Jain Nitishastra Ek Parishilan

Author(s): Devendramuni
Publisher: Tarak Guru Jain Granthalay
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004083/1

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jaina nItizAsta eka parizIlana OR 1 upAcArya devendra muni For Personal & Private Use Only wywainelibrary.org

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prastuta pustaka jIvana ko dhAraNa karane vAlA tattva dharma hai| - jIvana ko dharma kI ora le jAne vAlI preraNA kA nAma hai nIti / __ nIti--dharma kI sahagAminI hai / jaise bhUkhe ke lie bhojana aura pyAse ke lie pAnI--aparihArya AvazyakatA hai, vaise hI sukha-zAntimaya jIvana ke lie dharma tathA nIti kI aparihAryatA hai| nIti kI preraNA, nIti kI maryAdA, naitika pratyaya, naitika nirNaya evaM jIvana meM nIti kA svarUpa, dhAraNA, vikalpa Adi saikar3oM aise prazna haiM, jinapara na kevala saiddhAntika, kintu manovaijJAnika, aitihAsika tathA vyAvahArika dRSTi se . bhI cintana-manana-samIkSaNa honA jarUrI hai / prastuta pustaka 'jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana' meM nIti sambandhI samasta pahaluoM para sarvAMgINa dRSTi se--pUrvapazcima kI avadhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para jaina darzana sammata dRSTikoNa se vizeSa anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai| Printed at: DIWAKAR PRAKASHAN, ___A-7, Avagarh House, M.G.Road, Agra - 282 002. Ph.68328 FUI Personal Pavae use on SIL

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- upAcArya zrI devendra suni jaina nItizAstra: eka parizIlana For Personal & Private Use Only

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zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya kA 265 vAM puSpa - OM sarvAdhikAra prakAzakAdhIna OM pustaka jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana lekhaka upAcArya zrI devendra muni sampAdaka zrIcanda surAnA 'sarasa' DA. brijamohana jaina prathama praveza julAI, 1988 vi. saM. 2045 ASAr3ha OM mudraka saMjaya surAnA ke nirIkSaNa meM divAkara prakAzana ke lie supara phAIna kampojara 208 ema. jI. roDa, A-7 avAgar3ha hAUsa, AgarA-2 OM mUlya lAgata mUlya 70) rupayA dAnadAtAoM ke sahayoga se 35) rupayA sirpha zrI tAraka gurU jaina granthAlaya - zAstrI sarkala, udayapura-313001 For Personal & Private Use Only

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UPACHARYA SHRI DEVENDRA MUNI JAINA ETHICS For Personal & Private Use Only

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Shri Tarak Guru Jain Granthalaya Publication No. 265 Y O Publisher's Y JAINA ETHICS [An Exhaustive Treatiseof Jaina Ethics with comprarative study of other Ethical Thoughts] * Upacharya Shri Devendra Muni Y Editors Shrichand Surana 'Saras' Dr. Brij Mohan Jain Y First Edition Vikram Samvat 2045, Ashadha July 1988 Y Printers Under the guidance of Sri Sanjaya Surana for Diwakara Prakashan 208 M. G. Road, A-7 Awagarh House, AGRA-282 002 at Superfine Composers, Agra V Publishers Shri Tarak Guru Jain Granthalaya Shastri Circle, UDAIPUR-313 001 (Raj.-India) Y Price - Cost Price Rs. 70/- only due to co-operation of donators Rs. 35/- only For Personal & Private Use Only

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OM samarpaNasumana jinakA jIvana tapa aura tyAga kA . kSamA aura virAga kA jJAna aura vijJAna kA nyAya aura nIti kA jAjvalyamAna pratIka hai jo zramaNasaMgha ke anuzAstA haiM jinake kuzala netRtva meM zramaNasaMgha phala phUla rahA hai * unhIM AcAryasamrATa mahAmahima rASTrasanta zrI Ananda RSi jI mahArAja pavitra kara kamaloM meM sAdara-sabhakti samarpita -devendra muni (upAcArya) For Personal & Private Use Only

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saahaajul prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya upavana meM jaina sAhitya kI apanI eka khAsa chaTA hai, suSamA hai, samRddhi hai| darzana, nyAya, tarka, bhakti, caritra, purANa, kathA, kAvya, jyotiSa, Ayurveda Adi sAhitya kI koI bhI vidhA aisI nahIM hai jisa para manISI jainAcAryoM kI bahu prasavinI lekhanI ne camatkAra nahIM dikhAyA ho / prAcIna jaina vAGamaya ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki vidvAn AcAryoM ne jisa viSaya kA bhI sparza kiyA hai usako sarvAGgINa Alor3ana va gambhIra paryAlocana ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| phira bhI eka zikAyata kAphI samaya se thI ki jaina AcAryoM ne dharma va AcAra granthoM para to bahuta hI sundara likhA hai kintu nIti (Ithiksa-Ethics) jaise viSaya para kama likhA hai / sirpha do yA tIna graMthoM ke hI nAma prasiddha haiM, ataH isa viSaya para koI prAmANika grantha upalabdha honA cAhie jo jaina nItizAstra ko bhI samucita rUpa se prastuta kara ske| prAcIna samaya meM nItizAstra-dharma va AcAra granthoM meM sammilita thA, isa kAraNa nIti koI svatantra viSaya nahIM rahA, kintu jaba se pAzcAtya nItizAstra va manovijJAna kA adhyayana hone lagA hai, nItizAstra eka svatantra viSaya bana gayA hai aura isakA kSetra bhI bahuta vyApaka hai| gurudeva pUjya upAdhyAya zrI puSkara munijI ke vidvAna ziSya, saikar3oM pustakoM ke lekhaka upAcArya zrI devendra munijI se kaI bAra aneka vidvAnoM ne anurodha kiyA ki Apa jaina nItizAstra para koI sarvAMga tulanAtmaka pustaka diijie| aneka vizvavidyAlayoM Adi ke pAThyakrama meM isa prakAra kI pustaka kA nitAnta abhAva hai / Apa jaisA samartha vidvAn hI isakI pUrti kara sakatA hai| -- ( 7 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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hameM prasannatA hai ki upAcArya zrIjI ne lagabhaga 12 varSa taka prastuta viSaya kA anuzIlana karake bahata hI prAmANika sAmagrI se yukta sarvathA maulika pustaka taiyAra kara eka abhAva kI zAnadAra pUrti kI hai| upAcArya zrIjI ke isa mahanIya lekhanakArya meM samAja ke prasiddha sAhityasevI zrIcandajI surAnA tathA zrI bRjamohanajI jaina ne pUrNa samarpita bhAva se sahayoga kiyA hai, hama unake isa sahakArya ke prati AbhArI haiM / ___ AzA hai yaha abhinava kRti vizvavidyAlayoM ke chAtroM va adhyApakoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI siddha hogii| mantrI zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya udayapura ( 8 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina noti zAstra : eka anuzIlana udAra sahayoga dAtA paricaya sva dharmAnurAginI vIlamabAI koThArI nArI eka mahAna zakti hai / nara kI apekSA nArI meM karuNA, sneha, sadbhAvanAe~ adhika mAtrA meM hotI haiM / vaha sahiSNutA kI sAkSAt pratimUrti hai| vaha nIMva kI IMTa ke rUpa meM rahakara sadA puruSoM ko svarNakalaza kI taraha camakAtI rahI hai / use karma karane meM vizvAsa hai, nAma meM nahIM / svargIya zrImatI vIlama bAI aisI hI eka mahAnanArI thii| unake jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM mana ke aNu-aNu meM tapa, tyAga aura sevA kI bhAvanA sadA aThakheliyA~ karatI thIM / unake pUjya pitAzrI kA nAma devarAja jI surANA aura mAtezvarI kA nAma sUrajaka~vara thA / mAtA-pitA ke dhArmika saMskAra Apako virAsata meM prApta hue the 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ApakA pANi-grahaNa zrImAn pukharAja jI koThArI ke suputra jasarAja jI koThArI ke sAtha sampanna huaa| Apake 5 putra hue zrImAn zAntilAla jI, zrImAn campAlAla jI, zrImAna sampata lAlajI, zrImAna madanalAlajI aura zrImAn ajayakumAra jii| aura tIna sUpUtriyAM haiM-zrImatI premalatA bAI, zrImatI pavanabAI, ,zrImatI sushiilaabaaii| putra aura putriyoM meM Apane jo dhArmika saMskAroM ke bIja vapana kiye, ve pallavita evaM puSpita haiM / Apa kA sampUrNa parivAra dharma ke prati anurakta hai| .. zrImatI vIlama bahina apane jIvana ke USA kAla meM aneka vighnabAdhAoM se jUjhatI rahIM, kintu unakA dhairya kabhI dhvasta nahIM haa| unakA mantavya thA ki gulAba ke phUla to kAMToM ke bIca hI khilate haiM-mahakate haiM aura apanI madhura saurabha luTAte haiN| hameM bhI gulAba kI taraha khilakara jIvana saurabha luTAnI hai / ve sadA zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM kI sevA meM tatpara rahIM aura atithi-sevA karane meM bhI unhoMne kabhI pIche kadama nahIM rkhaa| jIvana bhara dharma-sAdhanA karatI rahIM, sevA bhakti karatI rahIM aura poSavadI AThama di0 4 janavarI 1986 ko Apa bhautika zarIra chor3akara svargastha huiiN| parama zraddheya upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI. aura upAcArya zrI devendra munijI ma. ke prati unakI hArdika zraddhA thI; bhakti thii| unakI pAvana puNya smRti meM unake suputra ajayakumAra jo koThArI ne prastuta grantha ke prakAzana meM zraddhApUrNa anudAna pradAna kiyA hai| ___ ajaya koThArI eka yuvaka hai, vicAraka haiM, cintaka haiM, sAhitya ke prati unakI sahaja ruci hai / samAja ko aise tejasvI yuvaka para garva hai, nAja hai| ApakA vyavasAya madrAsa meM hai / hama Apake ujjavala bhaviSya kI maMgala kAmanA karate haiM ki ApakA AdhyAtmika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika sabhI dRSTiyoM se samutkarSa ho / -cunnIlAla dharmAvata koSAdhyakSa; zrI tArakaguru jaina granthAlaya udayapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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svakIya mAnava kA eka viziSTa lakSaNa hai - mananazIlatA / arastu ne isI ko lakSya meM rakhakara kahA - Man is a thinking animal - mAnava cintanazIla prANI hai / cintana-manana kara kisI bhI viSaya ke talachaTa taka pahu~cakara nirNaya karanA unakA svabhAva hai / jaba se AdimAnava anya mAnavoM ke samparka meM AyA, unake sAtha usakA vyavahAra prArambha huA, vana sabhyatA se nagara sabhyatA kI ora bar3hA, tabhI se mAnava ke vyaktigata cintana ne sAmAjikatA kI ora mor3a liyA / vaha isa bAta ke lie prayatnazIla ho gayA ki anya logoM ke sAtha kisa prakAra kA vyavahAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, jisase unase sahayoga kI prApti ho tathA sAtha hI unnati pragati kA mArga bhI prazasta ho aura sabase bar3I bAta ki vaha vyavahAra sabhI ko priya, mAnya tathA ucita bhI lage / yaha 'ucita', 'cAhie' aura 'sarvasamAjamAnya' hI nItizAstra ke AdhArabindu haiM / inhIM para nIti kA sampUrNa bhavya bhavana AdhRta hai / inhIM tIna binduoM ne vikasita hokara nItizAstra kA vizAla rUpa grahaNa kiyA hai / isa 'ucita' kA AdhAra naitika mAnyatAe~ to haiM hI, sAtha hI manuSya kI antardRSTi bhI isameM nirNAyaka bhUmikA adA karatI hai / jahA~ taka naitika mAnyatAoM kA prazna hai, ye vibhinna samAjoM meM sadA se bhinna-bhinna rahI haiM aura Aja bhI bhinna haiM tathA Age bhI inameM bhinnatA rhegii| phira yuga parivartana ke sAtha bhI naitika mAnyatAoM meM parivartana-parivarddhana bhI hote haiM / ye parivartana vizvAsa aura manaHsthitiyoM meM bhI parilakSita hote haiM / dharma aura kalA se bhI prabhAvita hote haiN| yahAM taka ki ( e) For Personal & Private Use Only

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satya ke viSaya meM vibhinna yuga ke manISI cintakoM ne bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke vicAra prastuta kiye haiM aura use apanI apanI mAnyatA / anubhUti ke Aloka meM bhinna-bhinna prakAroM meM janatA ke samakSa upasthita kiyA hai / nIti kA sambandha bhI jIvana ke satya se hai / jIvana arthAt vyakti kA vyaktigata, pArivArika, jAtIya, rASTrIya, sAmAjika - sabhI prakAra ke sambandhoM ke vyavahAroM ke tAne-bAne se bunA huA eka sampUrNa vastra hai / I sAmAjika jIvana meM 'sAmAnya ucita' ko naitika AdhAra para ucita honA anivArya hai / naitika AdhAra para ucita vaha hotA hai . jise sAmAjika mAnyatA prApta hotI hai / yaha 'samAja dvArA anumodita ucita' hI 'naitika ucita' hai / yahI sthiti 'naitika cAhie' ke viSaya meM hai, vaha bhI samAja dvArA mAnya honA cAhie / kabhI-kabhI samAja kI mAnyatAe~ vyakti kI icchAoM kI pratirodhaka bhI ho sakatI haiM / isI tathya ko rUso ne ina zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai-- mAnava svatantra janma letA hai kintu sarvatra baMdhanoM meM rahatA hai / yadyapi yaha baMdhana mAnava ko akharate haiM; phira bhI vaha sAmAjika prANI (social animal) hai, ata: vaha sAmAjika baMdhanoM / mAnyatAoM ke sAtha samajhautA karatA hai aura phira yaha mAnyatAe~ usake jIvana kA aMga bana jAtI haiM, sahaja ho jAtI haiM / inhIM mAnyatAoM meM vaha 'naitika ucita' kI niSpatti anubhava karane lagatA hai / aura naitika bandhana vivazatA nahIM, AvazyakatA bana jAte haiM / nIti kA yaha eka rUpa hai, jo samAja sApekSa hai / yaha badalatI huI paristhitiyoM ke sAtha anukUlana aura samAyojana sthApita karatA hai / isakA mahatva isa tathya meM hai ki vyakti samAja se alaga-thalaga nahIM hotA, samAja ke sAtha calatA rahatA hai aura samAja kI unnati ke pragati ke sopAna car3hatA rahatA hai, zanaiH-zanaiH svayaM ko sabhya susaMskRta (civilized, cultured and polished ) yaha nIti kA eka pahalU hai, vyAvahArika pakSa hai / ise vyAvahArika nIti (morality in behaviour) bhI kahA jAtA hai / sAtha-sAtha vaha bhI unnata banA letA hai, vyakti bana jAtA hai / nIti kA eka dUsarA pakSa bhI hai / vaha zAzvata hai, vaha badalatI huI paristhitiyoM ke sAtha nahIM badalatA / ( 10 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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udAharaNArtha, hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika hai, vaha kabhI bhI naitika aura grAhya nahIM ho sakatI / isI prakAra jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra, parastrIgamana, vezyAgamana Adi bhI anaitika haiM / inheM kisI bhI tarka, yukti se naitika siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; paristhitiyoM ke matthe maMr3hakara svayaM ko nirdoSa siddha karane kA prayAsa to khambhA pakar3akara AjAdI ke lie cillAne jaisA hotA hai / nIti ke ina donoM rUpoM kA apanA-apanA mahatva hai / zAzvata nIti ratha-cakra kI dhurA ( axis) ke samAna hai / isI ke AdhAra para nIti- ratha kA cakra gati karatA hai, ghUmatA hai / ratha cakra aura dhurA donoM hI ratha kI sarala sahaja aura nirbAdha gati ke lie anivArya haiM | cakra ke binA dhurA eka sAmAnya daNDa ke samAna nirarthaka hai to dhurA ke abhAva meM cakra bhI gatihIna / niSprANa sA par3A raha jAtA hai / isI prakAra mAnava jIvana kI sucAru gati pragati - unnati ke lie nIti ke zAzvata aura vyAvahArika - donoM pakSoM kI anivArya AvazyakatA hai / ye donoM hI pakSa sabala hone cAhie, eka kI bhI nirbalatA jIvana - ratha kI gati ko viSama banA detI hai / * maiMne apanI prastuta pustaka 'jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana' meM nIti ke ina donoM pakSoM ( zAzvata nIti aura vyAvahArika nIti) para spaSTa dRSTi rakhI hai aura ina donoM ko samucita mahatva diyA hai / yaha satya hai ki prastuta grantha ko maiMne mukhya rUpa se jaina-nIti ko AdhArabhUta banAkara likhA hai, kintu isameM sabhya saMsAra kI arvAcIna aura prAcIna nItiyoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai / prastuta pustaka cAra khaNDoM meM vibhAjita / prathama khaNDa meM nIti kA sAmAnya paryavekSaNa hai / isameM vaidika, bauddha, IsAI, cInI, yUnAnI, muslima prabhRti sabhI nItiyoM ke viziSTa tatvoM kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai / dvitIya khaNDa saMpUrNatayA jaina-nIti se sambandhita hai / isameM samyagdarzana jo ki jaina nIti aura naitika sAdhanA kA pramukha AdhAra hai, usake vivecana ke uparAnta, vyasanamukta jIvana, naitika jIvana ke vyAvahArika sopAna, naitika utkarSa (zrAvakAcAra), naitika carama ( zramaNAcAra) aura naitika utkarSa httjJAnika bhUmikAoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / ( 11 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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tRtIya khaNDa meM jaina-nIti kA pazcimI naitika vAdoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke pazcAta kartavya - adhikAra aura daNDa evaM aparAdha ke vibhinna siddhAntoM aura avadhAraNAoM ko spaSTataH vizada rUpa meM vivecita kiyA hai / antima caturtha khaNDa meM pariziSTa ke rUpa meM nIti sUkti koSa diyA gayA hai / prastuta kRti racanA kA uddezya yadyapi bAjAra meM nIti sambandhI aneka pustakeM upalabdha haiM, lekina viSaya kI sarvAMgapUrNatA kA prAyaH sabhI meM abhAva hai / adhikAMza pustakeM vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM ke pAThyakrama ke anusAra likhI gaI haiM / spaSTa hI unakI apanI sImAeM haiM / pAThyakrama pUrA karanA hI unakA lakSya rahA hai / To K. C. Sogani Ethical Doctrines in Jaina Ethics aura DA0 D. N. Bhargava kI Jaina Ethics yadyapi jaina nIti kI dRSTi se acchI pustakeM kahI jA sakatI haiM kintu inameM bhI jainAcAra kA hI varNana mukhya rUpa se huA hai | zrAvaka aura zramaNa ke AcAra kA nItiparaka AdhAra aura vivecana kA inameM bhI abhAva hai / isake atirikta aura bhI pustakeM haiM- jaise zrI saMgamalAla pANDeya kA nItizAstra kA vivecana, zrI bhIkhanalAla Atreya kA bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa Adi / tathApi eka aisI pustaka kA abhAva khaTaka rahA thA, jisameM jaina-nIti kA sarvAMgapUrNa tathA tulanAtmaka vivecana ho / prastuta pustaka meM maiMne isa kamI ko pUrA karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / yaha prazna mere samakSa rahA ki jaina-nIti kyA hai ? usakA koI svatantra svarUpa hai bhI yA nahIM ? athavA vaidika paramparA kI nIti ko hI jaina manISiyoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / isa viSaya meM maiM gaharA utarA, granthoM kA - prAcIna AcAryoM dvArA likhita sAmagrI kA jyoM-jyoM Alor3ana kiyA to spaSTa anubhava kiyA ki jaina nIti kA eka alaga hI spaSTa svarUpa hai, jo bhAratIya anya nIti - paramparAoM se kucha viziSTa hai / apane Apa meM pUrNa hai, sarvAMgapUrNa hai| jaina nIti ke isI svarUpa ko maiMne prastuta grantha meM spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / ( 12 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti ke svarUpa ko prastuta grantha meM maiM kitanA spaSTa kara sakA hU~, yaha nirNaya to prabuddha pAThaka hI kara sakeMge / kintu mujhe itanA paritoSa avazya hai ki jaina vAGgamaya kI eka rikta vidhA ko maiMne bharane kA eka laghu vanamra prayAsa kiyA hai / mere isa prayAsa ko saphala banAne meM sneha saujanyamUrti zrI zrIcandajI surAnA va DaoN0 bRjamohana jaina kA bahumUlya sahakAra milA hai / unhoMne pustaka ke saMpAdana ke sAtha hI kalAtmaka mudraNa aura truTirahita prUpha saMzodhana karake grantha ko cittAkarSaka banAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai / saMghanAyaka mahAmahima rASTrasanta AcArya samrATa zrI AnandaRSijI mahArAja kI apAra kRpAdRSTi va AzIrvAda mere lie sambala rUpa rahA hai / tathA paramazraddheya sadguruvarya upAdhyAya zrI puSkara munijI ma0 kA maiM kina zabdoM meM AbhAra vyakta karU~ jinakI apAra kRpA se hI maiM sAdhanA va sAhitya kSetra meM praveza kara sakA hU~ aura Aja jo kucha bhI hU~ vaha unhIM kI kRpA kA pratiphala hai / pUjyanIyA mAtezvarI svargIyA mahAsatI pratibhAmUrti zrI prabhAvatIjI ma0 va jyeSTha bhaginI mahAsatI zrI puSpavatIjI kI prabala preraNA isa kArya ko zIghra sampanna karane ke lie preraka rahI / zrI rameza muni zrI rAjendra muni zrI dineza muni zrI surendra muni Adi kI sevA tathA sahayoga bhI vismRta nahIM kI jA sakatI / , , jJAta va ajJAta rUpa meM jina kinhIM kA bhI sahayoga milA hai tathA jina granthoM kA maiMne upayoga kiyA hai una sabhI ke prati AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ / AzA hai prastuta grantha jaina nIti ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hogA / - upAcArya devendra muni guru pUrNimA mahAvIra bhavana, indaura (ma. pra. ) ( 13 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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sampAdakIya eka bAra kisI yuvaka ne prasiddha vicAraka baiMjAmina phreMkalina se prazna kiyA-jIvana meM mAnava kA saccA sAthI kauna hai ? phreMkalina ne yuvaka ko Upara se nIce taka dekhaa| vaha kucha nirAza-sA laga rahA thA, saMbhavataH saMgharSa aura paristhitiyoM kI viparItatA ne usa yuvaka kI jIvana-UrjA ko kSINa banA diyA thaa| ___phreMkalina kucha kSaNa taka usa yuvaka ko dekhate rahe, phira ciMtana kI gaharAI meM utare aura utarakara usa yuvaka ke kaMdhe para AzvAsana bharA hAtha rakhakara gambhIra svara meM bole-yuvaka ! jIvana saMgharSa meM vijaya prApta karane ke lie manuSya kA sabase bar3A sAthI hai nIti / tuma isa para pUrA bharosA kara sakate ho| vastutaH nIti mAnava kI sahAyatA jAne-anajAne yatra-tatra-sarvatra karatI rahatI hai / sukha meM, duHkha meM, kisI kaThinAI meM, jaTila aura viSama paristhiti meM nIti aisA mArga sUjhA hI detI hai ki rAste meM AyA huA spIDava kara eka jhaTake ke sAtha haTa jAtA hai aura mAnava kI rukI huI gAr3I phira sarapaTa paTariyoM para daur3ane lagatI hai| kisa paristhiti meM kisa prakAra ke nirNaya kiye jAya~ jo ucita bhI hoM, samAjamAnya bhI hoM aura unnatikAraka bhI hoM, una siddhAMtoM ke saMkalana ko nItizAstra kahA jA sakatA hai| isa nItizAstra meM yuga-yugoM ke anubhavoM kA sAra saMcita hotA hai| isIlie yaha zAstra aura isake siddhAnta sAmAnya aura sahaja vyavahAra meM bhI mAnava ke lie upayogI haiN| 1 The most reliable and dependable companion of a man is m orality, to get success in the struggle of life. - Benzamin Franklin ( 14 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #19
nItizAstra kA adhyayana do rUpoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. saMkalana aura 2. vizleSaNa / saMkalana meM nIti sambandhI bikharI huI sAmagrI ko eka sthAna para ekatra kiyA jAtA hai aura phira usakA vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai tathA mAnava mAtra ke lie upayogI siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye jAte haiN| vargIkaraNa dvArA vizleSaNa meM vaijJAnikatA kA puTa diyA jA sakatA hai aura saMkalita sAmagrI ke cayana meM sugaThitatA, saralatA tathA prAmANikatA kA samAveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI vizleSaNa caraNa meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karate hue, nIti ke badalate hue - - yugAnurUpa parivartita rUpa kI samIkSA ke uparAnta eka nizcita niSkarSa para pahu~canA sugama ho jAtA hai / upAcArya zrI devendra muni dvArA racita 'jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana' pustaka nItizAstrIya vivecana ke upari likhita sabhI guNoM se ApyAyita hai / saMkalana aura vizleSaNa donoM hI caraNoM kA samyak rItyA - nirvAha kiyA gayA hai / pustaka kA kSetra bahuta vistRta hai / prAgaitihAsika kAla se lekara Adhunika yuga taka kI nIti kA paryAlocana prathama khaNDa meM kiyA gayA hai / isa khaNDa kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki anya sabhI bhAratIya manISiyoM ne nIti kA prArambha Rgveda Adi vaidika sAhitya ke sUktoM se mAnA hai jabaki prastuta pustaka meM nIti kA prArambha prAgaitihAsika kAla se mAnA hai aura isa tathya ko puSTa pramANoM se pramANita kiyA gayA hai phira vikAsa krama dikhAte hue samasta bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya nItiyoM kA sarvekSaNa kiyA gayA hai / anya vijJAnoM se tulanA tathA anya sAmAnya viSaya to anyatra bhI upalabdha ho sakate haiM kintu nItizAstra kI zailiyA~ zIrSaka se eka naI vastu pAThakoM ko milegI / sAtha hI jaina nIti kA spaSTa paricaya 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~' adhyAya meM munizrI ne jaina - nIti ke viziSTa tatvoM ko spaSTa kara diyA hai / munizrI kA dhyeya jaina-nIti kA paricaya karAnA hai, ataH dUsare khaNDa meM jaina-nIti kA hI varNana huA hai / isa khaNDa kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki zrAvaka vrata ke aticAroM aura zramaNa vratoM ke apavAda mArga kI nIti - paraka avadhAraNAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiM / ( 15 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #20
isI prakAra guNasthAnoM (Stages of Spiritual Development) kA manovizleSaNAtmaka vivecana aura sAtha hI nIti zAstrIya sandarbha prastuta pustaka kI anyatama vizeSatA hai / prastuta khaNDa kA vikAsa bar3e hI vaijJAnika DhaMga se huA hai / sarvaprathama sahI - yathAtathya vizvAsa ko jaina nIti kA AdhAra mAnakara usa vizvAsa kA samyagdarzana ke rUpa meM vistRta aura nItiparaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai / yaha to sArvajanIna tathya hai ki galata ( mithyA ) dhAraNAoM kI bAluI nIMva para nIti kA bhavana khar3A nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki nIti kA AdhAra hI satya / satya dhAraNA hai / ucita-anucita kartavyAkartavya Adi naitika pratyayoM kA yathAtathya nirNaya vahI kara sakatA hai, jisakI dRSTi samyak ho, zraddhA pariSkRta ho / asaMskArI aura susaMskArI donoM hI prakAra ke bAlaka vidyAlaya meM jAte haiM, zikSaka donoM hI bAlakoM ko samAna rUpa se zikSA dete haiM, samajhAte haiM kintu asaMskArI bAlaka kucha bhI nahIM samajha pAtA, jabaki susaMskArI bAlaka zikSA ke sopAna car3hatA / pAra karatA calA jAtA hai / sthiti naitikatA ke sambandha meM hai / samyak aura satya dRSTikoNa vAlA vyakti naitika AcaraNa karane meM sakSama hotA hai jabaki galata koNa vAlA sakSama nahIM ho pAtA / usakI to vahI sthiti hotI hai phUla hiM- phalahiM na beMta, sudhA sarasa barase jalada / mUrakha hRdaya na ceta, jo guru mileM biraMci sama || isalie jaina-nIti ke AdhAra rUpa meM samyagdarzana ke varNana ke sAthasAtha naitika jIvana para usakA kyA prabhAva par3atA hai, ise spaSTa kiyA hai / tIsare khaNDa meM munizrI ne pazcimI naitika vAdoM se jaina-nIti kI tulanA karake yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki ye vAda jaina-nIti ke kahA~ taka anukUla haiM aura kahA~ se unakI rAheM alaga ho gaI haiM / aura ve rAheM kaisI haiM, ucita athavA anucita ? aura isa alagAva meM deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM kA kitanA aura kaisA prabhAva hai ? antima adhyAya jaina-nIti kA Adhunika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM yogadAna aise ahiMsaka / naitika upAya sujhAtA hai ki samAja aura rASTra meM sukha-zAnti kI saritA bahatI rahe, ghara-parivAra kahIM bhI kleza kA vAtAvaraNa na rahe, sarvatra samatA aura ha~sI khuzI ke sumana khilate raheM / ( 16 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #21
ina tInoM khaNDa taka nIti kA vizleSaNAtmaka caraNa hai aura isake pariziSTa meM saMkalanAtmaka crnn| isa caraNa meM nIti sUktiyoM kA saMcayana hai| sUktiyoM ke lie AcArya zubhacandra ne jJAnArNava meM kahA hai prabodhAya vivekAya, hitAya prazamAya ca / samyak tattvopadezAya, satAM sUktiH pravartate / / -soye hue ko jagAne ke lie, satya-asatya ke nirNaya ke lie, loka-kalyANa ke lie aura vairAgya jAgRti ke lie tathA sacce tatva kA upadeza dene ke lie satpuruSoM dvArA sUkti kA pravartana/kathana hotA hai| satpuruSoM dvArA kathita sUktiyoM kA eka mahArNava hI hai| saMkalanakartA ke lie eka samasyA khar3I ho jAtI hai| sabhI sUktiyoM kA apanA prabhAva hotA hai, AkarSaNa hotA hai| ve saMkalanakartA se bolatI huI jAna par3atI haiM hameM bhI cuna lo, ThIka nava-kusuma kaliyoM ke samAna, jinake sammohaka AkarSaNa se saMkalanakartA abhibhUta ho jAtA hai / __ yaha sthiti vaisI hI hotI hai, jaisI saMjIvanI bUTI lete samaya hanumAna jI ke sAmane A gaI thii| sabhI bUTiyA~ camaka uThI thiiN| hanumAna jI asamaMjasa meM par3a gaye, kucha nirNaya na kara sake-kisa bUTI ko le jAU~ aura kisako nahIM; Akhira hanumAna jI parvata khaNDa ko hI uThA lAye / lekina sUkti saMkalanakartA kyA kare ? sabhI sUktiyA~ 'sUkta zobhanokti viziSTam' hotI haiM, sabhI kI zobhA nyArI hotI hai, phira sUktiyoM ke . mahArNava meM ratna-kaNa samAna kucha anupama sUktiyoM kA cayana karanA aisA hI hai jaisA sAgara tala meM se motI nikaalnaa| upAcArya zrI ne vizAla aura gahare sUkti sAgara meM se aisI hI gaharI DubakI lagAkara lagabhaga 350 sUktiyoM kA saMcayana kiyA hai, jo apane ApameM bejor3a hai, pratyeka prakAra ke mAnava ke lie upayogI haiM aura pratyeka avasara para sahAyatA karane vAlA eka viziSTa vizvasta saMgI haiN| ___ yaha sUkti koSa prastuta grantha kA kalaza hai aura upAcArya zrI kI tIvra medhA tathA viziSTa saMcayana kauzala kA paricAyaka hai| bhAratIya bhASAoM meM, vizeSakara rASTra bhASA hindI meM bhAratIya nIti zAstra' para pacAsoM pustakeM nikala cukI hai, aura dhar3alle se nikala For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #22
rahI hai, kintu 'jaina nItizAstra' para Aja taka koI Thosa pustaka dekhane ko nahIM milI / idhara meM jo kucha pustakeM 'jaina nItizAstra' ke nAma se nikalI haiM unameM bhI varNana kI vahI paramparAgata zailI hai aura ve hI AcAra sambandhI sarva prasiddha baateN| pAzcAtya evaM paurvAtya nItizAstra kI zabdAvalI meM, nItizAstra kI zailI meM tathA sampUrNa nItizAstra ke tulanAtmaka dRSTi koNa se cintana kA abhAva khaTaka rahA hai / prastuta pustaka kI apanI yaha vizeSatA hai ki nItizAstra ke sabhI pratyayoM para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura jaina nIti kI dhAraNAoM ko pada-pada para samIkSA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ___ isa prakAra prastuta grantha eka bahuta bar3e abhAva kI pUrti bhI karegA aura nItizAstra ke adhyetAoM ko manovijJAna aura nItizAstra ke chAtroM ko eka naI pAThya sAmagrI degaa| ___ zraddhaya upAcArya zrI devendra muni jI ne apane gambhIra adhyayana ba sarvatomukhI cintana ke AdhAra para lagabhaga 12 varSa ke dIrghakAlIna svAdhyAya, anuzIlana ke pazcAt prastuta graMtha kA lekhana sampanna kiyA hai| muni zrI ne pacAsoM granthoM kA pArAyaNa kiyaa| aneka sAmayika patra-patrikAeM par3hIM aura dhIre-dhIre isa viSaya para likhate rhe| isa dIrgha kAla meM ve dakSiNa bhArata kI padayAtrA karake uttara bhArata ke hRdaya bhArata kI rAjadhAnI dehalI taka pahuMce tathA punaH jayapura se vApasa rAjasthAna pravAsa karake mahArASTra ke pUnA, ahamadanagara se indaura taka kI eka lambI parikramA kara cuke haiN| lagabhaga dasa hajAra mIla kI padayAtrA ke madhya bAvajUda anekavidha vyavadhAnoM ke bhI isa grantha ke lekhana meM juTe rhe| aneka bAra parivartana/parivardhana karate rhe| __ isa prakAra eka sudIrgha cintana se paripakva yaha pustaka aneka naye rocaka tathyoM se paripUrNa jaina sAhitya meM eka navIna viSaya kA pravartana karane vAlI siddha hogii| - zrIcanda surAnA 'sarasa' - DaoN0 bRjamohana jaina ( 18 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #23
prastAvanA mAnava-jIvana kA prAsAda vividhatA kI bahuvidha pRSThabhUmiyoM para Ata hai / una vividhatAoM kA eka aisA samanvati rUpa usameM sampratiSTha hai, jo use sAmaMjasya ke dhAge meM piroe rakhatA hai| yaha vAMchita hai ki isa tathya ko yathAvat rUpa meM AtmasAt kiyA jAe / jahA~ aisA hotA hai, jIvana saMtulana kI dhurI para samyak rUpa meM gatizIla rahatA hai / mAnava jIvana kA yaha sAmaMjasya apane Apa meM aneka maryAdAe~ lie hue hai | ye maryAdAe~ samAja, dharma-parivAra, rASTra evaM loka se saMbaddha una viziSTa mAnyAtAoM se jur3I hotI haiM, jo ina saba ke astitva kI saMvAhikAe~ haiM / yoM eka aise niyama krama yA vidhikrama kA svarUpa nirmita hotA hai, jo jIvana kI gAr3I ko sahI dizA meM sahI rUpa meM lie calatA hai / use nIti kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / , nIti zabda saMskRta kI nI dhAtu se niSpanna hai / "nI" dhAtu le jAne ke artha meM hai / nIti kA zAbdika vizleSaNa " nIyate anayA iti nItiH " hai / jo sahI dizA meM lie cale agrasara kare, vaha nIti zabda se abhihita hai / zabda apane Apa meM kucha bhrAmaka bhI hai / yaha ekAkI upayoga meM bhI AtA hai aura katipaya anya saMjJAoM ke Age jur3akara bhI, jaise:dharmanIti, rAjanIti, daNDanIta, yuddhanIta, kUTanIti, samAjanIti ityAdi / yahA~ kucha zaMkAe~ utpanna ho sakatI haiM, kyA samAjanIti, dharmanIti aura rAjanIti Adi ke mUla AdhAra AdarzoM kI dRSTi se bhinna ho sakate haiM ? eka dUsare ke pratikula ho sakate haiM ? yadi aisA hai to kyA ve saba nIti kahe jAne kI adhikAriNI haiM ? ( 16 ) For Personal & Private Use Only -

Page #24
kauTilya ke arthazAstra kA eka choTA sA udAharaNa hai / unhoMne vahA~ zatru rAjA ke vinAza ke lie viSakanyA ke prayoga kI carcA kI hai / zaizavAvasthA se hI eka kanyA ko viSAkta banAne hetu vividha prakAra se usakI deha para viSoM ke aneka prayoga kie jAte the / sA~pa Adi jaharIle jantuoM se kaTavAnA, viSaile padArthoM kA sevana karavAnA prabhRti / nirantara aise prayoga kie jAte rahane se vaha kanyA taruNAvasthA taka pahu~cate-pahucate itanI viSAkta ho jAtI thI ki usake saMsparza mAtra se tatkAla vyakti kI mRtyu ho jAtI thI / aise hI viSakanyA prayoga kI eka ghaTanA kA saMketa vizAkhadatta racita " mudrArAkSasa " nAmaka nATaka meM hai / yaha vaha nATaka hai jisameM mahApadmananda ke mahAmantrI rAkSasa [ suzarmA] tathA candragupta maurya ko uttara bhArata ke ekachatra sAmrAjya kA sarvatantra - adhipati banAne ko prANapaNa se samudyata rAjanIti ke mahAn paNDita mahAmantrI cANakya ke atyadhika buddhimattApUrNa rAjanaitika, kUTanaitika saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai, jahA~ parvatezvara (uttara-pazcima sImAnta- pradeza ke zAsaka ) malayaketu, jo candragupta maurya kA pratidvandvI thA, jo vizAla sainya ke sAtha pATaliputra para car3ha AyA thA, kI viSakanyA ke prayoga dvArA mRtyu hotI hai / yahA~ sahaja hI prazna uThatA hai, mahAn nItiniSNAta kauTilya aise hiMsAlakSI upakrama ko jo nIti meM svIkAra karate haiM, kyA usameM aucitya hai ? isI prakAra kA eka prasaMga rAmAyaNa meM prApta hotA hai / rAvaNa kA putra meghanAda ajeya ratha prApta karane hetu apanI kulAdhiSThAtrI nikuMbhilA devI ke mandira meM anuSThAna hetu jAtA hai / anuSThAna meM abhirata hotA hai / udhara rAma ke dala meM vibhISaNa dvArA sujhAe jAne para lakSmaNa aneka yoddhAoM ke sAtha meghanAda ke anuSThAna meM vighna DAlane hetu Ate haiM / anuSThAna ko vidhvasta karanA cAhate haiM / lakSmaNa ke sAthI yoddhA meghanAda ko taraha-taraha se pratAr3ita karate haiM, satAte haiM, phira bhI meghanAda kAphI samaya taka avicalita rahatA hai / vighnakArI use mArane pITane ke sAtha-sAtha usakI yajJAgni meM pAnI taka DAla dete haiM / anuSThAna bhagna ho jAtA hai / meghanAda ko use apUrNAvasthA meM chor3a denA par3atA hai / yahAM bhI vahI prazna hai ? maryAdA puruSottama rAma ke Adeza se aisA jo kiyA gayA, kyA vaha nIti ke antargata hai ? ( 20 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #25
eka suprasiddha nIti vacana hai: satyaM brUyAt, priyaM brUyAt / na ba yAt satyamapriyam // satya bolanA cAhie, priya bolanA caahie| aisA satya nahIM bolanA cAhie, jo apriya ho| ___ isI tathya ko svAyatta, karate hue kirAtArjunIya ke racayitA mahAkavi bhAravi ne bar3A mArmika vAkya likhA hai :--- hitaM manohAri ca durlabhaM vacaH // yahA~ bar3I asamaMjasa sthiti utpanna hotI hai| satya zAzvata hai, sArvadezika kalyANa lie hue hai| usakA prayoktA kyoM usake pariNAma ko pahale hI AMkane aura tadanusAra usakA spaSTa-aspaSTa, vihita-avihita prayoga karane kA cintana kre| ina saba kArya-vidhAoM, vyApAroM, kriyA-kalApoM ke sAtha a manovaijJAnika, sAMskRtika, adhyAtmika, vaiyaktika, AnuvaMzika, laukaiSane paraka vittaSaNAparaka avadhAraNAoM kA jAla saMyukta hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI mukhyataH do dhArAe~ haiM-vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA / vaidika dhArA vaha paramparA hai, jo veda, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka kalpa, upaniSad, smRti, purANa Adi vedAnuSaMgo vAGa maya se abhiprerita hai| use brAhmaNa-paramparA bhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki isake purodhA brAhmaNa the| zramaNa-dhArA veda bAhyadhArA hai, jahA~ vedoM kA apauruSeyatva, yajJayAgAdi karmAnuSThAna svIkRta nahIM hai, jahAM janmagata jAtivAda ke lie bhI koI sthAna nahIM hai| isa dhArA ke antargata bauddha jaina do paramparAe~ AtI haiN| bauddhavAGamaya vinayapiTaka, suttapiTaka, abhidhamma piTaka tathA tanmUlaka aTThakathAe~, jAtaka Adi ke rUpa se pAli meM grathita hai| jaina vAGamaya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga, vyAkhyA prajJapti Adi sUtra-graMthoM ke rUpa meM bAraha aMgoM meM vibhakta hai, arddhamAgadhI prAkRta meM racita hai| bArahavAM aMga, jo dRSTivAda kahA jAtA hai, Aja upalabdha nahIM hai, ataH vartamAna meM jaina vAGamaya 11aMgoM meM prApta hai / u ke AdhAra para bhASya, niyukti, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA, darzana-grantha, purANa, AkhyA ( 21 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #26
yikAeM, carita - kAvya Adi vividha sAhityika vidhAoM meM isa cintanadhArA kA vipula vistAra huA hai / ina tInoM paramparAoM ke AdhAra para vaidika nIti, bauddhanIti, tathA jaina nIti ke rUpa meM bhI nIti zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai / yahA~ bhI sahaja hI yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA vaidikoM, bauddhoM tathA jainoM kI nItiyA~ paraspara bhinna haiM ? kyA ve eka dUsare ke pratikUla haiM ? yadi uttara vidhiparaka hai to kyA ve pArasparika prAtikUlya ke bAvajUda nItiyA~ kahe jAne yogya haiM ? yadi unameM kisI prakAra kA prAtikUlya, vaiSamya vaiparItya nahIM hai to phira usake sAtha jur3e vaidika, bauddha evaM jaina, ina bhinna-bhinna vizeSaNoM sArthakatA hI kyA hai ? . * kevala bhArata kI hI bAta kyoM kareM, pazcimI dezoM meM bhI " nIti" viSaya cirakAla se carcita rahA hai / arastU, pleTo Adi ne isa para gahana cintana kiyA / cIna Adi pUrvI dezoM meM bhI kanphyUziyasa jaise vicArakoM ne isa para gaharAI se socA, siddhAnta nirUpita kie| isa samaya pazcimI cintanadhArA meM nIti ke lie Ethics tathA Morality Adi zabda prayukta hote haiM / prastuta grantha " jaina nItizAstraH eka parizIlana" ke lekhaka prabuddha manISI, zatAdhika granthoM ke racanAkAra, zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha ke upAcArya zrI devendra muni jI zAstrI ne ina sabhI pakSoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina nIti para jo sAhityika sRjana kiyA hai, vaha sacamuca apane Apa meM anUThA hai / zrI vardhamAna sthAnaka vAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha divaMgata yuvAcArya bahuzruta paNDitaratna zrI madhukara muni jI ke mAdhyama se merA zrI devendra munijI se vizeSa paricaya huA / zrI devendra munijI kA vyaktitva jJAnArAdhanA kA eka sajIva nidarzana hai, jo apane-Apa meM sahaja AkarSaNa lie hue hai / tadanaMtara rAjasthAna dillI Adi meM bahuta vAra unake samparka meM Ane kA saubhAgya mujhe prApta huA / aneka viSayoM para gahana cintana, vicAra-vimarza tathA carcA ke prasaMga bhI rhe| mujhe lagA, nizcaya hI ye eka aiso adbhuta mAnava haiM, jinhoMne apane Apako sArasvata ArAdhanA meM sarvatobhAvena samarpita kara diyA hai / granthoM ke ambAra se ghire jaba unheM dekhate haiM to aise pratIta hotA hai ki ve samasta jagata ko vismRta kara apane Apako ( 22 ) adhyayana - anuzIlana ke samaya zAstrAnuzIlana ke sAgara meM For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #27
mAno kho dete haiM / gambhIratama adhyayana, pratibhA aura prajJA to mAMgatA hI hai; vaha bahuta bar3A zrama bhI mAMgatA hai / zrama kA saMbala pAkara saMskAralabhya medhA zatamukhI vikAsa pravaNa hotI hai / zrI devendra muni jI meM yaha saba sahaja rUpa meM sadhA hai / svAdhyAya ko jo tapa kahA hai, vaha unake jIvana meM yathAvat rUpa meM pratiphalita hai| eka ora bahuta bar3I vizeSatA maiM unameM pAtA hU~, itane bar3e adhyetA, vicakSaNa, vilakSaNa vidvAn hote hue bhI ve bar3e vinaya zIla haiM / vaiduSya, pAMDitya kA thor3A bhI ahaMkAra unheM chU taka nahIM pAyA hai / ve bar3e madhura priya tathA ziSTa bhASI aura guNagrAhI haiM, vidvAnoM kA bahuta Adara karate haiM / vidvAnoM meM prAyaH eka kamI dekhI jAtI rahI hai / ve eka dUsare ko saha nahIM pAte / eka bar3e vidvAna ko dekhakara dUsare meM IrSyA bhAva jAga uThatA hai / zrI devendra munijI isake zata-pratizata apavAda haiM / niHsandeha yaha unakA saubhAgya hai ki itanI zAlIna saumya, sarala, mRdula prakRti unheM prApta ho sakI / veda kA eka bar3A sundara pada hai "vidyA vaM brAhmaNamAjagAma, gopAya mA zevadhiSTe'hamasmi / asUyakAyAnRjave'yatAya, na mAM brUyAH vIryavatI tathA syAm // " vidyA brAhmaNa ke pAsa AI aura usase kahane lagI- brAhmaNa ! tU merI rakSA karanA / maiM tumhArI bahuta bar3I nidhi hU~ / mujhe aise vyakti ko mata denA, jo IrSyAlu ho, jo Rju sarala na ho, jo saMyama yukta na ho / yadi tuma aisA karoge to maiM zaktizAlinI banUMgI, mujha meM oja prasphuTita hogA / vidyA ke ye ucca Adarza devendra munijI ke jIvana meM sAkSAt samyak anusyUta dekhe jAte haiM / sAdhaka ke jIvana ke do mukhya aMga haiM - jJAna tathA jJAna ke anurUpa caryA kA anusaraNa / donoM kA paraspara sApekSa sambandha hai / jJAna caryA ko satyapravaNa patha dikhalAtA hai / usase anuprerita, abhicAlita caryA zakti aura sArthakya prApta karatI hai, jisameM jJAna kI phalavattA hai / ye donoM pakSa jIvana meM santulita, samanvita rUpa meM sadhate jAe~ to sAdhaka kA jIvana saphala hai / ina donoM meM "paDhamaM nANaM tao dayA" ke anusAra jJAna kA prAthamya isalie ( 23 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #28
hai ki usase kriyA ko gatizIla hone kA vidhikrama prApta hotA hai / bAlyAvasthA se hI zramaNa- jIvana meM dIkSita zrI devendra munijI pAMca mahAvratoM ke dhAraka, adhyAtma meM sakriya, sAdhaka to haiM hI, unakI yaha utkaTa jJAnArAdhanA unakI sAdhakatA ko aura adhika sphUrtimaya, vikAsamaya, tejomaya banA detI hai, jise sAdhaka ke jIvana kA alaMkaraNa kahA jAnA cAhie / zrI devendra munijI ne prastuta grantha meM nIti kA mAnadaNDa, nIti kA AdhAra, nIti nirNaya ke preraka tatva, nIti, anIti, durnIti, nItizAstra kA udgama, vikAsa, vAG maya kI vividha vidhAoM meM nIti ke tatva, pAzcAtya dezoM aura prAcya dezoM kI nIti paramparAe~, bhAratIya nIti ke vividha AyAma, avadhAraNAeM, nIti sambandhI samasyAeM unake samAdhAna, nItizAstra kI prakRti tathA usakA anya zAstroM / vijJAnoM ke sAtha sambandha, nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya, naitika pratyaya, naitika nirNaya aura una para manovaijJAnika, vaijJAnika, tArkika prabhAva ityAdi viSayoM kA prAmANika AdhAra para jo gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se vivecana kiyA hai, vaha jahA~ eka aura unake gahana adhyayana kA dyotaka hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora unake pratipAdana - kauzala kA paricAyaka hai / zrI devendra munijI ke jIvana meM jaise RjutA, saralatA evaM sahajatA hai, unake nirUpaNa - vizleSaNa meM bhI tadanurUpa saralatA, sahajatA ke darzana hote haiM, jo svAbhAvika hai / atyadhika kaThina evaM jaTila viSayoM ko jisa saralatA se ve vyAkhyAta karate haiM, nizcaya hI vaha unake lekhana kA asAdhAraNa vaiziSTya hai / prastuta grantha meM uparyukta viSayoM kA jo vizada vivecana huA hai, va nIti ke kSetra meM aba taka hue vikAsa kA bar3A kramabaddha sundara digdarzana karAtA hai / * Upara jo nIti viSayaka carcA kI gaI hai, usa para gaharAI se vicAra kareM to yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki nIti sambandhI samIcInatA aura asamI - cInatA kA nirNaya kevala vartamAna ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jAtA rahA hai / atIta, vartamAna tathA bhaviSya kI trividha zRMkhalA ko athavA mukhyataH sat asatu mUlaka bhAvI pariNAma ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vaise nirNaya hote rahe haiM, jinake AdhAra para vartamAna meM dUSita yA anucita dIkhane vAle kArya bhI uttama aura ucita mAne jAte haiM / ( 24 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #29
jaise - viSakanyA ke sambandha meM jo pahale carcA kI gaI hai, vahA~ cANakya ne rASTra ke aikya paraka virAT hita ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue usa kArya ko ucita aura grAhya mAnA hai, jo yadyapi sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para ucita nahIM lagatA / rAvaNaputra meghanAda ke anuSThAna ko bhagna kiye jAne kA prasaMga bhI isI koTi meM AtA hai / rAvaNa eka AtatAyI hai, satI sAdhvI pativratA sItA kA balAt apaharaNa karatA hai, jo kisI bhI sthiti meM ucita kahe jAne yogya nahIM hai / meghanAda apane pitA ke astitva aura vijaya ke lie yuddha karatA hai, usa pitA ke lie, jisane nyAya, nIti, maryAdA aura sadAcAra ko tilAMjali de dI hai / vaise galata abhipra eta ko lekara vijaya-lAbha kI kAmanA karane vAle ke dalana ke lie yadi kucha maryAdA bhaMga bhI hotA hai to vaha anAdeya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isalie rAma ke dala ke yoddhAoM dvArA meghanAda ke anuSThAna ko tahasa-nahasa karane kA jo prayatna kiyA gayA, vaha anItipUrNa, anaucityapUrNa nahIM kahA gayA / pariNAma- sarasatA aura pariNAmavirasatA pravRtti aura nivRtti ke mukhya upAdAna haiM, jo paramparA se pracalita rahe haiM, kisI rUpa meM Aja bhI haiM / koI baddhamUla niyAmakatA unake sAtha nahIM jur3I hai / kucha aise apavAda bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM, jahA~ katipaya atidRr3hatAvAdI, siddhAntavAdI vyakti paramparA kA anusaraNa nahIM karate aura ve aksara sahI siddhAntoM ke pAlana meM zreyas mAnate haiM / prastuta grantha kA sambandha mukhya rUpa se jaina nIti - zAstra se hai / jaina nIti kI koI itthaMbhUta paribhASA dI jA sake, yaha zakya nahIM hai / yahA~ saMkSepa meM isa para kucha carcA karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA / jaina zabda vijetA aura vijaya se jur3A hai / jo rAga, dva eSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi Atma zatruoM ko jIta lete haiM, karmoM ke AvaraNa se avaruddha Atmazakti ko karma - nirjaraNa dvArA unmukta kara, ujAgara kara apane zuddha svarUpa ko adhigata kara lete haiM, unheM 'jina' kahA jAtA hai"jayati rAga dveSau iti jina: / " aise Atma-sAkSAtkartA, AtmavijetA puruSoM dvArA jo mArga pratipAdita, prarUpita hotA hai, vaha jaina dharma hai, jo AtmA kI sampUrNa zuddhi meM vizvAsa karatA hai / munizrI ne jaina nItizAstra ke mUla AdhAra bhUta tattvoM kA vivecana karate hue do tattvoM para dhyAna kendrita kiyA hai / prathama, samyag darzana, dvitAya, samyak cAritra / samyag jJAna to donoM meM hI antarbhukta hai / samyag For Personal & Private Use Only

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darzana cintana kI vizadatA, spaSTatA va satyonmukhatA ke lie nitAnta anivArya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha kathana-'sammaddiTThIssa sammaM surya'samyagdRSTi kA sabhI cintana samyag dizAgAmI hotA hai / vaha asamyag ko bhI samyag meM pariNata karane meM kuzala hotA hai| ataH jahAM-jahAM bhI nIti sambandhI virodhI cintana va vivAdAspada prasaMga Ate haiM vahAM samyag dRSTipUrvaka unakA satyonmukhI samAdhAna khojane kI lekhaka kI avadhAraNA samagra nItizAstra ke lie eka mArgadarzaka sthApanA kA kArya kregii| jagata kI samagra burAiyoM ko sthUla rUpa meM hiMsA,corI,asatya, vyabhicAra tathA parigraha-saMgraha ke rUpa meM pA~ca bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai / ina pA~coM ke nirodha ke lie ahiMsA, satya, avaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke rUpa meM pA~ca vrata nirdhArita kie gae haiN| phira ve mahAvrata tathA aNavata ke rUpa meM do vidhAoM meM vibhakta haiN| jahA~ vrata-pAlana meM jarA bhI apavAda svIkRta nahIM hotA, ve mahAvrata ke rUpa meM abhihita haiM aura jahA~ vyakti apanI kSamatA yA zakti ko saMjote hue kucha apavAda svIkAra kara vratoM kA pAlana karatA hai, unheM aNuvrata kahA jAtA hai| mahAvrata kI mahattA isameM hai ki apavAda agrAhya hone ke kAraNa vahA~ saMyama kA paripAlana sArvatrika hai, samagratayA hai| vaisA karane meM bar3A Atma-sAmarthya cAhie, jise jUTA pAnA bahuta thor3e se vyaktiyoM ke lie saMbhava hai / vaise vyakti vAstava meM mahAna hote haiN| dUsarI vidhA aNuvratoM kI hai / ve aMNu yA choTe isalie kahe jAte haiM ki vahA~ sAdhaka apanI kSamatA kI taratamatA ke kAraNa ahiMsA, satya Adi ke paripAlana meM sImA karatA hai| jaina nIti kA dvitIya mUla AdhAra vrata-paramparA hai / nIti ke kharepana yA khoTepana kA mAnadaNDa inhIM vratoM ke AdarzoM para TikA hai / jaina paramparA kI yaha apanI vizeSatA rahI hai ki nIti-nirdhAraNa meM vratoM ke Adarza apane maulika svarUpa ko akSuNNa rakhate hue kucha pariSkRta, parivartita, navIkRta to ho sakate haiM kintu siddhAntoM kI mUla AtmA vahAM maratI nahIM / bhaviSya meM hone vAle bahuta bar3e hita kI AzA meM vartamAna meM siddhAntoM ke mUla ko vyAhata nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| adhyAtma ko lokajanIna to banAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu use adhyAtma kI sImA se pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isakA phala jahAM eka ora atilokajanInatA prApta na kara sakane meM AtA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora ahiMsA, satya Adi zAzvata tattvoM se pRthak For Personal & Private Use Only

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hokara kAryazIla hone meM avarodha utpanna karatA hai, jo jIvana kI pavitratA ko sUpratiSTha banAe rakhane kA eka sazakta mAdhyama siddha hotA hai| isa paramparA ne jaina mAnasa ko satya ke adhikatama nikaTa bane rahane meM prerita kiyA / aisI sthitiyoM meM, jahAM vaibhava ke pralobhana meM mAnava sat siddhAntoM se vicalita ho jAtA hai, jainatva meM AsthAzIla vyakti vaise nahIM hue, unameM satya ke prati avicala dRr3hatA kA bhAva panapA, jisane unake vyaktitva meM aisI prAmANikatA kA saMcAra kiyA, jo aihika AkarSaNoM ke jhaMjhAvAtoM se kabhI prakampita, calita nahIM huii| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya rAjanIti meM jaba deza vibhinna kSatriya narezoM dvArA zAsita thA, jainoM kA unake yahAM zAsanatantra tathA vyavasthAtantra meM bar3A mahatvapUrNa sthAna rhaa| karnATaka ke mahAmAtya, pradhAna senApati cAmuNDarAya, jinhoMne zramaNavela golA meM, bhagavAna bAhubali kI chappana phITa U~cI pASANa pratimA kA nirmANa karavAyA, jo apanI koTi kI saMsAra kI sabase UMcI pratimA hai, jo sthApita nahIM hai, usI parvata zikhara kA utkIrNa aMza hai, jahA~ vaha sthita hai, bhAratIya itihAsa gagana ke dedIpyamAna nakSatra ke rUpa meM ujAgara haiN| usI prakAra AbU parvata-sthita delavAr3A ke vizvavikhyAta, utkIrNana kalA ke anupama udAharaNa jaina mandiroM ke nirmAtA vastupAla tejapAla bhI vaise hI eka anya udAharaNa hai| ve dhavatakya pUrvaka dhaulA) saurASTra ke mahAmAtya aura pradhAna senAnAyaka the| yaha paramparA Age bhI gatizIla rhii| rAjasthAna ke jodhapura, bIkAnera, udayapura jaise bar3e-bar3e rAjyoM ke senApati prAyaH osavAla jaina rhe| aisA hone meM unake jIvana kA eka pakSa vizeSa prabhAvaka rahA, jo naitika thaa| kSatriya rAjA kSatriyoM ko prAyaH isalie mahAmAtya evaM pradhAna senApati kA pada nahIM dete the, kyoMki unase svayaM rAjya ke pralobhana meM Akara vidroha kI AzaMkA banI rahatI thii| unakI prAmANikatA meM rAjA vizvasta nahIM the| vahA~ jainoM meM unako isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa rahatA ki ve svayaM ke lobha meM Akara apane svAmI ke sAtha vizvAsaghAta nahIM kareMge aura itihAsa batAtA hai ki vizvAsaghAta kA vaisA koI prasaMga nahIM bnaa| yahA~ jaina nIti kA eka asAdhAraNa vaiziSTya hamAre samakSa upasthita hotA hai, jo vastutaH cAmatkArika hai, jisane bhAratIya rAjanIti aura zAsanatantra ko aise pAvitrya kA sandeza diyA, jo Aja bhI preraNAspada hai| maiM punaH smaraNa karAnA cAhU~gA ki jahAM anya paramparAoM meM nIti ne aise samajhaute kiye, jo ( 27 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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usa paramparA ke maulika zuddha srota ke anugAmI nahIM the, kevala aihika svArtha vattA kI vahAM sambhAvanAe~ thIM, ataeva aise aneka prasaMga bane, jahAM nIti ne dhArmika AdarzoM ko akSuNNa nahIM rahane diyA, jaina nIti meM vaisA kabhI svIkArya nahIM huA / yadi svArthavaza kabhI kisI dvArA vaisA apanAyA bhI gayA to use naitika mAnyatA nahIM milI / niHsandeha jaina nIti kA yaha pakSa, jo saMyama, niyama, vrata, tyAga, titikSA, anukampA Adi se anuprerita rahA, kabhI kSINa nahIM huA / aisA hone meM dhArmika siddhAnta to utpreraka rahe hI, jaina dharma meM AsthAvAna janoM kI manovaijJAnika pRSThabhUmi bhI sahAyaka rahI / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga 'ko leM to hameM kucha aise vyakti prApta hote haiM jo apane yuga ke naitika mAnadaNDa ke rUpa meM avasthita haiM / dvAdazAMgI ke antargata upAsakadazA nAmaka Agama grantha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke daza pramukha upAsakoM kA jIvana caritra hai, jisake prathama adhyayana meM varNita zramaNopAsaka Ananda kA jIvana eka pratIka hai, jo apane yuga kA pratinidhitva karatA hai | Ananda bahuta sampanna thA / kRSi, vANijya Adi ke rUpa meM usakA bahuta bar3A vyavasAya thA / yaha saba to thA kintu eka nAgarika ke rUpa meM apane naitika dAyitvoM ko jisa prakAra vaha nibhAtA thA, vaha usakI naitika avadhAraNAoM kI sundaratama kriyAnviti kA sAkSya hai / vaibhava ke bar3hane ke sAtha-sAtha taba unmAda, abhimAna aura jana sAdhAraNa se pArthakya nahIM bar3hatA thA, jo unake nItiniSTha jIvana kA saMsUcaka hai / vartamAna ke sandarbha meM jaba hama jAte haiM to yaha saba aitihAsika pratIta hotA hai| jaina naitikatA kI jo apanI asAdhAraNa pahacAna thI, vaha aba surakSita nahIM raha pAyI hai / isase spaSTa hai ki jainoM ne kucha aisA khoyA hai, jo kAphI bahumUlya thA / isa prakAra anekAneka pahaluoM ko upAcArya zrI devendra munijI ne apane grantha meM bahuta bArIkI se parakhane kA vidvattApUrNa prayatna kiyA 1 grantha ke anta meM vaidika, bauddha tathA jaina nIti vacanoM kA jo pariziSToM ke rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, usase grantha kI upayogitA nizcaya hI bar3ha gaI hai | jaina nItizAstra ke kSetra meM apanI koTi kA yaha pahalA grantha hai, jisameM Agama - kAla se lekara aba taka ke jaina nIti ke vividha AyAmoM ko tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se samyak upasthApita karane kA bar3A sundara samIcIna, samucita prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / upAcArya zrI devendra muni jI kA vidvajjagata niHsandeha RNI rahegA / jijJAsu pAThakoM ke lie yaha grantha bar3A upayogI tathA jJAnavardhaka hogA hI, vizeSataH ucca adhyayanArthiyoM ( 28 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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tathA anusandhitsuoM ke lie yaha bahuta hI lAbhaprada siddha hogA, jo bhAratIya aura bhAratIyetara nItizAstroM ke sandarbha meM zodharata haiM / sAhityika jagata meM vizrutakIrti, saMpAdana- kalA - niSNAta prabuddha lekhaka zrIcandajI surAnA 'sarasa' ne prastuta grantha kA sampAdana bahuta hI prazasta rUpa meM kiyA hai / sampAdaka kA kArya aura ratnasaMcetA jauharI kA kArya lagabhaga eka jaisA hotA hai / jauharI ratnoM kA sundaratama saMcayana karatA huA unako eka AkarSaka hAra ke rUpa meM parivartita kara detA hai, eka suyogya sampAdaka kA kArya bhI isI koTi kA hai / vaha vicAramaya ratnoM ko yathAvat Akalita karatA huA unheM jo AkarSaka rUpa pradAna karatA hai, usase pAThaka rucipUrvaka usake adhyayana meM zrI 'sarasa' ne isa grantha ke sampAdana meM aisA hI kiyA hai, unakA sampAdana / kauzala evaM dIrghakAlIna anubhava paridRzyamAna hai / maiM unheM hRdaya se vardhApita karatA hU~ / / grantha meM sarvatra kaivalyadhAma, saradArazahara, ( rAjasthAna ) ASADha zukla saptamI, vikramAbda 2045 pravRta hote haiM jo stutya hai upAcArya zrI devendra munijI laukika eSaNAoM se atIta eka utkRSTa adhyAtmayogI hai / unake apane sabhI kArya adhyAtma prerita haiM / lekhana bhI unakI sAdhanA kA eka vizeSa aMga hai, jo Atma sammAnArjana, bhAvapariSkAra tathA Antarika aujjvalya kI niSpatti meM sahAyaka siddha hotA hai / ataH grantha racanA kA unakA zrama to apane ApameM sArthaka hai hI, ve to vaisA kara Atma-zreyasa kI dRSTi se lAbhAnvita haiM hI, yadi jijJAsu bhAI bahana isa grantha kA sAbhiruci adhyayana kareMge to niHsandeha unheM samyak dizAbaudha prApta hogA, jisake anusAra calakara mAnava apane jIvana kA sArthakya sAdhatA hai / mujhe AzA hai ki ve aisA kareMge / - DaoN0 chaganalAla zAstrI / ema0 e0, ( traya) pI-eca0 DI0 ' kAvyatIrthaM vidyAmahodadhi vijiTiMga prophesara madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya, ( 28 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kyATa.kahAta. khaNDa 1 nIti kA sAmAnya paryAjocana 1-186 Part I General Survey of Ethics 1. nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi . nIti kA mAnadaNDa 1, mAnava kI mananazIlatA 2, nIti kA AdhAra 3, kArya kI sAdhyatA-asAdhyatA 4, nirNaya ke preraka tatva 5, nIti, anIti-durnIti 6, nIti 7, anIti 8, durnIti-anIti kA hI dUsarA nAma 8, ati-durnIti 10, nIti aura nIyata 11, nIti aura pAlisI 12, nirNaya kSamatA ke vikAsa hetu nItizAstra kA jJAna Avazyaka 13, jIvana meM saphalatA ke lie nItizAstra kA jJAna Avazyaka 14 / / 2. nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa bhAratIya nItidhArA (I), 15, nItizAstra kI utpatti aura vikAsa (bhAratIya dRSTikoNa) 16, nItizAstra kI utpatti 16, hAkAra nIti 17, mAkAra nIti 18, dhikkAra nIti 18, vaidika nIti 20, brAhmaNa granthoM kI nIti 21, upaniSadoM kI nIti 22, smatiyoM kI nIti 24, mahAkAvya sAhitya meM nIti 25, paurANika nIti 27, paMcataMtra aura hitopadeza kI nIti 30, bauddha paramparA kI nIti 33, eziyA kI anya nIti dhArAe~ 36, tAo kI nIti paramparA 36, kanphyasiyasa kI nIti 38, jarathustra kI nIti 38, islAma dharma kI nIti 36, IsAI dharma kI nIti 40, pAzcAtya nIti zAstra kA vikAsa 41, bhAratIya nIti kI vikAsa avasthAe~ 43 / 3. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti avadhAraNAeM 46-64 bhagavAna mahAvIra 47, jaina nIti ke mUla tatva 48, zramaNA ( 30 ) 15-45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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cAra meM nIti 50, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti 51, anAgraha nIti 51; anekAMta nIti 52, yatanA nIti 53, samatA nIti 53, anuzAsana evaM vinaya nIti 55, sAmUhikatA kI nIti 56, svahita aura lokahita 57, mahAvIra yuga kI naitika samasyAe~ aura bhagavAna dvArA samAdhAna 60, upasaMhAra 63 / 4. nItizAstra kI paribhASA 65-76 'nItizAstra' zabda vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 65, nItizAstra kI Adarza paribhASA 66, nIti aura dharma kA ekatva aura anekatva 67, nItizAstra kI samAjaparaka paribhASAe~ (bhAratIya cintana) 67, pAzcAtya cintana 70, Ethics zabda kI vyutpati 72, pAzcAtya cintakoM kI nIti sambandhI paribhASAe~ 73, bhAratIya dRSTikoNa 77, bha0 mahAvIra ke nIti vacana 78 / . 5. nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna 50-63 ___ nItizAstra kI prakRti 80, nItizAstra kA anya vijJAnoM se sambandha 83, nItizAstra aura bhautika vijJAna 85, nItizAstra aura jIvazAstra 86, nItizAstra aura rAjanIti 86, nItizAstra aura samAjazAstra 88, nItizAstra aura manovijJAna 86, nItizAstra aura arthazAstra 60, nItizAstra aura dharmazAstra 61, nItizAstra aura darzanazAstra 62 / 6. nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya 64-104 nyAya kA vivecana 65, kartavya kA vivecana 66, zreya kA vivecana 67, sadAcAra kA vivecana 66, mUlya kA vivecana 101 // 7. naitika pratyaya 105-134 naitika pratyaya kA tAtparya 105, naitika pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa 106, naitika zubha 108, naitika ucita 106, naitika kartavya 106, sadguNa 111, puNya aura pApa 112, saMkalpa kI svatantratA 113, varNAzrama vyavasthA 116, triRNa vicAra 123, puruSArtha catuSTaya vicAra 124, nivRtti-pravRtti pratyaya 128, karma kA pratyaya 129 punarjanma : naitika pratyaya 131, saMskAra pratyaya 133, upasaMhAra 134 / ( 31 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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8. nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ aura zailiyA~ - 135-148 praNAliyAM aura zailiyA~ 135, nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ 135, dArzanika aura vaijJAnika praNAliyoM meM antara 136, dArzanika praNAlI 137, vaijJAnika praNAliyA~ 137, nItizAstra kI vAdAtmaka praNAliyA~ 136; samanvayAtmaka naitika praNAlI 141, nItizAstra kI zailiyA~ 142 / 6. naitika mAnyatAe~ 146-161 nItizAstra kA dArzanika AdhAra 152, (1) hetuvAda aura phalavAda 152 (2) AtmA kI amaratA 153 (3) pragati kI anivAryatA 154, (4) Izvara kI sattA 155, 6 svatantrecchA (icchA svAtantrya) 156, svatantratA kA tAratamya 158, sarvopari AdhAra 161 / 10. naitika nirNaya 162-186 naitika nirNaya para manovaijJAnika prabhAva 163, vyavahAra ke manovaijJAnika preraNA tatva 165; jaina darzana kA vargIkaraNa 166, naitika vivecana kI prakRti 167, saMkalpa, caritra aura AcaraNa 171, naitika paristhiti kA lakSaNa 174, sAmAjika rUr3hiyA~ 174, pratikriyA : anya janoM kA vyavahAra 175, vaijJAnika prabhAva 176, tArkika prabhAva 177, naitika nirNaya kI vizeSatAe~ 177, nirNayakartA 178, hAnikAraka prathAe~ 176, jaTila paristhitiyoM meM vivekapUrNa nirNaya 182, kucha kArya nIti se pare bhI 184; upasaMhAra 186 / khaMDa 2 jaina nIti ke vibhinna AyAma 187-374 Part II Different Dimensions of Jaina Ethics 1. jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana 186-203 samyagdarzana kA artha 189, mithyAtva ke bheda 160, samyagdarzana kA nItizAstrIya mahatva 193, jaina dharma meM samyaktva kA svarUpa 163, samyagdarzana kA lakSaNa 184, nava tatva 166, jIva tatva 166, ( 32 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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ajIva tatva 168, anya tatva 196, Asrava, bandha aura pApa heya kyoM ? 200, saMvara nirjarA aura puNya upAdeya kyoM ? 201 2. samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva 204-221 samyaktva kI utpatti 204, samyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa 204, ruci kI apekSA dasavidha vargIkaraNa 206, samyaktva kA paMcavidha vargIkaraNa 207, samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa 208, samyaktva ke pA~ca lakSaNa 206, samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga 212, samyaktva ke aticAra 218, upasaMhAra 216 / 3. naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa : vyasanamukta jIvana 222-238 ____ vyasana kyA hai 223, vyasanoM ke sAta prakAra 224, juA 224 mAMsAhAra 226, madyapAna 227, vezyAgamana 230, zikAra 231, corI 232, corI ke vibhinna rUpa 232, corI ke kAraNa 233, parastrI sevana 234, parastrIsevana ke doSa aura hAniyA~ 226, parastrI sevana ke kAraNa 237, upasaMhAra 237 / 4. jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna 239-266 (1) nyAya sampanna vibhava 241, (2) ziSTAcAra prazaMsakatA 241 (3) vivAha sambandha viveka 241, (4) pApabhIrutA 243, (5) deza prasiddha AcAra-pAlanatA 244, (6) anindakatva 244, (7-8) Adarza ghara 246, (6) sadAcArI vyaktiyoM kI saMgati 247, (10) mAtA-pitA kI sevA 248, (11) upadravagrasta sthAna kA tyAga 248, (12) nindanIya pravRtti kA tyAga 246, (13) Aya-vyaya kA santulana 246, (14) vittIya sthiti ke anusAra, vezabhUSA 250 (15) dharmazravaNa 250, (16-17) AhAra-viveka 250 (18) dharmamaryAdita artha-kAmasevana 252, (16) atithi-satkAra 253 (2021) abhinivezitA aura guNAnurAga 253, (22) deza-kAlocita AcaraNa 254, (23) sAmarthyAsAmarthya kI pahacAna 254, (24) vratI aura jJAnIjanoM kI sevA 255, (25) uttaradAyitva nibhAnA 255, (26) dIrghadarzitA 256, (27-26) vizeSajJatA, kRtajJatA, lokapriyatA 257, (30-33) salajjatA, sadayatA, saumyatA aura paropakAra 259, (34-35) vijaya kI ora 262, anya naitika guNa 267 / For Personal & Private Use Only

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5. naitika utkarSa (zrAvaka kI AcAra nIti 270-311 __ 'zrAvaka' zabda kA nirvacana 270, vrata kA svarUpa 272, zrAvaka vrata 273, vratoM ke sambandha meM sAvadhAniyA~ 275, atikrama Adi 276, vratagrahaNa kI vidhi evaM maryAdA 277, aNuvrata 276, ahiMsANuvrata 276, satyANuvrata 282, acauryANuvrata 285, svadArasantoSavrata 287, sthUlaparigraha parimANa vrata 260, guNavrata 262, dizA parimANa vrata 262, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata 264 niSiddha vyavasAya 265, anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata 298, zikSAbata 300, sAmAyika 301, dezAvakAzika vrata 302, pauSadhopavAsa vrata 302, atithisaMvibhAga vrata 303 / naitika utkarSa ke sopAna (zrAvaka pratimA) 304, pratimAoM kA svarUpa aura vivecana 306, pratimAoM kI kAla maryAdAe~ aura . vizeSatAeM 310, eka vikalpa 311 / 6. naitika carama (zramaNAcAra) 312-355 zramaNa zabda kI viziSTatAe~ 313, zramaNa ke sattAIsa guNa 316, utsarga aura apavAda mArga 316, zramaNa ke sattAisa guNoM kA vivecana 318, ahiMsA mahAvrata 316, satya mahAvrata 320, asteya mahAvrata 321, brahmacaryaM mahAvrata 321, aparigraha mahAbata 324, pAMca indriya nigraha 326, kaSAya-viveka 327, bhAva satya 328, yoga satya 328, karaNa satya 328, kSamA 326, virAga 326, mana-vacanakAya samAharaNatA 326, darzana-jJAna-cAritra sampannatA 330, vedanA aura mAraNAntika samAdhyAsanA 331, bAIsa parISaha 331, dvAdaza anuprekSAe~ 334, dazazramaNa dharma 336, tapa 337, tapa ke bAraha bheda 337, bAhya tapa ke bheda 338, Abhyantara tapa aura usake bheda 336, pravacana mAtA 345, samiti 347, gupti 346, sva-para-kalyANa 350 Arya sahasti kA vyAvahArika nirNaya 351, nirdhana sevA kI preraNA 352, ahiMsA kI preraNA 353 / 7. AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti (guNasthAna) 356-374 pUrNatA kI yAtrA 356, Adarza aura vyavahAra sthiti 358, vividha sthiti 358, guNasthAna 360, guNasthAnoM ke nAma 312, cetanA ke bhAva 362, karma 363, (1) mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna 364, ( 34 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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mithyAtva ke prakAra 365, (2) sAsvAdana guNasthAna (adhomukhI vRtti) 367, (3) mizra guNasthAna (bhaTakatA vizvAsa) (4) samyagdRSTi guNasthAna (naitika bhUmikA para padanyAsa) 369, (5) dezavirati guNasthAna 371, (6) pramattavirata guNasthAna 372, (7-12) guNasthAna 473, (13) terahavA~ guNasthAna sarvajJatvadazA (jIvanmukta dazA) 373 / khaMDa 3 jaina nIti aura vibhinna vAdoM kA tulanAtmaka mUlyAMkana 375-446 Part III Jajna Ethics and Comparative Evaluation of other Ethical Thoughts 1. jaina nIti aura naitika vAda 377-368 ___ saMdehavAda 377, sukhavAda 376, naitika sukhavAda athavA upayogitAvAda 381, vikAsavAdI sukhavAda 383, buddhiparakatAvAda 385, AtmapUrNatAvAda 387, vidhAnavAda 388, antarAtmavAda361, sahAnubhUtivAda 392, naitika antarAtmavAda 394, sahajajJAnavAda 364, mAnavatAvAda 396, sAmyavAda 396, gA~dhIvAdI nIti darzana 367, upasaMhAra 368 / 2. adhikAra-kartavya aura aparAdha evaM daNDa 369-420 ___adhikAra aura kartavya 366, vyakti ke naitika adhikAra 400, natika kartavya 404, adhikAroM aura kartavyoM meM pArasparika saMbaMdha 406, kartavyAkartavya vicAra 406, kartavyoM kA vargIkaraNa 411, merA sthAna aura mere kartavya 413, daNDa 414, daNDa kyA hai ? 415, daNDa ke siddhAnta 416, badalA lene kA siddhAnta 417, nivartanavAdI siddhAnta 417, sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta 418, aparAdha ke siddhAnta 420 / 3. nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA 421-426 ___ sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA kA vivecana 422, sApekSatA kA vivecana aura svarUpa 423, ekAMgI dRSTi kI apUrNatA 424, sApekSatA kI koTiyA~ 426, nIti kA mAnaka aura AdhyAtmika svataM ( 35 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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tratA 427, nirapekSa AdhArita sApekSatA hI pUrNa 328, nizcaya dRSTi nirapekSa aura AcaraNa meM sApekSatA-yahI jaina dRSTi 426 4. samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna 430-443 AdikAla se mAnava ke zAMti-prayAsa aura unakI viphalatA 430, mAnava kI pramukha tIna samasyAe~ 432, (1) vyaktigata, pArivArika aura sAmAjika samasyAoM ke jaina dRSTi se samAdhAna 432 (2) rAjanItika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna 434, (3) Arthika sama- ' ' syAoM ke samAdhAna 435, jaina nIti ko vizva ko anupama dena 436, naitika nirNaya ke AdhAra 436, pA~ca prakAra ke vyavahAra 436 kArya saphalatA ke upAya 438, Atma-gaurava evaM svAtaMtrya 439, ahiMsA 441, anekAMta 441, aparigraha 441, anAgraha 442, samatva 442 / pariziSTa : 1 445-507 nIti sUkti koSa 445-507 prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ 447-481 bauddha sAhitya kI sUktiyAM 482-485 vaidika sAhitya kI sUktiyAM 485-460 hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ 460-503 aMgrejI sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ 504-507 pariziSTa : 2 508-512 sandarbha grantha sUcI 508-512 ( 36 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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khaNDa 1 nIti kA sAmAnya paryAlocana Part I GENERAL SURVEY OF ETHICS For Personal & Private Use Only

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1. nItizAstra ko pRSThabhUmi 2. nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa 3. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAe~ 4. nItizAstra kI paribhASA 5. nIti kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna 6. nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya 7. naitika pratyaya 8. nItizAstra kI praNAliyAM aura zailiyAM 6. naitika mAnyatAe~ 10. naitika nirNaya For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi nIti kA mAnadaNDa eka vidvAna AcArya se kisI bhadra nAgarika ne pUchA-mahArAja ! maiM bahuta alpabuddhi hU~ tathA dharma-adharma kI gaMbhIra carcA karane kA samaya bhI nahIM milatA aura itanI gaharI samajha bhI nahIM hai| mujhe to sIdhI bhASA meM kartavya-akartavya, dharma-adharma kA jJAna diijie| AcArya ne kahA-bhadra ! dharma-adharma, kartavya-akartavya kI tulA svayaM tumhArA vyavahAra hI hai| AcArya ne eka gAthA kahI jaM icchasi appaNato jaM ca na icchasi appnnto| ___ taM iccha parassa vi ettiyagaM jiNasAsaNaM // bhadra ! jo tuma apane lie acchA samajhate ho, tumheM jo priya hai, vahI tuma dUsaroM ke lie bhI soco, aura karo, jo tumheM apane lie apriya lagatA hai, vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI mata karo-basa dharmazAstra kA yahI, itanA hI rahasya hai, sAra hai| . samAdhAnakartA AcArya ne sUtra rUpa meM samasta kartavya-akartavya, jIvana-vyavahAra kA eka suspaSTa mAnadaNDa nirUpita kara diyA hai / _ vyavahAra (behaviour), kartavya (duty) Adi saba caitanya prANI ke hI kriyA-kalApa haiM; acetana athavA jar3a to svayaM koI kriyA kara hI nahIM sakatA cUMki usameM cetanA hI nahIM hai| 1 bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 4584 For Personal & Private Use Only

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2 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana cetanAzIla prANiyoM meM bhI mAnava hI sarvazreSTha hai / usI ke mastiSka meM zubha (good) aura azubha (bad) athavA ucita (right) aura anucita (wrong) ke vikalpa Ate haiN| nIti (ethics), naitikatA (morality), AcAra (conduct) Adi sabhI bAteM mAnava ke lie haiM aura AcArya ne apane zabdoM meM sirpha eka gAthA meM samasta nItizAstra kA mUla AdhAra (fundamental tase), siddhAnta (principle) aura kendra bindu (central crbit) de diyA hai| . zubhatva (goodness) aura azubhatva (badness) Adi ke bAre meM mAnava kI jijJAsA sadA rahI hai| yaha jijJAsA sArvadezIya aura sArvakAlIna hai| mahApuruSoM, dharma-pravartakoM, sAdhu-santoM aura manISI vidvAnoM ke samakSa vaha samAdhAna pAne kI icchA se aisI jijJAsA rakhatA rahA hai| uttara kAla meM eka jijJAsU ne manISI vidvAna ke samakSa yahI jijJAsA prakaTa kI to use bhI yahI samAdhAna milA ___ AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na samAcaret jo tumhArI AtmA ko pratikUla ho, tumheM acchA na lage; vaisA AcaraNa kisI anya ke sAtha mata kro| vastutaH AcaraNa athavA mAnavIya kriyA-kalApa nIti se hI saMbaMdhita haiM aura mAnava kA AcaraNa hI nItipUrNa athavA anItipUrNa hotA hai| jisa AcaraNa se svayaM apanA aura sAtha hI dUsare kA hita ho, vaha nItipUrNa hai, zubha hai| Thou shalt not hurt your neighbour, (tuma apane par3osiyoM (kisI bhI vyakti) ko duHkha na do|) IsAmasIha ke ina zabdoM meM bhI vyaktiparaka aura samAjaparaka nIti kA spaSTa sandeza hai| mAnava kI mananazIlatA isa sArvakAlIna aura sArvajanIna jijJAsA kA eka mAtra kAraNa yaha hai ki mAnava sirpha sAmAjika prANI (social animal) hI nahIM hai jaisAki yUnAnI vicAraka arastU ne batAyA hai; apitu satya tathya yaha hai ki vaha vivekazIla aura vikasita prajJA kA svAmI hai| mAnava kA jIvana kevala mUla pravRttiyoM (instincts) dvArA hI saMcA For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi | 3 lita nahIM hotA / yadyapi jIvana vyavahAra meM inakA kAphI bhAga hotA hai kintu yahI saba kucha nahIM haiM, viveka - cintana-manana- prajJA aura buddhi kI bhI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai; samajhadArI kA bhI vizeSa mahattva hotA hai / sAMsArika paryAvaraNa meM mAnava kA jIvana bahuta hI jaTila hai / yaha na to sarala sIdhA rAjamArga ( straight like highway) hai, na parvata kA sIdhA car3hAva ( ascent ), na ghATI kA utAra (descent ) hai, apitu yaha sAgara kI lahara ( sea-wave) ke samAna gatizIla aura utAra-car3hAva se yukta hai / usake jIvana kI gati sadaiva eka jaisI nahIM rahatI / kabhI car3hAva (ups) Ate haiM to kabhI utAra ( downs) aura kabhI koI avarodha (speed breaker) A jAtA hai to kabhI koI mor3a ( turn) bhI A jAtA hai / kucha avarodha aura mor3a to itane khataranAka ( sharp ) aura prabala hote haiM ki mAnava kI gati lar3akhar3A jAtI hai, ruka hI jAtI hai / usa samaya vaha socane ko vivaza ho jAtA hai ki kyA karanA cAhie? kaise, kidhara se aura kisa prakAra calanA ucita hai ? kauna-sI dizA pakar3I jAya ki surakSita apane lakSya taka pahu~canA sambhava ho sake / aisI sthiti meM mAnava kI antazcetanA meM halacala hotI hai / usake mana meM manana aura buddhi meM cintana calatA hai; phira gaharAI se apanI zaktisAmarthya - yogyatA aura paristhitiyoM tathA sAmane Aye avarodha kA apane viveka se vizleSaNa karake apane karaNIya kartavya ko nizcita karanA par3atA hai, kisI eka nirNaya para pahu~canA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / vaha nirNaya bhI AdhArahIna aura anargala nahIM hotA / usakA koI nizcita AdhAra (base) aura mAnadaNDa ( measuring rod ) hotA hai / usI mAnadaNDa aura AdhAra ke anusAra hI phaisalA kiyA jAtA hai, karaNIya karttavya kA nizcaya hotA hai, akaraNIya - akartavya kA bhI viveka hotA hai; aura mAnava apane mArga meM Aye una avarodhoM ko pAra karatA huA jIvana meM Age bar3hatA hai, lakSya kI ora pragati karatA hai / nIti kA AdhAra nirNaya karane kA mAnadaNDa kyA ho, AdhAra kaisA ho, isa viSaya meM AcAryazrI kA ukta kathana sabhI ke lie patha pradarzaka ( directive principle) hai, prakAza stambha (light house) ke samAna patha Alokita karane vAlA hai, For Personal & Private Use Only

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4 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jisake Aloka meM kartavya-akartavya, dharma-adharma, zubha-azubha kI mImAMsA karake "kyA karanA cAhie-kisa prakAra karanA cAhie"-isakA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| kyA (what) karanA cAhie ? kaba (when) karanA cAhie ? kisa prakAra (how) karanA cAhie ? kahA~ (where) karanA cAhie? kyoM (why) karanA cAhie? kisake sAtha (to whom) karanA cAhie ? ina sabhI cAhie (ought) kA uttara dene vAlA aura zubha (good) ke sandarbha meM vicAra karane vAlA tathA Adarza ko lakSyabindu meM banAye rakhane vAle zAstra kA nAma nItizAstra (Ethic.) hai| jaina manISiyoM ne 'nIti' kI paribhASA kI hai-NII dhammANujoyaNI'-dharma yAne parama zubha, sabakA hita karane vAlA-usakA anusaraNa yA anusandhAna karane vAlI paddhati athavA zailI nIti hai| nIti ke mAnadaNDa kI vyAkhyA hI 'nItizAstra' hai| zrI jemsa setha kA bhI yahI vicAra hai, vaha likhatA hai 'zubha ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM vaha (nItizAstra) 'Adarza' aura 'cAhie' kA sarvotkRSTa vijJAna hai / ' vastutaH eka nizcita zubha Adarza' aura vibhinna prakAra ke 'cAhie' hI mAnava kI nirNaya kSamatA aura kartavya zakti tathA kArya karane kI dizA kA nirdezana karate haiM, usakI dizA ko nizcita karate haiM / kArya kI sAdhyatA-asAdhyatA __ kintu kisI kArya ko prArambha karane se pahale usakI sAdhyatA (feasibility) aura asAdhyatA (non-feasibility) ke bAre meM bhI jAnanA samajhanA Avazyaka hai| isa viSaya meM AcArya jinadAsa gaNI ke ye zabda bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa haiM f. As the science of the good, it is the science par excellence of the 'ideal' and 'ought'. -James Seth -uddhRta, DA. vAtsyAyana : nItizAstra, pR. 4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi | 5 sAhae maimaM / na taM ca sAhei | 2 dUsarA asAdhya / buddhimAna kyoMki asAdhya ko sAdhane bhaNati sajjhamasajyaM, kajjaM tu avisajjhaM sAheMto, kilissati kArya ke do rUpa haiM - eka sAdhya aura vyakti sAdhya ko hI sAdhane kA prayatna karatA hai; meM vyartha hI samaya, zakti aura zrama barbAda ho jAtA hai, nahIM prApta hotI, apitu citta meM kleza utpanna hotA hai, jAtA hai / 2 isI bAta ko AcArya hemacandra ne ina do zabdoM meM kahA hai'apravRttazca gahite" aura 'jAnan balAbalam' arthAt kisI bhI nindanIya kArya meM pravRtti na kare aura apanI zakti - azakti ko pahacAna kara, apane sAmarthya kA vicAra karake hI kisI kArya meM pravRtti kare / phira bhI saphalatA sukha caina naSTa ho prasiddha itihAsakAra elaphinsaTana ( Elphinstone ) ne itihAsa ke saphala vyaktiyoM ke caritra kA vizleSaNa karake saphalatA ke lie tIna bAteM Avazyaka batAI haiM - 1) sahI nirNaya ( right decision), (2) sahI samaya (right time) aura (3) sahI kadama (ight step ) / nirNaya ke preraka tatva isalie kazamakaza ke daurAna, kisI samasyA ke ulajhane para, kahIM virodha - avarodha khar3A hone para kArya kI sAdhyatA, apanI zakti aura sAdhana, paristhitiyoM kA sahI Akalana aura vivecana Adi sabhI bAtoM kA vicAra karake tathA ucitatA ( reasonability ) ko dRSTibindu meM rakhakara nirNaya lenA cAhie / aisA nirNaya hI saphalatA prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai / kintu mAnava kI vivazatA yaha hai ki vaha apane sabhI nirNaya viveka ke AdhAra para nahIM letA, kucha nirNayoM meM kaSAya ( passions ) preraka zakti bana jAtI haiM to kucha meM granthiyoM (complexes ) kI pramukha bhUmikA hotI hai / isa prakAra mAnava ke kucha nirNaya viveka ( reason) ke AdhAra para to kucha kaSAya (passions) ke AdhAra para aura kucha AvegoM (impulses) ke AdhAra para hote haiM / ina nirNayoM ke AdhAra para vaha vaise hI kArya bhI karatA hai / 1. nizItha bhASya 4157 2. yogazAstra, 1, 47-56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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6 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nIti, anIti, durnIti mAnava caritra kI ina tIna preraka zaktiyoM ke AdhAra para nIti ke bhI tIna rUpa ho jAte haiM-(1) nIti (inorality), (2) anIti (immorality) aura (3) dunIti (non-morality) / ___nIti meM to zubha (good) gabhita rahatA hI hai| ise sunIti bhI kaha sakate hai| isameM donoM ke hI sudhAra kI, zubha kI bhAvanA nihita rahatI haiM / vyakti svayaM bhI sadAcArI banA rahatA hai aura dUsare ko bhI sadAcArI banAnA cAhatA hai / isa prakAra kI nIti kA AdhAra viveka hotA hai / anIti karane vAlA vyakti nIti aura anIti ke bheda ko to jAnatA hai, kintu nIti para cala nahIM paataa| kaSAyoM ke Avega meM baha jAtA hai / usake vyavahAra meM krodha, mAna, lobha Adi kaSAya preraka ke rUpa meM kAma karate haiN| durnIti vAle vyakti kA nIti se dUra kA bhI vAstA nahIM hotaa| usake vyavahAra meM ati (over) kA tattva pramukha hotA hai / vaha ati sAhasI (over-bold), atimAnI (over-proudy) aura ati lAlacI (over-greedy) hotA hai| aisA vyakti, dUsaroM kA hita sAdhanA to dUra, svayaM apanI hI hAni kara letA hai| ati ke kAraNa aise vyakti meM mUrkhatA bhI A jAtI hai, usake kAma mUrkhatA bhare hote haiM / eka vyakti kIcar3a meM phaMsA hai| use sAvadhAnIpUrvaka apane para kIcar3a kA chIMTA lagAye binA kIcar3a se nikAla denA 'nIti' hai| use nikAlane ke prayAsa meM thor3e chIMTe apane para lagA lenA 'anIti' hai| usa vyakti ke sAtha svayaM bhI usa kIcar3a meM gira jAnA 'durnIti' hai| __nIti kA eka vacana hai- 'zaThaM prati zAThyaM' duSTa ke sAtha duSTatA kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / isI ko aMgrejI meM (tit for tat policy) kahA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI nIti ke tInoM rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| zaTha ko samajhAne-bujhAne, usake Upara upakAra karane, samaya-asamaya bImArI Adi meM usakI sevA karake use sudhAranA, duSTa vRtti ko miTAnA 'nIti' athavA 'sanIti' hai / use kisI bar3e duSTa ke cakkara meM phaMsAkara sudhArane kA prayAsa karanA 'anIti' hai| svayaM usake sAtha duSTatA kA vyavahAra (behaviour) karanA durnIti hai| nIti meM apanA aura dUsare kA-donoM kA hI utthAna nihita hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi [7 anIti aura durnIti meM apanA patana bhI hai, aura dUsaroM kA patana to hai hii| jo vyavahAra, jo kArya svayaM ko patana kI ora le jAe, vaha nItipUrNa nahIM ho sktaa| . isI AdhAra para kArya kA aucitya aura anaucitya bhI nirdhArita hotA hai| nIti rAnI mRgAvatI ko prApta karane kI icchA se ujjayinIpati caMDa-- pradyota ne kauzAmbI para AkramaNa kara diyaa| bhayAtireka se kauzAmbIpati rAjA zatAnIka kI mRtyu ho gii| kauzAmbI anAtha huI aura rAnI magAvatI ke sira se pati ko chAyA uTha gii| vicitra anapekSita sthiti sAmane A gii| itane para bhI rAnI mRgAvatI ne apanA viveka banAye rkhaa| rAjA caNDapradyota ke kAmuka prastAva ke uttara meM usane kahalavAyA-pati kA zoka dUra hone meM abhI kucha samaya lagegA, taba taka Apa kauzAmbI kI rakSA prAcIra majabUta karA dIjie tAki koI bAharI zatru AkramaNa kara ghusane kI himmata na kara ske| isake bAda hI Apake prastAva para vicAra karane kI manaHsthiti bana skegii| caMDapradyota ko AzA bNdhii| usane rakSA prAcIra majabUta karA dii| rAnI surakSita ho gaI / kauzAmbI kI prajA kI bhI rakSA ho gii| rAnI apane sadAcaraNa se DiganA to cAhatI hI nahIM thI / vaha zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Agamana kI pratIkSA karane lagI jisase vaha svayaM to utthAna ke mArga para Age bar3he hI, sAtha hI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke amogha prabhAva se caMDapradyota kI dRSTa vRtti bhI zAnta ho jAya / __ bhagavAna mahAvIra aaye| unake satsaMga se rAnI kI icchA saphala huii| pradyota kI dRSTa vRtti zAnta ho gii| vaha sudhara gyaa| usane svayaM rAnI mRgAvatI ko dIkSA kI anumati dI aura usake bAlaputra udayana kA rAjatilaka kara diyaa| rAnI mRgAvatI kA nirNaya vivekapUrNa aura uttama koTi kA thaa| vaha pUrNatayA nItisammata thA / 1 dekhie lekhaka kA bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana grantha, pR0 482 For Personal & Private Use Only

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8) jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana anIti anIti karane vAle vyakti kI pravRtti duryodhana ke samAna hotI hai jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravRttiH jAnAmyadharma na ca me nivRttiH maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~ kintu isameM pravRtti nahIM kara pAtA aura adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~ kintu use chor3a nahIM sktaa| yahAM dharma zabda kA prayoga nIti ke artha meM hai aura adharma zabda anIti ko dyotita karatA hai| __ aise vyakti mAna kI bhAvanA (high-handedness) se grasita hote haiM / ve apane ko zreSTha siddha karane ke lie sAmane vAle ke sAtha anItipUrNa vyavahAra karate haiM, use nIcA dikhAne kA prayAsa karate haiN| draupadI kA cIraharaNa duryodhana kA aisA hI anItipUrNa kutsita prayAsa thaa| rAvaNa kA abhimAna meM cUra hokara rAma ke sAtha yuddha karanA bhI anIti thaa| aisA hI anucita prayAsa gozAlaka ne bhI kiyA thA, jaba usane zramaNa bha. mahAvIra para tejolezyA kA prayoga kiyA thaa| vaha bhI apane ko sarvajJa, sarvazaktizAlI aura tIrthaMkara siddha karanA cAhatA thA tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra ko alpajJa aura alpazakti vaalaa| vaha gozAlaka atipUjya (sarcosant) banane kI durbhAvanA se grasita thA / aisI bAta nahIM ki anIti karane vAle loga buddhihIna hoN| kintu unakI buddhi para mAna, lobha Adi kaSAyoM kA pardA par3A rahatA hai| unake kArya kaSAyaprerita aura kaSAyoM ke raMga meM raMge hote haiN| isIlie unake vyavahAra anItipUrNa hote haiM, kyoMki ye azubha AvegoM se prerita hote haiM / durnIti-atinIti kA hI dUsarA nAma jaba kaSAyoM ke Avega (impulses of passions) sImA ko lAMghakara ati taka pahu~ca jAte haiM to vyakti kI sadbuddhi lupta ho jAtI hai aura vaha ati ke atireka meM durnItipUrNa kArya karane lagatA hai| aisA bhI nahIM hai ki ati se grasita vyakti (extremist) sadA hI 1 bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 15, dekheM bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana pR0 518-527 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi | dUsaroM kA burA cAhatA ho; kintu usake kArya hI pariNAma meM kaSTaprada hote haiM / kabhI-kabhI atisAhasa (over-boldness) ke kAraNa bhI manuSya durnItipUrNa kArya kara baiThatA hai / vIragAthAkAla (cavalry age) ke yUropa kA eka aisA hI atisAhasI vyakti thA - DAna kvikjoTa ( Don Quixote) aura usakA sahAyaka thA seMko pAMjA ( Sanco Panza ) / DAna kvikjoTa sAhasa ke saMvega meM baha jAtA thA, ataH buddhi se kAma kama le pAtA thA / yUropa meM usa samaya taka vidyuta zakti kA AviSkAra nahIM huA thA, anAja pIsane ke lie vahA~ panacakkiyAM hI sAdhana the / ina cakkiyoM kI racanA isa prakAra kI jAtI thI - eka lambA lakar3I kA laTThA gAr3A jAtA thA jo chata se kAphI Upara nikalA rahatA thA / vahAM usameM lakar3I ke do Ar3e takhte bA~dhe jAte the / bilakula IsAI dharma ke pratIka krAsa (cross ) jaisA AkAra hotA thA isakA / vAyu ke vega se ye ghUmate to belTa ( belt) dvArA sambandhita nIce kamare meM lagI pulI (pulley) bhI ghUmane lagatI aura sAtha hI cakkI bhI calane lagatI, anAja pisa jAtA / bharapUra vAyu mile aura takhte teja gati se ghUmeM isalie ye cakkiyAM gA~va se bAhara khule maidAnoM meM lagAI jAtI thIM / kvikjaTa ghor3e para savAra eka gA~va ke bAhara pahuMcA / usane dUra se hI takhte ghUmate dekhe to vaha samajhA - yaha koI rAkSasa hai aura apane lambe-lambe hAthoM ko ghumA rahA hai / usake mastiSka meM vicAra daur3A - yaha rAkSasa isa samIpa ke gAMva ko naSTa karane kI taiyArI kara rahA hai / basa, phira kyA thA, usane gAMvavAsiyoM kI rakSA aura rAkSasa ko naSTa karane kA nirNaya kara liyaa| seMko pAMjA ke samajhAne para bhI na mAnA / myAna se talavAra nikAlakara TUTa hI to par3A / pariNAma jo honA thA, vahI huA / lakar3I ke moTe takhtoM kA kyA bigar3anA thA ? hA~, DaoNna kvikjoTa kA avazya bigar3a gayA / usakI talavAra TUTa gii| gaharI coTeM aaiiN| mahInoM bistara para par3A rhaa| haMsI kA pAtra banA / yadyapi DaoNna kvikjoTa kI bhAvanA burI nahIM thI; kintu saMvegoM meM baha jAne ke kAraNa usakA kArya anucita to thA hI, mUrkhatApUrNa bhI thA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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10 jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ati : durnIti ati ko bhAratIya nItizAstra meM sarvatra burA kahA gayA hai atidAnAt balirbaddhaH mAnAdhikyAta suyodhanaH / vinaSTo rAvaNo mohAt ati sarvatra varjayet // -atyadhika dAna dene se bali bAMdhA gayA, mAna kI adhikatA ke kAraNa suyodhana (duryodhana) aura adhika moha karane ke kAraNa rAvaNa-ina donoM kA nAza huA / isalie 'ati' (extremity) sadA hI niSiddha hai| yahI bAta AMgla bhASA ke nItisUtra meM kahI gaI hai-Excess in everything brings bitter results. kisI bhI prakAra kI ati kaTu pariNAma detI hai| yoM dAna acchI bAta hai, ise mokSa kA bhI kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| nIti meM bhI dAna kI bahuta prazaMsA kI gaI hai / jJAnadAna, abhayadAna, auSadhadAna, zramadAna, dhanadAna, premadAna, bhUdAna, godAna, tiladAna, tulAdAna, Adi saikar3oM prakAra ke dAna pracalita aura prazaMsita hue| mitra banAne kA bhI vaha pramukha sAdhana hai| rAjanIti ke cAra stambhoM-sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda-meM bhI dAma pramukha hai| aMgrejI meM bhI kahAvata haiMoney makes the mare go. (cAMdI kI kaTArI jahAM mArI, pAra gaI / laukika vyavahAra meM bhI dAna pramukha bhUmikA adA karatA hai| isase mAnava ko yaza milatA hai, vaha dAnazUra kahalAtA hai| sAmAjika, rAjanItika, pArivArika jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM dAna, saphalatA prApti kI mUla aura AdhArabhUta kuMjI hai, nIti hai| sarvatra isakI sarAhanA hotI hai, koI bhI isakI burAI nahIM krtaa| itane para bhI 'ati' lagane se dAna svayaM dAtA ko hI hAnikAraka ho jAtA hai, atidAna ke kAraNa manuSya apanA sarvasva svAhA kara detA hai, ghara kA dhana dekara svayaM dara-dara kA bhikhArI bana jAtA hai / loga use mUrkha kahate 'AcAra' jo samasta jIvana aura dharmoM kA AdhAra hai. kendra hai, yadi For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi | 11 usake sAtha bhI 'ati' laga jAye to vaha bhI (ati+AcAra) atyAcAra bana jAtA hai, jo pratyeka dRSTi se gahita aura nindya hai / ___ativAdI (extremist) athavA ati kA AcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti manovijJAna kI bhASA meM (abnormal) hotA hai| vaha sAmAnya mAnavIya guNoM-buddhi, viveka, dayA, anukampA Adi se dUra jA par3atA hai| ___ isIlie usake dvArA kiye hue kArya pariNAma meM pIr3AkAraka hote haiM / vaha svayaM to duHkhI hotA hI hai dUsaroM ko bhI duHkhI hI karatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki nIti meM sadA-sarvadA aura sarvatra 'ati' ko tyAjya batAyA hai / ati kI nindA kI gaI hai aura ise durnIti kahA gayA hai / nIti aura nIyata nIti se milatA-julatA urdU zabda hai nIyata / nIyata kA artha-abhiprAya, saMkalpa athavA irAdA (intention) hai| irAdA burA bhI ho sakatA hai aura acchA bhii| kisI ko hAni pahuMcAne kA saMkalpa bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura kisI ko lAbha pahuMcAne kA bhii| satsaMkalpa aura duHsaMkalpa bhI ho sakatA hai| ___ nIyata kA abhiprAya manuSya kI mAnasika pravRttiyA~ bhI hai aura usakA laukika vyavahAra bhii| yaha zabda donoM hI kI ora saMketa karatA hai| urda kA yaha zera nIyata zabda ke abhiprAya ko pragaTa karatA hai na sUrata burI hai, na sIrata burI hai| burA hai vahI, jisakI nIyata burI hai / saMkalpa athavA irAde kA prabhAva nIyata para par3atA hai| kisI vyakti kI nIyata kaisI hai, yaha usake zabdoM se jJAta nahIM ho pAtA; vaha kyA karatA hai, yahI usakI nIyata kA mApadaNDa hai / isa duniyA meM na jeba kisI kI khAlI rahe / ghara meM dIvAlI, jIvana meM hariyAlI rahe / yaha bhAvanA eka sajjana, satpuruSa, saMta kI ho to usakI nIyata acchI hai aura yadi kisI Thaga, paoNkeTamAra, cora kI ho to burI hai| donoM ke irAde meM AkAza-pAtAla kA antara hai| sajjana anya puruSoM kI, saMsAra kI unnati kI nIyata rakhatA hai; jabaki durjana unheM lUTakara apanA svArtha siddha karanA cAhatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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12 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sajjana kahatA hai....bhalA sabhI kA kiyA cAhatA huuN| svArthI va beImAna isameM Age yoM jor3a detA hai....lekina zurU apane ghara se kiyA cAhatA huuN| jisa prakAra nIti ke tIna bheda haiM-nIti, anIti aura durnIti; usI prakAra nIyata ke bhI tIna prakAra haiM-bhalI nIyata, svArtha siddha karane vAlI nIyata aura burI nIyata / nIti aura paoNlisI (policy) nIti, vyAvahArika nIti athavA mAnava ke vyAvahArika kAryakalApoM ke lie aMgrejI kA zabda (policy) samakakSa hai / isakA artha hai-kArya karane kA tarIkA (a course of action) / AdamI kisa prakAra kA aura kaisA kArya karatA hai, yaha usakI nIti (policy) hai / jaise prasiddha lokokti haiHonesty is the best policy. (ImAnadArI sarvazreSTha nIti hai|) (policy) zabda kA eka artha (written contract of insurance) bhI hotA hai / isa artha meM isa zabda kA prayoga jIvana-bImA-athavA janarala bImA ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAtA hai| paoNlisI (policy) zabda kA adhikatara prayoga rAjanaitika jagata meM hotA hai / jaise-gRhanIti (home policy), videzanIti (foreign policy), vittanIti (finance policy) Adi-Adi / kintu Arthika kSetra meM bhI isa zabda kA khulakara prayoga hotA hai| jaise kisI Arthika saMsthAna, vyApArika saMsthAna Adi ke vyApArika tauratarIkoM ko usa saMsthAna kI paoNlisI (policy) kahA jAtA hai / yaha bAta sAmAjika saMsthAoM jAdi ke bAre meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA nItizAstra meM naitika aura naitikatA ke lie moral and morality zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / kintu vyutpatti kI dRSTi se (moral) aura (policy) zabda meM mUlabhUta antara hai| moral zabda sAmAjika rIti-rivAjoM kA dyotaka hai / isakI For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI pRSThabhUmi | 13 vyutpatti laiTina zabda mores se huI hai, jisakA abhiprAya samAja meM pracalita rIti-rivAjoM (customs) se hai| jabaki policy zabda kI vyutpatti laiTina zabda politus se huI hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai (embellished) sajAnA, suzobhita krnaa| yAnI vyakti kA vaha vyavahAra aura mAnasika pravRttiyA~ jo pariSkRta ho cukI hoM, maMja cukI hoM, jinameM sajAvaTa A gaI ho| vaha pariskAra vyakti kI ruci pravRtti ke anusAra zubha (good) bhI ho sakatA hai aura azubha (bad) bhii| . isIlie (policy) zabda ke bhI tIna rUpa batAye gaye haiM (1) prudential policy (acchI yA samajhadArI kI nIti) ise nIti athavA sunIti kaha sakate haiN| (2) no-policy (anIti)--isameM vyakti apanA svArtha hI siddha karane kI ceSTA karatA hai / usakI koI nizcita nIti nahIM hotii| jaisA avasara dekhA, vaisA badala gyaa| (3) crooked or bad policy-yaha kunIti athavA durnIti ke samakakSa hai / vyakti isameM apanA apayaza aura anya logoM kI hAni karatA hai| isameM saMvega pramukha kArya karate haiN| saMvegoM ke pravAha meM vyakti baha jAtA hai / viveka se usakA dUra kA bhI vAstA nahIM hotaa| - vAstava meM vahI durnIti hai, jisameM apanI tathA dUsare kI bhI hAni hotI hai aura pariNAma duHkhada hotA hai / nirNayakSamatA ke vikAsa hetu nItizAstra kA jJAna Avazyaka nIti, anIti aura durnIti ke bheda se yaha spaSTa hai ki vyakti ko kisI kArya ko prArambha karane kA nirNaya bhalI-bhA~ti soca-vicAra kara lenA caahie| kintu sahI sthiti yaha hai ki zUma nirNaya lene kI kSamatA pratyeka vyakti meM samAna nahIM hotii| kucha hI vyakti aise hote haiM jo samayAnukUla ucita aura nItisammata nirNaya le pAte haiN| aise loga antaHprajJA ke dhanI hote haiN| 1. 2: John H. Muirhead : The Elements of Ethics, p. 4 Policy (word) Chambers' Twentieth Century Dictionary). For Personal & Private Use Only

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14 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana lekina sabhI kI antaHprajJA itanI vikasita nahIM hotI ki ve paristhitiyoM kA sahI vizleSaNa karake sahI nirNaya le skeN| samAja meM aise sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA hI adhika hai| ye sAmAnya vyakti kucha antaHprajJA se, kucha apane anubhava se, kucha zAstra ke jJAna se aura kucha guru ke nirdezana se nirNaya lene meM sakSama ho pAte haiM / isalie nirNaya ke AdhArabhUta tattvoM aura mAnadaNDoM kA jJAna pratyeka vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai / isa jJAna se usakI nirNaya kSamatA jAgRta hotI hai aura bar3hatI hai / isa prakriyA meM nItizAstra kA adhyayana bahuta hI lAbhaprada aura upayogI hai| yaha manuSya ko sahI samaya para sahI nirNaya lene meM sakSama banAtA hai| jIvana meM saphalatA ke lie nItizAstra kA jJAna Avazyaka jo manuSya sahI samaya para sahI nirNaya lekara aura use sahI DhaMga se . amala meM le Ate haiM (Right decision at right time and right execution) ve jIvana yAtrA meM saphala hote haiM, unakA jIvana yazasvI hotA hai / vastutaH nItizAstra eka vicArazIlatA hai, pArasparika vyavahAroM kA AdhAra hai / vyaktigata, pArivArika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, rASTrIya jIvana meM jo paraspara vyavahAra hote haiM, unake kucha nizcita mAnadaNDa hote haiN| una mAnadaNDoM ke AdhAra para hI ucita-anucita kA nirNaya evaM karaNIya kAryoM kA bhI nizcaya hotA hai aura ina mAnadaNDoM ko nizcita karane kA kArya nItizAstra karatA hai| ___ ataH jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM saphalatA ke lie nItizAstra kA jJAna Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya hai| 1. saha sammuiyAe, para vAgaraNeNa -AcArAMga 1, 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa (ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ETHICS) bhAratIya nItidhArA (1) aMgrejI meM eka lokokti hai-- Necessity is the mother of invention. (AvazyakatA AviSkAra kI jananI hai / ) mAnava kA svabhAva hai ki jaba taka jIvana yAtrA sukha-suvidhApUrvaka calatI rahatI hai, usakI kisI bhI naI bAta meM athavA jJAna-vijJAna kI ora ruci nahIM hotii| roga auSadhi vijJAna kA janaka hai to kaThinAiyoM, parezAniyoM, adhika zrama ne praudyogikI kA vikAsa kiyA hai| __ jyoM-jyoM naye roga utpanna hote haiM, cikitsA vijJAna una rogoM ke zamana ke upAya khojatA hai aura isa prakAra vikasita tathA unnata hotA calA jAtA hai| jaba taka mAnava kA jIvana grAmINa vyavasthA se saMcAlita thA, use adhika dUra taka nahIM jAtA par3atA thA taba taka yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM kA vikAsa nahIM huA; kintu jaba vyApAra Adi ke lie, anya rAjyoM ko vijita karane athavA bhramaNa yA anya saMskRtiyoM ko jAnane kI AvazyakatA haI to drutagAmI sAdhana bhI astitva meM Ae / ghor3e aura rathoM se unnati karatA huA Aja kA yuga skUTara, mopeDa, kAra, havAI jahAja se bar3hakara spUtanika aura jambo jeTa vimAnoM taka A pahu~cA hai| yuddha aura zastra-vijJAna kI pragati kA bhI yahI rahasya hai / . ( 15 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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16 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jJAna-vijJAna Adi pratyeka upayogI zAkhA ke lie yahI siddhAnta lAgU hotA hai| pratyeka jJAna-vijJAna mAnava kI AvazyakatA ke AdhAra para hI astitva meM AtA hai aura deza-kAla kI paristhitiyA~ isakI unnati aura vikAsa meM sahayogI banatI haiM / mAnava kI kSaNa-kSaNa badalatI/bar3hatI AvazyakatA aura paristhitiyoM ke parivartana jJAna-vijJAna ke vikAsa ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka haiN| nItizAstra bhI ina ghaTakoM kA apavAda nahIM hai| isakI utpatti aura vikAsa meM bhI ina donoM tattvoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| __yahA~ hama pahale bhAratIya nItizAstra kI utpatti aura vikAsa kA varNana kareMge taduparAnta cIna deza ke nItizAstra kA aura anta meM pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA / isake bAda bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kreNge| nItizAstra kI utpatti aura vikAsa (bhAratIya dRSTikoNa) bhArata meM saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ ati prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI haiN| inameM se prathama hai zramaNa saMskRti aura dUsarI ko vaidika saMskRti kahA jAtA hai / bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke nirvANa ke uparAnta zramaNa saMskRti do upadhArAoM meM vibhAjita ho gii| inameM se mUla dhArA to jaina saMskRti hI rahI aura dUsarI dhArA bauddha saMskRti kI abhidhA se abhihita huii| isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti kI tIna dhArAe~ ho gaI -(1) jaina saMskRti, (2) bauddha saMskRti aura (3) vaidika saMskRti / vaidika saMskRti bhI sAMkhya, yoga, vedAnta Adi vibhinna vicAradhArAoM meM vibhAjita huI; kintu nIti kI dRSTi se cArvAka vicAradhArA adhika ullekhanIya hai; kyoMki isakA darzana bhautikavAdI hai, isI kAraNa isane jo naitika niyama nirdhArita kiye ve bhI bhautikatA athavA zarIra-sukha pradhAna the; jabaki bhArata kI anya sabhI vicAradhArAe~ AdhyAtmikatA pradhAna rhiiN| nIti-zAstra kI utpatti bhArata kI tInoM pramukha vicAradhArAoM (jaina, vaidika aura bauddha) ne mAnavIya unnati aura vikAsa ke sandarbha meM eka aisA yuga svIkAra kiyA hai, jabaki mAnava ko apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI prakAra kA zrama nahIM karanA par3atA thaa| usakI sabhI icchAe~ aura AvazyakatAe~ For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 17 kalpa nAmaka vRkSoM se hI pUrNa ho jAtI thiiN| usake bhojana evaM vastra, AvAsa tathA manoraMjana kI sabhI AvazyakatAe~ vRkSoM se pUrNa ho jAtI thiiN| isa yuga ko vaidika aura bauddhadarzana tathA jainadarzana ne bhI bhoga yuga kahA hai| bhoga yuga kA abhiprAya hai; jisa yuga meM jIvikA nirvAha ke lie kisI prakAra ke kalA-kauzala ke rUpa meM zrama yA karma kI AvazyakatA hI na pdd'e| jaina vicAradhArA ne isa bhogayuga ko tIna kAloM (AroM) meM vibhAjita kiyA hai / prathama aura dvitIya Are meM to kalpavRkSoM kI pracuratA rahI, kintu tRtIya ArA jaba samApti kI ora apane caraNa bar3hA rahA thA, taba kalpavRkSoM kI nyUnatA hone laga gyii| isa nyUnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki usa yuga ke mAnava kalpavRkSoM para apanA adhikAra jamAne lge| Avazyaka vastuoM kI kamI ke kAraNa inameM saMgraha pravRtti kA prAdurbhAva bhI ho gayA / isake phalasvarUpa lobha-krodha ko vRddhi aura saMgharSa kI sthiti utpanna hone lgii| isa sthiti kA mUla kAraNa thA-upalabdha sAdhano se mAnavoM kI AvazyakatAoM kA pUrA na honaa| isa saMgharSa kI sthiti ko TAlane ke lie jo niyama kulakaroM (kulakabIle ke niyAmakoM dvArA) nirdhArita kiye gaye, ve jaina dRSTi se nIti ke prathama siddhAnta the| prArambha meM ve niyama tIna prakAra ke the jinheM hama tIna nIti kaha sakate haiN| (1) hAkAra nIti-jaba koI vyakti nirdhArita niyamoM kA ullaMghana karatA to usase kahA jAtA-'hA ! tumane yaha kyA kiyA ?'1 yaha 'zabdapratAr3anA' isa yuga kA mahAna daNDa thaa| vyakti sunakara lajjita ho jaataa| yaha daNDa prathama kulakara vimalavAhana ne nirdhArita kiyA / (2) mAkAra nIti-jaba hAkAra nIti viphala hone lagI tathA aparAdha bar3hane lage taba tIsare kulakara yazasvI ne 'mAkAra' daNDanIti kA pracalana kiyaa| 'mAkAra' kA abhiprAya thA-aisA kArya mata kro| yazasvI ne 1 'ha' ityadhikSepArthastaraya karaNaM hAkAraH / -sthAnAMgasUtravRtti 366 2 jambUdvIpaprajJapti kAlAdhikAra 76 3 'mA' ityasya niSedhArthasya karaNaM abhidhAnaM maakaarH| --sthAnAMgasUtravRtti 366 For Personal & Private Use Only

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18 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana 'hAkAra' aura 'mAkAra' donoM daNDanItiyoM se kAma liyaa| yaha vyavasthA usake putra abhicandra ke samaya taka sucAru rUpa se calatI rhii| (3) dhikkAra nIti-aparAdha kramazaH bar3hate jA rahe the / ataH pA~caveM kulakara prasenajita ne isa nIti kA pracalana kiyA !' aparAdhI vyakti se kahA jAtA-dhikkAra hai, tumane aisA kArya kiyaa| yaha nIti chaThe kulakara marudeva aura sAtaveM kulakara nAbhirAya taka saphalatApUrvaka calatI rahI / isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki isa yuga ke mAnava kA svabhAva sarala aura komala thA / usake lie dhikkAra zabda hI kAphI thaa| ___ Adhunika zabdAvalI meM hAkAra ko 'kheda', mAkAra ko 'niSedha' aura dhikkAra ko 'tiraskAra' nIti kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina dRSTi se yaha nIti kA prArambha hai, jo samAja kI vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie usa bhoga yuga kI antima belA meM tIsare Are ke antima caraNa meM, isa yuga ke medhAvI puruSoM-kulakaroM dvArA mAnava samAja para lAgU kI gaI thii| isake uparAnta vizva ke raMgamaMca para prathama kuzala prazAsaka aura nIti tathA dharma-pravartaka RSabhadeva kA prAdurbhAva huA / Apa prathama tIrthaMkara, prathama kevalI aura prathama rAjA the| Apake samaya se karmayuga kA prArambha huA / kalA-kauzala, jJAna-vijJAna aura asi, maSi, kRSi Adi kA prAraMbha Apane hI kiyaa| mAnava ko karma karane kI--AjIvikA upArjana karane kI zikSA dii| samAja vyavasthA, rAja-vyavasthA Adi sabhI kA sUtrapAta Apane kiyA / rAjanIti, nyAya, daNDanIti Adi ke siddhAnta sarvaprathama Apane hI nizcita kiye| __hAkAra, mAkAra, dhikkAra ke atirikta Apane cAra daNDa nItiyA~ aura nirdhArita kI (1) paribhASa-kucha samaya ke lie aparAdhI ko AkrozapUrNa zabdoM meM najarabanda rahane kA daNDa denaa| 1 triSiSTa zalAkA puruSa caritra 1 / 2 / 176-176 2 jambUdvIpa prajJapti, vakSaskAra, sUtra 14 3 yuddha vidyA 4 lekhana kalA 5 karma-nIti, samAja saMcAlana aura rAjanIti Adi ke nirdhAraNa ke sambandha meM vaidika paramparA meM jo sthAna prathama manu kA hai, lagabhaga vahI svarUpa jaina paramparA meM 'RSabhadeva' kA mAnA gayA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 16 (2) maNDala baMdha - sImita kSetra meM rahane kA daNDa denA / (3) cAraka - bandIgRha meM banda karane kA daNDa denA / (4) chaviccheda - aMgopAMgoM ke chedana kA daNDa denA / 1 samAja kI suvyavasthA ke lie inhIM ke yuga meM sahayoga nIti kA pracalana huA tathA varNa vyavasthA astitva meM AI / sAma-dAma-daNDa-bheda - rAjanIti kI ina cAra nItiyoM aura inake siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye gaye | 2 taduparAMta jaba ve sAdhanA - mArga para calane ko udyata hue usa samaya unhoMne apanA vizAla rAjya apane sabhI putroM meM vibhAjita kiyA / bar3e putra bharata ko vinItA (ayodhyA) nagarI kA rAjya diyA tathA anya putroM ko anya nagariyoM kA rAjya pradAna kiyaa| isa prakAra unhoMne uttarAdhikAra nIti nirdhArita kI / isa nIti kA uddezya thA rAjya ke lie bhAiyoM ke saMgharSa ko samApta karanA / kaivalya prApta karane ke bAda inhoMne dharma- dharmanIti - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi kA marma btaayaa| sAdhu aura zrAvaka (gRhastha ) ke dharma aura nIti kA pracalana kiyA / yoM karmanIti ke bAda dharma nIti kA vikAsa huA / isIlie AvazyakacUrNa meM kahA gayA hai ki RSabhasvAmI sabhI prakAra kI nItiyoM ke Adi puraskartA the / yaha mata jaina vidvAnoM kA hI nahIM apitu vaidika vidvAnoM kA bhI hai / zrImadbhAgavata' meM bhI inheM nIti aura dharma ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 1 sthAnAMga vRtti 7 / 3 / 557 - - vahAM hAkAra se lekara chaviccheda taka sAta nItiyoM kA varNana hai / 2 triSaSTi0 1 2656 3 (ka) uvadisattA puttasayaM rajjasae abhisiMcai / (kha) kalpasUtra ( puNyavijayajI ) 165 / 57 ( ga ) triSaSTi0 1 / 3 / 1-17 NItIo usabhasAmimmi ceva uppannAo / 4, 5. zrImadbhAgavata 5 / 5 / 28 / 563 -- jambUdvIpaprajJapti 36 / 77 ( amolaka RSijI ) For Personal & Private Use Only - AvazyakacUrNa 156

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20 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA kAla atyadhika prAcIna hai| varSoM meM isakI gaNanA nahIM kI jA sakatI, kintu unake dvArA nirdhArita nIti ke niyama samaya pravAha ke sAtha yathAvat calate rahe / yuga bItate gye| zrIkRSNa ke yuga meM bhagavAna neminAtha dvArA nIti ke pratyayoM meM eka aura pratyaya jur3A; vaha thA-mAMsAhAra ke prati virakti / usa yuga meM kSatriyoM meM mAMsAhAra kA pracalana ho gayA thaa| aise kucha mAMsAhArI kSatriya bhagavAna neminAtha kI bArAta meM bhI gaye the| unake bhojana ke lie bahuta se pazuoM ko eka bAr3e meM banda kara diyA thaa| prabhu neminAtha ko jaba yaha jJAta huA ki unake bArAtiyoM ke bhojana ke lie ina nirIha mUka pazuoM kI hatyA kI jAyegI to unakA hRdaya dayA dravita ho gayA, aura yaha hatyA TAlane ke lie ve ahiMsaka asahayoga ke rUpa meM svayaM bArAta se vApasa lauTakara dIkSita ho gye| mAMsAhAra ahiMsA dharma ke viparIta to hai hI, mAnava-zarIra ke lie bhI hAnikAraka hai| mAnava meM karatA utpanna karatA hai aura krUra vyakti anIti kA hI AcaraNa karatA hai| isIlie neminAtha ne isa anItipUrNa kArya ke prati ahiMsaka virodha pragaTa kiyA aura dayA evaM prANI mAtra kI rakSA kI nIti para bala diyaa| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ne kamaTha tApasa ke DhoMga aura pAkhaNDa kA pardAphAza karake saralatA aura satyatA kI nIti sthApita kii| samAja meM kriyAkAMDoM ko jagaha jIvamAtra ke prati dayA kI mahattA aura satyapriya hone kA Adarza sthApita kiyaa| __bha0 mahAvIra apane yuga ke apratima vyaktitva the| unhoMne pazuvadha, hiMsaka yajJa Adi tathA usa yuga meM pracalita mithyA vizvAsoM, varNa vyavasthA kI jaTilatA, dAsa jaisI ghRNita prathA kI nIMva hilAkara mAnava kI zreSThatA kI sthApanA kI, strI jAti kA gaurava punaH sthApita kiyA aura nIti ke sArvabhauma siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye / / vaidika nIti vaidika paramparA kA Adi grantha Rgveda hai| vahIM se vaidika paramparA 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti kA vistRta vivaraNa adhyAya 3 meM diyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 21 kA jJAna prArambha hotA hai| Rgveda ke atirikta sAmaveda, yajurveda aura atharvaveda-yaha tIna veda aura haiN| veda pramukha rUpa se prArthanA grantha haiN| unameM sUrya (savitA),agni, indra, Adi devatAoM se sukha samRddhi kI, zatruoM para vijaya kI prArthanAe~ kI gaI haiM aura tatsambandhI maMtroM (RcAoM) kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| aise mantra bahuta kama haiM, jinakA nIti se sIdhA sambandha jor3A jA sake / phira bhI kucha mantra uddhRta kiye jA sakate haiM, yathAsatyakarma preraNA 'vaha deva tumako zreSTha se zreSTha kAryoM ko karane kI preraNA kreN| satya ko preraNA maiM jhUTha se satya kI ora jAtA huuN| anya logoM kI sevA ke lie Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai 'ajJAnI vyartha anna ko ikaTThA karatA hai, maiM satya kahatA hU~ vaha usakA nAza karane vAlA hai / jo anna na atithi ko puSTa karatA hai aura na mitroM ko, use akele khAne vAlA pApa karatA hai|' isa sUkta meM saMgrahavRtti kA niSedha jhalakatA hai| sAmUhikatA sambandhI eka mantra atharvaveda meM prApta hotA hai'tuma sabakA pAnI pIne kA sthAna eka ho, bhojana eka sAtha kro|' isa sakta meM sAmUhikatA aura mela-milApa kI bhAvanA vyakta huI hai| vastutaH vedoM meM nIti sambandhI bahu pracalita tIna sUkta haiM tamaso mA jyotirgamaya mRtyormA amRtaMgamaya asato mA sadgamaya 1. ....a moralising note....is otherwise quite foreign to Rigveda, The Rigveda is every thiing but a text book of morals. , -A Histcry of Indian Literature Vol. I, 1927, p. 115 2. yajurveda 11 3. yajurveda 15 4. Rgveda 10 / 117 / 6 5. atharvaveda 113016 For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ina sUktoM se samAja kI unnati aura nItipUrNa vyavahAra kI dhvani nikalatI pratIta hotI hai / ye sUkta vaiyaktika jIvana ke lie bhI utane hI mahatvapUrNa haiM, jitane sAmAjika aura sAmUhika jIvana ke lie / vedoM kI nIti meM strI jAti kA gaurava bhI kahIM-kahIM jhalakatA dikhAI detA hai, aura samAja ko puruSArtha karane kI preraNA bhI / . brAhmaNa granthoM kI nIti vedoM ke bAda vaidika paramparA ke prAcIna grantha brAhmaNa mAne jAte haiM / yadyapi brAhmaNoM kA mUla svara yajJa aura kriyAkAMDa hai phira bhI unameM nIti sambandhI kucha vAkya mila jAte haiM / 2 zatapatha Adi brAhmaNoM meM satya, tapa, dayA, dAna, damana' puruSArtha, sApha-sutharA rahane kI pra eraNA, bhojana kA mahatva ucita bhojana Adi sambandhI aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM / brAhmaNa granthoM meM varNa vyavasthA', gRhastha dharma', striyoM ke karttavya' putra kA mahattva ", putra kA karttavya", tIna RNa -2, cAra RNa 3, vidyA kA mahattva Adi kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / upaniSadoM--- kA pradhAna viSaya adhyAtma hai / ina granthoM meM AtmAparamAtmA sambandhI jijJAsAe~ aura samAdhAna varNita haiM / brahma kA svarUpa 15, 1 zatapatha brAhmaNa 1 / 1 / 1 / 4-5; 1 / 3 / 4 / 27;14 / 4 / 2 / 26 2 zatapatha brAhmaNa 3 / 4 / 4 / 27 4 aitareya brAhmaNa 33 / 3 6 zatapatha brAhmaNa 10 | 2|6| 177 / 5 / 12 / 16 7 zatapatha brAhmaNa 4 / 2 / 2 / 14; 14 / 4 / 2 / 27, 14 / 4 / 4 / 6;41 1 / 5 / 6 Adi zatapatha brAhmaNa 5 / 2 / 1 / 10, 12 / 8 / 2 / 6, 3 | 3|1|10, 4 / 1 / 5 / 7 Adi zatapatha brAhmaNa 3 / 8 / 2 / 5, 12 / 3 / 6, 11 / 4 / 3 / 2 Adi 10 aitareya brAhmaNa 33 / 1 11 zatapatha 14 / 4 / 3 / 26; 12 / 2 / 3 / 4 Adi 12 tai. saM. 6 / 2 / 10 3 zatapatha brAhmaNa 14 / 8 / 2 / 2-3-4 5 taitarIya brAhmaNa 1-26 13 zatapatha 1 / 7 / 2 / 1, 3 4 5 14 zatapatha 10 / 5 / 4 / 16 15 0 3 / 1, kena. 4/4/5, kaTha. 2 / 5 / 15 Adi For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 23 manuSya kA parama kartavya, jJAnI kA jIvana, karmoM ke phalAnusAra lokalokAntara meM gati, dharma ke tIna skandha Adi viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad vedoM ke antima bhAga haiN| inakI saMkhyA 200 se Upara vatAI jAtI hai; kintu inameM se 108 upaniSad pradhAna mAne gae haiM aura inameM bhI Iza, kena, kaTha, prazna, muNDaka, mAMDUkya, taittirIya, aitareya,chAndogya, bRhadAraNyaka tathA nRsiMha pUrvatApanI-yaha 11 upaniSad pramukha haiN| ___IzAvAsya upaniSad meM dUsare ke dhana kI icchA na karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / taittirIya upaniSad meM zikSA samApta karake gurugRha se jAne vAle ziSya ko mAta-pitA tathA guru-sevA meM Alasya na karane svAdhyAya evaM satya bolane kI preraNA dI gaI hai| isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM bhI nIti sambandhI aneka mahattvapUrNa nirdeza sUtra prApta hote haiN| vedAMga chaha haiM-- zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda aura jyotiSa / inameM se nIti ke dRSTikoNa se 'kalpa' kA hI mahattva hai / kalpa ke do bheda haiM-zrautasUtra aura smArtasUtra / zrauta sUtra meM yajJa-yAga Adi kA varNana hai ataH nIti kI dRSTi se unakA koI mahattva nahIM hai / - smArta sUtra ke do bheda haiM-gRhya sUtra aura dharmasUtra / inameM mAnava ke AcAra kA varNana hone se nIti kI dRSTi se inakA sarvAdhika mahattva hai| inameM vividha saMskAroM, rIti-rivAjoM Adi kA bhI varNana hai / 1 bRhadAraNyaka 4 / 5 / 6; chAndogya 7 / 23 / 1, kaTha 2 / 5 / 12-13, muNDaka 2 / 2 / 8 2 Iza0 1 / 2, kaTha 2 / 6 / 14; muNDaka 2 / 2 / 8, chAndogya 7 / 52 / 2, bRhadAraNyaka 3 / 5 / 1 3 prazna 317, vRhadAraNyaka 4 / 4 / 5 4 chAndogya 2 / 23 / 1 5 Iza. 1-mA gRdhaH kasyasviddhanam / 6 taittirIya 1 / 2 / 1- satyaM vada dharma cara, svAdhyAyAn mA pramada ityAdi / For Personal & Private Use Only

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24 | jaina nIti zAstra : eka parizIlana dharmasUtra sambandhI kaI grantha upalabdha hote haiN| inameM se baudhAyana dharmasUtra, Apastamba dharmasUtra aura gautama dharmasUtra pramukha haiN| __ inameM vivAha ke bheda, vivAha kI nIti, brahmacArI, saMnyAsI, brAhmaNa, prabhRti ke kartavya Adi batAye gaye haiM / jhUThI gavAhI dene vAle ko daNDa' tathA anya prakAra ke pApakarmiyoM ke lie bhI daNDa kA vidhAna hai| vANI saMyama Adi sadvyavahAroM kA bhI upadeza diyA gayA hai| vivAha ke sambandha meM svagotra kI kanyA se vivAha kA niSedha, atithi satkAra, upArjita dhana kA vyaya (dAna), kara-vidhAna , para-strI gamana', daNDa Adi viSayoM para dharmasUtroM meM kAphI vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura aise siddhAnta nizcita kiye gaye haiM jo nIti se sambandhita haiM / smRti sAhitya nIti kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI hai| inameM AcAra, vyavahAra (vidhi athavA kAnUna) aura prAyazcitta kA varNana hai| yadyapi smRtiyoM kI saMkhyA 18 hai kintu inameM se 3 mahattvapUrNa haiM- manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti aura nAradasmRti / inameM bhI sarvAdhika lokapriya manusmRti hai / dvitIya sthAna yAjJavalkya smRti kA hai| .. smRtiyoM meM cAroM vargoM ke kartavya, pArasparika vyavahAra kA varNana hai| sAtha hI nIti aura rAjanIti ke viSaya meM sundara sUktiyA~ bhI haiN| yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatAH / yatra stu na pUjyante sarvAstatrAphalAH kriyA // -jisa kula meM striyoM kA pUjana (Adara-sammAna-satkAra) hotA hai, vahA~ devatAoM kA nivAsa rahatA hai (devatA prasanna rahate haiM) aura jisa kula meM nAriyoM kA sammAna nahIM hotA, vahA~ sabhI karma niSphala hote haiN| 1 gautama dharmasUtra 2 / 4 / 23 2 gautama dharmasUtra 1173 3 Apastamba dharmasUtra 1115 4 Apastamba dharmasUtra 2 / 3 / 6 / 14-15,3 / 7 / 3,5,7,8,10,16 5 Apastamba dharmasUtra 8 / 20 / 18,20 6 Apastamba dharmasUtra 10 / 26 / 11-14 7 Apastamba dharmasUtra 10 / 2717,8,14,15 8. manusmRti 3 / 56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 25 manusmRti kA yaha zloka samAja meM nArI kI garimA prakaTa karatA hai / yaha ucca caritravAna nArI ke lie kahA gayA hai / rAjA ke caritra ko mArmika mArgadarzana dene vAlA eka zloka yahA~ uddhRta karane yogya hai-- bakavaccintayedarthAn siMhavacca parAkramet / vRka vaccAvalumpyeta zazavacca viniSpatet // ( rAjA kA karttavya hai ki bagule ke samAna zatru kA dhana lene kI cintA kare, siMha ke samAna parAkramI bane, bher3iye ke samAna avasara dekhakara zatru ko mAre aura (viparIta) avasara hone para kharagoza kI taraha cupacApa ( chipakara ) nikala jAya / ) prastuta zloka meM rAjA ke kartavyoM ke rUpa meM rAjanIti -- kUTanIti kI kAryakArI aura prabhAvI caturAI kA varNana huA hai / mahAkAvya sAhitya meM nIti maharSi vAlmIkiracita rAmAyaNa sabase prAcIna mahAkAvya hai / isakI kathA maryAdA puruSottama zrIrAma se sambandhita hai / ata: isameM Adarza patnI, Adarza bhAI, Adarza sevaka Adi kA sundara varNana / hai / sAtha hI isameM nItiyA~ bhI yatra-tatra bikharI par3I haiM ke zloka viSayAnusAra bhI rakhe gaye haiM / rAjanIti kI dRSTi se sundarakAMDa kA 52vA~ sarga, uttarakAMDa kA 53vA~ sarga, araNyakAMDa kA 40vA~ sarga tathA ayodhyAkAMDa kA 100 vA~ sarga draSTavya hai / sAmAnya nIti kA varNana uttarakAMDa ke 52 veM sarga tathA ayodhyA kAMDa ke 140veM sarga meM milatA hai aura strI sambandhI nIti ke lie ayodhyAkAMDa kA 13 vAM sarga dekhA jA sakatA hai / adhika vistAra meM na jAkara yahA~ hama eka dRSTAnta dete haiM 1. manusmRti 7 / 106 2. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 3|38|26 svabhAvataH AyA kahIM-kahIM nIti akurvanto'pi pApAni zucayaH pApasaMzrayAt / para pApaivinazyanti matsyA nAga hRde yathA // 2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (jo pApa nahIM karate, ve bhI pApIjanoM ke saMsarga se naSTa ho jAte haiM jaise sarpayukta jala-kuNDa kI machaliyA~ sarpoM ke saMsarga se (garur3a dvArA ) naSTa ho jAtI haiM / ) prastuta zloka meM kusaMgati athavA durjanoM kI saMgati kA kaTuphala batAyA gayA hai / isI prakAra ke zloka anya saMskRta tathA hindI ke nIti kAvyoM meM prApta hote haiM / isI prakAra eka anya sthAna para yaha darzAyA gayA hai ki vyakti ke vAstavika rUpa ko sAtha rahakara hI jAnA jA sakatA hai / pampA sarovara para eka bagule ko dhIre-dhIre calate dekhakara zrIrAma apane anuja lakSmaNa se bole . pazya lakSmaNa ! paMpAyAM bakaH paramadhArmikaH / dRSTvA dRSTvA padam dhatte, jIvAnAM vadhazaMkayA || - ( he lakSmaNa ! dekha yaha bagulA paramadhArmika hai / jIva na mara jAya, isa zaMkA se dekha-dekhakara dhIre-dhIre kadama rakha rahA hai / ) isa para jala meM tairatI eka machalI ne kahA : fka zasyate rAmaH yenAhaM niSkulIkRtaH / sahacArI vijAnIyAt caritraM sahacAriNAm // -- ( he rAma ! jisa bagule ko Apa parama dhArmika samajha rahe haiM usakA asalI rUpa mujhase pUchie / isane mere kula kA hI nAza kara diyA hai (machaliyoM ko gaTaka gayA hai) / satya to yaha hai ki dUra se vAstavikatA kA patA nahIM lagatA, sAtha rahane vAlA hI apane sAthI ke asalI rUpa ko sahI DhaMga se jAna pAtA hai 1 ) isa zloka meM daMbhI aura DhoMgI caritra vAle, tana ke ujale mana ke kAle, dharma kA ADambara or3he hue pAkhaMDiyoM ke vAstavika caritra kI ora vyaMga bhI kiyA gayA hai tathA unase sAvadhAna rahane kI sAmAnya nIti kA bhI nirdeza hai / isI prakAra ke aneka nIti zloka aura sUktiyAM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa prApta hote haiM / nIti kI dRSTi se mahAbhArata atyanta samRddha mahAkAvya hai / dhaumya - nIti, viduranIti, bhISmanIti Adi nIti grantha mahAbhArata ke hI aMza haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 27 yahA~ taka ki zrImadbhagavadgItA bhI isI kA eka aMza hai| isa mahAkAvya meM nIti ke phuTakara zloka, upAkhyAna Adi bhare par3e haiN| isa dRSTi se vanaparva, udyogaparva, bhISmaparva, strIparva, zAntiparva, anuzAsana parva Adi paThanIya haiN| vana parva meM ahiMsA, bhAgya, dharma, strI tathA sAmAnya nIti viSayaka bAteM haiN| udyoga parva meM naitikatA, dharma tathA sAMsArika jJAna kI sundara nItiyA~ vidura ne kahI haiM / isI prakAra strIparva meM vidura ne strI-caritra ke sambandha meM nItiyukta varNana kiyA hai / bhISma parva ke antargata gItA hai| zAnti parva rAjanIti kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| anuzAsana parva meM smRtiyoM ke samAna vibhinna viSayoM ke bAre meM vidhi niSedha prApta hotA hai| saMkSepa meM yaha grantha (mahAbhArata) rAjanIti, dharmanIti, sAmAnyanIti lokavyavahAra nIti Adi se bahuta samRddha hai / eka-do udAharaNa kAphI hoMge-- yUyaM zataH vayaM paMca, yUyaM yUyaM vayaM vayaM / / kiMtvanyeSAM vivAdeSu, yUyaM paMcazatottaraM / ' -(yudhiSThira duryodhana ko samajhAte hue kahate haiM-bhAI ! ghara meM to tuma sau bhAI ho aura hama pA~ca, tuma tuma ho aura hama hama haiN| kintu dUsaroM ke sAtha vivAda ke avasara para tuma eka sau pAMca ho, hama sabhI bhAI eka haiM, sammilita haiM / ) isa zloka meM saMgaThana kA mahatva spaSTa hai / saMgaThana kA mahattva batAne vAlI aisI hI vaidika ukti bhI hai-saMghau zaktiH kalauyuge-kaliyuga meM saMgaThana hI zakti hai / dhana ke mahatva ke viSaya meM mahAbhArata kA yaha zloka draSTavya hai dhanamAhu paraMdharma dhane sarva pratiSThitam / jIvaMti dhanino loke mRtAyetvadhanA narAH // 2 -dhana to parama dharma (sabase bar3A dharma) hai kyoMki dhana meM hI saba kucha pratiSThita hai / saMsAra meM dhanI hI jIvita hai, nirdhana puruSa ko to marA huA hI smjho| 1. jaina mahAbhArata, vanaparva 2. mahAbhArata 5 / 72 / 73 For Personal & Private Use Only

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28 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yahI nIti bhRrtahari kI isa ukti meM pratipAdita hai - sarve guNAH kAMcanamAzrayanti / (sabhI guNa svarNa (dhana) ke Azrita rahate haiM / ) prasiddha lokokti 'bina TakA TakaTakAyate' meM bhI inhIM saMskRta sUktiyoM kI chAyA dRSTigocara hotI hai| saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke atirikta buddhaghoSa ke buddhacaritra tathA saundarAnanda, kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza tathA kumArasaMbhava, bhAravi kA kirAtArjunIya, bhaTTi kA rAvaNa vadha (isakA dUsarA bahupracalita nAma bhaTTi kAvya hai) mAgha kA zizupAlavadha Adi haiN| inameM yatra-tatra nIti kI aneka sUktiyAM milatI haiM / * kAlidAsa kI yaha sUkti lokokti ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai ekohi doSo guNa sannipAte nimajjatIndoH kirageSvivAMkaH / -(jaise candramA kI jyoti meM usakA kalaMka chipa jAtA hai vaise hI guNoM ke samUha meM eka doSa bhI chipa jAtA hai / ) vacana sambandhI bhAravi kI yaha sUkti bhI ullekhanIya hai hitaM manohAri ca durlabhaM vacaH / / -(aisA vacana durlabha hai jo hitakArI tathA mana ko acchA lagane vAlA bhI ho|) paurANika nIti purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 mAnI gaI hai| inake racayitA mahAbhAratakAra maharSi vedavyAsa mAne jAte haiN| jisa prakAra mahAbhArata meM nIti ke anekoM zloka milate haiM, usI prakAra purANoM meM bhI yatra-tatra nIti sambandhI zloka aura sUktiyA~ bharI par3I haiN| DA0 karmAkara ne apanI pustaka 'purANika varDa sa Apha vijDama' meM hI eka hajAra zloka saMkalita kiye haiN| ___ aThAraha purANoM meM brahmapurANa, viSNupurANa, padmapurANa, zivapurANa bhAgavatapurANa, agnipurANa, mArkaNDeyapurANa, garuDapurANa aura brahmAMDa purANa 1. uddhRta, DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI : hindI nIti kAvya, puSTha 32 2. vahI, pRSTha 33 3. Dr. Karmakar : Puranik Words of Wisdom, Bombay, 1947 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 26 pramukha haiN| nIti ke prasiddha grantha bRhaspati tathA zaunakIya nItisAra garur3a purANa ke hI aMza haiM / purANoM ke nIti viSaya-strI, paMDita, sajjana, nIca, dhana, kRpaNa, bhAgya, sukha, duHkha, saMsAra, vidyA, dharma, kAla, satya, jIvana, mana, udyama, cintA, zatra, mitra Adi haiN| kahIM-kahIM sIdhI sarala bhASA meM nIti kA upadeza hai to kahIM udAharaNoM se use puSTa bhI kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI udAharaNa-pUSTi kA prayAsa kama hI hai| yahAM cAra udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiM adhamAH kalimicchanti, saMdhimicchanti mdhymaaH| uttamA mAnamicchanti, mAnohi mahatAM dhanam // -(adhama (nIca) vyakti kalaha cAhate haiM, madhyama vyakti sandhi kI icchA karate haiM aura uttama vyakti mAna cAhate haiM, kyoMki mAna hI sabase bar3A dhana hai|) prastuta zloka meM uttama, madhyama aura adhama vyaktiyoM kI vRtti pravRtti tathA unakI hRdayagata nIti para yathArtha prakAza DAlA gayA hai / jalaukA kevalaM raktamAdadAnA tapasvinI / pramadA sarvadAdatta citta vitta balaM sukham // 3 - - joMka to kevala rakta letI hai kintu strI to hRdaya, dhana, bala aura sukha-sabhI kucha le letI hai / bhAva yaha hai- strI joMka se bhI khataranAka hai / lokabaMdhuSu megheSu vidya tvaccala sauhRdAH / sthairya na cakra : kAminyaH puruSeSu guNiSu pviva // -(lokopakArI bAdaloM meM bhI bijaliyA~ caMcala rahatI haiM (sthira nahIM rahatIM) usI prakAra.guNI puruSoM ke sAnnidhya meM bhI capala anurAga vAlI kAminI striyA~ caMcala rahatI haiM / ) __yahAM meghoM meM bijalI kI capalatA ke udAharaNa dvArA strI hRdaya kI caMcalatA ko darzAyA gayA hai| 1. DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI : hindI nIti kAvya, puSTha 34 2. Dr. Karmakar Puranik Words of Wisdom, p. 21 3. Ibid, p. 1 4 zrImadbhAgavata 10/20/17 For Personal & Private Use Only

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30 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana gAdhavAricarAstApamavindaJcharadarjakam / yathA daridraH kRpaNa: kuTi byavijitendriyaH // - ( thor3e jala meM rahane vAle prANI jisa prakAra zaratakAlIna sUrya kI prakhara kiraNoM se pIr3ita hote haiM, usI prakAra apanI indriyoM ke vaza meM rahane vAle daridra aura kRpaNa kuTumbI ko taraha-taraha ke tApa satAte hI rahate haiM / ) prastuta zloka meM udAharaNa dvArA daridra aura kRpaNa kI sthiti spaSTa karake nIti kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / kAvya ke atirikta saMskRta sAhitya meM kathAoM dvArA bhI nIti kI zikSA dI gaI hai / yadyapi aisA anumAna hai ki isa dRSTi se ( nIti kI dRSTi se) kathAoM (loka kathAoM) kA saMkalana sarvaprathama jAtakoM meM kiyA gayA | 2 jaina sUtra - jJAtAdharmakathA tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI kaI laghu nIti kathAe~ milatI haiM jinakI preraNA nIti ke sAtha dharma se bhI jur3a gaI hai / kintu aisI kathAe~ upAkhyAyikAoM ke rUpa meM vedoM, brAhmaNoM, upaniSadoM meM bhI prApta hotI haiM / " lekina nIti kathA ke rUpa meM inako paMcataMtra meM sthAna prApta huA / paMcatantra kI racanA viSNu zarmA ne eka rAjA ke meM rAjanIti aura lokanIti sikhAne ke lie kii| putroM ko 6 mahIne isameM kathAe~ to gadya haiM aura kathA ke anta meM eka nIti sambandhI zloka diyA gayA hai / kathA kA hArda usa zloka meM A gayA hai / udAharaNa ke lie dekhie eka bAra vana meM kucha bar3haI eka vRkSa kI DAla cIra rahe the| dopahara meM ve AdhIcIrI huI DAla meM kIlI lagAkara bhojana karane cale gaye / itane meM eka utpAtI bandara AyA aura cire hue bhAga para baiThakara kIlI nikAlane lagA / kIlI nikala jAne se bandara kA aNDakoSa daba gayA aura vaha vahIM maraNako prApta ho gayA / 1. zrImadbhAgavata 10/20/38 2. viTaranitsa : hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara, pR0 406 3. jJAtAdharma kathA ke adhyayana uttarAdhyayana ke cittasaMbhUtIya Adi adhyayana dekheM jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsayAtrA - devendra muni 4. kItha : hisTrI oNva saMskRta liTarecara pR0 246 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 31 isa kathA ke sAtha vahA~ zloka diyA gayA hai___ avyApAreSu vyApAra yo naraH kartumicchati / sa evaM nidhanaM yAti kIlotpATIva vAnaraH // 1 -(jo puruSa binA kAma kA kAma (jisa kArya se koI prayojana siddha na ho, vyartha kA kArya) karanA cAhatA hai vaha usI prakAra vinaSTa ho jAtA hai jisa prakAra kIlI nikAlakara bandara mRtyu ko prApta ho gayA / ) paMcataMtra ke kaI rUpAntara hue kintu inameM sabase adhika prasiddha nArAyaNa paMDita kA hitopadeza hai / ina granthoM ke atirikta saMskRta bhASA meM aise granthoM kI bhI pracura *racanA haI jinakA viSaya nIti hI hai aura unake nAma ke sAtha nIti zabda bhI prayukta huA hai, yathA-zukranIti, viduranIti, cANakyanIti aadi|| aise granthoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 100 se adhika hai kintu inameM sabase adhika prasiddha kucha hI grantha ho sake haiN| cANakya nIti aura bhartRhari kA nItizataka ina granthoM meM pramukha haiN| sobhaprabha AcArya kA sUktimuktAvalI tathA somadeva AcArya kA nItivAkyAmRta bhI mahatvapUrNa grantha haiM / inake atirikta dyAdvivedakRta nItimaMjarI, vAcaspatimizrakRta nIti 1. paMcatantra pRSTha 1. 2 (ka) cANakya-nIti kI choTI-bar3I pratiyA~-cANakyanIti, cANakya rAjanIti, cANakyanIti darpaNa, vRddha cANakya Adi prAya: 17 rUpoM meM milatI hai| --dAsaguptA : e hisTrI oNva saMskRta liTarecara, bhAga 1, 1947, klkttaa| (kha) )i) cANakyanIti vAstava meM candragupta ke mantrI cANakya dvArA racita na hokara loka-pracalita nIti-zlokoM kA saMgraha hai| (ii) bhartRhari ke nIti-zataka ke sambandha meM bhI logoM kA yahI anumAna hai / -DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI : hindI nItikAvya, pRSTha 37, pAda TippaNI 1 yaha donoM AcArya jaina paramparA se sambandhita haiN| saMskRta bhASA meM nIti sambandhI svatantra racanA karane ke kAraNa yahA~ inakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / -sampAdaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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32 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana cintAmaNi, varucikRta nItiratna, vaitAlabhaTTakRta nItipradIpa Adi zatAdhika grantha prApta hote haiN| inameM se cANakya nIti sUtra zailI meM racita hai aura zeSa granthoM kI racanA zlokoM meM kI gaI hai| inameM sIdhe-sAde zabdoM nIti-siddhAntoM ke nirdeza haiN| yahAM nIti sambandhI do prAcIna prAkRta grantha bhI ullekhanIya haiM(1) gautama kulaka / evaM (2) upadeza spttikaa| inake atirikta kucha aise bhI grantha upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM nIti kI zikSA apratyakSa rUpa se dI gaI hai| inheM anyokti kahA gayA hai| vIrezvara, vijayagaNi, nIlakaNTha, jagannAtha Adi ke anyokti zataka isa dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM / anyokti zatakoM kI saMkhyA bhI kAphI adhika hai| inameM kelA, Ama, kaTahala Adi vRkSoM, cAtaka, mora, bAja Adi pakSiyoM; siMha, gIdar3a, mRga Adi pazuoM, pRthvI, bAdala, sUrya Adi prAkRtika vastuoM tathA jhillI Adi kITa-pataMgoM ko sambodhita karake nIti kI bAteM kahI gaI haiM jo vibhinna ruci pravRtti aura zreNI ke puruSoM para ghaTita hotI haiN| inake atirikta kucha anya grantha bhI nIti sambandhita haiM jinakI racanA muktaka zailI meM huI hai| inheM subhASita grantha kahA jAtA hai| saMskRta ke pramukha subhASita grantha haiM-kavIndra vacana samuccaya, subhASita kaustubha, subhASita trizatI, subhASita ratnAkara, subhASita ratna bhAMDAgAra, sadukti karNAmRta (zrIdhara dAsa), subhASitAvalI (vallabhadeva), subhASita ratna sandoha (amita gati) aadi| isa prakAra vedoM se prArambha hokara, brAhmaNa, smRti, mahAkAvya, purANa, nItisambandhI grantha, anyokti, subhASitoM se hotI huI saMskRta bhASA meM racita vaidika nIti kI dhArA pravAhita hotI huI payasvinI ke samAna gatizIla rhii| ___ yadyapi ina granthoM para aura inameM varNita nIti para jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA kAphI prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai, phira bhI vidvAnoM ne ise vaidika nIti svIkAra kiyA hai, isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki adhikAMza grantha aura granthakAra rUpa se vaidika paramparA se sambandhita rahe hai| 1 Aganda pravacana : bhAga 8 se 12 meM gautana kulaka kI saikar3oM nIti sUktiyAM haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha paramparA kI nIti 1 bauddha paramparA kA prArambha tathAgata gautama buddha se huA, jo IsApUrva kI chaThI zatAbdI meM bhArata-bhUmi para vicaraNa kara rahe the / bodhi prApta hone para tathAgata buddha ne apanA dharmopadeza pAli bhASA meM diyA / isIlie pAli bauddhadharma kI pramukha bhASA ho gayI aura bauddhadharma kA prArambhika sAhitya pAli - sAhitya ke rUpa meM prasiddha huA 1 nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 33 bauddha sAhitya ke piTaka aura jAtaka - do pramukha bheda kiye jA sakate haiM / jAtakoM meM pramukha rUpa se kahAniyA~ haiM, bodhisatvoM se sambandhita AkhyAyikAe~ haiM, unameM kathAoM ke mAdhyama se nIti- zikSA dI gaI hai / piTaka sAhitya meM nIti kI dRSTi se dhammapada mahatvapUrNa hai / usameM se kucha udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM yo bAlo maJJaJjatI bAlyaM paNDito vApi tena se | paNDitamAnI save bAlo ti vuccati // 2 bAlo ca - yadi mUrkha apane ko mUrkha samajhe to utane aMza meM to vaha buddhimAna hai, asalI mUrkha to vaha hai jo mUrkha hote hue bhI apane ko buddhimAna samajhatA hai | * mUrkha ke viSaya meM kitanI gaharI bAta kahI gaI hai / asAva malaM samRTThitaM taduTThAya tameva khAdati / evaM ati ghona cArinaM sammAni nayanti duggati // 2 - ( jisa prakAra lohe se utpanna morcA (jaMga) usa lohe ko hI khA jAtI hai, usI prakAra aticaMcala manuSya kI caMcalatA usakI durgati ( durdazA) kara detI hai - ( durgati ko le jAtI hai ) | ) abhiprAya yaha hai ki mana, vANI aura zarIra - tInoM kI caMcalatA hAnikAraka hai, durgati kA kAraNa hai / 1 dhammapada 63 2 dhammapada 240 dhammapada kI adhikAMza nItiyA~ vyAvahArika haiM / kintu eka sthAna para Atmaparaka nIti bhI milatI hai --- For Personal & Private Use Only

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34 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana atadatthaM parattheta bahunApi na hAyave / attadatthamabhijJAya sadatyapasu to sivA // - ( paropakAra ke lie AtmArtha ko bahuta na chor3e / AtmArtha ko jAnakara sadartha meM lage / ) jAtaka, bodhisatvoM, tathAgata buddha ke pUrvajanmoM kI kathAoM ke saMkalana hai / 547 jAtaka milate haiM / yadyapi bauddha paramparA ina kathAoM ko tathAgata buddha ke pUrvajanmoM se sambandhita mAnatI hai, kintu vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki `mulataH yaha kathAe~ loka kathAe~ haiM jinheM bauddhadharma aura usake upadezoM ke anusAra svarUpa pradAna kara diyA hai / 1 lekina saMskRta ke kathA sAhitya para aura mahAbhArata tathA paMcatantra para to inakA prabhAva bahuta hI spaSTa hai / 2 zaila yaha hai ki kisI bhI nIti yA upadeza ke lie eka kathA lI gaI hai aura usa kathA ke bIca meM yA anta meM nItiparaka gAthA de dI gaI hai / usa gAthA meM nIti kA upadeza de diyA gayA hai / kucha udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM / rohiNI jAtaka kI yaha gAthA dekhie seyyo amitto medhAvI yaJce bAlA nu kaMpako // passa rohiNikaM jammi mAtaraM hantvA socatI // - ( mUrkha dayAlu mitra kI apekSA buddhimAna zatru acchA hai / mUrkha rohiNI ko dekho, mAtA ko mArakara aba duHkhI hotI hai / ) isa nIti kI pRSThabhUmi meM kathA yaha hai - rohiNI kI mA~ eka bAra so rahI thI, use makkhiyAM parezAna karane lagIM / mAM ne rohiNI ko makkhI ur3Ane ko kahA to usane mUsala itanI jora se mArA ki mA~ ke prANa pakherU hI ur3a gaye / rohiNI rone lagI / 'nAdAna dosta se dAnA (samajhadAra) duzmana acchA' jaisI phArasI kI ora better to have a wise foe than a foolish friend jaisI aMgrejI sUkti aura lokoktiyoM meM isakI chAyA spaSTa hai / 1 DA. bholAnAtha tivArI hindI nIti kAvya, pR0 44 2 vahI, pRSTha 44 3 jAtaka 1, (rohiNI jAtaka), pR0 323-25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 35 sigAla jAtaka kI gAthA paryApta soca-vicAra kara kArya karane ke sambandha meM draSTavya hai asamovikhata kammataM turatAbhinipAtinaM / sAni kammAni pappenti uNhaM vajjohitaM mukhe // - (jo manuSya binA vicAre jaldabAjI meM kAma karatA hai, usake ve kAma hI use tapAte haiM; jaise muMha meM DAlA garma bhojana / ) kaTuvANI bolane ke bAre meM sujAtA jAtaka meM kahA gayA hai vaNNena sampannA, maJjukA piyadassanA / kharavAcAviyA hoMti, assiM loke paramhi ca // 2 -(sundara varNavAlA, dekhane meM priya aura komala hone para bhI kar3avI vANI (rUkhI vANI) bolane vAlA na isa loka meM priya hotA hai aura na paraloka meM / ) yadyapi adhikAMza jAtaka kathAeM dharma kI dRSTi se likhI gaI haiM; kintu vyAvahArikatA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa kucha aisI bAteM bhI A gaI haiM, jinheM anaitika hI kahA jaayegaa| vacchanakha jAtaka meM gRhastha ke vyavahAra ke lie kahA gayA hai gharA nAnIhamAnassa gharA nAbhaNato musA / gharA nAdinna daNDassa paresaM anikuvvato // -(nitya parizrama na karane vAle kI gRhasthI nahIM cltii| jhUTha na bolane vAle kI gRhasthI nahIM cltii| daNDatyAgI kI gRhasthI nahIM cltii| dUsaroM ko na Thagate hue kI gRhasthI nahIM cltii|) ___ yadyapi isa gAthA ko anaitika hI kahA jAyegA; kintu kyA Adhunika yuga meM (aura vistRta daSTikoNa se pratyeka yuga meM) sAmAnya gRhastha ke vyAvahArika jIvana meM yaha paristhitiyA~ ghaTita nahIM hotI? kyA use yaha sabakucha, na cAhate hue bhI, vyavahAra meM karane ko bAdhya nahIM honA par3atA ? 1 jAtaka 1, pRSTha 247, tulanA karie-binA vicAre jo kare, so pIche pachatAya / kAma bigArai Apuno, jaga meM hota hasAya // 2 jAtaka 3, pRSTha 76, 3. jAtaka 2, pRSTha 416, For Personal & Private Use Only

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36 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhadanta Ananda kauzalyAyana ke anusAra 'lokanIti' nAma kA pAli grantha laMkA meM hai / usameM vyavahAra nIti kA hI varNana hai / isa prakAra pAli sAhitya meM nIti ke lagabhaga sabhI rUpa prApta hote haiM / isa dRSTi se pAli sAhitya acchA samRddha hai / (II) eziyA kI anya nItidhArAe~ aba taka kI paMktiyoM meM hamane una nItidhArAoM kA saMkSipta pari caya diyA, jo bhAratabhUmi meM hI utpanna huIM aura yahIM vikasita huIM / kintu aba una nIti-dhArAoM kA paricaya de rahe haiM jinakA utpatti sthala eziyA mahAdvIpa hai / ye dhArAe~ haiM-- cIna deza kI, phArasa kI, mahAtmA IsAmasIha kI aura hajarata muhammada sAhaba kI tathA yUnAnI vicArakoM pleTo, arastU Adi kI / yadyapi yUnAna bhI eziyA mahAdvIpa meM hai aura IsAmasIha kI janmasthalI bhI eziyA mahAdvIpa hI hai, kintu yUnAnI vicArakoM kA sarvAdhika prabhAva pazcimI dezoM para huA, bhArata aura bhAratIya nIti para inakA prabhAva nagaNya - sA rahA / IsAmasIha kI nIti kA prabhAva aMgrejoM ke bhArata para zAsana ke kAraNa yUnAnI vicArakoM kI nIti sambandhI vicAradhArAoM kI apekSA kucha adhika rahA / tAo kI nIti - paramparA tAo eka vicAradhArA hai| isakA puraskartA lAotse hai jo cIna deza meM IsApUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM paidA huA / lAotse eka gambhIra tatvacintaka aura vicAraka hai / usake vicAroM kA saMkalana tAo upaniSad nAma ke grantha meM huA hai / 1 lAotsene Izvara kA nAma ' tAo' diyA hai aura use sarvavyApI tathA premamaya batAyA hai / 'tAo teha kiMga' lAotse kI amara racanA hai / 'teha' usa tAo ko prApta karane kA upAya hai / isI para lAotse kI sampUrNa nIti AdhArita hai; dUsare zabdoM meM 'teha' usakI sampUrNa nIti kI AdhAra zilA hai / se kI nIti ke pramukha tatva haiM For Personal & Private Use Only

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(1) Asakti kA tyAga karake kAma karanA / " (2) AghAta ke badale dayA karanA, (3) choTe meM bar3A dekhanA | nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 37 sukhI rahane kI nIti ke viSaya meM lAotse kahatA hai Apa muMha banda kareM, AMkheM aura kAna bhI banda kareM, janma-bhara Apako koI upadrava na hogA / kintu yadi Apa muMha kholeMge, cAlAkI dikhAyeMge to janmabhara dukhI raheMge | 2 bhArata meM jo, gAMdhIjI ke tIna bandara prasiddha haiM, jinameM se eka AMkheM banda kiye hue hai, dUsarA kAna aura tIsarA muMha, vaha lAotse ke isI siddhAnta para AdhArita haiM | lAotse ne hI tIna bandaroM kI mUrti sarvaprathama banAyI thI aura 'burA mata dekho, burA mata kaho, burA mata suno' kI nIti sukhI jIvana ke lie nirdhArita kI thIM / 4 vahI 6 vahI khuzAmada bhare zabdoM para avizvAsa karane kI nIti ke viSaya meM batAte hue lAotse kahatA hai tar3apana bhare zabda lacchedAra nahIM hote / lacchedAra zabda vizvAsayogya nahIM hote // lAotse vyakti ke svayaM apane sudhAra' kI nIti meM vizvAsa karatA hai / vaha davAba athavA daNDa se sudhAra kI nIti ko galata mAnatA hai / usakA mAnanA hai, isa taraha loga dhUrta bana jAte haiM / " vaha samajhaute kI nIti para vizvAsa karatA hai aura isI ko vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogI samajhatA hai tathA sukha-zAMti kA rAjamArga mAnatA hai / isa prakAra lAotse kI nIti saralatA, samajhautA, kisI kI burAI ( nindA ) na karanA, khuzAmadiyoM se dUra rahanA Adi hai / 1 tAo upaniSad 63 / tulanA karie - karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana / 2 tAo upaniSad 53 g 58 76 3 tAo upaniSad 5 vahI For Personal & Private Use Only --gItA 81 57

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38 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kanphyusiyasa kI nIti cIna kA dUsarA mahAna vicAraka kanphyUsiyasa huA / isakA samaya bhI IsApUrva chaThI zatAbdI hai / kaphyUsiyasa kI nIti kA sAratatva hai - bhAIcArA, prema aura lokavyavahAra ke lie isakI nIti hai - jo tumheM nApasanda hai, vaha dUsaroM ke lie haragija mata karo / ' yaha donoM siddhAnta hI kanphyUsiyasa kI nIti ke AdhAra haiM / inhIM meM usakI sampUrNa nIti samAI huI hai| jarathustra kI nIti jarathustra phArasa ke bahuta bar3e vicAraka the| inakA samaya IsApUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA hai / inake vicAroM kA saMkalana avestA nAma ke grantha meM huA hai / isa grantha kA pArasiyoM ke hRdaya meM bahuta sammAna hai| yaha unakA pramukha dharmagrantha hai, jisa prakAra musalamAnoM kA, dharmagrantha kurAna hai / pArasI dharma kI nIti kA pramukha AdhAra maitrI hai, kahA hai- 'maiM usa maitrI kI yAcanA karatA hU~ jo sabase zreSTha maitrI hai| aisI zreSTha maMtrI jaisI sUrya aura candramA ke bIca meM hai / 2 lokanIti ke sandarbha meM manuSya ke tIna pramukha kartavya' batAye gaye haiM1. jo duzmana hai, use dosta banAnA, 2. jo duSTa hai, use sadAcArI banAnA, 3. jo azikSita hai, use zikSita banAnA / 4 dainika vyavahAra ko nItipUrvaka calAne ke lie kahA gayA hai* kisI kI nindA mata karo / * mana meM lobha-lAlaca kA bhAva mata rakho / 1 tulanA kariye - AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na samAcareta / J tathA prathama pRSTha para aMkita jainAcArya kA vacana - jaM icchasi ... jiNasAsaNaM / zrIkRSNadatta bhaTTa 2 khvarazata yazta 5; uddhRta - pArasI dharma kyA kahatA hai ? 3 zayasta lA zayasta 20 / 6 4 dInAI manokI khirata 20/3-7 " 17 For Personal & Private Use Only r 11 pR0 53 pR0 52

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notizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 36 0 kisI para krodha mata kro| 0 kisI prakAra kI cintA na rkho| 0 bhoga-vilAsa meM mata dduubo| 0 dUsaroM se DAha (jalana) mata rkho| * AlasIpana kI Adata mata ddaalo| 0 udyamI bno| 0 dUsaroM kI sampatti mata aiMTho, na hdd'po| 0 dUsaroM kI striyoM se dUra rho| 0 mana meM kisI se badalA lene kI bhAvanA mata rkho| kyoMki yaha sabhI bAteM maitrIbhAva aura udyamazIlatA meM bAdhaka haiN| isake atirikta pazuoM ke prati dayA, pApa ke prati pazcAttApa, satya aura mRdubhASA kA prayoga Adi nItisambandhI bAteM to haiM hii| islAma dharma kI nIti islAma dharma ke pravartaka hajarata muhammada sAhaba kA janma araba ke prasiddha zahara makkA meM IsvI san 570 ke lagabhaga haa| Apake vicAroM kA saMkalana 'kurAna zarIpha' nAmaka grantha meM huA hai / musalamAna isa pustaka ko pavitra mAnate haiM aura bahuta Adara dete haiN| sAmAnyataH yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki islAma meM nIti kA aMza nahIM hai aura yadi hai bhI to bahuta kama hai; kintu yaha dhAraNA satya nahIM hai| islAma meM nIti ke aise vAkya milate haiM, jo dainaMdina vyavahAra meM bahuta upayogI haiM, unake AcaraNa se jIvana sukhI ho sakatA hai| __yahA~ hama nIti sambandhI kucha vAkya kurAna zarIpha se mUla sahita uddhRta kara rahe haiM- .. 0 kAna'nnAsu ummata~ vvAhidatana 2/213 -sabhI insAna eka kauma ke haiN| 0 va lA tupha siphi''l adi 7/56 -isa duniyA meM phasAda barapA (jhagar3A) na kro| 0....va asa ra lahU'jAt bainikum........ --Apasa meM sulaha kro| 0 yA ayyu ha''llajIna AmanU' 61/2 lima taka lUnamAlA tapha alUna 8/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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40 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana -ai ImAnavAlo ! kyoM kahate ho aisI bAta jo karate nhiiN| 0 va lA yara tava bA' .dukuma bAdana.... / 46/12 -tumameM se koI kisI kI pITha pIche nindA na kre| 0 yA ayyuha''nnAsu kulu'mimmAphi''la AMda 2/168 halAhana tayyiban -ai logo ! jamIna kI cIjoM meM se halAla kI cIjeM khaao| 0 va lA tankusu'la mikpAla va'la mIjAna 11/84 -nApa-taula meM kamI na kiyA kro| 0 va lA tubajira tabajIran 50 phijUlakharcI na kro| isI prakAna kurAna zarIpha meM khairAta (dAna), bhAIcArA Adi kI nIti kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / zarAba, juA, sUdakhorI (atyadhika byAja lenA) Adi kAryoM ko tathA rizvata ko zaitAna ke kAma kahakara anaitika kArya ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| halAla aura ImAna kI roTI khAne ke Adeza meM puruSArtha nIti kI jhalaka spaSTa hai tathA anaitikatA kA niSedha hai / kama taula-nApa kA niSedha vyApAra-nIti kA uccamAna sthApita karatA hai| vyavahAra nIti kI dRSTi se kurAna zarIpha eka samRddha grantha hai / IsAI dharma kI nIti IsAI dharma ke pravartaka mahAtmA IsA the / inakA janma Aja se lagabhaga do hajAra varSa pUrva huA thaa| inake dharma kA pracAra saMsAra meM sarvAdhika hai / sAre saMsAra meM isake anuyAyI phaile hue haiM / inake dharma kA mUlAdhAra mAnavatA yA mAnava sevA hai| ataH isa dharma kI nIti bhI mAnavatAvAdI hai / mAnavatA isakA pramukha tatva hai| mAnava meM mAnavatA jagAne ke lie inhoMne namratA, dayA, kSamA, prema Adi bAtoM para vizeSa bala diyaa| 1 tulanA karie-prANa jAe para vacana na jaaii| -~rAmacarita mAnasa For Personal & Private Use Only

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par3osI ke sAtha vyavahAra kI nIti ke viSaya meM kahA hai Thou shalt not hurt thy neighbour. tuma apane par3osI ko hAni mata pahu~cAo / parigraha mAnavatA ke vikAsa meM bahuta bar3A bAdhaka hai / parigrahI vyakti ke hRdaya se mAnavatA palAyana kara jAtI hai / ataH aparigraha nIti kA anusaraNa karate hue batAyA hai nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 41 o "suI ke cheda meM se U~Ta kA nikala jAnA saMbhava hai kintu kisI dhanavAna vyakti kA svarga meM praveza pAnA asambhava hai / " ina zabdoM meM unhoMne saMgraha - virakti kI nIti kA upadeza diyA / samajhautA, sulaha aura premabhAva kI nIti kA prasAra karane ke lie unhoMne kahA * " yadi koI tumhAre eka gAla para thappar3a mAre to usakI ora apanA dUsarA gAla kara do / " samAja meM sukha, zAMti aura sAmAjika nItiyAM Avazyaka bhI haiM aura upayogI bhI / 'suvyavasthA ke lie yaha sabhI isa prakAra bAibila meM nIti ke aneka Adarza vacana milate haiM / pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA vikAsa pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA udbhava sukarAta se mAnA jAtA hai / isakA samaya IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA hai / sukarAta kI samasyA vizuddha rUpa se naitika samasyA thI / usane apane naitika vicAroM kA prasAra kiyA / ve siddhAnta rAjya ke siddhAntoM se mela nahIM khAte the / navayuvakoM ko bhraSTa karane kA Aropa lagAkara use mRtyudaNDa diyA gayA jise usane saharSa svIkAra karake viSa kA pyAlA pIkara prANotsarga kara diyA / apane antima samaya meM sukarAta ne apane mitra kAiTo ko tIna siddhAnta diye (1) kisI ko hAni na pahu~cAnA (2) apane vAyadoM kA pAlana karanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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42 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (3) mAta-pitA tathA zikSakoM kA sammAna karanA ina tIna siddhAntoM ko hI pAzcAtya nIti kA AdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai| ___ usake uparAnta pleTo ne nIti ke siddhAntoM ko kucha Age bar3hAyA / usane nIti ko samAja kA samanvayakArI tattva athavA vidhi svIkAra kiyA aura nIti ke sAtha nyAya (just) ko bhI paribhASita kiyaa| kintu isake bAda yUnAnI sabhyatA kA patana ho gayA aura yUropa meM arAjakatA chA gii| pariNAmasvarUpa nIti ke viSaya meM bhI koI kAma na ho skaa| taduparAnta IsA kI solahavIM-satrahavIM zatAbdI meM jaba punarjAgaraNa (Renaissance) haA to nIti ke kSetra meM bhI kAma huA / zApenahAvara,kAMTa, spinojA Adi ne nIti sambandhI siddhAnta, pratyaya Adi nirdhArita kiye| isa aitihAsika vivecana se spaSTa hai ki pAzcAtya nItizAstra kA vikAsa, jitanA bhI dikhAI detA hai, vaha saba Adhunika kAla meM hI huA hai, usakA koI vizeSa sudRr3ha prAcIna AdhAra dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| kintu jaisAki DA. divAkara pAThaka likhate haiM___ "pazcimI vicAraka prAyaH bhAratIya saMskRti kI prAcInatA ke adhyayana kI kamI ke kAraNa pratyeka jJAna-vijJAna kA zrIgaNeza yUnAna kI saMskRti se hI mAnate haiN| ina logoM ke anusAra AcAra-sambandhI dArzanika siddhAntoM (aura naitika siddhAntoM kA bhI) kA pratipAdana sabase pahale yUnAna meM hI huaa| kintu isa vicAradhArA meM AMzika satyatA hai / "2 apane mata kI puSTi meM ve amerikI vidvAna hopakinsa kA nimna kathana prastuta karate haiM-- "yadyapi pazcima ne bhAratIya mastiSka (cintana) ko varSoM pUrva DhUMr3ha nikAlA thA aura Aja bhI agaNita bauddha gAthAoM kI carcA karatA hai; tathApi bhAratIya dharmoM ke antaraMga kA pUrNa paricaya kama hI logoM ko hai| bahata-se loga yaha bhI nahIM jAnate ki bhAratIyoM ne kyA cintana kiyA aura kyA kahA hai ? jahA~ taka bhAratIya nItizAstra kA sambandha hai, vaha yUropa aura amerikA ke lie adhikAMzataH ajJAta kSetra hai| yaha jAna kara adhikAMza logoM ko khuzI hogI ki IsA yuga se bahuta pUrva bhArata meM 1 DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : pAzcAtya nItizAstra, pR. 1 2. DA. divAkara pAThaka : bhAratIya nItizAstra pR. 5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 43 satya, udAratA, hRdaya kI dayAlutA, AtmA kI pavitratA, kSamA tathA dayA ke Adarza dainika jIvana ke siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM sikhAye jAte the|" bhAratIya nIti kI vikAsa avasthAeM bhAratIya aura bhAratetara vibhinna dharmoM aura unake pravartakoM ke nIti sambandhI vicAroM kI saMkSipta jAnakArI bhAratIya nItizAstra kI vikAsa avasthAoM ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hogii| vikAsakrama kI apekSA se bhAratIya nIti ko pAMca avasthAoM (stages) meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai (i) prAgaitihAsika naitika vicAradhArA-isakA prArambha RSabhadeva se pUrva kulakara yuga kI hAkAra nIti se huA aura jaina paramparA ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke yuga taka vibhinna sopAnoM ko pAra karatI haI vikasita hotI rhii| naitika cintana kA yaha atidIrghakAla hai| nIti sambandhI adhikatara pratyaya isa yuga meM pracalana meM A cuke the| (ii) prAcIna naitika cintana-isakA prArambha vaidika yuga se mAnA jAtA hai| veda, brAhmaNa, upaniSada, smati, pUrANa Adi vaidika paramparA, bauddha paramparA kA naitika cintana tathA saMskRta kAvyoM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, nIti-granthoM, anyokti aura sUkti subhASita saMgrahoM, paMcatantra Adi kI nIti kathAoM-sabhI kA isa kAla ke naitika cintana meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| | "Although the West discovered mental India years ago and now talks quite glibly with its imagined 'millions of Buddhists, yet apart from some erroneous familiarity with Indian religions, there is little known in this country of what the Hindus have thought and said; as far the field of Hindu Ethics, it is terra incognitia to Europe and America.....It will be a pleasure to many and grief to none to know that truthfulness, generosity, kindness of heart, purity of soul, forgiveness and compassion were taught in India as everyday precepts long before the Christian era." -Hopkins, E. W. : Ethics of India, p. IX uddhRta-DA. divAkara pAThaka : bhAratIya nItizAstra, pRSTha 5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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44 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isI kAla meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita nIti aura natika pratyaya bhI samAviSTa hote haiM / yaha kAla I0 pU0 tIsarI sahasrAbdI se lekara I0 san 1200 taka yAnI 4200 varSa kA aitihAsika kAla hai / (iii) madhyakAlIna saMtoM ke naitika upadeza aura vicAra - yaha kAla IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI se aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka hai / / IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI se musalamAnoM kA bhArata meM Agamana zurU ho gayA / AkrAmaka rAjAoM ke sAtha muslima santa bhI Aye / rAjAoM - muslima AkrAMtAoM ke kAraNa bhAratIya rAjanIti aura yuddhanIti prabhAvita huI, santoM ke prabhAva se sAmAnyanIti aura yahA~ taka ki dharma sambandhI mAnyatAoM meM bhI nayA mor3a AyA / naye naitika pratyaya sthApita hue / isa yuga pramukha saMtakavi kabIra tulasI Adi haiM / 1 (IV) unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke sudhArakoM ke naitika vicAra - yadyapi IsAiyoM kA Agamana bhArata meM I0 1600 meM hI ho gayA thA kintu inakA prabhAva bhAratIya jana-mAnasa para aThArahavIM zatAbdI se par3anA zurU huaa| aMbra ejI zikSA, aMgrejoM se samparka aura IsAI mizanariyoM dvArA IsAI dharma kA pracAra, hinduoM kA dharma parivartana Adi aisI ghaTanAe~ thIM, jinase bhAratIya vicAradhArA meM krAntikArI parivartana hue / aMgrejI zikSA prApta kucha bhAratIyoM kI aisI mAnasikatA bana gaI ki yUropa kI sabhyatA aura naitikatA ko ve bhAratIyatA se zreSTha samajhane lage / aMgreja prabhuoM kI kRpA se yaha varga zakti sampanna aura prabhAvazAlI bhI thA / ataH prAcIna aura madhyakAlIna naitika cintanadhArAoM ko bahuta bar3A jhaTakA lgaa| aisA anubhava hone lagA ki sArA bhArata hI yUropIyatA ke raMga meM raMga jAyegA / isa samaya rAjA rAmamohanarAya, jasTisa rAnADe, svAmI vivekAnaMda, baMkimacandra caTarjI, Adi prabuddha cetA bhAratIya manISiyoM kA cintana jagA / unhoMne yuga-yugoM se calI AI bhAratIya nIti ke ujjvala tatvoM ko punarsthApita kiyA aura jahA~ taka unheM ucita lagA, yUropIya nIti ke naitika tatvoM ke sAtha bhAratIya nIti kA samanvaya kiyA aura yugAnukula naye pratyaya nirdhArita kiye / (v) Adhunika naitika cintana - isakA prArambha bIsavIM zatAbdI ke Arambhika varSoM se mAnA jAtA hai / bIsavIM zatAbdI vijJAna kI camatkArI For Personal & Private Use Only

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tatazAstra kA udgama evaM vikAsa | 45 khojoM kA yuga rahI hai / pazcima ne bhautika jagata ke naye-naye AyAma khoje haiM / ina khojoM meM bhAratIya vaijJAnikoM sara jagadIzacandra bosa, sara veMkaTaramana, sara meghanAtha sAhA aura gurudeva ravIndranAtha Taigora ne bhI apanI pratibhA ke camatkAra dikhAye | vijJAna kI adhunAtana khojoM ne sukha-suvidhA ke itane pracura sAdhana upalabdha karake prasArita kiye ki mAnava sukha-suvidhAvAdI bhoga-parAyaNa aura pradarzana priya bana gayA / ataH bhAratIya tyAgapradhAna aura mokSavAdI naitika cintanadhArA ko bahuta tIvra AghAta lagA / cikitsA aura zRMgAra-prasAdhanoM ke lie loga hiMsA ko vihita mAnane lage, dhanopArjana ke lie athavA uccapada prApti ke lie chala-kapaTa ko Avazyaka aura ucita ThaharAyA jAne lagA / saMcaya aura parigraha tathA pradarzana ucca jIvana stara kA Avazyaka tathA anivArya ghaTaka bana gayA / isa zatAbdI meM mahAtmA gAMdhI, lokamAnya tilaka, mahAmanA madana mohana mAlavIya zrI vinobA bhAve, kizoradAsa mazruvAlA, DA0 rAdhAkRSNana Adi bhAratIya cintakoM ne punaH bhAratIya naitikatA kA ujjvala pakSa saMsAra ke samakSa rakhA aura vijJAna se Avazyaka samanvaya karake bhAratIya nIti ko nayA rUpa diyA / kintu isa naye rUpa meM bhI bhAratIya nIti ke dayA, kSamA, mokSa, tyAga, dAna, udAratA, ahiMsA, sahiSNutA Adi Avazyaka anivArya aura sanAtana ghaTaka akSuNNa rakhe 1 ina cintakoM ne vijJAna se itanA hI samajhautA kiyA ki jahAM taka vaijJAnika khojeM, mAnavIya svAsthya tathA svastha cintana meM sahAyaka haiM, vahAM taka to unheM apanAyA aura jahAM vijJAna dAnava banatA huA dikhAI diyA, mAnavatA ke vikAsa meM avarodha paidA karane vAlA mAlUma huA, vahAM unhoMne vijJAna kA mAnava - jIvana meM praveza karanA ucita na samajhA / isIlie gAMdhIjI bar3I mazInoM ke pakSadhara nahIM rahe kyoMki inake prayoga se mAnava kI kAryakSamatA ghaTatI hai, mAnava mazInoM kA gulAma bana jAtA hai aura dAsatA svayaM eka bahuta bar3I anaitikatA hai / isa prakAra nIti -- bhAratIya nIti, bhAratetara aura pazcimI nIti kI saMkSipta vikAsadhArA kA yaha digdarzana hai, jo prAgaitihAsika kAla se vartamAna yuga taka calI AI hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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3. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti - avadhAraNAe~ jisaprakAra dhArmika jIvana kA AdhAra AcAra hai, usI prakAra vyAvahArika jIvana kI rIr3ha nIti hai aura yaha bhI tathya hai ki jisa prakAra binA nIMva ke makAna kI racanA nahIM ho sakatI vaise hI binA naitika jIvana dhArmika jIvana kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI / nIti, dharma kA AdhAra hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyeka dharma - pravartaka, dharmopadezaka aura dharmasudhAraka ne dharma ke sAtha nIti kA bhI upadeza diyA, janasAdhAraNa ko naitika jIvana jIne kI preraNA dI / hA~, yaha avazya hai ki dharma, dharma ke mUlya, dharma ke siddhAnta sthAyI haiM, sadA samAna rahate haiM, unameM dezakAla kI paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa parivartana nahIM hotA; jaise 'ahiMsA dharma hai' yaha saMsAra meM sarvatra aura sabhI kAloM meM dharma hI rahegA / kintu nIti, samaya aura paristhiti - sApekSa hai, isameM parivartana A sakatA hai / jo nIti siddhAnta bhAratIya paristhitiyoM ke lie ucita haiM, Avazyaka nahIM ki ve pazcimI jagata meM bhI mAnya kiye jAyeM, vahAM kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra naitika siddhAnta bhinna prakAra ke bhI ho sakate haiM / nIti - vyAvahArika jIvana se pramukhatayA saMbaMdhita hone ke kAraNa nIti siddhAntoM meM parivartana A jAtA hai / jaina nIti ke siddhAnta yadyapi prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA nizcita kara diye gaye the aura ve dIrghakAla taka calate bhI rahe the; kintu una siddhAntoM ko yugAnurUpa svarUpa pradAna karake bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nizcita kiyA aura ( 46 ) 1.1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 47 yahI siddhAnta aba taka pracalita haiN| isI apekSA se una siddhAntoM ko 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti' nAma se abhihita karanA samIcIna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma caitra zuklA trayodazI ke dina kSatriyakuNDa grAma meM rAjA siddhArtha kI rAnI trizalAdevI kI kukSi se IsA pUrva 569 meM huA thA / Apane 30 varSa gRhavAsa meM bitAye, taduparAnta zramaNa bane, sAr3he bAraha varSa taka kaThora tapasyA kI, kevalajJAna prApta kiyA aura phira dharmatIrtha kA pravartana kiyA / 30 varSa taka apane vacanAmRta se jagata jIvoM ke lie kalyANa-mArga batAyA aura Ayu samApti para 72 varSa kI avasthA meM kArtikI amAvasyA dIpAvalI ke dina nirvANa prApta kiyaa| Apa jaina paramparA ke caubIsaveM aura antima tIrthaMkara haiN| vartamAna samaya meM unhIM kA dharmazAsana cala rahA hai / bhAratIya aura bhAratetara sabhI dharma-pravartakoM, upadezakoM se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza viziSTa rahA hai| upadeza kI viziSTatA ke kAraNa hI unake dvArA nirdhArita nIti meM bhI aisI virala vizeSatAoM kA samAveza ho gayA jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM ho sktiiN| isa apekSA se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti avadhAraNA ko do zIrSakoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai- 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti--avadhAraNA 2. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAmAnya nIti-avadhAraNA sAmAnya nIti se abhiprAya nIti ke una siddhAntoM se hai, jinake Upara anya dArzanikoM, manISiyoM aura dharma sampradAya ke upadeSTAoM ne bhI apane vicAra pragaTa kiye haiN| aise nIti siddhAnta satya, ahiMsA Adi haiN| kintu ina siddhAntoM kA yuktiyukta tarkasaMgata sUkSma vivecana jaina paramparA meM prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne ina para gambhIra cintana kiyA hai| viziSTa nIti se abhiprAya una nIti siddhAntoM se hai, jahAM taka anya manISiyoM kI dRSTi nahIM pahu~cI hai| aise nIti siddhAnta anAgraha, anekAMta, yatanA, samatA, apramAda Adi haiM / yadyapi yaha sabhI nIti siddhAnta sAmAjika suvyavasthA tathA vyaktigata vyAvahArika sukhI jIvana ke lie upayogI haiM phira bhI yaha achUte raha gaye / bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake AjJA For Personal & Private Use Only

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48 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nugAmI zramaNoM, manISiyoM ne nIti ke ina pratyayoM para gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai aura sukhI jIvana ke lie inakI upayogitA pratipAdita kI hai| jaina nIti ke mUla tatva uparokta sAmAnya aura viziSTa nIti ke siddhAntoM ko bhalI bhAMti hRdayaMgama karane ke lie yaha adhika upayogI hogA ki jaina nIti athavA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti ke mUla AdhArabhUta tatvoM ko inake hArda ko samajha liyA jaay| jaina nIti ke mUla tatva haiM, puNya, saMvara aura nirjarA / dhyeya hai-mokSa aura Asrava, bandha tathA pApa anaitika tatva haiM / jaina nIti kA sampUrNa bhavana inhIM para TikA huA hai| pApa anaitika hai, puNya naitika, Azrava anaitika hai, saMvara naitika, baMdha anaitika hai, nirjarA naitika / isa sUtra ke AdhAra para hI sampUrNa jainanIti ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| pApa aura puNya zabdoM kA prayoga to saMsAra kI sabhI nIti aura dharmaparamparAoM meM huA hai| sabhI ne pApa ko anaitika batAyA aura pUNya kI gaNanA nIti meM kI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unakI pApa puNya kI paribhASAoM meM antara hai / inakI paribhASAyeM unhoMne apanI-apanI paramparAoM meM ba~dhakara kI hai| kintu Asrava saMvara aura nirjarA ye jaina nIti ke vizeSa zabda haiN| inakA artha samajha lenA abhISTa hogaa| Asrava kA nItiparaka abhiprAya hai-ve sabhI kriyAe~, jinako karane se vyakti kA svayaM kA jIvana duHkhI ho, samAja meM avyavasthA phaile, AtaMka bar3he, ugravAda panape, samAja ke, deza ke, rASTra, rAjya aura saMsAra ke anya prANiyoM kA jIvana utpIDita va duHkhI ho jAya, ve kaSTa meM par3a jAyaM / jaina-nIti ne AsravoM ke pramukha pAMca bheda mAne haiM(1) mithyAtva (galata dhAraNA) (2) avirati (AtmAnuzAsana kA abhAva) (3) pramAda (jAgarUkatA kA abhAva-asAvadhAnI) (4) kaSAya (krodha, mAna, kapaTa, lobha Adi mAnasika saMkleza) aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 46 (5) azubha yoga (mana, vacana, kAvya kI nindya evaM kutsita vRttiyAM) dUsarI apekSA se bhI pAMca pramukha Asrava hai-(1) hiMsA (2) mRSAvAda-asatya bhASaNa (3) caurya (4) abrahma-sevana aura (5) parigraha / / spaSTa hai ki yaha sabhI Asrava anaitika haiM, samAja evaM vyakti ke lie duHkhadAyI haiM, azAnti, vigraha aura utpIr3ana karane vAle hai| ina AsravoM ko-anaitikatAoM ko--anaitika pravRttiyoM ko rokanA, inakA AcaraNa na karanA, saMvara hai-nIti hai, sunIti haiN| hiMsA Adi pAMcoM AsravoM ko pApa bhI kahA jAtA hai, isIlie pApa anaitika hai| kisI kA dila dukhAnA, zArIrika mAnasika coTa pahu~cAnA, jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, dhana athavA vastuoM kA adhika saMgraha karanA, Adi asAmAjikatA hai, anaitikatA hai| Aja samAja meM jo vigraha, varga-saMgharSa, arAjakatA Adi panapa gaye haiM, inakA mUla kAraNa uparokta anaitika AcaraNa aura vyavahAra hI hai / eka ora dhana ke U~ce ambAra aura dUsarI nirdhanatA evaM abhAva kI gaharI khAI ne hI varga saMgharSa aura asantoSa ko janma diyA hai, jisake kAraNa deza meM, saMsAra meM viplava uTha khar3A haA hai| isa pApa rUpa anaitikatA ke viparIta anya vyaktiyoM ko sukha pahuMcAnA, abhAvagrastoM kA abhAva miTAnA, rogI Adi kI sevA karanA, samAja meM zAnti sthApanA ke kArya karanA, dhana kA adhika saMgraha na karanA, kaTu zabda na bolanA, mithyA bhASaNa na karanA, corI herA-pherI Adi na karanA puNya hai, naitikatA hai, nItipUrNa AcaraNa hai| dharmazAstroM ke anusAra baMdha kA abhiprAya hai-apane hI kiye karmoM se svayaM hI baMdha jAnA; kintu nIti ke sandarbha meM isakA artha vistRta hai, vyakti apane kAryoM ke jAla meM svayaM to pha~satA hI hai, dUsaroM ko bhI phaMsAtA hai| jaise makar3I jAlA bunakara svayaM to usameM pha~satI hI hai; kintu usakI nIyata maccharoM ko usa jAla meM phaMsAne kI hotI hai aura pha~sA bhI letI hai / isI taraha koI vyakti jhUTha-kapaTa kA jAla bichAkara, lacchedAra aura khuzAmada-bharI mIThI-mIThI bAteM banAkara anya logoM ko apanI bAtoM meM bahalAtA hai, bhulAvA dekara unheM vAg-jAla meM pha~sAtA hai, unheM vacana kI DorI se bAMdhatA hai, jakar3atA hai to usake ye sabhI kriyA-kalApa, vAgjAla baMdhanarUpa hone se anaitika haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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50 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa se nirjarA hai-aise vAg-jAloM meM kisI ko na phaMsAnA, jhaTha-kapaTa aura lacchedAra zabdoM meM kisI ko na bA~dhanA, aura yadi pahale kaSAya Adi ke Avega meM kisI ko isa prakAra baMdhana meM le liyA ho to use vacanamukta kara denA, sAtha hI svayaM bhI usa baMdhana se mukta ho jaanaa| isI bAta ko hemacandrAcArya ne ina zabdoM meM kahA hai Asravo bhavahetu syAd saMvaro mokSa kAraNam / itIyamAhatI dRSTiranyadasyA prapaMcanam // -vItarAga stotra -(Asrava bhava kA hetu hai aura saMvara mokSa kA kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Asrava anaitika hai tathA saMvara naitika hai| yaha Arhata (arihaMta bhagavAna tathA unake anuyAyiyoM kI) dRSTi hai aura saba isI kA vistAra jaina dRSTi ke ina mUla AdhArabhUta tatvoM ke prakAza meM aba hama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI nIti ko samajhane kA prayAsa kareMge / zramaNa aura zrAvaka tIrthaMkara ke anuyAyiyoM kA vargIkaraNa zramaNa aura zrAvaka ina do pramukha vargoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM hI vargoM ke lie AcaraNa ke spaSTa niyama nirdhArita kara diye gaye haiM / pahale hama zramaNoM ko hI leN| zramaNAcAra meM nIti zramaNa ke lie spaSTa niyama hai ki vaha apanA pUrva paricaya-gRhastha jIvana kA paricaya zrAvaka ko na de / sAmAnyatayA zramaNa apane pUrva-jIvana kA paricaya zrAvakoM ko dete bhI nahIM; kintu kabhI-kabhI paristhiti aisI utpanna ho jAtI hai ki paricaya denA anivArya ho jAtA hai, anyathA zramaNoM ke prati AzaMkA ho sakatI hai| ise eka dRSTAnta se samajhiye___ bhagavAna neminAtha ke ziSya chaha muni the-anIkasena Adi / yaha chahoM sahodara bhrAtA the, rUpa-raMgavaya Adi meM itanI samAnatA thI ki inameM bheda karanA bar3A kaThina thaa| do-do ke samuha meM vaha chahoM anagAra devakI ke mahala meM bhidhA ke lie gye| For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 51 devakI ke hRdaya meM yaha zaMkA utpanna ho gayI ki ye do hI sAdhu mere ghara bhikSA ke lie tIna bAra Aye haiN| jabaki zramaNa niyama se eka dina meM do bAra bhikSA ke lie nahIM jaataa| devakI kI isa zaMkA ko miTAne ke lie sAdhuoM ne apanA pUrva-paricaya diyA, jo ki usa paristhiti meM anivArya thaa| ___isIlie bhagavAna ne sAdhu ke lie utsarga aura apavAda-do mArga batAye haiN| utsarga (sAmAnya) mArga meM to pUrva-paricaya sAdhaka detA nahIM, lekina apavAda mArga (vizeSa paristhiti)meM yadi paristhiti utpanna ho jAe to de sakatA hai| yaha apavAda-mArga jaina sAdhvAcAra meM nIti kA dyotaka hai / isI prakAra kezI zramaNa ne jaba gautama gaNadhara se bha. pArzvanAtha kI sacelaka aura bha0 mahAvIra kI acelaka dharma-nIti ke bheda ke viSaya meM prazna kiyA to gaNadhara gautama kA uttara nIti kA paricAyaka hai / unhoMne batAyA ki sabhyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra-tapa kI sAdhanA hI mokSamArga hai / veSa to lokapratIti ke lie hotA hai| . isI prakAra ke anya dRSTAnta zramaNAcAra sambandhI diye jA sakate haiM, jo sIve vyAvahArika-nIti athavA lokanIti se sambandhita haiN| aba hama bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti--viziSTa nIti kA varNana kareMge, jisa para anya vicArakoM ne bilkula bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai, aura yadi kiyA bhI hai to bahuta kama kiyA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti bha0 mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti ke mUlabhUta pratyaya haiM-anAgraha, yatanA, samatA, apramAda, upazaMma Adi / anAgraha nIti anAgraha kA abhiprAya hai-apanI bAta kA, dhAraNA kA Agraha na krnaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA anya sabhI tIrthaMkaroM aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sabhI anuyAyiyoM-zramaNa sAdhuoM kI yaha nIti rahI hai ki ve jijJAsu ke sAmane satya-tathya kholakara rakha dete haiM; tarka, hetu, Agama, pramANa 1 antagaDa dazA sUtra-- . 2 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 23/26-32. For Personal & Private Use Only

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52 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana Adi se vastu tatva ko samajhA dete haiM; kintu jijJAsu se vaha Agraha nahIM karate ki vaha unakI bAtoM ko svIkAra kara hI le / svIkAra karanA athavA na karanA, ve usa jijJAsu ke viveka para chor3a dete haiM / isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne eka sUtra diyA pannA samakkhie dhamma / apanI prajJA se dharma kI samIkSA kro| dharma ko samajhane ke bAda jaba koI use svIkAra karane ke lie bha0 mahAvIra se pUchatA hai to ve eka hI uttara dete haiM -- ahAsuhaM devANuppiyA ! devAnupriya, tumheM jaisA sukha ho, vaisA kro| dhArmika jagata meM anAgraha kI yaha nIti jitanI mahatvapUrNa hai, utanI hI laukika jagata meM bhI hai| Agraha se vyakti davAba kA anubhava karatA hai, vaha samajhatA hai ki use anucita dabAyA jA rahA hai phira usake mana meM isa kriyA kI pratikriyA hotI hai, virodhI bhAva utpanna hote haiM, vigraha ke bIja par3ate haiM, paraspara mana-muTAva hotA hai| dhore-dhIre bar3hakara yaha parivAra aura samAja meM vizRMkhalatA utpanna karatA hai| Aja saMyukta parivAra TUTa rahe haiM, bhAI-bhAI meM virodha ho rahA hai, isa sabake mUla meM Agraha hI hai / __ aura yadi Agraha haThAgraha athavA kadAgraha bana jAe taba to sthiti aura bhI viSama ho jAtI hai| Aja saMsAra ke sabhI audyogika deza davAba samUhoM (pressure groups) se saMtrasta haiN| ye samUha anucita rUpa se ghora AgrahapUrNa DhaMga se davAba dvArA apane haka mA~gate (arrogation) haiN| unakI yaha nIti durnIti hai| yadi Aja saMsAra bha0 mahAvIra kI anAgraha kI nIti apanA le to saMsAra meM sukha-zAMti kI saritA bahane lge| anekAMta nIti anekAMta kisI bhI vastu ko sabhI dRSTikoNoM se jAnane kI, vicAra karane kI nIti hai / bahuta-se loga kevala apane hI dRSTikoNa se kisI ghaTanA, tathya yA vastu ko dekhate haiM aura dUsare ke dRSTikoNa kI avahelanA kara dete haiM / isakA pariNAma pArasparika vidvaSa ke rUpa meM AtA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 53 bahU pati para apanA adhikAra mAnatI hai, vaha sAsa ke adhikAra ko bhUla jAtI hai / yadi vaha anekAMta nIti kA Azraya le, sabhI ke adhikAroM ko svIkAra kare to pArivArika zAMti kAyama rhe| yahI bAta barga-saMgharSa ke lie hai| samAja, deza athavA rASTra kA eka varga apane hI dRSTikoNa se socatA hai, usI ko ucita mAnatA hai tathA anyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko anucita / vaha unake dRSTikoNa kA Adara nahIM karatA, isI kAraNa pArasparika saMgharSa hotA hai| ___ Arya skandaka' ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA-loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, antasahita hai yA antarahita ? isI prakAra ke aura bhI prazna kiye| bhagavAna ne usake sabhI praznoM kA anekAMta nIti se uttara diyA, kahA--- loka zAzvata bhI hai aura azAzvata bhI / yaha sadAkAla se rahA hai, aba bhI hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI rahegA, kabhI isakA nAza nahIM hogaa| isa apekSA se yaha zAzvata hai| sAtha hI isameM jo dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva kI apekSA parivartana hotA hai, usa apekSA se azAzvata bhI hai| isI prakAra bhagavAna ne skandaka ke sabhI praznoM ke uttara diye / isa anekAMta nIti se prApta hue uttaroM se skandaka santuSTa huaa| yadi bhagavAna anekAMta nIti se uttara na dete to skaMdaka bhI saMtuSTa na hotA aura satya kA bhI apalApa hotA / satya yaha hai ki vastu kA svabhAva hI aisA hai / vastu sthira bhI rahatI hai aura usI kSaNa usameM kAla Adi kI apekSA parivartana hote bhI rahate haiN| Aja kA vijJAna bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kara cukA hai, tabhI AInsaTIna Adi vaijJAnikoM ne anekAMta nIti kI sarAhanA kI hai, bha0 mahAvIra kI anupama dena mAnA hai aura zAMtipUrNa sahaastitva ke lie ise bahata upayogI svIkAra kiyaa| AinsTIna kA Theory of Relativity to spaSTa sApekSavAda athavA anekAMta hI hai| yatanA nIti yatanA kA abhiprAya hai-sAvadhAnI / nIti ke sandarbha meM sAvadhAnI 1 bhagavatI 2, 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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54 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna ne batAyA ki sote-jAgate, calate, uThate baiThate, bolate - pratyeka kriyA ko yatanApUrvaka' karanA cAhie / , sAvadhAnIpUrvaka vyavahAra se vigraha kI sthiti nahIM AtI, paraspara mana-muTAva nahIM hotA, kisI prakAra kA saMgharSa nahIM hotA / yatanA kA eka artha hai- yatnapUrvaka, sAvadhAna - elarTa - caukanna e hokara kArya kro| dUsarA artha hai - yatanA - usa kArya meM viveka evaM saMyama rakho, apane Apa para selpha kanTrola - AtmaniyaMtraNa karake kAma karo / samatA nIti samatA bhAva athavA sAmyabhAva bhagavAna mahAvIra yA jaina dharma kI viziSTa nIti hai / AcAra aura vicAra meM yaha ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcAra-vyavahAra kI nIti batAte hue kahAappa same mannijja chappikAe chaha kAya ke jIvoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna samajho / chaha kAya se yahA~ abhiprAya manuSya, pazu, pakSI, deva, choTe se choTe kRmi aura yahA~ taka ki jala, vanaspati, per3a-paudhe Adi se hai / jaina dharma ina sabhI meM AtmA mAnatA hai aura isIlie inako duHkha denA, anIti meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai tathA ina sabake prati samatvabhAva rakhanA rakhanA jaina nIti kI vizeSatA hai / krUra- kumArgagAmI, apakArI, vyaktiyoM ke prati bhI samatA kA bhAva rakhanA cAhie, yaha jaina nIti hai / bhagavAna pArzvanAtha para unake sAdhanAkAla meM kamaTha ne upasarga kiyA aura dharaNendra ne isa upasarga ko dUra kiyA / kintu prabhu pArzvanAtha ne donoM para hI samatA bhAva rakhA / manovijJAna aura prakRti kA niyama hai ki kriyA kI pratikriyA hotI hai aura phira pratikriyA kI pratikriyA / isa prakAra yaha kriyA-pratikriyA kA eka cakra hI calane lagatA hai / isako tor3ane kA eka hI upAya hai - kriyA kI pratikriyA hone hI na dI jAya / kisI eka vyakti ne dUsare ko gAlI dI, satAyA, apakAra kiyA yA duSTatApUrNa vyavahAra kiyA, usakI isa kriyA kI pratikriyAsvarUpa vaha dUsarA 1 dazavaikAlika 4 / - jayaM care jayaM ciTThe ..... For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 55 vyakti bhI gAlI de athavA duSTatApUrNa vyavahAra kare to saMgharSa kI, kalaha kI sthiti bana jAya aura yadi vaha samatA kA bhAva rakhe, samatA nIti kA pAlana kare to saMgharSa zAMti meM badala jaayegaa| samAja vyavahAra tathA loka meM zAMtihetu samatA kI nIti kI upayogitA sabhI ke jIvana meM pratyakSa hai, anubhavagamya hai| samatA nIti kA hArda hai-sabhI prANiyoM kA sukha-duHkha apane hI sukha-duHkha ke samAna samajhanA / sabhI sUkha cAhate haiM, duHkha koI bhI nahIM caahtaa|' isakA Azaya yaha hai ki aisA koI bhI kAma na karanA jisase kisI kA dila dukhe aura yaha samatA nIti dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| anuzAsana evaM vinaya nIti vinaya evaM anuzAsana saMsAra kI jvalanta samasyAyeM haiN| anuzAsana samAja meM suvyavasthA kA mUla kAraNa hai aura vinaya jIvana meM sukha-zAMti pradAna karatI hai| yadyapi vinaya tathA anuzAsana ko sabhI ne mahattva diyA hai kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ise jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga batAyA hai| unhoMne to vinaya ko dharma kA mUla-'viNayamUle dhamme' kahA hai| vinaya kA loka-vyavahAra meM atyadhika mahattva hai / eka bhI avinayapUrNa vacana kalaha aura kleza kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna kara detA hai jabaki vinaya-nIti ke pAlana se saMgharSa kI agni zAMta ho jAtI hai, vaira kA dAvAnala sauhArdatA meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| vinaya jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM saphalatA kI kuMjI hai| lekina vinaya nIti kA pAlana vahI kara pAtA hai jo anuzAsita (disciplined) ho; anuzAsana pAkara kupita na ho| isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA aNusAsio na kuppijjA / anuzAsana meM rahate hue kupita/kSubhita na ho| viNae Thavijja appANaM / 1 savde jIvA suhasAyA ""dukkha pddikuulaa-aacaaraaNg|1|1 2 uttarAdhya yana sUtra 16 3 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 18 For Personal & Private Use Only

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56 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vinaya meM apane ko sthira rkhe| vinaya nIti kA pAlana kare / gurujanoM, mAtA-pitA Adi kI vinaya parivAra meM sukha-zAMti kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita karatI hai tathA mitroM, sambandhiyoM, samAja ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke prati vinayayukta vyavahAra, yaza-kIrti tathA prema evaM unnati kI sthiti ke nirmANa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| maitrI nIti __ mitratA ko saMsAra ke sabhI vicAraka zreSTha nIti svIkAra karate haiM kintu unakI dRSTi sirpha apanI hI jAti taka sImita raha gaI, kucha thor3e-se Age bar3he to unhoMne sampUrNa mAnava jAti ke sAtha mitratA nIti ke pAlana kI bAta khii| kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra kI maitrI-nIti kA dAyarA bahuta vistRta hai, ve prANImAtra ke sAtha mitratA kI nIti kA pAlana karane kI bAta kahate haiM mittI bhUesu kappae / prANI mAtra ke sAtha maitrI kA mitratA kI nIti kA pAlana kare / bhagavAna kI isI AjJA ko hRdayaMgama karake pratyeka jaina yaha bhAvanA karatA hai mittI me savva bhaesu veraM majjha na keNaI 12 prANI mAtra ke sAtha merI maitrI (mitratA) hai, kisI ke bhI sAtha zatrutA nahIM hai| mitratA kI yaha nIti svayaM ko, aura apane sAtha anya sabhI prANiyoM ko Azvasta karane kI nIti hai| sAmUhikatA kI nIti sAmUhikatA athavA ekatA sadA se hI saMsAra kI pramukha AvazyakatA rahI hai / bikharAva, alagapane kI pravRtti anaitika hai aura paraspara sadbhAva, sauhArda, mela-milApa naitika hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sAmUhikatA tathA saMgha aikya kA mahattva sAdhuoM ko btaayaa| unake saMketa kA anugamana karate hue sAdhu bhojana karane se 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 62 2. Avazyaka sUtra 5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 57 pahale anya sAdhuoM ko nimantrita karatA aura kahatA hai ki yadi mere lAye bhojana meM se kucha grahaNa kare to maiM saMsAra sAgara se tira jAU / sAhU hojjAmi taario|| dazakAlika sUtra ke ina zabdoM meM yahI nIti parilakSita hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 'saMvibhAgazIla' samUha meM bAMTakara sabake sAtha milakara rahane kA Adeza/upadeza kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA bhI sAmUhikatA athavA saMgaThana kA mAhAtmya mAnatI hai| saMghau zaktiH kalauyuge-kaliyuga meM saMgaThana hI zakti hai-ina zabdoM meM sAmUhikatA kI nIti hI mukhara ho rahI hai / Adhunika yuga meM pracalita zAsana praNAlI-prajAtantra kA AdhAra to sAmUhikatA hai hii| ye zabda prajAtantra kA pramukha nArA (slogan) haiM ___United we stand, divided we fall. (sAmUhika rUpa meM hama vijayI hote haiM aura vibhAjita hone para hamArA patana ho jAtA hai|) sAmUhikatA kI nIti deza, jAti, samAja sabhI ke lie hitakara hai| ___ svahita aura lokahita . svahita aura lokahita naitika cintana ke sadA se hI mahatvapUrNa pahalU rahe haiM / isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha donoM paraspara virodhI pratyaya haiM / eka pUrvonmukha hai to dUsarA pazcimonmukha / vidura aura cANakya ne svahita ko pramukhatA dI hai aura kucha anya nItikAroM ne parahita athavA lokahita ko pramukha mAnA hai, kahA hai-apane lie to sabhI jIte haiM jo dUsaroM ke lie jIe, jIvana usI kA hai / yahAM taka kahA gayA hai-jisa jIvana meM lokahita na ho usase to mRtyu hI zreyaskara hai / isa prakAra kI paraspara virodhI aura ekAMgI nIti-dhArAe~ nIti sAhitya meM prApta hotI haiN| 1. dazavakAlika sUtra 5 / 125 2 vidura nIti 16 3 cANakya nIti 113; paMcataMtra 11387 4 subhASita-uddhRta nIti zAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 208 5 vahI, pRSTha 205 For Personal & Private Use Only

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58 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana lekina bha0 mahAvIra ne svahita aura lokahita ko paraspara virodhI nahIM maanaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dRSTi vistRta AyAma taka pahu~cI huI thii| inhoMne svahita aura lokahita kA saMkIrNa artha nahIM liyA / svahita kA artha svArtha aura lokahita kA artha parArtha svIkAra nahIM kiyA / apitu svahita meM parahita aura parahita meM svahita sannihita maanaa| isalie ve svahita aura lokahita kA sundara samanvaya janatA janArdana aura vidvAnoM ke samakSa rakha sake / unhoMne apane sAdhuoM ko sva-parakalyANakArI banane kA sandeza diyA / isI kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA yaha eka vizeSaNa bana gayA / zramaNajana apane hita ke sAtha lokahita bhI karate haiN| bhagavAna kI vANI lokahita ke lie hai|| pA~coM mahAvrata sabhI prakAra se lokahita ke lie hai| ahiMsA bhagavatI lokahitakAriNI hai / NamotthuNaM sUtra meM to bhagavAna ko lokahitakArI batAyA hI hai / bhagavAna svayaM to apanA hita kara hI cuke hote haiM kintu arihantAvasthA kI sabhI kriyAe~, upadeza Adi lokahita hI haiM / sAdhu jo niraMtara (navakalpI) paidala hI grAmAnugrAma vihAra karate haiM, usameM bhI svahita ke sAtha lokahita bhI sannihita hai| zramaNa sAdhuoM ke samAna hI zrAvaka varga aura sAdhAraNa janatA bhI jo bhagavAna mahAvIra kI AjJApAlana meM tatpara rahate haiM, ve bhI svahita ke sAtha lokahita ko bhI pramukhatA dete haiN| yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA nirdezita siddhAntoM meM lokahita ko sadaiva hI uccasthAna prApta huA hai aura unakA anuyAyI varga svahita ke sAtha-sAtha lokahita kA bhI avirodhI rUpa se dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA isa nIti kA pAlana karatA hai| bha0 mahAvIra ne ina viziSTa nItiyoM ke atirikta satya, ahiMsA, karuNA, jIva mAtra para dayA Adi sAmAnya nItiyoM kA bhI mArga prazasta kiyA tathA inheM parAkASThA taka phuNcaayaa| 1 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, skaMdha 2, a0 1, sU0 21 2 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra skaMdha 2, a0 1, sU0 3 3 zakrastava-Avazyaka sUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 56 nIti ke sandarbha meM bhagavAna ne ise zramaNa nIti aura zrAvaka nIti ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyaa| zrAvaka cUMki samAja meM rahatA hai, sabhI prakAra ke vargoM ke vyaktiyoM se isakA sambandha rahatA hai, ataH isake lie samanvaya nIti kA vizeSa prayojana hai| sAtha hI dharmAcaraNa kA bhI mahattva hai| use laukika vidhiyoM kA bhI pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai / isIlie kahA gayA hai sarva eva hi jainAnAM, pramANaM laukiko vidhiH / yatra samyaktvahAnirna, yatra na bratadUSaNam // -somadeva sUri : upAsakAdhyayana (jainoM ko sabhI laukika vidhiyA~ usI sImA taka pramANa haiM, jaba taka samyaktva kI hAni na ho aura vratoM meM doSa na lge|) ataH zrAvaka vrata rUpI sikke ke do pahalU hote haiM-(1) dharmaparaka aura (2) nItiparaka / zrAvaka vratoM ke aticAra bhI isI rUpa meM saMdarbhita haiN| unameM bhI nItiparaka tattvoM kI vizeSatA hai / ThANAMga sUtra meM jo anukaMpA dAna, saMgrahadAna, bhayadAna, kAruNyadAna, lajjAdAna, gauravadAna, adharmadAna, dharmadAna, kariSyatidAna aura kRtadAnayaha daza prakAra ke dAna' batAye gaye haiM, ve bhI pramukha rUpa se lokanIti paraka hI haiM / unakI upayogitA lokanIti ke sandarbha meM asaMdigdha hai| isI prakAra ThANAMga sUtra meM varNita dasa dharmoM meM se grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma, kuladharma Adi kA pratyakSa sambandha nIti se hai| 1 zrAvaka vrata aura unake aticAroM kA nItiparaka vivecana isI pustaka ke 'naitika utkarSa' adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| 2 dasavihe dANe paNNatte, taMjahA--- aNukaMpA saMgahe ceva, bhaye kAluNiye i ya / lajjAe gAraveNa ya, ahamme puNa sattame / dhamme ya aThThame vutte, kAhIi ya kataMti ya / --ThANAMga 10/745 3 dasavihe dhamme paNNatte taM jahA-- 1. gAmadhamme 2. nagaradhamme 3. raTThadhamme 4. pAsaMDadhamme 5. kuladhamme 6. gaNadhamme 7. saMghadhamme 8. suyadhamme 6. cArittadhamme 10, atthikAyadhamme / -ThANAMga, 10/760 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #102
60 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jaina naitikadRSTi bindu svahita ke sAthasAtha lokahita ko bhI lekara calatA hai| gRhastha jIvana meM to lokanIti ko svahita se adhika U~cA sthAna prApta huA hai / bhagavAna ke upadezoM meM nihita isI samanvayAtmaka bindu kA prasArIkaraNa evaM puSpana-pallavana bAda ke AcAryoM dvArA huaa| AcArya haribhadrakRta dharmabindu prakaraNa' aura AcArya hemacandrakRta yogazAstra meM jo mArgAnusArI ke 35 bola diye gaye haiM, ve bhI sadgRhastha ke naitika jIvana se sambandhita haiN| pravacanasAroddhAra meM zrAvaka ke 21 guNoM meM bhI lagabhaga sabhI guNa nIti se hI sambandhita haiN| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA nirdhArita nIti-siddhAntoM kA lagAtAra vikAsa hotA rahA, aura aba bhI ho rahA hai| yadyapi nIti ke siddhAnta vahI haiM, kintu unameM nirantara yugAnukUla parimArjana aura pariSkAra hotA rahA hai, yaha dhArA vartamAna yuga taka calI AI hai| ___ mahA vIra yuga ko naitika samasyAyeM aura bhagavAna dvArA samAdhAna bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yuga saMgharSoM kA yuga thaa| usa samaya AcAra, darzana, naitikatA, sAmAjika U~ca-nIca, varNa vyavasthA, dAsa-dAsI prathA Adi aneka prakAra kI samasyAe~ thiiN| sabhI varga jisameM bhI samAja meM uccatA prApta brAhmaNavarNa apane hI svArtho meM lIna thA, mAnavatA pada-dalita ho rahI thI, krUratA kA bolavAlA thA, naitikatA ko loga bhUla se gaye the| aise kaThina samaya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne usa yuga kI samasyAoM ko samajhA, una para gahana cintana kiyA aura ucita samAdhAna diyaa| (1) naitikatA ke do dRSTikoNoM kA ucita samAdhAna-usa samaya brAhmaNoM dvArA pratipAdita eka ora hiMsaka yajJa cala rahe the to dUsarI ora 1 AcArya haribhadra--dharmabindu prakaraNa 1 2 AcArya hemacandra--yogazAstra, 1/47-56 3 mArgAnusAra ? ke 35 boloM aura zrAvaka ke 21 guNoM kA nIti paraka vivecana isI pustaka meM Age kiyA gayA hai / 4 pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 236, gAthA 1356-1358 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti-avadhAraNAeM | 61 dehadaNDa rUpa paMcAgni tapa kI paramparA pracalita thii| yadyapi bha0 pArzvanAtha ne tApasa paramparA ke pAkhaMDa ko miTAne kA prayAsa kiyA kintu ve abhI taka niHzeSa nahIM hue the| __bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yajJa-yAga, zrAddha Adi tathA paMcAgni tapa ko anaitika (pApamaya) kahA aura batAyA ki naitikatA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai, isameM pApakArI pravRttiyA~ nahIM honI caahie| unhoMne vicAra aura AcAra ke samanvaya kI nIti sthApita kii| unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA ki zubhavicAroM ke anusAra hI AcaraNa bhI zubha honA cAhie tathA zubha AcaraNa ke anurUpa vicAra bhI zubha hoN| yoM, unhoMne naitikatA ke bahirmukhI aura antarmukhI donoM pakSoM kA samanvaya karake mAnava ke sampUrNa (antarbAhya) jIvana meM naitikatA kI pratiSThA kii| (2) sAmAjika asamAnatA kI samasyA-tatkAlIna yuga meM jAti evaM varNa ke anusAra mAnava-mAnava meM to bheda thA hI, eka ko U~cA aura dUsare ko nIcA samajhA jAtA thA; kintu isa U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA meM dhana bhI eka pramukha ghaTaka bana gayA thA, dhanI aura sattAdhIzoM ko sammAnita sthAna prApta thA; jabaki nirdhana sattAvihIna loga nimnakoTi ke samajhe jAte the| zUdroM, dAsoM kI sthiti to bahuta hI burI thI, ve to pazu se bhI gaye bIte the| __ yaha sthiti sAmAjika dRSTi se to viSama thI hI, sAtha hI isane naitikatA ko bhI nimnatama stara taka pahuMcA diyA thaa| sahI zabdoM meM anaitikatA kA hI bolabAlA ho gayA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isa anaitikatA ko todd'aa| unhoMne apane zramaNa saMgha meM cAroM vargoM aura sabhI jAti ke mAnavoM ko sthAna diyA, tathA unake lie mukti kA dvAra khola diyaa| . cAMDAla sAdhaka harikezI kI yajJakartA brAhmaNa rudradeva ke samakSa uccatA dikhAkara naitikatA ko mAnavIya dharAtala para pratiSThita kiyA / isI prakAra candanabAlA ke prakaraNa meM dAsaprathA ko naitika dRSTi se mAnavatA ke lie hAnikara siddha kiyA / magadhasamrATa zreNika' kA nirdhana pUNiyA ke ghara 2 mahAvIra cariyaM 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 12vA harikezIya adhyayana 3 zreNika caritra For Personal & Private Use Only

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62 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jAnA aura sAmAyika ke phala kI yAcanA karanA, naitikatA kI pratiSThA ke rUpa meM jAnI jAyegI, yahA~ dhana aura sattA kA koI mahatva nahIM hai, mahatva hai naitikatA kA, pUrNiyA ke nItipUrNa jIvana kA / isI prakAra eka mAtaMga ( cAMDAla ) se vidyA sIkhate samaya zreNika kA siMhAsana se nIce utarakara use U~cA Asana denA dhana va sattA para jJAna evaM vidyA kI pratiSThA ko mudrAMkita kiyA gayA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne janma se varNa vyavasthA ke siddhAnta ko nakAra kara karma se varNavyavasthA kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA aura isa pratipAdana naitikatAko pramukha AdhAra rUpa meM rakhA / usa yuga meM brAhmaNavAda dvArA pracalita yajJa ke bAhyasvarUpa ko nirdhArita karane vAle lakSaNa ko bhramapUrNa batAkara nayA AdhyAtmika lakSaNa diyA, jisameM naitikatA kA tatva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai / (3) mAnava kI mAnasika jakar3ana se mukti - usa yuga kA mAnava do prakAra ke nibir3a bandhanoM se jakar3A huA thA - (2) IzvarakartRtvavAda aura (2) sAmAjika, dhArmika tathA naitika rUr3hiyA~ / ina donoM baMdhanoM se grasta - mAnava chaTapaTA rahA thA / ina baMdhanoM kA duSpariNAma yaha bhI huA ki naitikatA kA hrAsa ho gayA aura anaitikatA ke prasAra ko khulakara khelane kA avasara mila gayA / avatAravAda tathA IzvarakartRtvavAda ke siddhAnta kA lAbha uThAkara brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ne apanI viziSTa sthiti banAlI / sAtha hI Izvara ko mAnavIya bhAgya kA niyantraka aura niyAmaka mAnA jAne lagA / isase mAnava kI svatantratA kA hrAsa huA, naitikatA meM bhI girAvaTa AI / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mAnava ko svayaM apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA batAkara mAnavatA kI pratiSThA to kI hI; sAtha hI mAnavoM meM naitika sAhasa bhI jagAyA / isI prakAra isa yuga meM snAna (bAhya athavA jalasnAna ) eka naitika karttavya mAnA jAtA thA, ise dhArmikatA kA rUpa bhI pradAna kara diyA gayA thA, jabaki bAhyasnAna se zuddhi mAnanA sirpha rUr3hivAditA hai / 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra a0 25, gA0 27 Adi 2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12 / 44 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti- avadhAraNAeM | 63 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne snAna kA nayA AdhyAtmika lakSaNa dekara isa rUr3hivAditA ko todd'aa| brAhmaNoM ko dAna-dakSiNA denA bhI isa yuga meM gRhastha kA naitika kartavya bana gayA thaa| isa viSaya meM bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne naI naitika dRSTi dekara dAna se saMyama ko zreSTha btaayaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA ki prati mAsa sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna dene se saMyama zreSTha hai / ___ vastutaH bhagavAna mahAvIra dAna ke virodhI nahIM haiM; apitu unhoMne to mokSa ke cAra sAdhanoM-dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva meM dAna ko prathama sthAna diyA hai; kintu isa yuga meM brAhmaNoM ko dAna denA eka rUr3hi bana gaI thI, isa rUr3higrastatA ko hI bhagavAna ne tor3akara mAnava kI svatantratA tathA naitikatA kI sthApanA kI thii| dAna lene vAlA dIna va puruSArthahIna na bane-isI kA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacana kA anumodana dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai aura gItA ke zAMkara bhASya meM bhii| upasaMhAra ___ isa sampUrNa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nIti ke naye AdhArabhUta siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye / saMvara, nirjarA, anAgraha, yatanA, samatA Adi aise ghaTaka haiM jina para anya vidvAnoM kI dRSTi na jA skii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ina para vistRta cintana kiyA hai| unhoMne anAgraha, anekAMta, yatanA, apramAda, samatA, vinaya Adi nIti ke viziSTa tatva mAnava ko diye / sAmUhikatA ko saMgaThana kA AdhAra batAyA aura zramaNa evaM zrAvaka ko isake pAlana kA saMdeza diyaa| saMgraha se dAna ko zreSTha batAyA aura dAna se bhI saMyama (tyAga) ko sarvottama kahAyaha mahAvIra kA nayA va svatantra cintana thaa| 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12 / 46 2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6 / 40 3 dhammapada 106 4 dekhie, gItA 4 / 26-27 para zAMkara bhASya / For Personal & Private Use Only

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64 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sAmAnyatayA, sabhI dharmoM ne dharma tatva ko jAnane ke lie mAnava ko buddhi prayoga kI AjJA nahIM dI / yahI kahA ki jo dharma-pravartakoM ne kahA hai, hamAre zAstroM meM likhA hai, usI para vizvAsa kara lo / kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra mAnava ko andhavizvAsI nahIM banAnA cAhate the, mAnava svatantratA ke pakSadhara the ataH 'pannA samakkhira dhammaM' kahakara mAnava ko dharma tatva meM jijJAsA aura buddhi prayoga ko avakAza dekara usake naitika dharAtala ko U~cA uThAyA / Atmahita ke sAtha-sAtha lokahita kA bhI upadeza diyA / tatkAlIna ekAMgI vicAradhArAoM kA samanvaya anekAMtavAda kA siddhAnta dekara kiyA / sAmAjika, dhArmika dRSTi se rasAtala meM jAte hue naitika mUlyoM kI Thosa AdhAra para pratiSThA ko / isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nIti ke aise dizA nirdezaka sUtra diye, jinakA sthAyI prabhAva huA aura samasta naitika cintana para unakA prabhAva Aja bhI spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA prAcInatama jaina granthoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM 'nIti' zabda janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita thA, isalie usakI paribhASA para kabhI kisI ne vicAra hI nahIM kiyaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva dvArA pravartita hAkAra Adi nIti ko hI usa yuga meM nIti zabda se jAnA jAtA thA jisameM rAjanIti va samAjanIti kA hI vyApaka artha nihita thaa| bAda meM nIti zabda ko maryAdA, vyavasthA aura sAmAjika niyamoM ke artha meM samajhA jAne lagA-'nIti mAyAm / / " jJAtAsUtra meM nIti ke sAma-dAma-bheda-ye tIna aMga batAye haiM-'tivihA NIi paNNattA-sAme, dAme, bhee|'2 isase bhI yahI dhvanita hotA hai ki taba taka nIti kA mukhya sambandha rAjanItizAstra se hI rahA hai| 'nItizAstra' zabda-vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'nItizAstra' zabda do zabdoM kA saMyoga hai-nIti aura zAstra / vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se noti kA vyutpattijanya artha hai-le calanA / arthAta kumArga se sumArga kI ora le jAnA--"nayanAnnItirucyate / "3 zabdakoSa ke anusAra- "nirdezana, prabandha, AcaraNa, cAla-calana, kAryakrama, zAlInatA, vyavahAra kuzalatA, yojanA, upAya, AcArazAstra Adi sabhI nIti zabda se jAne jA sakate haiN| 1 abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 4, pR. 2152 2 jJAtA sUtra 111 3 zukranIti 1/56; tathA kAmaMdakIya nItisAra 2/15 4 ApTe : saMskRta-hindI koSa, dekheM-nIti zabda / For Personal & Private Use Only

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66 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nIti kA bhAvavAcaka artha hai - ' ve rIti-rivAja aura niyama, jo samAja dvArA svIkRta hoM aura jina para calane se vyakti aura samAja kA sarvAGga evaM sanAtana kalyANa sAdhana ho / 'nItizAstra' meM dUsarA zabda hai 'zAstra' / zAstra vaha hai jisase zikSA dI jAtI ho,' athavA jo ajJAna se rakSA karatA ho arthAt kartavya kI zikSA dene vAlA tathA ajJAna ke kAraNa durdazA meM girane se bacAne vAlA parama sahAyaka tatva zAstra hai / zAstra kA eka artha anuzAsanakartA bhI hai jo vyakti kI icchAoM para, bhAvanAoM para zAsana / niyantraNa karatA hai athavA jisase niyantraNa hotA hai, vaha zAstra hai / isa prakAra zAstra zabda ke tIna artha pratiphalita hote haiM - ( 1 ) zikSA dene vAlA, (2) rakSA karane vAlA aura (3) anuzAsana karane vAlA / nItizAstra kI Adarza paribhASA ataH jo grantha nIti kI, nyAya kI zikSA detA hai, anyAya se rakSA karatA hai, vyakti kI Atma-virodhI parivAra virodhI, jAti-samAja-rASTravirodhI pravRttiyoM para niyantraNa athavA anuzAsana rakhatA hai; sabhI prakAra ke virodhoM kA zamana karatA hai, loka vyavahAra ko sahI - ucita DhaMga calAne meM sahAyaka hotA hai, mAnava kI unnati kA patha Alokita karatA hai, vaha hai nItizAstra | nItizAstra kI yaha Adarza yukta aura sArvabhauma paribhASA hainItivirodhadhvaMsI, lokavyavahAravartakaH samyak / arthAt -- paraspara ke sabhI prakAra ke antar aura bahir virodhoM kA zamana karanA tathA loka vyavahAra ko sahI DhaMga se calAnA, nIti hai / yahI bAta prasiddha yUnAnI vicAraka pleTo (Plato) ne bhI kahI haiMorality is the effective harmony of whole. 5 - sabhI meM prabhAvazAlI samanvaya naitikatA hai / 1 DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : bhAratIya nItizAstra, pR0 4 2 ziSyate, zikSyate anena iti zAstram / - abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 7, pR0 332 3 zAsti ca trAyate ceti zAstram / - nyAya koSa, pR0 87 / 85 4 sAsijja teNa tahiM va neyamAyAvato satthaM / -- vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1384 5 Quoted by, Will Durant : Story of Philosophy, p. 40 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA ].67 jaina dArzanikoM dvArA uparokta dI gaI paribhASA kI chAyA pleTo ke kathana spaSTa dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kI yaha paribhASA sabhI kSetroM meM vyApaka hai| mAnava ke AdhyAtmika, mAnasika, bauddhika, cAritrika, sAmAjika evaM laukika vyavahAra sambandhI sabhI pahaluoM kA isameM samAveza ho jAtA hai| nIti aura dharma kA ekatva-anekatva prArambha meM nIti dharma ke sAtha juTakara hI calatI rhii| bhArata meM dharma kA prabhAva vizeSa rhaa| dharma ne mAnava-jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM ko prabhAvita aura anuzAsita kiyA / kartavya, cintana, vicAradhArA Adi sabhI para dharma kI chApa rhii| yahI kAraNa hai-bhArata meM samAjadharma, rAjadharma, lokadharma, paraloka dharma Adi dharma ke aneka rUpa aura prakAra pracalita hue / dharma kA dAyarA bar3hatA calA gayA, janma se lekara maraNa taka kI manuSya kI sArI gatividhiyAM dharma ke antargata samA gaIM / saMsAra-racanA, sRSTi, paraloka, punarjanma Adi to dharma ke hAtha meM the hI aura gupta vidyAe~, maMtra-taMtra Adi bhI isakI paridhi meM thiiN| isa vistRta dAyare kA pariNAma yaha huA ki dharma kI samavAyI vidhA vibhAjita huii| ThIka usI prakAra jaise eka pitA ke putra apanI gRhasthI lekara alaga-alaga rahane lagate haiN| saMyukta kuTumba kA sthAna ekagRhasthI kA kuTumba letA hai / yaha vibhAjana svAbhAvika bhI hai aura sucArutA kI dRSTi se ucita evaM Avazyaka bhI hai| aisA hI vibhAjana dharma kA huaa| sRSTi sambandhI bAteM tatva vidyA (Metaphysics). meM samAhita huiiN| AcAra sambandhI niyama, upaniyama AcArazAstra (code of conduct) kahalAyA aura loka-vyavahAra sambandhI bAtoM kA vargIkaraNa nItizAstra (ethics) khlaayaa| nItizAstra meM vyakti ke sAmAjika jIvana ko pramukhatA milii| purAnI paribhASA gauNa ho gaI aura nItizAstra sambandhI naI paribhASAe~ prakAza meM AIM / ina paribhASAoM meM sAmAjika cintana pramukha thaa| . nItizAstra kI samAjaparaka paribhASAeM (bhAratIya cintana) jaisA pUrva meM batAyA jA cukA hai, zabda koSa ke anusAra-nirdezana, For Personal & Private Use Only

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68 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana prabandha, AcaraNa, cAla-calana, kAryakrama, zAlInatA, vyavahAra kuzalatA, yojanA, upAya Adi sabhI nIti zabda se jAne jA sakate haiN| __isI sandarbha ko zrI bhIkhanalAla Atreya kI paribhASA vyakta karatI hai "nIti kA artha ve niyama haiM jina para calane se manuSya kA aihika, AmuSmika aura sanAtana kalyANa ho, samAja meM sthiratA aura saMtulana rahe, saba prakAra se abhyudaya ho aura vizva meM zAMti rahe arthAt jina niyamoM kA pAlana karane se vyakti aura samAja donoM kA hI zreya ho, ve nIti ke antargata haiN|" ... AtreyajI kI paribhASA meM AdhyAtmikatA kA bhI puTa hai| ve nIti zAstra ko zreya arthAta mokSa prApti meM sAdhaka mAnanA cAhate haiN| yaha ina para bhAratIya saMskRti meM garbhita AdhyAtmikatA kI chApa hai| itanA hone para bhI inakI paribhASA meM samAjaparakatA hai| samAja aura vizva meM zAMti sthApita rakhanA ve nIti kA kArya mAnate haiM / sAtha hI isa paribhASA meM 'saMtulana' (samAja meM sthiratA aura saMtulana) zabda jaina AcAryoM dvArA dI huI "lokavyavahAra vartakaH samyak' kA poSaka hai / yahI zabda unakI nIti sambandhI paribhASA kA hArda hai| isa paribhASA meM vyakti aura samAja kI pArasparika sthiti kA samatolana aura saMtulana rakhA gayA hai / zukranIti meM bhI yahI abhiprAya darzita hai, vahA~ kahA gayA hai "nItizAstra sabhI kA upajIvaka hai, loka sthiti kA vyavasthApaka hai / isalie vaha dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA pradAyaka hai| zukranIti kI yaha paribhASA vaidika paramparA kA anumodana karatI hai / vaidika paramparA meM mAnava jIvana ke lakSya-dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ye cAra pUruSArtha mAne gae haiM; aura isa paribhASA ke anasAra nItizAstra ina cAroM kI prApti meM hI sahAyaka hotA hai| 1 ApTe : saMskRta-hindI zabda koSa; dekheM-'nIti' zabda 2 bhIkhanalAla Atreya : bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 612 3 sarvopajIvaka lokasthitikannItizAstrakaM / dharmArthakAmamUlaM hi smRtaM mokSapradaM yataH / / -zukranIti 1/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA | 66 AdhyAtmikatA kA puTa hote hue bhI isa paribhASA kA kendrabindu 'sAmAjika vyavasthA' hai / loka athavA samAja kI vyavasthA ucita rahe, vaha niyama-upaniyamoM se ba~dhA rahe, yaha isa paribhASA kA mukhya svara hai / zukranIti meM hI isa 'loka ( athavA sAmAjika) vyavasthA' para jora dete hue kahA gayA hai "nIti ke binA loka vyavahAra asambhava hai / ' yaha nizcita hai ki loka athavA samAja kI vyavasthA, vyavahAra para hI Azrita hai / vyavahAra yadi eka zabda meM kahA jAya to vyavasthA kI rIr3ha ( back bone ) hai | yadi samAja ke sadasyoM kA - mAnavoM kA pArasparika vyavahAra ucita hogA tabhI vyavasthA bhI raha sakegI / isIlie isa paribhASA meM vyavahAra para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / yahAM Akara zukranIti spaSTataH samAjaparaka ho gaI hai, isameM se AdhyAtmikatA kA aMza nikala gayA hai / hitopadezakAra to nIti ko hI jagata kA AdhAra mAnate haiM / unhoMne yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai __ " nIti ke bhaMga hone para samasta jagat naSTa ho jAtA hai / "2 vyavahAra kA anaucitya aura dUsare zabdoM meM anIti tathA durnIti jaba samAja para - jagata para hAvI ho jAtI haiM to usakI vyavasthA bhaMga ho jAtI hai, aparAdha bar3ha jAte haiM, dharma ke zabdoM meM pApa bar3ha jAte haiM, aura phira pariNAma jagata kA nAza hI hotA hai / yaha paribhASA bhI sAmAjikatAparaka hai / samAja kI suvyavasthA hI isakA dhyeya hai / isI prakAra kI paribhASAeM anya aneka bhAratIya manISI vidvAnoM dI haiM / inameM AdhyAtmikatA kA puTa hote hue bhI sAmAjikatA aura samAjaparakatA pramukha rahI hai / samAja meM suvyavasthA sabhI kA abhipra eta rahA hai| bhAratIya cintana ke dRSTikoNa se AtmavirodhI, samAjavirodhI, parivAra - rAjya - rASTravirodhI pravRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAnA tathA sabhI prakAra 1 sarvalokavyavahAra sthitinityA vinA nahi / 2 vipannAyAM nIto sakalamavazaM sAdati jagat / For Personal & Private Use Only - zukranIti 12 / 11 - hitopadeza 2/75

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70 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kI-AdhyAtmika, mAnasika, cAritrika, sAmAjika Adi-unnati meM sahayogapUrNa vAtAvaraNa banAnA hI nIti tathA natikatA hai aura isa unnati meM upayukta siddhAntoM kA prarUpaNa hI nItizAstra hai / ... kyoMki bhArata meM nIti aura dharma kA avibhAjya sambandha rahA hai, ataH yahA~ nIti kA mukhya kArya vyakti kA-samAja kA cAritrika sudhAra hai| pAzcAtya cintana ... kintu pazcima kI vicAradhArA meM AdhyAtmika puTa nahIM rhaa| vahA~ nIti kevala samAjaparaka hI rhii| vahA~ nItizAstra kI paribhASAe~ tathA nItizAstrakAroM ke vicAra bAhya paristhitiyoM para AdhArita rhe| unakA manovaijJAnika, bhautika dRSTikoNa hI pramukha rhaa| samAja kI suvyavasthA tathA bhautika unnati hI vahAM eka mAtra lakSya rahA / Adhunika pAzcAtya cintakoM ne nItizAstra kA kalA aura vijJAna ina AdhAroM ke rUpa meM apanA cintana prastuta kiyA hai| - vijJAna ke bhI vahAM tIna pramukha bheda kiye gaye haiM--(1) niyAmaka vijJAna (Normative Science) aura (2) vidhAyaka athavA prAkRtika vijJAna (Positive or Natural Science) aura (3) vyAvahArika vijJAna (Practical Science) . bhAratIya cintana meM jise zAstra kahA gayA hai, usameM vijJAna bhI garbhita hai, kyoMki vijJAna kA zAbdika artha vizeSa jJAna hotA hai| jaisebhArata meM Ayurveda ko zAstra kahA gayA; kintu pazcimI vidvAnoM ne isakA nAma cikitsA vijJAna (Medical Science) diyaa| isI taraha jo jJAna bhArata meM jyotiSa zAstra kahalAyA use hI pazcimI vidvAnoM ne aMtarikSa vijJAna, jyotiSa vijJAna Adi nAma diye| jabaki jyotiSa zAstra meM bhI khagola vidyA, sUrya, candra, nakSatra kI gati, udaya-asta, grahaNa Adi kA adhyayana hotA hai aura vahI adhyayana antarikSa vijJAna meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai| ... yaha bhI yahAM samajhanA bhUla hogA ki bhArata ne bhautika, gaNita Adi ke kSetra meM vizeSa ruci nahIM lI, ataH yahA~ vijJAna (bhautika vijJAnoM ke sandarbha meM) kA vizeSa vikAsa nahIM huaa| bhagavatI sUtra meM pudgala paramANu, 1. viziSya anena jJAnaM, iti vijJAnam / -amara koSa For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA | 71 skandha Adi ke sambandha meM vizeSa sAragarbhita aura gahana jJAna upalabdha hai, use hI pazcima paramANu vijJAna (Atomic Science) kahatA hai / isI prakAra kI sthiti zAstra aura vijJAna ke sandarbha meM rahI hai / bhAratIya manISiyoM ne jise zAstra kahA, use pazcimI logoM ne vijJAna nAma se abhihita kiyaa| isIlie zrI vila DyUrenTa ne vijJAna kI paribhASA dete hue kahA ki jo vizleSaNa kare, vaha vijJAna hai / kintu itanI gaharAI taka na pahuMcane vAle sAmAnya loga vijJAna aura zAstra meM antara mAnate haiM / yaha antara satahI hai; para hai to shii| vijJAna kA AdhAra nirIkSaNa (observation) aura prayoga (experiment) hai jabaki zAstra kA AdhAra anubhava (experience) aura yoga hai| nirIkSaNa aura prayoga ke bAda hI anubhava hotA hai, yaha sArvakAlIna satya dina ke ujAle kI taraha spaSTa hai / hA~, yaha avazya hai ki pazcima meM prayogoM ke lie prayogazAlAe~ (laboratories) banI huI haiN| kintu ye prayogazAlA parIkSaNa bhI sImita jAnakArI hI dete haiM, Akhira to prayoga bAhara hI karane par3ate haiN| udAharaNArtha, cikitsA vijJAna meM kisI naI auSadhi kA nirmANa prayogazAlA meM kiye prayogoM se ho sakatA hai, aura hotA hai; kintu usa auSadhi kI guNavattA kA satyApana Adi to jIvadhAriyoM/manuSyoM para hI karake kiyA jA sakatA hai| tabhI ve prayogazAlA-prayoga satya mAne jAte haiN| vastusthiti yaha hai ki 'vijJAna' kahane kA pazcimI logoM meM eka phaizana sA hai| ve jJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA ko vijJAna kahate haiM aura usI rUpa meM pracArita bhI karate haiM / svAsthya, kRSi, auSadhi Adi yahAM taka ki bhojana sambandhI jJAna bhI, unakI zabdAvalI meM vijJAna hai| AtmA aura Atmika bhAvoM ko bhI ve vijJAna kahate haiN| yathA-spiritual science Adi / aura usI pravAha meM bhAratIya mAnasa bhI baha rahA hai / astu, yahI kAraNa hai ki pazcimI vidvAnoM ko vijJAna ke tIna vibhAga karane par3e-(1) vidhAyaka vijJAna (2) vyAvahArika vijJAna aura (3) niyAmaka vijnyaan| Science is an analytic description. -Will Durant : Story of Philosophy, Introduction, p. xxvii. For Personal & Private Use Only

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72 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana / inameM se nItizAstra vidhAyaka vijJAna to ho nahIM sakatA kyoMki isake prayogoM ke lie yAMtrika prayogazAlA (Instrumental laboratory) nahIM hotii| prayoga kA viSaya (subject) bhI nirjIva nahIM hotA; jisa para manamAne prayoga kiye jA skeN| isakA viSaya to prabuddha cetanAzIla mAnava hai| usake kriyA-kalApoM kA aMkana karake kevala pariNAma nikAle jA sakate haiM, athavA use Adarza kI preraNA dI jA sakatI hai| isIliye anya sAmAjika vijJAnoM ke samAna (yathA-samAja vijJAna Social Science rAjanItika vijJAna Political Science Adi) yaha eka niyAmaka athavA AdarzamUlaka vijJAna hI mAnA gyaa| isI rUpa meM nItizAstra ko vijJAna mAnA jA sakatA hai aura mAnA jA rahA hai| Ethics zabda kI vyutpatti aMgrejo meM nItizAstra ko Ethics kahA jAtA hai| Ethics zabda kI vyutpatti grIka bhASA ke zabda Ethos se huI hai| Ethos kA zAbdika artha hai caritra (Character) / isa prakAra nItizAstra ko manuSyoM ke caritra kA zAstra kahA jA sakatA hai| aura yaha bhI satya hai ki manuSya kA caritra, usake AcAra, vyavahAra tathA AdatoM kA puMja hai / ataH nItizAstra ko manuSyoM ke AcAra, vyavahAra aura AdatoM kA adhyayana karane vAlA vijJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| nItizAstra ke lie aMgrejI meM dUsarA zabda hai Moral Philosophy. isameM maoNrala (Moral) zabda kI vyutpatti leTina zabda Mores se huI hai| Mores kA pramukha artha rIti-rivAja, abhyAsa aura Adata hai tathA caritra isakA gauNa artha hai / ataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke cintana ke anusAra nItizAstra ko mAnava ke caritra, AcAra, vyavahAra, AdatoM aura samAja meM pracalita rIti-rivAjoM ke pAlana Adi kA adhyayana karane vAlA vijJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| cUMki samAja meM pracalita rIti-rivAja manuSya ke caritra ko DhAlane meM pramukha kArya karate haiM, ataH vahA~ kA nItizAstra samAjaparaka ho gyaa| 1 The term 'moral', closely associated with ethics, comes from the latin word 'mores', which primarily stands for 'custoni' or 'habit' and secondarily means 'character'. -Muirhead, John H. Quoted by, Dayanand Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA | 73 rIti-rivAjoM kA mAnava ke saMskAroM, mana (mind), vyavahAra Adi para pUrA asara par3atA hai| jina samAjoM meM mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA pracalana hotA hai vahAM mAMsa ke prati ghRNA nahIM pAI jAtI hai / isake viparIta jina samAjoM meM mAMsa bhakSaNa kA pracalana nahIM hotA vahA~ ghRNA pAI jAtI hai / yahI sthiti zarAba, hiMsA, zikAra Adi ke bAre meM bhI hai| dharma kA vyAvahArika pakSa bhI rIti-rivAjoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| ataH rIti-rivAja mAnava ke jIvananirmANa aura caritra-nirmANa ke eka mahatvapUrNa Avazyaka aMga haiM / pAzcAtya cintakoM kI nIti sambandhI paribhASAe~ pAzcAtya jJAna-vijJAna kA Adi srota yUnAna rahA hai / prathama yUnAnI vicAraka pleTo hai / usane nItizAstra kI paribhASA ina zabdoM meM dI hai "naitikatA, sabhI kA prabhAvazAlI samanvaya hai|" yahA~ 'sabhI' kA abhiprAya mAnava kI vibhinna ruciyoM, pravRttiyoM, samAja ke sabhI ucca, noca varga tathA samAja meM pracalita sabhI rItirivAjoM se hai| isa paribhASA meM 'samanvaya' para bala diyA gayA hai / pleTo kI nIti sambandhI eka aura paribhASA nyAya ke sambandha meM hai| vaha kahatA hai. "nItizAstra nyAya kA vivecana mAtra hai / "2 kintu nyAya kyA hai ? yaha prAcIna yuga se Aja taka eka pecIdA prazna rahA hai / nyAya kI koI spaSTa paribhASA nizcita nahIM kI jA sakI hai| paribhASAe satata badalatI rahI haiN| phira 'nyAya kA vivecana'-yaha aura bhI aspaSTa hai| sophisTavAdI (Sophist) the sImekasa (Thrasymachus) ne kahA hai ki "nyAya zaktizAlI ke hitoM kA sAdhana mAtra hai|" vaha Age tarka detA 1 Will Durant : The Story of Philosophy, p. 40. 2 In The Republic justice is called the health of the soul and ethics are described as inquiry into justice. -Erdmann : A History of Philosophy (Eng. translation) Vol. I p. 121 -uddhRta---saMgamalAla pANDeya : nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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74 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana huA kahatA hai ki 'sarakAreM apane hitoM ke anukUla kAnUna banAtI haiM aura una kAnUnoM ke anusAra nyAyAdhIza nyAya karate haiN| taba nyAya kaisA ?" 1 yahI vicAra eka anya vicAraka ne kucha aura bhI kaTu zabdoM meM vyakta kiye haiM "nyAya, mAnava ke liye naitikatA nahIM apitu nimna athavA dalita mAnava (vivaza kamajora mAnava) ke lie naitikatA ho sakatI hai| yaha dAsanaitikatA hai, svAbhimAnapUrNa vIra naitikatA nahIM hai / badalatI huI sarakAroM, rAjAoM, sattAdhAriyoM ke sandarbha meM ye saba bAteM satya se pare nahIM haiM, dainandina anubhava kI bAteM haiN| ... itane para bhI sAmAnyataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyaktigata nyAya, sAmAjika nyAya, nyAya kA mAnava-jIvana tathA samAja kI vyavasthA meM mahatva aura nyAya prApta karane ke ucita sAdhanoM Adi kA vivecana nItizAstra kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| sambhavataH pleTo kI bhI yahI maMzA thI / yadi nyAya sabako sulabha ho sake to sampUrNa samAja meM svayameva hI samagratA aura samanvaya sthApita rhegaa| .yUnAnI dArzanikoM kA samaya kAphI purAnA hai-IsA se 5-6 zatAbdI pUrva kaa| usake bAda vahA~ jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM kAphI lambA antarAla rahA / madhyayuga, isa dRSTi se andhakArapUrNa rahA / usake bAda IsA kI satrahavIM zatAbdI meM punarjAgaraNa (renaissance) huA aura yUropa-pazcimI jagata ne pragati kI ora kadama bddh'aaye| jJAna-vijJAna kA bhI punarjAgaraNa huaa| isake bAda nItizAstra para bhI kAma huaa| maikenjI (Mackenzie) ke anusAra-"nItizAstra sat (good) aura zubha (right) kA adhyayana hai|"3 1 Will Durant : The Story of Philosophy, p. 16. 2 The justice is morality not for men but for footmen (oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos) it is a slave-morality, not a hero morality -Gorgias 491 -- Quoted by Will Durant : The Story of Philosophy, p. 87 3. Ethics may be defined as the study of what is Right or Good in conduct. -Mackenzie, J. S. : A Manual of Ethics, p. 1 -uddhRta--DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA. pra03 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA | 75 (right) kI vyutpatti laiTina ke zabda (rectuh) se huI hai, jisakA artha hai, 'sIdhA athavA niyama ke anusAra' aura (good) jarmana zabda (gut) kA rUpAntara hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai-'parama zubha ke lie upyogii|' isa prakAra maikenjI kI paribhASA meM do tatva haiM--niyama ke anusAra tathA parama zubha ke lie upyogii| zubha kA prayoga sAdhya ke rUpa meM hai aura sat kA prayoga sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM / abhiprAya yaha hai ki 'vaha niyamAnusAra AcaraNa jo parama zubha kI prApti meM upayogI ho, nItizAstra kA viSaya hai / ise dUsare zabdoM meM nItizAstra kA AdhAra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha paribhASA vyaktiparaka bhI hai aura samAjaparaka bhii| usa parama zubha ko prApta karane ke lie maikiyAvelI manuSya meM sadguNoM kA honA Avazyaka batAtA hai aura "sadguNoM ko vaha buddhi aura zakti kA samanvita rUpa mAnatA hai / "] setha (Seth) nItizAstra ko zubha ke vijJAna ke rUpa meM 'Adarza' aura 'cAhie' kA sarvotkRSTa vijJAna mAnatA hai / 'zubha' se setha kA bhI vahI abhiprAya hai jo maikenjI kA hai| vaha bhI zubha ko 'parama zubha kI prApti meM upayogI' mAnatA hai| 'Adarza' aura 'cAhie' se usakA bhI abhiprAya niyayAnukUla AcaraNa se hai / vastutaH ye donoM paribhASAe~ samAna artha kI dyotaka haiM / kAnTa (Kant) niyamavAdI hai / vaha kahatA hai "isa saMsAra ke andara aura isase bAhara bhI, sadicchA ko chor3akara aisI koI vastu nahIM hai jise binA kisI zarta ke, zubha kahA jA ske|"3 1 Virtue.as intellect plus force. -Machiavelly Cf. Gorgias, 491-the real virtues of a man are courage (andreia) and intelligence (phronesis). ___Quoted by-Will Durant : The Story of Philosophy p. 17 2 As the science of the Good, It is the science par-excellence of the 'Ideal' and the 'Ought'--- --Seth, J. A. : Sudy of Ethical Principles, p. 37 3 There is nothing in the world, or even out of it, that can be called good without qualification except a good-will. -Kant For Personal & Private Use Only

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76 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana niyamavAdiyoM (Formalists) kA abhimata hai ki naitika niyama svayaM sAdhya haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM Adarza haiM / ve kisI anya Adarza ke lie sAdhana nahIM kahe jA sakate / ataH kANTa ne 'kartavya ke lie kartavya kA siddhAnta' ( Doctrine of duty for duty sake) kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyaa| usake matAnusAra . (goodwill ) hI eka mAtra zubha ( good ) hai / usakA 'zubhatva' pariNAma para nirbhara nahIM hai, apitu vaha svayaM zubha hai / isake anusAra naitika niyama sahaja prabhutva sampanna aura sArvabhauma haiM / kintu sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ke anusAra nItizAstra (Right ) kA vijJAna hai | sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ( Intuiticnists) ke anusAra naitika niyama bAdhya haiM, sabhI paristhitiyoM meM unakA pAlana Avazyaka hai / sat hI nItizAstra kA kA mUla pratyaya ( concept ) hai / naitika niyamoM ke anusAra calanA hI zubhaM hai, kartavya hai aura inake viparIta AcaraNa azubha tathA akartavya / prayojanavAdiyoM (Teleologists) ke matAnusAra 'zubha' hI nIti zAstra kA parama tatva hai / ve 'kartavya kartavya ke lie' na mAnakara 'kartavya naitika zubha ke lie' mAnate haiM / kisI kArya ke ucita - anucita kA nirNAyaka zubha ke mAnadaNDa kA prayoga hI ho sakatA hai / isake anusAra sat aura niyama 'parama Adarza athavA sAdhya' ke sAdhana haiM / yaha 'parama Adarza' hI nItizAstra kI khoja kA viSaya hai / prayojanavAdI nItizAstrI benthama ( Bentham), mila (Mill), henarI sijavika (Henry Sidgwick ) Adi kArya kA zubhatva yA azubhatva usake pariNAma ke AdhAra para mAnate haiM / maikenjI ne ina tInoM matoM ke samanvaya kA prayAsa kiyA hai / vaha nItizAstra ko mAnava-jIvana ke AdarzoM kA vijJAna athavA sAmAnya adhyayana ' ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai / sivika ne nItizAstra ko mAnava- caritra kI samasyAoM kA kramabaddha adhyayana kahA hai | 2 1 Ethics, as the science or general study of the ideal involved in human life. 2 --Mackenzie, J. S.; A Manual of Ethics, p. 4 Ethics is the systematic study of the ultimate problems of right human conduct -Sidgwick For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA | 77 yo nItizAstra kI aneka paribhASAe~ dI gaI haiM / jitane vicAraka utane dRSTikoNa aura jitane dRSTikoNa ( view points) utanI hI paribhASAe~ / ise jaina zabdAvalI meM naya (viewpoint) vicAradhArA athavA viSayavastu ko pragaTa karane kA - prastuta karane kA apanA-apanA tarIkA kahanA upayukta hogA / kintu pUrvI aura pazcimI donoM hI prakAra ke manISiyoM kI paribhASAoM meM eka tatva sAmAnya dRSTigocara hotA hai, vaha hai-samAja kI suvyavasthA / maryAdA | prAcIna kAla se Aja taka yaha artha sArthaka rahA hai / yadi bhArata ke adhyAtmaparaka cintana ko alaga rakhakara vicAra kiyA jAya to nItizAstra kA yaha sAmAnya tatva mAnA jA sakatA hai / ataH nItizAstra kI Adarza paribhASA hogI - una niyamoM aura upaniyamoM kA samUha jinakA pAlana samAjagata aura vyaktigata suvyavasthA banAe rakhane meM sakSama ho tathA mAnava kI laukika aura lokottara sabhI prakAra kI unnati meM sahAyaka bane / dUsare zabdoM meM, samAja ko svastha evaM saMtulita patha para agrasara karane evaM vyakti ko preya tathA zreya kI ucita rIti se prApti karAne ke lie jina vidhi athavA niSedhamUlaka vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika niyamoM kA vidhAna deza, kAla aura pAtra ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAtA hai, vaha nIti hai aura una niyamoM kA saMkalana nItizAstra kahalAtA hai / bhAratIya dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne nItizAstra ko niyAmaka vijJAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura usa para vividha dRSTiyoM se cintana kiyA hai / unakI yaha vicAraNA taTastha dRSTi se rahI hai / isIlie pazcimI cintana jagata meM isa pahalU se do zabda milate haiM, Moralist aura Moral Philosopher. Moral philosopher kA artha nItivijJAnazAstrI hai aura Moralist IT abhiprAya hai naitikatAvAdI / nIti- dArzanika kA kAma kevala nItisambandhI cintana saMsAra ke sAmane rakha denA hai, yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha ina siddhAntoM kA svayaM bhI pAlana kare / lekina bhArata meM nIti kA jIvana se / AcaraNa se ghaniSTha sambandha vicAraka jaisA bheda kabhI mAnya DhoMga mAnA gayA / yahA~ nIti rahA hai / yahA~ naitikatAvAdI aura naitika nahIM rahA, kathanI aura karanI kA bheda yahA~ For Personal & Private Use Only

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78 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sambandhI vicAra karane kA adhikArI use hI mAnA gayA hai jisakA jIvana svayaM nIti se anuprANita ho| nItimAna hI nIti para vicAra karatA thaa| cUMki bhArata meM nItizAstra jIvana kA abhinna aMga rahA ataH yahA~ isakA kramabaddha cintana nahIM prApta hotaa| taTastha dRSTi se usa para vicAra kiyA hI nahIM gyaa| bhAratIya nItizAstra ke rUpa meM jo kucha bhI prApta hai, vaha jIvana kA satya hai / AcArazAstra kA hI eka aMza hai| nItizAstra ke rUpa meM kucha sUktiyA~ hI prApta hotI hai, vaha bhI upadezAtmaka rUpa meM jo jIvana-nirmANa kI preraNA detI haiM / kintu ve sUktyAtmaka vAkya bhI itane preraNAprada aura jIvana-sparzI haiM ki nItizAstra kA sampUrNa viSaya unameM saralatA se samAhita ho jAtA hai / bha0 mahAvIra ke nIti vacana ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pravacanoM meM eka zabda prApta hotA hai-NeAuyaM maggaM / isakA abhiprAya hai--duHkha kSaya karane kA mArga, athavA pAra le jAne vAlA mArga / dUsare zabdoM meM saphalatA kA vaM nyAya yukta mArga / saphalatA kA mArga nizcita rUpa se nyAya-nIti kA mArga hai, anyAyaanIti ke mArga se to saphalatA prApta ho hI nahIM sakatI / AdhyAtmika aura jAgatika donoM hI kSetroM meM manuSya viphala ho jAtA hai| isa nyAya (kalyANa athavA zubha good) mArga ko sunakara/par3hakara jAnakara hI mAnava kalyANa athavA zubha ko jAnatA/pahacAnatA hai / / lekina vaha zubha kA mArga itanA kaThina hai ki bahuta se loga ise jAna-sunakara-samajhakara bhI isase bhraSTa ho jAte haiN| 1 (ka) NayaNasIlo NeAuyo --sUtrakRtAMgacUNi, pR0 455 (kha) nayanazIlo neyAiyo mokSaM nayatItyarthaH -sUtrakRtAMgacUNi pR0 457 (ga) nyAyopapannaH ityarthaH -uttarA0 bRhadavRtti patra 185 (yahI artha lyUmena, pizela, haramana jekobI Adi ne bhI svIkAra kiyA -uttarA. cArlsa sarapenTiyara, pR0 262) (gha) uttarA. 3/8; 7/25 2 soccA jANai kallANaM, soccA jANai pAvagaM / -dazavakAlika 4/11 3 (ka) soccA NeAuyaM maggaM bahave paribhassai / -uttarA0 3/6 (kha) soccA NeAuyaM maggaM jN........| -uttarA0 7/25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI paribhASA | 76 yahI mArga ( nyAya-nIti kA mArga) dhruva ( nizcita va zAzvata ) hai / kintu isa mArga para calanA kaThina hai / vIra ( sAhasI), saMkalpa ke dhanI, pApa ( burAiyoM - Evils) se dUra rahane vAle pavitra mAnava hI isa siddhi patha ( zubha mArga - good) para cala sakate haiM / 1 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ina zabdoM meM sampUrNa nIti kA samAveza ho gayA hai / nIti kA AdhAra aura lakSya zubha athavA parama zubha hai aura isakI prApti kA mArga - zubha kI ora gati pragati hai / zubha kI ora pragati aura parama zubha kI prApti kevala sAhasI vyakti hI kara sakate haiM / usake sAtha bhI zarta yaha hai ki unake hRdaya meM satya aura zubha pratiSThita ho / bhAratIya aura pazcimI sabhI nIti - cintakoM ne sat (right) aura zubha ( good) ko nIti - zAstra kA AdhAra evaM lakSya mAnA hai / laukika rIti-rivAjoM kA pAlana, kartavya - akartavya Adi jitanI bhI bAteM haiM, ve saba isa sat aura zubha kI sahacarI mAtra haiM, 'cAhie' ( ought ) bhI usa satzubha kI prApti meM sahAyaka banate haiM / isa sampUrNa vivecana ke pariprekSya meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki -nItizAstra jIvana ko saphalatApUrvaka jIne kI kalA sikhAtA hai / yaha mAnava-jIvana ke bhautika, sAmAjika, pArivArika, vaiyaktika, AdhyAtmika Adi sabhI pakSoM ko niyamabaddha, saMtulita aura vyavasthita rakhane kI kalA hai / saMkSepa meM yaha jIvana kA niyAmaka vijJAna hai aura yaha vicAra samagra rUpa se sabhI nIti- vicArakoM ko iSTa hai / 1 paNayA vIrA mahAvIhi siddhipahaM yAjayaM dhuvaM / -- sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/1/21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna (NATURE OF ETHICS AND OTHER SCIENCES) nItizAstra kI prakRti (Nature of Ethics) nItizAstra kI prakRti kyA hai ? vaha kalA hai athavA vijJAna ? yadi vaha kalA nahIM hai to kyoM nahIM hai ? aura yadi vaha vijJAna hai to kyoM hai ? aura vaha kisa prakAra kA vijJAna hai ? ina bAtoM para pazcimI cintakoM ne kAphI UhApoha tathA cintana-vivecana kiyA hai| jaisAki pichale pRSThoM meM vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai ki pazcimI vicAraka nItizAstra ko niyAmaka vijJAna mAnate haiM, vyAvahArika athavA prAkRtika vijJAna nhiiN| sAtha hI ve ise kalA bhI nahIM mAnate / ve apane vacana ke samarthana meM tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki cikitsA vijJAna eka vyAvahArika vijJAna hai / vaha Adarza svAsthya ko apanA lakSya nahIM banAtA, apitu isa bAta para apanA sampUrNa dhyAna kendrita karatA hai ki roga ko kaise miTAyA jA sakatA hai ? rogI ko kaise ArAma pahu~cAyA jAya ? __ jabaki nItivijJAna apanI dRSTi AdarzoM para kendrita rakhatA hai| vaha yaha to batAtA hai ki mAnava-jIvana kI Adarza sthiti kyA hai, usakA 1 nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pRSTha 5-6 2 aMgrejI meM cikitsaka ke lie yaha kahAvata prasiddha hai A medical practitioner is he, who cures the diseace and not the patient. cikitsaka vaha hai jo sirpha roga kA nivAraNa kare, rogI ko pUrNa svAsthyalAbha ho athavA na ho| For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 81 carama lakSya kyA hai ? kintu vaha lakSya kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, una sAdhanoM ko nahIM batAtA / vaha sirpha Adarza kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| yaha sirpha sAdhya 'cAhie' (ought) para vicAra karatA hai, sAdhana (means) para nhiiN| isI kAraNa pazcimI vicAraka nItizAstra ko kevala niyAmaka vijJAna (Normative Science-AdarzAtmaka vijJAna) mAnate haiN| kintu bhAratIya cintana meM aisI ekAMgI vicAradhArA nahIM hai| yahAM sAdhya aura sAdhana tathA kartavya aura kartavyopAya ko abhinna mAnA gayA hai, eka hI sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna / nItizAstra bhI, bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra, Adarza sthiti bhI nirUpita karatA hai aura sAtha hI usa sthiti taka pahu~cane ke sAdhanoM kI bhI vivecanA karatA hai| lakSya aura mArga donoM kA hI vivecana bhAratIya nItizAstra kA iSTa hai / yahI isakI pUrNatA hai / bhAratIya cintana kI spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki kartavyabodha se hI mAnava kA kalyANa nahIM ho sakatA, vaha parama zubha ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, isake lie tadanukUla karma karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| isa sandarbha meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kahA hai-acche se acchA 'pota' -jalayAna bhI havA ke binA samudra ko pAra nahIM kara sakatA, vaise hI zAstroM kA jAnakAra bhI satkarma kiye binA duHkhoM se pAra nahIM ho sakatA hai| 'roTI khAne se peTa bharatA hai' isa prakAra kA korA jJAna manuSya kI kSudhA ko nahIM miTA sakatA; bhUkha to tabhI miTegI jaba vaha roTI khaayegaa| isI prakAra 'sAdhya' kA jJAna mAtra, sAdhya taka nahIM pahu~cA sakatA, saphalatA prApta nahIM karA sakatA, saphalatA ke lie to sAdhanoM ko apanAnA hI pdd'egaa| isa ora kartavya karane para hI vyakti saphala hogaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jIvana ke parama zubha tathA parama sAdhya ko prApta karane ke lie do upAya batAye haiM vijjAe ceva, caraNeNa ceva / vidyA aura AcaraNa se hI parama zra ya ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1 vAraNa viNA poo na caei mahaNNavaM tariuM-Avazyaka niyukti 65-66 2 sthAnAMga sUtra 2/10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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82 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isI bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhakara AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kahA hai aMgANaM kiM sAro ? aayaaro| samasta jJAna kA sAra kyA hai ? AcaraNa / manusmRti ne bhI AcAra ko prathama dharma batAyA hai ___ AcAraH prathamo dhrmH| ina sabhI bAtoM kA abhiprAya eka hI hai ki sAdhya aura sAdhana athavA jJAna aura kriyA-donoM kA samanvaya hI zreya prApti meM sahAyaka banatA hai, ina donoM kA sammilita rUpa Avazyaka hai| ... jJAna ke abhAva meM AcaraNa netrahIna hai aura AcaraNa ke abhAva meM jJAna pNgu| eka vidyArthI ko apane pAThyakrama kA jJAna hai, kisa taraha par3hanA cAhie, yaha bhI vaha jAnatA hai, kAleja kA patA bhI use mAlUma hai kintu vaha kAlija taka jAe hI nahIM, adhyayana hI na kare to kyA vaha parIkSA meM uttIrNa hokara DigrI le sakatA hai ? kabhI nhiiN| vahI sthiti nItivijJAna ke bAre meM hai| sirpha AdarzoM kA jJAna mAnava ke lie kisI kAma kA nahIM hai / lakSya prApti ke lie AcaraNa bhI utanA hI jarUrI hai| pazcimI nItivijJAnazAstrI jo nItizAstra ko eka niyAmaka vijJAna mAnakara usake vivecana meM hI apane kartavya kI itizrI mAna lete haiM, yaha unakA apanA dRSTikoNa hai / kintu bhAratIya cintana isameM sudhAra karatA hai / vaha Adarza ke jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNa para bhI utanA hI jora detA hai| cintana zailI ke isI maulika bheda ke kAraNa pazcima meM nItizAstra ke siddhAntoM para agaNita pustakeM likhI giiN| isake kalA athavA vijJAna hone para khUba carcA huI, isakI prakRti ke viSaya meM prabhUta ciMtana huA; kiMtu bhArata meM aisA cintana nahIM huA, yahA~ ke manISI ina vivAdoM meM nahIM ulajhe, yahA~ to nIti ke siddhAnta athavA AdarzoM ke vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha use prApta karane ke sAdhana bhI batAye gaye / 1 AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 83 phira bhI yaha mAna lene meM koI bAdhA nahIM ki nItizAstra eka niyAmaka vijJAna hai| yaha nItizAstra kA eka saiddhAntika pakSa hai / isa pakSa ke sandarbha meM isake anya vijJAnoM se sambandha kI vivecanA saralatA se kI jA sakatI hai| nItizAstra kA anya vijJAnoM se saMbaMdha (Relation of Ethics with other Sciences) jaina darzana meM AtmA ko jJAna-svabhAvI kahA gayA hai| samasta jJAna AtmA meM kendrita hai / ataH jJAna-vijJAna kI kalpanA cetanAzIla AtmA ke binA sambhava hI nahIM hai| vijJAna cAhe AcAra sambandhI ho athavA khoja sambandhI, unakA paraspara sambandha hotA hI hai| 'sApekSavAda' jaina darzana kA siddhAnta to hai hI kintu Aja kA vijJAna bhI sApekSavAda (Theory of Relativity) ko ravIkAra karatA hai| vaijJAnikoM kA kathana hai ki isa saMsAra meM nirapekSa vastu koI nahIM hai / isI taraha vijJAna kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ athavA vibhinna prakAra ke vijJAna paraspara sApekSa haiM, inakA paraspara eka dUsare se sambandha hai| nItizAstra kA bhI aneka vijJAnoM se sambandha hai / viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie kucha vijJAnoM se isakA sambandha kisa prakAra kA sthApita ho sakatA hai, yaha batAnA yahA~ Avazyaka hai| yaha mAnyatA sarvatra sthApita hai ki nItizAstra kA sambandha mUlyoM (Values) se hai aura anya sAmAjika tathA bhautika vijJAnoM kA sambandha tathyoM se (facts) se hai| parantu mUlyoM kA adhyayana tathyoM ke abhAva meM nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH nItizAstra ko bhI anya vidvAnoM kI sahAyatA apekSita hai| nItizAstra kA kArya isa bAta kI khoja karanA hai ki manuSya ke rUpa meM usakI vizeSatA dikhAne vAle kArya kauna se haiN| yAnI nItizAstra meM ucita anucita ke mAnadaNDa kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| jemsa setha ne kahA hai-nItizAstra, naitika cintana ke rUpa meM, mAnava AdarzoM kI vyavasthita parIkSA karatA hai aura unakA (mAnava AdarzoM kA) For Personal & Private Use Only

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84 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAnavatA ke sacce aura parama Adarza ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| ___ aba kauna-sA Adarza ucita hai aura kauna-sA anucita ? yaha prazna sAmane A jAtA hai / isa prazna ke samAdhAna ke lie nItizAstra ko vibhinna AdarzoM ke udgama aura AdhAroM kA vivecana/adhyayana karanA anivArya hai| isa sthiti meM nItizAstra ko manovijJAna, samAjazAstra, mAnasazAstra aura yahA~ taka ki jIvavijJAna kI sahAyatA bhI apekSita hogii| manovijJAna Adarza ke mUla preraka kAraNoM ko batalAtA hai| samAjazAstra se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kisa viziSTa samAja ke lie kauna se Adarza hitakara haiN| mAnasazAstra batalAtA hai ki Adarza kisa prakAra vikasita hote haiN| jIvavijJAna mAnava kI prakRti aura jaivikIya tathyoM kI vivecanA karake isa bAta ko nizcita karatA hai ki kauna se Adarza mAnava kI prakRti ke anukUla haiN| yadi ina tathyoM kI avahelanA karake koI Adarza sthApita kara bhI diyA gayA to vaha khokhalA siddha hogA, sthAyI nahIM raha skegaa| isI prakAra AdarzoM kI sthApanA meM rAjanItika evaM Arthika paristhitiyoM kA bhI mahatvapUrNa bhAga hotA hai aura inake adhyayana ke lie rAjanItizAstra tathA arthazAstra kI sahAyatA bhI apekSita hotI hai / vastutaH zrI DablU. ema. arabana kA yaha kathana satya hai nItizAstra kyA honA cAhie' ko nizcita karane kI ceSTA karatA hai,kintu aisA vaha 'kyA hai' ke vizada jJAna ke AdhAra para hI kara sakatA hai| aura isa 'kyA hai' (what is) ke vizada jJAna ke lie nItizAstra ko 1 Ethics, as moral reflection, institutes a systematic examination of human ideals and seeks to correlate them with the true or absolute ideal of humanity. -James Seth : A Study of Ethical Principles, p. 12 2 Ethics seeks to determine 'what ought to be', but it can be so only on the basis of adequate knowledge of 'what is'. -W. M. Urban : Fundamentals of Ethics, p. 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 85 anya vijJAnoM se sambandha sthApita karanA hI par3atA hai| anya vijJAnoM ke jJAna ke abhAva meM nItizAstrI ina AdarzoM kI sthApanA nahIM kara sakatA / usake sthApita kiye Adarza bAlU kI dIvAra hI siddha hoNge| ___ jaina sAhitya meM eka zabda AtA hai-bahusuya (bahuzruta) / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bahuzruta kI prazaMsA meM bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai| dharma, nIti, AcAra Adi ke aneka saiddhAntika, vyAvahArika niyama bahuzrutoM dvArA hI nizcita kiye gaye haiN| ___ yahI bAta uparokta vivecana se spaSTa hotI hai ki nItizAstra ko anya vijJAnoM se sambandha rakhanA Avazyaka hai| nItizAstrI evaM naitika puruSoM ko anya vijJAnoM-jJAna kI vibhinna zAkhAoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI hai| kucha pramukha vijJAnoM se nItizAstra kA sambandha jAnanA upayogI hai| nItizAstra aura bhautika vijJAna (Ethics and Physical Sciences) bhautika vijJAna prAkRtika zaktiyoM kA adhyayana karate haiN| ye prAkRtika vijJAna (Natural Sciences) haiN| inake antargata bhUmiti, prAkRtika paryAvaraNoM, jala-vAyu Adi kA adhyayana sammilita hai| yoM nItizAstra aura prAkRtika vijJAnoM meM pratyakSa rUpa se koI sambandha nahIM dikhAI detA; kintu inakA aparokSa sambandha hai / udAharaNArthavana meM jIvana yApana karane vAle eka bhIla ke aura zahara ke sabhya mAnava ke naitika Adarza bhinna ho sakate haiN| bhIla sirpha navakAra mantra kA smaraNa kara sakatA hai, jabaki zaharI mAnava usakA dhyAna, japa Adi bhI kara sakatA hai / __ isI taraha adhika varSA vAle aura kama varSA vAle, pahAr3I aura maidAnI bhAga, gAMva aura zahara ke nivAsiyoM ke naitika AdarzoM meM bhinnatA ho sakatI hai| vanavAsI bhIla nyAya dvArA jIvikA kA upArjana kaise kare ? eka kArakhAne kA svAmI yantrapIlaNiyA karmAdAna kA tyAga kase kara sakatA hai ? akAla, duSkAla Adi kI bhI sUcanA prAkRtika vijJAnoM meM hI milatI hai / aise samaya meM bhI naitika Adarza gar3abar3A jAte haiN| __vastutaH bhautika niyamoM ke jJAna se naitika AdarzoM meM koI sahAyatA nahIM milatI; kintu viziSTa prakAra kI bhautika paristhitiyoM meM naitika 1 sabhI zAstroM kA vyApaka jJAna rakhane vAle bahuzru ta hote haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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86 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jIvana kaise jiyA jA sakatA hai, isa bAta meM sahAyatA avazya milatI hai| ___ udAharaNArtha cAturmAsa kisI vizeSa kSetra meM kaba zurU hogA aura kaba samApta hogA arthAt varSA ke samaya kA pUrvajJAna hone se mAnava (sAdhaka) jIvahiMsA se baca sakatA hai / nItizAstra aura jIvazAstra (Ethics and Biology) mAnava mUla rUpa se eka jIva (Living being) hai aura . jIvazAstra mAnava kA isI rUpa meM adhyayana karatA hai| jIva-jagata ke niyama usa para bhI lAgU hote haiN| DArvina aura usake anuyAyiyoM ne 'astitva ke lie saMgharSa' (struggle for the existence) tathA 'yogyatama kI vijaya' (survival of the fittest) jaise jIvazAstrIya siddhAntoM dvArA mAnava jIvana kI vyAkhyA karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| aisA hI prayAsa harabarTa spensara ne bhI nItizAstra ke kSetra meM apanI pustaka (Principles of Ethics) meM kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki pazu-jIvana aura mAnava-jIvana ke zubhAzubha kI kasauTI,eka hI hotI hai| aisA koI Adarza naitika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, jisake kAraNa jIvana hrAsamAna ho jaay| kintu spensara kI yaha mAnyatA ucita pratIta nahIM hotii| jIvazAstra kA mahatva itanA hI hai ki vaha mAnava-prakRti kI vyAkhyA kre| isake Age nItizAstra kA kAma hai ki vaha mAnava prakRti ke anukUla Adarza sthApita kre| yaha bhI eka sarvamAnya tathya hai ki pazu-jagata ke niyama mAnava-jagata meM nahIM cala sakate / pazutva se Upara uThanA hI mAnavatA hai-naitikatA hai / yadi vijJAna kI bhASA meM hI kahA jAye to mAnava eka bauddhika pazu (Rational animal) hai, ataH isakI naitikatA ke niyama buddhi dvArA hI nirdhArita kiye jA sakate haiM, jaivikIya (Biological) AdhAra para nhiiN| ___ ataH nItizAstra se jIvavijJAna kA sambandha itanA hI mAnA jAnA cAhie ki jIvavijJAna jo bhI mAnava prakRti ke sambandha meM khoja kare, usakA naitika Adarza nirdhAraNa karane ke lie nItizAstra meM ucita upayoga kara liyA jaay| nItizAstra aura rAjanIti (Ethics and Politics) rAjanIti aura nItizAstra meM ghaniSTha sambandha hai| rAjanIti ko For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 87 eka prakAra se nItizAstra kA aMga hI kahA jA sakatA hai / zrI hAbahAusa ke aise hI vicAra haiM, vaha likhatA hai_ "rAjanIti ko nItizAstra ke adhIna hI honA cAhie / hameM cAhie ki hama nItizAstra ko aMzoM meM na dekhakara samagra rUpa meM dekheN|"1 pleTo, arastu, spinojA, hegela Adi isI vicAradhArA ke samarthaka haiM kintu hAbsa aura bena Adi vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki nItizAstra, rAjanItizAstra kI eka zAkhA hai| unake anusAra rAjanaitika niyama hI naitika niyama hai| maikiyAvelI tathA usake anuyAyI-'prema aura yuddha meM saba kucha ucita hai (Every thing is fair in love and war)' isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiN| ataH ve rAjanIti aura nItizAstra meM kisI prakAra kA sambandha mAnane ko prastuta nahIM haiN| unakA vicAra hai ki rAjya kI AjJA hI nIti hai| kintu isa mAnyatA kA samarthana Adhunika yuga ke vidvAna nahIM karate / yadyapi rAjanIti aura nItizAstra meM kaI antara haiM, jaise- rAjanIti aura nIti ke lakSyoM kI bhinnatA, viSaya kI bhinnatA Adi aura sabase bar3A jantara hai niyamoM ke svarUpa kaa| rAjanIti ke niyama 'karanA hogA' (must) ke svarUpa vAle haiM, jabaki naitika niyamoM kA svarUpa hai 'cAhie' (ought) kintu ina donoM zAstroM meM samAnatAe~ adhika haiM (1) donoM hI zAstra mAnavIya vyavahAroM se sambandhita haiN| (2) donoM hI niyAmaka vijJAna haiN| (3) rAjanIti, naitikatA para AdhArita honI cAhie / pleTo, mahAtmA gAMdhI Adi vicAraka isa mAnyatA ke samarthaka haiN| inakA vicAra hai ki vyakti se samUha, rASTra, rAjya Adi yahA~ taka ki vizva kA nirmANa hotA hai ataH vyaktigata naitikatA kA vizAla rUpa ho rAjanIti kA AdhAra honA caahie| kintu kucha vicAraka isa AdarzavAdI rAjanIti ke samarthaka nahIM haiN| tilaka, zrI aravinda Adi vyavahAravAdI rAjanIti-vizAradoM ke vicAra & Politics must be suburdinate to Ethics and we must endeavour to see Ethics not in fragments but as a whole. -Hobhouse, L. T. : The Elements of Social Justice, pp. 13-14. For Personal & Private Use Only

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88 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dUsare prakAra ke haiM / zrI tilaka ne lokadharma ( lokanIti ) meM vyakti dharma ( vyaktigata naitikatA ) se bahuta se apavAda mAne haiM / ina donoM matoM kA samanvaya isa rUpa meM ho sakatA hai ki rASTroM ko adhikAdhika naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie kintu vyavahAra meM rASTra kI naitikatA aura vyakti kI naitikatA ke mAnadaNDa bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiM / vyakti ke lie, samAja ke sandarbha meM kANTa ke vicAra ucita haiM"svayaM sadA hI naitika pUrNatA prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, kintu aise sAdhana juTAne kA prayAsa bhI karanA cAhie jisase anya loga bhI pUrNatA prApta karane meM sakSama ho sakeM; kyoMki tumhAre lie yaha saMbhava nahIM hai ki anya logoM ko pUrNa banA sako / "2 phira bhI bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para rAjanIti, nIti ke viruddha nahIM ho sakatI / yadyapi bhAratIya rAjanIti meM sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda svIkAra kiye gaye haiM aura inameM dAma ( bheMTa Adi - jise sahI zabdoM meM rizvata (bribery) kahA jA sakatA hai) aura bheda (phUTa) donoM hI naitikatA kI sImA meM nahIM Ate; kintu inake prayoga ke lie spaSTa vidhAna hai ki anya sabhI upAyoM ke viphala ho jAne para tathA rAjya evaM prajA kI rakSA ke lie hI ina sAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA jAya / vizada dRSTikoNa se to rAjanIti, nIti kI eka zAkhA hI hai / nIti ke anusAra zAsana vyavasthA saMcAlana karane vAle rAjya ko dharmarAjya kahA jAtA hai; isakA kucha rUpa Adhunika yuga ke kalyANakArI rAjya ( welfare state) kI kalpanA meM bhI nihita hai / nItizAstra aura samAjazAstra (Ethics and Sociology) samAjazAstra, sAmAjika sambandhoM, unake prakAroM Adi kA adhyayana karatA hai aura nItizAstra, samAja kI suvyavasthA kisa prakAra rahe, una AdarzoM aura kartavyoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai, ataH spaSTa hai ki samAja ? Try always to perfect thyself, and try to conduce to the happiness of others by bringing about favourable circumstances, as you cannot make others perfect. For Personal & Private Use Only -Kant

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 86 zAstra aura nItizAstra meM paraspara ghaniSTa sambandha hai / eka-dUsare para nirbhara hI kahe jA sakate haiN| vicArakoM ne inheM eka-dUsare kA pUraka kahA hai| phira bhI ina donoM meM kucha antara vicArakoM ne batAye haiM (1) nItizAstra niyAmaka vijJAna hai; jabaki samAjazAstra vidhAyaka vijJAna hai| (2) samAjazAstra kI apekSA nItizAstra kama vyAvahArika hai| (3) ina donoM ke kSatra alaga-alaga haiM tathA vidhiyoM meM bhI antara hai| ina donoM meM vizeSa antara yaha hai ki samAjazAstra manuSya ke bAhyakriyA-kalApoM, vyavahAroM kA hI adhyayana karatA hai| jabaki nItizAstra vyakti ke Antarika pakSa para bhI bala detA hai| lekina bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se nItizAstra samAja kI unnati aura suvyavasthA ke Adarza nizcita karane ke kAraNa eka prakAra se samAjazAstra yA niyAmaka vijJAna hI hai / isake binA, jaisAki paMcataMtrakAra ne kahA hai, suvyavasthita samAja kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| nItizAstra aura manovijJAna (Ethics and Psychology) nItizAstra aura manovijJAna meM kucha samAnatAe~ haiM to kucha antara bhI haiN| manovijJAna yathArthavAdI vijJAna hai / vaha sirpha saMkalpoM kI avasthAoM, mAnava kI mUla pravRtti Adi kA varNana karatA hai; jabaki nItizAstra yaha batAtA hai ki mAnava ko kisa prakAra ke saMkalpa karane cAhie / yaha AdarzavAdI vijJAna hai / ina donoM vijJAnoM ke prakRti, kSetra, dRSTikoNa Adi meM bhI antara hai| lekina manovijJAna, eka prakAra se, nItizAstra kI pUrvabhUmikA taiyAra karatA hai, vaha batAtA hai ki mAnava-mana meM kisa prakAra ke saMkalpa uThate haiM aura ve kina mUla pravRttiyoM se udbhUta hote haiM tathA sAmAjika paryAvaraNa evaM AnuvaMzikI se kisa prakAra prabhAvita hote haiN| nItizAstra sAmAjika paryAvaraNa, mAnava-saMkalpa evaM mUla-pravRttiyoM ko sudhArAtmaka rUpa meM niyamita karane ke AdarzoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| ina AdarzoM ko tabhI nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jabaki mUla pravRtti aura saMkalpoM kI prakriyA kA jJAna ho| __ bhAratIya dRSTikoNa isa viSaya meM spaSTa hai, vaha kore yathArthavAda ko ucita nahIM maantaa| bhAratIya cintana meM mAnavatA kA takAjA yahI hai ki zubha saMkalpa hI kiye jaayeN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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60 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nItizAstra aura arthazAstra (Ethics and Economics) nItizAstra aura arthazAstra meM gaharA sambandha hai / arthazAstra manuSya kI Arthika dhana-sambandhI kriyAoM kA adhyayana karatA hai / Arthika saMpannatA evaM vipannatA kA adhyayana bhI arthazAstra kA viSaya hai / yadyapi prakRti, dRSTikoNa, kSetra, nirNaya Adi viSayoM meM ina donoM meM antara hai kintu jahA~ taka mUlya (value) kA sambandha hai, ina donoM vijJAnoM STATE hai | arthazAstra ke mUlya naitika siddhAntoM para AdhArita 1 hote haiM / bhAratIya dRSTikoNa meM to nIti pramukha hai aura dhana (artha) gauNa / AcArya hemacandra tathA haribhadra sUri ne mArgAnusArI ke 35 boloM meM spaSTa kahA hai ki mAnava ko nyAya nIti se dhana kA upArjana karanA cAhie tathA use nIti sampanna honA cAhie / anIti athavA nIti kA tyAga karake upArjita kiye hue dhana ko bhAratIya saMskRti meM niMdya mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi prAcIna arthazAstrI aura pazcimI arthazAstra ke janaka eDama smitha (Adam Smith) ne arthazAstra ko dhana kA vijJAna (a Science of Wealth) batAyA hai kintu Adhunika arthazAstrI isa paribhASA se saMtuSTa nahIM haiM / ve aba arthazAstra meM nIti ke tatvoM kA samAveza karanA cAhate haiM / jaisA ki eka arthazAstrI apane vicAra vyakta karatA hai - "Adhunika yuga kA arthazAstra kevala 'kyA hai' kA vijJAna rahakara hI saMtuSTa nahIM hai / vartamAna samaya meM upadezoM ke bajAya sAmAjika tatva para adhika bala diyA jAtA hai / aba arthazAstra ke darzana kI punaH sthApanA kI ora pravRtti hai isakA tAtparya mAnava-jIvana ke parama Adarza kI khoja se hai, jahA~ taka ki ve Adarza Arthika prakriyA kI sImAoM meM khoje jAne saMbhava ho sakeM / " 1 "Present day Economics is not altogether content to remain a science of 'what is'. The current emphasis is less didactic and more social in character. The tendency now is in the direction of re-establishing a philosophy of Economics. And by this I mean a search for the ultimates of human life in so far as these can be discovered within the limits of economic process." --E. W. Goodhue : Economics as Philosophy, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. xxxvi, No. 1. For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 61 yaha Adarza ve hI haiM jo nItizAstra nirdhArita karatA hai | ataH artha - zAstra aura nItizAstra kucha matabhedoM ke hote hue bhI paraspara sambandhita haiM / nItizAstra aura dharma ( Ethics and Religion) dharma aura nIti kA bahuta hI gaharA sambandha hai / nIti kA nirmANa dharma karatA hai aura dharma ko tejasvI tathA prabhAvazAlI banAne meM nIti pUrNatayA sahayoginI banatI hai / ise dUsare zabdoM meM yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki dharma bhAI hai aura nIti bahana hai / ye donoM paraspara anyonyAzrita haiM / / - jaina AcAryoM ne nIti ko dharma kI anugAminI batAyA haiits dhammAnugAmiNI / dharmavihIna nIti nIti nahIM kahalAtI / aura sAtha hI dhammANajoyaNI, dharma ke sAtha sambandha rakhane vAlI bhI mAnA hai / nIti kA parama zubha ( ultimate good) vaho hai jo dhArmika jIvana ke vyAvahArika pakSa kI parAkASThA hai / dharma ne jise sarvabhUtahite ratAH kahA nIti ne usI ko parama zubha kahA hai / isI ko jaina vicAradhArA ne svaparakalyANa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA / kucha pazcimI vicAraka to nIti ko hI dharma mAnate haiM / maithyU AranAlDa ke zabdoM meM- "dharma, bhAvanA se yukta naitikatA ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai"" yadi vizAla dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA jAya to naitikatA aura dharma vyAvahArika pakSa meM koI antara nahIM hai / naitika niyama vahI haiM jo dhArmika niyama haiM / hiMsA na karanA, jhUTha na bolanA, dhokhA- phareba Adi na karanA - ye sabhI naitika niyama bhI haiM aura dhArmika niyama bhI / nIti aura dharma donoM meM hI inakA samAna mahatva hai / isIlie kahA gayA hai dharma aura nIti- donoM hI tatva jIvana nirmANa meM Avazyaka haiM, inake binA jIvana mRtyu tulya hai / ataH nIti aura dharma ko eka dUsare se pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, donoM kA jIvana meM samAna mahatva hai, donoM hI sAtha - sAtha samAnAMtara calate haiM / dharma kA lakSya hai - vyakti ko uttama sukhasthAna meM pahuMcAnA, aura nIti kA lakSya hai sAmAjika, vaiyaktika Adi bAhya paristhitiyoM kA aisA nirmANa jinase vyakti usa sukha sthAna meM pahuMca sake / isIlie jainAcAryoM ne 1 Religion is nothing but morality touched with emotion. For Personal & Private Use Only -Matthew Arnold

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62 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dhArmika jIvana kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM naitika jIvana ko svIkAra kiyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM naitikatA hI dhArmikatA kI AdhArazilA hai| . nItizAstra aura darzanazAstra (Ethics and Philosophy) vistRta dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para darzanazAstra ina pA~ca viSayoM kA samanvita rUpa hai-(1) pramANazAstra (Epistemology), (2) sRSTi vijJAna (Cosmogony and Cosmology), (3) sattAzAstra (Ontology) (4) tatvadarzana athavA tatvavidyA (Metaphysics) aura (5) Izvara tatva darzana (Theclogy) ina pAMcoM viSayoM meM se tatvavidyA, Atmadarzana, Izvaradarzana se nIti kA sIdhA sambandha hai / naitika niyamoM ke pAlana se hI mAnava AtmA zubhAtmA aura paramAtmA ke samIpa pahuMcatA hai| nItizAstra, darzanazAstra kI aneka samasyAoM kI vivecanA karatA hai| aisA bhI hai ki darzanazAstra ke siddhAntoM ke anusAra naitika niyama bhI prabhAvita hote haiM, badalate haiM, parivartita hote haiN| , jina samAjoM meM AtmA ko amara mAnA jAtA hai aura usake punarjanma siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, vahIM naitika mUlyoM kI sthApanA hotI hai / anyathA to bhArata ke cArvAka aura yUnAna ke epIkyUriyanijma ke anusAra 'khAnA, pInA aura aiza karanA' hI mAnava jIvana kA dhyeya ho jAtA hai, phira vahA~ kaisI naitikatA? prAcIna 'rAyapaseNiyasutta'1 meM varNana AtA hai| sAvatthI kA rAjA pradezI pahale kaTTara nAstika thA, vaha na to punarjanma mAnatA thA na pUrvajanma / apanI isa mAnyatA ke kAraNa vaha krUra aura nRzaMsa bana gyaa| prajA kA utpIr3ana tathA bhoga-vilAsa meM hI usakA jIvana bIta rahA thaa| kiMtu kezI kumAra zramaNa ke satsaMga se pradezI rAjA kI vicAradhArA badala gii| vaha parama Astika va dhArmika ho gyaa| usane apanI saMpatti, zakti, va sattA ko prajA ke kalyANa meM niyojita kara diyaa| vicAradhArA badalate hI usakA AcaraNa bhI badala gyaa| prajApIr3aka zAsaka prajAvatsala bana gyaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki dhArmikatA ke sAtha naitikatA kA colI-dAmana kA sambandha 1. pradezI rAjA kA kathAnaka jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM prasiddha hai| dekheM___ rAyapaseNiya sutta (jaina) For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI prakRti aura anya vijJAna | 63 hai| prAcIna vipAkasUtra meM bhI isa prakAra ke caritra parivartana ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| isI prakAra AtmA ke svarUpa sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para naitika pratyaya bhI badala jAte haiM, naye-naye vAda khar3e ho jAte haiM / nItizAstra kA sukhavAda AtmA ko vAsanAtmaka mAnatA hai, buddhiparakatAvAda bauddhika aura pUrNatAvAda buddhi aura vAsanA donoM ko AtmA ke svarUpa meM sammilita kara letA hai| bhAratIya upaniSadoM meM bhI kahIM AtmA ko vAsanAtmaka kahA gayA hai to kahIM aura manarUpa, kahIM usako buddhi rUpa bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / jaisI dArzanika mAnyatA hotI hai vaise hI naitika siddhAntoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| / ataH spaSTa hai ki darzanazAstra aura nItizAstra donoM eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiN| isI prakAra saundaryazAstra (Aesthetics) Adi aneka vijJAnoM se nItizAstra kA sambandha hai| naitika pratimAnoM (Norms) ke anusAra hI manuSya saundarya-asaundarya kI vivecanA/kalpanA karatA hai| vezabhUSA Adi ko bhI naitika dhAraNAe~ prabhAvita karatI haiN| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki nItizAstra eka niyAmaka vijJAna hai aura isakA anya vijJAnoM se bhI sambandha hai| vastutaH nItizAstra kI paridhi meM mAnava jIvana kI adhikAMza kriyAe~ tathA vyavahAra A jAte haiM, ataH isakA anya vijJAnoM se sambandhita honA svAbhAvika hI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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6 nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya nItizAstra mAnava-jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU se jur3A huA hai / manuSya ke AcAra-vicAra, vyavahAra aura kriyA-kalApa isakI paridhi ke antargata samAviSTa ho jAte haiM / mAnava, saMsAra ke pratyeka bhAga kA manuSya, apane cAroM ora ke samAja ko, anya vyaktiyoM ko dekhatA hai, unake cAla-calana aura vyavahAra ko dekhatA hai, svayaM bhI unase vyavahAra karatA hai 'aura premapUrNa - sahaja sambandha banAne ke prayAsa bhI karatA hai / lekina vaha dekhatA hai ki samAja meM bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI ruci - pravRtti vAle manuSya haiM / kucha loga sahayoga aura samanvaya meM vizvAsa karane vAle haiM to kucha vighnasaMtoSI bhI haiM / aisI sthiti meM usake sAmane kaI prazna khar3e ho jAte haiM, yathA(1) nyAya kyA hai aura ise prApta karane kA tarIkA kyA hai ? (2) kartavya kyA hai aura sAtha hI kyA akartavya hai arthAt karaNIya kArya aura akaraNIya kArya kyA haiM ? (3) zra eya aura aya ? (4) sadAcAra aura durAcAra ? aura phira vaha yaha bhI socatA hai ki usake jIvana meM upayoga Ane vAle sAdhanoM / vastuoM tathA AcAra-vicAroM kA kyA mUlya hai ? yaha mUlya kaise nirdhArita hotA hai, ina mUlyoM kA jIvana meM kyA mahatva hai ? ye sabhI aura ina jaise hI anya aneka prazna buddhizIla mAnava ke ( 14 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya | 65 mastiSka meM sahaja hI uThate haiM / inakA samAdhAna nItizAstra detA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha sabhI nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya haiM / nyAya kA vivecana nyAya, mAnava ke sAmAjika jIvana kI unnati kA eka sudRr3ha AdhAra hai / yaha sAmAjika vyavasthAoM aura unake sucAru saMcAlana kI nIMva bhI hai | jisa samAja meM vyakti ko ucita nyAya nahIM mila pAtA, vaha samAja vizRMkhalita hokara naSTa-bhraSTa ho jAtA hai / mAnava kA bhI naitika patana ho jAtA hai / ataH nItizAstra meM nyAya kA vizeSa mahattva hai / nyAya kyA hai, usakA sAmAjika jIvana meM kyA mahatva hai, vyakti kina sAdhanoM se nyAya prApta kara sakatA hai, sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika nyAya meM paraspara kyA saMbaMdha hai ? Adi sabhI bAtoM kA vivecana nItizAstra kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya hai / pleTo ne to apanI pustaka 'ripablika' (Republic) meM nyAya ko hI pramukha viSaya banAyA hai aura uparokta sabhI bAtoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / 1 tathya yaha hai ki yadi rAjya athavA samAja kI vyavasthA samucita aura sarvajanasulabha nyAya para AdhArita nahIM hotI to vahA~ matsya nyAya athavA jaMgala-kAnUna (wild law) kI pravRtti panapegI, jisameM zaktizAlI nirdhanoM kA zoSaNa kareMge, unheM anucita tarIkoM se dabAyeMge, unake ucita adhikAroM kA hanana kareMge, aisI sthiti meM samAja meM avyavasthA phaila jAyegI, vyakti kA jIvana bhI surakSita nahIM raha sakegA / isIlie nItizAstra nyAya kA vivecana karatA hai, nyAya pAne ke sugama tarIke batAtA hai tathA una vidhiyoM ko bhI sujhAtA hai, jinase nyAya sarvasAdhAraNa ko saralatA se sulabha ho sake / 2. In the Republic justice is called the health of the soul and ethics are described as the inquiry into justice. --Erdmann : A History of Philosophy (Eng. Translation) Vol. I, p. 121 2. parasparAmarSitayA jagatI bhinna vartmanaH / bhAve paridhvaMsI mAtsya nyAyaH pravartate / kAmandakIya nItisAra 2/40 For Personal & Private Use Only

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66 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yahI kAraNa hai ki nyAya, nItizAstra kA pramukha vivecya hai| kartavya kA vivecana kartavya kA sambandha nyAya ke sAtha ghaniSTa rUpa se jur3A huA hai| kartavya ke abhAva meM nyAya kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| jisa samAja ke vyakti kartavyazIla nahIM hoMge, vahA~ nyAya kI vyavasthA bhI nahIM Tika skegii| nAgarikazAstra aura rAjanItizAstra kartavya ke sAtha adhikAra kA sambandha mAnate haiN| unake mata meM kartavya aura adhikAra eka hI sikke ke do pahalU (two sides of the same coin) haiN| una adhikAroM meM ve nyAya kA adhikAra bhI sammilita karate haiN| nItizAstra kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki kartavya aura nyAya kA avinAbhAvI sambandha hai aura cUMki kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karanA, nItizAstra kA kArya hai| ataH vaha nyAya ke sAtha kartavyoM kA vivecana bhI karatA hai| __yaha tathya hai nyAya vyavasthA ke anusAra vyakti ke kartavya nirdhArita hote haiM aura kartavyoM kA ucita paripAlana nyAya vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai / inameM se kucha kartavya to vyakti ke lie sAmAnya hote haiM, udAharaNArtha-satya bolanA, ucita vyavahAra karanA, apazabda na bolanA Adi / aura kucha kartavya aise hote haiM jo samAja meM vyakti ke pada ke anusAra nirdhArita kiye jAte haiM jaise--guru aura zipya ke kartavya / dhanI-nirdhana, svAmi-sevaka, pati-patnI Adi ke kartavya / bhAratIya samAja vyavasthA meM vibhinna varNa, Azrama, jAti Adi ke AdhAra para bhI kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa huA hai| kartavyoM kA AdhAra kucha bhI ho, kintu unakA paripAlana sAmAjika suvyavasthA ke lie Avazyaka hai / nItizAstra bhI ina kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai aura inake paripAlana para kAphI bala detA hai| pazcimI manISI kANTa to nItizAstra ko karttavyazAstra hI mAnatA hai| vaha kartavya (duty) aura naitika niyama (moral laws) ke pratyaya ke 1. evaM kartavyamevaM na kartavyamityAtmako yo dharmaH sA nItiH / __-dyAdviveda (nItimaMjarI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya | 67 udgama vikAsa Adi para gambhIra vivecana karatA hai / vaha to isI AdhAra para nItizAstra kI sambhAvyatA bhI svIkAra karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai pratyeka vyakti ko nitya prAtaHkAla uThakara sarvaprathama yaha vicAra karanA cAhie-maiMne kyA karttavya kiyA hai aura kyA nahIM kiyA aura kyA karanA zeSa hai ? aisA kauna-sA kartavya hai, jise maiM kara to sakatA hU~, mere lie sambhava hai, kintu usa karttavya kA maiM pAlana nahIM kara rahA huuN| apane Apase isa prakAra ke prazna karake vyakti ko svayaM apane kartavya pathakaraNIya kartavyoM ko spaSTa karake unakA AcaraNa karanA caahie| __ kartavya patha ko spaSTa karate samaya tathA karaNIya kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya karttavya evaM akartavya, karaNIya tathA akaraNIya kA nirNaya karanA Avazyaka hai| isa nirNaya ke lie vidhi-niSedha ke mAnadaNDa bhI nizcita karane anivArya haiN| sAtha hI karttavya ke hetu evaM sAdhana bhI nizcita karane par3eMge aura phira phalAphala para bhI vicAra karanA pdd'egaa| __ karttavya sambandhI yaha sampUrNa vivecana nItizAstra kA viSaya hai| isIlie nItizAstra ko kartavya kA zAstra bhI kahA gayA hai| zreya kA vivecana nyAya, vyakti mAtra kA adhikAra hai aura isa adhikAra kA AdhAra hai kartavya / kartavya karane vAle ko hI adhikAra prApta hotA hai| isa dRSTi se adhikAra-nyAya kI apekSA karttavya bar3A hai aura kartavya se bhI Age haishrey| nyAyapUrNa AcaraNa kyoM kiyA jAya? kartavyoM kA pAlana kisalie karanA cAhie ? ina jaise sabhI praznoM kA uttara hai-zreya; zreya prApti ke lie| pleTo ne kahA hai-nyAya aura kartavya pAlana se samAja kA hita yA zreya hotA hai, isalie nyAya aura kartavya pratyeka vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai| ? Such a philosophy must be possible is evident from the common idea of duty and of the moral laws. - Kant's Selection, Scribner's series. p. 268 2. se puvvarattAvararatta kAle saMpikkhae appagamappaeNaM / kiM me kaDaM kiccamakicca sesaM kiM sakkaNijjaM na samAyarAmi / -dazavakAlika cUlikA 2/12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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68 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana aura nyAya tathA karttavya pAlana kI sthiti zreya ke pratyaya meM hai / isIlie nItizAstra zraya kA vivecana karatA hai / kyA hai ? aya kyA hai ? zreya kI prApti kaise aura kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai ? ina saba praznoM kA uttara nItizAstra detA hai / pazcimI vicArakoM hegela tathA kANTa ne nyAya tathA karttavya ko hI mUla mAnA hai, kintu bhAratIya vicArakoM ne zreya ko nyAya va kartavya se zra eSTha svIkAra kiyA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai- manuSya ko dharma sunanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki usase use zra eya aura aya kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura zreyaaya ko jAnane ke bAda jo zreya hai, jIvana meM hitakArI hai usakA AcaraNa use karanA cAhie / " kaThopaniSad meM bhI zraya aura preya kA vivecana karane ke bAda zra ke AcaraNa kI preraNA dI gaI hai / 2 yahAM vizeSa dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki pazcimI nItizAstra nyAya evaM karttavya kA vivecana zreya ( good ) ke sAtha karatA hai / 'koI kArya athavA vyApAra ya kyoM hai ? kyoMki yaha nyAyamUlaka hai / ' yaha hegela dhAraNA hai aura kAMTa 'kisI kArya yA kriyA athavA vyApAra ko zreya isI kAraNa mAnatA hai ki vaha karttavya ke anusAra hai / ' kintu bhAratIya darzana, dUsare zabdoM meM nItizAstra, jaba nyAya evaM karttavya ke kSetra se Age bar3hakara zreya ke kSetra meM pahu~catA hai to vaha dharmazAstra bana jAtA hai| jahAM nyAya evaM karttavya meM virodha kA AbhAsa hotA hai vahAM zreya unakA nirNaya karatA hai / isIlie zra eya dharmazAstra kA pratinidhi banatA hai, aura dharma ke kSetra meM AtA hai / AcArya jinadAsa gaNI ne kahA hai- "sabhI dharma yA karttavya siddhi ke sAdhana nahIM ho sakate, kintu jo jisake yogya athavA zreya kA anugAmI hai, vaha sAdhana hotA hai / " 1. jaM seyaM taM samAyare / 2. zrazyaca preyazca manuSAmetastau samparItya vivinakti dhIraH / zrohi dhIro'bhipreyaso vRNIte preyo mando yogakSemAd vRNIte / / --- dazavaikAlika 4/11 -- kaThopaniSad 2 / 1 / 2 3. dhammo vi jao savvo na sAhaNaM kintu jo joggo / - vizeSAvazyakabhASya 331 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya | 66 zreya aura ziva donoM zabda eka hI artha ke sUcaka haiM, aura vaha hai kalyANa / isa 'kalyANa' athavA zreya kA vivecana karanA nItizAstra kA viSaya hai| 'satya' kA vivecana tazAstra kA viSaya hai aura 'sundaraM' kA vivecana saundaryazAstra kaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zrAvaka kA eka guNa batAyA hai-seytttthiishreyaarthii| yAnI zrAvaka apane kalyANa kI icchA karane vAlA ho / nItizAstra isa zreya (ultimate good) kI vivecanA karatA hai jo zrAvaka ke lie Avazyaka hai, kyoMki zrAvaka nItivAna gRhastha hotA hai| usakA sampUrNa jIvana-vyavahAra hI nIti dvArA saMcAlita hotA hai / ataH zreya nItizAstra kA pramukha vivecya viSaya hai| sadAcAra kA vivecana sadAcAra, nItizAstra aura dharmazAstra donoM kA hI vivecya viSaya hai| nItizAstra aura dharmazAstra donoM hI sadAcAra kI vivecanA karate haiN| kintu kauna-sA sadAcAra nItizAstra kA viSaya hai aura kauna-sA dharmazAstra kA, inake bIca meM koI spaSTa vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcanA sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki satya bolanA, kisI kA dila na dukhAnA, apazabda na kahanA, sarala niSkapaTa vyavahAra karanA Adi bAteM nItizAstra ke antargata bhI AtI haiM aura dharmazAstra bhI ina sabhI bAtoM ko apanA vivecya viSaya banAtA hai| ___phira bhI kucha vidvAnoM ne, sadAcAra ke sambandha meM, dhArmika aura naitika sadAcAra kahakara sImArekhA khIMcane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / aise vidvAnoM ne aMgrejI zabda ethics athavA Ethos jisakA abhiprAya rIti-rivAja, Adata yA paramparAgata deza-kAla kA-samAja kA AcAra hotA hai, vahIM taka nIti zAstra kI sImA svIkAra kI hai| ve loga nItizAstra ke antargata sadAcAra ko samAjaparaka mAnate haiN| 1. Muirhead : The Eleme..ts of Ethics, p. 4. tulanA kariye'kRtasaMgaH sadAcAraiH (sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati kare) prasiddha ca dezAcAra samAcaran (prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kare) adeza kAlacaryAM tyajan (deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na kare)""Adi -hemacandrAcArya, yogazAstra 1 / 45-56 tathA -AcArya haribhadra kRta yogabindu (zrAvaka ke 35 bola) For Personal & Private Use Only

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100 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kintu bhArata ke sabhI dArzanikoM tathA dharma ke vyAkhyAtAoM ne mAnava ke samasta caritra - AcAra ke vibhinna pahaluoM para vicAra karake sadAcAra pAlana kI vividha maryAdAoM kA vivecana bhI kiyA hai / aura yaha samasta vizleSaNa nItizAstra ke antargata hI samAhita hai / - bhArata meM dharma pAlana - dharma kA vyAvahArika AcaraNIya rUpa aura sadAcAra lagabhaga samAnArthaka mAne gaye haiM / kahA gayA hai- - AcAra: paramo dharmaH AcAra - sadAcAra hI parama - pramukha dharma hai tathA na dharmo dhArmikaH vinA-dhArmika vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM dharma nahIM Tika sakatA / aura dhArmika vahI vyakti ho sakatA hai, jo sadAcArI ho / ataH sadAcAra dharma aura nIti donoM se hI sambaddha hai / sadAcAra ke antargata mAnava kA caritra ( character ) vyavahAra ( conduct ) aura zIla ( virtue ) tInoM hI samAhita hote haiM / ina sabakI vyAkhyA, vivecanA aura vizleSaNa karanA, nItizAstra kA kArya hai / smRtiyoM Adi meM jo mAnava ke sadAcAra kA varNana hai, vaha saba nItizAstra kA hI viSaya hai / jainadharma ke AcArAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, upAsaka dazAMga Adi sUtroM meM bhI mukhyataH AcAra kA nirdeza hai / AvazyakacUrNi bhASya, vyavahArabhASya meM bhI sadAcAra sambandhI varNana hai / yogabindu, yogazAstra Adi granthoM meM bhI zrAvakoM ke AcAra kA nirdeza hai / yaha saba eka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to nItizAstra kA hI viSaya hai / jana sAhitya meM vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra Adi gRhastha ke sadAcAra kI vyAkhyA va nirdhAraNa karane vAle pacAsoM grantha likhe gaye haiM / sadAcAra ke antargata mAnava caritra kyA hai ? caritra kA uddezya tathA mahatva kyA hai ? saccaritra, asaccaritra tathA duzcaritra meM kyA antara hai ? inako nirdhArita karane vAle mAnadaNDa kyA haiM ? samAja ke sabhI athavA adhikAMza sadasya kisa prakAra saccaritrI bana sakate haiM ? saccaritra ke lie kauna se kArya karaNIya haiM aura kauna-se akaraNIya ? Adi sabhI pahaluoM kA vivecana nItizAstra kA kArya hai / 1. AcArya samantabhadra : ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra, zloka 26 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya | 101 sadAcAra meM do zabda samAhita haiM-sat aura AcAra / koI AcAra jaba vyakti ke, svayaM ke lie tathA sAtha hI samAja ke lie bhI, sat arthAt kalyANakArI hotA hai, tabhI vaha sadAcAra kahalAtA hai / aura kalyANa (good) nItizAstra kA viSaya hai, ataH nItizAstra ko isa apekSA se sadAcAra-zAstra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / mUlya kA vivecana 'amuka vyakti sajjana (gentle) hai', 'amuka duSTa (rude) hai', 'gAMdhI jI rAjanItika saMta ! political saint) the', 'rAma maryAdA puruSottama the', 'rAvaNa pApI thA'-isa prakAra kI dhAraNAe~ sAdhAraNatayA manuSya anya vyaktiyoM ke prati banAyA karate haiN| ina dhAraNAoM ko hI nItizAstra meM mUlyAMkana kahA jAtA hai| ye dhAraNAe~, anargala aura anAyAsa nahIM banatIM, inakA Thosa AdhAra hotA hai / yaha AdhAra vyakti ke jIvana-caritra meM vyApta aura pragaTa vizeSatAoM se sambandhita hotA hai| vyakti kA naitika caritra aura vyAvahArika caritra kaisA hai, yaha ina dhAraNAoM se spaSTa hotA hai / naitika caritra, naitika mUlyoM para AdhArita hotA hai| isIlie nItizAstra meM mUlyoM (values) kA bhI vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| . nyAya, kartavya aura zreya ke vivecana ko manISiyoM ne nItizAstra kA dArzanika pahalU kahA hai aura sadAcAra ko dhArmika tathA sAmAjika; kintu arabana (Urban) jaise kucha Adhunika nItizAstriyoM ne nItizAstra ko 'suvyavasthita mUlyAMkana kA vijJAna mAnA hai / / isa dRSTi se, nItizAstra meM naitika nirNaya kA svarUpa, kartA, viSaya, mAnadaNDa Adi kA vivecana athavA naitika nirNayoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai| kisI vyakti ko burA (wrong-rude) athavA bhalA (gentie-right) kahane kA AdhAra kyA hai ? isakI kasauTI kyA hai ? ina sabhI naitika mUlyoM kA vivecana nItizAstra karatA hai| 1. Ethics is then, in the last analysis, just the science of syste matized valuing, or otherwise expressed, the valuing activity of man made systematic. - W. M. Urban : Fundamentals of Ethics, p. 8 For Personal & Private Use Only

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102 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhagavAna mahAvIra se eka bAra kisI jijJAsu ne jijJAsA kI "bhagavan ! sAdhu tathA asAdhu kise kahanA cAhie, isakI kasauTo kyA hai ? bhagavAn ne kahA guNehi sAhU, aguNehiM asAhU __ gihAhi sAhU, guNamuMca'asAhU arthAt jo guNoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha sAdhu (bhalA-sajjana) hai aura jo guNoM (satya, zIla, sadAcAra Adi) kA tyAga karatA hai vaha asAdhu (asajjana-burA) hai / guNa svIkAra karane meM sAdhutA hai aura guNoM kA tyAga karane meM asaadhutaa| yahA~ sAdhu aura asAdhu kA artha vyApaka rUpa se grahaNa karanA cAhie / sAdhu kA abhiprAya hai-sajjana puruSa, aisA vyakti jisameM sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi sabhI dRSTikoNoM se ucita evaM naitika mUlya hoM, jisakA caritra zlAghanIya ho / asAdhu, isake viparIta naitika mUlyoM se rahita vyakti hotA hai, jisakA jIvana aura caritra ucita nahIM hotaa| to yaha hai kasauTI ! mUlyAMkana ! cANakya ne bhI eka zloka meM manuSya kI kasauTI batAI hai| vaha kahatA hai-"jisa prakAra gharSaNa, chedana, tAr3ana aura tApana-cAra prakAra se sone kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra zruta, zIla, kula aura karma dvArA mAnava kI kasauTI athavA parIkSA kI jAtI hai|" cANakya ke isa kathana meM mAnavatA ke mAnadaNDa (pratimAna) kA, mUlyAMkana kA spaSTa saMketa milatA hai / isI prakAra manuSya apanI buddhi dvArA apane dvArA kiye jAne vAle kAryoM kA bhI mUlyAMkana karatA hai, kartavyAkartavya kA sahI nirNaya karatA hai / bhoja prabandha meM isa bAta ko ina zabdoM meM pragaTa kiyA gayA hai 1 dazavakAlika 6/3/11 2 yathA catubhiH kanaka parIkSyate, nigharSaNacchedana-tApa-tADanaiH / tathA catubhiH puruSaH parIkSyate, zrutena-zIlena-kulena-karmaNA // For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra ke vivecya viSaya | 103 "aisA karane se kyA hogA aura na karane se kyA hogA ? isa prakAra mAnasika cintana-manana pUrvaka kisI kArya ko karane yA na karane kA nirNaya buddhimAna puruSa karate haiM / " isa kathana meM bhI mUlyAMkana kA vicAra spaSTa ho rahA hai / pazcimI jagata meM jaba arastU ne mananazIla jIvana (Contemplative life) ko sarvazreSTha jIvana kahA to usakA abhiprAya bhI naitika mUlyAMkana athavA mUlyoM kI pratiSThA se thA / Adhunika pAzcAtya nIti vaijJAnikoM ne mUlyoM para kucha adhika gaharAI se cintana kiyA hai| unhoMne mUlyoM ko do prakAra kA mAnA hai(1) Antarika yA svataH prerita ( Intrinsic ) aura parataH prerita (Extrinsic). aisA bhI hotA hai ki eka hI vastu athavA guNa, jaise 'prasannatA' meM Antarika aura bAhya - donoM hI prakAra ke mUlya hote haiM, sAtha hI usakA svatantra mUlya bhI hotA hai / mUlyoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna vicAradhArAoM meM matabheda haiM / sukhavAdI (Hedonists) sukha kI pratIti ko zubha mUlya mAnate haiM aura duHkha kI pratIti ko azubha | bhautikavAdI vicAradhArAe~ vastuoM meM mUlya mAnatI haiM, jabaki adhyAtmavAdI AtmA kI antarmukhI pariNati / pravRttiyoM meM / unakA kathana hai, vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM eka vastu mUlyavAna hotI hai jaba ki vahI vastu amUlya ho jAtI hai / jaise sardiyoM meM garma kapar3oM kA mUlya hotA hai, kintu garmiyoM meM nahIM / adhyAtmazAstrI sAre mUlyoM - zubha (good ) aura azubha ( evil ) ko AdhyAtmika mAnate haiM aura bhautikavAdI inheM (mUlyoM ko) vastuoM meM hI svIkAra karane kA Agraha rakhate haiM / niSpakSa ekatatvavAdI ( Neutral Monists) jagata ko mUlyazUnya mAnate haiM / isI prakAra mUlyoM ke mAnadaNDa (Standards ) ke bAre meM bhI vibhinna vicAradhArAoM ke apane-apane vicAra haiM / ataH pazcima ke manISiyoM ne mUlyoM aura amUlyoM ke parIkSaNa ke lie eka naye mUlya mImAMsA zAstra (Axiology) kA hI nirmANa kara diyA aura isI zAstra ke anusAra nItizAstra ke mUlyoM kA zubhatva, azubhatva, aucitya, bhoja prabandha 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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104 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana anaucitya, zreya, preya, sadAcAra Adi ke niyamoM kI mImAMsA karane lage tathA nItizAstra ko mUlyAMkana kA vijJAna hI nirdhArita kara diyaa| yadyapi mUlyAMkana to, vizeSarUpa se anya vyaktiyoM ke caritra sambandhI mUlyAMkana to, sabhI karate haiM, yaha sarvatra pracalita hai, kintu isakA eka pRthaka zAstra ke rUpa meM, gaharAI se vizleSaNa pazcimI manISiyoM kI dena hai| ve nItizAstra ko mUlyAMkana kA vijJAna mAnate haiM / ukta vivecana se spaSTa hai nItizAstra nyAya aura anyAya kA vivecana karatA hai, sAtha hI nyAya kisa prakAra prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, una upAyoM kA bhI saMketa karatA hai / isI prakAra kartavya-akartavya, zreya-azreya, sadAcAradurAcAra Adi bhI isake vivecya viSaya haiN| vivecana ke sAtha hI yaha sadAcaraNa Adi ke upAya bhI batAtA hai aura ina upAyoM ko paramazubha kI prApti meM Avazyaka mAnatA hai| sAtha hI mAnava ko paramazubha kI prApti ke lie preraNA detA hai| nItizAstra ina vivecya viSayoM ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava ke mUlyAMkana, caritra sambandhI mUlyAMkana ke lie Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatA hai / sajjana, durjana, sadAcArI-durAcArI, upayogI-anupayogI Adi, koI vyakti kisa prakAra kA hai, samAja-rASTra-parivAra Adi ke lie upayogI hai athavA nahIMina saba tathyoM kA vivecana bhI nItizAstra kA viSaya hai| nItizAstra kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai-vastuoM tathA vyaktiyoMsajIva aura nirjIva kA mUlyAMkana / isa mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai, paramazubha kI prApti meM upyogitaa| ataH nItizAstra mAnava-jIvana tathA samAja kI suvyavasthA ke lie eka upayogI vijJAna hai aura isI dRSTi se vaha mAnava ke vibhinna cAritrika guNoM kI vivecanA karatA hai / / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya (MORAL CONCEPTS) naitika pratyaya kA tAtparya (Meaning of Moral Concept) manuSya kA artha hai-mananazIla praannii| prANijagata meM vaha sarvAdhika vikasita cetanA kA svAmI hai / prabuddha aura vikasita cetanA kA svAmI hone ke kAraNa mAnava apane cAroM ora ke pariveza ko bar3I hI sUkSma dRSTi se dekhatA hai, ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanAoM para vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se cintana-manana karatA hai, niSkarSa nikAlatA hai aura una niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para apanI bhAvI yojanA banAtA hai| ye niSkarSa sUkSma hote hue bhI abhikalpa athavA pratimAna (Pattern) ke rUpa meM hote haiN| manovijJAna meM inheM pratyaya (Concept) kahate haiM / vuDavartha ne pratyayoM ko, ghaTanAoM, vastuoM aura guNoM ke ullekhanIya vicAra batAyA hai / jemsa raoNpa ne inheM mastiSkIya namUnA kahA hai| natika pratyayoM kA AdhAra noti sambandhI vicAra athavA avadhAraNA hote haiM / jaisAki nItizAstra kI viSayavastu se spaSTa hai ki isameM pracalita sAmAjika rIti-rivAjoM (mores) kA samAveza pramukhatayA hotA hai ataH rIti-rivAjoM ko jaba mAnava mastiSkIya namUnoM (mental pattern) ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai to ve naitika pratyaya bana jAte haiN| ataH naitika pratyayoM ko vyavahAra meM Ane vAlI vastuoM, ghaTanAoM ke prati mAnava kI manovRtti kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra naitika pratyaya AdezAtmaka vicAra (normative ideas) haiM, jo vyakti evaM samAja ko vyava For Personal & Private Use Only

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106 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hAra ke lie dhAraNa karane par3ate haiM aura inake anurUpa apanA pArasparika vyavahAra nizcita karanA par3atA hai / 1 spaSTa hai ki sAmAjika rIti-rivAjoM ke anusAra naitika pratyaya bhI bana jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha, jIvana kA sarvottama lakSya kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara adhyAtmavAdI ke zabdoM meM hogA - sabhI prakAra ke dukhoM se mukti athavA mokSa - ananta avyAbAdha sukha kI upalabdhi / jabaki bhautikavAdI zArIrika sukhoM ke nirAbAdha bhoga ko hI jIvana kA sarvottama yA carama lakSya svIkAra karegA / isa prakAra ke uttara anya praznoM ke bhI prApta hoMge / yaha dRSTikoNa kA antara hai, jo deza-kAla, tathA sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI bhinnatA ko spaSTa prakaTa karatA hai / naitika pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa aba taka ke vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki nItizAstra kA viSaya sirpha naitika niyamoM kI bauddhika vyAkhyA karanA mAtra hI nahIM, apitu una niyamoM ke anusAra jIvana-yApana karanA, jIvana evaM vyavahAra kI zuddhi aura sadAcAra kA paripAlana bhI nItizAstra kA viSaya hai / kintu kucha Adhunika nItivijJAnI karttavya - akarttavya, zreya preya, ucitaanucita Adi naitika pratyayoM kA bauddhika vizleSaNa hI nItizAstra kA viSaya svIkAra karate haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM, nyAya-anyAya Adi naitika pratyayoM artha-nizcaya hI ye vidvAna, nItizAstra kA kArya mAnate haiM / artha - nizcaya kA inakA AdhAra hRdayagata bhAva ( feeling or emotions ) hai | kisI kArya ko dekhakara sukhada anubhUti hone ko ye vidvAna acchAI (good) mAnate haiM aura dukhada anubhUti ko burAI ( evil) | udAharaNArtha, kisI andhe vyakti kI lAThI pakar3akara use sahI rAha para lagA dene se vyakti ke hRdaya meM jo sukhada anubhUti ( sensation) hotI hai, vahI acchAI hai aura eksIDeNTa meM kisI vyakti ke ghAyala ho jAne para use karAhatA dekhakara bhI usake prati jo lAparavAhI; upekSA athavA nirdayatA ke bhAva Ate haiM, vahI burAI ( evil) hai / isI prakAra nyAya-anyAya ke viSaya meM bhI ina vidvAnoM ke vicAra kI praNAlI hai / 1. Moral concept is a normative idea which is conceived by individual and society and behaviour is determined accordingly. - caTarjI, zarmA, dAsa nItizAstra, pR0 78 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 107 acchAI-burAI Adi sabhI naitika pratyayoM ko svIkAra karane kA inakA AdhAra indriya-pratyakSa hI hai, AtmA taka inakI pahuMca nahIM hai / isa vicAradhArA ke pratinidhi vidvAna iMglaiNDa ke zrI e. jo0 eyara haiM / ye to naitika pratyayoM (concepts) ko pratyayAbhAsa (pseudo concepts) mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki ina pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; ataH ina pratyayoM kA nItizAstra meM koI mahatvapUrNa sthAna nahIM hai| ye to mAtra bhAvanAe~ athavA saMvega haiM jo manovijJAna athavA samAjavijJAna ke viSaya haiM / tathA nItizAstra manovijJAna athavA samAjavijJAna kI eka zAkhA mAtra hai| isa prakAra ye vicAraka naitika AcaraNa kI to bAta hI kyA usake svatantra astitva ko hI nakArate haiM / nItizAstra ke kSetra ko itanA sImita kara dete haiM ki vaha apanA mUlya hI kho baiThatA hai / kintu bhArata meM yaha vicAradhArA kabhI bhI svIkAra-yogya nahIM rhii| yahA~ to dharma aura nIti kA abhinna sambandha rahA hai| sAtha hI nItizAstra kA kArya naitika pratyayoM ke nirdhAraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unake AcaraNa para bhI bala denA rahA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, nItivijJAnI aura naitika AcaraNa karane vAle manuSya hI naitika kahe jAte rahe haiM / duryodhana ke zabdoM meM jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravRttiH jAnAmyadharma na ca me nivRttiH anIti meM parigaNita kiye gaye haiN| jJAna aura AcaraNa kA samanvaya bhAratIya saMskRti kA zAzvata udghoSa rahA hai| yahI bAta nItizAstra ke jJAna evaM AcaraNa ke viSaya meM bhI satya hai / AcaraNahIna jJAna yahA~ dambha kA paryAya mAnA gayA hai / 1 We find that ethical philosophy consists simply in saying that ethical concepts are pseudo-concept and theref re unanalysable. The further task of describing the different feelings that the different ethical terms are used to express and the different reactions that they customarily provoke is a task for the psychologist....It appears, then, that ethics, as a branch of knowledge is nothing more than a department of psychology or sociology. e0 jI0 eyara-laiMgveja, Tratha eNDa lAjika, pR0 112 uddhRta-saMgamalAla pANDeya : notizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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108 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isa prakAra naitika pratyayoM ke sambandha meM pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya dRSTikoNa kA antara spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ataH yahA~ naitika pratyayoM ko pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya ina do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / pAzcAtya naitika pratyaya haiM (1) naitika zubha (2) ucita aura anucita, (3) naitika kartavya, (4) naitika guNa aura avaguNa, (5) puNya aura pApa, (6) svatantratA aura (7) niytivaad| bhAratIya naitika pratyaya haiM (1) varNa vyavasthA, (2) Azrama vyavasthA, (3) puruSArtha, (4) RNa vicAra, (5) dharma kA pAlana, (6) karmaphala kA siddhAnta, (8) pUrva janma ke saMskAra aadi| ___ yaha vargIkaraNa sthUla dRSTi se hai| pAzcAtya pratyaya bhAratIya pratyayoM kI sImA se bAhara nahIM hai / bhAratIya vicAradhArA meM ina sabhI pratyayoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| sAtha hI uparokta parigaNita pratyaya hI antima nahIM haiM, isake atirikta bhI naitika pratyaya haiM aura ho sakate haiM, jo mAnava ke naitika jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiN| . naitika zubha naitika zubha (moral good) kA sambandha vyakti ke saMkalpa se hotA hai / saMkalpa hI zubha hotA hai aura azubha bhI hotA hai / kaSTapIr3ita vyaktiyoM kI vyathA ko dUra karane kA saMkalpa zubha hai aura unakI pIr3A bar3hAne kA vicAra azubha hai / saMkSepa meM, mAnavadharma kA pAlana karanA, hRdaya meM udAratA rakhanA, naitika zubha hai| nItizAstra paramazubha (ultimate good) ke pratyaya para bhI vicAra karatA hai| paramazubha kA saMkalpa aisI sthiti utpanna karatA hai, jisameM zubhatva kA caramabindu to upalabdha hotA hI hai, sAtha hI vyakti meM AtmasantuSTi (self contentment) kI bhAvanA bhI hiloreM letI hai| paramazubha ke udAharaNa, Izvarabhakti, sabhI prANiyoM kI maMgalakAmanA aura isase bhI bar3hakara prANImAtra ko apanI AtmA ke samAna samajhanA hai / jainadRSTi-bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo kahA hai-alasame mannejja For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 106 chappi kary - - apanI AtmA ke samAna hI sabhI prANiyoM ko samajho tathA mitta me sadhvabhUesa - saba prANiyoM ke sAtha merA mitrabhAva hai - yaha paramazubha kA dizA nirdezaka sUtra hai / isake atirikta prANImAtra kI kalyANa kAmanA, mAdhyasthya bhAvanA, 2 naitika zubha hai, jisameM sabhI vyakti sukhI hoM, "sukhI raheM saba jIva jagata ke " aisI bhAvanA karatA hai / naitika ucita naitika ucita (moral right) kA abhiprAya hai-ThIka athavA niyamAnusAra | isake viparIta naitika anucita (moral wrong ) hotA hai / anucita kA abhiprAya hai, zubha aura acche ko tor3anA, maror3anA, usakA abhiprAya apane svArtha ke anukula lagAnA / yahA~ niyamAnusAra kA abhiprAya naitika niyamoM (moral codes) ke anusAra kArya karanA athavA usI ke anurUpa apanA vyavahAra DhAlanA hai / naitika niyama hai ki kisI kA zoSaNa na kiyA jAya / ataH zrama karane vAle ke kalyANa ke kArya ucita haiM, jabaki unakA zoSaNa anucita / isa viSaya meM rAjanItika aura nyAyika niyama-kAnUna (political and judicial laws) naitika niyamoM se bhinna ho sakate haiM / bahuta se aise zramika kalyANa ke kArya haiM, jinake bAre meM spaSTa kAnUna nahIM haiM / yathAberojagArI kA bhattA denA, kintu zramika kI kucha samaya ke lie cha~TanI kara denA aura usa samaya kA verojagArI bhattA na denA, naitika niyama ke anusAra anucita hai / isa dRSTi se naitika niyama kAnUnI niyamoM kI apekSA adhika vistRta haiM, inakA dAyarA vizAla hai / naitika kartavya kartavya eka bahuta hI vizAla zabda hai / isIlie isakA vibhinna rUpoM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, yathA-- sAmAjika kartavya, rAjanItika kartavya; jAti- deza - samAja - rASTra aura antarrASTrIya kartavya / yahA~ taka ki kartavya zabda dharma zabda ke paryAyavAcI rUpa meM bhI prayukta hotA hai / jaise- pati kI sevA 1 dazakAlika sUtra 10 / 5 2 amitagatidvAtriMzikA, zloka 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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110 | jaMna nItizAstra : eka parizIlana karanA patnI kA dharma hai / yahA~ dharma se kartavya hI sUcita hotA hai| pati kI sevA patnI kA vyavahArAzrita AcaraNa hai / kartavya kA sambandha manuSya se hI hai, pazu-jagata meM yaha zabda koI mahatva nahIM rakhatA / ataH kartavya eka cetana karma hai, jisakA dAyitva manuSya para hI hai aura vahI kartavya - akartavya kA viveka kara sakatA hai / naitika kartavya (moral duty ) vaha hai jo vyakti zubha athavA paramazubha ke vicAra ko hRdaya meM rakhakara karatA hai / zubha meM kyoMki vyakti aura samAja donoM kA hita nihita hotA hai, isI apekSA se naitika kartavya ke bhI do pahalU haiM - vyakti ke apane hita se sambandhita kartavya aura dUsarA samAja ke hita lie kartavya | kucha vidvAnoM ne naitika kartavya kA eka bheda naitika bAdhyatA ( moral obligation) mAnA hai / naitika bAdhyatA se abhiprAya una naitika kartavyoM se hai jo vyakti ko bAdhya hokara karane par3ate haiM / naitika bAdhyatA sAmAjika, rAjanItika, kAnUnI kaI prakAra kI ho sakatI hai, jaise- corI na karanA, hatyA na karanA, zAMti banAye rakhanA Adi aise kartavya haiM, jinako na karane para vyakti ko daNDita kiyA jA sakatA hai / samAja bhI use tiraskRta kara sakatA hai / kintu vizuddha naitika kartavya vaha haiM, jinheM manuSya svecchA se apane Upara Aropita karatA hai aura unakA pAlana karatA hai / aise kartavya vyakti ke svayaM ke vyaktitva ko unnata banAte haiM / vyakti inakA pAlana apanI antarAtmA ke Adeza se karatA hai | aise kartavya haiM - sadAcArI jIvana vyatIta karanA, dainika jIvana vyavahAra zuddha rakhanA, niyamabaddha jIvana bitAnA, svastha, svaccha aura sAtvikatApUrNa jIvana vyatIta karanA / inakI yaha vizeSatA hai ki aise naitika kartavyoM ke pAlana na karane para vyakti ko kisI prakAra kA daNDa nahIM milatA | svayaM apanI icchA se pAlana kiye jAne ke kAraNa yaha vizuddha naitika kartavya kahe jAte haiM / bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina sabhI vizuddha naitika kartavyoM ko eka zabda 'sadAcAra' dvArA abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai / jaina dRSTi - bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo "ujjupanne ujjudaMsI' vizeSaNa sAdhaka ko diyA hai usakA abhiprAya saralamati, saralagati aura saralazIla sampannatA hai aura hRdaya kI yaha saralatA hI sadAcAra kA AdhArabindu hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 111 jaina AgamoM ke prasiddha bhASyakAra jinadAsagaNi ne isa viSaya meM eka mahatvapUrNa bAta kahI hai ki-niSiddha karma kyA hai aura vihita karma kyA hai, isakI sabase bar3I kasauTI vyakti kA hRdaya hai| yadi vyakti saccAI evaM prAmANikatA ke sAtha karma karatA hai to vaha vihita karma hI mAnA jAyegA kajje sacceNa hoyavaM taittirIya brAhmaNa meM inhIM zabdoM kA poSaNa kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai vRjanamanRtaM duzcaritam / Rjukarma satyaM sucaritam // kuTilatApUrvaka kiyA gayA karma (kartavya) anAcAra athavA durAcAra hai aura saralatApUrvaka (Rjupana se) kiyA gayA karma sadAcAra hai / sadAcAra athavA vizuddha naitika kartavya ko jA~cane-parakhane kI ekamAtra kasauTI vyakti kI svayaM kI prajJA aura antaHkaraNa hI hai| vahI nizcita kara sakatA hai ki usakA kauna sA karma sadAcAra hai aura kauna-sA nhiiN| sadguNa vibhinna naitika pratyayoM meM sadguNoM kA bhI apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai / sadguNa (virtue) kA abhiprAya hai sad (acche) guNa / isake virodhI durguNa (vices) hote haiN| mAnava svabhAva kI vicitratA yaha hai ki isameM sadguNa aura 'durguNa donoM hI pAye jAte haiN| kabhI bAhya nimitta pAkara sadguNa ubharate haiM to kabhI durguNa prasphuTita ho jAte haiM / ___ uttama kSamA, mArdava, Arjava Adi jo dasa prakAra ke dharma batAye gaye haiM, nItizAstra kI dRSTi.se unakI parigaNanA sadguNoM meM hotI hai| isake atirikta pramoda, kAruNya, sarvajanahitakAritA, abhAvagrastoM ko dAna denA Adi bhI sadguNa hI haiM / ___naitika pratyayoM kI saMkalpanA ke anusAra ve sabhI bhAvanAe~, guNa aura kArya sadguNa haiM jo vyakti ke svayaM ke vyaktitva ko unnata banAte haiM aura parivAra, samAja Adi meM suvyavasthA banAe rakhane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / 1 nizIthabhASya 5248 For Personal & Private Use Only

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112 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana inake viparIta durguNa ve anaitika bhAvanAe~ AcaraNa aura kArya haiM jo vyakti ko, samAja ko vizRMkhalita karate haiM / sadguNa tathA durguNoM kI viziSTa vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha janmajAta bhI hote haiM aura ajita bhI / bAhya paristhitiyA~ inameM bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatI haiM / viparIta paristhitiyoM athavA lomaharSaka ghaTanA se sarala vyakti bhI durguNI bana jAtA hai, jaise sarala-sIdhA arjunamAlI' apanI patnI ke sAtha hue atyAcAra ke pratizodha ke Avega meM bahaka kara hatyArA bana gayA thA aura sadguNI ahiMsaka sudarzana seTha kA nimitta tathA bAda meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nimitta pAkara svayaM guNI banA thaa| kSamA guNa dhAraNa karake mukta ho gayA thaa| ___ isI prakAra cAMDAla krodhI harikezabala ne dekhA ki viSasahita sarpa ko sabhI loga mArate haiM tathA niviSa sarpa ko koI cher3atA bhI nhiiN| isa nimitta ko pAkara usane kaTu bhASA evaM krodha rUpI durguNa ko tyAga diyA, kSamAzIla banakara sadguNI huA aura zreSTha tapasvI banakara unhoMne parama zubha-zuddha mukti ko prApta kara liyaa| puNya aura pApa puNya (merit) kA abhiprAya dharmazAstroM ke anusAra mana-vacana-kAya kI zubha pravRtti aura pApa (demerit) kA abhiprAya mana-vacana-kAya kI azubha pravRtti hai / nItizAstra meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga lagabhaga isI artha meM hotA hai / lekina maikeMjI jaise nItizAstrI ina zabdoM ke lie ucita-anucita kA prayoga adhika acchA mAnate haiN| kintu ucita-anucita samAja-sApekSa zabda haiM, jabaki puNya-pApa Atma-sApekSa / ucita-anucita kI avadhAraNA deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra bhinna ho sakatI hai / jaise-pazcima meM mAMsa evaM madirA kA sevana anucita nahIM mAnA jAtA, jabaki bhAratIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke anusAra yaha sarvathA anucita hai, anaitika hai / puNya-pApa nItizAstra ke pratyaya haiM, jo sArvabhauma haiM, pazujagata taka bhI 1. arjunamAlI kI ghaTanA ke lie dekheM---antakRddazA sUtra, 5/3 2. harike zabala kI pUrI ghaTanA ke lie dekheM- uttarAdhyayana sUtra, a0 12 kI vRtti For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 113 inakA dAyarA vistRta hai / udAharaNa ke lie-vizvAsaghAta, kRtaghnatA Adi pApa haiM / pazu bhI apane vizvAsaghAtI ko kSamA nahIM karate, pazu svabhAva ke anusAra kaThoratApUrvaka use mAra DAlate haiM / isI prakAra paropakAra Adi puNya kArya haiN| pazu bhI apane upakArI ke prati kRtajJatA ke bhAva rakhate haiM / naitika dRSTi se puNya ve sadkArya haiM, jo sArvabhauma haiM aura jinako karane se svayaM karane vAle ko bhI prasannatA hotI hai aura jisake prati kiye jAte haiM, use bhI sukha-zAMti milatI hai / yaha kArya donoM ke lie hitakArI haiM, unake jIvana ko unnata banAte haiM / dayAlutA (piety), karuNA, dAna, sevA Adi sabhI puNya kArya haiN| isake viparIta krUratA, kaThoratA, nirdayatA, kRpaNatA, ThagI,jAlasAjI, dhokhA denA, vizvAsaghAta Adi sabhI pApa pratyaya haiN| inase svayaM kI AtmA to patita hotI hI hai, dUsaroM kA jIvana bhI viSAkta ho jAtA hai / saMkalpa kI svatantratA saMkalpa kI svatantratA (freedom of will) nItizAstra kA mahatvapUrNa pratyaya hai, isake binA nItizAstra kI saMbhAvyatA hI kalpanA mAtra hai| __ kAnTa kA mata hai ki svatantratA anubhava-pUrva (a-priori) haiM, ise siddha karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai-"tumheM yaha karanA cAhie" to hama vyakti kI saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko svIkAra kara lete haiM / 'cAhie' meM hI yaha svatantratA nihita hai| kintu svatantratA meM hI uttaradAyitva (responsibility) kA pratyaya bhI sannihita hai / vyakti kI svatantratA asImita (unlimited) nahIM hai| aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki vyakti manamAnI svatantratA le ske| yaha to svacchandatA (despot) ho jAyegI, anaitikatA bana jaayegii| rAjA zroNika ke rAjya meM 6 goSThikoM (svacchanda yuvakoM) kI asImita svatantratA, jo ghora anaitikatA bana cukI thI, usane sIdhe-sAde nAga 1. (ka) DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 71 (kha) caTarjI, zarmA, dAsa : nItizAstra, pRSTha 84 For Personal & Private Use Only

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114 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana rika arjunamAlI ko hatyArA banA diyA, 1155 strI-puruSoM kI hatyA karavAI aura sampUrNa rAjagRha nagaravAsiyoM ko vipatti meM DAla diyaa| isalie nItizAstra meM AtmaniyamitatA (self-control) se niyaMtrita saMkalpa kI svatantratA eka pratyaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI gaI hai aura sAtha hI naitika uttaradAyitva (moral responsibility) kA pratyaya bhI isake sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai| manuSya sadA hI pUrNataH svatantra nahIM hai, vaha apanI icchA ke anusAra hI kArya nahIM kara sakatA / apitu satya yaha hai ki mAnava ko apane jIvanavyavahAra meM bAhya paristhitiyoM kA bhI vicAra rakhanA par3atA hai / inhIM bAtoM para vicAra karake velTana ne uttaradAyitva ke lie apanA Azaya prakaTa karate hue kahA hai-hama ThIka usI anupAta meM apane kAryoM ke lie uttaradAyI haiM, jaise ve hamAre vyaktitva ko pragaTa karate haiN| jahA~ taka ve, jo kucha hama haiM, ise pragaTa nahIM karate, hama unake lie uttaradAyI nahIM haiN|"1 velTana kA yaha kathana naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie saTIka hai| jaina dRSTi-saMkalpa kI svatantratA evaM usake AcaraNa ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-jaM seyaM taM samAyare 2 ~jo zreSTha ho usakA AcaraNa kare / dhArmika vrata tathA naitika saMkalpa lene se pUrva vyakti apanI icchA prakaTa karatA hai-"icchAmi NaM bhaMte-bhaMte ! maiM yaha vrata lenA cAhatA huuN| jisake uttara meM guru kahate haiM-jahA suhaM devANuppiyA-devAnupriya ! Apa jaisA ucita samajho vaisA kro|" isameM saMkalpa kI pUrNa svatantratA vyakta kI gaI hai| maikeMjI kA mata hai ki pratyeka naitika kArya ke lie svatantratA aura Atma-niyantraNa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiN| anya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| 1 "We are responsible for our acts in exact proportion as they express our personalities. In so far as they do not express what we are, we are not responsible to them." -Welton : Groundwork of Ethics, p. 44 2 dazavakAlika 4, 11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 115 kANTa kA kathana hai ki naitika kArya karane meM vyakti icchAoM ke saMgharSa meM svatantra cunAva karatA hai / icchAe~-kAma, krodha, lobha Adi kI hotI haiN| ina para vijaya ke lie Atma-niyantraNa hI ekamAtra prabhAvI sAdhana hai / Atma-niyantraNa se prabhAvita hokara hI vyakti svatantratApUrvaka saMkalpa karatA hai, yahI nItizAstra meM saMkalpa kI svatantratA kA pratyaya hai| naitika zabda 'saMkalpa' ke adhikatama nikaTa jaina darzana kA zabda haidRSTi (point of vision) / dRSTi samyak bhI hotI hai aura mithyA bhii| samyaka dRSTi naitika hai aura mithyA dRSTi anaitika / samyakadRSTipUrvaka kiye gaye vicAra evaM kArya naitika hote haiM; jabaki mithyA dRSTi se prabhAvita kArya anaitika / mithyASTipUrvaka kI gaI sabhI zubhAzubha kriyAoM aura vicAroM ko 'bAla' zabda se vizeSita karane meM jaina tattvadraSTAoM kA yahI bhAva parilakSita hotA hai| jemsa setha ke zabdoM meM bhI yahI bhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai, jabaki vaha kahatA hai-saMkalpa kA kArya sRSTi karanA hI nahIM, apitu niyantraNa aura nirdezana karanA bhI hai| jemsa setha kA saMkalpa viSayaka yaha kathana nizcita ho jaina darzana dvArA nirdhArita 'dRSTi' ko pratibimbita kara rahA hai / isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki saMkalpa kI svatantratA nItizAstra kA AdhArabhUta pratyaya hai| isake abhAva meM nItizAstra kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM ho sktii| sAtha hI isase Atma svAtantrya kI abhivyakti hotI hai, jo bhAratIya AcAra evaM nIti kA hArda hai| AcAra aura nIti ke sabhI siddhAnta Atma-svAtantrya ke kendrabindu ke hI cAroM ora ghUmate haiM / isIlie saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko nItizAstra meM AtmA dvArA niyantrita svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / AtmA dvArA aniyantrita saMkalpa ko svatantratA ko nItizAstra meM koI sthAna hI nahIM diyA gayA hai / abhI taka hamane nItizAstra ke una pratyayoM kI vivecanA kI jo sArvabhauma kahe jA sakate haiM, inako pazcimI nItizAstriyoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / kintu aba hama aise pratyayoM kI vivecanA kareMge jo bhAratIya 1. James Seth : A Study ol Ethical Principles, p. 44. For Personal & Private Use Only

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116 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana saMskRti-sabhyatA-samAja meM pAye jAte haiM aura bhAratIya samAja para jinakA prabhAva hai| varNAzrama vyavasthA varNa zabda 'vR' dhAtu se vyutpanna huA, jisakA artha hai cunnaa| isa dRSTi se varNa kA artha hai-vyakti jise apane svabhAva aura karma ke anusAra cunatA hai| vaise varNa kA artha raMga bhI hotA hai| Rgveda (1/73/7, 2/3/5, 6/67/15) Adi sthaloM para varNa zabda kA raMga ke lie prayoga huA hai| isase zrI pAMDuraMga vAmana kANe ne yaha abhiprAya vyakta kiyA hai ki varNa zabda kA prayoga prArambha meM gauravarNa AryoM tathA kRSNavarNa dAsoM ke lie hotA thaa| ___ najAtivijJAna (Anthropology) meM aba taka yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta hotA hai-dakSiNI aphrIkA kI jAtiyA~ kRSNavarNIya kahI jAtI haiM, bhAratIyoM ko gaurAMga aMgreja tiraskArapUrNa zabdoM meM blaika maina (Black men) kahate the| kintu naitika pratyaya ke rUpa meM varNa zabda se raMga grahaNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| yahAM to varNa stara (status) athavA U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko abhivyakti detA hai| bhAratIya samAja meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra-yaha cAra varNa mAne gaye haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM inakI bahuta hI vistRta carcA hai| Rgveda se lekara purANa Adi isa carcA se bhare par3e haiN| smatiyoM meM inake kartavyAkartavya kI vistRta vivecanA hai| gItA meM bhI cAra varNoM kI saMracanA zrIkRSNa ne svayaM kI hai, aisA ullekha milatA hai| lekina prArambha meM varNa vyavasthA janma ke anusAra nahIM apitu karma 1. (ka) Rgveda, puruSa sUkta 10/67 (kha) manusmRti 8/413 Adi 2. (ka) cAturvaNyaM mayA sRSTaM guNakarma vibhAgazaH / tasya kartAramapi mAM viddha yakartAramavyayam / / (kha) brAhmaNa kSatriya vizAM zUdrANAM ca paraMtapa ! / karmANi pravibhaktAni svbhaavprbhvaigunn.|| -gItA 4/13 -gItA 18/41 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 117 ke anusAra thI aisA ullekha gItA, zukranIti' Adi granthoM se spaSTa hotA hai / isI dhAraNA ke anusAra zrI bhIkhanalAla Atreya ne apanA mata abhi vyakta kiyA hai prAcIna varNa vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, lacIlI thI / varNa- parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA kyoMki AcaraNa ke kAraNa varNa parivartita ho jAtA thA / upaniSadoM meM varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai / 2 gItA meM varNa vyavasthA ke pIche manovaijJAnika AdhAra kA samarthana DA0 rAdhAkRSNan aura gairAlDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai / vaha AdhAra hai-- mAnavIya svabhAva kA / mAnavoM meM jJAnAtmakatA athavA jijJAsA vRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura sevA bhAvanA yA zAsita rahane kI vRtti pAyI jAtI hai / isI AdhAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zudra ina cAra varNoM kI saMracanA huI / paMDita banArasIdAsa ne AdhyAtmika dRSTi se varNa vyavasthA kI vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai - (1) brAhmaNa varNa meM krodha kI adhikatA hotI hai ( zApAdi dene kI ghaTanAoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai), kSatriyoM meM mAna kI, vaizyoM meM lobha kI aura zUdroM meM mAyAcAra athavA kapaTa kuTilatA kI pramukhatA pAI jAtI hai / Adhunika vidvAnoM ne varNa vyavasthA ko zrama vibhAjana (divison of labour) kA prAcIna siddhAnta mAnA hai / isase samAja kI vyavasthA sucAru rUpa se calatI rahI / zrama vibhAjana kI dRSTi se DA0 bhagavAnadAsa ne cAra varga yA varNa batAye haiM - ( 1 ) vidyopajIvI ( 2 ) zAsaka ( 3 ) vyApAropajIvI aura ( 4 ) 1. na jAtyA brAhmaNazcAtra kSatriyo vaizya eva vA / na zUdro na ca vai mleccho bheTitA guNakarmabhiH // 2. zrI bhIkhanalAla Atreya : bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 625 3. ( ka ) zrImadbhagavat gItA (rAdhAkRSNana ), pR0 353 (kha) gItA 18 / 48 kI vyAkhyA, gorakhapura saMskaraNa meM (ga) gItA ( zAMkara bhASya ) 18 / 41, 48 4. banArasI vilAsa For Personal & Private Use Only zukranIti

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118 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana zArIrika zramopajIvI / yaha kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kahalAye / ' DA0 bhagavAnadAsa aura zrI gerAlDa harDa evaM paMDita banArasIdAsa kA kathana svIkAra kara liyA jAya to varNa vyavasthA mAnava svabhAva se sambandhita hokara vizvavyApI ho jaayegii| jabaki vyavahAra meM aisI sthiti hai nahIM, bhArata ke atirikta anya kisI bhI deza meM varNa vyavasthA kA siddhAnta svIkRta hI nahIM huA / nItizAstra bhI varNa-vyavasthA ke pratyaya ko isa vistRta rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karatA, apitu yaha stara ( status ) ke rUpa meM, U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai / aura isI rUpa meM yaha pratyaya bhAratIya samAja meM vyApaka hai tathA bhAratIya janoM kI naitika avadhAraNA ko prabhAvita kiye hue hai / isI prakAra jAti prathA bhI bhAratIya naitikatA para vizeSa prabhAva DAla rahI hai, yaha bhI bhAratIya nIti kA viziSTa mahatvapUrNa pratyaya hai / bhArata meM jAti kA prArambha bhI peze ke anusAra huA / eka hI peze ( occupation) ke vyakti eka jAti kahalAne lage / zanaiH-zanaiH jAti bhI janmanA mAnI jAne lagI, isameM rUr3hi tathA kaThoratA A gaI / ko paribhASita karate hue zrI jhUle ne kahA hai "When a class is s mewhat strictly hereditary, we may call .it a caste." -Charles Cowley ( jaba eka varga pUrNarUpeNa vaMzAnukrama para AdhArita hotA hai to hama use jAti kahate haiM / ) isI prakAra bhAratIya nIti kA eka anya pramukha pratyaya Azrama vyavasthA hai / yaha vyavasthA vaidika vicArakoM dvArA nirdhArita kI gaI hai / isameM mAnava kI Ayu 100 varSa mAnakara 4 vibhAgoM athavA AzramoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai - (1) brahmacaryAzrama ( 25 varSa taka kI Ayu ) - isa kAla meM brahmacarya kI sAdhanA karatA huA bAlaka zikSA prApta karatA hai tathA svayaM ko bhAvI jIvana ke lie sakSama evaM yogya banAtA hai / 1. caTarjI, zarmA, dAsa : nItizAstra, pR0 60 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 116 (2) gRhasthAzrama ( 26 se 50 varSa taka kI Ayu ) - zikSA prApta karane ke bAda yuvaka gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karatA hai / nyAya-nIti dvArA jIvikA upArjana karake kuTumba kA pAlana poSaNa, mAtA pitA Adi vRddhajanoM kI sevA, atithisatkAra, dAna Adi dvArA jIvana saphala banAtA hai / putraputriyoM ko yogya - zikSita banAkara apane gRhastha dharma kA sucAru rUpa se saMcAlana karatA hai / (3) vAnaprastha Azrama (51 se 75 taka kI Ayu ) - isa Ayu meM putra ko ghara-gRhasthI kA bhAra sauMpa kara dharma ArAdhanA ke lie ghara chor3akara vana (grAma ke bAhara kI bhUmi) meM calA jAya / yadi patnI sAtha rahanA cAhe to use bhI rakha sakatA hai, kintu mukhya lakSya dharma - sAdhanA kA hI rahatA hai / (4) saMnyAsAzrama (76 se 100 varSa taka kI Ayu ) - isa samaya patnI ko bhI tyAga de aura sabhI se mamatva chor3akara Izvara bhakti, tapa-japa- sAdhanA Adi meM pravRtta ho jAye / isa prakAra apane sampUrNa mAnava jIvana ko saphala kare / sau varSa ke jIvana kI avadhAraNA sAmavedokta 'jIvema zaradaH zataM' ke AdhAra para nirmita kI gaI hai / so varSa kI nIroga, svastha Ayu athavA jIvana kI sImA vaidika yuga ke mAnava kI AkAMkSA evaM carama abhilASA rahI thI / jaina dRSTi - jahA~ taka varNa, jAti aura Azrama -- vaidika samAja ke naitika pratyayoM kA prazna hai, jaina dRSTi meM inakA koI sthAna nahIM hai / bha0 mahAvIra ne jAti evaM varNa ko pUrI taraha nakAra diyA thA / unhoMne sampUrNa mAnavoM kI eka hI jAti svIkAra kI thI / varNa aura jAti ke AdhAra para mAnava-mAnava meM bheda karanA jaina dRSTi se anucita hI nahIM, anaitika bhI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcArAMga meM spaSTa udghoSa kiyA- jo upadeza dhanavAna athavA uccakula ke vyakti ke lie hai, vahI upadeza nirdhana vipanna aura nimnakulotpanna vyakti ke lie hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki bha. mahAvIra ke zramaNa saMgha meM cAroM varNoM ke sAdhu the / eka ora brAhmaNa varNa ke vedapAThI indrabhUti gautama the to caudaha hajAra 1 jahA punnassa katthai tahA tucchassa katthai | jahA tucchassa katthai tahA punnassa katthaI // - AcArAMga sUtra 1/2/6/102 For Personal & Private Use Only

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120 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana zramaNoM meM utkRSTAcArI dhannA aNagAra vaizya kula kI zobhA the / meghakumAra, abhayakumAra Adi kSatriya vaMza ke dIpaka the to harikezabala cAMDAla kula meM utpanna hokara bhI siddha-buddha mukta hue| yahAM taka ki anArya deza meM utpanna Ardra kumAra muni ne bhI mukti prApta kI / isase spaSTa hai ki varNoM ke anusAra mAnava-mAnava meM bheda jaina dharma ko svIkAra nahIM hai / phira bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne karma ke anusAra varNoM ke nAmakaraNa ke siddhAnta ko apane pravacana meM sthAna diyA - karma ke anusAra hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hote haiM / yadyapi Agamika yuga meM jaina vicAraNA varNa aura jAti vyavasthA ko nakAratI hai, kintu IsA kI gyArahavIM bArahavIM zatAbdI ke AcArya zrI jinasena aura kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra ne varNoM aura jAtiyoM kI utpatti bhagavAna RSabhadeva dvArA mAnI hai / kaI granthoM meM isa Azaya ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra - ina tIna varNoM kI sthApanA kI / " yaha varNana Avazyakaniryukti, AvazyakacUrNi, Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra meM bhI milatA hai tathA anya granthoM' bhI prApta hotA hai / kintu yaha spaSTa ho jAnA cAhie ki bhagavAna ne ina varNoM tathA jAtiyoM kI sthApanA karmAnusAra aura AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM (pezA ) kI dRSTi se kI thI, inameM U~ca-nIca kI koI bhAvanA nahIM thI / sAtha hI 1 kammuNA bambhaNo hoi kammuNA hoi khattioM / isso kammuNA hoi suddo havAi kammuNA || - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25/33 2 dekhie, RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana --zrI devendra muni 3 utpAditAstrayovarNAH tadA nAdavedhasA | kSatriyAH vaNijaH zUdrAH kSatatrANAdibhirguNaiH // - mahApurANa 183 / 96/262 4 (ka) kalpalatA : samayasundara gaNI, pR0 166 (kha) paumacariyaM : vimalasUri u03 / 111 - 116 (ga) pazcAccaturvarNasthApanaM kRtam / - kalpadrumakalikA0, lakSmI0, pR0 144 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 121 yaha janmanA nahIM the, jaisAki vaidika paramparA meM hai, apitu yaha parivartanIya the / Azrama vyavasthA, yadyapi jaina dharma meM svIkAra kI gaI hai, kintu samucita rUpa meM, isameM vaisI kaThoratA (rigidity) nahIM hai, jaisI vaidika paramparA meM hai / kaThoratA kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vaidika paramparA meM cAroM AzramoM kA pAlana kramazaH hotA hai - pahale brahmacarya phira gRhastha, taduparAnta vAnaprastha aura jIvana ke anta meM saMnyAsa | vaidika paramparA ke anusAra brahmacarya se vyakti sIdhA saMnyAsa nahIM le sakatA, usakA yaha kArya garhita aura anaitika mAnA jAtA hai / vahA~ gRhasthAzrama pAlana kI anivAryatA 'aputrasya gatirnAsti' - ' putrahIna kI gati nahIM hotI, usakI AtmA pretayoni meM hI bhaTakatI rahatI hai', ina zabdoM meM prakhyApita kI gaI hai / jabaki jaina dRSTi AzramoM ke isa anullaMghanIya krama ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| jainAgamoM meM 8 varSa kA bAlaka bhI dIkSA le sakatA hai, isa bAta kA spaSTa vidhAna hai| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 6 varSa ke bAlaka 'atimuktaka" (ayavaMtA ) ko apane kara-kamaloM se dIkSita kiyA thA aura usane saMsAra ke jAla ko tor3akara mukti prApta kI thI / bhRgu-purohita aura usake putroM ke saMvAda meM aputrasya gatirnAsti ke siddhAnta kA khaNDana bar3e hI yuktipUrNa DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai / 2 isakA abhiprAya yaha nahIM hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gRhasthAzrama ko bilkula hI heya batAyA / apitu satya yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhasthAzrama ko ucita mahatva diyA hai, svayaM apane zrImukha se zrAvaka (gRhastha ) dharma kA upadeza diyA aura zrAvakoM ke tatvajJAna tathA satyaniSThA kI prazaMsA kI / 1 (ka) antakRddazAMga, varga 6 (kha) bhagavatI, zataka 5, u0 4 2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, iSukArIya 14vAM adhyayana 3 (ka) upAsaka dazAMga sUtra meM bhagavAna dvArA kiyA gayA zrAvaka dharma kA varNana hai / (kha) carita dhammeduvihe, taM jahA - aNagAra dhamme ceva AgAra dhamme ceva / - ThANAMga sUtra, ThANA 2 4 upAsakadazAMga sUtra a0 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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122 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhagavAna ke prathama ziSya aura sampUrNa saMgha ke nAyaka zrI gautama gaNadhara ne bhI Ananda zrAvaka se kSamA mA~gakara sadgRhastha kA gaurava bddh'aayaa| bhagavAna ne to zrAvaka ko sAdhu ke lie mAtA-pitA ke samAna batAyA hai aura zrAvakoM ko sAdhuoM ke lie tathA unakI mokSa-sAdhanA ke hetu AdhAra-bhUta kahA hai / spaSTa hai ki jaina dRSTi meM bhI gRhastha Azrama ke ucita mahatva kA asvIkAra nahIM hai / brahmacarya Azrama ke viSaya meM to nirvivAda kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha jainadRSTi se svIkArya hai / purANoM meM bAlakoM kA brahmacaryapUrvaka vidyA-kalAoM ke adhyayana kA varNana AtA hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne sabhI kalAoM, vidyAoM, zilpa, lipi, gaNita ityAdi kI zikSA dii| taba brahmacaryAzrama ke asvIkAra kA prazna hI nahIM hai| jise vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsa kahA jA sakatA hai jainadharma meM vahI zramaNatva hai aura zramaNatva hI jaina dharma kA pradhAna aMga hai, jaina saMskRti kA prAcIna nAma hI zramaNadharma athavA zramaNa saMskRti hai| ___ naitika pratyayoM ke rUpa meM ina AzramoM kA viziSTa sthAna hai| brahmacaryAzrama vidyA-prApti kI avasthA hai| usa samaya vidyArthI ke aneka naitika kartavya haiM / vidyArthI ko cAhie ki vaha guru ke anuzAsana (kaThora zabdoM) me kupita na ho, vinayapUrvaka rahe, krUra vyavahAra na kare, vyartha kI bAtoM meM 1 (ka) upAsakadazAMga, avyayana 1 (kha) indrabhUti gautama, pR0 72-74 2 cattAri samaNovAsagA paNNattA, taM jahA-ammApi usamANe"" -ThANAMga, ThANA 4, sUtra 321 3 dekhie--(ka) Avazyakaniyukti (kha) AvazyakacUNi (ga) cauppanna mahApurisacariyaM (gha) triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra parva 1 (ca) RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, pR0 144-150 4 aNusAsio na kuppejjA -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 16 5 viNae Thavejja appANa - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 116 For Personal & Private Use Only

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apanA adhika samaya barbAda na kare, ucita samaya para pATha par3he / ' vidyArthI jIvana meM anuzAsana Adi aneka prakAra kI naitikatAoM kA mAnava jIvana meM samAveza ho jAtA hai aura yaha use jIvana bhara naitika banAye rakhatI haiM kyoMki isa avasthA ke saMskAra sthAyI rUpa se sampUrNa jIvana meM rahate haiM / gRhastha kA yaha naitika dAyitva hai ki vaha atithi kA satkAra kare, dAna de, samAja meM apanA vyavahAra ucita banAe rakhe, putra-putriyoM ko yogya zikSA dilavAye, mAtA-pitA vRddhajanoM kI sevA kare tathA anya samAja sevA ke kArya kare | 2 naitika pratyaya | 123 isI prakAra anya AzramoM ke bhI viziSTa naitika kartavya haiM jo nItizAstra kI dRSTi se naitika pratyayoM ke rUpa meM mAnava ke dainaMdina vyavahAra ko prabhAvita aura saMcAlita karate haiM / tri RNa vicAra nItizAstra meM RNa pratyaya kA abhiprAya hai - ImAnadArI se kucha aise kartavyoM ko sampanna karanA, jo naitika dRSTi se anivArya haiM / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki mAnava (1) deva RNa, (2) RSi RNa aura, (3) pitR RNa se dabA hotA hai, yAnI ina tInoM kA usa para bhAra hotA hai aura usakA naitika kartavya hai ki ina RNoM se mukta hove / vahA~ ina RNoM ko cukAne kI vidhi bhI batAI gaI hai / devaRNa yajJa Adi se, RSiRNa vidyA par3hane se aura pitRRNa ( isI meM samAja - RNa bhI sannihita hai ) putra utpanna karane, samAja sevA, sahAyatA, dAna, tyAga Adi karane se utaratA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI ( 1 ) mAtA-pitA, (2) svAmI ( poSaka ) aura (3) dharmAcArya kA RNa mAnava para batAyA hai; kintu ina tInoM RNoM 9 mA ya caMDAliyaM kAsI, bahuyaM mA ya Alave / kAle ma ahijjittA" // 2 (ka) AcArya hemacandra : yogazAstra, 1 / 47-56 (kha) jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAyeM : madhukara muni, pR0 107-108 For Personal & Private Use Only - - uttarA0 1 / 10

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124 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ke cukAne ke upAya meM antara hai, kahA hai- yadi inheM zuddha dharma sAdhanA kI ora unmukha kara diyA jAya to vyakti inake RNoM se mukta ho sakatA hai | yaha tInoM RNa mAnava ke naitika kartavya haiM / yaha naitika pratyaya isa rUpa meM haiM ki inakI avadhAraNA ke phalasvarUpa mAnava apane pArivArika aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko nItipUrNa DhaMga se pUrA karatA hai, sAtha hI apane deva, guru, pitA Adi vRddhajanoM ke prati usake hRdaya meM sammAna rahatA hai / vastutaH yaha tInoM prakAra ke RNa upakAra ke prati pratyupakAra haiM / mAtA-pitA, guru (zikSaka) Adi mAnava ke jIvana ko saMskArazIla aura naitika banAte haiM, to inake upakAra se uRNa hone ke lie use bhI unakI sevA Adi karanI cAhie / samasta naitikatA kA AdhAra parivAra, samAja aura ucita zikSA hai / inake abhAva meM naitikatA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI / isI - lie tri RNa vicAra ko naitika pratyayoM meM sthAna diyA gayA hai ki mAnava kA jIvana naitika bane, vaha samAja ke mahatva ko svIkAra kare aura apane vyavahAra se anya logoM ko bhI naitikatA kI preraNA de / puruSArtha catuSTaya vicAra puruSArtha bhAratIya nItizAstra kA maulika pratyaya hai / puruSArtha kA saMdhi-vigrahajanita artha hotA hai puruSa kA prayojana ( puruSa + artha ) dUsare zabdoM meM mAnava mAtra kA prayojana / zrI Ara. sI. pAThaka ne isI artha ko dhvanita karate hue puruSArtha ke lie aMgrejI kA samAnArthI eka vAkyAMza diyA haiobjects of man's creation and existence. -- puruSArtha pratyaya cAra prakAra kA hai - - ( 1 ) dharma (2) artha (3) kAma (4) mokSa | yaha cAroM hI naitika mAnava kI sahaja svAbhAvika pravRttiyA~ kahI jA sakatI haiM / inameM se dharma, artha aura kAma- ina tInoM ko trivarga bhI kahA jAtA hai aura inheM mokSa puruSArtha kA sAdhana batAyA hai / sAdhana aura sAdhya kI apekSA karate hue paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI ne 1 ThANAMga, ThANA 3, sUtra 135 2 paMDita sukhalAlajI : tatvArthasUtra Eng. Translation by K. K. Dixit, p. 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 125 dharma aura artha ko sAdhana mAnA hai tathA kAma aura mokSa ko sAdhya / dharma puruSArtha mokSa puruSArtha kA sAdhana hai aura artha puruSArtha kAma puruSArtha kA sAdhana hai| jaina Agama granthoM ke prathama vyAkhyAkAra AcArya bhadrabAha ne isa sambandha meM bahuta hI samIcIna santulita vicAra diyA hai-dharma, artha aura kAma-ye tInoM puruSArtha paraspara virodhI nahIM haiM / kintu kuzala anuSThAna meM lagane para tInoM ho eka-dUsare ke pUraka va sahAyaka hote haiN| apanI bhUmikA ke anusAra vihita anuSThAnarUpa dharma, svaccha Azaya se prayukta artha aura samAja maryAdA ke anusAra niyaMtrita/svIkRta kAma-tInoM paraspara avirodhI haiN| __ AcArya hemacandra ne bhI mArgAnusArI ke guNoM ke sandarbha meM kahA haisadgRhastha dharma, artha aura kAma-ina tInoM vargoM kI paraspara abAdhaka rUpa se sAdhanA kare / madhukara munijI ne dharma se maryAdita kAma (artha bhI) ko gRhastha sAdhaka ke lie vihita mAnA hai| dharma puruSArtha-puruSArtha pratyaya kI apekSA dharma kA abhiprAya samAja ko Arambha karane vAle niyamoM athavA siddhAntoM se hai| vaise dharma dhR-dhAraNe dhAtu se banA hai / isakA artha hai dhAraNa krnaa| . dhAraNAt dharmamityAhuH dharyo dhArayati prjaaH| ___ dharma kI isa paribhASA meM bhI prajA (samAja) ko dhAraNa karane vAlA dharma kahA gayA hai aura yaha dharma nItizAstra kA pratyaya hai / vastutaH manuSya kA prayojana hai sukhI jIvana / dharma kA bhI yahI prayojana hai / naitika mAnava apane bhautika aura AdhyAtmika donoM prakAra ke jIvana ko sukhI banAnA cAhatA hai| isa dRSTi se kaNAda muni ne dharma kA lakSaNa ina zabdoM meM diyA hai 1 dazavekAlikaniyukti gAthA 262-63-64 -dhammA atyo kAmo bhinne te piMDiyA paDisavattA ... 2 anyonyA'pratibandhena trivargamapisAdhanam / -yogazAstra 1/52 3 sAdhanA ke sUtra, tRtIya AvRtti, san 1984, pR0 228 4 DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 82 For Personal & Private Use Only

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126 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yato'bhyudaya niHzreyas siddhiH sa dharmaH / -- dharma mAnava ke abhyudaya (worldy prosperity and happiness) tathA niHzreyasa (spiritual prosperity and bliss) kI siddhi (prApti) kA hetu (means of realisation) hai| yaha sukha mAnava ko naitika (vistRta artha meM dhArmika) jIvana jIne para hI prApta ho sakatA hai| isI kAraNa bhAratIya naitika cintana ke anusAra puruSArtha catuSTaya pratyaya meM dharma-puruSArtha pratyaya ko prathama aura pramukha sthAna diyA gayA hai| dharma mAnava ke naitika AdarzoM ko, artha bhautika sAdhanoM ko, kAma zArIrika, mAnasika, prANAtmaka (vital) icchAoM ko abhivyakti pradAna karate haiN| ___ artha puruSArtha-artha puruSArtha nItizAstra meM dharma ke sahAyaka ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, na ki dhana-saMgraha ke rUpa meM / dhana athavA bhautika sAdhanoM kA saMgraha to anaitika hai| dhana tathA sAdhanoM kA sadupayoga naitika hai| dAna Adi samAja meM aneka naitika kArya dhana se kiye jAte haiN| isIlie ukti hai-dhanAd dhrm| sAtha hI mUlya niyantraNa (price control), jhUThe (false) mApa-tola (measurements and weights) ko rokanA Adi bhI bhAratIya nIticintaka artha puruSArtha ke naitika pratyaya se prabhAvI banAne kI apekSA karate haiM / kAma puruSArtha-kAma puruSArtha icchAoM ke niyaMtraNa, asImita icchAoM ko sImA meM bAMdhane kI dRSTi se naitika pratyaya ke rUpa meM mAnya hai, na ki icchAoM ko khulA chor3ane ke rUpa meM, kyoMki amaryAdita aura aniyantrita icchAe~ to bhraSTAcAra, rizvatakhorI, lUTa-mAra Adi aneka anaitikatAoM ko janma detI haiN| mokSa puruSArtha-mokSa kA abhiprAya dharmazAstroM meM sabhI prakAra se mukti, Atmika Ananda kI avasthA mAnA gayA hai, jo nirAbAdha hai, zAzvata hai| kintu aisI avasthA isa jIvana ke bAda AtI hai, yAnI mokSa kI prApti isa deha ke chUTane ke bAda hotI hai / lekina naitika pratyaya ke rUpa meM mokSa puruSArtha kA yaha abhiprAya For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 127 saMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika pratyaya isa jIvana se hI sambandhita hote haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki dharmazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se mokSa eka Adarza dazA hai jabaki nItizAstra Adarza ko svokArate hue bhI vyavahAra ko-pratyakSa ko adhika mahatva detA hai| ataH vaha mokSa puruSArtha kA itanA AdarzAtmaka evaM dUragAmI artha svIkAra karane kI apekSA naitika dharAtala para hI isakA artha svIkAranA adhika saMgata aura yuktiyukta mAnatA hai / isa apekSA se vaha mukti athavA mokSa kA lakSaNa-kaSAyamuktiH kilamuktireva-kaSAyoM se mukti hI mokSa hai, itanA hI svIkAra karanA cAhatA hai / kaSAyoM se mukti kA abhiprAya yahA~ krodha, mAna, kapaTa, lobha kI itanI upazAMti lagAyA jAnA cAhie, jisase vyakti na svayaM duHkhI ho aura na samparka meM Ane vAloM ko pIr3ita kare / AcArya zaMkara ne jaba yaha kahA vAsanAprakSayo mokSaH vAsanAoM kA kSaya honA hI mokSa hai, to unakA bhI yahI abhiprAya mAnA jAnA cAhie ki mAnava kI vAsanAe~ svayaM usake hRdaya ko udvelita na kareM aura vaha anya logoM ko bhI udvigna na kareM, itanI kSINa athavA zAMta ho jAyeM; kyoMki ve Age kahate haiM ... deha kA chUTa jAnA mokSa nahIM hai, aura na daNDa-kamaNDala hI; hRdaya kI avidyArUpI granthi kA chUTa jAnA hI mokSa hai| ataH nItizAstra ke anusAra mokSa isI jIvana meM prAptavya naitika pratyaya hai| dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-ina cAroM puruSArthoM meM se artha aura kAma to mAnava ke sabhI kriyAkalApoM ke preraNA-bindu haiM, dharma bhI mAnava ko zubha kAryoM/naitika kriyA kalApoM kI preraNA kA pramukha hetu hai| mokSa dharmazAstrIya dRSTi se eka aisI Adarza sthiti hai, jise pratyeka adhyAtmavAdI mAnava prApta karanA cAhatA hai| 1 viveka car3AmaNi, 318 2. dehasya mokSo na mokSo, na daNDasya kamaNDaloH / avidyA-hRdayagranthimokSo mokSo ytsttH|| -viveka cUDAmaNi 556 For Personal & Private Use Only

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128 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana lekina nItizAstra kA kSetra vistRta hai / isameM adhyAtmavAdI-mokSavAdI bhI Ate haiM aura nAstika bhii| nAstika mokSa kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM karate, Izvara ko bhI nahIM mAnate, lekina naitikatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, krodha, mAna Adi kaSAyoM ko ve bhI anaitika mAnate haiM / isIlie nItizAstra mokSa puruSArtha ko kaSAyoM kI upazAnti ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake isa pratyaya ko isI jIvana meM prAptavya mAnatA hai / nivRtti-pravRtti pratyaya bhAratIya naitikatA ko prabhAvita karane vAle naitika pratyaya haiMnivRtti aura prvRtti| nivRtti kA sIdhA-sAdA artha mAnA jAtA hai kisI bhI prakAra kI kriyA na karanA, isI prakAra pravRtti kA artha hai-kriyAkalApoM meM saMlagna rahanA, niSkriya na rhnaa| yaha donoM pratyaya bahuta prAcIna kAla se cale A rahe haiN| vedoM meM pravRttiparaka sUtroM kI adhikatA hai to upaniSadoM meM nivRttiparaka upadezoM kI bahulatA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne anAsakta karmayoga kA pratipAdana karake ina donoM meM samanvaya sthApita kiyA hai| sAmAnya dRSTikoNa se pravRtti aura nivRtti pratyaya paraspara eka-dUsare ke viparIta mAlUma par3ate haiM, parantu vAstavikatA aisI nahIM hai| jIvana ke sarvAgINa vikAsa ke lie donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| ___ eka vyakti calatA hI jAye, kahIM ruke nahIM, vizrAma nahIM le to usakI kyA dazA hogI, macchita hokara bIca meM gira hI par3egA, apanI manjila taka nahIM pahu~ca skegaa| dUsarA vyakti gamana aura vizrAma meM ucita samanvaya karatA huA calegA to sukha se maMjila para pahu~ca jaavegaa| isI prakAra naitika jIvana jIne ke lie pravRtti aura nivRtti kA ucita saMyoga Avazyaka hai| ___ naitika pratyaya ke rUpa meM nivRtti hai-anucita aura anaitika kAryoM ko na karanA / kaTazabda bolanA, vyartha hI kisI ko parezAna karanA, dhanadhAnya Adi kA atyadhika saMgraha karanA Adi sabhI anaitika kArya haiM / inase samAja meM avyavasthA phailatI hai, asantoSa bhar3akatA hai aura anta meM vyakti svayaM bhI dukhI hotA hai| ataH aise kAryoM ko na karanA hI nItizAstra ke anusAra nivRtti pratyaya hai| ise dUsare zabdoM meM niSedhAtmaka preraNAe~ bhI kaha sakate haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 126 pravRtti pratyaya kA abhiprAya hai-zubha meM pravRtti athavA una kAryoM ko karanA jo svayaM ke aura samAja ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka haiN| dUsaroM kI sevA karanA, paraspara sahayoga, satyAcaraNa, prAmANikatA Adi naitika kArya haiM, ataH ina kAryoM ko karanA caahie| ___bhagavAna mahAvIra ne naitika jIvana ke lie, pravRtti aura nivRtti kA rUpa spaSTa karate hue sundara preraNA dI hai eka ora se virati (nivRtti) karanI cAhie aura dUsarI ora pravRtti / asaMyama se nivRtti aura saMyama meM pravRtti karanI caahie| __ nItizAstra ke sandarbha meM asaMyama se anaitikatA aura saMyama se naitikatA kA grahaNa apekSita hai| ___ karma kA pratyaya bhAratIya darzanoM kA karma siddhAnta naitika jIvana ke lie ati Avazyaka hai / karmasiddhAnta kI sthiti nItizAstra ke lie vaisI hI hai jaisI vijJAna ke lie kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kii| vijJAna kisI bhI kArya ke lie kAraNa Avazyaka mAnatA hai, isI taraha mAnava ke sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa usake svayaM ke kiye hue karma haiN| . karma siddhAnta kA nItizAstra meM mahatva batAte hue DA0 Ara0 esa0 navalakkhA kahate haiM- "yadi kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta jagata ke tathyoM kI vyAkhyA ko prAmANika rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai to phira usakA naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayoga karanA nyAyika kyoM nahIM hogaa|2|| ___ saMsAra ke sabhI manuSyoM, cAhe ve mokSavAdI-Astika haiM athavA bhogavAdI-nAstika, unakI yahI dhAraNA hai ki mAnava ke karma usake sAtha rahate haiM tathA use unakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yaha kathana haiM- 'prANiyoM ke karma hI satya haiM tathA 'karma sadA kartA ke sAtha calate haiM,' evaM 'kiye --uttarAdhyayana sUtra 31/2 1. egao viraI kUjjA, egao ya pavattaNa / asaMjame niyatti ca, saMjame ya pavattaNaM / / 2. zaMkarsa brahmavAda, pa0 248 3. kamma saccA hu pANiNA / 4. kattArameva aNujAi kammaM / -uttarAdhyayanasUtra 7/20 -uttarAdhyayanasUtra 13/13 For Personal & Private Use Only

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130 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizAlana hue karmoM kA phala bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM hotA' / isI prakAra zubha karma zubha ( sukhaprada ) phala dete haiM aura azubha karma duHkhaprada phala dete haiM, jIva ko duHkhadAyI hote haiM / 2 yaha 'zubha' aura 'azubha' nItizAstra ke pramukha preraka tatva aura AdhArabhUta siddhAnta haiM / nItizAstra azubha aura zubha kI vivecanA karake mAnava ko zubha kA mArga batAtA hai tathA usa zubha ko prApta karane kI prabala preraNA detA / yahI nItizAstra kA hArda hai / karma - siddhAnta isI rUpa meM naitika pratyaya hai / zivasvAmI ayyara ne karma siddhAnta meM tIna pradhAna tatva batAye haiM -- (1) manuSya ke pratyeka karma kA phala hotA hai| yaha phala bhautika, mAnasika athavA naitika kisI bhI prakAra kA hotA hai / yaha manuSya ke svabhAva, caritra aura pravRttiyoM para prabhAva DAlatA hai / manuSya ko pichale janmoM ke karmoM kA phala bhI vAsanA aura saMskAra ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / (2) karma ke lie bhAvI jIvana (agalA janma tathA sAtha hI pichalA janma bhI ) honA cAhie kyoMki manuSya ko apane sabhI karmoM kA phala isa jIvana meM nahIM mila pAtA / (3) dhanI - nirdhana, sukha-dukhI, buddhimAna mUrkha Adi saMsAra meM pAI jAne vAlI vizeSatAe~ pUrvajanmoM ke karmoM kA hI pariNAma haiM / yaha sAmAnya sI bAta hai ki koI bhI manuSya nirdhana, dukhI aura mUrkha nahIM rahanA cAhatA, sabhI sukhI, dhanavAna, buddhimAna bananA cAhate haiM aura yaha bhI mAnava jAnatA hai ki anaitika kAryoM kA phala duHkhaprada hotA hai, jabaki naitika kAryoM kA sukhaprada / 1. kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi / - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 4 / 3 aura bhI dekhie - 'yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA yA burA karma ( binA phala diye ) samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagata kA ThIka vaisA hI vizvAsa hai jaisA ki bhautika jagata meM UrjA kI avinAzitA ke niyama kA vizvAsa hai / - ( maiksamUlara - thrI lekcarsa oNna vedAnta philAsaphI, pR0 165 ) 2 suciNNA kammA suciNNA phalA havanti / ducciNNA kammA ducciNNA phalA havanti // 3 uddhRta -- DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 131 isI apekSA se pApa karma-hiMsA, jhUTha, corI Adi anaitika pratyaya aura satya, prAmANikatA, puNya, sahanazIlatA, sahayoga, sevA, paropakAra Adi naitika pratyaya haiN| ____ mAnava ina naitika pratyayoM kA pAlana tathA anugamana karma siddhAnta meM vizvAsa rakhane ke kAraNa adhika laganazIlatA tathA gaharAI aura sAvadhAnI se karatA hai / isIlie bhAratIya nItizAstra meM karma (siddhAnta) ko ati prabhAvazAlI naitika pratyaya mAnA gayA hai / punarjanma : naitika pratyaya punarjanma kI avadhAraNA (sAtha hI pUrvajanma ko bhI) karma siddhAnta se hI saMlagna hai / isa (punarjanma) kA AdhAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha kathana hai ki sucIrNa aura duzcIrNa (zubha-azubha) karmoM kA phala isa jIvana meM bhI milatA hai aura agale janma meM bhii| isI prakAra pUrva jIvana meM kiye hue zubha karma usa pUrvajIvana meM bhI phala dete haiM aura isa vartamAna jIvana meM bhii| bhAratIya darzanoM, zAstroM aura purANoM meM aneka janmoM kA varNana huA hai / bauddhajAtaka, jinameM bodhisatvoM ke rUpa meM, buddha ke punarjanmoM kI ghaTanAe~ saMkalita haiM, spaSTa hI pUrvajanma aura punarjanma ko pramANita karatI haiM / kauSItaki upaniSada ke anusAra AtmA apane karma aura jJAna ke anurUpa kIr3e, machalI, pakSI, vyAghra, sarpa Adi ke rUpa meM janma dhAraNa karatI hai| bhArata meM vikhyAta 84 lAkha jIva-yoniyoM meM vizvAsa AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha pUrvajanma aura punarjanma kA vizvasta pramANa hai / jaina darzana svayaM bhagavAna RSabhadeva aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kaI pUrvajanmoM kA varNana punarjanma ke pratyaya ko karmAdhArita mAnate hue spaSTa pramANita karatA hai| 1 ihaloge ducciNNA kammA ihaloge duhaphala vivAgasaMjuttA bhavanti, ihaloge ducciNA kammA paraloge duiphalavivAgasaMjuttA bhavanti, paraloge ducciNNA kammA ihaloge duhaphala vivAgasaMjuttA bhavanti, paraloge ducciNNA kammA paraloge duhaphalavivAgasaMjuttA bhavanti / (isI prakAra sucIrNa (zubha) karmoM kA phala bhI varNita hai / ) -ThANAMga, ThANA 4, sU0 282 For Personal & Private Use Only

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132 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ___ buddha ke pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAoM ko AdhAra banAkara hI sampUrNa jAtaka sAhitya kI sarjanA kI gaI hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM hI pUrvajanma ke zubhAzubha karmoM ko sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| IsAI aura islAma dharma yadyapi yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mAnava apane naitika zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala pUrA isa jIvana meM nahIM bhoga pAtA, phira bhI ye punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM krte| inakI dhAraNA hai ki zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra AtmA (rUha-soul) ko svarga athavA 'naraka (jannata yA dojakha Heaven or Hell) ko IzvarIya (khudA yA God ke) Adeza se bheja diyA jAtA hai| . kintu Adhunika yuga meM huI aneka punarjanma kI ghaTanAoM ne punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kara diyA hai aura kaTTara nirIzvaravAdI nItze kI avadhAraNA ko eka prakAra se nirasta kara diyA hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki karmasiddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karmasiddhAnta arthazUnya hai| nItizAstra ke kSetra meM jitanA prabhAvI karma pratyaya hai, utanA hI prabhAvazAlI punarjanma kA pratyaya hai| punarjanma athavA AgAmI janma meM sUkha-prApti ke lie mAnava naitika kartavyoM kI ora prerita hotA hai| vaha apanA vyavahAra isa prakAra kA rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jisase use AgAmI janma meM durgati meM jAkara duHkha na bhogane pdd'eN| svarga aura naraka kA pratyaya bhI punarjanma ke pratyaya ke sAtha hI saMlagna hai| sabhI dharmoM ne svarga-naraka ke varNana se mAnava ko naitika jIvana jIne kI ora prerita kiyA hai| yadyapi yUnAna meM Epicureanism aura bhArata meM cArvAka bhogavAdI vicAradhArAe~ astitva meM AIM / jinhoMne punarjanma, naraka, svarga, AtmA kI amaratA, karma siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA, kintu ina vicAradhArAoM kA jana-mAnasa para koI prabhAva nahIM huaa| ye vicAradhArAe~ samaya ke mahA 1 Mohanlal Mehta : Jaina Psychology, p. 173 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika pratyaya | 133 sAgara (ocean of the time) meM bulabule ( bubble ) ke samAna vilIna ho gaIM / punarjanma kA pratyaya bhAratIya nItizAstra kA to pramukha pratyaya hai hI mArTinyU, kAMTa tathA setha Adi bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra karate haiM aura use naitika pratyayoM meM sthAna dete haiM / saMskAra pratyaya saMskAra hindU dharma kA vizeSa zabda hai / manu ne inheM zarIra kI zuddhi batAyA hai / pramukha saMskAra 16 mAne gaye haiM / kintu nItizAstra kI dRSTi se, inameM se upanayana aura vivAha ullekhanIya haiM / upanayana kA abhiprAya hai- vidyA prArambha karanA / vidyA hI vinaya kI jananI hai / vinaya aura anuzAsana ke rUpa meM bAlaka sarvaprathama naitikatA kA pATha par3hatA hai / guru se prApta jJAna tathA zikSA - kalAoM se svayaM ko bhAvI jIvana ke lie taiyAra karate hue jIvana meM naitikatA kA mahatva samajhatA hai / vidyA samApta karane ke bAda jaba guru AzIrvAda ke rUpa meM 'satyaM vada dharmaM cara' kA upadeza dete haiM to vaha naitikatA kA hI pATha hai ki jIvana meM sadA nIti kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / vivAha ko zrI belavalakara ( Velvalker ) ne vyakti kA samAjIkaraNa (socialization) kahA hai / vivAha ke bAda gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karane ke sAtha hI mAnava para samAja, jAti, rASTra Adi sabhI ke uttaradAyitva A jAte haiM / mAtA-pitA evaM vRddhajanoM kI sevA, AzritoM kA ucita pAlanapoSaNa tathA zikSA-dIkSA evaM anya sabhI prakAra ke kartavyoM ko pUrA karate hue vaha nItipUrvaka jIvana yApana karatA hai / gRhasthAzrama ke uttaradAyitvoM ko pUrA karane ke lie dhana Avazyaka hai ataH vaha dhana kA upArjana to karatA hai, kintu karatA hai notipUrNa upAyoM se hI / naitika pratyayoM ke rUpa meM, bhAratIya zAstroM meM varNita, vidyArambha tathA vivAha - ina do saMskAroM kA ullekhanIya mahatva hai / vidyAprApti naitika jIvana vyatIta karane kI pUrvabhUmikA hai, nIMva hai aura vivAha ke bAda For Personal & Private Use Only

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134 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kA sAmAjika, vaiyaktika, pArivArika uttaradAyitvoM kA vahana vidyA se prApta naitika siddhAntoM kA kriyAnvayana hai| upasaMhAra isa prakAra nItizAstra ke vividha pratyaya (concepts) haiN| yaha eka prakAra se pratimAna haiN| ina pratyayoM kA pramukha kArya mAnava kI ruci, pravRttiyoM tathA svabhAva kA nirmANa karake naitika jIvana jIne kA puSTa AdhAra prastuta karanA hai| jaisA ki zrI maikenjI ne naitika jIvana ke viSaya meM kahA hai naitika jIvana kA artha hI caritra nirmANa athavA nizcita AdatoM kA nirmANa hai| ___ aura yahI kArya ye vibhinna naitika pratyaya karate haiM / yaha vyakti ko vizvAsayogya tathA caritravAna banAte haiM / 1 The moral life means the building up of character, i. e., it means the forming of definite habits of action. --Mackenzie, J. S : A Manual of Ethics, p. 75 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ aura zailiyA~ (METHODS AND MANNERS OF ETHICS) praNAliyA~ aura zailiyA~ praNAliyA~ kisI viSaya ke adhyayana kA tarIkA (methods) hai aura zailI (Man ners) vaktA ke usa viSaya kA varNana karane kA DhaMga hai| vaktA apanI ruci ke anusAra apane kathana ko prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM prastuta karane hetu athavA kathana meM preSaNIyatA lAne ke lie viSaya kA varNana gadya, padya, sUktiyoM, anyoktiyoM Adi kisI bhI rUpa meM kara sakatA hai, jabaki praNAlI viSaya-vastu kA adhyayana karane ke lie pAThaka athavA vicAraka dvArA prayukta hotI hai| yahA~ pahale hama nItizAstra kI praNAliyoM-adhyayana praNAliyoMviSayavastu ko samajhane ke tarIkoM kA varNana kareMge aura usake bAda nItizAstra kI zailiyoM kaa| nItizAstra kI praNAliyAM jaisAki adhyAya 4 meM kiye gaye vivecana se spaSTa hai-adhikAMzataH pAzcAtya nItizAstriyoM ne nItizAstra ko vijJAna-AdezAtmaka vijJAna (Normative science) mAnA hai aura kucha aise bhI haiM jinhoMne ise darzanazAstra (Philosophy) se sambandhita svIkAra kiyA hai| ukta do vicAradhArAoM ke anusAra nItizAstra ke adhyayana kI paddhatiyA~ bhI do pramukha vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gaI:-(1) vaijJAnika . ( 135 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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136 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana praNAlI (Scientific Method) aura ( 2 ) dArzanika praNAlI (Philosophical Method). vaijJAnika praNAlI bhI aura upavibhAjita huI, jaise (1) bhautika aura jaivikIya praNAlI ( Physical and Biological Method) ( 2 ) aitihAsika athavA jananika vidhi ( Historical or Genetic Method) (3) manovaijJAnika aura vizleSaNAtmaka praNAlI (Psychological and Analytic Method) dArzanika aura vaijJAnika praNAliyoM meM antara (1) AdhAragata bheda : parama satya tathA pratyakSa aura anubhava - dArzanika aura vaijJAnika praNAliyoM meM pramukha bheda saiddhAntika AdhAra kA hai / dArzanika praNAlI parama satya ko AdhAra mAnatI hai aura usI ke 'anusAra naitika AdarzoM kA rUpa nirdhArita karatI hai / vaijJAnika praNAlI kA AdhAra anubhava aura pratyakSa hai / jaisA anubhava hotA hai aura vyakti evaM samAja meM jisa prakAra pravRttiyA~ pratyakSa dikhAI detI haiM, vaijJAnika praNAlI inhIM ko AdhAra mAnakara naitika AdarzoM ko vikasita karatI hai / (2) varNanagata bheda - dArzanika praNAlI AlocanAtmaka ( critical ) hai | isameM cintana kA pramukha sthAna hai / gambhIra cintana, vizleSaNa aura antardRSTi kI sahAyatA se pradattoM (dates ) - pratyakSa tathyoM kA artha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai / lekina vaijJAnika praNAlI varNanAtmaka (descriptive ) hai / isameM anubhava aura pratyakSa ke AdhAra para pradattoM ko ekatrita karake unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai tathA sAmAnya niyama nirdhArita kiye jAte haiM / isa prakAra yaha praNAlI tathyAtmaka bhI hai / (3) vizleSaNa aura samanvaya - dArzanika praNAlI samanvaya para adhika bala detI hai jabaki vaijJAnika praNAlI vizleSaNa para / dArzanika praNAlI vibhinna pravRttiyoM kA samanvaya karake naitika Adarza sthApita karatI hai; jabaki vaijJAnika praNAlI una pravRttiyoM ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para naitika Adarza sthApita karane kA prayAsa karatI hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ aura zailiyA~ | 137 ___ dArzanika praNAlI dArzanika praNAlI ko tAtvika praNAlI (Metaphysical Method) bhI kahA jAtA hai / isake samarthaka pleTo, arastU, hegela, grIna Adi pratyayavAdI (Idealist) dArzanika nItizAstrI haiN| inake anusAra nItizAstra tatva darzana (Metaphysics) para AdhArita hai / samasta naitika Adarza sadvastu (Reality) se nigamana praNAlI (deductive) dvArA nikAle jAte haiM / vaha sadvastu kI prApti mAnava kA parama lakSya hai aura vaha sampUrNa mUlyoM (values) kA bhaNDAra hai / vahI zAzvata aura vAstavika hai| isa praNAlI kI sabase bar3I kamI yaha hai ki yaha Adarza jagata meM hI vicaraNa karatI hai, vyAvahArika jagata, isakI ghaTanAoM, deza-kAla kI sthitiyoM, mAnava ke Avega saMvegoM, usakI pratikriyAoM, ruciyoM Adi kI upekSA kara detI hai| vaijJAnika praNAliyAM (1) bhautika aura jaivikIya praNAlI--isa praNAlI ke samarthaka harbarTa spensara Adi nItizAstrI haiN| inhoMne mAnava ke naitika AdarzoM ko pazu jagata se nikAlane (derive) kI ceSTA kI hai| . inakI dhAraNA hai ki naitika niyama samAjazAstrIya niyamoM para, samAjazAstrIya niyama manovaijJAnika niyamoM para, manovaijJAnika niyama jaivikIya niyamoM para aura jaivikIya niyama bhautika niyamoM para AdhArita hote haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha saba vikAsa krama kI avasthAe~ haiN| yaha praNAlI cArlsa DAravina ke vikAsavAda se prabhAvita hai| (2) aitihAsika aura jananika praNAlI-yaha aitihAsika vikAsa krama tathA utpatti se naitika niyamoM ke vivecana kA prayAsa karatI hai, isake samarthaka harbarTa spensara; leslI sTIphena, alaikajenDara Adi vikAsavAdI nItizAstrI haiN| kArla mArksa ne bhI mAnava itihAsa kI arthazAstrIya vivecanA karake naitika niyamoM ko bhUta aura vartamAna kAla kI Arthika racanAoM ke pariNAma rUpa meM batAyA hai / - (3) manovaijJAnika aura vizleSaNAtmaka praNAlI-upayogitAvAdI dArzanika, hya ma, benthama, mila Adi ne naitika niyamoM ko manovijJAna ke AdhAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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138 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana para mAnakara isa (manovaijJAnika) praNAlI kA samarthana kiyA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki naitika niyamoM kI vivecanA ke lie manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa honA caahie| mAnava-mana sukha pAnA cAhatA hai, yaha manovaijJAnika tathya hai, isalie use sukha kI khoja karanI cAhie, yaha naitika Adarza hai / ataH naitika niyama manovijJAna para AdhArita haiN| manovaijJAnika praNAlI ko klArka, zephTasabarI jaise sahajajJAnavAdiyoM (Intuitionists) ne bhI apanAyA hai| ve kahate haiM-manuSya meM kartavyAkartavya kA nizcaya karane kI eka sahaja svAbhAvika antazcetanA hai| kAnTa ne bhI manovaijJAnika praNAlI kA anugamana karake kartavya ke nirapekSa Adeza (Categorical Imperative) kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyaa| bhautika aura jaivika praNAlI ke samarthakoM kI sabase bar3I bhUla yaha hai ki ve pazU jagata ko AdhAra mAnakara mAnava ke naitika niyamoM kI vyAkhyA karanA cAhate haiM / ve bhUla jAte haiM ki pazu meM naitika cetanA kA vikAsa hI kahA~ huA hai ? mAnava meM vikasita naitika cetanA hotI hai, ataH vahI sabhI naitika niyamoM kA AdhAra aura kendrabindu hai| ___ yaha bhUla aitihAsika praNAlI meM hai| mUlya tathyoM se utpanna nahIM hote / udgama itihAsa se unakI prAmANikatA (validity) siddha nahIM hotii| isa viSaya meM zrI bAlaphora ke zabda draSTavya haiM ___'mujhe saca bolanA cAhie', isakA yaha artha nahIM ki maiMne saca bolA hai, bolatA hU~ athavA bolUMgA / vaha uddezya aura vidheya meM koI kArya-kAraNa sambandha, sahaastitva athavA kisI krama ke sambandha kA dyotaka nahIM hai| manovaijJAnika praNAlI ke samarthaka manovijJAna aura nItizAstra ke maulika antara ko bhUla jAte haiN| nItizAstra AdarzoM kA adhyayana karatA 1 I ought to speak truth, for instance, does riot imply that I have spoken, do speak, or shall speak the truth, it utters no bond of causation between subject and predicate nor any coexistence nor any sequence. . -Balfour, A Defence of Public Doubt, Appendix, On the Idea of a Philosophy of Ethics, p. 336 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ aura zailiyA~ | 136 hai jabaki manovijJAna tathyoM kA / isI prakAra nItizAstra ke nirNaya AdezAtmaka aura manovijJAna ke nirNaya varNanAtmaka hote haiM / ina donoM mUlabhUta antaroM ke kAraNa nItizAstra ke adhyayana meM manovaijJAnika praNAlI saphala nahIM ho sakatI / nItizAstra kI vAdAtmaka praNAliyAM sAmAnyataH nItizAstra ( sAtha hI sabhI kalA tathA vijJAnoM kI bhI ) ke adhyayana kI do praNAliyA~ haiM (1) anapekSAtmaka aura ( 2 ) apekSAtmaka | ( 1 ) anapekSAtmaka praNAlI meM nIti ke siddhAnta aTala aura sanAtana mAne jAte haiM, deza-kAla- mAnava Adi kisI bhI sthiti paristhiti se aparivartanIya hote haiM, unameM kisI prakAra kA badalAva nahIM hotA / aMgrejI meM ise (Deductive Method) nigamanAtmaka praNAlI kahA jAtA hai / isa praNAlI meM pahale siddhAnta, niyama tathA Adarza nizcita kara lie jAte haiM aura bAda meM unakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, yAnI mAnava unakA pAlana karate haiM / udAharaNArtha - 'satya bolanA' nIti hai / yaha trikAla pAlanIya hai, isameM kisI bhI paristhiti meM parivartana kSamya nahIM hai, koI apekSA kI guMjAyaza nahIM hai to yaha nItizAstra kI anapekSAtmaka praNAlI hai / isake anusAra niyama kaThora (Rigid) dRr3ha aura trikAlavartI hote haiM / jaina darzana meM ise utsargaM mArga kahA gayA hai / (2) apekSAtmaka praNAlI - isa praNAlI ke anusAra nIti ke niyama parivartanazIla hote haiM / naitika mUlya puruSa, prakRti paristhiti aura kAla sApekSa hote haiM / isa praNAlI dvArA vivecana karate samaya sAmAjika rItirivAja, vyaktigata Avega saMvega, Adata, deza - kAla kI paristhitiyoM kA bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / ise aMgrejI meM agamana praNAlI ( Inductive method) kahA jAtA hai / isa praNAlI meM pahale mAnavoM kI AvazyakatAoM, unakI paristhitiyoM se sambandhita tathyoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA hai aura phira unase niSkarSa nikAlakara niyama nirdhArita kiye jAte haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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140 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ___isa praNAlI ko eka apekSA se jaina-darzana kathita apavAda mArga kahA jA sakatA hai| lekina apavAda mArga aura agamana praNAlI meM eka vizeSa antara yaha hai ki apavAda mArga utsarga mArga (sAmAnya dharma) ko vismRta nahIM krtaa| usakI dRSTi to utsarga para hI rahatI hai, paristhitivaza vyakti kucha kAla ke lie apavAda mArga para calatA hai aura usa paristhiti ke samApta hote hI punaH utsarga mArga para calane lagatA hai| lekina apekSAtmaka praNAlI anapekSAtmaka praNAlI ko koI sthAna nahIM detI, zAzvata naitika mUlyoM kA isakI dRSTi meM koI mahatva nahIM hotaa| yaha sirpha bAharI rIti-rivAjoM para hI kendrita rahatI hai, unhIM meM naitika niyamoM ke nirdhAraNa ke prayAsa meM lagI rahatI hai| sAmAjika gatividhiyoM ko dekhatI hai| lekina yaha saMsAra bahuta vizAla hai| deza-kAla kI paristhitiyA~ bhI bahuta bhinna haiM, jalavAyu meM bhI bahuta antara hai aura ina saba ke kAraNa rItirivAjoM (mores), mAnavoM kI vRttiyoM meM bhI jamIna-AsamAna kA antara A jAtA hai| bhArata meM hI kucha samAjoM meM mAMsAhAra burA nahIM mAnA jAtA; jaba ki kucha loga ise chUnA bhI ghRNita samajhate haiN| kahIM vidhavA-vivAha kI paramparA hai aura kahIM yaha anaitika kArya hai| isI prakAra kI sthiti anya rIti-rivAjoM ke bAre meM bhI hai / aisI sthiti meM apekSAtmaka praNAlI kisI sArvabhauma zAzvata naitika niyama ko svIkAra nahIM kara paatii| yahI isakA ekAMgIpana hai| aisA hI ekAMgIpana anapekSAtmaka praNAlI meM hai| vaha zAzvata siddhAntoM ko svIkAra karake vyavahAra pakSa ko upekSita kara detI hai / pratyakSa paristhitiyoM kA usameM koI bhI sthAna nahIM hai| udhara vaha lakSya hI nahIM detii| jabaki nItizAstra mAnava ke Antarika jagata se bhI sambandhita hai aura bAhya jagata se bhii| vaha svahita ke sAtha lokahita kA bhI vicAra karatA hai / usake sabhI siddhAnta jitane vyakti ke svayaM ke lie hitakArI haiM, utane hI loka ke lie bhii| For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ aura zailiyA~ | 141 ataH anapekSAtmaka aura apekSAtmaka-donoM hI praNAliyA~ pRthakpRthak nItizAstra ke adhyayana meM sakSama nahIM haiN| samanvayAtmaka naitika praNAlI vAstava meM nItizAstra ke adhyayana ke lie vaijJAnika praNAlI, dArzanika praNAlI, anapekSAtmaka aura apekSAtmaka Adi koI bhI praNAlI ekAMgIrUpa meM sakSama nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki nItizAstra na kevala vijJAna hai, na kevala darzanazAstra aura na kevala tatvavidyA tathA na kevala AcArazAstra; apitu yaha ina sabakA samanvita rUpa hai| vijJAna ke rUpa meM yaha AdarzoM aura pratyakSa vyavahAra meM tathA ghaTita ghaTanAoM kA vizleSaNa karake kArya-kAraNa sambandha sthApita karatA hai, darzanazAstra ke rUpa meM yaha naitika AdarzoM kI saMkalpanA karatA hai, tattvavidyA ke rUpa meM una AdarzoM meM nihita siddhAntoM kI khoja karake unheM nizcita karatA hai aura AcArazAstra ke rUpa meM una AdarzoM ko vyAvahArika prayoga meM lAtA hai| ataH isake (nItizAstra ke) sampUrNa adhyayana ke lie samanvayAtmaka praNAlI hI sakSama ho sakatI hai| samanvayAtmaka praNAlI ko hI pazcimI nItizAstriyoM ne samIkSAtmaka praNAlI kahA hai| isI praNAlI kA upayoga yUnAna ke prAcInatama manISI sukarAta ne kiyA thaa| zrI jemsa setha ne isa praNAlI kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai "nItizAstra kI saccI praNAlI sakarAtIya praNAlI hai, jisameM vyavasthita karane ke dRSTikoNa se mAnava ke yathArtha naitika nirNayoM kI sUkSma aura pUrNa parIkSA kI jAtI hai / vuNTa ke anusAra, saccI naitika praNAlI vaijJAnika aura dArzanika 1 The true method of Ethics is the Socratic method of a thorough going a d exhaustive cross-examinations of men's actual moral judgements, with a view to their systemisation. - Seth. J. : A Study of Ethical Principles p. 35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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142 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana donoM hI hai / usameM nirIkSaNa bhI hai aura antardRSTi bhI, sAmAnyIkaraNa bhI hai aura cintana bhI, vizleSaNa bhI hai aura mUlyAMkana bhI aura agamana ( apekSAtmaka) bhI hai aura nigamana ( anapekSAtmaka) bhI / isa prakAra vaha eka samanvayAtmaka praNAlI hai / usameM vaijJAnika aura dArzanika praNAliyA~ paraspara nirbhara haiM / nItizAstra vijJAna ke kSetra meM praveza karatA hai, para vahIM ruka nahIM jAtA, balki usase upara uThakara darzana ke kSetra meM pahu~catA hai / naitika cetanA mAnava kI vizeSatA hai jo use pazu aura devatA se alaga karatI hai tathA pazutva se Upara uThAkara naitika mAnava taka - naitikatA kI uccatama sImA taka le jAtI hai / isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki nItizAstra ke adhyayana kI sarvAMgakSama praNAlI samanvayAtmaka praNAlI hai| isa bahuAyAmI dRSTibindu ko jaina siddhAnta meM anekAMtavAda kahA hai / isa apekSA se samanvayAtmaka praNAlI ko anekAntAtmaka praNAlI bhI kahA jA sakatA hai; jahA~ pratyeka AyAma ko usakA ucita mahatva pradAna kiyA jAtA hai / nItizAstra kI zailiyA~ nIti sAhitya kI aisI vidhA hai, jisameM preSaNIyatA eka anivArya tatva hai / jisa manISI, lekhaka, kavi ke kathana athavA kAvya meM jitanI hI adhika preSaNIyatA hogI, pAThaka utanA hI adhika prabhAvita hogA aura usake hRdaya para vaha nItivAkya sadA ke lie aMkita ho jAyegA, yadA-kadA usake smRtipaTala para gaharAtA rahegA / preSaNIyatA ke lie bhASA kA sarala aura subodha honA atiAvazyaka hai; kaThina aura durbodhya zabdoM meM kahI huI bAteM sAmAnya jana na to hRdayaMgama kara pAte haiM aura na unakI smRti meM hI ve zabda raha pAte haiM, una zabdoM ko na samajhane ke kAraNa loga na unameM rasa le sakate haiM aura na hI ucita avasara para unakA upayoga kara sakate haiM / apane kathana ko prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie Avazyaka hai ki kama zabdoM meM apanI bAta kahI jAya / dUsarI vizeSatA hai-- upamA dvArA apane kathana kI puSTi jAya / tIsarI bAta hai - zabda yojanA cubhatI aura painI ho / cauthI bAta hai - coTa sIdhI na ho, kisI ko iMgita karake kahI jAya / For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyoM aura zailiyA~ | 143 isI prakAra kI anya zailIgata vizeSatAe~ ho sakatI haiN| ina vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para nIti-kathanoM kI vibhinna zailiyA~ pravartita huiiN| sUkti zailI-yaha zailI atyadhika prAcIna hai / isameM kama zabdoM meM nIti kI bAta kaha dI jAtI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aneka kathana isake pramANa haiN| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga tathA uttarAdhyayana,dazavaikAlika,Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM aisI aneka sUktiyA~ milatI haiM / 'kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi"-jaise sUkti vAkya pApa tathA anaitika karmoM se mAnava ko virata karane ke lie kAphI prabhAvazAlI haiN| upamAnoM se puSTa zailI-upamAnoM se puSTa sUkti vacana jaina bhASya sAhitya meM kAphI mAtrA meM upalabdha hote haiN| vyavahArabhASya pIThikA kI eka hI gAthA isa saMdarbha meM yatheSTa hogI jA egadese adar3hA u maDI, sIlappae sA u karei kajjaM / jA dubbalA saMThaviyA vi saMti, na taM tu sIlaMti visnnnndaaru|| - vyavahArabhASya pIThikA, gAthA 181 (gAr3I kA kucha bhAga TUTane para to use phira sudhArakara kAma meM liyA jA sakatA hai,kintu jo ThIka karane para bhI bAra-bAra TUTatI jAya aura bekAra banI rahe, aisI durbala gAr3I ko kauna sa~vAre ? arthAt use sa~vArane se kyA lAbha ?) __ asaphala prayatna se virata karane kI yaha sakti gAr3I ke saTIka upamAna se kitanI prabhAvazAlI bana gaI hai| sUkti zailI vedoM aura upaniSadoM meM milatI hai aura phira mahAbhArata jaise mahAkAvya meM zlokoM dvArA nIti zikSA dI gaI hai / isa prakAra zloka zailI pracalita huii| zloka zailI meM bRhaspatinIti, zukranIti Adi aneka nItigranthoM kI racanA huI / yaha zloka zailI lokapriya bhI huI kintu sUtrazailI kI apekSA kama lokapriya huii| zloka-zailI meM hI bhartRhari kA prasiddha nIti zataka likhA gyaa| isameM sabhI zloka nItiparaka haiM / eka zloka kAphI hogA For Personal & Private Use Only

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144 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana parikSINaH kazcitspRhayati yavAnAM prasUtaye sa pazcAtsaMpUrNaH kalayati dharitrIM tRNa samAm / atazcAnaikAntyAd gurulaghutayArtheSu dhaninAmavasthA vastUni prathayati ca saMkocayati ca // - bhartRhari nItizataka, 45 : jaba manuSya daridrI hotA hai to muTThI ( passA ) bhara jI ( khAdyAnna) kI icchA karatA hai aura dhanI banane para vahI manuSya saMpUrNa pRthvI ko bhI tinake ke samAna samajhatA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki manuSya kI vizeSa avasthAe~ hI padArtha meM apanI laghutA yA gurutA ke kAraNa bhinnatA paidA karatI hai; kabhI una vastuoM ko phailAtI aura kabhI sikor3atI haiM / vaha zloka vastugata tathA vyaktigata argha (value) ke sambandha meM acchA prakAza DAlatA hai, jo ki nItizAstra kA eka pramukha pratyaya hai / yaha nItivacana zloka zailI meM hai / zlokazailI saMskRta bhASA meM calI / isI ke samAnAMtara prAkRta bhASA meM gAthA-zailI meM bhI nIti kI sundara zikSAe~ dI giiN| eka-do udAharaNa kAphI hoNge| far loha saMkalANa aNa pi viviha pAsa baMdhANaM / tANAM ciya ahiyaaraM vAyA baMdhaM kulINassa || 2 (dRr3ha lohe kI zrRMkhalA tathA anya bhI bahuta se bandhana haiM, para kulIna ke lie vacana kA bandhana sabase bar3A hai / ) isI prakAra kI nIti zikSAe~ gAthA - zailI meM pAli bhASA meM bhI dI gaI haiM / anyokti zailI - nItizAstra kI yaha zailI adhika lokapriya rahI hai / isameM anya ko lakSya karake vaktA apanI bAta kahatA hai / isase zrotA athavA pAThaka rasa bhI letA hai aura sahaja hI use nIti kI zikSA bhI mila jAtI hai / madhyayuga meM isa zailI kA pracalana adhika rahA / prAkRta bhASA kI eka anyokti dekhie 1. DA0 sarayUprasAda agravAla : prAkRta vimarza, lakhanaU, saM0 2006, pR0 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyAM aura zailiyAM | 145 vAyasa sANa kharAi nivAriyA, hu havanti asuirui / haMsa kari siMha pamuhA na kayAvi paNullayAvi puNo // ( kauvA, kuttA, gadhA Adi manA karane para bhI gaMdagI kI ora jAte haiM kintu haMsa, hAthI aura siMha prerita karane para bhI udhara nahIM jAte / ) yahA~ kauA Adi durjana ke pratIka haiM aura haMsa Adi uttama prakRti vAloM ke / kauvA Adi tathA haMsa Adi ko lakSya karake kahI gaI yaha ukti kramazaH nimna prakRti vAle mAnavoM tathA uttama svabhAva vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie hai / 1 isI prakAra kI anyoktiyA~ saMskRta nIti kAvya meM bhI haiM tathA hindI nItikAvya meM bhI bahutAyata se milatI haiM / bihArI kI satasaI meM isa zailI ke bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI udAharaNa milate haiN| dekhie - ko nikasyo ihi jAla pari, kata kuraMga akulAta / jyoM-jyoM surajhi bhajyo cahati, tyoM-tyoM urajhata jAta // 2 yahA~ hirana kI ora saMketa karake mAnava ko nIti kI zikSA dI gaI hai ki jitanA strI ke mAyA jAla se sulajhakara nikalanA cAhatA hai, utanA hI aura adhika ulajhatA jAtA hai / udAharaNa zailI -- nItikAroM ne apane kathana ko spaSTa aura prabhaviSNu banAne ke lie udAharaNa athavA dRSTAntoM kA sahArA bhI liyA hai| prAkRta bhASA kI eka subhASita gAthA dekhie maNakAryAhaM daya karahi jema Na Dhukkai pAu / uri saNNA baddhaiNa avasi Na laggai ghAu // ( mana, vacana aura kAyA se dayA karo jisase pApa na Aye / hRdaya (vakSasthala) para kavaca bA~dhane se ghAva nahIM lagatA / ) yahA~ kavaca ke udAharaNa se dayA ko puSTa kiyA gayA hai / 9 vI. ema. zAha : prAkRta subhASita saMgraha, 1935, sUrata, pR. 4ee 2 bihArI satasaI 3 sAvaya dhamma, pU. 60 For Personal & Private Use Only

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146 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isI prakAra ke aneka udAharaNa uttarAdhyayana sUtra se uddhRta kiye jA sakate haiM / isa zailI kA eka dohA rahIma kA bhI hai rahimana oche narana te, tajau vaira aru prIti / kATe-cATe svAna ke, duhU bhA~ti viparIta // yahA~ kutte ke cATane aura kATane kA udAharaNa dekara kSudrabuddhi mAnavoM ke sAtha zatrutA aura mitratA donoM ko hI tyAgane kI nIti batAI gaI hai, kahA gayA hai inakA prema aura dveSa donoM hI bure haiM / urdU meM bhI aisA hI eka zera hai kamInoM se to basa sAhaba salAmata dUra kI acchI / na inakI dostI acchI na inakI duzmanI acchI // udAharaNa zailI ke uddharaNa saMskRta sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hote haiM / kathAtmaka zailI - isa zailI meM kathAoM dvArA nIti kI zikSA dI jAtI hai / jaina paramparA ke bhASya aura cUrNi meM kathAoM ke mAdhyama se upanaya dvArA nIti kI zikSA dI gaI hai / jJAtAsUtra tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM isa prakAra kI bodhaprada kathAoM dvArA vividha zikSA dI gaI hai / yahI zailI bauddha jAtaka kathAoM meM tathA rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata mahAkAvyoM meM bhI apanAI gaI hai / yahA~ taka ki zekhasAdI ke guliztoM meM bhI yahI zailI milatI hai / madhyayuga meM pracalita kissA totA-mainA meM bhI totA aura mainA eka-eka kathA kahate haiM aura phira nIti kI zikSA dete haiM / prabhaviSNutA kI dRSTi se yaha nIti kI sabase saphala zailI kahI jA sakatI hai; kyoMki kathAtmakatA hone se pAThaka athavA zrotA kI ruci bhI lagI rahatI hai aura use jIvana vyavahAropayogI zikSA bhI mila jAtI hai / paMcataMtra isa zailI kA sabase saphala grantha kahA jA sakatA hai / upadezAtmaka zailI - isa zailI meM sIdhA-sAdA nIti kA upadeza diyA jAtA hai / saMta, mahAtmA tathA upadezakoM ne adhikAMzataH isa zailI kA upa 1 rahIma granthAvalI For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyAM aura zailiyAM | 147 yoga kiyA hai / saMta, cUMki saralahRdaya hote haiM, isalie ve sarala zabdoM meM apanI bAta kaha dete haiM; kintu inakI satyapUta vANI bhI amogha hotI hai, zrotAoM para usakA yatheSTa prabhAva par3atA hai / ataH nIti kI yaha zailI bhI saphala hai| pAzcAtya jagata meM sUktyAtmaka zailI bAibila meM milatI hai| isameM IsAmasIha ke upadeza saMkalita haiM / kurAna zarIpha bhI hajarata muhammada ke upadezoM kA saMkalana hai / inhoMne bhI upadezoM ke mAdhyama se nIti kI zikSAe~ dI haiN| prAcInatama pAzcAtya manISI yUnAnI cintaka sUkarAta hai| usane vividha prakAra ke upadeza diye aura siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye / usake vicAroM ko pleTo Adi ne gati dii| usakI racanA Poetica Adi meM bhI nItivacana khoje jA sakate haiN| pAzcAtya jagata meM phrAMsa kI rAjyakrAnti ke bAda jo punarjAgaraNa huA, isake bAda jJAna-vijJAna kI pragati huI, sAhitya meM bhI gatizIlatA AI / Chaucer ne Canterbury Tales tathA Shakespeare ke soneTa aura nATakoM meM nIti vacana mila jAte haiM, udAharaNa ke lie Everything glitters is not gold. - Merchant of Venice (pratyeka camakane vAlI vastu svarNa nahIM hotI) Beauty provoketh thieves rather sooner than gold. (sundara strI, svarNa kI apekSA coroM ko zIghra AkarSita karatI hai) ___ -As you like it. Kindness is divine. --Merchant of Venice (kSamA daivI guNa hai) Vanity is the last evil of greats. -Milton : Paradise Lost (abhimAna mahAna vyaktiyoM kI burAI hai|) Adi nIti vacana mahAn sAhityakAroM ke sAhitya meM upalabdha ho jAte haiN| isI prakAra ke nItivacana Longfellow, Shelley, Tennyson, Robert Browning, Wordsworth 3rfa ofauti oft anfaatat # ft yatra-tatra upalabdha hote haiM / kintu inhoMne svatantra rUpa se nIti para koI cintana nahIM kiyaa| nIti sambandhI cintana zApenahAvara, kAMTa, nItze,phrobela, jaoNna DyUI, For Personal & Private Use Only

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148 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana eDalara juMga, sijavika Adi vidvAnoM ne prastuta kiyA / yaha sabhI nIti cintaka aura nItizAstrI haiM / nIti ke svarUpa para inhoMne gaharA vizleSaNa kiyA, usake siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye, nItizAstra kalA hai athavA vijJAna isa para khUba vivAda kiye, graMtha likhe; kintu inameM se koI bhI naitika jIvana vyatIta karane vAlA na rahA, inake jIvana meM naitikatA kA samAveza nAma mAtra ko thaa| __ina sabhI kI zailI vivecanAtmaka hai / inakI racanAoM se pAThaka kA mastiSka to prabhAvita hotA hai, kintu hRdaya prabhAvita nahIM hotA, use naitika jIvana jIne kI preraNA nahIM miltii| saMkSepa meM bhAratetara tathA pazcimI sabhyatA tathA saMskRtiyoM ke prAcInatama graMthoM meM, jo ki vAstava meM saMtoM tathA dharmopadezakoM ke upadezoM ke saMkalana haiM, unameM to nIti sambandhI kathana upadezAtmaka zailI meM prApta ho jAte haiM / kintu solahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke lagabhaga sabhI grantha sAhitya kI gadya vidhA aura vivecanAtmaka zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| inameM nIti-sambandhI UhApoha to milatA hai; kintu nIti-kathana kI zailiyoM kA abhAva sA hI dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaisI nIti-zailiyA~ bhAratIya saMskRti meM upalabdha hotI haiM, vaisI bhAratetara sAhitya meM bahuta hI alpamAtrA meM prApta hotI haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika mAnyatAe~ mAnava eka sAmAjika prANI hai / usake kartavya hI naitika jIvana ke AdhAra haiN| sAtha hI naitika jIvana ke bhI kucha AdhArabhUta tatva haiN| jinake binA naitika jIvana ko samajhanA ati kaThina hotA hai| ina AdhArabhUta tatvoM ko 'naitika mAnyatAe~ athavA 'naitikatA ko mAnyatAe~' nItizAstriyoM ne kahA hai| ye mAnyatAeM haiM-(1) amaratA (2) svatantratA aura (3) IzvarasattA kI svIkRti / sarvaprathama kANTa ne naitikatA kI ina tIna mAnyatAoM kI vyAkhyA aura puSTi kI hai| kANTa ke anusAra yaha mAnyatAe~ yadyapi mAnava ke bauddhika jJAna kA vistAra nahIM karatIM, kintu vyavahAra meM vyAvahArika jIvana meM yaha sAmAnya rUpa se viSayagata astitva pradAna karatI haiN| vAstava meM, ye hI amaratA, svatantratA aura Izvara sattA ko pratyaya hone kA adhikAra detI hai, jinakI sambhAvanA bhI anyathA sthApita nahIM kI jA sktii| ? The postulates are not theoretical dogmas, but suppusitions practically necessary, while then they do not extend our speculative knowledge, they give objective reality to the ideas of speculative in general (by means of their reference to what is practical) and give it a right to concept the possibility even of which it could not otherwise venture to affirm. -Kant's Selections (Scribners Series, p. 368) . ( 146 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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150 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vAstava meM, jaisA DIvI ne kahA hai-nItizAstra AcaraNa kA vijJAna hai| mAnava jo kucha bhI kriyA-kalApa athavA AcaraNa karatA hai, cAhe vyaktigata sandarbha meM athavA sAmAjika vyavahAra ke rUpa meM, yadi vaha jana-jIvana ke rIti-rivAjoM ke anukUla huA to use sAmAjika svIkRti mila jAtI hai, aura usa AcaraNa ko naitika mAna liyA jAtA hai| naitika AcaraNa kA tAtparya sAmAjika mAnadaNDoM ke anukUla AcaraNa hai| yahI bAta 'niSiddha dezakAla caryA kA tyAga' ina zabdoM dvArA AcArya hemacandra ne kahI hai| arabana ne kahA hai-vastutaH naitikatA kI mAnyatAeM, ve satya haiM, jinake sahAre mAnava apanA jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, aura yadi kahIM ye mAnyatAe~ (satya) mAnava dvArA bhrama aura bhUla meM pariNata ho jAya~ (athavA hama ina satyoM ke viSaya meM bhramita ho jAya~) to hamArA jIvana hI, sahI arthoM meM jIvana na rahe (hamAre jIvana kI gatividhiyAM aura kriyA-kalApa hI avyavasthita ho jaayeN| isase spaSTa hai ki naitika mAnyatAoM kA jIvana meM bahuta mahatva hai / inheM abhyupagama (postulate) bhI kahA jAtA hai| abhyupagama athavA naitika mAnyatAoM ke viSaya meM yaha jJAtavya hai ki ye kisI bhI samAja meM bahuta pahale se pravartamAna hotI haiN| inakA udgama khojanA sarala nahIM hai| ye samAja dvArA svIkRta rItiyAM, paramparAeM, vizvAsa aura dhAraNAeM haiM; udAharaNa ke lie uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai . (AtmA) jJAna se padArthoM ko jAnatA hai, darzana se ina para zraddhA karatA hai, cAritra se (navIna karmoM ke Azrava kA) nirodha karatA hai aura tapa se parizuddha (pUrva saMcita karmoM kA kSaya) hotA hai / 1. hemacandrAcArya : yogazAstra, prakAza 1, zloka 54 2 These (Postulates of Morality) are, in very truth, 'the truths men live-by' and for these truths to turn into error and illusion in our hands, is in a very real sense for us to cease to live. -Urban : Fundamentals of Ethics, p. 357 3. nANeNa jANai bhAve, saNeNa ya saddahe / caritteNa nigiNhAi, taveNa parisujjhai // -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28/35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika maanytaaeN| 151 isa gAthA meM AtmA kI amaratA, karmoM dvArA AtmA kA bandhana, Izvara sattA, AtmA kI karma bandhanoM se svatantra hone kI zakti, tathA Atma svAtaMtrya--yaha saba abhyupagama athavA pUrva mAnyatAe~ haiN| kyoMki yadi AtmA Adi kI pUrva dhAraNAe~ hI na hoM to isa kathana kI saMgati hI nahIM baiTha sktii| ina pUrva mAnyatAoM kI kucha vizeSatAe~ haiM(1) yaha jIvana-vyavahAra ko prabhAvita karatI haiM / (2) inameM mAnava ko niSThA anivArya hotI hai / (3) yaha paramparAsiddha hotI haiM aura pravartamAna rahatI haiN| (4) buddhi dvArA inakA khaNDana kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM inakA khaNDana sambhava nahIM hai / jaise-nAstikavAdI cArvAka darzana ne buddhi aura tarka dvArA AtmA ke astitva kA khaNDana kara diyA, kintu vyavahAra meM AtmA kA khaNDana na kara sakA, AtmA ke bAre meM jana-jIvana kI niSThA ko na hilA skaa| (5) yaha buddhivAdI vivecanAyeM nahIM haiM, apitu naitikatA kA AdhAra haiM, vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka haiN| . (6) loga inakI upalabdhi ke lie prayatnazIla hote haiM kyoMki pUrvamAnyatAoM kI satyatA logoM ke manoratha aura manokAmanAe~ hone se bar3hatI haiN| jaise-mukti kI satyatA logoM ke isa aura prayatnazIla hone se mAnava hRdaya meM dRr3ha hotI hai| (7) inakA astitva samAja kI suvyavasthA aura vyakti kI naitika unnati ke lie Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yaha cetanAzIla aura vicArapUrNa hotI hai| (8) yaha satkarma aura naitika vyavahAra kA AdhAra hotI hai tathA ina (satkarmoM aura naitika vyavahAra) ke phala meM kArya-kAraNa bhAva hotA hai; yathA-acche karmoM kA phala zubha hotA hai| ___(5) yaha amUrta mAnyatAoM (jaise AtmA kI, mokSa kI mAnyatA Adi) ko vastugata vAstavikatA-yathArthatA pradAna karatI haiN| isa kAraNa ye mAnavoM dvArA dRr3hatA se dhAraNa kI jAtI haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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152 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (10) yaha puSTa dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika pRSThabhUmi para AdhArita hotI haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki pUrva - mAnyatAoM kA naitika jIvana meM itanA adhika mahatva hai | jaisAki uparyukta paMktiyoM meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha abhyupagama puSTa dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika pRSThabhUmi para AdhArita haiM, isIlie Adhunika nItizAstrI nItizAstra ke AdhAra rUpa meM dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika siddhAntoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / nItizAstra kA dArzanika AdhAra jitane bhI dArzanika siddhAnta haiM, ve sabhI nItizAstra ke AdhAra mAne jA sakate haiM / kintu yahAM pramukha dArzanika siddhAntoM kA nIti ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM vivecana apekSita hai / 1. hetuvAda aura phalavAda ise dArzanika zabdoM meM kArya-kAraNavAda kahA jAtA hai / isakA abhiprAya hai jaisA kAraNa hotA hai, vaisA hI kArya hotA hai / udAharaNataH bure kArya kA pariNAma burA hogA, hiMsA kA phala burA hogA / jaisAki AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai hiMsA kA phala laMgar3Apana, kor3hIpana, hAtha-paira Adi aMgoM kI vikalatA Adi ke rUpa meM milatA hai / 1 sAmAnyataH aisA hI hotA hai / hiMsA kA sAmAnya abhiprAya kisI ko mAranA, trAsa denA, usake aMgoM-upAMgoM kA chedana karanA Adi hai / lekina DAkTara bhI rogI kI zalya cikitsA karatA hai, usake aMgopAMgoM kA chedana - bhedana karatA hai, to kyA yaha bhI hiMsA kahI jAyegI ? kyA DAkTara ko bhI azubha phala bhoganA par3egA ? yadi aisA hai to DAkTara kA kArya anaitikatA kI zreNI meM A jAyegA / jabaki pratyeka dRSTi se DAkTara 1. paMgu - kuSTi - kuNitvAdi dRSTvA hiMsA phalaM sudhIH / - hemacandrAcAryaH yogazAstra, prakAza 2, zloka 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika mAnyatAeM / 153 kA kArya naitika mAnA jAtA hai aura hai bhau| yadi zalya kriyA karate samaya marIja kA prANAnta ho jAya to bhI usakA kArya naitika hai, zubha hai, rogI ke hita ke lie hai, jIvana bacAne ke lie hai| vAstava meM, hetuvAda kA hArda hai bhAvanA / bhAvoM ke anusAra hI zubhAzubhatva kA nirNaya hotA hai aura usI ke anusAra zubha athavA azubha phala kI prApti prANI mAtra ko hotI hai| oghaniyukti meM bhI yahI bAta kahI hai-ahiMsakatva kA nirNaya adhyAtma-vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hai, bAhya hiMsA-ahiMsA kI dRSTi se nhiiN| ataH hetuvAda aura phalavAda kA Azraya lete hue bhI nItizAstra naitikatA ke nirNaya ke lie bhAvAtmaka zubha athavA azubha kA AdhAra letA hai, ThIka usI taraha jaise ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacana oghaniyukti nAmaka graMtha meM saMkalita kiye gaye haiN| gItA meM bhI yahI bAta kahI hai na hi kalyANakRt kazcit durgati tAta ! gacchati / (acchA karma karane vAle kI durgati nahIM hotI / ) 2. AtmA kI amaratA hetuvAda aura phalavAda se yaha siddhAnta phalita hotA hai ki karmoM kA phala AtmA ko bhoganA Avazyaka hai| yAnI karmAvasthA kA kartA aura phalAvasthA kA bhoktA eka hI vyakti-aura sahI zabdoM meM vahI AtmA hai / isakA phalita yaha hai ki AtmA amara hai| yadi AtmA amara na ho to karma aura phalabhoga meM anavasthA ho jAyegI / karma koI karegA aura phala kisI dUsare ko bhoganA pdd'egaa| bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda meM AcArya hemacandra ne yahI sabase bar3A doSa batAyA hai| yadi AtmA amara na ho to vikAsa kisakA hogA ? naitika vikAsa (Moral Progress) kI dRSTi se kANTa ne bhI AtmA kI amaratA athavA zAzvatatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vaha niHzreyas ko 1 ajjhattha visohIe; jIvanikAehi saMthaDe loe| desiyamahiMsagattaM, jiNehi telokkadarisIhiM / -oghaniyukti 747 For Personal & Private Use Only

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154 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana naitikatA kA sarvottama lakSya ( Summum Bonum) svIkAra karake kahatA hai ki yaha ananta pragati kevala isa mAnyatA para sambhava hai ki manuSya ke vyaktitva aura astitva kI sthiratA ananta hai - AtmA amara hai / isa prakAra AtmA kI amaratA, naitika niyamoM se anivAryataH sambandhita hone ke kAraNa nItizAstra kI eka vyavasAyAtmaka buddhi kI mAnyatA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne to bahuta pahale hI kaha diyA hai ki AtmA kA kabhI nAza nahIM hotA - AtmA amara hai / 1 anya sabhI AtmavAdI darzana AtmA kI zAzvatatA~ meM vizvAsa karate haiN| ataH AtmA kI zAzvatata kA dArzanika siddhAnta nItizAstra kA eka pramukha AdhAra hai kyoMki sampUrNa nIti, naitika niyama, zubha Adi - nItizAstra kA pUrA kA pUrA mahala AtmA kI amaratA ke siddhAnta para hI TikA huA hai, isa siddhAnta ke abhAva meM nItizAstra kA mahala tAza ke pattoM ke samAna bikhara jAyegA / 3. pragati kI anivAryatA 1 pragati kA artha naitika vikAsa hai / isa pragati ke do mAnadaNDa haiMsukha aura ya / yadi Aja ke mAnava bhUtakAla ke mAnavoM se adhika sukhI haiM aura kalyANa patha kI ora bar3he haiM to avazya hI naitika pragati huI hai / isI prakAra yadi bhaviSya ke mAnava bhI sukha aura kalyANa ke patha para bar3heMge to naitika pragati huI mAnI jAyegI / pragati kA siddhAnta gurutvAkarSaNa ke siddhAnta ke viparIta hai / gurutvAkarSaNa ke siddhAnta ke anusAra pratyeka vastu pRthvI kI ora - nIce ko ora AtI hai; jabaki pragati kA siddhAnta UrdhvamukhI hai / pragati kI anivAryatA taara lie anivArya hai / arabana ne kahA hai - hameM isakI ( pragati kI) anivAryatA meM isa ---- 1 (ka) natthi jIvassa nAsotti / (kha) ekaH sadA zAzvatiko mamAtmA.... (ga) ego me sAsado appA...... (gha) Nicco aviNAsI sAsao jIvo (ca) ahaM avvae vi, ahaM avaTThieva - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 2 / 27 - amitagati dvAtriMzikA -- niyamasAra && - dazavaikAlika, ni0 bhASya 42 -- jJAtA sUtra, 1 / 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika mAnyatAeM | 155 kAraNa vizvAsa karanA par3atA hai ki hama jAnate haiM, yadi yaha na ho to, sampUrNa naitika prayatna vyartha aura nirarthaka haiM / 1 naitika pragati kA yaha siddhAnta bhagavAna mahAvIra ke isa kathana para AdhArita hai ki jIva kramazaH unnati karatA huA mukta hotA hai / gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai ki - prayatnapUrvaka sAdhanA meM lagA huA yogI aneka janmoM meM thor3e-thor3e saMskAra ekatra karake una janmoM meM saMcita karma se pAparahita hokara parama gati ( niHzreyas ) ko prApta karatA hai / " 4. Izvara kI sattA sAmAnyataH yaha prazna uThAyA jAtA hai - naitika pragati kI parAkASThA kahA~ hai ? nItizAstra kA uttara hai - niHzreyas prApti meM / aura yaha niHzreyas kyA hai ? isakA samAdhAna darzana detA hai - vaha samAdhAna haiIzvara banane meM athavA Izvaratva kI prApti meM / isa prakAra antatogatvA nItizAstra Izvara kI sattA svIkAra karatA hai / kANTa ne IzvarIya sattA ke lie do prakAra kI naitika yuktiyA~ dI haiMprathama, naitika jIvana ke lie sukha aura zreya kA samanvaya Avazyaka hai, kyoMki naitika karma zreya hai aura sukha usakA phala hai / dvitIya, yadi niHzreyaskA anusaMdhAna karanA mAnava kA naitika kartavya hai to ise (niHzreyas ko ) sAdhya honA cAhie aura sAtha hI aise vyaktiyoM ke udAharaNa bhI hone cAhie jinhoMne usa niHzreyasa ko siddha karake uttama sukha upalabdha kiyA hai / isI prakAra kartavya ke niyoga aura Atma-vidhAyaka viveka' kI yukti dekara kANTa ne IzvarIya sattA kI siddhi kI hai / 1 If we believe that progress is necessary, it is only because we know that if it is not, moral effort in the end meaningless and futile. -W. M. Urban : Fundamentals of Ethics, p. 436 2 zrImadbhagavadgItA 6 / 45 The categorical imperative lead direct to God and affords surety of this reality. - -- Kant's selections from Opus postumum, Scribner's P. 372 God to the morally practical self-legislative reason. --- Opus postumum quoted in Kant's selections, p. 373 For Personal & Private Use Only

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156 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ataH ukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki IzvarIya sattA kI svIkRti naitikatA kA eka pramukha AdhAra hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki sukha kI prApti naitikatA kA carama lakSya hai aura Izvaratva meM hI ananta tathA avyAbAdha sukha hai / isalie IzvarIya sattA naitika AcAra-vicAroM kI preraNA nItizAstra kA sarvamAnya AdhAra hai / svatantrecchA (icchA svAtaMtrya __ nItizAstra ke anusAra IzvarIya sattA kI svIkRti kA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai ki mAnava athavA prANImAtra Izvara ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI hai, Izvara kI icchA se hI sArI mAnavIya pravRttiyAM hotI haiM / IzvarecchA balIyasI-yaha siddhAnta nItizAstra ko mAnya nahIM hai| IzvarecchA kI bajAya nItizAstra mAnava kI svatantrecchA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| yadi mAnava kI icchA ko svatantra na mAnA jAya to vaha kaise naitika AcaraNa kara sakegA aura phira anaitika AcaraNa kA uttaradAyitva bhI usa para kaise DAlA jA sakatA hai ? pANini ne 'svatantraH kartA'' isa sUtra dvArA vyAkaraNagata kartA ko svatantra mAnA hai, isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se bhI ve kartA (AtmA) ko svatantra mAnane ke pakSadhara haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka sthaloM para AtmA kI svataMtratA kA udghoSa kiyA aura sukha-duHkha ke lie AtmA ko hI uttaradAyI ThaharAyA hai| yahAM taka ki unhoMne dharma kA nizcaya karane meM bhI AtmasvAtaMtrya athavA AtmA kI icchA kI svataMtratA kI udghoSaNA kI hai| __ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yaha kathana dharma-darzana-adhyAtma kI dRSTi se jitane mahatvapUrNa haiM, usase bhI adhika inakA mahatva nIti ke sandarbha meM hai| koI karma naitika hai athavA anaitika-isakA nirNaya bhI manuSya kA svaviveka 1 aSTAdhyAyI 1 / 4 / 54 2 (ka) appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamittaM ca, dupaTThiya suptttthio|| (kha) kammI kammehiM kicctii| (ga) dukkhe keNa kaDe, jIveNa kaDe pamAeNaM / -uttarA 20137 -sUtrakRtAMga 6 / 4 -sthAnAMga For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika mAnyatAeM | 157 tathA usakI svataMtra icchA hI kara sakatI hai aura icchA svAtaMtrya naitika karmoM ke lie anivArya AdhAra hai / manovijJAna ke anusAra ' icchA - svAtaMtrya apanI icchA ke anusAra nizcaya tathA kArya karane kI yogyatA kSamatA aura svatantratA hai / ' dArzanika siddhAntoM ke anusAra icchA svAtaMtrya ke tIna rUpa hamAre samakSa Ate haiM -- (ka) yadRcchAvAda, svacchandatAvAda yA aniyativAda (kha) asvacchandatAvAda yA niyativAda (ga) AtmaniyamitatA athavA AtmaniyaMtraNavAda | yadRcchAvAda--saMkalpa-svataMtratA athavA icchA - svAtaMtrya ko pUrNa svataMtra mAnatA hai / yaha vAda preraNAoM ko nakAratA hai aura sthApita karatA hai ki mAnava aneka icchAoM meM se kisI eka icchA, jo adhika balavatI ho, ko cunakara usake anusAra apanI pravRtti kara letA hai, ye kArya kSaNika Aveza meM hote haiM / isa siddhAnta kA anusaraNa karane para mAnava ke bhAvI kriyA-kalApoM ke bAre meM na koI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai aura na hI kisI prakAra kI bhaviSyavANI kI jA sakatI hai / jaba ki aisA hotA nahIM, mAnava ke viSaya meM bhaviSyavANI kI jAtI haiM aura ve sahI bhI nikalatI haiM / isa dRSTi se yaha siddhAnta apUrNa aura ekAMgI hai / niyativAda icchA svAtaMtrya ko pUrNa rUpa se svataMtra nahIM mAnatA apitu isakI dhAraNA hai ki mAnava ke karma pahale se hI kArya - abhyAsa, bhAvanAoM evaM sthAyIbhAvoM ke dvArA sugaThita caritra dvArA niyata hote haiM aura mAnava ko caritra ke prabhAva se hI kArya karane par3ate haiM isake atirikta ve mAnava kI saMkalpa zakti ko vaMzaparamparA (Heredity) aura paryAvaraNa ( Environments) se bhI prabhAvita mAnate haiM / isa siddhAnta se to yaha phalita hotA hai ki samAna svabhAva, vicAra, vaMzaparamparA tathA vAtAvaraNa vAle vyakti eka sA hI naitika yA anaitika AcaraNa kareMge jabaki pratyakSa meM aisA dekhA nahIM jAtA / eka mAtA-pitA ke yugala putroM meM se bhI, sabhI prakAra kI samAnatA hote hue bhI, eka kA AcaraNa naitika aura sabhI ke lie sukhaprada hotA hai, jabaki dUsarA ghora For Personal & Private Use Only

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158 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana anaitika AcaraNa karake apane aura parivAra tathA samAja ke lie trAsadAyI bana jAtA hai / ataH yaha siddhAnta bhI apUrNa aura ekAMgI hai / AtmaniyamitatAvAda yA AtmaniyantraNavAda - madhyamamArgI hai / yaha icchA - svAtaMtrya ko na niyata mAnatA hai aura na isako asImita svataMtratA pradAna karatA hai, apitu saMkalpa - svAtaMtrya ko AtmA dvArA niyantrita tathA niyamita svIkAra karatA hai / nItizAstra meM ise Atma-nirdhAraNaMvAda (Self-determinism ) kahA gayA hai / Atma-nirdhAraNa ke do tatva haiM - ( 1 ) pratiSedhaka aura ( 2 ) vidhAyaka / pratiSedhaka kA artha balAtkAra yA dabAba se rahitatA hai aura vidhAyaka AtmA kA apanA nijI nirdhAraNa hai / dUsare zabdoM meM pratiSedhaka tatva para kI apekSA se hai aura vidhAyaka tatva sva kI apekSA se / jyoM-jyoM caritra kA vikAsa hotA hai, naitikatA kA stara ucca se uccatara hotA hai tyoM-tyoM svataMtra icchA kA - Atma-nirdhAraNa kA vidhAyaka tatva prabala hotA jAtA hai aura anya nirdhAraNa kA tatva kSINatara hotA jAtA hai / cU~ki Atma-nirdhAraNa kA vidhAyaka tatva svApekSita hai tathA ima bAta para nirdhArita hai ki AtmA kitanA apane ko anya nirdhAraNa se bacAtI hai; ataH anya nirdhAraNa kI apekSA se nItizAstra meM isa pratiSedhaka tatva kA adhika mahatva hai / vyAvahArika hone se isa pratiSedhaka tatva ke kaI tAratamya bhI haiM / * svatantratA kA tAratamya pratiSedhaka tatva ke anusAra svatantratA ke kaI artha haiM aura ina arthoM meM tAratamya hai / yaha tAratamya nimna stara se ucca stara taka hai / naitika dRSTi se koI bhI vyakti ucca stara para turanta svatantra nahIM ho sakatA; hA~, nimna stara para svatantra ho sakatA hai / svataMtratA ke tAratamya nItizAstriyoM dvArA nimna prakAra se nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM (1) eka preraNA ke viSayoM meM cunAva - jaba manuSya apanI kisI preraNA ke viSaya meM cunAva karatA hai to usa samaya apanI svataMtra icchA kA prayoga karatA hai| udAharaNArtha, koI vyakti nayA sUTa silavAnA cAhatA hai to For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika mAnyatAeM | 156 kisa raMga kA kapar3A pasanda kare, yaha usakI icchA para nirbhara hai| vastutaH yaha svatantratA hai, apriyatA se nivRtti / (2) praraNAoM kI tRpti meM canAva-jaba do vibhinna preraNAe~ vyakti ko eka hI samaya apanI-apanI tRpti ke lie prerita karatI haiM, to unameM se eka ko cunane ke lie vyakti svataMtra hotA hai| jaise-kisI mahAtmA kA pravacana sunane jAya athavA TI. vI. para pikcara dekhe-ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko bhI cunane ke lie vyakti svatantra hai| (3) preraNA aura buddhi kI tRpti meM cunAva-yahA~ preraNA aura buddhi ke antara ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| preraNA adhikatara saMvegoM (instincts) dvArA utpanna hotI hai aura buddhi vivekajanita hai| isI apekSA se buddhi ko daivI aura preraNA ko AsurI bhI kaha diyA jAtA hai| yahA~ buddhi kA artha subuddhi hI grahaNa karanA caahie| jaba buddhi aura preraNA meM saMgharSa hotA hai to donoM hI vyakti se apanI-apanI tRpti kI mA~ga karatI haiM, taba vyakti anizcaya kI sthiti meM A jAtA hai, moha-vimUr3ha ho jAtA hai| una donoM meM se kisI bhI eka ko cunanA vyakti ke lie bahuta kaThina hotA hai| dharmazAstroM meM ise 'daivI-AsurI' saMgharSa kahA gayA hai| arjuna ke sAmane yahI sthiti A gaI thI jaba usane raNabhUmi meM apane zastrAstra rakha diye the| usake sAmane eka ora gurujanoM tathA apane kula-parivAra kA moha thA tathA dUsarI ora kSatriya dharma kA pAlana / zrIkRSNa ke samajhAne aura yathArtha sthiti para cintana karane se usane kSatriya dharma kA pAlana kiyaa| . (4) buddhiparaka jIvana-buddhiparaka jIvana se abhiprAya hai-mAnavatA ke anusAra jIvana jInA / yadyapi mAnava pAzavika aura mAnavIya-donoM meM se kisI bhI eka pravRtti ko cuna sakatA hai kintu pAzavIya pravRtti anaitika hotI hai aura saiddhAntika tathA vyAvahArika rUpa se nItizAstra anaitikatA ko koI sthAna nahIM detaa| isIlie nItizAstra burAI kI svataMtratA mAnava ko nahIM detaa| isake anusAra mAnava acche kArya karane meM svataMtra hai| ataH buddhiparaka jIvana kA artha nItizAstra ke anusAra satkarma yA zubha kArya karate hue jIvana vyatIta karanA hai / (5) bauddhika mAMgoM kA cunAva-buddhiparaka jIvana jIne kI svataMtratA For Personal & Private Use Only

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160 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhI pUrNa svataMtratA nahIM hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bauddhika mA~geM bhI aneka prakAra kI haiN| una sabhI ko tRpta karanA asambhava hai / udAharaNa ke lie koI vyakti naitika jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhatA hai, isa bAre meM vaha dharma granthoM - nIti sambandhI granthoM kA avalokana karatA, dharmopadezakoM tathA nItizAstriyoM meM vicAroM ko sunatA hai, par3hatA hai, manana karatA hai to ulajhana meM par3a jAtA hai / vibhinna dharmagrantha aura nIti saMbaMdhI graMthoM meM to parasparaM virodhI bAteM to milatI hI haiM, svayaM eka hI dharmopadezaka eka sthAna para eka bAta yA AcaraNa ko nIti yA dharma kahatA hai aura vahI dUsare sthAna para pahalI bAta ke sarvathA viparIta aura virodhI bAta kahatA hai yA kArya karatA hai / aisI sthiti meM vyakti ko aneka bauddhika mAMgoM meM se kisI eka mA~ga ko cunanA par3atA hai / yathA - vaidikI hiMsA (jisako vedoM meM ahiMsA - vaidika hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati" kahA gayA hai) aura ahiMsA meM se kisI ko cunanA / yaha svataMtratA bauddhika mAMgoM meM se kisI eka ko cunane kI svataMtA hai, jo naitika jIvana ke lie anivArya hai / (6) pUrNa svatantratA - isakA abhiprAya AcAra, vicAra aura vacana ko nirdhArita karake unameM ekarUpatA rakhanA hai / aisA vyakti sajjana yA mahAtmA hotA hai / sajjana kA lakSaNa hI hai manasyekaM vacasyekaM karmaNyekaM mahAtmanAm / satkarma hI karanA aise vyaktiyoM kA svabhAva bana jAtA hai / nItizAstra ke anusAra aise vyakti hI pUrNa svataMtratA ke adhikArI hote haiM / inakI svatantratA uccatara stara kI hotI hai / ina chaha prakAra kI svatantratA ko kramazaH (1) AtmapriyatA (Selfpleasure), (2) AtmAbhivyakti (self-assertion), (3) Atmopalabdhi (self-realisation) (4) AtmasaMyama yA Atmavijaya (self-conquest) (5) Atma-nirdhAraNa (self-determination) aura (6) Atma- pUrNatA (self-perfection) kahA jA sakatA hai / inameM se nItizAstra ke anusAra Atmopalabdhi ko hI svatantratA kahA jAtA hai; jisake anusAra vyakti apane kAryoM ke lie bhI uttaradAyI hotA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika mAnyatAeM | 161 AtmapriyatA aura AtmAbhivyakti nimna koTi kI svatantratA hai, jisakA nItizAstra meM koI vizeSa sthAna nahIM hai| aise kArya aicchika kArya (voluntary actions) hote haiM, jinakI gaNanA naitikatA meM nahIM hotI aise vyakti ko nIti-nirapekSa (amoral) kahA jA sakatA hai| AtmasaMyama, AtmanirdhAraNa aura AtmapUrNatA kramazaH ucca, uccatara aura uccatama stara kI naitika svatantrAe~ haiN| isa vivecana kA sAra yaha hai ki nItizAstra meM svatantratA-svatantra icchA yA saMkalpa kI svatantratA ke sAtha uttaradAyitva kA pratyaya bhI jur3A huA hai; yAnI svatantratA asImita nahIM hai| sarvopari AdhAra svatantratA, saMkalpa athavA icchA kI svatantratA nItizAstra kA sarvopari AdhAra hai| anya jitane bhI dArzanika AdhAra haiM, yathA-hetuvAdaphalavAda, AtmA kI amaratA, pragati kI anivAryatA, IzvarIya sattA kA svIkAra Adi, ina sabakI sArthakatA svatantrecchA meM hai| yadi vyakti meM svatantratA kA tatva hI svIkAra na kiyA jAyegA to nItizAstra dvArA nirdhArita naitika kartavyoM ke pAlana ke lie mAnava kaise prastuta hogA, sAtha hI anaitika kAryoM ke lie bhI ise kaise uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jA skegaa| isIlie kahA gayA hai-vAstava meM svatantratA naitika niyama kA astitva tatva hai aura naitika niyama svatantratA kA jJAna tatva hai / / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki naitika niyamoM kA astitva hI svatantratA para nirbhara hai aura svatantratA kA jJAna hI naitika niyama hai| ___Azaya yaha hai ki mAnava apanI svatantratA ko samajhegA, sahI sthiti ko jAnegA tabhI vaha naitika niyamoM kA pAlana kara skegaa| vastutaH nIti-pAlana kA dhyeya bhI Atma-svAtantrya kI prApti hI hai| kyoMki bhAratIya aura bhAratIyetara sabhI nItizAstrI isa eka lakSya para sahamata haiM ki-nIti kA uddezya niHzreyas aura sukha kI prApti hai / aura yaha pUrNa sukha AtmA ke sabhI bandhanoM se mukta hone para prApta hotA hai| ataH svatantratA nItizAstra kA sarvopari AdhAra hai| / 1 Freedom is the ratio essendi of the moral law, while the moral law is the ratio cognoscendi of freedom.-Kant. -See, Kant's selection, p. 339, footnote. For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya ( MORAL DECISIONS ) jIvana eka yAtrA hai / isa yAtrA meM hara agalA kadama uThAne se pahale nirNaya lenA Avazyaka hotA hai| mAnava anirNaya kI sthiti meM adhika dera taka raha nahIM sktaa| use pratidina/pratipala nirNaya lene par3ate haiM, una nirNayoM meM kucha Atmagata (Subjective) hote haiM aura kucha viSayagata (objective) / lekina nirNaya lene kI yaha prakriyA sarala nahIM, jaTila hotI hai| isako aneka tatva prabhAvita karate haiN| yadyapi mAnava ke pAsa kisI viSaya para nirNaya lene kI kSamatA, buddhizakti (Intelligence Power) hai, vaha tIbra medhAzakti (Keenest Intellect) kA svAmI hai| kintu usakI vyavasAyAtmikA buddhi (practical reason) bhI svatantra rUpa se kAma nahIM kara paatii| use bhI kaI prakAra ke tatva prabhAvita karate haiN| ___jo tatva mAnava ke nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karate haiM, unameM se kucha pramukha tatva haiM (1) manovaijJAnika athavA mAnasika yA saMvegAtmaka (2) sAmAjika rUr3hiyAM tathA naitika paristhitiyA~ (3) pratikriyA anya vyaktiyoM kA vyavahAra (4) naI vaijJAnika khojeN| ina cAroM ko nItizAstra kI bhASA meM (1) manovaijJAnika (2) paristhityAtmaka, (3) pratikriyAtmaka, (4) vaijJAnika aura (5) tArkika kahate haiN| ( 162 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 163 inhIM pA~coM kAraNoM se naitika nirNaya kI prakriyA meM bahuta adhika jaTilatA kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / naitika nirNaya para manovaijJAnika prabhAva nItizAstra vastutaH zubha kA zAstra hai / vaha hamAre samakSa Adarza rakhatA aura usa Adarza ko prApta karane kI preraNA bhI detA hai, lekina una AdarzoM ko prApta karane ke upAya spaSTa rUpa se nahIM batA pAtA / inake lie manovijJAna kI - mAnava kI pravRttiyoM kI jAnakArI kI AvazyakatA hai aura isake lie manovijJAna kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai / naitika zubha ke prazna ko lekara nItizAstra meM do prakAra kI pramukha vicAradhArAe~ haiM - ( 1 ) sukhavAdI aura (2) buddhivAdI / sukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra mAnava anubhUtipradhAna prANI hai aura buddhivAdI kA mAnava ko vizuddha bauddhika prANI mAnatA hai / vaha mAnava ke naitika jIvana meM anubhUtiyoM tathA saMvegoM ko koI sthAna hI nahIM denA cAhatA, jabaki sukhavAdI hyUma buddhi ko vAsanAoM (saMvegoM) kI dAsI mAnatA hai / sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke isa vivAda kA samAdhAna manovijJAna hI kara sakatA hai / isalie nItizAstra ke lie manovijJAna kA adhyayana atyanta Avazyaka to hai hI, anivArya bhI hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki manuSya vAsanAmaya bhI hai, saMvegamaya bhI hai aura bauddhika bhI hai / usameM jJAna, anubhava, preraNAe~, saMkalpa, anubhUtiyA~ Avega Adi sabhI mUla pravRttiyAM haiM / ataH naitika nirNaya kI prakriyA ko sahI DhaMga se samajhane ke lie sampUrNa mAnava kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai; aura isa adhyayana meM manovijJAna apekSita sahAyatA karatA hai / manovijJAna, cUMki mana kA mana kI pravRttiyoM, vikRtiyoM, AvegoMsaMvegoM kA vijJAna hai, ataH pahale mana ke bAre meM samajha leM / mAnava mana bauddha darzana mana ko cetana tatva svIkAra karatA hai aura gItA' ise triguNAtmaka prakRti se utpanna batAtI hai / 1. Reason is and ought to be the slave of passions 2. gItA 714, 135 For Personal & Private Use Only -Hume

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164 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jaina darzana mana ko jar3a aura cetana donoM hI rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai tathA paudgalika mana ko dravyamana tathA cetanamana ko bhAva-mana kahatA hai| vijJAna ise mind kahatA hai tathA ise mastiSka (brain) meM avasthita mAnatA hai / vaijJAnika mAnyatA hai ki zarIra ke jJAnavAhI tathA saMvedanAvAhI tantu vibhinna prakAra ke anubhavoM ko mastiSka taka pahuMcAte haiM, mana athavA mastiSka sukhada yA dukhada tadanukUla pratikriyA vyakta karatA hai aura zarIra tantra isake anusAra kArya karatA hai| bauddhoM ne mana ko hRdaya pradezavartI svIkAra kiyA hai aura sAMkhya paramparA sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta mAnatI hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya-mana aura bhAva-mana donoM hI sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta haiN| dravya mana to paudgalika hai, bhAva-mana AtmarUpa hai cetana hai aura caMki jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai isalie bhAva-mana bhI sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai / mana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki yahI sampUrNa icchAoM-vAsanAoM kA avasthAna hai| jaina darzana ke isa siddhAnta se Adhunika manovijJAnazAstrI pUrNarUpa se sahamata haiN| jaina darzana sammata bhAva-mana aura dravya-mana kA sambandha spaSTatayA sunizcita hone ke uparAnta hI manovaijJAnika pravRttiyoM kA nItizAstrIya vizleSaNa aura vivecana sahI DhaMga se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM DA0 kAlaghaTagI kA mata hai ki unakA (jainoM kA) dravyamana aura bhAvamana kA siddhAnta isa kriyA-pratikriyA (mAnasika aura zArIrika kriyA pratikriyA) kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se vyakta karatA hai| jaina dRSTikoNa jar3a aura caitanya ke madhya pArasparika kriyA pratikriyA ko dhAraNA ko saMsthApita karatA hai| ___isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki mana meM avasthita icchAe~ Adi bAharI paristhitiyoM, tatvoM, sAmAjika mAnyatAoM, pArasparika vyavahAra Adi se 1. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, khaNDa 6, pR074 2. paMDita sukhalAlajI : darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR. 140 3. Dr. Kalghatgi : Some Problems of Jaina Psychology p. 29 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 165 prabhAvita aura uttejita hotI haiN| udAharaNArtha-kisI sundara vastu ko dekhakara use lene kI mAnasika icchA balavatI ho uThatI hai / yahA~ icchA kA astitva mana meM pahale se hI thA, kintu sundara vastu kI sundaratA ne use uttejita kara diyaa| isa apekSA se naitika cetanA meM mana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / vyavahAra ke manovaijJAnika preraNA tatva jaisAki Upara batAyA jA cukA hai, mana hI samasta icchAoM, kAmanAoM, vAsanAoM Adi kA kendra hai| isalie mana hI mAnava ke samasta vyavahAroM kA mUla kendra hai aura usakI mUlapravRttiyA~ Adi ko vyavahAroM kA preraka tatva svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| isa viSaya para sabhI paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya manISI ekamata hai| inameM antara hai to bhUlapravRttiyoM kI saMkhyA aura vargIkaraNa ke sambandha meM hI hai| phrAyaDa kAma ko hI mUla preraka tatva mAnate haiM, kintu anya pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika cintakoM ne 100 taka mUlapravRttiyA~ svIkAra kI haiM / maikDUgala ne ina mUla pravRttiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 14 bhedoM meM kiyA hai (1) palAyana vRtti (bhaya) (2) ghRNA (2) jijJAsA (4) AkrAmakatA (krodha) (5) Atma gaurava kI bhAvanA (6) AtmahInatA kI bhAvanA (mAna) (7) vAtsalya bhAvanA (8) sAmUhikatA kI bhAvanA / ' (santAnotpati) (samUha pravRtti) (9) saMgrahavRtti (lobha) (10) racanAtmakatA . (11) bhUkha (bhojana kI gaveSaNA) (12) kAmatuSTi kI bhAvanA (13) zaraNAgati (14) hAsya (manoraMjana) kI bhAvanA / / maikDUgala ne inheM mUlapravRtti kahA hai aura batAyA hai ki mAnavIya vyavahAra ke ye preraka tatva haiN| 1. Mcdougall : Psychology For Personal & Private Use Only

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166 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jaina darzana kA vargIkaraNa jaina darzana meM mUla pravRttiyoM ke samakakSa 'saMjJA' zabda ko mAnA jA sakatA hai / vahA~ isakA (saMjJAoM kA) vargIkaraNa tIna rUpa meM milatA hai / (1) prathama vargIkaraNa-(1) AhAra saMjJA (2) bhaya saMjJA (3) maithuna saMjJA aura (4) parigraha saMjJA (2) dvitIya vargIkaraNa-(1) AhAra, (2) bhaya (3) maithuna (4) parigraha (5) krodha (6) mAna, (7) mAyA (8) lobha (6) loka aura (10) ogha (saamaany)| (3) tRtIya vargIkaraNa-(1) AhAra, (2) bhaya, (3) maithuna, (4) parigraha, (5) sukha, (3) duHkha, (7) moha, (8) vicikitsA (vRNA), (8) krodha, (10) mAna, (11) mAyA, (12) lobha, (13) zoka, (14) loka (15) dharma aura (16) ogha / ina vargIkaraNoM meM saMsAra ke sabhI jIvoM (kSudra kITa, pazu-pakSI aura mAnava) ina sabakI zArIrika, mAnasika sabhI preraNAoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| maikDUgala dvArA pratipAdita 14 mUlapravRtti aura unase saMlagna sabhI saMvega inameM garbhita haiN| maikDUgala jise samUha bhAvanA kahatA hai, jaina darzana meM use ogha saMjJA kahA hai| prathama vargIkaraNa meM sirpha zArIrika preraka ginAye gaye haiM; jabaki dvitIya aura tatIya vargIkaraNa meM zArIrika ke sAtha-sAtha mAnasika-sAmAjika sabhI prerakoM ko samAviSTa kara liyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kA prerakoM kA varNana adhika vaijJAnika aura sampUrNa lagatA hai| ina saMjJAoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina darzana ne lezyAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai / lezyAyeM 6 haiM (1) kRSNalezyA-adhika krUra aura kliSTa manobhAvanAe~ / (2) nIlalezyA-kRSNalezyA kI apekSA kama krUra tIvra mnobhnaaeN| 1. samavAyAMga 4 / 4 2. prajJApanA, pada 8 3 AcArAMga, zIlAMka vRtti, patrAMka 11 4 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, lezyA adhyayana, 34/21-32 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 167 (3) kApotalezyA - azubha manovRttiyA~, chala-kapaTa kA manobhAva / ( 4 ) tejolezyA - zubha manovRtti, sukhApekSI manobhAva / (5) padmalezyA - zubhatara manobhAva - kaSAyoM Adi kI upazAMtatA / (6) zuklalezyA - zubhatama manobhAva, mRdu vyavahAra, mana-vacana-karma kI pravRttiyoM meM ekatA, svakartavya paripAlana, kisI ko bhI duHkhI na karane kI pravRtti | yaha lezyA siddhAnta manovijJAna aura nItizAstra kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / yaha mana kI pravRttiyoM kI to vivecanA karatA hI hai, sAtha hI mAnava kI pravRttiyoM kI naitika starIyatA kA bhI sarvAMgapUrNa vizleSaNa prastuta karatA hai / kRSNa, nIla aura kApota lezyA vAlA mAnava to prAyaH anaitika hotA hI hai, kyoMki usameM krodha, lobha Adi kaSAyoM kI tIvratA hotI hai, vaha chala-kapaTa bhI karatA hai / tejolezyA vAlA mAnava zubha pravRtti vAlA bhI hotA hai, usakI manovRttiyA~ aura kriyA kalApa naitika hote haiM / nItizAstra ke anusAra use naitika mAnava kahA jA sakatA hai / padma aura zuklalezyA kI sthiti naitika uccatA ke stara 1 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jaina darzana ne lezyA aura saMjJAoM ke rUpa meM jina manovaijJAnika preraka tattvoM kA varNana kiyA hai, unheM hI pAzcAtya manovijJAna zAstriyoM ne 'mUlapravRtti' kahA hai / aba manovijJAna ke anusAra naitika vivecana kisa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai, yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai / naitika vivecana kI prakRti naitika cetanA mAnava kI apanI nijI vizeSatA hai / vaha naitika cetanA hI zubha-azubha aura ucita-anucita kA vivecana kara ke nirNaya karatI hai / isa nirNaya kI prakriyA meM kaI manovaijJAnika tattva prabhAvazIla hote haiM / yaha tattva haiM-- ( 1 ) vibhinna icchAoM kI cetanA ( Consciousness of Various desires) (2) paraspara virodhI icchAoM kA saMgharSa (Conflict of mutually contradictory desires) For Personal & Private Use Only

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168 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (3) icchAoM ke pariNAmoM kA naitika vizleSaNa (Moral analysis of the effects of desires) (4) naitika nirNaya Moral Judgment) (5) caritra evaM AcaraNa (Character and Conduct) (6) abhipreraNA tathA abhiprAya (Motivation and intention) (1) vibhinna icchAoM kI cetanA-icchA, jaisA ki saMjJAoM ke varNana se spaSTa hai, prANI mAtra ko hotI hai| kintu per3a-paudhoM kI icchA avyakta hai / jyoM-jyoM cetanA kA stara vikasita hotA jAtA hai, icchA bhI vyakta hotI jAtI hai / isa krama se mAnava sarvAdhika vikasita cetanA vAlA prANI hai ataH usakI icchAe~ vyakta bhI hotI haiM aura sAtha hI vibhinna prakAra kI bhI hotI haiN| icchA, vAstava meM prANI kI zArIrika, mAnasika Adi kisI bhI prakAra ke abhAva kI abhivyakti hai| prANI usa abhAva kI kamI ko pUrA karanA cAhatA hai, isake lie vaha prayAsa karatA hai aura jyoM hI vaha kamI pUrI huI ki usa icchA kI saMtuSTi ho jAtI hai / isI ko icchAoM kA pUrNa athavA santuSTa honA kahA jAtA hai / icchApUrti se prANI ko eka prakAra ke sukha kI anubhuti hotI hai / icchAoM kI aura icchAtRpti se sukha kI anubhUti hotI hai aura vaha icchAoM kI cetanA kahI jAtI hai| . (2) paraspara virodhI icchAoM kA saMgharSa-anya sabhI prANiyoM kI icchAe~ sAmAnya hotI haiM, sirpha AhAra, bhaya, maina, parigraha taka hI sImita rahatI hai (jaisA ki saMjJAoM ke prathama vargIkaraNa meM batAyA gayA hai)| bhUkha lagI-AhAra kI icchA huI, jaisA bhI bhojya padArtha milA, udarastha kara liyA; bhaya kA kAraNa utpanna huA, bhAga gaye, maithuna kI icchA huI, pUrI kara lii| Adi.... pazu jagata taka yahI krama hai; kintu mAnava kI icchAe~ vibhinna prakAra kI aura asImita hai / ise bhojana ke lie bhI svAdiSTa bhojana kI icchA hotI hai aura svAda bhojana se hI vaha tRpta hotI hai| isI prakAra anya icchAoM ke bAre meM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6/48-icchA hu AgAsa samA aNaMtiyA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 166 jaise nIMda Ane para bhI havAdAra zAnta sthAna, ArAmadAyI vistara takiyA Adi kI bhI icchA rahatI hai| phira mAnava kI icchAe zArIrika to hotI hI haiM, mAnasika aura bhAvAtmaka bhI hotI hai| vaha maithana sevana ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvAtmaka prama sambandha kI bhI icchA karatA hai| use vibhinna prakAra ke saMgraha se bhAvAtmaka saMtuSTi prApta hotI hai| yadi koI vyakti dhArmika vRtti vAlA hai to use saMtsaga zAstra vAcana Adi kI icchA rahatI hai| aneka prakAra kI icchAoM ke kAraNa una icchAoM meM saMgharSa honA avazyambhAvI hai kyoMki do virodhI icchAoM kA eka sAtha santuSTa honA asambhava hai| eka paurANika udAharaNa lIjie-vyaktigata rUpa se rAma sItA ko vanavAsa denA nahIM cAhate the; kintu lokApavAda ko zAnta karane kI icchA bhI unake mana meM thii| ina do viparIta icchAoM kI pUrti asaMbhava thii| rAma antardvandva meM pha~sa gye| Akhira unhoMne sItAjI ko vanavAsa dene kA nirNaya kiyaa| manovijJAna ke anusAra aisI paraspara virodhI icchAe~ mAnava mana meM uThA hI karatI haiM, pratyeka icchA apanI santuSTi cAhatI hai aura isa rUpa meM ina icchAoM meM saMgharSa hotA rahatA hai| (3) icchAoM ke pariNAmoM kA naitika vizleSaNa-mAnava vikasita cetanA vAlA prANI hai| icchAoM ke pArasparika saMgharSa meM vaha naitika dRSTi se una icchAoM ke pariNAmoM kA naitika vizleSaNa karatA hai, guNa-doSoM kA vicAra karatA hai, unake ucita anucita pariNAmoM para gaharI dRSTi DAlatA hai jaisAki sItA ko vanavAsa dene ke nirNaya se pahale antardvandva meM pha~se zrIrAma ne kiyaa| (4) naitika nirNaya-aba taka kI tInoM avasthAoM meM to mUla pravattiyoM kI pramukhatA thii| tIsarI sthiti meM naitikatA aura mUla pravRttiyoM kA saMgharSa rhaa| kintu isa cauthI sthiti meM mAnava kisI eka icchA kI prati kA nirNaya kara letA hai / yahI nirNaya mAnava ko naitika athavA anaitika ke rUpa meM vyakta karatA hai| naitika mAnava kA nirNaya naitikatApUrNa hotA hai aura jo mUlapravRttiyoM ke bahAva meM baha jAtA hai, vaha anaitika nirNaya bhI kara sakatA hai / kintu aisA nirNaya nItizAstra kI dRSTi se anucita hai| ____ naitika nirNaya lete samaya sarvAdhika mahatva mUlya kA hotA hai / vyakti apanI icchAoM kA mUlya (value) nirdhArita karatA hai aura jisa icchA . For Personal & Private Use Only

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170 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kA mUlya vaha sarvAdhika samajhatA hai, usake pakSa meM nirNaya kara detA hai| zrIrAma ne loka bhAvanA ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA, ataH unhoMne sItA ko vanavAsa dekara apanI isI loka bhAvanA ko santuSTa kiyaa| (5) caritra aura AcaraNa-caritra icchA aura AdatoM kA saMgaThana hai tathA AcaraNa se vyakti ke aise kAryoM se tAtparya hotA hai, jinake AdhAra para vyakti kI naitika dRSTi se prazaMsA yA nindA kI jAtI hai| .. vyakti kA AcaraNa hI dhIre-dhIre usake caritra ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai, caritra bana jAtA hai| naitika nirNaya kA AdhAra vyakti kI icchA-zakti, saMkalpa-zakti aura abhilASAoM kI mUlyavattA hai / nirNaya ke bAda manuSya usako AcaraNa meM lAtA hai, kriyAnvayana karatA hai / _acche kAryoM ke AcaraNa se vyakti kA caritra acchA banatA hai, vaha naitika kahalAtA hai aura azubha (bure) kAryoM ko karane se usakA cAritrika patana hotA hai tathA samAja use anaitika mAnatA hai| (6) abhipreraNA aura abhiprAya--abhipreraNA zabda dviarthI hai / isakA prathama artha hai-vyakti ko kAma karane ke lie uttejita karane vAlI dazA yA shkti| dUsarA artha hai-vaha zakti yA avasthA jo vyakti ko amuka kArya ke lie AkarSita kre|| abhipreraNA ko vidyuta zakti ke udAharaNa se samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| vidya ta meM prakAzatva aura cumbakatva donoM hote haiN| balba meM isake prakAzatva guNa kI abhivyakti hotI hai aura paMkhe Adi meM cumbakatva guNa kii| vidyArthI ke lie vidyAdhyayana karane ke lie kAleja jAne hetu uttajita karanA tathA zikSA prApti ke prati AkarSita karanA-donoM hI zikSA kI abhipreraNA ke kArya haiM / nItizAstra meM vyakti icchA, bhAvanA, Adarza Adi kA AkarSaNa tathA tadanurUpa kArya karane kI uttejanA-donoM hI abhipreraNa (Motivation) haiN| sena guptA ke zabdoM meM abhiprAya kartA ke mastiSka para prabhAva DAlane vAlI sabhI niSedhAtmaka aura pratiSedhAtmaka AdarzAtmaka zaktiyoM For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 171 kA yoga hai| ___ isa dRSTi se abhiprAya kI somA bahuta vistRta hai| jo kucha hama socate haiM aura jo kucha hamAre vicAra meM na bhI ho, vaha saba abhiprAya ke antargata A jAtA hai| benthama ne abhiprAya ke antargata una kAryoM ko bhI parigaNita kara liyA hai jo na cAhate hue bhI vyakti ko karane par3ate haiM / udAharaNArthamAtA-pitA bacce ko daNDita nahIM karanA cAhate para usake sudhAra ke abhiprAya se sajA denI hI par3atI hai| __abhiprAya meM abhipreraNa antarnihita hotA hai, isalie yaha donoM paraspara ghaniSTha rUpa se sambandhita haiN| ___ yaha nizcita hai ki prANI mAtra kA koI bhI kArya binA kisI abhiprAya ke nahIM hotA / manuSya ke to sabhI kArya sAbhiprAya hote haiM / aparAdha zAstra kA to yaha pramukha siddhAnta hI hai Find the motive and you will get the culprit (abhipreraNa-abhiprAya ko jAna lo to tuma aparAdhI ko pakar3a loge / ) nItizAstra meM bhI abhiprAya kA bahuta mahatva hai| eka zabda meM kahA jAya to yaha naitikatA kA AdhAra bindu hai / DAkTara ko zalya kriyA karate hae rogI ke mara jAne para bhI use naitika kahA jAtA hai aura kasAI ko anaitika-isa nirNaya kA AdhAra abhiprAya hI hai; pariNAma eka-sA hone para bhI DAkTara naitika kahalAtA hai aura kasAI ghora anaitika / saMkalpa, caritra aura AcaraNa naitika vivecana meM saMkalpa, caritra aura AcaraNa kA vizeSa mahatva hai kyoMki mAnava ke naitika jIvana meM ina tInoM kI bahuta hI avismaraNIya bhUmikA hai| saMkalpa (will) mAnava kI vizeSa zakti hai| yaha pazuoM meM nahIM pAI jaatii| pazuoM ke sabhI kArya mUlapravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para hote haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM unakI preraka mUlapravRttiyAM haiN| isI kAraNa pazu na to apanI 1. Intention is the sum total of all positive and negative ideal forces acting upon the mind of agent. -I. B. Sen Gupta For Personal & Private Use Only

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172 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana icchAoM para niyantraNa rakha sakatA hai aura na hI usake lie yaha sambhava ho pAtA hai ki vaha apanI icchAoM ko acchI dizA meM mor3a ske|| isake viparIta mAnava meM apanI icchAoM; abhilASAoM para niyaMtraNa karane tathA ucita dizA meM mor3ane kI zakti hai| isI zakti kA nAma saMkalpa zakti hai| 'saMkalpa zakti kA kArya nirdezana denA aura niyantraNa karanA hai, yaha kevala sarjanA yA racanA kA kArya nahIM krtii|' jemsa setha ke ina zabdoM kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki saMkalpa mAnava ke sunizcita bhaviSya kA mArga-nirdezana karatA hai tathA lakSya kI ora bar3hane meM sahAyaka banatA hai| caritra saMkalpa se prabhAvita hotA hai / adhika spaSTa zabdoM meM, jaisA saMkalpa hotA hai, vesA hI caritra banatA hai| isI tathya ko novelisa ke yaha zabda abhivyakta kara rahe haiM- 'caritra eka pUrNatayA nirmita saMkalpa hai|' ___ zrI bArnana jonsa caritra ko AcaraNa se sambandhita mAnakara kahate haiM-'caritra AcaraNa ko pragatizIla banAne vAlA hai|' vAstava meM caritra eka bahuta hI vistRta AyAma vAlA zabda hai / yaha mAnava ke sampUrNa vyaktitva se sambandhita hai| caritra-nirmANa samAjazAstra, manovijJAna aura nItizAstra kI pramukha pahelI rahI hai| pratyeka zikSaka, samAja sudhAraka, rAjanItika aura sAmAjika netA caritra nirmANa ke lie pukAra lagAte rahate haiN| ___ aba dekheM, kisI vyakti kA caritra nirmANa kaise hotA hai ? kaunakauna se tatva isake nirmANa meM sAdhaka aura bAdhaka hote haiM ? ___ caritra nirmANa kA pradhAna tatva hai-Atma-gaurava kA sthAyIbhAva (Self regarding sentiment) / mAnava meM Atma-gaurava kI bhAvanA sabase prabala hotI hai| sukha-duHkha, daNDa, puraskAra, nindA-prazaMsA Adi kI sthitiyoM ko pAra karane ke bAda, mAnava apane Atma-gaurava kA eka sthAyIbhAva nirmita kara letA hai / isameM sAmAjikatA, deza-kAla kI paristhitiyA~, Adarza, samAyojana Adi kA bhI vizeSa hAtha hotA hai| dharma evaM naitikatA kI bhAvanA kA bhI sadAcaraNa meM mahatva hai aura sadAcaraNa se hI naitika caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai| vAstava meM dekhA jAya to caritra mAnasika (Mental) saMgaThana kI eka sugaThita kriyA hai athavA caritra nirmANa eka sugaThita mAnasika (aura vyAvahArika bhI) prakriyA hai| AcaraNa caritra kA vyAvahArika pakSa hai| yaha sabhI ko dikhAI dene vAlA pragaTa bAhya rUpa hai| mAnava jo kucha vyavahAra rUpa meM karatA hai, vaha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #215
naitika nirNaya | 173 usakA AcaraNa kahalAtA hai / caritra aura AcaraNa kA bheda spaSTa karane ke lie hI caritra ke lie aMgrejI meM Character aura AcaraNa ke lie Conduct zabda Ate haiM / 1 saMkalpa, caritra aura AcaraNa paraspara eka-dUsare se sambandhita haiM / saMkalpa icchAoM Adi kA niyantraNa aura unakA mArgAntarIkaraNa karane vAlI zakti hai aura sAtha hI caritra kA nirmANa karatI hai, aura use prabhAvita karatI hai / caritra sugaThita mAnasika kriyA hai, yaha mAnava kI Antarika naitikatA hai aura AcaraNa usa naitikatA kA pragaTa bAhya rUpa hai / mAnava kI naitikatA ke lie yaha tInoM hI samAna rUpa se uttaradAyI hote haiM / zubha saMkalpa se sundara caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai aura sundara caritra vAlA vyakti hI zubha AcaraNa kara sakatA hai / bhAratIya darzana kI bhASA meM ise satyaM zivaM sundaraM kahA jA sakatA hai / satsaMkalpa se hI kalyANakArI caritra kA nirmANa hogA aura phira jo bhI AcaraNa hogA, zubha hogA, sundara hogA / yaha sabhI naitika nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karane vAle manovaijJAnika tatva haiN| kyoMki ina sabhI kA sIdhA aura gaharA sambandha mAnava ke mana-mastiSka se hai / ye mAnava ke antaraMga meM udbhUta hote haiM aura usake naitika nirNayoM prabhAvita karate haiM / 1 paristhitiyAM aura deza-kAla kI rUr3hiyAM naitika nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karane vAle dUsare tatva haiM paristhitiyA~ aura sAmAjika rUr3hiyAM / mAnava kA jIvana atyanta jaTila hai / pratyeka nirNaya karane meM use jaTila saMgharSa me gujaranA par3atA hai / eka ora use usakI svayaM kI icchAe~, vAsanAe~ aura nijI svArtha apanI ora khIMcatA hai to dUsarI ora buddhi tarka karatI hai, parArtha jora mAratA hai / yaha svArtha aura parArtha kA saMgharSa hI aisI jaTila sthiti utpanna kara detA hai jo usake naitika nirNaya ko prabhAvita kara detI hai / saMkSepa meM, naitika paristhiti vaha viSama dazA hai jisameM vyakti ke sAmane kyA karanA ucita hai aura kyA nahIM karanA ucita - isakA nirNaya use karanA par3atA hai | yaha paristhiti kabhI-kabhI itanI jaTila ho jAtI hai ki mAnava moha vimUr3ha hokara raha jAtA hai / aisI hI paristhiti mahAbhArata yuddha ke samaya For Personal & Private Use Only

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174 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana arjuna ke samakSa AI thii| usane moha-vimugdha hokara astra-zastra rakha diye the, sva-kartavya se virata ho gayA thaa| usa samaya zrIkRSNa ke samajhAne se usake mana-mastiSka se moha kA paradA haTA aura vaha svakartavya pAlana ke lie tatpara huaa| naitika paristhiti kA lakSaNa .. naitika paristhiti kyA hai ? isako samajhane ke lie nItizAstra manISiyoM ne tIna lakSaNa batAye haiM (1) naitika cetanA (Moral Consciousness)-isakA tAtparya mAnava kI buddhi aura ahaM (Intellect and Ego) kA jAgrata rahanA hai| jaTila paristhiti meM bhI mAnava buddhi se hI kAma letA hai| use zubha-azubha aura ucita-anucita kA jJAna rahatA hai| isa jJAna ko nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se naitika cetanA kahA gayA hai / (2) naitika saMkalpa (Moral Alternatives)-kisI eka samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie eka se adhika vikalpoM kA, honaa| udAharaNArthasvArtha aura parArtha kA vikalpa / naitika cetanA ina vikalpoM kI ora saMketa karatI hai aura vyakti inameM se kisI eka vikalpa ko sAdhana ke rUpa meM cunatA hai| (3) svatantra vikalpa (Frce will)--yadyapi mAnava nirNaya karane meM svatantra hotA hai kintu usakI svatantratA asImita nahIM hotI, isameM uttaradAyitva kA tatva bhI jur3A hotA haiM, use loka svatantratA arthAt dUsaroM kI AjAdI, suvidhA kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai| ataH vaha AtmasvAtantrya aura loka svAtantrya kA samanvaya karake hI nirNaya letA hai tabhI usakA nirNaya naitika bana pAtA hai / naitika nirNaya kI prakriyA kA krama isa prakAra hai-naitika paristhiti ---samasyA kA vivecana-naitika vikalpa naitika mUlyAMkana-naitika saMkalpa / isa prakriyA se gujarate hue hI mAnava naitika nirNaya karake usakA kAryAnvayana kara pAtA hai| sAmAjika rUr3hiyAM naitika nirNaya ko sAmAjika rUr3hiyAM bhI prabhAvita karatI haiM / bhAra-- tIya samAja meM mRtyubhoja, jAtiprathA Adi saikar3oM rUr3hiyAM pracalita haiN| koI vyakti ina rUr3hiyoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, kintu kisI sambandhI kI mRtyu For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 175 para, samAja meM sammAna banAe rakhane kI dRSTi se mRtyu bhoja dene kA nirNaya use karanA par3atA hai / isI prakAra kI anya rUr3hiyoM ke pakSa meM use nirNaya karanA par3atA hai| yadyapi nItizAstra kI dRSTi se aise nirNaya naitika nahIM hai, kintu sammAna kA mUlya adhika hone se vaha ina nirNayoM ko karane ke lie vivaza ho jAtA hai| kintu apane svatantra saMkalpa para Thesa lagane se vaha ghora antardvandva meM pha~sa jAtA hai| aisI jaTila sthiti se trANa pAne ke lie jainAcAryoM ne eka naitika mArga sujhAyA hai jainiyoM ko sabhI laukika vidhiyA~ (rUr3hiyA~) usI sImA taka mAnya haiM, jaba taka samyaktva kI hAni na hotI ho aura vratoM meM dUSaNa (kisI bhI prakAra kA doSa) na lge| prastuta mArga kA anusaraNa karane se vyakti ko naitika paristhitiyoM aura sAmAjika rUr3hiyoM kI jaTilatAoM se bhI ucita vikalpoM aura sAdhanoM kI prApti ho jAtI hai| vaha apanI samanvayAtmaka tathA RtambharA satyagrAhiNI) prajJA se ucita evaM naitika nirNaya le sakatA hai tathA use binA kisI ko Thesa pahu~cAe kAryAnvita kara sakatA hai| pratikriyA : anya janoM kA vyavahAra prakRti kA yaha niyama hai ki pratyeka kriyA kI pratikriyA hotI hai / Apa jitanI zakti se geMda ko kisI dIvAra para phaikeMge, TakarAkara vaha utane hI vega se vApisa lauttegii| prakRti kA yaha siddhAnta mAnava samAja aura mAnava mana para bhI lAgU hotA hai| manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai, usakA anya vyaktiyoM se samparka rahatA hai, ataH anya vyaktiyoM ke vyavahAra kI pratikriyA mAnava mana para hotI hai tathA mAnava jaisI bhI kiyA anya vyaktiyoM ke sAtha karatA haiM, usakI pratikriyA anya vyaktiyoM para hotI hai / 11. sarva eva hi jainAnAM pramANaM laukiko vidhiH / yatra samyaktvahAnirna yatra na vratadUSaNaM / / -somadeva sUri-upAsakAdhyayana For Personal & Private Use Only

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176 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kriyA, pratikriyA, anukriyA (action, reaction, response) yaha cakra satata calatA rahatA hai / samAja ke anya vyaktiyoM ne kisI eka vyakti ke prati sadvyavahAra kiyA to usake mana meM ucita pratikriyA hogI / mAnava svayaM bhI naitika banegA aura samAja meM bhI naitikatA kA prasAra hogA / cora, DAkU, luTere banane kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki samAja ina vyaktiyoM ke sAtha anaitikatA kA vyavahAra karatA hai, unakI ucita bAta ko bhI anucita mAnakara pratAr3ita, tiraskRta, apamAnita karatA hai, pariNAmataH sIdhe sAde vyakti bhI samAja se vidroha kara baiThate haiM aura cora, DAkU, hatyAre, aparAdhI bana jAte haiM / naitika nirNaya meM isIlie samAja ke anya vyaktiyoM kA vyavahAra bhI pramukha bhUmikA adA karatA hai / vaijJAnika prabhAva Adhunika yuga vijJAna kA yuga hai / Aja kA mAnava vaijJAnikoM dvArA bAta ko satya mAnatA hai / vijJAna ne khagola, bhUgola, AhAra, Adi sabhI viSayoM meM vismayakArI khojeM kI haiM aura sapramANa inheM mAnavoM ke samakSa rakhA hai / isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai kiM zAstra aura prAcIna mAnyatAoM se mAnava kI AsthA DagamagA gaI hai / nIti sambandhI mAnyatAoM meM bhI bahuta parivartana A gayA hai / kucha samaya pahale taka kisI dUsarI jAti, varNa athavA deza kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha sambandha anaitika mAnA jAtA thA, kintu Ajakala isameM anaitikatA kI to bAta hI kyA, pragatizIlatA mAnI jAne lagI hai / vidhavA vivAha Adi ke bAre meM bhI aisA hI hai / gamanAgamana, AhAra Adi kI naitika mAnyatAoM meM bhI parivartana A rahA hai| AcAra aura vyavahAra ke bAre meM bhI isI prakAra kI sthiti hai / bhautika, rasAyana aura jIvavijJAna kI naI khojoM ne mAnava kI purAnI naitika mAnyatAoM ko kAphI parivartita kara diyA hai / ina sabhI bAtoM se naitika nirNaya prabhAvita hue haiM / yadyapi mAnava svatantra icchAzakti kA dhanI hai, vaha usI ke AdhAra para nirNaya karatA hai| para abhilASAoM kA mUlyAMkana karane ke kAraNa vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM se For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 177 prApta viziSTa sAdhana aura jJAna kA upayoga bhI karatA hI hai| isI rUpa meM vaijJAnika anusandhAna usake naitika nirNaya ko prabhAvita karate haiN| tAkika tarka buddhi kA kArya hai| buddhi UhApoha karane kI kSamatA ko kahA jAtA hai / sad-asad, zubha-azubha, ucita-anucita Adi kA nirNaya buddhi hI karatI hai / isa prakAra naitika nirNaya meM buddhi kA vizeSa hAtha rahatA hai|| kintu mAnava sirpha buddhi ke AdhAra para calane vAlA prANI nahIM hai / usameM saMvega, bhAvanAe~, icchAe~ Adi bhI hotI haiN| una icchAoM kI preraNA aura mUlya bhI hotA hai / unheM saMtuSTa karanA bhI mAnava ke lie avazyambhAvI hai| ataH mAnava kA naitika nirNaya buddhi aura saMvegoM ke samanvaya ke AdhAra para hotA hai| . naitika nirNaya kI vizeSatAeM anya nirNayoM kI apekSA naitika nirNayoM kI kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo inakA pRthaka svarUpa nirdhArita karatI haiM / aisI kucha vizeSatAe~ nimna haiM - (1) mUlyAtmakatA-anya prakAra ke nirNaya tathyAtmaka hote haiM jaise-sUrya pUrva dizA se nikalatA hai; kintu naitika nirNaya mUlyAtmaka hote haiM, yaha vyakti ke caritra kA mUlyAMkana karate haiN| udAharaNArtha-yaha kahanA ki amuka vyakti caritravAna hai athavA amuka vyakti duzcaritra hai, yaha una vyaktiyoM ke caritra kA mUlyAMkana hai| saMkSepa meM, naitika nirNaya kisI vyakti athavA kArya kI acchAI-burAI kA vizleSaNa karane vAlI eka mAnasika kriyA hotI hai| .. ... (2) niyAmakatA-naitika nirNaya niyAmaka, AdarzAtmaka athavA AdezAtmaka hote haiM / Adarza isa rUpa meM ki vyakti nirNaya karate samaya kisI bhI prakAra kA Adarza apane mastiSka meM rakhatA hai aura usa Adarza ke anurUpa kriyA kA Adeza apane snAyutaMtra ko detA hai / myUrahaiDa ke zabdoM meM yaha AcaraNa para nirNaya se sambandhita hai, yaha nirNaya ki isa prakAra kA AcaraNa ucita hai yA anucita / .......vaha nyAyAtmaka nirNaya ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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178 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana viSaya ke rUpa meM AcaraNa se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai / / (3) kAryaparakatA-naitika nirNaya karate samaya kisI naitika mAna-daNDa kA AdhAra lekara kisI kArya vizeSa ke aucitya-anaucitya kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai| maikeMjI ke zabdoM meM isakA abhiprAya yaha hai-'kisI bhI kArya ke accha-bure hone kA nirNaya karane vAlA eka dRSTikoNa / " yaha dRSTikoNa hI naitika nirNaya kA mAna-daNDa hai| isa prakAra mUlyAtmakatA, niyAmakatA aura kAryaparakatA naitika nirNaya kI ve vizeSatAe~ haiM, jo ise anya prakAra ke nirNayoM se bhinna svarUpa pradAna karatI haiM aura eka viziSTa upalabdhi detI haiM / nirNaya-kartA naitika nirNaya kA itanA vivecana aura vizleSaNa ho cukane para eka pramukha prazna anuttarita raha jAtA hai ki isa naitika nirNaya ko karane vAlA kauna hai ? vibhinna nItizAstriyoM ne isake uttara vibhinna prakAra se diye haiN| zephTsa barI ise naitika samIkSaka (Moral Connoisseur) kahatA hai, Adama smitha ise taTastha draSTA (Impartial Spectator) nAma detA hai| - saMta pAla ise IsA (Christ) kahatA hai aura mahAtmA gAMdhI ne isakI abhidhA rAma dI hai| samasta dhArmika saMtahRdaya vyaktiyoM ne ise apane-apane iSTa devoM ke nAma se pukArA hai| Adama smitha ke zabdoM meM-jaba maiM svayaM apane AcaraNa kI jAMca karane kI ceSTA karatA haiM to mAno apane ko do vyaktiyoM meM vibhAjita kara detA hU~ / parIkSaka aura nyAyAdhIza ke rUpa meM maiM usa dUsare vyakti se bhinna 1 It is concerned with the judgment upon conduct, the judgment that such and such conduct is right or wrong... It deals with the conduct as the subject of the judicial judgment.... -Muirhead, J. H. : The Elements of Ethics, p. 19 2 The point of view from which an action is judged to be good or bad. -Mckenzie, J. S. : A Manual of Ethics, p. 112 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 176 kA pratinidhitva karatA hU~ jisake AcaraNa kI jAMca ho rahI hai / prathama draSTA hai, dUsarA kartA hai / prathama nirNAyaka hai, dUsarA nirNIta vyakti hai / / .. . ___ yahA~ yahI vicAra karanA hai ki vaha kauna sI zakti hai jise zephTasabarI ne 'naitika samIkSaka', 'Adama smitha' ne 'taTastha draSTA' kahA aura anya saMtoM ne apanA-apanA iSTadeva btaayaa| sAmAnya bhASA meM ise antaHkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai aura vizeSa rUpa meM antraatmaa| antarAtmA ke sAMkhyadarzana meM cAra bheda mAne gaye haiMmana, citta, buddhi aura ahaMkAra / ina sabakA sammilita rUpa hI antaHkaraNa hai| nItizAstra kA daSTikoNa bhI lagabhaga aisA hI hai| vaha saMkalpa, icchA. buddhi, saMvega, Avega Adi kA adhiSThAna AtmA ko svIkAra karatA hai / ina saba para AtmA kI eka viziSTa zakti zAsana karatI hai, usakA nAma hai viveka (Reason) / mAnava kA viveka hI naitika nirNaya kA kAryakartA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra 'vivege dhammamAhie-viveka hI dharma kA nirNAyaka hai| ise hI antaHprajJA, pannA'kahA gayA hai, ise hI 'appA-AyA AtmA' kahA gayA hai| . naitika nirNaya ke viveka kI avadhAraNA jaina-darzana ko bhI svIkArya hai / usake anusAra bhI nirNaya viveka ke AdhAra para hI honA cAhie / aura vivekapUrNa nirNaya vahI hai jisameM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, vAsanA, svArtha Adi AvegoM kI gandha bhI na ho, sAmAjika rUr3hiyoM ke paripAlana ke lie nyAya kA galA na ghoMTA jAya, vyakti ko dukhI na kiyA jAya aura use patana ke lie vivaza na kiyA jAya / hAnikAraka prathAoM ko tor3anA prAcIna kAla meM eka prathA pracalita thI uttarAdhikArIvihIna sampatti kA svAmI rAjA hotA thA aura strI kA (cAhe vaha patnI, mA~, athavA bahana koI bhI kyoM na ho) puruSa (pati, pitA, bhAI ) kI saMpatti meM koI adhikAra nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| isa prathA kA AdhAra rAjAoM kI svArthabhAvanA thI 1. uddhRta, DA. rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 66 For Personal & Private Use Only

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18. jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kyoMki isake kAraNa unakA rAjakoSa bharatA thaa| lekina yaha prathA vyabhicAra' kalaha kA kAraNa bana gaI tathA isane niHsaMtAna striyoM kI dazA bahuta hI patita kara dii| jaina dharma meM prArambha se hI isa nIti ke virodhI svara milate haiN| jaba bhRgu purohita apanI patnI aura donoM putroM ke sAtha zrAmaNI dIkSA grahaNa karane ko tatpara ho jAtA hai, taba isa paramparA ke anusAra rAjA iSukAra ke rAjakoSa meM jamA karane ke lie purohita kA sArA dhana lAyA jAtA hai| usa samaya rAnI kamalAvatI ise vamana kiyA huA dhana batAkara isakI nindA karatI hai| isa nindA se bhI rAjAoM kI svArthavRtti ke kAraNa yaha kutsita paramparA banda nahIM huI apitu vyabhicAra, kalaha Adi kI vRddhi karatI huI vRddhiMgata hotI rahI / sthiti bahuta hI bhaMyakara ho gii| taba eka ghaTanA ke phalasvarUpa AcArya hemacandra ne vyavasthA dI pati yadi patita ho gayA ho, kahIM calA gayA ho, vikSipta ho gayA 1. eka vRdvA seThAnI grAma sImA para sote hue kayavannA zAha ko apane cAkaroM dvArA sirpha isalie uThavA le AtI hai ki usakA putra aputrI hI mara gayA hai aura kayavannA usakI cAra putravadhuoM se putra utpanna kare, jisase usake dhana ko rAjA na har3apa sake / (pUrI ghaTanA ke lie dekhie-kathA koSa prakaraNa, dharmopadeza vivaraNa tathA jaina kathAeM bhAga 46 upAdhyAyazrI puSkara muni jI kRta) 2. do vidhavA striyA~ eka putra ke lie lar3atI huI AI aura eka zizu ko apanA apanA putra batAne lgiiN| isa kalaha kA kAraNa bhI yahI durnItipUrNa paramparA thii| isakA nyAya bhagavAna sumatinAtha kI mAtA sumaMgalA ne kiyaa| aisI hI kathA King Solomen's Justice meM milatI hai| -dekhie upAdhyAya puSkarazrI muni jI kRta : jaina kathAeM bhAga 101 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 14vAM iSukArIya adhyayana, gAthA 38 naSTe bhraSTe ca vikSipte patau pravajite mate / tasya nizzeSavittasyAdhipA syAdvaravaNinI // kuTumbapAlane zaktyA jyeSThA yA ca kulAMganA / putrasya satve'satve ca bhartRvatsAdhikAraNI // -arha nIti, dAyabhAga prakaraNa, zloka 52-53, pR0 128 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 181 ho, pravajita ho gayA ho athavA mRtyu ko prApta ho gayA ho to usakI saMpatti kI adhikAraNI usakI strI hotI hai / ___Age unhoMne kahA ki usa strI ke putra ho athavA na ho, isakA usa ke saMpatti ke svAmitva para koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| isa vyavasthA ke mUla meM ghaTanA isa prakAra thI eka bAra pATaNanareza kumArapAla ne rAtri ke samaya kisI strI kA rudana svara sunA / ve usake pAsa pahu~ce / usa samaya vaha AtmahatyA karane ko taiyAra ho rahI thii| kumArapAla ne rudana aura AtmahatyA kA kAraNa pUchA to usa strI ne batAyA-mere pati mujhe niputrI hI chor3akara svarga padhAra gaye haiN| deza kI paramparA ke anusAra prAtaHkAla hI merA sArA dhana rAjakoSa meM jamA kara diyA jAyegA aura maiM dAne-dAne ko mohatAja hokara dara-dara bhaTakatI phiruuNgii| isa bAta ko sunakara kumArapAla kA hRdaya dravita ho gyaa| unheM isa bIbhatsa prathA se ghRNA ho gaI jo eka kulIna strI ko itanA patita va vivaza kara de| kumArapAla ne AcArya hemacandra ke samakSa apane mana kI ulajhana rakhI aura isakA ucita samAdhAna caahaa| AcAryazrI ke parAmarza para rAjA ne sabhAsadoM, maMtriyoM, koSAdhyakSa ke prabala virodha ke bAvajUda bhI isa prathA ko banda kara diyA, aura dRr3ha svara meM kaha diyA-striyoM ko AtmahatyA para vivaza kara dene vAlI isa kutsita prathA se prApta dhana mujhe kisI kImata para nahIM caahie| isa vyavasthA ke bAda bhI isa kutsita prathA kA astitva banA rahA jo lArDa DalahaujI kI haDapa nIti ke rUpa meM sAmane aayaa| usane bhI, jo rAjA niHputrI mara gaye unake rAjya ko kampanI zAsana ke antargata lene kA kucakra calAyA, yahA~ taka ki hajAroM varSoM se pracalita aura mAnyatA prApta dattaka putroM ko bhI uttarAdhikArI svIkAra karane se inakAra kara diyaa| ___ apanI isa har3apa nIti ke anusAra kampanI sarakAra ne jhAMsI Adi aneka rAjyoM ko har3apa liyaa| yaha prathama svatantratA saMgrAma kA eka pramukha kAraNa siddha huaa| 1. yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni : jaina kathAmAlA, bhAga 17, pR0 43 kA sAra-saMkSepa 2. dekhie, Adhunika bhArata-lArDa DalahaujI kI har3apa nIti / For Personal & Private Use Only

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182 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isa prakAra yaha prathA eka bhayaMkara durnIti ke rUpa meM samAja aura rAjya tathA vyaktigata evaM pArivArika jIvana ke lie vyabhicAra, kleza, kalaha, saMgharSa kA kAraNa banI / viveka ke AdhAra para nirNaya lene vAle naitika vyakti ko aisI hAnikAraka rUr3hiyoM ko tor3ane kA nizcaya karanA par3atA hai aura usakA yaha nizcaya pUrNa rUpa se naitika hotA hai / jaTila paristhitiyoM meM vivekapUrNa nirNaya kabhI-kabhI manuSya ke sAmane aisI sthiti samutpanna ho jAtI hai, jo spaSTataH adhArmika, anaitika dikhAI detI hai / spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai ki amuka vyakti ne nizcita hI pApAcAra kiyA hai / aisI dazA meM gambhIra vyakti kA bhI mAnasa khalabalA uThAtA hai, hRdaya krodha ke Avega meM bhara jAtA hai, vaha turanta hI usa vyakti ko kaThora se kaThora daNDa sunA detA hai, mRtyu daNDa bhI de detA hai, usa vyakti ko bolane taka kA avasara nahIM detA hai / lekina naitikatA kA takAjA hai ki cAhe spaSTataH vyakti aparAdhI hI dRSTigata ho rahA ho, phira bhI AvegoM meM bahakara kabhI koI nirNaya nahIM karanA cAhie, anyathA vaha dharmAnumodita dikhAI dene vAlA nirNaya bhI anaitika aura pApapUrNa bana jAtA hai| aisI hI sthiti antima mugala samrATa bahAdurazAha ke sAmane samupasthita ho gaI thI jisameM naitika nirNaya kI pramukha bhUmikA eka mahAna jainAcArya ne vahana kI / ghaTanA isa prakAra hai bAdazAhoM ke ranivAsa to bar3e hote hI haiM / unake ranivAsa meM unakI striyoM (begamoM) kI saMkhyA adhika hotI hai, aura lar3akiyA~ bhI bahuta hotI haiN| bAdazAha bahAdurazAha kI aneka putriyoM meM se eka kuMvArI yuvA putrI garbhavatI ho gii| yaha sUcanA prApta hote hI bAdazAha ekadama tilamilA * gaye / unakI AMkhoM se aMgAre barasane lage / binA vizeSa chAnabIna kiye aura mAmale ko gaharAI se samajhe binA hI Adeza de diyA "aisI pApinI kanyA kA muMha bhI dekhanA pApa hai, use jaldI se jaldI khatma kara diyA jAya / " jodhapuranareza ajItasiMha jI ke pradhAna khIMvasI jI bhaMDArI ne yaha For Personal & Private Use Only

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natika nirNaya | 183 Adeza sunA to vaha isa yuvA kanyA se mile, bhAMti-bhAMti ke prazna kiye lekina unheM vaha lar3akI durAcAriNI nahIM mAlUma huii| unhoMne bAdazAha ko bahuta samajhAyA kintu vaha apane kaThora nirNaya se Tasa se masa na huaa| usa samaya jainAcArya zrI amarasiMha jI ma. dillI meM hI virAjamAna the / khIMvasIjI bhaMDArI unake darzana karane gaye to unake muMha para udAsI thii| AcAryazrI ke pUchane para unhoMne apanI ulajhana prakaTa kI-kanyA nirdoSa mAlUma par3atI hai phira bhI bAdazAha use doSI mAnakara mRtyudaNDa dene para utArU hai| AcAryazrI ne unheM batAyA ki pA~ca kAraNoM se strI puruSa-sahavAsa ke binA bhI garbhavatI ho sakatI hai 1. puruSa vIrya se saMsraSTa sthAna ko apane guhya sthAna se AkrAnta kara baiThI huI strI ke yoni-deza meM zukra-pudgaloM kA AkarSaNa hone para 2. zukra-pudgaloM se saMsraSTa vastra ke yoni-deza meM anupraviSTa hone para 3. putrArthinI hokara svayaM apane hI hAthoM se zukra-pudgaloM ko yonideza meM anupraviSTa kara dene para 4. dUsaroM ke dvArA zukra-pudgaloM ko yoni-deza meM anupraviSTa kiye jAne para 5. nadI, tAlAba Adi meM snAna karatI huI strI ke yoni-deza meM zukra-pudgaloM ke anupraviSTa ho jAne para / kintu aise garbha se jo piMDa utpanna hotA hai usameM puruSa pradatta aMga asthi Adi nahIM hote aura vaha piMDa bulabule ke samAna kucha hI kSaNoM meM svayaM vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| bAdazAha ne khIMvasIjI bhaMDArI se yaha saMpUrNa rahasya jAnakara mRtyu. daNDa kA Adeza sthagita kara diyA aura usa kanyA ke cAroM ora kar3A paharA lagavA diyaa| usa kanyA ke garbha se jo piMDa nikalA vaha thor3I hI dera meM bulabule ke samAna vinaSTa ho gyaa| - bahAdurazAha prabhAvita huaa| usane AcAryazrI se jIva-vadha na karane aura mAMsa na khAne ke niyama grahaNa kiye / 1. sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 5, sUtra 416 2. lekhaka kI jaina jagata ke jyotirdhara AcArya, prakAza 2, pR0 23-26 kA sAra saMkSepa For Personal & Private Use Only

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184 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sAmAnya dRSTi se bAdazAha kA kvArI kanyA ko isa sthiti meM mRtyudanDa denA ucita hI kahA jAtA, ise sabhI dharmAnumodita aura naitika hI kahate, koI bhI ise anaitika na kahatA / kintu nIti athavA naitika nirNaya sAmAnya dRSTyA nahIM lie jA sakate / bahuta bAra aise nirNaya anaitika bhI ho jAte haiN| isIlie daNDa nirNaya ke viSaya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se mRtyudaNDa ke nirNaya ke viSaya meM Adhunika nyAya kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai ki mRtyudaNDa yA to diyA hI na jAe aura yadi denA hI par3e to bahuta hI chAna-bIna ke bAda hI diyA cAhie, kyoMki yadi bAda meM aise tathya (facts) sAmane Ate haiM, jinase vaha vyakti nirdoSa pramANita hotA hai to usakA jIvana lauTAne meM nyAya sakSama nahIM hai| nyAya ke isa siddhAnta ke anurUpa hI nIti kA viveka-nirNaya kA siddhAnta hai| isakA hArda yahI hai ki satahI taura para kisI bhI bAta kA nirNaya nahIM karanA cAhie apitu bahuta hI gaharAI se chAnabIna kara Thosa jAnakArI ke AdhAra para yathAtathya nirNaya karanA Avazyaka hai anyathA naitika lagane vAle nirNaya bhI ghora anaitika banate dera nahIM lgtii| vivekapUrNa naitika nirNaya ke lie nIti kA yaha zloka pUrNatayA saTIka hai sahasA vidadhIta na kriyAmavivekaH paramApadAM padam / vRNute hi vimRzyakAriNaM, guNalubdhAH svayameva saMpadaH / / koI kAma sahasA nahIM karanA cAhie / aviveka hI bar3I-bar3I ApattiyoM kA kAraNa hai| soca-vicArakara kArya karane vAle ke pAsa saMpadAe~ svayaM hI calI AtI haiN| kucha kArya nIti se pare bhI sabhI mAnavIya kriyAe~ nItizAstra ke antargata nahIM AtIM kucha aisI bhI kriyAe~ haiM jo nItizAstra kI sImA se pare haiN| isa apekSA se mAnavIya kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai (1) aicchika kArya (Voluntary Actions) (2) anaicchika kArya (Non-Voluntary Actions) ___ aicchika kArya ve haiM, jinheM vyakti icchApUrvaka karatA hai, inameM mUlapravRttiyoM, saMkalpa, saMvega Adi kI bhI preraNA rahatI hai| inhIM kAryoM kI For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika nirNaya | 185 kI apekSA vyakti ko naitika athavA anaitika kahA jAtA hai aura inhIM kAryoM para naitika nirNaya lAgU hotA hai| __ anaicchika kArya ve hote haiM jo svataH hI hote rahate haiN| inameM vyakti ko kisI prakAra kI icchA, saMkalpa, Adi karane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hotI, inameM kisI prakAra ke saMvega bhI nahIM hote| inako svataH cAlita (automatic) tathA gatyAtmaka (motory) kriyAe~ kahA jAtA hai / yaha sahaja kriyAtmaka hote haiM / pAcana kriyA, zvAsocchvAsa kriyA, Adi aisI sabhI kriyAe~ anaicchika kArya haiN| ina kriyAoM kA uttaradAyitva kartA para nahIM hotA / ataH yaha nIti zAstra aura yahA~ taka ki dharmazAstra, AcArazAstra Adi sabhI zAstroM kI sImAoM se pare haiM, bAhara haiN| IryApathikI kriyA aura sAMparAyikI kriyA ke rUpa meM jaina darzana ne bhI isI prakAra kI do kriyAe~ mAnI haiN| ThANAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana tatvArthasUtra * meM kriyAoM kA varNana huA hai / yadyapi kriyAoM kI saMkhyA 13, 25, 36 Adi vibhinna apekSAoM se hai kintu pramukha vargIkaraNa IryApathika aura sAMparAyika yaha do prakAra kA hI hai, isI meM sabhI kriyAe~ samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| nItizAstra kI sImA meM Ane vAlI sabhI kriyAe~ sAMparAyika kriyAe~ haiM, jinake lie kartA uttaradAyI hai| inhIM se vyakti ko naitika-anaitika kahA jAtA hai / kyoMki yaha kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa, kaSAya Adi se anuraMjita, anuprANita aura prerita hotI haiM / yahI Voluntary actions haiM / IpithikI kriyAe~ mana-vacana kAya yoga ke parispandana mAtra se sahaja hotI haiN| inameM rAga-dvoSa, saMkalpa Adi kA aMza nahIM hotA, isIlie karmabaMdhana bhI nahIM hotaa| cUMki kartA ina kriyAoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM 1. (ka) ThANAMgasUtra sthAna 2 (kha) prajJApanA pada 22 2. sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya zru taskandha, dUsarA adhyayana 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyayana 31, gAthA 12 4. tatvArthasUtra, adhyAya 6, sUtra 5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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186 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hotA, isIlie aisI kriyAe~ jinheM nItizAstra meM anaicchika kriyAe~ (NonVoluntary actions) kahA gayA hai, nItizAstra kI sImA meM nahIM aatiiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra IpithikI kriyA arihantoM (jIvanamukta paramAtmA) ko lagatI hai, isIlie ve bhI nIti se pare haiM / upasaMhAra-isa prakAra naitika nirNayoM ko manovaijJAnika, saMvegAtmaka, sAmAjika, paristhityAtmaka aneka tatva prabhAvita karate haiM; lekina inameM sabase adhika prabhAvazAlI tatva haiM-rAga-dveSa, kaSAya, saMjJA aadi| jinakA prANImAtra ke jIvana meM satata sadbhAva banA rahatA hai| inake bahAva meM baha jAne para nirNaya anaitika ho jAte haiM aura jo vyakti ina para niyantraNa rakhatA hai, inheM niyamita, parisImita kara detA hai usake nirNaya naitika hote haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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khaNDa 2 jaina nIti ke vibhinna AyAma PART II Different Dimensions of Jaina Ethics For Personal & Private Use Only

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1. jaina nIti ko AdhAra : samyagdarzana 2. samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva 3. naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa vyasanamukta jIvana 4. jaina darzana sammata vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna 5. naitika utkarSa : zrAvaka kI AcAra nIti 6. naitika carama : zramaNAcAra 7. Atma-vikAsa kI manovaijJAnikanIti : guNasthAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana (RIGHT FAITH : BASE OF JAINA ETHICS) samyagdarzana kA artha samyagdarzana, samyaktva aura samyagdRSTi-ye tInoM zabda ekArthavAcI haiM / nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se samyaktva athavA samyagdarzana kA artha haisatyadRSTi, yathArthadRSTi / sAmAnya zabdoM meM ise 'ucitatA, yathArthatA,' bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / samyaktva kA artha tatvaruci bhI hai| nItizAstra kI dRSTi se yaha artha adhika mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki isa artha se 'satya kI abhiruci' yaha abhiprAya dyotita hotA hai| yoM satyadRSTi tathA satya kI ora abhiruci-samyaktva ke ye donoM hI abhiprAya nIti ke mUla AdhAra haiM / yahA~ yaha prazna hotA hai ki yathArthadRSTi athavA satyadRSTi kyA hai ? aura sAtha hI AnuSaMgika prazna yaha bhI hai ki kyA dRSTi ayathArtha bhI hotI hai ? aura yadi vaha hotI hai to usakA nAma aura lakSaNa kyA hai, jisako tyAgane se satyadRSTi kI upalabdhi hotI hai| jaina paramparA meM ayathArtha dRSTi ko mithyAtva athavA mithyAdRSTi kahA gayA hai| 1 abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 5 2 (ka) bauddhadarzana meM bhI mithyAtva kahA gayA hai, dekhie aMguttaranikAya 1/10-20 (kha) gItA meM ajJAna kahA hai / draSTavya gItA 5/14-15, 14-8, 16-10, 16/15, 18/22 Adi . 186 For Personal & Private Use Only

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160 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mithyAtva ke jaina zAstroM meM 25 prakAra ginAye gaye haiM / unameM se dasa bheda to ThANAMga meM hai aura zeSa 15 bheda yatra-tatra zAstroM meM bikhare hue haiM / ThANAMga meM ullikhita mithyAtva ke 10 bheda haiM--- (1) dharma meM adharma saMjJA (2) adharma meM dharma saMjJA (3) mArga meM kumArga saMjJA (5) jIva meM ajIva saMjJA (7) sAdhu meM asAdhu saMjJA (4) kumArga meM mArga saMjJA (6) ajIva meM jIva saMjJA (8) asAdhu meM sAdhu saMjJA (10) amukta meM mukta saMjJA' (e) mukta meM amukta saMjJA saMjJA kA artha yahA~ samajha - samajhanA athavA Agraha rakhanA hai / yaha saba viparIta abhiniveza aura buddhi viparyaya ke pariNAma haiM / mithyAtva ke anya 5 bheda yaha haiM- (11) ekAnta mithyAtva - vastu ko anekAntadRSTi se anantadharmAtma na mAnakara ekAnta rUpa se eka dharmAtmaka mAnanA, zeSa dharmoM kA apalApa kara denA / - ( ga ) pAzcAtya darzana meM bhI mithyAtva kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / vahAM cAra mithyA dhAraNAoM kA ullekha hai-- (1) sAmAjika saMskAroM se prApta - jAtigata mithyA dhAraNAe~ (Idola Tribus) ( 2 ) vyakti dvArA svayaM banAI gaI mithyA dhAraNAe~ ( Idola Specus ) inheM sAmAnya zabdoM meM pUrvAgraha (Prejudices) kahA jA sakatA hai / (3) asaMgata artha Adi ( Idola Fori ) - ise bAjArU mithyAdhAraNA athavA vizvAsa ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / - (4) mithyA siddhAnta athavA mAnyatAe~ ( Idola Theatri) pazcimI darzanakAroM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki ina mithyA dhAraNAoM athavA pUrvAgrahoM se mukta hone ke uparAnta hI jJAna ko yathArtha aura nirdoSa rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai | - thilI : hisTrI Apha philAsaphI, pR0 207 ( uddhRta - sAgaramala jaina : jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR0 42 sAbhAra / 3 ThANAMga, ThANA 10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 161 (12) vainayika mithyAtva-paramparAgata dhAraNAoM ko jyoM kI tyoM binA UhApoha kiye svIkAra kara lenaa| (13) saMzaya mithyAtva-saMdeha kI sthiti meM par3e rahanA, tathya kA nirNaya na krnaa| saMzaya aura jijJAsA meM antara hai / saMzaya meM lakSya-vimukhatA hotI hai, jabaki jijJAsA meM saralatA aura lakSyAbhimUkhatA hotI hai| jijJAsA meM tatva kA nizcaya karane kI bhAvanA rahatI hai jabaki saMzaya anizcaya kI avasthA--dolAyamAna sthiti hai| (14) viparIta mithyAtva-vastu ko usake svabhAva ke viparIta rUpa meM jAnanA, samajhanA aura vaisA hI nizcaya karanA / (15) ajJAna mithyAtva-zubhAzubha, tattvAtattva ke nirNaya kI kSamatA kA abhAva ajJAna mithyAtva hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM inhIM pA~coM mithyAtvoM ko (1) anAbhignahika (paraMparAgata dhAraNAoM ko binA samIkSA ke svIkAra karanA), (2) Abhigrahika (kisI ke upadeza se yA prabhAva meM Akara satya tatva ko asvIkAra karate rahanA), (3) Abhinivezika (asatya mAnyatA ko bhI ahaMkAra-vaza haThapUrvaka pakar3e rahanA), (4) sAMzayika (saMzayazIla bane rahanA, tatva kA nizcaya na karanA) aura (5) anAbhogika (viveka yA jJAna kSamatA kA abhAva) kahA gayA hai| (16) laukika mithyAtva-lokarUr3hi meM avicArapUrvaka ba~dhe rhnaa| (17) lokottara mithyAtva-pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke nimitta svArthavaza dharmAcaraNa athavA naitikatA kA AcaraNa karanA athavA una dhAraNAoM se grasta rhnaa| . (18) kuprAvacanika mithyAtva-mithyA dArzanika vicAraNAoM ko svIkRta krnaa| (16) nyUna mithyAtva-pUrNa satya yA tatvasvarUpa ko AMzika satya samajhanA yA nyUna mAnanA / (20) adhika mithyAtva-AMzika satya ko usase adhika pUrNa satya samajha lenaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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192 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (21) viparIta mithyAtva-vastu tatva ko usake viparIta rUpa meM smjhnaa| (22) akriyA mithyAtva-AtmA ko ekAnta rUpa se akriya mAnanA athavA sirpha jJAna ko mahatva dekara kriyA (cAritra) kI upekSA krnaa| (23) mUDhadRSTitva-mUr3hAvasthA, jisameM jIva ko tatva kA nirNaya karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotii| (24) avinaya mithyAtva-pUjyajanoM tathA satya tatvoM ke prati asammAna kA bhAva rakhanA, unakI AjJA na maannaa| (25) AzAtanA mithyAtva-pUjyavarga kI AlocanA, nindA karanA / mithyAtva kA abhiprAya viparIta jJAna aura jJAna kA abhAva donoM hI haiM / sAtha hI ekAMta athavA nirapekSa jJAna bhI mithyAtva hI hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki vastu sApekSAtmaka tathA anantadharmAtmaka hotI hai-udAharaNataH agni meM pAcakatA, prakAza, tApa Adi aneka guNa dharma hote haiM, unameM se eka guNa ko svIkAra karake anya guNoM kA apalApa karanA dRSTi viparyAsa athavA jJAna kI nyUnatA hone se vastu ko pUrNataH na samajhanA hai| mithyAtva kA pratyaya AtmaniSTha (subjective) aura vastuniSTha (objective) donoM hI prakAra kA hotA hai| mithyAtva vastutaH tatva ke prati avizvAsa, galata vizvAsa hai| isa vizvAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa jJAna meM malinatA AtI hai aura jJAna kI malinatA ke kAraNa nirdoSa AcaraNa nahIM ho paataa| aise vyakti (mithyAtvI) kA sadoSa AcaraNa svayameva hI anaitika bana jAtA hai / isa prakAra mithyAtva anaitikatA kA prArambha bindu hai| yaha sampUrNa jIvana ko anaitika banA detA hai tathA isakI carama pariNati AcaraNa kI anaitikatA ke rUpa meM vyakta hotI hai| mithyAtva ke viparIta samyaktva kA abhiprAya hai vastu ke prati yathArtha dRSTikoNa-vizvAsa / yathArtha vizvAsa se jJAna meM nirmalatA AtI hai, pariNAmasvarUpa AcaraNa bhI nirdoSa hotA hai| isIlie jaina darzana ne 1 viparIta mithyAtva 14veM krama meM bhI A cukA hai / ataH yahA~ isakA abhiprAya mithyA abhiniveza samajhanA caahie| jisameM viparItatA kA Aveza athavA haTha rakhA jAtA hai, isa mithyAtva meM ahaMkAra kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| lekhaka 2 zrI aloka muni-samyagdarzana : eka anuzIlana, pRSTha 443-446 / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 193 samyaktva athavA samyagdarzana ko naitikatA- nItipUrNa AcaraNa kA mUla AdhAra mAnA hai, tathA isI ke AdhAra para naitika pragati hotI hai / samyagdarzana kA nItizAstrIya mahatva AcArya jinabhadragaNi ne tatvaruci ko samyaktva kahA hai aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI dasa prakAra kI ruci ko samyaktva ke bheda mAne haiM / tatvaruci kI apekSA samyaktva kA abhiprAya satya kI utkRSTa icchA hai / nItizAstra meM samyaktva kA yaha abhiprAya bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai / isa apekSA se naitika sAdhanA meM samyaktva ko svayaM hI ati viziSTa sthAna prApta ho jAtA hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki satya kI prakRSTa ruci hI naitikatA kI sAdhanA ko gati dene vAlA pramukha preraka tathA AdhAra hai / jaba taka mAnava meM satya - ruci jAgRta nahIM hogI, vaha naitikatA kI ora unmukha hI nahIM hogA / satya - ruci vaha AdhArabhUta tatva hai jo vyakti ko naitikatA kI ora bar3hane ke lie, naitika jIvana jIne ke lie prabala preraNA pradAna karatI hai / isa apekSA se jaina-darzana meM samyaktva ko nIti kA - naitika jIvana kA - naitika pragati kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai, jo ucita hai aura unnata, vizuddha naitika AcaraNa ke lie anivArya hai / jaina dharma meM samyaktva kA svarUpa jainadharma meM mokSa - sAdhanA kA praveza dvAra samyaktva athavA samyagdarzana hai / isa para kaI apekSAoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA vibhinna prakAra se 1 mokSa -sAdhanA kI apekSA se samyaktva kA mahatva bauddha aura vaidika donoM paraparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai- (ka) samyak dRSTikoNa nirvANa kA kinArA hai / - aMguttaranikAya 10/12 (kha) samyagdRSTi sampanna vyakti ko karmabandhana nahIM hotA / - manusmRti 6 / 74 [ noTa - manusmRti kA yaha kathana AcArAMga ( 1 / 3 / 2 / 375 ) ke 'sammattadaMsI na karei pAvaM' isa vacana kI hI puSTi karatA hai / - gItA 4 / 36 (ga) zraddhAvallabhate jJAnam (gha) sabhI manuSyoM kI zraddhA unake antaHkaraNa ke anurUpa hotI hai tathA vaha puruSa zraddhAmaya hai, isalie jo puruSa jaisI zraddhAvAlA hai, vaisA hI usakA svarUpa hai ( vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai. 1) - gItA 17 / 3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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194 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vargIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai / bar3e hI prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se samyaktva kA mahatva batAkara mAnava ko ise grahaNa karane kI preraNA dI gaI hai / samyagdarzana kA lakSaNa jaina dharma meM samyagdarzana atyadhika carcita viSaya rahA hai / ataH isake lakSaNa bhI vividha nayoM aura apekSAoM se diye gaye haiM / kintu vyavahAra se isakA sarvasammata lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA gayA hai padArthoM kA durabhiniveza rahita yathArtha zraddhAna samyagdarzana hai / " durabhiniveza kA artha kadAgraha hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai apanI mithyA - dhAraNA ke prati ahaMkArapUrvaka haTha karanA / Agamasammata vyAvahArika dRSTi se samyagdarzana kA lakSaNa do prakAra se prApta hotA hai - (1) deva - guru-dharma kI zraddhA aura ( 2 ) sAta athavA no tatvoM kA zraddhAna | deva kA yahA~ sacce deva se abhiprAya hai - jisakA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA gayA hai - jo sarvajJa ho, rAgadva eSa Adi vikAroM ko jisane jIta liyA ho, jo tInoM lokoM dvArA pUjya ho aura yathArtha vastu svarUpa kA kathana karane vAlA ho, aise arihaMta parameSThI hI sacce deva haiM / gurukA lakSaNa hai - pA~coM indriyoM ko vaza meM karane vAle, nau prakAra kI brahmacarya guptiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle, cAra prakAra ke kaSAyoM se mukta tathA paMca mahAvratoM ke pAlaka, jJAnAdi pA~ca prakAra ke AcAra ko pAlana 1 jaina AcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa : devendra muni zAstrI, pR0 105 2 arihaMto maha devo, jAvajjIvaM susAhuNo guruNo / jiNapaNNattaM tatta ii samattaM mae gahiyaM // , 3 tahiyANaM tu bhAvANaM sabbhAve uvaeseNaM / bhAveNaM saddahaMtassa sammattaM taM viyAhiyaM // 4 sarvajJo jitarAgAdidoSastra lokya pUjitaH / yathAsthitArthavAdI ca devo'rhan paramezvaraH / / - Avazyaka sUtra - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28 / 15 For Personal & Private Use Only - yogazAstra 2/4

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 195 karane meM samartha, paMca samiti aura trigupti se yukta-yoM 36 guNoM ke dhAraka tyAgIjana mere guru haiM / ' jina ( vItarAga- arihaMta parameSThI) dvArA kahA huA tatva hI dharma hai / tathA yaha ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa hotA hai|" vaha dharma bhavasAgara ( saMsAra samudra) meM DUbate hue prANiyoM ko bacA letA hai / durgati meM girate hue prANiyoM ko dhAraNa karake rakhatA hai, Upara hI uThAye rakhatA hai tathA / uttama sukha - yAnI mukti meM pahu~cA detA hai vaha dharma apanI AtmA ke anukUla hotA hai, samabhAva rUpa hotA hai / " kisI anya ko duHkhakArI nahIM hotA ?, maitrI Adi bhAvanAoM se yukta hotA hai aura yaha ahiMsA bhAvanA ( karma se bhI) se paripUrNa hotA hai / aisA dharma vItarAga Apta puruSa ke dvArA upadiSTa hotA hai / ataH sacce deva, sacce guru tathA sacce dharma para hRdaya tathA AtmA kI gaharAiyoM se zraddhA athavA vizvAsa karanA samyagdarzana hai / 1 paMcindiya saMvaraNo taha navaviha baMbhara guttidharo / visAyamukko, ia aTThArasa guNehiM saMjutto // paMcamahavvayajutto paMcavihAyArapAlaNa samattho / paMca samio tigutto chattIsaguNo gurumajjha / / 2 dhammo maMgalamukkaTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tavo / 3 so dhammo jo jIvaM dhArei bhavaNNave nivaDamANaM / 4 durgatau prapatantamAtmAnaM dhArayatIti dharmaH / - dazavaikAlika sUtra 1/1 - upAdhyAya yazovijaya : dharmaparIkSA - 5dharatyuttame sukhe / 6 samiyA dhamme Ariyehi paveie / 7 (ka) jaha mama na piye dukkhaM, jANiya emeva satva jIvANaM / (kha) jaM icchasi appaNato, jaM ca Na icchasi appaNato / jaM icchaM parassa vi ya, ettiyagaM jiNasAsaNaM / / -Avazyaka sUtra dazavai0 hAri0 vRtti 1 -ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra - AcArAMga 1 | 8|3 ----uddhRta: jaina AcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR. 108 8 vacanAdyanuSThAnamaviruddhAd yathoditaM / maitryAdibhAvasaMyuktaM taddharma iti kIrtyate / - dharmabindu prakaraNa 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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196 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nava tattva vyavahAra samyagdarzana kA dUsarA lakSaNa nava tatvoM kI yathArtha zraddhA kiyA gayA hai / ataH yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jaina dharmAnumodita nau tatva kauna se haiM, jina para zraddhA karane se jIva ko samyagdarzana kI upalabdhi hotI hai| nau tatvoM ke nAma haiM-1 jIva 2 ajIva 3 baMdha 4 puNya 5 pApa 6 Asrava 7 saMvara 8 nirjarA aura 6 mokSa' / tatvArtha sUtra 2 meM 7 tatva hI mAne haiM, puNya-pApa kI gaNanA tatvoM meM nahIM kI hai tathA vahA~ krama bhI bhinna hai-1 jIva 2 ajIva 3 Asrava 4 baMdha 5 saMvara 6 nirjarA aura 7 mokSa / kintu 7 aura 6 kI gaNanA apekSAbheda mAtra hai, isase svarUpa cintana meM koI antara nahIM aataa| yadyapi tatvArtha sUtrakAra ne bhI Asrava ke do bheda puNya aura pApa mAne haiM / lekina sirpha Asrava ke bheda puNya-pApa mAna lene se kAma nahIM calatA kyoMki puNya aura pApa kA baMdha bhI hotA hai tathA inakA phala bhI jIva ko bhoganA par3atA hai| phira nItizAstra kI dRSTi se tathA AcAra kI apekSA bhI pUNya-pApa kA mahatva adhika hai tathA inakA viziSTa sthAna hai| kyoMki puNya nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se zubha-naitika zubha hai aura pApa hai naitika azubha / ataH nau tatvoM kI gaNanA ho adhika ucita hai| (1) jIva tatva jIva kA lakSaNa-jIva zabda kI vyutpatti ke anusAra jIva kA lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai-jo jIvita rahatA hai, prANa dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha jIva hai|' 1 jIvAjInA ya bandho ya puNNaM pAvAsavo tahA / saMvaro nijjarA mokkho sante e tahiyA nava / / ~-uttarA0 28/14 2 jIvAjIvAsravabaMdhasaMvaranirjarAmokSAratatvam / -tatvArtha sUtra 1/4 3 kAyavAGa sunaH karmayogaH / 1 / sa AsravaH / 2 / zubhaH punnysy|3| azubhaH paapsy|4| -tatvArthasUtra 6/1-4 4 jIvati prANAn dhArayatIti jIvaH / -AcArya zrI AtmArAma jI-jaina tatva kalikA, paMcama kalikA, pRSTha 81, TippaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 167 jaina dharma meM jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga' batAyA gayA hai, jisameM cetanA tathA prANa-dhAraNa bhI gabhita hai| cetanA, yaha jIva kA mukhya lakSaNa hai, anya kisI bhI tatva meM yaha nahIM pAI jaatii| cetanA kA abhiprAya jIva kI jAnane, dekhane aura anubhava karane kI zakti hai / isa zakti ke kAraNa hI jIva sukha-dukha kA vedana karatA hai tathA Ananda kA anubhava karatA hai| jIvita rahane ke lie prANa dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai / jaina dharma meM prANa antaraMga aura bAhya-nizcaya tathA vyavahAra dRSTi se mAne gae haiM / jIva ke antaraMga 4 prANa haiM-1 jJAna, 2 darzana 3 sukha aura 4 vIrya tathA bAhya prANa 10 dasa haiM 1 zrogendriya bala prANa, 2 cakSu indriya bala prANa 3 ghrANa indriya bala prANa 4 rasanA indriya bala prANa 5 sparzana indriya bala prANa 6 mana bala prANa 7 vacana bala prANa, 8 kAyabala prANa, 6 zvAsocchvAsa bala prANa 10 Ayu bala prANa / __ jIvoM ke do pramukha bheda haiM-saMsArI aura mukt| saMsArI karmabaMdhanoM se yukta haiM tathA mukta jIva ina baMdhanoM se mukta / saMsArI jIvoM meM bhI ekendriya se cAra indriya taka ke jIva (vRkSa, kITa Adi) tathA paMcendriya jIvoM meM pazu-pakSI Adi nIti kI sImA se pare haiM / sirpha mAnava hI nIti kI sImA meM AtA hai| jIva ke viSaya meM bhagavatI sUtra meM kahA gayA hai jIvo aNAi anidhaNo avinAsI akkhao dhuvo niccaM arthAt-jIva anAdi hai,anidhana hai,avinAzI hai, akSaya hai, dhra va hai aura nitya hai / vyAvahArika dRSTi se jIva ke yaha lakSaNa haiM 1 jIva' pariNAmI hai 2 kartA hai 3 apane kiye karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai 4 aura svadeha parimANa hai| 1 (ka) jIvo uvaoga lakkhaNo / (kha) uvaoga lakkhaNe jIve / (ga) upayogo lakSaNam / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28/10 -bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 10 -tatvArtha sUtra 2/8 For Personal & Private Use Only

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198 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nItizAstra meM jIva ke kartApana aura bhoktApana kA adhika mahatva hai| kartRtva zakti tathA pravRtti hone se jIva apane kiye hue karmoM tathA AcaraNoM ke lie uttaradAyI hotA hai, use naitika athavA anaitika kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai tathA bhoktA hone se use anaitika AcaraNoM kA duSphala aura naitika kAryoM kA zubhaphala milatA hai| daNDanIti, sAmAjika bhartsanA Adi kI vyavasthA azubha anaitika kAryoM evaM pravRttiyoM ko rokane ke lie hI kI gayI hai tathA prazaMsA, puraskAra, satkAra Adi naitika zubha evaM naitika pragati ko gati pradAna karate haiN| ajIva tatva ajIva tatva ko bhalI bhAMti samajhane ke lie jIva aura ajIva meM jo bheda haiM, unheM jAnanA upayogI hogaa| jIva ke lakSaNa uparokta paMktiyoM meM diye jA cuke haiM / yahA~ hama jIva aura ajIva kI pArasparika vibhinnatAoM kI carcA kreNge| jIva aura ajIva kI vibhAjaka rekhA-isa saMsAra meM jIva kahIM bhI zuddha rUpa meM nahIM pAyA jAtA, sarvatra vaha pudgala se saMbandhita hI dRSTigocara hotA hai, kyoMki usake sAtha zarIra lagA huA hai, jo paudgalika hai-ajIva hai| isalie bhI vibhAjana ko samajhanA ati Avazyaka hai anyathA jIva tatva aura ajIva tatva ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhrAnti hone kI saMbhAvanA hai| ajIva 1 prajanana zakti (saMtati utpAdana) 2 vRddhi (svayameva) (Growth) 3 AhAra-grahaNa 4 visarjana (nIhAra) 5 jAgaraNa, nIMda, parizrama, vizrAma nahIM 6 AtmarakSA hetu prayAsa nahIM 7 bhaya trAsa Adhunika jIva vijJAna ne jIva ke yaha lakSaNa svIkAra kiye haiM, tathA ina lakSaNoM kA abhAva jisameM ho, use ajIva saMjJA dI hai| yaha tathya hai ki koI bhI mazIna apanI jaisI dUsarI mazIna nahIM banA sakatI, apanA AkAra svayaM hI nahIM bar3hA sakatI, vaha nIMda bhI nahIM le sakatI, aura na hI vaha AtmarakSA hetu prayatna bhI kara sakatI hai| vijJAna dvArA nirmita Adhunikatama mazIna supara kampyuTA hai / usameM jIva nahIM nahIM nahIM For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 166 jitane zabda bhara diye jAte haiM, utane hI rahate haiM, vaha svayameva hI naye zabdoM kI racanA nahIM kara sakatA / use kArya karane ke lie mAnavIya nirdeza evaM vidya uta UrjA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / jaina darzana ne bhI una dravyoM ko jinameM jIvatva ( jIva ke guNa upayoga, cetanA Adi ) nahIM hai, unako ajIva kahA hai / ajIva dravya ke pramukha bheda do haiM - ( 1 ) rUpI aura (2) arUpI / rUpI kA abhiprAya hai, jinameM sparza, rasa, gaMdha, varNa- yaha cAra guNa hoM, aisA dravya pudgala hai / ise aMgrejI meM Matter kahA jAtA hai / arUpI dravya ve haiM jinameM sparza, gaMdha, rasa aura varNa nahIM haiM / aise dravya 4 haiM - ( 1 ) dharmAstikAya, ( 2 ) adharmAstikAya, ( 3 ) AkAzAstikAya aura, (4) kAla / adharmAstikAya jIva- pudgala ke Thaharane meM udAsIna rUpa meM sahAyaka hotA hai, jaise vRkSa kI chAyA, dharmAstikAya machalI ke lie jala ke samAna udAsIna gati sahAyaka kA kArya karatA hai / AkAza sabako avagAhana athavA sthAna detA hai aura kAla samaya batAtA hai, vastu ko naI-purAnI Adi darzAtA hai, parivartana aura pariNamana kA nimitta banatA hai / jIva aura ajIva ke atirikta sAta tatva aura haiM / Ava karmoM kA jIva meM Agamana hai, baMdha una karmadalikoM kA AtmA ke sAtha ekAkAra ho jAnA hai / puNya AtmA kI zubha pravRtti hai aura pApa azubha pravRtti hai / saMvara Asrava kA virodhI athavA karmoM ke Agamana kA rukanA hai tathA nirjaga pUrva meM ba~dhe hue karmoM kA jhar3a jAnA, AtmA se pRthaka ho jAnA / mokSa tatva kA abhiprAya sarvathA karma mukta avasthA hai, isa dazA jIva ke sAtha kisI bhI prakAra kA karma nahIM rahatA, yaha AtmA kI zuddhavizuddha dazA hai / mokSa svarUpa kI prApti hI jaina nIti kA lakSya hai / nava tatvoM meM heya (tyAgane yogya), jJa eya (jAnane yogya) aura upAdeya ( Adara ne yogya ) - yaha tIna prakAra kI yojanA kI gaI hai / jIva aura ajIva - yaha do tatva jAnane yogya haiM; Asrava, baMdha, pApa yaha tIna tatva 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28 / 7-10 anya tatva For Personal & Private Use Only

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200 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana chor3ane yogya haiM, saMvara, nirjarA, puNya aura mokSa ye cAra tatva Adarane yogya upAdeya haiM / mukti prApti kI dRSTi se puNya tatva bhI eka sImA taka Adara ke yogya hai| Asrava, baMdha aura pApa heya kyoM ? Asrava, baMdha aura pApa ko heya batAyA gayA hai, isakA kAraNa inakA mukti-prApti ne bAdhakatva to hai hI; sAMsArika, sAmAjika, pArivArika, vyaktigata jIvana meM bhI yaha saMgharSa, dukha Adi kI sRSTi karate haiM, isa kAraNa yaha naitikatA meM bhI bAdhaka haiM, vyakti ko anaitika banAte haiN| __ Asrava ke pAMca bheda haiM-(1) mithyAtva Asrava, (2) avirati Asrava, (3) pramAda Asrava, (4) kaSAya Asrava aura (5) azubha yoga Asrava / mithyAtva to kisI bhI vastu ke prati ayathArtha dRSTikoNa hI hai / isa buddhi viparyaya se aneka viplava khar3e hote haiN| (mithyAtva kA vizada vivecana isI adhyAya meM pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / ) baMdha kA jaina karma siddhAnta ke pramukha karmagranthoM Adi meM prakRti bandha Adi ke rUpa meM vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai; kintu nIti kI apekSA baMdha kA abhiprAya AtmA ke sadguNoM ke pragaTa hone meM rukAvaTa athavA pratibandha artha adhika upayukta hai| jaise-kisI ko duHkha dene se asAtAvedanIya kA bandha hotA hai to isake phalasvarUpa AtmA ko bhI duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai| kisI ko duHkha denA, jJAna prApti meM vighna DAlanA, prANoM kA hanana karanA yaha saba azubha bandha ke kAraNa to hote hI haiM sAtha hI naitika dRSTi se bhI yaha azubha tathA hAnikAraka haiM / pApa ke aThAraha sthAna batAye gaye haiM (1) hiMsA, (2) mithyA bhASaNa, (3) steya (4) abrahma (5) parigraha, (6) krodha, (7) mAna, (8) mAyA, (6) lobha, (10) rAga-sAMsArika padArthoM para raag| (11) dvaSa (padArthoM ke prati 1 rAga ke tIna uttarabheda haiM-(ka) kAmarAga-apanI kAmanA/icchA pUrI hone para hone vAlA rAga-(kha) sneharAga-snehIjanoM se anukala pratikriyA prApta hone para hone vAlA rAga, (ga) dRSTirAga-apanI mAnyatAoM-vizvAsoM ke prati hone vAlA rAga / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 201 IrSyA, ghRNA Adi) (12) kalaha-kleza, (13) abhyAkhyAna (mithyAdoSAropaNa), (14) paizunya (cugalI, (15) paraparivAda (dUsaroM kI nindA), (16) rati (bhogoM meM prIti) aura arati (saMyama-AtmAnuzAsana-sadAcAra se udvega), (17) mAyAmRSA (kapaTa sahita jhUTha bolanA, jo sunane vAle ko satya pratIta ho kintu vAstava meM ho asatya), (18) mithyAdarzana (mithyA, athavA galata dhaarnnaa)| spaSTa hI yaha saba anaitika pratyaya haiM, durAcaraNa haiM, sadAcAra aura naitikatA ko hAni pahu~cAne vAle haiN| isIlie Asrava, baMdha aura pApa ina tatvoM ko tyAgane yogya kahA gayA hai| saMvara, nirjarA aura puNya upAdeya kyoM ? saMvara tatva Asrava kA virodhI hai| pA~ca prakAra ke AsravoM ke viparIta 5 prakAra ke saMvara haiM.-1 samyaktva saMvara 2 virati saMvara 3 apramAda saMvara 4 akaSAya saMvara aura 5 zubhayoga saMvara / mithyAtva anItipUrNa AcaraNa kA mUla kAraNa hai isalie yaha to spaSTa anaitika hai hii| isake viparIta yathArtha dRSTikoNa zubha hai, naitika hai / sAMsArika aura indriyoM bhogoM se virakti na honA avirati hai tathA virakta honA virati hai / indriya aura sAMsArika bhogoM kI uddAma lAlasA anaitikatA kI jananI hai, yaha sarvavidita aura svIkRta tathya hai| virati saMvara isa lAlasA ko sImita karatA hai, rokatA hai, ataH yaha naitika hai, zubha hai / isI prakAra pramAda-Alasya, asAvadhAnI, jAgarukatA kI kamI se aneka prakAra kI hAniyA~ hotI haiM, phira pramAda to mAnava ke zarIra meM rahA huA huA, parama zatru kahA gayA hai, isIlie pramAda ko heya aura apra 1 dveSa ke tIna uttarabheda haiM-(ka) kAmadveSa-apanI kAmanA pUrI na hone para hone vAlA duSa, (kha) snehadveSa-snehIjanoM dvArA pratikUla pratikriyA vyakta karane para hone vAlA dveSa (ga) dRSTidvaSa-apanI mAnyatA ke pratikUla mAnyatA vAloM tathA apanI mAnyatA kA virodha karane vAloM para hone vAlA dvaSa / 2 AlasyaM hi manuSyANAM zarIrastho mahAn ripu / nAstyudyama samo bandhuryaM kRtvA nAvasIdati // -bhartRhari : nItizataka, zloka 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

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202 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAda ko upAdeya batAyA gayA hai| apramAda naitika pragati ke lie anivArya hai| ___ kaSAya kA abhiprAya hai-krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTa aura lobha / kAma (vAsanA-kAmanA) ko bhI kaSAya ke antargata mAnA gayA hai / yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki yaha saba naitika AcaraNa, sadAcAra aura zIla ke vighAtaka haiN| isake viparIta akaSAya saMvara naitika hai, sadAcAramaya hai, kyoMki yaha kaSAya ko rokatA hai| isI prakAra mana, vacana, kAya ke zubha yoga zlAghanIya haiM-sAmAjika, vyaktigata va rASTrIya sabhI dRSTiyoM se| isa kAraNa hI naitika zubha hone se yaha upAdeya haiM, grahaNa karane yogya haiM / nirjarA kA abhiprAya hai jina karmoM ne Atmika sadguNoM ko pratibandhita kara rakhA thA, athavA jina AvaraNoM ke kAraNa Atmika zaktiyAM pragaTa nahIM ho pA rahI thIM, unheM dUra kara denA, haTA denA, pRthaka kara denA yahI nirjarA kA lakSaNa hai| Atmika zaktiyoM kA-sadguNoM kA pragaTIkaraNa aura saMpUrNa vikAsa hI nIti kA carama lakSya hai, naitika AcaraNa kiyA hI isalie jAtA hai ki mAnava ke sadguNoM kA vikAsa ho, vRddhi ho, prasAra ho / isa dRSTi se nirjarA naitika pratyaya hai, nIti kA lakSya hai aura eka zabda meM vaha saba kucha (summum bonum) hai jo nIti pAnA cAhatI hai, jo nIti kA AdhAra hai aura uddezya bhI hai / puNya tatva ke 6 prakAra batAye gaye haiM (1) anna puNya-bhUkhe ko zubha bhAvanA pUrvaka bhojana dekara saMtuSTa krnaa| (2) pAna puNya-pyAse kI sadbhAva ke sAtha tRSA zAMta krnaa| (3) layana puNya-sthAna pradAna karanA / (4) zayana puNya-vizrAma hetu zayana sAmagrI denaa| (5) vastra puNya-jarUratamanda ko vastra dAna denaa| (6) mana puNya-mana se zubha saMkalpa karanA, mana se dUsaroM kA hita caahnaa| 1 sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti kA AdhAra : samyagdarzana | 203 guNIjanoM kA kIrtana karanA, hita, mita, (7) vacana puNya - vacana se priya, tathya, satya aura pathya vacana bolanA / (8) kAya puNya - zarIra kA zubha vyavahAra, dUsaroM kI sevA karanA, dUsaroM kA duHkha dUra karanA, jIvoM ko sukha-zAMti denA / (e) namaskAra puNya - bar3oM ke prati Adara satkAra aura sabhI ke sAtha vinamratApUrNa madhura vyavahAra karanA / puNya ke yaha sabhI prakAra naitika dRSTi se zubha haiM, inakA samAja, parivAra aura par3osa para acchA prabhAva par3atA hai, anya logoM ko bhI naitika jIvana jIne kI preraNA prApta hotI hai, nIti aura naitikatA kA prasAra hotA hai / isa prakAra jaina darzana dvArA pratipAdita nava-tatva yojanA dharma darzana kI apekSA to mahatvapUrNa hai hI, nIti, naitika pragati, sadAcAra tathA vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM sukha zAMti pahu~cAne vAlI hai / samyagdarzana kA to yaha pramukha AdhAra hI hai / ina tatvoM kI yathArtha zraddhA ko hI samyagdarzana kahA jAtA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva samyaktva kI utpatti jaina darzana meM samyaktva ke do rUpa mAne gaye haiM- sva-apekSA aura para apekSA | 'sva' kA abhiprAya AtmA ke apane pariNAma aura para kA artha hai - karma, karma kI prakRtiyA~ | samyaktva kA avarodha karane vAlI 7 karma prakRtiyA~ haiM - (1-4) anantAnubandhI ( atyanta pragAr3ha ) krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kI prakRti aura (5) mithyAtvamoha, (6) samyagmithyAtva - mizramoha aura (7) samyakprakRti mithyAtva - samyaktvamoha / ina sAta prakRtiyoM ke (1) sarvathA vinaSTa ho jAne (kSaya) (2) athavA kucha vinaSTa evaM kucha upazamita hone aura (3) upazamita ho jAne para jIva ko samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, tathya svarUpa bhAvoM ke sadbhAva meM bhAvapUrvaka zraddhA hotI hai / samyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa samyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa tIna zailiyoM se kiyA gayA hai(ka) nisagaMja aura adhigamaja samyaktva | 2 1 (ka) nisaggasamma ddasaNe ceva abhigamasamma saNe ceva / - sthAnAMga sUtra (kha) tannisargAdadhigamAdvA / (ga) prajJApanA, prathama pada, sUtra 37 ( 204 ) For Personal & Private Use Only 2, uddadezaka 1 sUtra 70 -- tattvArtha sUtra 1/3

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 205 (I) nisargaja samyagdarzana - nisargaja kA artha svabhAva, prakRti athavA parasahAyanirapekSatA hai / yaha samyagdarzana para kI sahAyatA ke binA svayameva hI AtmA se sphUrta hotA hai / isameM guru Adi ke upadeza, dharmazravaNa, zAstra svAdhyAya Adi kisI kI bhI apekSA nahIM hotI, vyakti samyagdarzana prApta karane ke lie kisI bhI prakAra kA prayatna nahIM karatA / jisa prakAra nadI pravAha meM lur3hakatA huA patthara svayameva hI gola aura cikanA ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra saMsAra meM bhaTakate hue jIva ko pariNAmoM kI sahaja vizuddhi ke kAraNa anAyAsa hI isakI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai / (II) adhigamaja samyaktva - yaha guru Adi ke upadeza se jIva ko upalabdha hotA hai, dharmazravaNa, zAstra svAdhyAya Adi bhI nimitta bana sakate haiM / (kha) dravya aura bhAva samyaktva (I) dravyasamyaktva - vizuddha rUpa meM pariNata kiye mithyAtva ke pudgala, dravyasamyaktva kahalAte haiM / (II) bhAvasamyaktva - una pudgaloM ke nimitta se hone vAlI tatvazraddhA, bhAvasamyaktva kahalAtI hai / (ga) nizcaya aura vyavahAra samyagdarzana (I) nizcarasamyagdarzana - AtmA kI zuddha ruci nizcayasamyagdarzana hai | 2 isameM jIva aura ajIva ke bhedavijJAna kI pramukhatA hai / samyagdarzana kA dhAraka jIva sva-svarUpa meM ramaNa ko mokSa kA hetu mAnatA hai aura para-padArthoM 1 pravacana sArodvAra, dvAra, 146 gAthA 642 TIkA / 2 zuddha jIvAstikAya rucirUpasya nizcayasamyaktvasya / aura bhI dekheM - - niyamasAra gAthA 3 kI padmaprabha TIkA AtmamAtraruciH samyagdarzana mokSahetukam / tadviruddhamatibhithyAdarzanaM bhavahetukam // 1. eka mAtra AtmabhAva meM ruci hI samyagdarzana hai aura vahI mokSa kA hetu hai / isake viparIta bhAva meM -- anAtmabhAva meM ruci mithyAdarzana hai aura vaha saMsAra paribhramaNa kA hetu hai / - (antarnAda ) amara bhAratI, agasta 72 pR0 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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206 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana meM Asakta ko baMdhana | ataH usake bhItara rAga-dva eSa-moha kI vRttiyA~: alpa ho jAtI haiM, deha meM rahate hue bhI dehAdhyAsa chUTa jAtA hai / (II) vyavahArasamyagdarzana - nI tatva tathA deva-guru-dharma kA yathArtha zraddhAna samyagdarzana - vyavahArasamyagdarzana hai / ruci kI apekSA dasa vidha vargIkaraNa uttarAdhyayana sUtra 2 meM ruci kI apekSA samyagdarzana ke dasa prakAra batAye haiM (1) nisarga ruci - svabhAva se hI, paropadeza ke binA, svayaM ke hI yathArthaM bodha se jIva, ajIva Adi tatvoM kI zraddhA nisarga ruci hai / athavA jina bhagavAna ke dRSTa evaM upadiSTa bhAvoM meM tathA dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ( ina cAra nikSepoM) se viziSTa padArthoM ke viSaya meM 'yaha aisA hI hai, anyathA nahIM hai' aisI jo svataH sphUrta zraddhA hai, vaha nisarga ruci hai / (2) upadezaruci - arihanta bhagavAna tathA AcArya, muni Adi ke upadeza se hone vAlI tatva zraddhA rUpa ruci, upadeza ruci hai / (3) AjJA ruci - jinake rAga-dveSa, moha aura ajJAna naSTa ho gaye haiM aise jinezvaradeva kI AjJA se unameM ruci rakhanA / (4) sUtraruci - aMga praviSTa aura aMgabAhya zruta ke avagAhana se hone vAlI tatvazraddhArUpa ruci / (5) bIja ruci - jaise jala kI sataha para tela kI bUMda phaila jAtI hai, usI prakAra samyaktva ke eka pada ke tatva bodha se aneka padoM meM phaila jAne vAlI tatva zraddhA rUpa ruci, bIja ruci hai / ( 6 ) abhigama ruci - abhigama athavA adhigama kA artha hai viziSTa jJAna, usake nimitta se tatva zraddhA rUpa ruci abhigama ruci kahalAtI hai / aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka tathA AgamAnusArI graMthoM kA adhyayana karane se ruci athavA zraddhA kA utpanna honA abhigama ruci hai / (7) vistAra ruci -- pramANa aura nayoM se dravyoM tathA bhAvoM ko jAnane se utpanna huI tatvazraddhA rUpa ruci, vistAra ruci hai / (8) kriyAruci - darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa, vinaya Adi ke anuSThAnoM meM bhAva se ruci utpanna honA, kriyA ruci hai / 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28/17-27 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagadarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 207 (6) saMkSepa ruci-jo Arhata pravacana meM pravINa nahIM hai, sAtha hI jisa ne ayathArtha dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA, kadAgrahI bhI nahIM hai, alpabodha se ho jo jIvAdi tatvoM para zraddhA rakhatA hai, aise vyakti kI zraddhA saMkSepa ruci hai / athavA alpajJAna se hI tattvoM para yathArtha zraddhA rakhanA saMkSepa ruci hai| (10) dharma ruci-vItarAga bhagavAna dvArA kahe hue astikAya-chaha dravya ke guNadharma tathA zruta aura cAritra dharma meM zraddhA karanA dharmaruci hai| samyaktva kA paMcavidha vargIkaraNa samyaktva kA pA~ca prakAra se vargIkaraNa karma prakRtiyoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| inameM karma prakRtiyoM ke kSaya, upazama, kSayopazama Adi kI apekSA se samyaktva kA vicAra prastuta huA hai| (1) kSAyika samyaktva- isa samyaktva kI upalabdhi uparyukta varNita 7 karma prakRtiyoM (1-4) anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, aura lobha (5) mithyAtva, (6) samyakmithyAtva tathA(7) samyaktvamoha ke saMpUrNa rUpa se kSayanaSTa ho jAne para hotI hai / aisA samyagdarzana cirasthAyI hotA hai, eka bAra utpanna ho jAne para phira kabhI naSTa nahIM hotA aura jIva adhika se adhika 3 athavA 4 janma dhAraNa karake mukta ho jAtA hai / (2) aupazamika samyaktva-isa samyaktva kI upalabdhi uparyukta 7 karma prakRtiyoM ke upazama se hotI hai / ___upazama kA artha hai, nIce daba jAnA; jaise miTTI mile pAnI se bhare gilAsa ko yadi kisI sthAna para sthira rakhA jAya to miTTI gilAsa kI talI meM baiTha jAtI hai, aura pAnI svaccha najara AtA hai, aura phira jarA sA dhakkA lagate hI miTTI ubhara AtI hai tathA saMpUrNa pAnI punaH gaMdalA ho jAtA hai, vahI sthiti isa samyaktva kI hai| jaba taka sAtoM karma prakRtiyA~ upazAMta rahatI hai, taba taka to samyaktva guNa pragaTa rahatA hai aura jaise hI karma prakRtiyA~ ubharatI haiM, samyaktva guNa bhI malina hokara vilIna ho jAtA hai| isa samyaktva kA adhika se adhika samaya (kAlamAna)48 minaTa hai| usake uparAnta yA to jIva patita hokara mithyAtvI (ayathArtha zraddhA vAlA) For Personal & Private Use Only

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208 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ho jAtA hai, athavA mizrita zraddhA vAlA ( kucha yathArtha aura kucha yathArtha zraddhA) yA kSAyopazamika samyaktvI bana jAtA hai / (3) kSAyopazamika samyaktva - jIva jisa samaya uparyukta 7 karma prakRtiyoM meM se cAra, pAMca, chaha kA kSaya kare aura samyaktvamoha kA upazama karatA hai, usa samaya jo samyaktva guNa pragaTa hotA hai, vaha kSAyopazamika samyaktva kahalAtA hai / isa samyaktva kA adhika se adhika samaya chiyAsaTha (66) sAgara hai / (4) sAsvAdana samyaktva - jisa samaya aupazamika samyaktva se jIva ke bhAva patanonmukhI hote haiM, vaha mithyAtva guNasthAna ( mithyA dRSTikoNa) kI ora giratA hai, isa patana kI avasthA meM jo samyaktva guNa avaziSTa rahatA hai, samyaktva kA AsvAda jIva ko AtA hai, use sAsvAdana samyaktva kahA jAtA hai / (5) vedaka samyaktva - kSAyopazamika samyaktva se Upara uThakara jIva jaba kSAyika samyaktva kI prApti ke lie agrasara hotA hai, usa kAla meM samyaktvamoha ke dalikoM (sUkSma aMza) kA vedana karake unakA kSaya karatA hai, usa vedana kI apekSA isa samyaktva ko vedaka samyaktva kahA gayA hai / isake uparAnta jIva nizcita rUpa se kSAyika samyaktvI bana jAtA hai / sAsvAdana aura vedaka - yaha donoM madhya kI avasthAe~ kahI jA sakatI haiM / sAsvAdana samyaktva patanonmukhI hai aura vedaka samyaktva unnatonmukhI / ina donoM samyaktvoM kA kAla bhI atyalpa hai / samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa vyaktiyoM kI vibhinna prakAra kI ruciyoM tathA pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / (1) kAraka samyaktva - isa samyaktva ( yathArtha - satya dRSTi ) kI prApti ke sAtha hI jIva sadAcaraNa ( samyak cAritra) kI ora udyata ho jAte haiM / kAraka kA artha hai kartA, samyagdarzana ke sAtha hI samyakcAritra kI ora svayaM pravRtta hone vAlA tathA anyoM ko prerita karane vAlA samyagdarzI / (2) rocaka samyaktva - isa samyaktva kA dhAraka AtmA samyag tatvabodha ke prati ruci va jijJAsA rakhatA hai, vaha cAhe pravRtti na kareM kintu tatva jJAna kI ruci jarUra rakhatA hai / (3) dIpaka samyaktva - - aisA vyakti dUsaroM ko tatvabodha aura sadA For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 206 caraNa kI preraNA dekara inake kalyANa meM nimitta to bana jAtA hai kintu svayaM apanA kalyANa nahIM kara pAtA / samyaktva kI prabhAvanA karanA hI isakA lakSaNa hai| ____ yadyapi samyaktva pratyaya hI nIti kA AdhAra aura preraNAbindu hai; kintu kAraka, rocaka aura dIpaka-ina tIna prakAra ke samyaktvoM kA nIti se sIdhA sambandha hai| kAraka samyaktva vAle mAnava pUrNarUpa se naitika hote haiM, inakA dRSTikoNa bhI yathArtha hotA hai, ye zubha aura azubha ko jAnate haiM tathA zubha kA AcaraNa bhI karate haiN| rocaka samyaktva vAle mAnava yathArtha ko jAnate hue bhI zubha kA AcaraNa nahIM kara pAte, unako apanI mAnasika durbalatAe~ itanI prabala hotI haiM jo naitikatApUrNa vyavahAra karane hI nahIM detiiN| aise mAnavoM kA AcaraNa unake nijI svArtha ke kAraNa anaitika bhI ho jAtA hai / ataH ina vyaktiyoM ko anaitika kahA jA sakatA hai, yaha azubha kA AcaraNa karate haiN| dIpaka samyaktva aise vyaktiyoM kA udAharaNa peza karatA hai jo dUsaroM ko to upadeza dete haiM, nIti aura sadAcAra kI preraNA dete haiM, lekina svayaM sadAcaraNa kA pAlana nahIM kara skte| - santa tulasIdAsajI ke zabdoM meM-para upadeza kuzala bahutere, je AcarahiM te nara na ghnere| . samyaktva ke pA~ca lakSaNa kisI vyakti ko samyaktva hai yA nahIM, isakI pahacAna ke lie kucha bAhya lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM / nItizAstra kI dRSTi se, yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti kI Antarika naitikatA usake bAhya vyavahAra evaM AcaraNa meM pragaTa hotI hai / usI ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue anya vyakti usake naitika hone athavA na hone kA nirNaya karate haiM / __AdhyAtmika vijJAna kA aTala siddhAnta hai ki Antarika bhAvanAoM kA bAhya jIvana meM pragaTIkaraNa hotA hI hai / manovijJAna bhI isa siddhAnta se sahamata hai / usakI mAnyatA hai ki hRdayagata gupta manobhAva vyakti ke jIvana vyavahAra meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM abhivyakta ho jAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM samyaktva ke pAMca bAhya lakSaNa batAye haiN| (1) sama-prAkRta ke 'sama' zabda ke saMskRta bhASAvidoM ne tIna rUpa For Personal & Private Use Only

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210 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAne haiM - sama, zama aura zrama / tathyataH prAkRta kA 'sama' zabda ina tInoM zabdoM ke artha ko apane andara samAe hue hai / 'sama' samAnatA artha kA dyotaka hai / isakA abhiprAya hai - prANimAtra ko apane samAna samajhanA / jaina zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai--appa same manijja chappakAe (sabhI jIvoM ko apane samAna samajhanA ) isI bhAvanA ko upaniSadakAroM ne 'Atmatulya sarvabhUteSu' zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai / samyaktvI mAnava, cU~ki jIva Adi tatvoM kA svarUpa bhalIbhA~ti hRdayaMgama kara letA hai, ataH usakI nizcita dhAraNA bana jAtI hai ki jaisI merI AtmA hai, vaisI hI kITa-pataMgoM, vRkSoM Adi meM bhI hai / ataH vaha kisI bhI jIva ko tanika bhI duHkhI karane kI bhAvanA nahIM rakhanA / 'zama' kA vAcyArtha zamana hai / yahAM isakA artha krodha, mAna, Adi kaSAyoM tathA lobha saMgraha vRtti rUpa vAsanAoM kI upazAMti hai / 'zrama' kA abhiprAya mokSamArga meM Age bar3hane kA zrama athavA prayAsa karanA, isa ora udyama karanA / nItizAstra kI dRSTi se naitika vyakti meM yaha tInoM guNa Avazyaka haiM / yadi vaha sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna na mAnegA to anya logoM ke prati anaitikatA kA krUra AcaraNa karane meM bhI na cUkegA / zoSaNa, hiMsA, Adi anaitika pravRttiyoM kA mUla kAraNa samAnatA kI bhAvanA meM kamI hI hai / sAtha hI jo vyakti hAni-lAbha, sukha-duHkha anukUla-pratikula paristhitiyoM meM mAnasika saMtulana na banAye rakha sakegA, vaha asaMtulita dazA meM anaitikatApUrNa AcaraNa karane lage, isa bAta kI bhI bahuta saMbhAvanA hai / kaSAyoM aura vAsanAoM ke Avega to anaitika AcaraNa ke mUla preraka hI haiM / jo vyakti apanI Atmonnati ke lie zrama karegA, vaha anaitika AcaraNa kara hI nahIM sakatA, kyoMki anaitika AcaraNa se AtmA patita hotI hai / (2) saMvega - sAmAnyataH saMvega zabda kA artha anubhUti hotA hai / isa rUpa meM isakA artha hogA - AtmAnubhUti, svAnubhUti / jaina darzana meM isakA artha mokSa kI tIvra AkAMkSA hai / isa tIvra icchA se vyakti ayathArthatA, kaSAya Adi ko kSaya karake mukti kI ora bar3hatA calA jAtA hai / " nIti ke dRSTikoNa se saMvega ko satya kI abhIpsA ke rUpa meM liyA uttarAdhyayana sUtra 26/2 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 211 sakatA hai / satya nIti kA pramukha pratyaya aura viSaya hai / satya ke abhAva meM naitikatA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI / (3) nirveda - zabda zAstra kI dRSTi se nirveda kA artha - vAsanAhInatA hai / yahA~ vAsanA kA vyApaka artha apekSita hai / vAsanA arthAt tIvra icchA saMsAra kI, sAMsArika viSaya bhogoM kI / aura nirveda usI sAMsArika vAsanA ko alpa, alpatama karane kI vRtti hai / nirveda se jIva kAma bhogoM se virakta, udAsIna hotA hai, AraMbhaparigraha kA tyAga (athavA atyalpa ) karatA hai aura apane dRr3ha kadama mukti mArga kI ora bar3hAtA hai / 1 nItizAstra kI apekSA nirveda se anAsakti artha grahaNa karanA adhika ucita hai | anAsakti - kAma-bhogoM se, sAMsArika sukhoM se / jaba vyakti ina bhautika sukhoM ke prati anAsakta hokara phalAkAMkSA ke binA satkarma karegA tabhI vaha naitikatA kI ora agrasara hogA; kyoMki Asakti yA phalAkAMkSA to naitikatA ko hI bar3hAvA dene vAlI hai / (4) anukampA - anukampA kA abhiprAya kisI duHkhI, pIr3ita, abhAvagrasta prANI kI pIr3A se apanA hRdaya kampita ho jAnA, usake duHkha kI anubhUti apane mana meM karanA hai / isakA pariNAma dayA ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai / dayA yAnI usa prANI ke abhAva, duHkha va pIr3A ko miTAne kI bhAvanA aura tadanusAra kriyA karanA / anukampA athavA dayA kA naitika jIvana meM pramukha sthAna hai jo anya vyaktiyoM ke duHkha se dravita nahIM hogA, vaha unake duHkha ko miTAne kA prayAsa bhI nahIM karegA / aura aisA prayAsa na karanA pahale darje kI anetikatA hai / eka manISI ke zabdoM meM- nIti kA hArda hI hai - jIva mAtra kA vipatti se rakSaNa karanA, manuSya kA sarva pradhAna kartavya hai / aura kartavya kA nIti meM kitanA sthAna hai, ise kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / (5) Astikya - jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra loka-paraloka, punarjanma, karmasiddhAnta, AtmavAda, astikAya, nava tatva Adi ke svarUpa meM dRr3ha AsthA athavA vizvAsa Astikya hai / 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 26 / 3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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212 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nIti kI dRSTi se lokavAda, punarjanma Adi sabhI siddhAnta kAphI mahatvapUrNa haiM, ye nIti ke pratyaya bhI haiN| karmavAda yAnI karmoM kA phala avazya hI bhoganA par3egA, yaha dhAraNA mAnava ko naitika banAye rakhatI hai / isake viparIta yadi use vizvAsa ho jAya ki karma ke phalabhoga ko nahIM bhoganA par3egA to use naitika AcaraNa kI ora prerita karane vAlA koI sabala preraka hI nahIM rhegaa| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki samyaktva ke yaha pAMcoM lakSaNa 'naitika AcaraNa ke bhI sabala preraka haiM aura nIti meM inakA viziSTa mahatva hai| samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga jisa prakAra mAnava zarIra ke ATha pramukha aMga hote haiM aura vaha inakI pramANopetatA, sundaratA aura sugaThitatA se suzobhita hotA hai; usI prakAra samyagdarzana ke bhI ATha pramukha aMga haiM aura vaha inase suzobhita hotA hai / ina ATha aMgoM ko AcAra bhI kahA gayA hai aura darzanAcAra ke rUpa meM graMthoM meM varNita kiye gaye haiN| ___ ina ATha aMgoM ke nAma haiM-(1) niHzaMkatA (2) niSkAMkSatA (3) nirvicikitsA (4) amUDhadRSTitva (5) upabRhaNa (6) sthirIkaraNa (7) vAtsalya aura (8) prabhAvanA / / ina AThoM aMgoM kA paripAlana karanA samyagdarzana kI vizuddhi aura usake saMvardhana ke lie ati Avazyaka hai| 1 (ka) nissaMkiya-nikkaMkhiya -nivitigicchA amUDhadiTThI ya / uvavUhaNa-thirIkaraNe-vacchalla-pabhAvaNe aTTha // -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28/31 (kha) prajJApanAsUtra, pada 1 (ga) NisaMkida NikaMkhida-NivigicchA amUDhadiTThI ya / uvagRhaNa ThidikaraNaM vacchalla pahAvaNA ya te aTTha / / __ -mUlAcAra 201 aura bhI dekheM-sarvArthasiddhi 6/24, rAjavAtika 6/24, vasunandI zrAvakAcAra 48, paMcAzaka (uttarArdha) 476-80, praznottara zrAvakAcAra sarga 4, zloka 32 se 61 taka, ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra zloka 11-18 Adi For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 213 (1) niHzaMkatA-zaMkA athavA saMzayazIlatA kA eka hI abhiprAya haisaMdeha / dharma adharma Adi jo satya tattva haiM, una tattvoM ke svarUpa evaM phala meM zaMkA na karanA, una para dRr3ha AsthA rakhanA niHzaMkita aMga hai / kucha AcAryoM ne zaMkA kA artha bhayavAcI mAnakara niHzaMkatA kA artha nirbhayatA svIkAra kiyA hai| aura eka AcArya ne sandeharahitatA tathA nirbhayatA-donoM kA hI nizaMkita aMga meM samanvaya kara liyA hai|| nIti kI dRSTi se nirbhayatA aura niHsaMzayazIlatA-donoM hI naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai / saMzaya to sarva kAryavirAdhaka hai hI / gItA ke zabdoM meM saMzayAtmA vinazyati--saMzayazIla vyakti vinaSTa ho jAtA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM usake sabhI sadguNa samApta ho jAte haiN| saMzayazIla vyakti cAhe jitanA UMcA cintaka/vicAraka ho, anta meM usakA patana hotA hai| isI prakAra naitika AcaraNa ke lie nirbhayatA bhI Avazyaka hai / aneka vyakti jIvana ke bhaya se anaitika AcaraNa karate haiM to bahuta se maraNa tathA vedanA-pIr3A ke bhaya se / AjIvikA ke bhaya se to anaitikatA kI pravRtti Aja sAmAnya bAta ho gaI hai / phira atrANabhaya se bhayabhIta mAnava dhana saMgraha meM trANa mAnatA hai aura anaitika sAdhanoM se tathA zoSaNa Adi anaitika AcaraNa se dhana ekatra karatA hai| ataH naitika AcaraNa ke lie vyakti ko zaMkA rahita tathA sAtha hI nirbhaya bhI honA Avazyaka hai| (2) niSkAMkSatA-apanI AtmA ke zuddha paramAtmarUpa AnandasvarUpa meM lIna rahanA tathA parabhAva kI AkAMkSA na karanA, niSkAMkSatA hai| 1 (ka) tameva saccaM NIsaMkaM jaM jiNehi paveditaM / -AcArAMga 1/5/5/163 (kha) zakA kA artha AcArya kundakunda ne bhaya kiyA hai / dekheM sammadiTThI jIvA NissaMkA hoti NibbhayA teNa / sattabhayavippamukkA, jamhA tamhA hu NissakA // -samayasAra, gAthA 228 (ga) zrutasAgara sUri ne donoM hI artha svIkAra kiye haiM tatrazaMkA-yathA nirgranthAnAM muktiruktA tathA sagraMthAnAmapigRhasthAdInAM kiM muktirbhavati iti zaMkA / athavA bhaya prakRtiH zaMkA / -tatvArtha 7/23 vRtti (gha) mUlAcAra 2/52-53 For Personal & Private Use Only

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214 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana japa-tapa Adi dharmakriyAoM se laukika sukhoM kI prApti kI icchA ko bhI kA~kSA kahA gayA hai, aisI kAMkSA na karanA, niSkAMkSA hai| athavA anya ekAntika mithyAvAdiyoM ke vilAsamaya jIvana ko dekhakara bhI unakI ora AkarSita na honA, usa mata ko grahaNa karane kI mana se bhI icchA na karanA niSkAMkSatA hai| kAMkSA, jisa vyakti kI prabala hotI hai, use naitika jIvana jIne meM kaThinAI AtI hai, kAMkSAe~ use anaitika AcaraNa ke lie prerita karatI haiM ? aura niSkAMkSa vyakti sAtvika/naitika jIvana saralatA se jI letA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai se hu cakSu maNussANaM je kaMkhAe antae / -jisane kAMkSAoM kA anta kara diyA, vaha manuSyoM ke lie netra ke samAna patha pradarzaka hai| niSkAMkSatA guNa ko dhAraNa karane vAlA svayaM to naitika pragati karatA hI hai, anya logoM ke lie bhI vaha preraNA-pradIpa bana jAtA hai| (2) nirvicikitsA-cikitsA zabda ke do artha hote haiM-(1) dharmakaraNI ke phala meM sandeha aura (2) ghRNA kA bhAva / ataH nirvicikitsA kA abhiprAya hai--apanI dharmakaraNI ke phala meM sandeha na karanA aura sAtha hI samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra kI ArAdhanA meM lIna rahane vAle tapasvI sAdhakoM ke malina veza tathA deha se ghRNA na krnaa| nIti ke anusAra kisI se bhI ghRNA karanA anaitika pratyaya hai aura sandeha to anaitikatA hai hii| ___ aMgrejI meM kahAvata hai-Hate begets hate (ghaNA, ghaNA ko janma detI hai) / vastutaH ghRNA aisA mAnasika chUta kA roga hai jo bar3I tIvra gati se phailatA hai / eka vyakti dUsare se ghRNA karatA hai, dUsarA tIsare se, isa taraha yaha cakra phailatA hI jAtA hai aura sAre mAnava samAja meM vyApta ho jAtA hai aura isa kupravRtti se mAnava SaDyantroM, durabhisandhiyoM ke jAla meM pha~sa jAtA hai, usakA naitika patana ho jAtA hai| ghRNA se kitane saMgharSa aura yuddha hue, aneka unnata saMskRtiyA~ rasAtala ko calI gaI, mAnava itihAsa isakA bolatA pramANa hai| 1 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, zloka 12 2 puruSArthasiddha yupAya, zloka 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 215 (4) amUDhadRSTitva-mUr3hatA kA artha-ajJAna, bhrama, mithyA, viparyAsa hai aura dRSTi kA artha hai vizvAsa / amUDhadRSTitva kA abhiprAya huA-aisA guNa jisameM bhrama tathA viparItatA na ho| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA hai-- sammaTThiI sayA amUDhe / / -samyagdRSTi sadA amUr3ha rahatA hai,vaha kabhI mUr3hatAoM ke cakkara meM nahIM phNstaa| mUr3hatAe~ kaI haiM, unakA svarUpa jAnanA upayogI hogaa| (1) devamUr3hatA (rAgI-dveSI devoM kI upAsanA), (2) lokamUr3hatA (nadI snAna Adi se Atmazuddhi mAnanA) (3) samayamUr3hatA (zAstra va dharma ke viSaya meM bhrAnta dhAraNA) (4) gurumUr3hatA (nindya AcaraNa vAle pAkhaMDI sAdhuoM ko sAdhu mAnanA (5) samAjamUr3hatA (samAja meM pracalita anargala rUr3hiyoM ko dharmAnumodita paramparA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA) isI prakAra aura bhI hajAroM prakAra kI mUr3hatAyeM ho sakatI haiN| samyaktvI ina mUr3hatAoM ke cakkara meM nahIM pha~satA, isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki usakA viveka jAgRta rahatA hai, vaha dharma-adharma, deva-kudeva, zAstrakUzAstra, guru-kuguru Adi ke bheda ko bhalIbhA~ti samajhatA hai aura sudharma, deva Adi ko svIkAra karane meM nirbhaya vRtti vAlA hotA hai| - naitika dRSTi se bhI mUr3hatA heya hai / mUr3ha vyakti naitika aura anaitika ke bheda ke viSaya meM bhramita rahatA hai, spaSTa nirNaya nahIM kara pAtA to isase naitika AcaraNa kI AzA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| aise vyakti to gatAnugatika pravAha meM bahane vAle hote haiN| ve apane AcaraNa ko nIti kI dRSTi se samIkSA karane meM sakSama nahIM hote| ___(5) upabRhaNa-prAkRta ke 'uvaUha' zabda kA saMskRta rUpa hai upabRhaNa / isakA artha vRddhi karanA athavA poSaNa karanA hai / samyaktva ke aMga ke rUpa meM isakA artha hai apane sadguNoM meM vRddhi karanA tathA samyakacAritra kA-sadAcAra kA pAlana karane vAle guNIjanoM kI prazaMsA karake unake caritrapAlana meM sahayoga denaa| isameM eka artha aura bhI sannihita hai, vaha hai DhA~kanA, chipaanaa| isa 1 dazavakAlika sUtra 10/7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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216 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana rUpa meM upagRhana zabda kA prayoga huA hai / usakA Azaya hai-anya logoM ke durguNoM ko carcA kA viSaya na bnaanaa| nIti meM ina donoM hI AzayoM kA mahatva hai| sadguNoM kI prazaMsA karane se samAja meM unakA prasAra hogA, samAja naitika banegA tathA kisI ko usakI bhUla akele meM batAI jAya to vaha sudhAra bhI legA aura yadi DhiMDhorA pITakara use badanAma kara diyA jAya to vaha haThAgrahI bana jAyegA, usake sudhAra kI AzA hI samApta ho jaayegii| .. ____ ataH nIti ke prasAra ke lie sadguNoM kI prazaMsA jitanI Avazyaka hai utanI hI AvazyakatA hai dUsaroM kI bhUloM athavA doSoM kA DhiMDhorA na pITane kI / dUsaroM kI niMdA karane kI vRtti samAjaghAtI hai / ataH ina donoM hI pravRttiyoM se vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvana meM naitikatA kA praveza hotA hai| (6) sthirIkaraNa-sthirIkaraNa kA abhiprAya hai-vicalita hote hue ko punaH sthira krnaa| sva kI apekSA apanI AtmA ko darzana-jJAna-cAritra rUpa dharma se vicalita hone para pUnaH ratnatrayarUpa dharma meM-AtmabhAvoM meM sthira krnaa| ise nizcaya athavA svalakSyI dRSTi kahA jAtA hai| vyavahAra athavA para kI apekSA se anya vyaktiyoM ko, jo kisI kAraNavaza dharma se vicalita ho rahe haiM, punaH dharmamArga meM sthira karanA, unheM ucita aura jaisI apekSA ho, sahayoga denaa| sAdhu ko to samyaktvI zrAvaka vacanoM dvArA sahayoga de sakatA hai athavA saMyama ke lie upayogI vastuoM kA abhAva ho to unakI pUrti kara sakatA hai| kintu gRhastha zrAvaka kI aneka samasyAe~ ho sakatI haiM; jaisenirdhanatA, asahAyatA, rogagrastatA, anyatIthikoM dvArA phusalAyA jAnA, pralobhana aadi| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake vaibhava aura aizvaryamaya jIvana se vaha vyakti svayaM hI AkarSita hokara svadharma se cyuta ho rahA ho / ___ isa dazA meM samyaktvI zrAvaka kA kartavya hai ki dhana se, sevA se, zabdoM se athavA jisa kisI prakAra se saMbhava ho, usakI sahAyatA tathA sahayoga karake darzana-jJAna-cAritrarUpa dharma meM pUnaH sthira kre| nIti ke anusAra sthirIkaraNa ke donoM hI rUpoM kA mahatva hai / vyakti For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 217 kA kartavya hai ki AvegoM-saMvegoM se apanI AtmA aura mAnasika vRttiyoM ko udvelita na hone de, mastiSkIya saMtulana banAye rakhe / yadi mastiSka kA saMtulana na rahA to vaha kartavyAkartavya kA nirNaya na kara sakegA aura pariNAmasvarUpa anaitika AcaraNa bhI kara sakatA hai / 1 vyakti akelA nahIM hai, usakA saMpUrNa jIvana vyavahAra samAja sApekSa hai | yadi samAja ke anya vyakti anaitika AcaraNoM meM pravRtta ho jAyeMge to vaha svayaM bhI naitika rahane meM sakSama na ho sakegA / ataH sahayoga dekara anya vyaktiyoM ko naitika banAye rakhanA usakA naitika kartavya hai / isI naitika kartavya kI ora 'sthirIkaraNa' dvArA saMketa kiyA gayA hai / (7) vAtsalya - vAtsalya 'vatsa' zabda se banA hai / vatsa kA artha hotA hai putra-prama | mAtA-pitA, jisa prakAra pratiphala kI icchA kiye binA apane putra se vizuddha prema karate haiM, saMkaToM- rogoM se usakI rakSA karate haiM, usake hita ke lie saceSTa rahate haiM, usake jIvana-nirmANa ke lie apane sukhoM kA tyAga karate haiM, dhana kA vyaya karate haiM, usI prakAra samyaktvI zrAvaka bhI apane sAdharmI bandhuoM ke hita Adi meM saceSTa rahe / samyaktvI zrAvaka kA vAtsalya bhAva bahuta vistRta hotA hai, vaha saMsAra ke sampUrNa prANiyoM kI hita-kAmanA karatA hai, sabhI ko sukhI dekhanA cAhatA hai / usakA yaha guNa vizvamaitrI kA sUcaka hai zabdoM meM vyakta hote haiM - mittI se savvabhUesu' - prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI bhAva hai / / usake hArdika udgAra ina merA saMsAra ke sabhI jIvoM maitrI kA bhAva naitikatA kA Adarza hai / yaha vaira - virodha, saMgharSa Adi kA zamana karake sukha-zAMti kI saritA pravAhita karane meM sakSama hotA hai / (8) prabhAvanA - prabhAvanA kA abhiprAya hai - aise kArya karanA jisase dharma saMgha kI unnati ho, mahimA bar3he, kIrti kA prasAra ho, tathA samAja ke anya vyakti bhI dharma-mArga se prabhAvita hoM, dharma- pAlana ke lie prerita hoM / aisI prabhAvanA kaI prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai / jaina paramparA meM 8 prakAra ke prabhAvaka mAne gaye haiM- 1 prAvacanika 2 dharmakathika 3 vAdI 4 naimittika 5 tapasvI 6 vidyAsiddha 7 rasAdisiddha aura 8 kavi / vAstava meM dhArmika vyakti kA jIvana sugandhita sumana ke samAna hotA 1 Avazyaka sUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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218 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hai jo apanI saurabha se svayaM to mahakatA hI hai, anya logoM kA jIvana bho sugandhita kara detA hai| naitika jIvana meM yaha sabhI guNa viziSTa bhUmikA adA karate haiM, ina ko dhAraNa karane se naitika jIvana meM camaka AtI hai, naitikatA kI pragati hotI hai, sadguNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai, jIvana sukhI hotA hai| samyaktva ke aticAra ___aticAra kA artha hai doSa; aisA doSa jo sAmAnya ho, mAmUlI ho tathA bhUla se laga jAya / samyaktva ke aise 5 aticAra haiM-1 zaMkA, 2 kAMkSA 3 vicikitsA, 4 mithyAdRSTiprazaMsA 5 mithyAdRSTisaMstava / ina pAMcoM aticAroM ko samyaktva kA mala bhI kahA gayA hai / mala kA abhiprAya hai jo sirpha malina kare, naSTa na kare; jisa prakAra vastra para lagA mala vastra ko sirpha malina hI karatA hai, use naSTa nahIM karatA; usI prakAra aticAroM se bhI samyaktva meM sirpha malinatA hI AtI hai, vaha naSTa nahIM hotaa| phira bhI ye aticAra sirpha jAnane yogya hai, AcaraNa karane yogya nahIM hai / inameM se zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsA-yaha tIna aticAra to uparivaNita samyaktva ke ATha aMgoM meM se prathama tIna aMga nizzaMkitA, niSkAMkSatA aura nirvicikitsA ke virodho haiM / jo svarUpa aMgoM kA batAyA gayA hai, usase viparIta ina dUSaNoM kA svarUpa hotA hai| inake atirikta mithyAdRSTiprazaMsA aura mithyAdRSTisaMstava mUr3hatA ke pariNAma haiM / prazaMsA kA artha mAnasika zlAghA tathA saMstava kA artha 1 (ka) zaMkAkAMkSAvicikitsA'nyadRSTiprazaMsAsaMstavA samyagdRSTeraticArAH / -tatvArthasUtra 7/18 (kha) saMkA, kaMkhA, vidigiMchA, parapAsaMDapasaMsA, parapAsaMDasaMthavA / -pratikramaNa sUtra, upAsaka dazAMga 1/7 [noTa-parapAkhaMDa, anyadRSTi tathA mithyAdRSTi-tInoM zabdoM kA abhiprAya samAna hai| yahA~ mithyAdRSTi zabda nIti kI apekSA 'ayathArtha dRSTi koNa' abhidheyArtha kI apekSA karake rakhA gayA hai / -lekhaka 2 jANiyavvA na samAyariyavvA / -pratikramaNa sUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva | 216 vacana dvArA unake vidyamAna athavA avidyamAna guNoM kA utkIrtana athavA stuti hai / saMstava kA eka artha paricaya bhI hai | 2 ina donoM aticAroM kA abhiprAya hai - parapAkhaMDiyoM kI na prazaMsA karanI yogya hai aura na unakA ati paricaya hI karanA cAhie / zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsA kA anaitikatva to samyaktva ke prathama tIna aMgoM ke sandarbha meM batAyA jA cukA hai / mithyAdRSTi kI prazaMsA, tathA atiparicaya bhI anaitika hI hai / ayathArtha dRSTikoNa hI mithyAdRSTi hai / jina vyaktiyoM kA dRSTikoNa jIvana, samAja tathA kartavyAkartavya ke bAre meM yathArtha nahIM hotA, jo samAja evaM deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM kA yathArtha mUlyAMkana nahIM kara pAte, apane svArtha ko hI pradhAna mAnate haiM, aise vyakti cAhe dharma ke, samAja ke, rAjya ke kitane bhI ucca padoM para AsIna kyoM na hoM, unakI prazaMsA karane kA pariNAma ghAtaka hI hotA hai, AtaMka, saMgharSa, viplava, hiMsA jaisI ghora anaitikatAoM ko hI janma detA hai / yaha pratyakSa siddha hai / isI prakAra ayathArtha dRSTikoNa vAle vyaktiyoM kA ati-paricaya bhI hAnikAraka hotA hai / nIti kA hI eka vAkya hai - saMsargajAH doSa guNA bhavanti saMsarga athavA saMgati se guNa bhI doSa bana jAte haiM / phala yaha hotA hai ki yathArthadRSTi vAle mAnavoM kI ucita dRSTi bhI saMgati ke doSa se prabhAvita "hokara malina ho jAtI hai / upasaMhAra jaina vicAraNA meM samyaktva ko cintAmaNi ratna se bhI adhika mUlya - vAna kahA gayA hai / yaha AtmA kI jyoti hai, Atma-jyoti ko pragaTa karane vAlA hai, Atmazaktiko abhivyakti pradAna karatA hai, samatA kI mudrA hai, bhava-paramparA kA uccheda karatA hai / isakA sabase bar3A guNa hai | mAnasika tathA bhAvanAtmaka andhakAra ko vinaSTa karake sad jJAna kA Aloka jagAnA | 1 mithyAdRSTInAM manasA jJAnacAritraguNodbhAvanaM prazaMsA, vidyamAnAmavidyamAnAM mithyAdRSTi guNAnAM vacanena prakaTana saMstava ucyate / - tatvArtha sUtra zruta sAgarIyA vRtti 7 / 23 2 taimithyAdRSTibhirekatra saMvAsAtparasparAnnapAnAdi janita: paricayaH saMstavaH / - yogazAstra 2 / 17 vRtti, patra 67 For Personal & Private Use Only

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220 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana andhakAra AtmA ko, Atmika zaktiyoM ko, Atmika sadguNoM ko tirohita karatA hai, buddhi ko malina karatA hai, hRdaya ko krUra aura kaThora banAtA hai aura ina sabakA vyAvahArika pariNAma hotA hai, durAcaraNa tathA anaitika AcaraNa / mAnava mana se, vacana se,zArIrika ceSTAoM se anaitika bana jAtA hai| nIti kI apekSA se samyaktva isI andhakAra ko naSTa karane ke lie sahasrarazmi dinakara ke samAna tejapuMja hai / yaha yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI Atma-jyoti ko pragaTa karatA hai, uddIpta karatA hai aura saMpUrNa jIvana-vyavahAra meM camaka bhara detA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se yaha mukti kA adhikAra patra hai to natika dRSTi se nItipUrNa jIvana kA AdhAra bhI hai / yaha AdhyAtmika naitika jIvana kA prANa hai isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki samyaktva jIvana dRSTi hai, jIvana ke prati yathArtha dRSTikoNa hai, vicAraNA kI eka nizcita gati hai, jisase AcAra meM pragati hotI hai| vaicArika aura AcAra sambandhI gati-pragati kA AdhAra hai-anAsakti aura samatva bhAva hai--rAga-dveSa Adi kI alpatA, ahaM-mama tathA meretere kI bhAvanA kA visarjana, kaSAyoM kA upazamana, cita kI vRttiyoM kA zodhana, lAlasAoM kA parisImana / yaha saba samyaktva athavA samyagdarzana ke prabhAva se hotA hai, vahI eka aisI jIvana dRSTi detA hai jo nyAyapUrNa, ucita hotI hai,kartavyAkartavya, zubhAzubha Adi kA viveka karane meM sakSama banAtI hai tathA zubhatama AcaraNa kI ora mAnava ko prerita karatI hai / / vastutaH samyaktva pradatta vivekadRSTi sumana kI mahaka ke samAna hotI hai / jaise sumana svayaM apanI sugandhi se to surabhita rahatA hI hai, anyoM ke jIvana ko-vAtAvaraNa ko bhI suvAsita kara detA hai / isI prakAra samyaktva bhI samyaktvI ke jIvana ko AdhyAtmika tathA naitika dRSTi se unnata banAtA hai tathA anya saMparka meM Ane vAle vyaktiyoM ko bhI unnata jIvana kI preraNA detA hai| yahI samyaktva kA nItizAstrIya mahatva hai ki yaha nizcinta, tanAva rahita, zAnta aura samatva pUrNa jIvana jIne kI sahI dizA nirdhArita kara detA hai| samyagdarzana kA sabase baDA kArya hai-jJAna meM yathArthatA kA samAveza karake use samyagjJAna banA denaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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samyagdarzana kA svarUpa aura naitika jIvana para usakA prabhAva ! 221 bahuta se par3he likhe mAnava bhI yathArtha dRSTikoNa vAle nahIM hote, naitikatA anaitikatA kA vibheda karane meM sakSama nahIM ho pAte / samyaktva yathArthazraddhA dvArA satya dRSTikoNa pradAna karatA hai, jisase jJAna bhI yathArthagrAhI bana jAtA hai / isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki jJAna para par3A ayathArthatA kA AvaraNa haTa jAne se vaha apane vicAroM tathA AcaraNa ke doSoM ko samajhane, una kA yathArtha vivecana vizleSaNa karane meM sakSama ho jAtA hai / svayaM ke sudhAra kI icchA jAgRta hone lagatI hai| isa sudhAra-icchA kA phala AdhyAtmika tathA naitika pragati ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai |vykti adhika se adhika naitikatA kI ora jhakatA jAtA hai aura apane AcaraNa meM apekSita sudhAra lAkara naitika jIvana jIne ke lie prayatnazIla hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyasanamukta jIvana saMskRta kI eka praznottarI meM jIvana kA rahasya batAyA gayA haiki jIvana ? (jIvana kyA hai ? ) doSavivajitaM yat ( doSarahita - vyasanamukta jIvana hI vAstava meM jIvana hai / ) yathArtha dRSTi ( samyagdarzana) aura yathArtha bodha (samyagjJAna ) prApta hote hI mAnava kI jIvana-zailI parivartita ho jAtI hai / use apanI jIvanacAdara para lage doSa spaSTa dikhAI dene lagate haiM / una doSoM se vaha bhaviSya ke lie dUra honA cAhatA hai aura pichale dhabboM ko dhone ke lie prastuta ho jAtA hai / doSoM ko dUra karake jIvana ko nirdoSa banAne ke lie vaha jo pahalA caraNa bar3hAtA hai, vaha hai - vyasanoM kA tyAga / vyasana kyA hai ? - 3 naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa 'vyasana' zabda saMskRta bhASA kA hai, jisakA artha hai kaSTa / jina pravRttiyoM kA pariNAma kaSTaprada ho, unheM vyasana kahA gayA hai / eka saMskRta kavi ne vyasana ko mRtyu se bhI adhika kaSTaprada kahA hai / vaha kahatA hai - vyasanI nIce giratA jAtA hai, usakA jIvana patita hotA jAtA hai, jabaki avyasanI kA jIvana UMcA uThatA hai, mRtyu ke uparAnta bhI vyasanI kI adhogati hotI hai jabaki nirvyasanI ko uccagati - svargAdi kI prApti hotI hai / 1 1. vyasanasya mRtyozca vyasanaM kaSTamucyate / vyasanyadho'dho vrajati, svaryAtyavyasanI mRtaH / [ 222 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 223 vyasana kA sIdhA artha bhI yahI hai| yaha zabda do zabdoM ke mela se banA hai-vi+asana / asana kA artha bhojana hai| pUre vyasana zabda kA artha huA-vikRta bhojana, vikRta vastuoM, AdatoM ko grahaNa karanA, unameM lipta ho jaanaa| prasiddha pAzcAtya vicAraka ne vyasana ko burI AdatoM meM lipta ho jAnA (Addiction to evil habits) kahA hai aura isake lie debauehery1 zabda diyA hai| isa zabda kA vAcyArtha hai-aisI AdateM jo vyakti ko zArIrika rUpa meM akSama banAtI haiM, mAnasika kamajorI lAtI haiM, dhana kI hAni karatI hai aura sadguNoM kA vinAza karatI haiN| 1. William Geddie : Midh-twentith Century Version. p. 269 2. (ka) jUaM majja maMsaM vesA pAraddhi cora pryaar| duggai gamaNassedANi heubhUdANi pAvANi // -vasunandi zrAvakAcAra meM saptavyasana para prathama zloka (kha) cUtaM ca mAMsaM ca surA ca.vezyA, pApaddhi caurye paradArasevA / etAni sapta vyasanAni loke, pApAdhike pusi sadA bhavanti / (ga) vaidika paramparA meM aThAraha prakAra ke vyasana mAne gaye haiM, jinameM se 10 kAmaja haiM aura 8 krodhajanya haiN| kAmaja vyasana haiM-(1) mRgayA (zikAra), (2) akSa (jUA) (3) divAsvapna-saMbhava kalpanAoM meM ulajhe (DUba) rahanA (4) paranindA (5) parastrI sevana (6) mada (7) nRtyasabhA (8) gItasabhA (8) vAdya kI mahaphila (10) vyartha bhttknaa| krodhaja vyasana haiM- (1) paizunya (cugalI) (2) atisAhasa (3) droha (4) IrSyA (5) asUyA (6) artha doSa (6) vANI se daNDa aura (8) kaThora vacana (paruSataH) dazakAma samutthAni tathA'STau krodhajAni ca / vyasanAni durantAni yatnena parivarjayet // magayA kSo divAsvapna: parivAdaH striyo madaH / tauryatrikaM vRthA'TyA ca kAmajo dazako gaNaH // paizunyaM sAhasaM drohaM IrSyA'sUyA'rthadUSaNam / vAgdaNDajaM ca pAruSyaM krodhajo'pi gaNo'STakaH // For Personal & Private Use Only

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224 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vastutaH vyasana ve viSa vRkSa haiM jo cAroM ora ke vAtAvaraNa ko jaharIlA banA dete haiM / yaha kIcar3a vAle aise gaDDhe haiM jo AkarSaka puSpoM se Dhake hue hoM, aura jaise hI koI vyakti lAlAyita hokara una puSpoM ke pAsa jAtA hai to dala-dala meM aisA gaharA pha~sa jAtA hai ki usakA nikalanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / amarabela ke samAna vyasana jisa puruSa rUpI vRkSa se lipaTate haiM usakA sarvanAza kara dete haiN| vyasanoM ke sAta prakAra jainAcAryoM ne sAta vyasana batAye haiM-(1) juA khelanA, (2) mAMsAhAra, (3) madirApAna, (4) vezyAgamana, (5) zikAra, (6) corI, (7) parastrIsevana / ina sAta vyasanoM ke samAna hI Adhunika yuga meM kAmottejaka azlIla pustakoM kA paThana-pAThana, romAMTika-jAsUsI upanyAsa, calacitroM ke azlIla dRzya, bIr3I sigareTa, hairoina, brAuna sugara, kokIna Adi nazIlI vastue~ bhI atyanta hAniprada haiN| navayuvakoM meM to ina nazIle padArthoM kI Adata vyasana kI sImA taka pahu~ca gaI hai| vastutaH koI bhI Adata vyasana tabhI banatI hai, jaba vyakti usameM AkaMTha nimagna ho jAtA hai, DUba jAtA hai, lipta ho jAtA hai, use pAye binA vaha tIvra becainI anubhava karatA hai| aisI dazA manuSya ke lie bahuta bhayaMkara hotI hai| aba hama jaina nIti meM varNita sAta vyasanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya deNge| jaA jUA, alpa parizrama se adhika dhana prApti kI icchA se janmA huA doSa hai / mAnava isakI ora isI kAraNa AkarSita hotA hai kintu yaha aisI viSavela hai ki mAnava ke satva ko hI cUsa jAtA hai, use nirdhana banA detA hai, ghara parivAra, samAja mitra varga kI dRSTi meM girA detA hai / juA aneka rUpoM meM khelA jAtA hai / prAcInakAla meM yaha pAsoM (akSa) caupaDa Adi ke rUpa meM, mugala kAla meM zataraMja ke rUpa meM khelA jAtA thA tathA Adhunika yuga meM yaha tAza ke pattoM dvArA khelA jAtA hai / resa, lATarI, saTTA Adi bhI jUe ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiM / jUA ghora For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 225 anaitika kRtya hai, Rgveda tathA sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM ise tyAjya batAyA hai| eka pAzcAtya cintaka ne bhI ise lobha kA putra aura phijUlakharcI kA janaka jananI kahA hai| jUe se dhana kA nAza hotA hai / | jUA anaitika isalie hai ki sarvaprathama yaha jUA khelane vAle vyakti kI mAnasika zAMti ko bhaMga kara detA hai, juArI kA mana-mastiSka sadA azAnta, udvigna aura cintAmagna rahatA hai| usake apane parivArIjanoM, svajanoM-sabhI ke sAtha sambandha bigar3a jAte haiM / dhana kI lAlasA meM vaha naitikatA ko bhUla jAtA hai| ___ juArI lokaniMdya kArya karane se bhI nahIM cUkatA / vaha corI jaise anaitika kArya karane se bhI nahIM hicakatA / usake hRdaya kI komala bhAvanAe~ vinaSTa ho jAtI haiN| mAtA-pitA, patnI-putra Adi ke prati kyA kartavya haiM ve vismRti ke garbha meM cale jAte haiN| kartavya-akartavya, zubha-azubha jitane bhI naitika pratyaya haiM, unakI ora vaha dhyAna hI nahIM detA, apane zabdoM kI vaha kImata hI nahIM samajhatA, use sirpha eka dhuna rahatI hai, vaha hai dya ta-krIr3A kii| usa samaya vaha itanA vaha vivekAndha ho jAtA hai ki patnI ko bhI dA~va para lagA detA hai / - naitika, sAmAjika, mAnavIya, pArivArika sabhI prakAra se juArI kA patana ho jAtA hai| usake zatamukhI naitika patana ko kSatra cUr3AmaNi kAvya meM citrita karate hue kahA gayA hai vyasanoM meM jinakA citta Asakta hai, unakA kauna-sA aisA guNa hai jise vyasana naSTa nahIM kara DAlatA ? unameM na vidvattA raha pAtI hai, na manuSyatA; na kulInatA hI zeSa raha pAtI hai, na satyavANI hii| 1. akSarmAdivyaH / -Rgveda 10/34/13 2. aTThAvae na sikkhejjjA / -~-sUtrakRtAMga 9/10 3. Gambling is the child of avarice, but the parent of prodigality. 4. jUe pasattassa dhaNassa naaso| -gautama kulaka 5. vyasanAsaktacittAnAM, guNa. ko vA na nazyati / na vaiduSyaM na mAnuSyaM, nAbhijAtyaM na satyavAk / / For Personal & Private Use Only

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226 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jUA chata kI bImArI ke samAna bar3I tejI se phailatA hai aura yahA~ taka ki saMpUrNa dezavAsiyoM ko bhI apanI giraphta meM le letA hai, unakA naitika patana kara detA hai| juA khelane kI Adata vyakti ko AlasI, binA zrama kiye rAtoMrAta lakhapati banane kI burI bhAvanA jagAtI hai / jue kA dhana vyakti ko zarAba, mAMsAhAra, para-strIgamana, Adi burI AdatoM kI tarapha DhakelatA hai| isIlie yathArtha dRSTi prApta hone ke bAda naitikatA kI ora kadama bar3hAtA huA mAnava sarvaprathama cUta ko tilAMjali dekara apane jIvana ko nirdoSa banAtA hai| mAMsAhAra mAMsAhAra bhI cUta ke samAna hI eka vyasana hai| vyasanoM ke krama meM yaha dUsarA vyasana hai| mAMsa paMcendriya prANiyoM ke vadha se utpanna hotA hai| yaha mAnava kA bhojana nahIM hai| mAnava-zarIra kI racanA zAkAhAra ke lie upayukta hai| zAkAhAra hI mAnava ko sphUrti, bala, vIrya Adi pradAna karatA hai aura use pratyeka kArya karane meM sakSama banAe rakhatA hai| zAkAhAra se buddhi, mana aura zarIra kriyAzIla bane rahate haiM / mana-mastiSka meM uttejanA vyApta nahIM hotI, usakA jIvana sahaja, sarala va naitika rahatA hai| jabaki mAMsAhAra anaitika hai, anaitika isalie ki yaha vaira paramparA ko bar3hAne vAlA hai / AcArya manu ne mAMsa zabda kA artha batAte hue kahA haimAMsa kA artha hI yaha hai ki jisakA maiM mAMsa khA rahA hU~, vaha agale janma meM mujhe khaaegaa| mAM aura sa isa prakAra mAMsa zabda ko alaga alaga likhane se isakA artha hotA hai vaha (sa) mujhe (mAM) khaayegaa| isa prakAra mAMsAhAra aneka janmoM taka vaira paramparA bar3hAtA hai / ___zatrutA athavA vaira anaitika hai, isase anaitikatA kA hI prasAra hotA hai / isake atirikta yaha dayA, prANirakSA, ahiMsA bhAvanA Adi sabhI mAnavIya 1 mAM sa bhakSayitA'mutra, yasya mAMsamihAmyaham / etanmAMsasya mAMsatva, pravadanti manISiNaH / -manusmRti 5 / 55 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 227 guNoM aura naitika pratyayoM kA nAza karake mAnava ko anaitika banAtA hai, usa ke hRdaya meM kaThoratA kA vAsa ho jAtA hai, krUra bana jAtA hai, prANiyoM kI rakSA ke sthAna para unakA bhakSaNa karane lagatA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa mAnava zreSThatA ke Asana se girakara nikRSTa bana jAtA hai; durAcaraNa, hiMsA usake jIvana ke aMga bana jAte haiM / hRdaya kI krUratA use ghora anaitika tathA pati banA detI hai, naitikatA kA nAma nizAna bhI nahIM rahatA hai / nIti meM jise anaitikatA kahA gayA hai, use hI dharmazAstroM meM pApa kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / 'pApa' kA pariNAma patana hI hai, isIlie sthAnAMga sUtra' meM mAMsAhAra kA phala naraka gamana batAyA hai / mAMsAhArI mAnava aparAdhI hotA hai / aparAdhI, una pazuoM ke prati jinakA hanana aura bhakSaNa vaha karatA hai / cAhe, yaha aparAdha-bodha use na ho kintu aparAdha to apanA kAma karatA hI hai, usakI aparAdhinI AtmA patita hotI hai, usakI pravRttiyA~ nimna se nimnatama stara taka giratI huIM pApa paMka meM nimagna ho jAtI haiM / naitikatA kI dRSTi se yaha mAnava ke ghora patana kI - ghora anaitikatA kI sthiti hai / isIlie mAMsAhAra anaitika hai, apavitra hai aura mAnavatA kI dRSTi se ghRNAspada hai / isI kAraNa ise sabhI vivekIjanoM ne tyAjya batAyA hai / madyapAna ve sabhI dravya ( peya padArtha ) jo buddhi ko lupta kara dete haiM, Dhaka dete haiM, madya kahalAte haiM / " inameM madirA ( wine ) to pramukha hai hI kintu bhA~ga, gAMjA, aphIma, carasa, tAr3I Adi kI bhI gaNanA mada athavA nazIle padArthoM meM kI jAtI hai / Ajakala to aura bhI nazIle padArtha pracalita ho gaye haiM, jaisehairoina, brAuna sugara, kokIna Adi / ina sabhI padArthoM kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki mAnava ko kalpanA loka meM 1. cauhi ThANehiM jIvA neraiyattAe kammaM pagareMti, taM jahAmahArambhayAte, mahApariggahayAte, paMcidiyavaheNaM, kuNimAhAreNa / 2. buddhi lumpati yaddravyaM madakAri taducyate / For Personal & Private Use Only - sthAnAMga, sthAna 4

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228 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana pahu~cA dete haiM, yathArtha jagata se usakA sambandha tor3a dete haiM aura usakI cetanA kisI dUsare loka kI saira karane lagatI hai| madirA tathA anya sabhI nazIle padArtha mAnavIya sadguNoM ko naSTa kara dete haiM / satya kA to satyAnAza ho hI jAtA hai; viveka, jJAna, satya, zauca, dayA, kSamA Adi sabhI sadguNa Aga kI cingArI se ghAsa ke Dhera ke samAna jalakara bhasma ho jAte haiN| buddhi bhraSTa ho jAtI hai| socane-samajhane kI zakti samApta ho jAtI hai aura krodha Adi aneka saMvega tathA vibhrama utpanna ho jAte haiM, vyakti pAgaloM kA sA pralApa karatA hai| eka pAzcAtya vicAraka ne kahA hai- z2aba manuSya madyapAna karatA hai to madirA ke andara jAne ke sAtha hI buddhi bAhara nikala jAtI hai / ___Sencea ne to spaSTa hI kaha diyA ki madyapAna svecchayA apanAe hue pAgalapana ke sivAya kucha nahIM hai / zarAba kA sabase burA asara mastiSka aura hRdaya para par3atA hai, zarIra to jarjarita ho hI jAtA hai / zAstroM meM zarAba ke aneka durguNa aura doSa batAe haiM, kintu isa 1. madyapasya kutaH satyam ? -jIvanasudhAra, pR0 40 2. vivekaH saMyamo jJAnaM, satya zaucaM dayA kSamA / madyAt pralIyate sarvaM, tRNyA vanhikaNAdiva / / -yogazAstra 3/16 3. madyapAnAd matibhra zo, narANAM jAyate khalu / -jIvana sudhAra pR0 31 4. madyapAne kRte krodho, mAnaM, lobhazca jAyate / mohazca matsarazcaiva duSTabhASaNameva ca // -manusmRti 5. When drink enters, wisdom departs EUR. Drunkenness is nothing else, but a voluntary madness. 7. vairUpyaM vyAdhipiNDaH svajana paribhava: kAryakAlAtipAto / vidvaSo jJAnanAzaH smRtimatiharaNaM viprayogazca sadbhiH / / pAruSyaM nIca sevA kula-bala-vilayo dharmakAmArthahAniH / kaSTaM vai SoDazaitenirupacayakarA madyapAnasya doSAH / / --AtmA ko patita karane vAle madyapAna ke 16 kaSTadAyaka doSa haiM(1) vairUpya (zarIra kA beDaula aura kurUpa ho jAnA) (2) vyAdhipiNDa (prArIra kA rogoM kA ghara ho jAnA) (3) svajana paribhava-(parivAra meM tiraskAra) - For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 226 kA sabase bar3A durguNa yaha hai ki zarAbI pratyeka prakAra kA aparAdha karatA hai, vaha apane hozo-havAsa meM nahIM rahatA, ataH mAra-pITa, daMgA-phasAda, corI, balAtkAra Adi sabhI prakAra ke pApa kara sakatA hai, karatA hai / madirA se matavAle mAnava ko ucita-anucita ke viveka kI to bAta hI dUra rahI, vaha sAdhu-saMnyAsiyoM-tapasviyoM kA bhI apamAna kara detA hai| dvArakA jaisI samRddha nagarI ke vinAza kA kAraNa madirApAna hI thA / na yAdava kumAra madirA ke naze meM matavAle hokara dvIpAyana RSi kA apamAna karate, unheM patthara-Dhele mArate aura na dvIpAyana RSi dvArakA bhasma karate / isI prakAra roma aura yUnAna kI zaktizAlI sabhyatAeM madirA kI bheMTa car3ha gaIM / aura bhI kaI deza madirA kI tarala Aga meM bhasma ho gaye / deza meM Aja hiMsA, AtaMka, hatyA aura lUTa khasoTa kA jo bhayAvaha trAsadAyI vAtAvaraNa banA huA hai, usakA sabase bar3A mAnasika kAraNa zarAba, madyapAna hai / prasiddha vicAraka bekana ne saca hI kahA hai-saMsAra kI samasta senAe~ bhI mAnava-jAti ko itanA naSTa nahIM karatI aura na sampatti ko barabAda karatI haiM, jitanA ki madirApAna naSTa karatA hai aura saMpatti ko barabAda karatA hai| madirApAna ghora anaitika hai| yaha mAnava kA sabhI prakAra se patana karatA hai / aparAdha kA janaka hone se yaha samAjanIti, dharmanIti Adi (4) kArya karane meM ucita samaya cUka jAnA, (5) vidvaSa utpanna honA (6) jJAna kA nAza (7) buddhi kA nAza (8) smRti kA nAza (6) sajjanoM se alagAva (10) vANI meM kaThoratA (11) noca puruSoM kI sevA (12) kula kI kIrti kA nAza (13) bala kA nAza (14-15-16) dharma-artha tathA kAma kI hAni / - hAribhadrIya aSTakaTIkA 1. Habitual intoxication is the epitome of every crime. -Gerrold. 2. He, that is drunkard, qualified for all vices. -Quarles 3. triSaSTi zalAkApuruSa caritra, neminAtha cariyaM, jaina mahAbhArata Adi 8. All the armies on earth do not destroy so many of the human race, nor alienate human property as drunkenness. -Baeon For Personal & Private Use Only

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230 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kI dRSTi se tyAjya hai / madyapI ke jIvana meM kabhI naitikatA kA praveza nahIM ho sakatA, cAhe vaha kitanA hI bar3A vidvAna ho, uccakoTi kI zikSAprApta ho, sAmAjika athavA rAjanItika netA ho / nItizAstra aura dharmazAstra tathA AcArazAstra sabhI dRSTiyoM se madirA vyasana sarvathA anaitika hai, pApa hai, durAcaraNa hai / yaha aisA dIvAliyA baiMka hai, jahA~ se barabAdI hI prApta hotI hai| isase jIvana sannipAta ke rogI ke samAna ho jAtA hai, usakI sArI pravRttiyAM anargala hotI haiM, vaha anucita bolatA hai, pAgaloM jaise pralApa karatA hai| madyapI vyakti ko sabhI ora se tiraskAra, dutkAra hI prApta hote haiM / vaha anaitikatA ke garta meM samA jAtA hai / vezyAgamana vezyA eka dIpazikhA ke samAna hai, jisa para puruSa rUpI pataMge maMDarAte haiM aura apanA dhana, mAna-maryAdA Adi saba kucha svAhA kara dete haiM aura sabhI prakAra ke sAdhana naSTa ho jAne para paMkharahita zalabha ke samAna bhUmi para gira par3ate haiN| prema nAma kI vastu vezyA ke hRdaya meM hotI hI nhiiN| usakA mAtra dhyeya dhana-dohana hai / isake sAtha hI puruSa ke bala-zakti-ijjata Adi kA zoSaNa bhI karatI hai aura phira use cUse hue Ama kI taraha sar3akoM ke kacare para pheMka detI hai| yadyapi vezyAe~ aneka durguNoM kI khAna haiM phira bhI kucha pAzcAtya vicAraka (seMTa ekvInasa, bAlajAka, zApenahAvara, lekI Adi) unakA pakSa lete hue kahate haiM-eka mahala ko jaise svaccha rakhane ke lie nAlI kI jarUrata hotI hai, usI prakAra samAja ko vizuddha rakhane ke lie bhI gaNikAoM (vezyAoM) kI jarUrata hai| kintu yaha bahuta hI bhrAmaka tarka hai| moMTIkArlo, jojiyA TAuna Adi nagara-jahA~ vezyAoM ke nivAsa haiM, vahIM sabase adhika aparAdha hote haiM / bAla-aparAdhoM evaM aparAdhI bAlakoM kA janma vezyAlayoM ke AsapAsa hI hotA hai| __yUropa evaM eziyA Adi sabhI dezoM meM vezyAlaya anaitikatA va sAmAjika-Arthika aparAdhoM ke aDDe mAne jAte haiN| taskarI evaM jAsUsI For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraka | 231 meM bhI inakA sabase adhika prayoga hotA hai / vezyA samAja ke lie kalaMka hai aura vezyAgamana aneka prakAra kI anaitikatAoM ko janma detA hai / hatyA Adi adhikAMza aparAdha vahIM sabase adhika hote haiN| vezyAgAmI vyakti, cUMki use vezyA ko prasanna karane ke lie dhana kI anivArya AvazyakatA hotI hai, ThagI, jAlasAjI Adi anaitika kAryoM se dhanopArjana karatA hai, corI bhI karatA hai aura isa prakAra usakA jIvana anaitika bana jAtA hai, sAtha hI vaha samAja meM bhI anaitikatA hI phailAtA hai| vezyA ke samparka se vezyAgAmI vyakti ko kaI prakAra ke yauna roga laga jAte haiM, ve hI roga usakI saMtAnoM meM Ate haiM aura isa prakAra usakA vaMza hI rogI ho jAtA hai, roga ke kaSTa se vaha dukhI aura pIr3ita hotA hai| Aja ke saMsAra meM sabase bhayAvaha prANaghAtI roga 'eDsa' kA sabase mukhya kAraNa vezyAgamana hI hai| inhI saba kAraNoM se vezyAgamana pApa hai, anaitika mArga hai / zikAra krUratA kA jaghanyatama rUpa zikAra hai / yaha insAna ke bhItara chipA jaMgalIpana hai / yaha mAnava kI krUratama vRtti kA vijJApana hai / isameM usakI kaThoratA hI ujAgara hotI hai| - sAmAnyataH yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki zikArI vIra puruSa hotA hai, vaha siMha Adi pazuoM kA zikAra karake apanI vIratA pradarzita karatA hai| kintu pAzcAtya vicAraka sinekA kahatA hai samasta krUratAeM aura kaThoratAe~ durbalatA meM se janma letI haiM / phira zikArI vIra hotA hI kahA~ hai, vaha to kAyara hotA hai| vaha chipakara pazuM para apane zastra-zastroM se ghAta karatA hai, bandUka se golI dAgatA hai| jo chipakara ghAta kare vaha kAyara hI to hotA hai| 1 abhI kucha samaya pUrva hI samAcAra patroM meM par3hA ki landana meM 13 varSa kI lar3akiyA~ bhI vezyAvRtti karane lagI haiM, ve skUla meM par3hatI haiM aura phira aDDoM para jAkara vezyAvRtti karatI hai, kyA yaha sabhyatA va saMskRti ke ghora patana kA mArga nahIM hai ? 2 All cruelty springs from hard-heartedness and weakness. -Seneca For Personal & Private Use Only

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232 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kucha vyakti zikAra ko manoraMjana kahate haiM / kintu yaha kaisA manoraMjana ki dUsare prANiyoM ke prANa hI le le | manoraMjana to vaha hai ki Apa svayaM bhI prasanna hoM aura dUsaroM ko bhI khuzI bA~TeM / zikArI jaisA vyavahAra anya pazu-pakSiyoM ke prati karatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra yadi koI usakI santAna ke sAtha kare to use patA calegA ki zikAra manoraMjana kA sAdhana hai yA barbAdI kA / zikAra svayaM ke lie bhI bar3A duHkhadAyI hotA hai / agale janmoM kI bAta jAne bhI deM to isa janma meM bhI zikAriyoM ko kaTu pariNAya bhogane par3e haiM / na rAjA dazaratha tIra se zravaNakumAra ke prANa lete aura na unheM putra-viyoga meM tar3apa-tar3apakara prANa chor3ane par3ate / karmayogI zrIkRSNa ke dehAvasAna kA kAraNa bhI jarAkumAra kI zikArI vRtti thI / kitanA anartha kiyA hai mAnava kI isa zikAra - lipsA ne / yaha anarthakArI, ghorahiMsaka, dUsaroM ko prANAntaka pIr3A dene vAlA zikAra vyasana ghora anaitika hai, pApa hai / AcArya vasunandI ke zabdoM meM- madya, mAMsa Adi kA dIrgha kAla taka sevana karane vAlA jitane mahAna pApa kA saMcaya karatA hai utane sabhI pApoM ko zikArI eka dina zikAra karake saMcita kara letA hai / isI kAraNa naitikatA kI ora kadama bar3hAne vAlA vyakti zikAra - vyasana kA tyAga kara detA hai / corI corI, eka aisI pravRtti hai, jo sabhI samAjoM meM, cAhe ve sabhya hoM athavA asabhya, nindanIya mAnI gaI hai| cora ko sarvatra dutkAra, tiraskAra hI milatA hai / corI ke vibhinna rUpa corI, mAlika kI AjJA athavA anumati ke binA usakI najara bacAkara, kisI cIja ko uThA lenA, apane adhikAra meM kara lenA, lUTa-mAra, uThAIgIrI, rAhajanI, gA~Tha kATanA, tAlA tor3anA, DAkejanI Adi sabhI 1 mahumajjamaMsasevI pAvai pApaM cireNa jaM ghoraM / taM egadiNe puriso lahei pAraddhiramaNeNa // -- vasunandI zrAvakAcAra 66 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 233 corI ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiN| vastuoM, dastAvejoM, mahatvapUrNa saMdhipatroM Adi ko vibhinna dezoM meM pahu~cA denA, athavA una dezoM se chipe rUpa meM apane yahA~ ma~gavA lenA taskarI hai| kisI vastu ke kraya-vikraya meM kharIdadAra ko batAye binA dhana le lenA bhI corI hai| __Aja corI kA mIThA nAma-rizvata, kamIzana yA suvidhAzulka ho gayA hai| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM corI ke 30 sArthaka nAma ginAye haiM, unameM dUsaroM ke dhana se anucita lAbha uThAnA, parAye dhana meM Asakti rakhanA, khuzAmada karake dUsaroM se dhana le lenA Adi bhI sammilita haiN| ise anArya vyavahAra aura priyajanoM meM bheda utpanna karane vAlA batAyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki corI kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai| sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha coriyoM ke naye-naye rUpa sAmane A rahe haiM / saphedapoza aura sabhya-zikSita jana bhI corI ke dhaMdhe meM lage haiN| vastuoM meM milAvaTa, saimpila meM bar3hiyA mAla dikhAkara ghaTiyA saplAI kA denA, asalI ke bajAya nakalI (duplicate) vastu de denA, sarakArI Taiksa bacAne ke lie bahI khAtoM (acconut books) meM heraphera kara denA Adi sabhya aura saphedapoza coriyA~ haiN| blaika (black) kAlA dhandhA, vAstavika ucita mUlya se adhika mUlya lenA, kRtrima abhAva (artificial shortage) dikhAkara kImatoM meM betahAzA vRddhi kara denA to aba sAmAnya bAta hI ho gaI hai| aspaSTa kintu AkarSaka bhASA meM vijJApana chapavAkara logoM ko prabhAvita karake unako Thagane kA nayA tarIkA cala par3A hai| tarIke kitane hI hoM, naye athavA purAne kintu vAstavika dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha corI ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiM jo hara yuga meM badalate rahe haiM aura naye se naye astitva meM Ate rahe haiN| __corI ke kAraNa Adhunika vidvAnoM ne corI ke pramukha 6 kAraNa batAye haiM-(1) bekArI, (2) nirdhanatA, (3) phijUlakharcI, (4) yazakIrti kI lAlasA, (5) svabhAva yA kusaMskAra aura (6) arAjakatA / 1 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, adattAdAna Azrava dvAra, sUtra 10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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234 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yadyapi ina bAhya kAraNoM se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kintu corI kA pramukha kAraNa hai - lobha, lAlasA kI utkaTa sImA taka bar3hA huA lobha, aisA lobha jo santoSa ko pUrNatayA naSTa kara cukA hotA hai / lobha ke kAraNa hI manuSya corI karatA hai / kuzalatA aura zramazIlatA se dhana kamAnA nahIM cAhatA sakatA, tathA viSayoM meM atRpta aura parigraha ke saMgraha meM aisA vyakti hI corI jaisA burA karma karatA hai / " jo apanI buddhiathavA kamA nahIM Asakta hai aisA corI kA vyasana sabhI prakAra se burA hai / naitika zAstroM meM ise jaghanyatama burAI ( most evil concept ) kahA gayA hai / yaha vyakti ke sampUrNa jIvana ko hI barabAda kara detA hai / corI kA prabhAva samAja, parivAra, rASTra aura sampUrNa mAnavatA para par3atA hai / sabhI kA cAritrika patana ho jAtA hai, mAnavatA aura sabhI mAnavIya guNa khatare meM par3a jAte haiM / ataH svayaM apane jIvana tathA mAnavIyatA kI rakSA ke lie corI kA vyasana tyAga denA cAhie / parastrIsevana para-strI kA abhiprAya hai parAI - dUsare kI athavA dUsarI strI / parastrI kA artha samajhane ke lie Avazyaka hai ki sva- strI ke svarUpa ko samajha liyA jAya / sva- strI vidhivat vivAhita strI ko kahA jAtA hai / jisake sAtha paMca-sAkSo yA agni sAkSI meM pANigrahaNa saMskAra huA hai, vaha sva- strI aura usake atirikta sabakI saba para - striyAM haiM, cAhe ve kumArI hoM, vidhavA hoM, athavA unakA pati jIvita ho / aisI kisI bhI strI ke sAtha bhoga sambandha rakhanA para - strIsevana vyasana hai / yaha vyasana dhArmika, naitika, sAmAjika aura svAsthya sabhI dRSTiyoM se hAnikAraka, anucita, nindanIya aura garhita hai / kintu pazcimI bhogavAdI saMskRti aura sabhyatA meM svacchanda aura 1. atitya pariggahaMmi, sattovasatto na uvei tuTiM / atuTThidoseNa duhI parassa, lobhAvile AyayaI adatta N // -- uttarAdhyayana sUtra 3226 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 235 mukta yaunAcAra kI pravRtti cala rahI hai| usakA prabhAva bhArata ke bhI kucha svachandatAvAdI, pazcimI sabhyatA meM raMge logoM para par3a rahA hai| ve mukta yaunAcAra ke pakSa meM tarka dete haiM ki vivAha se to puruSa aura strI donoM hI bandhana meM par3a jAte haiM, aneka uttaradAyitvoM kA bojha unheM jIvana bhara DhonA par3atA hai, jabaki mukta yaunAcAra meM kisI prakAra kA bandhana nahIM hai, svecchA se kisI bhI strI ke sAtha icchA tRpti kI jA sakatI hai| isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra Ajakala kAla garla, rakhaila (Kept) Adi kI pravRtti bar3ha rahI hai| kintu yaha tarka aura pravRtti atyanta ghAtaka haiN| para-strI aura svastrI meM jamIna AsamAna kA antara hai| para-strIsevana meM puruSa aura strI kA svArtha hI pradhAna hotA hai, jabaki vivAhita strI meM prema evaM sAmAjika dAyitva kI bhAvanA adhika hotI hai, sevA-bhAvanA hotI hai, donoM ekadUsare ke sukha-duHkha ke sAthI hote haiM, strI ko mAtRtva kA aura puruSa ko pitA kA gauravapUrNa pada prApta hotA hai, baccoM kA ucita pAlana-poSaNa hotA hai aura unheM dhArmika-naitika susaMskAra mAtA-pitA dvArA milate haiN| phira patnI dharma-sahAyikA hotI hai, vaha ghara kI lakSmI hotI hai, usako ucita sammAna aura Adara milatA hai, vaha saMkaTa evaM vipatti kI ghar3iyoM meM pati kA sAhasa bar3hAtI hai, ucita salAha detI hai, nItipUrNa AcaraNa aura kartavya patha para agrasara karatI hai, pati kI preraNA banatI hai aura jIvana bhara usakA sAtha detI hai| yaha saba bAteM parastrI meM kahAM? svacchanda yaunAcAra se kAma tRpti to sambhavataH mila bhI jAya kintu jIvana kI sukha-zAnti nahIM mila sktii| phira para-strIsevana to kAmAgni ko aura bhI uddIpta kara detA hai, ThIka usI taraha jaise taTa vihIna nadI / kinAroM ko tor3akara bahatI haI nadI jisa prakAra Asa-pAsa ke kSetra meM pralaya kA dRzya upasthita kara detI hai, usI prakAra para-nArI bhI puruSa ke jIvana meM pralaya macAkara use barabAda kara detI hai, puruSa ke jIvana meM hAhAkAra zeSa raha jAtA hai / __ isIlie vAlmIki RSi ne para-nArI se anucita sambandha rakhane ko sabase bar3A pApa batAyA hai aura kavi kAlIdAsa ne ise anArya vyavahAra kahA hai tathA AcArya manu ne ise puruSa ke AyuSya bala ko kSINa For Personal & Private Use Only

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236 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana karane vAlA kahA hai / tathA anya manISiyoM ne bhI nindA kI hai / sAmAjika tathA naitika dRSTi se parastrI-gamana ghora anaitikatA tathA sAmAjika aparAdha hai| isase parivAra TUTa jAte haiM / para-strI sevana ke doSa aura hAniyAM sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki para-strIgAmI ke (samAja evaM rAja dvArA) hAtha-paira kATa diye jAte haiM, usakI camar3I udher3a dI jAtI hai, use jalAyA jAtA hai aura jale para namaka chir3akA jAtA hai| __ yadyapi prAcIna yuga ke samAna itanA kaThora daNDa Aja nahIM diyA jAtA to bhI sa-parizrama kArAvAsa kI sajA to dI hI jAtI hai| ___ yaha to rAjakIya daNDa hai / isake atirikta sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI para-strIgAmo ko sarvatra pratAraNA, dhikkAra aura tiraskAra hI prApta hote. haiN| aba bhI para-strIgAmiyoM ko kAlA muMha karake sArvajanika rUpa se apamAnita karane kI ghaTanAe~ samAcAra-patroM meM par3hane ko mila jAtI haiM / pastrIgamana ke doSa se pUruSa avizvasanIya ho jAtA hai, koI bhI usa para vizvAsa nahIM karatA, apane ghara meM nahI Ane detaa| yahAM taka ki usa kI svayaM kI strI bhI usa para vizvAsa nahIM krtii| apane hI baccoM kI dRSTi meM vaha sandigdha ho jAtA hai aura unakA bhI caritra patita ho jAtA hai / pUre parivAra kA hI sAmAjika tiraskAra hotA hai| ___ dhana aura bala kI hAni to hotI hI hai, lekina sabase bar3I hAni svAsthya kI hotI hai| adhika aura cAhe jisa strI ke sAtha kAmasevana kA pariNAma zarIra kA satva nicur3a jAne ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai, zarIra kI roga nirodhaka kSamatA alpa se alpatara hotI huI samApta ho jAtI hai / Aja jo pazcimI dezoM meM aiDsa (Accumulation of Immunity Deficiency) nAma kA roga phailA huA hai, usakA lakSaNa hI zarIra kI roga nirodhaka kSamatA kA naSTa ho jAnA hai| isameM koI auSadhi kAma hI nahIM krtii| 1. (ka) paradArAbhizAtta nAnyat pApataraM mahat / -vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 338 / 30 (kha) anAryaH paradAra vyavahAraH / -abhijJAna zAkuntalam (ga) nahIdRzamanAyuSyaM loke kiMcit dRzyate / yAdRzaM puruSasyeha paradAropasevanam // -manusmRti 4 / 134 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika ArohaNa kA prathama caraNa | 237 aura yaha svacchanda sahavAsa ke kAraNa eka dUsare ko lagatA hai, chUta-roga ke samAna phailatA hai| isI bhAva ko pragaTa karate hue hindI ke eka dohe meM kahA gayA hai para-nArI painI churI, tIna Thaura te khAya / dhana nAzai jovana harai, mare naraka le jAya / / parastrIsevana ke kAraNa Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM ne parastrIsevana pApa ke druta gati se phailane ke 12 kAraNa batAe haiM-(1) kSaNika Aveza (2) ajJAnatA (3) azlIla aura vikRta sAhitya (4) kusaMsarga (5) Arthika taMgI (6) dhArmika andhavizvAsa (7) sahazikSA (8) azlIla calacitra (6) bAla vivAha, anamela vivAha, vRddhavivAha (10) nazIlI vastuoM kA sevana (11) ekAntavAsa aura (12) naI naI striyoM ke sAtha sambandha banAne kI adamya icchaa| . yadyapi yaha sabhI kAraNa parastrIsevana ke lie uttaradAyI haiM, kintu inameM pahalA tathA antima kAraNa vizeSa uttaradAyI mAne jAte haiN| parastrIgamana ke sAtha hI para-puruSagamana bhI sannihita hai / donoM kA hI jor3A hai / yadi strI para-puruSagamana na kare to puruSa parastrIsevana kara hI nahIM sktaa| isalie puruSa ke lie parastrIsevana vyasana jitanA tyAjyaM hai, utanA hI strI ke lie para-puruSagamana bhI / kyoMki jitanA pApa, anAcAra, anaitikatA parastrIsevana se hotA hai utanA hI para-puruSasevana se bhI hotA hai / vAstava meM puruSa ke lie parastrI aura strI ke lie para-puruSa viSa ke samAna hai| aisA viSa jo sAmAjika, Arthika, zArIrika sabhI dRSTiyoM se hAnikAraka hai, mAnava ko barabAda kara detA hai| nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se parastrIgamana ghora anaitikatA hai| yaha puruSa ko rAkSasa kI koTi meM pahu~cA detA hai to strI ko bhI rAkSasI ke stara taka patita kara detA hai| aise puruSoM tathA striyoM meM naitikatA kI gaMdha bhI nahIM hotI, kartavya kA unheM bhAna bhI nahIM rahatA, sirpha kAma aura svArthapUrti kI lAlasA hI unake mana-mastiSka meM hara samaya samAI rahatI hai| ve avaidha pApAcAra karake parivAra evaM samAja kA vAtAvaraNa viSAkta banAte haiM tathA saMpUrNa mAnava samAja meM anaitikatA kA hI prasAra karate haiM / upasaMhAra jUA, mAMsAhAra, madyapAna, vezyAgamana, zikAra, corI aura parastrI For Personal & Private Use Only

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238 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sevana - yaha sAtoM vyasana pratyeka dRSTi se heya haiM, tyAjya haiM / inase zArIrika, mAnasika, pArivArika, samAja, rASTra aura antarrASTrIya - sabhI prakAra kI hAni hotI hai| jUe se dhana-nAza, mAnasika cintA aura mAMsAhAra se sabhI sadguNoM kA nAza hotA hai / isI prakAra anya vyasana bhI anaitikatA ko bar3hAvA dete haiM / vAstava meM sukhI aura zAMta jIvana ke lie manuSya ko sAtvika aura vyasanamukta jIvana apanAnA cAhie / vyasanamukta jIvana hI sAtvika jIvana hotA hai / aisA jIvana jIne vAlA mAnava hI zubha dizA naitikatA - naitika jIvana kI ora agrasara hotA hai / vartamAna yuga meM AdhunikatA kA prasAra ho rahA hai / isa AdhunikatA ko eka zabda meM kaheM to phaizanaparastI kaha sakate haiM / phaizana ke bahAne nita naye vyasanoM kI bAr3ha sI A gaI hai / vezabhUSA, saundarya prasAdhana, pahanane-or3hane ke DhaMga, citrapaToM ke dviarthI saMvAda, kAmuka nRtya Adi jana-jIvana para hAvI hote jA rahe haiM / phaizanaparastI athavA AdhunikatA vyasanoM kI sImA taka jA pahu~cI hai / aise-aise phainsI zo Ayojita kiye jAte haiM, jahA~ veza-bhUSA se strI-puruSa kI pahacAna hI kaThina ho jAtI hai / saundarya-prasAdhana krIma sno pAuDara Adi jIvana kI anivAryatA banate cale jA rahe haiM / jUe ke bhI naye naye rUpa sAmane A rahe haiM / zarAba kA pracalana dinoMdina bar3ha rahA hai / aNDe ko AdhunikatA ke raMga meM raMge loga mAMsa mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hai / corI, rizvata, kamIzana Adi samAja meM nIce se Upara taka phaila gaye haiM / on ( oNna) kI bImArI sarvatra vyApta ho calI hai; na kisI ko lene meM jhijhaka, na dene meM / kahA jA sakatA hai phaizanaparastI aura vyasana meM gaMTha jor3a sA ho gayA hai / sAdA jIvana ucca vicAra kA Adarza kevala kahane bhara ko raha gayA hai, AcaraNa ke lie nahIM / ataH vyasanamukta jIvana ke lie phaizanaparastI se bhI bacanA Avazyaka hai tabhI mAnava naitikatA kI ora apane caraNa bar3hAne meM saphala hogA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna yaha eka nizcita tathya hai ki vyAvahArika jIvana kI prAmANikatA, dakSatA, kuzalatA hI AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie AdhArabhUna nIMva banato hai| jisa vyakti kA vyAvahArika jIvana dIrghadRSTi, akrUratA, saumyatA Adi gaNoM se ota prota nahIM hotA usake AdhyAtmika jIvana meM Atmika sadguNoM ke sumana bhI nahIM khila skte| usake jIvana meM na surabhi kA saMcAra ho pAtA aura na hI tejasvitA aura camaka A pAtI hai| ataH dhArmika athavA naitika banane ke lie vyAvahArika athavA sAmAjika bananA vyakti ke lie pahalI zarta hai| jaina AcAryoM ne isa tathya ko bahuta pahale hI samajha liyA thaa| isIlie unhoMne vyAvahArikatA ko kabhI upekSita nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne dharma sAdhanA meM aura yahA~ taka ki mokSa sAdhanA meM bhI vyavahAra ko ucita evaM mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki nIti kA sIdhA aura pratyakSa saMbaMdha bhI vyavahAra se hI hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki nIti kA saMcAlana AtmA se hotA hai, kintu pratiphalita vaha vyavahAra meM hotI hai, isakA prakaTa rUpa mAnava ke vyAvahArika jIvana meM hotA hai / 1. phrAyaDa ne ise Atma yA naitika mana (Super Ego) vahA hai| vidvAnoM ne isakI tulanA aMtaHkaraNa se kI hai / phrAyaDa ke anusAra yaha Atma athavA naitika mana aham (Id) para zAsana karatA hai| isameM kaThora naitikatA kI bhAvanA rahatI hai| yaha aham ko anaitika mArga para jAne se rokatA hai / -mUla pravRttiyoM kA sAmAjika jIvana meM sthAna, pR0 157 ( 236 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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240 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jaina Agama' sAhitya meM bhI nIti saMbaMdhI kucha ullekha tathA vividha sUtra mila jAte haiM; kintu bAda meM jaina AcAryoM ne inheM vyavasthita rUpa diyaa| unhoMne aise sUtra batAe jinake AcaraNa se mAnava kA vyAvahArika jIvana sukhI ho, usakI cittavRttiyA~ zAnta hoM aura vaha dharma tathA adhyAtma kI ora bar3hane meM samartha ho ske| jaina dharma ke anusAra samyaktva prApti ke anantara cAritradharma kA prArambha aNuvrata sAdhanA se hotA hai / kintu aNuvratoM kI sAdhanA se pUrva bhI yogya pRSThabhUmi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| usa mArga (aNuvratoM) kA anusaraNa karane kI pUrvabhUmikA ke rUpa meM AcArya hemacandra ne 35 guNa batAye haiM aura inheM mArgAnusArI ke gaNa kahA hai| tathA dharmamArga kA anusaraNa karane se pahale vyakti meM ina guNoM kA vikAsa honA Avazyaka batAyA hai| yaha 35 guNa vyakti ke naitika jIvana se saMbaMdhita haiN| ataH inakA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ upayogI rhegaa| (1) nyAyasaMpanna vibhava yaha mArgAnusArI kA pahalA guNa hai| usakA prathama kartavya hai ki nyAya-nItipUrvaka AjIvikA kA upArjana kre| isa viSaya para haribhadra Adi sabhI vicAraka ekamata haiM / tathAgata buddha ne bhI samyagAjIva gRhastha ke lie Avazyaka batAyA hai| kintu yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki nyAyanItipUrvaka upArjita dhana kise kahA jAya ? isakI kyA kasauTI hai ? isa viSaya ko eka nItizAstrI ne spaSTa kiyA hai-- mAyA mittANi nAsei (dazavakAlika 8/38), mANoviNayaNAsaNo (dazavakAlika 8/38) kuddho saccaM sIlaM viNayaM haNejja (praznavyAkaraNa 2/2) bhuehiM na virujjhejjA (sUtrakRtAMga) sAdiyaM na musaM vayA (sUtrakRtAMga 8/16) saccaM ca hiyaM ca miyaM ca gAhaNaM ca (praznavyAkaraNa 2/2) piTThimaMsa na khAejjA (dazavaikAnika 8/47) Adi vyAvahArika nIti saMbaMdhI aneka vacana Agama sAhitya meM yatra-tatra upalabdha hote haiN| 2. yogazAstra, prathama prakAza, zloka 47-56 3. (ka) nyAyopAttaM hi vitta mubhayaloka hitaayte| -dharmabinduprakaraNa 1 (kha) nyAyopAtta dharnayajan guNagurUn sadgIstrivargabhajan / / -paMDita AzAdhara, sAgAra dharmAmRta For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna ] 241 akRtvA parasaMtApaM agatvA khalanamratAm / anutsRjya satAM vartma, yatsvalpamapi tadbahu / / (dUsare ko duHkha na ho, duSTajanoM ke samakSa jhukanA na par3e aura sajjanoM dvArA batAye gaye mArga kA ullaMghana na ho, isa prakAra yadi thor3A dhana bhI mile to use bahuta samajhakara saMtoSa dhAraNa kare / ) isa kasauTI ke anusAra vicAra karane para zoSaNa, rAhajanI Adi sabhI samAjaghAtI pravRttiyoM se prApta dhana anyAyopArjita hotA hai / rizvata, bhraSTAcAra Adi pravRttiyA~ bhI anyAya haiM aura isa anaitika mArga se prApta vaibhava anyAya-anIti mUlaka hI mAnA jaayegaa| sampatti kA artha hI hai samyag pratipatti / nyAyapUrNa-naitika upAyoM se prApta dhana hI sampatti hai aura yaha mAnava ko sukha-zAnti de sakatA hai tathA aisI sampatti hI naitikatA kI ora mAnava ko agrasara kara sakatI hai / (2) ziSTAcAra-prazaMsakatA ziSTa athavA zreSTha AcaraNa kI prazaMsA bhI naitikatA ko samAja meM prasaraNazIla banAtI hai / ziSTa kA abhiprAya hai anuzAsita / anuzAsita AcAra vaha hotA hai jo svayaM apane, apane parivAra aura samAja ke lie kalyANakArI ho, sabhI logoM ke lie Adarza tathA preraka ho| aisA AcAra athavA AcaraNa naitika hotA hai, vaha svayaM zubha kI ora gatizIla rahatA hai tathA anya logoM ke lie bhI dizAnirdezaka banatA hai| __ isa prakAra ke ziSTAcAra kI prazaMsA karane se samAja meM naitikatA kA vAtAvaraNa banatA hai, sabhI loga isa ora unmukha tathA agrasara hote haiN| dharmabindu kI TIkA meM ziSTAcAra ke 18 sUtra diye gaye haiM; kintu ziSTAcAra bahuta vyApaka hai / isake vitAna ke antargata mAnava kA sampUrNa vyavahAra A jAtA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki ziSTAcArasampanna manuSya kA sampUrNa vyavahAra hI ziSTa, sabhya aura susaMskRta hotA hai, tathA vahI prazaMsanIya hotA hai| (3) vivAha-sambandha viveka maitika vyavahAra ke prati sajaga rahane vAle .gRhastha ko vivAha saMbaMdha sthApita karane meM viveka se kAma lenA caahie| kAraNa yaha hai ki vivAha For Personal & Private Use Only

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242 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sambandha do vyaktiyoM, do parivAroM kA aTUTa sambandha hai; jo jIvana bhara to rahatA hI hai, paramparAgata rUpa se kaI pIr3hiyoM taka calatA hai| isalie isameM thor3I sI bhI asAvadhAnI saMgharSa, kleza, vigraha, pArivArika vighaTana, samAja TUTana kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| - AcArya hemacandra ne samAna kula-zIla vAle kintu bhinna gotrIya parivAra ke sAtha vivAha sambandha nizcita karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai| __kula pitRpakSa se nirdhArita hotA hai aura zIla kA abhiprAya hai sadAcAra, ghara-parivAra kA AcAra / gotra eka pUrvaja kI vaMza paramparA' ko kahA jAtA hai / sAta prakAra ke gotra sthAnAMga sUtra meM bhI batAye haiN| ___ samAna kula-zIla se abhiprAya hai- kanyA aura vara donoM pakSoM ke parivAra kA AcaraNa lagabhaga samAna ho| donoM parivAroM meM hI ahiMsA, satya, udAratA, dAna, dayA Adi kA paramparAgata AcAra-vyavahAra ho| bhinna gotra kA samAjazAstrIya, manovaijJAnika aura zarIra sambandhI mahatva hai / eka gotra se utpanna huI saMtAneM kama pratibhAzAlI hotI haiN| sabhI samAjazAstrI bhinna gotraja parivAroM meM vivAha sambandha kI ekamata se siphAriza karate hue kahate haiM-anya gotrajA kanyA kI saMtAna adhika pratibhAzAlI hotI hai, usakA zArIrika evaM mAnasika vikAsa bhI kucha viziSTa hotA hai / sadgRhastha inhIM saba bAtoM para vicAra karake saMbaMdha nizcita karatA hai / dhana Adi ko pramukhatA dekara yadi vaha viparIta kula-zIla vAle parivAra se saMbaMdha sthApita kara letA hai to usakA pArivArika jIvana klezamaya hone kI saMbhAvanA bar3ha jAyegI / vivAha ke prasaMga meM yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki putra-putriyoM kA vivAha kaba karanA cAhie, vara aura kanyA kI kauna-kaunasI samAnatAoM ko dRSTi meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| isa viSaya meM bhagavatI sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki kanyA aura 1 kulazIlasamaiH sArdhaM kRtoddhAho'nyago jaiH / -yogazAstra 1/47 2 yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni : sAdhanA ke sUtra, tRtIya saMskaraNa, pRSTha 82 / 3 yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni : sAdhanA ke sUtra, tRtIya saMskaraNa, pR0 82 / 4 sarisayANaM sarisavvagaM sarisattANaM sarisalAvaNNarUvajovaNaguNovaveyANaM srisehito| -bhagavatI 11/11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata - vara paraspara vaya kI dRSTi se, sundaratA kI dRSTi se, yauvana kI dRSTi se tathA dhArmika evaM vaicArika dRSTi se samAna hoM / vivAha yogya vaya (Ayu) ke lie batAyA gayA hai (1) bAlabhAva ( bacapana ) samApta hokara yuvAvasthA Ane para ' (2) nau aMga pratibuddha ( jAgrata - samartha) hone para # (3) gRhastha saMbaMdhI bhoga bhogane meM samartha hone para zAstroM ke anusAra yahI vivAha kI yogya Ayu hai / - vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 243 ina uddharaNoM se bAla-vivAha, vRddhavivAha, anamela vivAha, Adi sabhI prakAra ke vivAhoM kA svayaM hI niSedha ho jAtA hai / tathyAtmaka dRSTi se aise sabhI vivAha anaitikatA ko bar3hAvA dene vAle hote haiM / ina vivAhoM se gupta durAcAra - vyabhicAra kI pravRtti panapatI hai jo samAja meM anaitikatA kA hI prasAra karatI hai / isake viparIta samAna kula-zIla vAlI patnI sukha-duHkha meM sAtha dene vAlI dharmasahAyikA aura pati ke lie sukhakAriNI hotI hai / sAtha hI pati bhI patnI ko sukha dene vAlA hotA hai / donoM ke hI dAmpatya jIvana meM sukha-zAnti kI saritA pravAhita hotI hai / 1 (4) pApabhIrutA pApa kI eka sarala paribhASA hai - jise karane se hRdaya zaMkita, bhayagrasta tathA kaluSita hotA hai, AtmA baMdhana meM par3atA hai evaM mana bhaya va AkulatA anubhava karatA hai tathA jIvana patita hotA hai, vaha pApa hai / usa pApa se sadA bacate rahanA 'pApabhIrutA' nAma kA guNa hai / 5 dharmazAstroM meM jise pApa kahA gayA hai, nItizAstra meM use hI anaitikatA kahA gayA hai / asatyabhASaNa dharmazAstra kI bhASA meM pApa hai aura nItizAstra kI bhASA meM anaitikatA / 1 ummuka bAlabhAve / 2 NavaMga sutta paDibohie / 3 alaM bhoge samatthe / 4 upAsaka dazAMga sUtra 7 / 227 5 pAzayati pAtayati vA pApam / For Personal & Private Use Only - bhagavatI sUtra 11/11 -- jJAtA sUtra 1 / 1 - bhagavatI sUtra 11 / 11 - uttarAdhyayanacUrNi 2

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244 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jaina zAstroM kI dRSTi pApa ke viSaya meM vizAla hai / vahA~ sUkSma hiMsA se lekara bar3I hiMsA, jhUTha Adi pApa mAne gaye haiN| kintu nItizAstra itanI gaharAI meM nahIM jaataa| gRhastha bhI nItizAstra ke anusAra naitika jIvana vyatIta kara sakatA hai| vyApAra Adi meM bhI ImAnadArI kI nIti se kAma le sakatA hai| agni Adi ke prayoga meM sAvadhAnI rakha sakatA hai| pApabhIrutA guNa kA nItizAstrIya artha itanA hI hai ki vyakti kabhI bhI koI anaitika kArya na kare, una kAryoM se sadA bacatA rahe / azubha sepApa se bacanA hI pApabhIrutA hai / (5) dezaprasiddha acAra-pAlanatA yaha guNa sAmAjikatA se pratyakSa saMbaMdhita hai| isakA abhiprAya hai ki vyakti ne jisa deza-samAja meM janma liyA hai, usameM pracalita sabhyatA,saMskRti aura AcAra paramparA kA pAlana use karanA caahie| isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki samAja meM pracalita andha-vizvAsoM, rUr3hiyoM, hAnikAraka paramparAoM kA bhI pAlana karanA cAhie / ve to tyAjya haiM, anaitika haiN| aisI paramparAoM ke pAlana kA naitika jIvana meM koI sthAna nahIM hai / nItivAna vyakti to samAja ke lie tathA apane lie bhI hitakArI tathA naitikatA ko gati-pragati dene vAle, zubha kI ora agrasara karane vAle AcAroM kA pAlana karatA hai / yahI isa sUtra kA abhiprAya hai / (6) anindakatva nindA kA artha hai- dUsaroM kI burAI karanA, unake doSoM-durguNoM kA bakhAna / jo doSa unameM nahIM haiM unheM bhI unameM Aropita karanA, bar3hA-car3hAkara btaanaa| nindA doSadRSTi hai| mAnava meM do prakAra kI dRSTiyAM haiM--(1) guNa dRSTi aura (2) doSa dRSTi / guNadRSTi naitika aura doSadRSTi anaitika hai| doSadRSTi vAle vyaktiyoM kA jIvana svayaM doSoM se bhara jAtA hai / 1 (ka)prasiddha ca dezAcAraM samAcaran / -yogazAstra 1/48 (kha) tulanA kriye| While you are in Rome do as Romans do. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 245 guNadRSTi vAle vyakti pApI se pApI aura durguNI vyakti meM bhI koI na koI guNa DhUMr3ha nikAlate haiM, kyoMki unakI dRSTi guNoM para rahatI hai aura jIvana meM usakA Adarza le lete haiN| jabaki doSadRSTi vAle mAnava guNI vyaktiyoM meM bhI duguNa hI dekhate haiM / nindA vyakti ke pITha pIche kI jAtI hai / isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nindA ko pITha kA mA~sa khAnA kahA hai| tathAgata buddha ne ise mukha se pApa ikaTThA karanA batAyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne preraNA dI hai kikisI kI bhI nindA na kare aura rAjA Adi (sattAdhikArI, daNDAdhikArI, dharmAdhikArI) adhikAra sampanna vyaktiyoM kI nindA to vizeSa rUpa se nahIM karanI caahie| ___vyAvahArika jIvana meM nindA zatrutA bar3hAne vAlI hai, jisakI nindA kI jAyegI use burA lagegA, vaha mana meM zatru tA kI gAMTha bAMdha legA aura avasara pAkara badalA cukAne se nahIM cuukegaa| prasiddha kahAvata hai ki nindaka kA koI mitra nahIM hotaa| __rAjA Adi adhikArI varga to ruSTa hokara nindaka ke jIvana ko tabAha kara sakate haiN| use daNDita tathA pratADita bhI kara sakate haiN| isIlie jaina nIti lekhakoM ne sAmAjika vyakti ke lie rAjA Adi kI nindA kA vizeSa rUpa se niSedha kiyA hai / ___ nindA ke sAtha isakA virodhI pratyaya bhI jur3A huA hai, vaha hai kisI kI jhUThI prazaMsA karanA, jo guNa usameM nahIM haiM unheM bhI batAnA / ise Adhunika bhASA meM khuzAmada athavA cApalUsI (flattery) kahA jAtA hai| cApalUsI aura nindA donoM hI tIkhe zastra haiM jo vyakti ko bar3I tejI se kATate haiN| nindA tIkhI hai, sUnane vAle ko burI lagatI hai, jabaki cApalUsI mIThI churI hai, vyakti ise sunakara phUlA nahIM smaataa| kintu donoM hI patana kI rAha haiN| isase nindaka aura cApalUsI karane vAle kI -dazavakAlika 8 / 47 1. piTThi maMsa na khAijjA / 2. vicinAti mukhe so kaliM, kalinAto sukhaM na vindati / -suttanipAta 336 / 2 -yogazAstra 1948 3. avarNavAdo na kvApi rAjAdiSu vizeSata: / For Personal & Private Use Only

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246 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana AtmA bhI patita hotI hai aura jisakI nindA tathA cApalUsI kI jAtI hai usakA bhI patana hotA hai / nindA sunakara krodha meM bhara jAne se aura jhUThI prazaMsA sunakara garva meM bharakara phUla jAne se / naitika vyakti na kisI anya kI nindA karatA hai aura na jhUThI prazaMsA hI / yadi vaha nindA karatA bhI hai to svayaM apanI AtmA kI hI, anaitika icchAoM aura kAryoM ke lie, aura isa prakAra vaha Atma-nindA dvArA naitika pragati meM agrasara hotA hai, Age bar3hatA hai / (7-8) Adarza ghara mArgAnusArI sadgRhastha ghara meM nivAsa karatA hai / use ghara banAnA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki usake sAtha strI-putra, mAtA-pitA Adi parivAra bhI hotA hai aura sukha-suvidhApUrvaka jIvana-yApana ke lie dhana Adi Avazyaka sAdhana bhI / ina sabakI surakSA ke lie vaha apanI suvidhA ke anukUla gRha nirmANa karatA hai / isa sUtra meM Adarza ghara kaisA hotA hai, yaha batAyA gayA hai / AcArya kahA hai ki aise sthAna para ghara banAye jo na ekadama khulA hai aura na ekadama gupta hI ho, par3osa acchA ho aura dvAra aneka na hoM / Adarza ghara ke nirmANa meM svaccha vAyu tathA prakAza ke nirAbAdha AvAgamana kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yaha donoM svAsthya ke lie anivArya haiM / sAtha hI ghara kI svacchatA bhI jarUrI hai / saphAI rakhane se kIr3e-makor3e (kSudra jIva-jantu) utpanna nahIM hote to vyakti unakI hiMsA se bacA rahatA hai / ghara kI surakSA kI dRSTi se aneka dvAroM kA honA hAniprada hai / yadyapi vyakti pUrA dhyAna rakhatA hai, phira bhI asAvadhAnIvaza kisI dvAra kI sAMkala lagAnA bhUla jAya to vahAM se coroM ko Ane kA mArga mila sakatA hai / yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki cora eka dvAra se ghuse aura jaba taka use pakar3ane kA prayatna kiyA jAya taba taka vaha koI bahumUlya vastu lekara dUsare dvAra se campata ho jAya / isalie ghara meM aneka dvAra nahIM rakhane cAhie / gRha nirmANa meM par3ausa kA bhI bahuta mahatva hai / yadi par3osI saMgharSa - priya hue, asAmAjika tatvoM kA Asa-pAsa nivAsa huA to vyakti kI zAnti bhaMga hotI rahegI, vaha sukha se nahIM raha sakegA / 1. anativyaktagupte ca sthAne suprAtivezmike / anekanirgamadvAravivarjita niketanaH // For Personal & Private Use Only - yogazAstra 1 / 46

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jaina dRSTi sammata - vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 247 (6) sadAcArI vyaktiyoM kI saMgati saMsAra meM vibhinna pravRttiyoM ke mAnava haiM / kucha sadAcArI haiM to durAcArI bhI bahuta milate haiM / yaha kahanA adhika ucita hogA ki sadAcAriyoM kI apekSA durAcAriyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai / kintu mArgAnusArI ko sadA satpuruSoM kI saMgati karanI cAhie / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki ajJAnI vyaktiyoM kI saMgati nahIM karanI cAhie kyoMki usase vaira va vivAda bar3hatA hai / " isIlie AcArya hemacandra ne sajjanoM kI saMgati karane kI preraNA dI hai / kyoMki saMgati kA prabhAva bahuta gaharA par3atA hai isIlie lokokti hai - jaisI saMgata, vaisI raMgata / isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue tathAgata buddha ne hIna caritra vAloM kI saMgati kA niSedha kiyA hai / saMgati kA mAnava ke vyAvahArika aura naitika jIvana para bahuta prabhAva par3atA hai | jaisI usakI saMgati hotI hai, usI ke anusAra loga use samajhate haiM / eka pAzcAtya vicAraka ne spaSTa kahA hai- tuma kisI vyakti ke bAre meM jAnanA cAhate ho ki vaha kaisA hai-- durAcArI yA sadAcArI; to yaha dekho ki vaha kaise logoM kI saMgati karatA hai / 1 saMgati kA manovaijJAnika prabhAva bhI asaMdigdha hai / satsaMgati se durAcArI bhI sadAcArI bana jAte haiM aura kusaMgati se sajjana puruSa bhI kumArga kI ora gati kara sakate haiM / bAlaka to saMgati se atyadhika prabhAvita hote hai, unakI to jIvanadhArA hI badala jAtI hai / inhIM saba bAtoM kA vicAra karake mArgAnusArI mAnava ko sadA sajjana puruSoM kI saMgati karanI cAhie / 9. alaM bAlassa saMgaNa, varaM vaDDhai appaNo / 2. kRtasaMga sadAcAraH / 3. ( ka ) aMguttara nikAya 3 | 3 | 3 (kha) jAtaka 22/5 4 1 | 436 If you want to know about a man, whether he is good or bad, watch his company. - Ethics in Practice. 4. - AcArAMga sUtra - yogazAstra 1 / 50 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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248 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (10) mAtA - pitA kI sevA vyakti ke jIvana meM mAtA-pitA kA sarvocca mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / ve bAlaka ke jIvana kA nirmANa karate haiM / use susaMskAra dete haiM / bAlaka kA jIvana unnata evaM sukhI bane isake lie apanI sukha-suvidhAoM kA tyAga karate haiM / ucita pAlana-poSaNa, aura yogya zikSA dvArA use sammAnapUrNa DhaMga se naitika jIvana jIne meM sakSama banAte haiM / isa prakAra mAtA-pitA kA mAnava ke Upara bahuta upakAra hotA hai / isa upakAra ke pratiphalasvarUpa putra kA kartavya hai ki vaha mAtA-pitA kI sevA kare, unheM ucita aura yogya sammAna de / yahI preraNA AcArya ne isa sUtra dvArA mArgAnusArI ko dI hai / nIti ke anusAra bhI mAtA-pitA kI sevA karanA mAnava kA prathama kartavya mAnA gayA hai, jise pUrA karanA naitika jIvana ke lie anivArya batAyA gayA hai | 2 (11) upadravagrasta sthAna kA tyAga mArgAnusArI ko upadravagrasta sthAna kA tyAga kara denA cAhie kyoMki upadravoM kI sthiti meM vyakti kA jIvana saMkaToM se ghira jAtA hai / prAcInakAla meM pramukha rUpa se do prakAra ke upadrava hote the - ( 1 ) svacakra athavA paracakra aura (2) mahAmArI | svacakra kA abhiprAya hai-apane deza kA zAsaka hI anyAyI ho, prajA meM saMgharSa utpanna kare, manamAne Taiksa lagAye, zoSaNa kare tathA aura bhI anItipUrNa kArya kare / paracakra kA abhiprAya hai- dUsarA koI rAjA apane deza para AkramaNa karake prajA ko lUTe | Adhunika yuga meM cikitsA vijJAna itanA vikasita ho cukA hai ki mahAmAriyoM kA vizeSa bhaya nahIM rahA, kintu svacakra aura paracakra kA kucha bhaya aba bhI hai / inake atirikta asAmAjika tatvoM ke upadrava Adi aura bar3ha gaye haiM / lekina mArgAnusArI kA kartavya hai ki aise ragar3e-jhagar3e aura bakher3e vAle sthAnoM se dUra rahe / mUla bAta yaha hai ki kisI bhI prakAra se apane citta meM vikSobha utpanna na hone de / 1. mAtApitrozcapUjakaH / - yogazAstra 1/50 3. It is the first and foremost duty of a man to serve his parents. -Experimental Morality For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata---vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 246 (12) nindanIya pravRtti kA tyAga nindanIya pravRtti kA abhiprAya hai-aisA AcaraNa jisase samAja meM vyakti kA apayaza ho, loga usase ghRNA karane lageM, tiraskAra kreN| aise kAma aneka ho sakate haiM-jaise kleza, saMgharSa, kalaha Adi tathA atizaya lobha, daheja ke vazIbhUta hokara ghara kI bahU ko jindA hI jalA denA, utpIr3ana karanA aadi| yaha satya hai ki koI bhI mAnava tiraskAra nahIM pAnA cAhatA, sabhI ko prazaMsA priya lagatI hai, phira bhI lobha, krodha Adi kaSAyoM ke Aveza meM sAmAnya puruSa aisI pravRttiyA~ kara baiThate haiM, jo nindanIya hotI haiN| lekina mArgAnupArI vivekI hotA hai, vaha apane AcaraNa ko viveka dRSTi se saMcAlita karatA hai ataH koI nindanIya kAma nahIM krtaa| (13) Aya-vyaya kA saMtulana __ gRhastha ke lie dhana sadA se Avazyaka rahA hai, kyoMki isase usakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hotI hai, isIlie vaha dhana kA upArjana karatA hai aura AvazyakatAoM para usakA vyaya karatA hai| lekina Aja kA yuga arthapradhAna hai / phaizana,ADambara aura zo-pravatti se mAnava grasita hotA jA rahA hai / Adhunika vijJAna dvArA pradatta phrija, TI0 vI0 Adi navInatama upakaraNoM se vaha ghara ko susajjita karanA cAhatA hai| inhIM ke AdhAra para usakA jIvana stara mApA jAtA hai, samAja meM usakI prazaMsA hotI hai, use sammAna-satkAra milatA hai|| kintu ye sabhI sAdhana kharcIle haiN| pratyeka vyakti inheM nahIM kharIda sktaa| jisakI Aya kama hai, vaha inheM kaise kharIde ? yadi karja lekara athavA kiztoM para inheM kharIdatA hai to use karja cukAne kI cintA laga jAtI hai, ghara kI Avazyaka vastuoM meM kaTautI karanI par3atI hai, vaha parezAniyoM meM ghira jAtA hai| ina saba phikroM aura duvidhApUrNa sthiti se bacane ke lie AcArya ne sUtra diyA-apanI Aya ke anusAra vyaya kare / dUsare zabdoM meM, Aya-vyaya meM saMtulana banAye rakhe, ucita samAyojanapUrNa sthiti kA nirmANa kare / jisase vaha sukha-zAMtipUrNa naitika jIvana vyatIta kara ske| AcArya kA yaha sUtra Adhunika ADambarapriya mAnava ke lie bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai, jIvana meM utArane yogya hai / 1. vyayamAyocitaM kurvan / -yogazAstra 1/51 For Personal & Private Use Only

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250 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizolana (14) vittIya sthiti ke anusAra vezabhUSA __vezabhUSA kA abhiprAya Adhunika yuga meM sabhI prakAra ke bAharI ADambaroM se samajhanA caahie| isa sUtra dvArA yaha sUcana kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti ko apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra hI apane jIvana kA stara rakhanA cAhiye / vaise hI vastra Adi pahanane caahie| AmadanI se adhika vastroM para kharca karanA, adhika dikhAvA karanA antataH vyakti ko parezAnI . meM DAla detA hai| bhAratIya samAja meM madhyama vittIya parivAra bhI apane ko uccastarIya dikhAne kA prayatna karate haiM, vastra Adi vaise pahanate haiM / yaha dikhAvA hI unakI trAsada sthiti kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| mArgAnusArI ko sadA hI isa zobAjI se bacanA caahie| (15) dharma-zravaNa yaha satya hai ki jaba samAja meM ADambara aura phaizana kA dikhAve kA bolabAlA ho, Asa-pAsa ke tathA samAja ke anya vyakti dikhAvA karate hoM to naitika vyakti kA mana bhI usa ora lalacAtA hai / isa lAlaca kA pratikAra karane ke lie AcArya ne buddhi ke ATha guNoM se yukta hokara dharma-upadeza sunane kA sUtra diyA / dharma-upadeza sunane aura use hRdaya meM ramAne se vyakti kI bAhya-mukhI vattiyoM kA parimArjana hogA, lAlasA kama hogI aura usake sthAna para saMtoSa kI abhivRddhi hogii| jIvana meM sukha-zAMti kI saritA pravAhita hogI aura vaha naitika jIvana vyatIta karane meM saphala hogaa| (16-17) AhAra-viveka ____ AhAra ke sambandha meM AcArya ne do sUtra diye haiM - (1) ajIrNa hone para bhojana na kare aura (2) niyata samaya para saMtoSa ke sAtha bhojana kre| inameM se prathama sUtra niSedhAtmaka hai aura dUsarA vidheyAtmaka / vidhi-niSedha meM saMtulana sthApita karanA ho AhAra-viveka kahalAtA hai| 1. assttbhirdhiigunnyukt| zrRNvAno dharmamanvaham / -yogazAstra 1/51 2. buddhi ke ATha guNa yaha haiM -(1) zuzrUSA (jijJAsA) (2) zravaNa (3) grahaNa (4) dhAraNA (5) vijJAna (6) UhA (7) apohA aura (8) tattvAbhiniveza / -jainAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR. 246 3. ajIrNe bhojntyaagii| -yogazAstra 1152 4. kAle bhoktA ca sAmyataH / -yogazAstra 1152 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 251 yaha satya hai ki AhAra prANI mAtra kI maulika AvazyakatA hai| saMsArI sabhI prANiyoM meM jo saMjJAe~ anAdi kAla ke lagI huI haiM, unameM bhojana saMjJA kA pramukha aura prathama sthAna hai| lekina mAnava vikasita cetanA vAlA prANI hai| use apanI buddhi kA prayoga AhAra ke sambandha meM bhI avazya karanA caahie| jaina AcAryoM ne AhAra ke sambandha meM bar3A marmasparzI cintana kiyA hai| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA gayA hai-aisA hita-mita bhojana karanA cAhie jo jIvana yAtrA tathA saMyama yAtrA ke lie upayogI ho tathA jisase na kisI prakAra kA vibhrama ho aura na hI dharma kI bhrazaMnA ho / / hita-mita aura alpAhAra kI vizeSatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki aisA bhojana karane vAle ko cikitsA kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| bhojana kA vyakti ke mana para bhI gaharA asara hotA hai| kahA bhI hai-"jaisA khAve anna, vaisA bane mana-aura jaisA pIve pAnI, vaisI bole vaanii|" tAmasika bhojana se buddhi meM vikAra AtA hai aura zarIra meM Alasya / isI prakAra rAjasI bhojana mana meM utta janA utpanna karatA hai| isolie vyakti ko sadA zuddha sAtvika bhojana karanA cAhie, jisase zarIra meM sphUrti rahe aura mana buddhi meM zubha vicAroM kA saMcAra hotA rahe / __dUsarA pramukha vicAraNIya tatva hai-bhojana kA samaya / isa viSaya meM nItikAroM kA mata hai-jaba bhUkha lage, vahI bhojana kA samaya hai / Adhunika yuga meM bhojana kA samaya niyata hai / kArakhAne ke majadUroM ko niyata samaya para bhojana kA avakAza diyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra kI vyavasthA baiMkoM tathA anya AphisoM meM bhI hai aura yahI ravaiyA sAdhAraNatayA gharoM meM bhI cala rahA hai| . kintu phira bhI Ajakala ke vyasta jIvana meM manuSya bhojana ke viSaya --praznavyAkaraNa 2 / 4 1 tahA bhottavvaM-- jahA se jAyA mAtA ya bhavati / na ya bhavati vinbhamo, na bhaMsaNA ya dhammassa / 2 hiyAhArA miyAhArA, appAhArA ya je nraa| na te vijja tigicchaMti, appANaM te tigicchigaa|| 3 bubhukSAkAlo bhojanakAlaH / -oghaniyukti 578 -nIti vAkyAmRta For Personal & Private Use Only

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252 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bahuta hI aniyamita ho gayA hai / yaha aniyamitatA apacana, gaisa Adi bImAriyA~ utpanna karatI hai / sadgRhastha ke lie sAmAnyataH prAtaH kA bhojana 12 baje taka tathA sAyaMkAlIna bhojana sUryAsta se pUrva kara lene kA jaina nIti meM vidhAna hai / nItivAna puruSa kA lakSya naitika jIvana bitAnA hai aura isake lie use svastha rahanA jarUrI hai / svAsthya hI pahalA sukha hai yaha laukika ukti hai / sthAnAMga' meM bhI Arogya ko dasa sukhoM meM prathama sukha mAnA hai aura caraka saMhitA' meM ise dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa - cAroM puruSArthoM kA mUla kahA gayA hai / naitika jIvana kA lakSya bhI dharma aura carama puruSArtha mokSa kI ora gati-pragati karanA tathA use prApta karanA hai / isIlie nItivAna puruSa sadA hI AhAra kA viveka rakhatA hai / (18) dharma maryAdita artha - kAmasevana gRhastha jIvana ke sucAru saMcAlana ke lie artha (dhana) to Avazyaka hai hI sAtha hI kAma ( kAmanAoM - icchAoM) kI saMtuSTi bhI karanI hI par3atI kiMtu naitika vicAraNA ke anusAra ina donoM ( kAma aura artha ) ko aniyaMtrita hai / nahIM chor3A jA sakatA; kyoMki aniyantrita rUpa meM yaha donoM hI bhayAvaha haiM, anaitika haiM / isalie ina donoM para dharma kA - nIti kA niyantraNa Avazyaka hai / AcArya ne isake lie sUtra diyA - avirodhI bhAva se trivarga kA sevana kare / ' trivarga kA abhiprAya hai- dharma, artha aura kAma / avirodhI bhAva kA nItiparaka rahasyArtha hai -- dharma dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA santulana aura maryAdA sthApana tathA niyantraNa | artha aura kAma donoM kI hI upamA duSTa azva se dI jA sakatI hai / jisa prakAra duSTa azva savAra ko garta meM girA detA hai, usI prakAra aniya - ntrita artha aura kAma bhI mAnava ko anaitikatA ke garta meM girA dete haiM, use anaitika AcaraNa kI ora dhakela dete haiM / 1 sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 10 2 dharmArthakAmamokSANAmArogyaM mUlamuttamam / 3 anyonyA'pratibandhena, trivargamapi sAdhayan / For Personal & Private Use Only - caraka saMhitA 15 -- yogazAstra 1/52

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jaina dRSTi sammata- vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 253 isIlie ina para dharma kI-nIti kI lagAma athavA aMkuza sadaiba rahanA Avazyaka hai jisase ve maryAdita raha skeN| yahI isa sUtra kA hArda hai jo naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| (19) atithi-satkAra atithi satkAra bhArata kI prAcIna paramparA hai| vaidika, bauddha aura jaina tInoM hI paramparAe~ ise gRhasthI ke kartavya ke rUpa meM mAnya karatI haiN| vaidika paramparA ke zAstroM meM to isakA atyadhika mahatva batAyA hai|| ___ atithi kA abhiprAya hai, jisake Agamana kI tithi-dina nizcita na ho / aisA vyakti koI bhI ho sakatA hai| AcArya ne apane sUtra meM atithi ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-- (1) atithi, (2) sAdhu aura (3) dIna asahAyajana / yaha satya hai ki gRhastha ina tInoM kI yathAyogya sevA tathA sahAyatA karatA hai; kintu isameM vaha viveka rakhatA hai| paMcamahAvratadhArI sAdhuoM ko vaha zraddhAbhaktipUrvaka AhArAdi se pratilAbhita karatA hai, atithi kA vaha snehabhAvapUrvaka yogya satkAra karatA hai aura dIna-dukhI mAnavoM ko vatsalatApUrvaka anukampA se dAna dekara unakI sahAyatA karatA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki sAdhu aura dIna-bhikSuka kA stara eka sA nahIM hotA, unameM AkAza-pAtAla kA antara hotA hai| isIlie vaha vivekapUrvaka sahAyatA-sahayoga detA hai| atithi-satkAra gRhastha kI udAratA aura udAtta bhAvanA kA pragaTI. karaNa hai / udAratA naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| udAra vyakti hI naitika ho sakatA hai| (20-21) anabhinivezitA aura guNAnurAga abhiniveza kA abhiprAya hai-Agraha, durAgraha, kadAgraha, apanI mAnyatA ko nahIM chor3anA, usI kA haTha karate rahanA, cAhe vaha mithyA athavA hAnikAraka hI ho| aisA haTha naitika jIvana ke lie hAnikara hai, viveka aura prajJA ke viparIta hai, isIlie AcArya ne sUtra diyA-sadA hI anAgrahI banakara rhe| jisa vyakti ko apane pakSa kA durAgraha nahIM hogA, usI meM guNAnurA 1 yathAvadatithau sAdhau, dIne ca pratipattikRt / 2 sadA'nabhiniviSTazca, pakSapAtI guNeSu ca / -yogazAstra 1/53 -~-yogazAstra 1/53 For Personal & Private Use Only

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254 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana gitA kA praveza hogA, vaha dUsare vyakti ke sadguNoM ko grahaNa karake apane jIvana ko sadguNoM se bhara legaa| ___ sadguNoM kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka hai-lagana, niSThA, ekAgratA, dayA, anukampA Adi sabhI sadguNa haiM / yaha sabhI sadguNa vyakti ko naitika aura dhArmika jIvana jIne meM AdhAra stambha ke samAna haiM aura inhIM se usake vyAvahArika jIvana tathA AcaraNa meM camaka AtI hai| vaha naitika gatipragati karatA hai| (22) deza-kAlocita AcaraNa vyAvahArika jIvana meM sarvAdhika mahatva AcaraNa kA hai| AcArya jinabhadra ne kahA hai-vavahAro'pi hu balava / vyakti jaisA AcaraNa karatA hai usI ke AdhAra para usake caritra kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai aura nirNaya diyA jAtA hai ki amuka vyakti naitika hai athavA anaitika / isIlie vivekazIla vyakti aisA koI AcaraNa nahIM karatA jisakI tatkAlIna samAja (deza-kAla) meM nindA ho, loga upahAsa kreN| vaha apane AcaraNa ko deza kAla ke anurUpa rakhatA hai / 2 , ____ anurUpa rakhane kA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki vaha samAja meM pracalita rUr3ha aura hAnikAraka paramparAoM kA andhAnukaraNa karatA rahe / vivekI sadgRhastha ucita maryAdAoM tathA paramparAoM kA pAlana karatA hai / apanI caryA, AcaraNa aura vyavahAra deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM ke viparIta nahIM rakhatA; kyoMki isase paramparAcusta loga vyartha hI u~galI uThAte haiM, AlocanA aura nindA karate haiM, aura vyakti ko apayaza kA bhAgI bananA par3atA hai| isase vAtAvaraNa vikSubdha ho jAtA hai, aura usako bhI saMkleza hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM usako naitika sAdhanA bhI saphalatApUrvaka nahIM cala paatii| (23) sAmarthyAsAmarthya kI pahacAna vyAvahArika jIvana bahuta hI uttaradAyitvapUrNa hotA hai, vyakti ko 1 uddhRta-sAdhanA ke sUtra, zrI madhuka ra muni, pRSTha 264 2 adezakAlazcaryAM tyajan / __ --yogazAstra 1/54 tulanA karie(ka) yadyapi zuddhaM, lokaviruddha na karaNIyaM nAcaraNIyam / / (kha) While you are in Rome do as Romans Co. aMgrejI kahAvata / 3 jAnannapi balAbalam / --yogazAstra 1/54 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 255 pArivArika aura sAmAjika pariveza meM aneka prakAra ke kArya karane par3ate haiM / usa samaya use apanI sAmarthya zakti kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| use socanA cAhie-'maiM isa kAma ko pUrA kara bhI sakU~gA yA nahIM ? kahIM yaha kAma bIca meM hI to nahIM chor3anA par3egA / ' lekina vivekI aura dhairyazIla vyakti kAma ko yA to hAtha meM lete hI nahIM aura lete haiM to pUrA karake hI dama lete haiN| kyoMki adhUrA kAma sadA hI dukhadAyI aura apayaza kA kAraNa banatA hai / / (24) vratI aura jJAnI janoM kI sevA sevA kA Azaya nItizAstrIya avadhAraNA ke anusAra isa sandarbha meM svAgata, satkAra, sammAna aura sukha-zAnti pahu~cAnA hai| vivekI mArgAnusArI vyakti kA kartavya hai ki jina logoM ne AMzika athavA pUrNarUpa se ahiMsA, satya Adi vrata grahaNa kara lie haiM, pApa-pravRttiyoM kA tyAga kara diyA hai unheM yathAsaMbhava samAdhi phuNcaaye| kyoMki jo unako samAdhi sukha-zAMti pahuMcAtA hai, use bhI samAdhi (sukha-zAMti) kI prApti hotI hai / isI prakAra jo adhika jJAnI haiM, jinakI vicAradhArA hitAhitaviveka-anugAminI hai, unako bhI sukha-zAnti pahu~cAnA vyakti kA kartavya hai| __ vratadhArI aura jJAnI vyaktiyoM kI sevA aura sukha-zAMti pahu~cAne se samAja meM bhI ina pravRttiyoM ke prati anukUla vAtAvaraNa banatA hai, naitikatA kA prasAra hotA hai, logoM ko nItipUrNa AcaraNa kI preraNA prApta hotI hai, samAja kI sarvAMgINa unnati hotI hai, logoM meM sevA kI bhAvanA udita hotI hai| (25) uttaradAyitva nibhAnA nItizAstra meM palAyanavAda ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| isake pratyeka 1 Things half done always bring grief, sorrow and defamation. -English Proverb 2 vRttasthajJAnavRddhAnAM pUjakaH / -yogazAstra 1/54 3 samAhi kAraeNaM tameva samAhiM paDilabbhai / -bhagavatI sUtra 7/1 4 poSya poSakaH / -yogazAstra 1/54 For Personal & Private Use Only

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256 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana pratyaya ke sAtha cAhe vaha zubha ho, zuddha ho athavA AtmasvA taMtrya ho, uttaradAyitva kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| apane uttaradAyitva se palAyana karane vAlA vyakti kabhI bhI naitika nahIM ho sktaa| __mArgAnusArI vyakti jo vyAvahArika nIti kA pAlana karane vAlA hotA hai, kabhI bhI apane uttaradAyitva se bhAgatA nahIM / sAmAjika, rASTrIya Adi jitane bhI uttaradAyitva haiM, unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana karatA hai / parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM ke prati apanA kartavya nibhAtA hai, jo Azrita haiM unakA pAlana karatA hai, baccoM ko ucita zikSA dilAtA hai, unakA pAlanapoSaNa karatA hai, patnI kA ucita sammAna karatA hai, mAtA-pitA evaM vRddhajanoM kI sevA karatA hai, naukara-cAkaroM kI jarUrateM pUrI karatA hai| ___isa prakAra vaha apane sabhI uttaradAyitvoM kA samucita rUpa se pAlana karatA huA naitika jIvana bitAtA hai / (26) dIrghadarzitA dIrghadarzitA kA abhiprAya hai, bhaviSya kA vicAra karake kAma karane vAlA / AcArAMga sUtra meM sAdhaka ke lie sthAna-sthAna para 'pariNAmadaMsI, AyaMkadaMsI aura aNomadaMsI' yaha vizeSaNa Aye haiN| pariNAmadaMsI kA abhiprAya hai - pratyeka vastu kI pariNati-pariNAma aura usake phala kA vicAra karanA, AyaMkadaMsI kA nihita artha hai-mere AcaraNa se kahIM mujhe kaSTa yA AtaMka to nahIM hogA aura aNomadaMsI apanI vicAradhArA ko sadA UrdhvamukhI banAye rakhane kI preraNA hai / yaha tInoM hI guNa dIrghadazitA ke lie Avazyaka hai| mArgAnusArI apanI koI bhI vatti-pravRtti binA bhaviSya kA vicAra kiye nahIM karatA, kyoMki binA vicAre jo kare so pAche pachitAya / kAma bigArai Apuno, jaga meM hota hasAya / / & Concept of responsibility is de facto underlying in every ethica! activity, be it go od, uliimate good, self-independence. ____Ethics of Morals. (quoted by Will Durant : Story of Philosophy) 2 uddhRta-sAdhanA ke sUtra, yuvAcArya zrI madhukara munijI, pRSTha 285 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 257 yaha dohA vyAvahArika nIti ke lie aTala satya hai| 'ghara hAni jaga hAsa' kA AcaraNa sadA hI duHkha aura kleza utpanna karatA hai| nIti kA prAraMbhika bindu hai-vicAradhArA ko sadA unnata rakhanA / jisake vicAra sadA UrdhvamukhI hote haiM, usakA AcaraNa bhI tadanurUpa banatA hai, vaha sadA nIti ke mArga para Age bar3hatA hai| isIlie AcArya ne mArgAnusArI ke lie dIrghadarzI honA eka AvazyakaguNa batAyA hai| lekina yahA~ dIrghasUtrI aura dIrghadarzI kA antara samajha lenA Avazyaka hai / dIrghasUtratA Alasya kA paryAya hai| dIrghasUtrI vyakti mahInoMvarSoM taka socatA rahatA hai, UhApoha karatA rahatA hai, dRr3ha kadama nahIM uThA pAtA aura isa kAraNa jIvana ke hara kSetra meM viphala ho jAtA hai| jabaki dIrghadarzI bhaviSya meM Ane vAlI paristhitiyoM kA samucita vivecana vizleSaNa karake Akalana karatA hai, apanI sthiti aura sAmarthya ko tolatA hai aura ucita samaya para ucita kadama uThAkara saphalatA kA varaNa karatA hai| (27-28-29) vizeSajJatA, kRtajJatA, lokapriyatA vizeSajJatA kA abhiprAya hai-hitAhita kA viveka, acchAI aura burAI meM vibheda karane kI kssmtaa| kRtajJatA kA artha hai-apane prati kiye hue upakAra ko vismRta na karanA tathA upakArI ke prati vinamra va samaya Ane para ucita sahayoga kI bhAvanA rkhnaa| lekina kRtajJatA va ehasAna cukAne ke nAma para nIti virodhI, samAja va rASTravirodhI AcaraNa karanA, kRtajJatA nahIM hai| vyakti ko vyAvahArika jIvana meM aneka kaThina nirNaya lene par3ate haiM, virodhI paristhitiyoM meM bhI kuzalatA, sUjha-bUjha se kAma lekara ucita upAya 1. nAlasAH prApnuvantyarthaM, na klIvA na ca mAninaH / na ca lokApavAdabhItAH, na ca zazvata pratIkSiNaH / -mahAbhArata 2. Right step at right occasion with full zeal.-Stevension (quot . ed by A. L. Srivastava : Akbar, The Great Mughal. 3. vizeSajJaH kRtajJo, lokvllbh|| -yogazAstra 1/55 For Personal & Private Use Only

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258 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana khojane par3ate haiM, jina vyaktiyoM ke upakAra haiM, unake prati vizeSa namratA aura vinaya kA vyavahAra bhI karanA par3atA hai / yaha saba usakA kartavya hai / inheM kiye binA usake jIvana meM naitikatA kA praveza nahIM hotA / yadi vaha apane kAryoM meM hitAhita kA viveka na rakhe, acchAI-burAI meM se acchAI ko na cune, kiye hue upakAra ko vismRta ho jAya to samAja aura parivAra kI dRSTi meM use apayaza kA bhAgI bananA par3atA hai, loka meM usakI badanAmI hotI hai, anya vyaktiyoM kI dRSTi meM vaha gira jAtA hai, sabhI usase dUra-dUra rahane kI ceSTA karate haiM / are koI bhI samAja meM heya nahIM bananA cAhatA, sabhI lokapriya bananA cAhate haiM | mArgAnusArI kI bhI lokapriya banane kI icchA hotI hai / isake lie vaha prayAsa bhI karatA hai / lokapriyatA prApti ke lie mAnava sadaiva se lAlAyita rahA hai / vaidika RSi devatAoM se prArthanA karatA hai ki- mujhe sajjanoM kA priya banAo, mujhe sabakA priya banAo, koI bhI mujhase IrSyA aura DAha na kare, maiM saMsAra meM madhu se bhI adhika mIThA banakara rahU~ / lekina vivekI aura nIti kA jJAtA vyakti jAnatA hai ki isa prakAra kI prArthanAoM se koI bhI sthAyI lokapriyatA prApta nahIM kara sakatA, usake lie vyAvahArika Thosa upAya kiye jAne Avazyaka haiM / ve upAya haiM - sadAcAra aura sevA / sadAcAra kA abhiprAya hai - apanA svayaM kA AcaraNa zuddha ho, caritra unnata ho, vyavahAra meM kisI prakAra kA kapaTa na ho, sabhI ke sAtha madhuravANI kA prayoga kiyA jAya / aura sevA - abhAvagrasta, rugNa aura jo loga kisI bhI prakAra se jarUratamanda haiM, unako yathAzakti tana-mana-dhana se sahayoga denA, unake kaSToM, abhAvoM aura pIr3AoM ko kama karane kA prayAsa karanA, rugNa vyakti ke auSadhopacAra ke prabandha ke sAtha-sAtha tana-mana se usakI paricaryA karake use svastha hone meM sahayogI bananA / 1. ( ka ) priyaM mAM kRNu deveSu priyaM sarvasya pazyataH / (kha) mA no dvikSata kazcana / (ga) madhorasmi madhuta ro / For Personal & Private Use Only - atharvaveda 16 / 62 / 1 - atharvaveda 12 / 1 / 24 --atharvaveda 1 / 34 / 1

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 256 jisakA koI nahIM, usakA sahAyaka banakara usakI vipatti dUra karanA asaMgihiya parijaNassa saMgahiyatA bhavai' yahI lokasevA kA mUlamantra haiN| isI prakAra ke anya samAjopayogI kAryoM ko karake mArgAnusArI sthAyI lokapriyatA prApta karatA hai| (30-31-32-33) salajjatA, sakSyatA, saumyatA aura paropakAra lajjA nArI kA AbhUSaNa hai to puruSa kA bhI / yaha sAdhaka ke lie vizuddhi kA sthAna bhI hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai __jo sAdhaka AtmA ko vizuddha karanA cAhatA hai, use cAra vizuddhi sthAnoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai, ve haiM-lajjA, dayA, saMyama aura brahmacarya / lajjA zabda bahuta vyApaka hai| isake abhiprAya ko pragaTa karane vAlA aMgrejI zabda Shame hai / zema yA lajjA vaha mAnasika saMkoca hai, jo kisI anucita athavA nindita kArya karane para, gahita-kaTu zabda bolane para athavA azubha bhAvoM ke mana meM Ane para vyakti apane hRdaya meM anubhava karatA hai tathA usa bhAva kI praticchAyA pramukha rUpa se cehare para aura sAmAnya rUpa se sampUrNa zarIra para dRSTigocara hotI hai| cehare kI raMgata phIkI par3a jAtI hai| ___mArgAnusArI-nIti kA pAlana karane vAlA vyakti aisA koI kAma nahIM karatA ki usake samakSa isa prakAra kI paristhiti utpanna ho / lajjA kA virodhI zabda nirlajja athavA bezarma hai| AMkheM phAr3aphAr3akara dekhanA, sabhyajanoM ke bIja aTTahAsa karanA, kisI bhI vyakti athavA vyaktiyoM kA upahAsa karanA, strI athavA striyoM kI ora tAkanA, unheM ghara-ghUra kara painI najaroM se dekhanA-yaha saba nirlajjatA hai, nindanIya hai| viveko vyakti aisI nirlajjatA nahIM karatA, vaha lajjA kA mUlya -yogazAstra 1155 1. svAnAMga sUtra / 2. salajjaH sadayaH saumyaH paropakRtikamaThaH / 3. lajjA dayA saMjama baMbhace raM / kallANabhAgisza visohiThANaM / -dazavakAlika 6 / 1 / 13 For Personal & Private Use Only

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260 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jAnatA hai / yadi kabhI mana meM bure vicAra bhI A gaye, vacana se koI apazabda nikala gayA athavA kAyika ceSTA ho gaI to bhI yadi lajjA kA bhAva mana meM hai to vaha turanta sambhala sakatA hai, apane AcaraNa ko sudhAra kara sabhyajanocita banA sakatA hai / isI abhiprAya se AcArya ne mArgAnusArI ke lie salajjatA eka Avazyaka guNa batAyA hai / dayA aura salajjatA kA paraspara ghaniSTha sambandha hai, lajjAvAna vyakti ke hRdaya meM hI dayA kA nivAsa hotA hai / dayA kA abhiprAya haianukampA | kisI vyakti kI pIr3A ko svayaM apane hRdaya meM anubhava karanA, hRdaya kA kA~pa jAnA, dayA kA utsa hai / jo vyakti lajjAvAna hogA, vaha apane hRdaya ke anukampana ko anubhava karegA aura sAtha hI usake mana meM bhAvanA umar3egI ki maiM samartha hokara bhI ise abhAva athavA pIr3A se mukta nahIM karatA to mere lie lajjA kI bAta hai / lajjA kI yaha bhAvanA dayA ko prabala banAegI, aura vaha dayA pAlana meM tatpara hogA, kriyAzIla banegA tathA bharasaka prayatna karake usakI pIr3A miTAyegA / dayA sabhI dharmoM kA mUla hai| jaina dharma meM to dayA ko 'dayA mAtA' kahA gayA hai / yaha sabhI jIvoM kI rakSA karatI hai, mAtA ke samAna sabhI prANiyoM kA pAlana-poSaNa karatI hai, unheM sukha - sAtA pahu~cAtI hai, unake jIvana meM abhaya kI bhAvanA bharatI hai / eka AcArya ne to yahAM taka kahA hai dayA nadI mahAtIre sarve dharmAH du mAyitA / - sabhI dharmoM ke vRkSa dayA mahAnadI ke tIra para Tike hue haiM / naitika jIvana meM bhI dayA kA bahuta mahatva hai / yaha naitikatA kA mUla AdhAra hai, isake abhAva meM naitikatA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI / vaha vyakti kaise naitika ho sakatA hai, jo dUsaroM ke kaSToM, abhAvoM, pIr3AoM ko dekhakara bhI anadekhA kare, upekSA kara de / yatA kA bhI dayA ke sAtha anyonya sambandha hai / saumya vyakti ke hRdaya meM hI dayA pratiSThita hotI hai aura saumyatA hI dayA kI bhAvanA ko r3hatA pradAna karatI hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 261 jo vyakti krUra hai, krodhI hai, abhimAnI hai, athavA chala kapaTa meM nipuNa hai, usase dayA kI AzA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| __isake atirikta vaha vyakti naitika bhI nahIM ho sktaa| krodha aura abhimAna to anaitika pratyaya haiM / yaha to mAnava ko anaitika tathA krUra AcaraNa kI ora hI prerita karate haiM / naitika vyakti kA hRdaya to saumya hotA ho hai, usake hRdaya kI saumya bhAvanA usake cehare para, kriyA-kalApoM meM, bolane-cAlane meM spaSTa jhalakatI hai| usako dekhane mAtra se anya vyaktiyoM ke hRdaya meM sAMtvanA kA saMcAra hotA hai, unheM aisA lagatA hai ki isa vyakti ke samparka se hamAre kaSTa kama ho jaayeNge| ___saumya vyakti kI eka aura avazyambhAvI vizeSatA hotI haiparopakAra karmaThatA / paropakAra kI bhAvanA usake hRdaya meM hiloreM letI hai / usakA hRdaya itanA komala aura paraHdukhakAtara hotA hai ki vaha binA paropakAra kiye raha hI nahIM sktaa| upakAra ke do bheda batAye haiM--(1) svopakAra aura (2) paropakAra / svopakAra kA abhiprAya hai-apanI AtmA kA upakAra karanA, arthAt hRdaya meM kaluSita, gahita bhAva na lAnA, IrSyA, DAha Adi se bcnaa| nirantara AtmA ko UrdhvagAmI vicAroM se ota-prota rakhanA, naitika pragati kI ora agrasara honaa| paropakAra hai-dUsaroM ke kaSToM ko miTAne kA prayatna krnaa| yaha vyAvahArika rUpa hai, loka-pratyakSa hai, naitika pragati isase bhI hotI hai, logoM kI dRSTi meM vyakti naitika athavA nItivAna mAnA jAtA hai| notikAroM ne mAnavoM kI cAra zreNiyA~ batAI haiM (1) jo dUsaroM ke sukha ke lie, apane sukhoM kA bhI tyAga kara dete haiN| 1 eke satpuruSA parArthaghaTakA svArthAn parityajya ye, sAmAnyAstu parArthamudyamabhRtaH svArthAvirodhena ye / te'mI mAnuSa rAkSasAH parahitaM svArthAya nighnanti ye / ye nighnanti nirarthaka parahitaM te ke na jAnImahe / -uddhRta-sAdhanA ke sUtra, madhukara munijI, pRSTha 312 / For Personal & Private Use Only

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262 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (2) jo apane sukha kA tyAga nahIM karate hue dUsaroM kA upakAra karate haiM / (3) jo apane svArtha (sukha) meM magna rahate haiM, apane svArtha ko hI siddha karate haiM, cAhe isase kisI dUsare ko pIr3A hI kyoM na ho / (4) aise bhI mAnava hote haiM jo binA apane svArtha ke, vyartha hI dUsaroM ko kaSTa dete haiM, unheM pIr3ita karate haiM / inameM se prathama koTi ke puruSa uttama koTi ke naitika haiM aura dvitIya koTi ke puruSoM kI gaNanA sAmAnya naitika puruSoM meM hotI hai / adhikAMzataH nItivAna puruSa isI sAmAnya koTi ke hote haiM / tRtIya aura caturtha zreNI ke puruSa to ghora anaitika - nararAkSasa hote haiM / ve to mAnava kahalAne yogya bhI nahIM haiM / jabaki naitika puruSa to aise hote haiM ki ve upakAra karake bhUla jAte haiM aura yadi kisI ne una para upakAra kiyA hai to usa upakAra ko ve sadaiva smaraNa rakhate haiM aura pratyupakAra ke lie tatpara rahate haiM / . ( 34-35) vijaya kI ora naitika jIvana kI ora agrasara mArgAnusArI vyakti, uparokta tetIsa guNoM ko dhAraNa karake apanI manobhUmi ko itanI svaccha aura nirmala banA letA hai, apanA AcaraNa itanA vivekasaMpRkta banA letA hai, manobala ko itanA dRr3ha kara letA hai ki vaha vijaya kI ora apane dRr3ha aura mustaida kadama bar3hAne meM saphala ho jAtA hai / vijaya kisa kI ? isa jijJAsA ke samAdhAna meM AcArya ne kahA haiAntarika chaha ripuoM kA tyAga karatA huA indriyoM para vijaya kare | 2 AtmA ke Antarika chaha zatru haiM - ( 1 ) kAma (2) krodha (3) lobha (4) moha ( 5 ) mada aura ( 6 ) mAtsarya / ina Antarika zatruoM kI yaha vizetA hai ki inhIM ke kAraNa bAhya zatru banate haiM / kAma ke do artha haiM - (1) icchA aura ( 2 ) kAmanA athavA vAsanA / dhana-sampatti, aizvarya Adi saMgraha karane kI abhilASA icchA hai aura vAsanA kAma sevana kI pravRtti ko kahA jAtA hai / 1. antaraMgAriSaDvarga - parihAra - parAyaNa / vshiikRtendriygraam| For Personal & Private Use Only yogazAstra 1 / 56

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jaina dRSTi sammata-vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 263 ye donoM hI sImA se adhika bar3ha jAne para vigraha kA kAraNa bana jAte haiN| adhika saMgraha kI icchA zoSaNa ko janma detI hai, jisake kAraNa jana-asantoSa phailatA hai, bhraSTAcAra panapatA hai, anaitikatA ko khulakara khelane kA avasara milatA hai| aura vAsanA-sImAtIta vAsanA ke kitane kaTu pariNAma hote haiM, yaha sarvavidita hai, dhana-hAni, zakti-hAni, pratiSThAhAni to hotI hI hai, jIvana bhI saMkaTa meM par3a jAtA hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai-kAma zUla kI taraha cubhane vAlA, viSa ke samAna prANa haraNa karane vAlA aura AzIviSa ke samAna kSaNamAtra meM bhasma karane vAlA hai| yaha viSabujhe bANa aura tIkhe zUloM ke samAna pIr3AdAyI hai| kAma athavA icchA yA kAmanA kA koI anta nahIM hai yaha AkAza ke samAna ananta hai / ise samudra ke samAna antarahita' bhI batAyA gayA hai| ___ yadyapi aise dustIrNa aura ananta kAma (icchA samUha-kAmanA samUha) ko vaza meM karanA, ise tyAganA atyanta kaThina hai, kintu vivekI mArgAnusArI apane viveka se isa duSkara kArya ko sarala banAne kA dRr3hatama prayAsa karatA hai aura isa asIma ko sasIma banAkara isa para vijaya prApta karane ke lie saceSTa rahatA hai, kAmAvega ko vaza meM rakhatA hai| gItA meM kAmAt krodhaH kahakara krodha kI utpatti kAma se batAI gaI hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki mana meM kisI prakAra kI kAmanA uThI, koI icchA utpanna huI aura yadi vaha pUrI nahIM huI to krodha A gyaa| krodha vastutaH eka Avega hai, jvAlA hai, isakA nivAsa vyakti ke antaraMga meM hai, mana mastiSka meM hai, isIlie ise Antarika zatra kahA hai, bAhyarUpa meM to isakA pragaTIkaraNa hotA hai| 1 sallaMkAmA, visaMkAmA kAmA AsIvisovamA / 2 sattisUlUpamA kaamaa| 3 icchA hu AgAsasamA aNaM tiyA 4 samadra iva hi kAma: naiva kAmasyAnto'sti / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6/53 -therIgAthA -utarAdhyayana sUtra -taittirIya brAhmaNa 2/2/5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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264 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana krodha eka aisI Aga hai jo svayaM vyakti ko jalAtI hai, usake rakta meM ubAla lAtI hai, zArIrika-mAnasika-Atmika sabhI prakAra kI zaktiyoM kA hAsa karatI haiN| krodhI vyakti kA zaurya agni para gire namaka kI taraha cara-cara kI AvAja ke sAtha vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| usake satya, zIla Adi guNoM kA krodha hanana kara letA hai| __krodha ke duSpariNAma batAte hue aMgreja vicAraka iMgarasola ne kahA hai ki yaha viveka buddhi ko naSTa kara detA hai / yUnAnI vicAraka pAithAgorasa' ne to krodha kA prArambha mUrkhatA se aura anta pazcAttApa meM batAyA hai| vaijJAnika bhI krodha ko zArIrika evaM mAnasika donoM dRSTiyoM se atyanta hAniprada mAnate haiN| koI bhI vivekI vyakti aise hAniprada krodha se bacanA cAhegA / hAni . kise pasanda hai ? isIlie mArgAnusArI krodha ko dUra haTAtA hai, krodha ke nimittoM se bacatA hai, aisI sthitiyoM ko utpanna nahIM hone detA, satat jAgarUka aura sAvadhAna rahatA hai| ' moha kA nItizAstrIya prasaMgopAtta artha yahAM mUr3hatA samajhanA caahie| mUr3hatA kA abhiprAya hai--viveka zakti kA nAza / kyA kartavya hai aura kyA akartavya athavA kyA karanA cAhie aura kyA nahIM, isa prakAra ke nirNaya kI kSamatA kA abhAva athavA hrAsa / gItAkAra ke zabdoM se krodhAd bhavati sammoha krodha se mUr3hatA kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai / aura yaha nizcita hai ki mUr3ha mAnava patana kI rAha pakar3a letA hai / kartavyAkartavya kA viveka na kara pAne ke kAraNa vaha usa patha kA anugAmI bana jAtA hai, jo anaitikatA athavA durnIti kI ora gatizIla hotA hai| mUr3hatA kI sthiti meM vyakti aise kArya bhI kara baiThatA, jinakA pariNAma bahuta bhayaMkara hotA hai / 1. ati kopanasya zaurya vanhisthita lavaNamiva zatadhA vizIryate / ___-~soma devasUri : nItivAkyAmRta 2. kuddho""saccaM sIlaM viNayaM haNejja / -praznavyAkaraNa 2 / 2 3. Anger blows out the lamp of mind. -R. G. Ingersoll 4. Anger begins in folly and ends in repentance. -..Pythagoras. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata - - vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 265 lobha to pApa kA bApa hI hai / lobhI mAnava para eka prakAra kA nazA chAyA rahatA hai / usake mana-mastiSka para lobha kA - lAlaca kA cazmA car3hA hotA hai | vaha bhayaMkara se bhayaMkara duSkRtya kara DAlatA hai / dhana ke lie vaha kisI ke prANa bhI le sakatA hai, Aga bhI lagA sakatA hai aura bhI aneka prakAra ke pApa karma - ghora anaitika karma kara sakatA hai / mAtsarya kahate haiM, IrSyA ko / kisI anya kI unnati, dhana-sampatti, upArjana kI adhika kSamatA, samAja athavA rASTra meM pratiSThA ko dekha / sunakara vyakti ke hRdaya meM jo usa vyakti ke prati jalana utpanna hotI hai, vaha IrSyA hai | IrSyA eka prakAra kA viSa hai jo IrSyAlu ke sampUrNa jIvana ko hI viSAkta kara detA hai / IrSyA ke kAraNa guNavAna vyakti bhI tiraskRta hone lagatA hai / indriyoM ko vaza meM karanA - indriyA~ pAMca haiM - ( 1 ) sparzana, (2) rasanA, (3) ghrANa, (4) cakSu aura ( 5 ) zrotra / ina pA~coM indriyoM ko vaidika darzanoM meM jJAnendriyAM kahA gayA hai / pazcimI darzanakAroM ne inako Senses kahA hai / indriyoM ko vaza meM karane kA abhiprAya hai - ina indriyoM ko apaneapane viSayoM kI ora jAne se - unameM pravRtta hone se rokanA / sparzana indriya kA viSaya kAma sevana hai, rasanA indriya svAdiSTa rasoM kA sukha lenA cAhatI hai, ghrANa indriya sugandhita padArthoM kI madhura gaMdha kI ora lAlAyita hotI hai, cakSa, indriya sundara rUpa ko dekhakara mugdha bana jAtI hai aura zrotra indriya mIThe-mIThe priyakArI sukhaprada zabda sunane ko lalacAtI hai / ina indriyoM ko inake icchita priya viSayoM kI ora na jAne denA, ina para niyaMtraNa, niyamana aura saMyamana karanA, indriya vazIkaraNa hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki mArgAnusArI pUrNarUpa se indriyoM ko vaza meM nahIM rakha sakatA; kintu vaha inheM aniyaMtrita bhI nahIM chor3a sakatA kyoMki aniyantrita indriyA~ apane viSayoM kI ora duSTa azva ke samAna daur3atI haiM aura mAnava ko patana ke garta meM girA detI hai, usake dhArmika jIvana ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara detI haiM / ataH vyAvahArika nIti kA pAlana karane vAlA sadgRhastha inheM For Personal & Private Use Only

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266 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizolana (apanI samasta indriyoM ko) aMkuza meM rakhakara naitika jIvana vyatIta karatA yaha mArgAnusArI ke 35 guNa jaina sAdhaka kI vyAvahArika nIti ke nirdezaka sUtra haiN| ina nirdezoM ko hRdayaMgama karatA haA vaha apane jIvanavyavahAra ko saMcAlita karatA hai aura nIti ke utkarSa kI ora gati-pragati. karatA hai| - prastuta guNoM kI vivecanA karane se yaha spaSTa pratibhAsita hotA hai ki inameM se kucha guNa to kevala zarIra svasthatA sambandhI haiM; jaise ajIrNa hone para bhojana na kare aura niyata samaya para santoSa ke sAtha bhojana kare (16vAM aura 17vA~ guNa), kucha dharma bhAvanA tathA dharmAcaraNa se sambandhita haiM (15vAM guNa) aura zeSa vyakti ke vyAvahArika jIvana, usake AcaraNa ko unnata aura samAjopayogI banAne vAle haiM / 34vA aura 35vA~ guNa vyakti ko agalI sIr3hI arthAt gRhasthadharma ke pAlana ke lie upayukta bhUmikA taiyAra karatA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki mArgAnusArI vyakti kI bhUmikA prAthamika hai, vaha pUNarUpa se naitika Adarza kA pAlana nahIM kara pAtA, kintu nItipUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie apane kadama to avazya bar3hAtA hai, naitikatA kA abhyAsa karatA hai aura zanaiH zanaiH isa abhyAsa ko dRr3ha se dRr3hatara karatA calA jAtA hai| usakA dhyeya dharma sAdhanA hotA hai, vahI usakA lakSya hotA hai, usI kI prApti ke lie vaha prayatnazIla rahatA hai / isI dhyeya kI siddhi ke lie vaha ina 35 guNoM dvArA vyAvahArika jIvana ko adhika se adhika zuddha banAtA hai| nIti kA lakSya bhI yahI hai / jaisAki pazcimI vicAraka zrI vArDalaoN ne apane kathana meM vyakta kiyA hai- naitikatA dharma kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai aura dharma naitikatA kA saiddhAntika rUpa / ' AcArya hemacandra ne bhI kahA hai - ina 35 guNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti gRhastha dharma dhAraNa karane ke yogya banatA hai / isakA abhi 1 Morality is religion in practice; Religion is norality in principle. -Ralph Wardlaw. (quoted-Bunches of Sayings, p. 114) 2 gRhidharmAya kalpate / -yogazAstra, 1/56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata - vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 267 prAya yaha hai ki ye sadguNa naitika jIvana kI AdhArabhUmi athavA bhUmikA rUpa hai / anya naitika guNa uparokta 35 guNoM ke atirikta anya sadgRhastha ke katipaya anya guNa bhI batAye haiM / graMthoM meM nItivAna vivekI ye guNa haiM ( 1 ) akSudratA - vizAla hRdayatA / - (2) rUpavAna - isakA abhiprAya nItizAstrIya saMdarbha meM zArIrika svasthatA hai / kyoMki jinakA rUpa sundara nahIM hai, ve bhI naitika ho sakate haiM aura rUpavAna vyakti bhI anItipUrNa AcaraNa kara sakate haiM / (3) saumya svabhAva - svabhAva kI saumyatA kA abhiprAya hai, krodha, lobha Adi Avega saMvega niyantrita aura niyamita hoM / (4) lokapriyatA - samAja tathA parivAra ke sabhI vyakti usake saumya svabhAva ke kAraNa usase sneha karate haiM / (5) akrUratA - krUratA kA abhAva / anya logoM ko apanI zakti se dabAkara anucita lAbha na uThAnA / (6) pApabhIru - pApoM se Darane vAlA / (7) azatA - chala-kapaTa kA vyavahAra na karanA / (8) sudAkSiNya - dharmakArya meM dUsaroM kI sahAyatA karanA, dAkSiNyatA kA abhiprAya kuzalatA- caturAI bhI hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki kuzalatApUrvaka vyavahAra kare / (E) lajjAlu - akRtya karane meM lajjA anubhava karanA / (10) dayAlu - prANImAtra para dayA kI bhAvanA rakhanA / (11) madhyasthatA - mAdhyasthya bhAvanA bhI hai, isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki rAga-dveSa kama karake prANImAtra kI kalyANa bhAvanA rakhanA / (12) saumya dRSTi - A~khoM meM saumyatA kA sAgara laharAtA hai / (13) guNarAgI - sadguNoM ko grahaNa karanA / (14) satkathI - satya kahane vAlA tathA satya kA pakSa grahaNa karane vAlA / (15) sudIrghadarzI - vicAravAna, vivekI, Age-pIche kA pariNAma socakara kArya karane vAlA / (16) vizeSajJa - acchAI-burAI aura AtmA ke hita-ahita ko vizeSa rUpa se gaharAI se jAnane vAlA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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268 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (17) vRddhAnugAmI-vRddha kA abhiprAya yahAM una vyaktiyoM se hai jo jJAna aura AcaraNa meM adhika paripakva hoM; jinakA AcaraNa asaMdigdha aura nItipUrNa ho, unakA anugamana krnaa| (18) vinIta-vinamra aura vinayapUrvaka AcaraNa karane vaalaa| (19) kRtajJa-apane prati kiye gaye upakAra ko vismRta na hone vaalaa| (20) parahitakArI- paropakAra karane vaalaa| (21) labdhalakSya-jIvana ke sAdhya kA jJAtA / / isI prakAra ke 17 guNoM kA nirdeza paMDita AzAdharajI ne apane sAgAra dharmAmata meM kiyA hai / 1 dhammarayaNassogo akhuddo rUvavaM pagaisommo / loyappiyo akkUro, bhIru asaTho sudakkhinno // lajjAluo dayAlu majjhattho sommadiTThI gunnraagii| sakkaha sapakkhajutto, sudIhadaMsI visesannU / / buDDhANugo viNIo, kayannuo parahiatthakArI ya / taha ceva laddhalakkho, egavIsaguNo havai saDDho / -pravacanasAroddhAra 236, gAthA 1356-1358 2 sAgAra dharmAmRta (adhyAya 1) meM paMDita Aza'dharajI dvArA vaNita 15 guNa yaha haiM-(1) nyAyapUrvaka arthopArjana kare (2) guNIjanoM ko mAnane vAlA (3) satya bolane vAlA (4) trivarga (dharma, artha aura kAma) kA isa prakAra sevana kare ki inameM se kisI kA virodha na ho (5) yogya (dharmAvaraNa meM sahAyaka, saumya svabhAva vAlI) strI (6) ucita sthAna (kalaha rahita pAsa-par3osa) (7) aisA nivAsa sthAna jahA~ svaccha vAyu aura prakAza kA AvAgamana ho (8) lajjAzIla ho (8) ucita AcaraNa kare (10) zuddha, sAtvika, zAkAhAra (11) sajjanoM kI saMgati (12) subuddhizAlI (13) kRtajJa (14) indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA (15) dharma kA upadeza sunane aura samajhane meM ruci rakhane vAlA (16) dayAvAna (17) pApoM se Darane vAlA, pApa kAryoM se jisakA hRdaya kAMpatA ho / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina dRSTi sammata--vyAvahArika nIti ke sopAna | 266 kintu ina sabhI guNoM kA samAveza AcArya hemacandra dvArA varNita 35 guNoM meM ho jAtA hai| ina guNoM ke dhAraNa aura paripAlana kA jIvana meM sabase bar3A lAbha yaha hotA hai usa vyakti kI samasta vRtti-pravRttiyA~ aura AcaraNa anuzAsita ho jAtA hai| vicAradhArA meM naitikatA otaprota ho jAtI hai aura usI naitikatA se usakA vyAvahArika jIvana anuprANita tathA saMcAlita hotA hai| ___vyAvahArika jIvana kI naitikatA mAnava ko naitika utkarSa kI ora prerita karatI hai aura vaha usa ora kadama bar3hAtA hai, nIti ke utkarSa se apane jIvana ko ota-prota karane kA dRr3ha prayAsa karatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa . (ETHICAL UPLIFTMENT) (zrAvaka kI AcAra nIti) susaMskRta, susabhya, zreSTha AcaraNa yukta vyAvahArika jIvana naitika utkarSatA kI ora bar3hatA kadama hai, aisA vyakti zubha (good) se parama zubha (utmost good) kI ora bar3hatA hai / sAtha hI aisA sundara nItiyukta vyAvahArika jIvana AdhyAtmika jIvana kA praveza-dvAra bhI hai| vivekazIla mAnava kI pravRtti nirantara pragati kI ora hotI hai, vaha apane lakSya kI ora dRr3ha kadama bar3hAtA hai / vyAvahArika jIvana ke guNoM ke abhyAsa meM paripakva hone para vaha AdhyAtmika guNoM ko dhAraNa karane aura apanI Atmika unnati ke lakSya kI ora prayatnazIla hotA hai / isake lie vaha zrAvaka ke vrata dhAraNa karatA hai| 'zrAvaka' zabda kA nirvacana _ 'zrAvaka' jaina dharma kA viziSTa zabda hai / isakA artha bhI kucha adhika gaharAI lie hue hai| zrAvaka zabda kI vyutpatti 'zru' dhAtu se huI hai, jisakA artha hai sunanA / jo zramaNoM se zraddhApUrvaka nirgrantha pravacana ko sunatA hai aura tadanusAra usa para AcaraNa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, vaha zrAvaka hai| 1 sammattadaMsaNAI paDadiahaM jaijaNA suNe i ya / sAmAyArI paramaM jo khalu, taM sAvagaM vitti // -samaNasuttaM, gAthA 301 ( 250 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 271 'zrAvaka' zabda ke eka-eka akSara kA bhI viziSTa artha batalAyA hai| zrAvaka zabda meM tIna akSara haiM-'zrA' 'va' aura 'ka' / zrA-vaha tatvArtha cintana dvArA apanI zraddhA bhAvanA ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| va - satpAtroM meM nirantara dhanarUpa bIja ko botA hai / ka-zuddha sAdhu kI sevA karake pAparUpa dhUli ko dUra pheMkatA rahatA hai| inameM se 'zra' kA pratIkArtha sacce aura dRr3ha vizvAsa ko saMketita karatA hai, 'va' dAna kI preraNA detA hai aura 'ka' sevAdharma ke mahattva ko pratipAdita karatA hai| zrAvaka tIsarA lakSaNa diyA gayA hai(1) jo vratoM kA anuSThAna karane vAlA hai, (2) zIlavAna hai, (3) svAdhyAya tapa Adi guNoM se yukta hai, (4) sarala vyavahAra karane vAlA hai, 1. zraddhAlutAM zrAtipadArthacintana d, dhanAni pAtresu vapatyanAratam / ki ratyapuNyAni susAdhu sevanA, dattopi taM zrAvaka mAhuruttamA / / aura bhI dekheM --zrAddhavidhi, pR0 72, zloka 3 zraddhAlutAM zrAti, zRNoti zAsanam / dAnaM vapedAzu vaNoti darzanam / / kRntatyapuNyAni karoti . saMyamam / taM zrAvakaM pahuramI vicakSaNAH / / 2 kayavayakammI taha sIlavaM, guNavaM ca ujju vvhaarii| guru sussUso pavayaNa kusalo khalu sAvago bhAve / / -dharmaratna prakaraNa 33 3 zIla kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai-1 dhAmika janoM se yukta sthAna meM rahanA, una kI saMgati karanA, 2 Avazyaka kArya ke binA dUsare ke ghara na jAnA 3 bhar3akIlI pozAka nahIM pahananA 4 vikAra paidA karane vAle vacana na bolanA 5 dya ta Adi na khelanA 6 madhuranIti se kAryasiddhi krnaa| ina chaha zIloM se yukta zrAvaka zIlavAna kahalAtA hai| -zrI madhukara muni : jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAeM, pR0 108 -pAda TippaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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272 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (5) sadguru kI sevA karane vAlA hai, (6) pravacana kuzala hai, vaha bhAva zrAvaka hai| bhAva kA abhiprAya hai, jisakA antartama zrAvakaguNoM se ota-prota ho cukA hai| zrAvaka zabda ke tInoM akSaroM kA nirvacana' isa prakAra bhI kiyA gayA hai zra-zraddhAlu-satya-tathya para dRr3ha vizvAsa rakhane vaalaa| va -vivekI-pratyeka kArya ko vivekapUrNa DhaMga se karane vaalaa| ka-kriyAvAna-zubha kAryoM meM satata utsAhapUrvaka pravRtti karane vaalaa| zrAvaka zabda kA yaha antima akSara-nirvacana nItizAstra ke lie atyadhika upayogI hai; kyoMki satya para dRr3ha vizvAsa hue binA zubhAzubhAdi kA nirNaya tathA vivekapUrNa AcaraNa nahIM ho sakatA aura viveka ke abhAva meM vaha apanI svIkRta maryAdAoM-vratoM kA pAlana samyak prakAra se, sahI DhaMga se nahIM kara sktaa| ataH naitika AcAra ke lie usameM satya zraddhA (vizvAsa), viveka aura kriyAzIlatA tInoM hI Avazyaka haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM vratoM kA saMkSipta paricaya upayogI hogA, kyoMki vratoM kI svIkRti ke uparAnta hI sadgRhastha zrAvaka pada kA adhikArI banatA hai arthAt zrAvaka pada ke lie vrata anivArya hai| vrata kA svarUpa _ 'vrata' mAnava dvArA svayaM svIkRta maryAdA haiN| yaha kisI anya dvArA jabaradastI nahIM thope jAte apitu naitika utkarSa kI ora apane dRr3ha kadama bar3hAtA huA mAnava svecchA se inheM svIkAratA hai| ___ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki zrAvaka eka pada hai, jisako grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / jisa prakAra DAkTara ke ghara janma lene se hI koI DAkTara nahIM bana jAtA, apitu use DAkTarI kI zikSA prApta karanI par3atI hai aura usa meM uttIrNa hokara DAkTarI kI DigrI lenI par3atI hai tabhI vaha DAkTara banatA hai| isI prakAra zrAvaka bhI jaba aNuvratoM-zrAvakavratoM ko grahaNa karake unakI paripAlanA karatA hai tabhI vaha vratI zrAvaka ke pada se vibhUSita hotA hai aura naitika utkarSa kI ora kriyAzIla hokara zubhatva kA AcaraNa karatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 273 vratI zrAvaka' athavA naitika zubha kA AcaraNa karane vAle vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai ki usakA hRdaya darpaNa ke samAna svaccha ho - addAgasamANA aura usakI vRtti pravRtti mAtA-pitA ke samAna vatsalatApUrNa ho - ammApi samANA / vaha guNI va tyAgIjanoM Adi kA satkAra aura sammAna kare hI, sAtha hI dIna - anAtha, samAja ke abhAvagrasta, rogI, akAla - bAr3ha pIr3ita logoM kI bhI yathAzakti sahAyatA kare unheM anukaMpApUrvaka dAna de, sahayoga kare / hRdaya kI svacchatA aura udAratA tathA sevA sahayoga sabhI zubha pratyaya haiM, jo naitika utkarSa ke lie Avazyaka haiM hI apane svIkRta vratoM kA paripAlana karatA huA pUrNarUpa se jIne meM sakSama hotA hai | zrAvaka vrata jaina zAstroM meM zrAvaka vratoM kI bahuta hI gahana gambhIra aura vistRta vivecanA kI gaI hai / inake AdhyAtmika, vyAvahArika aura naitika pakSa para bharapUra prakAza DAlA gayA hai| AcAryoM ne ina vratoM ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai 1. aNuvrata 2. guNavrata, 3. zikSAvrata aNuvrata pA~ca haiM - 1. ahiMsANuvrata, 2. satyANuvrata, 3. acauryANuvrata, kI vRtti yaha aisA vyakti naitika jIvana 9 graMthoM meM vratI zrAvaka ke anya nAma bhI prApta hote haiM- jaise(1) zramaNopAsaka - zramaNoM ( sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ) kI upAsanA karane vAlA / (2) aNuvratI - choTe vratoM (Partial vows) kA pAlana karane vAlA / (3) vratAvratI - vratoM kA AMzika rUpa se pAlana karane se vratI aura pUrNatayA pAlana kI kSamatA ke abhAva se avratI / (4) viratAvirata - bhogecchAoM kA AMzika rUpa se tyAgI / (5) dezavirata - sAMsArika viSayoM kA AMzika tyAgI / (6) dezasaMyata - yathAzakya saMyama pAlana karane vAlA / (7) saMyamAsaMyamI - kucha aMza meM saMyamI aura kucha aMza meM asaMyamI / (8) zrAddha - deva - guru-dharma ke prati zraddhA rakhane vAlA / ( 8 ) upAsaka - deva aura dharma kI upAsanA karane vAlA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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274 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (4) brahmacaryANuvrata aura (5) aparigrahANuvrata / ____ guNavrata tIna haiM-(6) dizAparimANavata (7) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavrata aura (8) anarthadaNDaviramaNavrata / zikSAvata cAra haiM-(9) sAmAyika vrata (10) dezAvakAzika vrata (11) pauSadhopavAsa vrata aura (12) atithi saMvibhAga vrata / / 1. sthAnAMga (5/1), upAsaka dazAMga , Avazyaka sUtra Adi aMga-Agama graMthoM meM ina pAMcoM aNuvratoM ke nAma isa prakAra diye gaye haiM1. sthUla prANAtipAtaviramaNa 2. sthUla mRSAvAda viramaNa 3. sthUla adattAdAna viramaNa 4. svadAra (svapatnI) santoSa vrata 5. icchAparimANa vrata / 2. gAMdhIjI ne bhI sadAcArI naitika gRhastha ke lie 11 vratoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai ahiMsA satya asteya brahmacarya asaMgraha / zarIrazrama asvAda sarvatra bhayavarjana // sarvadharmI samAnatva svadezI samabhAvanA / hI ekAdaze sevAvI namratve vrata nizcaye / / (1) ahiMsA (2) satya (3) acaurya (4) brahmacarya (5) aparigraha (adhika saMgraha nahIM karanA) (6) zarIra zrama (7) asvAda (rasanA indriya kA saMyama) (8) bhayavarjana (na svayaM bhayabhIta honA aura na anya ko bhayabhIta karanA) [vizeSa-prazna vyAkaraNa 2/2 aura uttarAdhyayana 8/2 meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki bhayabhIta sAdhaka sAdhanA se vicalita ho jAtA hai, vaha apane dAyitva kA nirvAha nahIM kara sakatA / bhaya se uparata sAdhaka hI ahiMsA (anya sabhI svIkRta vratoM kA bhI) kA pAlana kara sakatA hai / ataH jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra abhayavratasAdhanA kA prANa hai / ] (9) sarvadharmasamabhAva (10) svadezI (apane deza meM nirmita vastuoM kA upayoga karanA) (11) samabhAvanA (mAnava mAtra ko samAna samajhanA- chUAchUtaspAspardhya kI bhAvanA na rakhanA) [vizeSa-inameM se prathama pA~ca vrata to jaina dharmAnumodita paMca aNuvrata hI haiN| zarIrazrama, asvAda, bhayavarjana Adi bhI jaina dharmAnukUla haiM / svadezI vrata rASTrIya bhAvanA ko pragaTa karatA hai, jo mArgAnusArI ke 35 guNoM meM se caudahaveM gaNa meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 275 vratoM ke saMbaMdha meM sAvadhAniyAM jaina zAstroM meM ina 12 vratoM ko grahaNa karanA tathA inakI sAdhanA karanA gRhIdharma kahA gayA hai| gRhastha ina vratoM kA pAlana karatA bhI hai, kintu sAdhaka ko vrata grahaNa karane se pahale apano zakti, sAmarthya Adi kI acchI taraha parakha kara lenI cAhie, jaisA ki dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai apanA manobala, zArIrika (indriyoM kI ) zakti, parAkrama, svAsthya, zraddhA, Arogya (rogarahitatA) kSetra, (sthAna) aura kAla ko bhalI bhA~ti jAnakara hI kisI sadkArya meM svayaM ko niyojita karanA cAhiye / " vrata grahaNa karane vAle naitika sadgRhastha ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane svIkRta yama-niyamoM kA dRr3hatApUrvaka pAlana kare / AtmavaMcanA Adi doSa isa sthiti meM bilkula bhI apekSita nahIM haiM / saralatA aura dRr3hatA hI ati Avazyaka hai / yahA~ prasaMgopAttarUpa meM eka bAta ullekhanIya hai ki jaina dharma mUlarUpa se anAgrahI hai | AgamoM meM kahIM aisA ullekha nahIM milatA ki svayaM bhagavAna ne athavA dharmaguruoM ne kisI bhI vyakti ko vrata grahaNa karane kA Agraha kiyA ho, apitu vyakti apanI zakti, sthiti aura sAmarthya ke anusAra svayaM hI vrata grahaNa karane kI icchA pragaTa karatA hai aura bhagavAna athavA dharmaguru itanA hI kahate haiM - he devAnupriya ! jisameM tumheM sukha ho vaisA hI karo, dharma kArya meM vilaMba mata karo / vastutaH vratagrahaNa naitikatA ke utkarSa kI vaha sthiti hai jahA~ mAnava kI naitika cetanA itanI vikasita ho jAtI hai ki use preraNA athavA Agraha kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hotI, vaha svayaM dharmopadeza sunakara svayaM hI apanI viveka buddhi se kartavyAkartavya, karaNIya-akaraNIya Adi kA UhApoha karake eka dRr3ha nizcaya kI avasthA para pahuMca jAtA hai aura tadanusAra niyama grahaNa karake apane jIvana ko naitika utkarSa kI ora gatizIla banAtA hai / 1. balaM thAmaM ca pehAe, saddhAmA roggamappaNo / khettaM kAlaM ca vinnAya, tahappANaM niju'jae // 2. jahAsuhaM devANuppiyA ! mA paDibaMdha kareha | For Personal & Private Use Only - dazavaikAlika 8 / 35

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276 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana atikrama Adi yadyapi sAdhaka naitika utkarSatA kI ora apane dRr3ha kadama bar3hAtA hai kinta mAnava-jIvana atyanta jaTila hai, jIvana meM acAnaka hI aisI paristhitiyAM A jAtI haiM ki vaha svayaM ko aise caurAhe para khar3A pAtA hai, jahA~ se use yaha sujhAI nahIM detA ki kisa mArga para cale / Arthika utAra-car3hAva, sAmAjika samasyAe~, pArivArika jhamele Adi aneka prakAra ke spIDa brekara usake jIvana meM A jAte haiM, kabhI svAsthya sambandhI samasyAe~, patnI-baccoM kI samasyAe~ Adi bahata sI viparIta aura viSama paristhitiyA~ usake mastiSka ko gar3abar3A detI haiM, manobala TUTane lagatA hai / aisI paristhitiyoM meM usake lie naitikatA evaM dharma ke mArga para calanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / usake mana-mastiSka meM durbalatA kA praveza ho jAtA hai / vicAra pravAha umar3ane lagatA hai-ina vrata-niyamoM meM baMdhakara naitika jIvana vyatIta karanA to asambhava hai / aura isa sthiti meM , usase naitika jIvana meM doSa lagane kI sambhAvanA ho jAtI hai| phira mAnava, bhUla kA pAtra bhI hai| jaba taka vaha naitikatA kI sarvocca zreNI taka nahIM pahu~ca pAtA taba taka usase jAne-anajAne bhUleM ho bhI jAtI haiN| mAnava kI isa durbalatA kI ora bhI jaina vicArakoM ne dhyAna diyA hai aura isa dRSTi se vrata-niyamoM ke atikramaNa kI cAra koTiyA~ batAI haiN| (1) atikrama-naitika AcaraNa ke ullaMghana kA mana meM vicAra yA kalpanA utpanna honaa| (2) vyatikrama-grahaNa kiye hue niyama kI maryAdA ko ullaMghana karane ke lie kriyAzIla honA / 1. To err is humane. 2. atikramaNa kA abhiprAya, nItizAstra ke sandarbha meM svIkRta vratoM-niyamoM tathA naitika AcaraNa se vicalita ho jAnA athavA AcaraNa meM malinatA kA praveza ho jAnA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 277 (3) aticAra-niyama kA AMzika rUpa se atikramaNa ho jaanaa| (4) anAcAra-niyama ko bhaMga kara denaa| inameM se anAcAra to spaSTa rUpa se anaMtikatA hai hii| nItivAna puruSa ke jIvana meM isakA koI sthAna nahIM hotA, kyoMki anAcAra ko pUrNatayA tyAgakara hI to vaha nIti ke patha para bar3hatA hai| atikrama aura vyatikrama, yadyapi anaitika to haiM, kintu yaha vizeSa rUpa se mAnava ke vyaktigata jIvana se hI sambandhita haiN| inakA pArivArika, sAmAjika prabhAva nagaNya hotA hai| aura inake bAda mAnava svayaM hI sa~bhala bhI jAtA hai, viveka buddhi sajaga hote hI vaha svayaM hI naitika patha para punaH sthira ho jAtA hai| aticAra, aisA doSa hai jisakA vyakti ke svayaM ke jIvana para to prabhAva par3atA hI hai, sAtha hI anya vyaktiyoM para, samAja para, parivAra para bhI isakA prabhAva par3atA hai| . yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne zrAvaka ke pratyeka vrata ke sAtha aticAra ginAye haiM aura unase bacane kI preraNA dI hai| kahA hai-yaha aticAra jAnane cAhie, kintu AcaraNa karane yogya nahIM haiM / nItikAra aura AcArazAstro sabhI isa bAta para ekamata haiM ki mAnava ko doSarahita jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhie-naitika dRSTi se bhI aura dhArmika dRSTi se bhii| vrata-grahaNa kI vidhi evaM maryAdA ___itanA to nizcita hai ki nItivAna vyakti jo abhI naitika utkarSa kI ora kadama bar3hA rahA hai, vaha gRhatyAgI zramaNa nahIM banA hai, abhI vaha gRhastha hI hai, use gRhastha sambandhI sabhI vyAvahArika kartavya bhI pAlanakarane hote hI haiM, isI kAraNa vaha ahiMsA Adi vratoM kA pAlana sampUrNa rUpa se karane meM sakSama nahIM ho pAtA, vaha ina vratoM ko sImita, AMzika rUpa se maryAdApUrvaka grahaNa karake pAlana karatA hai| AMzika rUpa se grahaNa karane ke kAraNa usake vrata aNuvrata kahalAte haiN| vidhi aura maryAdA-ina donoM kA vratoM ke sandarbha meM viziSTa sthAna hai| 1. aiyArA jANiyavvA na samAyariyavvA / -pratikramaNa sUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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27% | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAnava ke naitika AcaraNa ke vicAraNA, vAcanika pravRtti aura kAyAnuvRtti ke tIna sAdhana haiM aura tIna hI prakAra haiN| sAdhanoM ko jaina zAstroM meM 'karaNa' kahA gayA hai aura prakAra kA abhiprAya 'yoga' hai| yoga tIna haiM-(1) manoyoga, (2) vacanayoga aura (3) kAyayoga / __ karaNa bhI tIna haiM-(1) kRta-svayaM karanA (2) kArita-kisI dUsare ko AjJA athavA preraNA dekara karAnA aura (3) anumodanakisI dUsare ko koI kArya karate dekhakara usakI prazaMsA karanA, ucita tthhraanaa| ina tInoM yogoM aura tIna karaNoM kA santulana-belensa rakhakara vratoM kA paripAlana kiyA jAtA hai aura naitika AcaraNa bhI kiyA jAtA hai| tIna yoga evaM tIna karaNa kI zuddhatApUrvaka (navakoTi) vratoM kI ArAdhanA sAdhu-sAdhvI hI kara pAte haiM, kyoMki ve sabhI sAvadyakArI (pApamaya tathA anaitika) kriyAoM se pUrNatayA virakta-sarvavirata hote haiM / lekina gRhasthI ke uttaradAyitva ke kAraNa nItivAna sadgRhastha navakoTi vrata kA pAlana nahIM kara pAtA / usakA anumodanA karaNa khulA rahatA hai, ataH usakA tyAga chaha koTi hotA hai / phira gRhastha apanI sthiti-paristhiti ke anusAra vrata grahaNa karatA hai tathA unakA paripAlana karatA hai| vaha eka yoga-eka karaNa, do yogado karaNa Adi vibhinna prakAra se vrata grahaNa kara sakatA hai, kintu yaha Avazyaka hai ki vratoM kA paripAlana niraticAra-binA koI doSa lagAye hI kre| isI prakAra yaha vyakti kI apanI nijI kSamatA para nirbhara hai ki vaha kitanI naitikatA kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| kintu yaha Avazyaka hai ki apane AcAra-vicAra meM chalanA-pravaMcanA na kare / aisA nahIM honA cAhie ki usakA bAhya rUpa-loka dikhAve kA rUpa kucha aura ho tathA Antarika rUpa kucha dUsare hI prakAra kA ho / hAthI ke dA~ta khAne ke aura dikhAne ke aura, yaha pravRttinaitika evaM dhArmika sabhI dRSTikoNoM se nindanIya aura garhaNIya hai| aisI pravRtti kI apekSA kisI bhI dhArmika tathA naitika vyakti se nahIM kI jA sktii| __ aba isa naitika AcAra-vicAra ke pariprekSya meM zrAvaka vratoM aura unake aticAroM kA vivecana kreNge| For Personal & Private Use Only

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aNuvrata jaisA ki isI adhyAya meM batAyA jA cukA hai ki zrAvaka vratoM meM sarvaprathama, sarvapramukha aura zrAvaka jIvana ke AdhArabhUta pAMca aNuvrata haiM(1) ahiMsANuvrata ( 2 ) satyANuvrata ( 3 ) asteyANuvrata (4) acauryANuvrata aura (5) aparigrahANuvrata / naitika utkarSa | 276 ahiMsANuvrata yadyapi sabhI dharmo-darzanoM meM ahiMsA kA gauravapUrNa sthAna hai / ise paramadharma batAyA gayA hai / ahiMsaka vyakti ko naitika kahA gayA hai / kintu jaina-dharma-darzana kA to prANa hI ahiMsA hai / jaina AcAra-vicAra nIti Adi sabhI kucha ahiMsA para AdhArita haiM / inhIM saba kAraNoM se jaina zAstroM meM ahiMsA kA vizad, talasparzI, gahana, gambhIra aura sarvAMgapUrNa vivecana huA hai / jaina AgamoM meM hiMsA ke do pramukha bheda batAye gaye haiM - ( 1 ) saMkalpajA hiMsA aura (2) ArambhajA hiMsA / inameM se gRhastha sAdhaka saMkalpanA hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai / bAda ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne hiMsA ke cAra bheda kara diye haiM- ( 1 ) saMkalpI hiMsA (2) virodhI hiMsA (3) udyamI hiMsA (4) AraMbhajA hiMsA / kintu virodhI, udyamI aura AraMbhI - yaha tInoM hI AraMbhajA hiMsA ke uttara bheda haiM / virodhI hiMsA kA abhiprAya hai - aparAdhI vyakti ko daNDa denA, usake sAtha saMgharSa karanA; udyamI hiMsA - udyama, udyoga, AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM ke upArjana meM hone vAlI hiMsA hai aura AraMbhI hiMsA gRha vyavasthA, bhojana banAnA Adi sabhI kAryoM meM anivArya rUpa se ho jAne vAlI hiMsA ko kahA gayA hai / saMkalpajA hiMsA kA abhiprAya hai- jAna-bUjhakara, mArane ke irAde se kisI bhI prANI kA vadha karanA / hiMsA kI nIyata se vadha karanA saMkalpajA hiMsA hai / 1. se pANAivAie duvihe paNNatta e, taM jahA - saMkappao ya Arambhao ya / For Personal & Private Use Only - upAsakadazAMga 1

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280 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana udAharaNa ke lie zikArI kisI vanya pazu, yathA-hiraNa ko mArane ke lie bandUka se golI calAtA hai, kintu usakA nizAnA cUka jAtA hai aura hirana bhAga jAtA hai, vaha hirana kA vadha nahIM kara pAtA; phira bhI zikArI kI yaha hiMsA saMkalpI hiMsA hai kyoMki usane mArane ke irAde se saMkalpapUrvaka golI calAI thii| isake viparIta eka DAkTara kisI rogI kA oNparezana karatA hai aura oNparezana ke daurAna hI rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai, phira bhI DAkTara hiMsaka (hatyArA) nahIM kahalAtA, kyoMki usakI bhAvanA rogI kA roga miTAne kI-svastha karane kI hai| saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAga karane vAlA naitika vyakti kisI bhI jIva kI niSprayojana hiMsA nahIM karatA, isakA vaha jIvana bhara ke lie tyAga kara detA hai| yadyapi vaha sadaiva sajaga aura apane vrata ke prati jAgarUka rahatA hai, phira bhI kabhI paristhitivaza, kabhI pramAda-asAvadhAnI se aura kabhI kaSAyoM ke tIvra Avega meM usase kucha bhUleM ho sakatI haiM, vrata meM doSa laga sakate haiN| aise doSa' 5 batAye gaye haiM (1) vadha-apane Azrita kisI prANI ko lakar3I, cAbuka, lAta athavA ghUsoM (muSTi kA prahAra) se mAranA / (2) baMdha-apane Azrita kisI bhI vyakti athavA prANI ko rassI, jaMjIra Adi se kaThora baMdhana meM baaNdhnaa| (3) chaviccheda-kisI bhI prANI kA aMgopAMga kATa denaa| (4) atibhArAropaNa-baila, ghor3A Adi pazuoM para unakI kSamatA (bhAra vahana kI kSamatA) se adhika bojhA lAda denaa| (5) bhaktapAnaviccheda-apane Azrita vyaktiyoM ko samaya para bhojanapAnI na denA, athavA bhojana Adi kA nirodha kara denA / --yogazAstra 2/21 1. nirathikAM na kurvIta jIveSu sthAvareSvapi / hiMsAmahiMsAdharmajJaH kAMkSan mokSampAsakaH / / 2 (ka) upAsakadazAMga 1/6 abhayadevavRtti (kha) D. N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics p. 113. For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 281 ina pAMcoM aticAroM ko dhArmika AcaraNa kI dRSTi se to doSa mAnA hI gayA hai, sAtha hI yaha vyakti kI naitikatA ko bhI bahuta aMza meM prabhAvita karate haiM, naitika AcaraNa meM girAvaTa lAte haiN| nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se zoSaNa karanA, anya vyakti kI vivazatA kA lAbha uThAnA, adhika kAma lekara kama pArizramika denA, Adi sabhI anaitika AcaraNa 'vadha' kI sImA ke antargata Ate haiN| ___ 'baMdhana' sirpha rassI yA jaMjIra kA hI nahIM hotA, vacana kA bhI hotA hai / jisa prakAra vasUdevajI ko vacana ke baMdhana meM bA~dhakara kaMsa ne unake pUtroM kI hatyA kA ghora anaitika kArya kiyA thaa| Adhunika yuga meM karmacArI ko nirdhArita samaya se adhika dera taka roke rakhanA bhI baMdhana hI hai| chaviccheda kA abhiprAya aMgabhaMga karanA to hai hI; kintu AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM ko naSTa kara denA bhI chaviccheda hai| chaMTanI, tAlAbaMdI Adi sAdhanoM se zramikoM ko vivaza karanA, unheM berojagArI ke yantra meM pIsa denA, bekAra kara denA chaviccheda kI sImA meM gine jaayeNge| _ 'atibhArAropaNa' Aja ke yuga meM aisI anatika vRtti hai jisakA zramika aura svAmI donoM hI prayoga karate haiM / svAmI adhika kAma lekara kama vetana dene para AmAdA rahate haiM to zramika har3atAla karake svAmI ko adhika vetana dene, suvidhAeM bar3hAne ko vivaza karate haiN| donoM hI ora se davAba samUha (Pressure groups) bana gaye haiM, jo paraspara eka-dUsare para adhika se adhika bhAra DAlane ko udyata rahate haiN| isa prakAra ke dvivargIya saMgharSa kA atyadhika bhAra sAmAnya janatA para par3atA haiM, vaha anivArya AvazyakatAoM se vaMcita raha jAtI hai, sAmAnya janatA ko abhAvagrasta jIvana vyatIta karane ko vivaza honA par3atA hai / Aja kI nirantara bar3hatI huI maMhagAI, atyadhika karAropaNa sAmAnya janatA para atyadhika bhAra DAlanA hI to hai| prastuta sandarbha meM bhakta-pAna viccheda kA abhiprAya hai, zramika ko samaya para vetana na denA, bImArI kI chuTTiyoM kA vetana kATa lenA Adi / isakA pariNAma zramika ke parivArIjanoM ko bhI bhoganA par3atA hai / dhana kI kamI se kabhI-kabhI unako bhUkhA bhI raha jAnA par3atA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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282 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana naitikatA kI dRSTi se yaha sabhI doSa asAmAjika haiM, janatA ke sAmAnya jIvana meM gatirodha utpanna karate haiM, unameM virodhI bhAvanA bharate haiM aura anaitika vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa kI bhUmikA prastuta karate haiM / satyANuvrata satya sarva pratiSThita tatva hai / dhArmika jana aura sabhI dharma ise parama dharma tathA bhagavAna kA rUpa batAte haiM, yahA~ taka ki duSTAcArI, mAMsAhArI, anaitika kArya karane vAle bhI satya kA mahatva svIkArate haiM, ve cAheM svayaM satya na boleM, kintu cAhate yahI haiM ki anya sabhI vyakti satya kA AcaraNa kareM aura boleM, mithyA athavA jhUTha na kaheM / jaina AgamoM meM to satya ko bhagavAna' kahA hai / gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI ke zabdoM meM saccaM khu aNavajjaM vayaMti' - satya tathA apApakArI (kisI ke hRdaya ko na dukhAne vAlA ) vacana bolanA caahie| gAMdhI jI bhI isa bAta ko ina zabdoM meM kahate haiM - satya aura ahiMsA meM abheda hai, ye donoM eka dUsare se itane ghule-mile haiM ki alaga-alaga karanA kaThina hai / AcArya umAsvAti ne asad abhidhAna' ko anRta ( mithyA ) kahA hai / asad abhidhAna ke tIna rUpa haiM (1) asat - jo bAta nahIM hai, usako kahanA | (2) jaisI bAta hai vaisI na kahakara dUsare rUpa meM kahanA / (3) burAI yA durbhAvanA se kisI bAta ko kahanA durbhAvanA do prakAra kI ho sakatI hai - ( 1 ) apanA svArtha siddha karane ke lie asatya bolanA aura ( 2 ) dUsare ko hAni pahu~cAne ke lie asatya bolanA athavA satya ko vikRtarUpa meM pragaTa karanA / gRhastha sthUla asatya se bacatA hai | sthUla asatya kA prayoga vaha svayaM mana, vacana, kAyA se nahIM karatA aura na dUsare se karavAtA hai / yAnI vaha na svayaM jhUTha bolatA aura na kisI dUsare se jhUTha bulavAtA hai / 1 saccaM kha bhagavaM 2 uddhRta- jainAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pRSTha 301 3 sarvodaya darzana, pR0 277 4 asadabhidhAnaM anRtam / For Personal & Private Use Only - praznavyAkaraNa sUtra --tatvArtha sUtra 7/e

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naitika utkarSa | 283 sthUla jhUTha kA abhiprAya hai - aisA mithyAvacana jo loka meM apayaza kA kAraNa ho aura sajjanoM dvArA nindita ho; jisake kAraNa manuSya samAja kI dRSTi meM gira jAya, ghRNA kA pAtra bane, samAja meM vighaTana kI sthiti paidA ho aura use anaitika samajhA jAye / AgamoM meM asatya' (mRSAvAda) ke pA~ca rUpa batAye haiM(1) kanyA athavA vara ke bAre meM jhUTha bolanA / (2) gAya (pazudhana) ke viSaya meM jhUTha bolanA / (3) bhUmi (praoNparTI) ke bAre meM mithyAbhASaNa karanA / (4) kisI kI dharohara ko hajama karane ke lie mithyA bolanA / (5) jhUThI sAkSI ( gavAhI ) denA / inake atirikta Atma-prazaMsA, parAI nindA, kaTuvacana, vigraha utpanna karane vAle zabda bhI asatya hI haiM / ye sabhI lokaviruddha, vizvAsaghAtajanaka aura puNya nAzaka haiM / yahAM kanyA se saMpUrNa mAnava jAti upalakSita hai / isI prakAra gAya se saMpUrNa pazu-pakSI jagata aura bhUmi se jamIna tathA bhUmi se prApta hone vAle maNi- mANikya nidhAna, vanaspati Adi bhI abhipreta haiM / 1 ( ka ) thUla musAvAyAo veramaNaM, duviheNaM tiviheNaM maNe gaM vAyAe kAraNaM / ( kha ) thUlamalIkaM na vadati, na parAn vAdayet satyamapi vipade / yattad vadanti santaH sthUla mRSAvAda vairamaNaM // - ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 55 2 (ka ) thUlagaM musAvAyaM samaNovAsao paccakkhAi, se ya musAvAye paMcavihe paNNatte, . taM jahA - kannAlIe, gavAlIe, bhomAlIe, NAsAvahAre, kUDasa kkhijje / --upAsakadazA 1/6 abhayadeyavRtti, pR0 11 (kha) kanyA - go - bhUmyalIkAni, nyAsApaharaNaM tathA / kUTasAkSyaM ca pacati, sthUlA satyAnyakIrtayan // 3 sarvaloka viruddha yad yad vizvasitaghAtakam / yad vipakSasya bhUtasya na vadet tadasUnRtam // 4 tena sarvamanuSya jAti viSayamalIkamupalakSitam / - upAsakadazAMga 1 For Personal & Private Use Only - yogazAstra 2 / 55 - yogazAstra, 2 / 55 - Avazyaka sUtra TIkA

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284 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yaha pAMcoM ghora anaitikatAe~ haiN| inake pariNAma ati bhayaMkara hote haiN| ___ vara athavA kanyA ke viSaya meM jhUTha bolanA, guNavatI kanyA meM doSa lagAnA, vara kI AmadanI adhika batAnA, adhika daheja kA vacana dekara kama denA, athavA vara-pakSa kI ora se daheja ke lie kanyA pakSa ko vivaza karanA- ina sabakA pariNAma pratyakSa dikhAI de rahA hai| go-pazu jAti-upalakSaNa se yahAM vAhana-kAra, skUTara airoplena panaDubbI Adi sabhI yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM ko samajhanA cAhie / inake saMbaMdha meM jhaTha bolane kA kitanA bhayaMkara duSpariNAma hotA hai tathA vyakti, samAja evaM rASTra ke lie kitanA ghAtaka hotA hai Adi bAteM Aja kisI se chipI nahIM rahI haiN| bhUmi (kheta yA prAparTI) tathA bhUmi se prApta hone vAlI vastuoM ke viSaya meM jhUTha kA bhI bhayaMkara pariNAma hotA hai / bhUmi-jamIna to loka meM jhagar3e ko jar3a kahI jAtI hai / isake lie kitanI hiMsAe~-hatyAe~ hotI haiM, parivAra ujar3a jAte haiM, isakA anumAna lagAnA bhI kaThina hai| isI prakAra jhUThI gavAhI denA aura kisI kI dharohara ko dabAne ke lie jhUTha bolanA bhI vyakti ke sAtha hI sAmAjika saMgharSa va vigraha kA kAraNa banatI haiN| nItizAstrIya maryAdA ke anusAra yaha sabhI ghora azubha pratyaya haiM / inakA AcaraNa karane vAle vyakti kI gaNanA anaitika vyaktiyoM meM kI jAtI hai| yaha saba durnItiyA~ haiM aura inake pariNAma sAmAjika, pArivArika, rASTrIya, antarrASTrIya sabhI rUpoM meM ati ghRNita hote haiN| satyANuvrata ke pAMca aticAra kahe gaye haiM, ve bhI anaitika AcaraNa ko hI dyotita karate haiM / ve pAMca aticAra' haiM - (1) sahasAbhyAkhyAna-satyAsatya kA nirNaya kiye binA kisI para jhUThA doSa lagA denA, kisI ke prati galata dhAraNA paidA kara denaa| 1. (ka) (1) sahassAbbhakkhANe (2) rahassAbbhavakhANe, (3) sadAramaMtabhee, (4) mosuvaese, (5) kuuddlehkrnne| -upAsakadazA, abhadeyavRtti, pRSTha 11 (kha) D. N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p 118. (ga) K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, p. 83. For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 285 (2) rahasyAbhyAkhyAna-kisI kI gupta bAta ko pragaTa kara denA, gopanIyatA bhaMga kara denA, gupta (Secret) dastAvejoM ko durbhAvanA se pragaTa kara denaa| (3) svadAramaMtrabheda-pati-patnI kI pArasparika gupta bAtoM ko pragaTa kara denaa| (4) mithyopadeza-mithyA-jhUThA upadeza denA, galata dizA meM mArgadarzana karanA / aisA do dazAoM meM ho sakatA hai-(1) anajAna meM aura (2) jaanbuujhkr| anajAna meM, pUrI jAnakArI ke binA kisI ko koI salAha dI jAya aura vaha galata sAbita ho, athavA usa salAha kA pariNAma anaitika AcaraNa ke rUpa meM Aye to vaha aticAra athavA doSa hai| jAnabUjhakara kisI ko galata salAha denA spaSTa jhUTha hai, nIti/vrata viruddha hai| (5) kUTalekhakriyA -jhUThe dastAveja banAnA, kisI ke jAlI hastAkSara banA denA, jAlI huNDI, noTa, sikke Adi bnaanaa| __yaha pAMcoM hI aticAra anaitika haiN| rahasyAbhyAkhyAna, sahasAbhyAkhyAna, svadAramantrabheda-yaha tInoM hI pArivArika vighaTana aura sAmAjika kleza kI sthiti kA nirmANa karate haiM, pati-patnI meM manamuTAva ho jAtA hai, ghara azAnti kA akhAr3A bana jAtA hai| mithyopadeza kumArga ko bar3hAtA hai aura kUTalekhakriyA se anya vyaktiyoM, samAja, rASTra ko hAni hotI hai / vaira-virodha bar3hatA hai| .. yaha sabhI azubha pratyaya haiM, nItipUrNa AcaraNa ke virodhI haiM / acauryANavata corI kA lakSaNa hai- adatAdAnaM asteyaM-binA dI huI athavA binA anumati ke kisI kI bhI vastu lenA corI hai| yaha corI kisI ke ghara meM saiMdha lagAkara, tAlA tor3akara, gAMTha yA jeba kATakara kI jAtI hai aura Adhunika sabhya tarIkoM se bhii| nItivAna sadgRhastha aisI koI bhI corI nahIM krtaa| yadi use koI dhana athavA vastu par3I mila jAya aura usake svAmI kA patA laga jAya to use lauTA detA hai| usa vastu ko apane upayoga meM nahIM letA; yadi svAmI kA patA na lage to sAmAjika kAryoM meM lagA detA hai| vaha na svayaM kisI prakAra kI corI karatA hai aura na kisI dUsare ko corI kI preraNA detA hai, athavA corI karavAtA hai| corI karane, karavAne athavA corI meM sahAyaka banane ke aneka kAraNa haiM, yathA-(1) bhogoM ke prati Asakti, (2) yaza-pratiSThA kI bhUkha For Personal & Private Use Only

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286 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ( 3 ) dhana saMcaya kI bhAvanA, (4) kama parizrama se adhika dhana upArjana kI lAlasA, (5) apavyayatA Adi / yaha kAraNa to vaiyaktika haiM / kintu kucha aise kAraNa bhI Aja kI - sAmAjika vyavasthA meM paidA ho gaye haiM, jinakI vajaha se mAnava ko corI karane ke lie vivaza honA par3atA hai / inameM se pramukha kAraNa haiM - ( 1 ) berojagArI, (2) bhukhamarI Adi / Aja samAja meM dhanI vyakti kA hI sammAna adhika hotA hai / guNoM ke sthAna para dhana kI pUjA hone lagI hai / yaha bhI mAnava ko corI ke lie utsAhita karatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja ke yuga meM corI ke itane upAya aura prakAra pracalita ho gaye haiM ki unakI gaNanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai / isake atirikta viDambanA yaha hai ki corI ke naye-naye tarIke IjAda ho rahe haiM / lekina jaina vicAraNA meM corI ke sabhI prakAra nindanIya mAne gaye haiN| vaha kevala nItipUrNa DhaMga se upArjita dhana kI ijAjata detA hai, usI kA saMgraha gRhastha kara sakatA hai / kintu gAMdhIjI ne corI kI paribhASA ko adhika vistRta rUpa meM -mAnA hai / ve kahate haiM - AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM kA saMgraha corI hai / ' AvazyakatA se unakA abhiprAya jIvana kI ve anivArya AvazyakatAeM haiM jinake abhAva meM jIvana cala hI na sake, sAdA jIvana meM bhI bAdhA utpanna ho jAya / zAstrIya maryAdA ke anusAra ( 1 ) corI kI vastu kharIdanA, (2) corI ke lie protsAhana denA, (3) mApa-taula meM gar3abar3I karanA, kama denA, jyAdA lenA, (4) adhika mUlya kI vastu meM kama mUlya kI vastu milA denA, (5) taskarI ke lie virodhI rAjya meM jAnA - yaha saba corI hai | 2 corI, kisI bhI prakAra kI ho, cAhe saphedapoza (White collar ) 1 : AdhAra - gAMdhIvANI, pR0 16 2. (ka) 1 tenAhaDe, 2 takkarapaoge, 3 viruddharajjAtikamme, 4 kUDatulla kUDamANe, 5 tappaDa vagavavahAre / - upAsakadazA 1 / 6, abhayadeva vRtti pR0 11-13 (kha) D.N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 120 (ga) K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism. p. 84 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 287 corI ho athavA nindya corI ho, sabhI anaitika haiM / naitikatA kI sImA ke nIce haiN| sabhI prakAra kI coriyAM nindita, gahita aura apayaza kA kAraNa haiM, durnItipUrNa AcaraNa ko bar3hAvA dene vAlI haiN| inase sampUrNa samAja aura rASTra kA vAtAvaraNa dUSita hotA hai / svadAra-santoSavrata svadArasantoSa--yaha nAma puruSa kI apekSA se hai ki vaha apanI vivAhitA strI meM hI santoSa rakhe, anya striyoM ke lie mana meM bhI bure vicAra na lAye / isI prakAra strI bhI sva-pati meM santoSa rakhe, anya puruSoM ke prati vikArI bhAva mana meM bhI na lAye / itanA hI nahIM, vivAhita patipatnI bhI saMyama se raheM, jitanA saMbhava ho sake, brahmacarya kA pAlana kreN| isalie ise brahmacaryANuvrata bhI kahA gayA hai| ___ AgamoM meM patnI ke lie dharmasahAyikA, sahadharmacAriNI Adi vizeSaNa prayukta hue haiM / janasAdhAraNa meM bhI patnI ke lie 'dharmapatnI' zabda vyavahRta hotA hai| ___isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki patnI (vivAhita patnI) ko pati kI dharma-sAdhanA meM sahAyaka honA caahie| usakA kartavya hai ki vaha pati ko nIti mArga para calane kI preraNA de| aisI patnI hI dharmapatnI ke gauravamaya pada se suzobhita hotI hai| brahmacarya aNuvrata kI sAdhanA karane vAle sadgRhastha ko aise sabhI dRzya dekhane tathA kriyA-kalApoM se bacanA cAhie, jinase seksa sambandhI kutsita bhAvanAe~ uttejita hone kI sambhAvanA ho / __ aisI bAteM athavA nimitta haiM-1 madya 2 mAMsa 3 gh ta, 4-6 uttejaka gIta, saMgIta tathA nRtya 7 zArIrika zRMgAra 8 uttejaka padArtha evaM dRzya, 6 svacchandatA 10 niruddezya idhara-udhara ghUmanA, saira-sapATe krnaa| . sAtha hI use gariSTha, duSpAcya aura tAmasika bhojana se bhI bacanA 1. Wine, meat, gambling, music including songs and dance, bodily decoration, intoxication, libertines and aimless wandering-are ten concommitants of sexual desire. . -K. K. Handiqui : Yashastilaka and Indian culture, p. 266-267. For Personal & Private Use Only

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288 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana cAhie; kyoMki inase bhI citta cacala hotA hai / saMbhavataH isIlie mahAtmA gAMdhI ne brahmacarya (aNuvrata) kI sAdhanA ke lie rasanA indriya kA saMyama Avazyaka batAyA hai| brahmacarya aNuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra yaha haiM (1) itvarika parigRhItAgamana- itvara kA abhiprAya hai -alpakAla aura itvarika usa strI ko kahate haiM, jo kucha kAla ke lie patnI banAkara rakhI gaI ho / aisI strI rakhaila (Kept) kahalAtI hai / dhana Adi kA pralobhana dekara isa prakAra kI zithila caritravAlI striyoM (Easy character girls athavA Society girls) ko rakhA jA sakatA hai| yaha avadhi kucha bhI ho sakatI hai| _isakA dUsarA abhiprAya yaha bhI hai ki apanI alpa vayaskA patnI (jisakI Ayu bhoga ke yogya na ho, bAlyAvasthA athavA kizorAvasthA hI ho) ke sAtha gamana karanA / yaha kathana bAla-vivAha kI apekSA se hai| tIsarA abhiprAya yaha hai ki svayaM apanI hI patnI kisI kAraNa se bhoga yogya na ho, usake sAtha bhI gamana (bhoga) krnaa| bhoga kI ayogyatA ke aneka zArIrika kAraNa ho sakate haiN| nIti kI apekSA isa aticAra ke tInoM rUpa mahatvapUrNa haiM / nItikI ora pahalA kadama rakhate hI sadAcArI gRhastha rakhaila Adi kA to tyAga kara hI detA hai| taba vaha aisI strI se sambandha kase sthApita kara sakatA hai jo zithila caritra vAlI ho ? bAla-vivAha kisI yuga meM hote the lekina usa yuga meM bhI ve naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM mAne jAte the aura Aja ke yuga meM inheM anaitika kahA hI jAtA hai / phira yaha kAnUnI aparAdha bhI hai, kyoMki 16 varSa se kama umra kI lar3akI kA vivAha kAnUna dvArA varjita hai| aisA daNDanIya aparAdha nIti vAna gRhastha kaise kara sakatA hai ? tIsarA rUpa patnI bhoga yogya na ho phira bhI usake sAtha bhoga karanA svayaM apane lie bImAriyoM ko nimantraNa denA hai aura jIvana-sAthI ke jIvana ke sAtha khilavAr3a karanA hai| yaha to balAtkAra kI paridhi meM ginA jAnA cAhie, jo anaitika AcaraNa hai| Aja ke yuga meM jo aneka yauna-roga phaila rahe haiM, una saba kA mUla kAraNa mAnava kI bar3hatI huI ghora aindriyaparakatA aura kAma-sukha kI adamya lAlasA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 289 isalie ina tInoM rUpoM meM se kisI bhI prakAra kA doSa sadgRhastha apane jIvana meM nahIM lgaataa|| (2) aparigrahItAgamana-isakA dharmazAstrIya abhiprAya hai-vezyAoM, kumArikAoM, vidhavAoM Adi jinakA koI eka svAmI na ho unake sAtha sambandha sthApita karanA / kintu nItizAstra kI vicAraNA isa viSaya meM vyApaka hai / naitika vyakti nIti ke patha para prathama kadama rakhate hI vezyA tathA anya sabhI striyoM kA tyAga kara detA hai| saptavyasana tyAga meM hI vaha vezyAgamana tathA paradAraramaNa kA tyAga kara detA hai aura apanI vivAhita dharmapatnI (bhogapatnI athavA upapatnI nahIM) ke atirikta saMsAra kI sabhI striyoM ko para-dArA-mAtA-bahana ke samAna mAna letA hai| taba nItipUrNa AcaraNa karane vAlA vivekI vyakti isa prakAra kA doSa apane jIvana meM kaise lagA sakatA hai ? vaha aisA AcaraNa kabhI nahIM krtaa| isa viSaya meM AcArya AtmArAma jI ma0 kA kathana kAphI vajanadAra hai-apanI vAgdattA (jisake sAtha sagAI huI ho, vivAha na huA ho) ko bhAvI patnI mAnakara usake sAtha gamana krnaa| aisA hI mata zrI amolaka RSi jI mahArAja kA hai| yadyapi nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa kI apekSA yaha bhI ucita nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakatA; kintu dharmazAstrIya dRSTikoNa kI apekSA yaha kama anaitika hai / naitika vyakti isa doSa ko bhI nahIM lgaataa| (3) anaMgakrIr3A--maithuna sevana ke prAkRtika aMgoM se atirikta anya aMgoM se kAma-krIr3A krnaa| isameM hastamaithuna, gudAmaithuna Adi sabhI prakAra kI vikRta kAma-krIr3AoM kA varjana hai| __pazcimI dezoM meM samaliMgI maithuna (Homo) kI jo duSpravRtti bar3ha rahI hai, nItizAstra isa pravRtti ko nindanIya aura sarvathA heya mAnatA hai| (4) paravivAhakaraNa- sAmAjika aura pArivArika dRSTi se apane putra-putriyoM kA vivAha karanA to sadgRhastha kA dAyitva hai; kintu use 1 AtmArAma jI mahArAja : tatvArthasUtra-jainAgama samanvaya, pR. 170 2 amolaka RSi jI mahArAja : paramAtma mArgadarzaka pR. 164 For Personal & Private Use Only

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290 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dUsaroM ke vivAha sambandha karane athavA karAne meM adhika dilacaspI nahIM lenI cAhie, varapakSa athavA kanyApakSa ko jora nahIM denA cAhie / apane putra-putriyoM kA vivAha to naitika dRSTi se bhI ucita hai, kyoM ki vivAha hone se unako kAma pUrti kA eka naitika mArga mila jAtA hai anyathA uddAma-kAma unheM anaitika bhI banA sakatA hai / kumArga aura anatikatA kI aMdherI galiyoM meM bhaTakA sakatA hai / viparIta pariNAma kAraNa jo gRha kiMtu anyoM ke vivAha sambandha jora dekara karAne ke bhI sAmane A sakate haiM / Adhunika yuga meM daheja dAnava ke kalaha ke akhAr3e bana rahe haiM, nirdoSa yuvatiyA~ agni kI bheMTa car3ha rahI haiM / ina saba anaitikatAoM ke lie madhyastha bhI uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jAtA hai, usakI sadAcAritA, ImAnadArI, naitikatA bhI zaMkAspada bana jAtI hai / ataH isa prakAra ke vivAdAspada, pArivArika, sAmAjika dAyitvoM se sadvivekI gRhastha ko dUra hI rahanA zra eyaskara hai / (5) kAma bhoga tIvrAbhilASA - kAmecchA kI tIvratA mAnava ko anaitikatA kI ora pravRtta kara sakatI hai / yadi zArIrika rUpa se vaha samAja tathA parivAra bhaya se, loka lajjA se anaitika AcaraNa na kare, taba bhI usakA mana-mastiSka to dUSita hogA hI, usameM nItivirodhI vicAroM kA babaMDara to uThegA hI / ataH kAma bhoga kI tIvra abhilASA bhI anaitika hI hai / saMkSepa meM, dharmazAstrIya dRSTi se kahe gaye yaha pAMcoM aticAra nIti zAstrIya dRSTikoNa se bhI anucita evaM anaitika mAne jAyeMge / sthUla parigraha parimANa vrata isa vrata kA mUla abhiprAya hai - icchAoM para aMkuza lagAnA, unheM yathAzakti aura yathAsaMbhava kama karanA, saMtoSavRtti dhAraNa karanA / icchAoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki ye ananta haiM, AkAza ke 1 (ka) upAsakadazA 1 / 6 abhayadevavRtti pR0 13 (kha) D. N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 122 (ga) K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, p. 85 (gha) draSTavya - zrI devendra muni : jaina AcAra, pR. 313 - 316 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 261 samAna asImita haiM, ina asImita icchAoM ko sImita karanA hI isa vrata kA abhipreta hai, lakSya hai, uddezya hai / kyoMki icchA kabhI bhI tRpta nahI hotI, eka bAda dUsarI, dUsarI ke bAda tIsarI isa prakAra guNAtmaka (Harmonical progression) DhaMga se bar3hatI calI jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki icchA tRpti meM sukha nahIM hai, sukha hai icchA kI nivRtti meN| naitika dRSTikoNa bhI yahI hai| yadyapi icchA nIti kA eka pratyaya hai kintu vahAM 'icchA' se abhiprAya usa icchA se hai jo svayaM apane aura dUsare ke lie hitakara ho, kisI ko duHkhI karane vAlI na ho / isa prakAra 'naitika icchA ' (good will) meM 'saMtoSa' kA bhAva nihita hai| aura duHkhadAyI tathA asImita icchA ko vahAM bhI anaitika pratyaya (Evil concept) kahA gayA hai| ___ Aja ke yuga meM mana ko lubhAne vAle, naI-naI icchAoM ko uttejita karane vAle aneka sAdhana vijJAna prastuta kara rahA hai / ataH dhArmika aura naitika donoM dRSTiyoM se hI isa vrata kA mahatva bar3ha gayA hai kyoMki saMtoSI mAnava hI naitika jIvana meM gati-pragati kara sakatA hai / dharmazAstroM meM parigraha nau prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai(1) kSetra-khulI bhUmi, kheta, bAga, khAna Adi (open land) (2) vAstu (covered area)-makAna, dUkAna, baMgalA, kArakhAnA Adi (3) hiraNya-cAMdI ke bartana AbhUSaNa Adi (4) suvarNa-sone ke AbhUSaNa, bartana, jvelarI tathA anya phainsI vastue~ Adi (5) dhana-rupaye, paise, noTa, DrAphTa tathA baiMka baiMlesa Adi (6) dhAnya-anna, gehU~, cAvala aadi| (7) dvipada-do pAMva vAle prANI-dAsa-dAsI, kabUtara pakSI Adi (8) catuSpada-cAra pairoM vAle prANI-ghor3A, kuttA, gAya Adi (8) kupya-ghara kA anya sAmAna, yathA-vastra, sophAseTa, sTIla Adi 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6/48-icchA hu AgAsa samA aNaMtiyA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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262 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ke bartana, meja kursI Adi / inhIM meM moTara sAikila, skUTara, kAra, mopeDa Adi bhI sammilita haiN| ina vastuoM meM hI Adhunika yuga meM bahu-pracalita TI0 vI0, vI0 sI0 Ara0 Adi bhI samajha lene cAhie / gAMdhIjI ne parigraha parimANa ke lie nyAsa siddhAnta (Trusteeship) kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isakA abhiprAya hai-vyakti parigraha to rakhe, kintu usa para apanA svAmitvabhAva (Ownership) na rkhe| __ svayaM gAMdhIjI anivArya Avazyaka vastuoM taka hI sImita rahate the aura isI kA ve pracAra karate the / icchA-sImana aura svAmitvabhAva kA tyAga, inake aparigraha vrata kI dhurI the| __yahI siddhAnta parigraha ke lie jainazAstra kA hai| vaha bhI mUrchA ko parigraha mAnatA hai| mU>> kA abhiprAya hai-tIvra mamatvabhAva, apanApana, svaamitvbhaav| parigraha kI adhika lAlasA, saMgraha-saMcaya Adi kA avazyaMbhAvI pariNAma samAja meM IrSyA, dveSa, vigraha, vargasaMgharSa kA prasAra-pracAra hai| aura yaha sabhI pravRttiyA~ anaitikatA kI jananI haiN| parigraha kI lAlasA aura vastuoM kA saMcaya-saMgraha svayaM vyakti ko bhI anaitikatA ke phisalana bhare DhAlU mArga kI ora prerita karatA hai tathA aise vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa hotA hai ki samAja ke anya vyakti bhI anaitikatA kI ora lAlAyita hote haiM, anaitika AcaraNa karate haiN| guNavata guNavrata, aNuvratoM ke guNoM ko bar3hAte haiM, unakI rakSA aura vikAsa karate haiM; unameM camaka-damaka paidA karate haiN| isIlie inakA guNa-niSpanna nAma guNavrata hai| 1. (ka) D. N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 122-24 (kha) K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, p. 82-87. 2 sarvodaya-darzana, pR. 281-282 3 mucchA parigaho vutto -dazavakAlika 6/21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 263 guNavrata jIvana kI bAhya (sAtha hI Antarika bhI) gatividhiyoM, kriyA-kalApoM ko anuzAsita karate haiM / guNavrata, aNuvratarUpI durga kI rakSA-prAcIra ke samAna haiN| ye hiMsA Adi anaitikatAoM ke mArgoM ko avaruddha karane meM kAphI sImA taka sahAyaka banate haiM / inako apanAne se naitika jIvana nikharatA hai / guNavrata tIna haiM-(1) dizAparimANavrata, (1) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavrata aura (3) anarthadaNDaviramaNavrata / dizAparimANavata isameM vyakti dazoM dizAoM meM gamanAgamana kI sImA nizcita kara letA hai ki uttara, pUrva, pazcima, dakSiNa, Urdhva, Udho Adi dazoM dizAoM meM amuka dUrI taka hI jAU~gA, isase Age maiM nahIM jaauuNgaa| upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI mahArAja ne gamana ke tIna kAraNa batAye haiM (1) adhikAdhika lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara vyApAra kI abhivRddhi ke lie, (2) Amoda-pramoda, saira-sapATe, aura vaiSayika sukhoM ke AsvAdana ke lie, aura . (3) kisI AdhyAtmika puruSa ke darzana ke lie| inameM se antima tIsarA kAraNa to naitika hai, AdhyAtmika unnatikAraka hone se dharmAnumodita hai / isake lie gamana kI maryAdA nizcita karane kI koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| kintu prathama do kAraNa durnaitika aura anaitika haiN| kyoMki lobha anIti kA janaka hai aura vaiSayika sukhoM ke lie gamana bhI nIti ke viruddha nItivAna sadgRhastha ko aisI koI bhI gatividhi nahIM karanI cAhie jisase anaitikatA kI tanika bhI saMbhAvanA ho| f. Gunavratas discipline the external movements. -D. N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 102 2. upAdhyAya zrI puSkara munijI : zrAvakadharmadarzana, pR. 360 For Personal & Private Use Only

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294 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana Adhunika yuga meM aiDsa, kaiMsara Adi ghAtaka roga, kAma-bhoga kI bar3hatI huI tIvratA, deza kA dhana videzoM meM jAnA Adi jo vyaktigata, sAmAjika aura rASTrIya jIvana ke lie ahitakara aura anaitika pravRttiyA~ bar3ha rahI haiM, vaha saba nirbAdha gamanAgamana kA pariNAma hI hai| sAMskRtika, sAhityika aura rAjanItika samparkoM kI Ar3a meM deza ke rahasya, videziyoM ke hAtha meM kisa prakAra pahuMca rahe haiM yaha kisI se chipA nahIM raha gayA hai| isa bhraSTAcAra aura dezaghAtI pravRttiyoM ko rokane meM dizA parimANavata bahuta sImA taka sahAyaka ho sakatA hai / upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavata naitika jIvana vyatIta karane vAle vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane upabhoga-paribhoga kI vastuoM kA parisImana kare / upabhoga kA abhiprAya hai--eka bAra kAma meM Ane vAlI vastue~, yathA-jala, AhAra, phala Adi / aura paribhoga ve vastue~ haiM jinakA bArabAra upayoga kiyA jAnA saMbhava hai, yathA-bartana, pahanane-or3hane ke vastra, zayyA, makAna aadi| ina donoM prakAra kI vastuoM kI maryAdA karane se vyakti ke naitika jIvana meM kAphI sahAyatA milatI hai / aisI upabhoga-paribhoga kI vastue~ saMkhyA meM kitanI hI ho sakatI haiM; prAcIna sUtroM meM chabbIsa vastuoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai| upabhoga-paribhoga yogya vastuoM kI yathAzakti aura yathAparisthiti vivekI vyakti maryAdA nizcita karatA hai, yaha satya hai ki usake lie ina vastuoM kA maryAdita rUpa meM hI sahI, upayoga karanA Avazyaka sA hai, kyoMki inake binA usakA jIvana nahIM cala paataa| phira bhI vaha pAMca bAtoM kI sAvadhAnI rakhatA hai (1) vaha aisI vastuoM kA upabhoga nahIM karatA jinameM trasa jIvoM kA vadha ho, jaise rezamI vastra, kADalivara Aila Adi / (2) bahuvadha-jina vastuoM meM bahuta-se sthAvarakAya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai, jaise-anantakAya piMDa, jamIkanda Adi / (3) pramAdabahula-pramAda athavA Alasya bar3hAne vAlA tAmasika bhojana sadvivekI vyakti ko nahIM khAnA cAhie, sAtha hI adhika mAtrA meM vigaI (vikRti) kA sevana bhI ucita nahIM hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 265 isI meM uttejaka tathA nazIle padArthoM kI bhI gaNanA kara lI jAtI hai, jaise - aphIma, hairoina Adi / (4) jo vastue~ svAsthya ke lie hAnikara hoM, aisI aniSTa vastuoM kA sevana bhI tyAjya samajhA jAnA cAhie / (5) jo ziSTajanasammata vastue~ na hoM, unakA sevana bhI na kareM / yahA~ eka bAta vicAraNIya hai ki ina upabhoga - paribhoga kI vastuoM ko prApta karane ke lie kisI na kisI prakAra kA vyavasAya karanA ati Avazyaka hai / isa dRSTikoNa se upabhoga - paribhoga parimANa vrata ke do rUpa haiM( 1 ) upabhoga - paribhoga saMbaMdhI aura ( 2 ) AjIvikA ke sAdhana sambandhI | AjIvikA ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiM / prAcInakAla meM to kaI prakAra ke sAdhana the hI; kintu Adhunika yuga meM to nae-nae sAdhana khulate jA rahe haiM / inakI gaNanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai / kintu nItivAna vyakti ko AjIvikA ke ve hI sAdhana apanAne cAhie jo naitika hoM, nItipUrNa hoM aura jinako karane meM dhArmika aura naitika dRSTi se kisI bhI prakAra kI anucitatA na ho / isa dRSTikoNa se zAstroM meM kucha aise vyavasAya batAye gaye haiM, jinako karanA ucita nahIM hai, ye niSiddha vyavasAya haiM / niSiddha vyavasAya niSiddha vyavasAya kA abhiprAya hai, aise vyavasAya jinameM hiMsA adhika ho, prANiyoM ko adhika kaSTa ho, sAmAjika zAMti aura suvyavasthA meM bAdhaka baneM, asAmAjikatA athavA samAja vighaTanakArI pravRttiyoM ko bar3hAvA mile / ina vyavasAyoM ko zAstroM meM karmAdAna kahA gayA hai / karmAdAna kA abhiprAya hai jina kAryoM vyavasAyoM se adhika aura saMklezakArI, dukhadAyI karmoM kA Agamana aura saMcaya ho / 'karmAdAna' athavA niSiddha vyavasAya kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai / ( 1 ) aMgArakarma - agni saMbaMdhI vyApAra; jaise - lakar3I jalAkara koyale banAnA aura unheM becanA | (2) vanakarma - vana kATanA, ghAsa kATanA Adi kA vyApAra / 1. yogazAstra, tRtIya prakAza, zloka 98 - 113 For Personal & Private Use Only

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296 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (3) zakaTakarma-vAhana nirmANa sambandhI vyApAra / (4) bhATakarma-vAhana kirAye para dekara Aya upAjita krnaa| ' (5) sphoTakarma-aise vyavasAya jinameM bhUmi ko phor3anA par3atA hai, jaise khAna khudavAne kA vyavasAya / (6) daMtavANijya-hAthI dA~ta Adi kA vyavasAya / (7) lAkSAvANijya-lAkha kA vyApAra / / (8) rasa vANijya-mAdaka vastuoM; yathA--zarAba Adi kA vyApAra / isI meM Adhunika yuga meM pracalita aphIma (Opium), hairoina, brAuna sugara (Brown Sugar) Adi kA vyApAra bhI sammilita hai| .. (6) kezavANijya-bAla athavA bAla vAle pazuoM kA vyApAra / (10) viSavANijya-jaharIle padArtha evaM hiMsaka astra-zastroM kA vyvsaay| (11) yantrapIr3ana karma-yantra, sAMce, ghANI, kolhU Adi kA vyvsaay| (12) nilAJchana karma-prANiyoM ke aMga-upAMga, avayava Adi chedanA, bailoM ko napusaka banAnA aadi| (13) dAvAgnidApana-vana meM Aga lagAnA / (14) saradraha taDAgazoSaNatA karma-jalAzaya Adi ko sukhaanaa| (15) asatIjana poSaNatA karma-durbala caritra vAlI yuvatiyoM, kumAriyoM, society girls Adi ko niyukta karake unase vyabhicAra karAke dhanopArjana karanA, asAmAjika tatvoM ko saMrakSaNa denA, unakA poSaNa karanA, hiMsaka pazuoM ko pAlanA Adi / inameM se kucha vyavasAya, yathA- asatIjana poSaNatA, viSa vANijya Adi to spaSTa hI anaitika kArya haiM, kintu kucha ke viSaya meM Adhunika yuga kI pravRttiyoM tathA bhautika unnati ke samarthakoM dvArA vivAda uThAyA jA sakatA hai| jaise-yadi khAne nahIM khodI jAyeMgI to lohA, meMganIja, abhraka 1. rasavANijye surAdi vikrayaH / -upAsakadazA, TIkA abhayadeva 1/6 pR0 15-16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 297 Adi padArtha kaise prApta hoMge aura yadi ye nahIM prApta hoMge to deza audyogika unnati tathA Arthika pragati meM pichar3a jaayegaa| isI prakAra yadi vana nahIM kATe jAyeMge to bar3hatI huI AvAdI ke lie makAna kahA~ baneMge, unake nivAsa kI vyavasthA kaise hogI, udyoga-kArakhAne Adi kahA~ sthApita kiye jAyeMge aadi| __yahAM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna rakhane kI hai ki dharma aura nIti laukika pragati meM bAdhaka nahIM, vizeSa rUpa se nIti to saMsAra-vyavahAra aura sAMsArika unnati meM kabhI ror3A nahIM attkaatii| yahAM niSiddhatA se abhiprAya yaha hai ki krUratApUrNa bhAvoM se (hRdaya meM hiMsaka, anaitika bhAva rakhakara) aise vyavasAya na kiye jAne cAhie / lekina jo vyavasAya pUrNatayA anaitika haiM, samAja meM avyavasthA ke kAraNa banate haiM, saMgharSa utpanna hote haiM, jinase mAnasika, zArIrika, naitika sabhI prakAra kI hAni hotI hai, rASTrIya kSati hotI hai, una vyavasAyoM kA to pUrNa rUpa se tyAga kara hI denA caahie| dharmazAstroM meM isa vrata (upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavata) ke pA~ca aticAra batAye haiM--(1) sacittAhAra (2) sacittapratibaddhAhAra (3) apakvAhAra (4) duSpakvAhAra (5) tucchauSadhibhakSaNa / / inameM se nIti kA saMbaMdha apakvAhAra, duSpakvAhAra aura tucchaudhibhakSaNa se hai / kyoMki sahI DhaMga se na pakA huA, adhika pakA haA AhAra svAsthya ke lie hAnikAraka hai / aura yaha nizcita hai ki svastha vyakti hI dharma kA-nIti kA sahI DhaMga se AcaraNa kara sakatA hai| rogI vyakti to jIvana-vyavahAra aura dharma-sAdhanA donoM meM hI akSama ho jAtA hai| __ svAmI samantabhadra kA mata isa sthAna para ullekhanIya hai| unhoMne isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra batAye haiM 1. . sacittAhAre, sacittapaDibaddhAhAre, appoliosahibhakkhaNayA, duppoliosahibhavakhaNayA, tucchosahibhakkhaNayA / -upAsakadazA 2.(ka) vissyvissto'nupekssaa'nusmRtirtilolymtitRssaa'nubhvo| bhogopabhogaparimANavyatikramAH paMca kathyante // - ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra, zloka 60 (kha) Dayanand Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 132 (ga) K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, p. 100 For Personal & Private Use Only

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268 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (1) viSayarUpI viSa ke prati Adara rkhnaa| (2) pUrvakAla meM bhoge gaye bhogoM-bhogya padArthoM kA smaraNa krnaa| (3) vartamAna kAla ke bhogya padArthoM ke prati atyadhika lolupatA rkhnaa| (4) bhaviSya ke bhogoM kI atyadhika lAlasA rkhnaa| (5) bhogya viSaya tathA padArtha na hone para bhI mana hI mana unake bhogoM kA anubhava karate rahanA yAnI mAnasika bhoga krnaa| __ yaha pAMcoM aticAra dharma se saMbaMdhita to haiM hI, nIti se inakA sIdhA saMbaMdha hai / yaha pAMcoM upabhoga-paribhoga kI mAnasika avasthAoM ko pragaTa karate haiM, jo mAnasika anaitikatAe~ haiN| inase vyakti kA mana aura mastiSka vikArI banatA hai| ina mAnasika vicAroM kA duSprabhAva vyakti ke svayaM ke svAsthya aura jIvana para gaharA par3atA hai / anarthadaNDa viramaNavrata 'artha' kA abhiprAya hai, svayaM ke athavA parivArIjanoM ke lie anivArya prayojanabhUta pravRtti aura anartha kA abhiprAya hai anivArya pravRttiyoM ke atirikta anya pravRttiyA~--hiMsAdi rUpa kArya, jinako na karane se bhI jIvana nirvAha meM koI bAdhA nahIM aatii| AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai-jisase upabhoga-paribhoga hotA hai zrAvaka ke lie vaha artha hai aura inake atirikta saba anartha pravRtti hai / nIti ke dRSTikoNa se anartha athavA azubha pravRttiyAM sarvathA anucita aura tyAjya haiN| vyakti ko zubha kA AcaraNa hI karanA caahie| dharmazAstroM meM isake cAra prakAra batAye haiM (1) apadhyAnAcarita-apadhyAna kA abhiprAya hai-kUvicAra / mana meM bure (Evil) vicAra karate rahanA / isameM aisI asaMbhava kalpanAoM kA bhI samAveza hotA hai, jo pUrNa to ho nahIM sakatI; kintu mana ko duzcintana dvArA malina avazya banA detI haiM / udAharaNArtha-bairI kA ghAta karU, rAjA 1. upabhoga-paribhogI asyA'agAriNo'rthaH tadvyatirikto'narthaH / -tatvArthabhASya 7/16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 296 bana jAU~, nagara kA nAza kara kara dUM, Aga lagA dU~, AkAza meM ur3a jAU~, vidyAdhara bana jAU~ Adi duni / (2) pramAdAcarita-pramAda kA artha hai, asAvadhAnI, Alasya tathA nirarthaka kriyA kalApa / udAharaNArtha-nirarthaka jamIna khodanA, vyartha hI jala Adi kA apavyaya karanA, vanaspati kA chedana-bhedana karanA, ghI-teladUdha Adi ke bartana khule rakha denA, lakar3I, pAnI Adi binA dekhe-bhAle kAma meM lenA / (3) hiMsrapradAna-dUsaroM ko hiMsAkArI sAdhana denaa| (4) pApopadeza-jaisA ki nAma se hI spaSTa hai, dUsaroM ko pApa karmoM (hiMsA, asatya, corI, abrahma, parigraha) kA upadeza denA duSkarma bar3hAne vAle upAya btaanaa| ___yaha cAroM prakAra kI nirarthaka pravRttiyAM haiM,jinase apanA lAbha to kucha bhI nahIM hotA, samaya kI barabAdI tathA azubha cintana evaM kupravRttiyoM kA saMcAra hI hotA hai| __ apadhyAna eka prakAra kA mAnasika duzcintana hai / pramAda kA AcaraNa hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA ko bar3hAtA hai sAtha hI svayaM apane zarIra meM Alasya kI adhikatA ho jAne se akarmaNyatA ko bhI bar3hAvA milatA hai| ... isI prakAra hiMsaka sAdhana pradAna karane se vyakti svayaM kAnUna ke zikaMje meM phaMsa sakatA hai; kyoMki yadi usake zastra se dUsare ne kisI mAnava kI hiMsA kara dI to kAnUna usI ko daNDita karegA jisake nAma usa sAdhana (pistaula, bandUka Adi) kA lAyaseMsa hogaa| pApopadeza bhI samAja, rASTra aura deza meM anaitika pravRttiyoM ko hI bar3hAtA hai, unakA prasAra karatA hai| 1. vairighAto narendratvaM puraghAtA'gnidIpane / khecaratvAdyapadhyAnaM muhUrtAtparatastyajet / / -yogazAstra 3/75 2. kSitisalila dahana pavanAraMbha-viphalaM vanaspaticchedanaM / saraNaM sAraNamapi ca pramAdacaryA prabhASante / -ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra zloka 80 For Personal & Private Use Only

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300 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ataH nItipUrNa AcaraNa karane vAle vyakti ko anarthadaNDaviramaNa vrata ke ina cAroM prakAroM se bacanA cAhie / isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiM(1) kandarpa-vikAravardhaka vacana aura azlIla zarIra ceSTAe~ / (2) kautkucya-vidUSakoM jaisI vikRta ceSTAe~ aura vacana bolnaa| (3) maukharya-adhika bakavAsa karanA, bar3hA car3hAkara bAta khnaa| (4) saMyuktAdhikaraNa-binA AvazyakatA ke hiMsaka zastroM ko saMyukta karake rakhanA; jaise bandUka meM golI bhara kara rkhnaa| (5) upabhoga-paribhogAtireka-upabhoga-paribhoga kI sAmagrI ko adhika mAtrA meM saMgraha krnaa| yathA-eka skUTara hI prayoga meM AtA hai phira bhI dUsarA kharIda lenA, athavA kama vastra hI pahane jAte haiM; kintu phira bhI adhika vastroM kA saMgraha karanA / AvazyakatA se adhika sAdhanoM kA saMgraha karanA isa vrata kA aticAra hai| vastu sthiti yaha hai ki naitika vyakti ati gambhIra hotA hai / gambhIratA ke abhAva meM na naitikatA sadha sakatI hai aura na usameM pragati ho sakatI hai / ataH vaha na vyartha kI bakavAsa karatA hai, na kisI bAta ko bar3hA-car3hAkara hI bolatA hai; vaha nape-tule zabdoM meM gambhIratApUrvaka vajanadAra bAta kahatA usake jIvana meM chichorapana nahIM hotA, ataH vaha kutsita vacana bhI nahIM bolatA aura vaisI ceSTAe~ bhI nahIM krtaa| usake jIvana kA dhyeya 'sAdA jIvana, ucca vicAra' ho jAtA hai ataH vaha apanI AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hI upabhoga-paribhoga kI sAmagrI tathA sAdhana rakhatA hai| zikSAvrata DA0 dayAnanda bhArgava ke zabdoM meM 'zikSAvrata hRdaya kI pavitratA para adhika bala dete haiN| bAta bhI aisI hI hai| zikSAvrata vratI gRhastha kI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA se mukhyatayA sambandhita haiM / ve sadgRhastha ko zramaNa 8. Shikshavratas emphasise inner purity of heart. -D. N. Bhargava : Jaina Ethics, p. 102 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 301 jIvana kI zikSA dene vAle haiM / isIlie vaha inakA bAra-bAra AcaraNa karatA hai| nIti ke zabdoM meM zikSAvrata naitika utkarSa se vyakti ko naitika carama kI ora le jAne vAle sopAna haiN| yaha cAra haiM-(1) sAmAyika (2) dezAvakAzika (3) proSadhopavAsa aura (4) atithi saMvibhAga / sAmAyika ___ sAmAyika eka AdhyAtmika sAdhanA hai| isameM samatva bhAva kI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai / mana ko, vacana ko aura zarIra ko anuzAsita kiyA jAtA hai, dharmadhyAna meM ramAyA jAtA hai| __yadyapi sadgRhastha samabhAva kI sAdhanA kevala 48 minaTa taka karatA hai; kintu usake jIvana vyavahAra para usa sAdhanA kA bahuta gaharA asara hotA hai / vaha zubhatva kI ora agrasarita hotA hai / zubha eka naitika pratyaya hai| sAmAyika sAdhanA se vyakti ke manavacana-kAya itane anuzAsita ho jAte haiM, usakA svayaM ke saMvegoM para itanA niyaMtraNa ho jAtA hai ki viparIta paristhitiyoM meM bhI usakA mAnasika saMtulana kAyama rahatA hai, anya vyakti apamAnajanaka vyavahAra kara de to bhI vaha Aveza meM nahIM AtA, vaha apane citta kI zAMti ko bhaMga nahIM karatA, zubha bhAvoM se hI svayaM ko ota-prota rakhatA hai aura yahI prayatna karatA hai ki sAmane vAlA bhI zAMta ho jAya, apane hRdaya ke Aveza ko niyantrita kara le| yaha sthiti samAja meM zAMti aura naitika vAtAvaraNa nirmita hone meM bahata sahayogI hotI hai| jitanA-jitanA isakA prasAra hotA hai, utanAutanA samAja meM sukha kA vAtAvaraNa banatA hai| sAmAyika sAdhaka jaba 'sarve bhavantu sukhinaH' kI bhAvanA mana meM bhAtA hai to usakA vicAra-pravAha taraMgAyita hokara dUra-sudUra kSetroM taka prasaraNazIla banakara anya prANiyoM ke mana-mastiSka meM bhI sukha kI umiyA~ utpanna kara detA hai| yahI sAmAyika kA nItizAstrIya mahatva hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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302 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dezAvakAzika vrata dezAvakAzika vrata meM sadgRhastha apanI vRttiyoM ko aura bhI niyaMtrita/saMyata karatA hai, AvazyakatAoM ko kama karatA hai| dharmazAstroM ke zabdoM meM usakA sAgara ke samAna pApa kama hokara baMda ke samAna raha jAtA hai aura nItizAstra ke zabdoM meM usakA svayaM kA jIvana sukhI hotA hai aura sAtha hI samAja meM bhI suvyavasthA kA prasAra hotA hai / gAMdhIjI ke zabdoM meM yadi pratyeka vyakti apanI AvazyakatAe~ svayaM hI sImita kara le to varga saMgharSa ko avakAza hI na mile, kisI ko bhI abhAvajanita kaSTa na jhelanA par3e, sabakI jarUrateM pUrI ho jAyeM aura samAja meM sarvatra samAnatA vyApta ho jAya / isakA pariNAma yaha hogA ki anaitika vAtAvaraNa svayaM samApta hokara naitika vAtAvaraNa ko yatheSTa avasara prApta hogaa| isa prakAra vyaktigata dRSTikoNa se dezAvakAzika vrata mAnava ke jIvana meM zAMti lAtA hai aura sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se yaha aisI paristhitiyoM kA nirmANa karatA hai, jisase sampUrNa samAja meM sukha kA vAtAvaraNa banatA hai, vitaraNa vyavasthA sucAru rUpa se calatI hai tathA azubhatva ke sthAna para zubhatva kA prayoga prasAra pAtA hai / pauSadhopavAsa vrata eka dina-rAta athavA 24 ghaNTe taka AhAra, vyApAra aura zarIra zrRMgAra kA tyAga karake brahmacaryapUrvaka Atmacintana, dharmadhyAna Adi zubha pariNati meM lIna rahanA pauSadhopavAsa vrata hai| sAdhaka pauSadhopavAsa meM svayaM apanI jIvana zailI kA nirIkSaNaparIkSaNa karatA hai / apane sadguNoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha apane doSoM kA cintana karake unheM nikAlane kA, dUra karane kA vicAra to karatA hai kinta parAye athavA kisI dUsare vyakti ke doSoM kA cintana bilkula nahIM krtaa| usakA prayAsa aura prayatna svayaM apane ko sudhArane kA hotA hai / svayaM kI kamajoriyoM ko jAnanA, unheM dUra karane kA prayAsa karanA, apane ApakA sudhAra karanA-svayaM meM eka bahuta bar3A naitika AcaraNa hai, azubhatva ko tyAgakara zubhatva kI ora gamana hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 303 tathya yaha hai ki jaba taka manuSya apanA svayaM kA taTasthatApUrvaka AtmAlocana nahIM karegA taba taka vaha apane doSoM aura kamajoriyoM, azubhAcaraNa ko jAna bhI nahIM sakegA, aisI sthiti meM vaha naitika jIvana meM pragati nahIM kara skegaa| pauSadhopavAsa, vastutaH Atma-pavitratA kI, AtmA ko doSoM se mukta karane kI sAdhanA hai; aura nIti bhI to yahI hai, vaha bhI vyakti ko burAiyoM (Evils) se bacane tathA acchAiyoM (Good) kI ora bar3hane kI pragati karane kI preraNA detI hai aura sAtha hI isa pragati kA mArga bhI sujhAtI hai / isa dRSTikoNa se pauSadhopavAsa vrata Atmika zuddhi kA sAdhana to hai hI sAtha hI sAtha zubhatva ko-naitika AcaraNa ko buddhiMgata bhI karatA hai / zubhatva se zuddhatva--zubha se parama zubha kI ora prayANa kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| atithi saMvibhAga vrata isa vrata kA dhArmika dRSTi se mahatva to hai hI; kintu naitika dRSTi se atyadhika mahatva hai| isa vrata meM dAna, sevA, sahayoga, paropakAra, vizvabandhutva Adi sabhI zubha bhAvoM kI urmiyAM taraMgAyita hotI haiN| usa ke mAnasa meM svopakAra ke sAtha paropakAra kI bhavya bhAvanA bhI aMgar3AI lene lagatI hai| nIti ke anusAra yaha sabhI zubha pratyaya haiM aura sAtha hI saMvibhAga-saMvitaraNa kA samAjopayogI vyAvahArika evaM prakriyAtmaka rUpa bhI haiN| dAna kA artha hI saMvibhAga hai| apanI nyAyopArjita Aya meM se atithi ko usake yogya ucita AhAra Adi denA, usakI anya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanA, apanI saMpatti kA ucita aura yogya kSetra meM vapana karanA hai| dAna ke do bheda haiM-(1) zraddhAdAna (2) anukaMpAdAna / tyAgI vratI zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko dAna denA, zraddhAdAna hai tathA samAja ke anya jarUratamanda mAnavoM ko denA, anukaMpAdAna hai| ___ anukaMpAdAna kI sImA bahuta vistRta hai-pazuoM ko cArA tathA pakSiyoM ko dAnA DAlanA bhI anukaMpAdAna hai| dAna (charity) ko nIti meM zubha pratyaya kahA hai| yaha vyakti meM udAtta bhAvanAe~ bharatA hai aura lene vAle ke lie bhI upayogI hotA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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304 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dAna, eka aisI vidhA hai, jisakA pariNAma dUragAmI hotA hai / yaha puNya to hai hI, sAtha hI samAja ke pratyeka vyakti kI AvazyakatA pUrti kA eka sabala mAdhyama bhI hai / jaba taka hamAre deza meM dAna kI paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se calatI rahI; taba taka saMpUrNa dezavAsI bhI naitika bane rahe, zIla aura sadAcAra tathA naitika AcaraNa meM hamArA deza agraNI rahA, saMsAra meM hamAre deza kA mAna sammAna aura gaurava rhaa| hamArA deza saMsAra meM sone kI cir3iyA (Golden bird) kahalAtA thA / dAna athavA svecchA se apanI saMpatti kA saMvibhAga dAnadAtA ke lie yaza, kIrti aura gaurava bar3hAtA hai, sAtha hI samAja kI naitika aura cAritrika unnati bhI karatA hai / samAja meM naitikatA kA vAtAvaraNa bane, sabhI loga sukhI raheM, paraspara eka-dUsare ke upakAra meM saMlagna raheM, sahayoga kI bhAvanA balavatI bane, isake lie dAna kI gaMgA kA satata pravAhita honA Avazyaka hai / dAna kI eka anyatama vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha svayaM dAnadAtA ke naitika jIvana meM pragati - unnati kA sAdhana banatA hI hai, sAtha hI samAja anya vyaktiyoM ko naitika banAne kA sabala mAdhyama bhI hai / naitika utkarSa ke sopAna ( zrAvaka pratimA) gati do prakAra kI hotI hai - ( 1 ) sIdhI ( Horizontal) aura (2) U~cI (Vertical) / donoM hI pragati kahalAtI haiM; lekina prathama se dUsarI meM vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sirpha pragati hI hotI hai jaba ki dUsarI unnati kahalAtI hai / naitika vikAsa para kadama bar3hAtA huA sadgRhastha mithyA dhAraNAoM aMdhakUpa meM se nikalakara AtA hai to use sAmane vyasanoM kA bIhar3a vana dikhAI detA hai, apane Apako vyasanoM ke tIkhe kAMToM vAlI jhAr3iyoM se ghirA huA pAtA hai / kisI taraha vyAvahArika nIti kI pagaDanDI use milatI hai to usa ka~TIlI jhAr3iyoM se bacatA - bacAtA apane jIvana ko zuddhi kI ora bar3hAtA For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 305 huA, naitika jIvana ke sIdhe - sapATa rAjamArga para AtA hai aura usa para sAvadhAnI se kadama bar3hAtA hai / yaha rAjamArga hai, naitika utkarSa, gRhastha dharma, evaM gRhastha nIti | isa vaha loka-paraloka donoM kI sAdhanA karatA hai / Atmika zubha aura laukika zubha donoM ko hI dRSTigata rakhatA huA, donoM meM samanvaya aura tAla-mela biThAtA huA nIti ke utkarSa kI ora caraNa nyAsa karatA hai / taduparAnta use milate haiM - sopAna - sIr3hiyAM / vaha sIr3hiyA~ haiM, jo naitika carama - sAdhucaryA - zramaNadharma ke rAjamandira taka pahu~cAtI haiM / ina sIr3hiyoM - sopAnoM ko hI dharmazAstroM meM 'pratimA' - zrAvaka pratimA ke nAma se kahA gayA hai / jisa prakAra sIr3hiyAM car3hane ke lie kadamoM meM dRr3hatA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usI prakAra pratimAoM ke pAlana meM bhI dRr3hatA ati Avazyaka hotI hai / isIlie pratimA ko 'pratijJA vizeSa', vrata - vizeSa - tapa - vizeSa, sAdhanA paddhati kahA gayA hai / 1 naitika unnati ke yaha sopAna, ve sopAna haiM, jahA~ koI ( reliMga ) sahArA nahIM hai / sAdhaka apanI mAnasika, vAcasika aura zArIrika kSamatA va dRr3hatA se eka-eka sopAna kramazaH car3hatA huA, sabase U~ce sopAna para pahu~catA hai, jahA~ use naitika carama kA samatala maidAna milatA hai aura usa maidAna se parama zubha-parama zuddha (Ultimate good) sthiti ko pahuMca sakatA hai, jahA~ nIti kI sabhI sImAeM pIche chUTa jAtI haiM / ina pratimAoM kA ArohaNa sAdhaka kramazaH karatA hai / yaha sopAna athavA pratimA 11 haiM - (1) darzana, ( 2 ) vrata (3) sAmAyika ( 4 ) poSadha ( 5 ) niyama ( 6 ) brahmacarya (7 sacittatyAga ( 8 ) ArambhatyAga ( 8 ) preSyaparityAga athavA pari 1. ( ka ) pratimA pratipattiH pratijJa etiyAvat (kha) pratimA - pratijJA avagrahaH For Personal & Private Use Only - sthAnAMgavRtti patra 61 vahI patra 184

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306 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana grahatyAga (10) uddiSTabhaktatyAga ( 11 ) zramaNabhUta | ( 1 ) darzana pratimA - darzana kA artha hai - dRSTibindu athavA dRSTikoNa | AdhyAtmika bhASA meM ise samyagdarzana kahate haiM / isa pratimA ko dhAraNa karane vAle kA dRSTikoNa ekadama yathArtha anekAntagrAhI hotA hai / vaha tatva - atattva, zubha -azubha, kartavya akartavya ko bhalI-bhA~ti jAnatA hai, inake marma ko pahacAnatA hai aura anAgraha buddhi se svIkAra karatA hai / usake viveka cakSu khula jAte haiM / viveka ko kuMThita aura malina karane vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kaSAyoM ke Avega saMvega zithila aura maMda par3a jAte haiM / usakI dRSTi samyak ho jAtI hai / vaha anAgrahI to hotA hai kintu apane satya dRSTikoNa ke prati itanA dRr3ha AsthAzIla bhI hotA hai ki kaisI bhI viSama paristhiti Ave vaha apane zraddhAna - samyak zraddhA se raMcamAtra bhI vicalita nahIM hotA, na hI saMzayazIla hotA hai / - (2) vrata pratimA- isameM zrAvaka pA~ca aNuvratoM kA to samyak prakAra se pAlana karatA hai, unameM kisI prakAra kA doSa nahIM lagane detA / tIna vrata kA bhI abhyAsa karatA hai / kintu sAmAyika Adi cAroM zikSAvratoM kA samyak rUpa se pAlana nahIM kara pAtA / isameM paristhitiyA~ kAraNa bana jAtI haiM / kintu usakI zraddhA - prarUpaNA samyak hotI hai / yaha pratimA naitika dRSTi se vidhAnAtmaka hai / aNuvratoM kA nirdoSa pAlana naitika AcaraNa meM dRr3hatA hI sUcita karatA hai / usakA vyAvahArika 9. ( ka ) dazAzruta skandha chaThI dazA (kha) viMzikA - 10vIM ; lekhaka haribhadrasUri (ga) digambara paramparA meM ina pratimAoM ke nAma aura krama kucha bhinna haiM(1) darzana ( 2 ) vrata ( 3 ) sAmAyika ( 4 ) pauSadha ( 5 ) sacittatyAga ( 6 ) rAtribhutityAga ( 7 ) brahmacaryaM ( 5 ) ArambhatyAga ( 8 ) parigrahatyAga (10) anumatityAga aura (12) uddaSTityAga | -- dekheM, samantabhadra kRta zrAvakAcAra, vasunandi zrAvakAcAra Adi 2. paMcANuvvaya dhArittamaNaiyAraM vaesu paDibaMdho / vayaNA tadaNaiyArA vayapaDimA suppasiddha tti // For Personal & Private Use Only - viMzatikA 10 / 5

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naitika utkarSa | 307 jIvana bhI nirdoSa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha mAyA ( chala-kapaTa ), mithyA ( galata dRSTikoNa) aura nidAna ( vrata ke bhautika lAbha kI AkAMkSA yA bhogAkAMkSA - abhIpsA, abhilASA) ko tyAga cukA hotA hai / isa kAraNa usake jIvana meM anaitikatA kA praveza nahIM ho paataa| vaha sarvadA nItipUrNaM vyavahAra karatA hai / (3) sAmAyika pratimA - isa pratimA kA dhAraka ullAsapUrvaka sAmAfor karatA hai, dezAvakAzika vrata kA bhI pAlana karatA hai aura pauSadhopavAsa vrata kA bhI / mAsa meM 6 pauSadha karatA hai - 2 aSTamI, 2 caturdazI, 1 amAvasyA aura 1 pUrNimA | sAmAyika pratimAdhArI sadgRhastha kI kaSAyeM atyanta maMda ho jAtI haiM, dainika - vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI vaha samatva bhAva rakhatA hai, krodha ke prasaMga para bhI krodha nahIM karatA, samajhA-bujhAkara madhura nIti se kAma nikAlatA hai / isa prakAra usakA naitika zubha kA AcaraNa aura bhI dRr3ha ho jAtA hai / (4) pauSadha pratimA - isa pratimA meM zrAvaka pratipUrNa poSadha vrata karatA hai| tathA isa pratimA ke pAlana meM gRhastha nivRtti kI ora apane caraNa bar3hAtA hai / jaba taka vaha isa pratimA kA pAlana karatA hai taba taka sabhI prakAra ke azubha adhyavasAyoM se dUra rahatA hai / mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika, usakI sabhI prakAra kI kriyAe~ zubha hI hotI haiM, vaha zubha se zubhatara aura parama zubha kI ora bar3hatA hai / yahI isakA nItizAstrIya mahatva hai / (5) niyama pratimA - isa pratimA meM sAdhaka pramukha rUpa se pA~ca niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai (i) snAna nahIM karanA (ii) dhotI kI lA~ga nahIM lagAnA (iii) rAtri meM bhojana (yahAM taka pAnI bhI ) nahIM pInA (iv) dina meM pUrNa brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA aura rAtri meM bhI yathAsambhava brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA / (v) eka mAha meM eka rAta kAyotsarga kI sAdhanA karanA / nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se isa pratimA meM Asakti tyAga ( renun For Personal & Private Use Only

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308 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ciation of lust) hotA hai| Asakti pramukhatayA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai-- 1. kAmAsakti (lust of desire) 2. bhogAsakti (lust of enjoyment) aura 3. dehAsakti (Infatuation to one's own body). __icchA athavA Asakti (desire or will) nItizAstrIya pratyaya haiN| vaha icchA jo azubha ho, hAnikAraka ho, use azubha pratyaya kahA jAtA hai / icchAoM ke vaza meM calane vAlA vyakti nIti ke carama utkarSa yA, Adarza taka nahIM pahu~ca pAtA / kAma-bhoga meM adhika Asakti tathA apane zarIra se atyadhika mamatva nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa se bhI anucita haiN| isa pratimA meM inhIM kA tyAga hotA hai| ___(6) brahmacarya pratimA-isameM sAdhaka pUrNa brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai| vaha aisA manovinoda yA majAka bhI nahIM karatA jo tanika bhI kAmavAsanA kI ora saMketa karatA ho, strI ke sAtha ekAnta meM baiThatA bhI nahIM, striyoM se adhika paricaya va saMsarga bhI nahIM krtaa| ___ brahmacarya AdhyAtmika dRSTi se ati mahatvapUrNa haiM to naitika dRSTi se bhI isakA kama mahatva nahIM hai / jitendriyatA vyakti ko naitika carama taka le jAne kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana hai| jitendriyatA athavA vAsanA-niyantraNa sAmAjika dRSTi se naitikatA kA mApadaNDa hai| jitendriya puruSa ko hI loga naitika mAnate haiM aura usI rUpa meM usako sammAna prApta hotA hai| ___ (7) sacittatyAga pratimA- isa pratimA ko dhAraNa karane vAlA zrAvaka jala ke atirikta anya sabhI sacitta vastuoM kA tyAga kara detA hai| yaha pratimA vastutaH vyaktigata AvazyakatAoM aura icchAoM ko sImita karatI hai| AvazyakatA (Necessities) kama honA, naitika jIvana bitAne ke lie sarala aura sugama mArga prastuta karatA hai| (8) ArambhatyAga pratimA-sAtavIM pratimA meM sAdhaka apanI nijI AvazyakatAoM ko paryApta rUpa se kama kara letA hai, vaha bare necessities taka hI sImita raha jAtA hai; kintu isa pratimA meM vaha vyApAra Adi kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai, sArA uttaradAyitva dUsaroM ko sauMpa kara svayaM nivRtti kI ora unmukha hotA hai| yadyapi dhArmika dRSTi se Arambha kA artha hiMsAtmaka kriyA hai; kintu aise vyApAra bhI ho sakate haiM jinameM hiMsA ho hI nhiiN| yathA-naitika, For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 306 sAMskRtika viSayoM para pravacana dene kA vyavasAya, dhArmika evaM naitika pustakeM likhane kA vyavasAya, Adi / ye bhI Aja ke yuga meM vyavasAya, athavA jIvikA upArjana ke sAdhana haiN| inameM se dhArmika, samAja-sudhAraka, naitika zikSAprada pravacana evaM pustaka-lekhana ke atirikta anya sabhI aise vyavasAya jinameM tanika bhI hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA ho, isa pratimA kA dhArI zrAvaka chor3a detA hai| kintu vaha abhI parigraha kA tyAga nahIM karatA, saMpatti athavA saMpatti ke kucha aMza para svAmitva rakhatA hai, isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki dhArmika aura samAja sevA ke kAryoM meM, mAnavatA ke hita ke lie vaha usa saMpatti kA upabhoga kara sakatA hai| ___ sAmAjika aura naitika dRSTi se usakI yaha pravRtti mahatva rakhatI hai, kAraNa yaha hai ki saMbhavataH putra Adi usakI bhAvanA pUrI hone meM sahayogI na bneN| (6) praSya-parityAga pratimA-AThavIM pratimA meM zrAvaka svayaM AraMbha kA tyAga karatA hai, kintu isa pratimA meM vaha dUsaroM se bhI Arambha karAne kA tyAga kara detA hai| vaha kisI bhI vAhana yathA--vAyuyAna, jalayAna, kAra, skUTara Adi kA na svayaM prayoga karatA hai, na inake prayoga ke lie kisI anya se bhI kahatA hI hai| gRha-nirmANa, pacana-pAcana (bhojana pakAnA-pakavAnA), vivAha Adi jina kAryoM meM thor3A bhI Arambha hotA hai, una sabhI kAryoM ko vaha na svayaM karatA hai, na dUsaroM se hI karavAtA hai / yahA~ taka ki vaha svajanoM, parijanoM anucaroM para bhI anuzAsana nahIM krtaa| usake parigraha kI vRtti aura bhI kama ho jAtI hai| vAhana-tyAga meM mUla rUpa se ahiMsA kI bhAvanA hai| vAhanoM se choTe jIva to marate hI haiM, kintu kabhI-kabhI eksIDeMTa bhI ho jAte haiM, jisase paMcendriya pazu tathA aneka mAnavoM kA jIvana bhI khatare meM par3a jAtA hai| mAnava yA paMcendriya pazu-pakSI Adi ko coTa pahu~cAnA to pazcimI nItivijJAnI bhI anaitika kArya mAnate haiM aura Aja to vijJAna ne bhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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310 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana siddha kara diyA hai ki agnikAya ke jIva hote haiM jinakI hiMsA pacanapAcana Adi kAryoM meM ho jAtI hai| (10) uddiSTabhakta tyAga pratimA--isa pratimA ko dhAraNa karane vAlA zrAvaka apane nimitta bane hue AhAra ko bhI grahaNa nahIM krtaa| vaha zira ke bAloM kA zastra se muNDana karAtA hai, kintu gRhasthAzrama kA cinha hone ke kAraNa coTI rakhatA hai| vaha kisI bAta ko pUchane para yadi jAnatA hai to kahatA hai- 'maiM jAnatA hU~ aura yadi nahIM jAnatA to spaSTa kaha detA hai ki 'maiM nahIM jAnatA / ' arthAt usakI vRtti-pravRttiyAM bahuta sahaja evaM sarala ho jAtI haiM, vaha spaSTavAdI bana jAtA hai / naitika dRSTi se mAnava kA yaha ati ucca koTi kA guNa hai| 'dila meM saphAI aura hoThoM para sacAI' kisI bhI mAnava kI aisI vizeSatA hai, jisake kAraNa vaha ucca naitika dharAtala para avasthita ho jAtA hai| samAja use pUrNa naitika mAnane lagatA hai| usakI naitikatA utkarSa para pahu~ca jAtI hai| (11) zramaNabhUta pratimA-yaha zramaNa-jIvana athavA sarva saMga tyAgarUpa zikSA kI avasthA hai| isa pratimA meM zrAvaka zramaNa ke samAna jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| zramaNa ke samAna hI vaha nirdoSa bhikSA, pratilekhana, svAdhyAya, dhyAna, kAyotsarga, samAdhi meM lIna rahatA hai| usakI veza-bhUSA bhI zramaNa ke samAna hotI hai aura AcAra-vicAra Adi dainika caryA bhii| yaha zrAvaka jIvana ke uccAdarzoM kA antima sopAna hai| kAlamaryAdA evaM anya vizeSatAyeM-pratimAoM ke pAlana kI kAlamaryAdA bhI nizcita kI gaI hai / yathA-pahalI pratimA eka mAsa kI, dUsarI 2 mAsa kI, tIsarI 3 mAsa kI, cauthI 4 mAsa kI, pAMcavIM 5 mAsa kI, chaThI 6 mAsa kI, sAtavIM 7 mAsa kI, AThavIM 8 mAsa kI, nauvIMha mAsa kI, dasavIM 10 mAsa kI, gyArahavIM 11 mAsa kii| isa prakAra ina sabhI pratimAoM kA kAla pA~ca varSa chaha mAsa (66 mAsa) hai| 1. tIrthakara, jIva vijJAna vizeSAMka, yaha jIva (agnikAya ke jIva) 785 selasiyasa taka jIvita rahate haiM aura usase adhika tApa hone se marane lagate haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika utkarSa | 311 eka vikalpa-granthoM (dharmazAstroM) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ina pratiAmoM ke pAlana ke bAda yadi sAdhaka cAhe to zramaNatva dhAraNa kara sakatA hai aura yadi usakI icchA na ho to vaha pUnaH nIce bhI utara sakatA hai yAnI vratI zrAvaka ke rUpa meM bhI jIvana vyatIta kara sakatA hai| icchA na hone athavA zramaNatva grahaNa na karane ke aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiM, jaise-zArIrika zakti kA kSINa ho jAnA, acAnaka hI koI asAdhya vyAdhi (roga) laga jAnA Adi / yadyapi nIti ke dRSTikoNa se Upara car3hakara punaH nIce AnA zreSTha nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu yaha saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa hai| isa saiddhAntika sthiti kA vyavahAra meM anupAlana vyakti kI apanI kSamatA va paristhiti para nirbhara karatA hai| jIvana samatala nahIM hai / vyavahAra meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ A jAtI haiM, aise mor3a Ate haiM ki mAnava ko punaH cintana ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai, vaha cAhate hue bhI Age nahIM bar3ha pAtA, use pIche haTanA hI par3atA hai| mAnava bahuta cAhatA hai ki bilkula bhI hiMsA na kare, sadA sarvadA satya hI bole / usakI hArdika icchA bhI yahI hotI hai, kintu paristhiti kI bAdhyatA use vivaza kara detI hai aura isa majabUrI meM use nizcita patha se haTanA bhI par3a sakatA hai| - isa vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se pratimAoM kI kAla-maryAdA nizcita karanA AcAryoM kI dUradarzitA hI mAnI jAnI caahie| itane para bhI naitika utkarSa kI ora pragatizIla vivekI mAnava kA kartavya hai ki vaha apane dRr3ha kadama Age hI bddh'aaye| bAraha vratoM kI sAdhanA se naitika utkarSa kI sthiti para pahuMcakara pratimA rUpa gyAraha sopAnoM para dRr3ha kadamoM se car3hatA huA naitika carama kI sthiti para pahu~ce / naitika carama vaha sthiti hai, jahA~ pahu~cakara maitrI sAkAra rUpa letI hai, mAnava svayaM apane lie na rahakara jagata kA-saMsAra kA ho jAtA hai, jagat kalyANa (sva-para kalyANa) kA vaha mUrtimaMta bana jAtA hai / jaina paramparA meM naitika carama kI yaha sirpha manohara kalpanA mAtra nahIM hai, kintu aneka vyakti isakA AcaraNa karate haiM aura ve samAja ke samakSa uccatara naitika mUlyoM ko vyAvahArika jIvana meM jIkara sAkAra karate haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama (Ethical Utmost) zramaNAcAra (Conduct of a monk) naitika carama kA abhiprAya hai nIti kA dharma athavA sadAcAra meM vilIna ho jAnA / naitika niyama isa avasthA meM Akara dharmAcaraNa meM vilIna ho jAte haiN| unakI sattA dharmAnumodita AcAra meM ekameka ho jAtI hai| ThIka usI prakAra jaise "udadhAviva sarvasiMdhavaH" nadiyAM samudra meM milakara mahArNava kahalAne lagatI haiN| ___ mAnava sarvaprathama vyasana tyAga ke rUpa meM naitikatA kI ora kadama bar3hAtA hai aura phira nIti ke vyAvahArika binduoM ko apane kArya-vyApAra meM samAyojita kara naitika dharAtala ko paripuSTa karatA hai| taduparAnta vaha gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI vratabaddha hotA hai, ahiMsA, satya, acaurya Adi vratoM kA pAlana karake apane jIvana ko camakAtA hai aura naitika utkarSa kI saMprApti karatA hai / jaba usake kadama isa sthala para majabUtI se jama jAte haiM, skhalanA-kaMpana Adi nahIM hote to vaha apane dRr3ha kadama naitika carama kI ora bar3hAtA hai| nItizAstrIya zabdoM meM, jaba nIti kA sAdhaka apane carama lakSya (Ultimate good) ko-natika zubha aura zuddha (moral good and ultimate good) ko prApta kara letA hai taba vaha naitika carama (Ethical utmost) kI sthiti para pahu~ca jAtA hai / 312 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 313 dharmazAstra kI bhASA meM isI sthiti ko vyakti kA 'dharmamaya' athavA dharmAtmA honA kahA gayA hai| dharmAtmA kA abhiprAya hai, jisake Antarika aura bAhya jIvana (Internal and external life) meM, sampUrNa kriyA-kalApoM meM, vyavahAra meM, bhASA meM dharma rama gayA ho, dharma se jo pUrNataH ota-prota ho, vahI dharmAtmA kahA jAtA hai / ___ saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai-jisakI AtmA, manavacana-kAya tonoM yoga aura kRta, kArita,anumodana (kArya-vyApAra ke hetuInstrument) tInoM karaNa dharmamaya ho jAte haiM, usa vyakti kI isa sthiti, vRtti-pravRtti ko nItizAstra kI zabdAvalI meM hamane naitika carama kahA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki usa vyakti meM zubha hI zubha (Good and only good) hI hotA hai, azubha kA leza bhI nahIM hotaa| usakI sabhI kriyAe~ aura pravRttiyA~ sva-para-kalyANa ke nimitta hI hotI haiN| usameM svArtha, pUjA, zlAghA, daMbha Adi kA aMza bhI nahIM hotaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aise dharmAtmA puruSa ke lie-jogasacce, karaNasacce-yogasatya, karaNasatya kahA hai| jaina zabdAvalI meM aise vyakti ko zramaNa kahA gayA hai aura usakI vRtti-pravRttiyoM ko zramaNAcAra kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi vaidika dharma kA 'saMnyAsI', bauddha paramparA kA 'bhikkhu', IsAI dharma kA purson aura islAma dharmAnumodita 'daraveza' zabda jaina paramparA ke zramaNa zabda ke samakakSa kahe jA sakate haiM kintu yaha vicAraNA ApekSika satya hI hai, kyoMki zramaNa zabda meM kucha aisI viziSTatAe~ va maryAdAe~ nihita haiM, jo anya paramparAoM ke zabdoM meM va vyaktigata AcAra meM abhivyakta nahIM ho paatiiN| 'zramaNa' zabda kI viziSTatAeM sarvaprathama zramaNa zabda kI vyutpatti para vicAra kara leN| jainAcAryoM ne 'zramaNa' zabda ko saMskRta ke 'zrama' dhAtu se vyutpanna mAnA hai| unake vicAra se zrama kA abhiprAya hai-vyakti apanA vikAsa svayaM parizrama dvArA karatA hai / sukha-duHkha, utthAna-patana sabhI ke lie vaha svayaM uttaradAyI hai / vidvAna AcAryoM kI yaha mAnyatA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke usa uttara para AdhArita pratIta hotI hai, jo bhagavAna ne devarAja indra ko usa samaya diyA For Personal & Private Use Only

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314 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana thA jaba usane bhagavAna kI sevA meM rahakara kaSTa nivAraNa kI anumati cAho thii| bhagavAna ne kahA thA ___ "devarAja Atma-sAdhaka ke jIvana meM Aja taka yaha na kabhI huA aura na kabhI hogA, aura na aba hI yaha ho sakatA hai ki Atmasiddhi yA mukti kisI dUsare ke bala para yA kisI dUsare kI sahAyatA se prApta kI jA jA ske| sAdhaka kA Adarza hai-egocare khaggavisANakappe-vaha akelA apane puruSArtha se calatA rahe / prAkRta bhASA ke 'samaNa' zabda kA saMskRta rUpAntara 'zramaNa' saMskRta vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai; kintu prAkRta bhASA ke 'samaNa' zabda ke saMskRta meM tIna rUpAntara hote haiM-(1) sama, (2) zrama aura (3) zama / ina tInoM meM hI samaNa athavA zramaNa zabda kI viziSTatA kA rahasya chipA huA hai| (1) sama sabhI ko-prANimAtra ko apane (apanI AtmA ke) samAna mAnanA / (appasamaM manijja chappikAe)-chahakAyA (saMsAra ke sabhI sUkSma aura sthUla prANI) ke prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna smjhe| (2) zama-isakA abhiprAya hai zAnti / krodha, mAna, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAyoM kA zamana karanA, sadA apanI AtmA ko upazama bhAva kI zAMta prazAnta gaMgA meM nimajjita karate rhnaa| jaina paramparA meM to uvasamasAraM khu sAmaNNaM-zramaNatva kA sAra hI upazama hai, kahakara upazama-zAnti kA mahatva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / (3) zrama-- isakA abhiprAya Upara batAyA jA cukA hai ki manuSya svayaM hI apanA, apanI AtmA kA vikAsa karatA hai, apane sukha-duHkha kA svayaM hI kartA hai aura svayaM hI usakA bhoktA hai / isa tathya ko uttarAdhyayana satra meM bhalI bhA~ti nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai 1. (ka) upAcArya devendra muni zAstrI : bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana, pR0 264 (kha) Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, pR0 267 (ga) AcArya hemacandra : triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra, 10/3/26-31 (gha) AcArya guNacandra : mahAvIra cariyaM 5/45 (ca) aura bhI dekhie-AcArya nemicandra : mahAvIra cariyaM 882 2. vivecana ke lie vizeSa sandarbha dekheM-abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 7/410 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 315 AtmA hI apane sukha-dukha kA kartA aura vikartA (vinAzakartA) hai / suprasthita (satpravatti meM sthita-satpravRtti karane vAlA) AtmA hI apanA (svayaM kA) mitra hai aura duHprasthita (duSpravRtti karane vAlA) AtmA hI apanA (svayaM kA) zatra hai / / isI bhAva ko svAmI vivekAnanda ne ina zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai__ mAnava svayaM apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA hai / zramaNa kI ye tInoM vizeSatAe~-(1) sama, '2) zama aura (3) zrama, nIti-ke dRSTikoNa se atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| samabhAva meM rahane vAlA vyakti hI nIti kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| vyakti yadi kisI ke prati rAga aura kisI ke prati dvaSa ke vyAmoha meM phaMsa gayA to vaha kisI eka kA priya karegA aura dUsare kA apriya / aisI dazA meM vaha eka anaitika vyakti ko bhI lAbha pahu~cA sakatA hai, aura dUsare naitika vyakti ko hAni bhI / taba usakI naitikatA kahA~ surakSita rahegI ? isIlie zramaNa meM samabhAva anivArya hai| zama kI naitikatA to aura bhI spaSTa hai| zama kA abhiprAya hai-krodha Adi kaSAya-mAnasika saMklezoM kA abhAva-upazamana / saMsAra meM jitane bhI prakAra kI anaitikatAeM haiM yA kI jAtI haiM, una sabhI kA mUla ye kaSAya hI haiM / kaSAya kA tanika-sA Aveza bhI mana-mastiSka meM AyA ki mAnava naitikatA se girA, usakA AcaraNa vyavahAra sabhI kucha anaitika ho gyaa| zrama kA mahatva sarvavidita hai / jisa vyakti ke mana-mastiSka meM zrama kI mahattA pratiSThita ho jAtI hai, anaitikatA svayaM hI palAyana kara jAtI hai / jaba vyakti ko vizvAsa ho jAtA hai ki apane kiye karmoM kA phala mujhe hI bhoganA par3egA to vaha svataH kI preraNA se hI anaitikatA kA tyAga kara detA hai / isIlie zrama meM vizvAsa karane vAle vyakti adhika nItiniSTha hote haiN| zrama kA dUsarA mahatva hai-puruSArtha jAgrata karanA / puruSArthavAda banAma bhAgyavAda naitikatA aura nItizAstra kA pramukha vAda bhI hai aura pratyaya bhI / bhAgya ke bharose rahane vAlA vyakti akarmaNya aura AlasI bana jAtA hai| jabaki puruSArthavAdI satata kartavyazIla aura udyama meM nirata / 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 20/37 P. Man is the maker of his destiny.--Swami Vivekanand. For Personal & Private Use Only

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316 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kartavyazIlatA ko nItizAstra meM zubha pratyaya kahA gayA hai / naitikatA ke lie yaha Avazyaka-mUlabhUta bindu hai| jaina graMthoM meM zramaNa ke lie kahA gayA hai samamaNai teNa so samaNo 'samamaNai' zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya hemacandra ne kahA haisamamaNatI ti-tulyaMvartate yatastenAsau samaNa iti / jo saba jIvoM ke prati samAna bhAva rakhatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai / isIlie kahA gayA hai ki 'zramaNa sumanA hotA hai, pApamanA nhiiN| pApa kA abhiprAya anaitikatA hai| dharmazAstroM meM jise 'pApa' saMjJA dI gaI hai, nItizAstra use hI burAI (evil) kahatA hai, jo ki zramaNa meM bilkula nahIM hotI-su-manA ke rUpa meM vaha sabake prati sadbhAva, kalyANa bhAvanA, hitadRSTi Adi rakhate hue naitika carama (Ethical utmost) kI sthiti para avasthita rahatA hai| zramaNa ke sattAisa guNa jaina zAstroM meM zramaNa ke 27 guNa batAye gaye haiN| yadyapi zAstroM meM inakA varNana dhArmika dRSTikoNa se kiyA gayA hai, kintu jaisA pUrva pRSThoM meM likhA jA cukA hai ki isa sthiti para Akara nIti dharma bana jAtI hai, ataH isa dRSTikoNa se ina guNoM kA nItiparaka mahatva bhI hai| Age kI paMktiyoM meM zramaNa ke sattAisa (27) guNoM kA mahatva dharma aura nIti donoM hI dRSTikoNoM se varNita kiyA jA rahA hai| utsarga aura apavAda mArga isa varNana se pUrva eka bAta jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki zramaNAcAra (zramaNa ke vyAvahArika AcAra) ke do mArga zAstroM meM varNita haiM-(1) 1. anuyogadvAra sUtra, upakramAdhikAra 2. uddhRta, upAdhyAya amaramuni : zramaNa sUtra, pRSTha 55 3. (ka) samavAyAMga, samavAya 27, sUtra 1 (kha) paMcamahavvayajutto paMciMdiya sNvrnno| cauvviha kasAyamukko tio samAdhAraNIyA / tisacca sampannatio khaMti saMvegarao / veyaNamaccuahiyAsaNA sAhuguNA sattavIsaM // For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 317 utsarga mArga aura (2) apavAda maarg| ye jaina sAdhanA kI saritA ke do taTa bhI kahe jA sakate haiN| ___ utsarga aura apavAda kA lakSya eka hI hai, aura vaha hai sAdhaka ko sAdhanA ke patha para Age bddh'aanaa| ye donoM paraspara eka dUsare ke virodhI nahIM haiN| inameM mukhya aura gauNa kA antara hai| utsarga mArga mukhya hai aura apavAda mArga ko gauNa kahA gayA hai / utsarga mArga kA abhiprAya hai Antarika jIvana, cAritra aura sadguNoM kI rakSA, zuddhi aura abhivRddhi ke lie pramukha niyamoM kA vidhAna aura unakA pAlana, tathA apavAda kA artha hai jIvana kI rakSA hetu tathA usakI zuddhi vRddhi ke lie bAdhaka niyamoM kA vidhAna evaM paristhiti kA Akalana karate hue yathAzakya anupAlana / AcArya jinadAsagaNI mahattara ne likhA hai-jo bAteM utsarga mArga meM niSiddha kI gaI haiM, ve sabhI bAteM kAraNa upasthita hone para kalpanIya va grAhya ho jAtI haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki utsarga aura apavAda donoM kA lakSya eka hai, ve eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM / sAdhaka donoM ke sumela se hI sAdhanA ke patha para bar3ha sakatA hai| yadi utsarga aura apavAda donoM eka dUsare ke virodhI hoM to ve utsarga aura apavAda nahIM haiM, kintu svacchandatA ke poSaNa karane vAle haiN| Agama sAhitya meM donoM ko mArga kahA hai| eka mArga rAjamArga kI taraha sIdhA hai to dUsarA mArga jarA ghumAvadAra hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki mUla AgamoM meM to apavAda mArga kA varNana nahIMvat hai, vahA~ to utsarga mArga kA hI nirUpaNa hai / apavAda mArga kA varNana uttarakAlIna bhASyoM, cUrNiyoM Adi meM prApta hotA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki deza kI badalatI paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa jyoM-jyoM zuddha zramaNAcAra ke nirvAha meM kaThinAiyA~ AtI gaIM tyoM-tyoM AcAryoM ko apanI nirmala prajJA 1. devendra muni zAstrI : jaina AcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR0 508 2. jANi ussagge paDisiddhANi uppaNNe kAraNe savvANivi tANi / kappati / Na doso --nizIthacUNi 5245 uddhRta (devendra muni zAstrI) jainAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR0 506 3. (devendra muni zAstrI) jainAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa pR0 506 For Personal & Private Use Only

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318 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana se vyAvahArika nirNaya karane pdd'e| ye nirNaya hI apavAda-mArga kahalAe / cUMki ve nirNaya utsarga mArga ke pUraka aura zramaNa ke Antarika jIvana kI zuddhi-vRddhi, saMrakSA-surakSA meM sahAyaka the ataH donoM ko hI avirodhI mAnA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna meM rakhanI Avazyaka hai ki apavAda kA sevana vivazatApUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai| sAdhaka yaha acchI taraha jAnatA hai--yadi maiM apavAda kA sevana nahIM karUMgA to mere jJAna Adi guNa vikasita nahIM ho skeNge| usI dRSTi se vaha apavAda kA sevana karatA hai / apavAda ke sevana karane meM sadguNoM kA arjana aura saMrakSaNa pramukha lakSya hotA hai / apavAda meM kaSAya bhAva nahIM hotA, saMyamabhAva pramukha hotA hai| ___ apavAda mArga ko hama 'Apatti kAle maryAdA nAsti' nahIM mAna sakate / balki yaha viparIta paristhiti va vikaTa samasyA kA vivekayukta samAdhAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se apavAda-mArga ko zramaNAcAra meM nIti kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai / isI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para zramaNa ke 27 guNoM kA vivecana AdhyAtmika, dhArmika aura nIti saMbandhI vivecana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / zramaNa ke 27 gaNoM kA vivecana samavAyAMga sUtra meM nirUpita zramaNa ke 27 guNa haiM-(1-5) pAMca mahAvrata, (6-10) pAMca indriyoM kA nigraha (11-14) cAra kaSAya viveka (15-17) tIna satya (18) khaMti-kSamA (16) virAgatA (20) manasamAdhAraNatA (21) vacana samAdhAraNatA (22) kAyasamAdhAraNatA (23) jJAnasampannatA (24) darzanasaMpannatA (25) cAritrasampannatA (26) vedanA samAdhyAsanA (27) mAraNAntika smaadhyaasnaa| pA~ca mahAvrata zramaNa ke lie pAlanIya pA~ca mahAvrata haiM-(1) ahiMsA mahAvata (2) satya mahAvrata (3) asteya mahAvrata (4) brahmacarya mahAvrata aura (5) aparigraha mahAvrata / zramaNa ina mahAvratoM kA pAlana tIna karaNa aura tIna yoga se kahatA hai| karaNa kA abhiprAya hai-pravRti ke sAdhana / ye tIna haiM-(1) kRtasvayaM karanA (2) kArita-kisI dUsare ko AjJA athavA preraNA dekara usase karavAnA aura (3) anumodana-kisI dUsare dvArA kiye hue kArya kI prazaMsA For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 316 karanA, use mauna anumati denA, kAyA se aisI ceSTA karanA athavA saMketa karanA jisase anumati kI pratIti ho / yoga tIna haiM-(1) mana (2) vacana aura (3) kAyA / zramaNa kyoMki apane sabhI mahAvratoM kA tIna karaNa tIna yoga se pAlana karatA hai athavA sikke ke dUsare pahalU kI dRSTi se kahA jAya to hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahma aura parigraha ina pA~coM pApoM athavA anaitikatAoM ko tIna karaNa tIna yoga se tyAgatA hai, pratyAkhyAna karatA hai, isalie isakA pratyAkhyAna nava koTi pratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai / (1). ahiMsA mahAvrata ahiMsA sArvabhauma hai / yaha dharma to hai hI, nIti kA bhI pramukha pratyaya hai / sabhya saMsAravyApI dharmoM aura nItiyoM kI AdhArazilA hI yahI hai / dharma ke rUpa meM yaha samatva kA AdhAra hai, yAnI samatAbhAva hI ahiMsA hai| saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samAnatA kA bhAva rakhanA, apane-parAe kI bheda-dRSTi se dUra rahanA ahiMsA dharma hai / nIti ke rUpa meM ahiMsA karma-akarma, kartavya-akartavya kA viveka karAtI hai / sad-asad pravRtti kA nirNaya karatI hai / zramaNa ahiMsA kA pAlana bar3I sUkSmatA se karatA hai| calate-phirate jIvoM ko to kisI prakAra kA kaSTa detA hI nahIM, yahA~ taka ki vaha harita vanaspati (plants of green regetables) ko bhI sparza nahIM karatA kyoMki sparza-mAtra se bhI use pIr3A hotI hai| yaha utsarga mArga hai / kintu yadi koI zramaNa parvata para car3ha yA utara rahA hai, athavA aisI sthiti A jAya ki vaha apanA santulana na rakha sake, girane lage to vaha kisI vRkSa ko pakar3a sakatA hai / yaha apavAda mArga athavA nIti hai|' isameM hetu yaha hai ki girane se zramaNa ko coTa laga sakatI hai, usake paira kI haDDI TUTa sakatI (fracture) hai, anya kIr3e-makor3e (creatures) kSadra prANiyoM kI hiMsA bhI ho sakatI hai| una sabakI rakSArtha hI apavAda mArga athavA nIti kA niyama ahiMsA mahAvata ke sandarbha meM nirUpita kiyA gyaa| - - - - 1. dekhie-AcArAMga, zrutaskandha 2 IryAdhyayana / For Personal & Private Use Only

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320 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vastu sthiti yaha hai ki utsarga mArga meM nirdhArita niyama to ve sAmAnya niyama haiM jinakA sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM pAlana kiyA jAnA anivArya hai, kintu viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM viziSTa niyamoM kA anupAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama rUpa dharma hai aura dUsarA tatkAlIna viziSTa paristhiti meM AcaraNa karane se nIti hai / (2). satya mahAvrata sAmAnyataH sAdhu nava koTi se satya kA AcaraNa karatA hai| usake mana-vacana kAya meM raga-raga meM satya kA vAsa hotA hai| kintu aisI paristhiti A jAye, jaise-zramaNa vana meM vihAra karake jA rahA hai, usa samaya koI zikArI usase pUche ki amuka pazu (udAharaNArtha hirana) kidhara gayA hai to sAdhu mauna rahe, lekina mauna se yadi kAma na cale, athavA mauna svIkRtisUcaka ho jAye to sAdhu viparIta dizA meM saMketa kara de athavA nahIM jAnatA hU~, aisA kaha de / ___ isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA ucita nahIM hai ki zramaNa ke hRdaya meM satya ke prati Adara nahIM hotA / apitu jaina aMga zAstra praznavyAkaraNa meM to satya ko bhagavAna kahA gayA hai aura yahA~ taka ki gautama gaNadhara bhI Ananda zrAvaka se apane asatya kathana ke lie kSamA mAMgate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA spaSTa sandeza hai ki satya kA varaNa karane vAlA sAdhaka sabhI karmoM ko kSaya kara detA hai, saMsAra se pAra ho jAtA hai / ataH yahA~ apavAda rUpa meM zramaNa dvArA asatya kathana kisI jIvadhArI kI rakSA ke nimitta hI kiyA gayA hai / yaha satya ko gauNa karake ahiMsA mahAvrata kI rakSA ke nimitta hI asatya kathana huA hai| aura aisA asatya nIti ke antargata bhI naitika mAnA jAtA hai| 1. (ka) dekhie-AcArAMga 2, 3, 3, sUtra 510 tathA vRtti / -jANaM vA No jANaM ti vadejjA (kha) nizIthacUNi, bhASya, gAthA 322 / 2. saccaM khu bhagavaM / -praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, saMvaradvAra, adhyayana 2, 3. (ka) upAsakadazAMga sUtra, adhyayana 1, (kha) muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI kamala : caraNAnuyoga, sUtra 106, pR0 157 4. AcArAMga sUtra 1, 3, 2; 1, 3,3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 321 (3) asteya mahAvata asteya ko jaina AgamoM meM 'dattAdAna' kahA gayA hai aura isake viparIta steya ko adattAdAna / zramaNa asteya mahAvrata ko grahaNa karate samaya pratijJA karatA hai-maiM Aja se samasta prakAra ke adattAdAna kA tyAga karatA huuN| vaha dravya se, kSetra se, kAla se, bhAva se-grAma meM, nagara meM, araNya meM (kahIM bhI), sacitta yA acitta, sthUla athavA sUkSma koI bhI padArtha binA diye grahaNa nahIM karatA / yahA~ taka ki apane Thaharane yogya sthAna bhI usake svAmI kI anumati se letA hai, usakI pUrva anumati pAkara hI vaha Thahara sakatA hai| kintu aisI paristhiti ho jAya ki zramaNa aise sthAna para pahu~ce, jahAM anya sthAna kI suvidhA nahIM ho, bhayaMkara zIta athavA varSA ho to vaha pahale Thahara jAya aura bAda meM AjJA lene kA prayAsa kare / vizeSa paristhiti meM zramaNa ko jo yaha apavAda niyama diyA gayA, vaha una paristhitiyoM meM Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI hai / yadi sardI laga jAne se vaha bImAra ho jAtA, jvara se AkrAnta ho jAtA to usakI saMyama-sAdhanA kI nirbAdhatA meM vighna upasthita ho sakatA thaa| yaha suvidhA zarIra kI dRSTi se nahIM, apitu saMyama-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se dI gaI hai| isI apekSA se yaha naitika hai| (4) brahmacarya mahAvrata zramaNa navakoTi brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai / vaha nArI jAti kA, cAhe vaha mAnavI ho, devI ho athavA mAdA pazu ho, na mana meM cintana karatA hai, na aise vacana hI bolatA hai aura na zarIra se sparza hI karatA hai, yahA~ taka ki navajAta bAlikA kA sparza bhI vaha nahIM krtaa| aisA hI niyama zramaNI athavA sAdhvI ke lie puruSa jAti ke prati hai, vaha bhI puruSa mAtra kA sparza nahIM krtii| brahmacarya kA jaina sAdhanA meM atimahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| ise sUtra 1. AcArAMga sUtra, zru taskandha 2, a0 7, u0 1, sUtra 607 2. dazavakAlika sUtra, adhyayana 4, sUtra 13 3. (ka) vyavahAra sUtra 6, 11 (kha) zrI devendra muni zAstrI : jaina AcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR0 515. For Personal & Private Use Only

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322 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kRtAMga sUtra meM uttama tapa' kahA gayA hai / isIlie brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta navabAr3a kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai aura sAdhu-sAdhvI ina bAr3oM kA bar3I tatparatA aura atyadhika jAgarUkatA ke sAtha pAlana karate haiM / brahmacaryaM kA mAhAtmya pragaTa karate hue kahA hai ki duSkara brahmacarya kA pAlana karane vAle ko deva, dAnava, gandharva Adi sabhI devagaNa namaskAra karate haiM / ise niyama, jJAna, darzana, cAritra, samyaktva Adi kA mUla bhI kahA gayA hai / 4 aura mahatva varNita brahmacarya kI mahimA sabhI dharmoM meM gAI gaI hai / jaina paramparA meM jo isakA itanA mAhAtmya kiyA gayA hai, usakA hArda yahI hai ki zramaNa isa brahmacarya mahAvrata kA pUrNa rUpa se, nirapavAda pAlana kare, isameM kiMcita bhI doSa na lagane de / yadyapi sAmAnyataH zAstroM meM brahmacArI ke lie strI mAtra kA sparza bhI varjita batAyA gayA hai / kintu yadi koI sAdhvI nadI athavA tAlAba meM DUba rahI hai, anya koI strI athavA puruSa pAsa meM nahIM hai, naukA 1 tavesu vA uttama baMbha ceraM / 2 ( ka ) uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 16, 3-12 (1) vivikta zayanAsana (2) strIkathA parihAra ( 3 ) niSadyAnupavezana (4) strI aMgopAMga adarzana ( 5 ) kuDyAntara ( dIvAra Adi kI Ar3a se ) zabda zravaNa-vivarjana (6) pUrva bhoga smaraNa - varjana ( 7 ) praNIta bhojana tyAga ( 8 ) ati bhojana tyAga (ha) vibhuSA varjana / rasa, (kha) paMDita AzAdhara ne anagAra dharmAmRta ( 4, 61 ) meM dasa niyama batAye haiM(1 rUpa, gaMdha aura zabda meM rasa na lenA ( 2 ) jananendriya meM vikAra utpanna karane vAle kArya na karanA ( 3 ) kAmoddIpaka AhAra na karanA ( 4 ) mahilAoM dvArA ubhoga kie hue zayana Asana Adi kA upabhoga na karanA ( 5 ) striyoM ke kAmoddIpaka aMgoM ko na dekhanA (6) striyoM kA satkAra na karanA (7) apane zarIra kA saMskAra na karanA ( 8 ) pUrva (gRhasthAzrama meM ) sevita rati kA smaraNa na karanA (E) bhaviSya meM kAma-krIr3A kI kiMcit bhI icchA na karanA (10) iSTa rUpa Adi meM mana ko saMyukta na karanA / 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 16, 16 / 4. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, saMvaradvAra, adhyayana 4 / -- sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, adhyayana 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 323 aura zramaNa yadi Adi kA sAdhana bhI nahIM hai, jisase use bacAyA jA sake, tairanA jAnatA hai to vaha use DUbane se bacA sakatA hai / isI prakAra vaha kSiptacitta zramaNI ko pakar3a sakatA hai / 2 sarpadaMza kI sthiti meM zramaNa zramaNI se aura zramaNI zramaNa se avamArjana karA sakatI hai / paira meM kAMTA cubha jAne para bhI aisA hI vidhAna hai / 4 kintu ina saba paristhitiyoM ke lie anivArya hai ki anya koI sAdhana - - yathA zramaNI ke lie strI aura zramaNa ke lie puruSa upalabdha na ho aura sthiti atyanta viSama bana cukI ho / brahmacarya AdhyAtmika, dhArmika, naitika, mAnasika, zArIrika Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai / isake pAlana se zarIra kA oja-teja bar3hatA hai, jisase sAdhaka sAdhanA meM tejasvI hotA hai / naitika dRSTi se to isakA atyadhika mahatva hai / sAmAnya gRhastha bhI brahmacarya pAlana se naitika mAnA jAtA hai, jisameM zramaNa sAdhu ke lie to yaha anivArya hI hai / apavAda ke rUpa meM jo viziSTa niyama nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM unakA AdhAra nIti hai / yaha pratyeka mAnava kA kartavya hai ki vaha pIr3ita vyakti ko pIr3Amukta karane kA bharapUra prayAsa kare / zramaNa athavA zramaNI to mAnavatA ke mUrtamanta hote haiM / yadi zramaNa DUbatI huI, sarpadaMza se pIr3ita athavA kA~Te cubhane kI vedanA se vyathita zramaNI kI aura bhI zramaNa kI upekSA kara de to yaha ghora amAnavIya aura anaitika hogA / isI taraha zramaNI phira sevA, vaiyAvRtya, anya zramaNa zramaNiyoM ko sukha- sAtA pahu~cAnA to jaina saMgha kA anivArya niyama hai aura tapa bhI hai / ise prAthamikatA dI gaI hai / isakI upekSA karanA zramaNatva se aura yahA~ taka ki naitikatA se bhI patita honA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki brahmacarya mahAvrata meM bhI naitikatA kI upekSA nahIM kI gaI hai / zramaNa saMgha ke niyAmaka naitikatA ke prati jAgarUka rahe haiM / 1. bRhadkalpa sUtra u0 6, sUtra 7-12 / 2 . vahI, u0 6, sUtra 7-12 / 3. vyavahAra sUtra u05, sUtra 21 / 4. bRhadkalpa sUtra, u0 6, sUtra 3 / For Personal & Private Use Only

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324 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (5) aparigraha mahAvrata parigraha, jaina zAstro ke anusAra mUrcchA hai / mAtra bAhya padArtha parigraha nahIM haiM, apitu una padArthoM meM Asakti, mamatvabhAva, merepana kI bhAvanA hI parigraha hai / mAnava jIvana ke lie bhI, zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie bAhya padArthoM kA upayoga usI prakAra anivArya hai, jaise sTImara ke lie sAgara kI ananta jala - rAzi / jaba taka jala sTImara ke nIce rahatA hai, vaha sTImara ko gatizIla banAye rakhane meM sahAyaka hotA hai; kintu jaise hI sTImara ke andara jala kA praveza huA ki vaha use sAgara kI atala gaharAiyoM meM DubA bhI detA hai / yahI sthiti parigraha kI hai / jaba taka padArtha upayoga kI sImA taka rahate haiM taba taka ve sAdhaka kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka banate haiM aura jyoMhI una padArthoM ke prati sAdhaka ke mana meM mUrcchAbhAva utpanna huA, yAnI una padArthoM kA praveza bhAvanA, lAlasA, Asakti ke mArga se sAdhaka ke hRdaya meM huA ki usakI bhI samasta sAdhanA caupaTa ho jAtI hai, vaha sAdhanA ke ucca sthAna se, naitika carama se patita ho jAtA hai | vAstava meM aparigraha eka apekSA se anAsakti hI hai / isa dRSTikoNa se dhana-vaibhava ke apAra bhaMDAra hote hue bhI vyakti alpa parigrahI ho sakatA hai, yadi usake hRdaya meM usa vaibhava ke prati anAsakti ho / isake viparIta eka nirdhana vyakti, yadi usake pAsa tana Dhakane ko vastra bhI na hoM, nakhAne ko pUrA anna ho aura na rahane ko jhauMpar3I hI ho, phira bhI vaha mahAparigrahI hotA hai, yadi usake hRdaya meM padArthoM ke prati gRddhatA ho, usakI lAlasAe~, icchAe~ asImita hoM / 2 jaina zAstroM ne sirpha bAhya padArthoM ko hI parigraha nahIM mAnA apitu una bhAvanAoM aura icchAoM tathA Avega saMvegoM ko bhI parigraha meM hI parigaNita kiyA hai, jinake kAraNa usakI dharma-sAdhanA meM, naitikatA meM aura naitika AcAra-vicAra-vyavahAra meM tanika bhI vyavadhAna par3atA hai / 1 (ka) na so parigga ho vRtto nAyaputtreNa tAiNA / mucchA pariggaho vRtto, ii vRttaM mahesiNA // (kha) mUrcchA parigrahaH / murcchAcchannadhiyAM sarvaM jagadeva parigrahaH / mUrcchayA rahitAnAM tu, jagadevAparigrahaH // uddhRta - zrI devendra muni: jainAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR 851 For Personal & Private Use Only - dazavaikAlika 6, 20 - tatvArtha sUtra 7, 10

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naitika carama | 325 isa dRSTikoNa se parigraha ke do bheda haiM- (1) antaraMga aura (2) bAhya / antaraMga parigraha 14 haiM - ( 1 ) mithyAtva ( galata dhAraNA athavA vicAradhArA), (2) veda (strI, puruSa athavA donoM se kAma sevana kI icchA ), (3) rAga (AkarSaNa - Asakti), (4) dveSa ( duzcintana), (5) krodha, (6) gAna, (7) mAyA ( kapaTa), (8) lobha, (6) hAsya, (10) rati (lagAva), (11) arati (udva ega), (12) bhaya, (13) zoka, (14) jugupsA / ye sabhI antaraMga parigraha nItizAstra ke anusAra anaitika pratyaya haiM / galata dhAraNA, Asakti, duzcintana, udva ega, zoka, kisI kI ha~sI ur3AnA, majAka banAnA, kapaTa karanA Adi sabhI anaitikatA ke janaka aura anaitika pravRttiyoM - vyavahAroM ko bar3hAne vAle haiM / kAmecchA, krodha, abhimAna Adi to spaSTa hI anaitika haiM / zramaNa ina caudaha antaraMga parigrahoM kA saMpUrNataH tyAga kara detA hai / kyoMki parigraha ko grantha athavA gA~Tha kahA gayA hai aura maNa nirgrantha hotA hai, usake hRdaya meM- aMtaraMga jIvana meM koI graMthi nahIM hotI / bAhya parigraha ke anaginata prakAra haiM- kintu AcAryoM ne kSa etra, vAstu, svarNa, dhana, dhAnya, dvipada, catuSpada, kupya ina bhedoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai | AcArya jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne isakA dasa kiyA hai / kintu ye sabhI bheda zrAvaka kI apekSA se haiN| kA koI bhI parigraha nahIM rakhate haiM / bhedoM meM vargIkaraNa zramaNa isa prakAra gRhastha ke lie ye bAhya parigraha bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiM, kyoMki Antarika icchA ke kAraNa vaha inakA saMgraha karatA hai / 1 (ka) praznavyAkaraNa sUtra TIkA, pRSTha 451 (kha) koho mANo mAyA lobhoM, pejjaM taheva doso ya / micchatta veda arai, rai hAso sogo bhaya dugaMcchA || 2 3 (ga) micchatta veda rAgA, hAsAdi bhaya hoMti chaddosA / cattAri taha kasAyA, cosa abbhaMtarA gaMthA // Avazyaka hAribhadrayA vRtti a0 6 khettaM vatthu dhaNa dhana saMcao mitta NAi saMjogI / jANaNAsaNANi ya, dAsI dAsa ca kuvvayaM // - pratikramaNatrayI, pR0 175 - bRhatkalpabhASya 831 For Personal & Private Use Only - bRhatkalpa bhASya 825

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326 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana lekina zramaNa, cU~ki antaraMga parigraha kA pUrNa tyAgI hotA hai, ataH usake Avazyaka upakaraNa bandhanakArI nahIM hote, apitu DA0 kamalacandra saugAnI ke zabdoM meM- " jisa prakAra zuddha bhAvoM ke abhAva meM zubhabhAva zramaNa-jIvana meM camaka-damaka utpanna karate haiM, usI prakAra bAhya upakaraNa bhI / aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM to bAhya upakaraNoM kA prayojana 'janatA kI pratIti' 'saMyama yAtrA kA nirvAha' aura " maiM sAdhu hU~ isa prakAra kA bodha" batAyA hai 12 isa dRSTi se zramaNa 14 prakAra ke upakaraNa rakha sakatA hai / nIti kI dRSTi se zramaNa ke lie antaraMga parigraha kA tyAga adhika mahatvapUrNa hai / (6-10) pA~ca indriyanigraha jJAna aura anubhava prApti ke sAdhana indriya kahe jAte haiM / ye pA~ca haiM - (1) sparzendriya -- isake dvArA sparza saMbandhI jJAna prApta hotA hai / (2) rasanendriya dvArA vibhinna prakAra ke rasoM kA AsvAda liyA jAtA hai / ( 3 ) ghrANendritha sugandha aura durgandha kA jJAna karAtI hai / (4) cakSuindriya ke mAdhyama se vibhinna prakAra ke sundara - asundara rUpoM kA jJAna hotA hai / ( 5 ) zrotrendriya priya-apriya svaroM-zabdoM ko grahaNa karatI hai / ?. Just as the Shubhabhavas in the absence of Shuddhabhavas adorn the life of the saint, so do these paraphernalia without any contradiction. -- Dr. K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, p. 123 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23, 32 3. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, saMvara dvAra, adhyayana 5, ke anusAra muni ke 14 upakaraNa - (1) pAtra (2) pAtra bandha ( 3 ) pAtra sthApanA ( 4 ) pAtra ke sarikA ( 5 ) paTala (6) rajastrANa (7) gocchaka, ( 8-10 ) vibhinna nApa kI 3 cAdareM ( 11 ) rajoharaNa (12) mukhavastrikA (13) mAtraka aura (14) cola paTTaka / (kha) mUlAcAra (14) ke anusAra muni (digambara) ke parigraha kA vargIkaraNa(1) jJAnopadhi ( svAdhyAya ke lie zAstra Adi) (2) saMyamopadhi ( mayUrapicchI) (3) zaucopadhi ( zarIra zuddhi ke hetu jala - pAtra - kamaMDalu ) Quoted by, Dr. K. C. Sogani : Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, P. 123 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 327 ina pA~coM indriyoM kI racanA hI aisI hai ki ye bAhyamukhI banI huI haiM / sparzana indriya anukUla sparza pAne ko lAlAyita rahatI hai to rasanA indriya madhura caTapaTe padArthoM kA AsvAdana karane ko lapakatI hai / ghrANendriya sadA hI sugandha sUMghanA cAhatI hai, senTa, paraphyUma Adi kA nirmANa isakI tRpti ke lie ho rahA hai / cakSa u indriya sundara rUpoM - dRzyoM ko dekhane ke lie lalacAtI hai / zrotra ndriya sadA hI priya madhura zabda sunanA cAhatI kintu ina indriyoM kI bAhyamukhI pravRtti adhyAtma-sAdhanA meM to vighna hai hI, anaitika bhI hai| kisI strI ke sundara mukha ko TakaTakI lagAkara dekhanA kitanA anaitika hai / isI prakAra anya indriyoM ko bhI khulA chor3a dene kA duSpariNAma mAnava ko kaTuphala ke rUpa meM bhoganA par3atA hai / zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha ina pA~coM indriyoM kA nigraha kare, inheM inake vikAroM aura viSayoM meM pravRtti na karane de / nItizAstra kI apekSA bhI viSaya vikAra naitika adhaHpatana ke mArga haiM | (11-14), kaSAya-viveka kaSAya cAra haiM - (1) krodha, (2) mAna (3) mAyA ( kapaTa) aura ( 4 ) lobha / dharma kI dRSTi se to kaSAya tyAjya haiM hI, sAmAjika, naitika yahA~ taka ziSTAcAra kI dRSTi se bhI yaha anAcaraNIya haiM / krodha ko to zAstroM meM aura yahA~ taka ki sAmAnya janatA dvArA caMDa, rudra kahA gayA hai / mAna sadA avanatikAraka hotA hai, kapaTa hRdaya kI saralatA kA nAza kara detA hai / lobhI vyakti sarvatra anAdara kA pAtra banatA hai / yadi lobha kI aura isI prakAra ina cAroM kaSAyoM kI tIvratA huI to vyakti ko anaitika banate dera nahIM lagatI / davaikAlika sUtra meM ina cAroM kaSAyoM ko pApa bar3hAne vAlI kahA gayA / krodha AtmA meM Atmaupamya bhAva yA vatsalatA, jo jIvana kA amRta hai use naSTa karatA hai / mAna se vinaya jo jIvana kI rasikatA hai, jisase vyakti ziSTa aura naitika samajhA jAtA hai, usa vinaya kA hI nAza ho jAtA hai / mAyA ( kapaTa) dvArA mitratA jo jIvana kA madhura avalambana hai, vaha AdhAra hI naSTa - vinaSTa ho jAtA hai tathA lobha, saMtoSa jaise naitika aura AdhyAtmika guNa ko samApta kara DAlatA hai | 1 dazakAlika a0 8, gAthA 36-37 For Personal & Private Use Only

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328 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana spaSTa hai ki vatsalatA, ziSTatA, madhuratA, saMtoSa Adi naitika pratyaya haiM aura inako naSTa karane vAle--viparIta guNa-dharma vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha anaitika athavA nIti virodhI pratyaya haiN| saccAI yaha hai ki jyoM-jyoM ina cAroM kaSAyoM kI mAtrA kama hotI jAtI hai, ye kaSAya nyUna se nyUnatama hote jAte haiM, vyakti utanA hI naitika dRSTi se unnata hotA jAtA hai| cUMki zramaNa meM ye cAroM bahata hI alpa hote haiM, vaha inakA viveka rakhatA hai, isIlie usakI naitikatA carama koTi kI hotI hai, vaha naitika carama kI sthiti para pahu~cA huA hotA hai| (15) bhAva-satya __ bhAva kA abhiprAya antaHkaraNa kI vRtti hai / jaba vyakti ke antaHkaraNa meM satya pratiSThita ho jAtA hai, pUrI taraha jama jAtA hai to usakI Antarika pravRttiyA~ satyaniSTha ho jAtI haiN| aisA vyakti dhArmika aura naitika-donoM hI dRSTiyoM se caramAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| . satya nItizAstra kA bhI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa naitika pratyaya hai / vahA~ bhI carama maitikatA kI dRSTi se satya kI antaHkaraNa (Conscious and sub-conscious mind) meM prabala aura prabhAvapUrNa dhAraNA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| (16) karaNa-satya karaNa zabda jaina paramparA kA eka viziSTa pAribhASika zabda hai / isakA abhiprAya bahuta gaharA hai / isakA abhiprAya hai-jisa avasara para jo kriyA karaNIya ho, use krnaa| zAstroM meM isake piMDavizuddhi Adi 70 prakAra batAye gaye haiN| kintu nItizAstra ke sandarbha meM itanI gaharAI meM jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / yahA~ karaNa-satya kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jo bhI kriyA kI jAya vaha satya se ota-prota ho / (17) yoga-satya. yoga kA abhiprAya hai mana-vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ / yogasatya meM mana-vacana-kAyA kI pravRttiyoM meM thor3I bhI kuTilatA apekSita nahIM hai; tInoM hI sarala aura satya se ota-prota hoN| bhAva-satya, karaNa-satya aura yoga-satya-tInoM hI paraspara-sApekSa haiM / antaHkaraNa kI satyatA se yoga Rju-sarala hote haiM aura inase prabhAvita 1. kajje sacceNa hoyavvaM-nizIthabhASya. 5245 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 326 kriyA bhI satya se ota-prota hotI hai| paraspara inakA kArya-kAraNa aura avinAbhAva sambandha hai| ina tInoM kI satyatA hI naitikatA kI carama sthiti hai| (18) kSamA kSamA ko daivI guNa kahA gayA hai| yaha zramaNa kA pramukha guNa hai| kSamA kA abhiprAya hai-krodha ko niSphala kara denA / cAhe jitanA bhI krodha kA avasara Aye, sAmane vAlA kitane hI apazabda kahe, kaisI hI tAr3anAtarjanA kare kintu apane mana meM bhI krodha utpanna na hone denA, nIra ke samAna zItala bane rhnaa|| nIti meM kSamA kA bahuta mahatva hai| eka nItikAra ne kahA haijisake hAtha meM kSamA rUpI zastra hai, usakA durjana kyA bigAr3a sakate haiM, unakA krodha usI prakAra zAMta ho jAyegA jisa prakAra tRNarahita sthAna para girane se agni svayaM hI bujha jAtI hai| loka meM bhI ukti pracalita haiar3ate se calatA bane, jalate se jala hoya / gAlI suna baharA bane, to kucha gaharA hoya / / 'gahare' se prastuta sandarbha meM naitika utkarSatA kA abhiprAya hai / kyoMki kSamAzIlatA tabhI vyavahAra meM saMbhava ho pAtI hai, jaba naitikatA usake hRdaya kI gaharAiyoM meM basI ho / (16) virAga virAga kA abhiprAya hai-rAga kI atyadhika alpatA athavA rAga kA abhaav| rAga athavA sneha kucha sImA taka anaitika pravRttiyoM ke prati uttaradAyI hotA hai| yadi mAnava ke mana meM saMsAra kI kisI bhI vastu kI alpatama icchA bhI zeSa hotI hai to usa vastu ko prApta karane ke lie vaha anaitikatA bhI apanA sakatA hai, yadi naitika sAdhanoM se vaha vastu prApta na huI to| (20-22) mana-vacana-kAya samAharaNatA mana-vacana-kAya ko akuzala athavA vyartha kI pravRttiyoM se rokakara kuzala athavA zubha pravRttiyoM meM lagAnA, mana-vacana-kAya samAharaNatA hai / 1. kSamA zastraM kare yasya durjanaH kiM kariSyati / atRNe patito vanhiH svayamevopazAmyati / / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra a0 26, sUtra 56-56 meM samAdhAraNatA zabda diyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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330 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana samAharaNatA kA abhiprAya hai - bahirmukhI pravRttiyoM meM jAte hue mana Adi ko rokanA aura unheM antarmukhI bnaanaa| unakA samyak prakAra se vyavasthApana yA viniyojana krnaa| vyartha ke saMkalpa-vikalpoM meM par3A mana adhArmika bhI hotA hai aura anaitika bhii| yahI sthiti vacana aura kAya kI bhI hai| . anaitika isa rUpa meM ki vyartha kA cintana duzcintana hI hai aura aisA duzcintana anaitika hI mAnA jAtA hai / (23-25.) jJAna-darzana-cAritra sampannatA jJAna kA abhiprAya hai-bhalI prakAra satya tathya ko jAnanA, darzana isa jAne hue satya tathya para vizvAsa karanA-zraddhA rakhanA aura cAritra isa batAye hue mArga kA AcaraNa karanA hai| ina tInoM se zramaNa sAdhaka ko saMpanna honA Avazyaka hai| yaha tInoM hI naitika dRSTi se Avazyaka haiN| kyoMki jJAnI hI zreyamArga aura pApa-mArga ko jAna sakatA hai, ajJAnI nahIM jAna sktaa| nIti kA mArga bhI zreya mArga hai aura usa mArga ko, jAnakara hI usakA AcaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. annANI kiM kAhI ? kiM vA nAhIi seya-pAvagaM / -dazavakAlika sUtra 4, 64 2. jisako naitika AcaraNa kahA gayA hai, dharma zAstroM meM use cAritra kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / cAritra ke pA~ca bheda haiM(1) sAmAyika cAritra-sabhI prakAra kI pApakArI pravRttiyoM kA tyAga karanA / (2) chaMdopasthApanIya cAritra- sarva sAvadya tyAga (sarva pApakArI pravattiyoM kA tyAga) kA chedazaH vibhAgazaH paMca mahAvratoM ke rUpa meM upasthApita (Aropita) krnaa| (3) parihA ravizuddhi cAritra-parihAra (prANivadha se nivRtti) / isameM karma kalaMka kI vi) ddhi viziSTa sAdhanA se kI jAtI hai / (4) sUkSmasaMparAya cAritra-isameM krodha, mAna, mAyA ye tIna kaSAya upa zAnta yA kSINa ho jAte haiM aura lobha sUkSma raha jAtA hai| (5) yathAkhyAta cAritra- isameM sabhI kaSAya yA to upazAnta ho jAte haiM, athavA kSINa ho jAte haiN| --uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28, 32-33, pR0 481-82 ke AdhAra se 3. sAmAyikacchedopasthApyaparihAravizuddhisUkSmasaMparAyayathAkhyAtAni cAritram / -tatvArtha sUtra 6, 18 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 331 ataH nIti ke anusAra bhI naitika AcaraNa ke lie yaha tInoM sampannatAe~ Avazyaka haiM / ( 26-27) vedanA aura mAraNAntika samAdhyAsanA sabhI prakAra kI vedanAoM, kaSToM, pIr3AoM aura yahA~ taka ki mRtyu ko bhI samabhAvapUrvaka bhoganA, svIkAranA, vedanA aura mAraNAntika samAdhyAsanA kahalAtI hai / vedanAoM ko jainAgamoM meM parISaha' nAma dekara 22 bhedoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai / bAIsa parISahoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai ( 1-2 ) kSudhA - pipAsA parISaha - bhUkha aura pyAsa kI tIvra vedanA se kaMThagata prANa ho jAne para bhI zramaNa niyamaviruddha ( akalpanIya ) bhojana, pAnI grahaNa nahIM karatA, samabhAva se ina vedanAoM ko bhogatA hai / ( 3- 4) zIta-uSNa parISaha - adhika ThaNDa par3ane para, zIta se rakSA ke nimitta vaha maryAdA se adhika vastra rakhane kI icchA nahIM karatA aura na hI agni se zarIra garma karane kI bhAvanA hI karatA hai, yahAM taka ki sUrya tApa meM bhI baiThane athavA khar3e hone kI AkAMkSA usake mana meM nahIM AtI hai / isI prakAra adhika garmI par3ane para vaha paMkhe Adi se havA nahIM karatA, zarIra ko zItalatA pahu~cAne kI icchA bhI nahIM karatA / ina donoM prakAra ke parISahoM ko samabhAva se sahana karatA hai / ( 5-6 ) daMza-mazaka parISaha - DA~sa, macchara Adi kAraNa hone vAlI pIr3A ko samabhAva se sahanA, durbhAva na lAnA, na unheM pIr3ita - prapIr3ita karanA / (7) acela parISaha - vastra phaTa gaye hoM, jIrNa-zIrNa ho gaye hoM athavA luTeroM ne chIna liye hoM to mana meM avasAda na karanA aura na yaha socakara * prasanna honA ki aba naye vastra mileMge, apitu samabhAva meM rahanA / kSudra jantuoM ke unake prati mana meM bhI (8) strI parISaha - strI ko bandhana, patana, Asakti kA kAraNa jAnakara unase dUra rahanA, mana meM vikArI bhAva na lAnA / isI prakAra strI 1 (ka) samavAyAMga, samavAya 22, sUtra 1 (kha) uttarAdhyayana sUtra, a0 2, parISaha pravibhakti adhyayana (ga) tatvArtha sUtra E / C For Personal & Private Use Only

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332 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sAdhikA ko bhI puruSa ke prati vikArI bhAva nahIM lAnA cAhie / isa vikAra ko jItanA caahie| (6) arati parISaha-aMgIkRta mArga zramaNAcAra kA pAlana karate hue kaThinAiyA~, asuvidhAe~ AyeM to khedakhinna na honA, svIkRta mArga ke prati mana meM aruci bhAva na lAnA, apitu dRr3hatApUrvaka isakA pAlana krnaa| (10) caryA parISaha-pAda vihAra (paidala calanA) meM hone vAle kaSToM ko samabhAvapUrvaka shnaa| (11) niSadyA parISaha-dhyAna, kAyotsarga Adi ke lie viSama bhUmi meM baiThanA par3e to citta meM avasAda na lAnA, samabhUmi kI icchA na krnaa| nirjana vana meM svAdhyAya dhyAna karate siMha, vyAghra, sarpa Adi hiMsra prANI bhI A jAye to bhayabhIta hokara Asana na chor3anA apitu apane dhyAna-svAdhyAya meM nirbhIkatA aura dRDhatA pUrvaka tallIna rahanA / (12) zayyA parISaha-sAdhu ke vizrAma ke lie jaisA bhI Ubar3a-khAbar3a athavA samasthAna mile to usameM rAgadveSa na karanA, yahI socakara samabhAva rakhanA ki mujhe to eka rAta hI rahanA hai, phira kyoM harSa-viSAda kruuN| (12) Akroza parISaha-apane prati kaThora, apriya vacana sunakara bhI mana meM krodha nahIM laanaa| (13) vadha parISaha-koI vyakti IrSyA-dveSa athavA Aveza meM Akara mAre-pITe to bhI usa para roSa na karanA, samabhAvapUrvaka sahanA / (14) yAcanA parISaha--'maiM ucca kula kA hU~, bhikSA kaise mA~gU ?' aisA vicAra na kara, sAdhu maryAdA ke anusAra AhAra, auSadhi Adi gRhasthoM se mAMgakara--yAcanA karake lenaa| (15) alAbha parISaha-vidhipUrvaka yAcanA karane para Avazyaka vastu kI prApti na ho to bhI citta meM kheda nahIM lAnA / (16) roga parISaha-pUrvakarmodaya ke kAraNa zarIra meM kisI prakAra kI roga-vyAdhi Adi utpanna ho jAya to Akula-vyAkula na honA, hAyahAya na karanA, samabhAvapUrvaka zAMta pariNAmoM se shnaa| (17) tRNa-sparza parISaha-tRNa kI zayyA Adi ke tRga zarIra meM cubhe athavA gamana karate samaya pairoM meM kA~Te kaMkara Adi cubhakara pIr3A utpanna kareM to usa pIr3A ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahanA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 333 (18) jalla parISaha-pasInA Adi se zarIra para dhUla jama jAya to mana meM ghRNA na lAnA, snAna saMskAra kI icchA na krnaa| (16) satkAra-puraskAra parISaha-jIvana meM zramaNa ko satkAra mile to garva nahIM karanA aura dutkAra mile to kheda nahIM karanA, samabhAva meM rahanA / apitu vRtti yaha rakhanI cAhie-- arghAvatArana asiprahArana meM sadA samatA dharana / (20) prajJA parISaha-yadi jJAna kA kSayopazama adhika hai, camatkAriNI prajJA hai to usakA mada na krnaa| (21) ajJAna parISaha-yadi jJAna kA kSayopazama kama hai, smati manda hai, sIkhA huA vismRta ho jAtA hai to mana meM hatAza-nirAza, khedakhinna na honaa| (22) adarzana parISaha-apanI zraddhA ko vicalita na hone denA, tIrthakara bhagavantoM ne jaise bhAva pharamAe haiM una para dRr3ha vizvAsa rkhnaa| parISahoM ke sAtha zAstroM meM upasarga zabda bhI AtA hai| yaha zabda bhI vedanA kA hI paricAyaka hai / upasarga tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-(1) devakRta (2) manuSyakRta aura (3) tiryaMcakRta / ye tInoM hI sAdhaka ko bhA~tibhA~ti kI pIr3A pahu~cAte haiM aura sAdhaka inheM samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karake kharA utaratA hai| ... yadyapi parISahoM (aura upasargoM kA bhI) kA antarbhAva zramaNa ke 26veM guNa vedanA-samAdhyAsanA meM ho jAtA hai, kintu yahA~ pRthaka varNana kA abhiprAya nItizAstragata inakA mahatva hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai-sukha se bhAvita jJAna duHkha utpanna hote hI vinaSTa ho jAtA hai, isalie yathAzakti apane Apa (AtmA) ko duHkha se bhAvita karanA caahie| yahA~ 'jJAna' zabda meM AcaraNa bhI antanihita hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki sAdhaka sukhazIliyA tathA suvidhAlolupI na bane, usameM samabhAva se kaSTa sahane kI bhI kSamatA Avazyaka hai, anyathA vighna-bAdhA, kaThinAI Ate hI vaha svIkRta supatha se vicalita ho sakatA hai| 1. suheNa bhAvidaM NANaM, duhe jAde viNamsati / tamhA jahAbalaM joI, appA dukkheha bhAviyo / / -A. kundakunda-aSTa pAhuDa, mokSapAhuDa 62 For Personal & Private Use Only

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334 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jo bAta dhArmika AcaraNa ke lie satya hai, vahI naitika AcaraNa ke lie bhI hai / nIti - sunIti para dRr3hatApUrvaka pragati karane ke lie virodha aura kaThinAiyoM ko sahana karane kI kSamatA Avazyaka hai, anyathA sAdhaka kA naitika patana hone meM dera nahIM lagatI / isI kAraNa zramaNa ke naitika-dhArmika guNoM meM parISaha - upasargoM ko samatApUrvaka sahana karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / .. dvAdaza anuprekSAe~ 'anuprekSA' kA artha hai - bAra-bAra dekhanA, gaharAI se dekhanA, sUkSmatA se dekhanA, usa para cintana-manana karanA aura apanI pUrva asaMgata dhAraNAoM ko citta meM se nikAlakara satya tathya ko mana-mastiSka meM dRr3hIbhUta kara lenA | jainazAstroM ke anusAra ina bhAvanAoM kI saMkhyA bAraha ' hai / (1) anityAnuprakSA - indriyoM ke viSaya, dhana- yovana aura yahA~ taka ki apane zarIra kI anityatA- kSaNabhaMguratA para cintana karanA / (2) azaraNAnuprekSA - - dhana-vaibhava, parivArIjana Adi koI bhI merA rakSaka nahIM hai / mRtyu, roga Adi se koI bhI rakSA nahIM kara sakatA / (3) saMsArAnupra ekSA- - isa sampUrNa saMsAra ke sabhI prANI duHkhI haiM koI dhana ke abhAva meM duHkhI hai to kisI ko dhanAdhikya ke kAraNa use chipAne kI cintA satA rahI hai / roga, bhaya, vyAdhi Adi aneka prakAra ke duHkha haiM, manuSya athavA koI bhI prANI sukha kI sA~sa bhI nahIM le pA rahe haiM / (4) ekatvAnuprakSA - merI AtmA akelI hI hai, yahI zAzvata hai aura anya sabhI saMyoga asthAyI haiM / (5) anyatvAnuprakSA - - yaha dhana, kuTumba parivAra Adi sabhI sAMsArika vastue~ anya haiM aura maiM inase bhinna - pRthaka hU~ / (6) azucianuprakSA - yaha zarIra azuci hai, nindita padArthoM se bharA hai, rakta, mAMsa, asthi Adi se bharA hai, sirpha UparI camar3I kI sundaratA dikhAI detI hai, vAstava meM isameM sundaratA hai hI nahIM / isake prati moha, sneha Adi rakhanA vyartha hai / 1. anityAzaraNasaMsAraMkatvAnyatvAzucitvA srava saMvara nirjarAloka bodhidurlabhamvAkhyAta tatvAnucintamanuprekSA / - umAsvAti : tatvArtha sUtra, adhyAya 6, sUtra 7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 335 (7) AsravAnaprekSA-Asrava kA abhiprAya hai karmoM kA Agamana / karmoM kA Agamana kisa prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM, vacana bolane aura kAyika pravRttiyoM se hotA hai, una para cintana-manana krnaa| (8) saMvarAna prakSA-ina Ate hue karmoM ko rokane ke upAyoM para vicAra krnaa| (8) nirjarAnaprekSA-pUrva meM jo karma AtmA se cipaka gaye haiM-baMdha gaye haiM, unako kSaya karane ke upAyoM kA cintana / (10) lokAnuprekSA--loka kI zAzvatatA-azAzvatatA Adi kA vicAra krnaa| (11) bodhidurlabha anuprakSA-bodhi kA abhiprAya hai-yathArtha aura tatvasparzI jJAna / aisA jJAna jIva ko honA kaThina hai / yaha jJAna kisa prakAra prApta hotA hai, una upAyoM kA cintana karanA / (12) dharmAnuprakSA-samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra rUpa dharma kA bArabAra cintana karanA, sAtha hI usa dharma ko jIvana meM utArane kI bhAvanA krnaa| yadyapi zAstroM meM inheM vairAgya bhAvanAe~ kahA gayA hai aura dhArmika jIvana meM inakA atyadhika mahatva hai; kintu sAtha hI naitika jIvana meM inakA mahatva nagaNya nahIM hai| anitya bhAvanA se jaba vyakti dhana Adi kI kSaNabhaMguratA ko jAna letA hai to unakA saMgraha nahIM karatA, isI prakAra azaraNa bhAvanA se usake mana meM virakti kI sphuraNA AtI hai to parivAra-sambandhI anaitikatAoM se vaha svayaM dUra ho jAtA hai / azuci bhAvanA use zarIra ke prati virakta banA detI hai taba vaha zarIra-sajjA, vibhUSA Adi ke nimitta kisI bhI prakAra kI anaitika pravRtti nahIM krtaa| __ isI prakAra kA prabhAva anyatva aura ekatva bhAvanA kA mAnava-mana para par3atA hai / Asrava bhAvanA ke prabhAva se vaha una duSpravRttiyoM kA tyAga kara detA hai jinase usakI svayaM kI AtmA bhI klezita ho aura anya prANiyoM ke lie pIr3AdAyaka sthiti kA nirmANa ho / ina anuprekSAoM dvArA vaha svayaM ko kaSTasahiSNu aura vizAlahRdaya vAlA banA letA hai, aura isa prakAra vaha uttama dharma ke pAlana yogya, uccatama koTi kI naitikatA ko dhAraNa karane meM sakSama ho jAtA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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336 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana uttama dharma dharma yahA~ guNoM ke rUpa meM hai / zramaNa athavA sAdhaka jaba anuprekSAoM (Reflection ) ko hRdaya meM dRr3hIbhUta kara letA hai to usake roma-roma meM ina uttama sadguNoM (Execellant Virtues ! kA vAsa ho jAtA hai, jinheM zramaNAcAra ke sandarbha meM dharma kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / jaina zAstroM meM aise uttama dharma' daza batAye gaye haiM / (1) kSamA- - krodha ke bAhya nimitta kitane bhI tIvra hoM kintu mana meM krodha na Ane denA / apane ghora aparAdhI aura apakArI ke prati kSamA bhAva rakhanA, kSamA kara denA / ( 2 ) mArdava - isakA abhiprAya mAna kA, abhimAna kA nirasana kara denA, hRdaya se nikAla pheMkanA; mRdutA aura vinamratA ko hRdaya meM basA lenA hai | (3) Arjava - chala, kapaTa, kuTilatA kA mUlocchedana | ( 4 ) zoca - lobha, lAlaca, lAlasA Adi ko nikAla pheMkanA / (5) satya - satya kA mana, vacana, kAya sarvAMga meM vAsa, roma-roma meM satya pratiSThita honA / (6) saMyama - mana, vacana, kAya aura sabhI indriyoM kA niyamana / ina sabhI kI akuzala vRttiyoM kA tyAga aura kuzala pravRttiyoM meM pravartana | (7) tapa - malina vRttiyoM kA zodhana karanA, unheM vizuddha banAnA / (8) tyAga - - parigraha - bAharI vastuoM ko grahaNa na karanA, tyAga denA / (e) AkiMcanya - vastuoM ke prati mamatva - apanepana ke bhAva kA tyAga karanA, niSparigrahatva ko dRr3ha karanA / (10) brahmacarya - kAmanAoM, vAsanAoM para vijaya prApta karanA / 1 (ka) dasavihe dhammaM paNa te ta jahA - 1. khaMtI 2. muttI 3. ajjave 4. maddave 5. lAghave 6. saMjame 7. sacce 8. tave 8. ciyAe 10. baMbhaceravAse / - samavAyAMga, samavAya 10, ( daza prakAra kA dharma kahA gayA hai- 1. kSAnti (kSamA) 2. mukti (Akicanya) 3. Arjava 4. mArdava 5. lAghava ( zauca ) 6. satya 7. saMyama 8. tapa 6. tyAga aura 10. brahmacarya 1 ) (kha) uttamaH kSamA mAdevArjava zauca satya saMyamatapastyAgAkiMcanyabrahmacaryANi dharmaH / - tatvArthasUtra 6, 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 337 ina sabhI dharmoM (Excellent virtues) kA nItizAstrIya mahatva spaSTa hai / kSamA dharma bhI hai aura uccakoTi kI naitikatA bhI / isI prakAra mArdava (mAna vijaya), Arjava (chala-kapaTa rahitA), zauca (lobha, lAlaca kA nirasana) sabhI naitika pratyaya haiN| satya to naitikatA kA AdhAra hI hai, isake abhAva meM tapa naitikatA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| yahI sthiti tapa, tyAga Adi ke viSaya meM hai / jo vyakti apanI kAmanAoM, vAsanAoM para niyantraNa nahIM kara sakatA, use naitika kauna kahegA ? ____ ataH spaSTa hai ki dharma jo Atmazodhana kI kriyA karatA hai, vahI zodhana kriyA uccakoTi kI naitikatA kA sarvocca lakSya hai| isa prakAra dharma aura nIti isa bindu para eka ho jAte haiM / tapa tapa zramaNa kA eka Avazyaka kartavya hai / vaha tapazcaryA kA mUrtamanta rUpa hotA hai / usakA samasta jIvana hI tapa rUpa bana jAtA hai / usakA mUla uddezya hotA hai-zodhana, zodhana vRttiyoM kA, pravRttiyoM kA, AtmA para lage karma-mala kA / isIlie kahA gayA hai-AtmazodhinI kriyA tapaH / jitanI bhI kriyAe~ Atma-zuddhi meM sahAyaka hotI haiM, una sabakI gaNanA tapa meM kI gaI hai| tapa jitanA Antarika jIvana-zodhana ke lie Avazyaka hai, utanA hI vaha vyakti ke vyavahAra ko, bAhya jIvana ko pariSkRta karatA hai, tapa se tapA huA vyakti kaMcana ke samAna nikharatA hai, usakA cAritrika aura naitika utkarSa hotA hai| jaina AgamoM meM tapa ke bAraha bheda batAye gaye haiM jinake bAhya aura Antarika tapa kI apekSA se chaha-chaha bheda kiye gaye haiN| tapa ke bAraha bheda bAhya tapa' ke bheda haiM-1 anazana 2 UnodarikA, 3 bhikSAcaryA 4 rasaparityAga 5 kAyakleza aura 6 pratisaMlInatA / 1 (ka) bAhirie tave chabihe paNNatta taM jahA aNasaNa mUNoyariyA bhikkhAyariyA ya rspriccaao| kAyakileso paDisaMlINayA vajjho tavo hoI // -bhagavatI za. 25, u0 7, sUtra 187 For Personal & Private Use Only

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338 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana Abhyantara tapa ke bheda-7 prAyazcitta 8 vinaya ha vaiyAvatya 10 svAdhyAya 11 dhyAna aura 12 vyuutsrg|| (1) anazana-anazana kA abhiprAya hai -AhAra na karanA / AhAra ke cAra prakAra haiM- 1 azana (anna) 2 pAna (jala, peya padArtha Adi) 3 khAdima (mevA, miSThAnna Adi) 4 svAdima (mukha ko sUvAsita karane vAle ilAyacI Adi pdaarth)| ina cAroM prakAra ke bhojya padArtha athavA 'pAna' ke atirikta tIna prakAra ke bhojya padArthoM kA tyAga anazana hai| (2) UnodarI-isake anya nAma avamaudarikA aura avamaudarya haiN| UnodarI kA abhiprAya hai-bhUkha se kama khAnA / isameM icchA niyamana kiyA jAtA hai| ... (3) vRttiparisaMkhyAna- isako aMga grathoM meM bhikSAcaryA kahA gayA hai| isakA eka nAma vRttisaMkSepa bhI hai| isameM apanI vRttiyoM ko bhojana, vastra Adi Avazyaka vastuoM ko uttarottara nyUna kiyA jAtA hai| vattisaMkSepa aura vattiparisaMkhyAna zabdoM kA nItizAstra meM adhika mahatva hai kyoMki apanI vRttiyoM ko vyakti jitanA niyamita karatA jAtA hai, utane usake dRr3ha kadama naitika utkarSa va carama kI ora bar3hate jAte haiN| (4) rasa-parityAga-isa tapa meM rasoM kA tyAga karake asvAda vRtti apanAI jAtI hai, svAdalolupatA se virakti hI isa tapa kA dhyeya hai| (kha) anazanAvamaudaryavRttiparisaMkhyAna rasaparityAgaviviktazayyAsanakAyaklepAH bAhyaM tpH| -tatvArtha sUtra 6, 16 [vizeSa-tatvArtha sUtra meM bhikSAcaryA ke sthAna para vRttiparisaMkhyAna diyA gayA hai / yaha zabda nIti kI apekSA adhika mahatvapUrNa hai; kyoMki bhikSAcaryA kevala zramaNa taka hI sImita hai, jabaki vRttiparisaMkhyAna tapa kA pAlana zramaNa aura zrAvaka-yahAM taka ki naitika jIvanacaryA apanAne vAlA sadgRhastha sabhI kara sakate haiN| 1 (ka) abbhintarae tave chavihe paNNate taM jahApAyacchittaM viNao veyAvaccaM sajjhAo jhANaM viussgo| -- bhagavatI prA. 25, u0 7, sUtra 217 (kha) prAyazcittavinayavaiyAvRtyasvAdhyAyavyutsargadhyAnAnyuttaram / -tatvArtha sUtra 6, 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 336 dra (5) kAyakleza - isa tapa meM vibhinna AsanoM dvArA kAyA yAnI zarIra ko anuzAsita kiyA jAtA hai, use kaSTasahiSNu banAyA jAtA hai, zarIra kI sukha-suvidhA lolupatA aura sukhazIlatA kI pravRtti ko samApta kiyA jAtA hai| sardI, garmI ke prAkRtika kaSTa to sAdhaka sahatA hI hai, vibhinna prakAra ke Asana Adi ke kaSTa svecchA se sahatA hai / (6) pratisaMlInatA - isa tapa meM vyakti indriyoM ko unake viSayoM se vimukha karatA hai, kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta karatA hai aura mana-vacana-kAya kI kupravRttiyoM ko rokatA hai / ina sabhI bAhya tapoM se zarIra aura AtmA kI zuddhi to hotI hI hai, sAtha hI yaha tapa naitika utkarSa va carama kI bhUmikA ko bhI dRr3ha karate haiM / anazana ko cikitsAzAstra meM zarIra kI nIrogatA ke lie uttama auSadhi batAyA gayA hai - "laMghanaM paramauSadham / " svastha zarIra meM svastha mastika kA nivAsa hotA hai, sAtha hI indriyoM kA vega kama hotA hai / unakA damana hotA hai, jo naitika utkarSa ke lie Avazyaka hai / UnodarI meM to icchAoM para breka lagAnA hI par3atA hai | sAmane svAdiSTa vyaMjanoM se thAla bharA rakhA hai, Agraha bhI ho rahA hai, rasanA cAhatI hai ki kucha miSThAnna aura caTapaTe padArthoM kA svAda liyA jAya, peTa meM bhUkha bhI hai, vaha bhI aura bhojana mAMga rahA hai, hAtha miThAI kI ora bar3hanA cAhate haiM, nAsikA bhI bhojana se uThatI madhura sugandha se lAlAyita ho rahI hai, A~kheM bhI miThAI aura namakIna ke sundara rUpa ko TakaTakI lagAye dekhanA cAhatI haiM, aise meM apane Apako rokanA, mana ko vaza meM karanA bar3A kaThina hai / isI apekSA se UnodarI anazana se bhI kaThina hai kyoMki isameM pAMcoM indriyoM aura mana ko vaza meM karanA hotA hai, icchAoM para niyantraNa karanA hotA hai| 'icchA' desire ) nItizAstra kA pramukha pratyaya hai, una para niyantraNa karanA, kama karanA, unheM naitika utthAna ke lie Avazyaka hai / yahI bAta vRttisaMkSepa aura pratisaMlInatA tapa ke lie hai / isI prakAra kAyakleza tapa se zarIra ko anuzAsita kiyA jAtA hai / anuzAsana kA mahatva naitika dRSTi se kitanA hai, yaha sarvajana vidita hai / Abhyantara tapa (7) prAyazcitta tapa -- - koI bhUla ho jAne para hRdaya se pazcAttApa pragaTa For Personal & Private Use Only

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340 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana karanA aura yogya daNDa svIkAra krnaa| zramaNa-jIvana meM apane doSoM kI AlocanA guru ke samakSa kI jAtI hai aura unase yogya daNDa-prAyazcita liyA jAtA hai / lekina naitikatA ke lie guru ke samakSa AlocanA karanA aura unase daNDa lenA anivArya nahIM hai| vyakti (zramaNa-zrAvaka) svayaM hI apane pariNAmoM (mAnasika bhAvoM), kahe hue zabdoM aura kAyika ceSTAoM para gaharI nirIkSaNa dRSTi rakhatA hai, svayaM hI turanta anutApa pragaTa karatA hai aura jisa vyakti ke prati kaTu zabda nikala gaye hoM, athavA anya koI aparAdha huA ho, usase niHsaMkoca kSamA mA~ga letA hai / Ananda zrAvaka ne jaba apane avadhijJAna ke viSaya meM gautama gaNadhara ko batAyA to unheM vizvAsa na huA, ve samajhe Ananda jhUTha bola rahA hai| lekina jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra se unheM yaha mAlUma haA ki Ananda kA kathana satya hai to ve apane ucca pada ke vyAmoha meM na par3e aura turanta jAkara Ananda se nissaMkoca sarala hRdaya se kSamA mA~gI / yaha gautama gaNadhara kI carama koTi kI naitikatA thii| (8) vinaya-vinaya tapa bhI hai, lokopacAra athavA ziSTAcAra bhI hai, sadAcAra bhI hai aura dhama kA mUla bhI hai, aura hai yaha mokSa phalapradAtA / isase ahaMkAra kA visarjana hotA hai aura hRdaya meM komala bhAvanAoM kA saMcAra hotA hai, aMtaraMga meM madhura vRttiyAM sajaga ho uThatI haiN| vinaya ucca koTi kI naitikatA hai, AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI aura sAMsArika dRSTi se bhii| vinayapUrNa vyavahAra sadaiva aura sarvatra prazaMsita hotA hai, vinayI vyakti sabhI jagaha sammAnita aura samAhata hotA hai| nItizAstra meM abhimAna kI gaNanA anaitika pratyayoM meM kI gaI hai to abhimAna kA nirasana karane vAle vinaya ko svayaMmeva hI netika pratyayoM meM sthAna prApta ho jAtA hai| vinayI vyakti apane isa guNa ke kAraNa nItivAna bana jAtA hai| 1 (ka) devendra muni zAstrI : bhagavAna mahAvIra eka anuzIlana (kha) munizrI kanhaiyAlAlajI kamala : dhrmkthaanuyog| 2 (ka) tatvArtha sUtra 6, 20 (kha) bhagavatI za. 25, u. 7, sU. 17 3 (ka) tatvArtha sUtra 6, 23 (kha) aupapAtika sUtra, tapa varNana 4 dazavakAlika 6, 2, 2-dhammassa viNao mUlaM For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 341 zAstroM meM vinaya ke sAta' bheda batAye gaye haiM, yadyapi ve sabhI nIti dRSTikoNa se mahatvapUrNa haiM, kintu mana-vacana-kAya vinaya aura cauthA lokopacAra vinaya kA isa sandarbha meM vizeSa mahatva hai / kevala kAyavinaya to pAkhaNDa mAtra hai / kAya se aura vacana se vinaya to dhUrta aura dhokhebAja bhI karate haiM, lokokti bhI hai - dagAbAja dUnA name; kintu vinaya vahI hai jisameM mana bhI saMyukta ho| isIlie ahaM visarjana ko vinaya kahA gayA hai / aise hI vinaya kA nIti meM aura dharma meM bhI mahatva hai / zramaNa apane gurujanoM tathA anya sAthI saMtoM ke sAtha jo hArdika vinayapUrNa vyavahAra karatA hai, mana meM vinaya ke bhAva rakhatA hai, aise vinayayukta vacana bolatA hai aura isI prakAra kI kAya ceSTAeM karatA hai, vaha saba kucha usakI ucca koTi kI naitikatA hI hai / (e) vaiyAvRtya - vaiyAvRtya kA abhiprAya samarpaNa bhAva se sevAvRtti hai / rogI, vRddha, azakta aura jarUratamaMda kI aglAna bhAva se sevA karanA vaiyAvRtya hai / sevA (servitude) ko binA kisI nanunaca ke naitikatA kahA jA sakatA hai aura sevA ke sAtha-sAtha samarpaNa kI bhAvanA jitanI bar3hatI jAtI hai vyakti kA naitika caritra bhI utanA hI uccakoTi kA hotA jAtA hai / kyoMki zramaNa meM samarpaNa kI bhAvanA sarvocca koTi kI hotI hai, usakI naitikatA bhI carama taka pahu~cI huI hotI hai / (10) svAdhyAya - svAdhyAya kA dhArmika, vaiyaktika, sAmAjika, vaijJAnika sabhI dRSTiyoM se atyadhika mahatva hai / vyAvahArika kSetra meM ise adhyayana kahA jAtA hai aura usa adhyayana kA lakSya hotA hai, sAMsArika jIvana ko sukhamaya banAnA, kintu dhArmika kSetra meM ise svAdhyAya kahA gayA hai / svAdhyAya kA artha hai, apanI AtmA kA - svayaM kA adhyayana karanA / Avazyaka sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zreSTha adhyayana kA nAma svAdhyAya' hai / AcArya abhayadeva ne bhalIbhA~ti maryAdA ke sAtha adhyayana ko 1 (ka) sthAnAMga 7, 585 2 Avazyaka sUtra 4 a. (kha) bhagavatI za. 25 u. 7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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342 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana svAdhyAya kahA hai / aura vaidika vidvAnoM ne 'svayamadhyayanam' tathA 'svasyaAtmano'dhyayanam ' svAdhyAya ke yaha do lakSaNa diye haiM / 2 pazcimI vidvAnoM ne to sadgranthoM ke adhyayana ko jIvana kA sarvottama sAthI kahA hai / vAstava meM svAdhyAya nandanavana hai | sadgranthoM ke adhyayana ke samaya mAnava apanI sArI Adhi-vyAdhi aura upAdhiyoM ko vismRta ho jAtA hai / use jIvana aura caritra nirmANakArI zikSAe~ milatI haiN| mana kI hatAzA, nirAzA samApta hokara navIna AzA, ullAsa aura sphUrti kA saMcAra ho jAtA hai / nItizAstra ubhayamukhI hai / vaha vyakti ke bAharI - laukika jIvana ko bhI sukhI karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura sAtha hI usake Antarika jIvana ko bhI Ananda se ota-prota kara denA cAhatA hai / isa dRSTi se svAdhyAya ke ve sabhI rUpa nItizAstra ko grAhya haiM, jo jIvana kA nirmANa karate haiM, ise nikhArate haiM aura camakAte - damakAte haiM / svAdhyAya dharma sambandhI kartavya bhI hai aura nIti meM bhI sadgranthoM kA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hai / AtmA ke adhyayana ke rUpa meM vyakti svayaM ke andara chipI par3I anaitikatAoM kA zodhana karatA hai, unheM nikAla pheMkatA hai, unmUlana kara detA hai / svAdhyAya kA naitika aura dhArmika dRSTi se sabase bar3A lAbha cittavRttiyoM kA zodhana aura mana kA ekAgra honA hai / 11. dhyAna -- dhyAna zabda bahuta vyApaka hai / isakA prayoga dharmazAstroM meM bhI hotA hai, yoga - mArga meM bhI aura sAdhAraNa bolacAla meM bhI, jaise saralatA se kaha diyA jAtA hai - tumane amuka bAta kA dhyAna nahIM rakhA ; tuma merA bilkula bhI dhyAna nahIM rakhate ho, agara tumane dhyAna rakhA hotA to tumhArI pAkiTa se parsa na giratA yA jeba na kaTatI / isa prakAra ke vAkya sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA meM prayoga kara hI diye jAte haiM / yogazAstra meM dhyAna kA artha bahuta gaharA hai, vahAM mana-vacana kAyatInoM yogoM kI akaMpa dazA ko dhyAna kahA gayA hai / lagabhaga yahI sthiti dharma sAdhanA aura dharmAcAra ke sandarbha meM bhI hai / 1 sthAnAMga 2, 230 2 devendra muni zAstrI : jaina AcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR0 585 3 (ka) tatvArtha sUtra 6, 27 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 343 kintu nItizAstra isa viSaya meM itanI gaharAI meM nahIM jAtA / dhyAna kA vaha itanA hI abhiprAya mAnatA hai ki mana sthira aura zAnta rahe, tathA buddhi meM naI-naI sphuraNAe~ hoM aura yaha sthiti zubhatva kI ora mana (mind) kI sthiratApUrvaka laganazIlatA se prApta hotI hai / ____ isa dRSTi se, jaisAki dharmazAstroM, AcArazAstroM aura yahAM taka ki manovaijJAnikoM (psychologists) dvArA bhI varNita hai, dhyAna ke do bheda hote haiM-(1) durdhyAna aura (2) sudhyAna / nItizAstra bhI isa dhAraNA se sahamata hai / yahAM sudhyAna ko good attention aura duAna ko bad attention kahA jA sakatA hai| dharmazAstroM meM ina donoM dhyAnoM ke do-do bheda aura batAye gaye haiN| duni ke do bheda haiM-(1) ArtadhyAna aura (2) raudradhyAna / sudhyAna ke do bheda haiM-(1) dharmadhyAna aura (2) zukladhyAna / tatvArtha sUtra meM sudhyAna ko mokSa kA hetu kahA gayA hai| anya sabhI Agama aura Agametara jaina granthoM meM bhI yahI vicAra pragaTa kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI saMsAra meM jitanI bhI dharma paramparAeM pracalita haiM, sabhI meM siddhAntataH inhIM vicAroM kI puSTi prApta hotI hai| raudradhyAna-dAna kA nikRSTatama rUpa hai| raudradhyAnI vyakti ke mastiSka meM hiMsA ke, asatya ke, corI ke aura viSaya bhogoM tathA unake sAdhanoM ke saMrakSaNa ke vicAra calate rahate haiN| aisA vyakti kisI ko pIr3ita karake, jhUTha bolakara, kisI ko ugakara, corI karake khuza hotA hai, harSita hotA hai, apane ko saphala mAnatA hai| aisA vyakti ghora anaitika hotA hai, nIti kA use sparza bhI nahIM hotA, usake hRdaya meM hamezA karatA (cruelty) bharI rahatI hai| aise kara vyaktiyoM kI gaNanA ghora anaitika vyaktiyoM meM kI jAtI hai / (kha) Avazyaka niyukti 1456 , 63, 67, 68, 66, 74, 76, 77, 78, Adi gaathaaeN| (ga) pAtaMjala : yogazAstra 3, 2 Adi sUtra / (gha) dhyAna zataka Adi grantha 8. Ethics regards attention as to enhance the intelligence, rather say, creative intelligenee which can be attained by steady application of mind to good. -Wiiliam Geddie For Personal & Private Use Only

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344 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ArtadhyAna-yaha bhI durdhyAna to hai, kintu raudradhyAna kI apekSA isakI tIvratA kama hai / yadyapi ArtadhyAnI vyakti ke mana-mastiSka meM IrSyA, dvaSa Adi durbhAvanAe~ bhI hotI haiM kintu inakI tIvratA raudradhyAnI kI apekSA kama hotI hai| zoka, cintA, Akrandana, rudana, kleza, vilApa Adi bhI yaha karatA hai| ___vastutaH ArtadhyAnI vyakti sukhavAdI hotA hai, apanA sukha hI ise abhIpsita hotA hai| isalie yaha apriya vastu ke saMsarga se dUra rahanA cAhatA hai aura priya vastu yA vyakti ko apanAnA cAhatA hai| yaha kisI prakAra kI pIDA nahIM cAhatA, thor3I sI bhI por3A hote hI, cillAne lagatA hai aura use dUra karane ke upAyoM kA cintana karane lagatA hai, AgAmI kAla aura jIvana meM bhI sukha hI cAhatA hai-sukha bhI saMsArI-mAnasika, vAcasika aura kAyika; Atmika sukha kI ora isakI pravRtti nahIMvat hotI hai| yaha dAna, puNya, tapa, bhakti Adi jitanI bhI kriyAe~ karatA hai, unakA pramukha lakSya laukika sukha-prApti hotA hai / isake hRdaya meM aneka prakAra kI icchAoM-AkAMkSAoM kA vAsa rahatA hai| __ isI kAraNa vaha bAta-bAta meM zaMkA karatA hai, bhayabhIta-sA banA rahatA hai / isakA citta bhramita rahatA hai, kAyaratA aura vastuoM meM mUrchA bhAva bhI rahatA hai / isameM nindaka vRtti, zithilatA, pramAda, jar3atA, lokai. SaNA, dhanaiSaNA, bhogaiSaNA kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| bhramita citta aura praSaNAoM se prabhAvita hokara dhana-sampatti, aizvarya Adi kI, putra-putrI kI prApti, zarIra-sukha aura nIrogatA tathA sukhadAyI vastuoM kI lAlasA ke kAraNa yaha vibhinna prakAra ke devI-devatAoM, mar3hI-masAna Adi kI pUjA-mAnyatA bhI karatA hai aura vibhinna prakAra kI manautiyAM bhI mAMgatA hai| isI apekSA se dharmazAstroM meM ArtadhyAna ko bhI mokSa kA hetu na mAnakara saMsAra kA hetU hI kahA gayA hai| aise vyakti ko ghora anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA to naitika kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hai kyoMki vaha usI sImA taka naitika rahatA hai, jahA~ taka usake vyaktigata svArtha meM bAdhA na par3e anyathA vaha naitika niyamoM ke taTabandhoM ko tor3a detA hai, galiyAM nikAla letA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 345 usameM naitika niSThA kI kamI hotI hai aura vaha apane sukha aura svArtha ko, bhautika vaibhava ko bilkula bhI nahIM chor3anA caahtaa| dharmadhyAna---zAstroM kI bhASA meM yaha mokSa kA hetu hai aura nItizAstra kI bhASA meM naitikatA kA / dharmadhyAnI vyakti ke hRdaya meM udAratA kA vizeSa guNa hotA hai / vaha apane svArtha kA tyAga karake bhI anya vyaktiyoM kI sevA-sahAyatA karatA hai| dayA, maitrI bhAvanA, sarvakalyANa kAmanA, zAMti, kSamA, paraduHkhakAtaratA, satyavAditA, ahiMsAvRtti, acauryatA Adi jitane bhI sadguNa haiM, usake hRdaya meM isI prakAra Akara vAsa karate haiM jaise puSpoM meM sugandha / mUrchA, pramAda, lAlasA, lokaiyaNA, dhaneSaNA, bhogaiSaNA, nindA, vikathA Adi durguNa isake hRdaya se usI prakAra nikala bhAgate haiM jaise sUrya kA prakAza hote hI andhakAra vilIna ho jAtA hai| ina durguNoM ke dUra hone aura sadguNoM ke sadbhAva tathA unakI niraMtara vRddhi se vyakti naitika carama kI sthiti para pahu~ca jAtA hai| zukladhyAna-sIdhI mokSa kI sAdhanA hai, vaha nIti kI sImA se bAhara hai| zukladhyAna meM avasthita AtmA apane Atmika-zuddha Atmika bhAvoM meM hI nimagna rahatA hai, laukika vRtti-pravRtti vahA~ nahIM rahatI, isIlie vaha nIti se atIta hai, Upara uThA huA hai / - vyutsarga tapa-'vyutsarga' kA zAbdika artha vizeSa rUpa se utsarga athavA tyAga karanA hai| isameM niHsaMgatA, anAsakti aura nirbhayatA ko manamastiSka meM dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai tathA jIvana kI lAlasA kA parityAga hotA hai| nItizAstra kI apekSA se 'jIvana kI lAlasA kA tyAga' kA abhiprAya sabhI prakAra kI AzAoM aura tRSNAoM kA tyAga liyA jA sakatA hai / vastutaH AzA aura tRSNA ke tyAga ke uparAnta hI mAnava meM nirbhayatA kA bhAva dRr3ha hotA hai, tabhI isameM anAsakti kI bhAvanA gaharAI se jamatI hai aura phira use kisI ke saMga-sAtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| ___anAsakti, nirbhayatA Adi zubha naitika pratyaya haiN| inakI caramAvasthA hI naitika carama hai| pravacanamAtA sAdhu ke AcAra meM pravacana mAtA kA sthAna atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hai| inakA vidhAna mahAvratoM kI surakSA aura vizuddhatA ke lie kiyA gayA hai| yaha saMkhyA meM 8 haiM-tIna gupti aura pA~ca samiti / For Personal & Private Use Only

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346 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana inako uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM pravacanamAtA kahA hai aura isakA kAraNa yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ina AThoM meM sArA pravacana samA jAtA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se inako pravacanamAtA kahane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jisa prakAra mAtA apanI sAvadhAnI aura viveka tathA jAgarUkatA se yatnapUrvaka zizu kI rakSA, tathA usakA saMvardhana karatI hai, isI prakAra yaha samitigupti bhI mahAvratoM kI surakSA aura unakA saMvardhana karatI haiM / gupti aura samiti kA hArda yatanA hai, jise jayaNA bhI kahA gayA jaba mahAvIra ke samakSa jijJAsU sAdhakoM ne jijJAsA rakhI ki hama kisa prakAra caleM, baiThe, soveM, khAveM ityAdi sabhI pravRttiyAM kareM jisase hameM pApa karmoM kA bandha na ho / 3 yaha satya hai ki mAnava-jIvana meM pravRtti Avazyaka hai, anivArya hai| jaba taka jIvana hai, mAnava binA pravRtti kiye raha hI nahIM sktaa| bhagavAna bhI isa tathya ko jAnate the ataH unhoMne samAdhAna diyA yatanApUrvaka calane, baiThane, sone, khAne (Adi sabhI prakAra kI kriyAe karate hue) se pApa baMdha nahIM hotaa| vAstava meM samiti-gupti aura vizeSa rUpa se samiti-yatanA athavA sAvadhAnI aura satata jAgarUkatA hai / zramaNa apanI samasta kriyAe~ aura pravRttiyAM sAvadhAnIpUrvaka karatA hai| samiti aura gupti meM antara pravRtti aura nivRtti kA hai| viveka donoM meM hI Avazyaka hai / vivekapUrvaka pravRtti karanA samiti hai aura apane jJAna-darzana-cAritra tathA Atma-tatva kI rakSA hetu azubha yogoM ko rokanA gupti hai| 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/1 2 (ka) vahI 24, 3, (kha) vahI 24, 3 lakSmIvallabha TIkA (ga) uttarAdhyayana bRhahavRtti patra 513, 14 3 dazavakAlika sUtra 4, 36 4 vahI 4, 31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 347 samiti samiti 5 haiM - (1) IryA samiti (2) bhASA samiti (3) eSaNA samiti (4) AdAna bhaNDamAtra nikSepaNa samiti (5) uccAra-prasravaNazleSma-siMghANajalla pariSThApanikA samiti / (1) IryA samiti-IryA kA artha gamana hai, ataH gamana viSayaka sadpravRtti ko IryA samiti kahA gayA hai| isakA abhiprAya hai-calate samaya idhara-udhara dRSTi na rakhakara mArga para hI rakhanI cAhie aura hAtha cAra Age dekhakara calanA cAhie, jisase kisI kSudra jantu kI prANa-hAni na ho jAya / nItizAstrIya dRSTikoNa IryAsamiti ko aura bhI vizada rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai jIva-rakSA kI bhAvanA to hai hI, svayaM apanI bhI rakSA hotI hai-paira meM coTa nahIM lagato, pA~va gandagI se nahIM bharatA, kAMTA kaMkara nahIM lagatA / sAmAnya nAgarika AcAra ke dRSTikoNa se bhI isakA bahuta mahatva hai / Aja ke yuga meM loga calane meM bahuta lAparavAha ho gaye haiM, tabhI to itane eksIDeMTa ho rahe haiN| ataH IryAsamiti athavA gamanAgamana kI sAvadhAnI pratyeka dRSTikoNa se upayogI hai, lAbhaprada hai aura sabhI ke lie pAlanIya hai / yAtAyAta ke niyama Traffic Rules svayaM isameM sadha jAte hai| ... (2) bhASA samiti- bhASA athavA vANI kA bahuta mahatva hai| krodha, mAna, kapaTa, lobha, hAsya, bhaya, mukharatA Adi doSoM se rahita, avasara ke anukUla aura parimita bhASA bolanA bhASA samiti hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaTu bhASA, vyaMgokti Adi marmakArI tathA dUsare ko pIr3ita karane vAlI bhASA nahIM bolanI cAhie / bhASA viveka hI bhASA samiti hai| bhASA, vANI yA vacana, nItizAstra kA pramukha vivecya viSaya hai / aneka santa kaviyoM aura nItizAstriyoM ne isa para bahuta likhA hai, aneka -tatvArtha sUtra 6,5 (kha) jJAnArNava 18/5-7 1. IryAbhASeSaNAdAnanikSepotsargAH samitayaH / 2. (ka) uttarAdhyayana satra 24, 4 (ga) mUlArAdhanA 6/1161 3. (ka) uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/6-10 (kha) yogazAstra 1/37 For Personal & Private Use Only

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348 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sUktiyoM aura dohoM kI racanA kI hai| eka saMskRta nItizAstrakAra ne to yahA~ taka likhA hai ki mUrkhajana hI pattharoM ko ratna kahate haiM, vAstava meM to saMsAra meM tIna hI ratna haiM-anna, jala aura subhASita- madhura vacana / (3) eSaNA-eSaNA kA artha hai-khojanA, gaveSaNA krnaa| sAdhvAcAra ke sandarbha meM nirdoSa AhAra kI gaveSaNA karanA, use grahaNa karanA aura udarastha karanA eSaNA samiti hai| isI prakAra upadhi aura zayyA kI gaveSaNA karanA bhI eSaNA samiti hai| lekina nIti eSaNA ko vistRta artha meM grahaNa karatI hai| vahAM zuddha AhAra to apekSita hai, kyoMki anna kA prabhAva mAnasika cittavattiyoM para par3atA hai, kintu anya sabhI sAdhanoM kI gaveSaNA bhI isameM sammilita hai|| - nIti kA siddhAnta hai ki sAdhya kI pavitratA ke sAtha-sAtha sAdhanoM kI pavitratA bhI ati Avazyaka hai / sadoSa athavA anucita sAdhanoM se zubha dhyeya ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura yadi kisI prakAra prApta kara bhI liyA jAya to vaha anaitika hI hogA, dIrghakAla meM usakA pariNAma viparIta hI sAmane AyegA, ataH sAdhana pavitra hoM aura ucita rUpa se prApta kiye gaye hoM tathA unakA upayoga bhI sahI prakAra se ho| (4) AdAna-bhANDa mAtra-nikSepaNA samiti--tatvArtha sUtra meM ise AdAnanikSepaNa samiti kahA gayA hai| bhAva yaha hai ki kisI bhI vastu ko uThAnA athavA rakhanA ho to dekhabhAla kara uThAnA-rakhanA caahie| isase kSudra jIvoM kI hiMsA se to bacAva hotA hI hai, una vastuoM kI surakSA bhI hotI hai, ve jaldI TUTatI-phUTatI nahIM, adhika samaya taka kAma detI haiM, upayoga-yogya banI rahatI haiN| isa prakAra kI sAvadhAnI vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI Avazyaka hai| vyaktigata, pArivArika, naitika Adi sabhI prakAra kI jIvana vidhAoM meM isakA mahatva spaSTa hai| (5) uccAra-prasravaNa-zleSma-siMghANa-jalla pariSThApanikA samiti- yaha sabhI zarIra maloM ke nAma haiM / uccAra kA artha hai viSThA, prasravaNa mUtra ko 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/11-12 2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/13-14 3 tatvArtha sUtra 6, 5 4 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/15 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 346 kahate haiM, zleSma kapha kA nAma hai / bhAva yaha hai ki utsarga arthAt pheMkane bhogya vastu ko dekhabhAla kara aisI jagaha pheMkanA cAhie jisase na to kisI jantu kI hAni hI ho aura na (mAnava Adi) kisI ko asuvidhA hI ho / tatvArtha sUtra meM isa samiti kA nAma utsarga samiti' diyA gayA hai| isakA vyAvahArika evaM naitika mahatva spaSTa hai| gupti gupti kA abhiprAya hai---mana-vacana-kAya kI akuzala vRttiyoM ko rokanA, unakA nigraha krnaa| akuzala pravRtti kA abhiprAya hai-saMraMbha, samArambha, Arambha kI ora mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRtti / akuzala ko hI jaina darzana meM asamyak kahA gayA hai| ina asamyaka pravattiyoM kA nigraha karanA aura samyak pravRtti meM yogoM ko lagAnA gupti hai / gupti zabda se do abhiprAya vyaMjita hote haiM-(1) gopana karanA arthAt bAhya jagata kI ora se khIMcakara, nirodha karake yoga-vyApAra ko darzana-jJAna-cAritra Adi AtmabhAvoM meM sthira karanA aura gopana kA dUsarA abhiprAya hai, azubha vyApAroM-vRttiyoM se rakSA-surakSA krnaa| ___inameM se akuzala pravRttiyoM kA nirodha nivRtti rUpa aura kuzala pravRttiyoM meM pravartamAnatA pravRttirUpa hai / mana ke vicAroM kI pravRtti 1 satya 2 asatya 3 mizra--satya-asatya mizrita aura 4 anubhaya-na satya, na asatya apitu loka vyavahAra-ina cAra rUpoM meM hotI hai| yahI 4 bheda vacana-pravRtti ke bhI haiN| isI kAraNa manogupti aura vacanagupti ke bhI cAra-bheda hote haiN| (1) manogupti-saMraMbha, samArambha aura Arambha meM pravRtta hue mana ke vyApAra ko rokanA manogupti hai|' 1 tatvArtha sUtra 6, 5 2 samyagyogani graho guptiH / tatvArtha sUtra 6, 4 3 gopanaM guptiH- manaH prabhRtInAM kuzalAnanaM pravartanamakuzalAnAm ca nivrtnmiti""| -sthAnAMga vRtti pR. 105, 106 4 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 24/21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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350 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (2) vacanagupti-vacana ke saMrambha, samArambha aura Arambha rUpa vyApAra ko rokanA vacana gupti hai / vikathA, kaTu bhASA Adi na bolanA bhI vacana gupti hai| vAcanA, pRcchanA, praznottara Adi meM viveka rakhanA-napI-tulI bhASA bolanA aura anyatra mauna rahanA vacanagupti hai / vastutaH vANI viveka, vANI saMyama aura vANI nirodha ko hI vacanagupti kahA gayA hai| (3) kAyagupti-saMrambha, samArambha, Arambha meM pravRtta kAyayoga kA nirodha karanA tathA sone-jAgane, uThane-baiThane, calane-phirane aura indriyoM ke prayoga meM kAyayoga kA nigraha kAyagupti hai| - akuzala aura kuzala karmoM ke lie nItizAstra meM azubha aura zubha zabda diye gaye haiM / mana-vacana-kAya kI azubha pravRttiyA~ vahA~ bhI anaitika haiM, karane yogya nahIM haiM aura zubha pravRttiyA~ AcaraNIya haiM, naitika haiM / guptiyoM kI jaisI avadhAraNa dharmazAstroM meM hai, vaisI hI nIti meM bhI hai / isameM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| ina samiti guptiyoM ke yoga se zramaNa sAdhaka apane svIkRta mahAvrata Adi 27 guNoM kA paripAlana karatA huA naitika carama kI ora bar3hatA hai| sva-para kalyANa isa sampUrNa vivecana se yaha dhAraNA banA lenA ucita nahIM hogA ki zramaNa kI samasta sAdhanA sva kendrita hai, vaha apanI hI AtmA ke utthAna meM lIna rahatA hai| apitu satya yaha hai ki vaha apane kalyANa ke sAtha anya janoM, dUsare logoM-manuSyoM aura yahA~ taka ki jIvamAtra ke prati kalyANa-bhAvanA rakhatA hai aura jahAM taka sambhava ho sakatA hai, kalyANa karatA bhI hai| 1 uttarAHyayana sUtra 24/22-23 2 vAcana pRcchana prazna vyAkaraNAdiSvapi sarvathA vAGa nirodharUpatve, sarvathA bhASAnirodha rUpatvaM vAggupterlakSaNaM / --Arhat darzana dIpikA 5/644 3 uttarAdhyayana satra 24/24-25. For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 351 jainAcAra meM jitanA mahatva sva- kalyANa ko diyA gayA hai, utanA hI mahatva para - kalyANa ko bhI diyA gayA hai / para kalyANa kI bhAvanA kisI bhI rUpa meM sva-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se kama nahIM hai apitu kucha adhika hI hai / tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ko kevalajJAna prApta hone para unakI mukti to nizcita ho hI jAtI hai / yadi ve eka sthAna para bhI abasthita raheM to bhI unakI mukti meM koI bAdhA nahIM A sakatI, kyoMki ve vItarAga ho cuke hote haiM / phira bhI ve bhramaNa karate haiM; dezanA dete haiM / usakA kAraNa eka hI hai - sarva jIvoM kI kalyANa bhAvanA, dayA kI bhAvanA / isa bhAvanA ko jaina zramaNa bhI hRdaya meM rakhakara navakalpI vihAra karate hue bhagavAna dvArA diye gaye - vihAra cariyA muNINaM pasatthA isa sUtra kA pAlana karate haiM aura apane sadupadezoM dvArA logoM kA saddharma kI rAha dikhAte haiM, usa para calane kI preraNA dete haiM / isa vihAra aura vyAvahArika paristhitiyoM meM, saMsAra se nirlepa hote hue bhI sAdhaka ko dharma kI prabhAvanA, logoM kI A~khoM se mur3hatA kA pardA haTAne ke lie, jana-jIvana kI dazA sudhArane hetu athavA zramaNa saMgha kI surakSA, suvyavasthA banAye rakhane kI prakriyA meM aise nirNaya bhI lene par3ate haiM, jo una paristhitiyoM meM anivArya hote haiM aura jinakA vidhAna sAmAnya zramaNAcAra sambandhI niyamoM meM nahIM hotA / hama yahAM eka do dRSTAnta aise deMge jo sIdhe vyAvahArika paristhitiyoM sambandhita haiM / Arya suhasti kA vyAvahArika nirNaya Arya suhastikA zramaNa saMgha jisa samaya ujjayinI meM ThaharA huA thA, vahA~ bhayaMkara akAla par3a gyaa| prajA-jana dAne-dAne ko mohatAja ho gye| bar3I kaThina sthiti sAmane A gaI / lekina tatkAlIna ujjayinI nareza saMprati zramaNa saMgha ke prati vizeSa rUpa se zraddhA rakhatA thA / isalie usane gupta Adeza jArI kara diyA ki zramaNoM ko kisI bhI prakAra kA abhAva na hone paaye| una vastuoM kA mUlya rAjakoSa se de diyA jAyegA / isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki aise bhayaMkara akAla meM bhI zramaNoM ko paryApta mAtrA meM bhikSA mila jAtI thI / Arya suhasti ke gurubhAI Arya mahAgiri ne unheM sAvadhAna kiyA / kahA- kharIdA huA bhojana zramaNa ko nahIM lenA cAhie, yaha AhAra eSaNA sambandhI doSa hai / ise rokA jAnA cAhie / doSa sevana ucita nahIM hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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352 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yadyapi Arya suhasti bhI jAnate the ki zramaNa ko kharIdA huA bhojana nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie, yaha doSa hai / kintu unake samakSa saMgha- rakSA kA prazna thA / unake mana-mastiSka meM zuddha zramaNAcAra aura paristhiti kI vikaTatA kA dvandva calA, kAphI UhApoha kiyA / anta meM isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce-na dharmaH dhArmika vinA- jaba dhArmika jana-dharma kA anupAlana karane vAle hI nahIM raheMge to dharma bhI kahA~ TikegA / isa sUtra ke prakAza meM unhoMne vyAvahArika nirNaya liyA, zramaNoM ko vaisA bhojana grahaNa karane se nahIM rokA / isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki zramaNa saMgha suvyavasthita rahA, akAla kI kAlI chAyA meM bhI zramaNa jana Atyantika kSudhA kI vedanA se kAla kavalita nahIM hue aura sukAla hone para unhoMne doSa sevana bhI tyAga diyA / dharmazAstrIya bhASA meM ise apavAda mArga kahA jA sakatA hai, jisakA artha hI hai vikaTa paristhitiyoM meM viziSTa nirNaya / nIti kI bhASA meM ise naitika athavA vyAvahArika nirNaya kahA jAyegA; kyoMki nIti bhI dharmAbhimukhI hotI hai; naitika nirNaya bhI dharma aura sadAcAra evaM zuddhAcAra kI rakSA ke nimitta hI lie jAte haiM / apavAda mArga kA sevana zramaNa jAna-bUjhakara usI sthiti meM karatA hai, jaba use vizvAsa ho jAtA hai ki apavAda sevana kiye binA jJAna-darzanacAritra Adi Atmika guNa surakSita nahIM raheMge / isI prakAra naitika niyama bhI dharma kI rakSArtha hote haiM / nirdhana sevA kI preraNA AcArya hemacandra ko eka nirdhana vRddhA ne bar3e bhakti bhAvapUrvaka apane hAtha se bunI huI cAdara bheMTa dI / AcArya usI moTI khuradarI cAdara ko kaMdhe para DAle pATana pahu~ce / pATana usa samaya gujarAta kI rAjadhAnI thI aura vahAM kA nareza AcAryazrI kA parama bhakta thA / usane eka bahuta hI kImatI cAdara dekara AcAryazrI se vinamra nivedana kiyA "gurudeva ! yaha cAdara bahuta hI moTI aura bhaddI hai / mujhe ise dekhakara bahuta hI lajjA aura glAni hotI hai ki mere guru hokara bhI Apake zarIra para aisI khuradarI cAdara rhe| Apa ise utArie, merI cAdara grahaNa karie / " For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 353 AcArya ne ojasvI svara meM kahA "kumArapAla ! yaha cAdara lajjA aura glAni kA hetu nahIM hai| lajjA to tumheM isa bAta kI honI cAhie ki tumhArI prajA itanI nirdhana hai / prajA ke prati tumhArI upekSA glAni kA kAraNa bananI caahie|" hemacandrAcArya ke ina zabdoM ne rAjA kumArapAla ko usakA kartavyabodha karA diyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa hajAroM-lAkhoM vidhavAoM aura anAthoM ke abhAva miTa gye| yaha zramaNa kI lokopakArI pravRtti hai| ahiMsA kI preraNA ahiMsA jaina dharma kA mUlAdhAra hai / yaha darzana bhI hai aura AcAra bhii| yaha dharma bhI hai aura naitikatA bhii| janamAnasa meM bahata se aMdhavizvAsa phaile hue haiM / kucha andhavizvAsoM ko to dharma se bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai / aisA hI eka andhavizvAsa hai-devI ko pazuoM kI bali denaa| ___ yadyapi isa prathA kA vAstavika abhiprAya hai pazu-pravattiyoM kIhiMsA, asatya, corI, vyabhicAra, kapaTa Adi durguNoM kI bali denA; kintu svAda-lolupiyoM ne isakA rUpa bigAr3a diyA hai aura pazu-bali prathA kA pracalana kara diyaa| bholI janatA bhrama-jAla meM phaMsa gaI aura isa baliprathA ko dharma mAnane lgii| - andhavizvAsa itanA gaharA paiTha gayA ki pazu-bali dene se devI prasanna hokara sabhI manokAmanAoM ko pUrA kara degI aura yadi bali na dI gaI to ruSTa hokara sabhI prakAra kA vinAza kara degii| pATaNa meM bhI yaha kutsita hiMsaka prathA pracalita thii| vahA~ bhI kaMTakezvarI devI ke mandira meM pazuoM kI bali dI jAtI thii| yadyapi rAjA kumArapAla ahiMsA-premI the, ina pazuoM ke prati unake hRdaya meM dayA kA dariyA baha uThatA thA kiMtu svAda-lolupI pAkhaNDiyoM ke samakSa ve vivaza the, janamAnasa kI avahelanA karane kA sAhasa ve nahIM juTA pAte the| eka bAra unhoMne apane hRdaya kI vyathA AcArya hemacandra ke samakSa rakhI aura isa kuprathA ko rokane kA upAya puuchaa| AcAryazrI ne upAya batAyA "yukti se bali-prathA samarthaka DhoMgI dharmAdhikAriyoM ko ekatra karake isa bAta para vacanabaddha karo ki devI ke mandira ke khUle prAMgaNa meM For Personal & Private Use Only

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354 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sabhI pazu jIvita hI banda kara diye jAya~ / yadi devI ko bhoga lenA hogA to svayaM hI le legii| kintu maiM vizvAsa ke sAtha kahatA hU~ ki koI pazu marA huA nahIM milegaa| isase yaha siddha ho jAyegA ki devI mAMsabhakSiNI nahIM hai, vaha pazu bali nahIM caahtii| isa prakAra DhoMgI pAkhaNDiyoM kI pola khula jAyegI aura pazu bali banda ho jaayegii|" aisA hI kiyA gayA aura pazu-bali banda ho gii| __yadyapi isa prakAra kI yukti batAnA zramaNa ke 'yoga-satya' ko prabhAvita karatA hai, kintu loka kalyANakArI tathA jIvahiMsA rokane meM samartha hone ke kAraNa yaha doSa nahIM hai apitu nIti hai-ahiMsA dharma kA pracAra hai / isase sabhI jIvoM kA jIvana sukhamaya banatA hai / ... uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke aThArahaveM saMjayIya adhyayana meM muni gardabhAlI saMjaya rAjA ko zikAra se virata karate haiM / isa sandarbha meM anya kaI preraka dRSTAnta bhI haiN| vartamAna yuga meM jaina divAkara zrI cauthamalajI mahArAja ne bhI apane pravacanoM ke prabhAva se aneka rAjAoM dvArA hiMsA banda karavAI, zikAra kA tyAga karAyA aura jIva-rakSA kI preraNA dii| jaina divAkarajI ne to sthAna-sthAna para hiMsA, zikAra Adi pApoM kA tyAga kraayaa| unhoMne patitoddhAra bhI kiyaa| vezyAoM se vezyAvRtti kA tyAga karAyA aura usa gahita-nindya jIvana se nikAlakara sammAnita jIvana jIne kI preraNA dii| yahAM taka ki saM0 1980 meM indaura ke muhammada kasAI kA bhI hRdaya parivartana kara diyA, usane bhI jIva-vadha na karane kA niyama le liyaa| yaha sabhI pravRttiyAM zramaNa ke lokopakAra se saMbaMdhita haiN| yaha satya hai ki zramaNa kA pramukha uddezya svAtma-kalyANa hotA hai, lekina vaha parakalyANa kI bhI upekSA nahIM karatA, jahAM bhI vaha para-kalyANa dekhatA hai, avazya hI vaisI preraNA detA hai / vAstava meM sAdhu-saMsthA kA yaha naitika kartavya hai ki vaha samAja meM phailI burAiyoM ko dUra karane kI preraNA de, logoM ke dila-dimAga para jo mithyAtva kA gahana andhakAra chAyA huA hai, use apanI preraNA se-dharma ke prakAza se vinaSTa kare / isI prakAra kurItiyoM, mithyA mAnyatAoM, hAnikAraka prathAoM se logoM ko bacane kI preraNA de / For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika carama | 355 anya jo bhI kutsita pravRttiyAM haiM-hiMsA kI, dvaSa kI, IrSyA kI, cAr3I-cugalI aura nindA kI-una sabake prati logoM ke mAnasa meM aruci jagA de / unheM sadAcArapUrNa sAtvika aura dhArmika jIvana jIne kI rAha dikhAe; saddharma kA rahasya samajhAye / vastutaH sAdhu-saMsthA aura vizeSataH jaina zramaNa jaMgama tIrtha haiM / ve gAMva-gAMva, nagara-nagara paidala paribhramaNa karake logoM meM dharma-jAgRti kailAte haiM, ajJAnAndhakAra ko naSTa karate haiM / yathArtha yaha hai ki zramaNa apane svIkRta mahAvratoM tathA anya sabho uttaragaNoM kA paripAlana karate hue loka kalyANa hitArtha samAja ko bhI zubha preraNA detA hai, aura svayaM naitika carama kI sthiti para paha~catA hai jahAM nIti aura dharma kA abheda sthApita ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra nIti ko dharmamaya banAkara tinANaM tArayANaM ke rUpa meM svayaM apanA bhI kalyANa karatA hai aura anya logoM kA bhii| aura anta meM isa viruda ko dhAraNa karatA haibuddhANaM bohiyANaM, muttANaM moyagANaM / svayaM apanI AtmA ko prabuddha aura dUsaroM kI AtmA ko bhI prabodha dekara svayaM bhI mukta hotA hai aura dUsaroM kI mukti meM bhI prabala sahAyaka hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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7 Atma-vikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti [ PSYCHO-MORALITY OF SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT] guNasthAna (Stages of Spiritual Development) pUrNatA kI avadhAraNA mAnava mastiSka kA aparihArya bindu hai / pratyeka mAnava pUrNa - paripUrNa honA cAhatA hai, unnati ke sarvocca zikhara para AsIna honA cAhatA hai / vidyArthI kaoNleja zikSA ke antima bindu taka pahu~canA cAhatA hai, santuSTa nahIM hotA, vaha aura bhI aura kisI viSaya kA supara speza DAkTara ema. bI. bI. esa. kI DigrI se U~cI se U~cI DigriyA~ prApta karatA hai lisTa bananA cAhatA hai / yahI manodazA vyApArI varga kI hai tathA adhikArI aura rAjanetA kI bhI yahI / lakhapati ho gayA to karor3apati banane kI mahatvAkAMkSA satAne lagatI hai / sAdhaka kI bhI yahI manaHsthiti hai / vaha naitika carama kI sthiti para pahu~cakara hI santuSTa nahIM ho jAtA apitu AdhyAtmika pUrNatA - paripUrNatA, sarvoccatA kI prayAsa karatA hai / aura Age vikAsa karake sthiti para pahu~cane ke lie AdhyAtmika kSetra meM sarvoccatA ko kaivalya - prApti kahA gayA hai / kaivalya kA abhiprAya haiM - ajJAna evaM moha kA samUla ucchedakara ananta jJAna-darzana- sukha aura vIrya kI samupalabdhi / ( 356 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Atma-vikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 357 nIti meM bhI sarvoccatA athavA paripUrNatA kI sthiti ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahAM bhI paripUrNatA se abhiprAya kAmanA vAsanA Adi saMvega utpanna karane vAlI sabhI mAnasika vaicArika kAyika pravRttiyoM kI udvega-sImA se Upara uTha jAnA hai, ina saba bandhanoM kI paridhi ko lAMgha denA hai / yaha aisI sthiti hai jahAM nIti kI sImAeM samApta ho jAtI haiN| isa sthiti meM vyakti (AtmA) itanA zuddha aura nirmala ho jAtA hai ki usakA pratyeka vyavahAra, pratyeka vacana, sampUrNa kriyA vyApAra dharma-maya, loka kalyANamaya hI hotA hai / ataH nIti-anIti Adi kA koI prazna hI samupasthita nahIM ho sktaa| kintu mAnava (athavA sAdhaka) ko yaha sthiti acAnaka hI prApta nahIM ho jAtI, apitu isake lie sAdhanA karanI par3atI hai, unnati ke vibhinna staroM se gujaranA par3atA hai| yaha satya-tathya hai ki AtmA zanaiH zanaiH unnati karatA hai / unnati ke eka-eka stara para dRr3ha aura mustaidI kadamoM se bar3hatA hai, taba vaha apane lakSya caramotkarSa-pUrNAvasthA ko prApta kara pAtA hai / isa sampUrNa unnati yAtrA meM usake mana-mastiSka kI vibhinna sthitiyAM banatI haiN| inhIM sthitiyoM ko Atmika-vikAsa kI sIr3hiyA~ bhI kahA gayA hai| vikAsa ke ina staroM meM mana ko zraddhAtmaka (intuitive) jJAnAtmaka (cognitive) saMvegAtmaka (emotional) aura anubhUtyAtmaka (reflectional and cor:-fealings) saMvedana kI mukhya bhUmikA hotI hai| isI rUpa meM inheM jaina nItizAstra ke pariprekSya meM Atmika aura naitika vikAsa kA pratyaya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ye stara Atmika-vikAsa kI manovijJAnAtmaka nIti se sandarbhita haiM / __ina staroM kA dharmazAstroM meM vibhinna apekSAoM se vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| prathama vargIkaraNa meM AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ batAI gaI haiM(1) bahirAtmA (2) antarAtmA aura (3) paramAtmA, aura ise vividha vargIkaraNa kahA gayA hai| dUsare vargIkaraNa meM 14 vikAsa staroM kA varNana hai aura ina vikAsa staroM ko guNasthAna' kahA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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358 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana Adarza aura vyavahAra sthiti yadyapi yaha satya hai ki svarUpa kI apekSA AtmA zuddha-buddha caitanya svarUpa hai, usameM na koI vikAra hotA hai aura na kisI prakAra kA utthAnapatana hI / vaha sahaja hai, ananta sukha aura zakti svarUpa hai / na vahAM bandhana hai, na mukti aura na vikAra kI koI prakriyA hii| lekina yaha Adarza sthiti hai, jo sirpha siddhAvasthA meM hI pAI jAtI hai| saMsAra meM to AtmA sarvatra baMdhana meM hI hai aura bandhanayukta AtmA hI baMdhana tor3ane kA, mukta hone kA prayAsa karatA hai / dharmazAstroM meM jitane bhI AcAra varNita haiM, nItizAstroM meM jitanI nItiyoM aura naitika niyamoM kA ullekha huA hai, jitane bhI ziSTAcAra aura sadAcAra ke niyama haiM, sabhI vyavahAra dRSTi (practical viewpoint) ke anusAra haiM aura saMsArI AtmA ke lie hI haiM, jo abhI taka baMdhanoM ke jAla meM jakar3A huA hai| nItizAstra bhI nizcayanaya athavA svarUpadRSTi kI U~cI ur3Ana nahIM bhrtaa| vaha isako Adarza sthiti svIkAra karate hue bhI vyAvahArAzrita adhika hai aura vyAvahArika dRSTibindu se aise niyama nirdhArita karatA hai, jinake anupAlana se usa Adarza sthiti ko prApta kiyA jA ske| trividha sthiti vyavahAra dRSTi ke anusAra AtmA kI tIna prakAra kI sthiti varNita kaI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM bhI isa tIna prakAra kI sthiti kA varNana milatA hai; kintu 1 bahirAtmA, 2 antarAtmA aura 3 paramAtmA-aisA spaSTa nAma nirdeza nahIM prApta hotaa| ___ AcArAMga meM varNita bAla, mUr3ha, manda Adi bahirmukhI athavA bahirAtmA ke samakakSa haiN| paNDita, medhAvI, dhIra, samyaktvadarzI, ananyadarzI Adi zabda AtmA ke antarAtmA stara kI ora iMgita karate haiN| inake lie muni zabda bhI prayukta huA hai / samyagdarzI aura pApa se virata honA, antarAtmatva hI hai / vimukta, pAragAmI Adi zabdoM kA prayoga AtmA kI paramAtmadazA ko dyotita karane ke lie huA hai| 1 dekhie-AcArAMga, prathama zru taskandha, adhyayana 3-5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 356 spaSTa rUpa se bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA zabdoM kA prayoga aura ina avasthAoM meM AtmA kI vRti pravRtti, manovaijJAnika dazA kA krama - baddha varNana sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda dvArA hI kiyA gayA upalabdha hotA hai | 2 paravartI sabhI zvetAmbara digambara AcAryoM ne isI trividha vargIkaraNa svIkAra karake inakI vizada carcA kI hai / gItA' aura sAMkhyadarzana ne, triguNa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, jo pramukhatayA kundakunda dvArA nirdhArita trividha vargIkaraNa ke samAna hI hai / DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana ne spaSTa kahA hai- AtmA kA vikAsa tIna sopAnoM meM hotA hai / yaha niSkriya, jar3atA aura ajJAna ( tamoguNa pradhAna avasthA) se bhautika sukhoM ke lie saMgharSa kara, rajoguNAtmaka pravRtti ke dvArA U~cI uThatI huI jJAna aura Ananda kI ora baDhatI hai / (1) bahirAtmA - aisA AtmA zarIra aura sAMsArika bhogoM meM nimagna rahatA hai / AtmA kI ora usakI dRSTi hI nahIM jAtI, AtmA ko jAnane kI ruci hI jAgRta nahIM hotI / yaha parivAra, dhana-sampatti Adi meM racApacA rahatA hai | yaha AtmA kI viSayAbhimukhI pravRtti hai / AcArya haribhadra ne aisI AtmA ko bhavAbhinandI kahA hai / ' ( 2 ) antarAtmA - aisA AtmA antarmukhI hotA hai / usameM apanI AtmA ko jAnane / samajhane kI ruci jAgRta ho jAtI hai / AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa para vaha zraddhAna rakhatA hai / indriya-viSaya-bhogoM kI ruci kama ho jAtI hai / jyoM-jyoM usakA Atma zraddhAna dRr3ha hotA hai, vaha saMsAra aura sAMsArika bhogoM kA tyAga karatA calA jAtA hai aura unheM pUrNarUpa se tyAga kara saMsAra tyAgI zramaNa bana jAtA hai / sAdhanA ke mahAmArga para calatA huA paramAtma-pada prApti kI ora agrasara rahatA hai / (3) paramAtmA - yaha do prakAra ke hote haiM - ( 1 ) jIvanamukta (sadeha Izvara) aura ( 2 ) saMsAramukta (videha Izvara ) / jIvanamukta arihaMta paramAtmA haiM aura saMsAra mukta siddha paramAtmA / " 1 mokSa pAhuDa, gAthA 4 2 gItA 14, 15, 7, 13 Adi 2 bhagavadgItA - DA0 rAdhAkRSNana, pR0 313 4 yogabindu, zloka 86 5 kundakundAcArya : mokSa pAhuDa, gAthA 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 Adi / For Personal & Private Use Only

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360 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa se prathama bahirAtma dazA anaitika dazA hai, dUsarI dazA meM nIti kA prArambha bhI hotA hai aura zanaiH zanaiH aisA vyakti nIti ke carama taka pahu~ca jAtA hai tathA tIsarI paramAtma-dazA nIti se atIta hotI hai / ina tInoM avasthAoM ke anya nAma mur3hAtmA, mahAtmA aura paramAtmA bhI haiM / ina tInoM avasthAoM kA svarUpa jaina granthoM meM guNasthAnoM dvArA bahuta hI sundara aura vistRta rUpa se samajhAyA gayA hai / guNasthAna guNasthAna zabda sarvaprathama kundakundAcArya ke graMtha samayasAra meM milatA hai | Agama sAhitya meM yaha zabda prApta nahIM hotA / prAkRta paMcasaMgraha aura karmagrantha meM milatA hai / digambara AcArya nemicandra ne jIva kahA hai / gommaTasAra meM guNasthAna ke lie jIvasamAsa' zabda bhI prayukta huA hai / samavAyAMga meM bhI caudaha jIvasamAsoM kA ullekha hai / guNasthAnoM kI racanA kA AdhAra samavAyAMga meM varNita karmavizuddhi ko mAnA gayA hai / abhayadevasUri ne guNasthAnoM ko jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kI vizuddhi se niSpanna' batAyA hai / digambarAcArya nemicandra ne kahA hai ki 1. vizeSa - yaha dhyAna rakhane yogya hai ki AtmA kI tInoM dazAoM aura guNasthAnoM ke varNana meM adhyAtma samanvita naitikatA hI pramukha hai, saMsArAbhimukha naitikatA apekSita nahIM hai / isI dRSTibindu ke AdhAra para saMpUrNaM vivecana kiyAM gayA hai / 2. vavahAreNa du ede jIvassa havaMti vaNNamAdIyA | guNaThANaMtA bhAvA........ 3. prAkRta paMcasaMgraha 1, 3-5 4. caturtha karmagrantha, devendra sUri, gAthA 1 5. gommaTasAra, gAthA 7 6. gommaTasAra, gAthA 10 ... 7. samavAyAMga samavAya 14 8. kammavisohimaggaNa paDucca cauddasa jIvaTThANA paNNattA / - samavAyAMga 14 / 1 6. karmavizodhimArgaNAM pratItya-jJAnAvaraNAdikarma vizuddhi gaveSaNAmAzritya / - samavAyAMgavRtti, patra 26 - samayasAra, gAthA 56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 361 prathama cAra guNasthAna darzanamoha ke udaya Adi ke nimitta se aura agale 8 cAritramoha ke kSayopazama Adi se niSpanna hote haiN| uparokta sabhI lakSaNoM athavA paribhASAoM kA AdhAra karmoM kA baMdha, udaya, kSaya, kSayopazama Adi vibhinna karma sambandhI sthitiyA~ haiN| kintu jainatatva praveza (2/4) meM AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se lakSaNa diyA gayA hai "AtmA kI kramika vizuddhi gUNasthAna hai| yaha paribhASA nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa se bhI mahatvapUrNa hai / kyoMki nItizAstra karma ko pramukhatA na dekara AtmA ko, usakI vRttiyoM ko pramukhatA detA hai / AtmA aura Atma-svAtaMtrya nItizAstra kA eka sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa pratyaya bhI hai| __ yadyapi svarUpadRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM ke guNa samAna haiM; kintu vyavahAra meM sabhI AtmAoM ke guNa samAna nahIM dikhAI dete / jJAna guNa ko hI leN| yadyapi jJAna AtmA kA avinAbhAvI guNa hai, kintu vyavahAra meM koI adhika jJAnI dikhAI detA hai aura koI kama, koI buddhimAna hai to koI mandabuddhi / phira utkRSTa aura jaghanya ke madhya hajAroM-lAkhoM-asaMkhyAta taratamabhAva haiN| __isa vikAsa ke taratamabhAva ke lie pUrvasaMcita karma uttaradAyI hote haiM, sAtha hI bAhya paristhitiyA~ bhI ! karma aura saMsArI AtmA kA sambandha anAdikAla se hai| donoM ekameka ho rahe haiM-dUdha pAnI kI taraha / donoM ke isa abheda ko miTAnA, ekatva kI granthi ko tor3akara bheda sthApita karanA hI adhyAtma-sAdhanA hai aura isa adhyAtma-sAdhanA kI sahAyaka (Subsidiary) naitika sAdhanA athavA naitikatA hai| karmAvaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA kI sahaja jyoti maMda ho jAtI hai / AtmA ke gUNa karmAvaraNa se pracchanna ho rahe haiN| adhyAtma/naitika sAdhanA ke dvArA jyoM-jyoM karma-paTala kSINa hote haiM tyoM-tyoM AtmA kI sahaja svAbhAvika jyoti/guNa pragaTa hote jAte haiM / aura eka sthiti aisI AtI hai, jaba karmAvaraNa samUla naSTa ho jAte haiM taba AtmA apane svAbhAvika guNoM/jyoti se prakAzamAna ho uThatA hai| 1. gommaTasAra, gAthA 12-13 2. AcArya zrI amolaka RSijI (jaina sUtroM ke prathama hindI vyAkhyAkara) For Personal & Private Use Only

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362 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana saghanatama karmAvaraNa se pracchanna AtmA kI mandatama dazA se lekara AtmA kI sahaja-svAbhAvika nirmala, karmAvaraNarahita, sahaja zuddha dazA kI prApti ko ho AtmA kA vikAsa kahA gayA hai| isa vikAsa ke sopAnoM ko 14 staroM meM jaina manISiyoM dvArA vargIkRta kiyA gayA aura inakA nAma 'guNasthAna' diyA gayA hai| caudaha vikAsa sopAnoM kI apekSA se guNasthAna bhI caudaha haiM / unake nAma isa prakAra haiM (1) mithyAdRSTi (2) sAsvAdana samyagdRSTi (3) mizradRSTi (4) aviratasamyagdRSTi (5) dezavirati (6) pramattasaMyata (7) apramattasaMyata (8) nivRttibAdara (9) anivRttibAdara (10) sUkSmasaMparAya (11) upazAMtamoha (12) kSINamoha (13) sayogI kevalI (14) ayogI kevalI hamArA viSaya cUMki AdhyAtmika naitika vikAsa se saMbaMdhita hai isaliye cetanA (AtmA) kI pariNatiyA~ (bhAva-bhAvadhArA) aura unako prabhAvita karane vAle virodhI ghaTakoM ko sAmAnya jAnakArI kara lenA atyanta Avazyaka hai| cetanA ko pariNatiyoM ko 'bhAva' kahA gayA hai aura unako prabhAvita karane vAle ghaTakoM ko 'karma' saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| cetanA ke bhAva cetanA athavA AtmA ke pA~ca prakAra ke bhAva haiM-(1) audayika (2) kSAyika (3) aupazamika (4) kSAyopazamika aura (5) pAriNAmika / ' inameM se pAriNAmika bhAva jIva ke apane haiM, usakI svayaM kI pariNamana kriyA hai / zeSa cAra bhAva karmoM kI vibhinna dazAoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa jIva meM hote haiM / karmoM ke udaya se audayika bhAva, kSaya se kSAyika bhAva, upazama se aupazamika bhAva aura kSayopazama se kSAyopazamika bhAva / 1. aupamikakSAyikau bhAvo mizrazca jIvasyasvatatvamaudayika pAriNAmikau ca / -tatvArthasUtra 2/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 363 karma karma ATha haiM-(1) jJAnAvaraNIya (2) darzanAvaraNIya (3) vedanIya (4) mohanIya (5) Ayu (6) nAma (7) gotra aura (8) antarAya / inameM se jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ghAtI karma hai tathA AyU, nAma, gotra aura vedanIya aghAtI haiN| ghAtI kA abhiprAya hai-inakA ghAta-kSaya kiye binA 'kaivalya' prApta nahIM hotaa| mohanIya karma ke pramukha do bheda haiM-(1) darzanamohanIya aura (2) cAritramohanAya / __kSaya aura udaya AThoM karmoM kA ho sakatA hai kintu kSayopazama cAroM ghAtI karmoM kA hI saMbhava hai aura upazama kevala mohanIya karma kA hI hotA hai| darzanamohanIya ke kSayopazama, kSaya tathA upazama se dRSTi athavA zraddhA vizuddha hotI hai aura cAritramohanIya kI inhIM avasthAoM se cAritra-vizuddhi hotI hai| jJAnAvaraNIya ke kSaya, kSayopazama se jJAna kI nirmalatA, darzanAvaraNIya kI inhIM avasthAoM se darzana kI vizuddhi aura antarAya karma yahI avasthAe~ AtmA ke vIryaguNa ke pragaTIkaraNa bhUmikAeM niSpanna karatI haiN| ___ audayika bhAva sAMsArika sukha-duHkha Adi kA nimitta banatA hai tathA AtmA ke AdhyAtmika naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka banatA hai| pAriNAmika bhAva AtmA ke svabhAva pariNamana meM sahAyaka hotA hai, isaliye yaha AdhyAtmika naitika vikAsa athavA patana meM na sAdhaka hai aura na bAdhaka hI hai| ____ AdhyAtmika/naitika utthAna-patana kI dRSTi se aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika aura audayika bhAva hI mahatvapUrNa hai, inameM prathama tIna prakAra ke bhAvoM kA adhika mahatva hai| aba hama gaNasthAnoM kA AdhyAtmika naitika vikAsa kI daSTi se vivecana prastuta karate haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI ki pratyeka guNasthAna meM AtmA 1. tatvArthasUtra 8/5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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364 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ke kisa prakAra ke bhAva hote haiM aura mana / citta Adi kI kaisI dazA tathA vRtti pravRtti hotI hai | 1 1. mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna 'mithyA' kA abhiprAya mohagrastatA hai aura guNasthAna AtmA kI dazA ko saMsUcita karatA hai ki AtmA ke guNoM kI kyA dazA hai ? prastuta guNasthAna meM AtmA moha se pUrI taraha DhakI rahatI hai / moha kA abhiprAya hai - saMsAra aura sAMsArika bhogoM kI lAlasA, parivAra, putra, patnI, dhana-sampatti Adi meM magna rahanA, AtmA aura AtmA kI zuddhi, unnati aura vikAsa kI ora dhyAna na denA / yaha AtmA hirmukhI hotA hai / vaha bAharI padArthoM meM sukha kI khoja karatA hai, isI kAraNa dhana, vaibhava Adi ke saMcaya meM tallIna rahatA hai / usakI icchA AtmA ke svabhAva ko jAnane kI hotI hI nahIM / pariNAmasvarUpa vaha Atmika Ananda kA rasAsvAda nahIM kara pAtA / usase vaMcita hI rahatA hai | mohagrasta dazA meM bhramita huA saMsAra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai / saiddhAntika athavA karmagranthoM kI dRSTi se aise AtmA ko darzanasaptaka kA tIvra udaya rahatA hai / darzana saptaka meM mithyAtva kI tIna prakRtiyAM (1) mithyAtva (2) mizramohanIya aura ( 3 ) samyaktvamohanIya tathA cAritra mohanIya kI cAra prakRtiyA~ (4) anantAnubaMdhI krodha ( 5 ) anantAnubaMdhI mAna (6) anantAnubandhI mAyA aura anantAnubandhI lobha hotI haiM / anantAnubandhI kA abhiprAya hai- ina kaSAyoM kA anantakAla se baMdha hotA rahA hai, yAnI AtmA aura kapayoM kA anantakAlIna baMdhana | 1 guNasthAna jainadarzana kA viziSTa zabda hai / isakA karmagranthoM meM vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka guNasthAna meM kitanI karma - prakRtiyoM kA baMdha, udaya, kSaya, kSayopazama hotA hai, kitanI karma- prakRtiyoM kI bandhavyucchitti hotI hai, ina saba bAtoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kintu nItizAstra ke sandarbha meM itanA vizada varNana apekSita nahIM hai, ataH AtmA ke bhAvoM, mana kI pravRttiyoM tathA inake naitika / AdhyAtmika prabhAva taka hI guNa-sthAna varNana ko sImita rakhA gayA hai / jijJAsu lekhaka kA grantha 'jaina AcAra: siddhAnta aura svarUpa' meM guNasthAna kA varNana dekheM | For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 365 yaha cAritramohanIya kI prakRtiyAM haiM aura inake kAraNa AtmA AdhyAtmika naitika cAritra kI ora unmukha nahIM ho paataa| ____darzanamohanIya kI mithyAtvAdi tIna prakRtiyAM usake AtmAbhimukha hone meM bAdhaka banI rahatI haiN| mithyAtva ke prakAra mithyAtva Atmika dRSTi se nivir3a andhakAra hai| isake aneka prakAra haiM / tatvArtha bhASya (8/1) meM abhigRhIta aura anAbhigRhIta- yaha do bheda batAye gaye haiM / Avazyaka cUrNi (6/1658) aura prAkRta paMcasaMgraha meM tIna bheda haiM-1. saMzayita 2. anAbhigrAhika aura 3. AbhigrAhika, guNasthAna kramAroha svopajJavRtti (gAthA 6) tathA karmagrantha (bhAga 4, gAthA 51) meM AbhigrAhika, anAbhigrAhika, Abhinivezika, sAMzayika aura anAbhogika- yaha pAMca prakAra ke mithyAtva batAye gaye haiM / Agama aura Aga metara sAhitya meM bikhare hae sabhI mithyAtva bhedoM kI gaNanA karane para mithyAtva ke 25 bheda prApta hote hai| inakA saMkSipta paricaya nimna prakAra hai (1) AbhigrAhika---para ke upadeza se grahaNa kiyA huaa| (2) anAbhigrAhika-nasargika-anAdikAla se lagA huA, guNa-doSoM kI binA parIkSA kiye hI sabhI mantavyoM ko eka samAna samajhanA / (3) Abhinivezika-apane mata ko asatya jAnakara bhI cipake rahanA (puurvgrh)| (4) sAMzayika-deva-guru-dharma aura tatva ke viSaya meM saMzaya rakhanA / (5) anAbhogika-vicAra aura vizeSajJAna kA abhAva arthAt moha . kI tIvratama dazA maansik-muuddhtaa| - inameM se anAbhogika mithyAtva avyakta hai aura zeSa cAroM vyakta / (6) laukika (7) lokottara (8) kuprAvacanika () avinaya (10) akriyA (11) azAtanA (2) AuyA (AtmA ko puNya pApa nahIM lagatA) (13) jinavANI kI nyUna prarUpaNA (14) jinavANI kI adhika prarUpaNA, (15) jinavANI kI viparIta prarUpaNA, (16) dharma meM adharma meM saMjJA, (17) adharma meM dharma saMjJA, (18) sAdhu ko asAdhu samajhanA, (16) asAdhu ko For Personal & Private Use Only

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366 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sAdhu samajhanA, (20) mokSa mArga ko saMsAra mArga, (21) saMsAra mArga ko mokSa mArga, (22) jIva ko ajIva, (23) ajIva ko jIva (24) mukta ko amukta (25) amukta ko mukta samajhanA / yaha 6 se 25 taka ke sabhI mithyAtva bhrAnta aura viparIta dhAraNA ke pariNAma haiN| nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa se prathama guNasthAnavI AtmA meM pramukha rUpa se 5 prakAra kI bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ hotI/ho sakatI haiM / (1) ekAntika dhAraNA-satya ke kisI eka aMza ko hI pUrNa satya mAna lenA / jaise-AtmA meM jJAna guNa ko hI svIkAra karanA tathA anya guNoM ko nakAra denaa| (2) viparIta dhAraNA-isake udAharaNa uparokta 16 se 25 taka ke dasa prakAra ke mithyAtva haiN| (3) vanayikatA-yadyapi vinaya eka mahatvapUrNa sadguNa hai kintu yaha mithyAtva taba bana jAtA hai jaba vyakti rAgI-dvaSI devoM, kuliMgI sAdhuoM Adi kI bhI vinaya karatA hai aura yaha samajhatA hai ki inakI vinaya karane se mujhe zAzvata sukha prApta ho jAyegA / isI sandarbha meM rUr3ha paramparAoM kA pAlana bhI mithyAtva hai / (4) sAMzayikatA- aisI AtmA kI cittavRtti dolAyamAna rahatI hai| vaha tatva ke viSaya meM nirNaya nahIM kara paataa| (5) ajJAna-ajJAna ke do abhiprAya haiM-1. alpajJAna aura 2. kujJAna athavA viparIta jJAna / alpajJAna to cAra indriya vAle sabhI jIvoM aura paMcendriya va pazupakSiyoM ko hotA hai, tatva kI bAta samajha sakeM, itanA jJAna unheM hotA hI nahIM / bahuta se manuSya bhI aise hote haiM / kujJAna kA abhiprAya hai bhrAntipUrNa jJAna yA mithyAtvabhAvayukta jJAna / vAstava meM nItizAstra ke daSTikoNa se kadAgraha, durAgraha, saMzayAtmakatA Adi aisI sthiti haiM, jo vyakti kI naitikatA meM bAdhaka bana jAtI haiM / aisA vyakti AtmavikAsa ke naitika patha para nahIM cala paataa| AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se aisA vyakti nimnatama stara para hotA hai kintu sAMsArika dRSTi se vaha bahuta saphala bhI ho sakatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 367 rAjanIti Adi ke kSetra meM vaha zikhara para pahu~cA huA bhI ho sakatA hai, vaha Arthika dRSTi se bhI atyadhika saphala ho sakatA hai / vyApAra tathA anya kSetroM meM vaha prAmANika, madhurabhASI aura sajjana bhI ho sakatA hai| dharma ke bAhya pakSa meM bhI usakA bahata hI sundara AcaraNa sambhava hai, titikSA Adi guNa bhI ho sakate haiM, dAnI bhI ho sakatA hai aura paropakArI bhii| itanA saba kucha hote hae bhI vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI daSTi se zUnya hI hotA hai| AdhyAtmika naitikatA kI dRSTi se nimnatama stara para mAnA gayA hai| sAsvAdana guNasthAna (adhomukhI vRtti) yadyapi guNasthAna krama meM sAsvAdana kA dvitIya sthAna hai kintu yaha AtmA kI adhomukhI vRtti-patanonmukhI dazA hai / isake lie prAkRta bhASA meM sAsAyaNa zabda hai| saMskRta meM isake do rUpa banate haiM-(1) sAsvAdana aura (2) sAsAdana / upazama samyaktvI' jaba samyaktva se patita hokara mithyAtva kI ora giratA hai kintu mithyAtva taka pahu~catA nahIM usa antarAla meM AtmA ko samyaktva kA AsvAdana rahatA hai, isa apekSA se isa guNasthAna ko sAsvAdana kahA gayA hai| AsAdana kA artha virAdhanA hai| samyaktva kI virAdhanA karake jIva jaba patita hotA hai, taba use sAsAdana (sa-+AsAdana) kahA gayA hai| isa guNasthAna kI upamA vRkSa se TUTe hue phala se dI gaI / jaise phala vRkSa se bilaga hokara bhUmi kI ora gira rahA hai, abhI taka bhUmi para pahu~cA . nahIM hai, bhUmi kA sparza nahIM kiyA, gira rahA hai, utanA samaya (period of 1. upazama samyaktva kA caturtha samyaktva guNasthAna meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 2 AsAdanaM samyaktvavirAdhanaM, saha AsAdanena vartata iti sAsAdano vinAzita samyagdarzano'prAptamithyAtvakarmodaya janita pariNAmo mithyAtvAbhimukhaH sAsAdanaH iti bhaNyate / -SaTkhaMDAgama, dhavalAvRtti, prathama khaNDa, pR0 163 For Personal & Private Use Only

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368 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizolana down fall) hI isa guNasthAna kA mAnA gayA hai, jo zAstroM ke anusAra 6 AlikA' mAtra hai / nIti kI dRSTi se 'sAsAdana' aura 'sAsvAdana' donoM hI zabda mahatvapUrNa haiM / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki nIti ( sunIti / dharmanIti) kI bhUmikA para pahu~cakara bhI usakI virAdhanA kara denA, tyAga denA, usa sthiti se patita ho jAnA / isa guNasthAna kA kAla itanA alpa hai ki nIti kI dRSTi se vivecanA kA koI artha hI nahIM ho sakatA / 3. mizra guNasthAna ( bhaTakatA vizvAsa ) jisa AtmA kA vizvAsa samyak aura mithyA - donoM prakAra ke bhAvoM se mizrita hotA hai, vaha mizradRSTi kahalAtA hai / vastutaH yaha guNasthAna bhI vikAsa kA na hokara patana kA hai / samyavatva se girane para isa guNasthAna kI prApti hotI hai aura taba bhI jIva isa guNasthAna para pahu~ca sakatA hai jaba samyaktva prApta karake mithyAtvI bana gayA ho aura phira mithyAtva se unnati karake isa sthAna para pahu~cA ho / manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha sthAna bodhAtmA aura abodhAtmA ke madhya jhUlanA ( oscillating ) hai / abodhAtmA athavA ahaM vyakti ko bhogoM kI ora mor3ane kA prayAsa karatA hai to bodhAtmA AdarzAtmaka sthiti kI ora unnata karanA cAhatA hai / isa saMgharSa meM yadi abodhAtmA vijayI hotA hai to vyakti mikSyAtva meM gira jAtA hai aura yadi bodhAtmA vijaya prApta kara letA hai to samyaktvI bana jAtA hai / donoM bhAvoM kI isa saMgharSamaya sthiti ke kAraNa hI zAstroM meM isakA svabhAva dahI- mizrI mizrita jaisA batAyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra dahI aura mizrI kA mIThA - khaTTA svAda AtA hai, vaisA hI svAda isa guNasthAnavartI jIva ko samyaktva - mithyAtva kI sthiti kA anubhava hotA hai / 1. eka muhUrta ( 48 minaTa) meM 16 : 77216 AvalikAeM hotI haiM / - muni sukhalAla : sAdhanA kA sonA, vijJAna kI kasauTI, pR0 66 2, mizrakarmodayAjjIve samyagmithyAtvamizritaH / yo bhAvo'ntarmuhUrtasyA- tanmizrasthAnamucyate // For Personal & Private Use Only - guNasthAna kramAroha 13

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 366 kabhI vaha satya siddhAnta para yakIna karane ko utsuka hotA hai to dUsare hI kSaNa mithyA vicAra usake mana-mastiSka ko AcchAdita kara dete haiM / kabhI socatA hai - jinendra bhagavAna ne loka ko akRtrima batAyA hai, yaha satya hai to kucha hI kSaNa bAda usakA vicAra palaTa jAtA hai ki anya sabhI dharmAvalambI loka ko IzvarakRta kahate haiM to itane loga galata kaise ho sakate hai ? isa prakAra usakA vizvAsa sthira nahIM hotA, bhaTakatA hI rahatA hai, yaha saMzayAtmaka sthiti hai / naitika dRSTi se bhI yaha saMzayAtmaka sthiti patana kI hI sUcaka hai saMdehazIla vyakti jaba zubha-azubha Adi kA nirNaya hI nahIM kara sakatA to usase naitika zubhAcaraNa athavA kartavya pAlana kI AzA karanA hI vyartha 1 samyagdRSTi guNasthAna (naitika bhUmikA para padanyAsa ) AdhyAtmika evaM naitika, pratyeka dRSTi se yaha guNasthAna vikAsa kA sthAna hai / isa sthAna kA sparza karate hI vyakti kI galata dhAraNAeM, mithyA mAnyatAe~ vinaSTa ho jAtI haiM aura usameM sadviveka jAgRta ho jAtA hai, vaha satya ko satya aura asatya ko asatya jAnane / samajhane lagatA hai / usakI zraddhA aura pratIti divAkara ke prakAza ke samAna camaka uThatI hai / mithyAtva tathA ajJAna kA nivir3a timira vilIna ho jAtA hai / dUsare aura tIsare guNasthAna isa guNasthAna kI apekSA apakAntike, patana ke sthAna haiM / vAstavika dRSTi se yahI guNasthAna unnati aura vikAsa IT guNasthAna hai / yaha vikAsa aisA hI hai, jaise ghane megha paTaloM ko cIrakara sUrya kA prakAza jagamagA uThatA hai / AtmA bhI anAdikAla ke mithyAtva aura ajJAnAndhakAra ko vinaSTa kara isa guNasthAna ko prApta karatA hai; anaitika se naitika bana jAtA hai / isa guNasthAna kI prApti sIdhe mithyAtva guNasthAna se hotI hai / yAnI AtmA prathama guNasthAna mithyAtva se sIdhI chalA~ga isa sthAna para lagAtA hai, bIca ke donoM (dUsarA aura tIsarA ) guNasthAnoM ko chor3a jAtA hai; ThIka aise hI jaise koI vyakti sabase nIcI - pahalI sIr3hI se uchala kara cauthI sIr3hI para kadama rakha de / For Personal & Private Use Only

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370 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isa guNasthAna athavA samyaktva kI prApti zAstrIya dRSTikoNa se mithyAtva moha ke vilaya se hotI hai / yaha vilaya do prakAra se hotA hai-1. kSaya se aura 2 upazama se| manovaijJAnika bhASA meM kaheM to kaha sakate haiM-1. zodhana se aura 2. damana se / zodhana kA abhiprAya hai kSaya aura damana kA abhiprAya upazama hai / jisa prakAra damita vRtti aura bhI prabala vega se uTha khar3I hotI hai aura vyakti ko patita kara detI hai usI prakAra upazama se prApta samyaktva bhI prApta hone ke 48 minaTa ke andara hI andara chUTa jAtA hai aura kaSAyoMsaMvegoM ke prabala prabhAva se patita ho jAtA hai| usa patana ke samaya sAsvAdana guNasthAna kI sthiti banatI hai aura mithyAtva kA sparza hote hI mithyAtvI bana jAtA hai| zodhana kI sthiti meM AtmA kA patana nahIM hotA, vaha samyaktvI hI banA rahatA hai| lekina zodhana athavA kSaya ke sAtha mArgAntarIkaraNa kI sthiti bana jAya to zAstrIya bhASA meM kSayopazama kahA jAtA hai / kSayopazama darzanamoha kA to hotA hI hai, anantAnubaMdhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kA bhI hotA hai| aisA AtmA bhI apane satya dRSTikoNa para sthira rahatA hai| yaha samyaktva kAphI samaya taka (zAstrIya bhASA meM 66 sAgara taka) raha sakatA hai| naitika dRSTi se yaha guNasthAna atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hai| isa sthAna kI prApti hone para hI AtmA meM adhyAtma-saMpRkta naitikatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM vaha jo bhI naitika kArya karatA hai, ve saba ke saba saMsAra-sukha prApti kI abhilASA se siMcita rahate haiN| isa prakAra usakI naitikatA ke pIche bhautika bhogeSaNA rahatI hai, kintu caturtha guNasthAnavartI AtmA kI pravRtti AtmasukhalakSyI ho jAtI hai, vaha apanA tathA anya AtmAoM ke kalyANa ke viSaya meM cintana karatA hai, aura isI ko apane jIvana kA lakSya banA letA hai| yaha saMbhava hai ki aisI AtmA naitikatA kA AcaraNa na kara sake; kintu usakI antarvRtti, bhAvanA naitikatA kA pAlana karane kI ora hI ho jAtI hai, usake mana-mastiSka meM AdhyAtmika-naitikatA kI tar3apa jAga uThatI hai, icchA yahI rahatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa hI kiyA jAya / For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 371 dezavirati guNasthAna caturtha guNasthAna meM AtmA kI jo naitika icchA hai, vaha isa guNasthAna meM sAkAra rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai / vaha naitikatA kA paripAlana karane lagatA hai--eka Adarza sad gRhastha ke rUpa meM / zAstrIya dRSTi se isa guNasthAna kI prApti apratyAkhyAnI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ke kSaya athavA kSayopazama se hotI hai / apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya, vAstava meM, vratAcaraNa meM avarodhaka hotI haiM / ina avarodhoM ke haTate hI AtmA vratoM kA pAlana karane meM sakSama ho jAtA hai, vaha niraticAra' zrAvaka vratoM kA pAlana karane lagatA hai / avirata samyagdRSTi guNasthAna vAle AtmAoM kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha to ho jAtA hai, kintu ye apane AvegoM - saMvegoM para niyantraNa nahIM kara pAte / ve cAhate to haiM ki AvegoM ke prabala pravAha meM na baheM, isake lie prayAsa bhI karate haiM, phira bhI tRNasamUha meM Aga kI cingArI ke samAna unake Avega prabala ho uThate haiM aura ve usa dhArA meM baha jAte haiM / prastuta dezavirati guNasthAna meM unake prayAsa saphala hone lagate haiM, ve apane saMvegoM-AvegoM, krodha Adi kaSAyoM para AMzika rUpa meM hI sahI, kAbU karane meM sakSama ho jAte haiM / isI sthala se vyAvahArika naitika jIvana kA bhI prArambha ho jAtA hai / aisA vyakti zubha-azubha, kartavya - akartavya, acchA-burA Adi meM viveka karake zubha karaNIya kartavya kA AcaraNa karane lagatA hai / usake jIvana se azubha, akaraNIya Adi anaitikatAe~ palAyana kara jAtI haiM / vyAvahArika meM vaha sajjanatA (gentleness) kI chavi pradarzita karatA hai / rUpa AvegoM, saMvegoM, kaSAyoM para pUrNa niyantraNa na hone ke kAraNa kabhI vaha phisalatA bhI hai, svIkRta vratoM meM doSoM kA - aticAroM kA sevana bhI kara letA hai, kintu vaha zIghra hI sambhala bhI jAtA hai / naitika dRSTi se bhI kabhI - kabhI vaha anaitikatA kA sevana bhI kara letA hai, jaise- parivAra kI pratiSThA, dhana kI rakSA ke lie kabhI vaha jhUTha bhI bola jAtA hai, kalaha Adi se bacane ke lie kapaTapUrvaka mithyA 1 zrAvakavratoM aura unake aticAroM kA vistRta varNana 'naitika utkarSa' nAmaka adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai / -- lekhaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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372 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhASaNa (polished lie) bhI kara jAtA hai, zatru ke prati kabhI usake mana meM durbhAva bhI A jAte haiM, duzcintana bhI ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra jIvana kI viSama paristhitiyoM meM azubha kA AcaraNa bhI kara letA hai / parantu yaha saba sthAyI nahIM hotA, vaha zIghra hI sambhala jAtA hai aura azubha bhAvoM tathA apazabdoM, mithyAbhASaNa evaM AcaraNa ke lie vaha tIvra pazcAttApa karatA hai tathA naitika AcaraNa ke lie aura bhI adhika dRr3hatA 'se apane Apako taiyAra karatA hai / pramattavirata guNasthAna dharmazAstroM ke anusAra isa guNasthAna kI prApti AtmA ko pratyAkhyAnAvaraNIya kaSAyoM ( krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) ke kSaya athavA kSayopazama se hotI hai| isa sthiti meM vyakti apane samasta sAMsArika sambandhoM hat tor3akara dharmArAdhanA meM lIna ho jAtA hai / dharmArAdhanA ke prabhAva se vaha apane AvegoM-saMvegoM para pUrNa niyantraNa karane meM sakSama ho jAtA hai / usake jIvana meM anaitikatA bilkula bhI nahIM rahatI / usakI samasta vRtti pravRttiyA~ dharma saMpRkta hone ke kAraNa naitika hI hotI haiM, dharmamaya bana jAtI haiM / paMcama guNasthAna meM vaha kabhI rAjakathA, dezakathA, strIkathA Adi vikathA bhI kara letA thA, parivAra dhana Adi ke prati tathA svayaM apane zarIra ke prati mamatva tathA indriya-viSayoM ke ( saMyamita / maryAdita ) sevana ke kAraNa jo anaitika AcaraNa ho jAtA thA, vaha bhI isa bhUmikA para Akara samApta ho jAtA hai / chaThe guNasthAnavartI zramaNa kI svakendrita pravRttiyAM yatanA - sAvadhAnI ke kAraNa dhArmika aura naitika hI hotI haiM / zramaNa yadyapi sAMsArikatA ko tyAga cukA hotA hai, phira bhI samAja prati nirlipta nahIM raha pAtA / svayaM naitikatA kA paripUrNa pAlana karate hue samAja ko bhI naitikatA kI preraNA detA hai / isa naitikatA kI preraNA ko hI zAstroM meM para- kalyANa kahA gayA hai aura vaha eka prakAra se bhramaNa kA kartavya hI bana gayA hai / isIlie to vaha satata vihAra karatA hai, dharma aura dhArmikatA kA pracAra karatA hai / sampUrNa naitikatA athavA naitika carama kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmavikAsa kI manovaijJAnika nIti | 373 isI bhUmikA para Akara zubha-azubha, kartavya- akartavya Adi jitane bhI naitika kartavya haiM, unakA yathArtha jJAna bhI hotA hai aura sAtha hI AcaraNa' bhI / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa bhUmikA para Akara usakI prajJA RtaMbharA bana jAtI hai, satya aura yathArthagrAhI ho jAtI hai / mamatva, ahaMtva Adi doSa jo prajJA meM malinatA aura vikAra lAte haiM, ve sabake saba alpatama raha jAte haiM aura pratyeka AcaraNa kA use yathArtha bodha ho jAtA hai / usa samaya usake hRdaya meM eka hI bhAvanA hotI hai - sva-para- kalyANa kI aura bhAvanA ke anurUpa hI usake sampUrNa kriyA-kalApa saMcAlita hote haiM, jo naitika hI hote haiM / 7-12 guNasthAna sAta bAraha taka ke guNasthAnaM pUrNarUpa se Atma- -kendrita haiM / inameM vacana aura kAya kI koI bhI azubha kriyA nahIM hotI / zramaNa apanI AtmA ke dhyAna meM, Atma-zodhana meM lIna rahatA hai / 1 yadyapi yaha satya hai ki kaSAyoM / saMvegoM kA sadbhAva rahatA hai, kintu ve itane kSINa ho jAte haiM ki koI vizeSa prabhAva nahIM DAla pAte / phira naitika carama kI sthiti chaThe guNasthAna meM hI prApta ho jAtI hai, isase Age ke guNasthAnoM meM to Atma-zodhana kI sAdhanA aura prakriyA calatI hai, jo dharma athavA tapa ke kSetra meM AtI hai / 13vA~ guNasthAna sarvajJatvadazA (jIvanmukta dazA) isa guNasthAna meM avasthita AtmA sabhI vikAroM se pare ho jAtI hai, krodha Adi kisI prakAra kA Avega rAMvega, moha-mamatva nahIM rahatA, saMpUrNa jJAna anAvRta ho jAtA hai aura vaha jIvanmukta ho jAtA hai / isI ko arhata aura sarvajJa kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi isa bhUmikA meM mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiM, kevalI bhagavAna sabhI jIvoM kI rakSA, dayA ke lie dharmopadeza dete haiM, jijJAsuoM 1. sampUrNa zramaNAcAra kA varNana 'naitika carama' adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only - lekhaka

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374 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizolana kI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna bhI karate haiM, kintu yaha saba unakA jItAcAra hai, nIti kA yahA~ praveza nahIM hai / yaha guNasthAna aura isameM hone vAlI pravRttiyA~ nIti kI sImA se pare haiN| isake uparAnta jIva sabhI prakAra ke baMdhanoM se mukta ho jAtA hai, ananta Ananda meM lIna ho jAtA hai| ____ nIti kI dRSTi se guNasthAnoM kI avadhAraNA eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka hai / isake anusAra yaha spaSTarUpa se samajhA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti naitikatA kI kisa bhUmikA taka pahu~ca cukA hai| gUNasthAnoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki inameM AdhyAtmika aura naitika unnati ke pratyaya sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| donoM meM sAmaMjasya aura samanvaya sthApita hotA hai| - sirpha vyAvahArika aura sAMsArika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to naitikatA kA prArambha dhArmikatA se pahale bhI ho sakatA hai / nAstika vyakti jinameM dhArmikatA kA sparza bhI nahIM hotA, jo Izvara, punarjanma, karma aura yahA~ taka ki AtmA kI sattA ko bhI svIkAra nahIM karate, ve bhI naitika ho sakate haiN| dayA, sevA, paropakAra, sahAyatA Adi aisI pravRttiyA~ jo naitika haiM nAstikoM meM bhI mila sakatI haiM aura ve loga bhI naitika kahalA sakate haiM, sajjana ho sakate haiN| guNasthAnoM kI apekSA aisI naitikatA, prathama sopAna meM bhI mila sakatI hai / lekina aisI naitikatA saMsAralakSyI hotI hai| jaba isameM dhArmikatA kA, Atma-kalyANa kA, yathArtha bodha aura dRSTikoNa kA puTa mila jAtA hai to naitikatA dhArmikatA se saMpRkta hokara AtmotthAna kA hetu bhI bana jAtI hai| aisI naitikatA se mAnasika vattiyoM kA zodhana bhI hotA hai / sadicchA (Good will) jo nIti kA eka pramukha pratyaya hai, vaha zAbdika aura vyAvahArika tathA upacAra mAtra na rahakara yathArtha vAstavikatA bana jAtA hai / ___ sadicchA se prerita mAnavIya samasta vyavahAra svAtma aura parAtmakalyANakArI ke rUpa meM eka viziSTatA utpanna karatA hai| isI viziSTatA kI apekSA jaina-darzana ne naitikatA kA prArambha aviratasamyagdRSTi guNasthAna se mAnA hai kyoMki yahIM se nIti athavA naitikatA Atma-sukha athavA paramazubha (Ultimate good; lakSyI banatI hai aura yaha saMpUrNa nIti kA carama lakSya athavA dhyeya hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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khaNDa 3 jaina nIti aura vibhinna vAdoM kA tulanAtmaka mUlyAMkana Part III Comparative Evaluation of Jaina Ethics with other Ethical Thoughts For Personal & Private Use Only

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1. jaina nIti aura naitika vAda 2. adhikAra, kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha 3. nIti ko sApekSatA aura nira pekSatA 4. samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 jaina nIti aura naitika vAda (JAINA ETHICS--ETHICO-MORAL THEORIES ) yaha anubhUtyAtmaka satya hai ki mAnava jJAna - saMvegAtmaka prANI hai / eka ora vaha apanI viveka buddhi se bhalI-bhA~ti cintana-mananakara naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhatA hai to dUsarI ora adhikAdhika sukha kI anubhUti bhI karanA cAhatA hai / vaha apane AcaraNa ko eka ora jJAnAtmakatA kI lagAma se sAdhe rakhanA cAhatA hai, sanmArga athavA naitika mArga kI ora mor3anA cAhatA hai to dUsarI aura Avega saMvega use indriya-sukhoM kI ora bahA le jAne ke lie pratipala-pratikSaNa pUrI zakti se tatpara rahate haiM / isI pUrNa sthiti meM mAnava-mana kabhI idhara mur3atA hai to kabhI udhara / aura yahI dvaidha vibhinna naitika vAdoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai / sandehavAda athavA saMzayavAda Adi kA AdhAra mAnava kI jJAnAtmaka pravRtti hai to sukhavAda Adi vAdoM kA AdhAra mAnava ke vibhinna saMvega haiM / yadyapi ina vAdoM ke bIja prAcIna bhAratIya granthoM meM bhI milate haiM kintu pazcimI nItizAstriyoM ne inakI vistRta carcA aura vizleSaNa kiyA hai| yahA~ hama inameM se kucha pramukha vAdoM kI carcA - vizleSaNa- vivecana karake yaha spaSTa karanA cAheMge ki jaina darzana aura jainanIti kA inake saMbaMdha meM kyA dRSTikoNa hai, yaha kisa sImA taka grAhya athavA agrAhya haiM / saMdehavAda sandehavAda kA abhiprAya hai, kisI vastu ke viSaya meM nizcaya na honA, 377 For Personal & Private Use Only

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378 | jaina notizAstra : eka parizIlana saMzaya banA rhnaa| isake bIja bhAratIya cintanadhArA ke eka vicAraka saMjaya velaThThiputta kI mAnyatAoM meM milate haiM / jaba vaha kahatA hai- yadi koI mujhe pUche ki kyA paraloka hai aura mujhe aisA lage ki paraloka hai to maiM kaha~gA-hA~ ! lekina mujhe vaisA nahIM lagatA aura aisA bhI nahIM lagatA ki paraloka nahIM hai / aupapAtika prANI haiM yA nahIM, acche bure karma kA phala hotA hai yA nahIM, tathAgata mRtyu ke bAda rahatA hai yA nahIM, inameM se kisI bhI bAta ke lie merI koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM hai / taba vaha nizcita hI saMdeha se grasta hai aura usakA kathana saMdehavAda hI hai / vaha kisI bhI tatva kA nizcaya nahIM kara pA rahA hai / saMzaya athavA bhrama (Confusion) meM hai| isake bIja mahAbhArata meM bhI yakSa-yudhiSThira saMvAda meM milate haiM, jaba yakSa ke prazna kA uttara dete hue yudhiSThira kahate haiM-tarka apratiSThita hai, zratiyoM ke mata bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM, eka bhI RSi aisA nahIM hai jisakA mata prAmANika mAnA jAya / ina zabdoM meM spaSTa saMzaya dharmatatva ke viSaya meM jhalaka rahA hai| aise hI kathana Rgveda meM bhI sRSTi kI utpatti ke viSaya meM milate haiM / jaba Rgveda kA RSi kahatA hai ki pahale saghana andhakAra thA, phira usameM prakAza kI utpatti huI, sUrya-tArAgaNa-pRthvI jala Adi nirmita hue / aura anta meM kaha detA hai--kauna kaha sakatA hai ki sRSTi ke Adi meM kyA thA ? jaba kisI naitika pratimAna ko nirdhArita karanA sambhava na ho sake jisake AdhAra para zubha-azubha, karaNIya-akaraNIya kA nirNaya kiyA jA sake, usa sthiti ko naitika sandehavAda kahA jAtA hai| pazcimI vidvAnoM ne sandehavAda ko manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ke sAtha 1 bhagavAna buddha pR. 183 2. dArzanika kSetra meM saMjaya velaTThiputta kI mAnyatAoM ko vikSa pavAda kahA gayA hai kintu vikSapa kA abhiprAya bhrama, saMzaya, saMdeha hotA hai / dekheM-Standard Illustrated Dictionary vikSa pa zabda / vahAM isake lie Cenfusion zabda diyA gayA hai| 3 mahAbhArata : vana parva 312/115 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 376 jor3A hai aura tarka evaM bhAvanAoM se usakI puSTi karane kA prayAsa kiyA lekina jaina darzana ko yaha naitika sandehavAda pUrNarUpa se asvIkAra hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki pUNya-pApa, jIva-ajIva, kalyANa-akalyANa, Adi tatva haiM, aisA nizcaya karanA cAhie, isake viparIta nhiiN| unhoMne to saMzaya athavA sandehavAdiyoM ko asaMbaddhabhASI athavA mithyAbhASI batAyA hai / sukhavAda sukhavAda ke aneka prakAra haiM, jaise-jar3avAdI sukhavAda, manovaijJAnika sukhavAda Adi / jar3avAdI sukhavAda kA Azaya hai- bhogavAda / isameM indriya-sukha ko hI sukha mAnA gayA hai| pazcima meM isakA sabase bar3A samarthaka erisTIpasa thaa| prAcIna kAla meM epIkyUrasa ne yaha siddhAnta diyA thaa| usake nAma para epIkyUriyanijma (Epicureanism) nAma kA eka vAda hI cala pdd'aa| bhoga sukhavAdI AtmA, paramAtmA Adi kA astitva hI svIkAra nahIM karate, unake matAnusAra paraloka bhI nahIM hai, karma mithyA hai, koI naitika niyama zAzvata nahIM hai, cintA chor3akara vartamAna meM prApta sukhoM kA bhoga nirAbAdha rUpa se karanA cAhie / bhArata meM cArvAka siddhAnta isI prakAra kA hai| vaha bhI yahI saba bAteM kahatA hai / usake matAnusAra-jaba taka jIvana hai, sukha se jIo, RNa lekara bhI ghI piyo,isa zarIra ke bhasma hone para punarAgamana (AtmA ke punajanma) kA prazna hI nhiiN| ___ eka zabda meM isa sukhavAda kA Azaya hai khAo, pIo, mauja kro| lekina vaha vAda bhArata meM kabhI sthAyitva na pA skaa| vaidika, bauddha aura jaina--tInoM darzanoM ne ise ghora anaitikatAvAda kahA hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kA abhiprAya hai ki prANI mAtra sukha ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| 1 sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya zru taskandha, adhyayana 5, gAthA 12 / 26, saMjJApradhAna sUtra 2 sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zru taskandha, adhyayana 12, gAthA 2, 3 DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 107 For Personal & Private Use Only

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380 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bainthama ne kahA hai- prakRti ne manuSya ko sukha aura duHkha nAmaka do sarvazaktimAna svAmiyoM ke adhIna rakhA hai / unako hI yaha saMketa karanA hai ki hameM kyA karanA cAhie aura hama kyA kareMge ?"1 bhI sirainiksa (Cyrenaics) bhI isI mata kA samarthana karatA hai / mila bhI beMthama kA samarthaka hai aura usane jJAna, saundarya tathA dharma ko ' ke sAdhana rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / sukha jaina dRSTi se bhI prANi mAtra ko sukhavAdI mAnA jA sakatA hai / AcArAMga, dazavaikAlika TIkA' se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai / yahI tathya mahAbhArata' meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / chAndogya upaniSad kA mantavya hai ki mAnava ke karma karane kA hetu sukha hai | cANakya to mAnava ko svArthI mAnatA hI hai / kintu sabhI bhAratIya darzana vyaktigata sukha se adhika sArvajanika sukha para bala dete haiM / " itane para bhI jaina naitikatA kI viziSTatA yaha hai ki yaha vyaktigata sukha kI avadhAraNA to mAnya karatI hai kintu sAtha hI spaSTa AghoSa karatI hai ki tumhAre sukha ke lie dUsaroM ke sukha kA hanana na ho, unheM duHkha na ho / dUsaroM ko duHkha dekara apane sukha ke lie jaina naitikatA meM koI sthAna nahIM hai / vahA~ to apane samAna hI prANI mAtra ko samajhane kI mAnyatA haiM | aura kahA hai - jise tuma kaSTa va pIr3A denA cAhate ho, vaha koI dUsarA nahIM 1. Bentham, J : Principles and Morals of Legislation. chap, 1. --Quoted by : DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 107 ( pAda-TippaNa) 2. AcArAMga 1/2/3/81 - savve pANA suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA | 3. dazavekAlika TIkA pR0 46 4. dukhAdudvijate sarvaH sarvasya sukhamIpsitam ... - mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 136 / 61 5. chAndogya upaniSad 7 / 22 / 1 6. dekhie - yajurveda zAntipATha meM prastuta kI gaI sarva sukha bhAvanA sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu nirAmayA / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcit duHkha bhAgbhavet // 7. attasame mannijja chappikAe / For Personal & Private Use Only - dazavaikAlika 10/5

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 381 tuma hI svayaM ho| sAtha hI mAnasika athavA manovaijJAnika sukha se Upara uThakara Atmika sukha kI ora lakSya rakhatI hai, yahI isakA ( jaina naitikatA kA) abhISTa hai / pazcimI naitikatA isI bindu para jaina naitikatA se pichar3a jAtI hai / naitika sukhavAda athavA upayogitAvAda naitika sukhavAda kI do avadhAraNAe~ haiM(1) sukha kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie / (2) sArvajanIna sukha hI kAmya hai / yaha dUsarI avadhAraNA upayogitA vAda ke nAma se abhihita kI jAtI hai / upayogitAvAda ke do bheda kiye jAte haiM - ( 1 ) prAcIna athavA sthUla (Ancient or gross) upayogitAvAda aura ( 2 ) Adhunika athavA pariSkRta (modern or refined ) upayogitAvAda | bainthama ne apane naitika siddhAnta meM sthUla aura pariSkRta upayogitAvAda kA sAmaMjasya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / ina donoM meM sAdRzya aura vaibhinnaya nimna prakAra haiM 1. donoM kA hI lakSya sukha hai / 2. sthUla sukhavAda ( upayogitAvAda ) nirAzAvAdI thA aura pariSkRta upayogitAvAda AzAvAdI hai / 3. prAcIna vaiyaktika thA aura Adhunika sArvajanIna / 4. Adhunika sukhavAda ( upayogitAvAda ) adhika vikasita hai / bainthama ke anusAra upayogitAvAda kA artha adhika se adhika vyaktiyoM kA adhika se adhika sukha hai / yaha artha itanA mahatvapUrNa hai ki ise upayogitA sUtra (formula or principle of utility) kahA jAtA hai / upayogitA sUtra ke nimna rUpa milate haiM 1. adhika se adhika sukha ( greatest happiness ) / 2. uccatama sukha ( maximum happiness) / 1 jaM haMttavvati mannasi -- AcArAMga 1 saMgamalAla pANDeya : nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR0 151. For Personal & Private Use Only

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382 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana 3. adhika se adhika saMkhyA kA adhika se adhika sukha (greatest happiness of the greatest number) 4. bahasaMkhyakoM kA sUkha (happiness of majority) / 5. sArvabhauma sukha (universal happiness) / 6. sAmAnya sukha (general happiness) / 7. sAmAjika sukha (social happiness) / yahA~ uccatama sukha se yaha abhiprAya liyA jA sakatA hai ki indriyasukhoM kI apekSA mAnasika sukha ucca hai aura mAnasika se bauddhika tathA bauddhika se hArdika tathA Atmika sukha uttarottara ucca, uccatara uccatama haiN| __jahA~ taka sukha kA sambandha hai, jaina dharma bhI isa avadhAraNA ko nirasta nahIM karatA, apitu ise svIkAra hI karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyI zramaNa-sAdhaka jaba kabhI koI vyakti kisI prakAra kA niyama grahaNa karane kA saMkalpa prakaTa karatA hai to ve eka hI vAkya kahate haiM___ jahAsuhaM devANuppiyA ! mA paDibandha kareha / (devAnupriya ! jisameM tumheM sukha ho, vaisA karo; lekina zubha kArya meM vilamba na kro|) ina zabdoM meM naitika sukha (uccatama naitika sukha) kI avadhAraNA kI anumati ke sAtha-sAtha zubha kArya kI preraNA bhI hai| jaina Agama sthAnAMga sUtra meM dasa prakAra ke sukha' batAye gaye haiM 1. Arogya 2. dIrghAyu 3. dhanADhyatA (ADhyatA-Adara-sammAna prApta honA) 4. icchita zabda aura rUpa prApta honA 5. icchita gandha, rasa aura sparza kA prApta honA 6. santoSa 7. jaba jisa vastu kI AvazyakatA ho,usa samaya usa vastu kA prApta honA 8. zabha bhoga kI prApti ha. niSkramaNa (pUrNa aparigrahavRtti) dIkSA aura 10. avyAbAdha sukha-nirvighna sukha / ina sukhoM ko nimna se uccatarIya krama meM rakhA jAya to icchita zabda, rUpa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza sukha, bhoga-sukha haiM jinheM indriya-sukha athavA naitikatA kI dRSTi se nimna koTi ke sukha kahA jA sakatA hai| 1. sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 10, sUtra 737, saMpAdaka : munizrI kanhaiyAlAlajI kamala For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 383 dUsare varga meM kramazaH dhanADhyatA, Arogya aura dIrghAyu ke sukha haiM / tIsare varga meM saMtoSa, niSkramaNatA aura avyAbAdha sukha rakhe jA sakate haiM / inameM se avyAbAdha sukha to arihaMta-siddha avasthA kA sukha hai, aura vaha bhUmikA nIti se pare hai / niSkramaNa sukha naitikatA kA carama hai aura santoSa sukha sAmAnya nIti ke antargata manuSya mAtra ke lie AtA hai / yadyapi sAdhu parama santoSI hotA hai, kintu pazcimI nItizAstra meM naitika sukha kI jo avadhAraNA hai, vaha Agama varNita santoSa sukha se bhalI bhA~ti abhivyakta ho jAtI hai / sukhavAda kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI jaina darzana eka mAtra isI ko sAdhya nahIM mAnatA, vaha jJAnAtmaka pakSa ko bhI utanA hI mahatva detA hai / siddhajIvoM meM jJAna darzana ke pazcAta sukha kA hI krama rakhA gayA aura sukha - avyAbAdha sukha kI avadhAraNA kA kAraNa bhI anantajJAna darzana ko mAnA gayA hai / vikAsavAdI 'sukhavAda vikAsavAda 16vIM zatAbdI kI sabase bar3I dena hai / yadyapi yaha siddhAnta kisI na kisI rUpa meM pahale bhI milatA thA kintu DArbina aura harbarTa spensara ne isako sarvathA navIna rUpa pradAna kiyaa| isa viSaya meM DArbina kI pustaka 'jAtiyoM kA udbhava' (Origin of Species) yugAntarakArI siddha huI / kiMtu yaha tathA ' mAnava kA AvirbhAva ' ( Descent of Man ) nAma kIkI donoM pustakeM prakRti aura prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ke AdhAra para likhI haiM / yahI bAta unakI 'jIvana-saMgrAma' ( Survival of the Fittest) ke saMbandha meM satya hai / harabarTa spensara ne isI vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko nIti ke kSetra meM bhI lAgU karane kA prayatna kiyA / isI kAraNa ina donoM kA vikAsavAda 'prAkRtika vikAsavAda' kahalAtA hai / isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para tIna bAteM pratiphalita hotI haiM 1. jIvana kI rakSA 2. paryAvaraNa se samAyojana 3. vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahayogI bananA / ataH vikAsavAda ke anusAra mAnava ke ve kriyA-kalApa jo ina tInoM For Personal & Private Use Only

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384 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bAtoM meM sahayogI athavA sahAyaka banate haiM, ve zubha haiM, aura jo ina meM sahayogI nahIM banate ve azubha haiM / jahAM taka jIvana kI rakSA Adi ina tInoM bAtoM kA sambandha hai, jaina darzana kA isameM matabheda nahIM hai / AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai - jIvana sabhI ko priya hai / dazavaikAlika ke anusAra bhI sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, maranA koI nahIM cAhatA / " abhayadAna ? athavA jIvana-rakSA ko bhI zreSTha kahA gayA hai / isa jIvana-rakSA meM hI dIrghAyuSya kA rahasya chipA huA hai / AvazyakasUtra meM to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki sIdhI rAha calate prANiyoM ko unakI gati, sthAna, kriyA Adi meM avarodha paidA karanA bhI pApa hai / isake lie sAdhaka mana meM pazcAttApa kara unase kSamA mA~gatA hai / " koSItaki upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai - niHzreyas mAtra prANa meM hai cANakya ne bhI dhana aura strI kI apekSA apanI AtmA ke rakSaNa kI bAta kahI hai / " buddha bhI dhammapada meM kahate haiM ki svayaM ko surakSita rakhanA cAhie | 7 yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina ahiMsA kA saMpUrNa bhavana jIvana-rakSA ke naitika siddhAnta para khar3A hai / kintu yaha eka hI pakSa hai / jaina ahiMsA sva aura para donoM ke jIvana kI rakSA kA siddhAnta mAnatI hai; jabaki naitika vikAsavAda apanI svayaM kI rakSA taka sImita hai, isIlie ise vaiyaktika vikAsavAda kahA jAtA hai / aura yahI jaina-nIti tathA vikAsavAda meM pramukha antara hai / spensara ke isa vaiyaktika vikAsavAda ko sTIphena ( Stephen ) tathA alekjeNDara ne vizada banAne kA prayAsa kiyA / sTIphena ne isameM sAmAjika svasthatA (Social Health ) aura alekjeNDara ne sAmAjika samAnatA 1 1 AcArAMga 1/2/3 2 dazakAlika 6 / 11 3 sUtrakRtAMga, adhyayana 6, vIratthui - daNANa seTTha abhayappayANaM / 4 dekheM 'iriyAvahiyA sUtra' Avazyaka 1 5 kauSItaki upaniSad 3 / 2 - astitveva prANAnAM niHzreyasamiti / 6 cANakya nIti darpaNa - AtmAnaM satataM rakSeddArairapi dhanairapi / 7 dhammapada 157 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 385 (Social Equilibrium) kA pratyaya jor3A / sAmAjika svasthatA aura samAnatA kA abhiprAya samAja kI suvyavasthA mAnA jAnA caahie| isa suvyavasthA ko banAye rakhane ke lie 'jaina nIti ke vyAvahArika binduoM ke adhikAMza sUtroM meM isa prakAra kI antarbhAvanA nihita hai| buddhiparakatAvAda buddhiparakatAvAda buddhi ke adhikAra para bala detA hai aura saccaritra ko paramazubha mAnatA hai / isake anusAra Atmavijaya hI paramakalyANa hai| yaha vAsanAoM ko ThukarAtA hai aura unheM AtmA ke jakar3ane ke lie jAla ke samAna mAnatA hai| isakA eka bheda viraktivAda (Cynicism) hai, jisakA siddhAnta haidharma (Virtue) dharma ke lie, yaha sukha athavA Ananda kA sAdhana nahIM hai| yadyapi virakti ko to jaina-nIti bhI svIkAra karatI hai; kintu vaha dharma athavA sadguNoM ko sukha aura Ananda kA sAdhana bhI mAnatI hai / dUsarA bheda buddhivAdI viraktivAda (Stoicism) hai| isakA pravartaka jemo (Jemo) (340-265 B.C.) thaa| yaha dharmamaya jIvana ko zreSTha mAnate haiN| inake mata meM prakRti ke anusAra jIvana kA abhiprAya buddhi ke anusAra jIvana hai / inake anusAra mAnava ko sAmAjika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA caahie| tIsarA bheda IsAI saMnyAsavAda hai| inake anusAra vartamAna jIvana kevala eka yAtrA hai jo svarga kA daivI jIvana pAne kI taiyArI hai|| ____ jahAM taka jaina nIti kA sambandha hai, vaha buddhi ke anusAra jIvana ko asvIkAra nahIM karatI, sAtha hI zubha karmoM dvArA svarga prApti ke prayAsa ko bhI ucita ThaharAtI hai; kintu svarga ko apanA lakSya nahIM maantii| jaina nIti ke anusAra isa mAnava janma kA antima lakSya mokSa hai, sampUrNa baMdhanoM se vimukti hai / svarga isa yAtrA kA eka sukhada par3Ava mAtra hai / Adhunika yuga meM buddhiparakatAvAda kA sabase bar3A samarthaka jarmana dArzanika kAMTa (Imanuel Kant) hai| isakA darzana kaThora kahA jAtA hai; kyoMki isane bhAvanAoM ko koI sthAna nahIM diyaa| yaha vAsanAoM ke Upara uThe hue buddhimaya jIvana ko naitika jIvana mAnatA hai| kAMTa ke anusAra bhAvanAoM se prerita karma naitika nahIM ho sakate For Personal & Private Use Only

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386 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana apitu nirapekSa buddhi se prerita karma hI naitika ho sakate haiM / isI AdhAra para yaha 'kartavya ke lie kartavya' kA siddhAnta mAnatA hai / kATa kI yaha dhAraNA gItA ke niSkAma karmayoga se prabhAvita hai / apanI dhAraNA ke anusAra hI vaha sArvabhauma vidhAna, prakRti vidhAna svayaM sAdhya, svAtantrya aura sAdhyoM kA rAjya-nIti ke ina pratyayoM kA vidhAna karatA hai / ina sabhI meM vaha sArvabhaumatA ( generalisation) ko pramukha tatva batAtA hai / jaina nIti kAMTa se pUrNataH sahamata nahIM hai / vaha jJAna ke sAtha bhAvanAoM kA mahatva bhI svIkAratI hai| yaha kahanA adhika saMgata hogA ki naitika jIvana meM jaina nIti ke anusAra jJAna se bhAvanAoM kA adhika mahatva hai / yadi mAnava kI bhAvanA zuddha athavA zubha hai to mAnava naitika hai, yaha jaina dRSTikoNa hai / udAharaNArtha - DAkTara ke Aparezana karate samaya yadi rogI kA prANAnta ho jAtA hai to bhI bhAvanA zuddha hone se DAkTara nItimAna hai / isake viparIta zikArI kI golI se yadi koI pa baca nikalatA hai to bhI bhAvanA kutsita hone se zikArI anaitika hI hai / nic kA mata hai ki jo niyama sArvabhauma bana sakate haiM, ve naitika haiM aura jo sArvabhauma nahIM bana sakate ve anaitika haiM / udAharaNa ke lie abrahmasevana, parastrIsevana, asatyabhASaNa Adi niyama sArvabhauma bana sakate haiM, isalie yaha sabhI naitika haiM / isa dRSTi se kAMTa bhAratIya darzanoM ke samIpa A jAtA hai / jaina nIti sahita sabhI bhAratIya dharma evaM nItikAra ahiMsA Adi ko sArvabhauma hI svIkArate haiM / kAMTa kA svatantratA kA siddhAnta jaina-nIti ke bahuta nikaTa hai / svatantratA se usakA abhiprAya vyakti ko samAna adhikAra prApti se hai / yadi vyakti dUsare kA adhikAra chInatA hai to usakA yaha kArya anaitika hai / jaina-nIti bhI isI siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatI hai / vaha to prANimAtra ko apane samAna samajhane kI preraNA detI hai - jaise hameM apanA sukha priya hai, vaise hI sabako apanA sukha priya hai; ataH kisI ko bhI duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, kisI ko bandhana meM nahIM rakhanA, AjJA meM nahIM rakhanA cAhie', Adi yaha jaina-nIti kA mUla udghoSa hai / 1 AcArAMga sUtra kahatA hai - Aya tule payAsu-saba ko apane AtmA ke tarAjU se tolo / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 387 AmatparNatAvAda Atma-pUrNatAvAda (Eudaemonism) vaha naitika siddhAnta hai jo Atma-kalyANa ko hI parama zreya aura parama zubha mAnatA hai / isakI vyutpatti grIka zabda yUDIyAmoniyA (Eud aemonia) se huI hai jisakA artha hotA hai-kalyANa / ise saMkSepa meM pUrNatAvAda (Perfectionism) bhI kaha diyA jAtA hai| pUrNatAvAda athavA AtmapUrNatAvAda ke bIja prAcIna yUnAnI dArzanika arastU ke vicAroM meM milate haiM / arastU ne apanI pustaka nikomakiana Ithiksa meM manuSya mAtra kA lakSya yUDIyAmoniyA (Eudaemonia) batAyA hai, jisake antargata tIna bAteM AtI haiM-(1) kriyAzIlatA, (2) niHzreyasa aura (3) Ananda yA sukha / isI vAda ke darzana IsAmasIha ke ina zabdoM meM hote haiM"tuma vaise hI pUrNa ho jAo jaise svarga meM tumhArA pitA hai / "2 Adhunika yuga meM pUrNatAvAda kA samarthana libanitsa, spinojA Adi ne kiyA kintu hegela ne 'pUrNa puruSa yA vyakti bano'-yaha mukhya zikSA dekara isa vAda ko navIna AdhAra para pratiSThita kiyaa| vastutaH pUrNatAvAda meM sukhavAda aura buddhiparakatAvAda kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai / sukhavAda kA lakSya indriya-sukha hai aura buddhiparakatAvAda AtmA ko zuddha buddhimaya mAnatA hai / isameM bhAvanAoM ko koI sthAna nahIM diyA gayA jabaki sUkhavAda meM bhAvanAoM kA pramukha sthAna hai| AtmapUrNatAvAda vAsanA aura buddhi-donoM ko hI AtmA kA anivArya aMga svIkAra karake donoM ko hI ucita sthAna denA cAhatA hai / kintu yaha vAsanAoM ko aniyaMtrita nahIM chor3anA cAhatA / yaha vAsanAoM ke damana athavA niSkAsana ko bhI ucita nahIM mAnatA / yaha unakA mArgAntarIkaraNa zubha aura zuddha kI ora karanA cAhatA hai| pUrNatAvAda kI sabase pramukha vizeSatA svArtha aura paramArtha kA ucita samAyojana hai / yaha AtmA ke do pakSa mAnatA hai--1. vyaktigata AtmA 5 saMgamalAla pANDeya : nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pa0 270 2 saMgamalAla pANDeya : nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pR0 271 3 vyaktigata AtmA kI tulanA jainadarzana meM vaNita kaSAya AtmA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki vyaktigata AtmA bhI vAsanAtmA-kaSAyAtmA hI hai / -dekhie - paccIsa bola kA stoka, bola 15vA aura sthAnAMga, sthAna 8 For Personal & Private Use Only

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388 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana aura 2. vizvAtmA / isake anusAra vizvAtmA (vizva kA kalyANa-maMgala karane vAlI AtmA) hI Atma-sAkSAtkAra karane meM sakSama hotI hai| isake lie vaha AtmatyAga Avazyaka mAnatA hai| zrI maikenjI ke zabdoM meM "hama sAmAjika sAdhyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karake hI saccI AtmA athavA pUrNa zubha kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakate haiN| aisA karane ke lie hameM vyaktigata AtmA kA niSedha karanA cAhie jo ki saccI AtmA nahIM hai| hameM apanI AtmA kA parityAga karake apanA AtmalAbha karanA caahie| Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA artha hai AdarzAtmA kI prApti, jo ki zAzvata aura ananta hai| . AtmapUrNatAvAda ke isa siddhAnta para jaina-nIti kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai / jaina-nIti kA lakSya bhI AdarzAtmA kI prApti hai aura isake lie vaha kaSAyAtmA kA tyAga Avazyaka mAnatI hai| jaina dharma ke atirikta bhArata ke jitane bhI mokSavAdI darzana haiM, ve saba pUrNatAvAda kI avadhAraNAoM se sahamata haiM / zaMkarAcArya ne to spaSTa hI kahA haiAtma lAbha se bar3A koI lAbha nahIM hai|' aise hI vicAra sAMkhya, yoga, vedAntAdi darzanoM ke haiN| jaina-nIti bhI vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM Adi kA mArgAntarIkaraNa hI ucita mAnatI hai, yahA~ isakA nAma kSaya diyA gayA hai| isake viparIta damana athavA zamana kA mArga ucita nahIM mAnA gayA; kyoMki damita yA upazamita kaSAyeM punaH dugune vega se ubhara AtI haiM aura ve AtmA ke patana kA kAraNa banatI haiN| vidhAnavAda manuSya sadA se samUha meM rahatA AyA hai| vaha samUha se saba kucha sIkhatA hai aura paripakva hone para sikhAtA bhI hai| usako naitikatA kI 1 uddhRta, DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 225 2 DA0 rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 227 3 tulanIya-appANaM vosirAmi-sAmAyika sUtra 4 AtmalAbhAtparonAnyo lAbhaH kazcinna vidyate - zaMkarAcArya : upadeza sahasrI 16/4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 386 zikSA bhI sarvaprathama apane samUha se hI milatI hai| yaha gaNa, jAti, kula samAja, rASTra aura janapada Adi aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| inameM se pratyeka ke kucha nizcita niyama athavA vidhAna hote haiM, jinheM mAnanA manuSya ke lie Avazyaka hotA hai / yahI vidhAnavAda hai| gaNa, jAti Adi ko hI vidhAna athavA vaidhAnika saMsthAeM kahA gayA hai| yaha bAhya vidhAnavAdI saMsthAe~ haiM / vastutaH vidhAnavAda ke do pramukha bheda haiM-(1) bAhya vidhAnavAda aura (2) Antarika vidhAnavAda / bAhya vidhAnavAda ke pramukha bheda haiM-(1) sAmudAyika vidhAnavAda (2) sAmAjika vidhAnavAda (3) rAjanaitika vidhAnavAda (4) IzvarIya vidhAnavAda / 1. sAmudAyika vidhAnavAda kA abhiprAya samudAya (tribe or community) ke niyamoM se hai / samudAya ke mukhiyA ke Adeza kA pAlana hI naitikatA mAnA jAtA hai aura usake Adeza kA ullaMghana hI anaitiktaa| isakA prArambhika rUpa Adima kabIloM meM dikhAI detA haiN| Adhunika yuga meM zramika saMgha (trade union) tathA anya vibhinna sabhAoM, esosiezana Adi meM isakA sudharA huA rUpa dikhAI detA hai / sudharA huA isa prakAra ki kisI samasyA para sadasyoM ko vicAra pragaTa karane kA avasara diyA jAtA hai aura unake vicAra sunakara nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai; phira bhI . adhyakSa yA sabhApati kA ho nirNaya mAnya hotA hai| 2. sAmAjika vidhAnavAda ke anusAra samAja ke nirNaya hI naitika haiM aura unakA ullaMghana anaitika / pratyeka samAja ko apanI-apanI paramparA, rUr3hi, maryAdA Adi bhinna-bhinna hotI haiM, aura unhIM ke anusAra sAmAjika vidhAna bhI hote haiN| yadyapi Adhunika yuga meM samAja ke bandhana zithila ho cale haiN| kintu phira bhI inakI naitika (Moral) mAnyatA to hai hI; isa rUpa meM hI sahI, vyakti ina vidhAnoM kA aneka avasaroM para Adara to karatA hI hai / 3. rAjanaitika vidhAnavAda kA abhiprAya rASTrIya athavA rAjya ke niyama upaniyamoM se hai / pahale rAjA hI ina niyamoM kA niyAmaka hotA thA, aba prajAtantrAtmaka zAsana praNAlI meM prajA-pratinidhi ina vidhAnoM kA nirmANa karate haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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360 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vidhAnoM kA pAlana naitikatA mAnA jAtA hai aura inheM bhaMga karanA anaitikatA / manuSya para yaha vidhAna bAdhyakArI hotA hai aura isako bhaMga karane para daNDa diyA jAtA hai / jahAM taka ina tInoM prakAra ke vidhAnoM kA sambandha hai jaina-nIti inheM mAnya karatI hai | ThANAMga sUtra' meM dasa prakAra ke dharma batAye haiM, unameM nagara dharma, grAma dharma, kula dharma, saMgha dharma Adi naitika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM / vahA~ bhI ina dharmoM ke pAlana kI preraNA dI gaI hai / laukika dharma (kuladharma, gaNadharma, saMghadharma, grAmadharmaM, nagaradharmaM ) Adi ke viSaya meM to somadeva sUri ne yaha vyavasthA dI hai ki jahAM taka samyaktva kI hAni aura vrata dUSita na hote hoM, jainiyoM ko sabhI laukika vidhiyA~ mAnya karanA cAhie / 2 4. IzvarIya vidhAnavAda to sabhI dharmo / dharmagranthoM meM milatA hai / gItA kA 'sarva dharmAn parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM braja' isI siddhAnta kA samarthana karatA hai / bAibila, kurAna zarIpha, veda, purANa, smRti Adi jitane bhI dharma grantha haiM, sabhI apane niyamoM ko IzvarIya vidhAna batAte haiM / jaina dharma meM bhI isake bIja mila jAte haiM / AcArAMga sUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM - merI AjJA meM dharma ANA dhammo hai / ' Adi sUtra IzvarIya vidhAnavAda ke hI samarthaka haiM / vaidika evaM jaina dRSTi meM antara yaha hai ki vaidika Izvara jahA~ eka parama sattA hai, vahA~ jaina dRSTi se Izvara eka dehadhArI vItarAga puruSa hai, prANI mAtra ke atyanta hita va sukha ke lie niyama banAte haiM / vidhAnavAda kA dUsarA pramukha bheda Antarika vidhAnavAda hai / isake anusAra zubha - azubha kA nirNaya karane vAlA antarAtmA hai / henarI mora, vuDavartha, klArka Adi pazcimI cintaka isa vicAra dhArA ke samarthaka rahe haiM / Adhunika yuga meM vesTaramArka Adi nIticintaka isake samarthaka haiM / 1 sthAnAMga, sthAna 10, sUtra 760 2 sarva eva hi jainAnAM pramANaM laukiko vidhiH / yatra samyaktva hAnirna yatra na vratadUSaNam // - yazastilaka campU 8 / 34 3 AcArAMga 1/6/2/181 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina noti aura naitika vAda | 361 bhArata meM bhI antarAtmavAda kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki sUkha, duHkha, priya-apriya, dAna aura tyAga sabhI meM antarAtmA ko pramANa mAnanA caahie| jaina dharma meM bhI isako svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ zubha-azubha, vihita-niSiddha karmoM kI sabase bar3I kasauTI manuSya kA svayaM kA hRdaya mAnA gayA hai| antarAtmAvAda ko lutuitionism bhI kahA gayA hai| Intuition kA abhiprAya hai-antardRSTi / antaI STi ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM matabheda hone se isake aneka sampradAya ho gaye haiN| klArka Adi nIticintakoM ne antarAtmA ko bauddhika mAnA hai| inake anusAra antardRSTi prajJA hai tathA isake nirNaya prAtibha hote haiM / yaha kArya kI acchAI-burAI ko sAkSAt jAnatI hai| isakA jJAna sahaja aura aparokSa hai| prajJAvAda athavA sahajajJAna kI avadhAraNA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI prApta hotI haiN| kahA gayA hai-prajJA dvArA dharma kI samIkSA karake tatvaatatva kA nizcaya karanA caahie| Antarika vidhAnavAda kA dUsarA bheda naitika indriyavAda hai| isa vAda ke vicArakoM meM zephTsabarI, hacisana aura raskina pramukha mAne jAte haiN| inake anusAra zubha aura azubha kA jJAna indriyoM dvArA hotA hai jaiseghrANendriya dvArA sugandha-durgandha meM bheda kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra zubha aura azubha meM bhI indriyoM dvArA viveka kiyA jA sakatA hai| __anubhUti ke AdhAra para zephTsabarI ne tIna prakAra kI bhAvanAe~ svIkAra kI haiM 1. rAga-dva'Sa, IrSyA Adi asvAbhAvika athavA asAmAjika bhaavnaaeN| 2. dayA, paropakAra Adi svAbhAvika athavA sAmAjika bhAvanAeM / 3. Atma prema Adi Atma bhaavnaaeN| 1. mahAbhArata, anuzAsana parva 113/6-10 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23 / 25 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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362 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hacisana ne bhAvanAoM ko (1) zAnta aura (2) azAnta-ina do vargoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai| inameM se zAnta bhAvanAeM zubha haiM aura azAnta bhAvanAe~ azubha / raskina ne ruci ko mahatva diyA hai| ruci kA artha usakI dRSTi meM pasandagI hai aura vaha ise naitika rasendriya kahatA hai| ___ gItA meM bhI ruci kA mahatva dikhAI detA hai| vahA~ kaha gayA hai ki manuSya kI jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, vaha vaisA hI bana jAtA hai / jaina nIti kI dRSTi se zepaTsabarI kI tInoM bhAvanAoM kI tulanA kramazaH azubhopayoga, zubhApayoga aura zuddhopayoga se kI jA sakatI hai, lekina jainadharma kA zuddhopayoga vikAra rahita hai jabaki zephTsabarI ne Atma prema bhAvanA meM svArtha aura saMgraha kA bhI samAveza kara liyA hai| hacisana kI zAnta aura azAnta bhAvanAoM ko kramazaH zubha aura azubhopayoga kahA jA sakatA hai| ruci kI carcA to samyaktva ke sandarbha meM uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI AI hai| vahAM dasa prakAra kI ruciyAM batAI gaI haiN| lekina sirpha ruci naitikatA ke siddhAnta kI nirNAyikA nahIM ho sakatI aura na svayaM hI naitika AcaraNa bana pAtI hai kyoMki yaha to mAtra bhAvAtmaka pakSa hI haiN| isI kAraNa jaina darzana meM samyagdarzana aura samyaka cAritra ko pRthaka-pRthaka batAyA gayA hai| tathya yaha hai ki samyakacAritra athavA nIti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra hI naitikatA kI koTi meM parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| prasiddha arthazAstrI eDama smitha ke naitika vicAra usakI pustaka naitika sthAyIbhAvoM ke siddhAnta (Theory of Moral Sentiments) meM milate haiM aura usake siddhAntoM ko sahAnubhUtivAda kahA gyaa| sahAnubhUti vaha hai jisake dvArA sadguNa aura jJAna kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai tathA vaha jo sadguNa rUpa se mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| sahAnubhUti sadguNa kA sAdhana aura srota donoM hI haiM / eka taraha se yaha prajJAvAda hI hai| 1. gItA 1713 -zraddhA mayo'yaM puruSaH yo yacchuddhaH sa eva hi / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28 3. saMgamalAla pANDeya : nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pR0 115 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 393 sahAnubhUti ke AdhAra para rasala Adi cintakoM ne naitikatA kI vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / sAmAnya rUpa se sahAnubhUti ( saha + anubhUti) kA artha hai dUsaroM kI anubhati, anubhavoM, bhAvanAoM ke sAtha sahavartI honA, unake duHkha, zoka, harSa Adi ko svayaM apane hRdaya meM anubhava karanA, ekAkAra honA / sahAnubhUti eka aisA anubhava hai jisase naitikatA kA vikAsa hotA hai / dUsaroM ke kaSToM klezoM ko miTAne kI bhAvanA mana meM sphurita hotI hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra samyaktva kA eka bAhya lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai anukampA | anukampA kA artha bhI yahI hai ki dUsaroM ke dukha, pIr3A, abhAva Adi ko dekhakara apanA hRdaya bhI kaMpAyamAna ho jAya / aisA vyakti hI dUsaroM kA duHkha miTAne ke lie tatpara ho sakatA hai / sAtha hI vaha aisA kArya nahIM karegA, jisase dUsare duHkhI ho jAya~ / isa prakAra vaha naitika AcaraNa kA pAlana karegA / usameM naitikatA kA vikAsa hogA / isa vikAsa kI pA~ca avasthAe~ haiM 1. sahRdayatA kI avasthA - - isameM vyakti dUsare kI bhAvanAoM ke prati sahAnubhUti pragaTa karatA hai, kuNThAoM Adi ke prati hArdika anubhUti pragaTa karatA hai / 2. naitika mUlyAMkana kI kalApUrNa ( aesthetic) avasthA meM pArasparika sahAnubhUtimaya bhAvanAoM kI preSaNIyatA hotI hai / isa avasthA meM sAdhya aura phala ke sAtha bhI sahAnubhUti hoto hai to vaha karma zubha hai / yaha zubha aucitya aura upayogitA (propriety and utility) ke barAbara hai | 3. naitika niyoga (moral imperative) kI avasthA meM eka ora sahAnubhUti aura saMvedanazIlatA ke sadguNa khilate haiM to dUsarI ora Atma dAna aura Atmopadeza ke sumana vikasita hote haiM / inheM naitika Adeza bhI kahA jAtA hai aura ina AdezoM ke prati zraddhA hI kartavya hote haiM / 4. IzvarIya Adeza kI avasthA - vaha hai jisameM naitika Adeza anullaM - ghanIya ho jAte haiM aura vyakti unheM sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke Adeza samajhakara unakA pAlana karatA hai / 5. caritra-nirmANa kI avasthA - meM vyakti sadguNoM meM sAjhIdAra bana jAtA hai aura ina guNoM ke prati samarpita ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra eDama smitha ne sahAnubhUti kI vyAkhyA naitika carama kI ucca sthiti taka pahuMcA dI hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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364 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana naitika antarAtmavAda ke pramukha pravartaka jojepha baTalara haiN| isane kahA hai ki mAnava prakRti ke anurUpa jo haiM, ve sadguNa haiM aura viparIta durgaNa haiN| isane mAnava prakRti ke cAra tattva batAye haiM- (1) vAsanA (passion) (2) svaprema (self-love) (3) parahita (benevolence) (4) antarAtmA (conscience) / vAsanA ke antargata baTalara bhAvanA (affect.on) aura kSudhA (appetites) Adi pravRttiyoM ko bhI sammilita kara letA hai| vAsanAoM ko vaha andhI (rash) kahatA hai| svaprema usaka anusAra vaha mAnavIya pravRtti hai jisake kAraNa mAnava jIvana bhara sukha kI abhilASA karatA hai / parahita kA abhiprAya dUsaroM ke lie adhikAdhika sukha kA prayAsa karanA hai / yaha soca-samajhakara kI jAne vAlI vRtti hai| antarAtmA ko baTalara ne buddhi kA sthAyIbhAva (sentiment of reason) yA hRdaya kA pratyakSa anubhAva (perception of heart) batAyA hai aura isako nindA prazaMsA karane vAlI kSamatA (faculty), naitika buddhi (moral reason) naitika indriya (moral sense) aura IzvarIya buddhi (divine reason) ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA hai| __baTalara ne antarAtmA ko aucitya-anaucitya, zubhatva-azubhatva kA jJAna karane vAlI aura cintana-manana karane vAlI zakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ jainadarzana ne bhI ATha prakAra kI AtmA mAnI haiN| unameM se kaSAya AtmA, jJAnAtmA, upayoga AtmA, yogAtmA aura cAritrAtmA nIti kI dRSTi se mananIya hai| baTalara ne jo mAnava prakRti ke cAra prakAra ke tatva mAne haiM, unameM se kaSAyAtmA meM vAsanA tatva aura svaprema tatva kA samAveza ho jAtA hai tathA jJAnAtmA meM zeSa do tatvoM kA / upayoga ke zubha, azubha, zuddha tIna bheda haiM / ataH upayoga AtmA meM baTalara ke naitika antarAtmavAda kA saMpUrNa siddhAnta samA jAtA hai| mArTinyU kA sahajajJAnavAda- baTalara ke siddhAnta ko mArTinyU ne sUkSmatama sImA taka Age bar3hAyA aura usameM manovaijJAnikatA kA samAveza kiyA / mArTinyU (Martineau) ne apane naitika siddhAnta ko iDiyo sAikolojikala (Idio psychological) kahA / yaha siddhAnta paryApta sImA taka naitika indriyavAda ke samAna hai / kintu isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki mArTinyU sarvaprathama karma kI preraNAoM kA manovaijJAnika vargIkaraNa prastuta karatA hai For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaMna nIti aura naitika vAda | 365 aura phira unhIM preraNAoM kA naitika vargIkaraNa karatA hai jisase satu asatu kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai / mArTinyU ne (1) prAthamika aura (2) gauNa - isa prakAra se do taraha ke karma-preraka svIkAra kiye haiM aura phira prAthamika karma prerakoM ko cAra prakAroM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai (1) prAthamika pravartaka - kSudhA, maithuna Adi pAzavika pravRttiyA~ aura ArAma kI pravRtti / (2) prAthamika vikarSaNa - dveSa, krodha, bhaya Adi kI pravRttiyA~ (3) prAthamika AkarSaNa - rAga, vAtsalya, samAja- prema Adi (4) prAthamika bhAvanAe~ - jijJAsA, vismaya Adi gauNa karma preraka ke bhI cAra prakAra usane batAye haiM(1) gauNa pravRttiyA~ - svAdapriyatA, lobha, mada Adi (2) gauNa vikarSaNa - mAtsaryaM pratIkAra, zaMkA Adi (3) gauNa AkarSaNa - sneha, karuNA Adi (4) gauNa bhAvanAe~ - Atma sudhAra, saundarya kI upAsanA, dharmaniSThA Adi / inako taratamabhAva kI apekSA 13 vargoM meM usane vibhAjita kiyA hai / jaina darzana meM jo saMjJAoM kI sthiti batAI gaI hai, mArTinyU kA siddhAnta usake kAphI nikaTa hai / saMjJAoM ko nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa se karma ke srota kahA jA sakatA hai / ye anubhava athavA cetanA, saMvedanA, saMjJA, solaha prakAra kI batAI gaI haiM (1) AhAra saMjJA (2) bhaya saMjJA (3) maithuna saMjJA ( 4 ) parigraha saMjJA (5) sukha saMjJA ( 6 ) dukha saMjJA (7) moha saMjJA (8) vicikitsA saMjJA (2) krodhasaMjJA, (10) mAna saMjJA (11) mAyA - kapaTa vRtti saMjJA (12) lobha saMjJA (13) zoka saMjJA (14) loka saMjJA (15) dharma saMjJA aura (16) oghasaMjJA / inameM dharma saMjJA ko chor3akara sabhI sAMsArika karmoM ke srota haiM aura dharma saMjJA satyaniSThA, dharmaniSThA, Adi sadguNoM kI preraka hai / mArTinyU ne bhI apane siddhAnta meM jaina dharma nIti sammata tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vaha bhI zraddhA, dayA, maitrI Adi ko sadguNa mAnatA hai aura krodha, indriya sukha Adi bahirmukhI pravRttiyoM Adi ko durguNa / 1 AcArAMga - zIlAMka vRtti, patrAMka 11 / jaina granthoM meM kahIM cAra saMjJA, kahIM dasa saMjJA va kahIM solaha saMjJAe~ batAI haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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366 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAnavatAvAda - pazcimI jagata meM mAnavatAvAda ke bIja pleTo, arastu, Adi ke darzanoM meM bhI khoje jA sakate haiM / kintu Adhunika yuga meM sI. vI. bArneTa Adi pazcimI cintaka isa vicAradhArA ke pratinidhi haiM / mAnavatAvAdI mAnavIya guNoM meM hI naitikatA ke darzana karate haiM / vaha vartamAna jIvana ko hI mahatva pradAna karate haiM, lokottara jIvana kI carcA kA inakI dRSTi meM vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai / inakA mata hai ki mAnava ko apanA vartamAna jIvana naitika banAnA cAhie / sadguNoM kA AcaraNa hI inakA abhipreta hai / vaha bhI vartamAna usakA to ud jaina-nIti kA bhI isa mata se koI virodha nahIM hai, ke pratyeka kSaNa ko naitikatApUrNa jIne kI preraNA detI hai / ghoSa hai - vartamAna ko sudhAro, bhaviSya apane Apa sudhara jAyegA / jainadarzana sammata apramattatA kI sAdhanA vartamAna meM jAgarUkatA - sadguNapUrNa naitika / dhArmika / sadAcArI jIvana jIne kI hI to preraNA hai / mAnava jIvana ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI durlabha batAyA hai aura preraNA dI hai ki mAnava janma pAkara sadkarma hI karane cAhie / " inake atirikta AtmacetanAvAda, vaiyaktika nItivAda Adi aneka prakAra ke naitika vAda pracalita haiM, kintu unameM thor3e-thor3e antaroM ke hote hue bhI zubha-azubha, ucita-anucita Adi ke pratyaya aura unake kAraNa tathA pariNAma lagabhaga samAna hI haiM, adhika bheda nahIM hai / lekina sAmyavAda eka aisA vAda hai, jisa kI AdhArazilA artha athavA dhanotpAdana ke sAdhanoM para rakhI gaI hai / naitika jagata meM usa kA koI vizeSa mUlya nahIM hai / vaha to varga saMgharSa ko bar3hAvA detA hai aura asaMtuSTi kI aisI anabujha pyAsa jagAtA hai ki mAnava kA mana-mastiSka udva e - lita hI rahatA hai / sAmyavAda sabhI vyaktiyoM kI samAnatA kA Upara se thopA huA siddhAnta hai jo dhana kI sImAoM meM ghuTakara raha gayA hai / yadyapi jaina darzana meM sAmyavAda hai; kintu usakA svarUpa bhinna hai, vaha Atmika sAmyavAda hai, jise samatA kahA gayA hai / vaha aisA samatva hai, jo mAnava hRdaya ko zAMta banAtA hai, antar AtmA se prasphuTita hotA hai, vaha 1 (ka) mANussaM sudullAhaM ( kha ) bhaveSu mAnuSya bhavaM pradhAnaM / tulanA karie - kicchomaNussa paDilAbho / na mAnuSAt zra eSThataraM hi kiMcit - amitagati - dhammapada 182 - mahAbhArata zAntiparva 266 / 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina nIti aura naitika vAda | 397 prANI mAtra ko apane samAna hI samajhatA hai aura saba ko sukhI dekhanA cAhatA hai| - gAMdhIvAdI nItidarzana-isake pravartaka mohanadAsa karmacanda gA~dhI (1866-1648) haiM; jinakA sarva pracalita nAma mahAtmA gAMdhI hai| yaha eka rAjanItika saMta haiN| inakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki inakI nIti para calakara hI sadiyoM se paratantratA kI ber3iyoM meM jakar3A bhArata deza svatantra huA aura vaha bhI ahiMsAtmaka pratirodha se / ahiMsA inakA jIvana darzana hai, AcAra hai, vicAra hai aura saba kucha (all-in-all) hai| satya inakA sAdhya rhaa| __ inakI vizeSatA thI ki ye sAdhya ke sAtha sAdhanoM kI pavitratA para vizvAsa karate the / anucita sAdhanoM se ucita sAdhya kI prApti bhI inako iSTa nahIM thii| inakI nIti ke AdhAra satya aura ahiMsA the tathA lakSya thA-savadaya / sarvodaya kA abhiprAya hai-sabakI unnati, bhautika bhI, AdhyAtmika bhI aura cAritrika bhii| inakI bhASA meM ahiMsA sabhI sadguNoM kA pUjIbhUta rUpa hai| inhoMne 11 nIti-niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyA-(1) satya (2) ahiMsA (3) asteya (4) zarIrazrama (5) brahmacarya (6) asaMgraha (aparigraha) (7) asvAda (8) sarvatra bhaya varjana (abhaya) (6) sarva dharma samAnatA (10) svadezI vastuoM kA upayoga karanA aura (11) chUAchUta na maannaa| __inameM se ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha to jaina nItisammata pA~ca aNavata hI haiN| zarIrazrama, asvAda Adi jaina noti ke vyAvahArika bindu haiM / svadezI vrata deza kI Arthika samRddhi kA hetu hai aura chUAchUta na mAnanA mAnava, mAnava kI bheda rekhA samApta karatA hai| jahA~ taka chuAchUta athavA jAtivAda kA sambandha hai, jaina darzana bhI jAtivAda ko nahIM maantaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki jAti kI koI vizeSatA nahIM hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki gA~dhIjI ke jIvana para jaina dharma kA gaharA prabhAva rahA hai| yadyapi una para gItA kA bhI viziSTa prabhAva thA aura vaha unakI priya pustaka rahI kintu sAtha hI raskina ke Unto this Last kA bhI una para prabhAva thA / yaha jaina dharma kA hI prabhAva thA ki ahiMsA unakI raga-raga meM samA gaI thI aura yaha unakA jIvana, AcAra, dharma saba kucha bana gii| ___ gA~dhI jI ne nIti ke sarvocca sAdhanoM meM satya aura ahiMsA ko hI 1 na dIsaI jAivisesa koi / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12/7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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368 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAnA hai / ve atyAcArI zAsaka kA virodha bhI ahiMsAtmaka DhaMga se karanA ucita mAnate the / lekina unakI ahiMsA kAyaroM kI ahiMsA nahIM thI / 1 unake vicAra se rAjanItika aura Arthika niyama naitika niyamoM dvArA niyamita saMcAlita aura yahA~ taka ki inake antargata hI hone cAhie / yadi rAjanItika aura Arthika niyama naitika niyamoM ke virodhI hoM to unakI dRSTi meM unakA virodha karanA ucita hai / apane isI naitika nirNaya ke anusAra unhoMne dAMDI yAtrA karake namaka kAnUna tor3A thA tathA briTiza sAmrAjyavAda kA virodha kiyA thA / mAnavatA gA~dhI jI kI nIti kA anya pramukha pratyaya rahA / mAnavatA pada-dalita na ho, mAnavIya vRttiyoM kA sarvatomukhI vikAsa ho, isIlie ve anaitika zAsana ke virodhI rahe aisI sarakAra ko ve kara denA bhI anucita mAnate the / isIlie unhoMne caurI caurA ke kisAnoM ko kara na dene kI preraNA dI / Arthika kSetra meM yaha siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA ki jahAM taka manuSyoM (mAnava zrama) kAma cala sake vahA~ taka mazInoM kA prayoga ucita nahIM hai / isake AdhAra meM mAnava ko zoSaNa, bhukhamarI, berojagArI se mukta rakhane kI sadicchA thI / kyoMki berojagArI Adi ke kAraNa anaitika pravRttiyoM kI sambhAvanA bar3ha jAtI hai / nyAya ke kSetra meM unhoMne grAma paMcAyatoM kA samarthana kiyA tathA dhana saMrakSaNa ke kSetra meM TrasTIzipa siddhAnta kA / grAma paMcAyatoM se vyavasthA sucAru va nyAya sulabha ho jAegA aura TrasTIzipa siddhAnta se dhana-svAmiyoM kA dhana ke prati mamatva kama hogA, ve dhana ko samAja kI dharohara samajheMge aura isalie saMcaya bhI kama hogA, pariNAmasvarUpa varga saMgharSa kI sthiti hI utpanna nahIM hogI / ina sabhI niyamoM aura siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki gA~dhIjI kI sampUrNa nIti kA AdhAra ahiMsA hai / upasaMhAra isa sampUrNa vivecana aura vibhinna naitika vAdoM tathA jaina nIti ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki ina sabhI vAdoM ke bIja jaina nIti meM nihita haiM / yaha avazya hai ki kisI vAda meM ye bIja adhika pratyakSa haiM to kisI meM kama | sArAMzataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina nIti apane Apa meM pUrNa hai, sakSama hai aura apanI vizuddhatA, vizAlatA aura virATa svarUpa ke kAraNa anya sabhI vAdo meM isakA prabhAva jhalakatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra-kartavya aura aparAdha evaM daNDa (RIGHTS, DUTIES AND CRIME PUNISHMENT) CICICICIC-20-03-2-ar:2E3Car-Jr.ac.TICIANOR:1430-30AMTEJALIC-1474-JE:57-7237039300-SLAPDELICIALPR3. nItizAstra kI dRSTi se 'kartavya' eka ubhayamukhI zabda hai / dainika jIvana meM bhI prasaMgAnusAra isake artha badala jAte haiN| jaise eka ora yaha adhikAra se sambandhita hai to dUsarI ora daNDa se bhii| kartavya yadi sahI DhaMga se sampanna kiye jAya~ to vyakti ko vibhinna prakAra ke adhikAroM kI prApti hotI hai aura yadi kartavyoM kA pAlana na kiyA jAya athavA sahI DhaMga se pAlana na kiyA jAya to vyakti dhikkAra aura tiraskAra kA pAtra banatA hai aura daNDa kA bhI bhAgI ho jAtA hai / __isIlie nItizAstra meM kartavyoM para vizeSa bala pradAna kiyA gayA hai| apane kartavyoM ko ucita rIti se pAlana karane vAle vyakti ko samAja meM naitika mAnA jAtA hai| adhikAra aura kartavya nItizAstra ke anusAra adhikAra samAja dvArA svIkRta vyakti athavA vyaktiyoM ko netika mAMgeM (Moral needs) haiM / bosAMke (Bosanquet) kahatA hai-"kartavya samAja dvArA svIkRta vyaktiyoM ke naitika RNa haiM aura adhi. kAra samAja dvArA svIkRta mA~geM haiN|" ___vAstava meM adhikAra, ve zaktiyA~ athavA upalabdhiyA~ haiM jo sucAru jIvana yApana ke lie, sabhI prakAra kI bhautika tathA AdhyAtmika unnati ke lie Avazyaka haiM aura kartavya una adhikAroM kA sammAna karane ke lie anya vyaktiyoM kI naitika bAdhyatA (Moral obligations) haiM / ( 366 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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400 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kartavya aura adhikAra paraspara sApekSa haiM / pratyeka adhikAra ke sAtha kartavya jur3A huA / eka vyakti ke adhikAra ko sammAna dene ke lie dUsarA vyakti bAdhya hotA hai aura yahI usakA prathama vyakti ke prati kartavya hotA hai / isa prakAra adhikAra aura kartavya eka cakra cakrika niyama ( Circle according to cyclic order) ke anusAra calane lagatA hai aura sthiti yaha A jAtI hai ki pratyeka vyakti ke adhikAra bhI hote haiM aura kartavya bhI / vizeSa dhyAna rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki kartavya aura adhikAra samAja sApekSa hote haiM; eka vyakti kA na koI adhikAra hotA hai na kartavya | yadi manuSya ekAkI vana meM nivAsa kare, anya vyaktiyoM se kisI prakAra kA saMparka hI na rakhe aura na koI anya vyakti usake saMparka meM Aye hI to aise nipaTa akele ( absolutely lonely ) vyakti ke lie adhikAra aura kartavyoM kA koI mUlya hI nahIM raha jAtA / lekina aisI sthiti mAnava ke jIvana meM AtI nahIM / manuSya sAmAjika prANI ( Social animal) hai, vaha binA sAthI ke raha hI nahIM sakatA, ataH adhikAra aura kartavya -- donoM hI usake lie Avazyaka haiM / - ke samAja jo bhI adhikAra vyakti (individual) ko pradAna karatA hai, usase yaha apekSA karatA hai ki vaha aucityapUrNa tarIke se, apane aura samAja zubha ke lie hI una adhikAroM kA prayoga karegA, isalie vaha zartahIna adhikAra nahIM detA apitu kartavyoM kI zarta adhikAroM ke sAtha jor3a detA hai / vyakti ke naitika adhikAra (Moral Right of Man ) manuSya ke pramukha naitika adhikAra nimna rUpa meM vivecita kiye jA sakate haiM jIne kA adhikAra (Right to Live ) jIvana kA adhikAra mAnava kA maulika adhikAra ( Fundamental right) hai aura jIvanecchA isakA AdhAra hai / jaba manuSya jIvita hI na rahegA to naitikatA kI kalpanA hI vyartha hai / naitikatA, dhArmikatA, sadAcAra Adi jitanI bhI avadhAraNAe~ hai, sabhI jIvana sApekSa hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra - kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 401 mAnava kA yaha adhikAra saMsAra ke sabhI samAjoM, naitika aura dhArmika saMsthAoM dvArA svIkRta hai / yaha adhikAra sArvabhauma hai / IsAmasIha ne thou shalt not kill kahakara isI adhikAra ko svIkRti pradAna kI hai / muslima mata meM bhI yaha svIkRta hai aura bhAratIya sabhyatA-saMskRti tathA dharmoM kA prANa bhI yahI hai / isIlie ahiMsA ko sArvabhauma kahA gayA hai / daNDazAstra meM bhI hatyA ( murder ) tathA AtmahatyA ( suicide) ko daNDanIya aparAdha mAnA gayA hai aura sabhya saMsAra ke sabhI nyAyAlaya vadhakartA ( murderer ) ko daNDa dete haiM / (2) jIvikopArjana kA adhikAra (Right to Livelihood) jIvana ke adhikAra ke sAtha hI jIvikopArjana kA adhikAra saMlagna hai / jIvita rahane ke lie mAnava ko bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI anivArya AvazyakatAe~ pUrI karanI par3atI haiM, aura isake lie vaha kisI na kisI prakAra kA zrama, vyApAra, dhandhA athavA rojagAra karatA hai, jIvikopArjana kA koI na koI upAya karatA hI hai / vyakti kA kartavya hai ki jIvakopArjana kA nItisammata sAdhana apanAe - aisA sAdhana jo anya logoM ke lie bAdhaka na ho / anya logoM kA bhI kartavya hai ki ve usake jIvikopArjana meM bAdhaka na baneM, jitanA sambhava ho sahayogI hI baneM / yaha adhikAra bhI sabhI samAjoM dvArA svIkRta hai / AcArya hemacandra ne mArgAnusArI ke 35 boloM meM spaSTa kahA hai ki sadagRhastha nyAya nIti dvArA jIvikA upArjana karane vAlA ho / bhArata ke prAcIna sadgRhastha kA paricaya dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-dhammeNaM caiva vitti kappemANa vihareMti-dharma ke anusAra ( nIti ke anusAra ) jIvana vRtticalAte the / (3) cikitsA kA adhikAra (Right f Remedy ) ( jIvana kA abhiprAya svastha jIvana hai, rogo jIvana nahIM / nIroga vyakti hI naitikatA kA sucAru rUpa se pAlana kara sakatA hai / ataH cikitsA IT adhikAra bhI jIvana ke adhikAra se jur3A hai / yaha adhikAra bhI sArvabhauma hai / isakI itanI mAnyatA hai ki ghana 1 hemacandra : yogazAstra, 1/47-56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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402 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ghora yuddha meM bhI cikitsAlayoM para AkramaNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| yadi nizAnA cUkane se koI bama aspatAla para par3a bhI jAya to sArA saMsAra usakI bhartsanA karatA hai / jaina dRSTi se bhI nIrogatA ko pramukha mAnA gayA hai / vahA~ bhakta prabhu kI prArthanA karatA huA Arogya - lAbha pradAna kI icchA karatA hai / ( 4 ) zikSA kA adhikAra (Right of Education) zikSA kA adhikAra naitikatA se sIdhA saMbandhita hai / zikSA prApta vyakti zra eya azra eya, zubha -azubha aura apane hitAhita ko jAna sakatA hai / ajJAnI athavA azikSita vyakti inameM viveka nahIM kara sakatA / zikSA hI mAnava ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kA eka mAtra sAdhana hai / zikSA hI mAnava ko pazutva se Upara uThane meM prathama aura pramukha sahAyaka banatI hai, aura sAmAnya mAnava ko naitika banAne meM sakSama hotI hai / naitika dhAraNAoM ko sarvavyApI banAne ke lie zikSA evaM sazikSA kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai / I isIlie manISiyoM ne zikSA prApti ke adhikAra ko vyakti ke naitika adhikAroM meM sthAna diyA hai / zikSA (jJAna) prApta karanA pratyeka manuSya kA adhikAra hai / (5) sampatti kA adhikAra (Right of Property ) jIvana aura jIvikA upArjana ke adhikAra ke sAtha sampatti rakSaNa kA adhikAra bhI saMlagna hai / mAnava dUradarzI prANI hai, vaha bhaviSya ke bAre meM bhI socatA hai / vaha jAnatA hai ki mAnava jIvana meM duHkha, kaSTa, Apatti, vipatti Ate hI rahate haiM / kabhI berojagArI to kabhI rojagAra meM kamI, kabhI bImArI kA AkramaNa bhI ho jAtA haiM aura Aja ke yuga meM eksIDeMTa kI para banI rahatI hai / 1 sambhAvanA to paga-paga ina saba Akasmika ghaTanAoM se pAra pAne ke lie dhana ati Ava zyaka hai / dhana ke saMbala se ina ApadAoM ko saralatA se pAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / isIlie vaha apane upArjana meM se kucha dhana kA saMcaya karatA rahatA hai aura yaha saMcita dravya hI usakI aura usake parivAra kI sampatti bana jAtA hai / isake rakSaNa kA adhikAra samAja use detA hai / 1 Aroggagohi lAbhaM ......... For Personal & Private Use Only - logassa, Avazyaka sUtra

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adhikAra-kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 403 yadi usa sampatti kA koI vyakti apaharaNa karatA hai, chInatA hai, curAtA hai to samAja use dhikkAratA hai aura rAjya use daNDita karatA hai / lekina nItizAstra saMpatti saMrakSaNa ke adhikAra ko asImita nahIM mAnatA, kyoMki eka jagaha athavA eka vyakti ke pAsa asImita sampatti ke saMcaya kA pariNAma anya logoM ko abhAva aura kaSTa ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai / abhAvagrasta vyaktiyoM meM asantoSa bhar3akatA hai, varga-saMgharSa kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai, jo samAja kI naitikatA meM bAdhaka banatI hai| ___ adhika garIbI aura adhika sampannatA donoM hI sthitiyA~ vyakti ko anaitika AcaraNa kI ora dhakelatI haiN| jaina nIti ne isa viSaya meM do upAya sujhAye haiM-prathama, svayaM apanI sampatti kI icchA ko vaza meM rakhanA, adhika lobha-lAlaca meM na pha~sanA; kyoMki jyoM-jyoM lAbha hotA hai tyoM-tyoM lobha bar3hatA hai aura icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta haiM, jinakI pUrti nahIM kI jA sktii| dUsarA upAya hai dAna kA; samAja sevA aura lokopakAra ke kAryoM meM dhana vyaya karane kA / isase adhika sampatti kA saMcaya nahIM ho pAtA / sarovara ke jala kI bhA~ti sampatti kA saMcaya kA Agamana-nigamana calatA rahatA hai| mArksa ne Arthika bacata (Surplus Theory of Money) ke siddhAnta ko vivecita karate hue kahA hai ki yaha adhika dhana rAjya kA hai, rAjya hI usakA svAmI hai / isa prakAra vaha vyakti ke sampatti ke adhikAra ko svokAra nahIM karatA / jabaki pUMjIvAdI arthazAstrI vyaktigata sampatti ke adhikAra ko svIkRta karate hue pU~jI ko vyApAra meM nivezita karane kI siphAriza karate haiM; jisase deza kI aura sampUrNa deza-vAsiyoM kI Arthika unnati evaM pragati hotI rhe| lekina dharmazAstra-sabhI dharma dAna ko ucita mAnate haiM / islAma dvArA nirdhArita jakAta, IsAmasIha dvArA kathita Charity Adi ye sabhI dhana ke saMcaya kI samAjIkaraNa kI vidhiyAM haiN| 1 jahA lAho tahA loho, lAhA loho pavaDDhaI / 2 icchA hu AgAsa samA aNaMtiyA / -~~-uttarA. 8/17 - uttarA. 1/48 For Personal & Private Use Only

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404 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana - nIti kI dRSTi se vyakti ko nyAyapUrNa tarIkoM se upArjita sampatti ke rakSaNa kA adhikAra hai, na ki anaitika tarIkoM se prApta sampatti ko| (6) svatantratA kA adhikAra (Right of Freedom) - svatantratA kA abhiprAya hai--saMkalpa kI svatantratA (freedom of will) / mAnava ko naitika AcaraNa ke lie saMkalpa kI svatantratA anivArya hai| isIlie yaha nItizAstra kA maulika pratyaya mAnA gayA hai| ___ vyakti kisI bhI naitika AcaraNa kA pahale mana meM saMkalpa karatA hai, yathA 'maiM satya bolUMgA' aura tadanusAra satya vacana bolatA hai| yadi usakI saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko svIkAra na kiyA jAya to naitika AcaraNa kA prazna hI nahIM hai| nItizAstra meM svatantratA ke adhikAra kA yahI abhiprAya hai / svatantratA ke sAtha hI nItizAstra meM dAyitva kA pratyaya bhI jur3A huA hai / vyakti kA kartavya hai ki apane svatantratA ke adhikAra ke sAthasAtha anya logoM kI svatantratA kA bhI sammAna kre| anya kisI kI svatantratA meM kisI bhI prakAra se bAdhaka na bane / lekina isakA bhI eka apavAda hai / vyakti kisI ko samAjavirodhI athavA anaitika AcaraNa karate dekhakara use roka sakatA hai, usakI svacchandatA meM bAdhaka bana sakatA hai aura sadAcaraNa Adi kI preraNA de sakatA hai| yathA mAtA-pitA-zikSaka bAlaka kI galata pravRttiyoM para roka lagAkara use zikSA prApti ke lie, sadAcaraNa ke lie prerita kara sakate haiN| isI siddhAnta ke anusAra rAjya bhI asAmAjika tatvoM kI svataMtratA kA hanana kara letA hai| naitika kartavya (Moral Duties) adhikAroM ke sAtha kartavya bhI jur3e hue haiN| jisa prakAra mAnava ke kucha naitika adhikAra haiM to usake kucha kartavya bhI haiN| ina kartavyoM kA pAlana anivArya hai / pramukha kartavya nimna haiM(1) jIvana kA sammAna (Respect of Life) jisa prakAra mAnava ko jIne kA adhikAra hai usI prakAra usakA 1. bhAratIya saMvidhAna meM jo nAgarikoM ke maulika adhikAra varNita kiye gaye haiM, unameM se adhikAMza yahI adhikAra haiM / -lekhaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra-kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 405 kartavya hai ki anya prANiyoM ke jIvana kA sammAna kare, unheM kisI prakAra kA kaSTa na de, unake jIvana kA hanana na kare, unake jIvana kI rakSA kare / jaina nIti kA to yaha AdhArabindu hI hai| kahA gayA hai ki kisI bhI prANI ke prANoM kA hanana na kare, una para anucita anuzAsana na kare, unako apane adhIna na banAye, unheM paritApa na de aura kisI prakAra kA upadrava na kre| isa prakAra jaina nIti ke ina zabdoM meM prANI mAtra ke jIvana aura jIvana se sambandhita sabhI bAtoM ke prati spaSTa zabdoM meM sammAna batA diyA gayA hai| (2) caritra kA sammAna (Respect of Character) nIti kA yaha kartavya bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai / yahA~ caritra kA abhiprAya saccaritra hai / saccaritra kA sammAna samAja meM naitika vAtAvaraNa kA prasAra karatA hai| hIgela ne kahA hai-vyakti bano, aura dUsare ko bhI vyakti samajhakara usakA sammAna karo / vyakti banane se hIgela kA abhiprAya acche vyakti se hai / ataH mAnava mAtra kA kartavya hai ki svayaM naitika AcaraNa kare aura anya vyaktiyoM ko naitika banane meM sahAyaka bane / (3) sampatti kA sammAna (Respect of Property) . jisa prakAra vyakti ko saMpatti-surakSA kA adhikAra hai, usI prakAra usakA kartavya hai ki anya vyaktiyoM kI sampatti kA sammAna kre| sampatti ke sammAna meM sampatti kA apaharaNa aura durupayoga na karanA .-donoM hI bAteM sannihita haiM / apaharaNa dUsare kI sampatti kA kiyA jAtA hai / aisI sampatti kisI vyakti kI bhI ho sakatI hai aura jAti, samAja, rASTra, dhArmika aura samAjasevI saMsthA kI bhii| ___apaharaNa ke lie nIti aura dharma meM corI zabda diyA gayA hai| aura corI karanA pApa hai, anaitikatA hai| durupayoga apanI sampatti kA bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura dUsaroM kI sampatti kA bhI / durvyasana Adi meM apanI upArjita athavA paitRka sampatti 2. savve pANA savve bhUyA savve jIvA savve sattA, na haMtavvA, na ajjAveyavvA, na parighetavvA, na pAriyAveyavvA, na uddaveyavvA -AcArAMga sUtra 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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406 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sampatti ko barabAda karanA apanI sampatti kA durupayoga hai tathA rASTra, samAja Adi kI saMpatti ko tor3anA, phor3anA, jisa hetu sampatti dI gaI hai use anya kAryoM meM kharca denA dUsaroM kI saMpatti kA durupayoga hai / nAgarika zAstra meM aise vyakti ko burA nAgarika kahA gayA hai, to samAja vijJAna (Sociology) aura rAjanIti vijJAna (Political Science) meM asAmAjika tatva tathA nItizAstra meM anaitika athavA durnaitika vyakti kI use saMjJA dI hai| jaina dRSTi isa viSaya meM bilakula spaSTa hai| mArgAnusArI ke boloM meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ko nindanIya AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie aura saMpatti kA apaharaNa tathA durupayoga karanA evaM usakA sammAna na karanA niMdanIya AcaraNa hI hai / aura corI karanA to sarvathA hI anaitika hai, pApa hai| (4) sAmAjika vyavasthA kA sammAna (Respect of Social order) samAja kI suvyavasthA hetu aura usake susaMcAlana ke lie samAja ne jina saMsthAoM ko mAnyatA dI hai, unakA sammAna karanA vyakti kA naitika kartavya hai| udAharaNa ke lie dhArmika saMsthAoM, samAjakalyANakArI saMsthAoM aura aise rIti-rivAja jinase samAja ko gati milatI hai, vyakti kI unnati hotI hai, unakA sammAna pratyeka vyakti ko karanA cAhie / ina saMsthAoM meM tor3a-phor3a karanA, unakA virodha karanA athavA naSTa karanA anaitikatA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha bhI hai ki jo saMsthAeM athavA rUr3hiyA~ deza athavA samAja ke lie hAnikAraka hoM, jinase parivAra meM bikharAva hotA ho, unakA virodha kare aura unmUlana kA prayAsa kare / aisI kuprathAe~ Aja ke bhAratIya samAja meM daheja Adi haiM / isako jaina nIti ke vyAvahArika binduoM meM 'adezakAlayozcaryA' zabda se kahA gayA hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai vyakti ko deza aura kAla ke viparIta AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie / 1. apravRttazca ghite| -yogazAstra 1/50 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra - kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 407 (5) sAmAjika pragati kA sammAna (Respect for Social Progress) yaha kartavya pragati se saMbaMdhita hai / maikenjI ne isa kartavya kA spaSTI - karaNa karate hue kahA hai- "tuma apane vizeSa kSetra meM sampUrNa hRdaya, sampUrNa AtmA, sampUrNa bala aura sampUrNa mana lagAkara parizrama kro| " isakA abhiprAya hai ki deza, samAja, rASTra aura vizva kI pragati tathA unnati meM sahAyaka bananA pratyeka naitika vyakti kA kartavya hai / (6) prAmANikatA kA sammAna (Respect for Reliability) prAmANikatA vyakti kA sabase mahatvapUrNa guNa hai / isakA abhiprAya hai - vacana - pAlakatA | jo bhI vacana diyA jAya usakA usI rUpa meM pAlana kiyA jAnA cAhie / rAmAyaNa kI vaha sUkti kitanI prasiddha hai prANa jAya~ para vacana na jAhIM / mahAna vyaktiyoM kA yaha viziSTa guNa hotA hai / sAmAnya naitika vyakti kA bhI kartavya hai ki vaha svayaM prAmANika bane aura prAmANika vyaktiyoM kA sammAna kare, sAtha hI apane putra-putrI Adi parivArIjanoM tathA iSTamitroM evaM samparka meM Ane vAle anya vyaktiyoM ko bhI prAmANika banane kI preraNA de / prAmANika vyakti vizvasanIya hotA hai aura sAtha hI naitika bhI / . (7) svatantratA kA sammAna ( Respect for Freedom) pratyeka vyakti kA kartavya hai ki dUsaroM kI svatantratA kA sammAna kare / use dUsaroM kI pragati, unnati aura vikAsa meM sahAyaka banana cAhie | nItizAstra meM svatantratA kA abhiprAya rAjanIti kI apekSA vistRta AyAma lie hue hai / rAjanItika svatantratA to kevala anya dezoM kI dAsatA se mukti taka hI sImita hai tathA isameM vyakti ke nAgarikA 1. uddhRta je0 ena0 sinhA : nItizAstra, pR0 274 For Personal & Private Use Only

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408 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana adhikAroM kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / kintu naitika svatantratA meM Arthika nAgarika, rAjanaitika sabhI prakAra kI svatantratAe~ samAhita haiM / naitika dRSTi se svatantratA ke kartavya meM kisI vyakti kA Arthika, sAmAjika zoSaNa karanA, anucita davAba ( pressure ) DAlanA Adi sabhI aise kArya niSiddha haiM, jinase vyakti kI kisI bhI prakAra kI unnati aura usakI sadicchA meM bAdhA par3e / isa sandarbha meM kANTa kA naitika sUtra hai - "manuSyatva ko apane tathA dUsare ke andara sadaiva sAdhana samajho, sAdhya nahIM / "" isa sUtra kA abhiprAya hai ki manuSya ko hAthoM kA khilaunA banAnA, usa para sImA se adhika davAba DAlanA, usakI sadicchAoM ko pUrA hone denA, abhivyakti meM bAdhaka bananA Adi bAteM anaitika haiM / na ataH vyakti ko na to svayaM hI kisI anya vyakti kA sAdhana (puppet of other's will) bananA cAhie aura na kisI anya vyakti ko hI apane hitoM kA sAdhana banAnA cAhie / yaha nItizAstra ke anusAra svatantratA ke sammAna kA kartavya hai / jaina nIti ke anusAra bhI kisI anya vyakti kI, yahAM taka ki prANI mAtra kI, kiMcita bhI svatantratA kA hanana hiMsA meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai / Avazyaka sUtra meM dasa prakAra kI hiMsAe~ batAI haiM prANI athavA prANiyoM ko - 1. sAmane se Ate huoM ko rokanA, 2. paraspara masalanA, 3. ikaTThA karanA, 4 kaThoratApUrvaka pakar3anA - chUnA, 5. paritApanA denA, (6) thakAnA ( 7 ) hairAna karanA ( 8 ) saMghaThThA karanA 6. unakA sthAna badalanA aura (10 prANarahita karanA | 2 1 yaha sabhI nItizAstra kI zabdAvalI meM dUsaroM kI svatantratA ke meM parigaNita karane yogya haiM / hanana inake atirikta chaviccheda, atibhAra aura bhaktapAnaviccheda jo ahiMsANuvrata ke aticAra haiM, unameM chaviccheda ke antargata kisI kI AjIvikA kA sampUrNa cheda karanA, ucita pArizramika se kama denA Adi bhI sammilita kiye gaye haiM / isI prakAra karmacArI kI zakti se adhika kAma 1. uddhRta, je. ena. sinhA : nItizAstra, pR0 273 2. Avazyaka sUtrAntargata AlocanA sUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra-kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 406 karavAnA atibhAra hai aura naukara ko samaya para vetana na denA, bhaktapAna viccheda meM parigaNita kiye gaye haiN| spaSTa hI ye saba zoSaNa ke vividha prakAra haiM, aura yaha sabhI vividha prakAra kI hiMsA haiM, jo anaitika hai / jainadharma /nIti kI ahiMsA ke vistRta AyAma meM sabhI prANiyoM kI svatantratA kA sammAna nihita hai / kartavyoM aura adhikAroM meM pArasparika sambandha (Inter-relation between Duties and Rights) kartavya aura adhikAra donoM hI paraspara ghaniSTha rUpa se sambandhita haiM / ye donoM anyonyAzrita haiN| eka ke binA dUsare kI avasthiti hI nahIM hai| pratyeka adhikAra ke sAtha kartavya saMlagna hai aura pratyeka kartavya adhikAra ajita karatA hai / ataH ye donoM paraspara sApekSa haiM / gA~dhIjI ne satya hI kahA hai hameM apane kartavya karate rahanA cAhie, adhikAra to svayameva prApta ho hI jAyeMge / vastusthiti yaha hai ki kartavya aura adhikAra donoM hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| kartavya aura adhikAra donoM hI naitika bAdhyatAe~ (Moral obligations) haiM aura samAja para AdhArita haiN| samAja' vyakti ko adhikAra detA hai to usase yaha apekSA karatA hai ki vaha apane adhikAroM kA prayoga samAja hita meM karegA aura kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya bhI samAja jana-hita kI apekSA karatA hai| kartavyAkartavya vicAra (Cisuistry) kabhI-kabhI vyakti ko do kartavyoM meM virodha anubhava hotA hai, usa samaya vaha duvidhA meM par3a jAtA hai ki una virodhI kartavyoM meM se kisakA pAlana kare aura kisakA na kare / udAharaNArtha-koI avAMchanIya tatva (guNDA) kisI vyakti ke noToM se bhare haiMDabega ko chInanA cAhatA ho to usa vyakti para pistaula calAye yA 1. zrI devendra muni zAstrI : zrAvaka dharma, pR0 11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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410 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nahIM ? yadi pistaula calAtA hai to jIvana rakSA ke kartavya se cyuta hotA hai aura nahIM calAtA hai to sampatti surakSA ke kartavya se| isI prakAra eka DAkTara mRtyu ke nikaTa rogI ko batA detA hai ki 'tuma jIvita nahIM bacoge' to vaha usako ghora kaSTa pahuMcAtA hai aura usakI mRtyu ko tIvratA pradAna karatA hai, isa prakAra jIvana ke sammAna ke kartavya se cyuta hotA hai aura yadi use jhUThA dhairya detA hai ki 'tuma svastha ho jAoge' to vaha satya se cyuta hotA hai| ___ vyAvahArika jIvana meM aisI aneka paristhitiyAM sAmane AtI haiM; jabaki naitika vyakti ko apanA kartavya nirdhAraNa karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| __ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie pazcimI nItikAroM ne kartavyAkartavya vicAra (Casuistry) nAma kA eka zAstra hI raca diyA hai jisameM vibhinna vyAvahArika samasyAoM ke avasara para kartavya nirdhAraNa karane kI praNAlI batAI gaI hai| kintu isa zAstra kA sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki yaha naitikatA ke vyAvahArika pakSa para adhika bala detA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki vyakti avasara vizeSa para kiye gaye apane kriyA-kalApoM ke lie koI na koI tarka (bahAnA) khoja nikAlegA aura usakI natika pratibaddhatA meM zithilatA A jaayegii| ___ inhIM saba bAtoM para vicAra karake grIna ne kahA hai-kartavyoM meM saMgharSa jaisI koI bAta hotI hI nhiiN| pratyeka paristhiti meM vyakti kA eka hI kartavya hotA hai, yadyapi yaha saMbhava hai ki paristhitiyAM itanI jaTila hoM ki vAstavika kartavya kA nizcaya karanA kaThina ho jAya / / __grIna ke isa kathana se dhvanita hotA hai ki kartavyoM meM virodha ho hI nahIM sktaa| jo kucha bhI virodha dikhAI detA hai, usakA kAraNa vyakti kI 1 There is no such thing really as a conflict of duties. A man's duty under any particular set of circumstances is always one, though the conditions of the case may be so complicated and obscure as to make it difficult to decide what the duty really is. -Green T. H. : Prolegomena to Ethics, p. 355 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra-kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 411 svArthabharI samajha evaM vAsanA, Avega-saMvega Adi haiN| yadi naitika antardRSTi (Moral intuition) se vicAra kiyA jAya to vyakti ko pratyeka paristhiti meM apanA kartavya spaSTa pratibhAsita hogaa| __ kartavya-nirdhAraNa ke lie jaina nIti ne syAdvAda kA siddhAnta diyA hai / isameM mukhya aura gauNa kI kalpanA hai| jisa sthiti meM jo kartavya pramukha ho usI kA pAlana karanA caahie| jaise bacce ko galatI para samajhAnAbujhAnA aura tAr3anA denA pitA kA pramukha kartavya hai, usa samaya usa para lAr3a-pyAra nahIM karanA caahie| isI ko maithilIzaraNa gupta ne ina zabdoM meM kahA hai"nyAyArtha apane bandhu ko bhI daNDa denA dharma hai|" ataH kartavyAkartavya ke nirdhAraNa ke avasara para Atma-svAtaMtrya ke sarvocca naitika niyama kA Azraya lekara RtaMbharA prajJA dvArA nirNaya karanA caahie| kartavyoM kA vargIkaraNa (Classification of Duties) kANTa ne kartavya kA vargIkaraNa do bhedoM meM kiyA-(1) pUrNabodhyatAmUlaka (Perfect obligation) aura apUrNabAdhyatAmUlaka (Jmperfect obligation). pUrNabAdhyatA mUlaka kartavyoM meM vaha corI na karanA, kisI vyakti kI hatyA na karanA Adi kAryoM kI gaNanA karatA hai| aura paropakAra, samAja, deza, vyakti kI sevA Adi ko vaha apUrNabAdhyatAmUlaka kartavya mAnatA hai| vastutaH pUrNa bAdhyatAmUlaka kartavya ve haiM, jinako avazya hI karanA par3atA hai, inakA ullaMghana karane para samAja athavA rAjya daNDa detA hai aura apUrNabAdhyatAmUlaka kartavyoM ko vyakti se svecchApUrvaka karatA hai| kANTa ke isa vargIkaraNa se yaha dhAraNA pratiphalita hotI hai ki pUrNabAdhyatAmUlaka kartavya kAnUnI (legal) haiM aura apUrNabAdhyatAmUlaka kartavya naitika (moral) haiN| jabaki naitikatA ina donoM ko svIkAra nahIM karatI, kyoMki nIti meM daNDa athavA bhaya ko koI sthAna nahIM hai / naitika vyakti kA satya bolanA, hiMsA na karanA, paropakAra, sevA Adi jitane bhI kArya athavA karttavya haiM, ve For Personal & Private Use Only

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412 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana saba svaicchika hai, ina naitikatAoM kA pAlana vaha apanI Antarika icchA se karatA hai, kisI anya bAharI davAba se nahIM / aura usakI naitika pratibaddhatA ko hI bAdhyatA (obligation) kahA jA sakatA hai, yadi kahanA hI caaheN| kucha vidvAnoM ne kartavyoM ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai 1. svayaM apane prati kartavya-isameM apanI AtmA aura zarIra ke prati sabhI prakAra ke kartavya nihita haiM / yathA-bhautika, bauddhika, Arthika, naitika aura kalAtmakatA ke karttavya / jaise-hameM AtmahatyA kA adhikAra nahIM, apitu apane jIvana kA sammAna karanA hamArA kartavya hai / isI prakAra Arthika samRddhi aura bauddhika unnati bhI hamArA kartavya hai / sAtha hI naitika jIvana vyatIta karanA bhI hamarA pramukha kartavya hai| bauddhika vikAsa ke lie jJAnArjana karanA, vRddha aura aura anubhaviyoM kI zikSA mAnanA bhI hamAre naitika kartavya haiM / __ kalAtmakatA kA abhiprAya nIti ke sandarbha meM suruci saMpannatA hai / yaha suruci vastra dhAraNa karane, bola-cAla ke DhaMga, bhASA vANI Adi ke rUpa meM pradarzita hotI hai / sAtha hI nAgarika kA kartavya hai ki pArka udyAna, Adi sArvajanika sthala tathA aitihAsika sthAnoM kI svacchatA tathA garimA naSTa bhraSTa yA vikRta na kre| 2. dUsaroM ke prati kartavya--apanI AtmA aura zarIra ke atirikta anya sabhI dUsare haiM / inase sAmaMjasya sthApita karanA hamArA kartavya hai| ina dUsaroM meM parivAra, deza, samAja, mAnava jAti aura yahA~ taka ki per3a paudhe Adi bhI sammilita haiN| parivAra meM mAtA-pitA, dAdA-dAdI, bhAI-bahana Adi bahuta se sadasya hote haiM / unake prati apanA kartavya nibhAnA, jaise-bar3oM ke prati sammAna aura choToM ke prati prema, sevA, sahayoga Adi / isI prakAra samAja ke anya vyaktiyoM ke prati bhI ImAnadArI, prAmANikatA, sahayoga Adi vyakti kA kartavya hai / rASTra Adi ke prati bhI vyakti ke vibhinna prakAra ke kartavya haiN| __jahA~ taka per3a-paudhoM kA prazna hai to unakI rakSA karanA, unheM vyartha hI naSTa na karanA vyakti kA pramukha kartavya hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki vRkSa mAnava ke lie bahuta upayogI haiM / ye mAnava ko phala-phUla dete haiM, vAtAvaraNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra - kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 413 ko svaccha banAte haiM, kArbana DAI AksAiDa ko sokhakara oksIjana utsajita karate haiM, jo mAnava ko jIvita rahane ke lie ati Avazyaka hai / sAtha hI ye meghoM ko AkarSita karate haiM, inake kAraNa barasAta hotI hai, bhUmi meM namI rahatI hai aura bhUmi kA kaTAva rukatA hai, acchI phasala utpanna hotI hai| ina sabhI kAraNoM se navya naitikavAdI DyUI Adi ne vRkSa saMrakSaNa ko mAnava ke naitika kartavyoM meM pramukha sthAna diyA hai / (3) AtmA ke prati kartavya - kucha vidvAnoM ne ise Izvara ke prati kartavya kahA hai aura isameM nitya devArcana Adi ko sammilita kiyA hai / kintu vAstavika rUpa meM ye svayaM apanI AtmA ke prati kartavya haiM, deva - zAstra - guru kI zraddhA bhakti, iSTa mantra ke jApa Adi jitane bhI anuSThAna haiM unase vyakti kI svayaM kI AtmA kI unnati hotI hai, usameM naitika sAhasa aura Atmabala bar3hatA hai / vyakti ko saccAI, ahiMsA Adi para dRr3ha rahane kI zakti upalabdha hotI hai / ye sabhI Atmika lAbha haiM, isIlie ina sabako AtmA ke prati kartavyoM yahAM parigaNita kiyA hai / ina Atmika kartavyoM kI preraNA jaina zramaNa varga bhI mAnava mAtra ko dete haiM / kartavyoM ke viSaya meM breDale ( Bradley ) ne eka naI bAta kahI hai / usakA kathana hai merA sthAna aura usake kartavya (My station and its duties) / sthAna se usakA abhiprAya vyakti vizeSa kI vizaSTa sthiti se hai / vaha pratyeka mAnava ke tIna prakAra ke kartavya mAnatA hai - ( 1 ) vyakti - gata (2) sAmAjika aura (3) sthiti vizeSa se sambandhita / vyaktigata aura sAmAjika kartavya to vahI haiM, jinakA uparyukta paMktiyoM meM vivecana ho cukA hai; vizeSa sthiti se sambandhita ve kartavya haiM jo vyakti ko viziSTa sthiti meM karane par3ate haiM / udAharaNArtha- koI jana netA yadi maMtrI bana jAtA hai to usake kartavyoM meM parivartana ho jAtA hai, use maMtrI pada se sambandhita kArya karane par3ate haiM / yahI sthiti eka klarka ke mainejara bana jAne para upasthita hotI hai, usake klarka sambandhI kartavya samApta ho jAte haiM aura mainejara sambandhI kartavya (Pertaining to management) prArambha ho jAte haiM / yaha sthiti sabhI kSetroM meM samutpanna hotI hai / jaise - parivAra meM bAlaka ke kartavya, pitA banate hI bhinna ho jAte haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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414 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana Dale ina kartavyoM ko sthAna dvArA nizcayAtmaka rUpa se nirdhArita kartavya kahatA hai aura preraNA detA hai ki vyakti ko ina kartavyoM kA pAlana vyaktigata sarvocca zubha aura sarvocca sAmAnya zubha ko siddhi / prApti ke lie karanA cAhie | isa sarvocca zubha kI prApti kA upAya kArlAila ne ina zabdoM meM batAyA hai - " jo kartavya tumhAre sabase nikaTa hai usakA pAlana karo" aura "jisa kArya ko tuma kara sakate ho usako jAno aura harakyulisa ke tulya usa meM juTa jAo / " isa sarvocca kartavya ko maikeMjI ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / vaha kahatA hai - "yaha vaha Adeza hai jo hameM buddhimaya AtmA aura tatsambandhI mUlyoM ke lAbha kI AjJA detA hai / " maikeMjI ke ina zabdoM meM buddhimaya AtmA aura usameM garbhita mUlyoM kI prApti kI preraNA hai / aura maikeMjI donoM ke vicAroM ko sAmAnya aura viziSTa siddhAnta ( G. S. Theory) ke antarrAta vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / sAmAnya sarvocca zubha ke antargata vyakti ke sabhI naitika kartavya parigaNita kiye jA sakate haiM jo samAja, rASTra, parivAra, mAnava jAti se sandarbhita haiM aura vyaktigata sarvocca zubha ke antargata Atmika unnati sambandhI sabhI naitika kartavyoM ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaina nIti maikeMjI ke buddhiparakatAvAda buddhimaya AtmA kI sImA se Upara uThakara sarvocca naitika zubha kA lakSya jJAnamaya AtmA aura usameM antarnihita mUlyoM kI prApti svIkAra karatI hai / daNDa (Punishment) daNDa kisI bhI vyakti ko kartavyoM ke apAlana athavA ullaMghana ke phalasvarUpa diyA jAtA hai / yaha prastuta adhyAya meM pUrva hI batAyA jA cukA hai ki kartavya kA pratyaya ubhayamukhI hai / jo vyakti apane kartavyoM kA pAlana ucita DhaMga se karatA hai use adhikAra, prazaMsA Adi prApta hote haiM aura vaha naitika pragati karatA hai, samAja meM usako sammAnya sthAna prApta hotA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra-kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 415 isake viparIta jo vyakti kartavyoM kA ullaMghana karatA hai, use daNDa kA bhAgI honA par3atA hai; dhikkAra-tiraskAra hI use samAja detA hai aura rAjya tathA samAja use daNDa dete haiN| daNDa kyA hai ? (What is Punishment) daNDa kI vivecanA karane se pahale, yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki 'daNDa hai kyA ?' bhArata meM daNDa ko dharma kA hI eka aMga mAnA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA meM yamarAja (mRtyu ke devatA-God of Death) ko bhI dharmarAja kahA gayA hai aura unheM yathAtathya nyAyakartA batAyA gayA hai| yaha prasiddha hai ki ve pApI ko ucita daNDa dete haiM, bilkula bhI riyAyata nahIM karate aura unakI nyAya-vyavasthA tathA unakA Adeza aTala hai| usameM koI pherabadala nahIM ho sktaa| rAjanIti ke cAra bhedoM-sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda meM bhI daNDa eka pratyaya hai aura ise ucita mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra nyAya-vyavasthA meM daNDa anivArya mAnA gayA hai, nyAyAdhIza vibhinna aparAdhoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke daNDa dete haiM aura unake dvArA diyA gayA daNDa nyAyocita mAnA jAtA hai| ___ nyAyAlayoM dvArA nirdhArita daNDa rAjya aura samAja-donoM hI kI suvyavasthA ke lie anivArya hai / Arthika surakSA ke lie bhI daNDa kA prAvadhAna hai| nItizAstra bhI isI pariprekSya meM daNDa ko svIkRti detA hai| samAja ke sandarbha zrI vAlTara raikalaisa ne daNDa kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI hai "daNDa vaha pratizodha hai jo kAmanaveltha aparAdhI se letA hai|'' isa paribhASA meM pratizodha zabda khaTakane vAlA hai| yaha to eka prakAra se badalA cukAnA haA jo ki naitika athavA samajhadAra vyakti ke lie ucita nahIM hai / isase to nyAya athavA nyAyAdhIza kI garimA bhI nahIM rhtii| ataH yaha paribhASA nItizAstra ko mAnya nahIM hai / 1 It is redress that the commonwealth takes against an offending member. Walter Reckless akes as water Referat For Personal & Private Use Only

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416 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana isa paribhASA se zreSTha paribhASA seThanA kI hai| vaha kahatA hai"daNDa eka prakAra kA sAmAjika niyantraNa hai|'' sAmAjika niyantraNa yadi naitikatA ke prasAra ke lie hai to yaha paribhASA nItizAstra ko mAnya ho sakatI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne daNDa zabda para kaI dRSTiyoM se cintana kiyA hai| daNDa-choTI lAThI ko kahate haiM jo hAtha meM rakhI jAtI hai--yaha aparAdha Adi ke niyantraNa, duSToM ko bhayabhIta karane meM prayukta hotI hai| isI artha meM daNDa zabda kA prayoga huA hai / jisase-duSToM kA nigraha, anuzAsana evaM aparAdhI kA utpIr3ana kiyA jAya, vaha hai daNDa / kahA hai vadhazcaiva pariklezo dhanasya haraNaM tathA / iti daNDa vidhAnajJa daNDo'pi trividhaH smRtH| ___ mAranA-pITanA, kleza pahu~cAnA tathA dhana Adi kI adAyagI ke rUpa meM arthabhAra DAlanA-yoM tIna prakAra daNDa kahA hai| eka paribhASA ke anusAra -"daNDanaM daNDa: aparAdhInAmanuzAsanam" -aparAdhiyoM para anuzAsana yA niyaMtraNa rakhanA daNDa hai / / seThanA kI ukta paribhASA bhI isI kA anusaraNa karatI hai / sahI sthiti yaha hai ki nItizAstra kI vibhinna paribhASAe~ daNDa ke vibhinna siddhAntoM se prabhAvita haiN| jo manISI daNDa se jisa siddhAnta kA samarthaka rahA, usane daNDa kI vaisI hI paribhASA nirdhArita kara dii| jahA~ para jisa kArya ke lie usakA upayoga huA, vahI usakA bhAvArtha bana gyaa| ataH daNDa kI paribhASAoM athavA svarUpa ko daNDa ke siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM hI samajhA jAnA cAhie / daNDa ke siddhAnta (Theories of Punishment) manISiyoM ne daNDa ke siddhAntoM kA vargIkaraNa tIna rUpoM meM kiyA hai-(1) badale kA siddhAnta (2) nivartanAtmaka siddhAnta aura (3) sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta / | Punishment is some sort of social censure. -M. J. Sethna : Society and Criminals, p. 205 2 dekheM abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 4, pR. 2421 para prasaMgAnusAra daNDa ke 11 artha haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra-kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 417 badalA lene kA siddhAnta (Retributive Theory)- isa prakAra ke daNDa meM pratizodha kI bhAvanA pramukha hotI hai| Old Testament meM isa siddhAnta ko A~kha ke badale A~kha aura dA~ta ke badale dA~ta (an eye for an eye and a teeth for a teeth) kahakara batalAyA gayA hai| arastU isa prakAra ke daNDa ko RNAtmaka puraskAra (Negative reward) kahatA hai / hIgela, kANTa, braDale Adi isI siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiN| jemsa sTIphena kahatA hai- "daNDa aura pratikAra kA vahI siddhAnta hai jo prema aura vivAha kA hai / "2 ye sabhI vicAraka daNDa ko pratikAra mAnate haiN|| bosAMke ne isa siddhAnta kI do vizeSatAe~ batAI haiM, prathama-daNDa aparAdha ke barAbara honA cAhie aura dUsarI vyaktigata badale (revenge) ko daNDa ke sAtha milA diyA jAtA hai / isa siddhAnta ke do rUpa haiM-kaThora aura mada / kaThora siddhAnta ke samarthaka kaThora daNDa denA ucita samajhate haiM aura madu siddhAnta ke samarthaka mad athavA halkA daNDa dene meM vizvAsa karate haiN| yaha siddhAnta doSapUrNa hai, kyoMki badale kI bhAvanA vyakti meM sudhAra kI bhAvanA kI koI gujAiza nahIM chor3atI apitu hiMsA tathA arAjakatA kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita karatI hai| jaina nIti ke anusAra to yaha hiMsA kI paramparA hai, jo janma-janmAntara taka calatI hai, ataH sarvathA tyAjya hai / hiMsA ke pratyaya meM yaha saMkalpI hiMsA hai, jAna-bUjhakara, yojanAbaddha tarIke se kisI ko kaSTa denA, aMga-bhaMga karanA athavA prANa hanana karanA hai jo naitika sadgRhastha kabhI nahIM krtaa| (2) nivartanavAdI siddhAnta (Preventive Theory)-- isa siddhAMta ke anusAra daNDa isalie diyA jAtA hai ki aparAdhI bhaviSya meM aparAdha na kare tathA anya vyaktiyoM ko bhI aparAdha na karane kI preraNA mile| isakA sIdhA sA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vyakti ko rupayA curAne ke lie daNDa nahIM diyA jAtA apitu isalie diyA jAtA hai ki bhaviSya meM coriyAM na hoN| 1 DA. rAmanAtha zarmA : nItizAstra ke siddhAnta, pR. 317 Criminal procedure is to resentment what marriage is to affection. -Sir James Stephen For Personal & Private Use Only

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418 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana . vyAvahArika dRSTi se yaha siddhAMta galata hai / jo loga naitika jIvana vyatIta karane kI svayaM hI icchA rakhate haiM, unake lie isa prakAra ke udAharaNa se koI lAbha nahIM aura aparAdhI manovRtti vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie aise udAharaNa vyartha haiN| jaina nIti bhI isa prakAra ke udAharaNoM kA samarthana nahIM karatI; kyoMki isakI dRSTi meM vyakti svayaM hI sAdhya hai, kisI anya ke lie sAdhana rUpa meM usakA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| (3) sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta (Reformative Theory)-isa siddhAnta ke anusAra daNDa kA prayojana vyakti ko sudhAranA hai / Adhunika yuga meM yahI siddhAnta adhikAMzataH mAnya hai| aparAdha mAnavazAstra (Criminal Anthropology) ke anusAra aparAdha eka mAnasika udvaga hai aura usakI cikitsA honI cAhie, na ki aparAdhI ko pIr3ita aura daNDita kiyA jAnA cAhie, isase to usakA mAnasika udvega aura tIvra hogA tathA vaha adhika evaM aura bhI ugra aparAdha karegA, sAdhAraNa jebakatare se DAkU luTerA bana jaayegaa| aparAdha samAjazAstra (Criminal Sociology) aparAdha ke lie sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ko doSI mAnatA hai| isakI dhAraNA hai- yadi sAmAjika paristhitiyoM meM vAMchita sudhAra lAyA jA sake to aparAdhoM meM svayaM hI kamI ho jAyegI athavA ve samAptaprAya ho jaayeNge| manovizleSaNavAdI (Pscho-analyst) aparAdhoM ke lie mAnava kI damita manogranthiyoM (repressed complexes) ko uttaradAyI mAnate haiM / inakA sabase bar3A samarthaka phrAyaDa (Freud) hai| anya manovizleSaNavAdI vicAraka bhI isI mata kA samarthana karate haiN| inake anusAra damita vRttiyoM ke zodhana (sublimation) aura mArgAntarIkaraNa se aparAdhoM ko niHzeSa kiyA jAnA sambhava hai| yadyapi ina tInoM vAdoM ke bhI apane guNa doSa haiM, phira bhI daNDa nirdhAraNa ke samaya yaha vicAraNIya to haiM hii| jahAM taka mAnasika udvegoM kA prazna hai, aise aparAdhI nagaNya hI hote haiN| yadyapi yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki sAmAjika paristhitiyAM bahata aMzoM taka aparAdhoM ke lie uttaradAyI haiN| eka abhAvagrasta vyakti ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI corI ke lie ye uttaradAyI ho sakatI haiM kintu saphedapoza For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAra - kartavya aura daNDa evaM aparAdha | 416 (while collar) aparAdhiyoM ke lie kyA kahA jAya ? inake pAsa to sabhI sAdhana haiM, dhana hai, sAmAjika paristhitayAM anukUla haiM, kAra-baMgalA sabhI kucha haiM phira bhI ve kara-corI, smagaliMga, anucita kamIzana lenA Adi aparAdha karate haiM / damita manogranthiyA~ bhI aparAdhoM kA eka kAraNa ho sakatI haiM, kintu sabhI aparAdhI isI varga ke nahIM hote / itanA hone para bhI sudhAravAdI siddhAnta zeSa donoM siddhAntoM se adhika zreSTha hai / isI siddhAnta ke prabhAva se Adhunika yuga meM prANadaNDa (Capital Punishment) ko upayukta nahIM mAnA jAtA / yadyapi prANadaNDa ke pakSa meM aneka tarka diye jAte haiM - sisalI. ema. kre'vana (Cicely M. Craven ) ke anusAra prANadaNDa kA prayojana bhaya dikhA - kara aparAdhoM ko rokanA hai / vaha ise pratirodhaka bhI mAnatA hai / kucha vidvAnoM ne ise kama kharcIlA tathA kama kaSTadAyaka bhI batAyA hai / vikTara hya Ugo ( Victor Hugo ) kI dhAraNA hai ki mRtyudaNDa samApta hote hI samAja kA nAza ho jAyegA aura gairophailo ( Garofalo) to prANadaNDa ko samAja kI bhalAI ke lie naitika yuddha ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai / yaha saba tarka apanI jagaha haiM, lekina prANadaNDa kA sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki isameM aparAdhI ke sudhAra kA koI avasara hI nahIM hai / yadyapi jaina sAhitya meM aneka prakAra ke aparAdhiyoM kA varNana AtA hai kintu jaina daNDanIti ne sadA hI sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta ko ucita mAnA hai / jaina nIti kA prArambha hI hAkAra, mAkAra aura dhikkAra nIti se huA jisameM vyakti ko kisI prakAra kA daNDa na dekara sirpha usake sudhAra kI bhAvanA nihita hai / sudhAra meM hI jaina nIti kA vizvAsa hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka bhavya AtmA, cAhe vartamAna meM kitanI bhI patita dazA meM kyoM na ho, vaha unnati karegI aura apane antima lakSyamokSa ko prApta karegI / aura isa lakSya kI prApti ke lie usakI vRttipravRtti Avega saMvega meM sudhAra AnA, mokSalakSyI honA anivArya hai / jaina AcAra granthoM meM 'nizItha sUtra' eka daNDazAstra hai jise jaina zabdAvalI meM 'prAyazcitta' kahA gayA hai| kisa prakAra kI bhUla yA maryAdA viruddha AcaraNa hone para kisa prakAra kA daNDa - prAyazcitta denA - yahI isa sUtra kA mukhya viSaya hai / kintu isameM jo sabase mahatvapUrNa bAta hai, vaha yaha For Personal & Private Use Only

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420 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hai ki-daNDa diyA nahIM jaataa| apanI bhUla va maryAdAviruddha; niyama-bhaMga ke prati vyakti ke hRdaya meM svayaM pazcAttApa hotA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhUla yA aparAdha na karane kA saMkalpa jAgrata hotA hai taba vaha AcArya yA anuzAstA ke samakSa daNDa lene ke lie svayaM hI upasthita hotA hai| isa prakAra jaina nIti meM kartavya kI avadhAraNA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai aura usI ke sAtha adhikAra tathA daNDa ko bhI saMlagna kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne aparAdha ke (1) prAkRtika azubha (Natural Evil) (2-3) bauddhika burAI athavA bhrAnti (Intellectual evil or error) (4) naitika azuma (moral evil), (5) adharma (vice) (6) pApa (sin) aura (7) aparAdha (crime)- yaha sAta bheda batAye haiM aura inameM se prAkRtika azubha tathA bhrAnti ke lie mAnava ko uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA hai| lekina jaina nIti meM ina sAtoM bhedoM kI gaNanA aparAdha meM kI gaI hai / prAkRtika azubha jo ki bhUkampa, akAla Adi ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai, isakA kAraNa vyaktiyoM kI anaitika vRttiyoM ko mAnA gayA hai| jambU dvIpa prajJapti meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vAsudeva, baladeva, tIrthaMkara Adi viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke puNya prabhAva se sAgara Adi prAkRtiyAM zaktiyA~ apanI sImA kA ullaMghana nahIM karatI haiN| isakA phalitArtha yaha hai ki jisa kAla meM mAnavoM meM anaitika pravattiyA~ sImAtIta ho jAtI haiM to prakRti bhI apanI maryAdA ko tyAga detI hai| vaha sUkhadAyI hone kI apekSA mAnava ke lie duHkhaprada aura kaSTakara ho jAtI hai| aisA vizvAsa bhAratIya janatA meM vyApta hai / isI prakAra jaina darzana meM bhrAnti ko mithyAtva kahA gayA hai / vaidika darzana meM ise avidyA kahA gayA hai / aura sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti meM mithyAtva athavA avidyA ko anaitika mAnA gayA hai / yahA~ taka ki bhrAnta citta vyakti ko to naitikatA kA sparza bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai, use ghora anaitika mAnA gayA hai| jaina nIti ke anusAra sabhI prakAra ke aparAdha, kartavyoM kA ullaMghana athavA durupayoga tathA adhikAroM kA anucita prayoga, para-pIr3ana Adi anaitikatA hai aura kartavyoM tathA adhikAroM kA sadupayoga, sevA, sahayoga Adi naitikatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA (RELATIVITY AND NON-RELATIVITY OF MORALITY) nIti athavA naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA manISiyoM ke cintana kA zAzvata viSaya rahI hai| nirapekSatA kA abhiprAya hai nIti ke ve niyama jo zAzvata hoM, sArvabhauma hoM, sthAyI ho aura jinameM deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM, vyakti kI sthitiyoM Adi kisI bhI kAraNa se koI bhI kisI bhI prakAra kA kiMcit bhI parivartana na ho| isake viparIta sApekSatA kA artha aise nIti niyamoM se hai jo vyakti, paristhiti, yuga aura deza-kAla ke anusAra parivartita hote haiN| bhAratIya aura saMsAra ke adhikAMza nIti-manISI naitika niyamoM ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| sirpha kANTa hI aisA dArzanika hai jo nIti aura naitika niyamoM ko nirapekSa mAnatA hai| vaha naitika niyamoM ko nirapekSa Adeza (Categorical Imperatives) kahatA hai, jinameM apavAdoM ko koI sthAna hI nahIM hai / vaha kahatA hai- 'tuma kevala usI siddhAnta kA AcaraNa karo jise tuma isI samaya sArvabhauma bana sko|' ___ isI kAraNa kANTa ke siddhAnta ko kaThoratAvAda (Rigorism) kahA gayA hai| usake atirikta haoNbsa, mila, braDale Adi vicAraka nIti ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| bhAratIya cintanadhArAoM meM vaidika aura bauddha vicAraNA naitika niyamoM ko sApekSa svIkAra karatI hai / ( 421 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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422 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana naitika niyamoM (karmoM) kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirapavAdAtmakatA kI carcA ke svara vedoM, smRti granthoM, paurANika sAhitya meM spaSTa sunAI par3ate haiN| pazcimI nIti-cintaka to akAla ke samaya, jaba bhIkha mAMgane para dAnA bhI na mile to kSudhA tRpti ke lie corI karanA jaise anaitika karma ko kSamya kahatA hai aura mila ise kartavya mAnatA hai| sijavika saca bolane ko naitika kartavya mAnate hue rAjanItijJoM dvArA apanI kAryavAhiyoM ko gupta rakhanA ucita mAnatA hai / aravinda ghoSa yadyapi ' yogI the, kintu unakI bhI mAnyatA lagabhaga isI prakAra kI thI, ve kahate haiM-kisI ko kyA adhikAra hai hamAre nijI jIvana ke viSaya meM jAnane kA ? hama kauna-sI sAdhanA karate haiM aura kisa prakAra karate haiM, isa viSaya meM kisI ko kucha pUchanA hI nahIM cAhie aura yadi vaha adhika Agraha karatA hai tathA hama use yogya pAtra nahIM samajhate to hameM mauna ho jAnA cAhie, athavA TAla denA caahie| amerika manISI TaphTa ke vicAra to aura bhI kaThora haiN| vaha kahatA hai-jo naitika siddhAnta naitika pratyayoM kA artha yathArtha paristhitiyoM se alaga haTakara karanA cAhate haiM, ve vastutaH zUnya meM vicaraNa karate haiM / __naitikatA kI sApekSatA-nirapekSatA ke viSaya meM DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI kA kathana saMtulita hai / vaha likhate haiM nIti kI kucha bAteM sAmayika mahatva kI hotI haiM aura kucha zAzvata mahatva kI / sAmayika nIti asthAyI hotI hai aura yuga yA kAla kI paristhiti ke anukUla isakA vikAsa yA hrAsa hotA hai tathA isameM parivartana hote haiM / sArvakAlika yA zAzvata nIti meM prAyaH parivartana nahIM hotaa| 1 lokamAnya tilaka : gItA rahasya, karma jijJAsA, adhyAya 2 2. Leviathan tulanA karie-bubhukSitaiH kiM na karoti pApaM / 3. yUTiliTiriyenijma, adhyAya 5, pR0 65 4. naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta, pR0 56 5. Quoted by Shishir Kumar Gupta : Vision of India. 6. zrI sAgaramala jaina : jaina, bauddha, gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhya yana, bhAga 1, pR0 58 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA | 423 'saca bolanA cAhie','jIvoM para dayA karanI cAhie', 'garva karanA nindya hai,' -zAzvata nIti haiN| ye bAteM jAne kaba se mAnya haiM aura saMvabhataH sarvadA rheNgii| dUsarI ora 'yuddha meM prANa denA hI jIvana kI sArthakatA hai, yA 'nArI naraka kA dvAra hai' jaisI nItiyA~ azAzvata yA sAmayika haiN| madhya yuga meM jaba yuddhAdhikya thA, tathA bhakta yA unase prabhAvita kavi apanI durbalatA ko nArI para thopakara puruSa kI uccatA kA nirAdhAra DaMkA pITa rahe the, ina donoM kA vikAsa huA aura Aja samaya itanA parivartita ho gayA hai ki inakI mAnyatA bilkUla samApta hai 1 ___ isI prakAra ke anya udAharaNa bhI die jA sakate haiM / zrI je0 ena0 sinhA ne aise aneka udAharaNa diye haiM-pUrvI samudAyoM meM bahuvivAha paddhati pracalita thii| isameM eka puruSa kaI striyoM se vivAha kara sakatA thA / ise bahupatnI prathA (polygamy) kahA gayA / dakSiNa aphrIkA Adi dezoM meM bahupati prathA (polyandry) thii| ina donoM prathAoM ke udAharaNa bhArata meM bhI mila jAte haiM / draupadI ne pAMca pati kie the aura yahI paramparA almor3A ke pAsa jaunasAra bAvara meM aba bhI pracalita hai / bahupatnI prathA se to tamAma purANa bhare par3e haiM aura aba bhI kahIM-kahIM mila jAtI hai| musalamAnoM meM to yaha aba bhI pracalita hai, kintu hinduoM ke lie eka patnI kA kAnUna svatantra bhArata kI sarakAra ke banA diyA hai / jabaki pazcimI dezoM meM sAmAnyataH eka patnI-prathA kI paramparA rahI hai| isI prakAra vivAha sambandhI aura bhI vidhi-niSedha vibhinna samudAyoM meM rahe haiN| bhojana saMbaMdhI vividhatA bhI hai / pazcimI dezoM meM rAtri ke bhojana ke samaya zarAba kA sevana anivArya aMga hai; jabaki bhArata meM aisI paramparA nahIM rahI hai| AcAra-vicAra saMbaMdhI aise hI aneka bheda eka hI samudAya aura paramparA meM rahe haiN| yadyapi sApekSatA vyavahArya hai isake binA kAma nahIM calatA, jIvananirvAha meM upayogI hai kintu isameM kucha doSa haiM (1) sApekSatA sAdhanoM para adhika bala detI hai| (2) yaha karma ke bAhya rUpa ko hI saba kucha mAna letI hai / 1- DA0 bholAnAtha tivAro : hindI nItikAvya pR0 5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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424 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (3) yaha karma ke Antarika svarUpa kI upekSA karatI hai|| (4) yaha samAja kI vibhinnatA aura vividhatA para to dRSTi kendrita karatI hai kintu usameM anusyUta ekatA kI upekSA kara detI hai| (5) naitika sApekSatA kA anusaraNa karane se naitika mAnava kI ekarUpatA aura naitika niyamoM kI sArvabhaumatA samApta ho jAtI hai, ataH naitika nirNayoM meM bAdhA upasthita hotI hai / (6) yaha bAhya paristhiti para hI dRSTi rakhatI hai, ataH saMkalpasvAtantrya ke lie bAdhaka hai, Atma-svAtaMtrya bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| 7) isakA sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki naitika niyamoM meM zithilatA A jAtI hai| vyakti sUvidhApriya to hai hI, vaha paristhiti ke anusAra apane naitika niyamoM ko bhI DhAla letA hai| isa prakAra naitika nirapekSatA meM pramukha doSa kaThoratA kA hai to naitika sApekSatA meM sabase bar3A doSa zithilatA kA hai| isa prakAra pRthakapRthaka rUpa se donoM hI doSapUrNa haiM, ekAMgI haiN| janadRSTi-jainadRSTi isa ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM karatI, vaha naitika nirapekSatA aura sApekSatA ko ucita mahatva detI hai| isake lie jaina darzana meM nizcaya dRSTi aura vyavahAra dRSTi-do zabda diye gaye haiN| nIti kI apekSA nizcaya dRSTi kA abhiprAya hai naitika nirapekSatA aura vyavahAra dRSTi hai naitika sApekSatA / nirapekSatA svagata (Subjective) hai aura sApekSatA viSayIgata athavA vastugata ( bjective) / vyakti svayaM ke viSaya meM, svayaM apane kAryoM, manobhAvoM saMkalpoM ke viSaya meM bAhya paristhitiyoM se nirapekSa hokara nirNaya le sakatA hai; kintu anya vyaktiyoM ke kAryoM ke viSaya meM nirNaya lene ke lie use bAhya paristhitiyoM kI apekSA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki dUsare vyakti ke manobhAvoM kA jAnanA usake lie zakya nahIM hai| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki satya bolanA zAzvata nIti hai, aparivartanIya hai, kahA bhI yaha jAtA hai ki sadA satya bolanA caahie| satya bolanA nirapekSa nIti hai, isakA kaThoratApUrvaka pAlana karanA caahie| lekina isake sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI yathArtha hai ki nagna satya bahuta hI kaTu aura bhaddA hotA hai| rAjA harizcandra dvArA patnI se AdhA kaphana mA~ganA, satyavrata pAlana kA abhadrarUpa pradarzita karanA hI hai| isI prakAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA / 425 kANe ko kANA kahanA bhI abhadratA hai| isIlie isa parAkASThA taka satya kA pAlana avyavahArya hai| nIti meM bhI kahA gayA hai-ati sarvatra varjayet / eka cintaka ne bhI kahA hai-sadguNa sImA kA ullaMghana karane ke uparAnta durguNa bana jAte haiN| isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne satya ke viSaya meM kahA hai saccaM ca hiyaM ca miyaM ca gAhaNaM / (satya hitakArI, mita-alpa zabdoM vAlA aura zrotA dvArA grahaNa karane yogya honA cAhie / ) yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sApekSa (samAja sApekSa tathA vyavahAra sApekSa) dRSTi thii| eka vaidika nItikAra ne bhI satya kA yahI rUpa batAyA satyaM brU yAta priyaM brUyAt na brUyAt satyamapriyaM (satya bolo, priya bolo, kintu apriya satya mata bolo|) yadyapi jaina nIti vyavahAra-pakSa para sApekSatA ko mAnyatA detI hai kintu yaha sApekSatA sarvathA niraMkuza aura sarvataMtra-svataMtra nahIM hai, isameM nirapekSatA kA sUtra anusyUta hai| yaha satya hai ki sApekSatA naitika niyamoM meM zithilatA kI pravRtti utpanna karatI hai isIlie jaina nItimAnya sApekSatA nirapekSatA ke Azrita hai / nirapekSa AdhArita sApekSatA hI naitika bana pAtI hai| adhikAMza sthitiyoM meM vyakti apane svayaM ke lie naitika nirapekSatA ke AdhAra para nirNaya kara sakatA hai / yathA-vaha anazana karanA cAhatA hai to vaha binA kisI anya bAta kA-vyAvahArika paristhitiyoM kA vicAra kiye anazana kara sakatA hai / isI prakAra hiMsA Adi pApoM se nivRtti kara sakatA hai| lekina anya logoM ko kisI vrata yA niyama kA pAlana karAne meM athavA unheM aisI preraNA dene meM use sApekSa dRSTi rakhanA Avazyaka hai, sApekSatA ke binA usakA saphala honA kama saMbhava hai| 1. dazavaikAlika, adhyayana 7 / 2. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, saMvaradvAra, adhyayana 2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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426 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana yahI kAraNa hai ki munijana zrotAoM ko sarvavirAta-mahAvratoM ko grahaNa karane kI preraNA dete haiM; kintu yadi vyakti mahAvratoM ko grahaNa karane meM sakSama nahIM hotA to aNuvratoM ke pAlana kI-naitika sadgRhastha banane kI preraNA dete haiN| jaina-nIti kI sApekSatA aneka koTiyoM meM saMcarita hotI hai| eka upanaya hai eka rAjA ne kisI aparAdha ke kAraNa eka zroSThI ke 6 pUtroM ko prANadaNDa de diyA / zreSThI ne rAjA se pukAra kI, bahuta anunaya-vinaya ke bAda rAjA ne eka putra ko kSamAdAna diyaa| isI prakAra jaina-nIti bhI nirapekSatA ko zlAghya mAnatI hai aura apekSA karatI hai ki naitika niyamoM kA kaThoratApUrvaka pAlana kiyA jAnA cAhie, unameM kisI prakAra kA doSa sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, kiMcit bhI zithilatA nahIM AnI caahie| kintu vaha vyavahAra kI bhI paristhitiyoM kI bhI avahelanA nahIM karanA cAhatI, kyoMki naitika vyakti-cAhe vaha naitika caramotkarSa kI sthiti para pahu~ca cukA ho, saMsAra-tyAgI zramaNa bana cukA ho phira bhI usa kA saMsArI janoM se thor3A yA bahuta samparka rahatA hI hai| aNuvratI sAdhaka aura naitika sadgRhastha to saMsAra meM rahate hI haiM / phira ve sAMsArika pravRttiyoM, deza-kAla samAja kI sthiti-paristhitiyoM se nirlipta kaise raha sakate haiM ? ina sabake naitika niyamoM kA pAlana saMsAra-sApekSatA meM hI sambhava hai| isIlie zramaNa sAdhana meM apavAda aura aNuvratoM kI sAdhanA meM aticAroM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai / ___brahmacarya mahAvratadhArI zramaNa strI kA sparza to kyA mana se bhI usakA cintana nahIM karatA; kintu vahI zramaNa nadI meM DUbatI sAdhvI ko bacAkara taTa para lA sakatA hai| parvata se phisalI sAdhvI kA (mahilA) hAtha pakar3a kara ubAra sakatA hai / isI prakAra aNuvratI gRhastha eka kIr3I kI nirarthaka hiMsA nahIM karatA; kintu zatru dvArA deza para AkramaNa kiye jAne kI saMkaTa kI ghar3I meM zatru ke viruddha sazastra yuddha kara sakatA hai / 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, citta saMbhUijja, 13 vAM adhyayana For Personal & Private Use Only

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nIti ko sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA | 427 ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina nIti kI sApekSatA bar3I burAI meM se choTI burAI ko cunane kI anumati pradAna karatI hai / kintu usake pIche uddezya pavitra honA cAhie, yaha anivArya hai / rAma ne rAvaNa ke viruddha yuddha kiyA, usameM lAkhoM mAnavoM kA saMhAra huA / isa yuddha kA kAraNa sItA ko rAvaNa ke phande se mukta karAnA to thA hI; lekina mukhya uddezya thA-strI apaharaNakartA ko daNDa detaa| parAI strI kA apaharaNa bar3I burAI hai, ghora anaitikatA hai, isa anaitikatA ko rokane ke lie zrIrAma ne rAvaNa se yuddha kiyaa| jise purANoM meM dharmayuddha kahA gayA hai| aisI hI sthiti vaizAlI gaNatantra ke rAjA ceTaka ke samakSa A gaI thii| unhIM ke navAse kaNIka ne apane sage bhAiyoM-halla vihalla se unake pitA dvArA pradatta hAra aura hAthI ko chInanA/apaharaNa karanA cAhA / halla vihalla bhAgakara nAnA ceTaka kI zaraNa meM cale gaye / Akhira apaharaNakartA kUNIka ke viruddha rAjA ceTaka ko yuddha kA nirNaya lenA par3A / unakA bhI yaha nirNaya naitika thaa| isI prakAra duryodhana ne apane abhimAna aura haTha ke kAraNa pAMDavoM para yuddha thopa diyaa| Akhira pAMDavoM ne yuddha kiyaa| unakA pakSa naitika hone ke kAraNa unakI vijaya huii| __ naitika sApekSatA aisA pratyaya hai jo mAnava jIvana meM Avazyaka hai| zrI aravinda ghoSa ke vicAra isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya haiN| unhoMne apanI yoga mizrita AdhyAtmika bhASA meM ise nIti kA mAnaka aura AdhyAtmika svatantratA (Moral Standard and Spiritual Freedom) kA niyama kahA hai| .. isa niyama kA spaSTIkaraNa ina zabdoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| naitika mAnaka (St: ndard) mAnava mAnasa kI sRSTi hai jo ajJAna (Ignorance) ke niyama se paricAlita hotA hai| mAnava kA mAnasa ahaM (Ego) buddhi se paricAlita hotA hai| ataH mAnava kI nIti kA mAnaka sarvaprathama samAja kI rIti (Customs of folklore of society) hotA hai| tatpazcAt yaha manuSya ke antaHkaraNa kA Atmagata Adeza athavA vidhi hotA hai| isake pazcAt yaha manuSya kI vyaktigata buddhi kA nirapekSa Adeza Categorical imperative) hotA hai| parantu yaha bhI manuSya mana kI sRSTi For Personal & Private Use Only

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428 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hai / yaha sArvabhauma, sAmAnya, IzvarIya niyama nahIM hai| jaba koI vyakti sAdhanA se vyaktigata mAnasa kA atikrama karake ati-mAnasa (Supermind) ke stara kI sthiti ko prApta karatA hai, taba IzvarIya, sArvabhauma, nirapekSa niyama (absolute divine law) se svataH cAlita hotA hai| vaha yathArtha IzvarIya nirapekSa svAtantrya (absolute freedom) meM bhAga letA hai| isa tAtvika dRSTi se manuSya kI nIti sApekSa hai / / zrI aravinda ghoSa ke ukta vicAroM se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki mAnava-mana dvArA nirdhArita jo nIti aura naitika niyama haiM ve sApekSa haiM / mana se unakA abhiprAya saMvegAtmakatA aura buddhiparaka AtmA hai tathA jaba AtmA isa stara se Upara uThakara jJAnAtmA bana jAtA hai taba usake dvArA nirdhArita nIti nirapekSa hotI hai / jaina nIti meM bhI isa vicAradhArA ko sthAna milA hai| vahA~ chaThe guNasthAna taka jitanI bhI kAyika vAcika pravRttiyA~ hotI haiM, ve adhikAMza sApekSa haiM aura mAnasika kriyAe~-saMkalpa, dhyAna-japa Adi nirapekSa hai| nIti, vAstava meM nirapekSa-sApekSAtmaka hai / jaina nIti kI nirapekSatA meM sApekSatA samAI huI hai to sApekSatA meM nirapekSatA anusyUta hai / punazca, nirapekSatA kI koTiyA~ athavA zreNiyAM nahIM hai, vaha sadA ekarasa hai, absolute hai; jabaki sApekSatA kI aneka zreNiyA~ haiN| sApekSatA kA hArda hai-burAI ko sarvadA tyAganA aura yadi paristhitiyoM kI jaTilatA ke kAraNa aisA na ho sake to bar3I burAI ko chor3a denA aura choTI burAI ko kucha samaya ke lie grahaNa karake phira use bhI tyAgakara zubha kI aura pravRtta honA aura naitika zubha (moral good) se parama zubha kI prApti (utmost good) hetu gatizIla rhnaa| jaina nIti naitika sApekSatA ke pratyaya meM udAra hai| isake anusAra saiddhAntika pakSa, nirapekSa naitikatA hai aura AcaraNa pakSa sApekSa naitiktaa| 1. Tne Synthesis of Yoga, ch. VII, 1953 2. dekhiye; isa pustaka kA adhyAya-"AdhyAtmika utkarSa kA nIti-manovijJAna / For Personal & Private Use Only

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nIti kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA | 426 udAharaNataH ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi niyama siddhAntaH naitikatA ke nirapekSa rUpa haiM, jaba ki inakA vyavahArataH pAlana sApekSa naitikatA kI apekSA rakhatA hai / isI prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki sAdhya athavA naitika Adarza nirapekSa hotA hai, jabaki usa sAdhya athavA naitika Adarza kA prApti kA sAdhanAmArga, puruSArtha, Adi naitika sApekSatA haiM / saMkSepa meM, jaina nIti ke anusAra nizcaya dRSTi nirapekSa naitikatA hai aura vyavahAra dRSTi athavA vyAvahArika AcAra-vicAra, kriyA-kalApa nItisApekSa pahalU hai / jaina-nIti ke anusAra nirapekSatA aura sApekSatA donoM kA samanvita rUpa hI naitikatA kI saMpUrNatA hai / OM For Personal & Private Use Only

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4 samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna mAnava jaba taka prakRti kI goda meM khelatA rahA, usakA jIvana bahuta adhika sukhI aura zAnta thA, na koI samasyA, na koI saMgharSa, saba kucha suhAvanA | prakRtidatta phaloM kA upabhoga use tRpta kara detA aura prAkRtika saundarya suSamA usake hRdaya ' meM moda bhara detI thI / lekina jyoM hI prAkRtika sAdhana kSINa va aparyApta hone lage, mAnava kA samparka usase chUTatA calA gayA aura usa rikta hue sthAna ko bharA saMgharSoM ne, samasyAoM ne, azAMti ne / zAnta mAnava-mana kSubdha ho uThA / usa zAMti ko pAne ke lie mAnava ne strI se sahayoga kI kAmanA kI, sahadharmiNI ke rUpa meM usakA varaNa kiyA, parivAra kA nirmANa kiyA, lekina zAMti taba aura dUra kinArA kara gaI, usake kandhoM para baccoM ke pAlanapoSaNa kA bojha bhI A par3A / baccoM kI zikSA ke lie gurukuloM kA nirmANa kiyA, yogya, caritra - vAna, guNI vyaktiyoM ko kulapati banAyA; lekina guNI aura guNavAnoM kA Adara karane vAle virale hI hote haiM / kulapatiyoM meM saMgharSa calane lagA, una kI IrSyA raMgIna ho uThI / pariNAmataH mAnava kA kSobha tathA udvega aura bar3ha gayA, bar3hatA hI gayA / usane pArasparika sahayoga ke lie samAja kA nirmANa kiyA; lekina samAja ne usa para rUr3hiyoM ke - paramparA ke bandhana lagA diye / zAMti kA icchuka mAnava sAmAjika bandhanoM meM jakar3a gayA, aura bhI duHkhI saMtapta ho gayA / 1 vaidika granthoM meM vaziSTha aura vizvAmitra kA virodha prasiddha hai | ( 430 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 431 isase trANa pAne ke lie usane rAjA banAyA, rAja saMsthA kA nirmANa kiyA aura apane sAre adhikAra rAjA ko sauMpa diye / lekina kucha samaya bAda hI rAjA ne kara-bhAra se mAnava ko trasta kara diyaa| usake zrama kA chaThA bhAga kara ke rUpa meM vasUla karane lgaa| ___ mAnava ne ekataMtra ko kulIna-taMtra meM parivartita karake socA kucha zAnta milegI; kintu kulIna-taMtra ne sadAcArI aura vidvAnoM ko jahara kA pyAlA hI pilA diyaa| mAnava aura bho dukhI ho uThA / usane prajAtantra kI sthApanA kI; kintu yaha to guNDoM kA khela hI pramANita hone lgaa| mAnava ke duHkha kI sImA na rahI / jana-netA hI paraspara vAkayuddha aura gAlI-galauja karane lge| parachidrAnveSaNa aura paradoSAropaNa sAmAnya ho gyaa| caritra-patita ho gyaa| Arthika dRSTi se bhI mAnava kA patana ho gyaa| artha sambandhI samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie mAnava ne pUMjIvAda ke viruddha samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda kI sthApanA kii| lekina sAmyavAda ne mAnava ajita adhika sampatti kA svAmI rAjya ko hI banA diyaa| Surplus kA svAmI rAjya bana gayA aura mAnava kI svatantratA-sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, Arthika, sabhI prakAra kI svatantratA china gayI / vaha vyavasthA kA eka pUjA~ mAtra banakara raha gyaa| samasyA kA cakra ghUmatA haA hajAroM varSa pahale ke yuga meM pahu~ca gayA jisa rAjya ke caMgula se mAnava chaTanA cAhatA thA, ghUma-phira kara usI phande meM jakar3a gyaa| yahI saba dekhakara vAlTeyara ne kahA-mAnava-zizu svata tra janma letA hai kintu jIvana bhara vibhinna prakAra ke baMdhanoM meM jakar3A rahatA hai aura unhIM baMdhanoM meM usakA anta ho jAtA hai| ina saba samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie mAnava ne dharma-saMsthA kI sthApanA kI aura usakI zaraNa meM zAnti kI, nyAya kI, balavatI AzA kI Dora baaNdhii| 1. vaidika purANa mahAbhArata ke anusAra janatA ne manu ko rAjA cunA thA aura apane sAre adhikAra unheM sauMpa diye the| 2. yUnAna ke prabuddha cintaka pleTo ko kulIna tantra ne viSa kA pyAlA pilAyA thaa| 3. Democracy is the game of scound:els. Bertrand Russell For Personal & Private Use Only

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432 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana lekina vahA~ bhI eka zAzvata dharma ke aneka sampradAya bana gaye / muNDe - muNDe matibhinnA ke anusAra dharma-saMsthApakoM kI jaise bAr3ha hI A gaI / inake bhaktoM ko dharma kA aisA janUna car3hA ki jihAda' aura Crusaders ke yuddha hone lage, rakta kI nadiyA~ bahAI jAne lagIM / mAnavatA saMtapta ho uThI / jisa sukha-zAMtipUrNa jIvana aura nyAya - nItipUrNa pArasparika vyavahAra kI kAmanA mAnava ne kI; vaha dhUla meM mila gaI aura badale meM milA use samasyAoM kA ambAra | prAcIna kAla se hI mAnava samasyAoM se ghirA huA hai aura Adhunika yuga - meM to samasyAe~ itanI jaTila ho gaI haiM ki pratyeka mAnava hI samasyA mAnava ( Problem man) bana gayA hai, paga-paga para samasyAe~ haiM, lekina sulajhAva nahIM milatA / yaha bAta nahIM ki manISI cintakoM ne, dharma-saMsthApakoM ne mAnava kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna na khoje hoN| unhoMne apanI-apanI buddhi aura deza kI paristhiti anusAra samAdhAna khoje aura mAnava ke samakSa prastuta kiye| lekina samasyAoM kI saMkhyA aura unakI pecIdagiyoM meM guNAtmaka vRddhi hotI calI gaI / marja bar3hatA gayA, jyoM-jyoM davA ko / yahA~ dekhanA yaha hai ki jaina-nIti mAnava kI samasyAoM kA kyA samAdhAna sujhAtI hai / mAnava kI samasyAoM ko pramukha rUpa se tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - ( 1 ) vyaktigata, pArivArika, sAmAjika ( 2 ) Arthika aura ( 3 ) rAjanItika / 1. jihAda arabI zabda hai aura usakA artha hai dharmayuddha aura aMgrejI zabda Crusade kA artha bhI dharmayuddha hai / madhyakAlIna eziyA aura yUropa kA itihAsa IsAiyoM ke Crusade aura musalamAnoM ke jihAda se bharA par3A hai / dhArmika janUna ke kAraNa donoM Apasa meM lar3ate rahe / bhArata para muslima AkramaNa bhI jihAda kA hI eka aMga thA / bhArata bhI meM kamoveza yahI sthiti rahI / zuMga samrAToM ne to yahA~ taka ghoSita kara diyA - eka zramaNa kA sira lAne vAle ko eka sau svarNa mudrA kA puraskAra diyA jAyegA | For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM-- jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 433 pro. maitra ne jaina saMskRti para eka AkSepa kiyA hai - ki jaina sUcI meM dUsaroM se saMbandhita guNoM yathA - paropakAra, sahAnubhUtika sahAyatA ( Apatti meM sahAyatA denA) aura samAja sevA ko sammilita nahIM kiyA gayA hai / isa se jJAta hotA hai ki jainoM kA dhyeya samAja-sevA kI apekSA svayaM apane sudhAra ora adhika hai / " lekina zrI maMtra kA jainadharma-nIti ke prati yaha dRSTikoNa bhrAnta hai / jaina nIti kA lakSya jitanA svayaM vyakti ke kalyANa ke prati hai, usa se kahIM adhika para - kalyANa ke prati hai / aba isa kathana ke paripra ekSya meM jaina-nIti dvArA diye gaye samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke viSaya meM vicAra prastuta kareMge / (1) vyaktigata, pArivArika, sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna - - vyakti kI pramukha vyAvahArika samasyA, svAsthya hai / isake viSaya meM jaina-nIti meM vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se meM kahA gayA hai jaise yAtrA kA sAdhana ratha hai, vaise jIvana-yAtrA kA sAdhana zarIra hai kuzala sArathI sukhapUrvaka nirvighna yAtrA ke lie ratha kI dekhabhAla karatA hai, usI prakAra vyakti jIvana yAtrA kI nirvighna saMpannatA ke lie zarIra kI dekhabhAla kare, AhAra- pAnI Adi leve / javaNaTThAe bhujijjA" jAyamAyAe bhuMjijjA' 1. hamezA hI bhUkha se kama khAe, UNodarI kare, bhUkha se kama khAnA mahAna tapa hai, isase zarIra svastha rahatA hai, mana bhI prasanna rahatA hai / 2. appapiNDAsi - peTa se kama khAnA zArIrika evaM mAnasika svAsthya kA sUtra hai / 3. adhika gariSTha, ( ghI - vasAyukta) mIThA, caTapaTA, rasIlA bhojana na 1 "The Jaina list does not include the other regarding virtues of benevolence, succour and social service. This shows that the Jaina virtues aim more at self-culture than at social service." Prof. Maitra : The Ethics of Hindus, p. 203. 2-3 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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434 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kre| isase carbI (kolasTrola) bar3hegI, vikAra bhI bar3heMge, isa prakAra zarIra evaM mana donoM hI bImAra ho jaayeNge| - inake atirikta pArivArika samasyAoM ke samucita samAdhAna ke lie bhI jananIti ke vyAvahArika sopAnoM meM vyAvahArika sUtra diye gaye haiM, yathA mAtA-pitA kI sevA karanA, jinake pAlana-poSaNa kA dAyitva apane Upara ho, unakA pAlana poSaNa kre| kisI kI AjIvikA banda na kre| ___ ina guNoM meM to atithi, dIna asahAya janoM aura sAdhuoM kI sevA karane kI preraNA bhI dI gaI hai| dAna, sevA aura sahAyatA jaina zrAvaka ke pramukha kartavya hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki vyaktigata, pArivArika aura sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samucita samAdhAna jaina-nIti meM diye gaye haiN| (2) rAjanItika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna-madhyayuga taka sAmAnya janatA kI koI vizeSa rAjanItika samasyA nahIM thii| usa samaya taka sAmAnya janatA kI yahI avadhAraNA thI kou nRpa hoya hamahiM kA hAnI? kintu prajAtaMtra ke pracAra aura rASTrIya Andolana ke phalasvarUpa huI jana-jAgRti ke kAraNa rAjanIti ne apanA prasAra jana sAdhAraNa taka vistRta kara diyA / gA~dhIjI ke zabdoM meM rAjanIti ne janatA ko nAgapAza ke samAna jakar3a liyA hai| aura isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki rAjanItika samasyAe~ janatA ke samakSa khar3I ho giiN| jaina nItikAroM ne saMbhavataH ina saba rAjanItika parivartanoM kA pUrvAnumAna lagA liyA thA, isIlie AcArya hemacandra aura haribhadra ne sAmAnya janatA ko nIti dI-kabhI rAjA kI nindA na kare / jahA~ taka rAjya saMcAlana sambandhI nIti kA prazna hai to jaina nIti 1. uttarAdhyayana 16. 2 vistAra ke lie dekhie-isI pustaka kA 'jaina nIti ke vyAvahArika sopAna' nAmaka adhyAya / 3 Politics has become the snake girdle of people. --Gandhi 4 AcArya hemacandra : yogazAstra, prathama prakAza, zloka 48 ___ avarNavAdI na kvApi, rAjAdiSu vizeSataH / For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 435 kAra somadeva sUri aura AcArya hemacandra ne apanI pustaka arhana nIti meM rAjA ke kartavya aura uttaradAyitva kI vistRta vivecanA kI hai tathA surAjya sambandhI nIti-siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye haiM / ___ (3) Arthika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna-Arthika samasyA mAnava kI cira kAlIna samasyA rahI hai| bhArata hI nahIM, saMsAra meM sarvatra aura sarvadA zoSaka aura zoSita donoM varga rahe haiM / adhikAra sampanna vyakti, dhanI Adi zoSaka-varga kA pratinidhitva karate rahe to sAmAnya janatA zoSita banI rahI / kintu Adhunika yuga meM yaha samasyA bahuta vikarAla ho gaI hai / isa kA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki Adhunika yuga arthayuga hai| bhartRhari kA vAkya 'sarveguNAH kAMcanamAzrayanti' Aja caritArtha ho rahA hai| Aja ke yuga meM dhana kI hI pratiSThA hai, dhanavAna hI sarvaguNa sampanna hai, usI ko sarvatra mAnyatA prApta hai, usI kA sammAna hai| jahAM taka upArjana (dhanopArjana) kA saMbaMdha hai, jaina nIti usa para aMkuza nahIM lagAtI; vyakti, samAja athavA rASTra kI bhautika unnati meM bAdhaka bananA jaina nIti ko iSTa nahIM hai; usakA to itanA hI mantavya hai ki vyakti kA vaibhava nyAya sampanna ho, usake upArjana ke sAdhana nItipUrNa hoM, unameM anyAya-anIti kA sahArA na ho; pApa karmoM se prApta sampatti jaina-nIti ko iSTa nahIM hai| -- isIlie zrAvaka ke lie karmAdAnoM ko niSiddha batAyA gayA hai; kyoMki ve adhika hiMsA ke kAraNa haiM aura unase asAmAjika vRttiyoM ke panapane kI AzaMkA rahatI hai, zramika aura niyoktA meM saMgharSa kI bhUmikA banatI hai| yahA~ taka arthAt nyAya-nItipUrNa upArjana kI sImA taka Arthika samasyA kA vAtAvaraNa nahIM banatA; Arthika samasyA to taba banatI hai aura tabhI usakI vibhISikA anubhava hotI hai, jaba ki dhana kucha hAthoM meM hI kendrita ho jAya aura dhano-nirdhana kA bheda atyadhika vikaTa bana jAya, sAmAnya janatA to garIbI kI sImA rekhA ke nIce hI raha jAya aura dhanika jana bhoga-vilAsa-aizvarya meM DUba jaayeN| 1 somadeba sUri : nItivAkyAmata meM rAjanIti, saMpAdaka ema. ela. zarmA 2 AcArya hemacandraH arhana nIti, prathama evaM dvitIya adhikAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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436 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana se aisI sthiti na utpanna ho sake isake jaina-nIti ne do upAya batAyeM haiM-dAna evaM tyAga / dAna eka aisI saritA kA rUpa hai, jisameM dhana kabhI saMcita nahIM ho pAtA, samAja va rASTra meM bahatA rahatA hai| jaina-nItijJoM ne to dAna ko dhana kA ujjvala karane vAlA kahA hai| dAna ke Age kI sImA hai tyAga ! isameM icchAoM ko sImita karane tathA asImita dhana saMpatti ko visarjana karane kA vidhAna hai| jise 'icchA parimANa vrata' kahA hai| isa prakAra jaina-nIti ne mAnava kI pratyeka samasyA kA samucita samAdhAna diyA hai / ina nItivacanoM kA AcaraNa karane vAle mAnava ko kabhI abhAva yA kaSTa kA anubhava nahIM ho sakatA, usake jIvana meM sukha-zAMti kI saritA bahatI rahegI, umaMgoM ke sumana khilate raheMge, Ananda kI bahAroM meM vaha jhUmatA rhegaa| jaina-nIti kI vizva ko anupama dena (Unique Legacy of Jaina Ethics to World) jaina-nIti ne kucha aise naitika pratyaya vizva-mAnava ko diye haiM, jo isake apane viziSTa to haiM hI, sAtha hI mAnavatA kI unnati, pragati aura sukha-zAMti ke lie anivArya haiN| naitika nirNaya ke AdhAra naitika nirNaya vyakti ke lie sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa samasyA rahI hai| usakA amuka kArya naitika hai athavA anaitika yA nItivirodhI-isakA nirNaya karanA sabake lie kaThina rahA hai / yaha samasyA prAcIna kAla meM bhI thI, Aja bhI hai aura saMbhavataH Age bhI rhegii| ____isa samasyA ke vyAvahArika samAdhAna ke lie jaina nItikAroM ne pA~ca prakAra ke AdhAra batAe haiN| AgamoM meM ina pA~ca AdhAroM ko AcAravyavahAra kahA hai / ve haiM (1) Agama vyavahAra-dharmazAstroM kI dRSTi se kevalajJAniyoM, manaH paryavajJAniyoM, avadhijJAniyoM aura nau-dasa-caudaha pUrvadhAriyoM kA AcAra, inake dvArA kiyA huA AcaraNa Agama vyavahAra kahalAtA hai| jaina nIti kI dRSTi bhI lagabhaga yahI hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki uparokta viziSTa vyaktiyoM kA AcaraNa nItisammata hI hotA hai, kyoMki For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 437 viziSTa jJAnI hone ke kAraNa ye bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna kAla ke jJAtA hote haiM, naitika AcaraNa unakI sahaja vRtti bana jAtA hai / (2) zruta vyavahAra-dharmazAstroM ke dRSTikoNa se ATha aura nauveM (apUrNa) pUrva ke jJAtA sAdhakoM dvArA Acarita yA pratipAdita maryAdAe~, vyavahAra zrutavyavahAra kahalAtA hai| inakA saMkalana AyAra dazA, bRhatkalpa, vyavahArasUtra meM bhI huA hai, ataH ina granthoM meM ullikhita vyavahAra bhI zrutavyavahAra hI hai| jaina nIti kA bhI abhiprAya aisA hI hai / apane kisI bhI kArya kI naitikatA athavA anaitikatA ke nizcaya ke lie vyakti ina granthoM meM ullikhita siddhAntoM ko prAmANika mAnakara apane vyavahAra kA nirNaya kara sakatA hai| (3) AjJAvyavahAra-dharma sambandhI vyavahArazAstroM meM aisA ullekha hai ki kisI viziSTa viSaya athavA vyavahAra/AcaraNa kI dharmAnumodanA ke viSaya meM zAstroM ke vizeSajJa (gItArtha) kI AjJA pramANa rUpa se svIkAra kara lenI cAhie / gItArtha kA abhiprAya usa viSaya ke viziSTa adhikArI vidvAna se hai| naitika AcaraNa kI ora gati/pragati karane vAle vyakti ke hRdaya meM bhI jaba apane kisI AcaraNa kI naitikatA ke bAre meM sandeha utpanna ho jAya to use bhI kisI adhikArI vidvAna (nIti sambandhI jisakA jJAna aura AcaraNa paripakva ho) se nirNaya karA lenA cAhie aura usakI AjJAnusAra AcaraNa karanA caahie| (4) dhAraNA vyavahAra-dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva kA vicAra karake vizeSajJa-gItArtha zramaNa ne jo nirNaya diyA ho, usakI dhAraNA karake vaisA hI nirNaya una sthitiyoM meM krnaa|| vyakti ke samakSa aisI sthiti utpanna ho jAya ki usake dvArA kiye gaye AcaraNa/vyavahAra kI naitikatA ko puSTa karane vAle pramANa na upalabdha ho sakeM to use apanI nIti sambandhI dhAraNA ke anusAra nirNaya kara lenA caahie| . 1 tulanA kariemahAjanAH yena gatAH sa paMthAH / .-mahAbhArata For Personal & Private Use Only

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438 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana (5) jIta vyavahAra - jIta kA artha sthiti, kalpa, maryAdA aura vyavasthA hai / sAmAnya zabdoM meM ise paramparA kaha sakate haiM / jaba kisI kArya ke nirNAyaka svarUpa uparokta cAroM AdhAroM meM se koI bhI upalabdha na ho sake to vyakti ko apane kArya kI naitikatA, anaitakatA kA nirNaya naitika paramparA ke anusAra kara lenA cAhie, kintu vaha paramparA naitika ho, usameM anaitikatA kA ghAlamela na ho / isa prakAra jaina-nItikAroM ne naitika nirNaya ke yaha pA~ca puSTa AdhAra mAnava ke samakSa prastuta kiye haiM / inake AdhAra para vaha apanI vRtti pravRttiyoM aura kriyA-kalApoM kI naitikatA kA nirNaya kara sakatA hai / kArya - saphalatA ke upAya saphalatA mAnava mAtra kI hArdika abhilASA hai / vaha kabhI bhI aura kisI bhI kArya meM viphala nahIM honA cAhatA / sAmAnya dhAraNA, Aja ke yuga meM yaha bana gaI hai ki dhArmika aura naitika vyakti saphala nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yaha yuga caturAI aura cAlAkI kA hai / isa yuga meM catura, cAlAka vyakti hI saphala ho pAte haiM / lekina yaha dhAraNA nirmUla hai| jaina nItikAroM ne pAMca samavAya batAye haiM / inakA sahI upayoga karane se pratyeka kArya meM saphalatA prApta ho sakatI hai / ve samavAya haiM (1) kAla ( time ) - kAla dArzanika aura dRSTiyoM se bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa tatva hai / saMsAra ke sAra calate haiN| kisI bhI kArya kI saphalatA meM rahatA hai / vyAvahArika donoM hI sabhI kArya kAla ke anuisakA bahuta bar3A hAtha yadi pA~ca minaTa bhI leTa ho gaye to Tra ena misa ho gaI, ApakI yojanA dharI kI dharI raha gaI / kAla athavA samaya kA dhyAna na rahane se ummIdavAra inTaravyU na de sakA, pariNAmasvarUpa usakA salaikzana na ho sakA, kairiyara banate-banate bigar3a gayA / sukhI jIvana kI yojanA khaTAI meM par3a gaI, asaphala ho gayA / (2) svabhAva -- isakA abhiprAya hai vastu kA apanA svarUpa | nItizatra meM isakA abhiprAya vyakti kA apanA caritra hotA hai aura jaisA ki maikeMja ne kahA hai--caritra AdatoM kA samUha hotA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM-- jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 436 ataH svabhAva se nItizAstra meM Adata ( habit ) kA pratyaya grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / Adata athavA caritra kA saphalatA-asaphalatA meM bahuta bar3A bhAga hotA hai| burI AdatoM (bad habits) vAlA vyakti sarvatra badanAma hotA hai aura asaphala ho jAtA hai jabaki acchI ( good ) AdatoM vAlA vyakti lokapriya, susaMskRta ke rUpa meM sarvatra sammAna pAtA hai, saphalatA usake caraNa cUmatI hai / (3) niyati -- isakA abhiprAya bhavitavyatA athavA honI hai / ise bhAgya (fate) bhI kahA jAtA hai / sAmAnya mAnyatA hai ki jo ghaTanA jisa rUpa meM ghaTita honI hai usI rUpa meM ghaTita hogI / lekina jaina nIti ke anusAra sadAcaraNa dvArA bhAgya ko anukUla bhI banAyA jA sakatA hai / vaise sAmAnya rUpa se bhAgya kI anukUlatA bhI saphalatA meM mahatvapUrNa kAraNa haiM / (4) puruSArthaM - ise sAmAnya bhASA meM udyama kahA jA sakatA hai / jaina nIti isa samavAya para adhika bala detI hai / isake anusAra puruSArthaM ke abhAva meM saphalatA nahIM miltii| saphalatA prApti ke lie puruSArtha anivArya hai | (5) karma kSaya - dhArmika dRSTi se pratyeka adhyAtmavAdI vyakti kA lakSya mokSa hai aura usakI prApti ke lie pUrvakRta sampUrNa karmoM kA kSaya anivArya hai / lekina nItizAstra isa samavAya ko sAdhana ( means) ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai / sAdhanoM kA bhI saphalatA prApti meM mahatva hai / yadi vidyArthI ke pAsa paina na ho to vaha uttara pustikA meM praznoM ke uttara kaise likha sakegA aura kaise uttIrNa ho sakegA ? isI prakAra pratyeka kArya ke lie, kalA aura zilpa ke lie Avazyaka sAdhana anivArya haiM / sAdhana jitane sahI hoMge saphalatA bhI utanI hI zIghra prApta hogI / isa prakAra kisI yojanA, kArya meM saphalatA ke lie ina pAMcoM samavAyoM kA milanA Avazyaka 1 Atma gaurava evaM svAtaMtrya AtmA kA gaurava aura usakI svatantratA kI pratiSThApanA jaina-nIti kI eka viziSTa dena hai / pAzcAtya aura yUnAnI sabhyatAoM kI bAta hI dUra, bhAratIya saMskRti meM AtmA kA svarUpa nizcita nahIM thA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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440 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana . upaniSadoM meM hI kahIM deha (zarIra) ko hI AtmA kahA hai to kahIM prANoM ko hI AtmA svIkAra kiyA aura phira mana ko AtmA kahA gayA, prajJAnAtmA kI dhAraNA ne jora pakar3A to Age calakara cidAtmA' taka dRSTi jA pahu~cI / sAra yaha ki AtmA kA svarUpa sthira na ho skaa| sarvaprathama jaina darzana ne jIva kA vAstavika aura vyAvahArika donoM daSTi se svarUpa nirdhAraNa kiyA / vyAvahArika dRSTi se jIva karmoM kA kartA hai, aura apane kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, pariNAmI hai, svadeha parimANa hai| ___AtmA kA yaha rUpa nItizAstra meM ati mahatva kA hai| kartA hone ke kAraNa hI Atma-svAtantrya athavA saMkalpa svAtantrya ko mAnyatA prApta ho sakI jo nItizAstra kA pramukha pratyaya to hai hI sAtha hI AdhAra bhI hai| Atma-svAtantrya ke abhAva meM nItizAstra Thahara hI nahIM sktaa| Atma-svAtaMtrya ke sAtha hI Atma-gaurava kI sthApanA huI aura Atma-sammAna ke sthAyIbhAva ko nItizAstra meM sthAna milaa| Atma-sammAna ke sAtha-sAtha jaina darzana ne sabhI AtmAoM ko samAna btaayaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki sAMsArika padArthoM meM AtmA kI sarvoccatA sthApita hii| aba taka jo Izvara Adi ucca daivika zaktiyoM ke adhIna AtmA ko-mAnava AtmA ko mAnA jAtA thA, usa dAsatA kI dhAraNA kI cUleM hilIM aura mAnava ne apanA mahatva smjhaa| AtmA ke sAtha hI karma kA pratyaya bhI jur3A hai / yadyapi karma kI mAnyatA sabhI adhyAtmavAdI darzanoM ne dI kintu jitanA sUkSma divecana jainadarzana meM milatA hai utanA anyatra nhiiN| karma ke sAtha punarjanma aura pUrvajanma kA pratyaya bhI saMlagna hai / nIti ke kSetra meM AtmA-Atma svAtanJya, karma, pUnarjanma ke pratyayoM ne krAntikArI parivartana kiye| nItizAstra jo vyAvahArika AcaraNoM kA hI mAnaka mAnA jAtA hai, vaha antarmukhI bhI huA aura isa vistRta AyAma meM vaha 1 chAndogyopaniSada 6 2 taittirIya 2/2/3; kauSItaki 3/2 3 taittirIya upaniSada 2/3; bRhadAraNyaka 4/6; chAndogya 7/3/1 4 kauSItaki 3/8 5 taittirIya 2/6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 441 manuSya kI mAnasika, vAcika aura vyAvahArika sabhI prakAra kI vRtti-pravRtti aura kriyA-kalApoM kA kA adhyayanakartA bana gyaa| ahiMsA ahiMsA jainadarzana, AcAra aura nIti kI rIr3ha hai| ahiMsA kA pratyaya, jo nIti kA sarvamAnya pratyaya hai, jainadharma meM vistRta rUpa se vyAkhyAyita hai| prANI mAtra kI rakSA karanA, unake prati mana meM bhI durbhAva na karanA, vacana bhI aisA koI na bolanA jisase kisI kA marma ghAyala ho| yaha AcArika aura naitika ahiMsA hai / anekAnta yaha vaicArika ahiMsA hai, virodhI kI bAta kA ucita sammAna hai aura vibhinna paraspara virodhI nItiyoM ke virodha ko upazamita karane vAlA hai / loka vyavahAra ko ucita rUpa se pravartita karane vAlA hai| dArzanika aura naitika jagata ko jananIti dvArA diyA gayA anekAnta kA siddhAnta sarvottama haiN| yahAM taka ki vaijJAnika jagata meM sApekSatA siddhAnta (Theory of Relativity) ke rUpa meM mAnya huA hai| jaina nIti dvArA pratipAdita anekAnta aura syAdvAda nIti ke aise pratyaya haiM jo sArvabhauma nIti ko pratipAdita karate haiM aura naitika vAtAvaraNa ko Thosa AdhAra pradAna karate haiN| .. kAnTa ne jo kahA-'tumheM aise kartavya kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie, jise turanta sArvabhauma banA sko|' isa zarta ko anekAnta pUrI karatA hai / anekAnta ke AcaraNa ko turanta sArvabhauma banAyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha banane yogya bhI hai| jaina nIti kI isa anupama dena kA samasta vidvad jagata AbhArI hai / aparigraha ahiMsA kA hI pratyaya saMcaya ke sambandha meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM ubharatA hai| parigraha svayaM apane aura dUsaroM ke lie bhI duHkhakArI hai / saMcaya svayaM mAnava ko cintita kara detA hai aura anyoM ke lie abhAva kI sthiti khar3I kara detA hai| dUsaroM ko abhAvajanya kaSTa aura svayaM ko cintA dvArA mAnasika 1. nIti virodhadhvaMsI, lokavyavahAra vartakaH samyak : For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #484
442 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana pIr3A donoM hI hiMsA ke rUpa haiM isIlie aparigraha ahiMsAtmaka hai, ahiMsA kA hI eka rUpa hai / aparigraha athavA asaMcaya ko bhAratIya nIti meM eka pramukha naitika pratyaya mAnA gayA hai | zrAvaka ke lie to parigraha kI maryAdA karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / jaina nIti parigraha ke bAhya rUpa ko to dRSTigata karatI hai kintu usake Antarika rUpa--galata dhAraNA, moha kI viDambanA mamatva Adi para bhI dRSTipAta karatI hai aura Antarika tathA bAhya sabhI prakAra ke parigraha ati batAtI hai / isa vistRta AyAma meM aparigraha kI avadhAraNA vizva - nIti ko na nIti kI viziSTa dena hai / anAgraha ahiMsA kA hI vyAvahArika rUpa anAgraha hai / anAgraha kA abhiprAya kisI bAta kA Agraha na karanA hai / anAgraha kA hI vaicArika pakSa anekAMta hai | anekAMta nIti kA pAlana karane vAlA apane pakSa kA Agraha nahIM karatA, usameM pakSapAta nahIM hotA / 1 vyAvahArika rUpa se anAgraha kA artha hai - apanI icchA kisI anya para na thopanA / AgamoM meM jaba koI vyakti kisI vrata yA niyama ko grahaNa karane kI icchA pragaTa karatA hai to gurudeva kI ora se kahA gayA 'ahAsuhaM' zabda anAgraha kA hI pratIka hai| yAnI guru usase niyama grahaNa karane kA Agraha nahIM karate, apitu usakI icchA para hI chor3a dete haiM / nIti ke kSetra meM anAgraha sarvottama nIti hai / Agraha se sAmane vAlA vyakti davAba mAnatA hai / vaha yaha samajhatA hai ki use anucita anaitika rUpa se vivaza kiyA jA rahA hai aura phira usake mana-mastiSka meM virodha kI - saMgharSa kI cinagAriyA~ bhar3akatI haiM, jo zole banakara samAja ke vAtAvaraNa ko dUSita karatI haiM, viSAkta vAtAvaraNa nirmita hotA hai / yaha anAgraha naitika pratyaya bhI jaina nIti kI hI dena hai / samatva samatva jaina nIti kA hArda hai aura vizva meM naitikatA ke prasAra ke lie sarvottama pratyaya hai / jaina-nIti kA to prArambha hI samatva kI sAdhanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM jaina nIti kA yogadAna | 443 se hotA hai aura isakA caramotkarSa bhI samatva kI upalabdhi meM samAyA huA hai / zaMkarAcArya kI praznottarI meM kahA gayA hai-- ki sukha mUlam ? samatAbhidhAnam / sukha kA mUla kyA hai ? samatA / vAstava meM samatA meM sabhI sukha haiM aura viSamatA meM sabhI duHkha, kaSTa aura saMgharSa haiM / viSamatA cAhe Arthika ho, sAmAjika ho, rAjanItika ho athavA anya kisI bhI prakAra kI ho, duHkha, kaSTa aura saMgharSa kA hI kAraNa banatI | vaicArika vaimanasya athavA viSamatA ne kaI bAra mAnava jAti ko yuddhoM kI vibhISikA meM jhauMkA hai / eka Akalana ke anusAra pichale 2500 varSa ke itihAsa meM muzkila se 28 dina zAMti rahI hai, anyathA vizva ke kisI na kisI kaune meM yuddha hote hI rahe haiM / inameM se adhikAMza yuddha vaicArika viSamatA ke kAraNa hue haiM / isIlie jaina-nIti ne sukha-zAMti ke rAja mArga ke lie samatA kA pratyaya vizva ke samakSa rkhaa| samatA dvArA viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa karake mAnava - sukha kI upalabdhi kara sakatA hai / sampUrNa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jaina nIti kA AdhAra ahiMsA hai aura ahiMsA kA hArda hai samatva / yahI ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hai / jaina-nIti kA sAdhaka apane dRr3ha kadama samatva kI upalabdhi kI ora bar3hAtA hai, kyoMki kahA hai sammatta daMsI na kareI pAvaM ( saMmatvadarzI koI pApa nahIM karatA) aura nIti kI bhASA meM samatvadarzI pUrNa naitika hotA hai | isI bindu para mAnava ko pahu~cAne kA lakSya nItizAstra kA hai / nItizAstra, vizeSa rUpa se jaina nItizAstra kA yahI kendra bindu ( Central orbit ) hai jisake cAroM ora nIti kA saMpUrNa tAnA-bAnA bunA huA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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Htitijinni pariziSTa nIti sUkti koSa For Personal & Private Use Only

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AbhAra-svIkAra isa mUkti saMkalana meM sUkti-triveNI prAkRta sUkti koza, nIti muktAvalI, sadupadeza-sumana Adi aneka granthoM kA sAdara upayoga kiyA gayA hai, etadartha unake sampAdaka prakAzakoM ke prati hArdika kRtjnytaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #489
acaurya ddudd prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ lobhAvile AyayaI adattaM / ********* ************ - uttarAdhyayana 32 / 26 manuSya lobha se vyAkula athavA prerita hokara corI karatA hai / adattAdANaM akittikaraNaM''''aNajjaM ''''sayA sAhugarahaNijjaM - praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 1 / 3 caurI apayaza karane vAlA eka anAryakarma hai / yaha sabhI sajjanoM dvArA sadA nindanIya hai / paradavva haraNamedaM- AsavadAraM khu veMti pAvassa / soriya - vAha-paradArayehi coro hu pApadaro || - bhagavatI ArAdhanA 865 / 984 paradravya haraNa karanA pApa kA Agamana dvAra hai / sUara kI hatyA karane vAle, mRga Adi ko pakar3ane vAle tathA parastrIgamana karane vAle se bhI cora adhika pAtakI ginA jAtA hai / jo bahumullaM vatthu appayamulleNa Neva giNhedi / vIsariyaMpi Na giNhadi lAhe thove vi tUsedi // jo paradavvaM Na hadi mAyAloheNa kohamANeNa / diDhacitto suddhamaI aNuvvaI so have tidio || - kArtikeyAnuprekSA 335-336 jo vyakti kisI kI bahumUlya vastu ko alpamUlya meM nahIM letA, dUsare kI girI huI vastu ko uThAkara letA nahIM aura thor3e se lAbha se saMtuSTa rahatA hai, tathA krodha, lobha, mAyA tathA mAna se dUsare ke dravya kA haraNa nahIM karatA vaha zuddha vicAra vAlA dRr3ha nizcayI acaurya aNuvratI hai / ( 447 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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448 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vajjijjA tenAhaDa takkara jogaM viruddha rajjaM ca / kUDatula-kUDamANaM tappaDirUvaM ca vavahAraM // -sAvaya paNNatti 268 corI kA mAla kharIdanA, taskarI karanA, rAjAjJA kA ullaMghana karanA, nApa-tola meM gar3abar3a karanA tathA milAvaTa karanA-yaha saba corI ke samAna varjanIya haiN| adveSa na virujjhajja keNavi -sUtrakRtAMga 1/11/12 kisI ke bhI sAtha vaira-virodha na kreN| anAsakti asaMsattaM paloijjA -dazavaikAlika 5/1/23 lalacAI dRSTi se kisI bhI vastu ko nahIM dekheN| kAmANugiddhippabhavaM khu dukkhaM, savvassa logassa sa devagassa, jaM kAiyaM mANasiyaM ca kiMci, tassantagaM gacchati viiyraago| -uttarAdhyayana 32/16 saMsAra ke samasta jIvoM ke, yahA~ taka ki devoM ke bhI jo kucha zArIrika aura mAnasika duHkha haiM, ve saba kAmAsakti se hI utpanna hote haiM / anA sakta puruSa hI unakA anta kara pAtA hai / taNa kaThehi va aggI, lavaNajalo va naI sahassehiM / na imo jIvo sakko, tippeuM kAmabhogeuM // -Atura pratyAkhyAna 50 jisa taraha tRNa kASTa (lakar3I) se agni aura hajAroM nadiyoM ke jala se lavaNa samudra (virAT sAgara) tRpta nahIM hotA, usI taraha Asakti vAlA prANI kAma-bhogoM se tRpta nahIM hotaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ | 446 anukampA jo u paraM kaMpaMtaM, ThUNa na kaMpae kddhinnbhaavo| eso u niraNukaMpo, aNupacchA bhAva joeNaM // -bRhatkalpabhASya 1320 jo kaThora bhAvoM vAlA vyakti dUsaroM ko kaSTa se kAMpate hue dekhakara bhI mana meM prakampita nahIM hotA, vaha anukaMpArahita kahalAtA hai| kyoMki anukampA kA artha hI hai-kA~pate hue ko dekhakara kampita honA / (dukhI ko dekhakara dayA honA / ) tisivaM bubhukkhidaM vA duhidaM daLUNa jo du duhidmnno| paDibajjadi taM kivayA tassesA hodi aNukampA // -paMcAstikAya gA. 137 tRSAtura, kSudhAtura athavA duHkhI ko dekhakara jo mAnava mana meM khinnatA anubhava karatA huA usake prati karuNApUrvaka vyavahAra karatA hai, usakA vaha AcaraNa anukampA hai|| vavasAyaphalaM vihavo vihavassa ya vihalajalasamuddharaNaM / vihaluddharaNeNa jaso jaseNa bhaNa kiM na pajjattaM // -vajjAlagga 10/10 vyavasAya-puruSArtha kA phala vibhava (vaibhava) hai aura vibhava kA phala hai-vihvala janoM--(abhAvagrasta) kA uddhAra / vihvala janoM ke uddhAra se yaza kI prApti hotI hai aura yaza se kaho saMsAra meM kyA nahIM milatA ? arthAt saba kucha milatA hai| bAlA ya vuDDhA ya ajaMgamA ya, logevi ete annukmpnnijjaa| -bRhatkalpabhASya 4342 bAlaka, vRddha aura asamartha (calane-phirane ke ayogya-apaMga) vyakti, vizeSa anukampA ke yogya hote haiN| mA hoha NiraNukampA Na vaMcayA kuNaha tAva saMtosaM / mANatthaddhA mA hoha NikkipA hoha dANayarA // -kuvalayamAlA, anuccheda 85 anukampA se rahita mata hoo, kRpA se rahita mata bano, kintu saMtoSa karo, ghaMmaDa meM dRpta mata hoo, apitu dAna meM tatpara bno| For Personal & Private Use Only

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450 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana anuzAsana appaNI ya paraM nAlaM, kuto annANusAsiuM / - sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/2/17 jo vyakti apanI AtmA ko (svayaM apane Apako ) anuzAsana meM nahIM rakha sakatA, vaha dUsaroM ko anuzAsita rakhane meM kaise samartha ho sakatA hai ? arthAt nahIM ho sakatA / aNusasio na kuppejjA bar3oM dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na kareM / atiregaM ahigaraNaM aparigraha - oghaniyukti 741 AvazyakatA se adhika aura anupayogI vastu klezaprada evaM doSarUpa ho jAtI hai / ajjhattha visohIe, uvagaraNaM bAhiraM pariharaMto / apariggahI tti bhaNio, jiNehiM tilokkadarisIhiM // -- oghaniryukti 745 jo sAdhaka bAhya upakaraNoM ko Atma-vizuddhi ke lie grahaNa karatA hai, trilokadarzI (sarvajJa) jinezvara devoM ne use aparigrahI kahA hai / attho mUlaM aNatthANaM - maraNa samAdhi 603 arthaM to anartha kA mUla hai / - uttarAdhyayana 1/ gaMtho'tha va mao mucchA mucchAhi nicchayao | - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 2573 vizva kI pratyeka vastu parigraha bhI hai aura aparigraha bhI / yadi mUrcchA hai to parigraha hai aura yadi mUrcchA nahIM hai to parigraha bhI nahIM hai / vAstavika dRSTi se mUrcchA ( apanatva bhAva yA adhikAra bhAva ) hI parigraha hai / gAheNa appagAhA, samuddasalile sacela atye --sUtrapAhuDa 27 jisa prakAra sAgara (nadI) ke athAha jala meM se apane vastra dhone yogya hI jala grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra grAhya vastu meM se bhI apanI AvazyakatAnusAra hI grahaNa karanA cAhie / For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ | 451 mucchA pariggaho vutto -dazavakAlika 6/21 mUrchA hI vAstava meM parigraha hai| jo saMciUNa lacchi dharaNiyale saMThavedi aiduure| so puriso taM lacchi pAhANa sAmANiyaM kuNadi // -kArtikeyAnuprekSA 14 jo manuSya lakSmI kA saMcaya karake bhUmi meM use gAr3a detA hai, vaha usa lakSmI ko patthara ke samAna kara detA hai| saMganimittaM mArai, bhaNai alIaM karei corikkaM / sevai mehuNa mucchaM, apparimANaM kuNai jIvo // -bhakta parijJA 132 manuSya parigraha ke nimitta hiMsA karatA hai, asatya bolatA hai, corI karatA hai, maithuna kA sevana karatA hai aura atyadhika mUrchA karatA hai| pariggahaniviTThANaM veraM tesiM pavaDDhaI / -sUtrakRtAMga 1/9/3 __ jo saMgrahavRtti meM vyasta haiM, ve saMsAra meM apane prati vaira-bhAva bar3hAte rahate haiN| apramAda uThThie no pamAyae -AcArAMga 1/5/2 kartavya patha para calane ko udyata hue vyakti ko phira pramAda (Alasya) nahIM karanA caahie| je chee se vippamAyaM na kujjaa| -sUtrakRtAMga 1/14/1 jo pramAda (Alasya) nahIM karatA, vaha vastutaH catura hai| sigghaM Aruha kajjaM pAraddha mA kahaM vi siDhilesu / pAraddha siDhiliyAI kajjAi puNo na sijhaMti / / -vajjAlagga 1/2 kArya kA prArambha zIghra karo, prArambha kiye hae kArya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI zithilatA mata kro| prArambha kiye hue kAryoM meM eka bAra zithilatA A jAne para ve punaH pUrNa nahIM ho pAte haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

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452 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana imaM ca me atthi imaM ca natthi, imaM ca me kiccaM imaM akiccaM / taM evameva lAlappamANaM, harA haraMti tti kahaM pamAe // -uttarAdhyayana 14/15 yaha mere pAsa hai aura yaha nahIM hai, yaha mujhe karanA hai aura yaha nahIM karanA hai-isa prakAra vyartha bakavAsa karate hue puruSa ko uThAne vAlA (kAla) uThAkara le jAtA hai / isa sthiti meM pramAda kaise kiyA jAya ? sItaMti suvaMtANaM atthA purisANa logasAratthA / tamhA jAgaramANA, vidhuNadha porANayaM kammaM // - -bRhatkalpabhASya 3383 - jo puruSa sote haiM (AlasI haiM) unake jagat meM sArabhUta artha (lakSya) naSTa ho jAte haiM / isalie satata jAgate rahakara pUrvAjita karmoM ko naSTa kro| jAgariyA dhammINaM, ahammINaM ca sUttayA seyaa| -bRhatkalpabhASya 3386 dhArmika janoM kA jAganA zreyaskara hai aura adhArmikoM kA sonA zreyaskara hai| jAgaraha narA! NiccaM, jAgaramANassa vaDDhate buddhii| so suvati Na so dhanno, jo jaggati so sayA dhanno / / -bRhatkalpabhASya 3283 mAnavo ! sadA jAgRta (sAvadhAna) rho| jAgRta vyakti kI buddhi bar3hatI hai / jo sotA hai vaha dhanya nahIM hai / sadaiva jAgane vAlA hI dhanya hai| abhaya bhIto abitijjao maNUso, bhIto bhUtehiM ghippai, bhIto anna pi bhesejjaa| -praznavyAkadaNa 2/2 bhayabhIta manuSya para anekoM bhaya Akara hamalA kara dete haiM, kyoMki Darapoka manuSya asahAya hotA hai| bhaya se Akula mAnava hI bhUtoM dvArA ghera liyA jAtA hai / svayaM bhayagrasta vyakti dUsaroM ko bhI bhayabhIta kara detA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 453 - praznavyAkaraNa 2/2 Akasmika bhaya se, vyAdhi se, roga se, vRddhAvasthA se aura yahA~ taka ki mRtyu se bhI bhayabhIta nahIM honA cAhie / jeNa kuNai avarAhe, so NissaMkodu jaNavae bhamadi / na bhAiyavvaM, bhayassa vA vAhissa vA, rogassa vA jarAe vA maccussa vA / - samayasAra 302 jo kisI prakAra kA aparAdha nahIM karatA vaha niHzaMka hokara janapada meM ghUmatA hai arthAt niraparAdha vyakti nirbhaya hotA hai / dANANaM ceva abhayadAnaM - praznavyAkaraNa 2/2 abhayadAna saba dAnoM meM zreSTha hai / nibbharaNa gativvaM avinIta tuma nirbhaya hokara vicaraNa karo / - nizItha cUNibhASya 273 purasamma dubviNI, viNayavihANaM na kiMci Aikkhe | na vi dijjati AbharaNa, pasiyattikaNNa hatthassa || - nizItha bhASya 6221 durvinIta ko vinaya vidhAna ( sadAcAra) kI zikSA nahIM denI cAhie jisake kAna aura hAtha kaTe hoM use AbhUSaNa ( karNabhUSaNa aura kaMkaNa ) nahIM dene cAhie / thaMbhA va kohA va mayappamAyA, gurussagAse vijayaM na sikkhe | so ceva u tassa abhUibhAvo, phalaM va kIyassa vahAya hoi // - dazavaikAlika 6/1/1 abhimAna, krodha, kapaTa tathA pramAda ke kAraNa jo zikSArthI gurUadhyApakoM kA Adara nahIM karatA, zikSakoM ke samIpa vinaya kI zikSA grahaNa nahIM karatA, usakA avinayapUrNa AcAra usI prakAra usako naSTa karane vAlA hotA hai, jisa prakAra bA~sa kA phala bA~sa ko hI naSTa karane vAlA banatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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454 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bujjhai se aviNIyappA, kaLaM soyagayaM jhaa| -dazavakAlika 6/2/3 avinItAtmA saMsAra-srota meM usI taraha pravAhita-bahatA rahatA hai, jaise nadI ke srota meM girA huA kASTha / ahaMkAra mANavijae NaM maddavaM jnnyii| .. -uttarAdhyayana 26/68 ahaMkAra para vijaya prApta kara lene se namratA utpanna hotI hai| annaM jaNaM khisai bAlapanne / -sUtrakRtAMga 1/13/14 jo apanI prajJA ke abhimAna meM dUsaroM kI avajJA karatA hai, vaha bAla prajJa (mUrkha) hai| mANeNa ahamA gaI --uttarA. 6/54 ahaMkAra karane vAle kI adhogati (patana) hotI hai| jo avamANakaraNaM, dosaM pariharai NiccamAutto / so NAma hodi mANI, Na du guNacatroNa mANeNa / / __ -bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1426 jo dUsaroM ko apamAnita karane ke doSa kA sadA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka parihAra karatA hai, vahI yathArtha meM mAnI hai| guNazUnya abhimAna karane se koI mAnI nahIM hotaa| mANI visso savvassa hodi kalaha bhaya vera dukkhANi / pAvadi mANI NiyadaM iha-paraloe ya avamANaM // -arhatpravacana 7/36 abhimAnI vyakti sabakA zatra ho jAtA hai| use isa loka aura paraloka meM kalaha, bhaya, vaira, duHkha aura apamAna avazya hI prApta hote haiM / ahiMsA dhammamahiMsAsamaM natthi / -bhakta parijJA 61 ahiMsA ke samAna koI dharma nahIM hai / jIvavaho appavaho, jIvadayA appaNo dayA hoi / bhaktaparijJA 63 kisI bhI dUsare jIva kA vadha vAstava meM apanA hI vadha hai aura dUsare jova ko dayA, apanI dayA hai / mAnA For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 455 savve pANA piyAuyA, suhasAyA dukkha paDikUlA, appiyavahA, piyajIvio, jIviukAmA, savvesi jIviyaM piyaM nAivAejja kaMcaNaM / -AcArAMga 1/2/3/4 prANImAtra ko apanA jIvana priya hai| sukha, sabako anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla / vadha (maraNa) sabako apriya hai aura jIvana priya / sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiN| isalie kisI bhI prANI kI ghAta-hiMsA nahIM karanI caahie| Ayao bahiyA pAsa -AcArAMga 1/3/3 apane samAna hI bAhara meM dUsaroM ko bhI dekh| savvaovi naIo, kameNa jaha sAyaraMmi nivaDaMti / taha bhagavaI ahiMsA, savve dhammA samillaM ti // __ --sambodha sattari 6 jisa prakAra sabhI nadiyA~ sAgara meM milatI haiM usI prakAra bhagavatI ahiMsA meM sabhI dharmoM kA samAveza hotA hai / ahiMsA tasa thAvara savvabhUya khemNkrii| -praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 2/1 ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM (calate-phirate aura sthita prANI) kA kuzala kSema karane vAlI hai| rAgAdINamaNuppAo ahiNsktt| -jayadhavalA 1/42/64 rAga Adi kI anutpatti ahiMsA hai aura inakI (rAgAdi kI) utpatti hiMsA hai| asubho jo pariNAmo sA hiMsA / -vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1766 jIva (prANiyoM) kA azubha pariNAma (bhAva) hiMsA hai| AcaraNa sAro parUvaNAe caraNaM, tassa vi ya hoi nivvANaM / -AcArAMganiyukti 17 prarUpaNA (upadeza) kA sAra AcaraNa hai, jisa se nirvANa (mukti) hotI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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456 / jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana bhaNantA akarentA ya, bandhamokkho pinnnninno| vAyAviriyamettaNa samAsAsenti appayaM // - uttarAdhyayana 6/8 jo kevala bolate haiM, karate kucha nahIM, ve bandha aura mokSa kI bAteM karane vAle vyakti kevala vANI kI vIratA se apane Apako AzvAsana dene vAle haiN| Atmadarzana jo jANai appANaM, appANaM so suhANaM na hu kaamii| pattammi kapparukkhe, rukkhe kiM patthaNA asaNe // -AtmAvabodha kulaka 4 jo apanI AtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha sAMsArika sukhoM kA icchuka nahIM hotaa| jise kalpavRkSa prApta ho gayA hai, kyA vaha anya vRkSoM kI prArthanA karegA ? arthAt kabhI nahIM kregaa| Atma-prazaMsA vAyAe jaM kahaNaM guNANaM taM NAsaNaM have tesiM / hodi hu carideNa guNANa kahaNa mubbhAvaNaM tesi / / -arhatpravacana 6/7 vacana se apane guNoM ko kahanA, una guNoM kA nAza karanA hai aura AcaraNa se una guNoM ko pragaTa karanA, unakA vikAsa karanA hai| appapasaMsaM pariharaha sadA mA moha jsvinnaasyraa| appANaM thovaMto taNalahudo hodi hu jANammi // -bhagavatI ArAdhanA 356 mAnava ko apanI prazaMsA karanA sadA ke lie chor3a denA cAhie, kyoMki apane mukha se apanI prazaMsA karane se usakA yaza naSTa ho jaayegaa| ataH jo manuSya apanI prazaMsA Apa karatA hai, vaha jagata meM tRNa ke samAna tuccha hotA hai| mA appayaM pasaMsai jaivi jasaM icchase dhavalaM / layamAlA yadi nirmala yaza kI icchA hai to apanI prazaMsA mata kro| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #499
Atma-vijaya pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 457 appA ceva dameyavvo, appAhu khalu duddamo / appAta suhI hoi, assi loe parattha ya // - uttarAdhyayana 1/15 pratyeka vyakti (prANI) ko apanI AtmA ( azubha vicAra aura kArya karane vAlI AtmA) kA niyantraNa karanA cAhie / ( aisI anIti pravRtta) AtmA para niyantraNa karanA yadyapi kaThina hai / kintu Atma niyantraNa karane vAlA AtmavijetA mAnava isa loka paraloka donoM meM sukhI hotA hai / aura varaM me appA danto, mAhaM parehiM dammanto, saMjameNa taveNa ya / bandhaNehiM vahehi ya // - uttarAdhyayana 1 / 16 acchA yahI ki maiM svayaM saMyama (anuzAsana) aura tapa ke dvArA apanI AtmA ( azubha icchA karane vAlI AtmA ) kA damana (niyantraNa) kara lU anyathA dUsare loga bandhana ( daNDa ) aura vadha (tAr3anA, pratAraNA, tiraskAra) dvArA merA damana kareMge / (yaha mere lie ucita nahIM hogA / ) appANameva jujjhAhi, kiM te jujjheNa bajjhao / apaNAmeva appANaM; jaittA sumeha || - uttarAdhyayana 6 / 35 bAharI zatruoM ke sAtha yuddha karane se kyA lAbha? apanI AtmA ( azubha / anaitika AtmA) ke sAtha hI yuddha kara / AtmA (azubha AtmA ) ko AtmA (zubha / zuddha AtmA) ke dvArA jItane vAlA hI vAstavika sukhI hotA hai / Atma- sAkSI kiM para jaNa bahujANA, vaNAhi varayappa sakkhiyaM sukayaM / - sArthaMposahasajjhAya sUtra 16 banane ke lie dharma ( dharmakAryaM - vaha nirarthaka hai / isalie Atma anya logoM kI dRSTi meM dhArmika kriyAe~ tathA anuSThAna ) kiyA jAtA hai, sAkSI se dharma karanA zreSTha hai aura zubha phaladAyaka hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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458 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana appA jANai appA, jahaTThiyo appA karei taM taha, jaha appasakkhio dhammo / appasuhAvahaM hoI // - sArthaposahasajjhAya sUtra 22 AtmA hI AtmA (svayaM apane ) ke zubha-azubha pariNAmoM (bhAvoMmAnasika vicAroM) ko jAnatA hai / isalie he Atman ! apanI AtmasAkSI se jo dharmakArya kiyA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA ke lie sukhaprada hotA hai / AtmA purisA ! tumameva tumaM mitta', kiM bahiyA mittamicchasi ? - AcArAMga 1/3/3 he mAnava ! tU hI terA mitra hai / bAhara ke kisI mitra kI icchA kyoM karatA hai ? attakaDe dukkhe, no parakaDe / - bhagavatI sUtra 17 / 5 duHkha kisI anya kA kiyA huA nahIM hai, svayaM AtmA dvArA hI kiyA huA hai / suhapariNAmo puNNaM, asuho pAvaMti havadi jIvassa / - paMcAstikAya 132 AtmA kA zubha pariNAma (vicAra) puNya aura azubha pariNAma (vicAra) pApa hai / appA kattA vikattA ya duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamitta N ca, dupaTThiya supaTThio // AtmA hI sukha aura dukha kA kartA aura launa AtmA hI apanA mitra hai aura duSpravRtti zatru hai / paTThacitto ya ciNAi jaM se puNo hoi duhaM usake lie duHkha rUpa phala dene vAle hote haiM / - uttarAdhyayana 20 / 37 bhoktA hai / satpravRtti meM meM lagI huI AtmA hI -uttarAdhyayana 32 / 46 rAgadveSa se kaluSita hokara AtmA karmoM kA saMcaya karatA hai jo kammaM / vivAge || - For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #501
pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 456 na lippaI bhava majjhe vi saMto / jaleNa vA pokkhariNIpalAsaM // - uttarAdhyayana 32/47 anAsakta hai, vaha saMsAra meM rahakara bhI puSkariNI meM rahatA huA bhI palAza jo AtmA viSayoM ke prati usI prakAra nirlipta rahatA hai, jaise kamala / kiM bhayA pANA ? dukkhabhayA pANA / dukkhe keNa kaDe ? jIveNa kaDe pamAeNaM || - sthAnAMga 3/2 prANI kisase bhayabhIta rahate haiM ? duHkha se / duHkha kisane kiyA ? svayaM AtmA ne hI apanI bhUla se / ego sayaM paccaNu hoi dukkhaM / - sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/5/22 svakRta duHkhoM ko AtmA akelA hI bhogatA hai / appA khalu sayayaM rakkhiyanbo, sabbidiehi susamAhiehi / arakkhio jAipahaM, uvei, surakkhio savvaduhANa muccai // - dazavaikAlika cUlikA 2 / 16 sabhI indriyoM ko susamAhita (apane vaza meM) karake AtmA kI satata rakSA karanI cAhie / arakSita AtmA janma-maraNa ke cakra meM bhramaNa karatA hai aura surakSita AtmA sabhI duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai / Atmaupamya savvAyaramuvaitto, attovammeNa kuNasu dayaM / --bhaktaparijJA 63 pUrNa Adara aura sAvadhAnI pUrvaka Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA se saba jIvoM para dayA karanI cAhie / savvabhUyappa bhUpayassa, sammaM bhUyAI pAsao / pihiyAsavassa dantassa pAvakammaM na baMdhaI // - dazave 4 / 6 jo samasta prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna dekhatA hai, use pApa karma kA bandhana nahIM hotA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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460 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana ApattikAla atthamaNe na chaMDijjai nUnaM sUro vi niyayakiraNehiM / purisassa vasaNakAle dehuppannA vi vihaMDati // -gAhArayaNakoSa 812 asta ke samaya sUrya kI kiraNeM bhI sUrya ko chor3a jAtI haiN| (saca hI hai) puruSa ko ApattikAla meM usake Atmaja (putra) bhI use chor3a dete haiN| Alasya nAlasseNa samaM sukkhaM -bRhatkalpabhASya 3385 - Alasyarahita hone ke samAna sukha nahIM hai| AhAra-vicAra hiyAhArA miyAhArA, appAhArA ya je nraa| na te vijjAtigacchanti, appANaM te tigicchgaa| - oghaniyukti 578 jo vyakti hitAhArI, mitAhArI aura alpAhArI hai, use kisI vaidya se cikitsA karAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, vaha svayaM hI apanA vaidya hai| AhAra-viveka mokkhapasAhaNahetu, NANAdi tappasAhaNo deho / dehaTTaNa AhAro, teNa tu kAlo aNuNNAto / / -nizIthabhASya 4156 jJAna Adi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM aura jJAnAdi kA sAdhana zarIra hai tathA zarIra kA sAdhana AhAra hai / isalie vyakti ko samaya ke anusAra bhojana karanA caahie| indriya-damana jassa khalu duppaNihiANi iMdiyAiM tavaM caraMtassa / / so hIrai asahINehiM sArahI va turaMgehi // . -dazavakAlikaniyukti 268 jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ kumArgagAminI ho gaI haiM, vaha duSTa ghor3oM ke vaza meM par3e sArathi ke samAna utpatha (kumArga) meM bhaTaka jAtA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko sUkyiAM | 461 guNakAriAiM dhaNiyaM, dhiirajjuniyaMtiAI tuha jIva / niyayAiM iMdiyAiM, valliniattA turaMguvva // -indriyaparAjaya zataka 64 vaza meM kiyA huA baliSTha ghor3A jisa prakAra bahuta lAbhadAyaka hotA hai, usI prakAra dharmarUpI lagAma dvArA vaza meM kI huI svayaM apanI indriyA~ tujhe bahuta lAbhadAyaka hoMgI / ataH indriyoM ko vaza meM karake unakA nigraha karanA caahie| udbodhana jaM kallaM kAyavvaM, NareNa ajjeva taM varaM kaaii| maccU akaluNahiao, na dIsai AvayaMto vi / / -bRhatkalpabhASya 4674 jo kartavya kala karanA hai, use Aja hI kara lenA zreyaskara hai / mRtyu atyanta nirdaya hai, patA nahIM vaha kaba A jAe / mA paccha asAdhutAbhave acce. hI aNusAsa appgN| - sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/3/7 bhaviSya meM tumheM kaSTa na bhoganA par3e, isalie abhI se apane ko anuzAsita kro| suvai ya ajagarabhUto, suyaMpi ye NAsatI amayabhUyaM / hohiti goNabhUyo NaLaMmi suye amayabhUye // -nizIthabhASya 5305 jo mAnava ajagara ke samAna soyA rahatA hai, usakA amRtasvarUpa jJAna kSINa ho jAtA hai aura amRtasvarUpa jJAna ke kSINa hone para vyakti eka prakAra se nirA baila bana jAtA hai| avasohiya kaNTagApahaM, oiNNo si pahaM mahAlayaM / gacchasi maggavisohiyA / samayaM goyama ! mA pamAyae ! -uttarAdhyayana 10/32 kA~ToM se bhare saMkIrNa mArga ko chor3akara tU vizAla satpatha para calA AyA hai / aba dRr3ha nizcaya ke sAtha isI mArga para cala / jIvana meM kSaNa mAtra bhI pramAda mata kara! For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #504
462 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kAleNa kAlaM viharejja raTThe, balAbalaM jANiya appaNo - uttarAdhyayana 21/14 apane balAbala ko jAnakara, samaya ke anusAra rASTra ( rAjya ) meM viharaNa karo / se jANamajANaM vA kaTTu AhammiyaM payaM / saMvare khippamappANaM, bIyaM taM na samAyare // - dazavaikAlika 8 / 31 yA ajAna meM koI adharma ( anaitika) kArya ho jAya to apanI AtmA ko usase turanta haTA lenA cAhie aura phira dUsarI bAra vaha kArya nahIM karanA cAhie | mA mA mAsu joe mA parihava sajjaNeM karesu dayaM / mA hoha kovaNA bho khalesu mittiM ca mA kuNaha // - kuvalayamAlA, anuccheda 85 jIvoM ko mAro mata, una para dayA karo, sajjanoM ko apamAnita mata karo, krodhI mata bano, duSToM se mitratA mata karo / thevaM va thevaM dhammaM kareha jai tA bahu~ na sakke ha | pecchaha mahAnaIyo binduhiM samuddabhUyAo || - arhatpravacana 19/14 yadi adhika na kara sako to thor3A-thor3A hI dharma kro| bUMda-bUMda se samudra bana jAne vAlI mahAnadiyoM ko dekho / unmArgI ummaggaThiyo ikko'vi, nAsae bhabvasatta saMghAe / taM maggamaNusarate, jaha kutAro naro hoi / - gacchAcAra prakIrNaka 30 jisako bhalI prakAra tairanA nahIM AtA, vaha jaise svayaM DUbatA hai aura apane sAthiyoM ko bhI le DUbatA hai usI prakAra ulTe mArga para calane vAlA eka manuSya bhI apane sAtha anya kaiyoM ko bhI saMkaTa meM DAla detA hai / karuNA karuNAe jIvasahAvassa karuNA jIva kA svabhAva hai / For Personal & Private Use Only - dhavalA 13/5 -

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 463 karma kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi / -uttarAdhyayana 4/3 kiye hue karmoM ko bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM hotaa| kattArameva aNujAi kamma / -uttarAdhyayana 13/23 karma hamezA kartA kA pIchA karatA hai| jamiNaM jagaI puDho jagA, kammehiM luppanti pANiNo / sayameva kaDehiM gAhaI, no tassa muccejja'puThThayaM // -sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/1/4 isa vizva meM jitane bhI prANI. haiM, saba apane kRtakoM ke kAraNa hI duHkhI hote haiM / unhoMne jo karma kiye haiM, jina saMskAroM kI chApa apane (AtmA) para par3ane dI hai, usakA phala bhoge binA yA anubhava kiye binA unakA chuTakArA nahIM hai| jaM jArisaM puvvamakAsi kamma tameva Agacchati saMparAe / -sUtrakRtAMga 1/5/2/23 bhUtakAla meM jaisA jo kucha bhI karma kiyA gayA hai, bhaviSya meM vaha usI rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai| kammavasA khalu jIvA, jIvavasAiM kahiMci kmmaaiN| katthaI dhaNio balavaM, dhAraNio katthaI balavaM // -bRhatkalpabhASya 2660 kahIM jIva karma ke adhIna hote haiM to kahIM karma jIva ke adhIna hote haiM / jaise kahIM RNa dete samaya dhanI balavAna hotA hai to kahIM RNa ko cukAte samaya karjadAra balavAna hotA hai| karmaNyatA niyavasaNe hoha vjjghddiy| -kuvalayamAlA, anuccheda 85 apane kArya meM vajra ke samAna dRr3ha rho| __ . taM niyamA muttavvaM jatto upajjae kasAyaggI / . taM vatthu dhArijjA, jeNovasamo kasAyANaM // -guNAnurAga kulaka 11 kaSAya For Personal & Private Use Only

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464 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jisase kaSAya (krodha, mAna, kapaTa, lobha Adi) rUpa agni prajvalita (pradIpta) hotI hai, una (vRtti/pravRtti kriyAoM) ko turanta chor3a denA cAhie aura jisase kaSAyoM kA upazamana hotA hai, unheM dhAraNa karanA cAhie / savvattha vi piyavayaNaM, dubvayaNe vi khamakaraNaM / savvesiM guNagahaNaM, maMdakasAyANa diLaMtA / / .. -kArtikeyAnuprekSA 11 sabhI se priya vacana bolanA, durvacana bolane vAle ko bhI kSamA karanA aura sabhI ke guNoM ko grahaNa karanA-yaha lakSaNa maMdakaSAyI vyaktiyoM meM dikhAI dete haiN| appa-pasaMsaNa-karaNaM, pujjesu vi dosa gahaNa sIlattaM / vera-dharaNaM ca sudUraM, tivva kasAyANa liMgam // -kArtikeyAnuprekSA 12 tIbra kaSAyI prANiyoM ke tIna lakSaNa haiM 1 apanI prazaMsA karanA, 2 pUjya-puruSoM meM bhI doSa nikAlane kA svabhAva honA, aura 3 dIrghakAla taka vaira rkhnaa| kohaM mANaM ca mAyaM ca lobhaM ca pAvavaDDhaNaM / vame cattAri dose u, icchanto hiyamappaNo / -dazavakAlika 8/36 AtmA ke hita (bhalAI)kI icchA karane vAle vyakti ko krodha, mAna, mAyA (kapaTa) aura lobha-ina cAroM kA tyAga kara denA cAhie, kyoMki yaha cAroM pApa ko bar3hAne vAle haiN| koho pIiM paNAseI, mANo vinnynaasnno| mAyA mittANi nAsei, loho savva viNAsaNo / -dazavakAlika 8/37 krodha prIti kA nAza karatA hai, mAna vinaya ko vinaSTa karane vAlA hai, mAyA (kapaTa) se mitratA samApta ho jAtI hai aura lobha ke kAraNa ye sabhI naSTa ho jAte haiN| uvasameNa haNe kohaM mANaM mahavayA jinne| mAyaM cajjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe / / -dazavaikAlika 8/38 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 465 upazama (prazAMta bhAva) se krodha para mRdutA se mAna para, RjutA ( saralatA) se mAyA ( kapaTa) para aura saMtoSa se lobha para vijaya prApta kare | aNathovaM vaNathovaM, aggIthovaM kasAyathovaM ca / hu bhevIsasiyavvaM, thovaM pihu te bahu hoI // - Avazyaka niyukti 120 RNa (karja), vraNa ( ghAva ), agni aura kaSAya - yaha thor3e bhI hoM to inakI upekSA nahIM karanI caahie| yaha thor3e bhI samaya pAkara bahuta bar3e ( adhika ) ho jAte haiM / kAmanA kAmA duratikamA / kAmanAoM (icchAoM) kA pAra pAnA bahuta kaThina hai / kAme kamAhi kamiyaMkhu dukkhaM / kAmanAoM kA parityAga karo, samajho - duHkha dUra ho gaye / kAma bhoga khaNamitta sukkhA, bahukAla dukkhA, pagAmadukkhA, aNigAma sukkhA / saMsAra - mokkhassa vipakkhabhUyA, khANI aNatthANa u kAmabhogA // - AcArAMga 1/2/5 - dazavaikAlika 2/5 - uttarAdhyayana 14 / 13 kAmabhoga (indriya-sukha) kSaNa bhara ke lie sukha dete haiM aura cirakAla taka duHkha dete haiM / ye atyadhika duHkha dete haiM aura bahuta kama sukha dete haiM / yaha saMsAra se mukta hone meM bAdhaka haiM aura anarthoM kI khAna haiM / savvagahANaM pabhavo, mahAga ho savvadosapAyaTTI | kAma ho durappA, jeNa'bhibhUaM jagaM savvaM // - indriyaparAjayazataka 25 sabhI grahoM kA mUla kAraNa aura sabhI doSoM ko utpanna karane vAlA kAmarUpI mahAgraha aisA atyanta balavAna hai, jisane sampUrNa jagata jagata ke prANiyoM) ko abhibhUta kara diyA hai, apane vaza meM kara rakhA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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466 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana kAmAsakta visayAsatto kajja akajja vA Na yANati / -AcArAMgacUNi 1/2/4 viSayoM meM Asakta manuSya ko kartavya-akartavya kA parijJAna nahIM rahatA hai| kAryasiddhi suhasAhagaMpi kajja, karaNavihUNaM NuvAyasaMjuttaM / annAya'desakAle, vivattimuvajati sehassa / / -nizIthabhASya 4803 deza, kAla evaM kArya ko samajhe binA, samucita prayatna va upAya se rahita kiyA jAne vAlA kArya, sukha sAdhya (saralatA se pUrNa hone vAlA) hone para bhI siddha (saphala) nahIM hotaa| kusaMga dujjaNa saMsaggIe NiyagaM guNa khu sajaNo vi / sIyalabhAvaM udayaM jaha pajahadi aggijoeNa / / -bhagavatI ArAdhanA 344 jaise agni ke sahavAsa se zItala jala bhI apanI zItalatA chor3akara garama ho jAtA hai| usI prakAra sajjana manuSya bhI durjana kI saMgati se apanA svAbhAvika guNa chor3a detA hai / varaM araNNavAso a, mA kumittANa sNgo| -saMbodha sattari 56 kumitra kI saMgati karane se to vana meM nivAsa karanA acchA hai| krodha suTTha vi piyo muhutteNa hodi veso jaNassa kodheNa / padhido vi jaso Nassadi kUddhassa akajjakaraNeNa / / -Arhatpravacana 7/35 krodha ke kAraNa manuSya kA atyanta pyArA vyakti bhI zatru bana jAtA hai| krodhI vyakti ke anucita AcaraNa se jagata prasiddha usakA yaza bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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guNa-darzana pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ | 467 yA dosecci gehaha virale vi guNe payAsaha jaNassa / akkha - pauro vi uhI, bhaNNai rayaNAvaro vi loe / / --kuvalayamAlA logoM ke doSoM ko grahaNa mata karo, unake virale guNoM ko bhI prakAzita kro| kyoMki ghoMghoM kI pracuratA vAlA samudra bhI loka meM ratnAkara kahalAtA hai / guNAnurAga jai vi carasi tavaM viulaM, paDhasi suyaM karisi vivihakaTThAI / na dharasi guNANurAyaM, paresu tA niSphalaM sayalaM // - guNAnurAgakulaka 5 yadyapi tuma vipula tapa karate ho, zruta kA adhyayana karate ho, bhA~tibhA~ti ke kaSToM ko sahana karate ho kintu yadi tuma dUsaroM ke guNoM ke prati anurAga nahIM karate ho to ye saba niSphala haiM / gurukulavAsI jassa gurummi na bhattI na navi lajjA na vi neho, titikSA jisameM guru ke prati na bhakti hai na bahumAna hai, na gaurava hai, na bhaya hai, na anuzAsana hai, na lajjA hai aura na sneha hI hai, usakA gurukula meM rahane se kyA prayojana hai ? cAritra ya bahumANo gaurakhaM na bhayaM / gurukulavAseNa kiM tassa // - upadezamAlA 75 ahAdo viNivattI, he pavittIya jANa cAritta / azubha se nivRtti aura zubha meM pravRtti hI cAritra hai / jIvana kI sugandha pavitra vicAra hI jIvana kI sugandha hai / visuddha bhAvattaNatoya sugandhaM / dukkheNa puTTha dhuvamAyaejjA / --- dravyasaMgraha 45 - nandIsUcUrNi 2 / 13 duHkha A jAne para bhI mana para saMyama rakhanA cAhie / For Personal & Private Use Only -- sUtrakRtAMga 1/7/2e

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468 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dAna -dAnakulakam 3 dAna sukha-saubhAgyakArI hai, parama ArogyakArI hai, puNya kA nidhAna aura guNa-samUha kA sthAna hai / dANaM mukkhaM sAvayadhamme dAna denA sadgRhastha kA pramukha kartavya hai / duHkha dANaM sohaggaraM dAnaM aruggakAraNaM paramaM / dANaM bhoganihANaM, dANaM ThANaM guNagaNANaM // duHkha hai / durjana aNiTTThattha samAgamo iTThattha viyogo ca duHkhaM NAma / --dhavalA 13/5,5, 63/334/5 aniSTa artha kA saMyoga aura iSTa artha kA viyoga, isa kA nAma - rayaNasAra 11 dUruDDANeM paDiu khalu appaNu jaNu mArei / jihagirisiMgahu~ paDia sila annuvi cUrU karei / - hai ma0 prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 337 jaise parvata zikhara se giratI huI zilA svayaM bhI cUrNa hotI hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI cUra-cUra kara detI hai, usI prakAra duSTa vyakti svayaM bhI patita hotA huA dUra se hI dUsaroM ko bhI naSTa kara DAlatA hai / bIhedavvaM NiccaM, dujjaNavayaNA paloTTa jibbhassa / varaNayaraNiggamaM miva, vayaNakayAraM vahaMtassa // - mUlAcAra 662 jisakI jihvA sadA palaTatI rahatI hai, usa durjana ke vacanoM se sadA hI Darate rahanA cAhie / durjana kI jihvA durvacanoM ko vaise hI nikAlatI rahatI hai, jaise bar3e nagara kA nAlA kacare ko bahAtA rahatA hai / durlabha dANaM maggaNa- davvaM, bhAMDaM, laMcA, subhAsiyaM vayaNaM / jaM sahasA na ya gaNiyaM taM pacchahA dullahaM hoi || - kAmaghaTa kathAnaka 107 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 466 dAna, mA~gA huA dravya, bartana, rizvata, subhASita vacana-yadi zIghra grahaNa na kiye jAyeM to pIche durlabha ho jAte haiN| duSkara dANaM daridassa pahussa khaMtI icchAniroho ya suhoiyassa / tArunnae indiyaniggaho ya cattAri eyANi su dukka rANi / / -gautama kulaka 16 cAra bAteM bahuta duSkara haiM (1) nirdhana kA dAna denA, (2) prabhu (adhikAra saMpanna) kA kSamA karanA (3) sukhI vyakti kA apanI icchAoM ko rokanA aura (4) yuvAvasthA meM indriyoM kA nigraha karanA, unheM viSayoM meM na jAne denaa| duSTa AcAra jahA suNI pUIkaNNI, nikkasijjai svvso| evaM dussIla paDiNIe, muharI nikkasijjai / / -uttarAdhyayana 1/7 jisa prakAra sar3e kAnoM vAlI kutiyA jahA~ bhI jAtI hai, sarvatra nikAla dI jAtI hai, usI prakAra duHzIla, uddaNDa aura vAcAla vyakti bhI sarvatra dhakke dekara nikAla diyA jAtA hai / dene kA viveka jo jassa upAAgge, so tassa tahiM tu daayvvo| -nizIthabhASya 5261 jo jisake yogya ho, use vahI denA cAhie / dharma dhammomaMgalamukkiTheM, ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| devA vi taM namasaMti, jassa dhamme sayA mnno|| -dazavakAlika 1/1 dharma utkRSTa maMgala hai, aura ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa usakA svarUpa hai / isa dharma ko jo hRdaya meM sadA dhAraNa karatA hai, devagaNa bhI use namaskAra karate haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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470 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana jattha ya visayavirAo, kasAyacAo guNesu aNurAo / kiriAsu appamAo, so dhammo sivasuho loevAo || - vikAranirodhakulaka 6 vahI dharma mokSa sukha kA dene vAlA hai - jisameM, (1) viSayoM se virAga, (2) kaSAyoM kA tyAga, (3) guNoM se anurAga aura (4) kriyAoM apramAda hai / jIvoM kI rakSA karanA, dharma hai / jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhammo / dhammo dayAviddho / dhairyavAna jisameM dayA kI vizuddhatA hai, vahI dharma hai / dhammavihINo sokkhaM, taNhAcheyaM jaleNa jaha rahido / dharma ke samAna dUsarI koI nidhi nahIM hai / - sanmatiprakaraNa 1/3 jisa prakAra manuSya jala ke binA pyAsa nahIM bujhA sakatA, usI prakAra dharmavihIna mAnava sukha nahIM pA sakatA / dhammasamo natthi nihi / - kArtikeyAnuprekSA 498 saMghaDi ghaDi viDiya ghaDaMta vighaDaMta avahatthiUNa divvaM karei dhIro - bodhapAhuDa 25 - vajjAlagga 36 / 60-1 saMghaDijjataM / samAraddhaM // -- vajjAlagga 9 / 16 jo pahale sAtha thA, banA thA yA bigar3a gayA thA aura aba jo bana rahA hai yA bigar3a rahA hai yA sAtha de rahA hai, usa bhAgya ko chor3akara dhairyavAna vyakti Arambha kiye kArya ko avazya pUrA karatA hai / nindA jai icchha guruyatta, tihuyaNa majjhammi appaNo niyamA / savvapayattaNaM, paradosavivajjaNaM tA kuNaha / / -- guNAnurAgakulakam 12 yadi tuma sarvatra (tInoM lokoM meM ) apanI prazaMsA aura bahumAna cAhate ho to prayatnapUrvaka paranindA kA pUrNarUpa se tyAga kara do / For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 471 nirabhimAna sayaNassa jaNassa pio Naro amANI sadA havadi loe / NANaM jasaM ca atthaM labhadi sakajjaM ca sAhedi / -Arhatpravacana 7/37 nirabhimAnI mAnava saMsAra meM svajana aura sAmAnyajana sabhI ko sadA priya hotA hai aura jJAna, yaza, dhana Adi kA lAbha prApta karatA hai tathA apane kArya ko siddha kara letA hai| paropajIvI kiM paDhieNaM buddhIe kiM, va kiM tassa guNasamUheNaM / jo piyaravi dattadhaNaM, bhujai ajjaNasamattho vi / / -pAiakahAsaMgaho 16 usake par3hane se kyA, buddhi se athavA guNasamUha se kyA (lAbha) ? jo kamAne meM samartha hotA huA bhI pitA ke dvArA ajita dhana kA ho bhoga karatA hai| pApa-puNya kammamasuhaM kusIlaM, suhakammaM cAvi jANa va susIlaM / -samayasAra 145 azubhakarma ko kuzIla aura zubhakarma ko suzIla (sadAcAra) jaano| suha pariNAmo puNNaM asuho pAvaM ti bhaNiya bhaNNesu / -samayasAra 181 -- dUsaroM ke prati zubha vicAra puNya hai aura azubha vicAra pApa hai| puruSArtha AlasaDDho NirucchAho phalaM kiMci Na bhujde| thaNakkhIrAdiyANaM vA paDaruseNa viNA Na hi / / .. -gommaTasAra, karmakANDa 860 jo vyakti Alasyayukta hokara udyama utsAha se rahita ho jAtA hai, vaha kisI bhI phala ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| puruSArtha se hI saphalatA (siddhi) prApta hotI hai, jaise mAtA, bAlaka ko stana kA dUdha bhI rudana karane para hI pilAtI hai| prema jA na calai tA amayaM caliyaM pemma visaM visesei / -vajjAlagga 36/7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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472 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana prema jaba taka sthira rahatA hai, taba taka amRta hai| jaba vaha sthira nahIM rahatA, calita ho jAtA hai, taba viSa se bhI adhika bhayAnaka bana jAtA hai| brahmacarya jo dei kaNaya koDi ahavA kArei kaNayajiNabhavaNaM / tassa na tattiya punna, jattiya baMbhavvae dharie / -saMbodha sattari 56 yadi koI vyakti karor3oM rupayoM ke mUlya kA svarNa yAcakoM ko dAna detA hai athavA svarNamaya jinamaMdira kA nirmANa karAtA hai, use utanA puNya nahIM hotA, jitanA brahmacarya kA pAlana karane se hotA hai| bhAgya guNahiM na saMpai kitti para phalalihiA bhuMjanti / kesari na lahai boDDia vigaya lakkhehiM gheppanti / / -prAkRta vyAkaraNa 4/335 guNoM se kevala kIrti milatI hai, sampatti nhiiN| prANI bhAgya meM likhe phala ko bhogate haiM / siMha guNasampanna hone para bhI eka kaur3I meM bhI nahIM bikatA jabaki hAthI lAkhoM (rupayoM) meM kharIdA jAtA hai / bhAva maNi maMta osahINaM, devANaM taha ya jaMta taMtANaM / bhAveNa viNA siddhi, na ha dIsai kassa avi loe / -bhAvakulaka 3 jitanI bhI siddhiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, unake mUla meM bhAva (bhAvanA) hotI hai| jala ke binA paudhe sUkha jAte haiM usI taraha bhAva ke binA sabhI anuSThAna viphala ho jAte haiM / maNi (vividha prakAra ke ratnoM kA prayoga), mantra, auSadha, deva, yantra aura tantra kA koI bhI anuSThAna saphala nahIM ho paataa| madyapAna majjeva Naro avaso, kuNei kammANi jiMdaNijjAiM / ihaloe paraloe, aNuhavai aNaMtayaM dukkhaM / / -vasunaMdi zrAvakAcAra 70 madyapAna se mAnava madahoza hokara nindanIya kArya karatA hai, phalasvarUpa use isa loka aura paraloka meM ananta dukha bhogane par3ate haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 473 mana maNussahidayaM puNiNaM gahaNaM dumviyANakaM / ..-isibhAsiyAI 1/8 manuSya kA mana bar3A gaharA hai / ise samajha pAnA kaThina hai| manuSya maNNaMti jado NiccaM paNeNa miuNA jado du ye jiivo| maNa ukkaDA ya jamhA te mANusA bhaNiyA // -paMcasaMgraha 1/62 ve manuSya kahe jAte haiM jo mana ke dvArA nitya hI heya-upAdeya (tyAgane yogya aura grahaNa karane yogya), tattva-atattva tathA dharma-adharma kA vicAra karate haiM, kArya karane meM nipuNa haiM aura utkRSTa mana ke dhAraka haiN| manovijaya suNNIkayammi citte, NUNaM appA payAsei / -ArAdhanAsAra 74 mana ko (viSaya-kaSAya, Avega-saMvegoM, icchA-abhilASAoM se) khAlI kara dene para usameM AtmA kA Aloka jhalakane lagatA hai| mAnava svabhAva luddhA narA atthaparA havaMti, mUDhA narA kAmaparA havaMti / buddhA narA khantiparA havaMti, missA narA tinnivi AyaraMti / / -gautama kulaka 1 lobhI manuSya dhana ekatra karane meM lage rahate haiM, mUrkha manuSya kAmabhogoM meM DUbe rahate haiM, buddhimAna puruSa kSamA pradAna karane vAle hote haiM aura cauthe prakAra ke manuSya ina tInoM kA hI (dhana-saMgraha, kAma-bhoga aura kSamA) vivekapUrvaka AcaraNa karate haiN| mAyA mAyI viuvvai no amAyI viuvvai mAyA -bhagavatI sUtra 13/6 kapaTI vyakti aneka rUpoM kA pradarzana karatA hai, jisake hRdaya meM kapaTa nahIM hotA vaha nahIM krtaa| sarala sadA samarUpa rahatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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474 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mitra saccANa sahassANa vi mAyA ekkAvi NAsedi / - bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1 / 3 / 8 / 4 mAyA kA eka AcaraNa hI hajAroM satyoM kA nAza kara DAlatA hai / lobha desakAlambhi | taM mittaM kAyavvaM jaM kira vasaNammi AlihiyabhittivAullayaM va na paraM muhaM ThAi // mitra use banAnA cAhie jo bhitticitra ke samAna kisI saMkaTa aura deza-kAla meM kabhI bhI vimukha na ho / mitratA choTe jIva (kSudra prANiyoM ko bhI ) ko samajho | isase he jIva ! terA kalyANa hogA / meti bhUsu kappae / mitteNa tullaM ca gaNijja khuda, jeNa bhavijjA tuha jIva ! bhadda || - vajjAlagga 6/4 bhI apane mitra samAna saba jIvoM ke prati mitratA kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / lobhI mAnava lobhavaza jhUTha bolatA hai / - upadeza saptatikA 3 luddho lolo bhaNejja aliyaM jahA lAho tahA loho, lAhA loho pavaDDhaI / do mAsa kayaM kajjaM koDIe vi niTThiyaM / - uttarAdhyayana 8 / 17 jaise-jaise lAbha hotA hai, vaise-vaise lobha bar3hatA hai aura lAbha se lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai / do mAzA sone se pUrA hone vAlA kAma karor3oM se bhI pUrA nahIM ho sakA - ( yaha lobha kI vicitratA hai | ) lobhI - uttarAdhyayana 6/2 For Personal & Private Use Only - praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 2/2

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 475 vANI-viveka miyaM aduTuM aNuvIe bhAsae, sayANamajjhe lahai pasaMsaNaM / -dazavakAlika 7/55 parimita, nirdoSa aura vicArapUrvaka vacana bolane vAlA satpuruSoM meM prazaMsA prApta karatA hai| taheva kANaM kANe tti, paMDagaM paMDage tti vaa| vAhiyaM vA vi rogitti, teNaM core tti no vaye / / -dazavaikAlika 7/12 kANe ko kANA, napusaka ko napusaka, rogI ko rogI aura cora ko cora kahanA yadyapi satya hai, tathApi aisA kahanA nahIM cAhie, kyoMki aise vacanoM se unakA dila duHkhatA hai / vinaya viNae Thavijja appANaM, icchanto hiymppnno| -uttarAdhyayana 1/6 yadi AtmA kA (apanA) hita cAhate ho to svayaM ko vinaya (sadAcAra) meM sthApita kro| hiya-miya-apharusavAI, aNuvIi bhAsi vAio vinno| -dazavakAlikaniyukti 322 hita, mita, namra (akarkaza) aura vicArapUrvaka bolanA--yaha vacana vinaya hai| vigaeNa vippaNassa havadi sikkhA NiratthiyA savvA / viNao sikkhAe falaM viNayaphalaM savvakallANaM / / -jIvaNa vavahAro 16/55 vinayahIna vyakti kI samasta zikSA nirarthaka ho jAtI hai| vinaya zikSA kA phala hai aura vinaya kA pariNAma sabakA kalyANa hai / zikSAzola aha aTehi ThANehi, sikkhAsIle tti vuccai / ahissare sayA daMte, na ya mammamudAhare / / nAsIle na visIle, na siyA ailolue| akohaNe saccarae, sa sikkhAsIle tti vuccaI // -uttarAdhyayana (11/4,5) ina ATha sthitiyoM yA kAraNoM se manuSya zikSAzIla kahA jAtA For Personal & Private Use Only

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476 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana : 1. ha~sI-majAka nahIM karanA, 2 . sadA indriya aura mana kA damana karanA, 3 . kisI kA rahasyodghATana na karanA, 4 . azIla ( sarvathA AcArahIna na honA, 5 . nizIla ( doSoM se kalaMkita ) na honA, 6. ati rasalolupa na honA, 7. akrodhI rahanA tathA 8. satyarata honA / zIla pAlijja sIlaM puNa savva kAlaM / zIla kA sadaiva pAlana karanA cAhie / niyamittaM niyabhAyA, niyajaNao niya piyAmaho vAvi / niyaputto vi kusIlo, na vallaho hoi loANaM // - zIla kulaka 17 cAhe apanA mitra ho, bhAI ho, pitAmaha ho athavA apanA putra hI ho, yadi vaha kuzIla (kutsita zIla vAlA) hai to usako koI nahIM cAhatA, vaha kisI kA priya nahIM ho sakatA / sIlaM uttamavittaM, sIlaM jIvANa maMgalaM parama / sIlaM dohaggaharaM, sIlaM sukkhANa kulabhavaNaM / / - zIlakulaka 2 zIla hI uttama dhana hai, zIla hI samasta dukha-dAridrya ko nAza karatA hai aura zIla hI samasta sukhoM kA dhAma hai / zramaNa-dharma - upadezasaptatikA 2 khaMto a maddava'jjava, vimuttayA taha adINaya titikkhA / AvassagaparisuddhI a hoMti bhikkhussa ligAI || - dazavaikAlika niyukti 346 kSamA, mRdutA, saralatA, nirlobhatA, adInatA, titikSA aura Avazyaka kriyAoM kI parizuddhi-- ye bhikSu (sAdhu-zramaNa) ke cinha haiM / sajjana dINaM abbhuddhariuM patte saraNAgae kAuM avaraddha esu vikhamiuM suyaNo cciya navari jANei || - vajjAlagga 4 / 13 dInoM kA uddhAra karanA, zaraNa meM Aye huoM kA priya (kalyANa) karanA; aparAdhiyoM ko bhI kSamA kara denA - sajjana hI jAnatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko sUktiyAM | 477 santoSa asaMtuTThANaM iha parattha ya bhayaMti / -AcArAMga cUNi 1/1/2 asantoSI vyakti ko yahA~-vahA~ sarvatra bhaya rahatA hai / santoSo saMtosiNo Na pakareMti pAvaM / -sUtakRtAMga 1/12/15 santoSI vyakti pApa nahIM karate / satsaMga kalusI kadaMpi udayaM acchaM jaha hoi kadaya joenn| kaluso vi tahA moho uvasamadi hu buDDha sevAe / -bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1073 jaise malina jala bhI kataka phala ke saMyoga se svaccha hotA hai vaise hI kaluSa moha zIla bhI vRddhoM kI saMgati se upazAnta ho jAtA hai / sadguNa kaMkhe guMNe jAva sriir-bheo| -uttarAdhyayana 4/13 jaba taka zarIra na chUTa jAya arthAt jIvana ke antima kSaNoM taka sadguNoM kI AkAMkSA karanI caahie| sadvyavahAra khuDDehi saha saMsariMga hAsaM kIDaM ca vjje| -uttarAdhyayana ?/8 kSudra vyaktiyoM ke sAtha samparka, ha~sI, majAka, krIr3A Adi nahIM karanA caahie| saphalatA kAle caraMtassa ujjamo saphalo bhavati / ___-AcArAMganiyukti 1/5/4 ucita samaya para kAma karane vAle kA zrama saphala hotA hai| samyaktva mA kAsi taM pamAdaM, sammatta savvadukkha NAsayare / -bhagavatI ArAdhanA 735 For Personal & Private Use Only

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478 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana samyaktva sabhI duHkhoM kA nAza karane vAlA hai, ataH isake upArjana meM pramAdI mata bno| samyagdarzana samattadaMsI na karei pAvaM / -AcArA~ga 1/3/2 samyagdarzI kabhI pApa kisI kA azubha nahIM krtaa| . . samyagdRSTi heyAheyaM ca tahA, jo jANai so hu sdditttthii| -sUtrapAhuDa 5 ___jo heya aura upAdeya (tyAgane aura grahaNa karane yogya) ko jAnatA hai, vahI samyagdRSTi (satya dRSTi) hai / saralatA sohI ujjuabhUyassa, dhammo suddhassa citttthii| -uttarAdhyayana 3/13 jo Rju hotA hai, vahI zuddha ho sakatA hai aura zuddha hRdaya meM hI dharma Tika sakatA hai| sAdhanahIna mAnava uvagaraNehi vihUNo, jahavA puriso na sAhae kajja / -vyavahArabhASya pIThikA 10/540 sAdhanahIna puruSa apane abhISTa kArya ko siddha nahIM kara sakatA hai| sukha-duHkha viratta cittassa sayA'vi sukkhaM / rAgANurattassa aIva dukkhaM / / evaM muNittA paramaM hi tattaM / nIrAgamaggammi dhareha citta // -saMbodha sattari 6 jisakA citta (sAMsArika sukha-bhogoM se) virakta hotA hai, use sadA sukha hI sukha hai aura rAga (sAMsArika rAga) meM raMge hue citta vAle prANI ko atyadhika duHkha hai| isa parama tatva para manana karake vItarAga mArga meM citta ko sthira karanA caahie| For Personal & Private Use Only

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subhASita vANI pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 479 subhAsiyA bhAsA sukaDeNa ya kammuNA / pajjuNNe kAlavAsI vA, jasaM tu abhigacchati // subhASita vANI aura sukRta karmoM ke dvArA mAnava samaya para barasane vAle megha ke samAna yaza ko prApta karatA hai / hitakara ahitakara hai / - isibhAsiyAI 33 / 4 -- -- gautama kulaka 4 krodha jahara ke samAna ghAtaka hai kintu ahiMsA amRta hai / abhimAna zatru hai aura apramAda hitakArI mitra hai / mAyA bhaya hai aura satya zaraNa hai / lobha duHkha hai aura santoSa sukha hai / kSamA koho visaM kiM amayaM ahiMsA, mANo arI kiM hiyamappamAo / mAyA bhayaM kiM saraNaM tu saccaM loho duhaM kiM suhamAhu tuTThI / sIlaM varaM kulAo, dAliyaM bhavvayaM ca rogAo / vijjA rajjAu varaM khamA varaM suTTha vi tavAo || kula se zIla zreSTha hai, roga se dAridraya zreSTha hai, zreSTha hai aura kSamA bar3e se bar3e tapa se bhI zra eSTha hai / jJAna nANe nANuvadese, avamANo annANI / - nizIthabhASya 479 1 jo jJAna ke anusAra AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha jJAnI bhI ajJAnI na nANamittaNa kajjaniSpattI / - vajjAlagga 8 / 5 rAjya se vidyA jAna lene mAtra se kArya siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / savvaja gujjoyakaraM nANaM / - Avazyaka niyukti 1151 - vyavahArabhASya 7 / 216 jJAna saMsAra ke samasta rahasyoM ko prakAzita karane vAlA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #522
480 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vividha caturbhagI dAnI gajjittA NAmaM ege No vAsittA / vAsittANAmaM ege No gajjittA / ege gajjittA vi vAsittA vi / ege No gajjittA, No vaasittaa| .. -sthAnAMga 4/4 megha ke samAna dAnI bhI cAra prakAra ke hote haiM(1) kucha bolate haiM, dete nhiiN| (2) kucha dete haiM para bolate nhiiN| (3) kucha bolate bhI haiM aura dete bhI haiN| (4) kucha na bolate haiM aura na dete hI haiN| caturbhagI-doSa darzana appaNo NAmamege vajja pAsaMi, No parassa / parassa NAmamege vajjaM pAsai, No appnno| ege appaNo vi vajjaM pAsai, parassa vi / ege No appaNo vajjaM pAsai, No parassa / -sthAnAMga 4/1 (1) kucha manuSya apanA varNya (doSa) dekhate haiM, dUsaroM kA nhiiN| (2) kucha manuSya dUsaroM kA varNya (doSa) dekhate haiM, apanA nhiiN| (3) kucha manuSya apanA bhI doSa dekhate haiM aura dUsaroM kA bhii| (4) kucha manuSya na apanA doSa dekhate haiM, na dUsaroM kA hii| caturbhagI-putra cattAri suttAatijAte, aNujAte, avajAte, kuliMgAle / -sthAnAMga 41 cAra prakAra ke putra hote haiM(1) kucha guNoM kI dRSTi se apane pitA se bar3hakara hote haiM / (2) kucha apane pitA ke samAna hote haiN| (3) kucha apane pitA se hIna hote haiM / (4) kucha vaMza kA nAza karane vAle kulAMgAra hote haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko sUktiyAM | 481 / / catubhaMgI (mAnava) AvAyabhaddae NAma ege No saMvAsabhaddae / saMvAsabhaddae NAmaM ege No AvAyabhaddae / ege AvAyabhaddae vi, saMvAsabhaddae vi / ege No AvAyabhaddae, No saMvAsabhaddae / -sthAnAMga 4/1 (1) kucha puruSa prathama milana meM acche hote haiM, kintu sahavAsa-sAtha rahane meM acche nahIM hote| (2) kucha puruSoM kA sahavAsa acchA hotA hai, bheMTa (prathama milana) nhiiN| (3) kucha puruSoM kI bheMTa bhI acchI hotI hai aura sahavAsa bhI acchA hotA hai| (4) kucha puruSoM kI na bheMTa acchI hotI hai aura na sahavAsa acchA hotA hai| vidyA ke ayogya cattAri avAyaNijjAaviNIe, vigai paDibaddha, aviositapAhuDe, mAI / -sthAnAMga 4/4 ___ cAra puruSa vidyAdhyayana ke yogya nahIM hai-(1) avinIta, (2) caTorA, (3) jhagar3AlU aura (4) dhUrta caturbha gI (hitecchA) appaNo NAmaM ege pattiyaM karei, No parassa / parassa NAmaM ege pattiyaM karei, No appaNo / ege appaNoM pattiyaM karei, parassa vi / ege No appaNo pattiyaM karei No parassa // -sthAnAMga 4/3 (1) kucha puruSa kevala apanA hI bhalA cAhate haiM, dUsaroM kA nhiiN| (2) kucha puruSa apanA bhalA na cAhakara dUsaroM kA bhalA cAhate haiN| (3) kucha puruSa apanA bhI bhalA cAhate haiM aura dUsaroM kA bhii| (4) kucha puruSa na apanA bhalA cAhate haiM, na dUsaroM kA hii| For Personal & Private Use Only

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482 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana baudhda sAhitya kI sUktiyAM apramAda appamAdo amataMpadaM, pamAdo maccuno padaM / -dhammapada 2/1 apramAda amaratA kA mArga hai, pramAda mRtyu kaa| AcaraNa na ca khudaM samAcare kiJci, yena vijJa pare upavadeyya / -suttanipAta 1/8/3 aisA koI kSudra (ochA) AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie, jisase vidvAna loga burA btaaeN| Alasa nAlaso vindate sukhaM / -suttapiTaka (jAtaka) 17/521/12 AlasI ko sukha nahIM miltaa| , karma na hi nassati kassaci kamma, etiha naM labhateva suvAmi / / -suttanipAta 3/36/10 kisI kA kRta karma naSTa nahIM hotA, samaya para vaha kartA ko prApta hotA hI hai| kAma-bhoga yo kAme kAmayati, dukkhaM so kAmayati / theragAthA 1/63 jo kAma-bhogoM kI icchA karatA hai, vaha duHkhoM kI kAmanA karatA hai / krodha kodho vuccati dhuumo| -cullanibesa pAli 2/3/17 krodha mana kA dhuMA hai| citta cittassa damatho sAdhu, cittaM dantaM sukhAvahaM / -dhammapada 3/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : bauddha sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 483 caMcala citta kA damana karanA acchA hai, damana kiyA huA citta sukhakArI hotA hai| durbuddhi-subuddhi - theragAthA 1 / 106 mUrkha (durbuddhi) satya kA eka hI pahalU dekhatA hai aura paNDita (subuddhi) satya ke sau pahaluoM ko dekhatA hai / prajJA prAmANikatA ekaMgaDadassI dummedho, satadassI ca paNDito / prajJA (buddhi) kI A~kha sarvazreSTha hai| paJJAcakkhu anuttaraM / saMvahAreNa kho, mahArAja, soceiyaM veditavvaM - udAna 6/2 he mahArAja ! vyavahAra karane para hI manuSya kI prAmANikatA kA patA calatA hai / mana bar3hatI hai| vANI viveka khuddA vikkA sukhumA vitakkA, anuggatA manaso uppilAvA / - udAna 4/1 antar (mana) meM uThane vAle kSudra aura sUkSma bitarka ( vikalpa ) mana ko udvelita karate haiM / yaza tathA kIrti - itivRttaka 3 / 12 * nisammakArino rAja, yaso kiti ca vaDDatI / - suttapiTaka (jAtaka) 4/332/128 he rAjan ! soca samajhakara kArya karane vAloM ke hI yaza tathA kIrti mAvoca pharusaM kiMci, vRttA parivadeyyuM taM / - dhammapada 10 !5 aisA kaThora vacana mata bolo, tAki tumheM bolakara phira pachatAnA par3e / For Personal & Private Use Only

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484 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vaira na hi vereNa verANi, sammantIdha kudAcanaM / avereNa ca sammantI; esa dhammo sanantano / / -dhammapada 15 vaira se vaira kabhI zAMta nahIM hote; avera se hI vaira zAMta hote haiM / zAMti ubhinnamatthaM carati, attano ca parassa ca / paraM saMkupitaM tvA, yo sato upasammati / / saMyuttanikAya 1/4 dUsare ko kupita jAnakara bhI jo smRtimAna zAnta rahatA hai, vaha apanA aura dUsare kA-donoM kA bhalA karatA hai| na hi ruNNena sokena, santi pappoti cetaso / -suttanipAta 3/24/11 __ rone se yA zoka karane se citta ko zAMti prApta nahIM hotii| zIla sIlagaMdho anuttro| -dhammapada 4/12 zIla (sadAcAra) kI sugandha sarvazreSTha hai / satya-rasa saccaM have sAdutaraM rasAnaM / -suttanipAta 1/10/2 sabhI rasoM meM satya kA rasa hI anupama sarvazreSTha hai / sukha-duHkha savvaM paravasaM dukkhaM, savvaM issariyaM sukhaM / -udAna 2/8 jo parAdhIna hai, vaha saba duHkha hai aura jo svAdhIna hai, vaha saba sukha hai| saMgati yAdisaM kurute mittaM, yAdisaM cUpasevati / sa ve tAdisako hoti, sahavAso hi taadiso|| -itibuttaka 3/27 jo jaisA mitra banAtA hai aura jo jaise saMparka meM rahatA hai, vaha vaisA hI bana jAtA hai, kyoMki usakA sahavAsa (saMgati) hI vaisA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : vaidika sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 485 vaidika sAhitya kI sUktiyAM Aja aura kala addhA hi tata yadadya / anaddhA hi yad tacchavaH / -zatapatha brAhmaNa 2/3/1/28 'Aja' to nizcita hai aura 'kala' anizcita hai / udyogazIlatA utthAnenaidhametsarvamindhanenaiva pAvakam / zriyaM hi satatotthAyI durbalopi samaznute / / -kAmandakIya nItisAra 13/8 jaise IMdhana DAlane se agni kI vRddhi hotI hai, usI prakAra puruSArtha karane se hI sabakI unnati hotI hai / nirantara udyogazIla manuSya nirbala hone para bhI lakSmI prApta kara letA hai| karma yAnyanavadyAni karmANi tAni sevitavyAni, no itarANi / -taittirIyopaniSad 1/11 doSarahita karmoM kA hI AcaraNa karanA cAhie, anyoM kA nhiiN| kAryanAza nAlasAH prApnuvantyarthaM, na klIvA na ca mAninaH / na ca lokApavAdabhItAH, na ca zazvat pratIkSiNaH / / AlasI vyakti apane lakSya ko prApta nahIM kara sakate, na klIva (sAhasahIna) aura na abhimAnI hI / lokApavAda se bhayabhIta aura dIrghasUtrI (lambe samaya taka socane aura pratIkSA karane vAle) bhI lakSya prApti meM viphala ho jAte haiN| nirutsAhasya dInasya zokaparyAkulAtmanaH / sarvArthA vyavasIdanti, vyasanaM cAdhigacchati // -vA. rA. su. kAM. 2/6 __ nirutsAhI, dIna aura zoka se vyAkula manuSya ke sabhI kArya naSTa ho jAte haiM aura vaha Apatti meM par3a jAtA hai| doSa sarvamatimAtraM doSAya / -uttarAmacarita 6 sabhI vastuoM kI ati doSa utpanna karatI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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486 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nIti-patha calati nayAnna jigISatAM cetaH / -kirAtArjunIya 10/26 vijaya ko kAmanA karane vAloM ke citta nIti-patha se vicalita nahIM hote| parivAra mA bhrAtA bhrAtaraM dvikSanmA svAsaramuta svsaa| samyaJcaH savratA bhUtvA vAcaM vadata bhadrayA / / -atharvaveda 3/30/3 bhAI bhAI ke sAtha dveSa na kre| bahana bahana se vidvaSa na kare / samAna gati aura samAna niyama vAle hokara kalyANamayI vANI boleN| . paropakArI upakArasya dharmatve vivAdo nAsti kasyacit / bhUteSvabhayadAnena nAnyA copakRtirmama / / -kathA saritsAgara 6/1/24 upakAra karanA dharma hai-isa viSaya meM kisI ko koI vivAda nahIM hai aura prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dene se bar3hakara dUsarA koI upakAra nahIM hai / ___ ApannAtiprazamanaphalAH sampado hyattamAnAm / -meghadUta, pUrvamegha, 57 uttama manuSyoM kI sampatti kA phala vipattigrasta vyaktiyoM ke duHkha ko zAnta karanA hai| puruSArtha yathA bIjaM vinA kSetramuptaM bhavati niSphalam / tathA puruSakAreNa binA daivaM na siddhati / / -mahA0 anuzAsana parva 6/7 jisa prakAra bIja boe binA kSetraphala-rahita hotA hai usI prakAra puruSArtha ke binA bhAgya bhI siddha nahIM hotaa| bhAgya udyamaH sAhasaM dhairya; buddhi H zaktiH parAkramaH / SaDete yatra vartante, tatra daiva sahAyakRt / / For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : vaidika sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 487 udyama, sAhasa, dhairya, buddhi, zakti aura parAkrama-ye chaha jahA~ (jisa puruSa meM) hote haiM, bhAgya usI kI sahAyatA karatA hai / mana yajjAgrato dUramudaiti devaM tad sUptasya tathaiveti / dUraGgamaMjyotiSAM jyotirekaM tanme manaH zivasaMkalpamastu / / -yajurveda 34/1 jo daivamana jAgrata avasthA meM dUra calA jAtA hai aura vaise hI prasupta avasthA meM bhI dUra calA jAtA hai, dUra hokara bhI jyotiyoM kA eka prakAzaka yaha merA mana zubha saMkalpa se yukta ho / mitra vidyA zaurya ca dAkSyaM ca balaM dhairyaM ca paJcamam / mitrANi sahajAnyAhuvartayanti hi tairbudhAH / / -zukranIti 5/13 (1) vidyA (2) zUratA (3) dakSatA (4) bala aura (5) dhairya-ye manuSya ke sahaja mitra hote haiM, kyoMki buddhimAna manuSya inhIM se jIvanavRtti calAte haiN| mRdutA mRdunA dAruNaM hanti mRdunA hantyadAruNam / nAsAdhyaM mRdunA kiMcit tasmAt tIvrataraM mRduH / / -mahAbhArata, vanaparva 28/31 mRdutA se manuSya kaThora ko naSTa kara detA hai; mRdutA se hI akaThora ko bhI vijita kara letA hai, mRdutA ke prayoga se kucha bhI asAdhya nahIM hai isalie mRdutA hI sarvottama nIti hai| vacana jihvAyA agre madhu me jihvAmUle madhUlakam / mamedaha kratAvaso mamacittamupayAsi / / -atharvaveda 1/34/2 merI jihvA ke agrabhAga meM mAdhurya ho / bherI jihvA ke mUla meM madhuratA ho| mere karma meM mAdhurya kA nivAsa ho aura he mAdhurya ! tuma mere hRdaya taka pahu~co / For Personal & Private Use Only

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488 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vacana-viveka kru ddhayantaM na pratikra ddhayedAkruSTaH kuzalaM vadet / saptadvArAvakIrNAM ca na vAcamanRtAM vadet / / -manusmRti 6/48 krodhita vyakti ke prati bhI krodha na kre| kisI se nindita hone para bhI usase madhura vANI bole / sAta dvAroM (pA~ca indriyA~, mana aura antaHkaraNa) se nikalI asatya vANI na bole / vANI ativAdAMstitikSeta nAvamanyeta kaJcana / na maM dehamAzritya vaivaM kurvIt kenacit / / -manusmRti 6/47 kisI ke dvArA kahI gaI kaTu-kaThora vANI ko sahana kreN| kisI kA apamAna na kare aura isa zarIra se kisI ke sAtha zatrutA na kare / vANI-viveka dInAndhapaMgubadhirA nopahAsyA kadAcana / -zukranIti 3/115 dIna, andhe, paMgu aura bahare manuSyoM kA kabhI upahAsa nahIM karanA caahie| zIla zIlaM pradhAnaM puruSe tadasyeha praNazyati / na tasya jIvitenArtho na dhanena na bndhubhiH|| - mahAbhArata, udyogaparva 34/48 manuSya meM zIla (sadAcAra) kI hI pradhAnatA hotI hai| jisakA zIla hI isa saMsAra meM naSTa ho jAtA hai usako na jIvana se, na dhana se aura na bandhuoM se koI prayojana hai / zuddhi AhArazuddhau sattvazuddhiH sattvazuddhau dhra vA smRtiH / smRtilambhe sarvagranthInAM vimokSaH / -chAndogya upaniSad 7/26/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : vaidika sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 486 AhAra kI zuddhi se antaHkaraNa kI zuddhi hotI hai; antaHkaraNa kI zuddhi hone para aTala smRti kA lAbha hotA hai aura smRti lAbha se sabhI granthiyAM khula jAtI haiM / satya satyaM brUyAtpriyaMba yAnna bra yAtsatyamapriyam / priyaM ca nAnRtaM bra yAdeSa dharma sanAtanaH / / -manusmRti 4/138 satya bolanA cAhie, priya bolanA cAhie; kintu apriya satya nahIM bolanA cAhie aura na priya asatya hI bolanA cAhie yahI zAzvata (sanAtana) dharma hai| samAnatA samAnI va AkUtiH samAnA hRdayAni vH| samAnamastu vo mano yathA vaH susahAsati / / -Rgveda 10/161/4 ___ tumhArA saMkalpa samAna ho, tumhAre hRdaya samAna hoM, tumhAre mana eka samAna hoM, jisase tumhArI zakti vikasita ho / saMgati mando'pyamandatAmeti saMsargeNa vipshcitH| paMkacchidaH phalasyeva nikaSeNAvilaM payaH / / -mAlavikAgnimitra 2/7 mandabuddhi vAlA vyakti bhI buddhimAna vyakti ke samparka se catura ho jAtA hai, jaise nirmalI-phala ke samparka se dUSita jala bhI zuddha ho jAtA hai| saMgraha saMgraho nAsti kartavyo duHkhabhAganyathA bhavet / udvAsyante dvirephA hi lubdhakairmadhu saMgrahAt / / -buddhacarita 26/44 ati saMcaya nahIM karanA cAhie anyathA kaSTa bhoganA par3atA hai| madhu kA saMgraha karane ke kAraNa madhumakkhiyA~ vyAdhoM ke dvArA uDA dI jAtI haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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460 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM ati ati na karaha atitA burI, cAhe hoya lalAma / dekhahu kIrA parata haiM, ati mIThe jo Ama / / . .-nIti chanda abhimAna rahimana galI hai sAMkarI, dUjau nA ThaharAi / Apu ahai to hari nahIM, hari to Apuna nAhiM / / -rahIma, dohAvalI 182 avaguNa Aye auguna eka ke, guna saba jAta nasAya / jathA khAra jala rAsi ko nahiM koU jala khAya / / ___-dRSTAnta taraMgiNI, 134 ahiMsA mAnava niyama ahiMsA dharma nidhana / -gorakha vAnI, 26 paramadharma srati vidita ahiMsA -tulasI : rAmacaritamAnasa hiMsA dvArA nyAya hotA hai anyAya yuta / -mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna-svadeza satasaI, pR0 4 AzA tulasI adbhuta devatA, AsA devI nAma / see soka samarpai, vimukha bhae abhirAma / -tulasI do0 258 Izvara bhakti kabIra hari kI bhagati bina dhriga jImaNa saMsAra / / dhuvA~ kerA dhaulahara jAta na lAge bAra // -kabIra grantha0 pR0 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 461 udyoga udyogI ko UsaroM meM milatA hai ratna / kisI kAla meM ho nahIM jIvana rahita prayatna / / -vivya dohA0 671 saba kAhU ko bhUla ke karaja dIjie naahiN| dIjai to nA kIjie jhagarau Apuna mAhiM / / -jAna, pandanAmA svajana sakhI soM jani karahu kabahU~ Rna vyavahAra / Rna sauM prIti, pratIti tiya ratana hoti saba chAra / / -ratnAvalI dohA0 140 ekatA subala sumaMtra sukarma jaha~, jahA~ ekA su vicAra / taha~ sukha sampatti jaya sadA, unnati hoti apAra / / -braja satasaI pR0 37 kapaTa phera na ha he kapaTa sauM jo kIje vyApAra / jaise hA~DI kATha kI, cau~ na dUjI vAra / / -vRnda satasaI 35 bekArI sabase burI, nipaTa nirAzA khAna / AzA basatI karma meM, karma kareM vidvAna / / -nIti ke dohe kAma ratanAvali upabhoga sauM hota viSaya nahiM sAMta / jyoM-jyoM havi homeM anala, tyoM-tyoM bar3hata nitAMta / / -ratnAvali dohA 56 kRpaNa dAtA nara aru sUma meM lakhie bheda iteka / deta eka jiyatehiM haraSi, deta mare para eka / -braja satasaI pR0 40 For Personal & Private Use Only

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462 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana krodha kopa na kareM mahA sahiya, pAya khalana tai dUkha / launa sIMcikara pIDie, taU madhura rasa Ukha / / -dIna dayAlu, dRSTAnta taraMgiNI 51 risa ke basa nA hUjie, kIjai bAta vicAra / puni pachatAe hra kahA jo hra jAi vigaar| -jJAna granthAvalI guNa ke gAhaka sahasa nara, binu guNa lahai na koya / jaise kAgA kokilA, zabda sunai saba koya / / -giridhara kuNDa0 27 kAhU~ sau na roSa-toSa, kAhU~ soM na rAga-doSa, ___kAhU soM na bairabhAva kAhU kI na ghAta hai / kAhU soM na bakavAda, kAhU soM nahIM viSAda, kAhU soM na saMga, na to kou pakSapAta hai / kAhU soM na duSTa vaina kAhU soM na laina daina, brahma ko vicAra, kachu aura na suhAta hai| 'sundara' kahata soI Izana ko mahAIza, ____soI gurudeva jAkai dUsarI na bAta hai / -sundara grantha0 pR0 387 tRSNA pala-pala chIje deha yaha ghaTata-ghaTata ghaTa jaai| 'sundara' tRSNA nA ghaTai dina-dina nauM tana khAi / / -sundara grantha0 pR0 712 dayA yadi mAnava tana madhya hai, dayAlutA kA vAsa / to hogA kisa dharma meM, usakA nahIM vikAsa / / -hariaudha; divya do0 522 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #535
pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya ko sUktiyAM | 463 dAnadAtA jo sabahI ko deta hai, dAtA kahie soi / jaladhara barasata sama-viSama thala na vicArati koi| -vRnda satasaI, 100 duSTa 'rahimana' oche narana soM bairabhalo nA prIti / kATe cATe svAna ke duhU~ rIti viparIta // -rahIma dohA0 pR0 176 nIcana ke vyauhAra visAhA ha~si ke mAMgata dmmaa| Alasa nIMda nigor3I ghare 'ghagghA' tIni nikammA / / -ghAgha, pR0 37 doSa tarunAI dhana deha bala bahu doSanu AgAra / binu viveka ratnAvalI. pazusama karata vicAra / -ratnAvalI do084 dhana roya-roya ke pAiye rupiyA jisakA nAma / . jaba jAye phira roiye ihamukha jisako nAma / -giridhara kuNDa0 207 TakA karai kula hUla, TakA miradaMga bajAvai / TakA car3he sukhapAla, TakA sira chatra dharAvai // TakA mAya aru bApa, TakA bhaiyana ko bhaiyaa| TakA sAsa aru sasura, TakA sira lAr3a lar3ayA // aba eka Take binu TakaTakA rahata lagAye rAta dina / vaitAla kahai vikrama suno, dhika jIvana ika Take bina / -kavitA kaumudI bhAga 1; pR. 366 mIta na nIta galIta hai, nA dhana dhariye jora / khAe kharace jo bace, to jorie karori // -bihArI satasaI 646 kharacata khAta na jAta dhana, ausara kiye aneka / jAta puNya pUrana bhae, aru upaje aviveka // -vRnda satasaI, 615 For Personal & Private Use Only

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464 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana dhanI aura nirdhana bhale baMsa ko puruSa so nihurai bahudhana pAya / . . nave dhanuSa sadavaMza ko jihiM dvai koTi dikhaay|| -vRnda satasaI 621 nija sadanaha~ nahiM mAna hIM, niradhana jana ko koya / dhanI jAya para ghara taU, sura sama pUjA hoya / / -dRSTAnta taraMgiNI 36 jAke anudina anusarata jana mana vikasata jAta / vara vicAra ura vimalatA vilasi vilasi adhikAya / / pAvata jAte manuja haiM bhUta preta ko paMtha / kahata dharma tAko vibudha nirakhi sakala sadgrantha / / -sadAcAra sopAna 116-120 ratanAvali dharamahiM rakhata, tAhi rakhAvata dharma / dharamahiM pAtati so patati, jehi dharma ko marma / / ___--ratnAvalI dohAvalI 80 namratA . nara kI aru nala-nIra kI, gati ekai kari joya / jeto nIco ha cale teto U~co hoya / / -bihArI satasaI, pR. 642 nArI nArI nindA mata karo, nAri svarga kI khAni / nArI hI te hota haiM, dhra va prahalAda samAna / / __-ajJAta kavi nArI kI nindA karo, nAri naraka kI khaan| . .. nArI hI se hota haiM, rAvaNa kaMsa samAna // -ajJAta kavi nArI hai sadratna dhyAna se dekhie| vIrAMganA hai use zaktimaya lekhie / -rAmacarita upAdhyAya, sarasvatI, bhAga 18, saMkhyA 6 1 svarga Adi ucca yoni meM janma For Personal & Private Use Only

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nirbala par3ausI paropakAra parivAra putra pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 465 nAri nasAve tIni sukha, jA nara pAsa hoi / bhagati mukati nija gyAna meM, paisi na sakaI koya | kahaiM ihai saba sruti smRti, ihai tIna dabAvata nisaka hI, pAtaka sayAne loga | rAjA roga | -- kabIra grantha0 pR. 40 nirbala ko na satAiye, jAkI marI khAla kI sAMsa saiM, loha bhasma hai vipata parai sukha pAiye, jo DhiMga naina sahAI badhira ke, andha sahAI - bihArI satasaI 634 moTI Aha / par3osI sUM rUsaNA, tila-tila sukha kI hANi / jananI janai to eka suta, kai nahIM tara jananI bAMjha raha, matI parahita kara baranata na budha, gupati rakhahiM para upakRti sumirata ratana, karata na nija jAya // - sUkti sudhA, pR. 6 - kabIra grantha0 pR. 37 karie bhauna / jogI kula mAraga chor3e na kou hohu kitai kI hAni / 'gaja ika mArata dUsaro car3hata mahAvata Ani // - vRnda satarAI, ratana vA~jha rahivau bhalo, pai na hou kapUta / bA~jha rahai tiya eka dukha pAi kapUta akRta // zrIna // - vRnda satasaI, dai dAna | guna gAna // - ratnAvalI do0 182 For Personal & Private Use Only 247 ke sUra / gaMvAje nUra // - ratnAvalI dohA0 185 pu. 66

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466 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana prema buddhihIna bolI bhAI bhAgya prIti sukhada hai sujana kI, dina-dina hoya kabahu~ meTe nA miTe jyoM madirApAna vizeSa | pAhana kI reSa // vidhi niSedha nahIM jAnahI, kuvacana apakArI krodhI nilaja, lacchana jo lAyaka jihi bAta ko sajjana sauM na burI karai durjana - dRSTAnta taraMgiNI 106 garaba virodha / abodha || ATha nikAri / ratanAvali kAMTo lagyo baidanu diyo vacana lagau nikasyau na kahu~ una DAro hiya phAri // -- vrajaM satasaI 47 - ratnAvalI dohA0, 36 tAsoM taisI hoya / bhalI na koya | bAta kahana kI rIti meM, hai antara adhikAya / eka vacana taiM risa bar3he, eka vacana te jAya // --vRnda satasaI 10e bhAI so nahiM mIta, jo apane anukUla ho / bhAI sau nahiM tIta, jo pratikUla calana lage || muMha jaba lAge taba nahiM chUTai / jAti mAna dhana saba kucha lUTai // --vRnda satasaI 326 lohA camakai ghisai se, lakar3I ragar3e Aga / sonA camake tApa se, zrama se camakai bhAga / / For Personal & Private Use Only - nIti chanda ratana deva amRta tiSa, viSa amRta bana jAta / sUdhI hU ulaTI parai, ulaTI sUdhI bAta || - ratnAvalI do0 114 - nIti ke dohe

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pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 467 pAgala kari mohe karai kharAba / kyoM sakhi sAjana? nahIM shraab|| -bhAratendu sudhA, pR. 32 mana mana sauM mitta na koi, jo apane basa hota hai / kahe mAhiM nA hoi, to aisau ari aura nA // -jAna sattavAnA mana ke kaMTaka tuSTahiM nija ruci kAja kari ruSTahiM kAja bigAri / tiyA tanaya sevaka sakhA, mana ke kaMTaka cAri // -tulasI satasaI 7/26 manuSya rana-rana sUra na hota haiM, jana-jana hota na bhakta hri| naMda sakala suno narahari kahata; saba nara hota na eka sari // --kavitA kaumudI bhA0 1, pR. 226 mAtA-pitA mAtu-pitA mana poSihe, bahuta karai manuhAra / tApara nihace hota hai dayAvanta karatAra / / -jAna satavAnA mAnava dazA puruSa bhave prAyIka barasa cAlIsAM mITho / kar3avo hoya pacAsa sATha tihAM krodha paiTho // satarAM sago na koya, asIAM Asa na koI / nAMha nabbe meM hoya, haMse tihA~ loga-lugAI // sau huo-sau huo saba ko kaheM, saba tana ho gayo jojro| ghara kI pativratA yU~ kahe, o marai to sudhArai Dokarau / / -bhASA zloka sAgara mAyA mAyA bhrama ko mUla, bhrama binu jAya na dukkha jg| re mana mAyAbandha, tajahu bhajahu mAyApatihi / / -nIti chanda0 For Personal & Private Use Only

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468 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana mAMsa bhakSaNa bakarI pAtI khAta hai, tAkI kADhI khAla / jo nara bakarI khAta hai, tAko kauna havAla / / - kabIra grantha0 pR0 42 mitra avaguna ganahi nivAribai, gunahi gahAyai jauna / hitakArI upakArarata mIta sarisa hai kauna / ' -sadAcAra sopAna 81 rahimana bheSaja ke kie kAla jIti jo jaat| bar3e bar3e samaratha bhae tau na koi mari jAta / / -rahIma dohA0 220 jhUThe sukha ko sukha kahai mAnata hai mana moda / jagata cabINA kAla kA, kachu mukha meM kachu goda / - kabIra grantha0 pR0 71 moha moha a~dhero kArane dIkhe satya asatya / Iza dIpti se dUra ho, satya hoi taba satya / / -nIti chanda yAcanA rahimana yAcakatA gahai bar3e choTa hai jAta / nArAyaNa ko hU bhayo bAvana A~gura gAta / --rahIma dohA0 224 rAga dvoSa kaha giridhara kavirAya, sukhI so kaise hovai / tRSNA rAga ru dvaSa irSyA matsara bovai / / ___-giradhara kuNDaliyA 168 nA kAha sauM rAga hai, na kAha sauM dvaSa / use aura kyA cAhie, vaha to hai sarveza / / -nIti chanda0 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya ko sUktiyAM | 466 lAja nara bhUSana saba dina kSamA, vikrama ari ghanaghera / tyoM tiya bhUSana lAja hai, nilaja surata kI bera / / -vRnda satasaI, pR0 212 lobha lobha sarisa avaguNa nahIM, tapa nahIM satya samAna / -giridhara dAsa, kavitA kaumudI, bhAga 1, pR0 463 lobha lagai jaga meM supriya, dharama na taise hoya / mahiSI pAlata chIra hita, tathA na kapilA hoya / / .. -dInadayAla, dRSTAnta taraMgiNI, 46 vakra Ter3ha dekha saMkA saba kAhU, vakra caMdramahiM grasai na rAhU / -tulasI : rAmacarita mAnasa basai burAI jAsu tana, tAhI ko sanmAnu / bhale bhale kaha chA~r3iye, khoTe graha japa-dAnu / / --bihArI satasaI vidyA vidyA binu sohe nahIM, chabi jobana kula mUla / rahita sugandha sajai na vana jaise semala phUla / / -dRSTAnta taraMgiNI 120 vizvAsa siddha hota kAraja sabai, jAke jiya vizvAsa / -vRnda satasaI, pR0 527 jaga paratIta bar3hAiye, rahie sA~ce hoya / jhUThe nara kI sA~ca hU, sAkha na mAnai koya / ___-vRnda satasaI 580 vRddhAvasthA zveta bAla batalA rahe kitanI ujjvala buddhi / ragar3a ragar3a hamane karI varSoM isakI zuddhi / / -nIti ke dohe For Personal & Private Use Only

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500 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana vyApAra rojagAra bAnijya ko sukhaprada aru svacchanda / jAme nija lachimI basati dera karata mati maMda / / -sudhA sarovara pR0 47 alaga-alaga vyApAra meM, bahuvyaya srama laghu Aya / yA te milikara kampanI, kAraja karaha banAya / / --sudhA sarovara, pR0 48 zrama cAturI ekAgratA aru saccA vyavahAra / samaya jJAna aura namratA mUla mantra vyApAra / / --nIti chanda zarIra 'sundara' deha malIna ati, burI vastu ko bhauna / hAr3a mAMsa ko kotharA, bhalI vastu kahi kauna / / --sandara grantha pR0 720 sabai sukhana ko sota, satata niroga zarIra hai| jagata jaladhi ko pota, paramAratha patha ratha yahai / / --dulAre do0 35 zatru sAMI vaira na kIjie guru paMDita kavi yAra / beTA banitA paMvariyA yajJa karAvanahAra / / yajJa karAvanahAra rAjamaMtrI jo hoI / vipra par3ausI vaidya ApakI tapai rasoI / / kaha giridhara kavirAya jugana taiM yaha cali aaii| ina teraha sau taraha diye bani Avai bhAI / / --giradhara kuNDaliyA, pR0 16 isakA adhunika rUpa hai-- sAMI vaira na kIjie guru netA kavi yAra / beTA saMpAdaka gharani au jo khidamatagAra / / au jo khidamatagAra rAjya adhikArI hoI / bhAI par3ausI vaidya ApakI tapai rasoI / / kaha giridhara kavirAya, jugana te yaha cali aaii| ina teraha sauM taraha diye bani Avai bhAI / / --nIti chanda For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ | 501 bhUSana ratana aneka jaga, pai na sIla sama koya / sIla jAsu nainana basata, so jaga bhUSana hoya // -ratnAvalI dohA0 pR. 144 satya vacana Apano satya kari, ratana na anirata bhASi / anRta bhASivau pApa puni, uThati loka sauM sASi // -ratnAvalI dohAvalI, 166 samaya dukha sukha dhana jIvana marana paiye bAra karora / bIta gayo jo phira kabau samaya na milata bahora / / --braja satasaI 86 tRSita bAri binu jo tana tyaagaa| muye karai kA sudhA tar3AgA // kA baraSA jaba kRSI sukhAne / samaya cUka puni kA pachatAne / -rAmacaritamAnasa 1/261 sarala . ati hI sarala na hUjie dekho jo vanarAya / sIdhe sIdhe chediye, bA~ko taru baca jAya / / -vRnda sAthI tulasI sAthI vipatti ke vidyA vinaya viveka / 'sAhasa sUkRta satyavrata rAmabharoso eka // tulasI asamaya ke sakhA sAhasa dharma vicAra / sukRta sIla svabhAva Rju rAmasarana AdhAra // --tulasI satasaI 7/46,47 sAdhu vahI jo kAyA sAdhe / saba kachu chor3i Isa ArAdhe // - nIti chanda0 For Personal & Private Use Only

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502/ jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana sukha-dukha sukha bIte duHkha hota hai, duHkha bIte sukha hota / divasa gaye jyoM nisa udita, nisa gata divasa udota / / -vRnda satasaI 110 saMgaThana nirbala hU dala bA~dhike, sabalahiM deta harAya / jyoM sIMgana sau gAya gana, vanapati heti bhgaay.|| - -dulAre do0 175 saMtoSa nahiM dhana dhana hai parama, dhana toSahiM kahaiM pravIna / bina saMtoSa kuberaU dArida dIna malIna // -dRSTAnta taraMgiNI, pR. 32 saMsAra yaha aisA saMsAra hai, jaisA sevala phUla / dina dasa ke vyavahAra kauM, jhUThe rAgi na bhUla / __-kabIra grantha, pR. 21 saMskAra bArepana sauM mAtu-pitu jaisI DArati bAna / so na chuTAe puni chuTata ratana bhayahu sayAni / / -ratnAvalI dohA0 138 bAlahi lAlahu asa ratana jo na augunI hoi / dina-dina guna garutA gahai sA~cau lAlana soi / -ratnAvalI dohA0 187 svArtha sura nara muni saba kara yaha riitii| svAratha lAgi karahiM saba prItI / / -mAnasa sUkta pR. 117 sAMI saba saMsAra meM matalaba kA vyavahAra / -giridhara kuNDa0 36 bina svAratha kaise sahai, koU karuvai vaina / lAta khAya pucakArie, hoya dudhAru dhaina // --vRnda satasaI 145 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : hindI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 503 svabhAva jo rahIma uttama prakRti, kA kari sakata kusaMga / candana viSa vyApata nahIM, lipaTe rahata bhujaMga // - rahIma do0 76 nIca nicAI nahiM tajai jo pAvahiM sata saMga / tulasI caMdana viTapa basi, bina visa bhaya na bhujaMga / / -tulasI satasaI 6/21 jJAna hAya hAya taba laga rahai, jaba laga bAhyahu dRSTa / antarmukha jaba hI bhaI saba miTi jAi aniSTa / -giridhara kuNDa0 188 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aMgrejI sAhitya kI sUktiyA~ Anger-krodha Anger begins in folly and ends in repentance. --Pythagoras krodha kA prArambha mUrkhatA se hotA hai aura anta pazcAttApa meM / Appraisal -- STAT It is better that a man's own works, than that of another man's words should praise. -L'Ectrange kisI anya vyakti ke zabdoM dvArA prazaMsita hone se behatara hai ki vyakti apane hI kAryoM dvArA prazaMsA arjita kre| Clevernness-caturAI Cleverness is serviceable for everything. -Amiel caturAI sabhI bAtoM meM upayogI/sahakArI hai / Conduct-AcaraNa Conduct is three fourth of our life and its largest concern. - Matthew Arnold AcaraNa hamAre jIvana kA tIna-cauthAI bhAga hai aura jIvana vyavahAra ko adhikatama prabhAvita karatA hai| Contentment-santoSa Enjoy your own life without comparing it with that of another. -Condorcet kisI dUsare ke jIvana se tulanA kiye bagaira apane jIvana kA Ananda lenA caahie| Sweet are the thougths that savour of content, the quiet mind is richer than a crown. -R. Greene. ( 504 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : aMgrejI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 505 santoSa kI rakSA karane vAle vicAra ati madhura hote haiM, zAnta mastiSka rAjA (samrATa) se bhI adhika dhanI hotA hai| Conversation--araf Conversation in sits better part, may be esteemed as a gift. -Cowper vArtA (vArtAlApa) kA guNa, mAnava ke lie bahuta bar3I dena hai / Courage-sAhasa A man of courage, is also full of faith. -Cicero sAhasI vyakti adhikAMzataH zraddhAlu aura vizvAsI hotA hai| Courtesy-fansat The small courtesies sweeten life; the greater ennoble it. - Bovee choTI-choTI vinamratAe~ jIvana ko madhura banAtI haiM aura uccakoTi kI vinamratA jIvana ko mahAna banA detI hai| oulture-saMskRti The foundation of culture is at last the moral sentiment. naitika bhAvanA hI saMskRti kI AdhArazilA hai| Deed-kArya Noble deeds that are concealed are most esteemed -Pascal . uccakoTi ke kAryoM kA, yadi pracAra na kiyA jAya to ve adhika prazaMsita hote haiN| Desiie-icchA There are two tragedies in life. One is not to get your hearts desire. The other is to get it. -- Bernard Shaw jIvana meM do bar3e duHkha haiM-prathama hRdaya kI icchAoM kA pUrA na honA aura dUsarA icchAoM kA pUrA ho jaanaa| (arthAt icchA mAtra hI duHkhadAyI hai|) For Personal & Private Use Only

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506 | jaina notizAstra : eka parizIlana Discipline --anuzAsana Silence is a part of spiritual discipline of a votary of truth, -M. Gandhi mauna satya ke prati dRr3hatApUrNa bhakti aura Atmika anuzAsana hai / Discretion-faaan Science without conscience is the ruin of people. vivekarahita vijJAna mAnavatA ke lie vinAzakArI hai / Duty -- kartavya Duty determines destiny. kartavya bhAgya ko nizcita karatA hai / Enthusiasm--utsAha Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiam. sakatI / -Emerson koI bhI mahAna upalabdhi utsAha ke abhAva meM nahIM prApta kI jA Equality - samAnatA -W. Makepeace -William Mckinley Let's go hand in hand, not one before another. Age-pIche | -Shakespeare hameM samAna rUpa se sAtha-sAtha calanA cAhie, na ki eka-dUsare se Evil - burAI Never throw mud, you may miss your mark; but you must have dirty hands. --- Joseph Parker kabhI dUsare para kIcar3a mata uchAlo, saMbhava hai tumhArA nizAnA cUka jAya; kintu tumhAre hAtha to gande ho hI jAyeMge / Faith -- zraddhA For Personal & Private Use Only Faith is the continuation of reason. We walk by faith, not by sight. -William Adams

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buddhi kI kramabaddhatA zraddhA hai / hama zraddhA ke sahAre jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, dRSTi ke Azrita hokara nahIM / Forgiveness -- kSamA Forgiveness adorns a soldier, pariziSTa : aMgrejI sAhitya kI sUktiyAM | 507 kSamA sainika (vyakti) kA bhUSaNa hai / G ratitude - kRtajJatA Gratitude is the memory of heart. kRtajJatA, hRdaya meM smRti banAe rakhanA hai / Honesty -- ImAnadArI No legacy is so rich as honesty. ImAnadArI se zreSTha aura koI dena nahIM hai / Morality - naitikatA Opportunity -- avasara -M. Gandhi Morality is the best of all the devices of leading mankind by the nose. -Nietzsche mAnava jAti ko sammAnapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie naitikatA sarvazra eSTha upAya hai / --J. B. Massieu -Shakespeare There is a tide in the affairs of man. Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. ---Shakespeare * avasara, mAnava ke jIvana meM eka prakAra kA jvAra hai, jisa ke dvArA bAr3ha meM par3e vyakti ke samAna, use saubhAgya taka le jAyA jAtA hai / Passion - kaSAya It is with cur passions, as it is with fire and water, they are good servants and bad masters. For Personal & Private Use Only -Sir Roger L'Estrange afgna aura jala ke samAna hI hamArI kaSAyeM haiM / yadi ye niyantrita raheM, sevaka ke rUpa meM raheM to ThIka haiM aura yadi svAmI bana jAyeM, niyantraNa se bAhara nikala jAya~ to burI haiM /

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pariziSTa 2 pustaka meM prayukta sandarbha graMtha sUcI atharvaveda uttarAdhyayanacUNi . anuyogadvArasUtra-upakramAdhikAra uttarAdhyaya (bRhadvatti) / antagaDadazA sUtra upadeza sahasrI--zaMkarAcArya abhidhAna rAjendra koSa upAsakadazAMgasUtra abhijJAna zAkuntalam ---mahAkavi upAsakAdhyayana-somadeva sUri ____ kAlidAsa Rgveda amara koSa RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana-devendra amara bhAratI, agasta 72 muni zAstrI amitagati dvAtrizikA aitareya brAhmaNa arhan nIti-AcArya hemacandra oghaniyukti aSTapAhuDa-mokSa pAhuDa aMguttaranikAya -AcArya kundakunda kaThopaniSad AcArAMga kathAkoSa prakaraNa AcArAMganiyukti kalpadra makalikA Ananda pravacana kalpasUtra-saM0 pUNyavijaya jI Apastamba dharmasUtra kAmaMdakIya nItisAra AhetudarzanadIpikA kurAna zarIpha AvazyakasUtra kenopaniSad AvazyakacUrNi kauSItaki upaniSad Avazyakaniyukti gAMdhI vANI Avazyaka malayagirivRtti gItA rahasya, karmajijJAsA-lokaindrabhUti gautama-gaNezamuni zAstrI mAnya tilaka IzopaniSad guNasthAna kramAroha uttarAdhyayanasUtra gommaTasAra--A0 nemicandra siddhAnta uttarAdhyayanasUtra-cArlsa sarapenTi- cakravartI yara gautama kulaka ( 508 ) For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : 2 sandarbha grantha sUcI | 506 gautama dharmasUtra tatvArthasUtra zrutasAgarIyA vRtti cauppanna mahApurisacariyaM tAo upaniSad caraka saMhitA tIrthaMkara (mAsika) jIva vijJAna caraNAnuyoga-muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla vizeSAMka jI 'kamala' taittirIya brAhmaNa cANakyanIti taittirIya saMhitA cANakyanItidarpaNa therIgAthA chAndogyopaniSad thI lekcarsa oNna vedAnta philAsaphI jambudvIpaprajJapti kAlAdhikAra ___-maiksamUlara jAtaka 1, 2, 3, dazavakAlika sUtra jIvana sudhAra dazavakAlika cUrNi jaina kathAe~, bhAga 46, 101 darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1-50 -upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI sukhalAla jI jaina kathAmAlA, bhAga 17 dazAzruta skandha sUtra ___-yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni dhAdviveda (nIti maMjarI) jana jagata ke jyotirdhara AcArya- dhammapada devendra muni zAstrI dharmaparIkSA--upAdhyAya yazovijaya jaina tatva kalikA-A0 zrI AtmA- dharmabinduprakaraNa-A0 haribhadra rAmajI mahArAja dharmopadeza vivaraNa jainadharma kI hajAra zikSAe~-yuvAcArya dhyAna zataka zrI madhukara muni niyamasAra- A0 kundakunda jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra nizIthacUNi darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nizIthabhASya -DA0 sAgaramala jaina nItizAstra-caTarjI, zarmA, dAsa jaina mahAbhArata / nItizAstra-je0 ena0 sinhA jainAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa- nItizAstra-DA0 vAtsyAyana devendra muni zAstrI nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa-DA0 saMgama ThANAMga sUtra ___ lAla pAMDeya tatvArthabhASya-umAsvAti notizAstra kI rUparekhA-DA0 rAma tatvArtha sUtra-umAsvAti ___ nAtha zarmA tatvArtha sUtra-paMDita sukhalAla jI nItizAstra ke siddhAnta-DA0 rAma Eng. translation-K.K.Dixit nAtha zarmA For Personal & Private Use Only

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510 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana nItivAkyAmRta-A0 somadevasUri bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlananItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti-saM0 devendra muni zAstrI __ ema0 ela0 zarmA bhAratIya nItizAstra-DA0 divAkara nItizataka-bhartRhari pAThaka neminAtha cariyaM bhAratIya nItizAstra-DA0 rAmanaitika jIvana ke siddhAnta nAtha zarmA nyAyakoSa bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsaparamAtmamArgadarzaka-pUjya amolaka bhIkhanalAla Atreya RSi jI ma0 bhoja prabandha pAtaMjala yogazAstra manusmRti-A0 manu pArasI dharma kyA kahatA hai ? mahAbhArata-maharSi vedavyAsa -zrIkRSNa datta bhaTTa mahAvIra cariyaM pAzcAtya nItizAstra-DA0 rAma- mahApurANa --jinasena nAtha zarmA muNDakopaniSad puruSArtha siddha yupAya- A0 amRtacandra mUla pravRttiyoM kA sAmAjika jIvana paMcatantra me sthAna paMcAzaka (uttarArdha) mUlAcAra pratikramaNatrayI yajuvaMda pratikramaNa sUtra yazastilakacampU-A0 somadevasUri pravacanasAroddhAra yaTiliTeriyanijma praznavyAkaraNa sUtra yogabindu-A0 haribhadra praznottara zrAvakAcAra yogazAstra- AcArya hemacandra praznopaniSad ratnakaraMDa - zrAvakAcAra-AcArya prajJApanA sUtra prAkRta vimarza-sarayU prasAda agravAla samantabhadra prAkRta subhASita saMgraha-zAha rahIma granthAvalI prAkRta sUkti koSa rAjavAtika-A. akalaMka banArasI vilAsa rAmacaritamAnasa-tulasIdAsa bihArI satasaI rAyapaseNiya sutta bRhatkalpabhASya laiMgveja, Tratha eNDa lAjika-e. jI. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad bhagavatI sUtra vasUnandi zrAvakAcAra - AcArya bhagavAna buddha vasunandi eyara For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa : 2 sandarbha grantha sUcI | 511 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa sAvayadhamma vidura nIti suttanipAta viveka cUDAmaNi sUkti triveNI viMzatikA sUtrakRtAMgamUtra vizikA-A0 haribhadrasUri sUtrakRtAMgaNi vizeSAvazyakabhASya saMskRta-hindI koSa-ApTe vyavahArasUtra sthAnAMgasUtra SaTakhaMDAgama dhavalAvRtti, prathama khaNDa sthAnAMgasUtravRtti zatapatha brAhmaNa hitopadeza zukranIti hindI nIti kAvya-DA0 bholAnAtha zramaNa sUtra-upAdhyAya amara muni tivArI zrAvaka dharma-devendra muni zAstrI hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecarazrAvaka dharma darzana-upAdhyAya viMTaranitsa __ zrI puSkara munijI hisTrI Apha philAsaphI-thilI zrImadbhagavad gItA hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara-kItha zrImadbhagavad gItA-DA0 rAdhA. triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra kRSNan jJAtAdharmakathAMga zrImadbhAgavata purANa jJAnArNava-A0 zubhacandra zreNika caritra Akbar, The Great Mughal samaNasutta __ -A. L. Srivastava samayasAra-A0 kundakunda / A History of Indian Literature, samavAyAMga sUtra Vol. I samyagdarzana : eka anuzIlana- A History of Philosophy __zrI azoka muni -Erdmann sarvArthasiddhi-A. pUjyapAda A Manual of Ethics sarvodaya darzana --Mackenzie sAgAra dharmAmRta-paM0 AzAdhara A Study of Eth cal Principles sAdhanA kA sonA, vijJAna kI -James Seth ____ kasauTI-muni sukhalAla Bunches of Sayings sAdhanA ke sUtra-yuvAcArya madhukara -Sri Keval Muni . muni Chamber's Twentieth Century sAmAyikasUtra- upAdhyAya amaramani Dictionary For Personal & Private Use Only

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512 | jaina nItizAstra : eka parizIlana Psychology -Mc Dougall Puranic Words of Wisdom . Dr. Karmakar Economics as Philosophy, Inter- national Journal of Ethics -E. W. Goodhue Elements of Social Justice -Hobhouse, L. T. Ethical Doctrines in Jainism -K. C. Sogani Ethics of India ---Hopkins E. W. Eth'cs of Morals Experimental Morality Fundamentals of Etbics - W. M. Urban Groundwork of Ethics -Welton Jaina Ethics - Dayanand Bhargava Jajna Psychology - Mohanlal Mehta Kant's Selections, Scribner's series Prolegomena to Ethics -Green T. H. Society and Criininals --M. J. Sethna Some Problems of Jaina Psycho logy --Dr. Kalghatgi Standard Illustrated Dictionary Story of Philosophy - Will Durant Study of Ethical Principles The Elements of Ethics --- John, H. Muirhead The Ethics of Hindus -- Prof. Maitra The Synthesis of Yoga, Ch. VII Vision of India -Shishir Kumar Mitra Yashastilaka and Indian Cul ture K. K. Handiqui For Personal & Private Use Only

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upAcArya zrI devendra muni : eka paricaya jaina tattvavidhA ke jAne-mAne lekhaka, satata adhyayanazIla cintana-manana-lekhana meM lIna zrI devendra muni jI ke nAma se prAyaH samagra jaina samAja suparicita hai / vi0 saM0 1988 dinAMka 7-11-1931 udayapura meM ApakA janma huA / nau varSa kI laghuvaya meM pUrva saMskAroM se prerita va vairAgyo bhUta hokara gurudeva upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI mahArAja ke caraNoM meM pravajita hue| tIkSNa prajJA va vyutpanna medhA bala se alpa samaya meM hI saMskRta, prAkRta, darzana, nyAya, itihAsa va Agama Adi kA talasparzI adhyayana kiyA / ApazrI kI prajJA vivecanA-pradhAna aura dRSTi anusandhAna mUlaka, samanvaya prerita hai / Apa kisI bhI viSaya para likhate haiM to usake mUla taka pahuMca kara sapramANa sayuktika vivecana karate haiN| ___ jaina darzana, AcAra, itihAsa yoga, Agama Adi viSayoM para jahA~ Apane zodhapradhAna. granthoM kI sarjanA kI hai, vahA~ pravacana, jIvana caritra, kathA, upanyAsa, rUpaka Adi vividha sAhitya-sumanoM kI sundara saMyojanA meM bhI camatkRti paidA kI aba taka choTI bar3I lagabhaga 200 pastakoM se adhika kA lekhana-saMpAdana kara sAhitya kSetra meM eka kIrtimAna sthApita kara diyA hai| svabhAva se ativinamra, madhura aura sarala guNajJa aura guNi-anurAgI sadA haMsamukha zrI devendra muni jI zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha ke upAcArya pada ko suzobhita karate haiN| . 'sarasA For Personal & Private Use Only

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DEWAKER PARKASHAN AGRA 2 tonal & Private Use Only