa meM hInayAna sampradAya meM jisa buddhatva ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha jaina-paramparA ke nikaTa hai| lekina mahAyAna meM svIkRta dharmakAya yA svAbhAvikakAya ke pratyaya gItA ke nikaTa Ate haiN| dharmakAya gItA ke vaiyaktika Izvara ke samAna hI hai| mahAyAna sampradAya meM buddha kA cAra vyUhoM ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa hai| pratyeka vyUha ko pAribhASika bhASA meM kAya kahate haiM / buddha ke cAra kAya mAne gaye haiM-1. svAbhAvikakAya, 2. dharmakAya, 3. sambhogakAya aura 4. nirmANakAya / ' 1. svAbhAvikakAya-svAbhAvikakAya nirAsrava vizuddhi prApta dharmoM ko prakRti hai| ise gItA ke parabrahma ke samAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha akAritra hai| jisa prakAra brahma nivizeSa evaM nirapekSa hai, usI prakAra yaha bhI nivizeSa hai / - 2. dharmakAya-dharmakAya bhI parizuddha dharmoM kI prakRti hai| svAbhAvikakAya se yaha isa artha meM bhinna hai ki yaha sakAritra hai| dharmakAya sarvadA sarvabhUtahitarata hai / yadyapi ise bhI nirvaiyaktika hI mAnA gayA hai / ise hama nirguNa Izvara kaha sakate haiN| 1.dekhie, bodhivagItAra, pari zaSTa, pR0 143-144

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 3. sambhogakAya--sarvabhUtahitarata dharmakAya jaba puruSavid (vaiyaktika) hokara lokakalyANa karane lagatA hai, taba use sambhogakAya kahate haiM / jo kAritra (karma) dharmakAya kA hai vahI isakA hai / para dharmakAya arUpI hai, yaha rUpavAn hai / dharmakAya apuruSavid hai,. yaha puruSavid hai / dharmakAya nirAkAra hai, yaha sAkAra hai / dharmakAya avyakta hai, yaha vyakta hai / isakI tulanA gItA ke vaiyaktika Izvara se kI jA sakatI hai / 4. nirmANakAya - jina zAkya muni buddha kA vyakta darzana hama karate haiM usakA nAma nirmANakAya hai / nirmANakAyoM ke dvArA hI buddha jagat kA bahuvidha sAdhana (kalyANa) karate haiM / nirmANakAya kI tulanA gItA ke Izvara ke avatAra se ho sakatI hai / 447 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAyoM meM sAdhanA kA Adarza buddhatva rahA hai tathApi donoM ne apane dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para usakI vyAkhyA bhinna rUpa meM kI hai| hInayAna ne usake vItarAga aura vItatRSNa svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA, jabaki mahAyAna ne usake svarUpa meM lokamaMgala kI udbhAvanA kI / hInayAna kA dRSTikoNa jaina paramparA ke nikaTa hai jabaki mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa kucha arthoM meM gItA ke nikaTa hai / upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara - bhAratIya naitika cintana meM dharma aura naitikatA eka-dUsare abhinna rahe haiM / dhArmika jIvana meM zraddhA ke lie kisI upAsya kI svIkRti Avazyaka hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM meM upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai / jaina - paramparA meM upAsya ke rUpa meM arihaMta aura siddha mAne gaye haiM / siddha ve AtmAe~ haiM jo nirvANa lAbha kara cukI haiM, jabaki arihaMta ve jIvanmukta AtmAe~ haiM jo naitika pUrNatA ko prApta kara isa jagat meM loka-maMgala ke lie kArya karatI haiM / jaina paramparA meM arihaMta aura siddha upAsya avazya haiM, phira bhI ve gItA ke Izvara se bhinna haiM / gItA kA Izvara sadaiva hI upAsya hai jabaki arihaMta aura siddha upAsaka se upAsya bane haiM / jahA~ taka karuNA kA prazna hai, siddha jo kevala upAsanA ke Adarza haiM svayaM apanI ora se upAsaka ke lie kucha bhI nahIM karate / upAsanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM arihaMta yadyapi sAdhanA - mArga kA upadeza karate haiM, phira bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sAdhaka kI jo bhI upalabdhi hai, vaha svayaM usake prayatnoM kA phala hai / upAsya ke svarUpa kA jJAna tathA upAsanA apane meM nihita paramAtmatva ko prakaTa karane ke lie hai / bauddha paramparA meM upAsya ke rUpa meM buddha athavA buddha ke sambhogakAya aura dharmakAya svIkRta haiM / hInayAna sampradAya buddha ko zAkya muni ke rUpa meM upAsya avazya mAnatA hai lekina vaha jaina- paramparA ke samAna yaha mAnatA hai ki upAsaka svayaM ke prayatnoM se hI

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jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kisI dina upAsya bana sakatA hai| jahAM taka mahAyAna sampradAya kA prazna hai usameM buddha ke sambhogakAya aura nirmANakAya upAsya rahe haiM, lekina ve aise upAsya haiM jo apane upAsaka kA maMgala bhI karate haiM / gItA meM upAsya ke rUpa meM vaiyaktika Izvara kI dhAraNA svIkRta rahI hai / zrIkRSNa svayaM hI apane ko upAsya ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM aura logoM se apanI upAsanA kI apekSA bhI karate haiM / gItA kA upAsya apane bhakta kA uddhAraka bhI hai| yadi bhakta apane ko nizchala rUpa meM usake sAmane prastuta kara detA hai to vaha usakI mukti kI jimmedArI bhI vahana karatA hai / Izvara malyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM vartamAna yuga meM Izvara sambandhI vicAra ne eka naI dizA grahaNa kI hai| prAcIna yuga evaM madhya yuga taka Izvara kA pratyaya jagat ke tAttvika AdhAra ke rUpa meM, usake nirmAtA evaM niyAmaka ke rUpa meM athavA dhArmika zraddhA ke kendra evaM upAsya ke rUpa meM vivecita hotA rahA, lekina vartamAna yuga meM Izvara-sambandhI vicAra pramukha rUpa se naitika AdhAroM para vikasita huA hai / vartamAna yuga meM Izvara paramamUlyoM kA adhiSThAna aura unakA srota mAnA jAtA hai| kAMTa ne Izvara ke astitva ke sandarbha meM naitika tarka prastuta kiye haiN| kAMTa kA tarka hai ki eka sarvocca sattA athavA Izvara kA astitva mAnanA par3egA, jo dharma ko sukha se puraskRta kara sake tathA burAI ko duHkha dvArA kisI agale jIvana meM daNDita kara sake / mArTinyU naitika bAdhyatA aura naitika Adarza ke AdhAra para Izvara ke pratyaya ko khar3A karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM naitika bAdhyatA Izvara ke AdhAra para hI A sakatI hai / Izvara hI naitika bAdhyatA kA srota hai| mArTinyU naitika Adarza se bhI Izvara ke astitva kA niSkarSa nikAlatA hai| usakA tarka hai ki kyA naitika Adarza kevala Adarza hai, vAstavika nahIM ? yadi vaha vAstavika nahIM hai to usase hamAre caritra para koI prabhAva nahIM par3a sktaa| lekina naitika Adarza kA prabhAva hamAre caritra para par3atA hai| vaha hameM zraddhAbhibhUta kara sakatA hai aura hameM U~cA uThA sakatA hai| isalie vaha vAstavika hai aura Izvara hamAre naitika Adarza kA amara mUrtarUpa hai, jisakA hamArI naitika cetanA meM aspaSTa pratibimba hai| munasTara barga, rAyasa aura priMgala-paiTIsana Izvara ko mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| munasTara barga mUlyoM kA adhiSThAna paramAtmA ko mAnatA hai| usake vicAra meM sAdhyoM kA anusaraNa agara acetana rUpa se hotA hai, to ve sAdhya hI nahIM haiN| isalie paramAtmA ko cetana aura buddhiyukta mAnanA par3egA aura yaha mAnanA par3egA ki tAkika, saundaryAtmaka, naitika aura dhArmika mUlya paramAtmA meM nivAsa karate haiM / mUlya 1. dekhie-pazcimI darzana, pR0 248-249

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naitikatA, dharma aura Izvara 449 Izvara ke andara pahale se hI pariniSpanna haiM aura Izvara satya, ziva, saundarya, nyAya, zIla aura prema kI zAzvata pratimA hai jo vizva meM vyApta hai aura manuSya ko eka acchI vizva-vyavasthA kA nirmANa karane ke lie preraNA detA hai| priMgala paiTIsana kA kathana hai ki satya, zubhatva aura saundarya svayabhU nahIM haiN| cetana anubhava ke bAhara ve koI artha nahIM rakhate / isalie hameM eka aisI Adi buddhi ko mAnanA par3atA hai jisase ve nitya-niSpanna hoN| Izvara svayaM sarvocca sattA aura sarvocca mUlya hai / samakAlIna vicAraka DablyU0 Ara0 sAlI naitikatA evaM naitika mUlyoM ko Izvara meM adhiSThita mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki dharma kevala sAmAnya naitikatA kA pUraka nahIM hai| vaha use aura kucha adhika detA hai| vaha manuSya kI dRSTi ko, isa viSaya meM painI banAtA hai ki zubha kyA hai ? naitika niyama aura naitika Adarza IzvarIya prakRti meM nivAsa karate haiM aura IzvarIya pUrNatA meM kucha rUpoM meM unakA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| IzvarIya icchA kevala naitika Adeza nahIM hai, jaisAki dhArmika anumodana ke siddhAnta use svIkAra karate haiM / lekina vaha eka uccatama zubhatva hai / naitika pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane meM upalabdha hotI hai| naitika mUlya santoSaprada rUpa meM IzvaravAda meM adhiSThita haiN| isa prakAra samakAlIna vicAraka Izvara ko mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / jahA~ taka isa sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa kA savAla hai, jaina dArzanikoM ne jJAna, bhAva, Ananda aura zakti ke rUpa meM cAra mUlya svIkAra kie haiN| ise apanI ve pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ananta catuSTaya kahate haiN| jaina darzana ke siddha yA Izvara meM ye cAroM guNa apanI pUrNatA ke sAtha hote haiM aura isa rUpa meM use mUlyoM kA adhiSThAna mAna liyA gayA hai| - gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM bhI Izvara mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM Izvara ko sat, cit aura Anandamaya mAnA gayA hai| sat ke rUpa meM jJAnAtmaka, cit ke rUpa meM saundaryAtmaka aura Ananda ke rUpa meM vaha naitika mUlyoM kA adhiSThAna hai| Izvara ko satya, ziva aura sundara bhI kahA gayA hai aura isa rUpa meM bhI usameM tAkika, saundaryAtmaka aura naitika mUlyoM kA nivAsa hai / 1. pazcimI darzana, pR0 267 2. di AiDiyA Apha immArTaliTI, pR0 290 uddhRta-pazcimI darzana, pR0 267 3. kaeNnTempararI ethikala thyorIz2a, pR0 280

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1. manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana kA sambandha jaina AcAra-darzana aura manovijJAna 454 / cetana-jIvana ke vividha pakSa aura naitikatA 555 / 2. naitikatA kA kSetra saMkalpayukta karma pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa 456 | jaina dRSTikoNa 446 / bauddha dRSTikoNa 459 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 459 / niSkarSa 459 / 3. prANIya vyavahAra ke preraka tattva vAsanA kA udbhava tathA vikAsa 460 | jaina dRSTikoNa 461 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 462 / pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM vyavahAra ke mUlabhUta prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa 462 / 4. jaina darzana meM vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa 5. bauddha darzana ke bAvana caittasika dharma 16 jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 9. (a) anya samAna caitta sika / ( ba ) akuzala caitta sika 464 / ( sa ) kuzala caitta sika 465 / 6. gItA meM karma - prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa 7. kAmanA kA udbhava aura vikAsa 8. 'indriya' zabda kA artha jaina dRSTikoNa 466 / boddha dRSTikoNa 467 / gItA kA dRSTikoNa 467 / niSkarSa 468 / (a) jaina dRSTikoNa | (ba) bauddha dRSTikoNa / ( sa ) gItA kA dRSTikoNa 468 / jaina darzana meM indriya-svarUpa jaina darzana meM indriyoM ke viSaya 469 / jaina darzana meM indriya nirodha 471 / 10. bauddha darzana meM indriya-nirodha 11. gItA meM indriya-nirodha 12. kyA indriya- damana sambhava hai ? jainadarzana aura indriya-damana 474 / bauddha darzana aura indriyadamana 475 | gItA aura indriya-damana 475 / - 451 - - - 453 456 460 463 463 465 465 468 469 472 473 474

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16 jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa manovijJAna aura AcAra-varzana kA sambandha-AcAra-darzana kA kArya jIvana ke sAdhya ke saMdarbha meM AcaraNa kI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura mUlyAMkana karanA hai / aucitya aura anaucitya ke sAre nirNaya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiN| kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAe~ hI, jinheM jaina paribhASA meM 'yoga' kahA jAtA hai, AcAra-darzana kI viSayavastu haiN| manovijJAna kI adhyayana sAmagrI bhI yahI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAe~ haiN| uDavartha ne manovijJAna ko mAnasika aura zArIrika kriyAoM kA vijJAna kahA hai| isa prakAra manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana kI viSaya vastu eka hI hai / AcAra-darzana jIvana ke Adarza ke sandarbha meM unakA mUlyAMkana karatA hai aura manovijJAna unakI vAstavika prakRti kA anveSaNa karatA hai| vyavahAra ke tathyAtmaka svarUpa ko samajhanA manovijJAna kA kArya hai aura vyavahAra ke Adarza kA nirdhAraNa karanA AcAra-darzana kA kArya hai| lekina kisI bhI Adarza kA nirdhAraNa tathyoM kI avahelanA karake nahIM hotA; 'hameM kyA honA cAhie', yaha bahuta-kucha isa para nirbhara karatA hai ki hamArI kSamatAe~ kyA haiM ? manovaijJAnika adhyayana hameM yaha batAtA hai ki hama kyA hai athavA hamArI kSamatAeM kyA hai aura usI AdhAra para AcAra-darzana kahatA hai ki hameM kyA honA cAhie ? AcAra-darzana manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI avahelanA karake Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| manovaijJAnika tathyoM yA mAnavIya prakRti kI avahelanA karake naitika darzana kA nirdhAraNa karanA vyartha hogaa| aisA Adarza jise mAnava yathArtha (Real) nahIM banA sake, mAtra chalanA hai| jisa Adarza (sAdhya) ko upalabdha karane kI kSamatAe~ mAnaba meM nihita na hoM, use mAnasa-jIvana kA sAdhya nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| manovijJAna kA AcAra-darzana se kitanA ghaniSTha sambandha hai, isa viSaya se itanA kahanA hI paryApta hai ki AcAra-darzana manovijJAna se pRthak hokara apane astitva ko hI khatare meM DAla detA hai / AcAra-darzana 'AcaraNa vaisA honA cAhie' isa prazna ka hAtha meM letA hai, lekina 'AcaraNa kyA hai ? tathA kyoM aura kaise hotA hai ? ina praznoM kA uttara manovijJAna detA hai| AcaraNa kI ina bAtoM ko samajhe binA AcaraNa ke darzana kA nirdhAraNa karanA, mAtra vaicArika ur3Ana hI hogii| AcAra-darzana ke 1. manovijJAna-uDavartha eNDa mAkvisa, pR0 2

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454 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana lie manovaijJAnika adhyayana isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki aneka naitika pratyayoM (udAharaNArtha-icchA, preraNA, saMkalpa, sukha, duHkha Adi) ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vizleSaNa manovijJAna hI pradAna karatA hai / kAMTa eka aisA pAzcAtya dArzanika thA jisane manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI paravAha kiye binA bauddhika AdhAra para AcAra-darzana ke nirmANa kI kalpanA kI thI, lekina yahI bAta usake AcAra-darzana kI AlocanA kA pramukha kAraNa bhI banI / itanA hI nahIM, kAMTa ke bAda punaH AcAra dazana kI dizA manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI ora gayI / kAMTa ne manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana meM jo melajola arastU ke yuga se hama aura sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samaya taka calA AyA thA, use samApta karane kI koziza kI thI, lekina kA~Ta ke bAda ke vicArakoM meM hegala ne use phira se jor3ane kI koziza kI aura sambhavataH breDale ne punaH use madhura banA diyA / ricarDa volAma likhate haiM, "nikaTa bhUta ke naitika-darzana kI yaha vizeSatA kI thI ki usane dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika praznoM ko alaga-alaga kara diyA, lekina aba naitika darzana kA sabase acchA kArya yahI hogA ki vaha nikaTa bhaviSya meM mAnava-vyavahAra ke ina do pakSoM ko isa prakAra alaga-alaga karake na rakheM" / ' yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki AcAra-darzana aura manovijJAna kI prakRti bhinna-bhinna hai, eka niyAmaka hai to dUsarA vidhAyaka, aura yaha bhI sahI hai ki AcAra-darzana ke manovaijJAnika AdhAroM ko hI saba-kucha mAna lene para hama tAkika bhAvavAdI athavA manovaijJAnika naitika sandehavAda kI bhrAntiyoM se grasita hoNge| manovijJAna aura AcAra-darzana ko eka dUsare se nitAnta svataMtra mAna lenA aura AcAra-darzana ko manovijJAna kA hI eka aMga banA denA, donoM dRSTiyA~ bhrAntipUrNa haiN| vastutaH naitika Adarza ke nirdhAraNa meM manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para mAnavIya prakRti ko samajhanA hI samyak dRSTikoNa hai| ___jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika tathyoM kI avahelanA nahIM huI hai / jaina cintakoM ne to manovaijJAnika tathyoM ko bar3I gaharAI se samajhA hai| unhoMne apane naitika Adarza aura naitika sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa Thosa manovaijJAnika nIMva para kiyA hai / jaina AcAra-darzana vyakti kI yathArtha manovaijJAnika prakRti se bhinna naitika Adarza kI kalpanA nahIM krtaa| sva-svarUpa se bhinna naitikatA yathArtha nahIM ho sakatI / jo hamArI AtmA kA svAbhAvika svarUpa hai vahI hamAre naitika jIvana kA parama Adarza ho sakatA hai / aisI naitikatA jo vyakti kA apanA aMga na hokara, usakI manovaijJAnika prakRti se pratikUla ho, jIvana kA Adarza nahIM bana sktii| jaina AcAra-darzana aura manovijJAna-jaina AcAra-darzana Thosa manovaijJAnika AdhAra para apane naitika Adarza evaM sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa karatA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se 1. ethikala sTaDIja, bhUmikA, pR0 16

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jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa cetana jIvana ke tIna aMga haiM-1. jJAna, 2. bhAva, aura 3. saMkalpa / jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM ye tIna aMga jaina AcAra-darzana meM naitika Adarza evaM naitika sAdhanA-mArga se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana meM cetanA ke ina tIna aMgoM ke AdhAra para hI naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina naitika Adarza anantacatuSTaya rUpa hai, jo jIvana ke ina tIna aMgoM kI pUrNatA kA dyotaka hai / jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka aMga kI pUrNatA anantajJAna evaM anantadarzana meM, bhAvAtmaka aMga kI pUrNatA anantasaukhya meM aura saMkalpAtmaka aMga kI pUrNatA anantazakti meM mAnI gaI hai / jaina naitika sAdhanA-patha bhI jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa (karma) ke samyak rUpoM se hI nirmita hai / jJAna se samyagjJAna, bhAva se samyakadarzana (zraddhA), saMkalpa se samyakcAritra kA nirmANa huA hai / jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa samyak banakara hI jaina naitikatA kA sAdhanA patha banA dete haiN| cetana-jIvana ke vividha pakSa aura naitikatA-cetanA ke tIna pakSoM jJAna, vedanA aura saMkalpa kA naitikatA se kyA sambandha hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai / yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa meM bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai ki kyA hamArA jJAna aura vedanA bhI naitikatA se sambandhita hai? jaina vicArakoM evaM gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM vyakti ke jJAna evaM vedanA kA naitikatA se sIdhA sambandha to nahIM haiM, lekina sAmAnya vyakti kA jJAna aura vedanA mAtra vizuddha nahIM rahate, varan ve kisI rAga-dveSa aura Asakti rUpI mAnasika saMkalpa meM badala jAte haiM / jaise rUpa yA saundarya kA bodha koI pApa yA anaitikatA nahIM hai, lekina jaba usI rUpa yA saundarya ko rAga-bhAva se dekhA jAtA hai athavA use dekhakara mana meM rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai, vaha dekhanA usI kSaNa naitikatA kI paridhi meM A jAtA hai / sAdhAraNa prANiyoM kA jJAna yA anubhUtiyA~ apane vizuddha rUpa meM nahIM raha kara 'saMkalpa se yukta hotI haiM'-ve yA to kisI pUrvavartI rAga-dveSa se sambandhita hotI haiM athavA anta meM kisI rAga, dveSa athavA Asakti kI manovRtti meM pariNata ho jAtI haiM aura aisI avasthA meM ve sabhI kriyAe~ naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAtI haiN| isI prakAra mAtra zArIrika kriyAe~ bhI jaba taka saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hotIM, naitikatA kI parisImA meM nahIM AtI haiM lekina saMkalpa se yukta hone para ve bhI naitikatA kI paridhi meM A jAtI hai / jaina-darzana, bauddha darzana aura gItA kI naitikatA kA Adarza yahI hai ki jJAnAtmaka evaM vedanAtmaka cetanAe~ tathA zArIrika kriyAe~ (anaicchika kriyAe~) vizuddha rUpa meM raheM aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa arthAt rAgAdi bhAvoM se prabhAvita na hoN| kyoMki rAgAdi saMkalpoM se yukta karma hI naitika nirNaya ke viSaya banate haiM / jaba taka jJAna aura vedanA evaM zArIrika kriyA saMkalpa meM pariNata yA saMkalpa se paricAlita nahIM hotIM ve naitikatA kI parisImA meM nahIM jAtI /

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456 $ naitikatA kA kSetra saMkalpayukta karma pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa - myUraheDa kahate haiM ki hama AcAra ko aicchika kriyAoM ke rUpa meM paribhASita kara sakate haiM, ataH pAzcAtya cintana ke anusAra naitika nirNaya kevala una aicchika karmoM para hI diye jA sakate haiM, jo kisI vivekabuddhi-sampanna kartA dvArA svataMtra saMkalpapUrvaka sampAdita kiye gaye hoM / acetana prAkRtika ghaTanAe~ naitikatA kI paridhi meM nahIM AtIM, kyoMki unakA koI cetana - kartA nahIM hotA / isI prakAra pazu, bAlaka, pAgala aura mUrkha logoM ke karma bhI naitika nirNaya ke viSaya nahIM mAne gaye haiM, kyoMki inameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA / isI prakAra bAdhyatAmUlaka karma, cAhe unakI vaha bAdhyatA bhautika ho, anya vyaktiyoM kI adhInatA kI ho athavA bhAvanA granthiyoM yA sammohanajanita ho, naitika nirNaya kI paridhi meM nahIM Ate; kyoMki unameM svataMtra saMkalpa kA abhAva hotA hai / isa prakAra pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM naitikatA kI paridhi meM AnevAle karma ke lie tIna bAteM Avazyaka haiM - 1. zubhAzubha viveka-kSamatA, 2. karma-saMkalpa aura 3. karma- saMkalpa kA svataMtra honA / ina tIna bAtoM meM kisI eka kA abhAva hone para karma naitika nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM banatA / pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana ke anusAra nimna anaicchika kriyAe~ sAmAnyatayA naitika nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM mAnI jAtI haiM -- 1. svataHcAlita kriyAeM -- jaise khUna kI gati, pAcana kriyA Adi, 2. prativartI kriyAeM - jaise choka, palaka jhapakanA, 3. aniyamita kriyAe~ - jaise bacce kA hAtha-paira mAranA, 4 mUlapravRttijanya kriyAe~ - jo manozarIrika vinyAsa ke kAraNa hotI haiM, 5. vicAraprerita karma - jo vicAra se prerita hote hue bhI vicAra niyantrita nahIM hote haiM / jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina dRSTikoNa -- sAmAnyatayA jaina AcAra-darzana bhI aicchika karmoM ko ucita athavA anucita kI zreNI meM mAnatA hai aura unake aucitya evaM anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa bhI karma ke saMkalpa ke AdhAra para hI karatA hai| phira bhI jaina darzana kucha anaicchika kahI jAnevAlI kriyAoM ko bhI naitikatA kI zreNI meM le AtA hai / jaina vicAraka yaha to mAnate haiM ki adhikAMza anaicchika zArIrika kriyAoM kA karanA zarIra kA anivArya dharma hone ke kAraNa bhI Avazyaka hotA hai / unheM rokane athavA karane yA nahIM karane kI sAmarthya to vaiyaktika saMkalpa meM nahIM hai, phira bhI unake sampanna karane kA DhaMga vyakti kI icchA ke adhIna hai / manovaijJAnika bhI ise svIkAra karate haiM ki manuSya meM anaicchika aura anarjita kahA jAnevAlA mUlapravRtyAtmaka vyavahAra vastutaH arjita aura aicchika hI hotA hai / anivArya zarIrika kriyAoM ke karane aura nahIM karane kA prazna to 1. We may define conduct as volentary action. --The Elements of Ethics, p. 46.

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jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 457 jaina-dRSTi se naitikatA kI sImA meM nahIM AtA, lekina inake sampanna karane kA DhaMga naitika vicAra kI parisImA meM A jAtA hai aura usakA naitika mUlyAkaMna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhojana athavA malamUtra kA visarjana karanA ucita hai yA anucita hai, yaha prazna to jaina naitikatA meM nahIM uThatA hai; lekina bhojana kaise karanA, kyA bhojana karanA, malamUtra kA visarjana kaise aura kahAM karanA, ye prazna naitikatA ke sImA-kSetra meM Ate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlapravRtyAtmaka mAnIjAnevAlI kriyAe~ to spaSTa rUpa se jaina naitikatA ke kSetra meM samAviSTa hai, jaise kAmavRtti, saMgraha-vRtti aura AkramaNa-vRtti Adi / jaina natika vicAraNA vyakti ko jIvana-praNAlI ko atyanta nikaTa se parakhatI hai| jaina vicArakoM ne jIvana kI sAmAnya kriyAoM, jaise calanA, baiThanA, sonA, khAnA aura bolanA sabhI ko naitika dRSTi se samajhane kI koziza kI hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki "sAdhaka kaise cale, kaise baiThe, kaise zayana kare, kaise bhojana kare aura kaise bhASaNa kare tAki pApa-karma kA baMdha na ho' ?" jaina vicArakoM ne sAdhu ke lie lie jina AcAra-niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unameM gamana, bhASaNa, bhojana, vastuoM kA AdAna-pradAna evaM upayoga tathA malamUtrAdi kA visarjana Adi sabhI kriyAoM ko samAviSTa kara liyA hai / lekina isa kAraNa hameM isa bhrAnti meM nahIM par3anA cAhie ki jainAcAra praNAlI meM jIvana kI sAmAnya kriyAoM para hI adhika vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura unake pIche koI gahana dRSTi nahIM hai / vaha yaha to svIkAra karatI hai ki hamAre samagra jIvana kA vyavahAra naitikatA se sambadhita hai, lekina yaha vyavahAra apane ApameM na to naitika hotA hai na anaitika / dazavakAlikasUtra kI bhUmikA meM saMtabAla likhate haiM ki granthakAra yaha bAta sAdhaka ke mana meM jaMcA denA cAhatA hai ki koI amuka kriyA svayameva pApa nahIM hai, pApa yadi kucha hai to vaha hai AtmA kI upayogahInatA (pramattatA); sajaga AtmA koI bhI kriyA kyoM na kare use pApa kA bandha nahIM hotA aura upayogarahita (ajAgrata) AtmA kucha bhI na kare, phira bhI vaha pApa kI bhAgI hai| jaina-dRSTi meM jo kucha anaitika hai-vaha hai, vivekAbhAva athavA AtmA kI pramatta yA ajAgrata avsthaa| koI bhI kriyA isI AdhAra para zubha aura azubha banatI hai / saMkSepa meM jaina naitika cintana meM kriyA svataH zubha aura azubha nahIM hotI, varan usake pIche rahI huI Atma-sajagatA kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti hI use zubha athavA azubha banAtI hai / dazavaikAlika meM jo yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki yadi baiThanA, uThanA, sonA tathA khAna-pAna, bhASaNa Adi sabhI kriyAe~ naitikatA ke kSetra meM AtI haiM to phira unheM kisa prakAra sampAdita kiyA jAe, jisase anaitikatA kI yA pApa-bandha kI sambhAvanA na ho? granthakAra ne isakA jo 1. dazavaikAlika, 47 2. dazavakAlika bhUmikA, pR0 12 29

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458 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana samAdhAna diyA hai vaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / vaha kahatA hai, jIvana kI ina sAmAnya kriyAoM ko yadi vivekapUrvaka sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai to ve pApa-bandha kA kAraNa nahIM haiN| kriyAe~ anaitika nahIM hotIM, unake pIche jo rAga-dRSTi hai, pramattatA hai yA vivekAbhAva hai, vahI azubha yA bandhana hai| kriyAoM ke viSaya meM naitika dRSTikoNa kA yahI sAra hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra mAtra ve anaicchika karma jo jJAnapUrvaka sampAdita nahIM kie jAte haiM arthAt jinake pIche sAdhaka kI jAgarUkatA kA abhAva hai, naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM / yadi sAdhaka pUrNataH jAgrata hai to usake AhAra-vihAra Adi anaicchika evaM svAbhAvika karma, naitika nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM banate / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki kevalI (jIvanmukta) kA baiThanA, uThanA Adi karma anaicchika hote haiM, ataH ve bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hote haiM, lekina mohayukta vyakti ke ve hI svAbhAvika anaicchika karma bandhana kA kAraNa hote haiM / jaina vicAraka kevala una anaicchika evaM svAbhAvika karmoM ko naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha ke kSetra meM nahIM mAnate jo vivekapUrNa sampAdita hoM aura jinameM kartA kA rAgabhAva na ho / jaina-dRSTi meM anaicchika evaM anivArya zArIrika karma ve haiM jinakA karanA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka hai / inheM chor3akara zeSa sabhI karma bandhana kA kAraNa hote haiM, isalie ve naitikatA ke kSetra meM bhI Ate haiM / ___ Adhunika nIti-vijJAna aicchika karma meM bhAvanA, kAmanA, vimarza, cayana aura kAryAnvayana aise pA~ca aMga mAnatA hai aura inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM bhI aicchika karma ko adhUrA mAnA jAtA hai / jaina-vicAra meM aisA vivecana dekhane meM nahIM AyA phira bhI niyamasAra meM karma ke bandhana kI carcA meM IhApUrvaka aura pariNAmapUrvaka aise do zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| isa AdhAra para sambhavataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki pariNAmapUrvaka karma ve haiM jinameM kAmanA kA kriyAnvayana vimarza evaM cayana ke bAda hotA hai tathA IhApUrvaka karma ve haiM jinameM kAmanA ke tatkAla bAda hI kriyAnvayana ho jAtA hai unameM vimarza aura cayana kA abhAva hotA hai| pariNAmapUrvaka karma IhApUrvaka se bhinna hai / IhApUrvaka karma meM phala kA vicAra nahIM hotA, mAtra vAsanA yA icchA hI karma preraka hotI hai / jaina AcAra-darzana uparyukta vimarzapUrvaka sampAdita karma aura mAtra vAsanA prerita karma, donoM kA hI zubhAzubhatva kI dRSTi se vicAra karatA hai / niyamasAra meM kahA hai ki vacana Adi kriyAe~ yadi phala ke saMkalpapUrvaka kI jAtI haiM to ve zubhAzubha bandhana kA kAraNa hotI haiM lekina phala ke saMkalpapUrvaka nahIM kI jAtI haiM to unase koI bandhana nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra vacana Adi kriyAe~ icchApUrvaka kI jAtI haiM to bandhana kA kAraNa haiM, icchA rahita haiM to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM haiM / 1. dazavakAlika, 48 2. niyamasAra, 174 3. vahI, 172-173

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jaina AcAravarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 459 ____ jaina AcAra-darzana meM naitika nirNaya kI dRSTi se kriyAe~ do prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai-1. sAmparAyika aura 2. IryApathika / sAmparAyika kriyAe~ ve haiM jo rAga-dveSa mUlaka, mAnasika saMkalpoM evaM pramAda sahita hotI haiM / sAmparAyika kriyAe~ hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya haiM / inake viparIta jo kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa mUlaka mAnasika saMkalpoM se rahita hokara vivekapUrvaka evaM apramattabhAva se sampAdita hotI haiM, Ipithika kahI jAtI haiM / ye atinaitika (Amoral) hotI haiM / kriyAoM ke sAmAnya vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se jaina-darzana meM kriyAe~ tIna prakAra kI haiM-1. mAnasika, 2. vAcika aura 3. zArIrika / kriyAoM ke tIna stara hote haiM, jinameM hokara ve pUrNa hotI haiM-1. sarambha, 2. samArambha aura aarmbh'| sarambha kriyA kA mAnasika stara hai, yaha prAthamika sthiti hai, isameM mana meM kriyA kA vicAra utpanna hotA hai| samArambha kriyA kA vaha stara hai, jisameM kriyA kI dizA meM prathama prayAsa hote haiM, lekina kriyA pUrNa nahIM hotI hai / Arambha kriyA ke sampanna hone kI avasthA hai / yaha vizleSaNa hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kriyA kA mUla usake mAnasika stara para hai, vahI kriyA kA mUla srota hai aura isalie kriyA ke sambandha meM naitika dRSTi se vicAra karane para vahI mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa-bauddha-darzana ko bhI yaha svIkAra hai ki anaicchika yA tRSNArahita karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hote, tRSNAsahita karma hI bandhanakAraka hote haiN| vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki anivArya zArIrika karmoM ke prati bhI jisakI cetanA jAgRta hai usa smRtimAna vyakti ke cittamala naSTa ho jAte haiM, use Asrava nahIM hotA hai| jaise sAmAnyajana, vaise ahaMta bhI dAnAdi puNyakarma karate hI haiM, kintu unake ve karma kuzalakarma nahIM hote, kisaliye ? vipAka na hone se| ve jo bhI kuzala karate haiM, vaha kriyA mAtra hotA hai, usakA 'vipAka' nahIM hotaa| gotA kA dRSTikoNa-gItA meM arjuna ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki naitika dRSTi se Adarza puruSa ke jIvana kA sAmAnya vyavahAra kaisA hotA hai aura usakA usake naitika jIvana para kyA prabhAva hotA hai ? gItA meM bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna isI vicAra kA samarthana hai ki kAmanA rahita hokara aneka kriyAoM ko sampAdita karanevAlA zAnti prApta karatA hai / jo puruSa sAMsArika Azraya se rahita sadA paramAnanda paramAtmA meM tRpta hai, vaha karmoM ke phala aura Asakti kA tyAga kara karma karatA huA bhI kucha nahIM karatA hai| jisane antaHkaraNa aura zarIra jIta liyA hai tathA sampUrNa bhogoM kI sAmagrI ko tyAga diyA hai aisA AzArahita puruSa kevala zarIra sambandhI karma karatA huA pApa ko prApta nahIM hotaa| niSkarSa-isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana 1. uttarAdhyayana, 24 / 21-25 2. dhammapada, 292-293 3. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR0 10 4. gItA, 2 / 24, 2 / 21; 2071 5. vahI, 4 / 20-21

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMkalpayukta karma hI ko naitika vivecana kA viSaya banAte haiM / kintu usase Age bar3hakara ke mAtra kAmanA yA icchA ko bhI naitika vivecanA kA viSaya banAte haiM / unake anusAra akriyAnvita icchA evaM saMkalpa bhI naitika vivecana kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai / naitikatA kI sImA meM Ane vAle saMkalpayukta karma ke mUla meM icchA yA kAmanA kA tattva rahA huA haiM, jisase samagra vyavahAra hotA hai / ataH yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki yaha kAmanA aura icchA kyA hai ? kaise utpanna hotI hai ? aura kisa prakAra hamAre vyavahAra ko prerita karatI hai ? 460 prANIya vyavahAra ke preraka tattva vAsanA kA udbhava tathA vikAsa - vAsanA, kAmanA yA icchA se hI samagra vyavahAra kA udbhava hotA hai / yaha vAsanA, kAmanA yA icchA se prasUta samasta vyavahAra hI naitika vivecana kA viSaya hai / smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki samAlocya AcAra- darzanoM meM vAsanA, kAmanA, kAmaguNa, icchA, AzA, lobha, tRSNA aura Asakti samAna artha meM prayukta hue haiM, jinakA sAmAnya artha mana aura indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI cAha se hai / pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM jIvavRti ( Want ), kSudhA (Appetite), icchA ( Desire ), abhilASA ( Wish ) aura saMkalpa (Will) meM artha vaibhinya evaM krama mAnA gayA hai / pAzcAtyoM ke anusAra isa sampUrNa krama meM cetanA kI spaSTatA ke AdhAra para vibheda kiyA jA sakatA hai / jIvavRtti cetanA ke nimnatama stara vanaspati jagat meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai, pazujagat meM jIvavRtti ke sAtha-sAtha kSudhA kA bhI yoga hotA hai lekina cetanA ke mAnavIya stara para Akara to jIvavRtti se saMkalpa taka ke sAre hI tattva upalabdha hote haiM / vastutaH jIvavRtti se lekara saMkalpa taka ke sAre staroM meM vAsanA ke mUlatattva kI dRSTi se koI antara nahIM hai, antara hai kevala cetanA meM usake spaSTa bodha kA / yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM isa krama ke sambandha meM koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA aura icchA Adi zabda to avazya milate haiM aura unameM vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se antara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI sAdhAraNatayA unakA samAna artha meM hI prayoga huA hai / bhAratIya darzana meM tIvratA ke tAratamya kI dRSTi se vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA aura icchA meM eka krama mAnA jA sakatA hai / hameM yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pAzcAtya vicAraka jahA~ vAsanA ke usa rUpa ko, jise ve saMkalpa ( will) kahate haiM naitika nirNaya kA viSaya banAte haiM, vahA~ bhAratIya cintana meM vAsanA ke anya rUpa bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAte haiM / cetanA meM vAsanA ke spaSTa bodha kA abhAva vAsanA kA abhAva nahIM hai aura isalie jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ne pazu-jagat Adi cetanA ke nimna staroM ko bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnA hai / vahA~ pAzavika stara para pAyI jAnevAlI vAsanA kI andhaH pravRtti ko bhI naitika nirNayoM kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai|

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jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 461 vAsanA AcaraNa kA preraka sUtra - vAsanA, kAmanA, tRSNA yA saMkalpa hI sabhI naitika vivecanA kI parisImA meM AnevAle vyavahAroM ke mUla meM nihita hai, isI se unakA udbhava hotA hai; ataH ise naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ane vAle karmoM kA preraka tathya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha puruSa kAmanAbhaya hai', vyakti kI jaisI kAmanAe~ hotI haiM vaisA usakA caritra banatA hai / vyakti ke samagra bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSyakAlika karma, jinase usakA caritra banatA hai, kAma se hI pravRtta hote haiM ora usI meM unakA nivartana hotA hai / vyakti kyoM duSkarmoM yA anAcAra meM pravRtta hotA hai, yaha AcAra-darzana kA eka gambhIra prazna hai / samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM ne isa prazna para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai / jaina dRSTikoNa - jaina-darzana meM rAga aura dveSa ye do karma - bIja yA karmamaya jIvana ke prerakasUtra mAne gaye haiM / inameM bhI rAga hI pramukha hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki kAma meM jo Asakti hai vaha karma kA preraka tathya hai / sampUrNa jagat meM jo kAyika vAcika aura mAnasika karma (duHkha) hai, vaha kAma-bhogoM kI abhilASA se utpanna hotA hai / " jaina darzana ke anusAra yaha kAmavAsanA yA rAgabhAva jo ki pUrva karma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai, prANI ke vyavahAra kA preraka sUtra hai / pUrva karma - saMskAroM se rAgAdi ke saMkalpa hote haiM aura unase hI karma kI paramparA bar3hatI hai / bauddha dRSTikoNa -- bauddha darzana meM karma-preraka ke rUpa meM kAma, tRSNA, icchA (chanda) bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki 7 evaM rAga mAne gaye haiM, jo vastutaH eka hI artha ke bodhaka haiM / tRSNA se yukta hokara prANI bandhana meM par3e hue kharagoza kI bhA~ti saMsAra paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai / kAma se hI samasta zoka aura bhaya utpanna hote haiM / " aMguttaranikAya meM karmoM kI utpatti ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke chanda-rAga-sthAnIya viSayoM ko lekara jo chanda ( icchA) utpanna hotA hai, vahI karmoM ko utpatti kA hetu hai / " isa prakAra bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla aura vartamAna kAla ke viSayoM ke sambandha meM jo icchA hai, vahI karmoM ko utpatti kA kAraNa hai / vaise ina tInoM ko azubha karmoM kI aura alobha, utpatti kA hetu bhI kahA hai / bauddha darzana ne isa ki vAsanA kI utpatti kA kAraNa kyA hai ? bhagavAn buddha ne lobha, dveSa aura moha adveSa aura amoha ko zubha karmoM kI tathya ko bhI samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA 1. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 4/4/5 3. uttarAdhyayana, 32/7 4. AcArAMga 1 / 3 / 2 6. dhammapada, 343 8. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 109 2. zivapurANa uddhRta - adhyAtmayoga aura citta - vikalana, pR0 124 5. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 19 7. vahI, 215 9. vahI, 3 / 107

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAdhyamikakArikAvRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki kAma maiM tere mUla ko jAnatA hU~, tU saMkalpoM se utpanna hotA hai / na maiM terA saMkalpa karU~gA aura na tU utpanna hogA / vastutaH kAma aura saMkalpa parasparAzrita haiM / kAma saMkalpajanita aura saMkalpa kAmajanita hai / kAma avyakta saMkalpa hai aura saMkalpa vyakta kAma hai / 462 gItA kA dRSTikoNa - gItA meM arjuna ne bhI zrIkRSNa ke sammukha jaba yaha prazna upasthita kiyA ki he kRSNa, vaha kyA vastu hai jisase prerita hokara manuSya na cAhatA huA bhI pApa karatA hai, jaise koI usase balapUrvaka pApa karavA rahA ho ? kRSNa ne yahI kahA ki he arjuna, rajoguNa se utpanna honevAle kAma aura krodha hI preraka kAraNa haiM' / vastutaH kAma aura krodha meM bhI krodha to kAma se hI utpanna hotA hai / isa prakAra kAma hI eka mAtra preraka tattva hai jo manuSya ko pApAcaraNa meM niyojita karatA hai / AcArya zaMkara kahate haiM ki prANI kAma se prerita hokara hI pApa karatA hai 13 pravRttajanoM kA yahI pralApa sunA jAtA hai ki tRSNA ke kAraNa hI maiM yaha kArya karatA hU~ / yahI kAma yA saMkalpa AcaraNa ko naitika mUlya pradAna karatA hai / isI ke AdhAra para karmoM kA naitika mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai aura yahI samagra naitika nirNaya kI parisImA meM AnevAle karmoM kI utpatti kA mUla hetu yA preraka tathya hai / pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika phrAyaDa ne bhI vyavahAra kA mUlabhUta preraka tathya kAma hI mAnA hai / prayojanavAda ke praNetA DA0 mekaDyUgala preraka tathya ko hArmI, arja yA mUlapravRtti ( Instinct ) kahate haiM / pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM vyavahAra ke mUlabhUta prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa - paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki vyavahAra kA prerakatattva vAsanA yA kAma hai, phira bhI isa prazna ko lekara ki vAsanA ke mUlabhUta prakAra kitane haiM, unameM mataikya nahIM hai / phrAyaDa jahA~ kAma ko hI mUla preraka mAnate haiM, vahA~ dUsare vicArakoM ne mUlabhUta prerakoM kI saMkhyA 100 taka mAna lI hai / yaha nizcaya kara pAnA ki vyavahAra ke mUlabhUta preraka yA mUla pravRttiyA~ kitanI haiM, eka jaTila samasyA hai / pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika jagat meM mUlapravRtti kI pariSkRta dhAraNA ko prastuta karanevAle DA0 mekaDyugala svayaM bhI apane lekhana meM inakI saMkhyA ke bAre meM sthira nahIM raha pAye, unhoMne svayaM hI apane prArambhika lekhana meM inakI saMkhyA 7 mAnI thI, jo bAda meM 14 taka ho gayI / mUlabhUta 14 mUlapravRttiyA~ nimna haiM - 1. palAyanavRtti (bhaya), 2. ghRNA, 3. jijJAsA, 4. AkrAmakatA (krodha), 5. Atma gaurava kI bhAvanA (mAna ), 6. Atma 2. vahI, 2 / 62 3-4. gItA (zAM0) 3 / 37 1. gItA, 3 / 36

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jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa hInatA, 7. mAtRtva kI saMpreraNA, 8 samUha bhAvanA, 9 saMgrahavRtti, 10. racanAtmakatA, 11. bhojanAnveSaNa, 12. kAma, 13. zaraNAgati aura 14. hAsya ( Amoda ) / bhAratIya cintana meM isa sambandha meM koI mataikya mahIM hai ki mUlabhUta vyavahAra ke preraka tattva kitane haiM / jaina-darzana meM vyavahAra ke pra eraka tatvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa - jahA~ taka jainavicAraNA kA prazna hai, usameM bhI hameM inakI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM ekarUpatA nahIM milatI / jainAgamoM meM saNNA cetanAparaka vyavahAra ke preraka tathyoM ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai / saMjJA zArIrika AvazyakatAoM evaM bhAvoM ko mAnasIka saMcetanA hai, jo paravartI vyavahAra kI preraka banatI hai / kisI sImA taka jaina 'saMjJA' zabda ko mUlapravRtti kA samAnArthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM saMjJA kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se milatA hai / jinameM tIna vargIkaraNa pramukha haiM / 1. AhAra - saMjJA, 2. bhaya - saMjJA, 3. parigraha - saMjJA aura (a) catuvidha vargIkaraNa 4. maithunasaMjJA / 463 (ba) dazavidha vargIkaraNa - 1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3. parigraha, 4. maithuna, 5 krodha 6. mAna, 7 mAyA, 8. lobha 9. loka aura 10. ogha / 2 (sa) SoDaSavidha vargIkaraNa - 1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3 parigraha, 4. maithuna, 5. sukha, 6. du:kha, 7 moha, 8. vicikitsA, 9 krodha, 10 mAna, 11 mAyA, 12. lobha, 13. zoka, 14. loka, 15. dharma aura 16. ogha / ina vargIkaraNoM meM prathama vargIkaraNa kevala zArIrika prerakoM ko prastuta karatA hai, jabaki antima vargIkaraNa meM zArIrika yA jaivika (Biological), mAnasika evaM sAmAjika (Social) prerakoM kA bhI samAveza hai / dUsare evaM tIsare vargIkaraNa meM krodhAdi kucha kaSAyoM evaM nokaSAyoM ko bhI saMjJA ke vargIkaraNa meM samAviSTa kara liyA gayA hai / saMjJA aura kaSAya meM antara ThIka usI AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai jisa AdhAra para pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM mUlapravRtti aura usake saMlagna saMvega meM kiyA jAtA hai / krodha kI saMjJA krodha kaSAya se ThIka usI prakAra bhinna hai jisa prakAra AkrAmakatA kI mUlapravRtti se krodha kA saMvega bhinna hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para saMjJA evaM mUlapravRttiyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA pAyI jAtI hai / bauddha darzana ke bAvana caMttasika dharma bauddha darzana meM karma - prerakoM ke rUpa meM caittasika dharma mAne jA sakate haiM / sabhI caittasika dharma ve tathya haiM jo cita kI pravRtti ke hetu haiM / 1. samavAyAMga, 4|4 2. prajJApanA pada, 8 3. abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 7, pR0 301 4. abhidhammatthasaMga ho - caittisika saMgraha vibhAga, pR0 10-31

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464 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu ke AdhAra para citta do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-1. ahetuka citta-jisa citta kI pravRtti kA lobha, dveSa Adi koI hetu nahIM hai, vaha ahetuka citta hai aura 2. sahetuka cittajisa citta kI pravRtti kA lobha-dveSa aura moha tathA alobha (paropakAra vRtti), adveSa (hita-cintA) aura amoha (prajJA) ina chaha hetuoM meM se koI bhI hetu hotA hai / vaha sahetuka citta hai| bauddha-darzana ke anusAra manuSya jisa kisI kArya meM pravRtta hotA hai, vaha ina chaha hetuoM meM se kisI eka ko lekara pravRtta hotA hai / sahetuka citta tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-1. akuzala 2. kuzala aura 3. avyakta / inameM lobha, dveSa aura moha ye tIna akuzala citta ke preraka haiN| jaba vaha alobha, adveSa aura amoha se pravRtta hotA hai to kuzala citta kahA jAtA hai / avyakta citta do prakAra kA hotA hai-1. vipAka sahetuka citta aura 2. kriyA sahetuka citta / jaba sahetuka cittaM kI pravRtti pUrvakRta-karma ke phala bhoga ke rUpa meM mAtra vedanAtmaka (vipAka cetanA ke rUpa meM) hotI hai to vaha vipAka sahetuka citta hotA hai aura vItarAga, vItatRSNa arhat ko apane kriyA-vyApAra kI jo cetanA hai, vaha kriyA sahetuka citta kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi kri yA-sahetuka citta meM kriyA preraka alobha, adveSa aura amoha ke tattva to upasthita rahate haiM tathApi tRSNA ke abhAva ke kAraNa usa kriyA kA zubha yA azubha phala vipAka nahIM hotA (Ipithika kriyA ke samAna) hai / yaha citta kevala arhat kA hai| isa prakAra sahetuka citta akuzala, kuzala tathA avyakta tIna prakAra hotA hai / sahetuka kuzala meM alobha, adveSa aura amoha ke karma-preraka hote haiM sahetuka avyakta citta meM bhI alobha adveSa aura amoha ke karma-preraka hote haiM, lekina usameM tRSNA (rAga bhAva) kA abhAva hotA hai| ina tIna sahetuka cittoM ke bAgna caitasika dharma (citta avasthAe~) mAne gaye haiM, jinameM teraha anya-samAna, caudaha akuzala aura paccIsa kuzala hote haiN| (a) anya samAna vaittasika--jo caitasika kuzala, akuzala aura avyakta sabhI cittoM meM samAna rUpa se rahate haiM, ve anya samAna kahe jAte haiM / anya samAna caittasika bhI do prakAra ke haiM (ka) sAdhAraNa anya samAna caitasika-jo pratyeka citta meM sadaiva upasthita rahate haiN| ye sAta haiM-1. sparza 3. vedanA 3. saMjJA, 4. cetanA, 5. ekAgratA (AMzika) 6. jIvitendriya aura 7. manovikAra / (kha) prakIrNa anya samAna caittasika-jo pratyeka citta meM yathAvasara utpanna hote rahate haiN| ye chaha haiM--1. vitarka, 2. vicAra, 3. adhimojJa (Alambana meM sthiti), 4.vIrya (sAhasa) 5. prIti (prasannatA) aura 6. chanda (icchaa)| (ba) akuzala caitasika- ye caudaha haiM--1. moha, 2. nirlajjatA, 3. abhIratA (pApa karane meM bhaya nahIM khAnA, ) 4. caMcalatA, 5. lobha, 6. mithyAdRSTi, 7. mAna, 8. dvaSa, 9. IrSyA, 10. mAtsarya (kaSTa), 11. kokRtya (pazcAttApa yA zoka),

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jaina AcAravarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 465 12. styAna (citta kA tanAva), 13. mRddha (caittasikoM kA tanAva) aura 14. vicikitsA (sNshyaalupn)| (sa) kuzala caittasika-ye paccIsa haiM-1. zraddhA, 2. smRti (apramattatA), 3. pApakarma ke prati lajjA, 4. pApa karma ke prati bhaya, 5. alobha (tyAgabhAva ) 6. advaSa (maitrI), 7. tatra madhyasthatA (anAsakti, upekSA yA samabhAva), 8. kAya-prazrabdhi (prasannatA) 9. citta-prazrabdhi, 10, kAya laghutA (ahaMkAra kA abhAva), 11. citta-laghutA, 12. kAya vinamratA; 13. citta-vinamratA, 14. kAya-saralatA, 15. citta-saralatA, 16 kAyakarmaNyatA, 17. citta-karmaNyatA, 18. kAya-prAguNya (samarthatA) 19. citta-prAguNya, 20. samyakvANI, 21. samyak-karmaNyatA (karmAnta), 22. samyak-jIvikA, 23. karuNA, 24. muditA aura 25. prajJA / jaina-darzana meM svIkRta lagabhaga sabhI karmapreraka (saMjJAe~) bauddha-darzana ke isa vargIkaraNa meM A jAte haiN| itanA hI nahIM, varan bauddha-darzana unakA kAphI gahana vizleSaNa bhI prastuta karatA hai, lekina mUlabhUta dhAraNAoM ke viSaya meM donoM kA dRSTikoNa samAna hI hai / gItA meM karma-prerakoM kA vargIkaraNa-gItA meM karma-prerakoM kA vistRta vargIkaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai / sAmAnyatayA gItA meM kAma aura krodha, jinheM prakArAntara se icchA aura dveSa bhI kahA gayA hai, karma preraka haiM / dUsare dRSTikoNa se gItA meM satva, raja aura tama ye tIna guNa aura inake kAraNa utpanna hone vAlI citta kI saMkalpAtmaka avasthAe~ bhI karmapreraka mAnI jA sakatI hai| gItA kA yaha vizleSaNa saMkSipta hote hue bhI mUlataH jaina aura bauddha mantavya ke samAna hai / kAmanAoM ke vibhinna prakAroM ke vizleSaNa ke bAda bhI yaha prazna raha jAtA hai ki citta meM kAmanA kaise utpanna hotI hai aura kaise usakA vikAsa hotA hai / kAmanA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa-indriyoM ke mAdhyama se cetanA kA bAhya viSayoM se samparka hotA hai / gaNadharavAda meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra devadatta apane mahala kI khir3akiyoM se bAhya jagat ko dekhatA hai usI prakAra prANI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhya padArthoM se apanA samparka karatA hai|' kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ko bahirmukha kara diyA gayA hai isalie jIva bAhya viSayoM kI ora hI dekhatA hai, antarAtmA ko nahIM / indriyoM ke bahirmukha hone se jIva kI ruci bAhya viSayoM meM hotI hai aura isI se unako pAne kI kAmanA aura saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai / indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha viSaya anukUla aura kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiM / anukUla viSayoM meM punaH-punaH pravRtta honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se bacanA, yahI vAsanA hai / anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti tathA pratikUla viSaya se nivRtti kA vicAra 1. gaNadharavAda-vAyubhUti se carcA, 2. kaThopaniSad, 2 / 1 / 1

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 466 (saMkalpa) hI vAsanA yA kAma kA mukhya AdhAra hai / indriyoM ke lie anukUla viSaya sukhada aura pratikUla viSaya duHkhada mAne jAte haiM / ataH sukhada kI ora pravRtti karanA aura duHkhada se nivRtti cAhanA --yahI vAsanA kI cAlanA ke do kendra bana jAte haiM, jinameM sukhada viSaya dhanAtmaka tathA duHkhada viSaya RNAtmaka cAlanA - kendra haiM / jaina dRSTikoNa - jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI sukha sadaiva anukUla aura duHkha sadaiva hI pratikUla hotA hai / Adhunika manovijJAna ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki sukha sadaiva anukUla isalie hotA hai ki usakA jIvana-zakti ko banAye rakhane kI dRSTi se mUlya hai aura du:kha isalie pratikUla hotA hai ki vaha jIvana-zakti kA hrAsa karatA hai / yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka hai / jaina dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate haiM / " anukUla ke prati AkarSaNa aura pratikUla ke prati vikarSaNa yaha indriya-svabhAva hai | anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai / kyoMki sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hotA hai, isalie prANI sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai aura duHkha se bananA cAhatA hai / vastutaH vAsanA hI apane vidhAyaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai / jisame vAsanA kI pUrti ho, vahI sukha aura jisameM vAsanA kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho, vaha duHkha | anukUla sukhada viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa honA aura unheM grahaNa karanA indriyoM kI sahaja pravRtti hai / mana ke abhAva meM yaha andha indriya pravRtti hotI hai / lekina jaba indriyoM ke sAtha mana kA yoga ho jAtA hai to sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI punaH punaH prApti kA tathA duHkhada anubhUti se bacane kA saMkalpa hotA hai / yahIM icchA yA saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai / jainAcAryoM ne mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI puna: prApti kI pravRtti ko hI icchA kahA hai / bhaviSya meM indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai / sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI lAlasA yA icchA hI tIvra hokara Asakti yA rAga kA rUpa le letI hai / dUsarI ora duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacane kI abhivRtti ghRNA evaM dveSa kA rUpa le letI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki manojJa, priya yA anukUla viSaya hI rAga kA kAraNa hote haiM aura pratikUla yA amanojJa viSaya dveSa kA kAraNa hote haiM / sukhada viSayoM se rAga aura duHkhada viSayoM se dveSa tathA anyAnya kaSAya aura azubha vRttiyA~ kaise pratiphalita hokara naitika patana kI 1. dazavaikAlika, 6 / 11, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1658 2. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 2, pR0 575 4. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 23 3. vahI, khaNDa 2, pR0 575

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jena AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 467 dizA meM le jAtI haiM, ise uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / indriyoM tathA mana se viSayoM ke sevana ko lAlasA paidA hotI hai / sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se ho rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai / isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai / kAma - guNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakta hokara jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka sambandhI vAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai / una bhAvoM kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM aneka rUpoM ( zarIroM) ko dhAraNa karatA hai / isa prakAra indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIna, lajjita aura karuNA janakasthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai / " 2 bauddha dRSTikoNa - icchA kI utpatti kA vizleSaNa karate hue buddha kahate haiM -rAgasthAnIya viSayoM ko lekara citta meM vitarka paidA hote haiM, unase chanda (icchA) kI utpatti hotI hai / chanda ( icchA) ke utpanna hone para citta una viSayoM se saMyukta ho jAtA hai, yahI citta kI Asakti hai / hI Asakti rAga hai / bhagavAn buddha ke anusAra rAga kI utpati ke do hetu haiM - 1. zubha (anukUla ) karake dekhanA aura 2. anucita vicAra / dveSa kI utpati ke do hetu haiM - 1. pratikUla karake dekhanA aura 2. anucita vicAra 3 yahAM yaha avazya smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki bauddha-vicAraNA cetanA ko pramukhatA dene ke kAraNa icchA yA rAga-dveSa kI utpatti ke kAraNa ko bhI mUlataH caittasika mAnatI hai / suttanipAta meM zUcilomayakSa buddha se pUchatA hai ki rAga-dveSa, rati-arati aura cittavitarka yA saMkalpa kA udgama kyA hai ? buddha kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra vRkSa ke tane se praroha nikala Ate haiM, vaise hI ye sabhI AtmA ke iSTa-bhAva ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM / yaha iSTabhAva yA tRSNA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai - 1. bhavatRSNA aura 2. vibhavatRSNA | ye donoM tRSNAe~ hI boddha-darzana meM vyavahAra kI niyAmaka haiM / gotA kA dRSTikoNa - gItA bhASya meM AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM ki indriyoM ke anukUla sukhadAyaka viSayoM ke anubhava kI cAha hI tRSNA, Asakti yA kAma hai / gItA meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki mana se indriyoM ke viSayoM kA cintana karane para una viSayoM ke samparka kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura usa se Asakti kA janma hotA hai / Asakti ke viSayoM kI prApti meM jaba bAdhA utpanna hotI hai to krodha (ghRNA) utpanna ho jAtA hai / krodha meM mUr3hatA yA aviveka, aviveka se smRtinAza aura smRtinAza se buddhi-nAza ho jAtA hai aura buddhi ke vinaSTa hone se vyakti vinAza kI ora calA jAtA haiM / " 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 102-105 3 vahI, 2 / 11 / 6-7 2. aMguttaranikAya, 2 / 11 / 6-7 4. gItA (zAM0 ), 25 5. gItA, 2162-63

Page #515
468 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana niSkarSa-isa prakAra vAsanA, kAma yA taSNA se rAga-dveSa ke pratyaya nirmita hote haiN| rAga aura dvaSa vAsanA yA tRSNA kI hI AkarSaNAtmaka aura vikarSaNAtmaka zaktiyA~ haiM / gItAkAra kA spaSTa mata hai ki kAma se hI krodha utpanna hotA hai / tRSNA kI ina AkarSaNAtmaka aura vikarSaNAtmaka zaktiyoM ko jaina-darzana meM rAga aura dveSa kahA gayA hai / bauddha-darzana meM rAga aura dvaSa ke sAtha-sAtha inake lie adhika samucita paryAya hai-bhavatRSNA aura vibhavatRSNA / Adhunika manovijJAna meM phrAyaDa ne inheM hI jIvanavRtti (Eros) * aura mRtyuvRtti (Thenatos) kahA hai, karTalevina ne inheM AkarSaNa-zakti (Positive valence) aura vikarSaNa-zakti (Negative valence) kahA hai / isa prakAra indriyoM kA viSayoM se sambandha hone para saMskAroM ke kAraNa mana meM viSayoM ke prati anukUla yA pratikUla bhAva banate haiM, jinase rAga-dveSa kA janma hotA hai aura ve prANI ke samagra kriyA-kalApoM kA niyamana karane lagate haiN| yahAM yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kAmanA, saMkalpa yA rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyoM kI utpatti ke mUlabhUta AdhAra hamArI indriyA~ aura mana haiM, ataH unake sambandha meM bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogaa| 'indriya' zabda kA artha-'indriya' zabda ke artha kI vizad vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama kevala yahI kaheMge ki jina-jina sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA hai, ve indriyA~ haiN| isa artha ko lekara jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA meM kahIM koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jaataa| - indriyoM ko saMkhyA-(a) jaina dRSTikoNa-jaina-darzana meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI gayI haiM / 1. zrotra, 2. cakSu, 3. ghrANa, 4. rasanA aura 5. sparzana (tvcaa)| jaina-darzana meM mana ko noindriya (Quasi sense organ) kahA gayA hai| jaina-darzana meM karmendriyoM kA vicAra upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI pA~ca karmendriyA~ usakI 10 bala kI dhAraNA meM se vAkbala, zarIrabala evaM zvAsocchAsa-bala meM samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| (ba) bauddha dRSTikoNa-bauddha grantha visuddhimagga meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 vaNita hai / bauddha-vicAradhArA ukta pAMca indriyoM evaM mana ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukhaduHkha tathA zubha evaM azubha manobhAvoM ko bhI indriyoM meM mAna letI hai / (e) gotA kA dRSTikoNa-gItA meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna pA~ca indriyoM evaM chaThe mana ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zAMkara-vedAnta evaM sAMkhya-darzana meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai / 5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ aura 1 antaHkaraNa / 1. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 2, pR0 547 2. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 134-35 3. visuddhimagga, bhAga 2, pR0 103-128

Page #516
jana AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 469 jaMna-darzana meM indriya-svarUpa - jaina darzana meM ukta pA~coM indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM - 1. dravyendriya 2. bhAvendriya / indriyoM kA bAhya saMracanAtmaka pakSa (Structural aspect) dravyendriya hai aura unakA Antarika kriyAtmaka pakSa (Functioual aspect) bhAvendriya hai / inameM se pratyeka ke punaH upavibhAga kiye gaye haiM, jaisAki nimna sAraNI se spaSTa : dravyendriya upakaraNa (indriya-rakSaka aMga ) T T aMtaraMga bahiraMga indriya T nivRtti labdhi (zakti) ( indriya- aMga ) aMtaraMga bahiraMga jaina-darzana meM indriyoM ke viSaya - (1) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai / zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai / jIva-zabda, ajIva zabda aura mizra - zabda / kucha vicAraka 7 prakAra ke zabda bhI mAnate haiM / (2) cakSu indriya kA viSaya rUpa saMvedanA hai / rUpa pA~ca prakAra kA hai -- kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta / zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiM / ( 3 ) ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha-saMvedanA hai gandha do prakAra kI hai-1. sugandha aura 2. durgandha / ( 4 ) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai / rasa pA~ca haiM-amla, lavaNa, tikta aura madhura / (5) sparzan - indriya kA viSaya sparzAnubhUti hai / sparza ATha prakAra kA hai--uSNa, zIta, rukSa, cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza, komala / isa prakAra zrotrendriya ke 3, cakSurendriya ke 5, ghrANendriya ke 2, rasanA ke 5 aura sparzendriya ke 8, kula milAkara pAMcoM indriyoM ke teIsa viSaya haiM / kaTu bhAvendriya upayoga (cetanA) sAmAnya rUpa se inhIM pA~coM indriyoM ke dvArA jIvAtmA ina viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha jIvAtmA zrotra, cakSu, tvacA, rasanA, ghrANa aura mana ke Azraya se hI viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai / indriyA~ apane viSayoM se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita karatI hai aura jIvAtmA ko una viSayoM se kaise prabhAvita karatI hai, isakA vistRta vivaraNa prajJApanAsUtra aura anya jaina granthoM meM milatA hai / yahA~ itanA hI jAna lenA paryApta hai ki dravya indriya kA viSaya se samparka hokara vaha bhAva - indriya ko prabhAvita karatI hai aura bhAva- indriya jIvAtmA kI zakti hone ke 1. gItA, 15 / 9

Page #517
470 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke mAcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAraNa usase jIvAtmA prabhAvita hotA hai / vastutaH yaha indriyoM kA viSaya-samparka hI vyakti ke naitika patana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| ataH samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM ne saMyama para jora diyA hai| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai taba una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA tRSNA ke bhAva jAgRta hote hai aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai athavA anukUla viSayoM kI prApti meM koI bAdhA AtI hai to ghRNA yA vidveSa ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiN| isa prakAra sukha-duHkha kA preraka niyama eka-dUsare ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai / sukha kA sthAna rAga Asakti yA tRSNA kA bhAva le letA hai aura duHkha kA sthAna ghRNA yA dvaSa kA bhAva le letA hai / rAga-dveSa kI ye vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika adhaHpatana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa haiN| sabhI samAlocya AcAra-darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki rAga aura dveSa donoM hI karma-paramparA ke bIja haiM aura karmaparamparA avidyA (moha) aura janma-maraNa kA mUla hai aura janma-maraNa hI duHkha hai / ' gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna, icchA (rAga) aura dveSa ke dvandva meM moha se AvRta hokara prANI isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| rajoguNa se udbhUta hone vAle kAma (rAga) aura krodha hI prANI ko durAcaraNa meM pravRtta karate haiM / bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM jisane rAga dvaSa aura moha ko chor3a diyA hai vaha phira mAtA ke garbha meM nahIM pdd'taa| isa samagra vivecana ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiM ki vividha indriyoM evaM mana ke dvArA unake viSayoM ke grahaNa kI cAha meM vAsanA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa hotA hai| vAsanA kA pratyaya punaH apane vidheyAtmaka evaM niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke rUpa meM sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai / yahI sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAeM rAga aura dvaSa kI vRttiyoM kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| yahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi vividha prakAra ke anaitika vyApAra kA kAraNa hotI haiM / ina sabake mUla meM to aindrika evaM manojanya vyApAra hI haiM aura isalie sAdhAraNa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika AcaraNa evaM naitika vikAsa ke lie indriya aura mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara diyA jaaye| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki indriyoM para kAbU kiye binA rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM para vijaya pAnA sambhava nahIM hotaa| ataH isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA upayogI hogA ki kyA indriya aura mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai aura yadi sambhava hai to usakA vAstavika rUpa kyA hai ? 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 6 / 3. saMyuttanikAya, 1 / 2 / 10 2. gItA, 7 / 27 / 3 / 37 4. yogazAstra, 4 / 24

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jana AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 471 jaina-varzana meM indriya-nirodha-indriyoM ke viSaya apanI pUrti ke prayAsa meM kisa prakAra naitika patana kI ora le jAte haiM, isakA sajIva citraNa uttarAdhyayana ke 32 veM adhyAya meM milatA hai / yahAM usake kucha aMza prastuta haiN| rUpa ko grahaNa karanevAlI cakSu indriya hai, aura rUpa cakSu indriya kA viSaya haiM / priya rUpa rAga kA aura apriya rUpa dveSa kA kAraNa hai / jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura pataMga mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyaMta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN| rUpa kI AzA ke vaza par3A huA ajJAnIjIva, trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai tathA pIr3ita karatA hai / rUpa meM macchita jIva una padArtho ke utpAdana rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahAM hai ? vaha saMbhoga kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai| rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotA, jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upabhoga ke samaya bhI vaha duHkha pAtA hai|" zrotrendriya zabda ko grahaNa karane vAlI aura zabda zrotrendriya kA grAhya viSaya hai / priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda dveSa kA kAraNa hai / jisa prakAra rAga meM gRddha mRga mArA jAtA jAtA hai, usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM macchita jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai / manojJa zabda kI lolupatA ke vazavartI bhArIkarmI jIva ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura pIr3A detA hai / ' zabda meM mUcchita jIva manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai| vaha saMbhoga kAla ke samaya meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA haiM, phira use sukha kahAM hai ? tRSNA ke vaza meM par3A huA vaha jIva corI karatA hai tathA jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta hI rahatA hai aura duHkha se nahIM chUTa paataa| gandha ko nAsikA grahaNa karatI hai aura gandha nAsikA kA grAhya viSaya hai / sugandha rAga kA kAraNa hai aura durgandha dvaSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra sugandha meM mUcchita sarpa bila se bAhara nikalakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra gandha meM atyanta Asakta jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai / sugandha ke vazIbhUta hokara bAlajIva aneka prakAra se trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai| sugandha meM 10 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32123 4. vahI, 32 / 28 7. vahI, 32137 10. vahI, 32 / 43 13. vahI, 32153 2. vahI, 32 / 24 5. vahI, 32 // 32 8. vahI, 32140 11. vahI, 32 / 49 3.. vahI, 3227 6. vahI, 32 / 36 9. vahI, 32141 12. vahI, 32150

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472 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana Asakta jIva sugandhita padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya tathA viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai, yaha saMbhoga kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai / phira use sukha kahAM hai ?' gaMdha meM Asakta jIva ko kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha sugandha ke upabhoga ke samaya bhI duHkha evaM kleza hI pAtA hai / rasa ko rasanendriya grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa rasanendriya kA grAma viSaya hai| mana-pasanda rasa rAga kA kAraNa aura mana ke pratikUla rasa dvaSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra mAMsa khAne ke lAlaca meM matsya kA~Te meM phaMsakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rasoM meM atyanta gRddha jIva akAla meM mRtyu kA grAsa bana jAtA hai / rasoM meM Asakta jIva ko kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha rasabhoga ke samaya duHkha aura kleza hI pAtA haiN| isI prakAra amanojJa rasoM me dvaSa karane vAlA jIva bhI duHkha-paramparA baDhAtA hai aura kaluSita mana se karmoM kA upArjana karake duHkhada phala bhogatA hai / sparza ko zarIra grahaNa karatA hai aura sparza sparzanendriya grAhya viSaya hai / sukhada sparza rAga kA tathA duHkhada sparza dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jo jIva sukhada sparzoM meM ati Asakta hotA hai, vaha jaMgala ke tAlAba ke ThaMDe pAnI meM par3e hue aura makara dvArA grase hue bhaise kI taraha akAla meM hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| sparza kI AzA meM par3A huA bhArIkarmI jIva carAcara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai| sukhada sparzoM se mUcchita prANI una vastuoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya evaM viyoga kI cintA meM hI ghulA karatA hai / bhoga ke samaya bhI vaha tRpta nahIM hotA, phira usake lie sukha kahA~ ? deg sparza meM Asakta jIvoM ko kiMcit bhI sukha nahIM hotA / jisa vastu kI prApti kleza evaM duHkha se huI, usake bhoga ke samaya bhI kaSTa hI milatA hai|" ___AcArya hemacandra yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki sparzanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hAthI, rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta machalI, ghrANendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara, cakSu-indriya ke vazIbhUta hokara pataMgA aura zrotrendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hariNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai / jaba eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai to phira pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI kyA gati hogI ? bauddha-darzana meM indriya nirodha-itivRttaka meM buddha kahate haiM ki bhikSuo, do bAtoM se yukta bhikSu isI janma meM duHkha, pIr3A, parezAnI aura santApa ke sAtha viharatA hai 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 54 4 vahI, 32 / 63 7. vahI, 32 / 72 10. vahI,32187 2. vahI, 32 / 58 5. vahI, 32 / 71 8. vahI, 32176 11. vahI, 32 / 84 3. vahI, 32 / 62 6. vahI, 32172 9. vahI, 32 / 70

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jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa 473 tathA zarIra chUTane para usakI durgati jAnanI cAhie / kauna-sI do ?--indriyoM meM saMyama na karanA aura bhojana kI mAtrA na jAnanA / jisa ke cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, rasanA kAya, aura mana itane dvAra gupta nahIM haiM, bhojana karane meM mAtrA nahI jAnane vAlA aura indriyoM meM asaMyamI bhikSu zArIrika duHkha tathA catta sika duHkha ko prApta hotA hai, usI prakAra bhikSu jalatI huI kAyA aura jalate hue citta se duHkhapUrvaka viharatA hai / bhikSuo, do bAtoM se yukta bhikSu isI janma meM sukha, pIr3A-rahita, parezAnI rahita aura santApa rahita viharatA hai tathA zarIra chUTane para usakI sugati jAnanI cAhie / kina do ?-indriyoM meM saMyama karanA aura bhojana karane meM mAtrA jaannaa| jisake cakSa, zrotra, ghrANa, rasanA, kAya aura mana inake dvAra bhalI prakAra gupta haiM, bhojana karane meM mAtrA jAnane vAlA aura indriyoM meM saMyamI hai, vaha bhikSu sukhapUrvaka zarIrasukha tathA caittasika-sukha ko prApta hotA hai usa prakAra kA bhikSu na jalatI huI kAyA aura na jalate hue citta se yukta sukhapUrvaka viharatA hai|' dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki jo manuSya indriyoM ke viSayoM meM asaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) sAdhanA se usI prakAra girA detA hai, jaise kamajora vRkSa ko vAyu girA detI hai / lekina jo indriyoM ke prati susaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) usI prakAra sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM kara sakatA, jaise vAyu parvata ko vicalita nahIM kara sakatA / 5 prAjJa bhikSu ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha indriyoM kA nirodha kara santuSTa ho, bhikSu-anuzAsana meM saMyama se rhe| gItA meM indriya-nirodha--gItA meM bhI bhagavAn kRSNa ne indriya-damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM nAva ko vAyu hara letI hai, vaise hI mana-sahita viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka bhI indriya isa puruSa kI buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hai / jisa puruSa kI indriyA~ saba prakAra se indriyoM ke viSayoM se vaza meM kI huI hotI haiM, usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai| sAdhanA meM prayAsazIla buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI ye pramathana svabhAvavAlI indriyA~ jabaradastI hara letI haiM aura use sAdhanA ke patha se cyuta kara detI haiM / ataH saba indriyoM ko apane adhikAra meM karake citta ko mujha paramAtmA meM niyojita kare / jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ apane adhikAra meM haiM, vahI vastutaH prajJAvAn hai / anyatra kahA gayA hai ki sabase pahale indriyoM ko vaza meM karake 1. itivRttaka, 2011 4. gItA, 2067 2. dhammapada, 7-8 5. vahI, 2068 3. dhammapada, 375 6. vahI, 2160-61

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474 . jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jJAna kA vinAza karane vAle isa kAma kA parityAga kara' aura yadi tU yaha samajhe ki indriyoM ko roka kara kAmarUpa vairI ko mArane kI merI zakti nahIM hai to terI yaha bhUla hai, kyoMki isa zarIra se to indriyoM ko pare (zreSTha, balavAn aura sUkSma) kahate haiM aura indriyoM se pare mana hai aura mana se pare buddhi hai aura jo buddhi se bhI atyanta pare hai vaha AtmA hai, ataH AtmA ke dvArA inakA nirodha karanA hI caahie| ____ indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI haiM aura ye indriyoM ke viSaya jIvAtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| isa prakAra AtmA kA AtaMrika samatva bhaMga ho jAtA hai / isalie kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka zabda, rUpa, rasa, gaMdha tathA sparza ina pAMcoM indriya-viSayoM ke sevana ko sadA ke lie chor3a de| kyA indriya-vamana saMbhava hai ?-sabhI AcAra-darzana indriya-saMyama para bala dete haiM / lekina kyA inakA nirodha saMbhava hai ? vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaba taka jIva deha-dhAraNa kiye hai, usake dvArA indriya-vyApAra kA pUrNa nirodha saMbhava nhiiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha jisa pariveza meM rahatA hai, usameM indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai / jaise, AMkha ke samakSa usakA viSaya prastuta hone para vaha use dekhane se vaMcita nahIM rakha sakatA / bhojana karate samaya AsvAda ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se indriya-vyApAra kA nirodha asambhava tathya hai| yadi indriya-vyApAroM kA pUrNa nirodha sambhava nahIM to phira indriya-saMyama kA kyA artha hai ? isa prazna para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / jaina-darzana meM indriya-damana--jaina-darzana ke anusAra indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kA artha indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se vimukha karanA nahIM varan viSaya-sevana ke mUla meM nihita rAga-dveSa kA samApta karanA hai| isa viSaya para AcArAMgasUtra meM sundara evaM manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha zakya nahIM hai ki kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAyeM, ataH zabdoM kA nahIM, zabda ke prati jAgrata hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki A~khoM ke sAmane Ane vAlA acchA yA burA rUpa dekhA na jAye, ataH rUpa kA nahIM, rUpa ke prati jAgrata hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA cAhie / yaha zakya nahIM hai ki nAka ke samakSa AyI huI sugandhi yA durgandhi sUcane meM na Aye, ataH gaMdha kA nahIM, gaMdha ke prati jagane vAlI rAgadvaSa kI vRtti kA tyAga karanA cAhie / yaha zakya nahIM hai ki rasanA para AyA huA acchA yA burA rasa cakhane meM na Aye, ataH rasa kA nahIM, rasa ke prati jagane vAle rAga'dvaSa kA tyAga karanA cAhie / yaha zakya nahIM hai ki zarIra se sparza hone vAle acche yA 1. gItA, 3641 2. vahI, 3 / 42 3. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 10

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475 jaina AcAradarzana kA manovaijJAnika pakSa bure sparza kI anubhUti na ho, ataH sparza kA nahIM, sparza ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM ki indriyoM ke zabdAdi manojJa athavA amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAgadveSa ke kAraNa banate haiM, vItarAga ke lie nahIM / 2 indriyoM aura mana ke viSaya, rAgI puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiN| ye viSaya vItarAgiyoM ke bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiN| kAma bhoga na kisI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura na kisI meM vikAra hI paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSaya meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai| bauddha darzana meM indriya-damana-isa viSaya meM bauddha AcAra-paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhA jaina-paramparA ora gItA ke samAna hA hai| saMyutta nikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki na cakSu rUpoM bA bandhana hai aura na rUpa hI cakSu kA bandhana hai / kiMtu jo jahA~ donoM ke nimitta se chanda (rAga) utpanna hai, vastutaH vahI bandhana hai / jJAnI sAdhaka ke dekhane meM dekhanA bhara hogA, sunane meM sunanA bhara hogA, jAnane meM jAnanA bhara hogA arthAt vaha rUpAdi kA jJAtA-dRSTA hogA, unameM rAgAsakta nahIM hogaa| apramatta sAdhaka rUpa Adi meM rAga nahIM karatA; rUpoM ko dekhakara smRtivAn rahatA hai, virakta citta se vedana karatA hai, unameM anAsakta rahatA hai / rUpa ko dekhane aura jAnane se usakA rAgabandhana ghaTatA hI hai, bar3hatA nahIM, kyoMki vaha smRtivAn hokara viharatA hai / buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI sArA bandhana indriya vyApAra meM nahIM, varan mana kI dazA para nirbhara hai|" gItA meM indriya-damana-gItA meM bhI hama isI prakAra kA nirdeza pAte haiN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ke arthoM meM arthAt sabhI indriyoM ke viSayoM meM sthita jo rAga aura dvaSa hai una donoM ke vaza meM nahIM hoye, kyoMki ve donoM ho kalyANa-mArga meM vighna DAlane vAle mahAn zatru hai| jo mUDha-buddhi puruSa indriyoM ko unake viSayoM se balAt rokakara indriyoM ke bhogoM kA mana se cintana karatA rahatA hai, usa puruSa ke rAga-dveSa nivRtta nahIM hone ke kAraNa vaha mithyAcArI yA dambhI kahA jAtA hai|' indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ko na grahaNa karane vAle puruSa ke kevala viSaya to nivRtta ho jAte haiM, kintu rAga nivRtta nahIM hotaa| aisA vyakti sacce arthoM meM nivRtta nahIM kahA jAtA / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha nahIM, varan unameM nihita rAga-dveSa kA 1. AcArAMga, 2 / 3 / 15 / 131-235 3. vahI, 32 / 100 5. saMyuttanikAya, 4135 / 232 7. vahI, 4 / 35 / 94 9. vahI, 36 2. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 109 4. vahI, 32 / 101 6. vahI, 4165 / 95 8. gItA, 3134 10. vahI, 2059

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476 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirodha karanA hotA hai, kyoMki bandhana kA vAstavika kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM, varan rAga-dvaSa kI pravRttiyA~ haiM / gItA kahatI hai ki rAga, dveSa se vimuvata manuSya indriyavyApAra karatA huA bhI pavitratA ko hI prApta hotA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki gItA indriya-nirodha ke sthAna para manovRttiyoM ke nirodha para hI jora detI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke samAlocya AcAra-darzana indriya-nirodha kA vAstavika artha indriya-vyApAra kA nirodha nahIM, varan unake pIche rahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha batAte haiN| naitika dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM ke sthAna para mana kI vRttiyAM hI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| ataH yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki yaha mana kyA hai aura usakA naitika jIvana se kyA sambandha hai ? 1. gotA, 2064,5 / 8-9

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17 mana kA svavarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 1. mana kA svarUpa 2. dravyamana aura bhAvamana 3. mana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai ? 4. jainadarzana meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana kI kalpanA 5. dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA sambandha 6. naitika cetanA meM mana kA sthAna jaina dRSTikoNa 482 | bauddha dRSTikoNa 483 | gItA evaM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa 483 | 7. mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ? 8. mana avidyA kA vAsasthAna 9. naitika pragati aura naitika uttaradAyitva evaM mana 10. manonigraha jainadarzana meM manonigraha 488 | bauddhadarzana meM manonigraha 488 | gItA meM manonigraha 488 | 11. Adhunika manovijJAna meM manonigraha : eka anucita dhAraNA 12. samAlocya AcAra- darzanoM meM damana kI anaucityatA jaina darzana meM manonigraha kA anaucitya 489 / bauddha darzana meM damana kA anaucitya 490 | gItA meM damana kA anaucitya 490 / 13. jaina darzana kA sAdhanA mArga - vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, vAsanA kA kSaya; 14. vAsanAkSaya evaM manojaya kA samyak mArga 15. jaina darzana meM mana kI cAra avasthAe~ 1. vikSipta mana / 2. yAtAyAta mana / 3. zliSTa mana / 4. sulIna mana 494 / 16. bauddha darzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAeM 1. kAmAvara citta / 2. rUpAvacara citta 494 / 3. arUpAvacara citta / lokottara citta 495 / 17. yogadarzana meM citta ko pA~ca avasthAeM 1. kSipta citta / 2. mUr3ha citta / 3. vikSipta citta / 4. ekAgra citta / niruddha citta 495 / - 477 - 479 479 479 480 480 482 484 485 486 487 489 489 491 492 494 494 495

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17 mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna samagra saMkalpa, icchAe~, kAmanAe~, evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ Adi adhikAMza naitika pratyaya manaHprasUta haiM, mana hI sad-asad kA viveka karatA hai| yahI hamAre zubhAzubha bhAvoM kA AdhAra hai, ataH mana ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| $ mana kA svarUpa __ mana ke svarUpa-vizleSaNa kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki mana bhautika tattva hai athavA cetana tattva hai ? jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana isa viSaya meM tIna bhinna-bhinna vicAra rakhate haiM-1. bauddha-darzana mana ko cetana tattva mAnatA hai| 2. gItA sAMkhya-darzana ke anurUpa mana ko jar3a prakRti se hI utpanna aura triguNAtmaka mAnatI hai|' 3. jaina-darzana mana ko bhautika aura abhautika donoM mAnatA hai| jaina-paramparA se milatA-julatA dRSTikoNa yoga-vAziSTha meM milatA hai| yadyapi yogavAziSTha ke nirvANa-prakaraNa meM mana ko jar3a kahA gayA hai aura usakI gatiyoM ko jar3a pASANa khaNDa ke samAna anya se niyojita mAnA gayA hai, tathApi mana ko jaina-vicAraNA ke samAna jar3a-cetana ubhayarUpa bhI mAnA gayA hai| dravyamana aura bhAvamana-jaina-vicAra meM mana ke bhautika rUpa ko dravya-mana aura cetanarUpa ko bhAvamana kahA gayA hai| dravya-mana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM se banA huA hai / yaha mana kA AMgika evaM saMracanAtmaka pakSa hai / sAdhAraNatayA isameM zarIra ke sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka aMga A jAte haiM / manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika-racanA-tantra meM pravAhita honevAlI caitanyadhArA bhAvamana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM isa racanA-taMtra ko AtmA se milI huI jJAna, vedanA evaM saMkalpa kI caitanya-zakti hI bhAvamana hai| mana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai ?--eka prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita haiM ? digambara-paramparA ke grantha gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM dravyamana kA sthAna hRdaya mAnA gayA hai, jabaki zvetAmbara Agama granthoM meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM hai ki mana zarIra ke kisa vizeSa bhAga meM sthita hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI yaha mAnate haiM ki zvetAmbara-paramparA ko samagra sthUla-zarIra hI dravyamana kA 1. gItA, 7 / 4, 13 / 5 2. yogavAziSTha nirvANa prakaraNa, 78 / 21, 391313 / 91 / 37, 395 / 40,3 / 96041 3. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR074

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480 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sthAna iSTa hai / jahAM taka bhAvamana ke sthAna kA prazna hai usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai, kyoMki Atmapradeza sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai / ataH bhAvamana kA sthAna bhI sampUrNa zarIra hI siddha hotA hai / bauddha-darzana meM mana ko hRdaya pradezavartI mAnA gayA hai, jo ki digambara sampradAya kI dravyamana viSayaka mAnyatA ke nikaTa hai / sAMkhya-paramparA zvetAmbara-paramparA ke nikaTa hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki sAMkhya-paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna kevala hRdaya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSma yA liGgazarIra meM jo aSTAdaza tattvoM kA viziSTa nikAya rUpa hai, praviSTa hai aura sUkSma zarIra kA sthAna samasta sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai / ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra siddha hai / / jaina-darzana meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana ko kalpanA-jaina naitika vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrta cetana Atma-tattva aura jar3a karma-tattva kA jo sambandha svIkRta hai, usakI vyAkhyA ke lie mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta hai; anyathA jaina-darzana kI bandhana aura mukti ko dhAraNA hI asambhava hogI / vedAntika advaitavAda, bauddha vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke nirapekSa darzanoM meM sambandha kI samasyA hI nahIM AtI / sAMkhya-darzana AtmA ko kUTastha mAnatA hai / ataH vahA~ bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha kI koI samasyA nahIM hai / isalie ve mana ko ekAMta jar3a athavA cetana mAnakara apanA kAma calA lete haiM lekina jar3a aura cetana ke madhya sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa jaina-darzana ke lie mana ko ubhayarUpa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina-vicAra meM mana ubhayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa hI jar3a karmavargaNA aura cetana-AtmA ke madhya yojaka kar3I bana gayA hai / mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kArya-kSetra bhautika jagat hai / jar3a pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika padArthoM se prabhAvita hotA hai aura cetana-pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai / isa prakAra jaina-dArzanika mana ke dvArA AtmA aura jar3a tattva ke madhya aparokSa sambandha banA dete haiM aura isa sambandha ke AdhAra para hI apanI bandhana ko dhAraNA ko siddha karate haiM / mana, jar3a aura cetana ke madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo donoM svataMtra sattAoM meM sambandha banAye rakhatA hai| jaba taka yaha mAdhyama rahatA hai, tabhI taka jar3a evaM cetana jagat meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA rahatI hai, jisake kAraNa bandhana kA silasilA calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti ke lie pahale mana ke ina ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga karanA hotA hai| isase mana kI zakti kSINa hone lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA vilaya ho jAne para nirvANa prApta ho jAtA hai| nirvANa-dazA meM ubhayAtmaka mana kA hI abhAva hone se bandhana ko sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA sambandha-jaina vicAradhArA mana ke abhautika aura bhautika pakSoM ko svIkAra karake hI saMtoSa nahI mAna letI, varan ubhayAtmaka mana ke 1-2. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 140

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 481 dvArA cetana (AtmA) aura jar3a (karma-paramANuoM) ke bIca pArasparika pratikriyA bhI svIkAra karatI hai / lekina ubhayAtmaka mana ke mAdhyama se jar3a aura cetana meM pArasparika pratikriyA mAna lene mAtra se samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna nahIM hotA / prazna yaha hai ki bAhya bhautika tathya cetana AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita karate haiM, jabaki donoM svataMtra haiN| yadi ubhayarUpa mana ko unakA yojaka tattva mAna liyA jAye to bhI isase samasyA hala nahIM hotii| yaha to samasyA kA khisakAnA mAtra hai| jo sambandha kI samasyA bhautika jagat aura AtmA ke madhya thI, use kevala dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke nAma se manojagat meM sthAnAMtarita kara diyA gayA hai / dravyamana aura bhAvamana kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM yaha samasyA abhI banI huI hai| cAhe yaha sambandha kI samasyA bhautika aura AdhyAtmika tattvoM ke madhya ho, cAhe jar3a karma-paramANu aura cetana AtmA ke madhya ho athavA mana ke Adhibhautika aura bhautika staroM para ho, samasyA avazya banI rahatI hai / usake nirAkaraNa ke tIna hI mArga ho sakate haiM yA to bhautika aura AdhyAtmika sattAoM meM se kisI eka ke astitva kA niSedha kara diyA jAye athavA unameM eka prakAra kA samAnAntaravAda mAna liyA jAye yA phira unameM kriyA-pratikriyA ko mAna liyA jaaye| jaina dArzanikoM ne pahale vikalpa meM yaha doSa pAyA ki yadi kevala cetana tattva kI sattA mAnI jAye to samasta bhautika jagat ko mithyA kahakara anubhUti ke tathyoM ko ThukarA denA hogA, jaise ki vijJAnavAdI evaM zUnyavAdI bauddha-dArzanikoM tathA advaitavAdI AcArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| dUsarI ora yadi cetana kI svataMtra sattA kA niSedha kara mAtra jar3a tattva kI sattA ko ho mAnA jAye, to bhautikavAda meM jAnA hogA, jisameM naitika jIvana ke lie koI sthAna nahIM rhegaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke anusAra jaina-vicArakoM ne samAnAntaravAda ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki jaina dArzanikoM ne mana evaM zarIra kA dvata svIkAra kiyA hai aura isalie ve samAnAntaravAda ko bhI usakI samasta sImAoM sahita svIkAra kara lete haiM / ve caittasika aura acattasika tathyoM meM eka pUrva saMsthApita sAmaJjasya svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jaina-vicAraNA dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke madhya kevala samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaJjasya hI nahIM mAnatI / vyAvahArika dRSTi se to jaina vicAraka unameM vAstavika sambandha bhI mAnate haiN| samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva-saMsthApita sAmaJjasya to kevala pAramArthika yA dravyAthika dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina-dArzanika tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM jar3a aura cetana meM nitAnta bhinnatA mAnate hue bhI anubhava ke stara para yA manovaijJAnika stara para unameM vAstavika sambandha ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| DA0 kalaghATagI likhate haiM ki jaina cintakoM ne mAnasika bhAvoM ko jar3a karmoM se prabhAvita hone ke sandarbha meM eka pariSkRta samAnAntaravAda prastuta kiyA hai, jo vyakti ke mana aura zarIra ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA manobhautika samAnAntaravAda 1. bhAratIya darzana, pR0 284-85

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482 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai, jabaki ve mAnasika aura zArIrika tathyoM ke madhya honevAlI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA ko upekSita nahIM karate / unakA siddhAnta samAnAntaravAda se bhI pare jAtA hai aura zarIra tathA AtmA ke madhya adhika ghaniSTha sambandha kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai / unakA dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA siddhAnta isa kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta karatA hai / jaina- dRSTikoNa jar3a aura caitanya ke madhya pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA ko saMsthApita karatA hai / " naitika cetanA meM mana kA sthAna -- bhAratIya AcAra-darzana jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI samasyA kI eka vistRta vyAkhyA hai / bhAratIya cintakoM ne kevala mukti kI upalabdhi ke hetu AcaraNa-mArga kA upadeza hI nahIM diyA, varan unhoMne yaha batAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA ki bandhana aura mukti kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? apane cintana aura anubhUti ke prakAza meM unhoMne isa prazna kA jo uttara pAyA, vaha hai- mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai / jaina, bauddha tathA vaidika AcAra- darzanoM meM yaha tathya sarvasammata rUpa se grAhya hai / jaina dRSTikoNa - jaina-darzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai / bandhana kI dRSTi vaha paurANika brahmAstra se bhI bhayaMkara hai / karma - siddhAnta kA eka vivecana hai ki mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandha utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara kI sthiti kA ho sakatA hai / vacanayoga milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai / ghrANendriya arthAt nAsikA ke milane para pacAsa sAgara, aura cakSu ke milate hI sau sAgara kI sthiti kA bandha ho sakatA hai aura jaba amanaska paMcendriya kI dazA meM kAna milate haiM to hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai / lekina yadi mana mila gayA aura utkRSTa mohanIya karma kA bandha hone lagA to vaha lAkha aura karor3a sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai / sattara kroDAkoDI (70 karor3a X 70 karor3a ) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa mohanIya karma kA bandha mana milane para hI hotA hai / yaha hai bandhana kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti / isa lie mana ko khulA chor3ane se pahale manana karanA cAhie ki vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta meM to nahIM dhakela rahA hai ? jaina- vicAraNA meM mana mukti ke mArga kA prathama pravezadvAra hai / vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para Age bar3ha sakate haiM / amanaska prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane kA adhikAra hI prApta nahIM hai / samyagdRSTi kevala samanaska prANiyoM ko hI 1. sama prAblemsa Apha jaina sAikolAjI, pR0 29 2. ( a ) maitrANyupaniSad, 4 / 11 (ba) brahmabindUpaniSad, 2 3. sAgara - samaya kA mApa - vizeSa

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 483 prApta ho sakatI hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA mokSamArga kI ora bar3hane ke adhikArI haiM / samyagdarzana ko prApta karane ke lie tIvratama krodhAdi AvegoM kA saMyamana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki mana ke dvArA hI AvegoM kA saMyamana sambhava hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie kI jAnevAlI granthabheda kI prakriyA meM yathA pravRttikaraNa taba hotA hai jaba mana kA yoga hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai, jisase jJAna (viveka) prakaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva athavA zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura ajJAna (mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra ajJAna kA nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi jo mukti (nirvANa) kI anivArya zarta hai, binA manaHzuddhi ke sambhava nahIM hai / ataH jaina-vicAraNA meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai / zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai, jaba ki aniyaMtrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu hai / AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM 'mana kA nirodha ho jAne para karma (bandhana) bhI pUrI taraha ruka jAte haiM, kyoMki karma kA Asrava mana ke adhIna hai, lekina jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM karatA hai usake karmoM (bandhana) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai / 2' boddha dRSTikoNa-bauddha-darzana meM citta, vijJapti Adi mana ke payAryavAcI zabda haiM / bhagavAn buddha kA kathana hai ki sabhI pravRttiyoM kA Arambha mana se hotA hai, mana kI unameM pradhAnatA hai / ve pravRttiyA~ manomaya haiM / jo sadoSa mana se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai, usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke pairoM kA anugamana karatA hai / jo svaccha (zuddha) mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai, usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise sAtha nahIM chor3ane vAlI chAyA / ' kumArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika ahitakArI' aura sanmArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika hitakArI hai / jo isakA saMyama kareMge, ve mAra ke bandhana se mukta ho jAyeMge / mahAyAna sampradAya ke pramakha grantha laMkAvatArasUtra meM kahA hai 'citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti hotI hai'| gotA evaM vedAnta kA dRSTikoNa-vedAnta-paramparA meM bhI sarvatra yahI dRSTikoNa milatA hai ki bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai / maitrANyupaniSad evaM tejobindUpaniSad meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hai| 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29 / 56 4. vahI, 2 7. vahI, 37 2. yogazAstra, 438 3. dhammapada, 1 5. vahI, 42 6. vahI, 43 8. laMkAvatArasUtra, 145 /

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484 jena, nauza tathA gItA ke AdhAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana usake viSayAsakta hone para bandhana aura usakA niviSaya honA hI mukti hai'|' gItA meM kahA gayA hai 'indriyA~, mana aura buddhi hI isa (vAsanA) ke vAsasthAna kahe gaye haiM aura (vAsanA) ina ke dvArA hI jJAna ko AvRtta kara jIvAtmA ko mohita karatI hai (bandhana meM DAle rakhatI hai)| 'jisakA mana prazAnta hai, pApa (vAsanA) se rahita hai, jisake mana kI caMcalatA samApta ho gaI hai, usa brahmabhUta yogI ko uttama Ananda prApta hotA hai' / AcArya zaMkara bhI viveka cUr3AmaNi meM likhate ki haiM mana se hI bandhana kI kalpanA hotI hai aura usI se mokSa kii| mana hI dehAdi viSayoM meM rAga kara bA~dhatA hai aura phira viSavat viSayoM meM virasatA utpanna kara mukta kara detA hai| isIlie isa jIva ke bandhana aura mukti ke vidhAna meM mana hI kAraNa hai, rajoguNa se malina huA mana bandhana kA hetu hotA hai tathA raja-tama se rahita zuddha sAtvika hone para mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra uparyukta vivecana se siddha hai ki sabhI AcAra-darzanoM meM mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA prabalatama kAraNa hai| mana ho bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ?-prazna yaha hai ki mana hI ko kyoM bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA ? jaina-tattvamImAMsA meM jar3a aura cetana do mUla tattva haiM, zeSa Asrava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura nirjarA ina do mUla tattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika vAcika, aura kAyika kriyAoM (yoga) kA abhAva hai| dUsarI ora manobhAva se rahita kAyika aura vAcika karma evaM jar3a karma-paramANu bhI bandhanakAraka nahIM hote haiM / bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva Atmika avazya mAne gaye haiM, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie kahA gayA hai ki binA cetana-sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote hai / cetana-sattA rAgAdi ke utpAdana kA nimitta kAraNa avazya hai, lekina binA mana ke vaha rAgadi-bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktii| isIlie yaha kahA gayA ki mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai / mana AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA bhAga sampanna karatA hai, ise nimna rUpaka se samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAna lIjie karmAvaraNa se kuMThita zakti vAlA AtmA usa A~kha ke samAna hai, jisakI dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa ho cukI hai| jagat eka zveta vastu hai aura mana ainaka (cazmA) hai / AtmA ko mukti ke lie jagat ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karanA hai, lekina apanI svazakti ke kuMThita hone para vaha svayaM to sIdhe rUpa meM yathArtha jJAna nahIM pA sakA / use manarUpI ainaka kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai, lekina yadi ainaka raMgIna kA~ca kA ho to vaha vastu kA yathArtha jJAna 1. maitrANyupaniSad, 4 / 11, tejobindUpaniSad, 5 / 95 2. gItA, 3 / 40 3. vahI, 3 / 27 4. viveka cUr3AmaNi, 175-176

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 485 na dekara bhrAMta jJAna detA hai| usI prakAra yadi mana, rAga-dveSAdi vRttiyoM se dUSita (raMgIna) hai, to vaha yathArthajJAna nahIM detA aura bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai| lekina yadi mana rUpI ainaka nirmala hai to vaha vastutattva kA yathArtha jJAna dekara hameM mukta kara detA hai / jisa prakAra ainaka meM binA kisI cetana A~kha ke dekhane kI koI zakti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jar3a mana-paramANuoM meM bhI binA kisI cetana AtmA ke saMyoga ke baMdhana-mukti kI zakti nahIM hotI / vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa prakAra ainaka meM dekhanevAle netra haiM lekina vikAra yA raMgInatA netra meM na hokara ainaka meM hai usI prakAra avidyA aura rAga-dvaSAdi vikAra AtmA se nahIM varan mana se hote haiM aura ve hI bandhana ke hetu haiM / ataH mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai / mana avidyA kA vAsasthAna-jaina, bauddha aura vaidika AcAra-darzana isa bAta meM eka mata haiM ki bandhana kA kAraNa avidyA (moha) hai / aba prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA kA vAsasthAna kyA hai ? AtmA ko isakA vAsasthAna mAnanA bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki jaina aura vedAnta donoM paramparAoM meM AtmA kA svarUpabhAva to samyagjJAnamaya hai athavA vaha zuddha caitanyasvarUpa hai, mithyAtva, moha kiMvA avidyA AtmAzrita ho sakate haiM, lekina ve AtmaguNa nahIM haiM aura isalie unheM Atmagata mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai / avidyA ko jar3a-prakRti kA guNa mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki yaha jJAnAbhAva hI nahIM varan viparota jJAna bhI hai| ataH avidyA kA vAsasthAna mana ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo jar3a-cetana kI yojaka kar3I hai / ataH mana meM hI avidyA nivAsa karatI hai aura mana kA nivartana hone para zuddha AtmadazA meM avidyA kI sambhAvanA kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina paramparA ke samAna gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki indriyAM, mana aura buddhi isa kAma ke vAsasthAna haiM / inake AzrayabhUta hokara hI yaha kAma jJAna ko AcchAdita kara jIvAtmA ko mohita karatA hai|' jJAna AtmA kA kArya hai, lekina jJAna meM jo vikAra AtA hai vaha AtmA kA kArya na hokara mana kA kArya hai / phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jahAM gItA meM vikAra yA kAma kA vAsasthAna mana ko mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina-vicAra meM kAmAdi kA vAsasthAna AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai / ve mana ke kArya avazya haiM, lekina unakA vAsasthAna AtmA hI hai| jaise raMgInatA ainaka meM hai, lekina raMgInatA kA jJAna to cetanA meM hI hogaa| yahA~ zaMkA hotI hai ki jaina-vicAraNA meM to aneka baddha prANiyoM ko amanaska mAnA gayA hai, phira unameM jo avidyA yA mithyAtva hai, vaha kisakA kArya hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaina-darzana meM prathama to sabhI prANiyoM meM bhAvamana kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai / 1. gItA, 3 / 40

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486 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana dUsare zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra yadi mana ko sampUrNa zarIragata * mAneM to vahA~ dravyamana bhI hai, lekina vaha kevala ogha saMjJA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM unheM kevala vivekazakti vihIna mana (Irrational Mind) prApta hai / jena-darzana meM jo samanaska aura amanaska prANiyoM kA bheda varNita hai vaha viveka-zakti (Reason) kI apekSA se hai| samanaska prANI kA artha viveka-zakti yukta prANI / anamaska prANiyoM meM yaha vivekakSamatA nahIM hotI, ve na to sudIrgha bhUta kI smRti rakha sakate haiM aura na bhaviSya kA evaM zubhAzubha kA vicAra kara sakate haiM / unameM mAtra kAlika saMjJA hotI hai aura mAtra aMdha-vAsanAoM (mUlapravRtti) se unakA vyavahAra cAlita hotA hai| amanaska prANiyoM meM sattAtmaka mana to hai lekina unameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA / vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa hI inheM amanaska kahA jAtA hai / jaina-darzana ke anusAra naitika vikAsa kA prArambha vivekakSamatAyukta mana kI upalabdhi se hI hotA hai| jaba taka vivekakSamatAyukta mana prApta nahIM hotA taba taka zubhAzubha kA vibheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jaba taka zubhAzubha kA jJAna prApta nahIM hotA, taba taka naitika vikAsa kI sahI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura naitika pragati nahIM ho pAtI hai| naitika pragati evaM naitika uttaradAyitva aura mana-isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM vivekakSamatA yukta mana (Rational Mind) naitika pragati kI anivArya zarta mAnA gayA hai / breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI bauddhika kSamatA yA zubhAzubha viveka ko naitika pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai / phira bho jana-vicAraNA kA unase pramukha matabheda yaha hai ki ve naitika uttaradAyitva aura naitika pragati donoM ke lie vivekakSamatA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina-vicAra meM naitika pragati ke lie to viveka Avazyaka hai, lekina naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie vivekazakti Avazyaka nahIM hai / yadi koI prANI vivekAbhAva meM bhI koI anaitika karma karatA hai, to jaina-dRSTi se vaha naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hogaa| kyoMki, 1. prathamataH vivekAbhAva hI pramattatA hai aura yahI anaitikakatA kA kAraNa hai / ataH vivekapUrvaka kArya na karane vAlA naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM hai| 2. viveka-zakti to sabhI AtmAoM meM hai, jinameM vaha prasupta hai usa ke lie bhI ve svayaM hI uttaradAyI haiM / 3. aneka prANI to aise haiM jinameM viveka prakaTa ho cukA thA, jo kabhI samanaska yA vivekavAn prANI the, lekina unhoMne usa viveka-zakti kA samyak upayoga nahIM kiyA / phalasvarUpa unameM vaha vivekazakti punaH kuNThita ho gayI / ataH aise prANiyoM ko naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki kaI jIva aise bhI haiM jinameM jarA bhI tarkazakti, prajJAzakti yA mana yA vANI kI zakti nahIM hotii| ve mUDha jIva sabake prati samAna doSI haiM / usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki saba yoniyoM ke jIva eka janma meM saMjJA (viveka) 1. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 140 tathA bhAga 2, pR0 311

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 487 vAle ho, apane kie hue karmoM ke kAraNa dUsare janma meM asaMjJI (vivekazUnya) bana kara janma lete haiM / ataeva vivekavAn honA yA na honA apane hI kRta karmoM kA phala hotA hai / isase vivekAbhAva kI dazA meM jo kucha pApa-karma hote haiM isakA uttaradAyitva bhI unakA hai|' . jaina tattvajJAna meM jIvoM kI avyavahAra rAzi kI jo kalpanA kI gaI hai, usa varga ke jIvoM ke naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sUtrakRtAMga ke isa AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki avyavahAra-rAzi ke jIvoM meM to viveka kabhI prakaTa hI nahIM huaa| ve to kevala isa AdhAra para hI uttaradAyI mAne jA sakate haiM ki unameM jo vivekakSamatA prasupta hai, ve usako prakaTa nahIM kara rahe haiM / eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi naitika pragati ke lie 'savivekamana' Avazyaka hai to phira jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra ve sabhI prANI, jinameM aise mana kA abhAva hai, naitika pragati ke patha para kabhI Age nahIM bar3ha skeNge| jaina-darzana ke anusAra isa prazna kA uttara yaha hogA ki viveka ke abhAva meM bhI karma kA bandhana aura karma-bhoga to calatA hai, phira bhI jaba vicAraka mana kA abhAva hotA hai to prANI karmavAsanA se yukta hote hue bhI vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hotA aura isa kAraNa bandhana meM vaha tIvratA bhI nahIM hotI hai / isa prakAra navIna karmoM kA bandha hote hue bhI tIvra bandha nahIM hotA hai aura purAne karmoM kA bhoga calatA rahatA hai| ataH nadI-pASANa-nyAya ke anusAra saMyoga se kabhI na kabhI vaha avasara upalabdha ho jAtA hai, jaba prANI viveka ko prApta kara letA hai aura naitika vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mana AcAra-darzana kA kendra-bindu hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana mana ko naitika jIvana ke lie atyadhika mahatvapUrNa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra mana hI naitika utthAna aura naitika patana kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki samAlocya sabhI AcAra-darzana mana ke saMyama para jora dete haiN| manonigraha-bhAratIya AcAra-darzana meM icchA-nirodha yA vAsanAoM ke damana kA svara kAphI mukharita huA hai / AcAra-darzana ke adhikAMza vidhi-niSedha icchAoM ke damana se sambandhita haiN| kyoMki icchAe~ tRpti cAhatI haiM aura tRpti bAhya sAdhanoM para nirbhara hai| yadi bAhya paristhiti pratikUla ho to atRpta icchA mana meM hI kSobha utpanna karatI hai aura isa prakAra citta-zAnti yA AdhyAtmika samatva kA bhaMga ho jAtA hai / ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki samatva ke naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie icchAoM kA damana kara diyA DAme / mana hI icchAoM evaM saMkalpoM kA utpAdaka hai, ataH icchA-nirodha kA artha manonigraha bhI mAna liyA gyaa| pataMjali ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki citta-vRtti kA 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 214

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jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcArabarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nirodha hI yoga hai / yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki mana svayaM hI samagra klezoM kA dhAma hai, usameM jo bhI vRttiyA~ uThatI haiM, ve sabhI bandhanarUpa haiM / ataH una manovyApAroM kA sarvathA nirodha kara denA hI nirvikalpa samAdhi haiM aura yahI naitika jIvana kA Adarza hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM icchA nirodha aura manonigraha ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 488 jaina-darzana meM manonigraha -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, yaha mana duSTa aura bhayaMkara azva ke samAna cAroM dizAoM meM bhAgatA hai, ataH sAdhaka saMrambha, samArambha aura AraMbha meM pravRtta hote hue isa mana kA nigraha kare / 3 AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki AMdhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti ke icchuka evaM tapa karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai / ataH mana kA nirodha kiye binA jo manuSya yogI hone kA nizcaya karatA hai, vaha usI prakAra ha~sI kA pAtra banatA hai, jaise koI paMgu puruSa eka gA~va se dUsare gA~va jAne kI icchA karake hAsyAspada banatA hai / mana kA nirodha hone para karmAsrava bhI pUrI taraha ruka jAtA hai, kyoMki karma kA Asrava mana ke adhIna hai / kintu, jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM kara pAtA, usake karmoM kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai / ataeva jo manuSya karmoM se apanI mukti cAhate haiM, unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle lampaTa mana ko rokane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / " bauddha darzana meM manonigraha- - dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha citta atyanta hI caMcala hai, isapara adhikAra kara kumArga se isakI rakSA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, isakI vRttiyoM kA kaThinatA se ho nivAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, ataH buddhimAn ise aise hI sIdhA kare, jaise iSukAra (bANa banAne vAlA ) bANa ko sIdhA karatA hai / yaha citta kaThinatA se nigrahita hotA hai, atyanta zIghragAmI aura yatheccha vicaraNa karane vAlA hai, isalie isakA damana karanA hI zreyaskara hai, damita kiyA huA citta hI sukhavardhaka hotA hai | gItA meM manonigraha - gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha mana atyanta caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karane vAlA aura bar3A balavAn hai, isakA nirodha karanA vAyu ko rokane ke samAna atyanta duSkara haiM / kRSNa kahate haiM ki nissaMdeha mana kA nigraha kaThinatA se hotA hai, phira bhI abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai aura isalie he arjuna, tU mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara isa mana ko mere meM lagA / ' yogavAsiSTha meM kahA hai ki mana kI upekSA se hI duHkha pahAr3a kI coTI ke samAna bar3hate jAte haiM aura 1. yogasUtra, 12 4. yogazAstra, 436-39 7. vahI, 635 2. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 58 5. dhammapada, 33-35 8. vahI, 6 / 14 3. vahI, 24 / 21 6. gItA, 6 / 34

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 489 mana ko vaza meM karane para vese hI naSTa ho jAte haiM, jaise sUrya ke sammukha hima naSTa ho jAtA hai| ___ Adhunika manovijJAna meM manonigraha; eka anucita dhAraNA-manonigraha ke ukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bhAratIya naitika cintana para yaha AkSepa lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha Adhunika manovijJAna ko kasauTI para kharA nahIM utrtaa| Adhunika manovijJAna icchAoM ke damana evaM manonigraha ko mAnasika samatva kA hetu na mAnakara usake ThIka viparIta use citta-vikSobha kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| damana, nigraha, nirodha Aja kI manovaijJAnika dhAraNA meM mAnasika saMtulana ko bhaMga karanevAle mAne gaye haiN| phrAyaDa, eDalara, yuga Adi ne vyaktitva ke vighaTana evaM manovikRtiyoM kA kAraNa damana aura pratirodha hI mAnA hai / Adhunika manovijJAna kI isa mAnyatA ko jhuThalAyA bhI nahIM jA sakatA ki icchA-nirodha aura manonigraha mAnasika svAsthya ke lie ahitakara haiN| yahI nahIM, icchAoM ke damana meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hotI hai, ve damita icchAe~ utane hI vega se vikRta rUpa meM prakaTa hokara kevala apanI hI pUrti kA prayAsa ho nahIM karatI haiM, varan manuSya ke vyaktitva ko bhI vikRta banA detI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM, to phira naitika jIvana se isa damana kI dhAraNA ko hI samApta kara denA hogaa| ___ samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM meM damana kI anaucityatA-prazna uThatA hai ki kyA bhAratIya nIti-nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi se yaha tathya ojhala thA ? bAta aisI nahIM hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kI dRSTi meM damanoM ke anaucitya kI dhAraNA atyanta spaSTa thI, jise sapramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ jaina-darzana meM manonigraha kA anaucitya-jaina-paramparA apane pAribhASika zabdoM meM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki sAdhanA kA saccA mArga aupazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai / jaina dRSTikoNa ke anusAra aupazamika mArga vaha mArga hai, jisameM mana kI vRttiyoM yA nihita vAsanAoM ko dabAkara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hA jAtA hai / icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI aupazamika mArga hai| jaise Aga ko rAkha se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai, vaise hI upazama meM kama-saMskAra yA vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAte hue naitikatA ke mArga para Age bar3hA jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM yaha damana kA mArga hai / sAdhanA ke kSetra meM bhI vAsanAsaMskAra ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kA mArga damana kA mArga hai| yaha mana kI zuddhi kA vAstavika mArga nahIM hai| yaha to mAnasika gaMdagI ko DhakanA yA chipAnA mAtra hai / jaina-vicArakoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM batAyA hai ki vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kI yaha avasthA naitika vikAsa meM Age taka nahIM calatI hai / aisA sAdhaka vikAsa kI agrima kakSAoM se ani 1. yogavAsiSTha, 3 / 99 / 46

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490 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vAryatayA padacyuta ho jAtA hai / jisa damana ko Adhunika manovijJAna meM vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, vahI vicAraNA jainadarzana meM bhI maujUda thii| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka upazama (damana) ke AdhAra para naitika tathA AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai, to vaha apane lakSya ke atyadhika nikaTa pahu~cakara bhI punaH patita ho jAtA hai| jaina-darzana kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to upazama evaM kSayopazama mArga kA sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke 14 guNasthAnoM meM se 11 veM guNasthAna taka pahuMca kara vahAM se giratA hai aura punaH prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai / yaha tathya jaina sAdhanA meM damana ke anaucitya ko spaSTa kara detA hai / bauddha-darzana meM damana kA anaucitya-buddha ke madhyamamArga ke upadeza kA sAra yahI hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM vAsanAoM kA damana itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA unase Upara uTha jaanaa| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga aura vAsanAoM ke bhoga kA mArga donoM hI buddha kI dRSTi meM sAdhanA ke sacce mArga nahIM haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne jisa madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA, usakA Azaya yahI thA ki sAdhanA meM damana para jo atyadhika jora diyA jA rahA thA, use kama kiyA jAye / bauddha-sAdhanA kA Adarza to cittazAnti hai, jabaki damana to citta-kSobha yA mAnasika dvandva ko hI janma detA hai / bauddhAcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki citta kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI / ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho / dAna kI prakriyA citta-kSobha kI prakriyA hai-citta-zAnti kI nahIM / zAntibhikSuzAstrI bodhicaryAvatAra kI bhUmikA meM likhate haiM ki "buddha ke dharma meM jahAM dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA pApa mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ apane ko pIr3A denA bhI anArya-karma kahA gayA hai / saugatatantra ne bhI Atma-pIr3ana ke mArga ko ThIka nahIM smjhaa| kyA damana mAtra se citta-vikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA ? dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgRtAvasthA meM na sahI svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoMgI / " jaba taka bhogalipsA hai taba taka citta-kSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai / isa prakAra bauddha-vicAraNA ko damana kA pratyaya abhipreta nahIM hai / damana ke virodha meM uThI khar3I bauddha-vicAraNA kI carama pariNati cAhe vAmAcAra ke rUpa meM huI ho, lekina usakA damana kA virodha to avAstavika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / citta-zAnti ke sAdhanA-mArga meM damana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| gItA meM damana kA anaucitya--yadi gaharAI se dekheM to gItA bhI damana yA nigraha ke anaucitya ko svIkAra karatI hai / gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki prANI apanI prakRti ke 1. dekhie--guNasthAnArohaNa 2. prajJopAya vinizcaya 5 / 40 uddhRta-bodhicaryAvatAra bhUmikA, pR0 20 3. bodhicaryAvatAra bhUmikA, pR0 20

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 491 anusAra hI vyavahAra karate haiM ve nigraha kaise kara sakate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki jo zarIra rUpa se sthita bhUta samudAya ko arthAt zarIra, mana aura indriya Adi ke rUpa meM pariNata hue paMca mahAbhUtoM ko tathA antaHkaraNa meM sthita mujha paramAtmA ko kuza karanevAle haiM, ve saba AsurI svabhAvavAle hai / yogavAsiSTha meM bhI yaha bAta aura adhika spaSTa rUpa se kahI gayI hai ki he rAjarSi ! tInoM lokoM meM jitane bhI prANI haiM svabhAva se hI unakI deha dvayAtmaka hai, jaba taka zarIra hai, zarIra-dharma svabhAva se hI anivArya hai, prAkRtika vAsanA kA damana yA nirodha nahIM hotaa| gItAkAra kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki yadyapi viSayoM ko grahaNa nahIM karane vAle arthAt indriyoM ko unake viSayoM ke upabhoga karane se roka dene vAle vyaktiyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ke bhoga kA to nigraha ho jAtA hai, tathApi unakA rasa banA rahatA hai arthAt bhoga-saMskAra mUlataH naSTa nahIM ho pAte aura anukUla paristhitiyoM meM punaH utpanna ho jAte hai / 'rasavarjaraso'pyasya' kA pada spaSTa rUpa se yaha saMketa karatA hai ki gItA meM naitika vikAsa kA vAstavika mArga, nigraha yA nirodha kA mArga nahIM hai| isa prakAra gItA to icchAoM ke dvandva ko samApta karanA cAhatI hai, lekina damana meM dvandva samApta nahIM hotA varan ulTA bar3ha jAtA hai / ataH use yaha damana kA mArga svIkArya nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra na kevala jaina AcAra-darzana meM damana ko anucita mAnA gayA hai, varan bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai / jaina-darzana kA sAdhanA-mArga, vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, vAsanA kA kSaya-jaina-dRSTi meM vikAsa kA saccA mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, unakA kSaya karanA hai / prazna yaha hai ki vAsanAoM ke kSaya aura nirodha meM kyA aMtara hai ? nirodha se citta meM vAsanA uThatI hai aura phira use dabAyA jAtA hai, jabaki kSaya meM vAsanA kA uThanA hI zanaiH zanaiH kama hokara, samApta ho jAtA hai / Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM damana meM vAsanA (Id) aura naitikamana (Super ego) meM saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai / lekina kSaya meM yaha saMgharSa nahIM hotA hai, vahA~ to vAsanA uThatI hI nahIM hai / damana yA upazama meM hameM krodha AtA hai aura hama use dabAte haiM yA use abhivyakta hone se rokate haiM / jaba ki kSAyikabhAva meM krodhAdi ke bhAva hI samApta ho jAte haiM / jise sAdhAraNa bhASA meM gussA pI jAnA kahate haiM, vahI upazama hai / isameM lokamaryAdA Adi bAhya tattva hI usake nirodha kA kAraNa banate haiM, isalie yaha Atmika vikAsa nahIM hai varan usakA DhoMga hai, eka Aropita AvaraNa hai| 1. gItA, 3 / 33 4. gItA, 2 / 59 2. vahI, 1116 3. yogavAsiSTha, 105 / 109 5. vahI, 4 / 22, 7 / 28, 1155

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492 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AvAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana yahA~ para yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki Agama granthoM meM mana-nirodha kI bAta aneka sthAnoM para kahI gaI hai, usakA kyA artha hai ? lekina vahAM para nirodha kA artha damana nahIM lagAnA cAhie, anyathA aupazamika aura kSAyika dRSTiyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyagA / ataH vahA~ para nirodha kA artha kSAyika dRSTi se hI karanA samucita hai / prazna hotA hai ki kSAyika dRSTi se mana kA zuddhikaraNa kaise kiyA jAe ? uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana ke nigraha ke viSaya meM jo rUpaka prastuta kiyA gayA hai, usameM zramaNa kezI gautama se pUchate haiM ki 'Apa eka bhayAnaka duSTa azva para savAra haiM, jo bar3I tIvra gati se bhAgatA hai, vaha Apa ko unmArga kI ora na le jAkara sanmArga para kaise le jAtA hai ? gautama isa lAkSaNika carcA ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki yaha mana hI sAhasika duSTa azva hai jo cAroM ora bhAgatA hai| jAtivAna azva kI taraha zrutarUpI rassiyoM se bAMdhakara samatva evaM dharma zikSA se usakA nigraha karatA huuN| __ isa gAthA meM do zabda mahatvapUrNa haiM 'samme' tathA 'dhammasikkhAye / dharma zikSaNa dvArA mana kA nigraha karane kA artha damana nahIM, varan usakA udAttIkaraNa hai / dharma-zikSaNa kA artha hai mana ko sad pravRttiyoM meM lagA denA, tAki vaha anartha ke mArga para jAye hI nahIM / aise hI zrutarUpa rassI se bAMdhane kA artha hai viveka evaM jJAna ke dvArA use ThIka mArga para claanaa| samatva ke dvArA kiyA gayA nigraha damana nahIM hai, varan use saMtulita banAnA hai / mana kA saMtulana damana meM to saMbhava hI nahIM, kyoMki vaha to saMgharSa kI avasthA hai / jaba taka vAsanAoM kA saMgharSa hai, taba taka samatva ho hI nahIM sktaa| jaina sAdhanApaddhati to samatva (samabhAva) kI sAdhanA hai| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga to cittakSobha utpanna karatA hai, ataH vaha use svIkAra nahIM hai / jainasAdhanA kA Adarza kSAyika sAdhanA hai, jisameM vAsanA kA damana nahIM varan vAsanAzUnyatA hI sAdhaka kA lakSya hai| gItA meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki mana ke nigraha kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai, vaha hai-vairAgya aura abhyAsa / vairAgya manovRttiyoM tathA vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, vaha to bhogoM kI anukUla aura pratikUla sthitiyoM meM anAsakta vRtti hai / dUsarI ora abhyAsa zabda bhI damana kA samarthaka nahIM hai / yadi gItAkAra ko damana hI iSTa hotA to phira vaha abhyAsa kI bAta hI nahIM karatA / abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA damana meM nahIM hotI, vAsanAoM ko damita hI karanA ho to phira kramika prayAsa kisa lie ? abhyAsa to vAsanAoM ke vilayana, pariSkAra yA udAttIkaraNa ke lie hai / naitika vikAsa ke lie mAtra vAsanA kI vattiyoM kA vilayana Avazyaka hai / vAsanAkSaya evaM manojaya kA samyaka mArga-citta-vRttiyoM kA vilayana kaise ho, isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki mana jina-jina viSayoM meM 1. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 58

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 493 pravRtta hotA ho, unase use balAt nahIM rokanA caahie| kyoMki balAt rokane se vaha usa ora aura adhika daur3ane lagatA hai aura na rokane se zAnta ho jAtA hai / jaise madonmatta hAtho ko rokA jAe to vaha usa ora adhika prerita hotA hai aura use na rokA jAye to vaha apane iSTa viSayoM ko prApta karake zAnta ho jAtA hai / yahI sthiti mana kI hai / sAdhaka apane-apane viSaya ko grahaNa karatI huI indriyoM ko na to roke aura na unheM pravRtta kare / vaha kevala itanA dhyAna rakhe ki viSayoM ke prati rAga-dveSa utpanna na ho / vaha pratyeka sthiti meM taTastha banA rahe / vaha apanI vRtti ko udAsIna banA le aura kiMcit bhI cintana yA saMkalpa - vikalpa na kre| jo citta-saMkalpoM se vyAkula hotA hai, usameM sthiratA nahIM A sakatI / isa prakAra kamanIya rUpa ko dekhatA huA bhI, sundara aura manojJa vANI ko sunatA huA bhI, sugaMdhita padArthoM ko sUMghatA huA bhI, rasa kA AsvAdana karatA huA bhI, komala padArthoM kA sparza karatA huA bhI aura citta ke vyApAroM ko na rokatA huA bhI udAsIna bhAva se yukta, pUrNa samabhAvI tathA Asakti kA parityAga kara bAhya aura Antarika cintAoM evaM ceSTAoM se rahita hokara vaha ekAgratA ko prApta karake atIva unmanIbhAva (anAsakta bhAva ) ko prApta kara letA hai / 2 preraNA utpanna nahIM karatA udAsI bhAva meM nimagna, saba prakAra ke prayatna se rahita aura paramAnanda dazA kI bhAvanA karanevAlA yogI kisI bhI jagaha mana ko nahIM jor3atA hai / isa prakAra AtmA jaba mana kI upekSA kara detA hai, to vaha upekSita mana indriyoM kA Azraya nahIM karatA arthAt indriyoM meM preraNA utpanna nahIM karatA / aisI sthiti meM indriyA~ bhI apane-apane viSaya meM pravRtti karanA chor3a detI haiM / jaba AtmA mana meM aura mana indriyoM ko prerita nahIM karatA, taba donoM tarapha se bhraSTa banA huA mana apane Apa vilIna ho jAtA hai / jaba mana preraka nahIM rahatA to pahale rAkha se AvRtta agni kI taraha zAnta ho jAtA hai aura phira pUrNa rUpa se usakA kSaya ho jAtA hai arthAt cintA, smRti Adi usake sabhI vyApAra naSTa ho jAte haiM / taba vAyu-vihIna sthAna meM sthApita dIpaka jaise nirAbAdha prakAzamAna hotA hai, usI prakAra manovRttiyoM kI caMcalatA rUpI vAyu kA abhAva ho jAne se AtmA meM karma - mala se rahita zuddha AtmajJAna kA prakAza hotA hai | 3 jainAcAryoM ne isa prakAra vAsanAoM evaM mana ke vilayana ko jo avasthA batAyI, vaha sahaja hI sAdhya nahIM hai / usake lie mana ko aneka avasthAoM meM se gujaranA hotA hai / ataH mana kI ina avasthAoM para bhI thor3A vicAra kara liyA jAye / 2. vahI, 12 / 23-25 1. yogazAstra, 12 / 27-28, 12 / 26, 12 / 19 3. vahI, 12 / 33 -36

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494 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-darzana meM mana kI cAra avasthAeM-jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM mana naitika jIvana kI AdhArabhUmi hai, ataH citta kI vibhinna avasthAoM para vyakti ke naitika vikAsa ko AMkA jA sakatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne mana kI cAra avasthAe~ mAnI hai--1. vikSipta mana, 2. yAtAyAta mana, 3. zliSTa mana aura, 4. sulIna mana / ' 1. vikSipta mana-yaha caMcala hotA hai, idhara-udhara bhaTakatA rahatA hai, isakA Alambana pramukhatayA bAhya viSaya hotA hai / yaha mana kI asthira avasthA hai / isameM saMkalpa-vikalpa yA vicAroM kI bhAga-daur3a macI rahatI hai, ataH isa avasthA meM mAnasika zAnti kA abhAva hotA hai / yaha citta pUrI taraha bahirmukhI hotA hai| 2. yAtAyAta mana-yAtAyAta mana kabhI bAhya viSayoM kI ora jAtA hai to kabhI andara sthita hone kA prayatna karatA hai| yaha yogAbhyAsa ke prArambha kI avasthA hai / isa avasthA meM citta apane pUrvAbhyAsa ke kAraNa bAharI viSayoM kI ora daur3atA rahatA hai, vaise thor3e bahuta prayatna se use sthita kara liyA jAtA hai / kucha samaya usa para sthira rahakara punaH bAhya viSayoM ke saMkalpa-vikalpa meM ulajha jAtA hai| jaba-jaba kucha sthira hotA hai taba mAnasika zAnti evaM Ananda kA anubhava karane lagatA hai / yAtAyAta citta kathaMcit antarmukhI aura kathaMcit bahirmukhI hotA hai| 3. zliSTamana-yaha mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta kI sthiratA kA AdhAra yA Alambana prazasta viSaya hotA hai| isameM jaise-jaise sthiratA AtI hai, Ananda bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai / 4. sulona mana--yaha mana kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM saMkalpa-vikalpa evaM mAnasika vRttiyoM kA laya ho jAtA hai| ise mana kI niruddhAvasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha paramAnanda kI avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM sabhI vAsanAoM kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| bauddha-darzana meM citta ko cAra avasthAeM-abhidhammatthasaMgaho ke anusAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI citta cAra prakAra kA hai--1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottara / 1. kAmAvacara citta-yaha citta kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| isameM vitarka evaM vicAroM kI adhikatA hotI hai| mana sAMsArika bhogoM ke pIche bhaTakatA rahatA hai / 2. rUpAvacara citta - isa avasthA meM vitarka-vicAra to hote haiM, lekina ekAgratA kA prayatna bhI hotA hai / citta kA Alambana bAhya sthUla viSaya hI hote haiN| yaha yogAbhyAsI citta kI prAthamika avasthA hai / 1. yogazAstra, 12 / 2 2. abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR0 1

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mana kA svarUpa tathA naitika jIvana meM usakA sthAna 495 3. arUpAvacara citta-- isa avasthA meM citta kA Alambana rUpavAn bAhya padArtha nahIM haiN| isa stara para citta kI vRttiyoM meM sthiratA hotI hai lekina usakI ekAgratA niviSaya nahIM hotii| usake viSaya atyanta sUkSma jaise ananta AkAza, ananta vijJAna yA akiJcanatA hote haiM / 4. lokottara citta-isa avasthA meM vAsanA-saMskAra; rAga-dveSa evaM moha kA prahANa ho jAtA hai / isa avasthA ko prApta kara lene para nizcita rUpa se arhat pada evaM nirvANa kI prApti ho jAtI hai / yogadarzana meM citta ko pAMca avasyAe~--yogadarzana meM cittabhUmi (mAnasika avasthA) ke pA~ca prakAra haiM--1. kSipta, 2. mUr3ha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddha / 1. kSipta citta--isa avasthA meM citta rajoguNa ke prabhAva meM rahatA hai aura eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya para daur3atA rahatA hai / sthiratA nahIM rahatI / yaha avasthA yoga ke anukUla nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM mana aura indriyoM para saMyama nahIM rhtaa| 2. mUr3ha citta--isa avasthA meM tama kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura isase nidrA, Alasya Adi kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / nidrAvasthA meM citta kI vRttiyoM kA kucha kAla ke lie tirobhAva ho jAtA hai / parantu yaha avasthA yogAvasthA nahIM hai / 3. vikSipta citta-vikSiptAvasthA meM mana thor3I dera ke lie eka viSaya meM lagatA hai, para turanta hI anya viSaya kI ora daur3a jAtA hai aura pahalA viSaya chUTa jAtA hai / yaha citta kI AMzika sthiratA kI avasthA hai / 4. ekAgra cirA-yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM citta dera taka eka viSaya para lagA rahatA hai / yaha kisI vastu para mAnasika kendrIkaraNa yA dhyAna kI avasthA hai / isa avasthA meM citta kisI viSaya para vicAra yA dhyAna karatA rahatA hai| isalie isameM bhI sabhI cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha nahIM hotA, tathApi yaha yoga kI pahalI sIr3hI hai| 5. niruddha citta-isa avasthA meM citta kI sabhI vRttiyoM kA (dhyeya-viSaya taka kA bhI) lopa ho jAtA hai aura citta apanI svAbhAvika sthira, zAMta avasthA meM A jAtA hai| jaina, bauddha aura yoga darzana meM mana kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM ke nAmoM meM cAhe antara ho, lekina unake mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa meM koI antara nahIM hai, jaisAki nimna tAlikA se spaSTa hai| 1. bhAratIya darzana (dattA), pR0 190

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jaina, baukha tathA gItA ke mAcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jainadarzana bauddhadarzana yogadarzana kSipta evaM mUr3ha vikSipta kAmAvacara vikSipta yAtAyAta zliSTa sulIna rUpAvacara arUpAvacara lokottara ekAgra niruddha jainadarzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha darzana kA kAmAvara citta aura yogadarzana ke kSipta aura mUr3ha citta samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM evaM kAmanAoM kI bahulatA hotI hai / isI prakAra jainadarzana kA yAtAyAta mana, bauddha darzana kA rUpAvacara citta aura yogadarzana kA vikSipta citta bhI samAnArthaka hai, sAmAnyatayA sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM alpakAlika sthiratA hotI hai tathA vAsanAoM ke vega meM thor3I kamI avazya ho jAtI hai / isI prakAra jaina darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddhadarzana kA arUpAvacara citta aura yogadarzana kA ekAgra citta bhI samAna hI hai / sabhI ne isako mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA kahA hai| citta kI antima avasthA jise jainadarzana meM sulIna mana, bauddha-darzana meM lokottara citta aura yogadarzana meM niruddha citta kahA gayA hai, bhI samAna artha ke dyotaka haiN| isameM vAsanA, saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai| samagra naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya citta kI isa vAsanA-saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa se rahita avasthA ko prApta karanA hai / AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki krama se abhyAsa bar3hAte hue arthAt vikSipta se yAtAyAta citta kA, yAtAyAta se zliSTa kA aura zliSTa se sulIna citta kA abhyAsa karanA cAhie / isa taraha abhyAsa karane se nirAlambana dhyAna hone lagatA hai| nirAlambana dhyAna se samatva prApta karake paramAnanda kA anubhava karanA cAhie / yogI ko cAhie ki vaha bahirAtmabhAva kA tyAga karake antarAtmA ke sAtha sAmIpya sthApita kare aura paramAtmamaya banane ke lie nirantara paramAtmA kA dhyAna kre|' isa prakAra citta-vRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana hI samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM kA pramukha lakSya rahA hai| inake dvArA hI mana-kSobha utpanna hotA hai, jisase cetanA ke samatva kA bhaMga hotA hai| ataH Age isa prazna para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki ye citta-kSobha ko utpanna karane vAlI manovRtiyA~ kaunasI haiM aura inakA naitika jIvana se kyA sambandha hai| 1. yogazAstra, 12 / 5-6

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1. kaSAya siddhAnta 2. kaSAya kA artha 3. kaSAya kI utpatti 4. kaSAya ke bheda 6. krodha 10. 7. krodha ke prakAra 1. krodha / 2. kopa | 3. doSa / 6. akSamA / 7. kalaha / 8. vivAda 501 / 8. bauddha darzana meM krodha ke tIna prakAra 10. mAyA 9. mAna (ahaMkAra) 12, lobha 1. anantAnubandhI krodha (tIvratama krodha) | 2. pratyAkhyAnI krodha ( tIvratara krodha ) / 3. apratyAkhyAnI krodha ( tIvra krodha) / 4. saMjvalana krodha (alpa krodha) 501 / 18 manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 4. roSa / 5. saMjvalana / caNDikya / 9. maMDana | 1. mAna / 2. mada / 3. darpa / 4 stambha / 5 garva / 6. atyukroza / 7. paraparivAda / 8. utkarSa / 9. apakarSa / 10. unnatanAma / 11. unnata / 12. purnAma 502 / mAna ke prakAra 11. mAyA ke cAra prakAra 1. anantAnubandhI mAna / 2. pratyAkhyAnI mAna / 3. apratyAyAnI mAna / 4. saMjvalana mAna 502 / 1. mAyA / 2. upAdhi / 3. nikRti / 4. valaya / 5. gahana / 6. nUma / 7. kalka / 8. karUpa / 9. nihRtA / 10. kilviSika / 11. AdaraNatA / 12. gUhanatA / 13. vaMcakatA / 14. pratikuMcanatA 502 / 15. sAtiyoga 503 / 1. anantAnubandhA mAyA / 2. apratyAkhyAnI mAyA / 3. pratyAkhyAnI mAyA / 4. saMjvalana mAyA 503 / - 495 * - 499 499 499 500 500 501 501 501 502 503 503

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503 1. lobha | 2. icchA | 3. mUrchA | 4. kAMkSA | 5. gRddhi | 6. tRSNA | 7. mithyA | 8. abhidhyA | 9. AzaMsanA | 10. prArthanA | 11. lAlapanatA | 12. kAmAzA | 13. bhogAzA | 14. jIvitAzA | 15. maraNAzA | 16. nandirAga 503 / 13. lobha ke cAra bheda 1. anantAnubandhI lobha | 2. apratyAkhyAnI lobha | 3. pratyA khyAnI lobha / 4. saMjvalana lobha 503 / 14. nokaSAya 1. hAsya / 2. zoka | 3. rati / 4. arati / 5. ghRNA / 6. bhaya 504) 7. strIveda / 8. puruSaveda / 9. napuMsakaveda 507 507 508 503 504 506 507 15. kaSAyajaya naitika pragati kA AdhAra 16. pahale prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 17. dUsare prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 18. kaSAya-jaya kaise ? 19. bauddhadarzana aura kaSAya 20. gItA aura kaSAya-nirodha 21. Avega naitikatA evaM vyaktitva 22. lezyA siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva 1. dravya-lezyA 506 / 2. bhAva-lezyA 507 / 23. lezyAe~ evaM naitika vyaktitva kA zreNI vibhAjana kRSNa-lezyA (azubhatama-manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 508 / nIla-lezyA (azubhatara-manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 509 / kApota-lezyA (azubha-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 509 / tejo-lezyA (zubha-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 510 | padma-lezyA (zubhatara-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 510 | zukla-lezyA (paramazubha-manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 510 / 24. lezyA-siddhAnta aura bauddha-vicAraNA 25. lezyA-siddhAnta aura gItA 26. lezyA-siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA rAsa kA naitika vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa 512 514 - 496 -

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18 manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAeM) jaina darzana meM manovRttiyoM ke viSaya meM do pramukha siddhAnta haiM - 1. kaSAya-siddhAnta aura 2. lezyA - siddhAnta / kaSAya-siddhAta meM citta-kSobha ko utpanna karanevAlI azubha manovRttiyoM yA manovegoM kA pratipAdana hai aura lezyA - siddhAnta kA sambandha zubha evaM azubha donoM prakAra kI manovRttiyoM se hai / kaSAya-siddhAnta samUcA jagat vAsanA se utpanna kaSAya kI agni se jhulasa rahA hai / ataeva zAntimArga ke pathika sAdhaka ke lie kaSAya kA tyAga Avazyaka hai / jaina - sUtroM meM sAdhaka ko kaSAyoM se sarvathA dUra rahane ke lie kahA gayA hai / dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki anigrahita krodha aura mAna tathA bar3hatI huI mAyA tathA lobha - ye cAroM saMsAra bar3hAnevAlI kaSAyeM punarjanma rUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karatI haiM, duHkha kA kAraNa haiM ataH zAnti kA sAdhaka unheM tyAga de / 1 kaSAya kA artha - kaSAya jainadharma kA pAribhASika zabda hai / yaha 'kaSa' aura 'Aya' ina do zabdoM ke mela se banA hai / 'kaSa' kA artha hai saMsAra, karma athavA janmamaraNa / jisake dvArA prANI karmoM se bAMdhA jAtA hai, athavA jisase jIva punaH punaH janmamaraNa ke cakra meM par3atA hai, vaha kaSAya hai / jo manovRttiyA~ AtmA ko kaluSita karatI haiM unheM jaina- manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kaSAya kahA jAtA hai / kaSAya anaitika manovRttiyA~ haiM / 3 kaSAya kI utpatti - vAsanA yA karma - saMskAra se rAga, dveSa aura rAga-dveSa se kaSAya utpanna hote haiM / sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki pApa karma ke do sthAna haiM- - rAga aura dveSa | rAga se mAyA aura lobha tathA dveSa se krodha aura mAna utpanna hote haiM / rAga-dveSa kA kaSAyoM se kyA sambandha hai isakA varNana vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM vibhinna nayoM ( dRSTikoNoM) ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / saMgraha naya ke vicAra se krodha aura mAna dveSa rUpa haiM, jabaki mAyA aura lobha rAga rUpa haiM / kyoMki prathama do meM dUsare kI ahitabhAvanA hai aura antima do meM apanI svArtha sAdhanA kA lakSya hai / vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se krodha, mAna aura mAyA tInoM dveSa rUpa haiM, kyoMki mAyA bhI dUsare ke vighAta kA 2. dekhie - abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 3, pR0 395 1. dazavaikAlika, 8 40 3. sthAnAMga, 2-2

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500 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAra hI hai| kevala lobha akelA rAgAtmaka hai, kyoMki usameM mamatvabhAva hai / RjusUtranaya kI dRSTi se kevala krodha hI dvaSarUpa hai| zeSa kaSAya-trika ko RjusUtranaya kI dRSTi se na to kevala rAga-prerita kahA jA sakatA hai na kevala dvaSa-prerita / rAga-prerita hone para ve rAga-rUpa haiM aura dveSa-prerita hone para dvaSa rUpa hotI haiN| cAroM kaSAyeM vAsanA ke rAga-dveSAtmaka pakSoM ko AvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| vAsanA kA tattva apanI tIvratA kI vidheyAtmaka avasthA meM rAga aura niSedhAtmaka avasthA meM dveSa ho jAtA hai| ye hI rAga aura dvaSa ke bhAva bAhya AvegAtmaka abhivyakti meM kaSAya kahe jAte haiN| ___ kaSAya ke bheda-AvegoM kI avasthAe~ bhI tIvratA (Intenstiy) kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM hotI haiM, ataH tIvra AvegoM ko kaSAya aura maMda Avega yA tIvra AvegoM ke prerakoM ko no-kaSAya (upa kaSAya) kahA gayA hai / kaSAyeM cAra hai-1. krodha 2. mAna, 3.mAyA aura 4. lobha / AvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para inameM se pratyeka ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai-1. tovatama, 2. tIvratara, 3. tIvra aura 4. alp| naitika dRSTi se tovratama krodha Adi vyakti ke samyak dRSTikoNa meM vikAra lA dete haiM / tIvratara krodha Adi Atma-niyantraNa kI zakti ko chinna-bhinnakara DAlate haiM / tIvrakrodha Adi Atma-niyantraNa kI zakti ke uccatama vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiN| alpa krodha Adi vyakti ko pUrNa vItarAga nahIM hone dete| cAroM kaSAyoM ke tIvratA ke AdhAra para cAracAra bheda haiM / ataH kaSAyoM kI saMkhyA 16 ho jAtI haiM / nimna nau upa-Avega, upa-kaSAya yA kaSAya-preraka mAne gaye haiM-1. hAsya, 2. rati, 3. arati, 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6 ghRNA, 7. strIveda (puruSa-samparka ko vAsanA), 8. puruSaveda (strI-samparka ko vAsanA), 9. napuMsakaveda (donoM ke samparka kI vaasnaa)| isa prakAra kula 25 kaSAyeM haiM / krodha yaha eka mAnasika kintu uttejaka Avega hai / uttejita hote hI vyakti bhAvAviSTa ho jAtA hai| usakI vicAra-kSamatA aura tarka-zakti lagabhaga zithila ho jAtI hai / bhAvAtmaka sthiti meM bar3he hue Aveza kI vRtti yuyutsA ko janma detI hai / yuyutsA se amarSa aura amarSa se AkramaNa kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai / manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra krodha aura bhaya meM yahI mukhya antara hai ki krodha ke Aveza meM AkramaNa kA aura bhaya ke Aveza meM Atma-rakSA kA prayatna hotA hai / / jaina-vicAra meM sAmAnyatayA krodha ke do rUpa mAnya haiM-1. dravya-krodha 2. bhAva-krodha / dravya-krodha ko Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se krodha kA AMgika pakSa kahA jA sakatA hai, jisake kAraNa krodha meM honevAle zArIrika parivartana hote haiM / bhAvakrodha krodha kI 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 2668-2671 2. tuma anantazakti ke srota ho, pR047 3. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 3, pR0 395 4. bhagavatI sUtra, 12 / 5 / 2

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manovRttiyAM (kaSAya evaM lezyAeM) 501 mAnasika avasthA hai / krodha kA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa bhAva-krodha hai, jabaki krodha kA abhivyaktyAtmaka yA zarIrAtmaka pakSa dravya-krodha hai / krodha ke vibhinna rUpa haiM / bhagavatIsUtra meM isake dasa samAnArthaka nAma varNita haiM-1. krodha--Avega kI uttejanAtmaka avasthA, 2. kopa-krodha se utpanna svabhAva kI caMcalatA, 3. doSa-svayaM para yA dUsare para doSa thopanA, 4. roSa-krodha kA parisphuTa rUpa, 5. saMjvalana-jalana yA IrSyA kI bhAvanA, 6. akSamA-aparAdha kSamA na karanA, 7. kalaha-anucita bhASaNa karanA, 8. cagrikya-ugrarUpa dhAraNa karanA, 9. maMDana-hAthApAI karane para utArU honA, 10. vivAda-AkSepAtmaka bhASaNa karanA / __krodha ke prakAra-krodha ke Avega kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ke AdhAra para cAra bheda kie gae haiM / ve isa bhAMti haiM 1, anantAnubaMdhI koSa (tIvratama krodha)-patthara meM par3I darAra ke samAna krodha jo kisI ke prati eka bAra utpanna hone para jIvana paryanta banA rahe, kabhI samApta na ho| 2. apratyAkhyAno krodha (tIvratara kroSa)-sUkhate hue jalAzaya kI bhUmi meM par3I darAra jaise AgAmI varSA hote hI miTa jAtI hai, vaise hI apratyAkhyAnI krodha eka varSa se adhika sthAI nahIM rahatA aura kisI ke samajhAne se zAnta ho jAtA hai / 3. pratyAkhyAno krodha (tIvra krodha)-bAlU kI rekhA jaise havA ke jhokoM se jaldI hI miTa jAtI hai / vaise hI pratyAkhyAnI krodha cAra mAsa se adhika sthAyI nahIM hotaa| 4. saMjvalana kroSa (alpakrodha)-zIghra hI miTa jAne vAlI pAnI meM khIMcI gayI rekhA ke samAna isa krodha meM sthAyitva nahIM hotA hai / / bauddha-darzana meM kroSa ke tIna prakAra-bauddha-darzana meM bhI krodha ko lekara vyaktiyoM ke tIna prakAra mAne gaye haiM.-1. ve vyakti jinakA krodha patthara para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna cirasthAyI hotA hai, 2. ve vyakti jinakA krodha pRthvI para khIMcI huI rekhA ke samAna alpa-sthAyI hotA hai, 3. ve jinakA krodha pAnI para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna asthAyI hotA hai / donoM paramparAoM meM prastuta dRSTAnta-sAmya vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai|' mAna (ahaMkAra) ___ahaMkAra karanA mAna hai / ahaMkAra kula, bala, aizvarya, buddhi, jAti, jJAna Adi kisI bhI vizeSatA kA ho sakatA hai| manuSya meM svAbhimAna kI mUla pravRtti hai hI, parantu jaba svAbhimAna ko vRtti dambha yA pradarzana kA rUpa le letI hai, taba manuSya apane guNoM evaM yogyatAoM kA bar3he-car3he rUpa meM pradarzana karatA hai aura isa prakAra usake antaHkaraNa meM mAnavRtti kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| abhimAnI manuSya apanI ahaMvRtti kA poSaNa karatA rahatA hai / use apane se bar3hakara yA apanI barAbarI kA guNI vyakti koI dikhatA hI nahIM / 1. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 130

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502 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina paramparA meM prakArAntara se mAna ke ATha bheda mAnya haiM-1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zakti), 4. aizvarya, 5. buddhi (sAmAnya buddhi,) 5. jJAna (sUtroM kA jJAna) 7. saundarya aura .8. adhikAra (prbhutaa)| ina ATha prakAra kI zreSThatAoM kA ahaMkAra karanA gRhastha evaM sAdhu donoM ke lie sarvathA varjita hai| inheM mada bhI kahA gayA hai| mAna nimna bAraha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai' : mAna-apane kisI guNa para ahaMvRtti, 2. mada-ahaMbhAva meM tanmayatA, 3. darpa-uttejanA pUrNa ahaMbhAva, 4. stambha--avinamratA 5. garva-ahaMkAra, 6. atyukroza-apane ko dUsare se zreSTha kahanA, 7. paraparivAdaparanindA, 8. utkarSa-apanA aizvarya prakaTa karanA, 9. apakarSa-dUsaroM ko tuccha samajhanA, 10. unnatanAma-guNI ke sAmane bhI na jhukanA, 11. unnata-dUsaroM ko tuccha samajhanA, 12. purnAma-yathocita rUpa se na jhuknaa| ahaMbhAva kI tIvratA aura mandatA ke anusAra mAna ke bhI cAra bheda haiM 1. anaMtAnubandhI mAna-patthara ke khambe ke samAna o jhukatA nahIM, arthAt jisameM vinamratA nAmamAtra ko bhI nahIM hai| 2. apratyAkhyAnI mAna-haDaDI ke samAna kaThinatA se jhukane vAlA arthAt jo . vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM bAhya dabAva ke kAraNa vinamra ho jAtA hai| 3. pratyAkhyAno mAna-lakar3I ke samAna thor3e se prayatna se jhuka jAne vAlA arthAt jisake antara meM vinamratA to hotI hai lekina jisakA prakaTana vizeSa sthiti meM hI hotA 4. saMjvalana mAna-beta ke samAna atyanta saralatA se jhuka jAnevAlA arthAt jo Atma-gaurava ko rakhate hue bhI vinamra banA rahatA hai| mAyA kapaTAcAra mAyA kaSAya hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra isake pandraha nAma haiM / 2-1. mAyAkapaTAcAra, 2. upAdhi--Thagane ke uddezya se vyakti ke pAsa jAnA, 3. nikRti-Thagane ke abhiprAya se adhika sammAna denA, 4. valaya-vakratApUrNa vacana, 5. gahana-Thagane ke vicAra se atyanta gUr3ha bhASaNa karanA, 6. nUma---- Thagane ke hetu nikRSTakArya karanA, 7, kalka-dUsaroM ko hiMsA ke lie ubhAranA, 8. karUpa-nindita vyavahAra karanA, 9. nilatA-ThagAI ke lie kArya manda gati se karanA, 10. kilvidhika-bhAMDoM ke samAna kuceSTA karanA, 11. AdaraNatA-anicchita kArya bhI apanAnA, 12. gRhanatA-apanI karatUta ko chipAne kA prayatna karanA, 13. vaMcakatA-ThagI, 14. prati-kuMcanatA-kisI ke sarala rUpa se kahe gaye vacanoM 1. bhagavatI sUtra, 12 / 43 2. vahI, 12154

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503 manovRttiyAM (kaSAya evaM lezyAeM) kA khaNDana karanA, 15. sAtiyoga-uttama vastu meM hIna vastu kI milAvaTa karanA / yaha saba mAyA kI ho vibhinna avasthAe~ haiM / mAyA ke cAra prakAra-1. anaMtAnubandhI mAyA (tIvratama kapaTAcAra)-atIva kuTila jaise bAMsa kI jar3a, 2. apratyAkhyAnI mAyA (tIvratara kapaTAcAra)-bhaiMsa ke sIMga ke samAna kuTila, 3. pratyAkhyAnI mAyA (tIvra kapaTAcAra)-gomUtra kI dhArA ke samAna kuTila, 4. saMjvalana mAyA (alpa-kapaTAcAra)-bAMsa ke chilake ke samAna kuTila / lobha __ mohanIya karma ke udaya se citta meM utpanna honevAlI tRSNA yA lAlasA lobha kahalAtI hai| lobha kI solaha avasthAe~ hai'-1. lobha-saMgraha karane kI vRtti, 2. icchA-abhilASA, 3. mUrchA-tIvra saMgraha-vRtti, 4. kAMkSA-prApta karane kI AzA, 5. guddhi-Asakti 6. tRSNA-jor3ane kI icchA, vitaraNa kI virodhI vRtti, 7. mithyA--viSayoM kA dhyAna, 8. abhidhyA-nizcaya se Diga jAnA yA caMcalatA, 9. AzaMsanA-iSTa-prApti kI icchA karanA, 10. prArthanA-artha Adi kI yAcanA, 11. lAlapanatA-cATukAritA, 12. kAmAzA--kAma kI icchA, 13. bhogAzAbhogya-padArthoM kI icchA, 14. jIvitAzA--jIvana kI kAmanA, 15. maraNAzAmarane kI kAmanA, 16. nandirAga--prApta sampatti meM anurAga / / lobha ke cAra bheda-1. anaMtAnubandhI lobha-majIThiyA raMga ke samAna jo chUTe nahIM, arthAt atyadhika lobha / 2. apratyAkhyAno lobha-gAr3I ke pahiye ke augana ke samAna muzkila se chUTane vAlA lobha / 3. pratyAkhyAno lobha-kIcar3a ke samAna prayatna karane para chUTa jAne vAlA lobha / 4. saMjvalana lobha--haldI ke lepa ke samAna zIghratA se dUra ho jAnevAlA lobha / nokaSAya-nokaSAya zabda do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai nokaSAya / jaina-dArzanikoM ne 'no' zabda ko sAhacarya ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina pradhAna kaSAyoM ke sahacArI bhAvoM athavA unakI sahayogI manovRttiyA~ jaina paribhASA meM nokaSAya kahI jAtI haiM / jahA~ pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM kAma-vAsanA ko pramukha mUlavRtti tathA bhaya ko pramukha Avega mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana meM unheM sahacArI kaSAya yA upa-Avega kahA gayA hai / isakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki jahA~ pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne una para mAtra manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai, vahA~ jaina vicAraNA meM jo mAnasika tathya naitika dRSTi se adhika azubha the, unheM kaSAya kahA gayA hai aura unake sahacArI athavA kAraka manobhAva ko nokaSAya kahA gayA hai / yadyapi manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra karane para nokaSAya ve prAthamika sthitiyA~ haiM, jinase kaSAyeM utpanna hotI haiM, 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 15 / 5 / 5 2. tulanA kIjie-jIvanavRtti aura mRtyuvRtti (phrAyaDa) 3-4. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 4, pR0 2161

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504 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana tathApi AvegoM kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se nokaSAya kama tIvra hote haiM, aura kaSAyeM adhika tIvra hotI haiM / inheM kaSAya kAraka bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / jaina granthoM meM inakI saMkhyA 9 mAnI gaI hai - 1. hAsya- sukha yA prasannatA kI abhivyakti hAsya hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra hAsya kA kAraNa pUrva karma yA vAsanA - saMskAra hai / 2. zoka - iSTaviyoga aura aniSTayoga se sAmAnya vyakti meM jo manobhAva jAgRta hote haiM, ve zoka kahe jAte haiM / " zoka cittavRtti kI vikalatA kA dyotaka hai aura isa prakAra mAnasika samatva kA bhaMga karanevAlA hai / 3. rati ( ruci ) - abhISTa padArthoM para prItibhAva athavA indriya-viSayoM meM citta kI abhiratatA hI rati hai / isake kAraNa hI Asakti evaM lobha kI bhAvanAe~ prabala hotI haiM / 3 4. arati --- iMndriya-viSayoM meM aruci ho arati hai / aruci kA bhAva ho vikasita hokara ghRNA aura dveSa banatA hai / rAga aura dveSa tathA ruci aura aruci meM pramukha antara yahI hai ki rAga aura dveSa manas kI sakriya avasthAe~ haiM jabaki ruci aura aruci niSkriya avasthAe~ haiM / rati aura arati pUrva karma-saMskArajanita svAbhAvika ruci aura aruci kA bhAva hai / 5. ghRNA ghRNA yA jugupsA aruci kA hI meM kevala mAtrAtmaka antara hI hai / aruci kI aruci meM padArtha - vizeSa ke bhoga ko aruci hotI hai, haiM, jabaki ghRNA meM usakA bhoga aura usakI upasthiti donoM hI aruci kA vikasita rUpa ghRNA aura ghRNA kA vikasita rUpa dveSa hai / 6. bhaya - kisI vAstavika yA kAlpanika tathya se AtmarakSA ke nimitta baca nikalane kI pravRtti hI bhaya hai / bhaya aura ghRNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki ghRNA ke mUla meM dveSa-bhAva rahatA hai, jabaki bhaya meM Atma-rakSaNa kA bhAva prabala hotA hai / ghRNA krodha aura dveSa kA eka rUpa hai jabaki bhaya lobha yA rAga kI hI eka avasthA hai / jainAgamoM meM bhaya sAta prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai / jaise - 1. ihaloka bhaya -- yahA~ loka zabda saMsAra ke artha na hokara jAti ke artha meM bhI grahIta hai / svajAti ke prANiyoM se arthAt manuSyoM ke lie manuSyoM se utpanna hone vAlA bhaya, 2. paraloka bhaya - anya jAti ke prANiyoM se hone vAlA bhaya, jaise manuSyoM ke lie pazuoM kA bhaya, 3 AdAna bhaya-dhana kI rakSA ke nimitta cora DAkU Adi bhaya ke bAhya kAraNoM se utpanna bhaya, 1. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1157 2. vahI, khaNDa 6, pR0 467 vikasita rUpa hai / aruci aura ghRNA apekSA ghRNA meM vizeSatA yaha hai ki lekina usakI upasthiti sahya hotI asahya hotI hai /

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505 manovRttiyAM (kaSAya evaM lezyAeM) 4. akasmAt bhaya-bAhya-nimitta ke abhAva meM svakIya kalpanA se nirmita bhaya yA akAraNa bhaya / bhaya kA yaha rUpa mAnasika hI hotA hai, jise manovijJAna meM asAmAnya bhaya kahate haiM / 5. AjIvikA bhaya-AjIvikA yA dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM kI samApti (viccheda) kA bhaya / kucha granthoM meM isake sthAna para vedanA-bhaya kA ullekha hai / roga yA pIr3A kA bhaya vedanA bhaya hai| 6. maraNa bhaya-mRtyu kA bhaya ; jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA meM maraNa-dharmatA kA smaraNa to naitika dRSTi se Avazyaka hai, lekina maraNa bhaya (maraNAzA evaM jIvitAzA) ko naitika dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai / 7. azloka (apayaza) bhaya-mAna-pratiSThA ko Thesa pahu~cane kA bhaya / ' 7. strIveda-strItva saMbaMdhI kAma-vAsanA arthAt puruSa se saMbhoga kI icchaa| jainavicAraNA meM liMga aura veda meM antara kiyA gayA hai / liMga AMgika saMracanA kA pratIka hai, jabaki veda tatsambandhI vAsanAoM kI avasthA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki strI-liMga hone para strIveda ho hii| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra liMga (AMgika racanA) kA kAraNa nAma-karma hai, jabaki veda (vAsanA) kA kAraNa cAritramohanIya karma hai| 8. puruSaveda-puruSatva sambandhI kAma vAsanA arthAt strI-saMbhoga kI icchA / 9. napuMsakaveda-prANI meM strItva sambandhI aura puruSatva sambandhI donoM vAsanAoM kA honA napuMsakaveda kahA jAtA hai / donoM ke saMbhoga kI icchA hI napuMsakaveda hai| kAma-vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra puruSa kI kAmavAsanA zIghra hI pradIpta ho jAtI hai aura zIghra hI zAnta ho jAtI hai| strI kI kAmavAsanA derI se pradIpta hotI hai lekina eka bAra pradIpta ho jAne para kAphI samaya taka zAnta nahIM hotii| napuMsaka kI kAma-vAsanA zIghra pradIpta ho jAtI hai, lekina zAnta derI se hotI hai| isa prakAra bhaya, zoka, ghRNA, hAsya, rati, arati, aura kAmavikAra ye upa-Avega haiN| ye bhI vyakti ke jIvana ko bahuta prabhAvita karate haiN| krodha Adi kI zakti tIvra hotI hai, isalie ve Avega haiM / ye vyakti kI zArIrika aura mAnasika sthiti ko prabhAvita karane ke atirikta usake Antarika guNoM-samyak dRSTikoNa, Atma-niyantraNa Adi ko bhI prabhAvita karate haiN| bhaya Adi upa-Avega vyakti ke Antarika guNoM ko utanA pratyakSataH prabhAvita nahIM karate, jitanA zArIrika aura mAnasika sthiti ko karate haiN| unakI zakti apekSAkRta kSINa hotI hai, isalie ve upa-Avega kahalAte haiM / kaSAya-jaya naitika pragati kA AdhAra--jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra ukta 16 AvegoM (kaSAya) aura 9 upa AvegoM (no-kaSAya) kA sIdhA sambandha vyakti ke caritra se hai / naitika jIvana ke lie ina vAsanAoM evaM AvegoM se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / 1. zramaNa Avazyaka sUtra-bhayasUtra 2. jaina sAikolAjI, pR0 131-134 3. tuma ananta zakti ke srota ho, pR0 47 .

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506 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaba taka vyakti inase Upara nahIM uThatA hai, vaha naitika pragati nahIM kara sakatA |gunnsthaan ArohaNa meM yaha tathya spaSTa rUpa se varNita hai ki naitika vikAsa kI kisa avasthA meM kitanI kaSAyoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai aura kitanI zeSa rahatI haiM / naitikatA kI sarvocca bhUmikA samasta kaSAyoM ke samApta hone para hI prApta hotI hai / jaina-sUtroM meM ina cAra pramukha kaSayoM ko 'caMDAla caukar3I' kahA gayA hai| inameM anantAnubandhI Adi jo vibhAga hai unako sadaiva dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie aura hamezA yaha prayatna karanA cAhie ki kaSAyoM meM tIvratA na Aye, kyoMki anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna mAyA, lobha ke hone para sAdhaka anantakAla taka saMsAraparibhramaNa karatA hai aura samyagdRSTi nahIM bana pAtA hai| yaha janma maraNa ke roga kI asAdhyAvasthA hai| apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya ke hone para sAdhaka, zrAvaka yA gRhastha sAdhaka ke pada se gira jAtA hai / yaha sAdhaka ke AMzika cAritra kA nAza kara detI hai| yaha vikAroM kI duHsAdhyAvasthA hai| isI prakAra pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya kI avasthA meM sAdhutva prApta nahIM hotA / ise vikAroM kI prayatnasAdhyAvasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| sAdhaka ko apane jIvana meM uparyukta tInoM prakAra kI kaSAyoM ko sthAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki isase usakI sAdhanA yA cAritra dharma kA nAza ho jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, sAdhaka ko apane andara saMjvalana kaSAya ko bhI sthAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM sUkSmatama krodha, mAna, mAyA, aura lobha rahate haiM, sAdhaka apane lakSya nirvANa kI prApti nahIM kara sakatA / saMkSepa meM anantAnubandhI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratama avasthA yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai| apratyAkhyAnI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratara avasthA Atma-niyantraNa meM bAdhaka hai / pratyAkhyAnI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvra avasthA zramaNa jIvana kI ghAtaka hai| isI prakAra saMjvalana caukar3I yA alpa-kaSAya pUrNa niSkAma yA vItarAga jIvana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai| isalie sAdhaka ko sUkSmatama kaSAyoM ko bhI dUra karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie, kyoMki inake hone para usakI sAdhanA meM pUrNatA nahIM A sktii| dazavakAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki Atma-hita cAhanevAlA sAdhaka pApa kI vRddhi karane vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAra doSoM ko pUrNatayA chor3a de / ' naitika jIvana kI sAdhanA karane vAlA inako kyoM chor3a de ? isa tarka ke uttara meM dazavakAlika sUtra meM inakI sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika sadguNoM kA ghAta karanevAlI prakRti kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai-krodha prIti kA, mAna vinaya (namratA) kA, mAyA mitratA kA aura lobha sabhI sadguNoM kA nAza kara detA hai / 2 AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki 1. dazavakAlika, 8 / 37 2. vahI, 8 / 38

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAeM) 507 mAna, vinaya, zruta, zIla-sadAcAra evaM trivarga kA ghAtaka hai, vaha vivekarUpI netroM ko naSTa karake manuSya ko andhA banA detA hai / krodha jaba utpanna hotA hai to prathama Aga kI taraha usI ko jalAtA hai, jisameM vaha utpanna hotA hai / mAyA, avidyA aura asatya kI janaka hai aura zolarUpI vRkSa ko naSTa karane meM kulhAr3e ke samAna tathA adhogati kI kAraNa hai / lobha samasta doSoM kI utpatti kI khAna hai, samasta sadguNoM ko nigala jAnevAlA rAkSasa hai, sAre duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa aura dharma tathA kAma-puruSArtha kA bAdhaka hai|' yahA~ para vizeSa draSTavya yaha bhI hai ki kaSAyoM meM jahA~ krodha mAnAdi ko eka yA adhika sadguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai, vahA~ lobha ko sarva sadguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai| lobha sabhI kaSAyoM meM nikRSTatama isalie hai ki vaha rAgAtmaka hai aura rAga yA Asakti hI samasta asatvRttiyoM kI janaka hai| muni nathamalajI sAmAjika jIvana para hone vAle kaSAyoM ke pariNAmoM kI carcA karate hue likhate haiM ki hamAre matAnusAra (sAmAjika) sambandha-zuddhi kI kasauTI haiM-RjutA, mRdutA, zAnti aura tyAga se samanvita manovRtti / hara vyakti meM cAra prakAra kI vRttiyA~ (kaSAya) hotI haiM :-1. saMgraha, 2. Aveza, 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipaanaa)| cAra vRttiyA~ aura hotI haiM / ve ukta cAra pravRttiyoM kI pratipakSI haiM :-1. tyAga yA visarjana, 2 zAnti, 3. samAnatA yA mRdutA, 4. RjutA yA spaSTatA / ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ vaiyaktika haiM, isalie inheM anaitika aura naitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / inheM AdhyAtmika (vaiyaktika) doSa aura guNa kahA jA sakatA hai| ina vRttiyoM ke pariNAma samAja meM saMkrAnta hote haiN| unheM anaitika aura naitika kahA jA sakatA hai| pahale prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, nirapekSa-vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta / 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-gAlI-galauja, yuddha, AkramaNa, prahAra, hatyA / 3. garva (apane ko bar3A mAnane) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-ghRNA, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra / 4. mAyA (chipAne) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma avizvAsa, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra / dUsare prakAra kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 1. tyAga (visarjana) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-prAmANikatA, sApekSa vyavahAra, azoSaNa / 2. zAnti kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-vAk-saMyama, anAkramaNa, samajhautA, samanvaya / 1. yogazAstra, 4 / 10, 18

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508 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. samAnatA kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-sApekSa-vyavahAra, prema, mRdu vyavahAra / 4. RjutA kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, vizvAsa / ' ataH Avazyaka hai ki sAmAjika jIvana kI zuddhi ke lie prathama prakAra kI vRttiyoM kA tyAga kara jIvana meM dUsare prakAra kI pratipakSI vRttiyoM ko sthAna diyA jaaye| isa prakAra vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI jIvana kI dRSTiyoM se kaSAya jaya Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai, krodha se AtmA adhogati ko jAtA hai aura mAna se bhI, mAyA se acchI gati (natika vikAsa) kA pratirodha ho jAtA hai, lobha se isa janma aura agale janma donoM meM hI bhaya prApta hotA hai / 2 jo vyakti yaza, pUjA yA pratiSThA kI kAmanA karatA hai, mAna aura sammAna kI apekSA karatA hai, vaha vyakti apane mAna kI pUrti ke lie aneka prakAra ke pApa-karma karatA hai aura kapaTAcAra kA prazraya letA hai / 3 duSpUrya lobha kI pUrti meM lagA huA vyakti sadaiva hI duHkha uThAyA karatA hai, ataH ina janma-maraNa rUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karanevAlI kaSAyoM kA parityAga kara denA caahie| kaSAya-jaya kaise ?-prazna yaha hai ki mAnasika AvegoM (kaSAyoM) para vijaya kaise prApta kI jAye ? pahalI bAta yaha ki tIvra kaSAyodaya meM to viveka buddhi prasupta hI ho jAtI hai, ata. viveka buddhi se kaSAyoM kA nigraha sambhava nahIM raha jaataa| dUsare icchApUrvaka bhI unakA nirodha sambhava nahIM, kyoMki icchA to svataH unase hI zAsita hone lagatI hai / pAzcAtya dArzanika spInojA ke anusAra AvegoM kA niyaMtraNa saMkalpoM se bhI saMbhava nhiiN| kyoMki saMkalpa to AvegAtmaka svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI banate haiM aura usake hI eka aMga hote haiN| tIsare, AvegoM kA nirodha bhI mAnasika svAsthya kI dRSTi se ahitakara mAnA gayA hai aura unakI kisI na kisI rUpa meM abhivyakti Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai| tIvra AvegoM ke nirodha ke lie to eka hI mArga hai ki unheM unake virodhI AvegoM ke dvArA zithila kiyA jAye / spInojA kI mAnyatA yahI hai ki koI bhI Avega apane virodhI aura adhika zaktizAlI Avega ke dvArA hI niyaMtrita yA samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / 5 jaina evaM anya bhAratIya cintakoM ne isa sambandha meM yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai / dazavakAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zAnti se krodha ko, mRdutA se mAna ko, saralatA se mAyA ko aura santoSa se lobha ko jItanA caahie| AcArya kundakunda tathA AcArya hemacandra bhI yahI kahate haiM / dhammapada meM kahA hai ki 1. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 2 2. uttarAdhyayana, 9154 3. dazavaikAlika, 5 / 2 / 35 4. spInojA ina dI lAITa Apha vedAnta, pR0 266 5. spInojA nIti, 47 6. dazavakAlika, pR0 8 / 39 7. (a) niyamasAra, 115 (ba) yogazAstra, 4123

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 509 akrodha se krodha ko, sAdhutA se asAdhutA ko jIte tathA kRpaNatA ko dAna se aura mithyA bhASaNa ko satya se parAjita kre| mahAbhArata meM bhI lagabhaga inhIM zabdoM meM ina vRttiyoM ke Upara vijaya prApta karane kA nirdeza hai / mahAbhArata aura dhammapada kA yaha zabda - sAmya aura dazarvakAlika evaM dhammapada kA yaha vicAra-sAmya bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai / vastutaH kaSAya hI Atma-vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai / kaSAyoM kA naSTa ho jAnA hI bhavabhramaNa kA aMta hai / eka jainAcArya kA kathana hai, 'kaSAyamuktiH kila muktireva' - kaSAyoM se mukta honA hI vAstavika mukti hai / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki sAdhaka ko hamezA yahI vicAra karanA cAhie ki maiM na to krodha hU~, na mAna, na mAyA, na lobha hI hU~ arthAt ye merI AtmA ke guNa nahIM haiM / ataeva maiM na to inakA kartA hU~, na karavAtA hU~, aura na karane vAloM kA anumodana ( samarthana ) karatA hU~ | 3 isa prakAra kaSAyoM ko vikRti samajhakara sAdhaka zuddha Atma-svarUpa kA cintana karate hue inase dUra ho kara zIghra nirvANa prApta kara letA hai, kyoMki ina cAroM doSoM kA tyAga kara dene vAlA pApa nahIM karatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAra mahAdoSoM ko chor3a dene vAlA maharSi na to pApa karatA hai, na to karavAtA hai / kaSAya-jaya se jIvanmukti ko prApta kara vaha niSkAma jIvana jItA hai / bauddha darzana aura kaSAya-jaya - dhammapada meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM huA hai / eka to usakA jaina - paramparA ke samAna dUSita cittavRti ke artha meM prayoga huA hai aura dUsare saMnyasta jIvana ke pratIka gerue vastroM ke artha meM / tathAgata kahate haiM - 'jo vyakti ( rAgadveSAdi) kaSAyoM ko chor3e binA kASAya vastroM (gerUe kapar3oM) ko arthAt saMnyAsa dhAraNa karatA hai vaha saMyama ke yathArtha svarUpa se patita vyakti kASAya- vastroM (saMnyAsa mArga) kA adhikArI nahIM hai| lekina jisane kaSAyoM (dUSita cittavRttiyoM) ko vamita kara diyA ( taja diyA) hai, vaha saMyama ke yathArtha svarUpa se yukta vyakti kASAya - vastroM (saMnyAsa mArga) kA adhikArI hai' 14 boddha-vicAra meM kaSAya zabda ke antargata kauna-kauna dUSita vRttiyA~ AtI haiM, isakA spaSTa ullekha hameM nahIM milaa| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ko bauddhavicAraNA meM dUSita citta vRtti ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA hai aura naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie unake parityAga kA nirdeza hai / buddha kahate haiM ki krodha ko chor3a do aura abhimAna kA tyAga kara do; samasta saMyojanoM ko tor3a do, jo puruSa nAma tathA rUpa meM Asakta nahIM hotA, ( lobha nahIM karatA), jo akiMcana hai, usa para klezoM kA AkramaNa nahIM hotA / jo uThate hue krodha ko usI taraha nigrahita kara letA hai, jaise sArathI ghor3e ko ; nahI saccA sArathI hai (naitika jIvana kA saccA sAdhaka hai), zeSa saba to mAtra lagAma pakar3ane vAle haiM / bhikSuo ! lobha, dveSa aura moha pApacitta vAle manuSya ko apane bhItara hI 1. dhammapada, 223 2. mahAbhArata, udyoga parva - uddhRta dhammapada bhUmikA 3. niyamasAra, 81 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 6 / 26 5. dhammapada, 9-10 6. vahI, 221-222 32

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510 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana utpanna hokara naSTa kara dete haiM jaise kele ke per3a ko usI kA phala (kelaa)'| mAyAvI mara kara naraka meM utpanna ho durgati ko prApta hotA hai| suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki jo manuSya jAti, dhana aura gotra kA abhimAna karatA hai aura apane bandhuoM kA apamAna karatA hai, vaha usake parAbhava kA kAraNa hai / jo krodha karatA hai, vairI hai tathA jo mAyAvI hai use vRSala (nIca) jaano| isa prakAra bauddha darzana ina azubha-citta vRttiyoM kA niSedha kara sAdhaka ko inase Upara uThane kA saMdeza detA hai / - gItA aura kaSAya-nirodha-yadyapi gItA meM kaSAyoM kA aisA caturvidha vargIkaraNa to nahIM milatA, tathApi kaSAyoM ke rUpa meM jina azubha manovRttiyoM kA citraNa jainAgamoM meM hai, una sabhI azubha manovRttiyoM kA ullekha gItA meM bhI hai / hindU AcAra-darzana meM kaSAya zabda kA azubha mano vRttiyoM ke artha meM prayoga virala hI huA hai| chAndogyaupaniSad meM kaSAya zabda rAga-dveSa ke artha meM vyavahRta huA hai / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI kaSAya zabda kA prayoga azubha manovRttiyoM ke artha meM huA hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki manuSya-jIvana kI tIna sIr3hiyoM arthAt brahmacarya, gRhastha evaM vAnaprastha-Azrama meM kaSAyoM ko vijita kara phira saMnyAsa kA anusaraNa kareM / gItA meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| phira bhI gItA meM kaSAya-vRttiyoM kA vivecana hai| gItA kahatI hai ki 'dambha, darpa, mAna, krodha Adi AsurI sampadA haiM / ahaMkAra, bala, darpa (mAna), kAma (lobha) aura krodha ke Azrita hokara manuSya apane aura dUsaroM ke zarIra meM sthita paramAtmA (AtmA) se dvaSa karanevAle hote haiM. arthAta mAna, krodha, lobha Adi vikAroM ke vazIbhUta hokara AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko nahIM jAna pAte haiM / yaha kAma, krodha aura lobha AtmA kA nAza karanevAle (AtmA ko vikArI banAkara usake sva-lakSaNoM ko Avarita karanevAle) naraka ke dvAra haiM / ataH ina tInoM kA tyAga kara denA cAhie / jo ina naraka ke dvAroM se mukta hokara apane kalyANa-mArga kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha paramagati ko prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra krodha, mAna aura lobha ina tIna kaSAyoM kA vivecana hameM gItA meM mila jAtA hai / gItA meM mAyA zabda kA prayoga to huA hai, lekina jisa nimnastarIya kapaTavatti ke artha meM jaina darzana meM usakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, usa artha meM usakA prayoga nahIM huA hai / vahA~ to vaha daivI mAyA (7 / 14) hai, phira bhI vaha naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka avazya mAnI gayI hai / gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki mAyA ke dvArA jinake jJAna kA 1. saMyuttanikAya, 3 / 3 / 3 2. vahI, 40 / 13 / 1 3. suttanipAta, 7 / 1 4. vahI, 6 / 14 5. chAndogya upaniSad, 7 / 26 / 2 6. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, 244 / 3 7. gItA, 16 / 4 8. vahI, 16 / 18 9. vahI, 16 / 21-22

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manovRttiyAM (kavApa evaM lezyAeM) 511 apaharaNa ho gayA hai, aise AsurI svabhAva se yukta, dUSita karmoM kA AcaraNa karanevAle, manuSyoM meM nIca, mUrkha mujha paramAtmA ko prApta nahIM hote| ___ sArAMza yaha ki manovRttiyoM ke cAroM rUpa, jinheM jaina vicAraNA kaSAya kahatI hai, gItA meM bhI nikRSTa mAne gaye haiM aura naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie inakA parityAga karanA Avazyaka hai / gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo manuSya isa zarIra ke nAza hone ke pahale hI kAma aura krodha se utpanna AvegoM (saMvegoM) ko sahana karane meM samartha hai arthAt jo kAma evaM krodha kI bhAvanAoM se Upara uTha gayA hai, vahI yogI hai aura vahI sukhI hai| kAma-krodhAdi (kaSAya-vRttiyoM) se rahita, vijita-citta evaM vikArarahita AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanevAlA jJAnI puruSa sabhI ora se brahma-nirvANa meM hI nivAsa karatA hai arthAt jIvanmukta ho jAtA hai| - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM bhI jainadarzana ke samAna krodha (Aveza), mAna (ahaMkAra), mAyA (chipAne kI vRtti) aura lobha (saMgraha-vRtti) Adi AvegoM ko vaiyaktika AdhyAtmika vikAsa evaM sAmAjika sambandhoM ko zuddhi kI dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai / yadi vyakti ina AvegAtmaka manovRttiyoM ko apane jIvana meM sthAna detA hai to eka ora vaiyaktika dRSTi se vaha apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai aura yathArtha bodha se vaMcita rahatA hai, dUsarI ora usakI ina vattiyoM ke pariNAma sAmAjika jIvana meM saMkrAnta hokara kramazaH saMgharSa (yuddha), zoSaNa, ghRNA (U~ca-nIca kA bhAva) aura avizvAsa ko utpanna karate haiM aura pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana-vyavasthA astavyasta ho jAtI hai / ataH vaiyaktika-AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura sAmaJjasyapUrNa sAmAjika jIvana praNAlI ke lie AvegAtmaka manovRttiyoM kA tyAga Avazyaka hai aura inake sthAna para inakI pratipakSI zAnti, samAnatA, saralatA (vizvasanIyatA) aura visarjana (tyAga) kI manovRttiyoM ko jIvana meM sthAna denA cAhie tAki vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa ho sake / vyakti jaise-jaise ina AvegAtmaka manovRttiyoM se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise usakA vyaktitva paripakva banatA jAtA hai aura jaba ina AvegAtmaka manobhAvoM se pUrNatayA Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba vItarAga, arhat yA jIvanamukta avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, jo ki naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se ise paripakva vyaktitva (MATURED PERSONALITY) kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai / Avega, naitikatA evaM vyaktitva-hamAre vyaktitva kA sIdhA sambandha hamAre AvegoM se hai| AvegoM kI jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, vyaktitva meM utanI hI adhika asthiratA 1. gItA, 7 / 15 2. vahI, 5 / 23

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512 jena, boddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hogI / vyakti jitanA AvegoM se Upara uThegA, usake vyaktitva meM sthiratA evaM paripakvatA AtI jAyegI / isI prakAra vyakti meM anaitika AvegoM (kaSAyoM) kI jitanI adhikatA hogI, naitika dRSTi se usakA vyaktitva utanA hI nimnastarIya hogA / AvegoM ( manovRttiyoM) kI tIvratA aura unakI azubhatA donoM hI vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| vastutaH AvegoM meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, utanI vyaktitva meM asthiratA hogI aura vyaktitva meM jitanI adhika asthiratA hogI utanI hI anaitikatA hogii| AvegAtmaka asthiratA anaitikatA kI jananI hai / isa prakAra AvegAtmakatA, naitikatA aura vyaktitva tInoM hI eka- dUsare se jur3e haiM / yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti ke sandarbha meM na kevala AvegoM kI tIvratA para vicAra karanA cAhie, varan unakI prazastatA aura aprazastatA para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / prAcIna kAla se hI vyakti ke AvegoM tathA manobhAvoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA sambandha hamAre vyaktitva se jor3A gayA hai / AcAradarzana meM vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa yA zreNI vibhAjana kA AdhAra vyakti kI prazasta aura aprazasta manovRttiyA~ hI haiM / jisa vyakti meM jisa prakAra kI manovRttiyA~ hotI haiM, usI AdhAra para usake vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / manovRttiyoM ke naitika AdhAroM para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai / jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM aisA vargIkaraNa yA zreNI vibhAjana upalabdha hai| jaina darzana meM isa vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra lezyA - siddhAnta hai / bauddha darzana meM lezyA kA sthAna abhijAti ne liyA hai, jabaki gItA meM ise devI evaM AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| Age hama naitika vyaktitva ke sambandha meM isI lezyA - siddhAnta kI carcA kareMgeM / naitika vyaktitva kI carcA karate samaya hameM kaSAya- siddhAnta ke sthAna para lezyA - siddhAnta kI ora AnA hotA hai / kaSAya-siddhAnta kevala azubha AvegoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para carcA karatA hai, jabaki lezyA - siddhAnta meM zubha evaM azubha donoM prakAra ke manobhAvoM ko carcA AtI hai / lezyA - siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva jaina- vicArakoM ke anusAra lezyA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo AtmA ko karmoM se lipta karatI hai, jisake dvArA AtmA karmoM se lipta hotI hai yA bandhana meM AtI hai, vaha lezyA hai / " jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai -- 1. dravya lezyA aura 2. bhAva - lezyA / 1. dravya - lezyA - dravya - lezyA sUkSma bhautikI tattvoM se nirmita vaha Agika saMracanA hai, jo hamAre manobhAvoM evaM tajjanita karmoM kA sApekSa rUpa meM kAraNa athavA kArya banatI hai / jisa prakAra pittadravya kI vizeSatA se svabhAva meM krodhIpana AtA hai aura krodha ke 1. abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 6, pR0 675

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAeM ) 513 kAraNa pitta kA nirmANa bahula rUpa meM hotA hai, usI prakAra ina sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAva ke hone para ina sUkSma saMracanAoM kA nirmANa hotA hai / inake svarUpa ke sambandha meM paM0 sukhalAla jI evaM rAjendrasUrijI ne nimna tIna matoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai : 1. lezyA dravya karma-vargaNA se bane hue haiM / yaha mata uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM hai / 2. lezyA-dravya badhyamAna karma pravAha rUpa hai / yaha mata bhI uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM vAdivatAla zAntisUri kA hai / 3. lezyA-yoga pariNAma hai arthAt zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM kA pariNAma hai / yaha mata AcArya haribhadra kA hai / " bhAva- lezyA - bhAva - lezyA AtmA kA adhyavasAya yA antaHkaraNa kI vRtti hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM bhAva-lezyA AtmA kA manobhAva vizeSa hai, jo saMkleza aura yoga se anugata hai / saMkleza ke tIvra, tIvratara tIvratama, manda mandatara, mandatama Adi aneka bheda hone se lezyA ( manobhAva) vastutaH aneka prakAra kI hai / tathApi saMkSepa meM chaha bheda karake (jaina) zAstra meM usakA svarUpa varNana kiyA gayA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtroM meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA nirvacana vividha pakSoM ke AdhAra para vistRta rUpa se huA hai, lekina hama apane vivecana ko lezyAoM ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa taka hI sImita rakhanA ucita samajheMge / manodazAoM meM saMkleza kI nyUnAdhikatA athavA manobhAvoM kI azubhatva se zubhatva kI ora bar3hane kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI unake vibhAga kiye gaye haiM / aprazasta aura prazasta ina dvividha manobhAvoM ke unakI tAratamyatA ke AdhAra para chaha bheda varNita haiM / aprazasta manobhAva 1. kRSNa - lezyA - tIvratama aprazasta manobhAva 2. nIla - lezyA - tI aprazasta manobhAva -- aprazasta manobhAva 3. kApota- lezyA -- prazasta manobhAva 4. tejolezyA - prazasta manobhAva 5. padmalezyA - tIvra prazasta manobhAva 6. zuklalezyA - tIvratama prazasta manobhAva lezyAeM evaM naitika vyaktitva kA bhaNI- vibhAjana -- lezyAe~ manobhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa mAtra nahIM haiM, varan ye caritra ke AdhAra para kiye gaye vyaktitva ke prakAra bhI haiM / 1. adarzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 297 ( ba ) abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 6, pR0 675 2. uttarAdhyayana, 343

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514 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana | manobhAva athavA saMkalpa Antarika tathya hI nahIM haiM, varan ve kriyAoM ke rUpa meM bAhya abhivyakti bhI cAhate haiM / vastutaH saMkalpa hI karma meM rUpAntarita hote hai / breDale kA yaha kathana ucita hai ki karma saMkalpa kA rUpAntaraNa hai / ' manobhUmi yA saMkalpa vyakti ke AcaraNa kA preraka sUtra hai, lekina karma kSetra meM saMkalpa aura AcaraNa do alaga-alaga tattva nahIM rahate / AcaraNa se saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA kA nirmANa hotA hai aura saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA para hI AcaraNa sthita hotA hai / manobhUmi aura AcaraNa athavA caritra kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai / itanA hI nahIM, manovRtti svayaM meM bhI eka AcaraNa hai / mAnasika karma bhI karma hI ataH jaina- vicArakoM ne jaba lezyA - pariNAma kI carcA kI, to ve mAtra manodazAoM kI carcAoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, varan unhoMne usa manodazA se pratyutpanna jIvana ke karma-kSetra meM ghaTita honevAle vyavahAroM kI carcA bhI kI aura isa prakAra jaina lezyA - siddhAnta vyaktitva ke naitika pakSa ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke naitika prakAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA hI siddhAnta bana gyaa| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para yaha batAyA ki naitika dRSTi se vyaktitva yA to naitika hogA yA anaitika hogA aura isa prakAra do varga hoMge - 1. naitika aura 2 anaitika 'inheM dhArmika aura adhArmika athavA zukla-pakSI aura kRSNa pakSI bhI kahA gayA hai / vastutaH eka varga vaha hai jo naitikatA athavA zubha kI ora unmukha hai / dUsarA varga vaha hai jo anaitikatA yA azubha kI ora unmukha hai / isa prakAra naitika guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke ye do prakAra banate haiM / lekina jaina- vicAraka mAtra guNAtmaka vargIkaraNa se santuSTa nahIM hue aura unhoMne una do guNAtmaka prakAroM ko tIna-tIna prakAra ke mAtrAtmaka antaroM (jaghanya, madhyama evaM utkRSTa ) ke AdhAra para chaha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA / jaina lezyA - siddhAnta kA SaTvidha vargIkaraNa isI AdhAra para huA hai / yadyapi jaina-vicArakoM ne mAtrAtmaka antaroM ke AdhAra para isa vargIkaraNa meM tIna, nava, ikyAsI aura do sau taiMtAlIsa upabheda bhI ginAyeM haiM, lekina hama apane ko naitika vyaktitva ke isa Savidha vargIkaraNa taka hI sImita rakheMge / kRSNa-lezyA ( azubhatama manobhAva ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa - yaha naitika vyaktitva kA sabase nikRSTa rUpa hai / isa avasthA meM prANI ke vicAra atyanta nimna koTi ke evaM krUra hote haiM / vAsanAtmaka pakSa jIvana ke sampUrNa karmakSetra para hAvI rahatA haiM / prANI apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika kriyAoM para niyantraNa karane meM akSama rahatA hai / vaha apanI indriyoM para adhikAra na rakha pAne ke kAraNa binA kisI prakAra ke zubhAzubha vicAra ke una indriya-viSayoM kI pUrti meM sadaiva nimagna banA rahatA hai / isa prakAra bhoga-vilAsa meM Asakta ho, vaha unakI pUrti ke lie hiMsA, asatya, 1. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 65

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bhanovRttiyAM (kaSAya evaM lezyAe~) 515 corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha meM lagA rahatA hai| svabhAva se vaha nirdaya evaM nRzaMsa hotA hai aura hiMsaka karma karane meM use tanika bhI aruci nahIM hotI tathA apane svArtha-sAdhana ke nimitta dUsare kA bar3A se bar3A ahita karane meM vaha saMkoca nahIM karatA / ' kRSNalezyA se yukta prANI vAsanAoM ke andha-pravAha se ho zAsita hotA hai aura isalie bhAvAveza meM usameM svayaM ke hitAhita kA vicAra karane kI kSamatA bhI nahIM hotii| vaha dUsare kA ahita mAtra isalie nahIM karatA ki usase usakA svayaM kA koI hita hogA, varan vaha to apane krUra svabhAva ke vazIbhUta ho aisA kiyA karatA hai apane hita ke abhAva meM bhI vaha dUsare kA ahita karatA rahatA hai / __ nIla-lezyA (azubhatara manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa-yaha naitika vyaktitva kA prakAra pahale kI apekSA kucha ThIka hotA hai, lekina hotA azubha hI hai / isa avasthA meM bhI prANI kA vyavahAra vAsanAtmaka pakSa se zAsita hotA hai| lekina vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM apanI buddhi kA upayoga karane lagatA hai / ataH isakA vyavahAra prakaTa rUpa meM to kucha prabhAjita-sA rahatA hai, lekina usake pIche kuTilatA hI kAma karatI hai| yaha virodhI kA ahita apratyakSa rUpa se karatA hai| aisA prANI Ila, asahiSNu, asaMyamI, ajJAnI, kapaTI, nirlajja, lampaTa, duSa-buddhi se yukta, rasalolupa evaM pramAdI hotA hai| phira bhI vaha apanI sukha-suvidhA kA sadaiva dhyAna rakhatA hai / yaha dUsare kA ahita apane hita ke nimitta karatA hai, yadyapi yaha apane alpa hita ke lie dUsare kA baDA ahita bhI kara detA hai| jina prANiyoM se isakA svArtha saghatA hai una prANiyoM ke hita kA aja-poSaNa-nyAya ke anusAra vaha kucha dhyAna avazya rakhatA hai, lekina manovRtti dUSita hI hotI hai| jaise, bakarA pAlane vAlA bakare ko isalie nahIM khilAtA ki usase bakare kA hita hogA, varan isalie khilAtA hai ki use mArane para adhika mAMsa milegaa| aisA vyakti dUsare kA bAhya rUpa meM jo bhI hita karatA sA dikhAI detA hai, usake pIche usakA gahana svArtha chipA rahatA hai| 3. kApota-lezyA (azubha manovRti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa--yaha manovRtti bhI dUSita hai / isa manovRtti meM prANI kA vyavahAra mana, vacana, karma se eka rUpa nahIM hotaa| usakI karanI aura kathanI bhinna hotI hai| manobhAvoM meM saralatA nahIM hotI, kapaTa aura ahaMkAra hotA hai| vaha apane doSoM ko sadaiva chipAne kI koziza karatA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha evaM vyavahAra anArya hotA hai| vaha vacana se dUsare kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa karanevAlA athavA dUsare ke rahasyoM ko prakaTa kara usase apanA hita sAdhane vAlA, dUsare ke dhana kA apaharaNa karane vAlA evaM mAtsarya bhAvoM se yukta hotA hai| aisA vyakti dUsare kA ahita tabhI karatA hai, jaba usase usakI svArtha-siddhi hotI hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 21-22 2. vahI, 34 / 23-24 3. vahI, 34 / 25-26

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516 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sampAdana meM 4. tejolezyA ( zubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa - yahA~ manodazA pavitra hotI hai / isa manobhUmi meM prANI pApabhIru hotA hai arthAt vaha anaitika AcaraNa kI ora pravRtta nahIM hotA / yadyapi vaha sukhApekSI hotA hai, lekina kisI anaitika AcaraNa dvArA una sukhoM kI prApti yA apanA svArtha sAdhana nahIM karatA / dhArmika evaM naitika AcaraNa meM usakI pUrNa AsthA hotI hai / ataH una kRtyoM ke Ananda prApta karatA hai, jo dhArmika yA naitika dRSTi se zubha haiM / isa manobhUmi meM dUsare ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI hotI hai / saMkSepa meM isa manobhUmi meM sthita prANI pavitra AcaraNavAlA, namra, dhairyavAn, niSkapaTa, AkAMkSArahita, vinIta, saMyamI evaM yogI hotA hai / " vaha priya evaM dRr3hadharmI tathA para-hitaiSI hotA hai / isa manobhUmi para dUsare kA ahita to sambhava hotA hai, lekina kevala usI sthiti meM jabaki dUsarA usake hitoM kA hanana karane para utArU ho jAye / 5. padma - lezyA (zubhatara manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa - isa manobhUmi meM pavitratA kI mAtrA pichalI bhUmikA kI apekSA adhika hotI hai / isa manobhUmi meM krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha rUpa azubha manovRttiyAM atIva alpa arthAt samAptaprAya ho jAtI haiM / prANI saMyamI tathA yogI hotA hai tathA yoga-sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa AtmajayI evaM praphullacitta hotA hai / vaha alpabhASI, upazAMta evaM jitendriya hotA hai / 6. zukla - lezyA (paramazubha manovRtti) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa - yaha manobhUmi zubha manovRtti kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai / pichalI manovRtti ke sabhI zubha guNa isa avasthA meM vartamAna rahate haiM, lekina unakI vizuddhi kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai / prANI upazAMta, jitendriya evaM prasannacitta hotA hai / usake jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA hai ki vaha apane hita ke lie dUsare ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA cAhatA hai, mana-vacana-karma se ekarUpa hotA hai tathA una para usakA pUrNa niyaMtraNa hotA hai / use mAtra apane Adarza kA bodha rahatA hai / binA kisI apekSA ke vaha mAtra svakartavya ke paripAlana meM sadaiva jAgarUka rahatA hai / sadaiva svadharma evaM svasvarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai | lezyA - siddhAnta aura bauddha-vicAraNA- bhArata meM guNa-karma ke AdhAra para yaha vargI - karaNa karane kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna pratIta hotI hai / yaha vargIkaraNa sAmAjika evaM naitika donoM dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA rahA hai / sAmAjika dRSTi se isane cAturvarNya ke siddhAnta kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA thA jisa para janmanA aura karmaNA dRSTikoNoM ko lekara zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA meM kAphI vivAda bhI rahA hai / yahA~ hama isa guNa-karma ke AdhAra para vizuddha naitika dRSTikoNa ke vargIkaraNa kI hI carcA kareMge / naitika 2. vahI, 34 / 29 - 30 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 27-28 3. vahI, 34 / 31-32

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezyAe) 517 dRSTikoNa se guNa-karma ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparA ne kiyA hai, varan anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM bhI aise vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiM / dIghanikAya meM AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcArya maMkhaliputra gozAlaka evaM aMguttaranikAya meM pUrNa kazyapa ke nAma ke sAtha isa vargIkaraNa kA nirdeza hai / inakI mAnyatA ke anusAra kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra, zukla aura paramazukla ye chaha abhijAtiyA~ haiM / ukta vargIkaraNa meM kRSNa abhijAti meM AjIvaka sampradAya se itara sampradAyoM ke gRhastha ko, nIla abhijAti meM nirgrantha aura AjIvaka zramaNoM ke atirikta anya zramaNoM ko, lohita abhijAti meM nirgrantha zramaNoM ko, haridra abhijAti meM AjIvaka gRhasthoM ko, zukla abhijAti meM AjIvaka zramaNoM ko aura paramazukla abhijAti meM gozAlaka Adi AjIvaka sampradAya ke praNetA varga ko rakhA gayA hai / uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA jaina- vicAraNA se bahuta kucha zabda sAmya hai, lekina jaina- dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa isa artha meM bhinna hai ki eka to yaha kevala mAnava jAti taka sImita hai, jabaki jaina-vargIkaraNa isameM sampUrNa prANI varga kA samAveza karatA hai / dUsare, jaina dRSTikoNa vyaktiparaka hai, jo sAmpradAyikatA se Upara uThakara yahI kahatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti yA vyakti samUha apane guNa-karma ke AdhAra para kisI bhI varga yA abhijAti meM sammilita ho jAtA hai / yahA~ yaha vizeSa dRSTavya hai ki jahA~ gozAlaka dvArA dUsare zramaNoM ko nIla abhijAti meM rakhA gayA, vahA~ nirgranthoM ko lohita abhijAti meM rakhanA unake prati kucha samAdara bhAva kA dyotaka avazya hai / sambhava hai mahAvIra evaM gozAlaka kA pUrva - sambandha isakA kAraNa rahA ho / jahA~ taka bhagavAn buddha kI tatsambandhI mAnyatA kA prazna hai, ve pUrNa kazyapa athavA gozAlaka kI mAnyatA se apane ko sahamata nahIM karate haiM / ve vyakti ke naitika stara ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa to prastuta karate haiM, lekina apane vargIkaraNa ko jaina vicAraNA ke samAna mAtra vastuniSTha hI rakhanA cAhate haiM / ve bhI yaha nahIM batAte ki amuka varga yA vyakti isa varga kA hai, varan yahI kahate haiM ki jisakI manobhUmikA evaM AcaraNa jisa varga ke anusAra hogA, vaha usa varga meM A jAyegA | pUrNa kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue bhagavAn buddha Ananda se kahate haiM ki maiM abhijAtiyoM ko to mAnatA hU~, lekina merA mantavya dUsaroM se pRthak 1 hai / manodazA aura AcaraNaparaka vargIkaraNa bauddha - vicAraNA kA pramukha maMtavya thA / bauddha-vicAraNA meM prathamataH prazasta aura aprazasta manobhAva tathA karma ke AdhAra para mAnava jAti ko kRSNa aura zuklavarga meM rakhA gayA / jo krUra karmI haiM ve kRSNa abhijAti ke haiM aura jo zubha karmI haiM ve zukla abhijAti ke haiM / punaH kRSNa prakAra vAle aura zukla prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko guNa-karma ke AdhAra para tIna-tIna bhAgoM meM 1. aMguttaranikAya, 6 / 57

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518 jaina, bauddha tathA gotA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bAMTA gayA / " jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI lezyAoM ko prazasta aura aprazasta ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Takara pratyeka ke tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiM / bauddha vicAraNA ne zubhAzubha karma evaM manobhAva ke AdhAra para chaha varga to mAna liye lekina isake atirikta unhoMne eka varga una logoM kA bhI mAnA jo zubhAzubha se Upara uTha gaye haiM aura ise akRSNa - zukla kahA / vaise jaina darzana meM bhI arhat ko alezI kahA gayA hai / lezyA - siddhAnta aura gItA - gItA meM bhI prANiyoM ke guNa-karma ke anusAra vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA milatI hai / gItA na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se prANiyoM kA guNa-karma ke anusAra vargIkaraNa karatI hai, varan vaha naitika AcaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI vargIkaraNa prastuta karatI hai / gItA ke 16 veM adhyAya meM prANiyoM kI AsurI evaM daivI aisI do prakAra kI prakRti batalAyI gaI hai aura isI AdhAra para prANiyoM ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM / gItA kA kathana hai ki prANiyoM yA manuSyoM kI prakRti do hI prakAra kI hotI hai yA to devI yA AsurI / usameM bhI daivIguNa mokSa ke hetu haiM, aura AsurIguNa bandhana ke hetu hetu haiM / yadyapi gItA meM hameM dvividha varga karaNa hI milatA hai, lekina isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki mUlataH do hI prakAra hote haiM, jinheM hama cAhe devI aura AsurI prakRti kaheM, cAhe kRSNa aura zukla lezyA kaheM yA kRSNa aura zukla abhijAti kheN| jaina- vicAraNA ke vivecana meM bhI do hI mUla prakAra haiM / prathama tIna kRSNa, nIla aura kApota lezyA ko avizuddha, aprazasta aura saMkliSTa kahA gayA hai aura antima tIna tejo, padma aura zukla lezyA ko vizuddha, prazasta aura asaMkliSTa kaho gayA hai / " uttarAdhyayana sUtra spaSTa kahA hai ki kRSNa, nIla evaM kApota adharma lezyAe~ haiM aura inake kAraNa jIva durgati meM jAtA hai aura tejo, padama evaM zukla dharma- lezyAe~ haiM aura inake kAraNa jIva sugati meM jAtA hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki kRSNa aura zukla ke bIca kI lezyAe~ vicAragata azubhatA aura zubhatA kA vividha mizraNa mAtra haiM / jaina dRSTi ke anusAra dharma - lezyAe~ yA prazasta lezyAe~ mokSa kA hetu to hotI haiM evaM jIvanmukta avasthA taka vidyamAna bhI rahatI haiM / lekina videha - mukti usI avasthA meM hotI hai jaba prANI inase bhI Upara uTha jAtA hai / isIlie yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki dharma-lezyAe~ sugati kA kAraNa haiM / jaina- vicAraNA vivecanA ke kSetra meM vizleSaNAtmaka adhika rahI hai / ataeva vargIkaraNa karane kI sthiti meM bhI usane kAphI gaharAI taka jAne kI koziza kI aura isI AdhAra para yaha SaTvadha vivecana kiyaa| lekina tathya yaha hai ki guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra 2. gItA, 16 / 6 1. aMguttaranikAya, 6 / 57 3. abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 6, pR0 6. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 112 687 5. uttarAdhyayana, 3. vahI, 16 / 5 34156-57

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manovRttiyA~ ( kaSAya evaM lezthAe) 519 para to do hI bheda hote haiM, zeSa vargIkaraNa mAtrAtmaka hI haiM aura isa prakAra yadi mUla AdhAroM kI ora dRSTi rakheM to jaina aura gItA kI vicAraNA ko atinikaTa hI pAte haiM / jahA~ taka jaina darzana kI dharma aura adharma lezyAoM meM aura gItA kI devI aura AsurI sampadA meM prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM AcaraNa kA jo citraNa kiyA hai, usameM bahuta kucha zabda evaM bhAva sAmya hai / dharma lezyAoM meM prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana ke AdhAra para ' ) jaina dRSTikoNa 1. prazAMta citta 2. jJAna, dhyAna aura tapa meM rata 3. indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA 4. svAdhyAyI 5. hitaiSI 6. krodha kI nyUnatA 7. mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA tyAgI 8. alpabhASI 9. indriya aura mana para adhikAra rakhane vAlA 10. tejasvI 11. dRDhadharmI 12. namra evaM vinIta 13. capalatArahita tathA zAMta 14. pApabhIru 1. uttarAdhyayana 34 / 27-32 devI sampadA se yukta prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra gItA kA dRSTikoNa zAMtacitta evaM svaccha antaHkaraNa vAlA tattvajJAna ke lie dhyAna meM nirantara dRr3ha sthiti indriyoM kA damana karane vAlA svAdhyAyI, dAnI evaM uttama karma karane vAlA ahiMsAyukta, dayAzIla tathA abhaya akrodhI, kSamAzIla tyAgI apizunI tathA satyazIla alolupa (indriya viSayoM meM anAsakta ) tejasvI dhairyavAn komala capalatArahita (acapala ) loka aura zAstra - viruddha AcaraNa meM lajjA 2. gItA, 16 / 1-3

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520 jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAravarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aprazasta yA adharma lezyAoM meM prANiyoM kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana ke AdhAra para)' ___ jaina-dRSTikoNa 1. ajJAnI 3. mana, vacana evaM karma se agupta 4. durAcArI 5. kapaTI 6. mithyAdRSTi AsurI sampadA se yukta prANiyoM kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (gItA ke AdhAra para)2 gItA kA dRSTikoNa kartavyAkarttavya ke jJAna kA abhAva naSTAtmA evaM cintAgrasta mAnasika evaM kAyika zauca se rahita (apavitra) azuddha AcAra (durAcArI) kapaTI, mithyAbhASI AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya meM mithyAdRSTikoNa alpa-buddhi krUrakarmI hiMsaka, jagat kA nAza karane vAlA kAmabhoga-parAyaNa tathA krodhI tRSNAyukta cora 7. avicArapUrvaka karma karanevAlA 8. nuzaMsa 9. hiMsaka 10. rasalolupa evaM viSayI . 11. avirata 12. cora - lezyA-siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA rAsa kA naitika vyaktitva kA vargokaraNa--pAzcAtya nItizAstra meM Dablya0 rAsa bhI eka aisA vargIkaraNa prastuta karate haiM jisakI tulanA jaina lezyA-siddhAnta se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa kahate haiM ki naitika zubha eka aisA zubha hai jo hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se sambandhita hai / naitika zubhatA kA mUlya kevala isI bAta meM nahIM hai ki usakA preraka kyA hai, varan usakI anaitikatA ke prati avarodhaka zakti se bhI hai| naitika zubhatva ke sandarbha meM manobhAvoM kA unake nimnatama rUpa se uccatama rUpa taka nimna prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. dUsaroM ko jitanA adhika duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, dene kI icchaa| 2. dUsaroM ko kisI vizeSa prakAra kA asthAyI duHkha utpanna karane kI icchA / 3. naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karane kI icchA / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 21-36 2. gItA, 1617-18

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manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya evaM lezyAeM) 521 4. aisA sukha prApta karane kI icchA jo naitika dRSTi se ucita na bhI ho, lekina ____ kama se kama anucita bhI na ho| 5. naitika dRSTi se ucita sukha prApta karane kI icchA / 6. dUsaroM ko sukha dene kI icchA / 7. koI zubha kArya karane kI icchA / 8. apane naitika kartavya ke paripAlana kI icchA / ' rAsa apane isa vargIkaraNa meM jaina lezyA-siddhAnta ke kAphI nikaTa A jAte haiN| jaina-vicAraka aura rAsa donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika zubha kA sambandha hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se hai| yahI nahIM, donoM vyakti ke naitika vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isa bAta se karate haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa meM kitanA parivartana huA hai aura vaha vikAsa kI kisa bhUmikA meM sthita hai / rAsa ke vargIkaraNa ke pahale stara kI tulanA kRSNalezyA kI manobhUmi se kI jA sakatI hai, donoM hI dRSTikoNa ke anusAra isa stara meM prANI kI manovRtti dUsaroM ko yathAsambhava duHkha dene ko hotI hai / jaina-vicAraNA kA jAmuna ke vRkSa vAlA udAharaNa bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kRSNalezyA vAlA vyakti usa jAmuna ke vRkSa ko mUla se samApta karane ko icchA rakhatA hai arthAt jitanA vinAza kiyA jA sakatA hai yA jitanA duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, use dene kI icchA rakhatA hai| dUsare stara kI tulanA nIlalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa ke anusAra vyakti isa stara meM dUsaroM ko asthAyI duHkha dene kI icchA rakhatA hai, jainadRSTi ke anusAra bhI isa avasthA meM prANI dUsare ko duHkha usI sthiti meM denA cAhatA hai, jaba unake duHkha dene se usakA svArtha sadhatA hai / isa prakAra isa stara para prANI dUsaroM ko tabhI duHkha detA hai jaba usakA svArtha unase TakarAtA ho / yadyapi jaina-daSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki isa stara meM vyakti apane choTe se hita ke lie dUsare kA bar3A ahita karane meM nahIM skucaataa| jaina-vicAraNA ke uparyukta udAharaNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki nIlalezyA vAlA vyakti phala ke lie samUla vRkSa kA nAza to nahIM karatA, lekina usakI zAkhA ko kATa dene kI manovRtti rakhatA hai arthAt usa vRkSa kA pUrNa nAza nahIM, varan usake eka bhAga kA nAza karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AMzika duHkha detA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara kI tulanA jaina dRSTi kI kApotalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-dRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki nIla aura kApota lezyA ke ina staroM meM vyakti sukhApekSI hotA hai, lekina jina sukhoM kI vaha gaveSaNA karatA hai, ve vAsanAtmaka sukha hI hote haiN| dUsare, jaina-vicAraNA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki kApota lezyA ke stara taka vyakti apane svArthoM yA sukhoM kI prApti ke lie kisI naitika zubhAzubhatA 1. phAuNDezana oNpha ethiksa-uddhRta Contemporary Ethical theories, pR0 332

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jaina, baura tathA gotA ke prAcAraparzanoMkA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai| vaha jo bhI kucha karatA hai vaha mAtra svArtha-prerita hotA hai / rAsa ke tIsare stara meM bhI vyakti naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai / isa prakAra yahA~ para bhI rAsa evaM jaina-dRSTikoNa vicAra sAmya rakhate haiM / rAsa ke cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThe staroM ko saMyukta rUpa se tulanA jaina-dRSTi kI tejolezyA ke stara ke sAtha ho sakatI hai| rAsa cauthe stara meM prANI kI prakRti isa prakAra batAte haiM ki vyakti sukha to pAnA cAhatA hai, lekina vaha unhIM sukhoM kI prApti kA prayAsa karatA hai jo yadi naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM, to kama se kama anucita bhI nahIM hoM, jabaki rAsa ke anusAra pA~caveM stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita sukhoM kI prApta karanA cAhatA hai tathA chaThe stara para vaha dUsaroM ko sukha dene kA prayAsa bhI karatA hai / jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI tejolezyA ke stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita sukhoM ko hI pAne kI icchA rakhatA hai, sAtha-sAtha vaha dUsare kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhatA hai| rAsa ke sAtaveM stara kI tulanA jaina-dRSTi meM padmalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM ke anusAra isa stara para vyakti dUsaroM ke hita kA dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA dUsaroM ke hita ke lie usa saba kAryoM ko karane meM bhI tatpara rahatA hai, jo naitika dRSTi se zubha hai| rAsa ke anusAra manobhAvoM ke AThaveM sarvocca stara para vyakti ko mAtra apane kartavya kA bodha rahatA hai, vaha hitAhita kI bhUmikAoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| usI prakAra jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI naitikatA kI isa uccatama bhUmikA meM jise zuklalezyA kahA jAtA hai, vyakti ko samatva bhAva kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai, ataH vaha sva aura para bheda se Upara uThakara mAtra Atma-svarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana varan pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM se usakA caritra banatA hai aura usake AdhAra para usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai / vyakti kA AcaraNa eka ora usake manobhAvoM kA paricAyaka hai, to dUsarI ora usake naitika vyaktitva kA nirmAtA bhI hai| manobhAva evaM tajjanita AcaraNa jaise-jaise azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hatA hai, vaise vaise naitika dRSTi se vyaktitva meM bhI paripakvatA evaM vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| aise zuddha, saMtulita, sthira evaM paripakva vyaktitva kA nirmANa hI AcAra-darzana kA lakSya hai|

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI abhidhAna rAjendra koza (sAta khaNDa) zrI vijaya rAjendra sUrijI,-ratalAma anuyogadvArasUtra Agamodaya samiti, vIra saM0 2450 anyayogavyavacchedikA (syAdvAda majarI) hemacandra atharvaveda saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 1962 aMguttaranikAya, (tIna bhAga) anu0 bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyan, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA aSTapAhuDa kundakundAcArya-dehalI se prakAzita abhidhammatyasaMgaho AcArya anuruddha, anu0 bhadanta Ananda kauza lyAyan, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU-1960 aSTasahasrI nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1915 arastU zivAnanda zarmA, hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga, uttara pradeza-1960 arlI monAsTika buddhijma nalinAkSa datta, oriyanTala buka ejensI, kalakattA-1960 atrismRti saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (20 smRtiyA~) 1966 adhyAtmayoga aura citta vikalana veMkaTezvara zarmA, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA-1957 AcArAMgasUtra Agamodaya samiti, sUrata AcArAMgasUtra, do bhAga AcArya AtmArAma jI jaina, Agama prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA-1963 AcArAMga (hindI) sthA0 jaina kAnpharensa, bambaI-1938 AcArAMgasUtra (saMtabAla-gujarAtI mahAvIra sAhitya prakAzana maMdira, ahamadAbAda, anuvAda) saM0 1992 AcArAMganiyukti bhadrabAhu, ratalAma-saM0 1941 AcArAMgacUrNi jiNadAsagaNI-ratalAma saM0 1941 Avazyakaniyukti bhadrabAhu, Agamodaya samiti, vIra nirvANa saM0 2454 AvazyakaTIkA malayagirI, Agamodaya samiti, vIra nirvANa saM0 2454

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jaina, bauddha aura gotA ke AcAra varzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana AtmasiddhizAstra zrImad rAjacandra, nirNaya sAgara presa meM mudrita saM0 1964 AtmAnuzAsana guNabhadrAcArya, ajitAzrama, lakhanaU(1928I0) adhyAtmatatvAloka muni nyAyavijayajI, zrI hemacandrAcArya jaina sabhA (pATaNa), 1943 I0 Atma sAdhanA-saMgraha motIlAla mANDota sailAnA (ma0 pra0) saM0 2019 AuTalAinsa Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI eca0 hiriyannA jArja elana eNDa anavina, landana 1951 I0evaM 1957 I0 Agamayuga kA jaina-darzana paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA (1966 I0) AuTalAinsa Apha jhUlAjI thAmasana AbhAsa aura sat epha0eca0 breDale anudita, DA phatahasiMha-hindI samiti uttara pradeza-1964 I0 AspekTsa Apha mahAyAna buddhijma nalinAkSa datta eNDa iTas rilezana TU hInayAna AI biiMga kriyeTiva iraviMga babiTa, hAuTana miphalina kampanI bosTana 1932 AtmamImAMsA paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa 1953 iNDiyana philAsaphI (rAdhAkRSNana) bhAga jArja elana eNDa anavina, landana 1 evaM 2 isibhAsiyam (RSibhASita) sUrata 1927 iSTopadeza pUjyapAda bambaI 1954 itivRttaka dharmarakSita mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha buddhAbda 2499 IzAvAsyopaniSad gItA presa gorakhapura saM0 2017 iNyina thATsa eNDa iTsa DevhalapamenTa zveTz2ara, Adam & Charles Black 4,5 & 6 Soho Squore, London W-1, 1951 inasAiklopIDiyA Apha rilijana jemsa haisTiMga TI0 eNDa TI0 klArka, eDinabarga eNDa ethiksa iNDivijvalijma DablyU0 phiTe, lAgamensa grIna eNDa kampanI

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI kampanI, nyUyArka 1924 uttarAdhyayana sUtra sampAdaka-ratalAla DozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya sailAnA vIra saM0 2478 uttarAdhyayanasUtracUrNi jiNadAsagaNI ratalAma 1933 I0 udAna anujagadIza kAzyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha upAsakadazAMgasUtra anuvAdaka-AtmArAmajI ma. sA. ludhiyAnA 1964 I0 upAsakadazAMgavRti abhayadeva upadezasahasrI zaMkarAcArya, bhArgava pustakAlaya vArANasI 1954 I0 e hisTrI Apha philAsaphI pheMkathilI, senTrala buka Dipo ilAhAbAda 1965 I0 ethikala sTaDIja breDale AksaphorDa 19.27 I0 tathA 1962 I0 e kriTIkala sarve Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI sI0 DI0 zarmA, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, banArasa ethiksa phAra TUDe herAlDa eca0 TAiTasa, yUreziyA pabliziMga hAusa nyU dehalI 1966 e kampareTiva sTaDI Apha di kAnsenTa DA0 azoka kumAra lADa, giradhArIlAla Apha libarezana ina iNDiyana philAsaphI kezavadAsa barahAnapura (ma0pra0) ena inTroDakTarI sTaDI Apha ethiksa DablyU0 phiTe, lAMgamensa grIna eNDa kampanI nyUyArka 1906 ethikala philAsaphIz2a Apha iNDiyA Ai0 sI0 zarmA, jArja elana eNDa anavina landana 1965 Rgveda saMskRti saMsthAna barelI-1962 audhaniyukti bhadrabAhu svAmI, Agamodaya samiti, saM 1927 kaThopaniSad kaThopaniSad zAMkara bhASya gItA presa, gorakhapura-saM 2017 karmagrantha (karmavipAka) devendra sUrI, zrI AtmAnaMda-jaina pustaka pracAraka maNDala, 2444 . karma prakRti zivazarmAcArya, zrI jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, vIra saM0 2443 kArtikeyAnuprekSA svAmI kArtikeya, TIkA zubhacandra, sampAdaka

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kenopaniSad kauTalIya arthazAstra kAsamolAjI olDa eNDa nyU kAnTas silekzana kanTemparari ethikala thyorIja khuddaka pATha zrIbhadbhagavadagItA gItA (zAMkara bhASya ) gItA (rAmAnuja bhASya ) gommaTasAra gommaTasAra zrImadbhagavadagItArahasya gItA gaNadharavAda jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana e0 ena0 upAdhye, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, agAsa 1960 I0 saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (108 upaniSadeM ) guptA presa, mujaphpharapura - saM0 2010 jI0 Ara0 jaina, je0 ela0 jainI TrasTa, indaura - 1942 I0 mADarna sTUDenTa lAyabra erI thAmasa iMgliza hila, maikamilana kaMpanI, nyUyArka - 1960 dharmaratna, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha gItA presa, gorakhapura gItA presa, gorakhapura - saM0 2018 gItA presa, gorakhapura - saM0 2008 AcArya nemicandra, zrI parasa zruta prabhAvaka zrImad rAjacandra jaina, zAstramAlA AgAsa saM0 2016 tilaka bAla gaMgAdhara, tilaka maMdira, pUnA 1962 I0 DablyU 0 DI0 pI0 hila AksaphorDa - 1953 I0 jinabhadra, sampAdaka- paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda - 1952 I0 Adanda ke0 kumAra svAmI evaM AI0 bI0 hAnara sUcanA prakAzana vibhAga, dehalI albarTa yUreziyA, pabliziMga, nyU dehalI sarvAnanda pAThaka, caukhambA, vArANasI bhikSu jagadIza, nava nAlaMdA saMskaraNa zaMkarAcArya, dekhie - stotra ratnAvalI, gItA presa 2022 gItA presa, gorakhapura saMskRti saMsthAna barelI, dekhie - 108 upaniSadeM bhikSu dharmarakSita mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha rAdhAkRSNan, anu0 kRSNacandra, rAjakamala prakAzana, dehalI - 1962 I0 gautama buddha greTa TreDIzansa ina ithiksa cArvAka darzana ko zAstrIya samIkSA cUlaniddesa pAli carpaTapaMjarikAstotra chAndogyopaniSad jAbAlopaniSad jAtibheda aura buddha jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI jIvana sAhitya, dvitIya bhAga kAkA kAlelakara jaina dharma muni suzIlakumAra, zrI a0bhA0 zve0 sthAnaka vAsI, jaina kAnpharensa, dehalI jaina darzana mohanalAla mehatA, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1959 I0 jaina sAikolAjI mohanalAla mehatA, sohanalAla, jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, amRtasara jaina dharma kA prANa paM0 sukhalAla jI, sastA sAhitya maNDala, dehalI jainAgamoM meM aSTAMga yoga AtmArAma jI ma0 sA0, munzIrAma somanAtha phirojapura, vi0 saM0 2000 jaina AcAra mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, banArasa 1966 I0 jaina ethiksa dayAnanda bhArgava,motIlAla banArasIdAsa-1968 jaina siddhAnta bola saMgraha bhAga 1-8 agaracanda marodAna seThiyA, bIkAnera jaina thyorIja Apha rIyaliTI eNDa vhAya0 jI0 padmarAje, jaina sAhitya, vikAsa nAleja maNDala, bambaI-1963 DeTA Apha ethiksa spensara DevhalapamenTa Apha mArala philAsaphI ina suzrI sUrmAdAsa guptA, Orient Longmans, iNDiyA Bombay, 1961 tattvArthasUtra ( umAsvAti ) sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA tattvArthasUtra sarvArthasiddhi TIkA pUjyapAda, zolApura, zaka saM0 1839 tattvArthasUtra rAjavArtika TIkA akalaMka, kalakattA, 1929 I0 tuma ananta zakti ke srota ho muni nathamala, bhAratIya jJAnapITha-1964 I0 taTa do pravAha eka muni nathamala, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU 1967 I0 taittarIyopaniSad saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 108 upaniSadeM tejobindUpaniSad saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 108 upaniSadeM thrI lekcaras Ana vedAnta philAsapho / maiksamUlara, lAMgamansa grIna eNDa ko landana 1911 I0 theragAthA bhikSudharmaratna,mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha 1955I0 dazavakAlika (saMskRta chAyA sahita) muni hastImala jI, motIlAla bAlamukunda muthA

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dazarvakAlika dazakAlika niryukti darzana pAhuDa darzana aura cintana darzana digdarzana rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda 1947 I0 nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, dehalI 1956 I0 eca0 esa0 razaDAla, AksaphorDa 1907 I0 e0 sI0 mukarjI, iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda saM0 - bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, navanAlandA mahAvihAra pro0 ema0 hariyannA, Kavyalaya Publishers, Mysore, 1952 di bhagavadgItA eNDa ceMjiMga varlDa nAgarAja rAva di buddhisTa philAsaphI Apha yunivarsala esa0 mukarjI, University of Calcutta, 1935 dravya saMgraha di thyorI Apha guDa eNDa ivila di necara Apha selpha dIghanikAya di kvesTa AphaTara paraphekzana phalaksa di ethiksa Apha hindUja jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ( hindI anuvAda) sthA0 jaina kAnpharensa bambaI bambaI saM0 1993 I0 di ilemenTsa Apha ethiksa dhammapada dhammapada dharma vyAkhyA dharma darzana dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga nayacakra nayavAda naye saMketa kundakunda, dekhie - aSTa pAhuDa paM0 sukhalAlajI, gujarAta vidyAsabhA ahamadAbAda 1957 I0 esa0 ke0 maitra, kalakattA yunivarasiTI presa 1925 I0 myUraheDa, landana 1910 anuvAdaka - rAhulajI, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU saMskRta anuvAda - hindI artha sahita indra dehalI javAharalAlajI mahArAja, hitecchuka zrAvaka maNDala, ratalAma zuklacandra jI mahArAja, kAzIrAma smRti granthamAlA dehalI 1955 pANDuraMga vAmana kANe, anu0 arjuna caube kAzyapa, hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga u0 pra0 devasena sUri muni phUlacaMda jI zramaNa, sanmati, jJAnapITha AgarA 1958 AcArya rajanIza, jIvana jAgRti kendra, bambaI 1967

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI nandisUtra nandisUtra ( mUlapATha ) nizIthacUrNi nizIthacUrNa eka adhyayana niyamasAra navapadArtha jJAnasAra nirgrantha pravacana nItizataka nItipravezikA nItizAstra kI rUparekhA naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa nItizAstra nItizAstra kA paricaya nItizAstra kA paricaya nIti kI ora naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta naiSadhIya caritra muni hastImala jI dvArA sampAdita, Agama graMthamAlA dharmadAsa jaina mitra maNDala, ratalAma saM0 2005 jiNadAsa gaNI, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA jaina san 1957 paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA kundakunda, anu0 agarasena, ajitAzrama lakhanaU 1963 pupphabhikkhu, amaracanda nAhara, kalakattA 1937 I0 saMgrAhaka evaM anuvAdaka - muni cauthamala jI jainodaya pustaka prakAzaka samiti sA, ratalAma vIra saM 2464 bhartahari vyaMkaTezvara presa, bambaI 1914 I0 maikenjI ( hindI anuvAda) rAjakamala prakAzana dehalI ma0 DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA, rAmanAtha kedAranAtha meraTha muni nathamala, Adarza sAhitya saMgha curU 1967 saMgamalAla pANDe, senTrala buka Dipo, ilAhAbAda 1962 je0 ena0 sinhA, jaya prakAzanAtha, meraTha 1664 I0 bI0 jI0 tivArI, pustaka bhavana AgarA 1963 I0 DA0 zrIcanda, lakSmInArAyaNa agravAla AgarA 1968 manasukha, pUrvodaya prakAzana dariyAgaMja dehalI 1955 jAna DyUI, AtmArAma eNDa sansa dehalI 1963 nirNayasAgara presa bambaI 1952

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8 paramasakhA mRtyu pravacanasAra pravacanasArIddhAra prajJApanA sUtra paMcAstikAyasAra praznavyAkaraNasUtra pratikramaNa sUtra sArtha prAcya dharma aura pAzcAttya vicAra pazcimI AcAra vijJAna kA Alo canAtmaka adhyayana puruSArthasiddhayupAya jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAkA kAlelakara, sastA sAhitya maNDala naI dehalI 1966 pramANanayatattvAloka pArAzara smRti pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma paMcataMtra pazcimI darzana pazcimI darzana phaNDAmenTalsa Apha ethiksa phAiva TAipsa Apha ethikala thyorIja pharsTa priMsIpalsa bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana do bhAga kundakundAcArya, paramazruta prabhAvaka manDala, bambaI, 1935 I0 nenicandra sUrI, zrI devacanda lAlacanda pustakoddhAra phaMDa bambaI, vI0 saM0 2448 sampAdaka AcArya amolakhaRSijI, jvAlA prasAda haidarAbAda kundakundAcArya, bambaI vi0 saM0 1972 sampAdaka - muni hastimala jI, hastImala surANA pAlI 1950 I0 lAlA tiloka ratna parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI rAdhAkRSNan, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1967 I0 Izvaracanda zarmA, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1961 I0 amRtacandra, senTrala jaina pablika hAusa lakhanaU 1933 I0 vAdideva sUrI, AtmajAgRti kAryAlaya, byAvara saMskRti saMsthAna barelI (dekhie 20 smRtiyAM) dharmAnanda kausambI, hindI ratnAkara granthAlaya bambaI bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca insaTITyUTa pUnA 1938 I0 dIvAnacandra, sUcanA vibhAga u0pra0 1957 I0 je0 ena0 sinhA, jaya prakAzanAtha eNDa ko 0 meraTha 1960 I0 arabana sI0 DI0 brADa harbarTa spensara, chaThA saMskaraNa vATsa eNDa ko0, landana bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, baMgAla hindI maNDala saM0 2011

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI bauddhadharmadarzana AcArya narendra deva, bihAra rASTrabhASA pari Sad paTanA bauddhadarzana mImAMsA baladeva upAdhyAya, caukhambA vArANasI 1954 vRhadkalpabhASya sampAdita puNyavijaya jI AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara, 1933 bRhadkalpaniyukti sampAdita puNyavijaya jI AtmAnaMda jainasabhA bhAvanagara, 1933 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad gItA presa 2014 brahmasUtra zAMkarabhASya govinda maTha Ter3hI nIma vArANasI prathama saMskaraNa 2022 brahmabindUpaniSad saMskRti saMsthAna barelI ( dekhie 108, upaniSad ) buddhijma iTsa kanekzana vitha brAhmaNijma moniyara vilIyamsa caukhambA vArANasI eNDa hindUjma 1964 I0 bAibala (dharmazAstra) bhArata kA bAibala samiti, baMgalora bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa bhIkhanalAla Atreya, hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga uttara pradeza 1964 bhagavadgItA rAdhAkRSNan, anuvAda virAja, ema0 e0, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1962 I0 bhagavAn buddha dharmAnanda kausambI, rAjakamala prakAzana dehalI bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 rAdhAkRSNan rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA bhAratIya darzana bhAva pAhuDa bhAvanA zataka ema0 hariyannA, rAjakamala prakAzana dehalI, 1965 satIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya evaM dhIrendramohana datta pustaka bhaNDAra paTanA, 1961 AcArya kundakunda (dekhie-aSTapAhuDa) zatAvadhAnI muni ratnacandra jI, vRndAvanadAsa dayAla korTa bAjAra geTa, bambaI, vIra saM02447 zivakoTyAcArya, sakhArAma nemicanda digambara jaina granthamAlA, zolApura 1935 bhagavatI ArAdhanA

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jaina, baukha aura gItA ke AcAra varzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana majjhimanikAya majjhimanikAya (hindI) manusmRti mahAbhArata mahAnArAyaNopaniSad mAdhyamikArikA mImAMsA darzana mokkha pAhuDa muNDakopaniSad mUlAcAra mahAyAna manovijJAna maitrANyupaniSad mahAniddesapAli bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nava nAlaMdA mahAvihAra saMskaraNa mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha pustaka mandira mathurA, 2015 gItA presa, gorakhapura saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (108 upaniSadeM) puse dvArA sampAdita jaiminI, banArasa, 1929 I0 kundakundAcArya (dekhie-aSTapAhuDa) gItA presa gorakhapura saM0 2016 vaTTakerAcArya, jaina mandira zakkara bAjAra, indaura kI patrAkAra prati bhadanta zAntibhikSu, vizva bhAratIya granthAlaya, kalakattA uDavartha eNDa mAkvisa, di apara iNDiyA pabliziMga hAusa lakhanaU saMskRti saMsthAna barelI, (108 upaniSadeM) sampAdaka-bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nava mAlandA mahAvihAra saMskaraNa DablyU0 phiTe, di Diyala presa, nyUyArka, 1925 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI, 1965 I0 hemacandra, sampAdaka-muni samadarzI, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1963 svopajJavRttisahita, hemacandra, zrI jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 2452 nirNayasAgara presa bambaI 1918 dekhie-pAtaMjala yoga pradIpa, gItA presa saM0 2018 jaina graMtha prakAzaka sabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1940 saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI 1901 samantabhadra, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1926 mArala philAsaphI milinda prazna yogazAstra yogazAstra yogavAsiSTha yogasUtra yogabindu yajurveda yazastilaka campU ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra

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sahAyaka pranya sUcI laMkAvatAra sUtra laiMgveja lAjika eNDa TUtha e0 je0 ayara, Dovara pablikezana 1936 laiMgveja Apha mAralsa Ara0 ema0 heyara, AksaphorDa yunivarsiTI presa 1952 vasunandi zrAvakAcAra saMpAdana hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI 1952 vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI sUtra) saMpAdaka-50vecaradAsa dozI, zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1974 I0 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya zrI jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa TIkA hemacanda, harSa candra, bhUrAbhAI, banArasa 2441 vizuddhimArga do bhAga (hindI) AcArya buddhaghoSa, anuvAdaka-bhikSu dharmarakSita mahAbodhisabhA, banArasa 1956-57 visuddhimagga dharmAnanda kausambI dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI vyavahAra bhASya zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI, kezavalAla premacandra, ahamadAbAda vaizeSika sUtra kaNAda, ilAhAbAda 1923 I0 viveka cUDAmaNi AcArya zaMkara, gItA presa gorakhapura, saM. 2020 vinayapiTaka motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI viduranIti caukhambA vArANasI, 1941 vairAiTIja Apha rilIjiyasa eksapIri- jemsa, lAMgamansa grIna eNDa ko0, landana 1935 yansesa vizaDama ina kanDakTa sI0 bI0 garaneTa, hArakoTa bresa eNDa kampanI, nyUyArka, 1940 zaMkarAcArya kA AcAra darzana rAmAnanda tivArI, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, saM0 2006 zvetAzvetaropaniSad gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2016 zvetAzvataropaniSad bhASya gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2016 zaMkaras brahmavAda Ara0 esa0 navalakkhA, kitAba ghara, kAnapura 1964 zAstravArtAsamuccaya haribhadrasUri, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira,ahamadAbAda-9, 1968I0 zukranIti caukhambA, vArANasI, 1968 I0

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12 sthAnAMga sUtra sthAnAMga sUtra TIkA samayasAra samayasAra samayasAra TIkA samavAyAMga sUtrakRtAMga sUtra sUtrakRtAMga TIkA sarvadarzana saMgraha samAja aura saMskRti sanmatitarka prakaraNa sarvodaya darzana sAmAyika sUtra saMyutta nikAya saMyuttanikAya ( hindI ) suttanipAta jaina, bauddha aura gotA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana TIkA abhayadevasUrI, Agamodaya samiti TIkA abhayadeva sUrI, Agamodaya samiti kundakunda, aMgrejI anuvAda ajitAzrama lakhanaU kundakunda, ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI 1959 sAgAradharmAmRta samakAlIna dArzanika cintana sAMkhyakArikA senTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma spInojA nIti spInojA aura usakA darzana amRtacandra, ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI 1959 saMpAdaka - muni kanhaiyAlAla kamala, Agama anuyoga prakAzana, 1966 sthA0 jaina kAnpharensa, bambaI, 1938 zIlaMkAcArya, Agamodaya samiti,vIra saM. 2442 mAdhvAcArya, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1964 amara muni, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA, 1966 AcArya siddhasena divAkara, gujarAta purAtattva mandira, amadAbAda vi0 saM0 1980 dAdAdharmAdhikArI, sarva sevA saMgha prakAzana 1957 amaramunijI kI vyAkhyA sahita, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1956 nava nAlandA mahAvihAra anu0 jagadIza kAzyapa evaM dharmarakSita mahAbodhisabhA, san 1954 anu0 bhikSu dharmaratna, mahobodhisabhA, banArasa, 1950 I0 paM0 AzAdhara, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, san 1917 DA0 hRdayanArAyaNa mizra, kitAbaghara, kAnapura, 1966 sAhitya niketana, kAnapura, 1950 TI0 Ara0 vhI0 mUrti, jArja elana eNDa anavina 1955 anu0 dIvAnacanda, hindI samiti, uttara pradeza mAdhava ciMgale, svAdhyAya maNDala, augha saM0 2002

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sahAyaka pranya sUcI spInojA ina dI lAiTa Apha vedAnta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI saikAlojI eNDa mAralsa samadarzI AcArya haribhadra DaoN0 Ara0 ke0 tripAThI bI0eca0yU0 1957 nathamala TA~TiyA, jaina kalcarala sosAiTI, banArasa 1951 je0 e 0haiDaphIlDa 1936 vyAkhyAtA paM0 sukhalAlajI, rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna 1963 amitagati, dehalI 1966 DA0 kalaghATagI, karnATaka yUnivarsiTI dhAravAr3a sAmAyika pATha sama prAblamsa ina jaina sAikolAjI saundarAnanda zramaNasUtra zrAvaka kartavya zrAvaka dharma zrI tiloka zatAbdi abhinandana grantha zrI madbhAgavata mahApurANa SaTdarzanasamuccaya triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra jJAnasAgara hitopadeza hindU ethiksa hinduoM kA jIvana darzana hisTrI Apha jaina monozijma patra-patrikAe~ zrI amara bhAratI jaina satya prakAza azvaghoSa, sampAdaka sUryanArAyaNa caudharI, kaThautiyA (amaramuni jI kI vyAkhyA sahita) sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1966 muni sumata kumAra, kAzIrAma granthamAlA ambAlA saM0 2022 mahAsatI ujjavala kumArI sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1954 ratna jaina pustakAlaya, pAtharDI 1961 gItA presa gorakhapura, saM0 2006 TIkA sahita, caukhambA, vArANasI hemacandrAcArya, jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA bhAvanagara yazovijaya jI bhAvanagara vi0 saM0 1969 caukhambA, vArANasI 1954 mekanjI, landana 1922 rAdhAkRSNan esa0bI0 deva, kastUrabhAI lAlabhAI ahamadAbAda sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA mahAvIra nirvANa vizeSAMka 1963, zrI jaina dharma satya prakAzaka samiti, ahamadAbAda indaura naI duniyA dainika

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jaina, bauddha aura gotA ke AcAra varzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zramaNopAsaka di philAsaphIkala kvArTaralI jinavANI (sAmAyika aMka) rAgar3I mohallA, bIkAnera di inDiyana insTITyUTa Apha philAsaphI amalanera (pUrva khAnadeza) jinavANI kAryAlaya, lAla bhavana caur3A rAstA, jayapura 12 leDI hArDiMga roDa, naI dehalI jaina prakAza saMkalana subhASita saMgraha prAkRta sUkti saroja sUkti saMgraha sUkti triveNI amola sUkti ratnAkara vinayamuni dharmadAsa mitramaNDala, ratalAma saM0 1996 agaracanda bhairodAsa seThiyA, bIkAnera zrI amaramuni sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA,1967 muni kalyANa RSi amola jJAnAlaya, dhuliyA

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sammatiyA~ DA0 sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA gambhIra adhyayana prastuta kara dharmoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko eka navIna sArthakatA pradAna kI hai / isa pariprekSya meM lekhaka ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke adhyayana meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha srotoM kA pratyakSataH upayoga kara bhAratIya AcAradarzana kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate hue prAmANikatA ke sAtha gaMbhIra tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai| yahI unake grantha kI vizeSatA hai| prophesara jagannAtha upAdhyAya bhUtapUrva saMkAyAdhyakSa, zramaNa vidyA saMkAya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI yaha adhyayana vidvattApUrNa. gambhIra evaM vicArotpAdaka hai / usI ke sAtha hI atyanta sarala evaM subodha hai / .........."jaina darzana tathA paramparA meM gambhIra AsthA rakhate hae lekhaka ne bauddha aura bhagavadgItA ke AcAra-darzanoM ke pratipAdana meM pUrI udAratA tathA niSpakSa daSTikoNa kA paricaya diyA hai / tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke kSetra meM isa dRSTi se lekhaka kA yaha prayAsa atyanta stutya tathA anukaraNIya hai| DA0 rAmazaMkara mizra prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga kAzI hinda vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI prastuta grantha darzanazAstra ke una snAtakottara vidyArthiyoM, zodha lAtroM, vidvAnoM evaM jijJAsuoM ke lie atyadhika upayogI siddha hogA, jo bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kA adhyayana karate haiM yA usameM ruci rakhate haiM / isa prakAra ke uccastarIya zodha para AdhArita prAmANika grantha kA praNayana kara DA0 sAgaramala jaina ne bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ke kSetra meM eka mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| DA0 raghunAtha giri prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI