Darshan aur Chintan Part 1 2

Author(s): Sukhlal Sanghavi
Publisher: Sukhlalji Sanman Samiti Ahmedabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002661/1

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darzata ciMtana paMDita sukhalAlajI SEarrivates Personal-use.enive Savigatharsa

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A MAN OF CHARACTER Pandit Shri Sukhlalji Sanghavi is one of the greatest Sanskrit scholars in India, of whom every one should feel proud not only in this country but also abroad. Pandit Sukhlalji is respected in learned society not only as a profound Sanskrit scholar, but also as a man of character. He is free from all sorts of dogmatism or sectarianism -Mm. Vidhushekhar Shastri Pandit Sukhlalji is one of the living authorities on Jainism. His studies in Jainism are all along carried on in the broad perspective of the Indian pattern of thought and learning. The realm of knowledge for him recognises no religious, racial, temporal and geographical barriers; and the human thought-process, as he understands it, is a continuous and connected flow.. ... Panditji is a light of learning which enkindles your thinking power: wherever he stays, he creates round him atmosphere of study and progressive thinking. ---Prof. Dr. A. N. Upadhye vidvAnomAM jyAre pakSapAta, saMkucitatA, krodha athavA lAbha pesI jAya che, tyAre temanAmAM eziyALApaNuM AvI jAya che. sukhalAlajI nirAgrahI ane niHspRhI hovAne krAraNe emaNe potAnI tejasvitA khoI nathI. - kAkA kAlelakara paMDita sukhalAlajIkA smaraNa karate hue eka sammAnita vizeSaNa jo mere manameM AtA hai vaha 'mahAprAjJa' hai| ve sarvathA agnes , starare figure aitasita .... ei. Gerejau senian FET, HEYTI 304 gram gotra aura nAma jo bhI ho, unhoMne apanA sArasvata gotra Fall fan -DaoN.bAsudevazaraNa agravAla lain Education Thternational wwwijainelibrary.org

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TOS A paMDita sukhalAlajI Farheivatele perleshen Use Only

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darzana aura cintana paNDita sukhalAlajIke hindI lekhoMkA saMgraha khaNDa-1, 2 hita sura +ST :prakAzaka: paNDita sukhalAlajI sanmAna samiti gujarAta vidhAsabhA, bhadra ahamadAbAda-1

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sampAdaka maNDalaM zrI. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ( mukhya sampAdaka zrI. paM. becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI zrI. rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha zrI. cunIlAla vardhamAna zAha zrI. bAlAbhAI vIracanda desAI ' jayabhikhkhu [ prantha prakAzana ke sarvAdhikAra jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala - banArasa - dvArA surakSita ] bi. saM. 2013 : bIra nirvANa saM. 2483 : I. sa. 1957 mudraka grantha- prApti-sthAna (1) jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, F / 3, B. B. D. banArasa - 5 ( uttara pradeza ) (2) gUrjara grantharatna kAryAlaya, gAMdhImArga, ahamadAbAda (gujarAta ) (3) zrI. bambaI jaina yuvaka saMgha, 45-47, dhanajI sTrITa, bambaI -3 mUlya : sAta rupaye prakAzaka : zrI. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, maMtrI, paNDita sukhalAlajI sanmAna samiti, gujarAta vidhAsabhA, bhadra, ahamadAbAda - 1 (gujarAta ) prathama khaNDa ke pR. 280 paryanta, zrI. parezanAtha ghoSa, saralA presa, gadoliyA, banArasa / zeSa sampUrNa grantha, zrI. rAjendraprasAda gupta, zrI. zaMkara sudraNAlaya, hAthIgalI, banArasa !

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saMpAdakIya nivedana vidvatraM va nRpavaM ca naiva tulyaM kadAcana / svadeze pUjyate rAjA, vidvAn sarvatra pUjyate // vibhUtipUjA saMsArake pratyeka dezake liye eka Avazyaka kArya hai / samaya samaya para dezakI mahAn vibhUtiyoM kA Adara-satkAra hotA hI rahatA hai, aura yaha prajAkI jAgarUkatA aura jIvanavikAsakA cihna hai / jisa vibhUtikA sanmAna karane ke uddezya se hama yaha grantharatna prakaTa kara rahe haiM vaha kevala jainoMke lie AdaraNIya haiM, yA sirpha gujarAtakI zraddheya vyakti hai, vaisA nahIM hai; vaha to sAre bhAratavarSakI vidyAvibhUti hai / aura usakA sanmAna bhAratakI bhAratIdevIkA sanmAna hai / paNDita zrI sukhalAlajI saMghavI tA. 8-12-55 ko apane jIvana ke 75 varSa pUrNa karanevAle the / ataeva sAre dezakI orase unakA sanmAna karaneke vicAra se ahamadAbAda meM tA. 4-9-55 ke dina ' pANData sukhalAlajI sanmAna samiti ' kA saMgaThana kiyA gayA, aura nimna prakAra sammAna kI yojanA kI gaI :--- (1) paNDita zrI. sukhalAlajIke sanmAnArtha akhila bhAratIya paimAne para eka sanmAnanidhi ekatrita karanA / (2) usa nidhimeMse paNDita sukhalAlajIke lekhoM kA saMgraha prakAzita karanA / (3) usa nidhi se AgAmI disambara mAsake bAda, bambaI meM, ucita samaya para, paNDita sukhalAlajIkA eka sanmAna - samAroha karanA (4) uparyukta sanmAna - samAroha ke samaya, avaziSTa sanmAnanidhi paNDitajIko arpaNa karanA |

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(5) uparyukta kAryako sampanna karane ke liye, ahamadAbAdameM, eka 'paNDita sukhalAlajI madhyastha sanmAna samiti' kI sthApanA karanA va usakA mukhya kAryAlaya ahamadAbAdameM rakhanA / (6) isI uddezya kI pUrti ke liye bambaI, kalakattA va jahA~ jahA~ Avazyaka mAlUma ho vahA~ vahA~ sthAnika samiti kAyama karanA; aura ina sthAnika samitioM ke sarva sadasyoMko madhyastha samitike sadasya samajhanA / (7) jahA~ aisI sthAnika samiti kAyama na kI gaI ho vahA~kI viziSTa vyaktioMko bhI madhyastha samiti meM zAmila karanA / isa samitikA adhyakSapada mAnanIya zrI gaNeza vAsudeva mAvalaMkara, adhyakSa, lokasabhAko diyA gyaa| zrI mAvalaMkarake nidhana ke bAda bhArata sarakAra ke vyApAra udyoga mantrI mAnanIya zrI morArajIbhAI desAI usa samiti ke adhyakSa bane haiM / sanmAna kI isa yojanA kI dUsarI kalamako mUrtarUpa deneke hetuse samiti kI kAryakAriNI samitine tA. 14-10-55 ko nimna prastAva kiyA : (1) paNDitajIke jo lekha hindImeM hoM ve hindI bhASA meM aura jo lekha gujarAtI meM hoM ve gujarAtI bhASAmeM isa prakAra do alaga alaga prantha mudrita kie jAya~ / (2) ina pranthoM ke sampAdanake lie nimna pAMca sadasyoMkA sampAdaka maNDala niyukta kiyA jAtA hai / zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA mukhya sampAdaka raheMge: | (1) zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA [ mukhya saMpAdaka ] (2) zrI paM. becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI (3) zrI rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha (4) zrI cunIlAla vardhamAna zAha (5) zrI bAlAbhAI vIracaMda desAI ' jayabhikhkhu '

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(3) granthoMko kahA~ mudrita karAnA isa bAtakA nirNaya sampAdakamaNDala karegA, va ina granthoM ko taiyAra karane meM jo bhI Avazyaka kharca karanA hogA vaha saba sampAdakamaNDalakI sUcanA anusAra kiyA jAyagA / (4) grantha DimAI 8 pejI sAIjhameM mudrita kiyA jAya / (5) hindI va gujarAtI donoM granthoM kI do-do hajAra nakaleM rheN| (6) sanmAnanidhimeM kama-se-kama rU. 25) (paccIsa) kA candA denevAloMko hindI tathA gujarAtI donoM grantha bheMTa diye jAya / isa prastAvake anusAra ' darzana aura cintana 'ke nAmase prastuta pustakameM paMDitajIke hindI lekhoMkA saMgraha prakAzita kiyA jAtA hai| prathama khaNDameM dharma, samAja tathA dArzanika mImAMsA viSayaka lekhoMkA saMgraha hai aura dUsare khaNDameM jaina dharma aura darzanase saMbaddha lekha saMgRhIta haiM / ye lekha patra-patrikAoM, pustakoM ko prastAvanAoM, granthagata TippaNoM aura vyAkhyAnoMke rUpameM likhe gaye the| I0 1918 meM mudrita karmagranthakI prastAvanAse lekara I0 1956 ke aktUbara meM gAMdhIpAritoSikakI prAptike avasara para diye gaye vyAkhyAna takakI paMDitajIko hindI sAhitya kI sAdhanAko sAkAra karanekA yahA~ prayatna hai| vAcaka yaha na samajheM ki paMDita jI ko sAhityasAdhanA itanemeM hI maryAdita hai| isI pustakake sAtha unake gujarAtI lekhoM kA saMgraha bhI prakAzita ho rahA hai, jo viSayavaividhyakI dRSTi se, hindI saMgrahakI apekSA, adhika samRddha hai| unake saMskRta lekhoMkA saMgraha kiyA hI nahIM gyaa| aura kucha lekhoMkA saMgraha honA abhI bAkI hai| vizAla patrarAziko aura vAcanake samaya kI gaI nodhoMko bhI chor3a diyA gayA hai| saMskRta aura prAkRta granthoMke sampAdanakI zailI unakI apanI hI hai / ina sabakA parizIlana kiyA jAya taba hI paMDitajIkI sAhitya-sAdhanAkA pUrA paricaya prApta ho sakatA hai|

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paMDitajIke sAmAjika aura dhArmika lekhoMkA pradhAna tattva hai-buddhizuddha zraddhAse samanvita susaMvAdI dhArmika samAjakA nirmANa / vyaktike vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM prakArake kartavyoMmeM sAmaJjasya honA Avazyaka hai| kevala pravartaka yA kevala nivartaka, saccA dharma nahIM ho sakatA; kintu pravRtti aura nivRttikA samanvaya hI saccA dharma ho sakatA hai| bAhya AcAroMkI AvazyakatA, AntarazuddhimeM yadi ve upayogI haiM, taba hI hai, anyathA nahIM; korA bAhyAcAra nirarthaka hai / jIvana meM prAthamikatA AntarazuddhikI hai, bAhyAcArakI nhiiN| inhIM bAtoMkA zAstra aura buddhike balase paMDitajIne apane lekhoMmeM vizada rUpase nirUpaNa kiyA hai| paMDitajIne darzanake kSetrameM bhAratIya darzanoMke pramANa-prameyake viSayameM jo likhA hai usakA saMgraha 'dArzanika mImAMsA' nAmaka vibhAgameM kiyA gayA hai| usase unakA bahuzrutatva to prakaTa hotA ho hai, kintu sAtha hI dArzanikoMmeM apane apane abhimata darzanake prati jo kadAgraha hotA hai usake sthAnameM paMDitajImeM samanvaya aura mAdhyasthya dekhA jAtA hai| yaha samanvaya aura mAdhyasthya kevala jainadarzanake abhyAsase ho AyA ho, aisI bAta nahIM, kintu gAMdhIjIke saMsargase, unake jIvanadarzanake jIvita anekAntake jo pATha paMDitajIne paDhe haiM, usakA bhI yaha phala hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki nirAgrahI ho kara dArzanika vividha mantavyoM. kI tulanA karake unakA sArasarvasva taTastha kI taraha ve grahaNa kara sakate haiN| ____ yaha saca hai ki paMDitajIkA kAryakSetra jainadharma aura jainadarzana vizeSataH rahA hai, kintu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki unakA jainadharma aura darzanameM kadAgraha hai| isa bAtakI pratIti prastuta saMgrahagata pratyeka lekha karA skegaa| kisI bhI viSaya kA pratipAdana karanA ho, taba do vizeSatAe~ paMDitajIkI apanI haiM, jo unake lekhoMmeM prAyaH sarvatra vyakta hotI haiM-eka hai, aitihAsika dRSTikI aura dUsarI hai, tulanAtmaka dRSTikI / ina do dRSTioMse viSayakA pratipAdana karake ve vAcakake samakSa vastusthiti rakha dete haiM / nirNaya kabhI ve de

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dete haiM aura kabhI svayaM vAcakake Upara chor3a dete haiN| yaha to nirvivAdarUpase kahA jA sakatA hai ki hindI yA aMgrejImeM eka eka darzanake viSayameM bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai, kintu dArzanika eka eka prameyako lekara usakA aitihAsika dRSTise Rmika tulanAtmaka vivecana prAyaH nahIM huA hai| isa dizAmeM paMDitajIne dArzanika lekhakoM kA mArgadarzana kiyA hai- aisA kahA jAya to atyukti na hogii| 'dArzanika mImAMsA' vibhAgameM jina lekhoMkA saMgraha prastuta saMgrahameM hai, unameM se kisI ekakA bhI paThana vAcakako isa tathyakI pratIti karA degaa| jainadharma aura darzana' vibhAgameM una vividha lekhoMkA saMgraha hai, jo unhoMne jainadharma aura darzanako kendrameM rakhakara likhe haiN| ye lekha vastutaH jainadharmake marmako to prakaTa karate hI haiM, sAtha hI jaina mantavyoMkI anya dArzanika mantavyoMse tulanA bhI karate haiM-yaha ina lekhoM kI vizeSatA hai| pUrvokta 'dArzanika mImAMsA' vibhAgakI vizeSatAe~ ina lekhoMmeM bhI prakaTa haiN| jainadharma aura darzanake viSayameM hindImeM atyalpa hI likhA gayA hai| aura jo likhA bhI gayA hai vaha prAyaH sAMpradAyika dRSTikoNase / aisI sthitimeM prastuta lekhasaMgraha vAcakako naI dRSTi degA, isameM sandeha nhiiN| __isa granthameM paNDitajIkA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai / isase jJAnasAdhanA va jIvanasAdhanAke liye unhoMne jo puruSArtha kiyA hai, usakA kucha paricaya mila sakegA / aisI AzA hai| prastuta saMpAdanako atyalpa samayameM pUrA karanA thaa| aneka mitroMkI sahAyatA na hotI to hamAre liye yaha kArya kaThina ho jAtA / zrI mahendra 'rAjA'ne isa lekhasaMgrahake prUpha dekhane meM aura zrI bhogIbhAI paTela zAstrI B.A. ne sUcI banAnemeM sahAyatA kI; banArasake saralA presake vyavasthApaka zrIyuta parezanAtha ghoSa va zaMkara mudraNAlayake vyavasthApaka zrIyuta rAjendraprasAda guptane isa pranthako samaya para mudrita kara diyA hai| ahamadAbAdake ela. DI. ArTsa

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kAlijake adhyApaka zrI raNadhIra upAdhyAyane paNDitajIke saMkSipta paricayakA hindI bhASAntara kara diyA hai--- hama ina sabakA AbhAra mAnate haiN| zrI bha~varamalajI siMghIkA to hama khAsa AbhAra mAnate hai ki unhoMne Ajase 15 varSa pUrva preraNA kI thI ki yadi paMDitajIke lekhoMkA saMgraha kiyA jAya to prakAzanakA prabandha ve kara deNge| phalasvarUpa paMDitajIke bikhare hue lekhoMkA itanA bhI saMgraha ho sakA / zrI nAthurAma premIjIne paMDitajIke lekhoMkA eka saMgraha-' samAja aura dharma' nAmase aura jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDalane 'cAra tIrthaMkara ' ke nAmase prakAzita kiyA hai- yaha bhI usI preraNAkA phala hai / isa granthameM saMgRhIta sarvajJatva aura usakA artha ' isa eka lekhako choDakara bAkI sabhI lekha pUrvaprakazita haiM / yahA~ hama una sabhI prakAzakoMkA hArdika AbhAra mAnate haiM, jinake prakAzanoMse yaha saMgraha taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| __ kauna lekha kaba aura kahA~ prakAzita huA hai, isakI sUcanA viSayAnukramameM dI gaI hai| saMketoMkI saMpUrti aMtameM dI gaI sUcImeM kI gaI hai| __ antameM sanmAna samitikA bhI hama AbhAra mAnate haiM ki usane paMDitajIke lekhoM kA saMkalita rUpameM punarmudraNa karake unheM grantharUpameM janatAke samakSa upasthita karane kA avasara diyA / buddhajayantI vi. saM. 2013 -sampAdakamaNDala

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paMDita sukhalAlajI [saMkSipta paricaya]

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saccassa ANAe uvahie se mehAvI mAraM tarai / -satyakI AjJA para khar3A huA buddhimAna mRtyuko pAra kara jAtA hai / -zrI AcArAMgasUtra /

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SWARA MINI eziyA mahAdvIpa sadA hI dharmapravartakoM, tattvaciMtakoM aura sAdhakoMkI janmabhUmi rahA hai| isa mahAgauravako nibhAye rakhanekA zreya vizeSataH bhAratavarSako hai| purANayugameM bhagavAna rAmacaMdra aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa, itihAsakAlameM bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA bhagavAna buddha aura arvAcIna yugameM mahAtmA gAMdhI, yogI zrI. aravinda evaM saMta vinobA jaise yugapuruSoMko janma dekara bhAratavarSane dharmaciMtanake kSetrameM gurupada prApta kiyA hai| yugoMse bhAratavarSane isa prakArake aneka tattvaciMtakoM, zAstrapraNetAoM, sAdhakoM, yogiyoM aura vidvAnoMko jagatItala para sAdara samarpita kiyA hai| prajJAcakSu paMDita sukhalAlajI unhIM se eka haiM / ve sadA hI satyazodhaka, jIvanasAdhaka, puruSArthaparAyaNa tathA jJAna-pipAsu rahe haiN| isa paMDita puruSane jJAna-mAge para apane aMtarlokako prakAzita kara ujjvala caritra dvArA jIvanako nirmala aura UrdhvagAmI banAnekA niraMtara prayatna kiyA hai| inakI sAdhanA sAmaMjasyapUrNa hai, inakI prajJA satyamUlaka tathA samanvayagAmI hai aura inakA jIvana tyAga, titikSA evaM saMyamayukta hai| janma, kuTumba aura bAlyAvasthA paMDitajIkI. janmabhUmi vahI saurASTra hai jahA~ kaI saMtoM, vIroM aura sAhasikoMne janma liyA hai| jhAlAvADa jileke surendranagarase cha mIlake fAsale para lImalI nAmaka eka choTese gA~vameM saMvat 1937 ke mArgazIrSakI zuklA paMcamI, tadanusAra. tA. 8-12-1880 ke dina paMDitajIkA janma huA thaa| inake pitAjIkA nAma saMghajIbhAI thA / ve visAzrImAlI jJAtike jaina the| unakA upanAma saMghavI aura gotra dhAkaDa (dharkaTa) thA / jaba paMDitajI cAra hI

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paMDita sukhalAlajI sAlake the, taba unakI mAtAjIkA svargavAsa ho gayA / gharameM vimAtAkA Agamana huA / unakA nAma thA jar3IbAI / ve jitanI suMdara thIM, atanI hI prasannavadanA bhI thiiN| sneha aura saujanya to unameM kUTa kUTakara bharA huA thaa| ve mAno mAtRtvakI sAkSAt mUrti hI thiiN| paMDitajIkA kahanA hai ki kaI varSoM bAda unheM yaha jJAta huA ki ve unakI vimAtA thIM / itanA unakA mRdu vyavahAra thA ! pArivArika vyavasthA aura baccoMkI dekhabhAlakA sArA kAma mUlajI kAkA karate the| ve the to ghara ke naukara, para kuTumbake eka sadasya hI bana gaye the| unameM bar3I vafAdArI aura ImAnadArI thii| bAlaka sukhalAlako to ve apane beTese bhI z2yAdA cAhate the| unheM paMDitajI Aja bhI 'puruSamAtA' ke snehabhare nAmase smaraNa karate haiM / bacapanase hI sukhalAlako khela-kUdakA bar3A zauka thaa| ve bar3e nirbhIka aura sAhasI the| eka bAra tairanA sIkhanekA jImeM AyA to binA kisIkI madada mAMge jAkara kue~ meM kUda par3e aura apane taI tairanA sIkha liyA / ghur3asavArI bhI unheM bahuta pasaMda thii| sarakasake savArakI taraha ghor3ekI pITha para khar3e hokara use daur3Ane meM unheM bar3A majA AtA thaa| kaI bAra ve isameM mu~hake bala gire bhI the| eka bAra sukhalAla apane do mitroMke sAtha tAlAba para nahAne cale / bAteM karate karate tInoM mitroMmeM yaha hor3a lagI ki ulaTe pA~va calakara kauna sabase pahale tAlAba para pahu~catA hai| basa ! aba kyA thA ? lage sukhalAla to ulaTe pA~va calane / thor3I hI dera meM ve thUharake kA~ToMmeM jA gire| sAre zarIra meM dhurI taraha kAMTe cubha gaye / ve vahIM behoza ho gye| unheM ghara le jAyA gayA / bar3I muzkilase cAra-chaH ghaMToMke bAda jaba ve hozameM Aye, to kyA dekhate haiM ki sArA badana kAMToMse biMdha gayA hai| tela lagAyA jA rahA hai aura nAI eka-eka kara kAMTe nikAla rahA hai| para unhoMne isakI jarA bhI paravAha nahIM kii| lage bar3ha bar3hakara apanI zaurya-gAthA gAne / aise sAhasapriya aura krIDApriya sukhalAla parizramI, AjJAkArI tathA svAvalaMbI bhI kama nahIM the| viveka aura vyavasthA unake pratyeka kAryameM dIkha par3atI thii| dUsaroMkA kAma karaneko ve sadA tatpara rahate the| par3hAImeM ve kabhI lAparavAhI nahIM karate the| unameM Alasya nAmako na thaa| buddhi itanI tIkSNa thI ki kaThinatama viSaya bhI unake liye sarala-sA thaa| smaraNazakti itanI tIvra thI ki jo bhI ve par3hate, turaMta kaMThastha

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saMkSipta paricayaM : 5 : ho jAtA / pustakoMkI dekhabhAla itanI adhika karate the ki sAlabhara ke upayoga ke bAda bhI ve bilakula naI-sI rahatI thIM / gujarAtI sAtavIM zreNI pAsa karaneke bAda sukhalAlakI icchA aMgrejI par3hanekI huA, para unake abhibhAvakoMne to yaha socA ki isa hoziyAra lar3akeko par3hAoke badale vyApAra meM lagA diyA jAya to thor3e hI arase meM dukAnakA bojha uThAnemeM yaha acchA sAjhIdAra banegA / ataH unheM dukAna para baiThanA par3A / dhIre dhIre sukhalAla saphala vyApArI banane lage / vyApAra meM una dinoM bar3I tez2I thI / parivAra ke vyavahAra bhI DhaMgase cala rahe the / sagAI, zAdI, mauta aura janmake maukoM para paisA pAnIkI taraha bahAyA jAtA thA / atithi satkAra aura tithi -tyauhAra para kucha bhI bAqI na rakhA jAtA thaa| paMDitajI kahate haiM sabako maiM dekhA karatA / yaha saba pasaMda bhI bahuta AtA thA / para na jAne kyoM manake kisI konese halkI-sI AvAz2a uThatI thI ki yaha saba ThIka to nahIM ho rahA hai | par3hanA-likhanA chor3akara isa prakAra ke kharcIle rivAjoMmeM lage rahane se koI bhalA nahIM hogA / zAyada yaha kisI agamya bhAvIkA iMgita thA / - ina caudaha varSakI Ayu meM vimAtAkA bhI avasAna ho gayA / sukhalAlakI sagAI to bacapana hI meM ho gaI thI / vi0 saM0 1952meM paMdraha varSakI avasthA meM vivAhakI taiyAriyA~ hone lagIM, para sasurAlako kisI kaThinAIke kAraNa usa varSa vivAha sthagita karanA par3A / usa samaya kisIko yaha jJAta nahIM thA ki vaha vivAha sadAke liye sthagita rahegA / cecaka kI bImArI - 1953 meM 16 varSake zarIra ke roma roma meM vyApAra meM hAtha ba~TAnevAle sukhalAla sAre parivArakI AzA bana gaye the, kintu madhura laganevAlI AzA kaI bAra ThaginI banakara dhokhA de jAtI hai / paMDitajIke parivAra ko bhI yahI anubhava huA / vi. saM. kizora sukhalAla cecakake bhayaMkara rogake zikAra hue| yaha vyAdhi parivyApta ho gaI / kSaNa kSaNa meM mRtyukA sAkSAtkAra hone lagA / jIvana-maraNakA bhISaNa dvandva-yuddha chir3A / aMta meM sukhalAla vijayI hue, para isameM ve apanI A~khoMkA prakAza kho baiThe / apanI vijaya unheM parAjayase bhI vizeSa asahya ho gaI, aura jIvana mRtyuse bhI adhika kaSTadAyI pratIta huA / netroMke aMdhakArane unakI aMtarAtmAko nirAzA evaM zUnyatA meM nimagna kara diyA / para duHkhakI saccI auSadhi samaya haiM / kucha dina bItane para sukhalAla svastha hue / khoyA huA A~khoMkA bAhya prakAza dhIre dhIre aMtarloka meM praveza

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paMDita sukhalAlajI karane lagA / aura phira to unakI vikalatA, nirAzA tathA zUnyatA vinaSTa ho gaI / unake sthAna para svasthatA evaM zAMtikA sUryodaya huA / aba yuvaka sukhalAla kA jIvana-maMtra banA-'na dainyaM, na palAyanam / ' mahArathI karNakI bhAMti 'madAyattaM tu pauruSa' ke amogha astrase bhAgyake sAtha lar3anekA dRr3ha saMkalpa kara liyaa| apanI vipadAoMko unhoMne vikAsakA sAdhana banAyA / 'vipadaH santu naH zazvat'--mAtA kuntI dvArA vyakta mahAbhAratakArake ye zabda Aja bhI unheM utane hI priya aura preraka haiM / sukhalAlane cecakakI bImArIse mukta hokara apanA jIvana-pravAha badala diyA / saphala vyApArI honevAle sukhalAla vidyopArjanake prati unmukha hue, aura janmase jo vaizya the ve karmase aba brAhmaNa ( sarasvatI-putra ) banane lage / 16 varSakI vayameM dvijavake ye navIna saMskAra ! lIlAdharakI lIlA hI to hai| vidyA-sAdhanAke mArga para sukhalAlakA aMtarmukhI mana AtmAke prati gamana karane lgaa| unhoMne vidyAsAdhanAkA mArga apnaayaa| apanI jijJAsA-tuSTike liye ve sAdhu-sAdhvI aura saMta-sAdhakoMkA satsaMga karane lge| isa satsaMgake do zubha pariNAma aaye| eka ora dharmazAstroMke adhyayanase sukhalAlakI prajJAmeM abhivRddhi hone lagI aura dUsarI ora vrata, tapa aura niyamapAlana dvArA unakA jIvana saMyamI evaM saMpanna banane lgaa| vi0 saM0 1953 se 1960 takakA 6-7 varSakA kAla sukhalAlake jIvana meM saMkrAMti-kAla thaa| usa avadhimeM eka bAra eka munirAjake saMsargase sukhalAla mana-avadhAnake prayogakI ora mur3e / eka sAtha hI sau-pacAsa bAteM yAda rakhakara unakA vyavasthita uttara denA kitanA Azraryajanaka haiM ! kintu alpa samayameM hI sukhalAlane anubhava kiyA ki yaha prayoga na kevala vidyopAjanameM hI bAdhaka hai, apitu usase buddhimeM vaMdhyatva tathA jijJAsAvRttimeM zithilatA A jAtI hai| phalataH tatkAla hI isa prayogako chor3akara ve vidyA-sAdhanAmeM saMlagna ho gye| Aja bhI yadi koI avadhAna sIkhanekI bAta cher3atA hai to paMDitajI spaSTataH kahate haiM ki buddhiko vaMdhyA aura jijJAsAko kuMThita banAnekA yaha mArga hai| - isI prakAra eka bAra sukhalAlako maMtra-taMtra sIkhanekI icchA ho AI / avakAza to thA hI; bauddhika prayoga karanekA sAhasa bhI thaa| socA-sAMpakA jahara utAra sakeM yA abhIpsita vastu prApta kara sakeM to kyA hI acchA ? lage maMtra-taMtra sIkhane, kintu alpAnubhavase hI unheM yaha pratIti ho gaI ki ina

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saMkSipta paricaya sabameM satyAMza to kvacit hI hai, vizeSataH daMbha aura mithyAtva hai| usameM ajJAna, aMdhazraddhA tathA vahamako vizeSa bala milatA hai| unakA parityAga kara ve phira jIvana-sAdhanAmeM laga gaye-jJAnamArgakI ora pravRtta hue| vi0 saM0 1960 taka ve lImalI gAMvameM yathAsaMbhava jJAnopArjana karate rahe / ardhamAgadhIke Agama tathA anya dhArmika granthoMkA paThana-manana kara unheM kaThastha kara liyaa| sAtha hI aneka saMskRta pustakoM tathA rAsoM, stavanoM aura sajjhAyoM jaisI asaMkhya gujarAtI kRtiyoMko bhI z2abAnI yAda kara liyaa| pUjya lAdhAjI svAmI aura unake vidvAna ziSya pUjya uttamacaMdajI svAmIne unheM sArasvata-- vyAkaraNa par3hAyA, para isase unheM saMtoSa nahIM huaa| lImalImeM naye abhyAsakI suvidhA nahIM thii| unheM ina dinoM yaha bhI anubhava hone lagA ki apane samasta zAstra-jJAnako vyavasthita karaneke liye saMskRta bhASAkA samyak jJAna anivArya hai| saMskRtake viziSTa adhyApanakI suvidhA lImalImeM thI hI nahIM / sukhalAla isa abhAvase becaina rahane lage / prazna yaha thA ki aba kiyA kyA jAya ? kAzImeM vidyAdhyayana - daivayogase usI samaya unheM jJAta huA ki pUjya muni mahArAja zrI. dharmavijayajI ( zAstravizArada jainAcArya zrI. vijayadharmasUrIzvarajI) ne jaina vidyArthiyoMko saMskRta-prAkRta bhASAke paMDita banAne ke liye kAzI meM zrI. yazovijaya jaina saMskRta pAThazAlA sthApita kI hai| isase sukhalAla atyaMta prasanna ho gye| unhoMne apane kuTumbI-janoMse gupta patravyavahAra karake banArasameM adhyayana karanekI mahArAjajIse anumati prApta kara lI, para dRSTivihIna isa yuvakako banArasa taka bhejaneko kuTumbI-jana rAjI ho kese ? magara sukhalAlakA mana to apane saMkalpa para dRDha thA / jJAna-pipAsA itanI adhika tIvra thI ki use kosI dabA nahIM sakatA thA / sAhasa karanekI vRtti to janmajAta thI hI / phalataH ve puruSArtha karaneko udyata hue / eka dina unhoMne apane abhibhAvakoMse kahA"aba mujhe ApameMse koI roka nahIM sakatA / maiM banArasa jarUra jAU~gA / agara Apa logoMne svIkRti nahIM dI to bar3A aniSTa hogA / " gharake sabhI loga cupa the| eka dina paMDitajI apane sAthI nAnAlAlake sAtha banArasake liye ravAnA ho hI gaye / bilakula anajAnA pradeza, bahuta lambI yAtrA aura bhalA-bholA sAthI-ina sabake kAraNa unheM yAtrAmeM bar3I parezAnI uThAnI pdd'ii| eka bAra

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paMDita sukhalAlajI zaucAdike liye eka sTezana para utare, to gAr3I hI chUTa gaI / para jyoM-tyoM kara ve aMtameM kAzI pahu~ce / paMDitajIke jIvanake do preraka bala haiM - jAgrata jijJAsA aura avirata prayatna / ina donoM guNoM ke kAraNa unakA jIvana sadA navIna eva ullAsapUrNa rahA hai / apanI jijJAsA-tuSTike liye ve kisI bhI prakArakA puruSArtha karanese nahIM hicakicAte / bhUkhA jyoM bhojanameM laga jAtA hai, kAzI pahu~cakara sukhalAla tyoM adhyayanameM saMlagna ho gye| vi0 saM0 1963 taka, mAtra tIna hI varSameM, unhoMne aThAraha hajAra zloka-parimANa siddhahemavyAkaraNa kaMThastha kara liyaa| (paMDitajIko Aja bhI samagra vyAkaraNa TIkAke sAtha smaraNa hai|) vyAkaraNake sAtha sAtha nyAya aura sAhityakA bhI adhyayana AraMbha kara diyaa| isase paMDitajIkI jijJAsA aura bar3hane lgii| ve naye naye puruSArtha karaneko udyata hue / jaba pAThazAlAkA vAtAvaraNa unheM adhyayanake adhika anukUla nahIM jaMcA, to ve usase mukta hokara svataMtra rUpase gaMgAjIke taTapara bhadainI ghATa para rahane lage / unake sAtha unake mitra vrajalAlajI bhI the / banArasa jaise sudUra pradezameM paMDitajIkA koI sambandhI nahIM thA, kharcakI pUrI vyavasthA bhI nahIM thii| jijJAsA-vRtti adamya thI, ataH Aye dina unheM vikaTa paristhitikA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / Arthika saMkaTa to isa svapnadarzI navayuvakako behada taMga karatA thA / aMtameM socA-yadi bhAratameM vyayakI vyavasthA nahIM huI to amarikAke mi0 rokaphelarase, jo aneka yuvakoMko chAtravRttiyA~ diyA karate haiM, Arthika sahAyatA prApta kara amarikA pahu~ceMge / para daivayogase Avazyaka dhana prApta ho gayA aura amarikA jAnekA vicAra sadAke liye chUTa gayA / sukhalAla aba vidyopArjanameM vizeSa kaTibaddha hue| una dinoM kisI vaizya vidyArthIke liye brAhmaNa paMDitase saMskRta sAhityakA jJAna prApta karanA atyanta kaThina kArya thA, para sukhalAla hatAza honevAle vyakti nahIM the| cilacilAtI huI dhUpameM yA kar3Ake kI sardI meM ve roja ATha-dasa mIla paidala calakara paMDitoMke ghara pahu~cate, sevA-zuzrUSA kara unheM saMtuSTa karate aura jyoM-tyoM kara apanA hetu siddha karate / isa prakAra avirata parizramase chAtra sukhalAla paMDita sukhalAlajI banane lage / ___ gaMgA-taTake isa nivAsa-kAlake bIca kabhI kabhI paMDitajI apane eka hAthase rassIke eka sireko bAMdhakara aura dUsarA sirA kisI dUsareko sauMpakara gaMgA

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saMkSipta paricaya snAnakA AnaMda lete the| eka bAra to ve binA rassI bAMdhe nadImeM kUda par3e aura lage DUbane, kintu saMyogase unake mitra vrajalAla vahA~ samaya para A pahu~ce aura unheM bacA liyA / vi0 saM0 1966meM sukhalAlajI nyAyAcAryakI parIkSA meM saMmilita hue, para durbhAgyase 'lekhaka' nikammA milA / sukhalAlajI likhAe kucha aura vaha likhe kucha | aMta meM unhoMne apanI kaThinAI kAlejake prinsipala zrI0 venisa sAhabase kahI / ve aMgreja vidvAna sahRdaya the / vidyArthIko vAstavika sthitiko samajhakara unhoMne turaMta maukhika parIkSAkI vyavasthA kara dI aura svayaM bhI parIkSakoM ke sAtha / paMDitajIke uttara sunakara zrI0 venisa sAhaba atyaMta mugdha ho gaye aura una parIkSakoM meM se eka zrI0 vAmAcaraNa bhaTTAcArya to itane adhika prasanna hue ki unhoMne sukhalAlajI se apane yahA~ par3hane Aneko kahA / yaha paMDita - jIkI pratibhAkA eka udAharaNa hai / baiThe kramazaH sukhalAlajIne 'nyAyAcArya ' upAdhike tIna khaMDoMkI parIkSA bhI de dI, paraMtu vi0 saM0 1969 meM aMtima khaMDakI parIkSAke samaya parIkSakoM ke aise kaTu anubhava hue ki parIkSAke liye usa kAleja bhavana meM phira kabhI paira na rakhanekA saMkalpa kara paMDitajI bAhara nikala gaye / isa prasaMgake lagabhaga 2223 varSa pazcAt vi0 saM0 1992 meM pAThyakrama - saMzodhana samiti ke eka sadasya kI haisiyata se unhoMne usa bhavana meM sammAnapUrvaka punaH praveza kiyA ! mithilAkI yAtrA vi0 saM0 1966-67 taka paMDitajIne banArasa meM jo bhI jJAna prApta ho sakatA thA, prApta kara liyA; kintu unakI jijJAsA aura jJAnapipAsA to dina-pratidina bar3hatI hI jA rahI thI / unakA mana aba bihAra ke vidyAdhAma mithilAkI ora daur3ane lagA / : 9: / mithilA pradeza yAnI daridratAkI bhUmi; kintu vahA~ke sarasvatI-upAsaka, jJAna- tapasvI paMDitagaNa vidyAke aise vyAsaMgI haiM ki ve adhyayana meM apanI daridratAkA duHkha hI bhUla jAte haiM navyanyAya kA vizeSa adhyayana karaneke liye paMDitajI banArasase aba samaya-samaya para mithilA jAne lage / mithilAmeM bhI unhoMne kama kaSTa nahIM jhelA / vahA~ ve bhojana meM pAte the- dAla, bhAta aura sAga / kabhI agara dahIM mila gayA to SaDrasa bhojana ! mithilAkI sardI aura varasAtakA muqAbalA karanA loheke cane cabAnA thA / phUsakI jhoMpaDI meM ghAsake 2 6

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: 10 : paMDita sukhalAlajI bistara para sokara sukhalAlajIne saba kucha sahA aura apane abhISTa mArga para DaTe rahe / paMDitajIke pAsa eka garama svITara thA / jIvana meM pahalI bAra unhoMne use kharIdA thA / kar3Ake kI sardI thii| gurujIne svITarakI bar3I tArIfa kI / paMDitajI tAr3a gaye / sardIse khudake ThiThuranekI paravAha na kara unhoMne vaha svITara gurujIkI sevAmeM sAdara samarpita kara diyA, aura khudane ghAsake bistara aura jarjarita kaMbala para sardIke dina kATa diye| zurU-zurUmeM paMDitajI mithilAke tIna cAra gA~voM meM adhyayana-vyavasthAke liye ghUme / aMtameM unheM darabhaMgAmeM mahAmahopAdhyAya zrI. bAlakRSNa mizra nAmaka guru mila gaye, jinakI kRpAse unakA parizrama saphala huaa| mizrajI paMDitajIse umrameM choTe the, para nyAyazAstra aura sabhI darzanoMke prakhara vidvAna the| sAtha hI ve kavi bhI the; aura sabase bar3I bAta to yaha thI ki ve atyaMta sahRdaya evaM sajjana the / paMDitajI unheM pAkara kRtakRtya hue aura gurujI bhI aise paMDitaziSyako pAkara atyaMta prasanna hue / tatpazcAt zrI. bAlakRSNa mizra banArasake orienTala kAlejake prinsipala niyukta hue| unakI siphArizase mahAmanA paMDita madanamohana mAlavIyajI aura AcArya AnaMdazaMkara dhruvane san 1933 meM paMDitajIko jaina-darzanakA adhyApaka niyukta kiyA / banArasameM adhyApaka hote hue bhI paMDitajI zrI. bAlakRSNa mizrake vargameM yadA kadA upasthita rahA karate the / yaha thA paMDitajIkA jIvaMta vidyArthI-bhAva / Aja bhI paMDitajIke mana para ina guruvaryake pAMDitya evaM saujanyakA baDA bhArI prabhAva hai| unake nAma-smaraNase hI paMDitajI bhakti, zraddhA evaM AbhArakI bhAvanAse gadagada ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra vi0 saMvat 1960 se 1969 takake nau varSa paMDitajIne gaMbhIra adhyayanameM vyatIta kiye the| usa samaya unakI avasthA 32 varSakI thii| usake bAda apane upArjita jJAnako vidyArthIvargameM vitarita karanekA puNya kArya unhoMne zurU kiyA / __ yahA~ eka vastu vizeSa ullekhanIya hai ki apane adhyayana-kAlameM paDitajI mAtra vidyopArjanameM hI nahIM lage rahe / baMgabhaMgase prAraMbha hokara vividha rUpoMmeM vikasita honevAle hamAre rASTrIya Andolanase bhI ve pUrNataH avagata rahe / taduparAnta dezakI sAmAjika evaM dhArmika samasyAoM para bhI unhoMne ciMtana

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saMkSipta paricaya kiyaa| isa prakAra paMDitajIkI dRSTi zurUse hI vyApaka thI / niHsaMdeha yaha unakI jAgrata jijJAsAkA hI phala thA / adhyApana, graMtharacanA tathA anya pravRttiyA~ zrI. bAbU dayAla caMdajI jauharI Adi utsAhI evaM bhAvanAzIla navayuvakoMse ArkaSita hokara aba paMDita.jIne banArasake badale AgarAko apanA pravRtti-kendra banAyA / vahA~se ve AsapAsake zaharoMmeM muniyoMko par3hAneke liye cAra-chaH mAsa jA Ate aura phira AgarA vApasa Akara adhyayana-adhyApana karate / isa prakAra tIna-cAra varSa bIte / itane meM mahAtmA gAMdhIke prasiddha satyAgraha-saMgrAmakI duMdubhi dezake kone-kone meM bajane lagI / paMDitajI usase alipta kaise raha sakate the ? unheM bhI bApUke karmayogane behada AkarSita kiyA / prAraMbhameM ahamadAbAdake kocaraba AzramameM aura tatpazcAt satyAgraha-Azrama, sAbaramatImeM bApUke sAtha rahane pahu~ce / vahA~ sabake sAtha cakkI pIsate aura anya zrama-kArya karate / gA~dhIjIke sAtha cakkI pIsate pIsate hAthameM phaphole uThanekI bAta Aja bhI paNDitajI Anandake sAtha yAda karate haiN| kintu thor3e hI samayake bAda unhoMne yaha anubhava kiyA ki unake jaise parAdhIna vyaktike liye bApUke karmayogakA pUrNataH anusaraNa saMbhava nahIM hai / isa vAste vivaza hokara phira ve AgarA lauTe, para una para bApUkA sthAyI prabhAva to par3A hii| ve sAdagI aura svAvalaMbanake pujArI bne| pIsanA, bartana malanA, saphAI karanA vagairaha svAvalaMbanake kAmoMko karane meM unheM AnaMda Ane lagA / yaha vi0 saM0 1973 kI bAta hai| ina dinoM jIvanako vizeSa saMyamI banAneke liye paMDitajIne pA~ca varSa taka ghI-dUdhakA bhI tyAga kiyA aura khAne-pInekI jhaMjhaTase chuTTI pAne aura z2yAdA kharcase bacaneke liye unhoMne apanI khurAkako bilakula sAdA banA liyaa| isakA natIjA yaha huA ki san 1920 meM paMDitajIko bavAsIra ke bhayaMkara rogane A gherA aura ve marate-marate jyoM-tyoMkara bace / tabase paMDitajIne zarIra-sa~bhAlanekA padArthapATha siikhaa| abataka to paMDitajI adhyApana-kArya hI karate the, para vi0 saM0 1974 meM eka bAra zAMtamUrti sanmitra muni zrI karpUra vijayajIne paMDitajIke mitra vrajalAlajIse kahA ki-"Apa to kucha likha sakate haiM, phira Apa likhate kyoM nahIM? sukhalAlajI likha nahIM sakate, isaliye ve paMDitoMko taiyAra karanekA kArya kareM / " paMDitajIko yaha bAta laga gii| unheM apanI vivazatA bahuta khaTakI / unhoMne socA-"maiM svayaM likha nahIM sakatA to kyA huA?

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paMDita sukhalAlajI dUsareko likhAkara to graMtha-racanA kI jA sakatI hai!" turaMta hI unhoMne karmatattvajJAna sambandhI prAkRta bhASAkA 'karmagraMtha' uThAyA / ghora parizrama kara usa kaThina graMthakA anuvAda, vivecana aura abhyAsapUrNa prastAvanA taiyAra kara chapavAyA / taba to sabhI vidvAna dAMtoM tale u~galI dabAne lge| isa prakAra paMDitajIkI lekhana-pratibhAkA paMDitavargako prathama paricaya prApta huA / usIke sAtha paMDitajIke grantha-nirmANa kI paraMparA prAraMbha ho gaI, jo akSuNNa rUpase Aja taka cala rahI hai|| tIna varSake pazcAt paMDitajIne 'sanmatitarka' jaise mahAna dArzanika graMthakA saMpAdana-kArya AgarAmeM rahakara AraMbha kiyA, para usI samaya gAMdhIjIne ahamadAbAdameM gujarAta vidyApIThakI sthApanA kI aura paMDitajIke mitroMne unheM vidyApIThake purAtattva maMdira meM bhAratIya darzanake adhyApaka-padako grahaNa karanekA anurodha kiyA / paMDitajIko gAMdhIjIke prati AkarSaNa to pahale se thA hI, manapasaMda kAma karate hue gAMdhIjIke saMsargameM rahanekA yaha suyoga pAkara ve atyaMta prasanna hue aura saMvat 1978 meM ahamadAbAda jAkara gujarAta vidyApIThake adhyApaka bana gaye / gujarAta vidyApITha aura sAbaramatI Azrama una dinoM rASTrIya tIrthasthAna mAne jAte the / vidyApIThameM adhyApana-kAryake liye bhAratabharake coTIke vidvAna ekatrita hue the| zrI. kAkA kAlelakara, AcArya kRpAlAnI, AcAye giDavAnI, muni jinavijayajI, adhyApaka dharmAnanda kosambI, zrI. kizoralAlabhAI mazarUvAlA, pro. rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka, zrI. rasikalAla parIkha, paM0 becaradAsajI, zrI. nAnAbhAI bhaTTa, zrI. naraharibhAI parIkha ityAdi aneka vidvAnoMne apanI bahumUlya sevAe~ niHsvArthabhAvase vidyApIThako samarpita kI thiiN| paMDitajI bhI unameM saMmilita hue / yaha suyoga unheM bahuta pasaMda AyA / vidyApIThameM rahakara paMDitajIne adhyApanake sAtha-sAtha adhyApaka dharmAnanda kosambIse pAlI bhASAkA adhyayana bhI kiyaa| taduparAMta paM0 becaradAsajIke sahayogase 8-9 varSakA avirata parizrama kara 'sanmatitarka' ke saMpAdanakA bhagIratha kArya sampanna kiyA / vidvAnoMne usa graMthakI (mUla pA~ca bhAga aura chaThA bhAga anuvAda, vivecana tathA vistRta prastAvanA AdikA) muktakaMThase prazaMsA kii| DaoN. harmana jekobI, pro0 loyamana aura pro. lyUDarsa jaise prasiddha pazcimI vidvAnoMne bhI usakI tArIpha kii| gAMdhIjIko bhI usake nirmANase bar3A hI saMtoSa huA, aura unhoMne kahA-" itanA bhArI parizrama

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saMkSipta paricaya karaneke pazcAt sukhalAlajIko ekAdha varSakA vizrAma lenA caahie|" itanemeM san '30 kA aitihAsika varSa A phuNcaa| sAre deza meM svataMtratA-saMgrAmake nakAre bajane lage / rASTrIya AMdolanameM saMmilita honekA sabako AhvAna huA / prasiddha dAMDIkUca prAraMbha huI, aura gAMdhIjIke sabhI sAthI isa ahiMsaka saMgrAmake sainika bane / paMDitajI bhI usameM saMmilita honeko adhIra ho uThe, para unake liye to yaha saMbhava hI na thA, ataH ve mana masosakara cupa raha gye| unhoMne isa samayakA sadupayoga eka aura siddhi prApta karaneke liye kiyA / aMgrejI meM vividha viSayake uccakoTike gaMbhIra sAhityakA prakAzana dekhakara paMDitajIko aMgrejIkI apanI ajJAnatA bahuta khaTakI / unhoMne kaTibaddha hokara san 3031 ke ve dina aMgrejI-adhyayanameM bitAye / isI silasile meM ve tIna mAsake liye zAMtiniketana bhI raha Aye / aMgrejIkI acchI yogyatA pAkara hI unhoMne dama liyA / san 1933 meM paMDitajI banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTImeM jaina-darzanake adhyApaka niyukta hue| dasa varSa taka isa sthAna para kArya karaneke pazcAt san 1944 meM ve nivRtta hue / isa dasa varSakI avadhimeM paMDitajIne aneka vidvAnoMko, jinheM paMDitajI 'cetanagraMtha' kahate haiM, taiyAra kiyA aura kaI graMthokA saMpAdana kiyaa| nivRttike samaya hindU vizvavidyAlaya banArasake tatkAlIna vAisa-cAnsalara aura vartamAna uparASTrapati DA. rAdhAkRSNane yUnivarsiTImeM hI grantha-saMpAdanakA mahattvapUrNa kArya sAMpane aura etadartha Avazyaka dhanakI vyavasthA kara denekA paMDitajIke sAmane prastAva rakhA, para paMDitajIkA mana aba gujarAtakI ora khIMcA jA rahA thA, ataH use ve svIkAra na kara sake / isase pUrva bhI kalakattA yUnivarsiTIke tatkAlIna vAisa cAMsalara zrI. zyAmAprasAda mukharjIne sara AzutoSa ceyarake jaina-darzanake adhyApakakA kArya karanekI paMDitajIse prArthanA kI thI, para paMDitajIne usameM bhI savinaya apanI asamarthatA pradarzita kI thI / samanvayasAdhaka pAMDitya paMDitajIke adhyApana evaM sAhitya-sarjanakI mukhya tIna vizeSatAe~ haiM : (1) " nAmUlaM likhyate kiMcit "-jo kucha bhI par3hAnA yA likhanA ho vaha AdhArabhUta hI honA cAhie aura usameM alpokti, atizayokti yA kalpita uktikA tanika bhI samAveza nahIM honA cAhiye /

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: 14: paMDita sukhalAlajI - (2) aitihAsika dRSTi yAnI satyazodhaka dRSTi-kisI bhI tathyakA upayoga apane mAnya matako satya siddha karaneke hetu nahIM, para usa matake satyasvarUpakA sAkSAtkAra karaneke liye hI honA cAhiye / (3) tulanAtmaka dRSTi--kisI bhI granthake nirmANameM kaI preraka baloMne kArya kiyA hotA hai / isIke sAtha usa grantha para pUrvakAlIna yA samakAlIna granthoMkA prabhAva hotA hai tathA usameM aneka anya uddharaNoMke samAviSTa honekI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| isake atirikta samAna viSayake granthoM meM, bhASA-bhedake hote hue bhI, viSaya-nirUpaNakI kucha samAnatA avazya rahatI hai| isaliye jisa vyaktiko satyakI khoja karanI hai, use tulanAtmaka adhyayanako apanAnA caahiye| .. paMDitajIne uparyukta paddhatise grantha-racanA kara kaI sAMpradAyika rUr3hiyoM aura mAnyatAoMko chinna-bhinna kara diyA / kaI naI sthApanAe~ aura mAnyatAe~ prastuta kii| isaliye ve eka ora samartha vidvAnoMke prItipAtra bane, to dUsarI ora purAne rUr3hivAdiyoMke kopabhAjana bhI bane / . paMDitajI saMskRta, prAkRta, pAlI, gujarAtI, hindI, marAThI, aMgrez2I Adi aneka bhASAoMke jJAtA haiN| gujarAtI, hindI aura saMskRtameM unhoMne grantharacanA kI hai| prAraMbhameM paMDitajI prastAvanA, TippaNiyA~ Adi saMskRtameM likhavAte the, kintu bAdameM gujarAtI aura hiMdI jaisI lokasugama bhASAoMmeM likhanekA Agraha rakhA / jaba kisI viSaya para likhanA hotA hai, taba paMDitajI tatsaMbaMdhI kaI grantha par3havAte haiM, sunate sunate kaI mahattvake uddharaNa noTa karavAte haiM aura kucha ko yAda bhI rakha lete haiN| usake bAda ekAgra hokara svasthatApUrvaka dhArApravAhI rUpase grantha likhavAte haiN| unakI smaraNazakti, kuzAgra buddhi aura vibhinna viSayoM ko vaijJAnika DhaMgase prastuta karanekI asAdhAraNa kSamatA dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai / ___paMDitajIkA mukhya viSaya hai : bhAratIya darzanazAstra, aura usameM bhI ve jaina-darzanake vizeSajJa haiM / unhoMne sabhI darzanoMke mUla tattvoMkA eka sacce abhyAsIke rUpameM abhyAsa kiyA hai| isIlie ve unakI tAttvika mAnyatAoMko jar3a-mUlase pakar3a sakate haiN| Aja jabaki hamAre sAmAnya paMDitoMko bhAratIya darzanoMmeM paraspara vibheda najara AtA hai, paMDitajIko unameM samanvaya-sAdhaka abheda-tattva dRSTigocara hotA hai / isa prakAra sarva bhAratIya darzanoMke madhya samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNakI sthApanA hI darzanake kSetrameM paMDitajIkI maulika dena hai / Aja to ve bhAratIya darzana hI nahIM, saMsArake sabhI darzanoMmeM samanvaya

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saMkSipta paricaya sAdhaka tattvoMke darzana kara rahe haiM / aba paMDitajI sahI arthoMmeM 'sarvadarzanasamanvayake samartha paMDita' bana gaye haiN| jIvanapaddhati paMDitajI adhikase adhika svAvalaMbanake pakSapAtI haiN| kisI para avalaMbita rahanA unheM rucikara nhiiN| dUsaroMkI sevA lete samaya unheM bar3A kSobha hotA hai| parAvalaMbana unheM priya nahIM hai, ataH unhoMne apane jIvanako bahuta hI sAdA aura kama kharcavAlA banAyA hai / aparigrahake ve AgrahI haiM / paMDitajIke bhojana, vAcana, lekhana yA mulAkAtakA kAryakrama sadA nizcita rahatA hai / ve pratyeka kAryameM niyamita rahanekA prayatna karate rahate haiM / nirarthaka kAlakSepa to unheM dhanake durvyayase bhI vizeSa asahya hai| bhojanakI parimitatA aura TahalanekI niyamitatAke hI kAraNa paMDitajI tana aura manase svastha rahate haiN| ve mAnate haiM ki bhojanake pazcAt AlasyakA anubhava honA kadApi ucita nahIM / zarIrakA jitanA poSaNa ho utanA hI usase kAma bhI liyA jAya / dhana-saMcayakI bhA~ti zarIra-saMcaya bhI manuSyake patanakA kAraNa hotA hai / isa mAnyatAke kAraNa ve zarIra-puSTike liye auSadhi yA vizeSa bhojana kabhI nahIM lete / jaba svAsthya bigar3a jAtA hai, taba anivArya rUpase hI davAkA Azraya lete haiM / san 1938 meM paMDitajIko epeNDisAiTisakA oparezana bambaImeM karavAnA par3A thA / tabase unheM yaha vizvAsa ho gayA ki tabIyatakI orase lAparavAha rahane para hI aisI bImAriyA~ A gheratI haiM / aba ve apane khAne-pInemeM z2yAdA caukanne ho gaye haiN| kamakharcIko paMDitajI apanA mitra mAnate haiM , para sAtha hI apane sAthIke liye sadA udAra rahate haiN| kisIkA, kisI bhI prakArakA zoSaNa unheM pasaMda nhiiN| kisI jijJAsu yA tattvaciMtakako milakara paMDitajIko bahuta khuzI hotI hai / apanI yA auroMkI jijJAsA saMtuSTa karanA unakA priya kArya hai / paMDijIkA jIvanamaMtra hai - 'auroMkI ora nahIM, apanI ora dekho| dUsare kyA kahate haiM, isakI ciMtA na kro| apane manako svaccha evaM svastha rakhanA hamAre hAthameM hai|' eka bAra prasaMgavazAt unhoMne kahA thA, "yaha bAta hameM sadA yAda rakhanI cAhiye ki hama apane manako apane basameM rakha sakate haiN| mana hI baMdhana aura muktikA kAraNa hai| mAna lIjiye maiMne kisIse rasakA pyAlA mNgvaayaa| rasakA vaha bharA huA pyAlA lAte-lAte rAstemeM gira

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paMDita sukhalAlajI par3A aura phUTa gayA / sArA rasa jamIna para phaila gyaa| isa para hameM gussA AnA svAbhAvika hai| para aise maukoM para hameM, jinheM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA iSTa hai, itanA hI socanA cAhiye ki pyAleko yA rasako nIce giranese bacAnA bhale hI hamAre hAthameM na ho, para hamAre cittako krodha dvArA patita honese bacAnA to hamAre basakI bAta hai| hama use kyoM na kareM ? " vyApaka dRSTi paMDitajI mUlataH jJAnopAsaka haiM, para jJAnako hI sarvesarvA mAnanevAle ve poMgApaMthI nhiiN| ve jIvanako vyApaka dRSTise dekhate haiN| saMkucitatA unameM nAmako bhI nhiiN| ve darzanazAstra evaM saMskRta-pAlI-prAkRta sAhityake samartha vidvAna hote hue bhI manovijJAna, mAnavavaMzazAstra, samAjazAstra ityAdi vividha jJAna-vijJAnakI zAkhAoMke bhI jAnakAra haiN| sAtha hI jIvanopayogI vividha pravRttiyoMkA mahattva ve khUba jAnate haiN| isIlie to unheM gaMbhIra adhyayana tathA zAstrIya citanameM jitanI ruci hai utanI hI pazupAlana, khetI, strI-zikSA, harijanoddhAra, grAmodyoga, khAdI, katAI-bunAI, zikSAkA mAdhyama ityAdi rASTranirmANa aura janasevAke vividha racanAtmaka kAryoM meM ruci hai| ve inameM rasa lete haiM aura samagra mAnavajIvanake sAtha apane vyaktigata jIvanakA tAdAtmya sthApita karanekA niraMtara prayatna karate haiN| ajJAnatA, aMdhazraddhA, vahama, rUdiparAyaNatA Adike prati paMDitajIko saqhta nafarata hai / strI-puruSa yA mAnava-mAnavake U~ca-nIcake bhedabhAvako dekhakara unakI AtmAko bar3A kleza hotA hai| jisa dharmane eka dina janatAko ajJAnatA, aMdhazraddhA tathA rUr3hise mukta karanekA puNyakArya kiyA thA usI dharma yA matake anuyAyiyoMko Aja pragatirodhaka duguNoMko prazraya dete dekhakara paMDitajIkA puNyaprakopa prakaTa ho jAtA hai aura ve kaha uThate haiM-"drAkSAkSetre gardabhAzcaranti / " jJAnakA hetu satya-zodhana aura kriyAkA hetu jIvana-zodhana arthAt ahiMsApAlana hai / ataH yadi kahIM zAstrake nAma para aMdhazraddhA aura ajJAnatAkI tathA kriyAke nAma para vivekahInatA aura jar3atAkI puSTi hotI ho, to paMDitajI usakA ugra virodha kiye binA raha nahIM skte| isIke pariNAmasvarUpa ve paraMparAvAdI aura rUr3hivAdI samAjakI ghora niMdAke pAtra banate haiN| jJAnasAdhanAko saphala banAneke liye ve satyako saMpradAyase bar3hakara mAnate haiN| sAMpradAyika kadAgraha yA apane matakA moha una para kabhI nahIM chaayaa| buddhi aura hRdayake vikAsako avarodhaka pravRttikA unakI dRSTimeM koI mUlya nahIM /

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saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra paMDitajI sadA hI krAMtikArI evaM pragatizIla dRSTikoNakA svAgata karate rahe haiM, anyAya aura damanakA virodha karate rahe haiM, sAmAjika durvyavahArase pIDita mahilAoM evaM padadalitoMke prati sahRdaya bane rahe haiN| paMDitajI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika rogoMke sacce parIkSaka aura cikitsA hai| nivRttike nAma para pravRttike prati hamAre samAjakI udAsInatA unheM behada khaTakatI hai| unakA dhArmika Adarza hai : mitti me savvabhUpasu-samasta vizvake sAtha advaitabhAva yAnI ahiMsAkA pUrNa saakssaatkaar| isameM sAMpradAyikatA yA pakSApakSIko tanika bhI avakAza nahIM hai| unakA sAmAjika pravRttikA Adarza hai - strI-puruSa yA mAnavamAtrakI samAnatA / paMDitajI premake bhUkhe haiM, para khuzAmadase kosoM dUra bhAgate haiN| ve jitane vinamra haiM, utane hI dRr3ha bhI haiM / atyaMta zAMtipUrvaka satya vastu kahanemeM unheM koI hicakicAhaTa nahIM / AvazyakatA par3ane para kaTu satya kahanA bhI ve nahIM cUkate / paMDitajIkI vyavahArakuzalatA prasiddha hai| pArivArika yA gRhasthIke jaTila praznoMkA ve vyAvahArika hala khoja nikAlate haiM / ve itane vicakSaNa haiM ki eka bAra kisI vyakti yA sthAnakI mulAkAta le lene para use phira kabhI nahIM bhUlate; aura jaba ve usakA varNana karanA zurU karate haiM, taba sunanevAlA yaha bhA~pa nahIM sakatA ki varNanakartA cakSuhIna hai / ve udAra, sarala evaM sahRdaya haiN| koI unheM apanA mitra mAnatA hai, koI pitA aura koI guruvarya / gA~dhIjIke prati paMDitajIkI aTUTa zraddhA hai / bApUkI racanAtmaka pravRttiyoMmeM unheM bar3I ruci hai / apanI vivazatAke kAraNa ve unameM sakriya sahayoga nahIM de sakate, isakA unheM bar3A duHkha hai| ina dinoM gujarAtake bhUdAna kAryakartAoMne to unheM apanA banA liyA hai| pU. ravizaMkara mahArAjake prati paMDitajIko bar3A Adara hai / taduparAMta 'guNAH pUjAsthAnaM guNiSu na 'ca liMgaM na ca vayaH'-isa siddhAntAnusAra zrI. nArAyaNa desAI jaise navayuvakoMkI sevA-pravRttike prati bhI ve sneha va zraddhApUrvaka dekhate haiN| pravRttiparAyaNa nivRtti banArasase nivRtta hokara paMDitajI bambaIke bhAratIya vidyAbhavanameM avaitanika adhyApakake rUpameM kAma karane lage, para bambaIkA nivAsa unheM anukUla na huA / ataH ve vApasa banArasa lauTa gye| san 1947 meM ve ahamadAbAdameM

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- paMDita sukhalAlajI Aye aura gujarAta vidyAsabhAke zrI. bho0 je0 vidyAbhavanameM avaitanika adhyApakake rUpameM kArya zurU kiyA / yaha kArya Aja bhI jArI hai aura aba to ahamadAbAda hI meM paMDitajIkA kAyamI mukAma ho gayA hai| vaise dekhA jAya to paMDitajI aba nivRtta gine jAte haiM, para unakA yaha nivRtti-kAla pravRtti kAlase kisI taraha kama nahIM / vidyAke upArjana aura vitaraNakA kAya Aja 77 varSakI AyumeM bhI ve avirata gatise kara rahe haiM, aura mAno kisI prAcIna RSi-Azramake kulapati hoM isa taraha vidyArthiyoM, adhyApakoM aura vidvAnoMko unakA amUlya mArgadarzana sulabha ho rahA hai / apane nikaTa AnevAle vyaktiko kucha-na-kucha dekara mAnavatAke RNase mukta honekI paMDitajI sadA ciMtA karate rahate haiN| hAla hI meM ( tA0 16-2-57 ke dina ) gujarAtake navayuvaka bhUdAna kAryakartA zrI. sUryakAMta parIkhako patra likhate hue AcArya vinobA bhAvene paMDitajIke bAre meM satya hI likhA hai "paMDita sukhalAlajIko Apako vicAra-zodhanameM madada milatI hai, yaha jAnakara mujhe khuzI huii| madada deneko to ve baiThe hI haiM / madada lenevAlA koI mila jAtA hai to usIkA abhinaMdana karanA caahiye|" vidvattAkA bahumAna gata dasa varSoM meM paMDitajIkI vidvattAkA nimnalikhita DhaMgase bahumAna huA hai san 1947 meM jaina sAhityakI ullekhanIya sevA karaneke upalakSyameM bhAvanagarakI zrI. yazovijaya jaina graMthamAlAkI orase zrI. vijayadharmasUri jaina sAhitya suvarNa-caMdraka (prathama) arpita kiyA gyaa| -- san 1951 meM Apa oNla iNDiyA orieNTala kAnpharansake 16veM lakhanaU adhivezanake jaina aura prAkRta vibhAgake adhyakSa bane / san 1955 meM ahamadAbAda meM gujarAta vidyAsabhA dvArA Ayojita zrI. popaTalAla hemacaMdra adhyAtma vyAkhyAnamAlAmeM 'adhyAtmavicAraNA' saMbaMdhI tIna vyAkhyAna diye| san 1956 meM vardhAkI rASTrabhASA pracAra samitikI ora se dArzanika evaM AdhyAtmika graMthoMkI hindImeM racanA kara hindI bhASAkI sevA karaneke upalakSyameM

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- saMkSipta paricaya ru0 1501) kA zrI. mahAtmA gA~dhI puraskAra (paMcama) Apako pradAna kiyA gyaa| (caturtha puraskAra pU0 vinobAjIko pradAna kiyA gayA thaa|) san 1957 meM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yUnivarsiTI, bar3audAke tattvAvadhAna meM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva onareriyama lekcarsakI zreNImeM 'bhAratIya tattvavidyA' para Apane pA~ca vyAkhyAna diye / / san 1957 meM gujarAta yUnivarsiTIne Apako DaoNkTara oNpha leTarsa (D. Litt.) kI sammAnita upAdhi pradAna karanekA nirNaya kiyaa| san 1957 meM akhila bhAratIya rUpameM saMgaThita 'paMDita sukhalAlajI sanmAna samiti ' dvArA baMbaImeM ApakA sArvajanika DhaMgase bhavya sanmAna kiyA gayA / eka sanmAna-koza bhI arpita kiyA gayA aura Apake lekha-saMgrahoM ( do gujarAtImeM aura eka hindImeM--kula tIna graMthoM )kA prakAzana karanekI ghoSaNA kI gaI / sAhitya sarjana paMDitajIke saMpAdita, saMzodhita, anuvAdita aura vivecita graMthoMkI nAmAvalI nimnAMkita hai (1) AtmAnuzAstikulaka-( pUrvAcArya kRta ) mUla prAkRta; gujarAtI anuvAda (san 1914-15) / (2-5) karmagraMtha 1 se 4-devendrasUri kRta; mUla prAkRta; hindI anuvAda, vivecana, prastAvanA, pariziSTayukta; san 1915 se 1920 taka; prakAzaka : zrI AtmAnaMda jaina pustaka pracAraka maMDala, AgarA / (6) daMDaka-pUrvAcArya kRta prAkRta jana prakaraNa graMthakA hindIsAra; san 1921, prakAzaka upayukta / (7) paMca pratikramaNa-jaina AcAra viSayaka grantha; mUla prAkRta; hindI anuvAda vivecana, prastAvanA yukta; san 1921; prakAzaka uparyukta / (8) yogadarzana-mUla pAtaMjala yogasUtra; vRtti upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kRta tathA zrI haribhadrasUri kRta prAkRta yogavizikA mUla, TIkA (saMskRta) upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kRta; hindI sAra, vivecacana tathA prastAvanA yukta; san 1922; prakAzaka uparyukta / (9) sanmatitarka-mUla prAkRta siddhasena divAkara kRta; TIkA (saMskRta) zrI abhayadevasUri kRta; pA~ca bhAga, chaThA bhAga mUla aura gujarAtI sAra, vivecana tathA prastAvanA sahita; paM. becaradAsajIke sahayogase / san 1925 se 1932 taka;

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paMDita sukhalAlajI prakAzaka : gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda / (chaThe bhAgakA aMgrejI anuvAda san 1940 meM jaina zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka kAnpharansakI orase prakaTa huA hai / ) (10) jaina dRSTie brahmacaryavicAra-gujarAtImeM, paMDita becaradAsajIke sahayogase, prakAzaka uparyukta / (11) tattvArthasUtra-umAsvati vAcaka kRta saMskRta; sAra, vivecana, vistRta prastAvanA yukta; gujarAtI aura hindImeM; san 19.30 meM / gujarAtIke prakAzaka : gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda, tIna AvRttiyA~ / hindI prathama AvRttike prakAzaka : zrI0 AtmAnaMda janma zatAbdI smAraka samiti, bambaI; dUsarI AvRttike prakAzaka : jaina saMskRti saMzodhaka maMDala, banArasa / (12) nyAyAvatAra - siddhasena divAkara kRta; mUla saMskRta, anuvAda, vivecana, prastAvanA yukta; san 1925; jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka meM prakaTa huA hai| (13) pramANamImAMsA-hemacaMdrAcArya kRta; mUla saMskRta; hindI prastAvanA tathA TippaNa yukta; san 1939; prakAzaka : siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI / (14) jenatarkabhASA- upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kRta; mUla saMskRta; saMskRta TippaNayukta, hindI prastAvanA; san 1940; prakAzaka upayukta / (15) hetubiMdu-bauddha nyAyakA saMskRta grantha; dharmakIrti kRta; TIkAkAra arcaTa, anuTIkAkAra durveka mizra; aMgrejI prastAvanA yukta; san 1949; prakAzaka : gAyakavADa orieNTala sirIz2a, bar3audA / (16) jJAnabiMdu-upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kRta; mUla saMskRta; hindI prastAvanA tathA saMskRta TippaNa yukta; san 1949; prakAzaka : siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI / (17) tattvopaplavasiMha-jayarAzi kRta; cArvAka paramparAkA saMskRta grantha; aMgrejI prastAvanA yukta; san 1940; prakAzaka : gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sirIja, bar3audA / (18) vedavAdadvAtriMzikA-siddhasena divAkara kRta; saMskRta; gujarAtImeM sAra, vivecana, prastAvanA; san 1946; prakAzaka : bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI / (yaha grantha hindImeM bhI prakAzita huA hai|)

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saMkSipta paricaya (19) AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama-guNasthAnake tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMbaMdhI tIna lekha; san 1925; prakAzaka: zaMbhulAla ja0 zAha, ahamadAbAda / (20) nigraMtha saMpradAya--mahattvake prAcIna tathyoMkA aitihAsika nirUpaNa; hindImeM; san 1947, prakAzaka : jaina saMskRti saMzodhaka maMDala, banArasa / (21) cAra tIrthakara bhagavAna RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra saMbaMdhI lekhoMkA saMgraha; hindImeM; san 1954; prakAzaka uparyukta / (22) dharma aura samAja-lekhoMkA saMgraha; hindImeM; san 1951; prakAzaka : hindI grantha-ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI / (23) adhyAtmavicAraNA--gujarAta vidyAsabhAkI zrI. popaTalAla hemacaMdra adhyAtma vyAkhyAnamAlAke aMtargata AtmA, paramAtmA aura sAdhanAke saMbaMdhameM diye gaye tIna vyAkhyAna, gujarAtImeM; san 1956; prakAzaka : gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda / (24) bhAratIya tattvavidyA-mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yUnivarsiTI, bar3audAke tattvAvadhAna meM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva onareriyama lekcarsake aMtargata jagata, jIva aura Izvara ke saMbaMdhameM diye gaye pA~ca vyAkhyAna; prakAzaka : bar3audA yUnivarsiTI (presameM ) / inake atirikta dArzanika, dhArmika, sAhityika, sAmAjika aura rASTrIya viSayoMse sambaddha aneka lekha paMDitajIne gujarAtI aura hindImeM likhe haiM / inameMse adhikAMza lekha 'paMDita sukhalAlajI sanmAna samiti kI orase prakAzita 'darzana ane ciMtana' nAmaka gujarAtIke do granthoM meM tathA 'darzana aura citana' nAmaka hindIke eka granthameM saMgRhIta kiye gaye haiN|

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prathama khaNDa 1. maiM hindI likhane kI ora kyoM jhukA ? viSayAnukramaNikA 1. dharma aura samAja 1. dharma kA bIja aura usakA vikAsa [ 'dharma aura samAja', I0 1651 ] 3 2. dharma aura saMskRti [ nayA samAja, I0 1948 ] E 3. dharma aura buddhi [ zrosavAla navayuvaka, I0 1636 ] 13 4. vikAsa kA mukhya sAdhana [ saMpUrNAnanda abhinandana graMtha, I0 1650 ] 18 5. jIvana dRSTi meM maulika parivartana [ nayA samAja, I0 1948 ] 26. 6. samAja ko badalo [ taruNa, I0 1651] 7. bAladIkSA [ taruNa, I0 1646 ] 8. dharma aura vidyA kA tIrtha - vaizAlI [ I0 1653 ] 6. eka patra [ zrosavAla navayuvaka, varSa 8, aMka 11 j 2. dArzanika mImAMsA 1. darzana aura sampradAya [ nyAyakumudacandra kA prAkkathana, I0 1641 ] 2. darzana zabda kA vizeSArthaM [ pramANamImAMsA, I0 1636 ] 3. tattvopaplavasiMha [ bhAratIya vidyA, I0 1641 ] 4. jJAna kI svapara prakAzakatA [ pramANamImAMsA, I0 1636 ] [ 1 5. AtmA kA svaparaprakAza ( 1 ) 6. AtmA kA svaparaprakAza (2) [ 7. pramANalakSaNoM kI tArkika paraMparA [" ] 33 ] 8. prAmANya svataH yA parataH [ - "" " " " 23 17 1 30 38 42 62 67 72 73 110 113 -115 117 122

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125 134 --------- 143 147 151 155 160 ----- 162 163 167 viSaya 6. sarvajJavAda [pramANamImAMsA, I0 1636 ] 10. indriyavicAra [ , 11. manovicAraNA 12. pramANa kA viSaya 13. dravya-guNa-paryAya [ " 14. vastutva kI kasauTI 15. pramANaphala carcA 16. pratyakSa vicAra 17. bauddha pratyakSalakSaNa 18. mImAMsaka kA pratyakSalakSaNa 16. sAMkhyakA pratyakSalakSaNa 20. dhArAvAhika jJAna 21. smRtiprAmANya 22. pratyabhijJA 23. tarka pramANa 24. anumAna 25. vyAptivicAra 26. parArthAnumAna ke avayava 27. hetu ke rUpa 28. hetu ke prakAra 26. kAraNa aura kAryaliGga 30. pakSavicAra 31. dRSTAntavicAra 32. hekhAbhAsa 33. dRSTAntAbhAsa 34. dUSaNa-dUSaNAbhAsa 35. vAdavicAra 36. nigrahasthAna [ , | 37. yogavidyA [ yogadarzana bhUmikA, I0 1622 ] 38. pratibhAmUrti siddhasena divAkara [ bhAratIya vidyA, I0 1945 ] sUcI l l l l l l l ys s s l l l llllllllls b 172 174 -------- 180 181 184 ---- 188 160 162 165 167 207 213 -- 221 - 225 .230 268 281

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dvitIya khaNDa 1. jaina dharma aura darzana 1. bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI virAsata [orienTala konpharaMsa, I0 1653 ] 3 2. dIrghatapasvI mahAvIra [mAlavamayUra, I0 1633 ] 26 3. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana [ jaina saM. zaM0 maM0 patrikA, I. 1947 ] 34 4. nirgrantha saMpradAya [ , ,,] 50 5. jaina dharma kA prANa [I0 1646 ] 116 6. jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya [vizvavANI, I0 1642 ] 132 7. anekAntavAda kI maryAdA [anekAnta, I0 1630] 147 8. anekAntavAda [pramANamImAMsA kI prastAvanA, I0 1636] 161 6. Avazyaka kriyA [paMcapratikramaNa kI prastAvanA, I. 19211 174 10. karmatattva [paMcama karmagrantha kA 'pUrva kathana' I0 1641] 205 11. karmavAda | karmavipAka kI prastAvanA, I0 1618] 212 12. karmastava [dvitIya karmagrantha kI prastAvanA, I0 1618] 245 13. bandhasvAmitva [tIsare karmagrantha kI prastAvanA, I0 1618] 252 14. SaDazItika [cauthe karmagrantha kI prastAvanA, I0 1622] 257 14. kucha pAribhASika zabda [ cauthA karmagrantha, I0 1622 ] 297 lezyA-267, paMcendriya-300, saMjJA-301, aparyApta-303, upayoga kA sahakramabhAva-306, ekendriya meM zrutajJAna--308, yogamArgaNA-306, samyaktva-311, acaturdazana-316, anAhAraka-318, avadhidarzana-321, AhAraka-322, dRSTivAda-323, cakSurdarzana ke sAtha yoga-328, kevalIsamuddhAta-326, kAla-331, mUlabandhahetu-334, upazamaka aura kSapaka kA cAritra-335, bhAva-337 16. digambara-zvetAmbara ke samAna-asamAna mantavya [ ] 340 17. kArmagranthikoM aura saiddhAntikoM ke matabheda [ ,, 18. cauthA karmagrantha tathA paMcasaMgraha / 344 16. cauthe karmagrantha ke kucha vizeSa sthala 345 20. 'pramANamImAMsA' [prastAvanA, I0 1636 ] 346 21. zAnabindu paricaya [jJAnabindu kI prastAvanA, I0 1640] 375

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[ 4 ] [ prastAvanA, I0 1936 ] viSaya 22. 'jainatarkabhASA' 23, 'nyAyakumudacandra' kA prAkkathana [ I0 1638 ] | I0 1641 ] 24. " 25. 'kalaMkagranyatraya' [ kA prAkkathana I0 1636 ] 26. jaina sAhitya kI pragati [ orienTala konpharaMsa, 1951 ] 27. vizvazAMtivAdI sammelana aura jaina paraMparA [ I0 1646 ] 28. jIva aura paMcaparameSThI kA svarUpa [ paMcapratikramaNa I0 1621 ] 26. saMthArA aura hiMsA [ I0 1943 ] 30. vedasAmya - vaiSamya 31. gAMdhIjI kI jaina dharma ko dena 32. sarvajJatva aura usakA artha 33. 'nyAyAvatAra vArtikavRtti' sUcI [ I0 1645 ] [ I0 1948 ] 1646 ] [ I0 [ kA zrAdivAkya, I0 1946 ] pRSTha 455 463 466 476 482 508 522 5.33 537 541 550 562 567

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prathama kharADa

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maiM hindI likhane kI ora kyoM jhukA ? maiM nitya kI taraha eka dina apane kAma meM lagA hI thA ki mere mitra zrI ratibhAI ne Akara mujha se itanA hI kahA ki Apako puraskAra ke lie zrI jeThAlAla jozI kahane AaiMge, to usakA asvIkAra nahIM karanA, ityAdi / yaha sunakara maiM ekadama Azcarya meM par3a gyaa| Azcarya kaI bAtoM kA thaa| puraskAra mujhe kisa bAta ke lie ? phira zrI jeThAlAla jozI se isakA kyA sambandha ? abhI aisI kauna-sI bAta hai ki jisake lie maiM pasanda kiyA gayA ? phira puraskAra kyA hogA ? kyA koI pustaka hogI yA anya kucha ! ityAdi / Azcarya kucha arse taka rahA / maiMne apane mAnasika praznoM ke bAre meM pUchatAcha bhI nahIM kI yaha socakara ki zrI jozIjI ko to zrAne do| jaba ve mile aura unase puraskAra kI bhUmikA jAna lI taba maiMne usakA svIkAra to kiyA, para mana meM taba se Aja taka uttarottara zrAzcarya kI paramparA adhikAdhika bar3hatI hI rahI hai| kaI prazna utthe| kucha ye haiM-maiMne jo kucha hindI meM likhA usakI jAnakArI vardhA rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti ko kaise huI ? kyA isa jAnakArI ke pIche mere kisI vizeSa paricita kA hAtha to nahIM hai ? samiti ne mere likhe saba hindI pustaka-pustikA, lekha zrAdi dekhe hoMge yA kucha hI ? use yaha saba lekha-sAmagrI kahA~ se kaise milI hogI jo mere pAsa taka nahIM hai ? acchA, yaha sAmagrI milI bhI ho to vaha pAritoSika ke pAtra hai-isakA nirNaya kisane kiyA hogA? nirNaya karane vAloM meM kyA aise vyakti bhI hoMge jinhoMne mere sAre hindI sAhitya ko dhyAna se atheti dekhA bhI hogA aura usake guNa-doSoM para svatantra bhAva se vicAra bhI kiyA hogA? aisA to huA na hogA ki kisI eka pratiSThita vyakti ne siphAriza kI ho aura itara sabhyoM ne jaisA bahudhA anya samitiyoM meM hotA hai vaise, eka yA dUsare kAraNa se use mAnya rakhA ho ? agara aisA huA ho to mere lie kyA ucita hogA ki maiM mAtra ahindI bhASA-bhASI hone ke nAte isa puraskAra ko svIkAra karU~? na jAne aise kitane hI prazna mana meM uThate rhe| kucha dinoM ke bAda zrI jeThAlAla jozI mile / phira zrI mohanalAla bhaTTa ke sAtha bhI ve mile| maiMne ukta praznoM meM se mahattva ke thor3e prazna unake sAmane rkhe| maiM anajAna thA ki kAryakAriNI samiti ke sadasya kitane, kauna-kauna aura

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[ 8 ] kisa koTi ke haiM ? zrI jozIjI aura zrI bhaTTajI ne sadasyoM kA kucha paricaya kraayaa| phira to unakI yogyatA ke bAre meM sandeha ko sthAna hI na rahA / phira bhI mana meM eka savAla to bAra-bAra uThatA hI rahA ki niHsandeha sadasya suyogya haiM, para kyA itanI phurasata kisI ko hogI ki vaha merA likhA dhyAna se dekha bhI leM ? aura yaha bhI savAla thA ki maiMne dArzanika aura khAsakara sAmpradAyika mAne jAnevAle kaI viSayoM para yathAzakti jo kucha likhA hai usameM una suyogya draSTAtroM ko bhI kaise rasa AyA hogA ? parantu jaba maiMne sunA ki jodhapura kaoNleja ke pro. DaoN. somanAtha gupta ne sUcanA kI aura saba sadasyoM ne sarvasammati se pAritoSika dene kA nirNaya kiyA taba mujhe itanI tasallI huI ki avazya hI kisI-na-kisI suyogya vyakti ne pUrA nahIM to mahattva kA merA likhA aMza jarUra par3hA hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki usane madhyastha dRSTi se guNa-doSa kA vicAra bhI kiyA hai| aisI tasallI hote hI maiMne zrI bhaTTa aura zrI jozI donoM ke sAmane pAritoSika svIkAra karane kI anumati de dii| . puraskAra lene na-lene kI bhUmikA itanI vistRta rUpa se likhane ke pIche merA khAsa uddezya hai / maiM satata yaha mAnatA AyA hU~ ki puraskAra kevala guNavattA kI kasauTI para hI diyA jAnA cAhie, aura cAhatA thA ki isa aAntarika mAnyatA kA maiM kisI taraha apavAda na bane / aba to maiM A hI gayA hU~ aura apanI kahAnI bhI maiMne kaha dI hai| samiti 'pAritoSika dekara adhikArI pAThakoM ko yaha sUcita karatI hai ki ve isa sAhitya ko par3heM aura soceM ki samiti kA nirNaya kahA~ taka ThIka hai| merA citta kahatA hai ki agara adhikArI hindI mere likhe viSayoM ko par3heMge to unako samaya va zakti barabAda hone kI zikAyata karanI na pdd'egii| aba maiM apane asalI viSaya para AtA huuN| yahA~ merA mukhya vaktavya to isI mudde para honA cAhie ki maiM eka gujarAtI, gujarAtI meM bhI jhAlAvAr3I, tisa para bhI paratantra; phira hindI bhASA meM likhane kI ora kyoM, kaba aura kisa kAraNa se jhukA ? saMkSepa meM yoM kaheM ki hindI meM likhane kI preraNA kA bIja kyA rahA ? mere sahacara aura sahAdhyAyI paM. brajalAla zukla jo uttara-pradeza ke nivAsI kAnyakubja brAhmaNa rahe, mere mitra bhI the| hama donoM ne baMgabhaMga kI halacala se, khAsakara lokamAnya ko sajA milane ke bAda kI paristhiti se, sAtha hI kAma karane kA taya kiyA thaa| kAThiyAvAr3a ke suprasiddha jaina-tIrtha pAlItAnA meM eka jaina muni the, jinakA nAma thA sanmitra kapUra vijyjii| hama donoM mitroM ke vaha adAmAjana mI rhe| eka bAra ukta munijI ne brajalAlajI se kahA ki tuma draSTA

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[ E ] aura svatantra bhI / ataeva uttama uttama jaina granthoM kA anuvAda karo yA sAra likho aura sukhalAlajI nahIM dekha sakane ke kAraNa likhane meM to samartha ho nahIM sakate, ataeva vaha unake priya adhyApana kArya ko hI karate raheM / pIche se mujhe ukta munijI kI salAha jJAta huI / usI samaya mujhe vicAra AyA ki kyA maiM sacamuca apane sutradhIta aura suparicita viSayoM meM bhI likhane kA kAma kara nahIM sakatA ? antarmukha mana ne javAba diyA ki tuma jarUra kara sakate ho aura tumheM karanA bhI cAhie / yaha javAba saMkalpa meM pariNata to huA, para Age prazna thA ki kaba aura kaise use asalI rUpa diyA jAe ? merA dRr3ha saMkalpa to dUsarA koI jAnatA na thA, para vaha mujhe cupa baiThe rahane bhI na detA thA / eka bAra - acAnaka eka par3he-likhe gujarAtI mitra zrI gae / mujha se kahA ki ina paccIsa prAkRta gAthAoM kA anuvAda caahie| maiM baiTha gayA aura karIba savA ghaNTe meM likha ddaalaa| dUsarA prasaMga sambhavataH bar3aude meM AyA / yAda nahIM ki vaha anuvAda maiMne gujarAtI meM likhavAyA yA hindI meM, para taba se vaha saMkalpa kA bIja aMkurita hone lagA aura mana meM pakkA vizvAsa paidA huA ki adhyApana ke alAvA maiM likhane kA kAma bhI kara sakU~gA / 7 mere kucha mitra aura sahAyaka AgarA ke nivAsI the / zrataeva maiM I0 1616 ke anta meM AgarA calA gyaa| udhara to hindI bhASA meM hI likhanA par3atA thA, para jaba maiMne dekhA ki kAzI meM dasa sAla bitAne ke bAda bhI maiM hindI ko zuddha rUpa meM jAnatA nahIM hU~ aura likhanA to hai usI bhASA meM, taba turanta hI maiM kAzI calA gayA / vaha samaya thA campArana meM gAndhIjI ke satyAgraha karane kA / gaMgAtaTa kA ekAnta sthAna to sAdhanA kI guphA jaisA thA, para mere kArya meM kaI bAdhAe~ thiiN| maiM na zuddha par3hanevAlA, na mujhe hindI sAhitya kA vizAla paricaya aura na mere lie apekSita anya sAdhanoM kI sulabhatA / para Akhira ko bala to saMkalpa kA thA hI / jo aura jaise sAdhana mile unhoM se hindI bhASA kA nae sire se adhyayana zurU kiyA / adhyayana karate samaya maiMne bahuta glAni mahasUsa kii| glAni isalie ki maiM dasa sAla taka saMskRta aura tadvat aneka viSayoM ko hindI bhASA meM hI par3hatA thA; phira bhI merI hindI bhASA, apane-apane viSaya meM asAdhAra para hindI kI dRSTi se daridra tathA purAne Dharre kI hindI bolane vAle mere aneka pUjya adhyApakoM se kucha bhI Age bar3ha na sakI thii| para isa glAni ne aura bala diyA / phira to maiMne hindI ke kAmatA prasAda guru, rAmajIlAla Adi ke kaI vyAkaraNa dhyAna se dekhe / hindI sAhitya ke labdhapratiSTha lekhakoM ke grantha, lekha, patra

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[10] patrikAe~ Adi bhASA kI dRSTi se dekhane lagA / zrAcArya mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ke raghuvaMza, mAgha Adi ke anuvAda, aMgrejI ke svAdhInatA, zikSA Adi anuvAda to sune hI, para tatkAlIna sarasvatI, maryAdA, abhyudaya Adi aneka sAmayika patroM ko bhI kaI dRSTi se sunane lagA, para usameM mukhya dRSTi bhASA kI rahI / T rojamarrA kevala acche sAhitya ko suna lene se likhane yogya zrAvazyaka saMskAra par3a nahIM sakate --yaha pratIti to thI hI / zrataeva sAtha hI sAtha hindI meM likhAne kA bhI prayoga karatA rahA / yAda hai ki maiMne sabase pahale saMskRta grantha 'jJAnasAra' pasanda kiyA jo prasiddha tArkika aura dArzanika bahuzruta vidvAn u. yazovijayajI kI padyabaddha manorama kRti hai / maiM usa kRti ke aSTakoM kA bhAvAnuvAda karatA, phira vivecana bhI / parantu maiM vizeSa ekAgratA va zrama se anuvAda yadi likhAkara jaba use mere mitra brajalAlajI ko dikhAtA thA taba aksara vaha usameM kucha-na-kucha truTi batalAte the / vaha vispaSTa hindI-bhASI the aura acchA likhate bhI the| unakI batalAI truTi aksara bhASA, zailI Adi ke bAre meM hotI thI / nirdiSTa truTi ko sunakara maiM kabhI hatotsAha huA aisA yAda nahIM zratA / punaH prayatna, punarlekhana, punaravadhAna isa krama se usa baccharAja ghATa kI guphA jaisI koTharI meM karAre jAr3e aura sakhta garamI meM bhI karIba ATha mAsa bIte / anta meM thor3A santoSa huaa| phira to mUla uddiSTa kArya meM hI lagA / vaha kArya thA karmaviSayaka jaina granthoM kA hindI meM anuvAda tathA vivecana karanA / usa sAla ke ASAr3ha mAsa meM pUnA gayA nirdhArita kAma to sAtha thA hI, para pUnA kI rAjakIya, sAmAjika aura vidyA viSayaka halacaloM ne bhI mujhe apane lekhana kArya meM protsAhita kiyA / tilaka kA gItArahasya, kelakara ke nibandha, rAjavAr3e ke gItA-vivecana zrAdi dekhakara mana meM huA ki jina karmagranthoM kA maiM vAda vivecana karatA hU~ unakI prastAvanAe~ mujhe tulanA evaM itihAsa kI dRSTi se likhanI cAhie / phira mujhe ja~cA ki aba zrAgarA hI upayukta sthAna hai / vahA~ pahu~ca kara yogya sAthiyoM kI tajavIja meM lagA aura anta meM thor3I saphalatA bhI milI / iSTa prastAvanAoM ke lie yathAsambhava vizAla dRSTi se Avazyaka dArzanika saMskRta - prAkRta-pAli Adi vAGmaya to sunatA hI thA, para sAtha meM dhuna thI hindI bhASA ke vizeSa parizIlana kI / / isa dhuna kA cAra sAla kA lambA itihAsa hai, para yahA~ to mujhe itanA hI kahanA hai ki una dinoM meM sAta choTe-bar3e saMskRta grantha hindI anuvAda -vivecana ke sAtha taiyAra hue aura unakI prastAvanAe~ bhI, sarvoza meM nahIM to alpAMza meM, . santoSajanaka likhI gaI va bahuta-sA bhAga chapA bhI / jo grantha pUre taiyAra hue ve

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E 11 ] to chape, para bahuta sA aisA bhAga bhI likhA gayA jo merI rAya meM viSaya va nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se gambhIra thA, para pUrA huA nahIM thaa| maiM usa adhure maiTara ko vahIM chor3akara 1621 kI garamI meM ahamadAbAda calA AyA / gujarAta vidyApITha meM itara kAryoM ke sAtha likhAtA to thA, para vahA~ mukhya kArya sampAdana aura adhyApana kA rahA / bIca-bIca meM likhatA avazya thA, para gujarAtI meM adhika aura hindI meM kevala prasaMgavaza / yadyapi gujarAta meM gujarAtI meM hI kAma karatA rahA phira bhI mukha to hindI bhASA ke saMskAroM kI ora hI rahA / isI se maiMne tattvArtha Adi ko hindI meM hI likhanA jArI rakhA / gujarAta meM, tisameM bhI gujarAta vidyApITha aura gAndhIjI ke sAnnidhya meM rahanA yaha prAcIna bhASA meM kaheM to puNyalabhya prasaMga thaa| vahA~ jo vividha viSaya ke pAragAmI vidvAnoM kA dala jamA thA usase mere lekhana-kArya meM mujhe bahuta-kucha preraNA milii| eka saMskAra to yaha dRr3ha huA ki jo likhanA vaha cAlU bolacAla kI bhASA meM, cAhe vaha gujarAtI ho yA hindI / saMskRta jaisI zAstrIya bhASA meM likhanA ho to bhI sAtha hI usakA bhAva cAlU bhASA meM rakhanA cAhiye / isakA phala bhI acchA anubhUta huaa| ahamadAbAda aura gujarAta meM bAraha varSa biite| phira I0 1633 se kAzI meM rahane kA prasaMga paayaa| zurU meM do sAla to khAsa likhAne meM na bIte, para 1635 se nayA yuga zurU huzrA / paM0 zrI dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, jo abhI hindU yUnivarsiTI ke prorieNTala kAleja meM jainadarzana ke viziSTa adhyApaka haiM, 1635 meM kAzI Aye / punaH hindI meM lekhana-yajJa kI bhamikA taiyAra hone lgii| pramANamImAMsA, jJAnabindu, jainatarka bhASA, tattvopaplavasiMha, hetubindu jaise saMskRta granthoM kA sampAdana kArya sAmane thA, para vicAra huA ki isake sAtha dArzanika vividha muddoM para tulanAtmaka va aitihAsika dRSTi se TippaNiyA~ likhI jAe~ / prastAvanA Adi bhI usI vizAla dRSTi se, aura vaha saba likhanA hogA hindI meN| yadyapi mere kaI mitra tathA gurujana, jo mukhyatayA saMskRta bhakta the, mujhe salAha dete the ki saMskRta meM hI likho| isase vidvatpariSad meM pratiSThA bddh'egii| maiM cAhatA to avazya hI saMskRta meM aura zAyada sucAru sarala saMskRta likhatA, para mere bhASA meM likhane ke saMskAra ne mujhe bilakula sthira rakhA / tabhI se socatA hU~ to lagatA hai ki hindI bhASA meM likhA yaha acchA huA / yadi saMskRta meM likhatA to bhI usase Akhira ko par3hane vAle apanI-apanI bhASA meM hI sAra grahaNa krte| aisI sthiti meM hindI bhASA meM likhe viSaya ko par3hanevAle bahuta AsAnI se samajha sakate haiN| maiMne socA ki kucha baMgAlI aura kucha

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[ 12 ] dAkSiNAtya aise ho sakate haiM jo hindI ko barAbara nahIM jAnate, para jaba hindI bhASA rASTrIya, vyApaka va sarala hai taba ve loga bhI, agaraM pustaka upAdeya hai to, avazya soceMge aura jijJAsA huI to isa nimitta hindI samajhane kA prayatna bhI kareMge va rASTrabhASA ke pracAra kI gati bhI bddh'aaveNge| astu, .. kAzI meM thA to kabhI-kabhI mitroM ne salAha dI thI ki maiM apane granthoM ko maMgalAprasAda pAritoSika ke lie samiti ke sammukha upasthita karU~, para maiM kabhI mana se bhI isa pralobhana meM na pdd'aa| yaha socakara ki jo likhA hai vaha agara usa-usa viSaya ke suniSNAtoM ko yogya va upayogI a~cegA to yaha vastu pAritoSika se bhI adhika mUlyavAn hai; phira pAritoSika kI AzA meM mana ko vicalita kyoM karanA ? aura bhI jo kucha prAkkathana Adi likhanA par3atA thA vaha kAzI meM to prAyaH hindI meM hI likhatA thA, para I0 1644 kI janavarI meM bambaI aura usake bAda 1647 meM ahamadAbAda AyA taba se Aja taka hindI bhASA meM likhane ke vicAra kA saMskAra zithila nahIM huA hai / yadyapi gujarAta meM adhikatara gujarAtI meM hI pravRtti calatI hai, to bhI rASTrIya-bhASA ke nAte va pahale ke dRr3ha saMskAra ke kAraNa hindI bhASA meM likhatA hU~ taba vizeSa santoSa hotA hai| isase gujarAta meM rahate hue bhI jude-jude viSayoM para thor3A bahuta kucha-na-kucha hindI meM likhatA hI rahatA huuN| maiM isa rucikara yA arucikara rAmakahAnI ko na likhane meM samaya bitAtA aura na sabhA kA samaya use sunAne meM hI letA, agara isake pIche merA koI khAsa Azaya na hotaa| merA mukhya aura maulika abhiprAya yaha hai ki manuSya jaba koI saMkalpa kara letA hai aura agara vaha saMkalpa har3ha tathA vicArapUta huA to usake dvArA vaha anta meM saphala avazya hotA hai| dUsarI bAta jo mujhe sUjhatI hai vaha yaha ki adhyayana-manana-lekhana Adi vyavasAya kA mukhya preraka bala kevala antarvikAsa aura zrAtma-santoSa hI honA cAhiye / khyAti, arthalAbha, dUsaroM ko sudhAranA ityAdi bAtoM kA sthAna vidyopAsaka ke lie gauNa hai| khetI mukhya rUpa se anna ke lie hai; tuSa-bhasA Adi anna ke sAtha AnuSaMgika haiN| maiM gujarAtIbhASI hone ke nAte gujarAtI bhASA ke sAhitya ke prakarSa kA pakSapAtI rahA hU~ aura hU~, para isase rASTra-bhASA ke prati mere dRSTikoNa meM kabhI koI antara na par3A, na Aja bhI hai / pratyuta maiMne dekhA hai ki ye prAntIya bhASAe~ paraspara sahodara bhaginiyA~ haiM / koI eka dUsarI ke utkarSa ke sivAya apanA-apanA pUrA aura sarvAMgINa utkarSa sAdha hI nahIM sktiiN| prAntIya bhASA-bhaginiyoM meM bhI rASTra-bhASA kA kaI kAraNoM se viziSTa sthAna hai| isa sthAna kI pratiSThA

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[ 13 ] kAyama rakhane aura bar3hAne ke lie hindI ke sulekhakoM aura vicArakoM ke Upara gambhIra jimmedArI bhI hai| saMkucita aura bhIrU manovRttivAle prAntIya bhASA ke pakSapAtiyoM ke kAraNa kucha galataphahamI paidA hotI hai to dUsarI ora Avezayukta aura ghamaNDI hindI ke kucha samarthakoM ke kAraNa bhI kucha galataphahamiyA~ phaila jAtI haiM / phalasvarUpa aisA vAtAvaraNa bhI taiyAra ho jAtA hai ki mAno prAntIya bhASAoM va rASTra-bhASA meM paraspara pratispardhA ho| isakA asara sarakArI-tantra meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai| parantu maiM nizcita rUpa se mAnatA hU~ ki prAntIya bhASAoM aura rASTra-bhASA ke bIca koI virodha nahIM aura na honA caahiye| prAntIya bhASAoM kI pravRtti va kAryakSetra mukhya rUpa se prAntIya sarvAgINa zikSA, prAntIya sAmAjika, Arthika va rAjakIya. vyavahAra Adi taka sImita hai; jaba ki rASTra-bhASA kA pravRttikSetra antaraprAntIya yAvat vyavahAroM taka phailA hai / isaliye rASTrIyatA ke nAte haraeka zikSita kahalAne vAle prAntIya vyakti ko rASTrabhASA kA jAnanA ucita bhI hai aura lAbhadAyaka bhii| isI taraha jinakI mAtRbhASA hindI hai ve bhI zikSita tathA saMskArI koTi meM tabhI gine jA sakate haiM jaba ve prAntIya bhASAoM se adhikAdhika paricita hoN| zikSA denA yA lenA, vicAra karanA va use abhivyakta karanA ityAdi saba kAma mAtRbhASA meM vizeSa AsAnI se hotA hai aura isa kAraNa usameM maulikatA bhI sambhava hai| jaba koI prAntIya bhASA-bhASI apanI sahaja mAtRbhASA meM maulika va viziSTa rUpa se likhegA taba usakA lAbha rASTra-bhASA ko avazya milegaa| aneka prAntIya bhASAoM ke aise lekhakoM ke sarjana apane-apane prAnta ke alAvA rASTrabhara ke lie bheMTa bana jAte haiM / kavivara Taigora ne baMgAlI meM likhA, para rASTrabhara ke lie vaha arpaNa sAbita huaa| gAndhIjI gujarAtI meM likhate the to bhI itara bhASAoM ke uparAnta rASTra-bhASA meM bhI avatIrNa hotA thaa| saccA bala pratibhAjanita maulika vicAra va lekhana meM hai, phira vaha kisI bhI bhASA meM abhivyakta kyoM na huA ho| use binA apanAe buddhijIvI manuSya santuSTa raha hI nahIM sakatA / ataeva merI rAya meM prAntIya bhASA-bhASiyoM ko hindI bhASA ke pracAra ko zrAkramaNa samajhane kI yA zaMkA-dRSTi se dekhane kI koI jarUrata nhiiN| ve apanI-apanI bhASA meM apanI zakti vizeSa rUpa se darasAyeMge to unakA sarjana anta meM rASTra-bhASA ko eka dena hI sAbita hogaa| isI taraha rASTra-bhASA ke ati utsAhI para adIrghadarzI lekhakoM va vaktAoM se bhI merA namra nivedana hai ki ve apane lekhana va bhASaNa meM aisI koI bAta na kaheM jisase anya prAntoM meM hindI ke AkramaNa kA bhAva paidA ho| utsAhI va samajhadAra pracArakoM kA

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[ 14 ] vinamra kArya to yaha honA cAhie ki ve rASTrIya bhASA ke sAhitya kI guNavattA bar3hAne kI ora hI dattacitta raheM aura khuda yathAzakti prAntIya bhASAoM kA adhyayana bhI kareM, unameM se sAragrAhI bhAga hindI meM avatIrNa kareM tathA prAntIya bhASAoM ke sulekhakoM ke sAtha aise ghulamila jAe~ jisase saba ko unake prati daraNIya atithi kA bhAva paidA ho / aMgrejI bhASA kA varcasva bhale hI rAjakIya sattA ke kAraNa pahale-pahala zurU huA, para zrAja jo usake prati prati AkarSaNa aura zrAdara-mamatA kA bhAva hai vaha to usakI anekAMgI guNavattA ke kAraNa hI Aja bhArata ke Upara aMgrejI bhASA kA bojha thopane vAlI koI parakIya sattA nahIM hai, phira bhI hama usake viziSTa sAmarthyaM se usake aicchika bhakta bana jAte haiM, taba hamArA pharja ho jAtA hai ki hama rASTrabhASA ke pakSapAtI aura pracAraka rASTrabhASA meM aisI guNamayI mohinI lAne kA prayatna kareM jisase usakA Adara sahaja bhAva se sArvatrika ho | hindI bhASA ke pracAra ke lie jitane sAdhana-subhIte Aja prApta haiM utane pahale kabhI na the / aba jarUrata hai to isa bAta kI hai ki hindI bhASA ke sAhitya kA pratyeka aMga pUrNa rUpa se vikasita karane kI ora pravRtti kI jAe / jarmana, phreMca, aMgreja, Adi aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya bhASAoM, darzanoM, zAstroM, paramparAoM aura zilpa sthApatya Adi ke bAre meM pichale sausavA sau varSa meM itanA adhika aura gaveSaNApUrNa likhA hai ki isake mahattvapUrNa bhAga ko binA jAne hama apane uccatama sAhitya kI bhUmikA hI nahIM taiyAra kara sakate / isa dRSTi se kahanA ho to kahA jA sakatA hai ki rASTra-bhASA ke sAhitya viSayaka saba aMga-pratyaMgoM kA adyatana vikAsa siddha karane ke lie eka aisI akAdamI Avazyaka hai ki jisameM usa viSaya ke pAradarzI vidvAn va lekhaka samaya-samaya para ekatra hoM aura anya adhikArI vyaktiyoM ko apane - apane viSaya meM mArgadarzana kareM jisase naI pIr3hI aura bhI samarthatara paidA ho / veda, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka upaniSad, piTaka, Agama, avestA Adi se lekara Adhunika bhAratIya vividha viSayaka kRtiyoM para pAzcAtya bhASAoM meM itanA adhika aura kabhI-kabhI itanA sUkSma va maulika likhA gayA hai ki hama usakA pUrA upayoga kie binA hindI vAGmaya kI rASTrIya va antarrASTrIya pratiSThA bar3hA hI nahIM sakate / maiM yahA~ koI samAlocanA karane yA upadeza dene ke lie upasthita nahIM huA hU~, para apane kAma ko karate hue mujhe jo anubhava huA, jo vicAra AyA

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[ 15 ] vaha agara namra-bhAva se sUcita na karU~ to maiM sAhitya kA, khAsa kara hindI sAhitya kA upAsaka hI kaise kahalA sakatA hU~? jaba maiM aMgrejI ke atyalpa paricaya ke dvArA bhI meksamUlara, thIbo, gArve, jekobI, vintarnija, zerabAtsakI Adi kI tapasyA ko alpAMza meM bhI jAna sakA aura samAna viSaya ke navInatama hindI lekhakoM kI una manISiyoM kI sAdhanA ke sAtha tulanA kI to mujhe lagA ki agara merI umra va zakti hotI yA pahale hI se isa dizA meM mujhe kucha prayatna karane kA sUjhatA to avazya hI maiM apane viSaya meM kucha aura adhika maulikatA lA sktaa| para maiM thoDA bhI nirAza nahIM huuN| maiM vyaktimAtra meM kArya kI itizrI mAnanevAlA nhiiN| vyakti to samaSTi kA eka aMga hai| usakA socA-vicArA aura kiyA kAma agara satsaMkalpa-mUlaka hai to vaha samaSTi ke aura naI pIr3hI ke dvArA siddha hue binA raha hI nahIM sktaa| bhArata kA bhAgya bahuta AzApUrNa hai| jo bhArata gAndhIjI, vinobAjI aura neharU ko paidAkara satya, ahiMsA kI saccI pratiSThA sthApita kara sakatA hai vaha avazya hI apanI nirbalatAoM ko jhADajhUr3a kara pheMka degaa| maiM AzA karU~gA ki zrApa mere isa kathana ko ativAdI na smjheN| ___ maiM rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti vardhA kA AbhArI hU~ jisane eka aise vyakti ko. jisane kabhI apanI kRtiyoM ko puraskRta hone kI svapna meM bhI AzA na kI thI. kone meM par3I kRtiyoM ko DhUMDha nikaalaa| 'mahAtmA gAndhI puskAra' kI yojanA isalie sarAhanIya hai ki usase ahindIbhASI honahAra lekhakoM ko ujatena milatA hai / mujha jaisA vyakti to zAyada bAharI uttejana ke sivAya bhI bhItarI preraNAvaza binA kucha-na-kucha likhe zAnta raha hI nahIM sakatA, para naI pIDhI kA prazna nirAlA hai / avazya hI isa puraskAra se vaha pIDhI prabhAvita hogii|' 1. rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti ke jayapura adhivezana meM 'mahAtmAgAMdhI puraskAra' kI prApti ke avasara para tA0 18-10-56 ko diyA gayA bhASaNa-saM0

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dharma aura samAja

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dharmakA bIja aura usakA vikAsa laoNrDa morlene kahA hai ki dharmakI lagabhaga 10000 vyAkhyAe~ kI gaI haiM, phira bhI unameM saba dharmoMkA samAveza nahIM hotaa| Akhira bauddha, jaina Adi dharma una vyAkhyAnoM ke bAhara hI raha jAte haiM / vicAra karanese jAna par3atA hai ki sabhI vyAkhyAkAra kisI na kisI paMthakA avalambana karake vyAkhyA karate haiN| jo vyAkhyAkAra kurAna aura muhammadako vyAkhyAmeM samAveza karanA cAhegA usakI vyAkhyA kitanI hI udAra kyoM na ho, anya dharma-paMtha usase bAhara raha jaaeNge| jo vyAkhyAkAra bAibila aura krAisTakA samAveza karanA cAhegA, yA jo veda, purANa Adiko zAmila karegA usakI vyAkhyAkA bhI yahI hAla hogA / sezvaravAdI nirIzvara dharmakA samAveza nahIM kara sakatA aura nirIzvaravAdI sezvara dharmakA / aisI dazAmeM sArI vyAkhyAe~ adhUrI sAbita hoM, to koI acaraja nahIM / taba prazna yaha hai ki kyA zabdoMke dvArA dharmakA svarUpa pahacAnanA saMbhava hI nahIM ? isakA uttara 'hA~' aura 'nA' donoMmeM hai| 'nA' isa arthameM ki jIvanameM dharmakA svataH udaya hue binA zabdoMke dvArA usakA spaSTa bhAna honA saMbhava nahIM aura 'hA~' isa arthameM ki zabdoMse pratIti avazya hogI, para vaha anubhava jaisI spaSTa nahIM ho sktii| usakA sthAna anubhavakI apekSA gauNa hI rahegA ataeva, yahA~ dharmake svarUpake bAremeM jo kucha kahanA hai vaha kisI pAnthika dRSTikA avalaMbana karake nahIM kahA jAegA jisase anya dharmapaMthoMkA samAveza hI na ho sake / yahA~ jo kucha kahA jAegA vaha pratyeka samajhadAra vyaktike anubhavameM AnevAlI hakIkatake aAdhArapara hI kahA jAegA jisase vaha hara eka paMthakI paribhASAmeM ghaTa sake aura kisIkA bahirbhAva na ho| jaba varNana zAbdika hai taba yaha dAvA to kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA ki vaha anubhava jaisA spaSTa bhI hogaa| __pUrva-mImAMsAmeM 'athAto dharmajijJAsA' sUtrase dharmake svarUpakA vicAra prAraMbha kiyA hai ki dharmakA svarUpa kyA hai ? to uttara-mImAMsAmeM 'athAto brahmajijJAsA' sUtrase jagatke mUlatattvake svarUpakA vicAra prArambha kiyA hai / pahalemeM zrAcArakA aura dUsaremeM tattvakA vicAra prastuta hai / isI taraha aAdhunika prazna yaha hai ki dharmakA bIja kyA hai, aura usakA prAraMbhika svarUpa kyA hai ? hama sabhI anubhava karate haiM ki hamameM jijIviSA hai| jijIviSA kevala manuSya,

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pazu-pakSI taka hI sImita nahIM hai, vaha to sUkSmAtisUkSma kITa, pataMga aura bekTeriyA jaise jaMtuaoMmeM bhI hai| jijIviSAke garbhameM hI sukhakI jJAta, ajJAta abhilASA anivAryarUpase nihita hai| jahA~ sukhakI abhilASA hai, vahA~ pratikUla vedanA yA duHkhase bacanekI vRtti bhI avazya rahatI hai| isa jijIviSA, sukhAbhilASA aura duHkhake pratikArakI icchAmeM hI dharmakA bIja nihita hai| - koI choTA yA bar3A prANadhArI akele apane ApameM jInA cAhe to jI nahIM sakatA aura vaisA jIvana bitA bhI nahIM sktaa| vaha apane choTe-bar3e sajAtIya dalakA zrAzraya liye binA caina nahIM paataa| jaise vaha apane dalameM rahakara usake zrAzrayase sukhAnubhava karatA hai vaise hI yathAvasara apane dalakI anya vyaktiyoMko yathAsaMbhava madada dekara bhI sukhAnubhava karatA hai| yaha vastusthiti cIMTI, bhauMre aura dImaka jaise kSudra jantuoMke vaijJAnika anveSakoMne vistArase darasAI hai| itane dUra na jAnevAle sAmAnya nirIkSaka bhI pakSiyoM aura bandara jaise prANiyoM meM dekha sakate haiM ki totA, mainA, kauzrA Adi pakSI kevala apanI saMtatike hI nahIM balki apane sajAtIya dalake saMkaTake samaya bhI usake nivAraNArtha maraNAMta prayatna karate haiM aura apane dalakA zrAzraya kisa taraha pasaMda karate haiN| Apa kisI bandarake bacce ko pakar3ie, phira dekhie ki kevala usakI mA~ hI nahIM, usa dalake choTe-bar3e sabhI bandara use bacAnekA prayatna karate haiN| isI taraha pakar3A jAnevAlA baccA kevala apanI mA~kI hI nahIM anya bandaroMkI aora bhI bacAvake lie dekhatA hai / pazu-pakSiyoMkI yaha rojamarrAkI ghaTanA hai to atiparicita aura bahuta mAmUlI-sI, para isameM eka satya sUkSmarUpase nihita hai| - vaha satya yaha hai ki kisI prANadhArIkI jijIviSA usake jIvanase alaga nahIM ho sakatI aura jijIviSAkI tRpti tabhI ho sakatI hai, jaba prANadhArI apane choTe-bar3e dala meM rahakara usakI madada leM aura madada kreN| jijIviSAke sAtha anivArya rUpase saMkalita isa sajAtIya dalase madada leneke bhAvameM hI dharmakA bIja nihita hai| agara samudAyameM rahe binA aura usase madada lie binA jIvanadhArI prANIkI jIvanecchA tRpta hotI, to dharmakA prAdurbhAva saMbhava hI na thaa| isa dRSTi se dekhanepara koI sandeha nahIM rahatA ki dharmakA bIja hamArI jijIviSAmeM hai aura vaha jIvana-vikAsakI prAthamikase prAthamika sthitimeM bhI maujUda hai, cAhe vaha ajJAna yA avyakta avasthA hI kyoM na ho / hariNa jaise komala svabhAvake hI nahIM balki jaMgalI bhaiMsoM tathA gaiNDoM jaise kaThora svabhAvake pazuoMmeM bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki ve saba apanA-apanA dala

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bA~dhakara rahate aura jIte haiN| ise hama cAhe zranuvaMzika saMskAra mAneM cAhe pUrvajanmopArjita, para vikasita manuSya jAti meM bhI yaha sAmudAyika vRtti nivArya rUpase dekhI jAtI hai / jaba purAtana manuSya jaMgalI avasthA meM thA taba aura jaba zrAjakA manuSya sabhya ginA jAtA hai taba bhI, yaha sAmudAyika vRtti eka-sI khaNDa dekhI jAtI hai| hA~, itanA pharka avazya hai ki jIvana vikAsakI zramuka bhUmikA taka sAmudAyika vRtti utanI samAna nahIM hotI jitanI ki vikasita buddhizIla gine jAnevAle manuSya meM hai / hama abhAna yA spaSTa bhAnavAlI sAmudAyika vRttiko prAvAhika yA audhika vRtti kaha sakate haiM / para yahI vRtti dharma - bIjakA zrAzraya hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM / isa dharma - bIjakA sAmAnya aura saMkSipta svarUpa yahI hai ki vaiyaktika aura sAmudAyika jIvana ke lie jo anukUla ho use karanA aura jo pratikUla ho use TAlanA yA usase bacanA | jaba hama vikasita mAnava jAti ke itihAsa - paTapara Ate haiM taba dekhate haiM ki kevala mAtA-pitA ke sahAre bar3hane aura palanevAlA tathA kuTumbake vAtAvaraNa se puSTa honevAlA baccA jaise-jaise bar3A hotA jAtA hai aura usakI samajha jaise-jaise bar3hatI jAtI hai vaise-vaise usakA mamatva aura AtmIya bhAva mAtA-pitA tathA kuTumba ke vartulase aura bhI Age vistRta hotA jAtA hai / vaha zurU meM apane choTe gA~vako hI deza mAna letA hai / phira kramazaH apane rASTrako deza mAnatA hai aura kisI-kisI kI samajha itanI adhika vyApaka hotI hai ki usakA mamatva. yA AtmIyabhAva kisI eka rASTra yA jAtikI sImA meM baddha na rahakara samagra mAnava jAti hI nahIM balki samagra prANI vargataka phaila jAtA hai / mamatva yA zrAtmIya-bhAvakA eka nAma moha hai aura dUsarA prema / jitane parimANa meM mamatva sImAbaddha adhika, utane parimANa meM vaha moha hai aura jitane parimANa meM nissIma yA sImAmukta hai utane parimANa meM vaha prema hai / dharmakA tatva to mohameM bhI hai aura premameM bhI / antara itanA hI hai ki mohakI dazA meM vidyamAna dharmakA bIja to kabhI-kabhI vikRta hokara dharmakA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai jaba ki prema kI dazA meM vaha dharmake zuddha svarUpako hI prakaTa karatA hai / manuSya jAti meM aisI vikAsa zakti hai ki vaha prema dharmakI ra pragati kara sakatI hai / usakA yaha vikAsa - bala eka aisI vastu hai jo kabhI-kabhI vikRta hokara use yahA~ taka ulaTI dizA meM khIMcatA hai ki vaha pazuse bhI nikRSTa mAlUma hotI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnava-jAti meM devAsura-vRttikA dvandva dekhA jAtA hai / to bhI eka bAta nizcita hai ki jaba kabhI dharmavRttikA adhika se adhika

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yA pUrNa udaya dekhA gayA hai yA saMbhava huA hai to vaha manuSyakI AtmAmeM hii| deza, kAla, jAti, bhASA, veza, zrAcAra AdikI sImAoMmeM aura sImAose pare bhI sacce dharmakI vRtti apanA kAma karatI hai| vahI kAma dharma-bIjakA pUrNa vikAsa hai| isI vikAsako lakSyameM rakhakara eka RSine kahA ki 'kurvaneveha karmANi jijIviSet zataM samAH' arthAt jInA cAhate ho to kartavya karma karate hI karate jiyo / kartavya karmakI saMkSepameM vyAkhyA yaha hai ki "tena tyaktena bhuJjIthAH mA gRdhaH kasyacit dhanam' arthAt tuma bhoga karo para binA tyAgake nahIM aura kisIke sukha yA sukhake sAdhanako lUTanekI vRtti na rkho| sabakA sArAMza yahI hai ki jo sAmudAyika vRtti janmasiddha hai usakA buddhi aura vivekapUrvaka adhikAdhika aisA vikAsa kiyA jAe ki vaha sabake hitameM pariNata ho / yahI dharma-bIjakA mAnava-jAtimeM saMbhavita vikAsa hai| Upara jo vastu saMkSepameM sUcita kI gaI hai, usIko hama dUsare prakArase arthAt tattvacintamake aitihAsika vikAsa-kramakI dRSTise bhI soca sakate haiN| yaha nirvivAda tathya hai ki sUkSmAtisUkSma jantuoMse lekara bar3ese bar3e pazu-pakSI jaise prANiyoMtakameM jo jijIviSAmUlaka amaratvakI vRtti hai, vaha daihika yA zArIrika jIvana taka hI sImita hai| manuSyetara prANI sadA jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM para unakI dRSTi yA cAha vartamAna daihika jIvanake Age nahIM jaatii| ve Age yA pIcheke jIvana ke bAremeM kucha soca hI nahIM skte| para jahA~ manuSyatvakA prAraMbha huA vahA~ se isa vRttimeM sImA-bheda ho jAtA hai| prAthamika manuSya dRSTi cAhe jaisI rahI ho yA aba bhI hai, to bhI manuSya-jAtimeM hajAroM varSake pUrva eka aisA samaya AyA jaba usane vartamAna daihika jIvanase Age dRSTi daur3AI / manuSya vartamAna daihika amaratvase saMtuSTa na rahA, usane maraNottara jijIviSAmulaka amaratvakI bhAvanAko cittameM sthAna diyA aura usIko siddha karane ke lie vaha nAnA prakArake upAyoMkA anuSThAna karane lgaa| isImeMse balidAna, yaza, vrataniyama, tapa, dhyAna, Izvara-bhakti, tIrtha-sevana, dAna Adi vividha dharma mAgoMkA nimoNa tathA vikAsa huaa| yahA~ hameM samajhanA cAhie ki manuSyakI dRSTi vartamAna janmase Age bhI sadA jIvita rahanekI icchAse kisI na kisI upAyakA zrAzraya letI rahI hai| para una upAyoMmeM aisA koI nahIM hai jo sAmudAyika vRtti yA sAmudAyika bhAvanAke sivAya pUrNa siddha ho sake / yajJa aura dAnako to bAta hI kyA, ekAMta sApekSa mAnA jAnevAlA dhyAnamArga bhI Akhirako kisI

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anyakI madadake binA nahIM nibha sakatA yA dhyAna-siddha vyakti kisI anyameM apane ekatra kiye hue saMskAra DAle binA tRpta bhI nahIM ho sktaa| kevala daihika jIvana meM daihika sAmudAyika vRtti Avazyaka hai, to mAnasika jIvanameM bhI daihikake alAvA mAnasika sAmudAyika vRtti apekSita hai / __ jaba manuSyakI dRSTi pAralaukika svargIya dIrgha-jIvanase tRpta na huI aura usane eka kadama Age socA ki aisA bhI jIvana hai jo videha amaratva-pUrNa hai, to usane isa amaratvakI siddhike lie bhI prayatna zurU kiyA / purAne upAyoMke atirikta naye upAya bhI usane soce| sabakA dhyeya ekamAtra azarIra zramarasva rahA / manuSya abhI taka mukhyatayA vayaktika amaratvake bAremeM socatA thA, para usa samaya bhI usakI dRSTi sAmudAyika vRttise mukta na thIM / jo mukta honA cAhatA thA, yA mukta huA mAnA jAtA thA, vaha bhI apanI zreNI meM anya muktoMkI vRddhi ke lie satata prayatnazIla rahatA thA / arthAt mukta vyakti bhI apane jaise muktoMkA samudAya nirmANa karanekI vRttise mukta na thA / isIlie mukta vyakti apanA sArA jIvana anyoMko mukta banAnekI ora lagA detA thaa| yahI vRtti sAmudAyika hai aura isImeM mahAyAnakI yA sarva-muktikI bhAvanA nihita hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Age jAkara mukti kA artha yaha hone lagA ki jaba taka eka bhI prANI duHkhita ho yA vAsanAbara ho, taba taka kisI akelekI muktikA koI pUrA artha nahIM hai / yahA~ hama itanA hI dekhanA hai ki vartamAna daihika jijIviSAse zrAge amaratvakI bhAvanAne kitanA hI prayANa kyoM na kiyA ho, para vaiyaktika jIvanakA paraspara saMbandha kabhI vicchinna nahIM hotaa| aba tattvacintanake itihAsameM vaiyaktika jIvana-bhedake sthAnameM yA usake sAtha-sAtha akhaNDa jIvanakI yA akhaNDa brahmakI bhAvanA sthAna pAtI hai| aisA mAnA jAne lagA ki vaiyaktika jIvana bhinna bhinna bhale hI dikhAI de, to bhI vAstavameM kITa-pataMgase manuSya taka saba jIvanadhAriyoMmeM aura nirjIva mAnIjAnevAlI sRSTi meM bhI eka hI jIvana vyakta-avyakta rUpase vidyamAna hai, jo kevala brahma kahalAtA hai| isa dRSTimeM to vAstava meM koI eka vyakti itara vyaktiyoMse bhinna hai hI nhiiN| isalie isameM vaiyaktika amaratva sAmudAyika amaratvameM ghulamila jAtA hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki hama vaiyaktika jIvana-bhedakI dRSTise yA akhaNDa brahma-jIvanakI dRSTise vicAra kareM yA vyavahArameM dekheM, to eka hI bAta najarameM zrAtI hai ki vaiyaktika jIvanameM sAmudAyika vRtti anivAryarUpase nihita hai aura usI vRttikA vikAsa manuSya-jAtimeM adhikase adhika saMbhavita hai aura tadanusAra hI usake dharmamArgoMkA vikAsa hotA rahatA hai /

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5 unhIM saba mArgoMkA saMkSepa meM pratipAdana karanevAlA vaha RSivacana hai jo pahale nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai ki kartavya karma karate hI karate jI aura apane se tyAga karo, dUsarekA haraNa na karo / yaha kathana sAmudAyika jIvana-zuddhikA yA dharmake pUrNa vikAsakA sUcaka hai jo manuSya jAti meM hI viveka aura prayatnase kabhI na kabhI saMbhAvita hai / hamane mAnava jAti meM do prakAra se dharma - bIjakA vikAsa dekhA / pahale prakAra meM dharma - bIja vikAsake zrAdhArarUpase mAnava jAtikA vikasita jIvana yA vikasita caitanyaspandana vivakSita hai aura dUsare prakAra meM dehAtmabhAvanAse Age bar3hakara punarjanma se bhI mukta honekI bhAvanA vivakSita hai | cAhe jisa prakAra se vicAra kiyA jAe, vikAsakA pUrNa marma Upara kahe hue RSivacana meM hI hai, jo vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika kI yogya dizA batalAtA hai / - prastuta pustaka meM dharma aura samAjaviSayaka jo, jo lekha, vyAkhyAna zrAdi saMgraha kiye gae haiM, unake pIche merI dharmaviSayaka dRSTi vahI rahI hai jo ukta RSivacanake dvArA prakaTa hotI hai / to bhI isake kucha lekha, aise mAlUma par3a sakate haiM ki eka varga vizeSako lakSya meM rakhakara hI likhe gae hoN| bAta yaha hai ki jisa samaya jaisA vAcaka varga lakSya meM rahA, usa samaya usI varga ke adhikArakI dRSTise vicAra prakaTa kie gae haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki kaI lekhoM meM jainaparaMparAkA saMbandha vizeSa dikhAI detA hai aura kaI vicAroMmeM dArzanika zabdoM kA upayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai / parantu maiMne yahA~ jo apanI dharmaviSayaka dRSTi prakaTa kI hai yadi usIke prakAza meM ina lekhoMko par3hA jAegA to pAThaka yaha acchI taraha samajha jAe~ge ki dharma aura samAjake pArasparika saMbandhake bAre meM maiM kyA socatA hU~ / yoM to eka hI vastu deza kAlake bhedase nAnA prakArase kahI jAtI hai / I0 1951 ] [ 'dharma aura samAja' se

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dharma aura saMskRti dharmakA saccA artha hai AdhyAtmika utkarSa, jisake dvArA vyakti bahirmukhatAko chor3akara-vAsanAoMke pAzase haTakara-zuddha cidrUpa yA Atma-svarUpakI ora agrasara hotA hai / yahI hai yathArtha dharma / agara aisA dharma sacamuca jIvana meM prakaTa ho rahA ho to usake bAhya sAdhana bhI-cAhe ve eka yA dUsare rUpameM aneka prakArake kyoM na hoM-dharma kahe jA sakate haiN| para yadi vAsanAoMke pAzase mukti na ho yA muktikA prayatna bhI na ho, to bAhya sAdhana kaise bhI kyoM na hoM, ve dharma-koTimeM kabhI pA nahIM sakate / balki ve sabhI sAdhana adharma hI bana jAte haiM / sArAMza yaha ki dharmakA mukhya matalaba satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha-jaise prAdhyAtmika sadguNoMse hai / sacce arthameM dharma koI bAhya vastu nahIM hai| to bhI vaha bAhya jIvana aura vyavahArake dvArA hI prakaTa hotA hai / dharmako yadi aAtmA kaheM, to bAhya jIvana aura sAmAjika saba vyavahAroMko deha kahanA cAhie / dharma aura saMskRtimeM vAstavika rUpameM koI antara honA nahIM cAhie / jo vyakti yA jo samAja saMskRta mAnA jAtA ho, vaha yadi dharma-parAGmukha hai, to phira jaMgalIpanase saMskRtimeM vizeSatA kyA ? isa taraha vAstava meM mAnava-saMskRtikA artha to dhArmika yA nyAya-sampanna jIvana-vyavahAra hI hai / parantu sAmAnya jagatmeM saMskRtikA yaha artha nahIM liyA jaataa| loga saMskRtise mAnavakRta vividha kalAe~, vividha AviSkAra aura vividha vidyAe~ grahaNa karate haiN| para ye kalAe~, ye AviSkAra, ye vidyAe~ hamezA mAnava-kalyANakI dRSTi yA vRttise hI prakaTa hotI haiM, aisA koI niyama nahIM hai / hama itihAsase jAnate haiM ki aneka kalAoM, aneka AviSkAroM aura aneka vidyAaoMke pIche hamezA mAnavakalyANakA koI zuddha uddezya nahIM hotA hai / phira bhI ye cIjeM samAjameM zrAtI haiM aura samAja bhI inakA svAgata pUre hRdayase karatA hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM aura vyavahAra meM pAte haiM ki jo vastu mAnavIya buddhi aura ekAgra prayatnake dvArA nirmita hotI hai aura mAnava-samAjako purAne starase nae starapara lAtI hai, vaha saMskRtikI koTimeM AtI hai| isake sAtha zuddha dharmakA koI anivArya saMbandha ho, aisA niyama nahIM hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta kahI aura mAnI jAnevAlI jAtiyA~ bhI anekadhA dharma-parAGamukha pAI jAtI haiN| udAharaNake lie mUrtinirmANa, mandiroMko tor3akara masjida banAnA aura masjidoMko tor3akara

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mandira nirmANa, chInA-jhapaTI Adi saba dharma athavA dharmoddhArake nAmapara hotA hai / ye saMskRta jAtiyoMke lakSaNa to kadApi nahIM haiN| ___ sAmAnya samajhake loga dharma aura saMskRtimeM abheda kara DAlate haiN| koI saMskRtikI cIja sAmane AI, jisapara ki loga mugdha hoM, to bahudhA use dharma kahakara bakhAnA jAtA hai aura bahutase bhole-bhAle loga aisI sAMskRtika vastu. oMko hI dharma mAnakara unase santuSTa ho jAte haiN| unakA dhyAna sAmAjika nyAyocita vyavahArakI ora jAtA hI nhiiN| phira bhI ve saMskRtike nAmapara nAcate rahate haiN| isa taraha yadi hama auroMkA vicAra chor3akara kevala apane bhAratIya samAjakA hI vicAra kareM, to kahA jA sakatA hai ki hamane saMskRtike nAmapara apanA vAstavika sAmarthya bahuta-kucha ga~vAyA hai| jo samAja hajAroM voMse apaneko saMskRta mAnatA AyA hai aura apaneko anya samAjoMse saMskRtatara samajhatA hai vaha samAja yadi naitika balameM, caritra-balameM, zArIrika balameM aura sahayogakI bhAvanAmeM pichar3A huA ho, khuda aApasameM chinna-bhinna ho, to vaha samAja vAstavameM saMskRta hai yA asaMskRta, yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| saMskRti bhI uccatara ho aura nirbalatAkI bhI parAkASThA ho, yaha paraspara virodhI bAta hai| isa dRSTise bhAratIya samAja saMskRta hai, ekAntataH aisA mAnanA bar3I bhArI galatI hogii| __ jaise sacce mAnImeM hama aAja saMskRta nahIM haiM, vaise hI sacce mAnImeM hama dhArmika bhI nahIM haiN| koI bhI pUcha sakatA hai ki taba kyA itihAsakAra aura vidvAn jaba bhAratako saMskRti tathA dharmakA dhAma kahate haiM, taba kyA ve jhUTha kahate haiM ? isakA uttara 'hA~' aura 'nA' donoMmeM hai| agara hama itihAsakAroM aura vidvAnoMke kathanakA yaha artha samajhe ki sArA bhAratIya samAja yA sabhI bhAratIya jAtiyA~ aura paramparAe~ saMskRta evaM dhArmika hI haiM to unakA kathana avazya satyase parAGmukha hogA / yadi hama unake kathanakA artha itanA hI samajhe ki hamAre deza meM khAsa-khAsa RSi yA sAdhaka sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika hue haiM tathA vartamAnameM bhI haiM, to unakA kathana asatya nahIM / uparyukta carcAse hama isa natIjepara pahu~cate haiM ki hamAre nikaTake yA dUra. vartI pUrvajoMke saMskRta evaM dhArmika jIvanase hama apaneko saMskRta evaM dhArmika mAna lete haiM aura vastutaH vaise haiM nahIM, to sacamuca hI apaneko aura dUsaroMko dhokhA denA hai / maiM apane alpa-svalpa itihAsake adhyayana aura vartamAna sthitike nirIkSaNa dvArA isa natIjepara pahu~cA hU~ ki apaneko Arya kahanevAlA bhAratIya samAja vAstatameM saMskRti evaM dharmase kosoM dUra hai /

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jisa deza meM karor3oM brAhmaNa hoM, jinakA ekamAtra jIdhana-vrata par3hanA-par3hAnA yA zikSA denA kahA jAtA hai, usa dezameM itanI nirakSaratA kaise ? jisa dezameM lAkhoMkI saMkhyAmeM bhikSu, saMnyAsI, sAdhu aura zramaNa hoM, jinakA ki ekamAtra uddezya akiMcana rahakara saba prakArakI mAnava-sevA karanA kahA jAtA hai, usa dezameM samAjakI itanI nirAdhAratA kaise ? __hamane 1643 ke baMgAla-durbhikSake samaya dekhA ki jahA~ eka ora sar3akoMpara asthi-kaMkAla biche par3e the, vahA~ dUsarI ora aneka sthAnoMmeM yajJa evaM pratiSThAke utsava dekhe jAte the, jinameM lAkhoMkA vyaya ghRta, havi aura dAna-dakSiNAmeM hotA thA-mAno aba mAnava-samAja, khAna-pAna, vastra-nivAsa Adise pUrNa sukhI ho aura bacI huI jIvana-sAmagrI isa lokameM jarUrI na honese hI paralokake lie kharca kI jAtI ho! ___pichale eka varSase to hama apanI saMskRti aura dharmakA aura bhI saccA rUpa dekha rahe haiN| lAkhoM zaraNArthiyoMko nissIma kaSTa hote hue bhI hamArI saMgraha tathA parigraha vRtti tanika bhI kama nahIM huI hai / aisA koI biralA hI vyApArI milegA, jo dharmakA DhoMga kiye binA cora-bAjAra na karatA ho aura jo ghUsako ekamAtra saMskRti evaM dharmake rUpa meM apanAe hue na ho / jahA~ lagabhaga samUcI janatA dilase sAmAjika niyamoM aura sarakArI kAnUnakA pAlana na karatI ho, vahA~ agara saMskRti evaM dharma mAnA jAe, to phira kahanA hogA ki aisI saMskRti aura aisA dharma to cora-DAkuoMmeM bhI saMbhava hai / ___ hama hajAroM varSoM se dekhate A rahe haiM aura isa samaya to hamane bahuta bar3e paimAnepara dekhA hai ki hamAre jAnate hue hI hamArI mAtAe~, bahaneM aura putriyA~ apahRta huii| yaha bhI hama jAnate haiM ki hama puruSoMke abalatvake kAraNa hI hamArI striyA~ vizeSa abalA evaM anAtha banakara apahRta huI, jinakA rakSaNa evaM svAmitva karanekA hamArA smRtisiddha karttavya mAnA jAtA hai| phira bhI hama itane adhika saMskRta, itane adhika dhArmika aura itane adhika unnata haiM ki hamArI apanI nirbalatAke kAraNa apahRta huI striyA~ yadi phira hamAre samAjameM aAnA cAheM, to hamameM se bahatase uccatAbhimAnI paMDita, brAhmaNa aura unhIMkI-sI manovRttivAle kaha dete haiM ki aba unakA sthAna hamAre yahA~ kaise ? agara koI sAhasika vyakti apahRta strIko apanA letA hai, to usa strIkI durdazA yA avagaNanA karane meM hamArI bahaneM hI adhika rasa letI haiN|

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- isa prakAra hama jisa kisI jIvana-kSetrako lekara vicAra karate haiM, to yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki hama bhAratIya jitane pramANameM saMskRti tathA dharmakI bAteM karate haiM, hamArA samUcA jIvana utane hI pramANameM saMskRti evaM dharmase dUra hai / hA~, itanA avazya hai ki saMskRtike bAhya rUpa aura dharmakI bAharI sthUla lIke hamameM itanI adhika haiM ki zAyada hI koI dUsarA deza hamAre mukAbalemeM khar3A raha sake / kevala apane virala puruSoMke nAmapara jInA aura bar3AIkI DIMgeM hA~kanA to asaMskRti aura dharma-parAGmukhatAkA hI lakSaNa hai / I0 1648] [nayA samAja |

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dharma aura buddhi Aja taka kisI bhI vicArakane yaha nahIM kahA ki dharmakA utpAda aura vikAsa buddhike sivAya aura bhI kisI tattvase ho sakatA hai / pratyeka dharma-saMpradAyakA itihAsa yahI kahatA hai ki amuka buddhimAn puruSoMke dvArA hI usa dharmakI utpatti yA zuddhi huI hai / hareka dharma-saMpradAyake poSaka dharmaguru aura vidvAn isI eka bAtakA sthApana karanemeM gaurava samajhate haiM ki unakA dharma buddhi, tarka, vicAra aura anubhava-siddha hai / isa taraha dharma ke itihAsa aura usake saMcAlakake vyAvahArika jIvanako dekhakara hama kevala eka hI natIjA nikAla sakate haiM ki buddhitattva hI dharmakA utpAdaka, usakA saMzodhaka, poSaka aura pracAraka rahA hai aura raha sakatA hai / aisA hote hue bhI hama dharmoke itihAsameM barAbara dharma aura buddhitattvakA virodha aura pArasparika saMgharSa dekhate haiN| kevala yahA~ ke Arya dharmakI zAkhAoMmeM hI nahIM balki yUropa Adi anya dezoMke IsAI, islAma Adi anya dharmoM meM bhI hama bhUtakAlIna itihAsa tathA vartamAna ghaTanAaoMmeM dekhate haiM ki jahA~ buddhi tattvane apanA kAma zurU kiyA ki dharmake viSayameM aneka zaGkA-pratizaGkA aura tarka-vitarkapUrNa praznAvalI utpanna ho jAtI hai| aura bar3e AzcaryakI bAta hai ki dharmaguru aura dharmAcArya jahA~ taka ho sakatA hai usa praznAvalIkA, usa tarkapUrNa vicAraNAkA Adara karaneke bajAya virodha hI nahIM, sakhta virodha karate haiN| unake aise virodhI aura saMkucita vyavahArase to yaha jAhira hotA hai ki agara tarka, zaGkA yA vicArako jagaha dI jAegI, to dharmakA astitva hI nahIM raha sakegA athavA vaha vikRta hokara hI rhegaa| isa taraha jaba hama cAroM tarapha dharma aura vicAraNAke bIca virodha-sA dekhate haiM taba hamAre manameM yaha prazna honA svAbhAvika hai ki kyA dharma aura buddhi meM virodha hai ? isake uttarameM saMkSepameM itanA kahA jA sakatA hai unake bIca koI virodha nahIM hai aura na ho sakatA hai| yadi sacamuca hI kisI dharmameM inakA virodha mAnA jAe to hama yahI kaheMge ki usa buddhi-virodhI dharmase hameM koI matalaba nhiiN| aise dharmako aMgIkAra karanekI apekSA usako aMgIkAra na karane meM hI jIvana sukhI aura vikasita raha sakatA hai| dharmake do rUpa haiM, eka to jIvana-zuddhi aura dUsarA bAhya vyavahAra / kSamA, namratA, satya, saMtoSa zrAdi jIvanagata guNa pahile rUpameM zrAte haiM aura snAna,

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tilaka, mUrtipUjana, yAtrA, gurusatkAra, dehadamanAdi bAhya vyavahAra dUsare rUpameM / sAttvika dharmakA icchuka manuSya jaba ahiMsAkA mahattva gAtA huzrA bhI pUrvasaMskAravaza kabhI-kabhI usI dharmakI rakSAke lie hiMsA, pAramparika pakSapAta tathA virodhIpara prahAra karanA bhI Avazyaka batalAtA hai, satyakA himAyatI bhI aina mauke para jaba satyakI rakSAke lie asatyakI zaraNa letA hai, sabako santuSTa rahanekA upadeza denevAlA bhI jaba dharma-samarthanake lie parigrahakI AvazyakatA batalAtA hai, taba buddhimAnoMke dilameM prazna hotA hai ki adharmasvarUpa samajhe jAne vAle hiMsA Adi doSoMse jIvana-zuddhi-rUpa dharmakI rakSA yA puSTi kaise ho sakatI hai ? phira vahI buddhizAlI varga apanI zaGkAko una viparItagAmI gurutroM yA paNDitoMke sAmane rakhatA hai| isI taraha jaba buddhimAn varga dekhatA hai ki jIvana-zuddhikA vicAra kiye binA hI dharmaguru aura paNDita bAhya kriyAkANDoMko hI dharma kahakara unake Upara aikAntika bhAra de rahe haiM aura una kriyAkANDoM evaM niyata bhASA tathA vezake binA dharmakA calA jAnA, naSTa ho jAnA, batalAte haiM taba vaha apanI zaGkA una dharma-guruoM, paNDitoM Adike sAmane rakhatA hai ki ve loga jina asthAyI aura paraspara asaMgata bAhya vyavahAroMpara dharmake nAmase pUrA bhAra dete haiM unakA sacce dharmase kyA aura kahA~taka saMbandha hai ? prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki jIvana-zuddhi na honepara, balki azuddha jIvana honepara bhI, aise bAhya-vyavahAra, ajJAna, vahama, svArtha evaM bholepana ke kAraNa manuSyako dharmAtmA samajha liyA jAtA hai| aise bAhya-vyavahAroMke kama hote hue yA dUsare prakArake bAhya-vyavahAra honepara bhI sAttvika dharmakA honA sambhava ho sakatA hai / aise praznoMke sunate hI una dharma-gurutroM aura dharma paMDitoMke manameM eka tarahakI bhIti paidA ho jAtI hai / ve samajhane lagate haiM ki ye prazna karanevAle vAstavameM tAttvika dharmavAle to haiM nahIM, kevala nirI tarkazaktise hama logoMke dvArA dharmarUpase manAye jAnevAle vyavahAroMko adharma batalAte haiN| aisI dazAmeM dharmakA vyAvahArika bAhyarUpa bhI kaise Tika sakegA ? ina dharma-gurutroMkI dRSTimeM ye loga avazya hI dharma-drohI yA dharma-virodhI haiN| kyoMki ve aisI sthitike preraka haiM jisameM na to jIvana-zuddhirUpI asalI dharma hI rahegA aura na jhUThA saccA vyAvahArika dharma hii| dharmaguruoM aura dharma-paMDitoMke ukta bhaya aura tajanya ulaTI vicAraNAmeMse eka prakArakA dvandva zurU hotA hai / ve sadA sthAyI jIvanazuddhirUpa tAttvika dharmako pUre vizleSaNake sAtha samajhAneke badale bAhya-vyavahAroMko trikAlAbAdhita kahakara unake Upara yahA~taka jora dete haiM ki jisase buddhimAna varga unakI dalIloMse Ubakara, asantuSTa hokara yahI kaha baiThatA hai ki guru

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aura paMDitoMkA dharma sirpha DhakosalA hai-dhokhekI TaTTI hai / isa taraha dharmopadezaka aura tarkavAdI buddhimAn vargake bIca pratikSaNa antara aura virodha bar3hatA hI jAtA hai| usa dazAmeM dharmakA aAdhAra vivekazUnya zraddhA, ajJAna yA vahama hI raha jAtA hai aura buddhi evaM bajamya guNoMke sAtha dharmakA eka prakArase virodha dikhAI detA hai| yUropakA itihAsa batAtA hai ki vijJAnakA janma hote hI usakA sabase pahalA pratirodha IsAI dharmakI zrorase huaaa| antameM isa pratirodhase dharmakA hI sarvathA nAza dekhakara usake upadezakoMne vijJAnake mArgameM pratipakSI bhAvase yAnA hI chor3a diyaa| unhoMne apanA kSetra aisA banA liyA ki ve vaijJAnikoMke mArgameM binA bAdhA DAle hI kucha dharmakArya kara skeN| udhara vaijJAnikoMkA bhI kSetra aisA niSkaNTaka ho gayA ki jisase ve vijJAnakA vikAsa aura samvardhana nirbAdha rUpase karate raheM / isakA eka sundara aura mahattvakA pariNAma yaha huA ki sAmAjika aura antameM rAjakIya kSetrase bhI dharmakA DerA uTha gayA aura phalataH vahA~kI sAmAjika aura rAjakIya saMsthAeM apane hI guNa-doSoMpara banane-bigar3ane lgiiN| islAma aura hindU dharmakI sabhI zAkhAoMkI dazA isake viparIta hai| islAmI dIna aura dharmoM kI apekSA buddhi aura tarkavAdase adhika ghabar3AtA hai / zAyada isIlie, vaha dharma abhI taka kisI anyatama mahAtmAko paidA nahIM kara sakA aura svayaM svatantratAke lie utpanna hokara bhI usane apane anuyAyiyoMko aneka sAmAjika tathA rAjakIya bandhanoMse jakar3a diyA / hindU dharmakI zAkhAaoMkA bhI yahI hAla hai| vaidika ho, bauddha ho yA jaina, sabhI dharma svatantratA kA dAvA to bahuta karate haiM, phira bhI unake anuyAyI jIvanake hareka kSetrameM adhika se adhika gulAma haiN| yaha sthiti aba vicArakoMke dila meM khaTakane lagI hai| ve socate haiM ki jaba taka buddhi, vicAra aura tarkake sAtha dharmakA virodha samajhA jAegA taba taka usa dharmase kisIkA bhalA nahIM ho sakatA / yahI vicAra Ajakala ke yuvakoMkI mAnasika krAntikA eka pradhAna lakSaNa hai| rAjanIti, samAjazAstra, dharmazAstra, tarkazAstra, itihAsa aura vijJAna zrAdikA abhyAsa tathA cintana itanA adhika hone lagA hai ki usase yuvakoMke vicArameM svatantratA tathA unake prakAzanameM nirbhayatA dikhAI dene lagI hai| idhara dharmaguru aura dharmapaMDitoMkA una navIna vidyAaoMse paricaya nahIM hotA, isa kAraNa ve apane purAne, vahamI, saMkucita aura bhIru khayAloMmeM hI vicarate rahate haiM / jyoM hI yuvakavarga apane svatantra vicAra prakaTa karane lagatA hai tyoM hI dharmajIvI mahAtmA ghabar3Ane aura kahane lagate haiM ki vidyA aura vicArane hI to

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dharmakA nAza zurU kiyA hai| jainasamAjakI aisI hI eka tAjI ghaTanA hai| ahamadAbAdameM eka grejyueTa vakIlane jo madhyazreNIke nirbhaya vicAraka haiM, dharmake vyAvahArika svarUpapara kucha vicAra prakaTa kiye ki cAroM orase vicArake katrastAnoMse dharma-guruoMkI zrAtmAe~ jAga pdd'iiN| halacala hone laga gaI ki aisA vicAra prakaTa kyoM kiyA gayA aura usa vicArakako jainadharmocita sajA kyA aura kitanI dI jAe ? sajA aisI ho ki hiMsAtmaka bhI na samajhI jAya aura hiMsAsmaka sajAse adhika kaThora bhI siddha ho, jisase Age koI svatantra aura nirbhaya bhAvase dhArmika viSayoMkI samIkSA na kare / hama jaba jainasamAjakI aisI hI purAnI ghaTanAoM tathA Adhunika ghaTanAaoMpara vicAra karate haiM taba hameM eka hI bAta mAlUma hotI hai aura vaha yaha ki logoMke khayAlameM dharma aura vicArakA virodha hI a~ca gayA hai / isa jagaha hameM thor3I gaharAI se vicAra-vizleSaNa karanA hogaa| hama una dharmadhuraMdharoMse pUchanA cAhate haiM ki kyA ve loga tAttvika aura vyAvahArika dharmake svarUpako abhinna yA eka hI samajhate haiM ? aura kyA vyAvahArika svarUpa yA baMdhAraNako ve aparivartanIya sAbita kara sakate haiM ? vyAvahArika dharmakA baMdhAraNa aura svarUpa agara badalatA rahatA hai aura badalanA cAhie to isa parivartanake viSayameM yadi koI abhyAsI aura cintanazIla vicAraka kevala apanA vicAra pradarzita kare, to isameM unakA kyA bigar3atA hai ? satya, ahiMsA, saMtoSa Adi tAttvika dharmakA to koI vicAraka anAdara karatA hI nahIM balki vaha to usa tAttvika dharmakI puSTi, vikAsa evaM upayogitAkA svayaM kAyala hotA hai / vaha jo kucha AlocanA karatA hai, jo kucha hera-phera yA tor3a-phor3akI AvazyakatA batAtA hai vaha to dharmake vyAvahArika svarUpake saMbandhameM hai aura usakA uddazya dharmakI vizeSa upayogitA evaM pratiSThA bar3hAnA hai / aisI sthitimeM usapara dharma-vinAzakA Aropa lagAnA yA unakA virodha karanA kevala yahI sAbita karanA hai ki yA to dharmadhurandhara dharmake vAstavika svarUpa aura itihAsako nahIM samajhate yA samajhate hue bhI aisA pAmara prayatna karane meM unakI koI paristhiti kAraNabhUta hai| zrAma taurase anuyAyI gRhastha varga hI nahIM balki sAdhu vargakA bahuta bar3A bhAga bhI kisI vastukA samucita vizleSaNa karane aura usapara samataulapana rakhanemeM nitAnta asamartha hai| isa sthitikA phAyadA uThAkara saMkucitamanA sAdhu aura unake anuyAyI gRhastha bhI, eka svarase kahane lagate haiM ki aisA kahakara amukane dharmanAza kara diyaa| becAre bhole-bhAle loga isa bAtase ajJAnake aura bhI gahare gar3he meM jA girate haiN| vAstavameM cAhie to yaha ki koI vicAraka nae dRSTi

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binduse kisI viSayapara vicAra prakaTa kareM to unakA sacce dilase Adara karake vicAra-svAtaMtryako protsAhana diyA jaae| isake badale meM unakA galA ghoMTanekA jo prayatna cAroM ora dekhA jAtA hai usake mUlameM mujhe do tattva mAlUma hote haiM / eka to ugra vicAroMko samajha kara unakI galatI dikhAnekA asAmarthya aura dUsarA akarmaNyatAkI bhittike Upara anAyAsa milanevAlI ArAma-talabIke vinAzakA bhaya / ___yadi kisI vicArakake vicAroMmeM aAMzika yA sarvathA galatI ho to kyA use dharmanetA samajha nahIM pAte ? agara ve samajha sakate haiM to kyA usa galatIko ve caugune balase dalIloMke sAtha darzAnemeM asamartha haiM ? agara ve samartha haiM to ucita uttara dekara usa vicArakA prabhAva logoM se naSTa karanekA nyAyya mArga kyoM nahIM lete ? dharmakI rakSAke bahAne ve ajJAna aura adharmake saMskAra apanemeM aura samAjameM kyoM puSTa karate haiM? mujhe to saca bAta yahI jAna par3atI hai ki cirakAlase zArIrika aura dUsarA javAbadehIpUrNa parizrama kie binA hI makha malI aura rezamI gaddiyoMpara baiThakara dUsaroMke pasInepUrNa parizramakA pUrA phala bar3I , bhaktike sAtha cakhanekI jo zrAdata par3a gaI hai, vahI ina dharmadhuraMdharoMse aisI upahAsAspada pravRtti karAtI hai| aisA na hotA to pramoda-bhAvanA aura jJAna pUjAkI himAyata karanevAle ye dharma-dhurandhara vidyA, vijJAna aura vicArasvAtantryakA Adara karate aura vicAraka yuvakoMse bar3I udAratAse milakara unake vicAragata doSoMko dikhAte aura unakI yogyatAkI kadra karake aise yuvakoMko utpanna karanevAle apane samAjakA gaurava karate / khaira, jo kucha ho para aba donoM pakSoMmeM pratikriyA zurU ho gaI hai / jahA~ eka pakSa jJAta yA ajJAta rUpase yaha sthApita karatA hai ki dharma aura vicArameM virodha hai, to dUsare pakSako bhI yaha avasara mila rahA hai ki vaha pramANita kare ki vicAra-svAtantrya Avazyaka hai| yaha pUrNa rUpase samajha rakhanA cAhie ki vicAra-svAtantryake binA manuSyakA astitva hI arthazUnya hai / vAstavameM vicAra tathA dharmakA virodha nahIM, para unakA pArasparika anivArya saMbandha hai / agasta 1636 ] [osavAla navayuvaka /

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vikAsakA mukhya sAdhana vikAsa do prakArakA hai, zArIrika aura mAnasika / zArIrika vikAsa kevala manuSyoM meM hI nahIM pazu-pakSiyoM taka meM dekhA jAtA hai| khAna-pAna sthAna Adike pUre subhIte mileM aura cintA, bhaya na rahe to pazu pakSI bhI khUba balavAn, puSTa aura gaThIle ho jAte haiM / manuSyoM aura pazu-pakSiyoMke zArIrika vikAsakA eka antara dhyAna dene yogya hai, ki manuSyakA zArIrika vikAsa kevala khAna-pAna aura rahana-sahana Adike pUre subhIte aura nizcintatAse hI siddha nahIM ho sakatA jaba ki pazu-pakSiyoMkA ho jAtA hai / manuSyake zArIrika vikAsake pIche jaba pUrA aura samucita manovyApAra - buddhiyoga ho, tabhI vaha pUrA aura samucita rUpa se siddha ho sakatA hai, aura kisI taraha nahIM / isa taraha usake zArIrika-vikAsakA asAdhAraNa aura pradhAna sAdhana buddhiyoga - manovyApAra - saMyaMta pravRtti hai / - mAnasika-vikAsa to jahA~ taka usakA pUrNarUpa saMbhava hai manuSya mAtra meM hai / usameM zarIra - yoga - deha vyApAra avazya nimitta hai, deha yoga ke binA vaha sambhava hI nahIM, phira bhI kitanA hI deha yoga kyoM na ho, kitanI hI zArIrika puSTi kyoM na ho, kitanA hI zarIra bala kyoM na ho, yadi manoyoga - buddhi-vyApAra yA samucita rIti se samucita dizAmeM manakI gati-vidhi na ho to pUrA mAnasika vikAsa kabhI sambhava nahIM / arthAt manuSyakA pUrNa aura samucita zArIrika aura mAnasika vikAsa kevala vyavasthita aura jAgarita buddhi - yoga kI apekSA rakhatA hai / hama apane deza meM dekhate haiM ki jo loga khAna-pAnase aura Arthika dRSTise jyAdA nizcinta haiM, jinheM virAsata meM paitRka sampatti jamIMdArI yA rAjasattA prApta hai, ve hI adhikatara mAnasika vikAsa meM maMda hote haiM / khAsa-khAsa dhanavAnoM kI santAnoM, rAjaputroM aura jamIMdAroMko dekhie / bAharI camaka-damaka aura dikhA vaTI phurtI hone para bhI unameM manakA, vicArazaktikA, pratibhAkA kama hI vikAsa hotA hai / bAhya sAdhanoMkI unheM kamI nahIM, par3hane-likhane ke sAdhana bhI pUre prApta haiM, zikSaka - adhyApaka bhI yatheSTa milate haiM, phira bhI unakA mAnasika vikAsa eka tarahase ruke hue tAlAba ke pAnIkI taraha gatihIna hotA hai / dUsarI ora jise virAsata meM na to koI sthUla sampatti milatI hai aura na koI dUsare manoyoga ke subhIte saralatA se milate haiM, usa varga meM se asAdhAraNa manovikAsavAle vyakti paidA

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hote haiM / isa antarakA kAraNa kyA hai ! honA to yaha cAhie thA ki jinheM sAdhana adhika aura adhika saralatAse prApta hoM ve hI adhika aura jaldI vikAsa prApta kareM para dekhA jAtA hai ulttaa| taba hameM khojanA cAhie ki vikAsakI asalI jar3a kyA hai ? mukhya upAya kyA hai ki jisa ke na honese aura saba na hone ke barAbara ho jAtA hai / javAba bilakula sarala hai aura use pratyeka vicAraka vyakti apane aura apane Asa-pAsavAloMke jIvanameMse pA sakatA hai| vaha dekhegA ki javAbadehI yA uttaradAyitva hI vikAsakA pradhAna bIja hai| hameM mAnasa-zAstrakI dRSTise dekhanA cAhie ki javAbadehImeM aisI kyA zakti hai jisase vaha anya saba vikAsake sAdhanoMkI apekSA pradhAna sAdhana bana jAtI hai / manakA vikAsa usake satvaaMzakI yogya aura pUrNa jAgRtipara hI nirbhara he / jaba rAjasa yA tAmasa aMza satvaguNase prabala ho jAtA hai taba manakI yogya vicArazakti yA zuddha vicArazakti prAvRta yA kuNThita ho jAtI hai| manake rAjasa tathA tAmasa aMza balavAn honeko vyavahArameM pramAda kahate haiN| kauna nahIM jAnatA ki pramAdase vaiyaktika aura sAmaSTika sArI kharAbiyA~ hotI haiN| jaba javAbadehI nahIM rahatI taba manakI gati kuNThita ho jAtI hai aura pramAdakA tattva bar3hane lagatA hai jise yogazAstrameM manakI kSipta aura mUDha avasthA kahA hai| jaise zarIrapara zakti se adhika bojha lAdanepara usakI sphUrti, usakA snAyubala, kAryasAdhaka nahIM rahatA vaise hI rajoguNajanita kSipta avasthAmeM aura tamoguNajanita mUDha avasthAkA bojha par3anese manakI svabhAvika satvaguNajanita vicAra-zakti niSkriya ho jAtI hai| isa taraha manakI niSkriyatAkA mukhya kAraNa rAjasa aura tAmasa guNakA udreka hai| jaba hama kisI javAbadehIko nahIM lete yA lekara nahIM nibAhate, taba manake sAttvika aMzakI jAgRti honeke badale tAmasa aura rAjasa aMzakI prabalatA hone lagatI hai / manakA sUkSma saccA vikAsa rukakara kevala sthUla vikAsa raha jAtA hai aura vaha bhI satya dizAkI aora nahIM hotaa| isIse bejavAbadArI manuSya jAtike lie sabase adhika khatarekI vastu hai / vaha manuSyako manuSyatvake yathArtha mArgase girA detI hai / isIse javAbadehIkI vikAsake prati asAdhAraNa pradhAnatAkA bhI patA cala jAtA hai| ____ javAbadehI aneka prakArakI hotI hai. kabhI-kabhI vaha mohameMse AtI hai / kisI yuvaka yA yuvatIko liijie| jisa vyaktipara usakA moha hogA usake prati vaha apaneko javAbadeha samajhegA, usIke prati kartavya-pAlanakI ceSTA karegA, dUsaroM ke prati vaha upekSA bhI kara sakatA hai| kabhI-kabhI javAbadehI sneha yA

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premameMse zrAtI hai / mAtA apane bacceke prati usI snehake vaza kartavya pAlana karatI hai para dUsaroMke baccoM ke prati apanA kartavya bhUla jAtI hai / kabhI javAbadehI bhayameMse aAtI hai / agara kisIko bhaya ho ki isa jaGgalameM rAtako yA dinako zera zrAtA hai, to vaha jAgarita rahakara aneka prakArase bacAva karegA, para bhaya na rahanese phira bephikra hokara apane aura dUsaroMke prati kartavya bhUla jAegA / isa taraha lobha-vRtti, parigrahAkAMkSA, krodhakI bhAvanA, badalA cukAnekI vRtti, mAnamatsara Adi aneka rAjasa-tAmasa aMzoMse javAbadehI thor3I yA bahuta, eka yA dUsare rUpameM, paidA hokara mAnuSika jIvanakA sAmAjika aura Arthika cakra calatA rahatA hai / para dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki isa jagaha vikAsake, viziSTa vikAsake yA pUrNa vikAsake asAdhAraNa aura pradhAna sAdhana rUpase jisa javAbadehIkI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai vaha una saba maryAdita aura saMkucita javAbadehiyoMse bhinna tathA pare hai / vaha kisI kSaNika saMkucita bhAvake Upara avalambita nahIM hai, vaha sabake prati, sadAke lie, saba sthaloM meM eka-sI hotI hai cAhe vaha nijake prati ho, cAhe kauTumbika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya aura mAnuSika vyavahAra mAtra meM kAma lAI jAtI ho| vaha eka aise bhAvameMse paidA hotI hai jo na to kSaNika hai, na saMkucita aura na malIna / vaha bhAva apanI jIvana-zaktikA yathArtha anubhava karanekA hai / jaba isa bhAvameMse javAbadehI prakaTa hotI hai taba vaha kabhI rukatI nhiiN| sote jAgate satata vegavatI nadIke pravAhakI taraha apane pathapara kAma karatI rahatI hai / taba kSipta yA mUr3ha bhAga manameM phaTakane hI nahIM pAtA / taba manameM niSkriyatA yA kuTilatAkA saMcAra sambhava hI nhiiN| javAbadehIkI yahI saMjIvanI zakti hai, jisakI badaulata vaha anya saba sAdhanoMpara Adhipatya karatI hai aura pAmarase pAmara, garIbase garIba, durbalase durbala aura tucchase tuccha samajhe jAnevAle kula yA parivArameM paidA hue vyaktiko santa, mahanta, mahAtmA, avatAra taka banA detI hai / garaja yaha ki mAnuSika vikAsakA aAdhAra ekamAtra javAbadehI hai aura vaha kisI eka bhAvase saMcAlita nahIM hotI / asthira saMkucita yA kSudra bhAvoMmeMse bhI javAbadehI pravRtta hotI hai / moha, sneha, bhaya, lobha Adi bhAva pahale prakArake haiM aura jIvana-zakti kA yathArthAnubhava dUsare prakArakA bhAva hai| aba hameM dekhanA hogA ki ukta do prakArake bhAvoMmeM paraspara kyA antara hai aura pahale prakArake bhAvoMkI apekSA dUsare prakArake bhAvoMmeM agara zreSThatA hai to vaha kisa sababase hai ? agara yaha vicAra spaSTa ho jAe to phira ukta donoM prakArake bhAvoMpara Azrita rahanevAlI javAbadehiyoMkA bhI antara tathA zreSThatAkaniSThatA dhyAnameM A jaaegii|

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21 - mohameM rasAnubhUti hai, sukha-saMvedana bhI hai| para vaha itanA parimita aura itanA asthira hotA hai ki usake zrAdi, madhya aura antameM hI nahIM usake pratyeka aMza meM zaMkA, duHkha aura cintAkA bhAva bharA rahatA hai jisake kAraNa ghar3Ike lolakakI taraha vaha manuSya ke cittako sthira banAe rakhatA hai / mAna lIjie ki koI yuvaka apane prema pAtra ke prati sthUla mohavaza bahuta hI dattacitta rahatA hai, usake prati kartavya pAlanameM koI truTi nahIM karatA, usase use rasAnubhava aura sukha-saMvedana bhI hotA hai / phira bhI bArIkI se parIkSaNa kiyA jAe, to mAlUma hogA ki vaha sthUla moha agara saundarya yA bhogalAlasAse paidA huA hai, to na jAne vaha kisa kSaNa naSTa ho jAegA, ghaTa jAegA yA anya rUpameM pariNata ho jAegA / jisa kSaNa yuvaka yA yuvatIko pahale prema pAtrakI apekSA dUsarA pAtra adhika sundara, adhika samRddha, adhika balavAn yA adhika anukUla mila jAegA, usI kSaNa usakA citta prathama pAtrakI orase haTakara dUsarI ora jhuka par3egA aura isa jhukAvake sAtha hI prathama pAtra ke prati kartavya - pAlana ke cakrakI, jo pahalese cala rahA thA, gati aura dizA badala jAegI / dUsare pAtra ke prati bhI vaha cakra yogya rUpase na cala sakegA aura mohakA rasAnubhava jo karttavya pAlanase saMtuSTa ho rahA thA, kartavya pAlana karane yA na karanepara bhI tRpta hI rhegaa| mAtA mohavaza aMgajAta bAlakake prati apanA saba kucha nyauchAvara karake rasAnubhava karatI hai, para usake pIche agara sirpha mohakA bhAva hai to rasAnubhava bilakula saMkucita aura asthira hotA hai / mAna lIjie ki vaha bAlaka mara gayA aura usake badale meM usakI apekSA bhI adhika sundara aura puSTa dUsarA bAlaka paravariza ke lie mila gayA, jo bilakula mAtRhIna hai / parantu isa nirAdhAra aura sundara bAlakako pAkara bhI vaha mAtA usake prati apane kartavya pAlana meM vaha rasAnubhava nahIM kara sakegI jo apane aMgajAta bAlakake prati karatI thI / bAlaka pahale se bhI acchA milA hai, mAtAko bAlakakI spRhA hai aura arpaNa karanekI vRtti bhI hai / bAlaka bhI mAtRhIna honese bAlakApekSiNI mAtAkI prema-vRttikA adhikArI hai / phira bhI usa mAtAkA citta usakI ora mukta dhArAse nahIM bahatA / isakA sababa eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki usa mAtAkI nyauchAvara yA arpaNavRttikA preraka bhAva kevala moha thA, jo sneha hokara bhI zuddha aura vyApaka na thA, isa kAraNa usake hRdaya meM usa bhAvake honepara bhI usameM se karttavya-pAlanake phavvAre nahIM chUTate, bhItara hI bhItara usake hRdayako dabAkara sukhI ke bajAya dukhI karate haiM, jaise khAyA huA para hajama na huA sundara anna / vaha na to khUna banakara zarIrako sukha pahu~cAtA hai aura na bAhara nikalakara zarI

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rako halakA hI karatA hai| bhItara hI bhItara sar3akara zarIra aura cittako asvastha banAtA hai| yahI sthiti usa mAtAke kartavya pAlanameM apariNata sneha bhAvakI hotI hai| hamane kabhI bhayavaza rakSaNake vAste jhopar3A banAyA, use sa~bhAlA bhii| dUsaroMse bacaneke nimitta akhAr3e meM bala sampAdita kiyA, kavAyada aura nizAnebAjIse sainika zakti prApta kI, aAkramaNake samaya (cAhe vaha nijake Upara ho, kuTumba, samAja yA rASTrake Upara ho) sainikake taurapara karttavyapAlana bhI kiyA, para agara vaha bhaya na rahA, khAsakara apane nijake Upara yA hamane jise apanA samajhA hai yA jisako hama apanA nahIM samajhate, jisa rASTrako hama nija rASTra nahIM samajhate usapara hamArI apekSA bhI adhika aura pracaMDa bhaya zrA par3A, to hamArI bhaya-trANa-zakti hameM karttavya-pAlanameM kabhI prerita nahIM karegI, cAhe bhayase bacane-bacAnekI hamameM kitanI hI zakti kyoM na ho / vaha zakti saMkucita bhAvoMmeMse prakaTa huI hai to jarUrata honepara bhI vaha kAma na AegI aura jahA~ jarUrata na hogI yA kama jarUrata hogI vahA~ kharca hogI / abhI-abhI hamane dekhA hai ki yUropake aura dUsare rASTroMne bhayase bacane aura bacAnekI nissIma zakti rakhate hue bhI bhayatrasta ebIsIniyAkI hajAra prArthanA karanepara bhI kucha bhI madada na kii| isa taraha bhayajanita karttavya-pAlana adhUrA hotA hai aura bahudhA viparIta bhI hotA hai / moha koTi meM gine jAnevAle sabhI bhAvoMkI eka hI jaisI avasthA hai, ve bhAva bilakula adhUre, asthira aura malina hote haiN| - jIvana-zaktikA yathArtha anubhava hI dUsare prakArakA bhAva hai jo na to udaya honepara calita yA naSTa hotA, na maryAdita yA saMkucita hotA aura na malina hotA hai| prazna hotA hai ki jIvana-zaktike yathArtha anubhavameM aisA kaunasA tattva hai jisase vaha sadA sthira, vyApaka aura zuddha hI banA rahatA hai ? isakA uttara pAne ke lie hameM jIvana-zaktike svarUpapara thor3A-sA vicAra karanA hogA / hama apane Apa soceM aura dekheM ki jIvana-zakti kyA vastu hai| koI bhI samajhadAra zvAsocchavAsa yA prANa ko jIvanakI mUlAdhAra zakti nahIM mAna sakatA, kyoMki kabhI kabhI dhyAnakI viziSTa avasthAmeM prANa saMcArake cAlU na rahanepara bhI jIvana banA rahatA hai| isase mAnanA par3atA hai ki prANasaMcArarUpa jIvanakI preraka yA AdhArabhUta zakti koI aura hI hai| abhI takake sabhI AdhyAtmika sUkSma anubhaviyoMne usa AdhArabhUta zaktiko cetanA kahA hai / cetanA eka aisI sthira aura prakAzamAna zakti hai jo daihika, mAnasika aura aiMdrika Adi sabhI kAryoMpara jJAnakA, parizAnakA prakAza anavarata DAlatI rahatI hai / indriyA~ kucha

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23 bhI pravRtti kyoM na kareM, mana kahIM bhI gati kyoM na kare, deha kisI bhI vyApArakA kyoM na AcaraNa kare, para usa sabakA satata bhAna kisI eka zaktiko thor3A bahuta hotA hI rahatA hai / hama pratyeka avasthAmeM apanI daihika, aindrika aura mAnasika kriyAse jo thor3e bahuta paricita rahA karate haiM, so kisa kAraNa se 1 jisa kAraNa se hameM apanI kriyAoM kA saMvedana hotA hai vahI cetanA zakti hai aura hama isase adhika yA kama kucha bhI nahIM haiM / aura kucha ho yA na ho, para hama cetanAzUnya kabhI nahIM hote / cetanA ke sAtha hI sAtha eka dUsarI zakti taprota hai jise hama saMkalpa zakti kahate haiM / cetanA jo kucha samajhatI socatI hai usako kriyAkArI banAnekA yA use mUrtarUpa denekA cetanA ke sAtha anya koI bala na hotA to usakI sArI samajha bekAra hotI aura hama jahA~ ke sahA~ bane rahate / hama anubhava karate haiM ki samajha, jAnakArI yA darzanake anusAra yadi eka bAra saMkalpa huA to cetanA pUrNatayA kAryAbhimukha ho jAtI hai / jaise kUdanevAlA saMkalpa karatA hai to sArA bala saMcita hokara use kudA DAlatA hai / saMkalpa zaktikA kArya hai balako bikharane se rokanA / saMkalpa se saMcita bala saMcitabhA ke bala jaisA hotA hai / saMkalpakI madada milI ki cetanA gatizIla huI aura phira apanA sAdhya siddha karake hI saMtuSTa huI / isa gatizIlatAko cetanAkA vIrya samajhanA cAhie / isa taraha jIvana-zakti ke pradhAna tIna aMza haiM - cetanA, saMkalpa aura vIrya yA bala / isa tribhraMzI zaktiko hI jIvana-zakti samajhie, jisakA anubhava hameM pratyeka choTe bar3e sarjana - kArya meM hotA hai / agara samajha na ho, saMkalpa na ho aura puruSArtha - vIryagati - na ho to koI bhI sarjana nahIM ho sakatA / dhyAnameM rahe ki jagatameM aisA koI choTA-bar3A jIvanadhArI nahIM hai jo kisI na kisI prakAra sarjana na karatA ho| isase prANImAtra meM ukta trigI jIvana zaktikA patA cala jAtA hai / yoM to jaise hama apane ApameM pratyakSa anubhava karate haiM vaise hI anya prANiyoMke sarjana - kArya se bhI unameM maujUda usa zaktikA anumAna kara sakate haiM / phira bhI usakA anubhava aura so bhI yathArtha anubhava, eka alaga vastu hai / yadi koI sAmane khar3IM dIvAlase inkAra kare, to hama use mAneMge nahIM / hama to usakA astitva hI anubhava kareMge / isa taraha apane meM aura dUsaroMmeM maujUda usa trizI zaktike astitvakA, usake sAmarthyakA anubhava karanA jIvana-zaktikA yathArtha anubhava hai / " jaba aisA anubhava prakaTa hotA hai taba apane Apake prati aura dUsaroM ke prati jIvana-dRSTi badala jAtI hai / phira to aisA bhAva paidA hotA hai ki sarvatra trizI

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jIvana-zakti ( saccidAnanda ) yA to akhaNDa yA eka hai yA sarvatra samAna hai| kisIko saMskArAnusAra abhedAnubhava ho yA kisIko sAmyAnubhava, para pariNAmameM kucha bhI pharka nahIM hotaa| abheda-dRSTi dhAraNa karanevAlA dUsaroMke prati vahI javAbadehI dhAraNa karegA jo apane prati / vAstava meM usakI javAbadehI yA kartavya-dRSTi apane parAyeke bhedase bhinna nahIM hotI, isI taraha sAmya dRSTi dhAraNa karanevAlA bhI apane parAyeke bhedase kartavya dRSTi yA javAbadehImeM tAratamya nahIM kara sktaa| mohakI koTimeM AnevAle bhAvoMse prerita uttaradAyitva yA kartavya-dRSTi ekasI akhaNDa yA nirAvaraNa nahIM hotI jaba ki jIvana zaktike yathArtha anubhavase prerita uttaradAyitva yA kartavya-dRSTi sadA eka-sI aura nirAvaraNa hotI hai kyoMki vaha bhAva na to rAjasa aMzase pAtA hai aura na tAmasa aMzase abhibhUta ho sakatA hai / vaha bhAva sAhajika hai, sAtvika hai / ___ mAnavajAtiko sabase bar3I aura kImatI jo kudaratI dena milI hai vaha hai usa sAhajika bhAvako dhAraNa karane yA paidA karanekI sAmarthya yA yogyatA jo vikAsakA-asAdhAraNa vikAsakA-mukhya sAdhana hai / mAnava-jAtike itihAsameM buddha, mahAvIra Adi aneka santa-mahanta ho gae haiM, jinhoMne hajAroM vighna-bAdhA oMke hote hue bhI mAnavatAke uddhArakI javAbadehIse kabhI mu~ha na modd'aa| apane ziSyake pralobhanapara saoNkreTIsa mRtyumukhameM jAnese baca sakatA thA para usane zArIrika jIvanakI apekSA AdhyAtmika satyake jIvanako pasanda kiyA aura mRtyu use DarA na skii| jIsisane apanA nayA prema-sandeza denekI javAbadehIko adA karanemeM zulIko siMhAsana maanaa| isa tarahake purAne udAharaNoMkI sacA. ImeM sandehako dUra karaneke lie hI mAno gA~dhIjIne abhI-abhI jo camatkAra dikhAyA hai vaha sarvavidita hai / unako hindutva-Aryatvake nAmapara pratiSThAprApta brAhmaNoM aura zramaNoMkI saikar3oM kurUr3hi pizAciyA~ calita na kara sakIM / na to hiMdU-musalamAnoMkI daNDAdaNDI yA zastrAzastrIne unheM kartavya-calita kiyA aura na unheM mRtyu hI DarA skii| ve aise hI manuSya the jaise hama / phira kyA kAraNa hai ki unakI kartavya dRSTi yA javAbadehI aisI sthira, vyApaka aura zuddha thI aura hamArI isake viparIta / javAba sIdhA hai ki aise puruSoMmeM uttaradAyitva yA kartavya-dRSTikA preraka bhAva jIvana-zaktike yathArtha anubhavameMse pAtA hai jo hamameM nahIM haiN| - aise puruSoMko jIvana-zaktikA jo yathArtha anubhava huA hai usIko jude-jude dArzanikoMne judI-judI paribhASAmeM varNana kiyA hai / use koI Atma-sAkSAtkAra

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kahatA hai, koI brahma-sAkSAtkAra aura koI Izvara darzana, para isase vastumeM antara nahIM par3atA / hamane Upara ke varNanameM yaha batalAne kI ceSTA kI hai ki mohajanita bhAvoMkI pekSA jIvana zaktike yathArtha anubhavakA bhAva kitanA aura kyoM zreSTha hai aura usase prerita kartavya-dRSTi yA uttaradAyitva kitanA zreSTha hai / jo vasudhAko kuTumba samajhatA hai, vaha usI zreSTha bhAvake kAraNa / aisA bhAva kevala zabdoMse zrI nahIM sakatA / vaha bhItarase ugatA hai aura vahI mAnavIya pUrNa vikAsakA mukhya sAdhana hai / usIke lAbhake nimitta adhyAtma zAstra hai, yogamArga hai, aura usakI sAdhanA meM mAnava jIvanakI kRtArthatA hai / I0 1650 ] [ saMpUrNAnanda - abhinandana grantha - *

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jIvana-dRSTimeM maulika parivartana itihAsake prArambhameM vartamAna jIvana-para hI adhika bhAra diyA jAtA thA / pAralaukika jIvanakI bAta hama sukha-suvidhAmeM aura phursatake samaya hI karate the| vedoMke kathanAnusAra 'caravaiti caraivaiti carAti carato bhagaH' (arthAt calo, calo, calanevAlekA hI bhAgya calatA hai) ko hI hamane jIvanakA mUlamantra mAnA hai / para Aja hamArI jIvana-dRSTi bilakula badala gaI hai| Aja hama isa jIvanakI upekSA kara paralokakA jIvana sudhAranekI hI vizeSa cintA karate haiN| isakA duSpariNAma yaha huA hai ki jIvana meM parizrama aura puruSArtha karanekI hamArI Adata bilakula chUTa gaI hai / puruSArthakI kamIse hamArA jIvana bilakula kRtrima aura khokhalA hotA jA rahA hai| jisa prakAra jaGgalameM caranevAlI gAyabakarIkI apekSA gharapara ba~dhI rahanevAlI gAya bakarIkA dUdha kama lAbhadAyaka hotA hai, usI prakAra gharameM kaida rahanevAlI striyoMkI santAna bhI zaktizAlI nahIM ho sktii| pahale latriyoM kA bala-vikrama prasiddha thA, para aba vilAsitA aura akarmaNyatAmeM pale rAjA-raIsoMke bacce bahuta hI azakta aura puruSArthahIna hote haiM / aAgeke kSatriyoMkI taraha na to ve lambI paidalayAtrA yA ghur3asavArI kara sakate haiM aura na aura koI zrama hI / isI prakAra vaizyoMmeM bhI puruSArthakI hAni huI hai / pahale ve araba, phArasa, mistra, bAlI, sumAtrA, jAvA zrAdi dUra-dUrake sthAnoMmeM jAkara vyApAra-vANijya karate the / para aba unameM vaha puruSArtha nahIM hai, aba to unameMse adhikAMzakI toMdeM ArAma-tala thI aura zrAlasyake kAraNa bar3hI huI najara AtI haiN| zrAja to hama jise dekhate haiM vahI puruSArtha aura karma karaneke bajAya dharmakarma aura pUjA-pAThake nAmapara jJAnakI khojameM vyasta dIkhatA hai| paramezvarakI bhakti to usake guNoMkA smaraNa, usake rUpakI pUjA aura usake prati zraddhAmeM hai| pUjAkA mUlamantra hai 'sarvabhUtahite rataH' (saba bhUtoMke hitameM rata hai )arthAt hama saba logoMke sAtha acchA bartAva kareM, sabake kalyANakI bAta soceM / aura saccI bhakti to sabake sukha meM nahIM, duHkhameM sAjhIdAra honemeM hai / jJAna hai zrAtma-jJAna; jar3ase bhinna, cetanakA bodha hI to saccA jJAna hai| isalie cetanake prati hI hamArI adhika zraddhA honA cAhie, jar3ake prati kama | para isa bAtakI kasauTI kyA hai ki hamArI zraddhA jar3ameM jyAdA hai yA cetanameM 1 udA

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27 haraNa ke rUpa meM mAna lIjie ki eka baccene kisI dharma-pustakapara pA~va rakha diyA / isa aparAdhapara hama usako tamAcA mAra dete haiN| kyoMki hamArI nigAha meM jar3a pustakase cetana lar3akA heca hai / yadi sahI mAnoM meM hama jJAna mArgakA anusaraNa kareM, to sadguNoM kA vikAsa honA cAhie / para hotA hai ulaTA / hama jJAna-mArgake nAmapara vairAgya lekara la~goTI dhAraNa kara lete haiM, ziSya banAte haiM aura apanI ihalaukika jimmedAriyoMse chuTTI le lete haiM / daraasala vairAgyakA artha hai jisapara rAga ho, usase virata honA / para hama vairAgya lete haiM una jimmedAriyoMse, jo zrAvazyaka haiM aura una kAmoMse, jo karane caahie| hama vairAgyake nAmapara apaMga pazuyoMkI taraha jIvanake karma-mArga se haTa kara dUsaroMse sevA karAneke lie unake sirapara savAra hote haiM / vAstavameM honA to yaha cAhie ki pAralaukika jJAnase ihalokake jIvanako ucca banAyA jaae| para usake nAmapara yahA~ ke jIvanakI jo jimmedAriyA~ haiM, unase mukti pAnekI ceSTAkI jAtI hai / 1 logoMne jJAna-mArgake nAmapara jisa svArthAndhatA aura vilAsitAko caritArtha kiyA hai, usakA pariNAma spaSTa ho rahA hai / isakI proTameM jo kavitAe~ racI gaI, ve adhikAMza meM zrRMgAra - pradhAna haiM / tukArAmake bhajanoM aura bAuloMke gItoM meM jisa vairAgyakI chApa hai, sApha- pha-sIdhe artha meM unameM bala yA karmakI kahIM gandha bhI nhiiN| unameM hai yathArthavAda aura jIvanake sthUla satyase palAyana / yahI bAta mandiroM aura maThoM meM honevAle kIrttanoMke saMbandha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / itihAsameM maThoM aura mandiroMke dhvaMsakI jitanI ghaTanAe~ haiM, unameM eka bAta to bahuta hI spaSTa hai ki daivI zaktikI duhAI denevAle pujAriyoM yA sAdhuoMne unakI rakSA ke lie kabhI apane prANa nahIM die| bakhtiyAra khilajIne dillI se sirpha 16 ghur3asavAra lekara bihAra - yuktaprAnta Adi jIte aura baGgAla meM jAkara lakSmaNasena ko parAjita kiyaa| jaba usane sunA ki paraloka sudhAranebAloMke dAnase mandiroM meM bar3A dhana jamA hai, mUrtiyoM taka meM ratna bhare haiM to usane unheM lUTA aura mUrtiyoMko tor3A / jJAna-mArgake ThekedAroMne jisa tarahakI saMkIrNatA phailAI, usase unhIMkA nahIM, na jAne kitanoMkA jIvana duHkhamaya banA / ur3IsAkA kAlApahAr3a brAhmaNa thA, para usakA eka musalamAna lar3akI se prema ho gayA / bhalA brAhmaNa use kaise svIkAra kara sakate the ? unhoMne use jAticyuta kara diyA / usane lAkha minnateMkhuzAmadeM kI, mAfI mA~gI; para koI sunavAI nahIM huI / antameM usane kahA ki yadi maiM pApI hoU~, to jagannAthakI mUrti mujhe daNDa degii| para mUrti kyA daNDa

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detI ? aAkhira vaha musalamAna ho gyaa| phira usane kevala jagannAthakI mUrti hI nahIM, anya saikar3oM mUrtiyA~ tor3I aura maMdiroM ko lUTA / jJAna-mArga aura paraloka sudhAraneke mithyA AyojanoMkI saMkIrNatAke kAraNa aise na-jAne kitane anartha hue haiM aura DhoMga-pAkhaNDoMko prazraya milA hai| pahale zAkadvIpI brAhmaNa hI tilaka-candana lagA sakatA thaa| phala yaha huA ki tilaka-candana lagAnevAle sabhI loga zAkadvIpI brAhmaNa gine jAne lge| pratiSThAke lie yaha dikhAvA itanA bar3hA ki tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdImeM Ae hue videzI pAdarI bhI dakSiNameM tilaka-janeU rakhane lge| jJAna-mArgakI racanAtmaka dena bhI hai| usase sadguNoMkA vikAsa huA hai| parantu paralokake jJAnake nAmase jo sadguNoMkA vikAsa huA hai, usake upayogakA kSetra aba badala denA cAhie / usakA upayoga hameM isI jIvanameM karanA hogaa| rAkaphelarakA udAharaNa hamAre sAmane hai / usane bahuta-sA dAna diyA, bahuta-sI saMsthAe~ kholiiN| isalie nahIM ki usakA paraloka sudhare, balki isalie ki bahutoMkA ihaloka sudhre| sadguNoMkA yadi isa jIvana meM vikAsa ho jAe, to vaha paraloka taka bhI sAtha jaaegaa| sadguNoMkA jo vikAsa hai, usako vartamAna jIvanameM lAgU karanA hI saccA dharma aura jJAna hai| pahale khAnapAnakI itanI suvidhA thI ki zrAdamIko adhika puruSArtha karanekI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thii| yadi usa samaya aAjakala jaisI khAna-pAnakI asuvidhA hotI. to vaha zAyada aura adhika puruSArtha krtaa| para Aja to yaha puruSArthakI kamI hI janatAkI mRtyu hai| . pahale jo loga paraloka-jJAnakI sAdhanAmeM vizeSa samaya aura zakti lagAte the, unake pAsa samaya aura jIvanakI suvidhAtroMkI kamI nahIM thii| jitane loga yahA~ the. unake lie kAphI phala aura anna prApta the| dudhArU pazuoM kI bhI kamI na thI, kyoMki pazupAlana bahuta sastA thaa| cAlIsa hajAra gauoMkA eka gokula kahalAtA thaa| una dinoM aise gokula rakhanevAloMkI saMkhyA kama na thii| mAlavA, mevAr3a, mAravAr3a AdikI gAyoMke jo varNana milate haiM, unameM gAyoMke udasakI tulanA sAranAthameM rakhe 'ghaToni' se kI gaI hai / isIse anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki taba gaue~ kitanA dUdha detI thiiN| kAmadhenu koI daivI gAya na thI, balki yaha saMjJA usa gAyakI thI, jo cAhe jaba duhanepara dUdha detI thI aura aisI gautroMkI kamI na thii| jJAna-mArgake jo pracAraka (RSi) jaMgaloMmeM rahate the, unake lie kanda-mUla, phala aura dUdhakI kamI na thii| tyAgakA Adarza unake lie thA / upavAsakI unameM zakti hotI thI, kyoMki

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26 Age pIche unako paryApta poSaNa milatA thA / para Aja loga zaharoM meM rahate haiM, pazu-dhanakA hrAsa ho rahA hai aura AdamI azakta evaM akarmaNya ho rahA hai / baMgAlake 1643 ke akAlameM bhikhAriyoMmeMse adhikAMza striyA~ aura bacce hI the, jinheM unake sazakta puruSa chor3akara cale gae the| kevala azakta baca rahe the; jo bhIkha mA~ga kara peTa bharate the / mere kahanekA tAtparya yaha hai ki hameM apanI jIvana-dRSTi meM maulika parivartana karanA cAhie / jIvana meM sadguNoMkA vikAsa ihalokako sudhAraneke lie karanA cAhie / Aja eka ora hama aAlasI, akarmaNya aura puruSArthahIna hote jA rahe haiM aura dasarI pora poSaNakI kamI tathA durbala santAnakI vRddhi ho rahI hai| gAya rakha kara ghara-bharako acchA poSaNa deneke bajAya loga moTara rakhanA adhika jJAnakI bAta samajhate haiM / yaha khAmakhayAlI chor3anI cAhie aura puruSArthavRtti paidA karanI cAhie / sadguNoMkI kasauTI varttamAna jIvana hI hai / usameM sadguNoMko apanAne, aura unakA vikAsa karanese, ihaloka aura paraloka donoM sudhara sakate haiN| sitambara 1948 [ nayA samAja,

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samAjako badalo 'badalanA' preraka kriyA hai, jisakA artha hai-badala ddaalnaa| preraka kriyAmeM apreraka kriyAkA bhAva bhI samA jAtA hai; isalie usameM svayaM badalanA aura dUsareko badalanA ye donoM artha zrA jAte haiN| yaha kevala vyAkaraNa yA zabdazAstrakI yukti hI nahIM hai, isameM jIvanakA eka jIvita satya bhI nihita hai / isIse aisA arthavistAra upayukta mAlUma hotA hai / jIvanake pratyeka kSetrameM anubhava hotA hai ki jo kAma auroMse karAnA ho aura ThIka tarahase karAnA ho, vyakti use pahale svayaM kre| dUsaroMko sikhAnekA icchuka svayaM icchita viSayakA zikSaNa lekara-usameM pAraMgata yA kuzala hokara hI dUsaroMko sikhA sakatA hai / jisa viSayakA jJAna hI nahIM, acchA aura uttama zikSaka bhI vaha viSaya dUsareko nahIM sikhA sakatA / jo svayaM mailA-kucailA ho, aMga aMgameM maila bhare ho, vaha dUsaroMko nahalAne jAegA, to unako svaccha karaneke badale unapara apanA maila hI lagAegA / yadi dUsareko svaccha karanA hai to pahale svayaM svaccha honA caahie| yadyapi kabhI-kabhI sahI zikSaNa pAyA huaA vyakti bhI dUsareko nizcayake mutAbika nahIM sikhA pAtA, to bhI sikhAnekI yA zuddha karanekI kriyA bilakula bekAra nahIM jAtI, kyoMki isa kriyAkA jo AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha svayaM to lAbhameM rahatA hI hai, para usa lAbhake bIja jalda yA derase, dikhAI deM yA na deM, Asa-pAsake vAtAvaraNameM bhI aMkurita ho jAte haiN| svayaM taiyAra hupa, binA dUsareko taiyAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, yaha siddhAnta satya to hai hI, isameM aura bhI kaI rahasya chipe hue haiM, jinheM samajhanekI jarUrata hai / hamAre sAmane samAjako badala DAlanekA prazna hai / jaba koI vyakti samAjako badalanA cAhatA hai aura samAjake sAmane zuddha manase kahatA hai---'badala jAo,' taba use samAjako yaha to batAnA hI hogA ki tuma kaise ho, aura kaisA honA caahie| isa samaya tumhAre amuka-amuka saMskAra haiM, amuka-amuka vyavahAra haiM, unheM chor3akara amuka-amuka saMskAra aura amuka-amuka rItiyA~ dhAraNa kro| yahA~ dekhanA yaha hai ki samajhanevAlA vyakti jo kucha kahanA cAhatA hai, usameM usakI kitanI lagana hai, usake bAre meM kitanA jAnatA hai, use usa vastukA kitanA raMga lagA hai, pratikUla saMyogoMmeM bhI vaha usa saMbandhameM kahA~taka TikA rahA hai aura usakI samajha kitanI gaharI hai / ina bAtoMkI chApa samAjapara

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pahale par3atI hai| sAre nahIM to thor3ese bhI loga jaba samajhate haiM ki kahanevAlA vyakti saccI hI bAta kahatA hai aura usakA pariNAma usapara dIkhatA bhI hai, taba unakI vRtti badalatI hai aura unake mana meM sudhArakake prati anAdarakI jagaha aAdara prakaTa hotA hai / bhale hI ve loga sudhArakake kahe anusAra cala na sake, to bhI usake kathanake prati zrAdara to rakhane hI lagate haiN| auroMse kahaneke pahale svayaM badala jAnemeM eka lAbha yaha bhI hai ki dUsaroMko sudhArane yAnI samAjako badala DAlaneke tarIkekI aneka cAbiyA~ mila jAtI haiN| use apane Apako badalanemeM jo kaThinAiyA~ mahasUsa hotI haiM, unakA nivAraNa karane meM jo UhApoha hotA hai, aura jo mArga DhU~r3he jAte haiM, unase vaha auroMkI kaThinAiyA~ bhI sahaja hI samajha letA hai| unake nivAraNake nae-nae mArga bhI use yathAprasaMga sUjhane lagate haiN| isalie samAjako badalanekI bAta kahanevAle sudhArakako pahale svayaM dRSTAMta bananA cAhie ki jIvana badalanA jo kucha hai, vaha yaha hai / kahanekI apekSA dekhanekA asara kucha aura hotA hai aura gaharA bhI hotA hai| isa vastuko hama sabhIne gA~dhIjIke jIvanameM dekhA hai / na dekhA hotA to zAyada buddha aura mahAvIrake jIvana-parivartanake mArgake viSayameM bhI saMdeha banA rhtaa| __isa jagaha maiM do-tIna aise vyaktiyoMkA paricaya dU~gA jo samAjako badala DAlanekA bIr3A lekara hI cale haiN| samAjako kaise badalA jAe isakI pratIti ve apane udAharaNase hI karA rahe haiN| gujarAtake mUka kAryakarttA ravizaMkara mahArAjako-jo zurUse hI gA~dhIjIke sAthI ora sevaka rahe haiM,-corI aura khUna karane meM hI bharosA rakhanevAlI aura usImeM puruSArtha samajhanevAlI 'bAraiyA' jAtiko sudhAranekI lagana lgii| unhoMne apanA jIvana isa jAtike bIca aisA zrotaprota kara liyA aura apanI jIvana-paddhatiko isa prakAra parivartita kiyA ki dhIre-dhIre yaha jAti Apa hI Apa badalane lagI, khUnake gunAha khuda-ba-khuda kabUla karane lagI aura apane aparAdhake lie sajA bhogane meM bhI gaurava mAnane lgii| aAkhirakara yaha sArI jAti parivartita ho gii| ravizaMkara mahArAjane hAIskUlataka bhI zikSA nahIM pAI, to bhI unakI vANI bar3e-bar3e prophesaroM takapara asara karatI hai| vidyArthI unake pIche pAgala bana jAte haiN| jaba ve bolate haiM taba sunanevAlA samajhatA hai ki mahArAja jo kucha kahate haiM, vaha satya aura anubhavasiddha hai| kendra yA prAntake mantriyoM taka para unakA jAdU jaisA prabhAva hai| ve jisa kSetrameM kAmakA bIr3A uThAte haiM, usameM basanevAle unake rahana-sahanase mantramugdha ho jAte haiM kyoMki unhoMne

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32 pahale apane Apako taiyAra kiyA hai-badalA hai, aura badalaneke rAstoMkA-bhedoM kA anubhava kiyA hai / isIse unakI vANIkA asara par3atA hai / unake viSayameM kavi aura sAhityakAra sva0 meghANIne 'mANasAInA dIvA' (mAnavatAke dIpa) nAmaka paricaya-pustaka likhI hai / eka aura dUsarI pustaka zrI babalabhAI mehatAkI likhI huI hai| __dUsare vyakti haiM santa bAla, jo sthAnakavAsI jaina sAdhu haiN| ve mu~hapara mu~hapattI, hAthameM rajoharaNa zrAdikA sAdhu-veSa rakhnate haiM, kintu unakI dRSTi bahuta hI Age bar3hI huI hai / veSa aura panthake bAr3oMko chor3akara ve kisI anokhI duniyAmeM vihAra karate haiN| isIse aAja zikSita aura azikSita, sarakArI yA gairasarakArI, hindU yA musalamAna strI-puruSa unake vacana mAna lete haiN| vizeSa rUpase 'bhAlakI paTTI' nAmaka pradezameM samAja-sudhArakA kArya ve lagabhaga bAraha varSoM se kara rahe haiN| usa pradezameM do sause adhika choTe-moTe gA~va haiN| vahA~ unhoMne samAjako badalaneke lie jisa dharma aura nItikI nIMvapara sevAkI imArata zurU kI hai, vaha aisI vastu hai ki use dekhanevAle aura jAnanevAleko zrAzcarya hue linA nahIM rahatA / mantrI, kalekTara, kamiznara Adi sabhI koI apanA-apanA kAma lekara santa bAlake pAsa jAte haiM aura unakI salAha lete haiN| dekhanemeM santabAlane kisI pantha, veSa yA bAhya zrAcArakA parivartana nahIM kiyA parantu maulika rUpameM unhoMne aisI pravRtti zurU kI hai ki vaha unakI zrAtmAmeM adhivAsa karanevAle dharma aura nIti-tattvakA sAkSAtkAra karAtI hai aura unake samAjako sudhArane yA badalaneke dRSTibinduko spaSTa karatI hai| unakI pravRttimeM jIvana-kSetrako chUnevAle samasta viSaya thA jAte haiN| samAjakI sArI kAyA hI kaise badalI jAe aura usake jIvanameM svAsthyakA, svAvalambanakA vasanta kisa prakAra prakaTa ho, isakA padArtha-pATha ve jaina sAdhukI rItise gA~va-gA~va ghUmakara, sAre praznoMmeM sIdhA bhAga lekara logoMko de rahe haiM / inakI vicAradhArA jAnaneke lie inakA 'vizva-vAtsalya' nAmaka patra upayogI hai aura vizeSa jAnakArI cAhanevAloMko to unake samparkameM hI pAnA cAhie / tIsare bhAI musalamAna haiM / unakA nAma hai akabara bhAI / unhoMne bhI, aneka varSa hue, aisI hI tapasyA zurU kI hai / banAsa taTake sampUrNa pradezameM unakI pravRtti vikhyAta hai / vahA~ corI aura khUna karanevAlI kolI tathA ThAkuroMkI jAtiyA~ saikar3oM varSoM se prasiddha haiN| unakA rojagAra hI mAnoM yahI ho gayA hai| akabara bhAI ina jAtiyoMmeM nava-cetanA lAe haiN| uccavarNa ke brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya bhI jo ki aspRzyatA mAnate cale Ae haiM aura dalita vargako

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dabAte Ae haiM, akabara bhAIko zraddhAkI dRSTise dekhate haiN| yaha jAnate hue bhI ki akabara bhAI musalamAna haiM, kaTTara hindU taka unakA Adara karate haiM / saba unheM 'nanheM bApU' kahate haiM / akabara bhAIkI samAjako sudhAranekI sUjha bhI aisI acchI aura tIvra hai ki ve jo kucha kahate haiM yA sUcanA dete haiM, usameM nyAyakI hI pratIti hotI hai / isa pradezakI azikSita aura asaMskArI jAtiyoMke hajAroM loga izArA pAte hI unake irda-girda jamA ho jAte haiM aura unakI bAta sunate haiN| akabara bhAIne gA~dhIjIke pAsa raha kara apane Apako badala DAlA haisamajhapUrvaka aura vicArapUrvaka / gA~voMmeM aura gA~voMke praznoMmeM unhoMne apane zrApako ramA diyA hai| Upara jina tIna vyaktiyoMkA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha kevala yaha sUcita karaneke lie ki yadi samAjako badalanA ho aura nizcita rUpase nae sirese gar3hanA ho, to aisA manoratha rakhanevAle sudhArakoMko sabase pahale apane Apako badalanA caahie| yaha to zrAtma-sudhArakI bAta huI / aba yaha bhI dekhanA cAhie ki yuga kaisA aAyA hai| hama jaise haiM, vaiseke vaise rahakara athavA parivartanake * kucha paibanda lagAkara naye yugameM nahIM jI skte| isa yugameM jIneke lie icchA aura samajhapUrvaka nahIM to Akhira dhakke khAkara bhI hameM badalanA par3egA / samAja aura sudhAraka donoMkI dRSTi ke bIca kevala itanA hI antara hai ki rUr3higAmI samAja navayugakI navIna zaktiyoMke sAtha ghisaTatA huaA bhI ucita parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, jyoMkA tyoM unhIM rUr3hiyoMse cipaTA rahatA hai aura samajhatA hai ki Ajataka kAma calA hai to aba kyoM nahIM calegA? phira ajJAnase yA samajhate hue bhI rUr3hike bandhanavaza sudhAra karate hue lokanindAse DaratA hai, jaba ki saccA sudhAraka nae yugakI naI tAkatako zIghra parakha letA hai aura tadanusAra parivartana kara letA hai| vaha na loka-nindAkA bhaya karatA hai, na nirbalatAse jhukatA hai| vaha samajhatA hai ki jaise Rtuke badalanepara kapar3oMmeM pheraphAra karanA par3atA hai athavA vaya bar3hanepara nae kapar3e silAne par3ate haiM, vaise hI naI paristhitimeM sukhase jIneke lie ucita parivartana karanA hI par3atA hai aura vaha parivartana kudaratakA yA aura kisI vastukA dhakkA khAkara karanA par3e, isase acchA to yahI hai ki saceta hokara pahalese hI samajhadArIke sAtha kara liyA jaae| yaha saba jAnate haiM ki naye yugane hamAre jIvana ke pratyeka kSetrameM pA~va jamA

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34 lie haiN| jo pahale kanyA-zikSA nahIM cAhate the, ve bhI aba kanyAko thor3A bahuta paDhAte hai| yadi thor3A-bahuta par3hAnA jarUrI hai to phira kanyAkI zakti dekhakara use jyAdA par3hAne meM kyA nukasAna hai ? jaise zikSaNa ke kSetrameM vaise hI anya mAmaloMmeM bhI nayA yuga pAyA hai| gA~voM yA purAne DhaMgake zaharoM meM to pardese nibha jAtA hai, para aba bambaI, kalakattA yA dillI jaise nagaroMmeM nivAsa karanA ho aura vahA~ banda gharoMmeM striyoMko parde meM rakhanekA Agraha kiyA jAe, to striyA~ khuda hI puruSoM ke lie bhArarUpa bana jAtI haiM aura santati dinapara dina kAyara aura nirbala hotI jAtI hai| vizeSakara taruNa jana vidhavAke prati sahAnubhUti rakhate haiM, parantu jaba vivAhakA prazna AtA hai to loka- nindAse Dara jAte haiN| Darakara aneka bAra yogya vidhavAkI upekSA karake kisI ayogya kanyAko svIkAra kara lete haiM aura apane hAthase hI apanA saMsAra bigAr3a lete haiN| svAvalambI jIvanakA Adarza na honese tejasvI yuvaka bhI abhibhAvakoMkI sampattike uttarAdhikArake lobhase, unako rAjI rakhaneke lie, rUdiyoMko svIkAra kara lete haiM aura unake cakrako cAlU rakhanemeM apanA jIvana ga~vA dete haiM / isa tarahakI durbalatA rakhanevAle yuvaka kyA kara sakate haiM ? yogya zakti prApta karanese pUrva hI jo kuTumba-jIvanakI jimmedArI le lete haiM, ve apane sAtha apanI patnI aura baccoMko bhI khaDDe meM DAla dete haiM / maha~gI aura taGgIke isa jamAne meM isa prakArakA jIvana antameM samAjapara bar3hatA huaA aniSTa bhAra hI hai / pAlana-poSaNakI, zikSA denekI aura svAvalambI hokara calanekI zakti na honepara bhI jaba mUr3ha puruSa yA mUr3ha dampati santatise ghara bhara lete haiM, taba ve naI santatise kevala pahale kI santatikA nAza nahIM karate balki svayaM bhI aise phaMsa jAte haiM ki yA to marate haiM yA jIte hue bhI mudoMke samAna jIvana bitAte haiN| khAna-pAna aura pahanAveke viSayameM bhI aba purAnA yuga bIta gayA hai / aneka bImAriyoM aura apacake kAraNoMmeM bhojanakI avaijJAnika paddhati bhI eka hai / purAne jamAne meM jaba loga zArIrika mehanata bahuta karate the, taba gA~voMmeM jo paca jAtA thA, vaha aAja zaharoMke 'baiThakie' jIvanameM pacAyA nahIM jA sktaa| anna aura duSpaca miThAiyoMkA sthAna vanaspatiyoMko kucha adhika pramANameM milanA caahie| kapar3ekI ma~hagAI yA taMgIkI hama zikAyata karate haiM parantu bace hae samayakA upayoga kAtanemeM nahIM kara sakate aura niThalle rahakara milamAlikoM yA sarakArako gAliyA~ dete rahate haiN| kama kapar3oMse kaise nibhAva karanA. sAde

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35 aura moTe kapar3oM meM kaise zobhita honA, yaha hama thor3A bhI samajha leM to bahuta kucha bhAra halakA ho jAe / puruSa pakSa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki eka dhotIse do pAjAme to bana hI sakate haiM aura striyoM ke lie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bArIka aura kImatI kapar3oM kA moha ghaTAyA jAe / sAikila, TrAma, basa jaise vAhanoMkI bhAga-daur3a meM, barasAta, teja havA yA dhake samaya meM aura purAne DhaMgake rasoI-gharameM sTova Adi sulagAte samaya striyoMkI purAnI prathAkA pahanAvA ( laha~gesAr3IkA ) pratikUla par3atA hai / isako chor3akara navayugake anukUla paMjAbI striyoM jaisA koI pahanAvA ( kamase kama jaba baiThA na rahanA ho ) svIkAra karanA cAhie / dhArmika evaM rAjakIya viSayoMmeM bhI dRSTi aura jIvanako badale binA nahIM cala sakatA / pratyeka samAja apane paMthakA veza aura AcaraNa dhAraNa karanevAle hara sAdhuko yahA~taka pUjatA poSatA hai ki usase eka bilakula nikammA, dUsaroMpara nirbhara rahanevAlA aura samAjako aneka bahamoMmeM DAla rakhanevAlA vizAla varga taiyAra hotA hai / usake bhArase samAja svayaM kucalA jAtA hai aura apane kandhe Bo ' para baiThanevAle isa paMDita yA guruvargako bhI nIce girAtA hai / dhArmika saMsthAmeM kisI tarahakA pheraphAra nahIM ho sakatA, isa jhUThI dhAraNA ke kAraNa usameM lAbhadAyaka sudhAra bhI nahIM ho sakate / pazcimI aura pUrvI pAki'stAna se jaba hindU bhArata meM Ae, taba ve apane dharmaprANa mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM ko isa taraha bhUla gae mAno unase koI hAlatakA dharma thA / rUr3higAmI zraddhAlu usapara nirbhara rahanevAle itane vizAla samayakA upayogI kAryakrama kyA hai ? saMbandha hI na ho / unakA dharma sukhI samAja itanA bhI vicAra nahIM karatA ki guruvargakA sArI jindagI aura sAre isa deza meM sAmpradAyika rAjyataMtra sthApita hai / isa lokataMtra meM sabhIko apane mata dvArA bhAga lenekA adhikAra milA hai / isa adhikArakA mUlya kitanA adhika hai, yaha kitane loga jAnate haiM ? striyoMko to kyA, puruSoM ko bhI apane hakakA ThIka-ThIka bhAna nahIM hotA; phira lokataMtra kI kamiyA~ aura zAsana kI truTiyA~ kisa taraha dUra hoM ? jo gine-cune paisevAle haiM athavA jinakI zrAya paryApta hai, ve moTara ke pIche jitane pAgala haiM, usakA eka aMza bhI pazu-pAlana yA usake poSaNake pIche nahIM | sabhI jAnate haiM ki samAja jIvanakA mukhya staMbha dudhArU pazuoM kA pAlana

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aura saMvardhana hai| phira bhI hareka dhanI apanI pUMjI makAnameM, sone-cA~dImeM, javAharAtameM yA kArakhAnemeM lagAnekA prayatna karatA hai parantu kisIko pazu-saMvardhana dvArA samAjahitakA kAma nahIM suujhtaa| khetIkI to isa taraha upekSA ho rahI hai mAno vaha koI kasAIkA kAma ho, yadyapi usake phalakI rAha hareka AdamI dekhatA hai| Upara nirdiSTa kI huI sAmAnya bAtoMke atirikta kaI bAteM aisI haiM jinheM sabase pahale sudhAranA caahie| una viSayoM meM samAja jaba taka badale nahIM, purAnI rUr3hiyA~ chor3e nahIM, mAnasika saMskAra badale nahIM, taba taka anya sudhAra ho bhI jAe~ge to bhI sabala samAjakI racanA nahIM ho skegii| aisI kaI mahatvakI bAteM ye haiM : 1-hindU dharmakI paryAya samajhI jAnevAlI U~ca-nIcake bhedakI bhAvanA, jisake kAraNa ucca kahAnevAle savarNa svayaM bhI gire haiM aura dalita adhika dalita bane haiN| isIke kAraNa sArA hindU-mAnasa mAnavatA-zUnya bana gayA hai / 2-pU~jIvAda yA sattAvAdako IzvarIya anugraha yA pUrvopArjita puNyakA phala mAna kara use mahattva denekI bhrAnti, jisake kAraNa manuSya ucita rUpameM aura nizcintatAse puruSArtha nahIM kara sktaa| 3-lakSmIko sarvasva mAna lenekI dRSTi, jisake kAraNa manuSya apane buddhi-bala yA tejakI bajAya khuzAmada yA gulAmIkI aora adhika jhukatA hai| ___ 4-strI-jIvanake yogya mUlyAMkanameM bhrAMti, jisake kAraNa puruSa aura striyA~ svayaM bhI strI-jIvanake pUrNa vikAsameM bAdhA DAlatI haiM / 5-kriyAkAMDa aura sthUla prathAoMmeM dharma mAna baiThanekI mUr3hatA, jisake kAraNa samAja saMskArI aura balavAna bananeke badale ulTA adhika asaMskArI aura sacce dharmase dUra hotA jAtA hai / ___samAjako badalanekI icchA rakhanevAleko sudhArake viSayoMkA tAratamya samajhakara jisa bAremeM sabase adhika jarUrata ho aura jo sudhAra maulika parivartana lA sakeM unheM jaise bhI bane sarvaprathama hAthameM lenA cAhie aura vaha bhI apanI zaktike anusAra / zaktise parekI cIjeM eka sAtha hAthameM lenese sambhava sudhAra bhI ruke raha jAte haiN| samAjako yadi badalanA ho to usa viSayakA sArA nakzA apanI dRSTike

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37 sAmane rakhakara usake pIche hI lage rahanekI vRttivAle utsAhI taruNa yA taruziyoMke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki ve prathama usa kSetrameM Thosa kAma karanevAle anubhaviyoMke pAsa rahakara kucha samayataka tAlIma leM aura apanI dRSTi spaSTa aura sthira banAaiM | isake binA prArambhameM prakaTa huyA utsAha bIca meM hI mara jAtA hai yA kama ho jAtA hai aura rUr3higAmI logoMko upahAsa karanekA maukA milatA hai / pharavarI 1651 ] [ taruNa,

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bAla-dIkSA maiM bAla-dIkSA virodhake praznapara vyApaka dRSTi se socatA huuN| usako kevala jaina-paramparAtaka yA kisI eka yA do jaina phirakoMtaka sImita rakhakara vicAra nahIM karatA kyoMki bAla-dIkSA yA bAla-saMnyAsakI vRtti evaM pravRtti karIbakarIba sabhI tyAga-pradhAna paramparAoMmeM zurUse Ajataka dekhI jAtI hai, khAsakara bhAratIya saMnyAsa-pradhAna saMsthAoMmeM to isa pravRtti evaM vRttikI jar3a bahuta purAnI hai aura isake balAbala tathA aucityAnaucityapara hajAroM varSoM se carcA-praticarcA bhI hotI AI hai| isase saMbandha rakhanevAlA purAnA aura nayA vAGmaya va sAhitya bhI kAphI hai| _____ bhAratakI tyAgabhUmi tathA karmabhUmi rUpase cirakAlIna prasiddhi hai / khuda bApUjI ise aisI bhUmi mAnakara hI apanI sAdhanA karate rhe| hama sabhI loga apane dezako tyAgabhUmi va karmabhUmi kahane meM eka prakArake gauravakA anubhava karate haiN| sAtha hI jaba tyAgI saMsthAke poSaNakA yA purAne DhaMgase use nibAhanekA prazna AtA hai taba use TAlate haiM aura bahudhA sAmanA bhI karate haiN| yaha eka spaSTa virodha hai / ataeva hameM socanA hogA ki kyA vAstavameM yaha koI virodha hai yA virodhAbhAsa hai tathA isakA rahasya kyA hai ? apane dezameM mukhyatayA do prakArakI dharma saMsthAe~ rahI haiM, jinakI jar3eM tathAgata buddha aura nigraMthanAtha mahAvIrase bhI purAnI haiN| inameM se eka gRhasthAzrama keMdrita hai aura dUsarI hai saMnyAsa va parivrajyA-keMdrita / pahalI saMsthAkA poSaNa aura saMvardhana mukhyatayA vaidika brAhmaNoMke dvArA huaA hai, jinakA dharma-vyavasAya gRhya tathA zrauta yajJayAgAdi evaM tadanukUla saMskAroMko lakSya karake calatA rahA hai| dUsarI saMsthA zurUmeM aura mukhyatayA brAhmaNetara yAnI vaidiketara, khAsakara karmakAMDIbrAhmaNetara vargake dvArA AvirbhUta huI hai / zrAja to hama cAra Azramake nAmase itane adhika suparicita haiM ki hara koI yaha samajhatA hai ki bhAratIya prajA pahalehIse caturAzrama saMsthAkI upAsaka rahI hai| para vAstavameM aisA nahIM hai / bAla-dIkSA virodhI sammelana, jayapurameM tA0 14-10-46 ko sabhApatipadase diyA huaA bhASaNa /

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36 gRhasthAzrama keMdrita aura saMnyAsAzrama keMdrita donoM saMsthAoMke pArasparika saMgharSa tathA zrAcAra vicArake AdAna-pradAnameMse yaha caturAzrama saMsthAkA vicAra va AcAra sthira huA hai / para, mUla meM aisA na thA / jo gRhasthAzrama keMdrita saMsthAko jIvanakA pradhAna aGga samajhate the ve saMnyAsakA virodha hI nahIM, anAdarataka karate the / isa viSayameM gobhila gRhyasUtra dekhanA cAhiye tathA zaMkara-digvijaya / hama isa saMsthAke samarthanakA itihAsa zatapatha brAhmaNa, mahAbhArata tathA pUrvapakSa rUpase nyAyabhASyatakameM pAte haiN| dUsarI orase saMnyAsa-kendrita saMsthAke pakSapAtI saMnyAsapara itanA adhika bhAra dete the ki mAnoM samAjakA jIvana-sarvasva hI vaha ho| brAhmaNa loga veda aura vedAzrita karmakAMDoMke zrAzrayase jIvana vyatIta karate rahe, jo gRhasthoMke dvArA gRhasthAzramameM hI sambhava hai| isaliye ve gRhasthAzramakI pradhAnatA, guNavattA tathA sarvopayogitApara bhAra dete zrAe / jinake vAste vedAzrita karmakANDoMkA jIvanapatha sIdhe taurase khulA na thA aura jo vidyA-ruci tathA dharma-rucivAle bhI the, unhoMne dharmajIvanake anya dvAra khole jinameMse kramazaH zrAraNyaka dharma, tApasadharma, yA TaigorakI bhASAmeM 'tapovana'kI saMskRtikA vikAsa huaA hai, jo santa saMskRtikA mUla hai / aise bhI vaidika brAhmaNa hote gae jo santa saMskRtike mukhya stambha bhI mAne jAte haiN| dUsarI taraphase veda tathA vedAzrita karmakAMDoMmeM sIdhA bhAga le sakanekA adhikAra na rakhanevAle aneka aise brAhmaNetara bhI hue haiM jinhoMne gRhasthAzrama-kendrita dharma-saMsthAko hI pradhAnatA dI hai| para itanA nizcita hai ki antameM donoM saMsthAnoMkA samanvaya caturAzrama rUpameM hI huA hai / aAja kaTTara karmakANDI mImAMsaka brAhmaNa bhI saMnyAsakI avagaNanA kara nahIM sakatA / isI taraha saMnyAsakA atyanta pakSapAtI bhI gRhasthAzramakI upayogitAko inkAra nahIM kara sakatA / lambe saMgharSa ke bAda jo caturAzrama saMsthAkA vicAra bhAratIya prajAmeM sthira va vyApaka huaA hai aura jisake dvArA samagra jIvanakI jo karmadharma pakSakA yA pravRtti-nivRtti pakSakA vivekayukta vicAra huA hai, usIko aneka vidvAn bhAratIya adhyAtma-cintanakA supariNAma samajhate haiN| bhAratIya vAGmaya hI nahIM para bhAratIya jIvanatakameM jo caturAzrama saMsthAnoMkA vicArapUta anusaraNa hotA AyA hai, usake kAraNa bhAratakI tyAgabhUmi va karmabhUmi rUpase pratiSThA hai| prAraNyaka, tapovana yA santa saMskRtikA mUla va lakSya adhyAtma hai| AtmAparamAtmAke svarUpakA cintana tathA use pAne ke vividha mArgoMkA anusaraNa ha santa-saMskRtikA AdhAra hai / isameM bhASA, jAti, veSa, AdikA koI bandhana

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nahIM / isase isa saMskRtikI ora pahale hI se sAdhAraNa janatAkA jhukAva adhikAdhika rahA hai / anugAminI janatA jitanI vizAla hotI gaI utanI hI isa saMskRtike avAMtara nAnA vidha bAr3e banate ge| koI tapapara to koI dhyAnapara jora detA hai / koI bhaktipara to koI pratyakSa sevAko vizeSatA detA hai, koI nagnatvapara to koI kopinapara vizeSa bhAra detA hai / koI maile-kucale vastrapara jora detA hai| koI zmazAnavAsa to koI guhAvAsakI bar3AI karatA hai| jude jude bAhya mArgoMpara bhAra denevAle santa-sAdhuoMkA sAmAnya dhoraNa yaha rahA hai ki saba apane apane panthake prAcAroMkA tathA apane sAttvika vicAroMkA pracAra karaneke lie apane eka saMghakI AvazyakatA mahasUsa karate rhe| dharma-puruSoMkI cintAkA viSaya yaha rahA hai ki hamArA pantha yA hamArA dharma-mArga adhika phaile, vizeSa lokagrAhya bane aura acche-acche aAdamI usameM sammilita hoN| dUsarI orase aise aneka AdhyAtmika jijJAsu bhI sAdhAraNa janatAmeM nikalate zrAte rahe haiM jo sacce gurukI talAzameM dharma-puruSoMke samIpa jAte aura unameMse kisI ekako guru rUpase svIkAra karate the / guruoMkI AdhyAtmikatAke yogya ummedavAroMkI khoja aura sacce ummedavAroMkI sacce gurutroMkI khoja ina pArasparika sApekSa bhAvanAoMse guru-ziSyoMke saMghakI saMsthAkA janma huaA hai| aise saMghoMkI saMsthA bahuta purAnI hai / buddha aura mahAvIrake pahale bhI aise aneka saMgha maujUda the aura paraspara pratispardhAse tathA dhArmika bhAvake udrekase ve apanA-apanA AcAra-vicAra phailAte rahe haiN| ina santa saMghoM yA zramaNa-saMghoMke sAre prAcAra-vicArakA, jIvanakA, usake poSaNa va saMvardhanakA tathA usakI pratiSThAkA ekamAtra aAdhAra yogya ziSya kA saMpAdana hI rahA hai kyoMki aise santa gRhastha na honese santativAle to saMbhava hI na the, aura unheM apanA jIvana-kArya calAnA to thA hI isaliye unako anivArya rUpase yogya ziSyoMkI jarUrata hotI thii| usa samaya bhArata kI sthiti bhI aisI thI ki dharma-mArgakI yA prAdhyAtmika-mArgakI puSTike liye Avazyaka sabhI sAdhana sulabha the aura dharma-saMghameM yA guru-saMghameM kitane hI kyoM na sammilita hoM para sabakA sammAnapUrvaka nirvAha bhI susambhava thaa| dharma-saMghameM aise gambhIra AdhyAtmika puruSa bhI ho jAte the ki jinakI chAyAmeM aneka sAdhAraNa saMskAravAle ummedavAroMkI bhI manovRtti kisI na kisI prakArase vikasita ho jAtI thii| kyoMki eka to usa samayakA jIvana bahuta sAdA thA ; dUsare, adhikatara nivAsa grAma va nagaroMke AkarSaNase dUra thA aura tIsare ekAdha sacce tapasvI zrAdhyAtmika puruSakA jIvanaprada sAhacarya bhI thaa| isa vAtAvaraNameM bar3e-bar3e tyAgI saMgha jame the / yahI kAraNa hai ki hama mahAvIra, buddha, gauzAlaka, saoNkhya .

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parivrAjaka Adi aneka saMgha cAroM ora deza-bharameM phaile hue zAstroMmeM dekhate haiN| ___AdhyAtmika dharma-saMghoMmeM tejasvI, dezakAlajJa aura vidvAn gurutroMke prabhAvase AkRSTa hokara aneka mumukSu aise bhI saMghameM Ate the aura dIkSita hote the ki jo usameM 6, 10 varSake bhI hoM, bilakula taruNa bhI hoM, vivAhita bhI hoN| isI taraha aneka mumukSu striyA~ bhI bhikSuNI-saMghameM dAkhila hotI thIM, jo kumArI, taruNI aura vivAhitA bhI hotI thii| bhikSuNI saMgha kevala jaina paramparAmeM hI nahIM rahA hai balki bauddha, sAMkhya, AjIvaka Adi anya tyAgI paramparAoMmeM bhI rahA hai| purAne samayameM kizora, taruNa, aura praur3ha strI-puruSa bhikSa saMghameM praviSTa hote the, yaha bAta niHzaMka hai / buddha, mahAvora Adike bAda bhI bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoMkA saMgha isI taraha bar3hatA va phailatA rahA hai aura hajAroMkI saMkhyAmeM sAdhu-sAdhviyoMkA astitva pahalese Ajataka banA bhI rahA hai| isalie yaha to koI kaha hI nahIM sakatA aura kahatA bhI nahIM ki bAla-dIkSAkI pravRti koI naI vastu hai, paramparA sammata nahIM hai, aura purAnI nahIM hai / dIkSAke uddezya aneka haiN| inameM mukhya to Atmazuddhi kI dRSTise vividha prakArakI sAdhanA karanA hI hai| sAdhanAoMmeM tapakI sAdhanA, vidyAkI sAdhanA, dhyAna yogakI sAdhanA ityAdi aneka zubha sAdhanAoM kA samAveza hotA hai jo sajIva samAjake liye upayogI vastu hai| isalie yaha to koI kahatA hI nahIM ki dIkSA anAvazyaka hai, aura usakA vaiyaktika jIvanameM tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM koI sthAna hI nahIM / dIkSA, saMnyAsa tathA anagAra jIvanakA lokamAnasameM jo zraddhApUrNa sthAna hai usakA aAdhAra kevala yahI hai ki jina uddezyoMke liye dIkSA lI jAnekA zAstra meM vidhAna hai aura paramparAmeM samarthana hai, una uddezyoMkI dIkSAke dvArA siddhi honA / agara koI dIkSita vyakti, cAhe vaha strI ho yA puruSa, isa paMthakA ho yA anya paMthakA, dIkSAke uddezyoMkI sAdhanA meM hI lagA rahatA hai aura vAstavika rUpameM nae-nae kSetra meM vikAsa bhI karatA hai to koI bhI usakA bahumAna kie binA nahIM rhegaa| taba Aja jo virodha hai, vaha na to dIkSAkA hai aura na dIkSita vyakti mAtrakA hai / virodha hai, to kevala akAlameM dI jAnevAlI dIkSA kA / jaba purAne samayameM aura madhyakAlameM bAladIcAkA itanA virodha kabhI nahIM huA thA, taba aAja itanA prabala virodha ve hI kyoM kara rahe haiM jo dIkSAkoM AdhyAtmika zuddhikA eka aMga mAnate haiM aura jo dIkSita vyaktikA bahumAna bhI karate haiM / yahI zrAjake sammelanakA mukhya vicAraNIya prazna hai| aba hama saMkSepameM kucha purAne itihAsako tathA vartamAna kAlakI paristhiti

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ko dhyAnameM rakhakara bAla-dIkSAke himAyatiyoMkI orase kahe jAnevAle bAladIkSAke eka-eka uddezyapara vicAra kareMge ki bAla-dIkSAne ve uddezya jaina paramparAmeM kahA~ taka siddha kie haiM ? isa vicArameM hama tulanAke lie apanI sahacara aura ati prasiddha brAhmaNa paramparAko tathA bauddha paramparAko sAmane rakheMge jisase vicAraka jaina sAdhu aura gRhastha donoMke sAmane vicAraNIya citra upasthita ho / pahile hama vidyAkI sAdhanAko arthAt zAstrAbhyAsako lete haiN| saba koI jAnate haiM ki yajJopavItake samayase arthAt lagabhaga dasa varSakI umrameM hI mAtApitA apane baTukako brahmacArI banAkara arthAt brahmacArIkI dIkSA dekara vidyAke nimitta vidvAna gurUke pAsa icchApUrvaka bhejate haiN| vaha baTuka bahudhA mikSA va madhukarIpara rahakara varSoMtaka vidyAdhyayana karatA hai| bAraha varSa to eka sAmAnya maryAdA hai| aise baTuka hajAroM hI nahIM, lAkhoMkI saMkhyAmeM sAre dezameM yatra-tatra par3hate hI Aye haiN| aAjakI sarvathA navIna va parivartita paristhitimeM bhI brAhmaNa paramparAkA vaha . vidyAdhyayana-yajJa na to banda par3A hai, na manda huaA hai, balki naI-naI vidyAtroMkI zAkhAoMkA samAveza karake aura bhI tejasvI banA hai| yadyapi isa samaya bauddha maTha yA gurukula bhAratameM nahIM banA hai para sIlona, barmA, syAma, cIna, tibbata zrAdi dezoMmeM bauddha maTha va bauddha vidyAlaya itane adhika aura itane bar3e haiM ki tibbatake kisI eka hI maThameM rahane tathA par3hanevAle bauddha vidyArthiyoMkI saMkhyA jaina paramparAke sabhI phirakoMke sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoMkI kula saMkhyAke barAbarataka pahu~ca jAtI hai| bauddha vidyArthI bhI bAla-avasthAmeM hI maThoMmeM rahane va par3hane jAte haiN| sAmaNera yA sekha banakara bhikSu veSameM hI khAsa niyamAnusAra rahakara bhikSAke aAdhArapara jIvana bitAte va vidyAdhyayana karate haiN| lar3ake hI nahIM, isI taraha lar3akiyA~ bhI bhikSuNI maThameM rahatI va par3hatI haiN| aba hama jaina paramparAkI ora dekheM / yadyapi jaina paramparAmeM koI aisA sthAyI maTha yA gurukula nahIM hai jisameM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM rahakara niyamita vidyAdhyayana kara sakeM yA karate haiN| para hareka phirakeke sAdhu-sAdhvI apane pAsa dIkSita honevAle bAlaka, taruNa Adi sabhI ummedavAroMko tathA dIkSita hue choTe-bar3e sAdhu-sAdhvI maNDalako par3hAte haiM aura khuda par3hA na sakeM to aura kisI na kisI prakArakA prabandha karate haiN| isa taraha brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jaina tInoM bhAratIya jIvana paramparAmeM vidyAdhyayanakA mArga to cAlU hai hI / khAsakara bAla avasthAmeM to isakA dhyAna vizeSa rakhA hI jAtA hai / yaha saba hote hue bhI vidyAdhyayanake bAremeM jaina paramparA kahA~ hai isapara koI vicAra kare to vaha zarmindA hue binA na rhegaa| vidyAdhyayanake itane adhika

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43 nizcinta subhIte honepara bhI tathA adhyayanakI dRSTise bAlya avasthA adhika upayukta honepara bhI jaina paramparAne aisA eka bhI vidvAn sAdhu paidA nahIM kiyA hai jo brAhmaNa paramparAke vidvAn ke sAtha baiTha sake / zurUse Ajataka bAla - dIkSA thor3e bahuta parimANameM cAlU rahanepara bhI usakA vidyA sambandhI uddezya zUnya - sA rahA hai / vidyAke bAremeM jaina paramparAne svAvalambana paidA nahIM kiyA, yahI isa nirbalatAkA sabUta hai / jahA~ ucca aura gambhIra vidyA adhyayanakA prasaMga zrAyA, vahIM jaina sAdhu brAhmaNa vidvAnoMkA mukhApekSI hutrA aura aba bhI hai / jisa phirake meM jitanI bAla - dINAe~ adhika, usa phirakemeM utanA hI vidyAkA vistAra va gAMbhIrya adhika honA cAhie aura paramukhA - pekSitA kama honI cAhie / para sthiti isake viparIta hai / isa bAtako na to sAdhu hI jAnate haiM aura na gRhastha hI / ve apane upAzraya aura bhaktoMkI cahAradivArIke bAharake jagatako jAnate hI nahIM / kevala siddhasena, samantabhadra kalaMka, haribhadra, hemacandra yA yazovijaya ke nAma va sAhityase zrAjakI bAladIkSA kA bacAva karanA, yaha to rAma bharata ke nAma aura kAmase sUryavaMzakI pratiSThAkA bacAva karane jaisA hai / jaba bAlyakAla se hI brAhmaNa baTukoMkI taraha bAlajaina sAdhu-sAdhviyoM par3hate haiM aura ekamAtra vidyAdhyayanakA uddezya rakhate haiM to kyA kAraNa hai bAla - dIkSAne vidyAkI kakSAko jaina paramparAmeM na to unnata kiyA, na vistRta kiyA aura na pahalekI zruta paramparAko hI pUre hI taurase sambhAle rakhA / dIkSAkA dUsarA uddezya tapa va tyAga batalAyA jAtA hai / merI taraha ApameM se anekoMne jaina paramparAke tapasvI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko dekhA hogA / tIna, do aura eka mAsa taka upavAsa karanevAle sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ko maiM jAnatA hU~, unake sahavAsa meM rahA hU~; bhaktise rahA hU~ / tapta TInakI caddarapara dhUpameM leTanevAle tathA ati saMtapta bAlukApara naMge badana leTanevAle jaina tapasviyoM ko bhI maiMne bhaktipUrvaka praNAma kiyA hai, para jaba itanI kaThora tapasyAkA unakI zrAtmAparAdhyAtmika pariNAma kyA-kyA huA, isapara madhyastha bhAva se socane lagA to maiM eka hI natIjepara AyA hU~ ki jaina paramparA meM bAhya tapakA abhyAsa hI khUba huA hai / isa viSaya meM bhagavAn mahAvIrake dIrghatapasvI vizeSaNakI pratiSThA banA rakhI hai, para jaina paramparA bhagavAn mahAvIrakI tapasyAkA marma apanA niSphala rahI hai / jisa ekAMgI bAhya tapako tApasa tapa kI koTi meM bhagavAn ne rakhA thA, usI kA jaina paramparAne vikAsa kiyA hai, tapake zrAbhyantara svarUpa meM jo svAdhyAya tathA dhyAnakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai usakA bAla dIkSA yA praur3ha

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dIkSAne koI vikAsa nahIM kiyA hai / kevala deha-damana aura bAhya tapa hI abhimAnakI vastu ho to isa dRSTise bhI jaina sAdhu-sAdhviyA~ jainetara tapasvI bAbAoMse pIche hI haiN| jainetara paramparAmeM kaisA-kaisA deha-damana aura vivadha prakArakA bAhya tapa pracalita hai ! ise jAnaneke lie himAlaya, vindhyAcala, citrakUTa Adi parvatoMmeM tathA anya ekAMta sthAnoMmeM jAkara dekhanA caahie| vahA~ hama AThapATha, dasa-dasa hajAra phITakI U~cAIpara baraphakI varSAmeM naGge yA eka kopInadhArI khAkhI bAbAko dekha sakate haiM / jisane vartamAna svAmI rAmadAsakA jIvana par3hA hai, unakA paricaya kiyA hai, vaha jaina sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke bAhya tapako mRdu hI khegaa| isalie kevala tapakI yazogAthA gAkara jo zrAvaka-zrAvikAoMko dhokhemeM rakhate haiM ve khuda apaneko tathA tapa-paramparAko dhokhA de rahe haiN| tapa burA nahIM, vaha AdhyAtmika tejakA udgama sthAna hai, para use sAdhanekI kalA dUsarI hai jo aAjakalakA sAdhugaNa bhUla-sA gayA hai / dIkSAkA khAsakara bAla-dIkSAkA mahAn uddezya prAdhyAtmikatAkI sAdhanA hai| isameM dhyAna tathA yogakA hI mukhya sthAna hai| para kyA koI yaha batalA sakegA ki ina jaina dIkSitoMmeMse eka bhI sAdhu yA sAdhvI dhyAna yA yoga kI saccI prakriyAko svalpa pramANameM bhI jAnatA hai ? prakriyAkI bAta dUra rahI, dhyAna-yoga saMbandhI sampUrNa sAhityako bhI kyA kisIne par3hA taka hai ? zrI aravinda, maharSi ramaNa Adike jIvita yogAbhyAsakI bAta nahIM karatA para maiM kevala jaina zAstrameM varNita zukla dhyAnake svarUpakI bAta karatA hU~ / itanI zatAbdiyoM kA zukla dhyAna saMbandhI varNana par3hie / usake jo zabda DhAI hajAra varSa pahale the, vahI aAja haiN| agara gurU hI dhyAna tathA yogakA pUrA zAstrIya artha nahIM jAnatA. na to vaha usakI prakriyAko jAnatA hai, to phira usake pAsa kitane hI bAlaka-bAlikAe~ dIkSita kyoM na hoM ; ve dhyAna-yogake zabdakA uccAra chor3akara kyA jAna sakeMge? yahI kAraNa hai ki dIkSita vyaktiyoMkA zrAdhyAtmika va mAnasika vikAsa ruka jAtA hai| isa taraha hama zAstrAbhyAsa, tAttvika tyAgAbhyAsa yA dhyAna-yogAbhyAsakI dRSTi se dekhate haiM to jaina tyAgiyoMkI sthiti dayanIya a~catI hai| gurU-gurUNiyoMkI aisI sthitimeM choTe-choTe bAlaka-bAlikAoMkoM Ajanma navakoTi saMyama denekA samarthana karanA, ise koI sAdhAraNa samajhadAra bhI vAjiba na khegaa| bAla-dIkSAkI asAmayikatA aura ghAtakatAke aura do khAsa kAraNa haiM, jinapara vicAra kie binA Age nahIM bar3hA jA sakatA / purAne yugameM jaina gurU vargakA mukha araNya, vana aura upavanakI ora thA, nagara zahara AdikA ava

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lambana yA vAsa nahIM thA, jaba ki zrAjake jaina gurU vargakA mukha nagara tathA zaharoMkI ora hai, araNya, vana aura upavanakI ora to sAdhu-sAdhviyoMkI pITha bhara hai, mukha nhiiN| jina kasaboM, nagaroM aura zaharoM meM vikArakI pUrNa sAmagrI hai usImeM Aja ke bAlaka kizora, taruNa sAdhu-sAdhviyoMkA jIvana vyatIta hotA hai / ve jahA~ rahate haiM, jahA~ jAte haiM, vahA~ sarvatra gyArahaveM guNasthAnataka car3he hue ko bhI girAnevAlI sAmagrI hai / phira jo sAdhu-sAdhviyA~ chaThe guNasthAnakA bhI vAstavika sparza karanese dUra haiM, ve vaisI bhoga sAmagrI meM apanA mana zravikRta rakha sakeM aura AdhyAtmika zuddhi sa~bhAle rakheM to gRhastha apane gRhasthAzramakI bhoga sAmagrImeM hI aisI sthiti kyoM na prApta kara sakeM ? kyA veSa mAtrake badala denemeM hI yA ghara chor3akara upAzrayakI zaraNa lene mAtra meM hI koI aisA camatkAra hai jo zradhyAtmika zuddhi sAdha de aura manako vikRta na hone de / U bAla-dIva ke virodhakA dUsarA sabala kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina dIkSA Ajanma lI jAtI hai| jo strI-puruSa sAdhutva dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha phira isa jIvana meM sAdhu veSa chor3akara jIvana bitAe to usakA jIvana na to pratiSThita samajhA jAtA hai aura na use koI upayogI jIvana vyavasAya hI saralatA se milatA hai| zrAvaka-zrAvikA, sAdhu-sAdhvI sabhI aise vyaktiyoMko avagaNanA yA upekSA - kI dRSTise dekhate haiM / phala yaha hotA hai ki jo nAbAliga lar3akA, lar3akI umra hone para yA tAruNya pAkara eka yA dUsare kAraNase sAdhu jIvana meM sthira nahIM raha sakate, unako yA to sAdhuveSa dhAraNa kara prachanna rUpase malina jIvana bitAnA par3atA hai yA veSa chor3akara samAja meM tiraskRta jIvana bitAnA par3atA hai / donoM hAlatoM meM mAnavatAkA nAza hai / adhikatara udAharaNoM meM yahI dekhA jAtA hai ki tyAgI veSa meM hI chipa kara nAnA prakArakI bhogavAsanA tRptakI jAtI hai jisase eka taraphase aise asthira sAdhuoM kA jIvana barbAda hotA hai, aura dUsarI tarapha se unake saMparka meM Ae hue anya strI-puruSoMkA jIvana barbAda ho jAtA hai / isa dezameM strI-puruSoMke asvAbhAvika zarIra saMbandhake dUSaNa kA jo phailAva huA hai, usameM zranadhikAra bAla-saMnyAsa aura apakva saMnyAsakA bar3A hAtha haiM / isa doSa kI jimmevArI kevala musalamAnoMkI nahIM hai, kevala anya dharmAvalambI maThavAsiyoM, bAbA - mahaMtoM kI bhI nahIM hai / isa jimmevArI meM jaina paramparAkI anadhikAra, akAla, anavasara dIkSA kA bhI khAsa hAtha hai / ina saba kAraNoM para vicAra karanese tathA aisI sthiti ke anubhavase merA sunizcita mata hai ki bAla- dIkSA dharma aura samAja ke lie hI nahIM, mAnavatAke liye ghAtaka hai / maiM dIkSAko Avazyaka samajhatA hU~ / dIkSita vyaktikA bahumAna karatA hU~

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46 para isa samaya dIkSA denekA tathA dIkSita vyaktiyoMke jIvanakA jo DharrA cala rahA hai, use usa vyaktikI dRSTise, sAmAjika dRSTise bilakula anupayogI hI nahIM ghAtaka sagajhatA huuN| ___jo dIkSA-zuddhike pakSapAtI hoM, unakA bhI isa zartapara samarthana karaneko taiyAra hU~ ki pahale to sAdhu-saMsthA vanavAsinI bane; dUsare, dinameM eka bAra hI bhojana kare aura mAtra eka prahara nIMda le, bAkIkA samaya kevala svAdhyAyameM bitAe; tIsare, vaha yA to digambaratva svIkAra kare yA vastra dhAraNa kare to bhI kamase kama hAtha-katI moTI khaddarake do yA tIna vastra rakheM / aAjakala malamala hI nahIM rezamI kapar3e pahananemeM jo sAdhuoMkI aura khAsa kara zrAcAryoMkI pratiSThA samajhI jAtI hai, isakA tyAga-pradhAna dIkSAke sAtha kyA mela hai, mujhe koI samajhA sake to maiM usakA aAbhAra maanuuNgaa| jaba prAcArya taka aise AkarSaka kapar3oMmeM dharmakA mahattva aura dharmakI prabhAvanA samajhate hoM, taba kaccI umrameM dIkSAke lie AnevAle bAlaka-bAlikAoMke mAnasa para usakA kyA prabhAva par3atA hogA ? isakA koI vicAra karatA hai ? kyA kevala saba mAnasa-rogoMkA ilAja eka mAtra upavAsa hI hai| UparakI tIna zartose bhI sabala aura mukhya zarta to yaha hai ki dIkSita huaA bAla, taruNa, praur3ha yA vRddha bhikSu yA bhikSaNI dambhase jIvana na bitAe, arthAt vaha jaba taka apane manase AdhyAtmika sAdhanA cAhe karatA rhe| usake liye zrAjIvana sAdhuvezakI pratijJAkI kaida na ho; vaha apanI icchAse sAdhu banA rahe / agara sAdhu avasthAmeM saMtuSTa na ho sake to usa avasthAko chor3a kara jaisA cAhe vaisA Azrama svIkAra kare / phira bhI samAja meM usakI avagaNanA thA apratiSThAkA bhAva na rahanA cAhie / jaisI usakI yogyatA, vaisA usako jIvana bitAnemeM koI ar3acana na honI cAhie / itanA hI nahIM balki usako samAjakI aorase aAzvAsana milanA cAhiye jisase usa para pratikriyA na ho / khAsa kara koI sAdhvI gRhasthAzramakI ora ghUmanA cAhe to usako isa taraha sAtha milanA cAhiye ki jisase vaha Arta raudra dhyAnase baca sake / samAjakI zobhA isImeM hai| bAta yaha hai ki bauddha paramparA jaisA zurUse hI zrAjIvana mahAvratakI pratijJA na lenekA sAmAnya niyama bnaaeN| jaise-jaise dIkSAmeM sthiratA hotI jAe, vaise-vaise usakI kAla-maryAdA bddh'aaeN| AjIvana pratijJA lAjamI na honese saba doSoMkI jar3a hila jAtI hai| sevA-dRSTimeM sAdhuaoMkA sthAna kyA hai ? isa mudde para hamane Upara vicAra kiyA hI nahIM hai / isa dRSTise jaba vicAra karate haiM taba to aneka bAlakabAlikAoMko akAlameM, apakka mAnasika dazAmeM AjIvana pratijJAvaddha kara

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lenA aura phira idhara yA udhara kahIMke na rakhanA,yaha AtmaghAtaka doSa hai| isake uparAnta dUsarA bhI bar3A doSa najara AtA hai / vaha yaha ki aisI akarmaNya dIkSita phaujako nibhAneke vAste samAjakI bahuta bar3I zakti bekAra hI kharca ho jAtI hai / vaha phauja sevA karaneke bajAya kevala sevA letI hI rahatI hai / isa sthitikA sudhAra khuda aguve vicAraka sAdhu-sAdhvI evaM gRhastha zrAvaka na kareMge to unake AdhyAtmika sAmyavAdake sthAnameM lenina-sTAlinakA sAmyavAda itanI tvarAse AegA ki phira unake kie kucha na hogaa| ___ maiM pahile kaha cukA hU~ ki kevala jaina paramparAko lekara bAla-dIkSAke praznapara maiM nahIM soctaa| taba itane vistArase jaina paramparAkI bAla-dIkSA saMba. ndhI sthitipara maiMne vicAra kyoM kiyA aura anya bhAratIya saMnyAsa pradhAna paramparAaoMke bAremeM kucha bhI kyoM nahIM kahA ? aisA prazna jarUra uThatA hai / isakA khulAsA yaha hai ki bauddha paramparAmeM to bAla-dIkSAkA doSa isalie tIvra nahIM banatA ki usameM dIkSAke samaya AjIvana pratijJAkA anivArya niyama nahIM hai / dUsarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki amuka samayataka bhikSu yA bhikSuNI jIvana bitA kara jo anya Azramako svIkAra karatA hai, usake lie apratiSThAkA bhaya nahIM hai / aba rahI vaidika, zaiva, vaiSNava, avadhUta, nAnaka udAsIna Adi anya paramparAoMkI bAta / ina paramparAoM ke anuyAyI saba milAkara karor3oMkI saMkhyAmeM haiN| unhIMkA bhAratameM hindUke nAmase bahumata hai| isase koI choTI umrakA dIkSita vyakti utpathagAmI banatA hai yA dIkSA chor3akara anya aAzrama svIkAra karatA hai to karor3oMkI anuyAyI saMkhyApara usakA koI duSpariNAma utanA najara nahIM zrAtA jitanA choTese jaina samAjapara najara AtA hai| isake sivAya do eka bAteM aura bhI haiN| jaina paramparAmeM jaisI bhikSuNI saMsthA hai vaisI koI bar3I yA vyApaka saMnyAsinI saMsthA ukta paramparAoMmeM nahIM hai / isalie bAlikA, tyaktA yA vidhavAkI dIkSAke bAda jo anartha jaina paramparAmeM sambhava hai, kamase kama vaisA anartha ukta paramparAtroMmeM puruSa bAla-dIkSA hone para bhI hone nahIM pAtA / ukta vaidika Adi saMnyAsa pradhAna paramparAtroMmeM itane bar3e samAja-sevaka paidA hote haiM aura itane bar3e ucca lekhaka, vizvaprasiddha vaktA aura rAjapuruSa bhI paidA hote haiM ki jisase tyAgI saMsthAke saiMkar3oM doSa Dhaka jAte haiM aura sArA hindU samAja jaina samAjakI taraha eka sUtra meM saMgaThita na honese una doSoMko nibhA bhI letA hai / jaina paramparAmeM sAdhu-sAdhvI saMghameM yadi rAmakRSNa, rAmatIrtha, vivekAnanda, maharSi ramaNa, zrI aravinda, kRSNa mUrti, svAmI jJAnAnandajI, Adi jaise sAdhu aura bhakta morAbAI jaisI eka-Adha sAdhvI bhI hotI to Aja bAla-dIkSAkA itanA virodha nahIM hotA!

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hara eka phirake guru apane pAsadIkSita vyaktiyoMkI saMkhyAkA bar3A dhyAna rakhatA hai / bhaktoMse kahatA rahatA hai ki mere parivArameM itane cele. itanI celiyA~ haiN| jisa guru yA zrAcAryake pAsa dIkSA lenevAloMkI saMkhyA jitanI bar3I, usakI utanI hI adhika pratiSThA samAjameM pracalita hai| yaha bhI anuyAyiyoMmeM saMskAra sA par3a gayA hai ki ve apane gaccha yA phirkemeM dIkSita vyaktiyoMkI bar3I saMkhyA meM gaurava lete haiM / para koI guru, koI guruNI yA koI AcArya yA koI saMghapati gRhastha kabhI isa bAtako jAhirA prasiddha nahIM karatA, khule dilase binA hicakicAye nahIM bolatA ki usake ziSya parivAroMmeMse yA usake sAdhu-maNDalameM se kitanoMne dIkSA chor3a dI, dIkSA chor3akara ve kahA~ gae, kyA karate haiM aura dIkSA chor3anekA saccA kAraNa kyA hai ? ina bAtoMke prakaTa na honese tathA unakI saccI jAnakArI na honese zrAvaka samAja a~dhere meM rahatA hai| dIkSA chor3aneke jo kAraNa hoM, ve cAlU hI nahIM balki uttarottara bar3hate hI rahate haiM / dIkSA chor3anevAloMkI sthiti bhI kharAba hotI jAtI hai| utane aMzameM samAja bhI nirbala par3atA jAtA hai| samajhadAroMkI zraddhA bilakula uThatI jAtI najara AtI hai aura sAtha hI sAtha avicArI dIkSA denekA silasilA bhI jArI rahatA hai / yaha sthiti binA sudhare kabhI dharma-teja surakSita raha nahIM sktaa| isalie hara eka samajhadAra saMghake aguve tathA javAbadeha dhArmika strI-puruSakA yaha pharja hai ki vaha dIkSA tyAgake sacce kAraNoMkI pUrI jA~ca kare aura zrAcArya yA guruko hI dIcA-tyAgase utpanna duSpariNAmoMkA javAbadeha smjhe| aisA kie binA koI guru yA prAcArya na to apanI javAbadArI samajhegA na sthitikA sudhAra hogaa| udAharaNArtha, sunane meM AyA ki terApanthameM 1800 vyaktiyoMkI dIkSA huI jinameMse 250 ke karIba nikala gae / aba savAla yaha hai ki 250 ke dIkSA-tyAgakI javAbadehI kisakI ? agara 1800 vyaktiyoMko dIkSA dene meM terApanthake prAcAryoMkA gaurava hai, to 250 ke dIkSA-tyAgakA kalaMka kisake matthe samajhanA cAhie ! merI rAyameM dIkSita vyaktiyoMke byaurekI apekSA dIkSAtyAgI vyaktiyoM ke pUre byaurekA mUlya saMgha aura samAjake zreyakI dRSTise adhika hai kyoMki tabhI saMgha aura samAjake jIvanameM sudhAra sambhava hai| jo bAta terApanthake viSayameM hai, vahI anya phirakAMke bAremeM bhI sahI hai / disambara 1646 ] [ taruNa,

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dharma aura vidyAkA tiirth-vaishaalii| upasthita sajano, _ jabase vaizAlI saMghakI pravRttiyoMke bAremeM thor3A bahuta jAnatA rahA hU~ tabhIse usake prati merA sadbhAva uttarottara bar3hatA rahA hai| yaha sadbhAva Akhira mujhe yahA~ lAyA hai| maiMne socakara yahI taya kiyA ki agara saMghake prati sadbhAva prakaTa karanA ho to mere lie saMtoSaprada mArga yahI hai ki maiM apane jIvanameM adhika bAra nahIM to kasase kama eka bAra, usakI pravRttiyoMmeM sIdhA bhAga luuN| saMghake saMcAlakoMke prati Adara va kRtajJatA darzAnekA bhI sIdhA mArga yahI hai / mAnava mAtrakA tIrtha dIrghatapasvI mahAvIrakI janma-bhUmi aura tathAgata buddhakI upadeza-bhUmi honeke kAraNa vaizAlI videhakA pradhAna nagara rahA hai| yaha kevala jainoM aura bauddhoMkA hI nahIM, para mAnava-jAtikA eka tIrtha bana gayA hai| ukta donoM zramaNavIroMne karuNA tathA maitrIkI jo virAsata apane-apane tatkAlIna saMghoMke dvArA mAnava jAtiko dI thI usIkA kAlakramase bhArata aura bhAratake bAhara. itanA vikAsa huA hai ki AjakA koI bhI mAnavatAvAdI vaizAlIke itihAsake prati udAsIna raha nahIM sktaa| mAnavajIvanameM saMbaMdha to aneka haiM, parantu cAra saMbaMdha aise haiM jo dhyAna khIMcate haiM-rAjakIya, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura vidyAviSayaka / inameMse pahale do sthira nhiiN| do mitra narapati yA do mitra rAjya kabhI mitratAmeM sthira nahIM / do parasparake zatru bhI acAnaka hI mitra bana jAte haiM, itanA hI nahIM zAsita zAsaka bana jAtA hai aura zAsaka zAsita / sAmAjika saMbaMdha kitanA hI nikaTakA aura raktakA ho tathApi yaha sthAyI nhiiN| hama do cAra pIr3hI darake saMbaMdhiyoMko akasara bilakula bhUla jAte haiN| yadi saMbaMdhiyoMke bIca sthAna kI dUrI huI yA AnA-jAnA na rahA taba to bahudhA eka kuTumba ke vyakti bhI pArasparika saMbaMdhako bhUla jAte haiM / parantu dharma aura vidyAke saMbaMdhakI bAta nirAlI hai| kisI eka dharmakA anugAmI bhASA, jAti, deza, Adi bAtoMmeM usI dharmake dUsare anugAH miyoMse bilkula hI judA ho taba bhI unake bIca dharmakA tAMtA aisA hotA hai. mAnoM ve eka hI kuTumba ke hoN| cIna, tibbata jaise dUravartI dezoMkA bauddha jaba sIlona barmA Adike bauddhoMse milegA taba vaha aAtmIyatAkA anubhava karegA /

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bhAratameM janmA aura palA musalamAna makkA madInAke musalamAna araboMse ghani. chatA maanegaa| yaha sthiti saba dharmoM kI akasara dekhI jAtI hai| gujarAta, rAjasthAna, dUra dakSiNa, karNATaka Adi ke jaina kitanI hI bAtoM meM bhinna kyoM na hoM para ve saba bhagavAn mahAvIrake dharmAnuyAyIke nAte apane meM pUrNa ekatAkA anubhava karate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIrake ahiMsApradhAna dharmakA poSaNa, pracAra vaizAlI aura videhameM hI mukhyatayA huaA hai| jaise cInI barmI aAdi bauddha, sAranAtha, gayA Adi ko apanA hI sthAna samajhate haiM, vaise hI dUra-dUrake jaina mahAvIrake janmasthAna vaizAlIko bhI mukhya dharmasthAna samajhate haiM aura mahAvIra ke dharmAnugAmI ke nAte vaizAlImeM aura vaise hI anya tIrthoM meM bihArameM milate haiN| unake lie bihAra aura khAsakara vaizAlI makkA yA jeruselama hai| yaha dhArmika saMbaMdha sthAyI hotA hai| kAlake aneka thaper3e bhI ise kSINa nahIM kara sake haiM aura na kabhI kSINa kara skeNge| balki jaise-jaise ahiMsAkI samajha aura usakA pracAra bar3hatA jAegA vaise-vaise jJAtRputra mahAbIrakI yaha janmabhUmi vizeSa aura vizeSa sIrtharUpa banatI jaaegii| __hama loga pUrvake nivAsI haiN| sokreTisa, pleTo, erisToTela Adi pazcimake nivaasii| buddha, mahAvIra, kaNAda, akSapAda, zaMkara, vAcaspati Adi bhAratake sapUta haiM, jinakA yUropa, amerikA Adi dezoMse koI vAstA nahI / phira bhI pazcima aura pUrva ke saMbandhako kabhI kSINa na hone denevAlA tattva kauna hai, aisA koI prazna kare to isakA javAba eka hI hai ki vaha tasva hai vidyaakaa| jude-jude dharmavAle bhI vidyAke nAte eka ho jAte haiN| lar3AI, Arthika khIMcAtAnI, matAndhatA Adi aneka vighAtaka zrAsurI tattva aAte haiM to bhI vidyA hI aisI cIja hai jo saba judAiyoM meM bhI manaSya-manaSyako eka dUsareke prati aodarazIla banAtI hai| agara vidyAkA saMbandha aisA ujjvala aura sthira hai to kahanA hogA ki vidyAke nAte bhI vaizAlI-videha aura bihAra sabako eka sUtrameM piroegA kyoMki vaha vidyAkA bhI tIrtha hai / mahAtmA gAMdhIjIne ahiMsAkI sAdhanA zurU to kI dakSiNa aphrIkAmeM, para usa anokhe RSi-zastrakA sIdhA prayoga unhoMne pahale pahala bhAratameM zurU kiyA, isI videha kSetra meM / prajAkI antazcetanAmeM jo ahiMsAkI virAsata suSupta par3I thI, vaha gAMdhIjIkI eka mauna pukArase jaga uThI aura kevala bhAratakA hI nahIM para duniyA-bharakA dhyAna dekhate-dekhate campArana-bihArakI ora AkRSTa huaa| aura mahAvIra tathA buddhake samayameM jo camatkAra isa videhameM hue the vahI gAMdhIjIke kAraNa bhI dekhane meM aae| jaise aneka kSatriyaputra, gRhamatiputra aura

Page #101
brAhmaNaputra tathA putriyA~ buddha va mahAvIrake pIche pAgala hokara nikala par3e the vaise hI kaI adhyApaka, vakIla, jamIMdAra aura anya samajhadAra strI-puruSa gAMdhIjIke prabhAvameM aae| jaise usa purAne yuga meM karuNA tathA maitrIkA sArvatrika pracAra karaneke lie saMgha bane the vaise hI satyAgrahako sArvatrika banAneke gAMdhIjIke svapnameM sIdhA sAtha denevAloMkA eka bar3A saMgha banA jisameM vaizAlI-videha yA bihArake sapUtoMkA sAtha bahuta mahattva rakhatA hai| isIse maiM navayugIna dRSTise bhI isa sthAnako dharma tathA vidyAkA tIrtha samajhatA huuN| aura isI bhAvanAse maiM saba kucha socatA huuN| maiM kAzImeM adhyayana karate samaya Ajase 46 varSa pahale sahAdhyAyinoM aura jaina sAdhuoMke sAtha paidala calate-calate usa kSatriyakuNDameM bhI yAtrAkI dRSTise zrAyA thA jise aAjakala jaina loga mahAvIrakI janmabhUmi samajhakara vahA~ yAtrAke lie Ate haiM aura lakkhIsarAya jaMkzanase jAyA jAtA hai| yaha merI bihArakI sarva prathama dharmayAtrA thii| isake bAda arthAt karIba 43 varSake pUrva maiM mithilA-videhameM aneka bAra par3hane gayA aura kaI sthAnoM meM kaI bAra ThaharA bhii| yaha merI videhakI vidyAyAtrA thii| usa yuga aura isa yugake bIca bar3A antara ho gayA hai| aneka sAdhana maujUda rahanepara bhI usa samaya jo bAteM mujhe jJAta na thIM vaha thor3e bahuta pramANameM jJAta huI haiM aura jo bhAvanA sAmpradAyika dAyareke kAraNa usa samaya astitvameM na thI Aja usakA anubhava kara rahA huuN| aba to maiM spaSTa rUpase samajha sakA hU~ ki mahAvIrakI janmabhUmi na to vaha licchupAr3a yA parvatIya kSatriyakuNDa hai aura na nAlandAke nikaTakA kuNDalagrAma hii| aAjake basAr3hakI khudAImeMse itane adhika pramANa upalabdha hue haiM aura ina pramANoMkA jaina-bauddha paramparAke prAcIna zAstroMke ullekhoMke sAtha itanA adhika mela baiThatA hai tathA phAhiyAna hyuenasaMga jaise pratyakSadarzI yAtriyoM ke vRttAntoMke sAtha adhika saMvAda hotA hai ki yaha saba dekhakara mujhako usa samaya ke apane ajJAnapara ha~sI hI nahIM tarasa bhI AtA hai / aura sAtha hI sAtha satyakI jAnakArIse asAdhAraNa khuzI bhI hotI hai / vaha satya yaha hai ki basAdake kSetrameM jo vAsukuNDa nAmaka sthAna hai vahI sacamuca kSatriyakuNDa hai| vibhinna paraMparAoMkI ekatA bhAratameM aneka dharma paramparAe~ rahI haiN| brAhmaNa paramparA mukhyatayA vaidika hai jisakI kaI zAkhAe~ haiM / zramaNa paramparAkI bhI jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka, prAcIna sAMkhya-yoga Adi kaI zAkhAe~ haiN| ina saba paramparAoMke zAstrameM, guruvarga aura saMghameM, AcAra-vicArameM utthAna-patana aura vikAsa-hrAsameM itanI adhika

Page #102
aitihAsika bhinnatA hai ki usa-usa paramparAmeM janmA va palA huA aura usa. usa paramparAke saMskArase saMskRta huzrA koI bhI vyakti sAmAnya rUpase una saba paramparAaoMke antastala meM jo vAstavika ekatA hai, use samajha nahIM pAtA / sAmAnya vyakti hamezA bhedapoSaka sthUla staroM meM hI pha~sA rahatA hai para tatvaciMtaka aura puruSArthI vyakti jaise-jaise gaharAIse nirbhayatApUrvaka socatA hai vaise-vaise usako Antarika satyakI ekatA pratIta hone lagatI hai aura bhASA, AcAra, saMskAra Adi saba bheda usakI pratItimeM bAdhA nahIM DAla sakate / mAnava cetanA Akhira mAnava-cetanA hI hai, pazucetanA nhiiN| jaise-jaise usake Uparase prAvaraNa haTate jAte haiM vaise-vaise vaha adhikAdhika satyakA darzana kara pAtI hai / hama sAmpradAyika dRSTise mahAvIrako alaga, buddha ko alaga aura upaniSad ke RSiyoMko alaga samajhate haiM, para agara gaharAIse dekheM to una sabake maulika satyameM zabdamedake sivA aura meda na paayNge| mahAvIra mukhyatayA ahiMsAkI paribhASAmeM saba bAteM samajhAte haiM to buddha tRSNAtyAga aura maitrIkI paribhASAmeM apanA sandeza dete haiN| upaniSadake RSi avidyA yA ajJAna nivAraNakI dRSTise cintana upasthita karate haiN| ye saba eka hI satyake pratipAdanakI judI-judI rItiyA~ haiM; judI-judI bhASAe~ haiM / ahiMsA taba taka siddha ho hI nahIM sakatI jaba taka tRSNA ho / tRSNAtyAgakA dUsarA nAma hI to ahiMsA hai / ajJAnakI vAstavika nivRtti binA hue na to ahiMsA siddha ho sakatI hai aura na tRSNA kA tyAga hI sambhava hai| dharmaparamparA koI bhI kyoM na ho, agara vaha sacamuca dharmaparamparA hai to usakA mUla tattva anya vaisI dharmaparamparAtroM se judA ho hI nahIM sktaa| mUla tattva kI judAI kA artha hogA ki satya eka nahIM / para pahu~ce hue sabhI RSiyoMne kahA hai ki satyake AviSkAra anekadhA ho sakate hai para satya to akhaNDita eka hI hai / maiM apane chappana varSake thor3e bahuta adhyayana-cintanase isI natIje para pahu~cA hU~ ki panthabheda kitanA hI kyoM na ho para usake mUla meM eka hI satya rahatA hai / Aja maiM isI bhAvanAse mahAvIrakI janmajayantIke sthUla mahotsavameM bhAga le rahA huuN| merI dRSTi meM mahAvIrakI jayantIkA artha hai unakI ahiMsAsiddhikI jayantI / aura ahiMsAsiddhikI jayantImeM anyAnya mahApuruSoMkI sadguNasiddhi apane Apa samA jAtI hai| agara vaizAlIke A~ganameM khar3e hokara hama loga isa vyApaka bhAvanAkI pratIti na kara sakeM to hamArA jayantI-utsava nae yugakI mA~gako siddha nahIM kara sktaa| rAjyasaMgha aura dharmasaMgha vaizAlI abhinandana grantha tathA judI-judI patrikAoMke dvArA vaizAlIkA

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paurANika aura aitihAsika paricaya itanA adhika mila jAtA hai ki isama vRddhi karane jitanI naI sAmagrI abhI nahIM hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jIvanI bhI usa abhinandana granthameM saMkSepa se AI hai| yahA~ mujhako aisI kucha bAteM kahanI haiM jo vaise mahAtmAoMkI jIvanIse phalita hotI haiM aura jo hameM isa yugameM turanta kAmakI bhI haiN| mahAvIrake samayameM vaizAlIke aura dUsare bhI gaNarAjya the jo tatkAlIna prajAsattAka rAjya hI the para una gaNarAjyoMkI saMghadRSTi apane taka hI sImita thii| isI tarahase usa samaya ke jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka zrAdi aneka dharmasaMgha bhI the jinakI saMghadRSTi bhI apane-apane taka hI sImita thii| purAne gaNarAjyoMkI saMghadRSTikA vikAsa bhArata-vyApI naye saMgharAjyarUpameM huA hai jo eka prakArase ahiMsAkA hI rAjakIya vikAsa hai| aba isake sAtha purAne dharmasaMgha tabhI mela khA sakate haiM yA vikAsa kara sakate haiM jaba una dharmasaMghoMmeM bhI mAnavatAvAdI saMghadRSTikA nirmANa ho aura tadanusAra sabhI dharmasaMgha apanA-apanA vidhAna badalakara eka lakSyagAmI hoM / yaha ho nahIM sakatA ki bhAratakA rAjyataMtra to vyApaka rUpase cale aura panthoMke dharmasaMgha purAne Dharre para cleN| Akhirako rAjyasaMgha aura dharmasaMgha donoMkA pravRtti kSetra to eka akhaMDa bhArata hI hai| aisI sthitimeM agara saMgharAjyako ThIka tarahase vikAsa karanA hai aura janakalyANameM bhAga lenA hai to dharmasaMghake puraskartAoMko bhI vyApaka dRSTise socanA hogaa| agara ve aisA na kareM to apane-apane dharmasaMghako pratiSThita va jIvita rakha nahIM sakate yA bhAratake saMgharAjyako bhI jIvita rahane na deNge| isalie hameM purAne gaNarAjyakI saMghadRSTi tathA panthoMkI saMghadRSTikA isa yugameM aisA sAmaJjasya karanA hogA ki dharmasaMgha bhI vikAsake sAtha jIvita raha sake aura bhAratakA saMgharAjya bhI sthira raha sake / bhAratIya saMgharAjyakA vidhAna asAmpradAyika hai isakA artha yahI hai ki saMgharAjya kisI eka dharma meM baddha nahIM hai| isameM laghumatI bahumatI sabhI choTebar3e dharma pantha samAna bhAvase apanA-apanA vikAsa kara sakate haiN| jaba saMgharAjyakI nIti itanI udAra hai taba hareka dharma paramparAkA kartavya apane zrApa sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki pratyeka dharma paramparA samagra janahitakI dRSTise saMgharAjyako saba tarahase dRr3ha banAnekA khayAla rakkhe aura prayatna kre| koI bhI laghu yA bahumatI dharma paramparA aisA na soce aura na aisA kArya kare ki jisase rAjyakI kendrIya zakti yA prAntika zaktiyA~ nirbala hoN| yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba ki pratyeka dharma paramparAke javAbadeha samajhadAra tyAgI yA gRhastha anuyAyI apanI

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54 dRSTiko vyApaka banAe~ aura kevala saMkucita dRSTise apanI paramparAkA hI vicAra na kreN| - dharma paramparAaoMkA purAnA itihAsa hameM yahI sikhAtA hai / gaNatantra, rAjatantra ye sabhI ApasameM lar3akara antameM aise dharAzAyI ho gae ki jisase videziyoMko bhAratapara zAsana karanekA maukA milaa| gA~dhIjIkI ahiMsAdRSTine usa truTiko dUra karanekA prayatna kiyA aura antameM 27 prAntIya ghaTaka rAjyoMkA eka kendrIya saMgharAjya kAyama huA jisameM sabhI prAntIya logoM kA hita surakSita rahe aura bAharake bhaya sthAnoMse bhI bacA jA ske| aba dharma paramparAtroMko bhI ahiMsA, maitrI yA brahmabhAvanAke aAdhArapara aisA dhArmika vAtAvaraNa banAnA hogA ki jisameM koI eka paramparA anya paramparAaoMke saMkaTako apanA saMkaTa samajhe aura usake nivAraNake lie vaisA hI prayatna kare jaisA apanepara Aye saMkaTake nivAraNake lie| hama itihAsase jAnate haiM ki pahale aisA nahIM huaa| phalataH kabhI eka to kabhI dUsarI paramparA bAharI aAkramaNoMkA zikAra banI aura kama jyAdA rUpameM sabhI dharma paramparAaoMkI sAMskRtika aura vidyAsampattiko sahanA pdd'aa| somanAtha, rudramahAlaya aura ujayinIkA mahAkAla tathA kAzI zrAdike vaiSNava, zaiva Adi dhAma ityAdi para jaba saMkaTa zrAe taba agara anya paramparAaoMne prANArpaNase pUrA sAtha diyA hotA to ve dhAma baca jAte / nahIM bhI bacate to saba paramparAoMkI ekatAne virodhiyoMkA hausalA jarUra DhIlA kiyA hotA / sAranAtha, nAlandA, udantapurI, vikramazilA zrAdike vidyAvihAroMko bakhtiyAra khilajI kabhI dhvasta kara nahIM pAtA agara usa samaya bauddhatara paramparAe~ usa Aphatako apanI smjhtii| pATana, sAraGgA, sAMcora, bAbU, jhAlora zrAdike zilpasthApatyapradhAna jaina mandira bhI kabhI naSTa nahIM hote / aba samaya badala gayA aura hameM purAnI truTiyoMse sabaka sIkhanA hogaa| __ sAMskRtika aura dhArmika sthAnoMke sAtha-sAtha aneka jJAnabhaNDAra bhI naSTa hue / hamArI dharma paramparAoMkI purAnI dRSTi badalanI ho to hameM nIce likhe zranusAra kArya karanA hogaa| (1) pratyeka dharmaparamparAko dUsarI dharmaparamparAoMkA utanA hI Adara karanA cAhie jitanA vaha apane bAremeM cAhatI hai| (2) isake liye guruvarga aura paNDitavarga sabako aApasameM milane-julane ke prasaMga paidA karanA aura udAradRSTise vicAra vinimaya karanA / jahA~ aikamatya na ho vahA~ vivAdameM na par3akara sahiSNutAkI vRddhi karanA / dhArmika aura sAMskRtika adhyayana adhyApanakI paramparAaoMko itanA vikasita karanA ki

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pUr jisameM kisI eka dharmaparamparAkA anuyAyI anya dharmaparamparA zroMkI bAtoMse sarvathA anabhijJa na rahe aura unake mantavyoMko galatarUpameM na samajhe / isake lie aneka vizvavidyAlaya mahAvidyAlaya jaise zikSAkendra baneM haiM jahA~ itihAsa aura tulanA dRSTise dharmaparamparAtroM kI zikSA dI jAtI hai / phira bhI apane dezameM aise saikar3oM nahIM hajAroM choTe-bar3e vidyAdhAma, pAThazAlAe~ Adi haiM jahA~ kevala sAmpradAyika dRSTise usa paramparAkI ekAMgI zikSA dI jAtI hai / isakA natIjA abhI yahI dekhane meM zrAtA hai ki sAmAnya janatA aura hareka paramparA ke guru yA paNDita bhI usI duniyAmeM jI rahe haiM jisake kAraNa saba dharmaparamparAe~ nisteja aura mithyAbhimAnI ho gaI haiM / vidyAbhUmi - videha vaizAlI - videha - mithilAke dvArA aneka zAstrIya vidyAo ke viSaya meM bihAra kA jo sthAna hai vaha hameM purAne grIsakI yAda dilAtA hai| upaniSadoMke upalabdha bhASyoM ke prasiddha prasiddha zrAcArya bhale hI dakSiNa meM hue hoM para upaniSadoMke zrAtmatattvaviSayaka aura advaitasvarUpaviSayaka aneka gambhIra cintana-videhake janakakI sabhA meM hI hue haiM jina cintanoMne kevala purAne zrAcAyakA hI nahIM para Adhunika deza - videza ke aneka vidvAnoMkA bhI dhyAna khIMcA hai / buddhane dharma aura vinaya bahuta bar3e bhAgakA asalI upadeza bihAra ke jude jude sthAnoM meM hI kiyA haiM; itanA hI nahIM balki bauddha tripiTakakI sArI saMkalanA bihArakI tIna saMgItiyoMmeM hI huI hai / jo tripiTaka bihArake sapUtoMke dvArA hI eziyA ke dUradUra agamya bhAgoM meM bhI pahu~ce haiM aura jo isa samayako aneka bhASAoM meM rUpAntarita bhI hue haiN| inhIM tripiTakoMne saikar3oM yUropIya vidvAnoMko apanI ora khIMcA aura jo kaI yUropIya bhASAoM meM rUpAntarita bhI hue| jaina paramparAke mUla zrAgama pIchese bhale hI pazcima aura dakSiNa bhAratake jude jude bhAgoM meM pahu~ce hoM, saMkalita va lekhabaddha bhI hue hoM para unakA udgama aura prArambhika saMgrahaNa tathA saMkalana to bihAra meM hI huA hai / bauddha saMgItikI taraha prathama jaina saMgIti bhI bihAra meM hI milI thI / cANakya ke arthazAstrakI aura sambhavataH kAmazAstrakI janmabhUmi bhI bihAra hI hai| hama jaba dArzanika, sUtra aura vyAkhyA graMthoMkA vicAra karate haiM taba to hamAre sAmane bihArakI vaha prAcIna pratibhA mUrtta hokara upasthita hotI hai / kaNAda aura akSapAda hI nahIM para una donoMke vaizeSika- nyAya darzanake bhASya, vArtika, TIkA, upaTIkA Adi sAre sAhitya parivArake praNetA bihArameM hI, khAsakara videha mithilA meM hI hue haiM / T sAMkhya, yoga paramparAke mUla cintaka aura granthakAra evaM vyAkhyAkAra bihAra

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56 meM yA bihArakI sImAke AsapAsa hI hue haiN| mere khyAla se mImAMsAkAra jaiminI aura bAdarAyaNa bhI bihArake hI hone cAhie / pUrvottara mImAMsA aneka dhurINa pramukha vyAkhyAkAra mithilAmeM hI hue haiM jo eka bAra saikar3oM mImAMsaka vidvAnoMkA dhAma mAnI jAtI thI / baMgAla, dakSiNa Adi anya bhAgoM meM nyAya vidyAkI zAkhA prazAkhAe~ phUTI haiM para unakA mUla to mithilA hI hai / vAcaspati, udayana, gaMgeza Adi prakANDa vidvAnoMne dArzanika vidyAkA itanA adhika vikAsa kiyA hai ki jisakA asara pratyeka dharmaparamparApara par3A hai / takSazilA ke dhvaMsake bAda jo bauddha vihAra sthApita hue unake kAraNa to vihAra kAzI bana gayA thaa| nAlandA, vikramazIlA, udantapurI jaise bar3e-bar3e vihAra aura jagattala jaise sAdhAraNa vihAra meM basanevAle bhikSukoM aura anya durveka mizra jaise brAhmaNa vidvAnoMne jo saMskRta bauddha sAhityakA nirmANa kiyA hai usakI gaharAI, sUkSmatA aura bahuzrutatA dekhakara Aja bhI bihAra ke prati zrAdara umar3a AtA hai / yaha bAta bhalI-bhA~ti hamAre lakSameM A sakatI hai ki bihAra dharmakI taraha vidyAkA bhI tIrtha rahA hai| vidyA kendroMmeM sarva vidyAoMke saMgrahakI AvazyakatA jaisA pahale sUcita kiyA hai ki dharmaparamparAoM kI apanI dRSTikA tathA vyavahAroMkA yugAnurUpa vikAsa karanA hI hogA / vaise hI vidyAkI saba paramparAko bhI apanA teja kAyama rakhane aura bar3hAne ke lie adhyayana adhyApanakI praNAlIke viSaya meM nae sire se socanA hogA / prAcIna bhAratIya vidyAe~ kula milAkara tIna bhASAoM meM samA jAtI haiMsaMskRta, pAli aura prAkRta / eka samaya thA jaba saMskRtake dhurandhara vidvAn bhI pAli yA prAkRta zAstroMko jAnate na the yA bahuta Upara-Upara se jAnate the / aisA bhI samaya thA jaba ki pAli aura prAkRta zAstroMke vidvAn saMskRta zAstroMkI pUrNa jAnakArI rakhate na the / yahI sthiti pAli aura prAkRta zAstroMke jAnakAroM ke bIca paraspara meM bhI thI / para kramazaH samaya badalatA gayA / zrAja to purAne yugane aisA palaTA khAyA hai ki isameM koI bhI saccA vidvAn eka yA dUsarI bhASAkI tathA usa bhASAmeM likhe hue zAstroMkI upekSA karake navayugIna vidyAlayoM aura mahAvidyAlayoMko calA hI nahIM sakatA / isa dRSTise jaba vicAra karate haiM taba spaSTa mAlUma par3atA hai ki yUropIya vidvAnoMne pichale savA sau varSoM meM bhAratIya vidyAoM kA jo gaurava sthApita kiyA hai, saMzodhana kiyA hai usakI barAbarI karane ke lie tathA usase kucha Age bar3hane ke lie hama bhAratavAsiyoMko atra adhyayana * adhyApana, cintana, lekhana aura saMpAdana- vivecana zrAdikA krama aneka prakAra - *

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se badalanA hogA jisake sivAya hama prAcyavidyA-vizArada yUropIya vidvAnoMke anugAmI taka banane meM asamartha rheNge| prAcya bhAratIya vidyAkI kisI bhI zAkhAkA ucca adhyayana karaneke lie tathA ucca padavI prApta karaneke lie hama bhAratIya yUropake jude-jude dezoMmeM jAte haiM usameM kevala naukarIkI dRSTise DIgrI pAnekA hI moha nahIM hai para isake sAtha una dezoMkI usa-usa saMsthA kA vyApaka vidyAmaya vAtAvaraNa bhI nimitta hai| vahA~ ke adhyApaka, vahA~kI kAryapraNAlI, vahA~ ke pustakAlaya Adi aise aGga-pratyaGga haiM jo hameM apanI ora khIMcate haiM, apane dezakI vidyAnoMkA adhyayana karaneke lie hamako hajAroM kosa dUra karja le karake bhI jAnA par3atA hai aura usa sthiti meM jaba ki una prAcya vidyAoMkI eka-eka zAkhAke pAradarzI aneka vidvAn bhAratameM bhI maujUda hoN| yaha koI acarajakI bAta nahIM hai| ve videzI vidvAn isa dezameM Akara sIkha gae, abhI ve sIkhane Ate haiM para sikkA unakA hai| unake sAmane bhAratIya purAne paNDita aura naI praNAlIke adhyApaka akasara phIke par3a jAte haiN| isameM kRtrimatA aura mohakA bhAga bAda karake jo satya hai usakI ora hameM dekhanA hai| isako dekhate hue mujhako kahane meM koI bhI hicakicAhaTa nahIM ki hamAre ucca vidyAke kendroMmeM zikSaNa-praNAlIkA AmUla parivartana karanA hogaa| ucca vidyAke kendra aneka ho sakate haiN| pratyeka kendra meM kisI eka vidyAparaMparAkI pradhAnatA bhI raha sakatI hai| phira bhI aise kendra apane saMzodhana kArya meM pUrNa tabhI bana sakate haiM jaba apane sAtha saMbaMdha rakhane vAlI vidyA paraMparAtroMkI bhI pustaka Adi sAmagrI vahA~ saMpUrNatayA sulabha ho| . pAli, prAkRta, saMskRta bhASAmeM likhe hue saba prakArake zAstroMkA paraspara itanA ghaniSTha saMbandha hai ki koI bhI eka zAkhAkI vidyAkA abhyAsI vidyA kI dUsarI zAkhAaoMke Avazyaka vAstavika parizIlanako binA kie saJcA abhyAsI bana hI nahIM sakatA, jo parizIlana adhUrI sAmagrIvAle kendroMmeM saMbhava nhiiN| isase purAnA paMthavAda aura jAtivAda jo isa yugameM heya samajhA jAtA hai vaha apane zrApa zithila ho jAtA hai| hama yaha jAnate haiM ki hamAre dezakA uccavarNAbhimAnI vidyArthI bhI yUropameM jAkara vahA~ ke saMsargase varNAbhimAna bhUla jAtA hai / yaha sthiti apane dezameM svAbhAvika taba bana sakatI hai jaba ki eka hI kendra meM aneka adhyApaka hoM, adhyetA hoM aura sabakA paraspara milana sahaja ho / aisA nahIM honese sAmpradAyikatAkA mithyA aMza kisI na kisI rUpameM

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puSTa hue binA raha nahIM sktaa| sAmpradAyika dAtAoMkI manovRttiko jItaneke vAste uccavidyAke kSetrameM bhI sAmpradAyikatAkA dikhAvA saMcAlakoMko karanA par3atA hI hai| usa liye mere vicArase to uccatama adhyayanake kendroMmeM sarpavidyAoMkI Avazyaka sAmagrI honI hI cAhie / zAstrIya paribhASAmeM lokajIvanakI chAyA - aba antameM maiM saMkSepameM yaha dikhAnA cAhatA hU~ ki usa purAne yugake rAjyasaMgha aura dharmasaMghakA aApasameM kaisA colI-dAmanakA saMbandha rahA hai jo aneka zabdoMmeM tathA * tattvajJAnakI paribhASAoMmeM bhI surakSita hai| hama jAnate haiM ki vajjIoMkA rAjya gaNarAjya thA arthAt vaha eka saMgha thaa| gaNa aura saMgha zabda aise samUhake sUcaka haiM jo apanA kAma cune hue yogya sabhyoMke dvArA karate the| vahI bAta dharmakSetrameM bhI thii| jainasaMgha bhI bhikSu-bhikSuNI, zrAvaka zrAvikA caturvidha anause hI banA aura saba ajhoMkI sammatise hI kAma karatA rahA / jaise-jaise jainadharmakA prasAra amyAnya kSetroMmeM tathA choTe-bar3e saikar3oMhajAroM gA~voMmeM huaA vaise-vaise sthAnika saMgha bhI kAyama hue jo zrAja taka kAyama haiN| kisI bhI eka kasbe yA zaharako lIjie agara vahA~ jaina bastI hai to usakA vahA~ saMgha hogA aura sArA dhArmika kArobAra saMghake jimme hogaa| saMghakA koI mukhiyA manamAnI nahIM kara sktaa| bar3ese bar3A prAcArya bhI ho to bhI use saMghake adhIna rahanA hI hogaa| saMghase bahiSkRta vyaktikA koI gaurava nahIM / sAre tIrtha, sAre dhArmika, sArvajanika kAma saMghakI dekharekha meM hI calate haiN| aura una ikAI saMghoke milanase prAntIya aura bhAratIya saMghoMkI ghaTanA bhI aAja taka calI AtI hai| jaise gaNarAjyakA bhAratavyApI saMgharAjyameM vikAsa huA vaise hI pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke dvArA saMcAlita usa samayake choTe bar3e saMghoMke vikAsasvarUpameM zrAjakI jaina saMghavyavasthA hai| buddhakA saMdha bhI vaisA hI hai| kisI bhI dezameM jahA~ bauddha dharma hai vahA~ saMgha vyavasthA hai aura sArA dhArmika vyavahAra saMghoMke dvArA hI calatA hai / jaise usa samayake rAjyoM ke sAtha gaNa zabda lagA thA vaise hI mahAvIrake mukhya ziSyoMke sAtha 'gaNa' zabda prayukta hai| unake gyAraha mukhya ziSya jo bihArameM hI janme the ve gaNadhara kahalAte haiN| zrAja bhI jaina paramparAmeM 'gaNI' pada kAyama hai aura bauddha paramparAmeM saMgha sthavira yA saMghanAyaka pd| jaina tattvajJAnakI paribhASAoMmeM nayavAdakI paribhASAkA bhI sthAna hai / naya pUrNa satyakI eka bAjUko jAnanevAlI dRSTikA nAma hai| aise nayake sAta prakAra jana zAstroMmeM purAne samayase milate haiM jinameM prathama nayakA nAma hai 'naigama' /

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kahanA na hogA ki naigama zabda 'nigama' se banA hai jo nigama vaizAlImeM the aura jinake ullekha sikkoMmeM bhI mile haiN| 'nigama' samAna kArobAra karanevAloMkI zreNI vizeSa hai| usameM eka prakArakI ekatA rahatI hai aura saba sthUla vyavahAra eka-sA calatA hai / usI 'nigama' kA bhAva lekara usake Uparase naigama zabdake dvArA jaina paramparAne eka aisI dRSTikA sUcana kiyA hai jo samAjameM sthUla hotI hai aura jisake AdhArapara jIvana vyavahAra calatA hai| naigamake bAda saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta aise chaha zabdoMke dvArA yaha aAMzika vicArasaraNiyoMkA sUcana aAtA hai| merI rAyameM ukta chahoM dRSTiyA~ yadyapi tattva-jJAnase saMbandha rakhatI haiM para ve mUlataH usa samayake rAjya vyavahAra aura sAmAjika vyAvahArika aAdhArapara phalita kI gaI haiN| itanA hI nahIM balki saMgraha vyavahArAdi Upara sUcita zabda bhI tatkAlIna bhASA prayogoMse lie haiN| aneka gaNa milakara rAjya vyavasthA yA samAja vyavasthA karate the jo eka prakArakA samudAya yA saMgraha hotA thA aura jisameM bhedameM ameda dRSTikA prAdhAnya rahatA thaa| tattvajJAnake saMgraha nayake arthameM bhI vahI bhAva hai| vyavahAra cAhe rAjakIya ho yA sAmAjika vaha jude-jude vyakti yA dalake dvArA hI siddha hotA hai| tattvajJAnake vyavahAra nayameM bhI bheda arthAt vibhAjanakA hI bhAva mukhya hai| hama vaizAlImeM pAe gae sikkoMse jAnate haiM ki 'vyAvahArika' aura 'vinizcaya mahAmAtya' kI taraha 'sUtradhAra' bhI eka pada thA / mere khyAlase sUtradhArakA kAma vahI honA cAhie jo jaina tatvajJAnake RjusUtra naya zabdase lakSita hotA hai| RjusUtranayakA artha hai-Age pIchekI galI kuMjImeM na jAkara kevala vartamAnakA hI vicAra karanA / saMbhava hai sUtradhArakA kAma bhI vaisA hI kucha rahA ho jo upasthita samasyAoMko turanta nipaTAe / hareka samAjameM, sampradAyameM aura rAjyameM bhI prasaMga vizeSapara zabda arthAt prAjJAko hI prAdhAnya denA par3atA hai| jaba anya prakArase mAmalA sulajhatA na ho taba kisI ekakA zabda hI antima pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| zabdake isa prAdhAnyakA bhAva anya rUpameM zabdanayameM garbhita hai / buddhane khuda hI kahA hai ki licchavIgaNa purAne rItirivAjoM arthAt rUr3hiyoMkA zrAdara karate haiN| koI bhI samAja pracalita rUdiyoMkA sarvathA unmUlana karake nahIM jI sktaa| samabhirUr3hanayameM rUDhike anusaraNakA bhAva tAttvika dRSTise ghaTAyA hai| samAja, rAjya aura dharmakI vyavahAragata aura sthUla vicArasaraNI yA vyavasthA kucha bhI kyoM na ho para usameM satyakI pAramArthika dRSTi na ho to yaha na jI sakatI hai, ma pragati

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kara sakatI hai| evambhUtanaya usI pAramArthika dRSTikA sUcaka hai jo tathAgatake 'tathA' zabdameM yA pichale mahAyAnake 'tathatA' meM nihita hai / jaina paramparAmeM bhI 'tahatti' zabda usI yugase Ajataka pracalita hai / jo itanA hI sUcita karatA hai ki satya jaisA hai vaisA hama svIkAra karate haiN| . brAhmaNa, bauddha, jaina Adi aneka paramparAoke prApya granthoMse tathA sulabha sikke aura khudAIse nikalI huI anyAnya sAmagrIse jaba hama prAcIna prAcAravicAroMkA, saMskRtike vividha zraGgoMkA, bhASAke aGga-pratyaGgoMkA aura zabdake arthoM ke bhinna-bhinna staroMkA vicAra kareMge taba zAyada hamako UparakI tulanA bhI kAma de ske| isa dRSTise maiMne yahA~ saMketa kara diyA hai| bAkI to jaba hama upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata-rAmAyaNa jaise mahAkAvyoM, purANoM, piTakoM, zrAgamoM aura dArzanika sAhityakA tulanAtmaka bar3e paimAnepara adhyayana kareMge taba aneka rahasya aise jJAta hoMge jo sUcita kareMge ki yaha saba kisI eka vaTa bIjakA vividha vistAra mAtra hai| adhyayanakA vistAra ___ pAzcAtya dezoMmeM prAcyavidyAke adhyayana prAdikA vikAsa huA hai usameM avizrAnta udyogake sivAya vaijJAnika dRSTi, jAti aura panthabhedase Upara uThakara socanekI vRtti aura sarvAGgINa avalokana ye mukhya kAraNa haiN| hameM isa mArga ko apanAnA hogaa| hama bahuta thor3e samayameM amISTa vikAsa kara sakate haiN| isa dRSTise . socatA hU~ taba kahanekA mana hotA hai ki hameM ucca vidyAke vartulameM avestA zrAdi jarathusta paramparAke sAhi yakA samAveza karanA hogaa| itanA hI nahIM balki islAmI sAhityako bhI samucita sthAna denA hogaa| jaba hama isa dezameM rAjakIya evaM sAMskRtika dRSTise ghulamila gae haiM yA avibhAjya rUpase sAtha rahate haiM taba hameM usI bhAvase saba vidyAzroMko samucita sthAna denA hogaa| bihAra yA vaizAlI-videhameM islAmI saMskRtikA kAphI sthAna hai / aura paTanA, vaizAlI zrAdi bihArake sthAnoMkI khudAImeM tAtA jaise pArasI gRhastha madada karate haiM yaha bhI hameM bhUlanA na caahie| bhUdAnameM sahayoga zrAcArya binovAjIkI maujUdagIne sAre dezakA dhyAna abhI bihArakI ora khIMcA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki ve purAne aura naye ahiMsAke sandezako lekara bihArameM vaizAlIkI dharmabhAvanAko mUrta kara rahe haiN| bihAra ke nivAsI svabhAvase sarala pAe gae haiN| bhUdAnayajJa yaha to ahiMsA bhAvanAkA eka pratIka mAtra hai|

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61 sacce artha meM usake sAtha kaI bAteM anivArya rUpase jur3I huIM haiM jinake binA navabhAratakA nirmANa saMbhava nahIM / jamIMdAra jamInakA dAna kare, dhanavAn saMpatti kA dAna kare / para isake sivA bhI zrAtmazuddhi zraneka rUpase zrAvazyaka hai / Aja cAroM ora zikAyata rizvatakhorIkI hai / bihArake rAjataMtravAhaka isa kSatiko nirmUla kareMge to vaha kArya vizeSa AzIrvAdarUpa siddha hogA / aura deza ke anya bhAgoM meM bihAra kI yaha pahala anukaraNIya banegI / Upara jo kucha kahA gayA hai vaha saba mahAbIra, buddha, gAMdhIjI vagairahakI sammilita ahiMsAbhAvanA se phalita hone vAlA hI vicAra hai jo hara janmajayantI para upayukta hai / [ vaizAlI - saMgha dvArA Ayojita bha0 mahAvIra jayantIke avasarapara adhyakSa pada se diyA gayA vyAkhyAna - I0 1653 / ]

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eka patra ............lekha abhI suna gayA / mujhako to isameM koI ayukta kiMvA aApattijanaka aMza pratIta nahIM hushraa| isase bhI kar3I samAlocanA gujarAta, mahArASTra AdimeM khuda jaina samAjameM hotI hai| agara kisIko lekhameM galatI mAlUma ho to usakA dharma hai ki vaha yukti tathA dalIlase javAba de| vyavahAra dharma sAmAjika vastu hai, isapara vicAra karanA, samAlocanA karanA haraeka buddhizAlI aura javAbadeha vyaktikA kartavya hai| aise kartavyako dabAvase, bhayase, lAlacase, khuzAmadase rokanA samAja ko sudharanese yA sudhAranese rokanA mAtra hai| samAlocaka bhrAnta ho to sayuktika javAbase usakI bhrAnti dUra karanA, yaha dUsare pakSakA pavitra kartavya hai / yaha to huI sArvajanika vastupara samAlocanAkI sAmAnya bAta / para samAlocakakA bhI eka adhikAra hotA hai jisake balapara vaha samAjake cAlU vyavahAroM aura mAnyatAoMkI TIkA kara sakatA hai / vaha adhikAra yaha hai ki usakA darzana tathA avalokana spaSTa evaM niSpakSa ho / vaha kisI lAlaca, svArtha yA khuzAmadase prerita hokara pravRtta honevAlA na ho| isa adhikArakI parIkSA bhI ho sakatI hai| maiM kucha likhane lagA, virodhiyoMne mujhe kucha lAlaca dI, kucha khuzAmada kI aura maiM ruka gayA / athavA mujhe bhaya dikhAyA, pUrI taraha girAnekA prayatna kiyA aura maiM apane vicAra prakaTa karanese ruka gayA yA vicAra vApisa khIMca liyA taba samajhanA cAhie ki merA samAlocanAkA adhikAra nahIM hai| isI taraha kisI vyakti yA samUhako nIcA dikhAnekI burI niyatase bhI samAlocanA karanA adhikAra-zUnya hai / aisI niyatakI parIkSA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAjika va dhArmika saMzodhanakI taTastha dRSTise apanA vicAra prakaTa karanA, yaha apanA par3he-likhe logoM kA vicAradharma hai| ise uttarottara vikasita hI karanA cAhiye / rukAvaTeM jitanI adhika hoM utanA vikAsa bhI adhika sAdhanA cAhiye / matalaba yaha ki carcita viSayako aura bhI gaharAI evaM pramANoMke sAtha phirase socanA-jA~canA cAhie aura samabhAva vizeSa puSTa karake usa vivAdAspada viSayapara vizeSa gaharAI evaM spaSTatAke sAtha likhate (1) zrI bha~varamalajI siMdhIke nAma yaha patra 'dharma aura dhana' zIrSaka lekhake viSayameM likhA gayA thA /

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63 rahanA cAhie / vicAra va abhyAsakA kSetra anukUla paristhitikI taraha pratikUla paristhiti meM bhI vistRta hotA hai / mujhako zrApake lekhase tathA thor3ese vaiyaktika paricayase mAlUma hotA hai ki Apane kisI burI niyatase yA svArtha se nahIM likhA hai / lekhakI vastu to bilkula sahI hai / isa sthiti meM jitanA virodha ho, zrApakI parIkSA hI hai / samabhAva aura abhyAsakI vRddhi ke sAtha lekhameM carcita muddoMpara Age bhI vizeSa likhanA dharma ho jAtA hai / hA~, jahA~ koI galatI mAlUma ho, koI batalAe, phaurana saralatA se svIkAra kara lene kI himmata bhI rakhanA / bAkI jo-jo kAma khAsa kara sArvajanika kAma, dhanAzrita hoMge vahA~ dhana apane virodhiyoMko cupa karanekA prayatna karegA hI / isIse maiMne zrApa navayuvakoMke samakSa kahA thA ki patra-patrikAdi svAvalambanase calAo / presa zrAdimeM dhanikoM kA Azraya utanA vAMchanIya nahIM / kAmakA pramANa thor3A hokara bhI jo svAvalambI hogA vahI Thosa aura nirupadrava hogA / hA~, saba ghanI ekase nahIM hote / vidvAn bhI, lekhaka bhI svArthI, khuzAmadI hote haiM / koI bilakula suyogya bhI hote haiM / dhanikoM meM bhI suyogya vyaktikA atyanta abhAva nahIM / dhana svabhAvase burI vastu nahIM jaise vidyA bhI / ataeva agara sAmAjika pravRtti meM par3anA ho taba to hareka yuvaka ke vAste jarUrI hai ki vaha vicAra evaM abhyAsa se svAvalambI bane aura thor3I bhI apanI AmadanI para hI kAmakA hausalA rakhe / guNagrAhI dhanikoMkA Azraya mila jAe to vaha lAbhameM samajhanA / isa dRSTise Age lekhana pravRtti karanese phira kSobha hone kA koI prasaGga nahIM zrAtA / bAkI samAja, khAsa kara mAravAr3I samAja itanA vidyA- vihIna aura asahiSNu hai ki zurU-zurU meM usakI ora se saba prakAra ke virodhoMko sambhava mAna hI rakhanA cAhie, para vaha samAja bhI isa jamAne meM apanI sthiti icchA yA anicchA se badala hI rahA hai / usameM bhI par3he likhe bar3ha rahe haiM / zrAge vahI santAna apane vartamAna pUrvajoM kI kar3I samIkSA karegI, jaisI zrApane kI hai / [ savAla navayuvaka 8-11

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dArzanika mImAMsA

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darzana aura sampradAya' / nyAyakumudacandra yaha darzanakA grantha hai, so bhI sampradAya vizeSakA, ataeva sarvopayogitA kI dRSTise yaha vicAra karanA ucita hogA ki darzanakA matalaba kyA samajhA jAtA hai aura vastutaH usakA matalaba kyA honA cAhie / isI taraha yaha bhI vicAranA samucita hogA ki sampradAya kyA vastu hai aura usake sAtha darzanakA saMbandha kaisA rahA hai tathA usa sAMpradAyika saMbandhake phalasvarUpa darzana meM kyA guNa-doSa Ae haiM ityAdi / saba koI sAmAnya rUpase yahI samajhate aura mAnate Ae haiM ki darzanakA matalaba hai tastra - sAkSAtkAra / sabhI dArzanika apane-apane sAMpradAyika darzanako sAkSAtkAra rUpa hI mAnate Ae haiM / yahA~ savAla yaha hai ki sAkSAtkAra kise kahanA ? isakA javAba eka hI ho sakatA hai ki sAkSAtkAra vaha hai jisameM bhrama yA sandehako avakAza na ho aura sAkSAtkAra kie gae tattvameM phira matabheda yA virodha na ho | agara darzanakI ukta sAkSAtkArAtmaka vyAkhyA sabako mAnya hai to dUsarA prazna yaha hotA hai ki aneka sampradAyAzrita vividha darzanoM meM eka hI tattva ke viSaya meM itane nAnA matabheda kaise aura unameM samAdheya samajhA jAnevAlA paraspara virodha kaisA ? isa zaMkAkA javAba deneke lie hamAre pAsa eka hI rAstA hai ki hama darzana zabdakA kucha aura artha samajheM / usakA jo sAkSAtkAra artha samajhA jAtA hai aura jo cirakAlase zAstroM meM bhI likhA milatA hai, vaha artha agara yathArtha hai, to merI rAya meM vaha samagra darzanoM dvArA nirvivAda aura asaMdigdha rUpase sammata nimnalikhita AdhyAtmika prameyoMmeM hI ghaTa sakatA hai -- 1 - punarjanma, 2 - usakA kAraNa, 3 - punarjanmagrAhI koI tattva, 4---- sAdhanavizeSa dvArA punarjanmake kAraNoMkA uccheda / ye prameya sAkSAtkAra ke viSaya mAne jA sakate haiN| kabhI-na-kabhI kisI tapasvI draSTA yA draSTAnoMko ukta tatvoMkA sAkSAtkAra huA hogA aisA kahA jA sakatA hai; kyoMki Ajataka kisI AdhyAtmika darzanameM ina tathA aise tattvoM ke bAre meM 1. paM0 mahendrakumArasampAdita nyAyakumudacandrake dvitIya bhAga ke prAkkathanakA aMza, I0 1641 |

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na to matabheda prakaTa huaA hai aura na unameM kisIkA virodha hI rahA hai| para ukta mUla zrAdhyAtmika prameyoMke vizeSa-vizeSa svarUpake viSayameM tathA unake vyaurevAra vicArameM sabhI pradhAna-pradhAna darzanoMkA aura kabhI-kamI to eka hI darzanakI aneka zAkhAoMkA itanA adhika matabheda aura virodha zAstroM meM dekhA jAtA hai ki jise dekhakara taTastha samAlocaka yaha kabhI nahIM mAna sakatA ki kisI eka yA sabhI sampradAyake vyaurevAra mantavya sAkSAtkArake viSaya hue hoM / agara ye mantavya sAkSAtkRta hoM to kisa sampradAyake ? kisI eka sampradAyake pravartakako vyaureke bAremeM sAkSAtkartA-draSTA sAbita karanA Ter3hI khIra hai / ataeva bahuta huaA to ukta mUla prameyoMmeM darzanakA sAkSAtkAra artha mAna leneke bAda byaureke bAremeM darzanakA kucha aura hI artha karanA pdd'egaa| vicAra karanese jAna par3atA hai, ki darzanakA dUsarA artha 'sabala pratIti' hI karanA ThIka hai| zabdake arthoM ke bhI jude-jude stara hote haiM / darzanake arthakA yaha dUsarA stara hai| hama vAcaka umAsvAtike "tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam" isa sUtra meM tathA isakI vyAkhyAnoM meM vaha dUsarA stara spaSTa pAte haiN| vAcakane sApha kahA hai ki prameyoMkI zraddhA hI darzana hai| yahA~ yaha kabhI na bhUlanA cAhie ki zraddhAke mAne hai balavatI pratIti yA vizvAsa, na ki sAkSAtkAra / zraddhA yA vizvAsa, sAkSAtkArako sampradAyameM jIvita rakhanekI eka bhUmikA vizeSa hai, jise maiMne darzanakA dasarA stara kahA hai / yoM to sampradAya hara eka dezake cintakoMmeM dekhA jAtA hai / yUropake tattvacintanakI zrAdya bhUmi grIsake cintakoMmeM bhI paraspara virodhI aneka saMpradAya rahe haiM, para bhAratIya tatva-cintakoM ke sampradAyakI kathA kucha nirAlI hI hai| isa deza ke sampradAya mUlameM dharmaprANa aura dharmajIvI rahe haiN| sabhI sampradAyoMne tasvacintanako aAzraya hI nahIM diyA balki usake vikAsa aura vistArameM bhI bahuta kucha kiyA hai| eka tarahase bhAratIya tatva-cintanakA camatkArapUrNa bauddhika pradeza jude jude sampradAyoMke prayatnakA hI pariNAma hai / para hameM jo socanA hai vaha to yaha hai ki haraeka sampradAya apane jina mantavyoMpara sabala vizvAsa rakhatA hai aura jina mantavyoMko dUsarA virodhI sampradAya kataI mAnaneko taiyAra nahIM hai ve mantavya sAmpradAyika vizvAsa yA sAmpradAyika bhAvanAke hI viSaya mAne jA sakate haiM, sAkSAtkArake viSaya nhiiN| isa taraha sAkSAtkArakA sAmAnya srota sampradAyoMkI bhUmipara vyaureke vizeSa pravAhoMmeM vibhAjita hote hI vizvAsa aura pratItikA rUpa dhAraNa karane lagatA hai / jaba sAkSAtkAra vizvAsarUApne pariNata huA taba usa vizvAsako sthApita

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rakhane aura usakA samarthana karaneke lie sabhI sampradAyoMko kalpanAoMkA, dalIloMkA tathA tauMkA sahArA lenA pdd'aa| sabhI sAmpradAyika tasva-cintaka apane-apane vizvAsakI puSTike lie kalpanAoMkA sahArA pUre taurase lete rahe phira bhI yaha mAnate rahe ki hama aura hamArA sampradAya jo kucha mAnate haiM vaha saba kalpanA nahIM kintu sAkSAtkAra hai| isa taraha kalpanAoMkA tathA satya-asatya aura ardha satya toMkA samAveza bhI darzanake arthameM ho gyaa| eka taraphase jahA~ sampradAyane mUla darzana yAne sAkSAtkArakI rakSA kI aura use spaSTa karaneke liye aneka prakArake cintanako cAlU rakhA tathA use vyakta karanekI aneka manorama kalpanAe~ kI, vahA~ dUsarI taraphase sampradAyakI bAipara bar3hane tathA phUlanephalanevAlI tatva-cintanakI bela itanI parAzrita ho gaI ki use sampradAyake sivAya koI dUsarA sahArA hI na rahA / phalataH pardabanda padminiyoMkI taraha tatva-cintanakI bela bhI komala aura saMkucita dRSTivAlI bana gaI / ___ hama sAmpradAyika cintakoMkA yaha jhukAva roja dekhate haiM ki ve apane cintana meM to kitanI hI kamI yA apanI dalIloMmeM kitanA hI lacarapana kyoM na ho use prAyaH dekha nahIM pAte / aura dUsare virodhI sampradAyake tatva-cintanoMmeM kitanA hI sAdguNya aura vaizadya kyoM na ho use svIkAra karane meM bhI hicakicAte haiN| sAmpradAyika tatva-cintanoMkA yaha bhI mAnasa dekhA jAtA hai ki ve sampradAyAntarake prameyoMko yA vizeSa cintanoMko apanA kara bhI mukta kaNThase usake prati kRtajJatA darzAnemeM hicakicAte haiN| darzana jaba sAkSAtkArakI bhUmikAko lA~ghakara vizvAsakI bhUmikApara AyA aura usameM kalpanAoM tathA satyAsatya toMkA bhI samAveza kiyA jAne lagA, taba darzana sAmpradAyika saMkucita dRSTiyoMmeM AvRta hokara, mUlameM zuddha AdhyAtmika hote hue bhI aneka doSoMkA puJja bana gayA / aba to pRthakkaraNa karanA hI kaThina ho gayA hai ki dArzanika cintanoMmeM kyA kalpanAmAtra hai, kyA satya tarka hai, yA kyA asatya tarka hai ? haraeka sampradAyakA anuyAyI cAhe vaha apar3ha ho, yA par3hA-likhA, vidyArthI evaM paNDita, yaha mAnakara hI apane tatvacintaka graMthoMko sunatA hai yA par3hatA-par3hAtA hai, ki isa hamAre tasvagrantha meM jo kucha likhA gayA hai vaha akSarazaH satya hai, isameM bhrAnti yA sandehako avakAza hI nahIM hai tathA isameM jo kucha hai vaha dUsare kisI sampradAyake granthameM nahIM hai aura agara hai to bhI vaha hamAre sampradAyase hI usameM gayA hai| isa prakArakI pratyeka sampradAyakI apUrNa meM pUrNa mAna lenekI pravRtti itanI adhika balavatI hai ki agara isakA kucha ilAja na huA to manuSya jAtike upakAra ke liye pravRtta huA yaha darzana manuSyatAkA hI ghAtaka siddha hogaa|

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___ maiM samajhatA hU~ ki ukta doSako dUra karaneke aneka upAyoMmeMse eka upAya yaha bhI hai ki jahA~ dArzanika prameyoMkA adhyayana tAtvika dRSTi se kiyA jAe vahA~ sAtha hI sAtha vaha adhyayana aitihAsika tathA tulanAtmaka dRSTise bhI kiyA jAe / jaba hama kisI bhI eka darzanake prameyoMkA adhyayana aitihAsika tathA tulanAtmaka dRSTise karate haiM taba hameM aneka dUsare darzanoMke bAre meM bhI jAnakArI prApta karanI par3atI hai / vaha jAnakArI adhUrI yA viparyasta nhiiN| pUrI aura yathAsambhava yathArtha jAnakArI hote hI hamArA mAnasa vyApaka jJAnake Alokase bhara jAtA hai / jJAnakI vizAlatA aura spaSTatA hamArI dRSTimeMse saMkucitatA tathA tajjanya bhaya zrAdi doSoMko usI taraha haTAtI hai jisa taraha prakAza tamako / hama asarvajJa aura apUrNa haiM, phira bhI adhika satyake nikaTa pahu~canA cAhate haiN| agara hama yogI nahIM haiM phira bhI adhikAdhika satya tathA tattva-darzanake adhikArI bananA cAhate haiM to hamAre vAste sAdhAraNa mArga yahI hai ki hama kisI bhI darzanako yathAsambhava sarvAGgINa aitihAsika tathA tulanAtmaka dRSTise bhI pddh'eN| __ myAyakumudacandrake sampAdaka paM0 mahendrakumArajI nyAyAcAryane mUla granthake nIce eka-eka choTe-bar3e muddepara jo bahuzrutatvapUrNa TippaNa die haiM aura prastA. vanAmeM jo aneka sampradAyoMke prAcAryoMke jJAnameM eka dUsarese lena-denakA aitei. hAsika paryAlocana kiyA hai, una sabakI sArthakatA uparyukta dRSTi se adhyayana karanekarAne meM hI hai| sAre nyAyakumudacandra ke TippaNa tathA prastAvanAkA maheza agara kArya sAdhaka hai to sarva prathama adhyApakoMke lie| jaina ho yA jainetara, saccA jijJAsu isa mese bahuta kucha pA sakatA hai| adhyApakoMkI dRSTi eka bAra sApha huI, unakA avalokana pradeza eka bAra vistRta huA, phira vaha suvAsa vidyAthiyoMmeM tathA apar3ha anuyAyiyoMmeM bhI apane-zrApa phailane lagatI hai| isa bhAvI lAbhako nizcita prAzAse dekhA jAe to mujhako yaha kahanemeM leza bhI saMkoca nahIM hotA ki sampAdakakA TippaNa tathA prastAvanA viSayaka zrama dArzanika adhyayana kSetrameM sAmpradAyikatAkI saMkucita manovRtti dUra karane meM bahuta kAragara siddha hogaa| bhAratavarSako darzanoMkI janmasthalI aura krIr3AbhUmi mAnA jAtA hai / yahA~kA apar3hajana bhI brahmajJAna, mokSa tathA anekAnta jaise zabdoMko pada-padapara prayukta karatA hai, phira bhI bhAratakA dArzanika pauruSazanya kyoM ho gayA hai ? isakA vicAra karanA jarUrI hai / hama dekhate haiM ki dArzanika pradezameM kucha aise doSa dAkhila ho gae haiM jinakI ora cintakoMkA dhyAna avazya jAnA caahie| pahalI bAta darzanoMke paThana saMbandhI uddezya kI hai| jise koI dUsarA kSetra na mile aura buddhipradhAna AjIvikA karabhI ho to bahudhA vaha darzanoMkI ora

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71 jhukatA hai / mAnoM dArzanika abhyAsakA uddezya yA to pradhAnatayA zrAjIvikA ho gayA hai yA vAdavijaya evaM buddhivilAsa | isakA phala hama sarvatra eka hI dekhate haiM ki yA to dArzanika gulAma bana jAtA hai yA sukhazIla / isa taraha jahA~ darzana zAzvata amaratAkI gAthA tathA anivArya pratikSaNa mRtyukI gAthA sikhAkara abhayakA saMketa karatA hai vahA~ usake abhyAsI hama nire bhIru bana gae haiM / jahA~ darzana hameM satyAsatyakA viveka sikhAtA hai vahA~ hama ulaTe asatyako samajhane meM bhI asamartha ho rahe haiM, tathA agara use samajha bhI liyA, to usakA parihAra karaneke vicArase hI kA~pa uThate haiM / darzana jahA~ dina-rAta Atmaikya yA zrAtmaupamya sikhAtA hai vahA~ hama bheda-prabhedoMko aura bhI vizeSa rUpase puSTa karane meM hI laga jAte haiM / yaha saba viparIta pariNAma dekhA jAtA hai / isakA kAraNa eka hI hai aura vaha hai darzana ke adhyayana ke uddezyako ThIka-ThIka na samajhanA / darzana par3hanekA adhikArI vahI ho sakatA hai aura use hI par3hanA cAhie ki jo satyAsatyake vivekakA sAmarthya prApta karanA cAhatA ho aura jo satyake svIkArakI himmatakI apekSA asatyakA parihAra karanekI himmata yA pauruSa sarva prathama aura sarvAdhika pramANa meM prakaTa karanA cAhatA ho / saMkSepa meM darzanake zradhyayanakA eka mAtra uddezya hai jIvanakI bAharI aura bhItarI zuddhi / isa uddezyako sAmane rakhakara hI usakA paThana-pAThana jArI rahe tabhI vaha mAnavatAkA poSaka bana sakatA hai / dUsarI bAta hai dArzanika pradeza meM nae sNshodhnoNkii| abhI taka yahI dekhA jAtA hai ki pratyeka sampradAya meM jo mAnyatAe~ aura jo kalpanAe~ rUr3ha ho gaI haiM unhIMko usa sampradAya meM sarvajJa praNIta mAnA jAtA hai aura Avazyaka nae vicAraprakAzakA unameM praveza hI nahIM hone pAtA / pUrva - pUrva purakhoMke dvArA kiye gae aura uttarAdhikArameM diye gae cintanoM tathA dhAraNAoM kA pravAha hI sampradAya hai / hara eka sampradAyakA mAnanevAlA apane mantavyoM ke samarthana meM aitihAsika tathA vaijJAnika dRSTikI pratiSThAkA upayoga to karanA cAhatA hai, para isa dRSTikA upayoga vahA~ taka hI karatA hai jahA~ use kucha bhI parivartana na karanA par3e / parivartana aura saMzodhana ke nAmase yA to sampradAya ghabar3AtA hai yA apane meM pahale se hI saba kucha honekI DIMga hA~katA hai / isalie bhAratakA dArzanika pIcha par3a gayA / jahA~-jahA~ vaijJAnika prameyoMke dvArA yA vaijJAnika paddhatike dvArA dArzanika viSayoM meM saMzodhana karanekI guMjAiza ho vahA~ sarvatra usakA upayoga agara na kiyA jAegA to yaha sanAtana dArzanika vidyA kevala purANoMkI hI vastu raha jAegI / zrataeva dArzanika kSetra meM saMzodhana karaneko pravRttikI zrIra bhI jhukAva honA jarUrI hai /

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darzana zabdakA vizeSArtha / darzana zabda ke tIna artha sabhI paramparAoM meM prasiddha haiM, jaise--ghaTadarzana ityAdi vyavahArameM cAkSuSa jJAna artha meM, zrAtmadarzana ityAdi vyavahAra meM sAkSAtkAra artha meM aura nyAyaya- darzana, sAMkhya darzana ityAdi vyavahAra meM khAsa-khAsa paramparAsammata nizcita vicArasaraNI artha meM darzana zabdakA prayoga sarvasammata hai para usake anya do artha jo jaina paramparAmeM prasiddha haiM ve anya paramparAtroM meM prasiddha nhiiN| unameM se eka artha to hai zraddhAna aura dUsarA artha hai sAmAnyabodha yA tralocana mAtra 1 / jainazAstroM meM tatvazraddhAko darzana padase vyavahRta kiyA jAtA hai, jaise -- 'taravArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam' - tatvArtha 0 1 2 / isI taraha vastu nirvizeSasattAmAtrake bodhako bhI darzana kahA jAtA hai jaise--'viSaya-viSayisannipAtAnantarasamudbhUtasattAmAtra gocaradarzanAt ' - pramANana0 2. 7 / darzana zabdake ukta pA~ca athoMmeMse antima sAmAnyabodharUpa artha lekara hI yahA~ vicAra prastuta hai / isake sambandha meM yahA~ chaH muddoMpara kucha vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / 1. astitva jisa bodhameM vastukA nirvizeSaNa svarUpamAtra bhAsita ho aise bodhakA astitva eka yA dUsare nAmase tIna paramparAoM ke sivAya sabhI paramparAe~ svIkAra karatI haiM / jainaparamparA jise darzana kahatI hai usI sAmAnyamAtra bodhako ( 1 ) darzana zabdakA zralocana artha, jisakA dUsarA nAma anAkAra upayoga bhI hai, yahA~ kahA gayA hai so zvetAmbara - digambara donoM paramparAkI ati prasiddha mAnyatAko lekara / vastutaH donoM paramparAtroM meM anAkAra upayogake sivAya anya artha bhI darzana zabdake dekhe jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha - liGgake binA hI sAkSAt honevAlA bodha anAkAra yA darzana hai aura liGgasApekSa bodha sAkAra yA jJAna hai--yaha eka mata / dUsarA mata aisA bhI hai ki vartamAnamAtragrAhI bodha - darzana aura traikAlikagrAhI bodha - jJAna - tatvArthabhA0 DI0 2, 3 / digambarI dhavalA TIkAkA aisA bhI mata hai ki jo zrAtma mAtrakA avalokana vaha darzana aura jo bAhya arthakA prakAza vaha jJAna | yaha mata vRhadravyasaMgrahaTIkA ( gA0 44 ) tathA laghIyastrayIkI zrabhayacandrakRta (1.5) meM nirdiSTa hai /

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nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga tathA pUrvottaramImAMsaka nirvikalpaka aura AlocanamAtra kahate haiM / bauddha paramparAmeM bhI usakA nirvikalpaka nAma prasiddha hai / ukta sabhI darzana aisA mAnate haiM ki jJAnavyApArake utpattikramameM sarvaprathama aise bodhakA sthAna anivAryarUpase AtA hai jo grAhya viSayake sanmAtra svarUpako grahaNa kare para jisameM koI aMza vizeSyavizeSaNarUpase bhAsita na ho / phira bhI 1 madhva aura vallabhakI do vedAnta paramparAe~ aura tIsarI bhartRhari aura usake pUrvavartI zAbdikoMkI paramparA jJAnavyApArake utpattikramameM kisI bhI prakArake sAmAnyamAtra bodhakA astitva svIkAra nahIM krtii| ukta tIna paramparAoMkA mantavya hai ki aisA bodha koI ho hI nahIM sakatA jisameM koI na koI vizeSa bhASita na ho yA jisameM kisI bhI prakArakA vizeSya-vizeSaNa saMbandha bhAsita na ho / unakA kahanA hai ki prAthamikadazApanna jJAna bhI kisI na kisI vizeSa ko, cAhe vaha vizeSa sthUla hI kyoM na ho, prakAzita karatA hI hai ataeva jJAnamAtra savikalpaka haiN| nirvikalpakakA matalaba itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki usameM itara jJAnoMkI apekSA vizeSa kama bhAsita hote haiN| jJAnamAtrako savikalpaka mAnanevAlI ukta tIna paramparAoM meM bhI zAbdika paramparA hI prAcIna hai / sambhava hai bhartRharikI usa paramparAko hI madhva aura vallabhane apanAyA ho / 2. laukikAlaukikatA-nirvikalpakA astitva mAnanevAlI sabhI dArzanika paramparAe~ laukika nirvikalpa arthAt indriyasannikarSajanya nirvikalpako to mAnatI haiM hI para yahA~ prazna hai alaukika nirvikalpake astitva kaa| jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAe~ aise bhI nirvikalpakako mAnatI haiM jo indriyasannikarSake sivAya bhI yoga yA viziSTAtmazaktise utpanna hotA hai / bauddha paramparAmeM aisA alokika nirvikalpaka yogisaMvedanake nAmase prasiddha hai jaba ki jaina paramparAmeM avadhidarzana aura kevaladarzanake nAma se prasiddha hai| nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhyayoga aura pUrvottaramImAMsaka vividha kakSAvAle yogiyoMkA tathA unake yogajanya alaukika jJAnakA astitva svIkAra karate haiM ataeva unake matAnusAra bhI alaukika nirvikalpakA astitva mAna lene meM kucha bAdhaka jAna nahIM pdd'taa| agara yaha dhAraNA ThIka hai to kahanA hogA ki sabhI nirvikalpakAstitvavAdI savikalpaka jJAnakI taraha nirvikalpaka jJAnako bhI laukika-alaukika rUpase do prakAra kA mAnate haiN| 1. Indian Psychology: Perception. P. 52-54

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. 3. viSayasvarUpa-sabhI nirvikalpakavAdI sattAmAtrako nirvikalpakA viSaya mAnate haiM para sattAke svarUpake bAremeM sabhI eka mata nhiiN| ataeva nirvikalpaka ke grAhya viSayakA svarUpa bhI bhinna-bhinna darzana ke anusAra judA-judA hI phalita hotA hai| bauddha paramparAke anusAra arthakriyAkAritva hI sattva hai aura vaha bhI kSaNika vyaktimAtrameM hI paryavasita hai jaba ki zaMkara vedAntake anusAra akhaNDa aura sarvavyApaka brahma hI sattvasvarUpa hai, jo na dezabaddha hai na kAlabaddha / nyAya vaizeSika aura pUrva mImAMsakake anusAra astitvamAtra sattA hai yA jAtirUpa sattA hai jo bauddha aura vedAntasammata sattAse bhinna hai| sAMkhya-yoga aura jainaparamparAmeM sattA na to kSaNika vyakti mAtra niyata hai, na brahmasvarUpa hai aura na jAti rUpa hai / ukta tInoM paramparAe~ pariNAsinityatvavAdI honeke kAraNa unake matAnusAra utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyasvarUpa hI sattA phalita hotI hai| jo kucha ho, para itanA to nirvivAda hai ki sabhI nirvikalpakavAdI nirvikalpakake grAhya viSaya rUpase sanmAtrakA hI pratipAdana karate haiM / ___4. mAtra pratyakSarUpa--koI jJAna parokSarUpa bhI hotA haiM aura pratyakSarUpa bhI jaise savikalpaka jJAna, para nirvikalpaka jJAna to sabhI nirvikalpakavAdiyoMke dvArA kevala pratyakSa-rUpa mAnA gayA hai| koI usakI parokSatA nahIM mAnatA, kyoMki nirvikalpaka, cAhe laukika ho yA alaukika, para usakI utpatti kisI jJAnase vyavahita na hone ke kAraNa vaha sAkSAtrUpa honese pratyakSa hI hai| parantu jaina paramparAke anusAra darzanakI gaNanA parokSameM bhI kI jAnI cAhie, kyoMki tArkika paribhASAke anusAra parokSa matijJAnako sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai ataeva tadanusAra mati upayogake kramameM sarvaprathama avazya honevAle darzana nAmaka bodhako bhI sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahA jA sakatA hai para Agamika prAcIna vibhAga, jisameM pAramArthika-sAMvyavahArikarUpase pratyakSa ke bhedoMko sthAna nahIM hai, tadanusAra to matijJAna parokSa mAtra hI mAnA jAtA hai jaisA ki tatvArthasUtra ( 1. 11) meM dekhA jAtA hai / tadanusAra jainaparamparAmeM indriyajanya darzana parokSarUpa hI hai pratyakSarUpa nahIM / sArAMza yaha ki jaina paramparAmeM tArkika paribhASAke anusAra darzana pratyakSa bhI hai aura parokSa bhii| avadhi aura kevala rUpa darzana to mAtra pratyakSarUpa hI haiM jaba ki indriyajanya darzana parokSarUpa hone para bhI sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa mAnA jAtA hai| parantu zrAgamika paripATIke anusAra indriyajanya darzana kevala parokSa ho hai aura indriyanirapekSa avadhyAdi darzana kevala pratyakSa hI haiN| 5. utpAdaka sAmagrI-laukika nirvikalpaka jo jaina tArkika paramparAke

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anusAra sAMvyavahArika darzana hai usakI utpAdaka sAmagrImeM viSayendriyasanipAta aura yathAsambhava AlokAdi sanniviSTa haiN| para alaukika nirvikalpa jo jainaparamparAke anusAra pAramArthika darzana hai usakI utpatti indriyasannikarSake sivAya hI kevala viziSTa aAtmazaktise mAnI gaI hai / utpAdaka sAmagrIke viSayameM jaina aura jainetara paramparAe~ koI matabheda nahIM rkhtiiN| phira bhI isa viSayameM zAGkara vedAntakA mantavya judA hai jo dhyAna dene yogya hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki 'tattvamasi' ityAdi mahAvAkyajanya akhaNDa brahmabodha bhI nirvikalpaka hai / isake anusAra nirvikalpakakA utpAdaka zabda Adi bhI huA jo anya paramparAsammata nhiiN| 6. prAmANya-nirvikalpake prAmANyake sambandhameM jainetara paramparAe~ bhI ekamata nhiiN| bauddha aura vedAnta darzana to nirvikalpakako hI pramANa mAnate haiM itanA hI nahIM balki unake matAnusAra nirvikalpaka hI mukhya va pAramArthika pramANa hai / nyAya-vaizeSika darzanameM nirvikalpakake pramAtva saMbandhameM ekavidha kalpanA nahIM hai| prAcIna paramparAke anusAra nirvikalpaka pramArUpa mAnA jAtA hai jaisA ki zrIdharane spaSTa kiyA hai ( kandalI pR0 198) aura vizvanAthane bhI bhramabhinnatvarUpa pramAtva mAnakara nirvikalpakako pramA kahA hai (kArikAvalI kA0 134 ) parantu gaGgezakI navya paramparAke anusAra nirvikalpaka na pramA hai aura na aprmaa| tadanusAra pramAva kiMvA apramAtva prakAratAdighaTita honese. nirvikalpa jo prakAratAdizUnya hai vaha pramA-apramA ubhaya vilakSaNa hai-kArikAvalI kA0 135 / pUrvamImAMsaka aura sAMkhya-yogadarzana sAmAnyataH aise viSayoMmeM nyAya-vaizeSikAnusArI honese unake matAnusAra bhI nirvikalpakake pramAvakI ve hI kalpanAe~ mAnI jAnI cAhie~ jo nyAyavaizeSika paramparAmeM sthira huI haiN| isa sambandhameM jaina paramparAkA mantavya yahA~ vizeSa rUpase varNana karane yogya hai| jainaparamparAmeM pramAtva kiMvA prAmANyakA prazna usameM tarkayuga Aneke bAdakA hai, pahilekA nahIM / pahile to usameM mAtra Agamika dRSTi thI / zrAgamika dRSTike anusAra darzanopayogako pramANa kiMvA apramANa kahanekA prazna hI na thA / usa dRSTi ke anusAra darzana ho yA jJAna, yA to vaha samyaka ho sakatA hai yA mithyA / usakA samyaktva aura mithyAtva bhI prAdhyAtmika bhAvAnusArI hI mAnA jAtA thA / agara koI AzmA kamase kama caturtha guNasthAnakA adhikArI ho arthAt vaha samyaksvaprApta ho to usakA sAmAnya yA vizeSa koI bhI upayoga mokSamArgarUpa tathA samyagrUpa mAnA jAtA hai / tadanusAra Agamika dRSTise samyaktvayukta prAtmA

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kA darzanopayoga samyakdarzana hai aura mithyAdRSTiyukta zrAtmAkA darzanopayoga mithyAdarzana hai| vyavahArameM mithyA, bhrama yA vyabhicArI samajhA jAnevAlA bhI darzana agara samyaktvadhAri-Atmagata hai to vaha samyagdarzana hI hai jaba ki satya abhrama aura abAdhita samajhA jAnevAlA bhI darzanopayoga agara mithyAdRSTiyukta hai to vaha mithyAdarzana hI hai / ... darzanake samyaktva tathA mithyAtvakA Agamika dRSTi se jo ApekSika varNana Upara kiyA gayA hai vaha sanmatiTIkAkAra abhayadevane darzanako bhI pramANa kahA hai isa aAdhArapara samajhanA caahie| tathA upAdhyAya * yazovijayajIne saMzaya Adi jJAnoMko bhI samyakadRSTiyukta honepara samyak kahA hai-isa AdhArapara samajhanA caahie| zrAgamika prAcIna aura zvetAmbara-digambara ubhaya sAdhAraNa paramparA to aisA nahIM mAnatI, kyoMki donoM paramparAaoMke anusAra cakSu, acakSu, aura avadhi tInoM darzana darzana hI mAne gaye haiN| unameMse na koI samyak yA na koI mithyA aura na koI samyaka mithyA ubhayavidha mAnA gayA hai jaisA ki meti-zruta avadhi zAna samyak aura mithyA rUpase vibhAjita haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki darzana upayoga mAtra nirAkAra honese usameM samyagdRSTi kiMvA mithyAdRSTiprayukta antarakI kalpanA kI nahIM jA sktii| darzana cAhe cakSu ho, acakSu ho yA avadhi-vaha darzana mAtra hai / use na samyagdarzana kahanA cAhie aura na mithyAdarzana | yahI kAraNa hai ki pahile guNasthAnameM bhI ve darzana hI mAne gae haiM jaisA ki cauthe guNasthAnameM / yaha vastu gandhahasti siddhasenane sUcita bhI kI hai-"atra ca yathA sAkArAddhAyAM samyamithyAdRSTyorvizeSaH, naivamasti darzane, anAkArasve dvayorapi tulyasvAdityarthaH"- tattvArthabhA0 TI 2.6 / yaha huI zrAgamika dRSTikI bAta jisake anusAra umAsvAtine upayogameM samyaktva-asamyaktvakA nidarzana kiyA hai| para jainaparamparAmeM tarkayuga dAkhila hote hI pramAtva-apramAtva yA prAmANya-aprAmANyakA prazna aAyA / aura usakA vicAra bhI zrAdhyAtmika bhAvAnusArI na hokara viSayAnusArI kiyA jAne lagA jaisA ki jainetara darzanoMmeM tArkika vidvAn kara rahe the| isa tArkika dRSTike anusAra jainaparamparA darzanako pramANa mAnatI hai, apramANa mAnatI hai, ubhayarUpa mAnatI hai yA ubhayabhinna mAnatI hai ? yaha prazna yahA~ prastuta hai / .1-"samyagdRSTisambandhinAM saMzayAdInAmapi jJAnatvasya mahAbhASyakRtA paribhASitatvAt'-zAnabindu pR. 136 B. nandI sU0 41 /

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tArkikadRSTike anusAra bhI jainaparamparAmeM darzanake pramAtva yA apramAtvake bAremeM koI ekavAkyatA nahIM / sAmAnyarUpase zvetAmbara ho yA digambara sabhI tArkika darzana ko pramANa koTise bAhara hI rakhate haiN| kyoMki ve sabhI bauddha. sammata nirvikalpakake pramAtva kA khaNDana karate haiM aura apane-apane pramANa lakSaNameM vizeSopayogabodhaka jJAna, nirNaya Adi pada dAkhila karake sAmAnya upayogarUpa darzana ko pramANalakSaNakA alakSya hI mAnate haiN| isa taraha darzanako pramANa na mAnanekI tArkika paramparA zvetAmbara-digambara sabhI granthoM meM sAdhAraNa hai / mANikyanandI aura vAdI devasUrine to darzanako na kevala pramANabAhya hI rakhA hai balki use pramANAbhAsa (parI06. 2 / pramANana0 6. 24, 25) bhI kahA hai| sanmatiTIkAkAra abhayadevane ( sanmatiTI0 pR0 457) darzanako pramANa kahA hai para vaha kathana tArkika STise na samajhanA caahie| kyoMki unhoMne aAgamAnusArI sanmatikI vyAkhyA karate samaya AgamadRSTi hI lakSyameM rakhakara darzanako samyagdarzana arthameM pramANa kahA hai, na ki tArkikadRSTise viSayAnusArI pramANa / yaha viveka unake usa sandarbhase ho jAtA hai| alabattA upAdhyAya yazovijayajIke darzanasambandhI prAmANya-aprAmANya vicArameM kucha virodha sA jAna par3atA hai| eka ora ve darzanako vyaJjanAvagrahaanantarabhAvI naizcayika avagraharUpa batalAte haiM / jo mativyApAra honeke kAraNa pramANa koTimeM A sakatA hai| aura dUsarI ora ve vAdIdevasUrike pramANalakSaNavAle sUtrakI vyAkhyAmeM jJAnapadakA prayojana batalAte hue darzanako pramANakoTise bahirbhUta batalAte haiM (tarkabhASA pR0 1 / ) isa taraha unake kathanameM jahA~ eka ora darzana bilakula pramANabahibhUta hai vahA~ dUsarI ora avagraha rUpa honese pramANakoTimeM Ane yogya bhI hai / parantu jAna par3atA hai unakA tAtparya kucha aura hai| aura sambhavataH vaha tAtparya yaha hai ki matyaMza honepara bhI naizcayika avagraha pravRtti-nivRttivyavahArakSama na honeke kAraNa pramANa rUpa ginA hI na jAnA cAhie / isI abhiprAyase unhoMne darzanako pramANakoTibahirbhUta bahalAyA hai aisA mAna lenese phira koI virodha nahIM rhtaa| prAcArya hemacandrane pramANamImAMsAmeM darzanase saMbandha rakhanevAle vicAra tIna 1 lagho parI 1.3 / prameyaka0 pR.8 / pramANana. 1.2 2 tarkabhASA pR0 5 / jJAna bindu pR.138 /

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jagaha prasaGgavaza pragaTa kie haiM / zravagrahakA svarUpa darzAte hue unhoMne kahA ki darzana jo avikalpaka hai vaha zravagraha nahIM, avagrahakA pariNAmI kAraNa avazya hai aura vaha indriyArthaM saMbandhake bAda para avagrahake pUrva utpanna hotA hai - 1.1.26bauddhasammata nirvikalpaka jJAnako pramANa batalAte hue unhoMne kahA hai ki vaha zradhyavasAya rUpa honese pramANa nahIM, adhyavasAya yA nirNaya hI pramANa ginA jAnA cAhiye - 1.1.6 / unhoMne nirNayakA artha batalAte hue kahA hai ki anadhyavasAyase bhinna tathA avikalpaka evaM saMzayase bhinna jJAna hI nirNaya haipR03.01 / zrAcArya ke ukta sabhI kathanoM se phalita yahI hotA hai ki ve jainaparaparAprasiddha darzana aura bauddhaparamparAprasiddha nirvikalpakako eka hI mAnate haiM aura darzanako nirNaya rUpa honese pramANa nahIM mAnate tathA unakA yaha zrapramANatva kathana bhI tArkika dRSTise hai, Agama dRSTise nahIM, jaisA ki abhayadevabhinna sabhI jaina tArkika mAnate Ae haiM / * hemacandrokta zravagrahakA pariNAmikAraNarUpa darzana hI upAdhyAyajIkA naizcayika zravagraha samajhanA cAhie / I0 1636 ] [ pramANamImAMsA

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tattvopaplavasiMha cArvAka darzanakA eka apUrva grantha / gata varSa, I0 sa0 1640 meM, gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sirIjake granthAGka 87 rUpameM, tattvopaplavasiMha nAmaka grantha prakAzita huA hai jo cArvAka darzanake vidvAn jayarAzi bhaTTakI kRti hai aura jisakA sampAdana pro0 rasikalAla sI0 parIkha tathA maiMne milakara kiyA hai / isa grantha tathA isake kartAke viSayameM aisI aneka mahattvapUrNa bAteM haiM jinakI jAnakArI darzana-sAhityake itihAsajJoMke lie tathA dArzanika prameyoMke jijJAsuoMke lie upayogI evaM rasaprada haiN| ukta sirIjameM prakAzita prastuta kRtikI prastAvanAmeM, grantha tathA usake katoke bAre meM kucha aAvazyaka jAnakArI dI gaI hai| phira bhI prastuta lekha viziSTa uddezyase likhA jAtA hai| eka to yaha, ki vaha mudrita pustaka sabako utanI sulabha nahIM ho sakatI jitanA ki eka lekha / dUsarI, vaha prastAvanA aMgrejImeM likhI honese aMgrejI na jAnanevAloMke lie kAryasAdhaka nhiiN| tIsarI, khAsa bAta yaha hai ki usa aMgrejI prastAvanAmeM nahIM carcita aisI anekAneka jJAtavya bAtoMkA isa lekhameM vistRta UhApoha karanA hai / tattvopaplavasiMha aura usake kartA ke bAremeM kucha likhaneke pahale, yaha batalAnA upayukta hogA ki isa granthakI mUla prati hameM kaba, kahA~ se aura kisa tarahase milI / karIba pandraha varSa hue, jaba ki maiM apane mitra paM0 becaradAsake sAtha ahamadAbAdake gujarAta purAtattva mandirameM sanmatitarkakA sampAdana karatA thA, usa samaya sanmatitarkakI likhita pratiyoMkI khojakI dhuna mere sirapara savAra thii| mujhe mAlUma huA ki sanmatitarkakI tADapatrakI pratiyA~ pATaNameM haiN| maiM paM. becaradAsake sAtha vahA~ pahu~cA / usa samaya pATaNameM sva0 munizrI haMsavijayajI virAjamAna the / vahA~ ke tADapatrIya bhaNDArako khulavAnekA tathA usameMse iSTa pratiyoMke pA lenekA kaThina kArya ukta munizrIke hI sadbhAva tathA prayatnase sarala huzrA thaa| sanmatitarkakI tADapatrIya pratiyoMko khojate va nikAlate samaya hama logoMkA dhyAna anyAnya apUrva granthoMkI ora bhI thaa| paM. becaradAsane dekhA ki usa ekamAtra tADapatrIya granthoMke bhaNDArameM do grantha aise haiM jo apUrva ho kara jinakA

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8. upayoga sanmatitarkakI TIkAmeM bhI huzrA hai| hamane ve donoM grantha kisI taraha usa bhaNDArake vyavasthApakoMse prApta kie| unameMse eka to thA bauddha vidvAn dharmakIrtike hetubinduzAstrakA arcaTakRta vivaraNa / aura dUsarA grantha thA prastuta tasvopalpavasiMha / apanI viziSTatA tathA pichale sAhitya para par3e hue inake prabhAvake kAraNa, ukta donoM grantha mahattvapUrNa to the hI, para unakI likhita prati anyatra kahIM bhI jJAta na honeke kAraNa ve grantha aura bhI adhika viziSTa mahattvavAle hameM mAlUma hue / ___ukta donoM granthoMkI tADapatrIya pratiyA~ yadyapi yatra-tatra khaNDita aura kahIM kahIM ghise hue akSaroMvAlI haiM, phira bhI ye zuddha aura prAcIna rhii| tattvopalpavakI isa pratikA lekhana-samaya vi0 saM0 1346 mArgazIrSa kRSNa 11 zanivAra hai| yaha prati gujarAtake dholakA nagarameM, mahaM0 narapAlake dvArA likhavAI gaI hai| gholakA, gujarAtameM usa samaya pATaNake bAda dUsarI rAjadhAnIkA sthAna thA, jisameM aneka grantha bhaNDAra bane the aura surakSita the / dholakA vaha sthAna hai jahA~ raha kara prasiddha mantrI vastupAlane sAre gujarAtakA zAsana-taMtra calAyA / thA / sambhava hai ki isa pratikA likhAnevAlA mahaM0 narapAla zAyada maMtrI vastupAla kA hI koI vaMzaja ho| astu, jo kucha ho, tattvopaplavakI isa upalabdha tADapatrIya pratiko aneka bAra par3hane, isake ghise hue tathA lupta akSaroMko pUrA karane AdikA zramasAdhya kArya aneka sahRdaya vidvAnoMkI madadase cAlU rahA, jinameM bhAratIya vidyAke sampAdaka munizrI jinavijayI, pro0 rasikalAla parIkha tathA paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA mukhya haiN| isa tAr3apatrakI pratike prathama vAcanase le kara isa granthake chapa jAne takameM jo kucha adhyayana aura cintana isa sambandhameM huaA hai usakA sAra 'bhAratIya vidyA ke pAThakoMke lie prastuta lekhake dvArA upasthita kiyA jAtA hai / isa lekhakA vartamAna svarUpa paM0dalasukha mAlavaNiyAke sauhArdapUrNa sahayogakA phala hai| granthakAra prastuta granthake racayitAkA nAma, jaisA ki granthake antima prazastipadyameM / 1. gAyakavAr3a sirIjameM yaha bhI prakAzita ho gayA hai / 2. bhadRzrIjayarAzidevagurubhiH sRSTo mahArthodayaH / __tatvopalpavasiMha eSa iti yaH khyAti parAM yAsyati // tattvo0, pR0 125 "takhopaplavakaraNAda jayarAziH saugatamatamavalambya brUyAt"-siddhivi. TI., pR0 288 /

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ullikhita hai, jayarAzi bhaTTa hai| yaha jayarAzi kisa varNa yA jAtikA thA isakA koI spaSTa pramANa granthameM nahIM milatA, parantu vaha apane nAmake sAtha jo 'bhaTTa' vizeSaNa lagAtA hai usase jAna par3atA hai ki vaha jAtise brAhmaNa hogaa| yadyapi brAhmaNase bhinna aise jaina zrAdi anya vidvAnoMke nAmake sAtha bhI kabhI-kabhI yaha bhaTTa vizeSaNa lagA huA dekhA jAtA hai (yathA-bhaTTa akalaMka ityAdi); parantu prastuta granthameM Ae hue jaina aura bauddha mata viSayaka nirdaya evaM kaTAkSayukta ' khaNDanake par3hanese spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha jayarAzi na jaina hai aura na bauddha / jaina aura bauddha saMpradAyake itihAsameM aisA eka bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA hai, jisase yaha kahA jA sake, ki jaina aura bauddha hote hue bhI amuka vidvAnne apane jaina yA bauddha saMpradAyakA samagra bhAvase virodha kiyA ho| jaina aura bauddha sAMpradAyika paraMparAkA baMdhAraNa hI pahalese aisA rahA hai, ki koI vidvAn apanI paraMparAkA AmUla khaNDana karake vaha phira na apaneko usa paraMparakA anuyAyI kaha sakatA hai aura na usa paramparAke anya anuyAyI hI use apanI paramparAkA mAna sakate haiN| brAhmaNa saMpradAyakA baMdhAraNa itanA sakhta nahIM hai / isa saMpradAyakA koI vidvAn, agara apanI paitRka aisI sabhI vaidika mAnyatAoMkA, apanA buddhipATava dikhAneke vAste athavA apanI vAstavika mAnyatAko prakaTa karaneke vAste, AmUla khaNDana karatA hai, taba bhI, vaha yadi AcArase brAhmaNa saMpradAyakA prAtyantika tyAga nahIM kara baiThatA hai, to vaidika matAnuyAyI vizAla janatAmeM usakA sAmAjika sthAna kabhI naSTa nahIM ho pAtA / brAhmaNa sampradAyako prakRtikA, hamArA uparyukta khyAla agara ThIka hai, to 1. bauddhoMke lie ye zabda haiM 'tadvAlavilasitam'-pR. 26, paM0 26 / 'jaDaceSTitam'- pR0 32, paM. 4 / 'tadidaM mahAnubhAvasya darzanam / na hyabAliza evaM vaktumutsaheta'-pR0 38, paM. 15 / 'tadetanmugdhAbhidhAnaM dunoti mAnasam'-pR0 36, paM0 17. / 'tadvAlavalgitam'-pR. 36, paM0 23 / 'mugdhabauddhaiH'-pR. 42, paM0 22 / 'tanmugdha vilasitam'-pR0 53, paM06 / ityAdi tathA jainoMke lie ye zabda haiM"imAmeva mUrkhatAM digambarANAmaGgIkRtya uktaM sUtrakAreNa yathA "nama ! zramaNaka ! durbuddhe ! kAyaklezaparAyaNa ! / jIvikArthe'pi cArambhe kena svamasi shikssitH||" -pR. 76. paM0 15. /

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kahanA hogA ki yaha bhaTTa vizeSaNa jayarAzikI brAhmaNa sAMpradAyikatAkA hI dyotaka honA caahie| isake sivA, jayarAzike pitA-mAtA yA guru-ziSya ityAdike saMbandhameM kucha bhI patA nahIM cltaa| phira bhI jayarAzikA bauddhika mantavya kyA thA yaha bAta isake prastuta granthase. spaSTa jAnI jA sakatI hai| jayarAzi eka tarahase bahaspatike cArvAka saMpradAyakA anugAmI hai; phira bhI vaha cArvAkake siddhAntoMko akSarazaH nahIM maantaa| cArvAka siddhAntameM pRthvI Adi cAra bhUtoMkA tathA mukhya rUpase pratyakSa viziSTa pramANakA sthAna hai / para jayarAzi na pratyakSa pramANako hI mAnatA hai aura na bhUta tattvoMko hii| taba bhI vaha apaneko cArvAkAnuyAyI jarUra mAnatA hai / ataeva granthake zrArambhameM ' hI bRhaspatike mantavyake sAtha apane mantavyakI zrAnevAlI asaMgatikA usane tarkazuddha parihAra bhI kiyA hai| usane apane mantavyake bAremeM prazna uThAyA hai, ki bRhaspati jaba cAra tattvoMkA pratipAdana karatA hai, taba tuma ( jayarAzi ) tattvamAtrakA khaNDana kaise karate ho ? arthAt bRhaspatikI paramparAke anuyAyIrUpase kama-se-kama cAra tattva to tumheM avazya mAnane hI caahie| isa praznakA jabAba dete hue jayarAzine apaneko bRhaspatikA anuyAyI bhI sUcita kiyA hai aura sAtha hI bRhaspatise eka kadama Age bar3hanevAlA bhI batalAyA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki-bRhaspati jo apane sUtrameM cAra tattvoMko ginAtA hai, ve isalie nahIM ki vaha khuda una tattvoMko mAnatA hai| sUtrameM cAra tattvoMke ginAne athavA tattvoMke vyAkhyAnakI pratijJA karanese bRhaspatikA matalaba sirpha lokaprasiddha tattvoMkA nirdeza karanA mAtra hai| aisA karake bRhaspati yaha sUcita karatA hai, ki sAdhAraNa lokameM prasiddha aura mAne jAnevAle pRthvI Adi cAra tatva bhI jaba siddha ho nahIM sakate, to phira aprasiddha aura atIndriya AtmA Adi tattvoMkI to bAta hI kyA ? bRhaspatike kucha sUtroMkA ullekha karake aura usake aAzayake sAtha apane nae prasthAnakI AnevAlI asaMgatikA parihAra karake jayarAzine bhArata-varSIya prAcIna guruziSya bhAvakI praNAlIkA hI paricaya diyA hai / bhAratavarSake kisI bhI saMpradAya 1. 'nanu yadi upaplavastattvAnAM kimAyA....; athAtastattvaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH'; 'pRthivyApastejovAyuriti tattvAni, tatsamudAye zarIrendriyaviSayasaMjJA ityAdi ? na anyArthatvAt / kimartham ? pratibimbanArtham / kiM punaratra pratibimbyate ? pRthivyAdIni tattvAni loke prasiddhAni, tAnyapi vicAryamANAni na vyavatiSThante, kiM punaranyAni ?'-tattvo0 pR0 1, paM0 10 /

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83 ke itihAsako hama dekhate haiM, to usameM spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, ki jaba koI sAdhAraNa aura navIna vicArakA prasthApaka paidA hotA hai taba vaha apane navIna vicAroMkA mUla yA bIja apane saMpradAyake prAcIna evaM pratiSThita ke vAkyoM meM hI batalAtA hai / vaha apaneko amuka saMpradAyakA anuyAyI mAnanemanavAne ke lie usakI paramparAke prAcIna evaM pratiSThita zrAcAryoMke sAtha apanA avicchinna anusaMdhAna avazya batalAtA hai / cAhe phira usakA vaha nayA vicAra usa saMpradAya ke pUrvavartI zrAcAyoM ke mastiSka meM kabhI zrAyA bhI na ho ! jayarAzine bhI yahI kiyA hai / usane apane nijI vicAra vikAsako bRhaspati ke abhiprAya se hI phalita kiyA hai / yaha vastusthiti itanA batalAne ke lie paryApta hai ki jayarAzi apaneko bRhaspatikI saMpradAyakA mAnane- manavAne kA pakSapAtI hai / 1 apaneko bRhaspatikI paramparAkA mAna kara aura manavA kara bhI vaha apaneko bRhaspati se bhI U~cI buddhibhUmikA para pahu~cA huA mAnatA hai / apane isa manta vyako vaha spaSTa zabdoM meM, granthake antakI prazastike eka padya meM, vyakta karatA hai / vaha bahuta hI joradAra zabdoM meM kahatA hai ki suraguru- bRhaspatiko bhI jo nahIM sUjhe aise samartha vikalpa - vicAraNIya prazna mere isa grantha meM grathita haiM / jayarAzi bRhaspati kI cArvAka mAnyatAkA anugAmI thA isameM to koI sandeha nahIM, para yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki jayarAzi buddhise hI usa paramparAkA anugAmI thA ki zrAcArase bhI ? isakA jabAba hameM sIdhe taurase kisI taraha nahIM milatA / para tattvopaplava ke zrAntarika parizIlanase tathA cArvAka paramparAkI thor3I bahuta pAI jAnevAlI aitihAsika jAnakArIse, aisA jAna par3atA hai ki jayarAzi buddhise hI cArvAka paramparAkA anugAmI honA cAhie / sAhityika 1. udAharaNArtha zrAcArya zaGkara, rAmAnuja, madhya aura vallabhAdiko lIjiejo sabhI paraspara atyanta viruddha aise apane mantavyoM ko gItA, brahmasUtra jaisI eka hI kRtimeMse phalita karate haiM; tathA sautrAntika, vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI bauddhAcArya paraspara bilakula bhinna aise apane vicAroMkA udgama eka hI tathAgatake upadeza se batalAte haiM / "ye yAtA nahi gocaraM suraguroH buddhevikalpA dRDhAH / prApyante nanu te'pi yatra vimale pAkhaNDadarpacchidi / ' tattvo 0 3 - 0 pR0 125, paM0 13

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itihAsa hameM cArvAkake khAsa jude prAcAroM ke bAremeM kucha bhI nahIM kahatA / yadyapi anya ' saMpradAyoMke vidvAnoMne cArvAka matakA nirUpaNa karate hue, usake abhimata rUpase kucha nItivihIna aAcAroMkA nirdeza avazya kiyA hai; para itane parase hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki cArvAkake abhimatarUpase, anyaparamparAke vidvAnoMke dvArA varNana kiye gae ve aAcAra, cArvAka paramparAmeM bhI kartavyarUpase pratipAdana kiye jAte hoNge| cArvAka darzanakI tAttvika mAnyatA darzAnevAle bArhaspatyake nAmase kucha sUtra yA vAkya hameM bahuta purAne samayake milate haiN| para hameM aisA koI vAkya yA sUtra nahIM milatA jo bArhaspatya nAmake sAtha uddhRta ho aura jisameM cArvAka mAnyatAke kisI na kisI prakArake prAcAroMkA varNana ho / khuda bArhaspatya vAkyoMke dvArA cArvAkake prAcAroMkA patA hameM na caleM taba taka, anya dvArA kiye gae varNanamAtrase, hama yaha nizcita natIjA nahIM nikAla sakate ki amuka zrAcAra hI cArvAkakA hai / vAmamArgIya paraMparAzromeM yA tAntrika evaM kApAlika paramparAtroMmeM pracalita yA mAne jAnevAle aneka vidhi-niSedhamukta ' zrAcAroMkA patA hameM kitaneeka tAntrika Adi granthoMse calatA hai / para ve zrAcAra cArvAka mAnyatAko bhI mAnya hoMge isa bAta kA nirNAyaka pramANa hamAre pAsa koI nahIM / aisI dazAmeM jayarAziko, cArvAka saMpradAyakA anugAmI mAnate hue bhI, nirvivAda rUpase hama use sirpha buddhise hI cArvAka paramparAkA anugAmI 1. "piba khAda ca cArulocane yadatItaM varagAtri tannate / nahi bhIru gataM nivartate samudayamAtramidaM kalevaram // sAdhyavRttinivRttibhyAM yA prItirjAyate jane / nirarthA sA mate teSAM dharmaH kAmAt paro na hi // " -SaDada0 kA0 82,86 / 'prAyeNa sarvaprANinastAvat yAvajIvaM sukhaM jIvennAsti mRtyorgocrH| bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM kutaH // 'iti lokagAthAmanurundhAnA nItikAmazAstrAnusAreNArthakAmAveva puruSArthoM manyamAnAH pAralaukikamarthamapahRvAnAzcArvAkamatamanuvartamAnA evAnubhUyante |'srvdrshnsNgrh, pR0 2 / 2. isa viSayake jijJAsuoMko aAgamaprakAza nAmakI gujarAtI pustaka dekhane yogya hai jisameM lekhakane tAntrika granthoMkA havAlA dekara vAmamArgIya zrAcAroMkA nirUpaNa kiyA hai|

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kaha sakate haiN| aisA bhI saMbhava hai ki vaha aAcArake viSayameM apanI paitRka aisI brAhmaNa paramparAke hI prAcAroMkA sAmAnya rUpase anugAmI rahA ho| jayarAzike janmasthAna, nivAsasthAna yA pitRdezake bAremeM jAnanekA koI spaSTa pramANa prApta nahIM haiN| parantu usakI prastuta kRti taravopaplavakA kiyA gayA sarvaprathama upayoga, hama isa samaya, jaina vidvAn vidyAnanda, anantavIrya AdikI kRtiyoMmeM dekhate haiN| vidyAnanda dakSiNa bhAratake vidvAn haiM, ataeva puSTa saMbhAvanA yaha hai ki jayarAzi bhI dakSiNa bhAratameM hI kahIM utpanna huA hogaa| pazcima bhArata- arthAt gujarAta aura mAlavAmeM honevAle kaI jaina vidvAnoMne ' bhI apane granthoMmeM tattvopaplavakA sAkSAt upayoga kiyA hai; parantu jAna par3atA hai ki gujarAta AdimeM tattvopaplavakA jo pracAra bAdameM jAkara huA vaha asalameM vidyAnandakI kRtiyoMke pracArakA hI pariNAma mAlUma hotA hai / uttara aura pUrva bhAratameM race gae kisI granthameM, tattvopaplavakA kiyA gayA aisA koI pratyakSa upayoga abhI taka nahIM dekhA gayA, jaisA dakSiNa bhArata aura pazcima bhAratameM bane hue granthoMmeM dekhA jAtA hai| isameM bhI dakSiNa bhAratakI kRtiyoMmeM hI jaba sarvaprathama isakA upayoga dekhA jAtA hai taba aisI kalpanAkA karanA asaMgata nahIM mAlUma detA ki jayarAzikI yaha ayUveM kRti kahIM dakSiNameM hI banI hogii| jayarAzike samayake bAremeM bhI anumAnase hI kAma lenA par3atA hai / kyoMki na to isane svayaM apanA samaya sUcita kiyA hai aura na dUsare kisIne hI isake samayakA ullekha kiyA hai| tatvopaplavameM jina prasiddha vidvAnoMke nAma zrAe haiM yA jinakI kRtiyoMmeMse kucha avataraNa Ae haiM una vidvAnoMke samayakI antima avadhi I0 sa0 725 ke AsapAsa takakI hai| kumArila, prabhAkara, dharmakIrti aura dharmakIrtike TIkAkAra Adi vidvAnoM ke nAma, vAkya yA mantavya tattvopaplavameM ' milate haiN| ina vidvAnoMke samayakI uttara avadhi I0 sa0 750 1. aSTasahasrI, pR0 37 / siddhivinizcaya, pR0 288 / 2. gujarAta tathA mAlavAmeM vihAra karanevAle sanmatike TIkAkAra abhayadeva, jainatarkavArtikakAra zAntisU ri,syAdvAdaratnAkarakAra vAdI devasUri,syAdvAdamaMjarIkAra malliSeNasUri aAdi aise vidvAna hue haiM jinhoMne tattvopaplavakA sAkSAt upayoga kiyA hai| 3. kumArilake zlokavArtikakI kucha kArikAe~ tatvopaplavameM (pR0 27, 116) uddhRta kI gaI haiN| prabhAkarake smRtipramoSasaMbaMdha matakA khaNDana jayarAzine

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86 se Age nahIM jA sakatI, dUsarI tarapha, I0 sa0 810 se 875 taka maiM saMbhavita jaina vidvAn vidyAnandane tatvopaplavakA kevala nAma hI nahIM liyA hai balki usake aneka bhAga jyoMke tyoM apanI kRtiyoMmeM uddhRta kiye haiM aura unakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / para sAtha meM isa jagaha yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie, ki I0 sa0 kI AThavIM zatAbdIke uttarArdha meM honevAle yA jIvita aise akalaMka, haribhadra Adi kisI jaina vidvAnkA tatvopaplava meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai, aura na una vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoMmeM hI tatvopaplavakA vaisA koI sUcana hai / isI taraha, sa kI navIM zatAbdIke prArambhameM honevAle prasiddha zaMkarAcAryakA bhI koI sUcana volavameM nahIM hai / tasvopaplava meM AyA huA vedAntakA khaNDana prAcIna aupaniSadika saMpradAyakA hI khaNDana jAna par3atA hai / ina saba bAtoMpara vicAra karanese isa samaya hamArI dhAraNA aisI banatI hai ki jayarAzi I0sa0 725 taka meM kabhI huA hai / I0 2 yahA~ eka bAta para vizeSa vicAra karanA prApta hotA hai, aura vaha yaha hai, ki tattvopaplava meM eka padya aisA milatA hai jo zAntarakSita ke tattvasaMgrahameM maujUda hai / para vahA~, vaha kumArilake nAmake sAtha uddhRta kiye jAne para bhI, upalabhya kumArilakI kisI kRti meM prApya nahIM hai / agara tattvopaplavameM uddhRta kiyA huA vaha padya, sacamuca tattvasaMgrahameMse hI liyA gayA hai, vistArase kiyA hai ( pR0 18 ) / dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtikakI kucha kArikAe~ aura nyAyabindukA eka sUtra tatvopaplava meM uddhRta haiM ( pR0 28, 51, 45, ityAdi; tathA pR0 32 ) / dharmakIrti ke TIkAkAroMkA nAmollekha to nahIM milatA kintu dharmakIrtike kisI granthakI kArikAkI, jo TIkA kisIne kI hogI usakA khaNDana tatropaplava meM upalabdha hai - pR0 68 / 1. ' kathaM pramANasya prAmANyam ? kimaduSTakArakasandohotpAdyatvena, bAdhArahitatvena, pravRttisAmarthyena, anyathA vA ? yadyaduSTakAraka sandohotpAdyatvena tadA....' ityAdi aSTasahasrIgata pATha ( aSTasahasrI pR0 38 ) tattvopaplava meM se ( pR0 2 ) zabdazaH liyA gayA hai / aura Age calakara aSTasahasrIkArane tattvopaplavake una vAkyoMkA eka-eka karake khaNDana bhI kiyA hai - dekho, aSTasahasrI pR0 40 / 2. dekho, tattvopaplava pR0 81 / 3. " doSAH santi na santIti" ityAdi, tattvo0 pR0 116 //

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to aisA mAnanA hogA ki jayarAzine zAntarakSitake tattvasaMgrahako jarUra dekhA thA / zAntarakSitakA jIvana-kAla itanA adhika vistRta hai ki vaha prAyaH pUrI eka zatAbdIko vyApta kara letA hai| zAntarakSitakA samaya I0 sa0 kI AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI hai| isa bAtase bhI jayarAzike samaya saMbandhI hamAre ukta anumAnakI puSTi hotI hai| dasa-bIsa varSa idhara yA udhara; para samaya saMbandhI uparyukta anumAnameM vizeSa antara par3anekI saMbhAvanA bahuta hI kama hai / jayarAzikI pANDityaviSayaka yogyatAke viSayameM vicAra karanekA sAdhana, tatvopaplavake sivAya, hamAre sAmane aura kucha bhI nahIM hai / tattvopaplavameM eka jagaha lakSaNasAra ' nAmaka granthakA nirdeza hai jo jayarAzikI hI kRti jAna par3atI hai; parantu vaha grantha abhI taka kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai / jayarAzikI anya kRtiyoMke bAremeM aura koI pramANa nahIM milA hai; parantu prastuta tattvopaplavakI pANDityapUrNa evaM bahuzruta carcAoMko dekhanese aisA mAnanekA mana ho jAtA hai ki jayarAzine aura bhI kucha grantha avazya likhe hoNge| jayarAzi dArzanika hai phira bhI usake kevala vaiyAkaraNasulabha kucha prayogoMko dekha kara yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki vaha vaiyAkaraNa jarUra thaa| usakI dArzanika lekhana-zailImeM bhI jahA~-tahA~ aAlaMkArikasulabha vyaGgoktiyA~ aura madhura kaTAkSoMkI bhI kahIM-kahIM chaTA hai / isase usake eka acche prAlaMkArika honemeM bhI bahuta sandeha nahIM rahatA / jayarAzi vaiyAkaraNa yA zrAlaMkArika ho---- yA na ho, para vaha dArza 1. 'avyapadezyapadaM ca yathA na sAdhIyaH tathA lakSaNasAre draSTavyam |'tttvo0 pR0 20 / 2. 'jegIyate'-pR0 26, 41 / 'jAghaTIti' pR0 27,76 ityAdi / 3. 'zRNvantu amI bAlalapitaM vipazcitaH ?'-pR0 5 / 'aho rAjAjJA garIyasI naiyAyikapazoH !'-pR0 6 / 'tadetanmahAsubhASitam ?'-pR0 6 / 'na jAtu jAnate janAH |'-pR08| 'marIcayaH pratibhAnti devaanaaNpriysy|' -pR0 12 / 'aho rAjAjJA naiyAyikapazoH'-pR0 14 / 'tathApi vidyamAnayorbAdhyabAdhakabhAvo bhUpAlayoriva'-pR0 15 / 'soyaM gaDapravezAkSitArakavinirgamanyAyopanipAtaH zrutilAlasAnAM duruttrH|'-pR0 23 / 'bAlavilasitam' -pR0 26 / 'jaDaceSTitam-pR0 32 / 'tadidaM madvikalpAndolitabuddhaH nirupapattikAbhidhAnam'-pR0 33 / 'vartamAnavyavahAravirahaH syAt'-pR0 37 / 'jaDamatayaH' pR0 56 / 'susthitaM nityatvam' pR0 76 /

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Ji nika to pUrA hai| usake abhyAsakA viSaya bhI koI eka darzana, yA kisI eka darzanakA muka hI sAhitya nahIM hai, para usane apane samaya meM pAe jAnevAle sabhI prasiddha prasiddha darzanoMke pradhAna pradhAna grantha zravazya dekhe jAna par3ate haiM / usane khaNDanIya aise sabhI darzanoMke pradhAna granthoMko kevala sthUla rUpase dekhA hI nahIM hai, parantu vaha khaNDanIya darzanoMke mantavyoMko vAstavika evaM gahare abhyAsake dvArA pI gayA-sA jAna par3atA hai / vaha kisI bhI darzana ke abhimata pramANalakSaNakI yA prameyatatvakI jaba samAlocanA karatA hai taba mAnoM usa khaNDanIya tatvako, arjunakI taraha, saikar3oM ' hI vikalpa bANoMse, vyApta kara detA hai / jayarAzi ke uThAe hue pratyeka vikalpakA mUla kisI na kisI dArzanika paramparAmeM avazya dekhA jAtA hai| usase usake dArzanika viSayoMke talasparzI abhyAsa ke bAre meM to koI sandeha hI nahIM rahatA / jayarAziko apanA to koI pakSa sthApita karanA hai hI nahIM; usako to jo kucha karanA hai vaha dUsaroMke mAne hue siddhAntoM kA khaNDana mAtra / zrataeva vaha jaba taka, apane samaya paryantameM maujUda aura prasiddha sabhI darzanoMke mantavyoMkA thor3A-bahuta khaNDana na kare taba taka, vaha apane granthake udda ezyako, arthAt samagra tattvoMke khaNDanako, siddha hI nahIM kara sktaa| usane apanA yaha uddezya tattvopaplava granthake dvArA siddha kiyA hai, t isase sUcita hotA hai ki vaha samagra bhAratIya darzana paramparAoMkA talasparzI abhyAsI thA / vaha eka-eka karake saba darzanoMkA khaNDana karaneke bAda anta meM vaiyAkaraNa darzanakI ' bhI pUrI khabara letA hai / jayarAzine vaidika, jaina aura bauddha - ina tInoM saMpradAyoMkA khaNDana kiyA hai / aura phira vaidika paramparA antargata nyAya, sAMkhya, mImAMsA, vedAnta aura vyAkaraNa darzanakA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai / jaina saMpradAyako usane digambara zabda se ullikhita kiyA hai / 3 , 1. 'keyaM kalpanA 1 kiM guNacalana jAtyAdivizeSaNotpAditaM vijJAnaM kalpanA, graho smRtyutpAdakaM vijJAnaM kalpanA, smRtirUpaM vA smRtyutpAdyaM vA, abhilApasaMsarganirbhAso vA abhilApavatI pratItirvA kalpanA, aspaSTAkArA vA, tAttvikArthagRhItirUpA vA, svayaM vA'tAttvikI, trirUpAlliGgato'rthadRgbA, zratItAnAgatArthanirbhAsA vA ?' - eka kalpanAke viSaya meM hI itane vikalpa karake aura phira pratyeka vikalpako lekara bhI uttarottara aneka vikalpa karake jayarAzi unakA khaNDana karatA hai / - tattvo0 pR0 32 / 2. tavopaplava, pR0 120 / 3. pR0 76 / ""

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89 bauddha matakI vijJAnavAdI zAkhAkA, khAsa kara dharmakIrti aura usake ziSyoMke mantavyoMkA nirasana kiyA hai / ' usakA khaNDita vaiyAkaraNa darzana mahAbhASyAnugAmI ' bhartRharikA darzana jAna par3atA hai / isa taraha jayarAzikI pradhAna yogyatA dArzanika viSayakI hai aura vaha samagra darzanoMse saMbandha rakhatI hai| pranya paricaya nAma-prastuta granthakA pUrA nAma hai tattvopaplavasiMha jo usake prAraMbhika padyameM spaSTa rUpase diyA huA hai ' / yadyapi yaha prArambhika padya bahuta kucha 1. pramANasAmAnyakA lakSaNa, jisakA ki khaNDana jayarAzine kiyA hai, dharmakIrtike pramANavArtikameMse liyA gayA hai (-tattvo0 pR0 28) / pratyakSakA lakSaNa bhI khaNDana karaneke lie dharmakIrtike nyAyabindumeMse hI liyA gayA hai ( -pR. 32) / isI prasaMgameM dharmakIrti aura unake ziSyoMne jo sAmAnyakA khaNDana aura santAnakA samarthana kiyA hai-usakA khaNDana bhI jayarAzine kiyA hai| Age calakara jayarAzine (pR083 se) dharmakIrti sammata tInoM anumAnakA khaNDana kiyA hai aura usI prasaMgameM dharmakIrti aura unake ziSyoM dvArA kiyA gayA avayavInirAkaraNa, bAhyArthavilopa, kSaNikatvasthApana-ityAdi viSayoMkA vistArase khaNDana kiyA hai| 2. apazabdake bhASaNase manuSya mleccha ho jAtA hai ataH sAdhuzabdake prayogajJAnake lie vyAkaraNa paDhanA zrAvazyaka hai, aisA mahAbhASyakArakA mata hai'mlecchA mA bhUma ityadhyeyaM vyAkaraNam' (-pAta. mahAbhASya pR. 22;paM0 guruprasAdasaMpAdita), tathA "evamihApi samAnAyAM avagatau zabdena cApazabdena ca dharmaniyamaH kriyate / 'zabdenaivArtho'midheyo nApazabdena' iti evaM kriyamANamabhyudayakAri bhavatIti'-(pR0 58) aisA kaha karake mahAbhASyakArane sAdhuzabdake prayogako hI abhyudayakara batAyA hai| mahAbhASyakArake isI matako lakSyameM rakhakara bhartRharine apane vAkyapadIyameM sAdhuzabdoMke prayogakA samarthana kiyA hai aura asAdhuzabdoMke prayogakA niSedha kiyA hai__"ziSTa bhya AgamAt siddhAH sAdhavo dharmasAdhanam / arthapratyAyanAbhede viparItAstvasAdhavaH // " / ityAdi-vAkyapadIya, 1. 27; 1. 141, tathA 146 se| jayarAzine isa matakA khaNDana kiyA hai-pR. 120 se| 3. dekho pa080 kA TippaNa 2 /

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60 khaNDita ho gayA haiM, tathApi daivayoga se isa zArdUlavikrIDita padyakA eka pAda baca gayA hai jo zAyada usa padyakA aMtima arthAt cauthA hI pAda hai; aura jisameM granthakArane grantha racanekI pratijJA karate hue isakA nAma bhI sUcita kara diyA hai / graMthakArane jo tattvopaplavasiMha aisA nAma rakhA hai aura isa nAmake sAtha jo 'viSamaH' tathA 'mayA sRjyate' aise pada mila rahe haiM, isase jAna par3atA hai ki isa padya ke anupalabdha tIna pAdoM meM aisA koI rUpakakA varNana hogA jisake sAtha 'siMha' zabdakA mela baiTha sake / hama dUsare aneka graMthoMke prArambhameM aise rUpaka pAte haiM jinameM granthakAroMne apane darzanako 'kesarI siMha' yA 'agni' kahA hai aura prativAdI yA pratipakSabhUta darzanoM ko 'hariNa' yA 'IMdhana' kahA hai / prastuta graMthakArakA abhipreta rUpaka bhI aisA hI kucha honA cAhie, jisameM kahA gayA hogA ki sabhI zrAstika darzana yA pramANaprameyavAdI darzana mRgaprAya haiM aura prastuta tatvopaplava grantha unake lie eka viSama-bhayAnaka siMha hai / apane virodhI ke Upara yA zikArake Upara AkramaNa karanekI siMhakI nirdayatA suvidita hai / isI taraha prastuta grantha bhI sabhI sthApita saMpradAyoMkI mAnyatAoM kA nirdayatApUrvaka nirmUlana karanevAlA hai / tasvopaplavasiMha nAma rakhane tathA rUpaka karane meM granthakArakA yahI bhAva jAna par3atA hai / tatvopaplavasiMha yaha pUrA nAma I0 1314vIM zatAbdI ke jainAcArya malliNakI kRti syAdvAdamaJjarI ( pR0 118 ) meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai / anya granthoMmeM jahA~ kahIM prastuta granthakA nAma AyA hai vahI~ prAyaH tatvopaplava 1 itanA hI saMkSipta nAma milatA hai / jAna par3atA hai pichale granthakAroMne saMkSepa meM tatvopaplava nAmakA hI prayoga karane meM subhItA dekhA ho / uddezya - prastuta granthakI racanA karanemeM granthakAra ke mukhyatayA do uddezya jAna par3ate haiM jo aMtima bhAgase spaSTa hote haiM / inameM se, eka to yaha, ki apane sAmane maujUda aisI dArzanika sthira mAnyatAoM kA samUloccheda karake yaha batalAnA, ki zAstroM meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai aura unake dvArA jo kucha sthApana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha saba parIkSA karanepara nirAdhAra siddha hotA hai / ataeva zAstrajIvI sabhI vyavahAra, jo sundara va AkarSaka mAlUma hote haiM, zravicAra ke 1. "zrIvIraH sa jinaH zriye bhavatu yat syAdvAdadAvAnale, bhasmIbhUta kutarka kASTha nikare tReyantisarve'pyaho / " - SaDdarzanasamuccaya, guNaratnaTIkA, pR0 1 2. siddhivinizcaya, pR0 288 /

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hI pariNAma haiN| isa prakAra samagra tatvoMkA khaNDana karake cArvAka mAnyatAkA punarujjIvana karanA yaha pahalA uddezya hai / dUsarA uddazya, granthakArakA yaha jAna par3atA hai, ki prastuta granthake dvArA adhyetAnoMko aisI zikSA denA, jisase ve prativAdiyoMkA mu~ha bar3I saralatAse banda kara skeN| yadyapi pahale uddezyakI pUrNa saphalatA vivAdAspada hai, para dUsare uddezyakI saphalatA asaMdigdha hai / grantha isa DhaMgase aura itane jaTila vikalpoMke jAlase banAyA gayA hai ki eka bAra jisane isakA acchI taraha adhyayana kara liyA ho, aura phira vaha jo prativAdiyoMke sAtha vivAda karanA cAhatA ho, to isa granthameM pradarzita zailIke AdhAra para sacamuca prativAdIko kSaNabharameM cupa kara sakatA hai| isa dUsare uddezyakI saphalatAke pramANa hameM itihAsameM bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| IsAkI gyArahavIM zatAbdIke prasiddha jainAcArya zAMtisUri-jo vAdivetAlake birudase suprasiddha haiM-ke sAtha tattvopaplavakI madadase arthAt tattvopaplava jaise vikalpajAlakI madadase carcA karanevAle eka dharma nAmaka vidvAnakA sUcana, prabhAcandrasUrine apane 'prabhAvaka caritra meM kiyA hai / bauddha aura vaidika sAMpradAyika vidvAnoMne vAda-vivAdameM yA zAstraracanAmeM, prastuta tattvopaplavakA upayoga kiyA hai yA nahIM aura kiyA hai to kitanA-isake jAnanekA abhI hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahIM hai; parantu jahA~ taka jaina saMpradAyakA saMbaMdha hai, hameM kahanA par3atA hai, ki kyA digambara-kyA zvetAmbara sabhI prasiddha prasiddha jaina vidvAnoMne apanI grantharacanAmeM aura saMgata huA to zAstrArthoMmeM bhI, tatropaplavakA thor3A bahuta upayoga avazya kiyA hai / aura yahI khAsa kAraNa hai ki yaha grantha anyatra kahIM prApta na hokara jaina granthabhaMDArameM hI upalabdha huA hai / saMdarbha-prastuta granthakA saMdarbha gadyamaya saMskRtameM hai| yadyapi isameM anya pranthoM ke aneka padyabandha avataraNa Ate haiM, para granthakArakI kRtirUpase to zrAdi 1. 'tadevamupapluteSveva tattveSu avicAritaramaNIyAH sarve vyavahArA ghaTanta ev|' tathA-- 'pAkhaNDakhaNDanAbhijJA jJAnodadhivivarddhitAH / ___ jayarAzerjayantIha vikalyA vAdijiSNavaH // ' tatvo0 pu. 125. 2. siMghI jaina granthamAlAmeM prakAzita, prabhAvakacarita, pR. 221-222 / pro. rasikalAla parikha saMpAdita, kAvyAnuzAsanakI a~garejI prastAvanA, pR. CXLVI; tathA tattvopaplavakI prastAvanA pR0 5 / 3. aSTasahasrI, siddhivinizcaya, nyAyamukudacandra, sanmatiTIkA, syAdvAdaratnAkara, syAdvAdamaJjarI Adi /

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hara aura anta milAkara kula tIna hI padya isameM milate haiN| bAkI sArA grantha sarala gadyameM hai / bhASA prasanna aura vAkya choTe-choTe haiM / phira bhI isameM jo kucha durUhatA yA jaTilatA prApta hotI hai, vaha vicArakI ati sUkSmatA aura ekake bAda dUsarI aisI vikalpoM kI jhar3Ike kAraNa hai / 1 zailI - prastuta pranthakI zailI vaitaNDika hai / vaitaDika zailI vaha hai jisameM vitaNDA kathAkA Azraya lekara carcA kI gaI ho / vitaNDA yaha kathA ke tIna prakAroM kA eka prakAra hai / dArzanika sAhitya meM vitaNDA kathAkA kyA sthAna hai, aura vaitaDika zailIke sAhitya meM prastuta granthakA kyA sthAna hai, ise samajhane ke lie nIce likhI bAtoMpara thor3A-sA aitihAsika vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / ( a ) kathA ke prakAra evaM unakA pArasparika antara / (i) dArzanika sAhitya meM vitaNDA kathAkA praveza aura vikAsa | ( u ) vaitaDika zailI ke granthoM meM prastuta granthakA sthAna | ( a ) do vyaktiyoM yA do samUhoMke dvArA kI jAnevAlI carcA, jisameM donoM apane-apane pakSakA sthApana aura virodhI parapakSakA nirasana, yukti se karate hoM, kathA kahalAtI hai / isake bAda, jalpa aura vitaNDA aise tIna prakAra haiM, jo upalabdha saMskRta sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna akSapAda ke sUtroM meM lakSaNapUrvaka nirdiSTa haiM / vAdakathA' vaha hai jo kevala satya jAnane aura jatalAne ke abhiprAyase kI jAtI hai| isa kathAkA zrAntarika preraka tattva kevala satyajijJAsA hai | jalpakathA vaha hai jo vijayakI icchA se yA kisI lAbha evaM khyAti kI 1. kathA se saMbaMdha rakhanevAlI aneka jJAtavya bAtoMkA paricaya prApta karanekI icchA rakhanevAloM ke lie gujarAtI meM likhA huA hamArA 'kathApaddhatinuM svarUpa ane tenA sAhityanuM digdarzana' nAmaka suvistRta lekha ( purAtatva, pustaka 3, pU0 165 ) upayogI hai| isI taraha unake vAste hindImeM svataMtrabhAvase likhe hue hamAre ve vistRta TippaNa bhI upayogI haiM jo 'siMghI z2aina granthamAlA' meM prakAzita 'pramANamImAMsA' ke bhASATippaNoMmeM, pR0 108 se pR0 123 taka aMkita haiN| 2. 'pramANatarkasAdhanopAlambhaH siddhAntAviruddhaH paJcAvayavopapannaH pakSapratipakSaparigraho vAdaH / yathoktopapannazchalajAtinigrahasthAna sAdhanopAlambho jalpaH / svapratipacasthApanAhIno vitaNDA / nyAyasUtra 1. 2.1 - 3 /

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icchAsekI jAtI hai| isakA preraka Antarika tattva kevala vijayecchA hai| vitaeDA kathA bhI vijayecchAse hI kI jAtI hai| isa taraha jalpa aura vitaNDA do to vijayecchAjanita haiM aura vAda tattvabodhecchAjanita / vijayecchAjanita hone para bhI jalpa aura vitaNDAmeM eka antara hai, aura vaha yaha ki jalpakathAmeM vAdI-prativAdI donoM apanA-apanA pakSa rakhakara, apane-apane pakSakA sthApana karate hue, virodhI pakSakA khaNDana karate haiN| jaba ki vitaNDA kathAmeM yaha bAta nahIM hotii| usameM apane pakSakA sthApana kiye binA hI pratipacakA khaNDana karanekI ekamAtra dRSTi rahatI hai| yahA~ para aitihAsika tathA vikAsa kramakI dRSTise yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki Upara jo kathAke tIna prakAroMkA tathA unake pArasparika antarakA zAstrIya sUcana kiyA hai, vaha vividha viSayake vidvAnoMmeM aneka sadiyoMse calI AtI huI carcAkA tarkazuddha pariNAma mAtra hai| bahuta purAne samayakI carcAoMmeM aneka judI-judI paddhatiyoMkA bIja nihita hai / vArtAlApakI paddhati, jise saMvAdapaddhati bhI kahate haiM, praznottarapaddhati aura kathApaddhati-ye sabhI prAcIna kAlakI carcAzroMmeM kabhI zuddha rUpase to kabhI mizrita rUpase calatI thiiN| kathApaddhativAlI carcAmeM bhI vAda, jalpa Adi kathAoMkA mizraNa ho jAtA thaa| jaise jaise anubhava bar3hatA gayA aura eka paddhatimeM dUsarI paddhatike mizraNase, aura khAsakara eka kathAmeM dUsarI kathAke mizraNase, kathAkAlameM tathA usake pariNAmameM nAnAvidha asAmaJjasyakA anubhava hotA gayA, vaise-vaise kuzala vidvAnoMne kathAke bhedoMkA spaSTa vibhAjana karanA bhI zurU kara diyA; aura isake sAtha hI sAtha unhoMne haraeka kathAke lie, adhikArI, prayojana, niyama-upaniyama AdikI maryAdA bhI bA~dhanI zurU kii| isakA spaSTa nirdeza hama sabase pahale akSapAdake sUtroMmeM dekhate haiM / kathAkA yaha zAstrIya-nirUpaNa isake bAdake samagra vAGmayameM Ajataka susthira hai| yadyapi bIca-bIca meM bauddha aura jaina tArkikoMne, akSapAdakI batalAI huI kathAsaMbandhI mayoMdAkA virodha aura parihAsa karake, apanIapanI kucha bhinna praNAlI bhI sthApita kI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya rUpase dekhA jAe to sabhI dArzanika paramparAaoMmeM akSapAdakI batalAI huI kathApaddhatikI maryAdAkA hI prabhutva banA huA hai| (1) vyAkaraNa, alaMkAra, jyotiSa, vaidyaka, chanda aura saMgIta Adi aneka aise viSaya haiM jinapara carcAtmaka saMskRta sAhitya kAphI tAdAdameM banA hai; phira bhI hama dekhate haiM ki vitaNDA kathAke praveza aura vikAsakA kendra to kevala dArzanika sAhitya hI rahA hai| isa antarakA kAraNa, viSayakA svAbhA

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vika svarUpabheda hI hai| darzanoMse saMbandha rakhanevAle sabhI viSaya prAyaH aise hI haiM jinameM kalpanAoMke sAmrAjyakA yatheSTa avakAza hai, aura jinakI carcAmeM kucha bhI sthApana na karanA aura kevala khaNDana hI khaNDana karanA yaha bhI aAkarSaka bana jAtA hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki dArzanika kSetrake sivAya anya kisI viSayameM vitaNDA kathAke vikAsa evaM prayogakI koI guMjAiza nahIM hai| carcA karanevAle vidvAnoMkI dRSTimeM bhI aneka kAraNoMse parivartana hotA rahatA hai / jaba vidvAnoMkI dRSTimeM sAMpradAyika bhAva aura pakSAbhiniveza mukhyatayA kAma karate haiM taba unake dvArA vAda kathAkA sambhava kama ho jAtA hai| tisa para bhI, jaba unakI dRSTi AbhimAnika ahaMvRttise aura zuSka vAgvilAsakI kutUhala vRttise zrAvRta ho jAtI hai, taba to unameM jalpa kathAkA bhI sambhava virala ho jAtA hai / madhya yuga aura arvAcIna yugake aneka granthoM meM vitaNDA kathAkA Azraya lie jAnekA eka kAraNa uparyukta dRSTibheda bhI hai / brAhmaNa aura upaniSad kAlameM tathA buddha aura mahAvIrake samayameM cacoMoMkI bharamAra kama na thI, para usa samayake bhAratavarSIya vAtAvaraNameM dhArmikatA, zrAdhyAtmikatA aura cittazuddhikA aisA aura itanA prabhAva avazya thA ki jisase una carcAoMmeM vijayecchAkI apekSA satyajJAnakI icchA hI vizeSarUpase kAma karatI thii| yahI sababa hai ki hama usa yugake sAhityameM adhikatara vAda kathAkA hI svarUpa pAte haiN| isake sAtha hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki usa yugake manuSya bhI antameM manuSya hI the| ataeva unameM bhI vijayecchA, sAMpradAyikatA aura ahaMtAkA tattva, anivArya rUpase thor3A bahuta kAma karatA hI thaa| jisase kabhI-kabhI vAda kathAmeM bhI jalpa aura vitaNDAkA tathA jalpa kathAmeM vitaNDAkA jAnate-anajAnate praveza ho hI jAtA thA / itanA hote hue bhI, isa bAtameM koI saMdeha nahIM, ki aMtima rUpameM usa samaya pratiSThA satyajJAnecchAkI aura vAdakathAkI hI thii| jala aura vitaNDA kathA karanevAloMkI tathA kisI bhI tarahase usakA Azraya lenevAloMko, utanI pratiSThA nahIM thI jitanI zuddha vAda kathA karanevAloMkI thii| paraMtu, aneka aitihAsika kAraNoMse, uparyukta sthitimeM bar3e joroMse aMtara par3ane lagA / buddha aura mahAvIrake bAda, bhAratameM eka taraphase zastravijayakI vRtti prabala hone lagI aura dUsarI taraphase usake sAtha-hI-sAtha zAstravijayakI vRtti bhI uttarottara prabala hotI clii| sAMpradAyika saMgharSa, jo pahale vidyAsthAna, dharmasthAna aura maThoMhIkI vastu thI, vaha aba rAja-sabhA taka jA pahu~cA / isa sababase dArzanika vidyAoMke kSetrameM jalpa aura vitaNDAkA praveza adhikAdhika

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65 hone lagA aura usakI kucha pratiSThA bhI adhika bar3hane lgii| khullamakhullA una logoMkI pUjA aura pratiSThA hone lagI jo 'yena kena prakAreNa' prativAdIko harA sakate the evaM harAte the| aba sabhI saMpradAyavAdiyoMko phikra hone lagI, ki kisI bhI tarahase apane-apane sampradAyake maMtavyoMkI virodhI sAMpradAyikoMse rakSA karanI caahie| sAmAnya manuSyameM vijayakI tathA lAbhakhyAti kI icchA sAhajika hI hotI hai| phira usako baDhate hue saMkucita sAMpradAyika bhAvakA sahArA mila jAe, to phira kahanA hI kyA ? jahA~ dekho vahA~ vidyA paDhanepaDhAnekA, tattva-carcA karanekA pratiSThita lakSya yaha samajhA jAne lagA, ki jalpa kathAse nahIM to antameM vitaNDA kathAse hI sahI, para prativAdIkA mukha baMda kiyA jAe aura apane sAMpradAyika nizcayoMkI rakSA kI jAya / . candragupta aura azokake samayase lekara Ageke sAhityameM hama jalpa aurI vitaNDAka tattva pahalekI apekSA kucha adhika spaSTa pAte haiN| IsAkI dUsarI tIsara zatAbdIke mAne jAnevAle nAgArjuna aura akSapAdakI kRtiyA~ hamAre isa kathanakI sAkSI haiN| . nAgArjunakI kRti vigrahavyAvartinI ko lIjie yA mAdhyamikakArikAko lIjie aura dhyAnase unakA avalokana kIjie, to patA cala jAegA ki dArzanika cintanameM vAdakI zrADameM, yA vAdakA dAmana pakar3akara usake pIchepIche, jalpa aura vitaNDAkA praveza kisa kadara hone laga gayA thaa| hama yaha to nirNayapUrvaka kabhI kaha nahIM sakate ki nAgArjuna satya-jijJAsAse prerita thA hI nahIM, aura usakI kathA sarvathA vAdakoTise bAhya hai; para itanA to hama nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki nAgArjunakI samagra zailI, jalpa aura vitaNDA kathAke itanI najadIka hai ki usakI zailIkA sAdhAraNa abhyAsI, bar3I saralatAse, jalpa aura vitaNDA kathAkI ora lur3haka sakatA hai| akSapAdane apane atimahattvapUrNa sUtrAtmaka saMgraha prathameM vAda, jalpa aura vitaNDAkA, kevala alaga-alaga lakSaNa hI nahIM batalAyA hai balki una kathAoM ke adhikArI, prayojana AdikI pUrI mayAdA bhI sUcita kI hai| niHsaMdeha akSapAdane apane sUtroMmeM jo kucha kahA hai aura jo kucha spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai, vaha kevala unakI kalpanA yA kevala apane samayakI sthitikA citraNa mAtra hI nahIM hai, balki unakA yaha nirUpaNa, atipUrvakAlase calI AtI huI dArzanika vidvAnoMkI mAnyatAoMkA tathA vidyAke kSetrameM vicaranevAloMkI manodazAkA jIvita pratibimba hai / niHsaMdeha akSapAdakI dRSTi meM vAstavika mahatva to 'vAdakathA' kA hI hai, phira bhI vaha spaSTatA tathA balapUrvaka, yaha bhI mAnyatA prakaTa karatA hai ki kevala

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'jalla' hI nahIM balki 'vitaNDA' takakA bhI Azraya lekara apane tattvajJAnakI tathA apane sampradAyake maMtavyoMkI rakSA karanI caahie| kAMTe bhale hI pheMka dene yogya hoM, phira bhI paudhoMkI rakSAke vAste ve kabhI-kabhI bahuta upAdeya bhI haiM / akSapAdane isa dRSTAntake dvArA 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDAkathA'kA pUrva samayase mAnA jAnevAlA mAtra aucitya hI prakaTa nahIM kiyA hai, balki usane khuda bhI apane sUtroMmeM, kabhI-kabhI pUrvapakSIko nirasta karaneke lie, spaSTa yA aspaSTa rUpase, 'jalpa'kA aura kabhI 'vitaNDA' takakA Azraya liyA jAna par3atA hai|' - manuSyakI sAhajika vijayavRtti aura usake sAtha milI huI sAMpradAyika mohavRtti-ye do kAraNa to dArzanika kSetra meM the hI, phira unheM RSikalpa vidvAnoMke dvArA kiye gae 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA kathA' ke prayogake samarthanakA sahArA milA, tathA kucha asAdhAraNa vidvAnoM ke dvArA ukta kathAkI zailImeM likhe gae anyoMkA bhI samarthana milA / aisI sthitimeM phira to kahanA hI kyA thA 1 aAgameM ghRtAhutikI naubata A gii| jahA~ dekho vahA~ akasara dArzanika kSetrameM 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kA hI bolabAlA zurU huaa| yahA~taka ki eka bAra hI nahIM balki aneka bAra 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAke prayogakA niSedha karanevAle tathA usakA anaucitya batalAnevAle buddhi evaM caritra pragalbha aise khuda bauddha tathA jaina tattvasaMsthApaka vidvAn tathA unake uttarAdhikArI bhI 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAkI zailIse yA usake prayogase bilakula achUte raha na sake / kabhI-kabhI to unhoMne yaha bhI kaha diyA ki yadyapi 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' sarvathA vayaM hai tathApi paristhiti vizeSameM usakA bhI upayoga hai| - isa taraha kathAaoMke vidhi-nidheSakI dRSTise, yA kathAnoMkA zrAzraya lekara kI jAnevAlI granthakArakI zailIkI dRSTise, hama dekheM, to hameM spaSTatayA mAlUma par3atA hai ki vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, diGnAga,dharmakIrti, siddhasena, samantabhadra, kumArila, zaMkarAcArya AdikI kRtiyA~ 'zuddha vAdakathA' / ke namUne nahIM haiN| jahA~taka apane-apane saMpradAyakA tathA usakI avAMtara zAkhAoMkA saMbaMdha hai vahA~taka to, unakI kRtiyoMmeM 'vAdakathA' kA tattva surakSita hai, para jaba virodhI saMpradAyake sAtha carcAkA maukA AtA hai taba aise 1. dekho nyAyasUtra, 4.2. 47 / 2. dekho, u0 yazovijayajIkRta vAdadvAtriMzikA, zlo0, 6 ayameva vidheyastat tattvajJena tapasvinA / dezAdyapecAyA'nyo'pi vijJAya gurulAghavam / /

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viziSTa vidvAn bhI, thor3e bahuta pramANameM, vizuddha 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAkI ora nahIM to kamase kama una kathAaoMkI zailIkI aora to, avazya hI jhuka jAte haiN| dArzanika vidvAnoMkI yaha manovRtti navIM sadIke bAdake sAhityameM to aura bhI tIvratara hotI jAtI hai| yahI sababa hai ki hama Ageke tInoM matoMke sAhityameM virodhI saMpradAyake vidvAnoM tathA unake sthApakoMke prati atyaMta kar3ApanakA tathA tiraskArakA bhAva pAte haiM / madhya yugake sathA arvAcIna yugake bane hue dArzanika sAhityameM aisA bhAga bahuta bar3A hai jisameM 'vAda' kI apekSA 'jalpakathA'kA hI prAdhinya hai| nAgArjunane jisa 'vikalpajAla'kI pratiSThA kI thI aura bAdake bauddha, vaidika tathA jaina tArkikoMne jisakA poSaNa evaM vistAra kiyA thA, usakA vikasita tathA vizeSa durUha svarUpa hama zrIharSake khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya evaM citsukhAcAyakI citsukho AdimeM pAte haiN| bezaka ye sabhI grantha 'jalpa kathA' kI hI pradhAnatAvAle haiM, kyoMki inameM lekhakakA uddezya svapakSasthApana hI hai, phira bhI ina granthAMkI zailImeM 'vitaNDA' kI chAyA ati spaSTa hai| yoM to 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAke bIcakA antara itanA kama hai ki agara granthakArake manobhAva aura uddezyakI tarapha hamArA dhyAna na jAe, to aneka bAra hama yaha nirNaya hI nahIM kara sakate ki yaha grantha 'jalpa zailI'kA hai, yA vitaNDA zailIkA / jo kucha ho, para uparyukta carcAse hamArA abhiprAya itanA hI mAtra hai ki madhya yuga tathA arvAcIna yugake sAre sAhityameM zuddha vitaNDAzailIke grantha nAmamAtrake haiN| (3) hama dArzanika sAhityakI zailIko saMkSepameM pA~ca vibhAgoMmeM bA~Ta sakate hai (1) kucha grantha aise haiM jinakI zailI mAtra pratipAdanAtmaka hai, jaise 1. isa viSayameM gujarAtImeM likhI huI 'sAmpradAyikatA ane tenA purAvAonuM digdarzana' nAmaka hamArI lekhamAlA, jo purAtattva, pustaka 4, pR0 166 se zurU hotI hai, dekheN| 2. hetu viDambanopAya abhI chapA nahIM hai| isake kartAkA nAma jJAta nahIM huaa| isakI likhita prati pATaNake kisI bhANDArameM bhI honekA smaraNa hai| isakI eka prati pUnAke bhANDArakara insTiTyUTameM hai jisake Uparase nyAyAcArya paM. mahendrakumArane eka nakala kara lI hai / vahI isa samaya hamAre sammukha hai|

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68 mAkyakArikA, sAMkhyakArikA, tasvArthAdhigamasUtra, abhidharmakoSa, prazastapAdabhASya, nyAyapraveza, nyAyabindu zrAdi / (2) kucha grantha aise haiM jinameM svasaMpradAya ke pratipAdanakA bhAga adhika aura anya saMpradAyake khaNDanakA bhAga kama hai - jaise zAbarabhASya | ( 3 ) kucha grantha aise haiM jinameM paramatoMkA khaNr3ana vistArase hai aura svamatakA sthApana thor3e meM haiM, jaise - mAdhyamika kArikA, khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya zrAdi / (4) kucha grantha aise haiM jinameM khaNDana aura sAtha-hI-sAtha calatA hai, jaise- vAtsyAyana bhASya, rtika, zAMkarabhASya, pramANavArtika Adi / maNDana samapramANa hai yA mImAMsA zlokavA ( 5 ) bahuta thor3e para aise graMtha bhI milate haiM jinameM svapakSa ke pratipAdanakA nAmonizAna taka nahIM hai aura dUsareke mantavyoMkA khaNDana hI khaNr3ana mAtra hai / aise zuddha vaitaDika zailIke grantha isa samaya hamAre sAmane do haiM - eka prastuta tattvopaplavasiMha aura dUsarA hetu viDambanopAya | isa vivecanA se prastuta tatvopaplava granthakI zailIkA dArzanika zailiyoM meM kyA sthAna hai yaha hameM spaSTa mAlUma par3a jAtA hai / yadyapi 'tatvopaplavasiMha aura 'hetuviDambanopAya' ina donoMkI zailI zuddha khaNDanAtmaka hI hai, phira bhI ina donoMkI zailI meM thor3AsA antara bhI hai jo madhyayugIna aura arvAcInakAlIna zailIke bhedakA spaSTa dyotaka hai / dasavIM zatAbdI ke pahale ke dArzanika sAhitya meM vyAkaraNa aura alaMkArake pANDityako peTa bharakara vyakta karanekI kRtrima koziza nahIM hotI thI / isI taraha usa yugake vyAkaraNa tathA alaMkAra viSayaka sAhitya meM, nyAya evaM dArzanika tattvoMko labAlaba bhara denekI bhI anAvazyaka koziza nahIM hotI thI / jaba ki dasavIM sadI ke bAda ke sAhitya meM hama ukta donoM kozizeM uttarottara adhika parimANa meM pAte haiM / dasavIM sadIke bAdakA dArzanika, apane granthakI racanA meM tathA pratyakSa carcA karane meM, yaha dhyAna adhika se adhika rakhatA hai, ki usake grantha meM aura saMbhASaNa meM, vyAkaraNake nava-nava aura jaTila prayogoMkI tathA AlaMkArika tatvoMkI vaha adhika se adhika mAtrA kisa taraha dikhA sake / vAdI devasUrikA syAdvAdaratnAkara, zrIharSakA khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya, ratnamaNDanakI jalpakalpalatA Adi dArzanika grantha ukta vRtti ke namUne haiM / dUsarI taraphase vaiyAkaraNoM aura AlaMkArikoMmeM bhI eka aisI vRttikA udaya hutrA, jisase prerita hokara ve nyAyazAstra ke navIna tattvoMko evaM jaTila paribhASAko *

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apane viSayake sUkSma ciMtanameM hI nahIM para prativAdIko cupa karaneke lie bhI kAmameM lAne lge| bArahavIM sadIke gaMgezane 'avacchedakatA', 'prakAratA', 'pratiyogitA' zrAdi navIna paribhASAke dvArA nyAyazAstrake bAhya tathA Antarika svarUpameM yugAntara upasthita kiyA aura usake uttarAdhikArI maithila evaM baMgAlI tArkiauMne usa dizAmeM Azcaryajanaka pragati kI / nyAyazAstrakI isa sUkSma para jaTila paribhASAko tathA vicArasaraNIko vaiyAkaraNoM aura AlaMkArikoM takane apanAyA / ve nyAyakI isa navIna paribhASAke dvArA prativAdiyoMko parAsta karanekI bhI vaisI hI koziza karane lage, jaisI kucha dArzanika vidvAn vyAkaraNa aura alaMkArakI camatkRtike dvArA karane lage the| nAgojI bhaTTake zabdenduzekhara Adi grantha tathA jagannAtha kavirAjake rasagaMgAdhara Adi grantha navIna nyAyazailIke jIvaMta namUne haiN| yadyapi 'hetuviDambanopAya' kI zailI 'tattvopaplavasiMha' kI zailI jaisI zuddha vaitaNDika hI hai, phira bhI donoMmeM yugabhedakA antara spaSTa hai / tattvopaplavasiMhameM dArzanika vicAroMkI sUkSmatA aura jaTilatA hI mukhya hai, bhASA aura alaMkArakI chaTA usameM vaisI nahIM hai| jaba ki hetuviDambanopAyameM vaiyAkaraNoMke tathA AlaMkArikoMke bhASA-camatkArakI AkarSaka chaTA hai / isake sivAya ina donoM granthoM meM eka antara aura bhI hai jo pratipAdya viSayase saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| tattvopaplavasiMhakA khaNDanamArga samagra tatvoMko lakSyameM rakhakara calA hai, ataeva usameM dArzanika paraMparAoM meM mAne jAnevAle samasta pramANoMkA eka-eka karake khaNDana kiyA gayA hai, jaba ki hetuviDambanopAyakA khaNDanamArga kevala anumAnake hetuko lakSyameM rakha kara zurU huA hai, isalie usameM utane khaNDanIya pramANoMkA vicAra nahIM hai jitanoMkA tattvopaplavameM hai / . isake sivAya eka bar3e mahattvakI aitihAsika vastukA bhI nirdeza karanA yahA~ jarUrI hai| tattvopaplavasiMhakA kartA jayarAzi tattvamAtrakA vaitaNDika zailIse khaNDana karatA hai aura apane ko bRhaspatikI paramparAkA batalAtA hai / jaba ki hetuviDambanopAyakA kartA jo koI jaina hai-jaisA ki usake prArambhika bhAgase spaSTa hai---zrAstika rUpase apane iSTa devako namaskAra bhI karatA hai. aura kevala khaNDanacAturIko dikhAneke vAste hI hetuviDambanopAyakI racanA 1. 'praNamya zrImadarhantaM paramAtmAnamavyayam / hetoviDambanopAyo nirapAyaH pratAyate //

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100 karanA batalAtA hai| jayarAzikA uddezya kevala khaNDanacAturI batalAnekA yA use dUsaroMko sikhAnekA hI nahIM hai balki apanI cArvAka mAnyatAkA eka nayA rUpa pradarzita karanekA bhI hai| isake viparIta hetuviDambanopAyake racayitAkA uddezya apanI kisI paramparAke svarUpakA batalAnA nahIM hai| usakA uddezya sirpha yahI batalAnekA hai ki vivAda karate samaya agara prativAdIko cupa karanA ho to usake sthApita pakSameMse eka sAdhya yA hetuvAkyakI parIkSA karake yA usakA samUla khaNDana karake kisa taraha use cupa kiyA jA sakatA hai / cArvAka darzanameM prastuta granthakA sthAna prastuta grantha cArvAka saMpadAyakA honese isa jagaha isa saMmpradAyake saMbandhameM nIce likhI bAte jJAtavya haiN| (a) cArvAka saMpradAyakA itihAsa (i) bhAratIya darzanoMmeM usakA sthAna (u) cArvAka darzanakA sAhitya (a) purAne upaniSadoMmeM tathA sUtrakRtAGga jaise prAcIna mAne jAnevAle jaina AgamameM bhUtavAdI yA bhUtacaitanyavAdI rUpase cArvAka matakA nirdeza hai / pANini ke sUtra meM AnevAlA nAstika zabda bhI anAtmavAdI cArvAka matakA hI sUcaka hai / bauddha dIghanikAyameM bhI bhUtavAdI aura akriyavAdI rUpase do 1. granthakAra zurUmeM hI kahatA hai ki- "iha hi yaH kazcidvipazcit praca. eDaprAmANikaprakANDazreNIziromaNIyamAnaH sarvAGgINAnaNIyaH pramANadhoraNIpraguNIbhavadakhaNDapANDityoDDAmaratAM svAtmani manyamAnaH svAnyAnanyatamasaujanyadhanyatribhuvanamAnyavadAnyagaNAvagaNanAnuguNAnaNutattadbhaNitiraNaraNakararaNanissamAnAbhimAnaH apratihataprasarapravaraniravadyasadyaskAnumAnaparamparAparAbobhavitanistuSamanISAvizeSonmiSanmanISipariSajjAgratpratyayodagramahIyomahIyasanmAnaH zatamakhagurumukhAdgavimukhatAkArihArisarvatomukhazemuSImukharAsaMkhyasaMkhyAvadvikhyAte parSadiditasamagratarkakarkazavitarkaNapravaNaH prAmANikagrAmaNIH pramANayati tasyAzayasyAhaGkAraprAgbhAratiraskArAya cAruvicAracAturIgarIyazcaturanaracetazcamaskArAya ca kiJciducyate / " 2. "vijJAnaghana evaitebhyo bhUtebhyaH samutthAya tAnyevAnu vinazyati na pretyasaMjJA astIti"-bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4, 12. 3. sUtrakRtAGga, pR. 14, 281 /

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tIrthakoMkA sUcana hai| cANakyake arthazAstra meM lokAyatika matakA nirdeza usI bhUtavAdI darzanakA bodhaka hai| isa taraha 'nAstika' 'bhUtavAdI' 'lokAyatika' 'akriyavAdI' Adi jaise zabda isa saMpradAyake arthameM milate haiN| para usa prAcIna kAlake sAhityameM 'cArvAka' zabdakA patA nahIM cltaa| cArvAka matakA puraskartA kauna thA isakA bhI patA usa yugake sAhityameM nahIM milatA / usake puraskartA rUpase bRhaspati, devaguru zrAdikA jo mantavya pracalita hai yaha saMbhavataH paurANikoMkI kalpanAkA hI phala hai| purANoMmeM cArvAka matake pravartakakA jo varNana hai vaha kitanA sAdhAra hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai| phira bhI purANoMkA vaha varNana, apanI manoraJjakatA tathA purANoMkI lokapriyatAke kAraNa, janasAdhAraNameM aura vidvAnoMmeM bhI rUDha' ho gayA hai; aura saba koI nirvivAda rUpase yahI kahate aura mAnate Ae haiM ki bRhaspati hI cArvAka matakA puraskartA hai / jahA~ kahIM cArvAka matake nidarzaka vAkya yA sUtra milate haiM vahA~ ve vRhaspati, suraguru Adi nAmake sAtha hI uddhRta kiye hue pAe jAte haiN| (i) bhAratIya darzanoMko hama saMkSepameM cAra vibhAgoMmeM bA~Ta sakate haiN| 1. indriyAdhipatya pakSa 2. anindriyAdhipatya pakSa 3. ubhayAdhipatya pakSa 4. aAgamAdhipatya pakSa 1. jisa pakSakA mantavya yaha hai ki pramANakI sArI zakti indriyoMke Upara hI avalambita hai / mana khuda indriyoMkA anugamana kara sakatA hai para vaha indriyoM kI madadake sivAya kahIM bhI arthAt jahA~ indriyoMkI pahu~ca na ho vahA~pravRtta hokara saccA jJAna paidA kara hI nahIM sakatA, sacce jJAnakA agara sambhava hai to vaha indriyoMke dvArA hI-yaha hai indriyAdhipatya pakSa / isa pakSa meM cArvAka darzana hI samAviSTa hai / isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki cArvAka anumAna yA 1. dekho, dIghanikAya, brahmajAlasutta, pR0 12; tathA sAmaJjaphalasutta pR020-21| 2. viSNupurANa, tRtIyaaMza, adhyAya-17 / kathAke lie dekho sarva darzanasaMgrahakA paM0 zrabhyaMkarazAstrI likhina upodghAta, pR0 132 / 3. tattvopaplava, pR0 45 / 4. tattvopaplavameM bRhaspatiko suruguru bhI kahA hai-pR0 125 / khaNDanakhaNDakhAdyameM bhagavAna suraguruko lokAyatika sUtrakA kartA kahA gayA hai-pR07 /

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202 zagdavyavahAra rUpa Agama Adi pramANoMko, jo pratidina sarvasiddha vyavahArakI vastu hai, na mAnatA ho; phira bhI cArvAka apaneko jo pratyakSamAtravAdI-indriya pratyakSamAtravAdI kahatA hai, isakA artha itanA hI hai ki anumAna, zabda Adi koI bhI laukika pramANa kyoM na ho, para usakA prAmANya indriya pratyakSake saMvAdake sivAya kabhI sambhava nhiiN| arthAt indriya pratyakSase bAdhita nahIM aisA koI bhI jJAnavyApAra yadi pramANa kahA jAe to isameM cArvAkako Apatti nhiiN| 2. anindriyake antaHkaraNa-mana, citta aura AtmA aise tIna artha phalita hote haiM, jinameMse cittarUpa anindriyakA Adhipatya mAnanevAlA anindriyAdhipatya pakSa hai / isa pakSameM vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda aura zAGkaravedAntakA samAveza hotA hai / isa pakSake anusAra yathArthajJAnakA sambhava vizuddha cittake dvArA hI mAnA jAtA hai| yaha pakSa indriyoMkI satyajJAnajananazaktikA sarvathA inkAra karatA hai aura kahatA hai ki indriyA~ vAstavika jJAna karAne meM paMgu hI nahIM balki dhokhebAja bhI avazya haiN| inake mantavyakA niSkarSa itanA hI hai ki citta-khAsakara dhyAnazuddha sAttvika cittase bAdhita yA usakA saMvAda prApta na kara sakanevAlA koI jJAna pramANa ho hI nahIM sakatA, cAhe vaha phira bhale hI lokavyavahArameM pramANa rUpase mAnA jAtA ho / 3. ubhayAdhipatya pakSa vaha hai jo cArvAkakI taraha indriyoMko hI saba kucha mAnakara indriya nirapekSa manakA asAmarthya svIkAra nahIM karatA; aura na indriyoMko hI paMgu yA dhAkhebAja mAnakara kevala anindriya yA cittakA hI sAmarthya svIkAra karatA hai| yaha pakSa mAnatA hai ki cAhe manakI madadase hI sahI, para indriyA~ guNasampanna ho sakatI haiM aura vAstavika jJAna paidA kara sakatI haiN| isI taraha yaha pakSa yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki indriyoMkI madada jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ bhI anindriya yathArtha jJAna karA sakatA hai / isIse ise ubhayAdhipatya pakSa kahA hai / isameM sAMkhya yoga, nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka zrAdi darzanoMkA samAveza hai| sAMkhya-yoga indriyoMkA sAdguNya mAna kara bhI antaHkaraNakI svataMtra yathArthazakti mAnatA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika Adi bhI manakI vaisI hI zakti mAnate haiN| para pharka yaha hai ki sAMkhya-yoga AtmAkA svataMtra pramANasAmarthya nahIM mAnate / kyoMki ve pramANasAmarthya buddhimeM hI mAna kara puruSa yA cetanako niratizaya mAnate haiM, jaba ki nyAya-vaizeSika Adi, cAhe IzvarakI zrAtmAkA hI sahI, para AtmAkA svatantra pramANasAmarthya mAnate haiN| arthAt ve zarIra-manakA abhAva honepara bhI IzvarameM jJAnazakti mAnate haiN| vaibhASika aura sautrAntika

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103 bhI isI pakSa ke antargata haiM, kyoMki ve bhI indriya aura mana donoMkA pramANasAmarthya mAnate haiM / 4. AgamAdhipatya pakSa vaha hai jo kisI-na-kisI viSaya meM zrAgamake sivAya kisI indriya yA anindriyakA pramANasAmarthya svIkAra nahIM karatA / yaha pakSa kevala pUrvamImAMsAkA ho hai / yadyapi vaha anya viSayoMmeM sAMkhyayogAdikI taraha ubhayAdhipatya pakSakA hI anugAmI hai, phira bhI dharma aura dharma ina do viSayoM meM vaha zrAgama mAtrakA hI sAmarthya mAnatA hai / yoM to vedAnta ke anusAra brahmake viSaya meM bhI AgamakA hI prAdhAnya hai; phira bhI vaha zrAgamAdhipatya pakSa meM isa lie nahIM A sakatA ki brahma viSaya meM dhyAnazuddha antaHkaraNakA bhI sAmarthya use mAnya hai / isa taraha, cArvAka mAnyatA indriyAdhipatya pakSakI anuvartinI hI sarvatra mAnI jAtI hai / phira bhI prastuta grantha usa mAnyatA ke viSaya meM eka nayA prasthAna upasthita karatA hai / kyoMki isameM indriyoMkI yathArthajJAna utpanna karanekI zaktikA bhI khaNDana kiyA gayA hai aura laukika pratyakSa takako bhI pramANa mAnane se inkAra kara diyA hai / ataeva prastuta granthake abhiprAyase cArvAka mAnyatA do vibhAgoM meM ba~Ta jAtI hai / pUrvakAlIna mAnyatA indriyAdhipatya pakSa meM jAtI hai, aura jayarAzikI naI mAnyatA pramANopaplava pakSa meM AtI hai / 1 ( u ) cArvAka mAnyatA kA koI pUrvavartI grantha akhaNDa rUpase upalabdha nahIM hai / anya darzana granthoM meM pUrvapakSa rUpa se cArvAka matake mantavya ke sAtha kahIMkahIM jo kucha vAkya yA sUtra uddhRta kiye hue milate haiM, yahI usakA eka mAtra sAhitya hai / yaha bhI jAna par3atA hai ki cArvAka mAnyatAko vyavasthita rUpase likhanevAle vidvAn zAyada hue hI nahIM / jo kucha bRhaspatine kahA usIkA chinnabhinna aMza usa paramparAkA eka mAtra prAcIna sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai / usI sAhitya ke zrAdhAra para purANoM meM bhI cArvAka matako pallavita kiyA gayA hai / AThavIM sadIke jainAcArya haribhadrake SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM aura terahavIM-caudahavIM sadIke mAdhavAcArya kRta sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM cArvAka matake varNanake sAtha kucha padya uddhRta milate haiM / para jAna par3atA hai, ki ye saba padya, kisI cArvA - kAcAryakI kRti na hokara, aura aura vidvAnoMke dvArA cArvAka mata varNana rUpase ve samaya-samaya para bane hue haiM / isa taraha cArvAka darzanake sAhitya meM prastuta granthakA sthAna bar3e mahasvakA hai / kyoMki yaha eka hI grantha hameM aisA upalabdha hai jo cArvAka mAnyatAkA akhaNDa grantha kahA jA sakatA hai|

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104 viSaya paricaya prastuta granthameM kisa-kisa viSayakI carcA hai aura vaha kisa prakAra kI gaI hai| isakA saMkSipta paricaya prApta karaneke lie nIce likhI bAtoM para thor3AsA prakAza DAlanA jarUrI hai / ( 1 ) granthakArakA uddezya aura usakI siddhike vAste usake dvArA zravalaMbita mArga / (2) kina-kina darzanoMke aura kina-kina prAcAryoMke sammata pramANalakSaNoMkA khaNDanIya rUpase nirdeza hai / ( 3 ) kina-kina darzanoMke kauna-kaunase prameyoMkA prAsaMgika khaNDanake vAste nirdeza hai / (4) pUrvakAlIna aura samakAlIna kina-kina vidvAnoMkI kRtiyoMse khaNDanasAmagrI lI huI jAna par3atI hai / (5) usa khaNDana - sAmagrIkA apane abhipratakI siddhimeM granthakArane kisa taraha upayoga kiyA hai / - (1) hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM ki granthakArakA uddezya, samagra darzanoMkI choTI-bar3I sabhI mAnyatAoM kA ekamAtra khaNDana karanA hai / granthakArane yaha socakara ki saba darzanoMke zrabhimata samagra tatvoMkA eka-eka karake khaNDana karanA saMbhava nahIM; taba yaha vicAra kiyA hogA ki aisA kauna mArga hai jisakA saralatA se avalambana ho sake aura jisake avalambanase samagra tattvoMkA khaNDana Apa hI Apa siddha ho jAe / isa vicArameMse granthakArako apane uddezyakI siddhikA eka zramogha mArga sUjha par3A, aura vaha yaha ki anya saba bAtoMka khaNDanakI ora mukhya lakSya na dekara kevala pramANakhaNDana ho kiyA jAe, jisase pramANake zrAdhArase siddha kiye jAnevAle anya saba tattva yA prameya apane Apa hI khaNDita ho sakeM / jAna par3atA hai granthakArake manameM jaba yaha nirNaya sthira bana gayA taba phira usane saba darzanoMke abhimata pramANalakSaNoM ke khaNDanakI taiyArI kI / granthake prArambha meM hI vaha apane isa bhAvako spaSTa zabdoM meM vyakta karatA hai / vaha sabhI pramANa prameyavAdI dArzanikoMko lalakAra kara kahatA hai ' ki- 'Apa loga jo pramANa aura prameyakI vyavasthA mAnate haiM usakA 1. 'atha kathaM tAni na santi 1 taducyate - sallakSaNanibandhanai mAnavyavasthAnam, mAnanibandhanA ca meyasthitiH, tadabhAve tayoH sadvyavahAraviSayatvaM katham ?........ityAdi / tatvopaplava, pR0 1. /

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105 prAdhAra hai pramANakA yathArtha lakSaNa / parantu vicAra karane para jaba koI pramANakA lakSaNa hI nirdoSa siddha nahIM hotA taba usake AdhAra para batalAI jAnevAlI pramANa prameyakI vyavasthA kaise-mAno jA sakatI hai ? aisA kahakara, vaha phira eka-eka karake pramANa lakSaNakA kramazaH khaNDana karanA prAraMbha karatA hai| isI taraha granthake antameM bhI usane apane isa nirNIta mArgako doharAyA hai aura usakI saphalatA bhI sUcita kI hai| usane spaSTa zabdoMmeM kahA hai ki--'jaba koI pramANalakSaNa hI ThIka nahIM banatA taba saba tattva Apa hI Apa bAdhita yA prasiddha ho jAte haiM / aisI dazAmeM bAdhita tattvoke AdhArapara calAye jAnevAle saba vyavahAra vastutaH avicAraramaNIya hI haiN|' arthAt zAstrIya aura laukika athavA ihalaukika aura pAralaukika-saba pravRttiyoM kI sundaratA sirpha avicArahetuka hI hai| vicAra karanepara ve saba vyavahAra nirAdhAra siddha honeke kAraNa nirjIva jaise zobhAhIna haiN| granthakArane apane nirNayake anusAra yadyapi dArzanikoMke abhimata pramANalakSaNoMkI hI khaNDanIya rUpase mImAMsA zurU kI hai aura usIpara usakA jora hai| phira bhI vaha bIca-bIcameM pramANa lakSaNoMke alAvA kucha anya prameyoMkA bhI khaNDana karatA hai| isa taraha pramANalakSaNoMke khaNDanakA dhyeya rakhanevAle isa granthameM thor3ese anya prameyoMkA bhI khaNDana milatA hai| (2) nyAya, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, bauddha, vaiyAkaraNa aura paurANika ina chaha darzanoMke abhimata lakSaNoMko, granthakArane khaNDanIya rUpase liyA hai| inameMse kucha lakSaNa aise haiM jo pramANasAmAnyake haiM aura kucha aise haiM jo vizeSa vizeSa pramANake haiM / pramANasAmAnyake lakSaNa sirpha mImAMsA aura bauddha-ina do darzanoMke liye gara hai| mImAMsAsammata pramANasAmAnya lakSaNa jo granthakArane liyA hai vaha kumArilakA mAnA jAtA hai, phira mI isameM saMdeha nahIM ki vaha lakSaNa pUrvavartI anya mImAMsakoMko bhI mAnya rahA hogaa| granthakArane bauddha darzanake pramANasAmAnya saMbaMdhI do lakSaNa carcA ke liye haiM jo pragaTa rUpase dharmakIrtike mAne jAte haiM, para jinakA mUla diGnAgake vicArameM bhI avazya hai| vizeSa pramANoMke lakSaNa jo granthameM pAe haiM ve nyAya,mImAMsA, sAMkhya, bauddha, paurANika aura vaiyAkaraNoMke haiN| 1 dekho pR0 22 aura 27 / 2 dekho, pR0 27 aura 28 /

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106 nyAya darzana ke pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura zrAgama ina cAroM pramANoMke vizeSa lakSaNa granthameM Ae haiM aura ve akSapAdake nyAyasUtrake haiM / sAMkhya darzanake vizeSa pramANoM meM se kevala pratyakSakA hI lakSaNa liyA gayA hai, jo Izvara kRSNakA na hokara vArSagaNyakA hai / 2 bauddha darzana pratyakSa aura anumAna ina do pramANoMko hI mAnatA hai / 3 granthakArane usake donoM pramANoM ke lakSaNa carcAke vAste lie haiM jo - jaisA ki hamane Upara kahA hai -- dharmakIrtike haiM, para jinakA mUla diGnAgake grantha meM bhI milatA hai / mImAMsA darzanake prasiddha zrAcArya do haiM- kumArila aura prabhAkara / prabhAkarako pA~ca pramANa iSTa haiM, para kumArilako chaha / prastuta granthameM kumArilake chahoM pramANoMkI mIsAMsAkI gaI hai, aura isameM prabhAkara sammata pA~ca pramANoMkI mImAMsA bhI samA jAtI hai / paurANika vidvAna mImAMsA sammata chaha pramANoMke alAvA aitihya aura sambhava nAmaka do aura pramANa mAnate haiM - jinakA nirdeza akSapAda ke sUtroM taka bhI hai - ve bhI prastuta grantha meM liye gae haiM / 7 vaiyAkaraNo abhimata 'vAcakapada' ke lakSaNa aura 'sAdhupada' kI unakI vyAkhyAkA bhI isa grantha meM khaNDanIya rUpase nirdeza milatA hai / yaha sambhavataH bhartRharike vAkyapadIyase liyA gayA hai|" ( 3 ) yoM to granthameM prasaMgavaza aneka vicAroMkI carcA kI gaI hai, jinakA yahA~para savistara varNana karanA zakya nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM se kucha vicAroMvastukA nirdeza karanA zrAvazyaka hai, jisase yaha jAnanA sarala ho jAegA, ki kauna - kaunasI vastue~, amuka darzanako mAnya aura anya darzanoMko amAnya honeke kAraNa, dArzanika kSetra meM khaNDana - maNDanakI viSaya banI huI haiM, aura 1. dekho, 40 27,54,112,115 / 2. pR0 61 / 3. pR0 32, 82 | 4. 58, 82 106, 112, 116 | 5. pR0 113 / 6. nyAyasUtra -- 2. 2. 1. 8. pR0 120 / 7. pR0 111 / -----

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107 granthakArane dArzanikoMke usa pArasparika khaNDana- maNDanakI carcA se kisa taraha phAyadA uThAyA hai / ve vastue~ ye haiM jAti, samavAya, zrAlambana, atathyatA, tathyatA, smRtipramoSa, sannikarSa, viSayadvaividhya, kalpanA, aspaSTatA, spaSTatA, santAna, hetuphalabhAva, AtmA, kaivalya, zranekAnta, zravayavI, bAhyArthavilopa, kSaNabhaGga, nirhetukavinAza, varNa, pada, sphoTa aura apauruSeyatva / inameM se 'jAti', 'samavAya', 'sannikarSa', 'avayavI', AtmA ke sAtha sukhaduHkhAdikA saMbandha, zabdakA anityatva, kAryakAraNabhAva - Adi aise padArtha haiM jinako naiyAyika aura vaizeSika mAnate haiM, aura jinakA samarthana unhoMne apane granthoMmeM bahuta bala tathA vistArapUrvaka karake virodhI matoMke mantavyakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / parantu ve hI padArtha sAMkhya, bauddha, jaina Adi darzanoMko usa rUpameM bilakula mAnya nahIM / ataH una-una darzanoM meM ina padArthoMkA, ati vistAra ke sAtha khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / 'smRtipramoSa' mImAMsaka prabhAkarakI apanI nijakI mAnyatA hai, jisakA khaNDana naiyAyika, bauddha aura jaina vidvAnoMke atirikta svayaM mahAmImAMsaka kumArila anugAmiyoM takane, khUba vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai / 'pauruSeyatva' yaha mImAMsaka mAnyatAkI svIya vastu honese usa darzana meM isakA ati vistRta samarthana kiyA gayA hai; para naiyAyika, bauddha, jaina Adi darzanoM meM isakA utane hI vistArase khaNDana pAyA jAtA hai / 'anekAnta' jaina darzanakA mukhya mantavya hai jisakA samarthana sabhI jaina tArkikoMne bar3e utsAhase kiyA hai; paraMtu bauddha, naiyAyika, vedAnta Adi darzanoMmeM usakA vaisA hI prabala khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / 'zrAtma kaivalya' jisakA samarthana sAMkhya aura vedAnta donoM apane DhaMga se karate haiM; lekina bauddha, naiyAyika Adi anya sabhI dArzanika usakA khaNDana karate haiM / 'varNa', 'pada' 'sphoTa' Adi zabdazAstra viSayaka vastunoMkA samarthana jisa DhaMga se vaiyAkaraNoM ne kiyA hai usa DhaMgakA, tathA kabhI-kabhI una vastunoMkA hI, bauddha, naiyAyika Adi anya tArkikoMne balapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai / 'kSaNikatva', 'saMtAna', 'viSaya dvitva', 'spaSTatA - spaSTatA', " nirhetukavinAza', 'bAhyArtha vilopa', 'zrAlambana', 'hetuphalasaMbaMdha', 'kalpanA', 'tathyatAtathyatA' zrAdi padArtha aise haiM jinameM se kucha to sabhI bauddha paraMparAoM meM, aura kucha kisI-kisI paramparAmeM, mAnya hokara jinakA samarthana bauddha vidvAnoMne bar3e

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106 prayAsase kiyA hai; para naiyAyika, mImAMsaka, jaina zrAdi anya dArzanikoMne unhIMkA khaNDana karane meM apanA bar3A bauddhika parAkrama dikhalAyA hai| (4) yaha khaNDana sAmagrI, nimnalikhita dArzanika sAhitya parase lI gaI jAna par3atI hai nyAya-vaizeSika darzanake sAhityameMse akSapAdakA nyAyasUtra, vAtsyAyana bhASya, nyAyavartika, vyomavatI aura nyAyamaMjarI / mImAMsaka sAhityake zlokavArtika aura bRhatI nAmaka graMthoMkA Azraya liyA jAna par3atA hai| bauddha sAhityameMse pramANavArtika, saMbaMdhaparIkSA, sAmAnyaparIkSA Adi dharmakIrtike granthoMkA; tathA prajJAkara, dharmottara Adi dharmakIrtike ziSyoMkI kI huI una granthoMkI vyAkhyAoMkA zrAzraya liyA jAna par3atA hai / vyAkaraNa zAstrIya sAhityameMse vAkyapadIyakA upayoga kiyA huA jAna par3atA hai| jaina sAhityameMse pAtrasvAmi yA akalaMkakI kRtiyoMkA upayoga kiye jAnekA saMbhava hai| (5) jayarAzine apane adhyayana aura mananase, bhinna-bhinna dArzanikapramANake svarUpake viSayameM tathA dUsare padArthoM ke viSayameM, kyA-kyA matabheda rakhate haiM aura ve kina-kina muddoMke Upara eka dUsarekA kisa-kisa taraha khaNDana karate haiM, yaha saba jAnakara, usane una virodhI dArzanikoMke granthoMmese bahuta kucha khaNDana sAmagrI saMgrahIta kI aura phira usake aAdhArapara kisI eka darzanake mantavyakA khaNDana, dUsare virodhI darzanoMkI kI huI yuktiyoMke aAdhAra para kiyA; aura usI taraha, phira antameM dUsare virodhI darzanoMke mantavyoMkA khaNDana, pahale virodhI darzanakI dI huI yuktiyoMse kiyaa| udAharaNArtha-jaba naiyAyikoMkA khaNDana karanA huA, taba bahuta karake bauddha aura mImAMsakake granthoMkA Azraya liyA gayA, aura phira bauddha, aura mImAMsaka zrAdike sAmane naiyAyika aura jaina Adiko bhir3A diyA gyaa| purANoMmeM yaduvaMzake nAzake bAremeM kathA hai ki madyapAnake nazemeM unmatta hokara sabhI yAdava ApasameM eka dUsarese lar3e aura mara mitte| jayarAzine dArzanikoMke mantavyoMkA yahI hAla dekhaa| ve sabhI mantavya dUsareko parAjita karane aura apaneko vijayI siddha karaneke lie jalpakathAke akhAr3epara lar3aneko utare hue the| jayarAzine dArzanikoMke usa jalpavAdamese apane vitaNDAvAdakA mArga bar3I saralatAse nikAla liyA aura dArzanikoMkI khaNDanasAmagrIse unhIMke tatvoMkA upaplava siddha kara diyA /

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106 yadyapi jayarAzikI yaha paddhati koI naI vastu nahIM hai-aMzarUpameM to vaha sabhI madhyakAlIna aura arvAcIna darzana granthoM meM vidyamAna hai, para isameM vizeSatva yaha hai ki bhaha jayarAzikI khaNDanapaddhati sarvatomukhI aura sarvavyApaka hokara nirapekSa hai| upasaMhAra yadyapi yaha tatvopaplava eka mAtra khaNDanapradhAna grantha hai, phira bhI isakA aura tarahase bhI upayoga Adhunika vidvAnoMke lie kartavya hai / udAharaNArtha-jo loga dArzanika zabdoMkA koza yA saMgraha karanA cAheM aura aise pratyeka zabdake saMbhavita anekAneka artha bhI khojanA cAheM, unake lie yaha grantha eka banI banAI sAmagrI hai| kyoMki jayarAzine apane samaya takake dArzanika granthoMmeM prasiddha aise sabhI pAribhASika dArzanika zabdoMkA viziSTa DhaMgase prayoga kiyA hai aura sAtha hI sAtha 'kalpanA', 'smRti' zrAdi jaise pratyeka zabdoMke sabhI pracalita aau~kA nidarzana bhI kiyA hai / ataeva yaha taravopaplava grantha aAdhunika vidvAnoMke vAste eka viziSTa adhyayanakI vastu hai / isa parase dArzanika vicArokI tulanA karane tathA unake aitihAsika kramavikAsako jAnaneke lie aneka prakArakI bahuta kucha sAmagrI mila sakatI hai| I0 1641] [bhAratIya vidyA

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jJAnako sva-para prakAzakatA dArzanika kSetrameM jJAna svaprakAza hai, para prakAza hai yA sva-paraprakAza hai, ina praznoMkI bahuta lambI aura vividha kalpanApUrNa carcA hai / isa viSayameM kisakA kyA pakSa hai isakA varNana karaneke pahile kucha sAmAnya bAteM jAna lenI jarUrI haiM jisase svaprakAzava-paraprakAzatvakA bhAva ThIka-ThIka samajhA jA ske| 1-zAnakA svabhAva pratyakSa yogya hai / aisA siddhAnta kucha loga mAnate haiM jabakI dUsare koI isase bilakula viparIta mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki jJAnakA svabhAva parokSa hI hai pratyakSa nahIM / isa prakAra pratyakSa parokSarUpase jJAnake svabhAvabhedakI kalpanA hI svaprakAzatvakI carcAkA mUlAdhAra hai / 2-svaprakAza zabdakA artha hai svapratyakSa arthAt apane Apa hI jJAnakA pratyakSarUpase bhAsita honA / parantu paraprakAza zabdake do artha haiM jinameM se pahilA to parapratyakSa arthAt eka jJAnakA anya jJAnavyakti meM pratyakSarUpase bhAsita honA, dUsarA artha hai parAnumeya arthAt eka jJAnakA anya jJAnameM anumeyarUpatayA bhAsita honA / 3-svapratyakSakA yaha artha nahIM ki koI jJAna svapratyakSa hai ataeva usakA anumAna Adi dvArA bodha hotA hI nahIM para usakA artha itanA hI hai ki jaba koI jJAna vyakti paidA huI taba vaha svAdhAra pramAtAko pratyakSa hotI hI hai anya pramAtAoMke lie usakI parokSatA hI hai tathA svAdhAra pramAtAke lie bhI vaha jJAna vyakti yadi vartamAna nahIM to parokSa hI hai| paraprakAzake parapratyakSa arthake pakSameM bhI yahI bAta lAgU hai-arthAt vartamAna jJAna vyakti hI svAdhAra pramAtAke liye pratyakSa hai, anyathA nahIM / 1. 'yattvanubhUteH svayaMprakAzatvamuktaM tadviSayaprakArAnavelAyAM jJAturAtmanastathaiva na tu sarverSA sarvadA tathaiveti niyamo'sti, parAnubhavasya hAnopAdAnAdiliGgakAnumAnajJAnaviSayatvAt svAnubhavasyApyatItasyAzAsiSamiti jJAnaviSayatvadarzanAcca / ' -zrIbhASya pR. 24 /

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111 vijJAnavAdI bauddha (nyAyabi0 1. 10) mImAMsaka, prabhAkara' vedAnta aura jaina ye svaprakAzavAdI haiN| ye saba jJAnake svarUpake viSayameM eka mata nahIM kyoMki vijJAnavAdake anusAra jJAnabhinna arthakA astitva hI nahIM aura jJAna bhI sAkAra | prabhAkarake matAnusAra bAhyArthakA astitva hai (bRhatI pRSTha 74) jisakA saMvedana hotA hai / vedAntake anusAra zAna mukhyatayA brahmarUpa honese nitya hI hai| jaina mata prabhAkara matakI taraha bAhyArtha kA astitva aura jJAnako janya svIkAra karatA hai| phira bhI ve sabhI isa bAre meM ekamata haiM ki jJAnamAtra svapratyakSa hai arthAt jJAna pratyakSa ho yA anumiti, zabda, smRti zrAdi rUpa ho phira bhI vaha svasvarUpake viSayameM sAkSAtkArarUpa hI hai, usakA anumitisva, zAndava, smRtitva Adi anya grAhyakI apekSAse samajhanA cAhie arthAt bhinna bhinna sAmagrI se pratyakSa, anumeya, smartavya Adi vibhinna viSayoM meM utpanna honevAle pratyakSa, anumiti, smRti Adi jJAna bhI svasvarUpake viSayameM pratyakSa hI haiN| __ jJAnako parapratyakSa arthameM paraprakAza mAnanevAle sAMkhya-yoga" aura nyAya vaizeSika haiM / ve kahate haiM ki jJAnakA svabhAva pratyakSa honekA hai para vaha apane Apa pratyakSa ho nahIM sktaa| usakI pratyakSatA anyAzrita hai / ataeva zAna cAhe pratyakSa ho, anumiti ho, yA zabda smRti Adi anya koI, phira bhI ve saba svaviSayaka anuvyavasAyake dvArA pratyakSarUpase gRhIta hote hI haiN| para pratyakSatvake viSayameM inakA aikamatya honepara bhI parazabdake arthake viSayameM aikamatya 1. 'sarvavijJAnahetUsthA mitau mAtari ca pramA / sAkSAtkartRtvasAmAnyAt pratyakSatvena sammatA ||'---prkrnnp0 pR. 56 / 2. bhAmatI pR0 16 / "seyaM svayaM prakAzAnubhUtiH"-zrIbhASya pR0 18 / citsukhI pR06| 3. 'sahopalambhaniyamAdabhedonIlataddhiyoH' -bRhatI pR0 26 / 'prakAzamAnastAdAtmyAt svarUpasya prakAzakaH / yathA prakAzo'bhimataH tathA dhaaraatmvedinii|' pramANavA0 3. 326 / 4. sarvavijJAna hetUtthA....yAvatI kAcigrahaNasmaraNarUpA |"-prkrnnp0 pR056 / 5. "sadA jJAtAzcittavRttayastatprabhoH puruSasyApariNAmitvAt / na tatsvAbhAsaM dRzyatvAt"-yogasU0 4. 18, 16 / 6. "manogrAhyaM sukhaM duHkhamicchA dveSo matiH kRtiH"-kArikAvalI 57 /

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112 nahIM kyoMki nyAya vaizeSikake anusAra to parakA artha hai anuvyavasAya jisake dvArA pUrvavartI koI bhI jJAnavyakti pratyakSatayA gRhIta hotI hai parantu sAMkhya yogake anusAra para zabdakA artha hai. caitanya jo puruSakA sahaja svarUpa hai aura jisake dvArA jJAnAtmaka sabhI buddhivRttiyA~ pratyakSatayA bhAsita hotI haiN| . . . parAnumeya arthameM paraprakAzavAdI kevala kumArila haiM jo jJAnako svabhAvase hI parokSa mAnakara usakA tajjanyajAtatArUpa liGgake dvArA anumAna mAnate haiM jo anumAna kAryahetuka kAraNaviSayaka hai-zAstradI0pR0 157 / kumArilake sivAya aura koI jJAnako atyanta parokSa nahIM mAnatA / prabhAkarake matAnusAra jo phalasaMvilise jJAnakA anumAna mAnA jAtA hai vaha kumArila-sammata prAkaTayarUpa phalase honevAle jJAnAnumAnase bilakula judA hai| kumArila to prAkaTa thase jJAna, jo aAtmasamaveta guNa hai usakA anumAna mAnate haiM jaba ki prabhAkaramatAnusAra saMvidpa phalase anumita honevAlA jJAna vastutaH guNa nahIM kintu jJAnaguNajanaka sannikarSa zrAdi jaDa sAmagrI hI hai| isa sAmagrI rUpa artha meM jJAna zabdake prayogakA samarthana karaNArthaka 'an' pratyaya mAna kara kiyA jAtA hai| zrAcArya hemacandra ne jaina paramparAsammata jJAnamAtrake pratyakSatva svabhAvakA siddhAnta mAnakara hI usakA svanirNayatva sthApita kiyA hai aura uparyukta dvividha paraprakAzavakA prativAda kiyA hai| inake svapakSasthApana aura parapakSa-nirAsakI dalIleM tathA pratyakSa-anumAna pramANakA upanyAsa yaha saba vaisA hI hai jaisA zAlikanAthakI prakaraNapaJcikA tathA zrIbhASya AdimeM hai / svapakSake Upara auroMke dvArA udbhAvita doSoMkA parihAra bhI prAcAryakA vaisA hI hai jaisA ukta granthoMmeM hai| I. 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA 1 saMvidutpattikAraNamAtmamanaHsannikarSAkhyaM tadityavagamya parituSyatAmAyuSmatA"-prakaraNapa0 pR0 63 /

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AtmAkA sva-paraprakAza (1) bhAratameM dArzanikoMkI cintAkA mukhya aura antima viSaya AtmA hI rahA hai / anya sabhI cIjeM zrAtmAkI khojameMse hI phalita huI haiN| ataeva AtmAke astitva tathA svarUpake saMbandhameM bilakula paraspara virodhI aise aneka mata ati cirakAlase darzanazAstroM meM pAye jAte haiN| upaniSad kAlake pahile hI se AtmAko sarvathA nitya-kUTastha-mAnanevAle darzana pAye jAte haiM jo aupaniSada, sAMkhya aAdi nAmase prasiddha haiN| AtmA arthAt citta yA nAma ko bhI sarvathA kSaNika mAnanekA bauddha siddhAnta hai jo gautama buddhase to arvAcIna nahIM hai | ina sarvathA nityatva aura sarvathA kSaNikatva svarUpa do ekAntoMke bIca hokara calanevAlA arthAt ukta do ekAntoMke samanvayakA puraskartA nityAnityatvavAda AtmAke viSayameM bhI bhagavAn mahAvIrake dvArA spaSTatayA aAgamoMmeM pratipAdita '(bhaga0 za0 7. u0 2.) dekhA jAtA hai / isa jainAbhimata AtmanityAnityatvavAdakA samarthana mImAMsakadhurINa kumArila ne (zlokavA0 Atma0 zlo0 28 se ) bhI bar3I spaSTatA evaM tArkikatAse kiyA hai jaisA ki jainatArkikagranthoMmeM bhI dekhA jAtA hai / isa bAremeM yadyapi prA0 hemacandra ne jainamatakI puSTimeM tatvasaMgrahagata zlokoMkA hI akSarazaH avataraNa diyA hai tathApi ve zloka vastutaH kumArilake zlokavArtikagata zlokoMke hI sAra mAtrake nirdezaka honese mImAMsakamatake hI dyotaka haiN| jJAna evaM prAtmAmeM svAvabhAsitva-parAvabhAsitva viSayaka vicArake bIja to zrutizrAgamakAlIna sAhitya meM bhI pAye jAte haiM para ina vicAroM kA spaSTIkaraNa evaM samarthana to vizeSakara tarkayugameM hI huA hai / parokSajJAnavAdI kumArila Adi mImAMsakake matAnusAra hI jJAna aura usase abhinna aAtmA ina donoM kA parokSasva arthAt mAtra parAvabhAsitva siddha hotA hai / yogAcAra bauddha ke matAnusAra vijJAnabAhya kisI cIjakA astitva na honese aura vijJAna svasaMvidita honese jJAna aura tadrUpa aAtmAkA mAtra svAvabhAsitva phalita hotA hai| isa bAremeM bhI 1. 'tasya bhAsA sarvamidaM vibhAti / tameva bhAntamanubhAti sarvam // ' -kaTho0 5.15 //

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114 jainadarzanane apanI anekAnta prakRti ke anusAra hI apanA mata sthira kiyA hai / jJAna evaM prAtmA donoMko spaSTa rUpase sva-parAbhAsI kahanevAle jainAcAryoM meM sabase pahile siddhasena hI haiM (nyAyA0 31) / zrA0 hemacandrane siddhasenake hI kathanako doharAyA hai| devasUrine aAtmAke svarUpakA pratipAdana karate hue jo matAntaravyAvartaka aneka vizeSaNa diye haiM (pramANana0 7.54,55) unameM eka vizeSaNa dehavyApitva yaha bhI hai| zrA0 hemacandrane jainAbhimata zrAtmAke svarUpako sUtrabaddha karate hue bhI usa vizeSaNakA upAdAna nahIM kiyaa| isa vizeSaNatyAgase zrAtmaparimANake viSayameM (jaise nityAnityatva viSayameM hai vaise ) kumArilake matake sAtha jaina matakI ekatAkI bhrAnti na ho isalie zrA0 hemaca drane spaSTa hI kaha diyA hai ki dehavyApitva iSTa hai para anya jainAcAryoM kI taraha sUtra meM usakA nirdeza isalie nahIM kiyA hai ki vaha prastutameM upayogI nahIM hai / I0 1636 ] [ pramANa mImAMsA

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AtmAkA sva-paraprakAza (2) prAcArya hemacandrane sUtrameM zrAtmAko svAbhAsI aura parAbhAsI kahA hai| yadyapi ina do vizeSaNoMko lakSita karake hamane saMkSepameM likhA hai (pR. 113) phira bhI isa viSayameM anya dRSTise likhanA Avazyaka samajha kara yaha thor3A-sA vicAra likhA jAtA hai / 'svAbhAsI' padake 'sva' kA zrAbhAsanazIla aura 'sva' ke dvArA aAbhAsanazIla aise do artha phalita hote haiM para vastutaH ina donoM artho meM koI tAttvika bheda nhiiN| donoM arthoMkA matalaba svaprakAzase hai aura svaprakAsakA tAtparya bhI svapratyakSa hI hai| parantu 'parAbhAsI' padase phalita honevAle dro arthokI maryAdA eka nhiiN| para kA AbhAsanazIla yaha eka artha jise vRttimeM AcAryane svayaM hI batalAyA hai aura para ke dvArA zrAbhAsanazIla yaha dUsarA artha / ina donoM arthoM ke bhAvameM antara hai / pahile arthase zrAtmAkA paraprakAzana svabhAva sUcita kiyA jAtA hai jaba ki dUsare arthase svayaM aAtmAkA anyake dvArA prakAzita honekA svabhAva sUcita hotA hai| yaha to samajha hI lenA cAhie ki ukta do arthoM meMse dUsarA arthAt para ke dvArA prAbhAsita honA isa arthakA tAtparya para ke dvArA pratyakSa honA isa arthameM hai| pahile arthakA tAtparya to para ko pratyakSa yA parokSa kisI rUpase bhAsita karanA yaha hai| jo darzana Atmabhinna tattvako bhI mAnate haiM ve sabhI zrAtmAka parakA avabhAsaka mAnate hI haiN| aura jaise pratyakSa yA parokSarUpase para kA avabhAsaka AtmA avazya hotA hai vaise hI vaha kisI-na-kisI rUpase svakA bhI avabhAsaka hotA hI hai ataeva yahA~ jo dArzanikoMkA matabheda dikhAyA jAtA hai vaha svapratyakSa aura parapratyakSa arthako lekara hI samajhanA cAhie / svapratyakSavAdI ve hI ho sakate haiM jo jJAnakA svapratyakSa mAnate haiM aura sAtha hI zAna-AtmAkA ameda yA kathaJcidabheda mAnate haiN| zaMkara, rAmAnuja Adi vedAnta, sAMkhya, yoga, vijJAnavAdI bauddha aura jaina inake matase AtmA svapratyakSa hai-cAhe vaha AtmA kisIke matase zuddha va nitya caitanyarUpa ho, kisIke matase janya jJAnarUpa hI ho yA kisIke matase caitanya-jJAnobhayarUpa ho--kyoMki ve sabhI prAsmA aura zAnakA abheda mAnate haiM tathA jJAnamAtrako svapratyakSa hI mAnate haiN| kumArila hI eka aise haiM jo jJAnako parokSa mAnakara bhI prAsmAko vedAntakI taraha sva.

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prakAza hI kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yahI jAna par3atA hai ki kumArilane AtmAkA svarUpa zrutisiddha hI mAnA hai aura zrutiyoM meM svaprakAzatva spaSTa hai ataeva zAnakA parokSatva mAnakara bhI zrAtmAko svapratyakSa binA mAne unakI dUsarI gati hI nhiiN| , parapratyakSavAdI ve hI ho sakate haiM jo jJAnako zrAtmAse bhinna, para usakA guNa mAnate haiM-cAhe vaha jJAna kisIke matase svaprakAza ho jaisA prabhAkarake matase, cAhe kisIke matase paraprakArA ho jaisA naiyAyikAdike matase / prabhAkarake matAnusAra pratyatta, anumiti Adi koI bhI saMvit ho para usameM prAtmA pratyakSarUpase avazya bhAsita hotA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzanameM matabheda hai| usake anugAmI prAcIna hoM yA arvAcIna-sabhI eka matase yogIkI apekSA yAtmAko parapratyakSa hI mAnate haiM kyoMki sabake matAnusAra yogaja pratyakSake dvArA zrAtmAkA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| para asmadAdi arvAgdIkI apekSA unameM matabheda hai| prAcIna naiyAyika aura vaizeSika vidvAn arvAgdIke aAtmAko pratyakSa na mAnakara anumeya mAnate haiM, jaba ki pIcheke nyAya-vaizeSika vidvAn zrarvAgdI aAtmAko bhI usake mAnasa-pratyakSakA viSaya mAnakara parapratyakSa batalAte haiN| . jJAnako zrAtmAse bhinna mAnanevAle sabhIke matase yaha bAta phalita hotI hai ki muktAvasthAmeM yogajanya yA aura kisI prakArakA jJAna na rahaneke kAraNa zrAtmA na to sAkSAtkartA hai aura na sAkSAtkArakA viSaya / isa viSayameM dArzanika kalpanAoMkA rAjya anekadhA vistRta hai para vaha yahA~ prastuta nahIM / I. 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA 1. 'zrAtmanaiva prakAzyo'yamAtmA jyotiritIritama' -zlokavA0 AtmavAda zlo0 142 / 2. 'yuJjAnasya yogasamAdhijamAtmamanasoH saMyogavizeSAdAtmA pratyakSa iti / ' -nyAyabhA0 1. 1.3 / 'aAtmanyAtmamanasoH saMyogavizeSAd aAtmapratyakSam-vaize06. 1. 11 / 3. 'aAramA tAvatpratyakSato gRhyate' -nyAyabhA0 1. 1. 10 / 'tatrAtmA manazvApratyakSe' -vaize0 8. 1. 2 / . 4. 'tadevamahaMpratyayaviSayatvAdAtmA tAvat pratyakSaH' -nyAyavA0 pR0 342 / 'ahaMkArasyAzrayo'yaM manomAtrasya gocaraH'-kArikAvalI 55 /

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pramANa lakSaNoMkI tArkika paramparA pramANasAmAnyalakSaNakI tArkika paramparAke upalabdha itihAsameM kaNAdakA sthAna prathama hai / unhoMne 'aduSTaM vidyA' (6. 2. 12) kahakara pramANasAmAnyakA lakSaNa kAraNazuddhi mUlaka sUcita kiyA hai| akSapAdake sUtroMmeM lakSaNakramameM pramANasAmAnyalakSaNake abhAvakI truTiko vAtsyAyana' ne 'pramANa' zabdake nirvacana dvArA pUrA kiyaa| usa nirvacanameM unhoMne kaNAdakI taraha kAraNazuddhiko tarapha dhyAna nahIM rakhA para mAtra upalabdhirUpa phalakI ora najara rakhakara 'upalabdhihetutva' ko pramANasAmAnyakA lakSaNa batalAyA hai| vAtsyAyanake isa nirvacanamUlaka lakSaNameM AnevAle doSoMkA parihAra karate hue vAcaspati mizra ne 'artha' padakA saMbandha jor3akara aura 'upalabdhi' padako jJAnasAmAnyabodhaka nahIM para pramANarUpa jJAnavizeSabodhaka mAnakara pramANasAmAnyake lakSaNako paripUrNa banAyA, jise. udayanAcArya ne kusumAJjalimeM 'gautamanayasammata' kahakara apanI bhASAmeM paripUrNa rUpase mAnya rakhA jo pichale sabhI nyAya-vaizeSika zAstroMmeM samAnarUpase mAnya hai / isa nyAya-vaizeSikakI paramparAke anusAra pramANa sAmAnyalakSaNameM mukhyatayA tIna bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiM 1-kAraNadoSake nivAraNa dvArA kAraNazuddhi kI sUcanA / 2-viSayabodhaka artha padakA lakSaNameM praveza / 3-lakSaNameM sva-paraprakAzatvakI carcAkA abhAva tathA viSayakI apUrvatAanadhigatatAke nirdezakA abhAva / / yadyapi prabhAkara aura unake anugAmI mImAMsaka vidvAnoMne 'anubhUti' . 1. 'upalabdhisAdhanAni pramANAni iti samAkhyAnirvacanasAmarthyAt boddhavyaM pramIyate anena iti karaNArthAbhidhAno hi pramANazabdaH' nyAyabhA0 1. 1. 3.. ... 2. 'upalabdhimAtrasya arthAvyabhicAriNaH smRteranyasya pramAzabdena abhidhAnAt'-tAtparya0 pR0 21. . 3. 'yathArthAnubhavo mAnamanapekSatayeSyate / / mitiH samyak paricchittiH tadvattA ca pramAtRtA / tadayogavyavacchedaH prAmANyaM gautame mate // ' -nyAyaku. 4.1.5. / 4. 'anubhUtizca naH pramANam'-bRhatI. 1. 1, 5,

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mAtrako hI pramANarUpase nirdiSTa kiyA hai tathApi kumArila evaM unakI paramparAvAle anya mImAMsakoMne nyAya-vazeSika tathA bauddha donoM paramparAoMkA saMgrAhaka aisA pramANakA lakSaNa racA hai| jisameM 'aduSTakAraNArabdha' vizeSaNase kaNAdakathita kAraNadoSakA nivAraNa sUcita kiyA aura 'nidhitva' tathA 'apUrvAyasva' vizeSaNake dvArA bauddha paramparAkA bhI samAveza kiyA / "tatrApUrvArthavijJAnaM nizcitaM bAdhavarjitam / aduSTakAraNArabdhaM pramANaM lokasammatam // " yaha zloka kumArilakarcuka mAnA jAtA hai| isameM do bAteM qhAsa dhyAna dene kI haiM 1-lakSaNameM anadhigatabodhaka 'apUrva' padakA arthavizeSaNarUpase praveza / 2-sva-paraprakAzavakI sUcanAkA abhAva / bauddha paramparAmeM diGnAga ne pramANa sAmAnyake lakSaNameM 'svasaMvitti' padakA phalake vizeSaNarUpase niveza kiyA hai / dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtikavAle laca meM vAtsyAyanake 'pravRttisAmarthya' kA sUcaka tathA kumArila Adike nirbAdhatvakA paryAya 'avisaMvAdisva' vizeSaNa dekhA jAtA hai aura unake nyAyabindukAle lakSaNameM diGnAgake arthasArUpyakA hI nirdeza hai (nyAyabi0 1. 20.) / zAntaracitake lakSaNameM diGnAga aura dharmakIrti donoMke AzayakA saMgraha dekhA jAtA hai 1. 'zrautpattikagirA doSaH kAraNastha nivAryate / abAdho'vyatirekeNa svatastena pramANatA // sarvasyAnupalabdhe'rthe prAmANyaM smRtiranyathA / / ' -zlokavA0 zrautpa0 zlo10, 11. 'etacca vizeSaNatrayamupAdadAnena sUtrakAreNa kAraNadoSabAdhakazAnarahitam agRhItagrAhi zAnaM pramANam iti pramANalakSaNaM sUcitam' -zAstradI0 pR0 123. 'anadhigatArthagantR pramANam iti bhA. mImAMsakA bAhuH' -si. candro0 pR0 20. 2. 'azAtArthajJApakaM pramANam iti pramANasAmAnyalakSaNam / ' -pramAesa0 TI0 pU0 11. - 3. 'svasaMvittiH phalaM cAtra tadpAdarthanizcayaH / viSayAkAra evAsya prabhANaM tena mIyate ||'-prmaanns. 1. 10. 4. 'pramANamavisaMvAdi jnyaanmrthkriyaasthitiH| avisaMvAdanaM zAbdepyabhiprAyanivedanAt // ' -pramANavA0 2. 1.

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119 "viSayAdhigatizcAtra prmaannphlmissyte| svavittirvA pramANaM tu sArUpyaM yogyatApi vA // " -tattvasaM. kA. 1344 / isameM bhI do bAteM khAsa dhyAna dene kI haiM 1-abhI taka anya paramparAoMmeM sthAna nahIM prApta 'svasaMvedana' vicArakA praveza aura taddvArA jJAnasAmAnyameM sva-paraprakAzatvakI sUcanA / ___ asaGga aura vasubandhune vijJAnavAda sthApita kiyaa| para diGnAgane usakA samarthana bar3e joroMse kiyaa| usa vijJAnavAdakI sthApanA aura samarthana-paddhatimeM hI svasaMviditatva yA svaprakAzasvakA siddhAnta sphuTatara huA jisakA eka yA dUsare rUpameM anya dArzanikoMpara bhI prabhAva par3A-dekho Buddhist Logic vol. I. P. 12. 2-mImAMsakakI ta { spaSTa rUpase anadhigatArthaka jJAnakA hI prAmANya / / zvetAmbara digambara |noN jaina paramparAoM ke prathama tArkika siddhasena aura samantabhadrane apane-apane lakSaNa meM sva-paraprakAzArthaka 'sva-parAvabhAsaka' vizeSaNakA samAnarUpase niveza kiyA hai / siddhasena ke lakSaNameM 'bAdhavivarjita' pada usI arthameM hai jisa arthameM mImAMsakakA 'bAdhavarjita' yA dharmakIrtikA 'avisaMvAdi' pada hai| jaina nyAyake prasthApaka akalaMkanekahIM 'anadhigatArthaka' aura 'avisaMvAdi' donoM vizeSaNoMkA praveza kiyA aura kahIM 'svaparAvabhAsaka' vizeSaNakA bhI samarthana kiyA hai / akalaMka ke anugAmI mANikyanandI ne eka hI vAkyameM 'sva' tathA 'apUrvArtha pada dAkhila karake siddhasena-samantabhadrakI sthApita aura akalaMkake dvArA vikasita jaina para 1. 'pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam / ' -nyAyA0 1. 'tattvajJAnaM pramANaM te yugapatsarvabhAsanam / ' -aAptamI0 101. 'svaparAvabhAsakaM yathA pramANaM bhuvi buddhilakSaNam'-bR0 svayaM0 63. . ____2. 'pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnam , anadhigatArthAdhigamalakSaNatvAt |'assttsh0 aSTasa* pR0 175. uktaM ca-'siddhaM yanna parApekSaM siddhau svaMpararUpayoH / tat pramANaM tato nAnyadavikalpamacetanam / ' nyAyavi. TI. pR0 63. ukta kArikA siddhivinizcaya kI hai jo akalaMka ko hI kRti hai|| 3. 'svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam / ' -parI0 1.1

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120 mparAkA saMgraha kara diyaa| vidyAnanda'ne akalaMka tathA mANikyanandI kI usa paramparAse alaga hokara kevala siddhasena aura samantabhadrakI vyAkhyAko apane 'svArthavyavasAyAtmaka' jaise zabdameM saMgRhIta kiyA aura 'anadhigata' yA 'apUrva' pada jo akalaMka aura mANikyanandIkI vyAkhyA meM haiM, unheM chor3a diyA / vidyAnandakA 'vyavasAyAtmaka' pada jaina parampagake pramANalakSaNameM prathama hI dekhA jAtA hai para vaha akSapAda ke pratyakSalakSaNameM to pahile hI se prasiddha rahA hai / sanmatike TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne vidyAnandakA hI anusaraNa kiyA para 'vyavasAtha' ke sthAnameM 'nirNIti' pada rkhaa| vAdI devasUrine to vidyAnaMdake hI zabdoMko doharAyA hai| zrA. hemacandrane uparyukta jaina-janetara bhinna-bhinna paraMparAtroMkA aucitya-anaucitya vicArakara apane lakSaNameM kevala 'samyak', 'artha' aura ' niya' ye tIna pada rakhe / uparyukta jaina paramparAoMko dekhate hue yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki zrA0 hemacandrane apane lakSaNameM kATa-chA~Take dvArA sazodhana kiyA hai| unhoMne 'sva' pada jo pUrvavartI sabhI jainAcAryone lakSaNameM sanniviSTa kiyA thA, nikAla diyA / 'avabhAsa', 'vyavasAya' zrAdi padoMko sthAna na dekara abhayadevake 'nirNIti' padake sthAnameM 'nirNaya' pada dAkhila kiyA aura umAsvAti, dharmakIrti tathA bhAsarvajJake samyak padako apanAkara apanA 'samyagarthanirNaya' lakSaNa nirmita kiyA hai| Arthika tAtparyameM koI khAsa matabheda na honepara bhI sabhI digambara-zvetAmbara zrAcAryoM ke pramANalakSaNameM zAbdika bheda hai, jo kisI aMzameM vicAravikAsakA sUcaka aura kisI aMzameM tatkAlIna bhinna-bhinna sAhityake abhyAsakA pariNAma hai / yaha bheda saMkSepameM cAra vibhAgoMmeM samA jAtA hai / pahile vibhAgameM 'sva-parA. 1. 'tatsvArthavyavasAyAtmazAna mAnamitIyatA / lakSaNena gatArthatvAt vyarthamanyadvizeSaNam // ' -tattvArthazlo0 1. 10. 77. pramANapa0 pR0 53. . 2. 'indriyArthasannikarSotpannaM jJAnamavyapadezyamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM pratyakSam / ' -nyAya sU0 1. 1. 4. 3. 'pramANaM svArthanirNItisvabhAvaM jJAnam / ' -sanmatiTI0 pR0 518. 4. 'svaparavyavasAyi jJAnaM pramANam / ' -pramANana0 1. 2. 5. 'samyagdarzanazAnacaritrANi mokssmaargH|' -tattvArtha. 1. 1. 'samyagjJAnapUrvikA srvpurussaarthsiddhiH|' -nyAyavi. 1. 1. 'samyaganubhavasAdhanaM pramANam / ' -nyAyasAra pR0 1.

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121 vabhAsa' zabdavAlA siddhasena-samantabhadrakA lakSaNa aAtA hai jo saMbhavataH bauddha vijJAnavAdake sva-parasaMvedanakI vicArachAyAse khAlI nahIM hai, kyoMki isake pahile aAgama graMthoMmeM yaha vicAra nahIM dekhA jaataa| dUsare vibhAgameM akalaMkamANikyanandIkA lakSaNa zrAtA hai jisameM 'zravisaMvAdi', anadhigata' aura 'apUrva' zabda Ate haiM jo asaMdigdha rUpase bauddha aura mImAMsaka graMthoM ke hI haiN| tIsare vibhAgameM vidyAnanda, abhayadeva aura devasUrike lakSaNakA sthAna hai jo vastutaH siddhasena-samantabhadrake lakSaNakA zabdAntara mAtra hai para jisameM avabhAsa ke sthAnameM 'vyavasAya' yA 'nirNIti' pada rakhakara vizeSa artha samAviSTa kiyA hai / antima vibhAgameM mAtra prA. hemacandrakA lakSaNa hai jisameM 'sva', 'apUrva', 'anadhigata' Adi saba ur3Akara pariSkAra kiyA gayA hai / I. 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA

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prAmANya svataH yA parataH darzanazAstroM meM prAmANya aura prAmANyake 'svataH ' ' parataH ' kI carcA bahuta prasiddha hai| aitihAsika dRSTise jAna par3atA hai ki isa carcAkA mUla vedoMke prAmAeya mAnane na mAnanevAle do pakSoM meM hai / jaba jaina, bauddha zrAdi vidvAnoMne vedake prAmANyakA virodha kiyA taba vedaprAmANyavAdI nyAya-vaizeSika-mImAMsaka vidvAnoMne vedoMke prAmANyakA samarthana karanA zurU kiyA / prArambha meM yaha carcA 'zabda' pramANa taka hI parimita rahI jAna par3atI hai para eka bAra usake tArkika pradezameM Ane para phira vaha vyApaka bana gaI aura sarva jJAnake viSaya meM prAmANya kiMvA zraprAmANya ke 'svataH ' 'parataH kA vicAra zurU ho gayA / - isa carcA meM pahile mukhyatayA do pakSa par3a gae / eka to veda zraprAmANya vAdI jaina-bauddha aura dUsarA vedaprAmANyavAdI naiyAyika, mImAMsaka zrAdi / vedaprAmANyavAdiyoMmeM bhI usakA samarthana bhinna-bhinna rItise zurU huA / IzvaravAdI nyAya-vaizeSika darzanane vedakA prAmANya IMzvaramUlaka sthApita kiyA / jaba usameM vedaprAmANya parataH sthApita kiyA gayA taba bAkIke pratyakSa Adi saba pramANoMkA prAmANya bhI 'parata: ' hI siddha kiyA gayA aura samAna yuktise usameM prAmANyako bhI 'parataH ' hI nizcita kiyA / isa taraha prAmANya - zraprAmANya donoM parataH hI nyAya-vaizeSika sammata 2 hue 1 1. 'zrautpattikastu zabdasyArthena sambandhastasya jJAnamupadezo'vyatirekazcArthe'nupalabdhe tat pramANaM bAdarAyaNasyAnapecadhvAt' jaimi0 sU0 1. 1. 5. 'tasmAt tat pramANam anapekSatvAt / na hyevaM sati pratyayAntaramapecitavyam, puruSAntaraM vApi svayaM pratyayo hyasau / ' - zAvarabhA0 1. 1. 5. bRhatI0 1. 1. 5. ' sarva vijJAna viSayamidaM tAvatpratIkSyatAm / pramANatvApramANatve svataH kiM parato'thavA // ' -- zlokavA0 coda0 zlo0 33. - ; 2. ' pramANato'rthapratipattau pravRttisAmarthyAdarzavat pramANam' -nyAyabhA0 pR0 1 / tAtparya0 1. 1. 1 / kiM vijJAnAnAM prAmANyamaprAmANyaM ceti dvayamapi svataH, uta ubhayamapi parataH hosvidaprAmANyaM svataH prAmANyaM tu parataH, utasvit prAmANyaM svataH zraprAmANyaM tu parata iti / tatra parata "

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123 mImAMsaka IzvaravAdI na honese vaha tanmUlaka prAmANya to vedameM kaha hI nahIM sakatA thA / zrataeva usane vedaprAmANya 'svataH' mAna liyA aura usake samarthanake vAste pratyakSa zrAdi sabhI jJAnoMkA prAmANya 'svataH' hI sthApita kiyaa| para usane aprAmANya ko to 'parataH' hI mAnA hai / yadyapi isa carcAmeM sAMkhyadarzanakA kyA mantavya hai isakA koI ullekha usake upalabdha granthoM meM nahIM milatA; phira bhI kumArila, zAntarakSita aura mAdhavAcAryake kathanoMse jAna par3atA hai ki sAMkhyadarzana prAmANya-aprAmANya donoMko 'svataH' hI mAnanevAlA rahA hai| zAyada usakA tadviSayaka prAcIna-sAhitya naSTaprAya huzrA ho / ukta AcAryoM ke granthoMmeM hI eka aise pakSakA bhI nirdeza hai jo ThIka mImAMsakase ulaTA hai arthAt vaha aprAmANyako 'svataH' hI aura prAmANyako 'parataH' hI mAnatA hai| sarvadarzana-saMgrahameM-saugatAzcaramaM svataH (sarvada. pR0 276) isa pakSako bauddhapakSa rUpase varNita kiyA hai sahI, para tasvasaMgrahameM jo bauddha pakSa hai vaha bilakula judA hai| sambhava hai sarvadarzanasaMgrahanirdiSTa bauddhapakSa kisI anya bauddha vizeSakA rahA ho / zAntarakSitane apane bauddha mantavyako spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki 1prAmANya-aprAmANya ubhaya 'svataH', 2-ubhaya 'parataH', 3-donoMmeMse prAmANya svataH aura aprAmANya parataH tathA 4-aprAmANya svataH, prAmANya parataH ina cAra pakSoMmeMse koI bhI bauddha pakSa nahIM hai kyoMki ve cAroM pakSa niyamavAle haiN| bauddhapakSa aniyamavAdI hai arthAt prAmANya ho yA aprAmANya donoMmeM koI eva vedasya prAmANyamiti vakSyAmaH / ................sthitametadarthakriyAjJAnAt prAmANyanizcaya iti / tadidamuktam / pramANato'rthapratipatto pravRttisAma Adarthavat pramANamiti / tasmAdaprAmANyamapi parokSamityato dvayamapi parata ityeSa eSa pakSaH zreyAn / -nyAyama0 pR0 160-174 / kandalI pR. 217-220 / 'pramAyAH paratantratvAt sargapralayasambhavAt / tadanyasminnanAzvAsAna vidhAntara sambhavaH // ' nyAyaku0 2. 11 tattvaci. pratyakSa. pR. 183-233 / 1. 'svataH sarvapramANAnAM prAmANyamiti gamyatAm / na hi svato'satI zaktiH kartumanyena zakyate / / ' -zlokavA. sU0 2. zlo0 47 / 2. zlokavA. sU. 3. zlo0 85 / 3. 'kecidAhuyaM svtH|' -zlokavA0 sU0 2. zlo0 343 tattvasaM. pa. kA0 2811. 'pramANatvApramANarave svataH sAMkhyAH smaashritaaH|' -sarvada. jaimi0 pU0 276 /

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124 'svataH' to koI 'parata:' aniyamase hai| abhyAsadazAmeM to 'svata:' samajhanA cAhie cAhe prAmANya ho yA aprAmANya / para anabhyAsa dazAmeM 'parataH' samajhanA caahie| jainaparamparA ThIka zAntaraditakathita bauddhapakSake samAna hI hai| vaha prAmANyaaprAmANya donoMko abhyAsadazAmeM 'svataH' aura anabhyAsadazAmeM 'parataH' mAnatI hai / yaha mantavya pramANana yatattvAlokake sUtra meM hI spaSTatayA nirdiSTa hai / yadyapi prA0 hemacandra ne apane sUtra meM prAmANya-aprAmANya donoMkA nirdeza na karake parIkSAmukhakI taraha kevala prAmANyake svataH-parataHkA hI nirdeza kiyA hai tathApi devasUrikA sUtra pUrNatayA jaina paramparAkA dyotaka hai| jaise- 'tatprAmANyaM svataH paratazceti / ' -parI0 1. 13. / 'tadubhayamutpattau parata eva jJaptau tu svataH paratazceti' -pramANana0 1.21 / isa svataH-parataHkI carcA kramazaH yahA~ taka vikasita huI hai. ki isameM utpatti, zapti aura pravRtti tInoMko lekara svataH parataHkA vicAra bar3e vistArase. sabhI darzanoMmeM zrA gayA hai aura yaha vicAra pratyeka darzanakI anivArya carcAkA viSaya bana gayA hai / aura isapara pariSkArapUrNa tatvacintAmaNi, gAdAdharaprAmAeyavAda Adi jaise jaTila grantha bana gaye haiN| I. 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA 1. 'nahi bauddhaireSAM caturNAmekatamo'pi pakSo'bhISTo'niyamapakSasyeSTatvAt / tathAhi-ubhayamapyetat kizcit svataH kiJcit parataH iti pUrvamupavarNitam / ata evaM pakSacatuSTayopanyAso'pyayuktaH / paJcamasyApyaniyamapakSasya sambhavAt / ' -tattvasaM0 50 kA0 3123 / 2. prameyaka0 pR0 146 se /

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sarvajJavAda loka aura zAstrameM sarvajJa zabdakA upayoga, yogasiddha viziSTa zratIndriya jJAnake sambhavameM vidvAnoM aura sAdhAraNa logoM kI zraddhA, jude jude dArzanikoM ke dvArA apane-apane mantavyAnusAra bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke viziSTa jJAnarUpa artha meM sarvajJa jaise padoMko lAgU karanekA prayatna aura sarvajJarUpa se mAne jAnevAle kisI vyaktike dvArA hI mukhyatayA upadeza kiye gae dharma yA siddhAntakI anugAmiyoM meM vAstavika pratiSThA -- itanI bAteM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke pahile bhI thIMisake pramANa maujUda haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya se lekara Ajataka ke karIba DhAI hajAra varSa ke bhAratIya sAhitya meM to sarvajJatva ke asti nAstipakSoM kI, usake vividha svarUpa tathA samarthaka aura virodhI yuktivAdoMkI, kramazaH vikasita sUkSma aura sUkSmatara spaSTa evaM manoraMjaka carcAe~ pAI jAtI haiM / sarvajJatva ke nAstipakSakAra mukhyatayA tIna haiM-- cArvAka, ajJAnavAdI aura pUrvamImAMsaka | usake stipakSakAra to aneka darzana haiM, jinameM nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, vedAnta, bauddha aura jaina darzana mukhya haiM / cArvAka indriyagamya bhautika lokamAtra ko mAnatA hai isaliye usake mata meM atIndriya AtmA tathA usakI zaktirUpa sarvajJatva grAhike liye koI sthAna hI nahIM hai / ajJAnavAdIkA abhiprAya Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kI taraha aisA jAna par3atA hai ki jJAna aura atIndriya jJAnakI bhI eka antima sImA hotI hai / jJAna. kitanA hI ucca kakSAkA kyoM na ho para vaha traikAlika sabhI sthUla sUkSma bhAvoMko pUrNa rUpase jAnanemeM svabhAvase hI asamartha hai / arthAt antameM kucha na kucha ajJeya raha hI jAtA hai / kyoMki jJAnakI zakti hI svabhAvase parimita hai / vedavAdI pUrvamImAMsaka zrAtmA, punarjanma, paraloka Adi atIndriya padArtha mAnatA hai / kisI prakArakA atIndriya jJAna honemeM bhI use koI Apatti nahIM phira bhI vaha pauruSeyavedavAdI hone ke kAraNa vedake apauruSeyatva meM bAdhaka aise kisI bhA prakAra ke atIndriya jJAnako mAna nahIM sakatA / isI ekamAtra abhiprAyase usane 1. 'codanA hi bhUtaM bhavantaM bhaviSyantaM sUkSmaM vyavahitaM viprakRSTamityevaMjAtIyakamarthaM zaknotyavagamayitum, nAnyat kiJcanendriyam' 1. 1.2 / 'nAnena vacaneneha sarvajJatvanirAkriyA / vacanAdRta ityevamapavAdo hi - zAbarabhA*

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veda-nirapekSa sAkSAt dharmaza yA sarvajJake astitvakA virodha kiyA hai / veda dvArA dharmAdharma yA sarva padArtha jAnanevAlekA niSedha nahIM kiyA / ___ bauddha aura jaina darzanasammata sAkSAt dharmajJavAda yA sAkSAt sarvajJavAdase vedake apauruSeyatvakA kevala nirAsa hI abhipreta nahIM hai balki usake dvArA vedoMmeM aprAmANya batalAkara vedabhinna bhAgamoMkA prAmANya sthApita karanA bhI abhipreta hai| isake viruddha jo nyAya-vaizeSika zrAdi vaidika darzana sarvajJavAdI haiM unakA tAtparya sarvajJavAdake dvArA vedake apauruSeyatvavAdakA nirAsa karanA avazya hai, para sAtha hI usI vAdake dvArA vedakA pauruSeyasva batalAkara usIkA prAmANyasthApana karanA bhI hai| ___ nyAya-vaizeSika darzana IzvaravAdI haiN| ve Izvarake jJAnako nitya-utpAdavinAzarahita aura pUrNa-traikAlika sUkSma-sthUla samana bhAvoMko yugapat jAnane. vAlA-mAnakara taddvArA use sarvajJa mAnate haiN| Izvarabhinna prAtmAoMmeM ve sarvazatva mAnate haiM sahI, para sabhI aAtmAoMmeM nahIM kintu yogI aAtmAoMmeM / yogiyoM meM bhI sabhI yogiyoMko ve sarvajJa nahIM mAnate kintu jinhoMne yoga dvArA vaisA sAmarthya prApta kiyA ho sirpha unhIMko / nyAya-vaizeSika matAnusAra yaha saMzritaH // yadi SaDbhiH pramANauH syAt sarvajJaH kena vAryate / ekena tu pramANena sarvajJo yena kalpyate // nUnaM sa cakSuSA sarvAn rasAdIn pratipadyate / ' zlokavA. coda0 zlo0 110-2 / 'dharmajJatvaniSedhazca kevalo'tropayujyate / sarvamanyadvijAnastu puruSaH kena vAryate // ' -tatvasaM0 kA0 3128 / yaha zloka tattvasaMgraha meM kumArilakA kahA gayA hai| -pR.844|| 1. 'na ca buddhIcchAprayatnAnAM nityatve kazcidvirodhaH / dRSTA hi guNAnAmAzrayabhedena dvayI gatiH nityatA anityatA ca tathA buddhyAdInAmapi bhaviSyatIti / -kandalI pR060| 'etAdRzAnumitau lAghavajJAnasahakAreNa jJAnecchAkRtiSu nityatvamekatvaM ca bhAsate iti nityaikatvasiddhiH / ' -dinakarI pR. 26 / 2. vai. sU06. 1. 11-13 / 'asmadviziSTAnAM tu yoginAM yuktAnAM yogajadharmAnugRhItena manasA svAtmAntarAkAzadikkAlaparamANuvAyumanassu tatsamavetaguNakarmasAmAnyavizeSeSu samavAye cAvitathaM svarUpadarzanamutpadyate / viyuktAnAM punazcatuSTayasannikarSAdyogajadharmAnugrahasAmarthyAt sUkSmavyavahitaviprakRSTeSu pratyakSamutpadyate / ' -praza0 pR0 187 / vai0 sU06. 1. 11-13 /

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127 niyama nahIM ki sabhI yogiyoMko vaisA sAmarthya avazya prApta ho| isa matameM jaise motake vAste sarvajJatvaprApti anivArya zarta nahIM hai vaise yaha bhI siddhAnta' hai ki mokSaprAptike bAda sarvajJa yogiyoMkI zrAtmAmeM bhI pUrNa jJAna zeSa nahIM rahatA, kyoMki vaha jJAna IzvarajJAnakI taraha nitya nahIM para yogajanya honese anitya hai| sakhya, yoga aura vedAnta darzanasammata sarvajJatvakA svarUpa vaisA hI hai jaisA nyAyavaizeSikasammata sarvajJatvakA / yadyapi yogadarzana nyAya vaizeSikakI taraha Izvara mAnatA hai yathApi vaha nyAya-vaizeSikakI taraha cetana aAtmAmeM sarvajJakhakA samarthana na kara sakaneke kAraNa viziSTa buddhitava meM hI IzvarIya sarvazasvakA samarthana kara pAtA hai / sAMkhya, yoga aura vedAntameM bauddhika sarvazatvakI prApti bhI mocake vAste anivArya vastu nahIM hai, jaisA ki jaina darzanameM mAnA jAtA hai| kintu nyAyavaizeSika darzanakI taraha vaha eka yogavibhUti mAtra honese kisI-kisI sAdhakako hotI hai| sarvazavAdase saMbandha rakhanevAle hajAroM varSake bhAratIya darzana zAstra dekhanepara bhI yaha patA spaSTarUpase nahIM calatA ki amuka darzana hI sarvajJavAdakA prasthApaka hai| yaha bhI nizcayarUpase kahanA kaThina hai ki sarvajJatvakI carcA zuddha tatva cintanameMse phalita huI hai, yA sAmpradAyika bhAvase dhArmika khaNDana-maNDanameM se phalita huI hai ? yaha bhI sapramANa batalAnA sambhava nahIM ki Izvara, brahmA Adi divya aAtmAtroMmeM mAne jAnevAle sarvajJatvake vicArase mAnuSika sarvajJatvakA vicAra prastuta huaA, yA buddha-mahAvIrasadRza manuSyameM mAne jAnevAle sarvajJasvake 1. 'tadevaM dhiSaNAdInAM navAnAmapi mUlataH / guNAnAmAtmano dhvaMsaH so'. pavargaH prakIrtitaH // ' -nyAyama0 pR0 508 / 2. 'tArakaM sarvaviSayaM sarvathA viSayamakramaM ceti vivekajaM jJAnam // ' -yogasU0 3.54 / 3. 'nirdhUtarajastamomalasya buddhi sattvasya pare vaizAradye parasyAM vazIkArasaMjJAyAM vartamAnasya sattvapuruSAnyatAkhyAtimAtrarUpapratiSThasya....sarvajJAtRtvam , sarvAtmanAM guNAnAM zAntoditAvyapadezyadharmatvena vyavasthitAnAmakramopArUDhaM vivekajaM jnyaanmityrthH| -yogabhA0 3. 46 / 4. 'prAptavivekajajJAnasya aprAptavivekajajJAnasya vA sasvapuruSayoH zuddhisAmye kaivalyamiti / ' yogasU0 3. 55 /

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128 vicAra-Andolanase Izvara, brahmA AdimeM sarvazatvakA samarthana kiyA jAne lagA, yA deva-manuSya ubhayameM sarvajJatva mAne jAnekA vicArapravAha paraspara nirapekSa rUpase pracalita huzrA ? yaha saba kucha hote hue bhI sAmAnyarUpase itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha carcA dharma-sampradAyoMke khaNDana-maNDanameMse phalita huI hai aura pIchese usane tattvajJAnakA rUpa dhAraNa karake tAttvika cintanameM bhI sthAna pAyA hai / aura vaha taTastha tattvacintakoMkA vicAraNIya viSaya bana gaI hai| kyoMki mImAMsaka jaise purAtana aura prabala vaidika darzanake sarvazatva saMbandhI asvIkAra aura zeSa sabhI vaidika darzanoMke sarvajJatva saMbandhI svIkArakA eka mAtra mukhya uddezya yahI hai ki vedakA prAmANya sthApita karanA jaba ki jaina, bauddha Adi manuSya-sarvajJatvavAdI darzanoMkA eka yahI uddezya hai ki paramparAse mAne jAnevAle vedaprAmANyake sthAnameM itara zAstroMkA prAmANya sthApita karanA aura vedoMkA aprAmANya / jaba ki vedakA prAmANya-aprAmANya hI asarvajJavAda, deva-sarvajJavAda aura manuSya-sarvazavAdakI carcA aura usakI dalIloMkA ekamAtra mukhya viSaya hai taba dharma-saMpradAyako isa tatvacarcAkA utthAnabIja mAnane meM sandehako kama se kama avakAza hai| ____ mImAMsakadhurINa kumArilane dharmajJa aura sarvajJa donoM vAdoMkA nirAkaraNa bar3e zrAveza aura yuktivAdase kiyA hai ( mImAMsAzlo0 sU0 2. zlo0 110 se 143 ) vaise hI bauddhapravara zAntarakSitane usakA javAba ukta donoM vAdoMke samarthanake dvArA bar3I gambhIratA aura spaSTatAse diyA hai / tattvasaM0 pR0846 se ) isalie yahA~para eka aitihAsika prazna hotA hai ki kyA dharmajJa aura sarvajJa donoM vAda alaga-alaga sampradAyoMmeM apane-apane yuktibalapara sthira hoMge, yA kisI eka vAdameMse dUsare vAdakA janma huaA hai ? abhItakake cintanase yaha jAna par3atA hai ki dharmajJa aura sarvajJa donoM vAdoMkI paramparA mUlameM alaga-alaga hI hai / bauddha sampradAya dharmavAdakI paramparAkA avalambI qhAsa rahA hogA kyoMki khuda buddhane ( majjhima0 cUla-mAluMkyaputtasutta 2.1) apaneko sarvajJa usI arthameM kahA hai jisa artha meM dharmajJa yA mArgaza zabdakA prayoga hotA hai| buddha ke vAste dharmazAstA, dharmadezaka Adi vizeSaNa piTakagranthoMmeM prasiddha haiN| 'dharmakIrtine buddhameM sarvajJatvako anupayogI batAkara kevala dharmajJatva hI sthApita kiyA hai, jaba 1. 'heyopAdeyatattvasya sAbhyupAyasya vedakaH / yaH pramANamasAviSTo na tu sarvasya vedakaH // dUraM pazyatu vA mA vA tattvamiSTaM tu pazyatu / ' -pramANavA. 2. 32-33 /

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129 ki zAntarakSitane prathama dharmajJatva siddha kara gauNarUpase sarvajJavako bhI svIkAra' kiyA hai| sarvajJavAdakI paramparAkA avalambI mukhyatayA jaina sampradAya hI jAna par3atA hai kyoMki jaina zrAcAryoM ne prathamase hI apane tIrthaMkaroMmeM sarvajJatvako mAnA aura sthApita kiyA hai / aisA sambhava hai ki jaba jainoMke dvArA prabala rUpase sarvazatvakI sthApanA aura pratiSThA hone lagI taba bauddhoMke vAste buddha meM sarvajJatvakA samarthana karanA bhI anivArya aura Avazyaka ho gayA / yahI sababa hai ki bauddha tArkika granthoMmeM dharmazavAdasamarthanake bAda sarvajJavAdakA samarthana hone para bhI usameM vaha jora aura ekatAnatA nahIM hai, jaisI ki jaina tArkika granthoM meM hai| mImAMsaka ( zlo0 sU0 2. zlo0 110-143. tasvasaM0 kA0 3124-3246 pUrvapakSa) kA mAnanA hai ki yAgAdike pratipAdana aura usake dvArA dharmAdharmAdikA, kisI puruSavizeSa kI apekSA rakhe binA hI, svatantra vidhAna karanA yahI vedakA kArya hai| isI siddhAntako sthira rakhaneke vAste kumArilane kahA hai ki koI bhale hI dharmAdharma-bhinna anya 1. 'svargApavargasamprAptihetujJo'stIti gamyate / sAkSAnna kevalaM kintu sarvajJA'pi pratIyate ||'-tsvsN0 kA0 3306 / 'mukhyaM hi tAvat svargamokSasamprApakahetujJatvasAdhanaM bhagavato'smAbhiH kriyate / yatpunaH azeSArthaparijJAtRtvasAdhanamasya tat prAsaMgikamanyatrApi bhagavato jJAnapravRtteH bAdhakapramANAbhAvAt sAkSAdazeSArthaparijJAnAt sarvajJo bhavan na kenacid bAdhyate iti, ato na prekSAvatAM tatpratikSepo yuktH|'-tttvsN0p0 pR0863 / / 2. 'se bhagavaM arahaM jiNe kevalI savvannU savvabhAvadarisI sadevamaNuyA. surassa logassa pajjAe jANai, taM0 zrAgaI gaI ThiiM cayaNaM uvavAyaM bhuttaM pIyaM kaDaM paDiseviyaM zrAvikammaM rahokamma laviyaM kahiyaM maNomANasiyaM savvaloe savvajIvANaM savvabhAvAiM jANamANe pAsamANe evaM ca NaM viharai / ' AcA0 zru0 2. cU0 3. pR. 425 A. 'taM nasthi jaM na pAsaha bhUyaM bhavvaM bhavissaM ca'-zrAva. ni. gA0 127 / bhaga0 za0 6. u. 32 / 'sUkSmAntaritadUrArthAH pratyakSAH kasyacidyathA / anumeyatvato'gnyAdiriti sarvazasaMsthitiH ||'praaptmii0 kA0 5 / 3. 'yaiH svecchAsarvazo varNyate tanmatenApyasau na virudhyate ityAdarzayannAha yadyadityAdi-yadyadicchati borbu vA tattadvetti niyogataH / zaktirevaMvidhA tasya prahINAvaraNo hyasau ||'-tttvsN0 kA0 3628 / mili. 3. 6.2 /

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saba vastu sAkSAt jAna sake para dharmAdharmako vedanirapekSa hokara koI sAkSAt nahIM jAna sakatA , cAhe vaha jAnanevAlA buddha, jina zrAdi jaisA manuSya yogI ho, cAhe vaha brahmA, viSNu Adi jaisA deva ho, cAhe vaha kapila, prajApati Adi jaisA RSi yA avatArI ho / kumArila kA kahanA hai ki sarvatra sarvadA dharmamaryAdA eka sI hai, jo sadA sarvatra ekarUpa veda dvArA vihita mAnanepara hI saGgata ho sakatI hai| buddha Adi vyaktiyoMko dharmake sAcAt pratipAdaka mAnanepara vaisI maryAdA siddha ho nahIM sakatI kyoMki buddha zrAdi upadezaka kabhI nirvANa pAnepara nahIM bhI rahate / jIvitadazAmeM bhI ve saba kSetroMmeM pahu~ca nahIM sakate / saba dharmopadezakoMkI ekavAkyatA bhI sambhava nhiiN| isa taraha kumArila sAkSAt dharmajJatvakA nizedha karake phira sarvajJatvakA bhI sabameM niSedha karate haiN| vaha purANokta brahmAdi devoM ke sarvazatvakA artha bhI, jaisA upaniSadoMmeM dekhA jAtA hai, kevala zrAtmajJAna paraka karate haiN| buddha, mahAbIra Adike bAremeM kumArila kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki ve vedajJa brAhmaNajAtiko dharmopadeza na karane aura vedavihIna mUrkha zUdra zrAdiko dharmopadeza karane ke kAraNa vedAbhyAsI evaM veda - 1. 'nahi atIndriyArthe vacanamantareNa avagatiH sambhavati, tadidamuktamazakyaM hi tat puruSeNa jJAtumRte vacanAt'-zAbarabhA0 1. 1. 2 / zloka nyAya. pR0 76 / 2. 'kuDyAdiniHsRtavAcca nAzvAso dezanAsu naH / kinnu buddhapraNItAH syuH kimu kaizcid duraatmbhiH| adRzyaiH vipralambhArtha pizAcAdibhirIritAH / evaM yaiH kevalaM jnyaanmindriyaadynpekssinnH| sUkSmAtItAdiviSayaM jIvasya parikalpitam ||'-shlokvaa0 sU0 2. zlo0 136-41 / 'yattu vedavAdibhireva kaizciduktam-nitya evA'yaM vedaH prajApateH prathamamArSazAnenAvabuddho bhavatIti tadapi sarvajJavadeva nirAkAryamityAha-nityeti'-zlo0 nyAya0 sU0 2. 143 / "athApi vedadehatvAt brhmvissnnumheshvraaH| sarvajJAnamayAdvedAtsAvazyaM mAnuSasya kim ||'-tttvsN0 kA0 3208, 3213-14 / 3. 'jJAnaM vairAgyamaizvaryamiti yopi dazAvyayaH / zaGkaraH zrUyate so'pi jJAnavAnAtmavittayA ||'-ttvsN0 kA0 3206 / 4. 'zAkyAdivacanAni tu katipayadamadAnAdivacanavarja sarvANyeva samastacaturdazavidyAsthAnaviruddhAni trayImArgavyusthitaviruddhAcaraNaizca buddhAdibhiH praNItAni / trayIbAhyebhyazcaturthavarNaniravasitaprAyebhyo vyAmUDhebhyaH samarpitAnIti na vedamUlatvena saMbhAvyante / ' tantravA0 pR0 116 / tattvasaM0 kA0 3226-27 /

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dvArA dharmajJa bhI nahIM the / buddha, mahAvIra zrAdimeM sarvazatvaniSedhakI eka acala yukti kumArilane yaha dI hai ki parasparaviruddhabhASI buddha, mahAvIra, kapila zrAdi meMse kise sarvajJa mAnA jAya aura kise na mAnA jAya ? ataeva unameMse koI sarvajJa nahIM haiN| yadi ve sarvajJa hote to sabhI vedavat aviruddhabhASI hote, ityAdi / zAntarakSitane kumArila tathA anya sAmaTa, yazaTa zrAdi mImAMsakoMkI dalIloMkA bar3I sUkSmatAse savistara khaNDana ( tattvasaM0 kA0 3263 se) karate hue kahA hai ki-veda svayaM hI bhrAnta evaM hiMsAdi doSayukta honese dharmavidhAyaka ho nahIM sktaa| phira usakA Azraya lekara upadeza denemeM kyA vizeSatA hai? buddha ne svayaM hI svAnubhavase anukampAprerita hokara abhyudaya niHzreyassAdhaka dharma batalAyA hai / mUrkha zUdU Adi ko upadeza dekara to usane apanI karuNAvRtti ke dvArA dhArmikatA hI prakaTa kI hai| vaha mImAMsakoM se pUchatA hai ki jinheM tuma brAhmaNa kahate ho unakI brAhmaNatAkA nizcita pramANa kyA hai ? / atItakAla bar3A lambA hai, striyoMkA mana bhI capala hai, isa dazAmeM kauna kaha sakatA hai ki brAhmaNa kahalAnevAlI santAnake mAtA-pitA zuddha hI rahe hoM aura , kabhI kisI vijAtIyatAkA mizraNa huzrA na ho| zAntarakSita ne yaha bhI kaha diyA ki sacce brAhmaNa aura zramaNa buddha zAsanake sivAya anya kisI dharmameM nahIM haiM (kA0 3586-62) / antameM zAntarakSitane mahile sAmAnyarUpase sarvajJatvakA sambhava siddha kiyA hai, phira use mahAvIra, kapila AdimeM asambhava 1. 'sarvazeSu ca bhUyaHsu viruddhArthopadeziSu / tulyahetuSu sarveSu ko nAmaiko'vadhAryatAm / / sugato yadi sarvajJaH kapilo neti kA pramA / athobhAvapi sarvazI matabhedaH tayoH katham ||'-tttvsN. kA. 3148-46 // 2. 'karuNAparatantrAstu spaSTatattvanidarzinaH / sarvApavAdaniHzakAracakruH sarvatra dezanAm // yathA yathA ca maudidoSaduSTo bhvejnH| tathA tathava nAthAnAM dayA teSu pravartate ||'-tsvsN0 kA0 3571-2 / 3. 'atitazca mahAn kAlo yoSitAM cAticApalam / tadbhavatyapi nizcetu brAhmaNatvaM na zakyate // atIndriyapadArthajJo nahi kazcit samasti vH| tadanvayavizuddhiM ca nityo vedopi noktavAn ||'-ttvsN0 kA0 3576-80 / / ... 4. 'ye ca vAhitapApatvAd brAhmaNAH pAramArthikAH / abhyastAmalanerAtmyAste munereva zAsane // ihaiva zramaNastena caturddhA parikIrtyate / zUnyAH parapravAdA hi bhramaNaibrAhmaNaistathA ||'-tttvsN. kA. 3589.6. /

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132 batalAkara kevala buddhameM hI siddha kiyA hai / isa vicArasaraNI meM zAntarakSita kI mukhya yukti yaha hai ki citta svayaM hI prabhAsvara ataeva svabhAvase prajJAzIla haiM / klezAvaraNa, jJeyAvaraNa Adi mala zrAgantuka haiM / nairAtmyadarzana jo eka mAtra satyajJAna hai, usake dvArA zrAvaraNoMkA kSaya hokara bhAvanAbalase anta meM sthAyI sarvajJatAkA lAbha hotA hai / aikAntika kSaNikatvajJAna, nairAtmyadarzana zrAdikA anekAntopadezI RSabha, varddhamAnAdimeM tathA zrAtmopadezaka kapilAdimeM sambhava nahIM tava unameM zrAvaraNacaya dvArA sarvajJatvakA bhI sambhava nahIM / isa taraha sAmAnya sarvajJatvakI siddhike dvArA antameM anya tIrthaGkaroMmeM sarvajJatvakA sambhava batalAkara kevala sugata meM hI usakA astitva siddha kiyA hai aura usIke zAstrako grAhya batalAyA hai / zAntarakSitakI taraha pratyeka sAMkhya yA jaina zrAcAryakA bhI yahI prayatna rahA hai ki sarvajJasvakA sambhava avazya hai para ve sabhI apane-apane tIrthaGkaroM meM hI sarvazatva sthApita karate hue anya tIrthakaroMmeM usakA nitAnta asambhava batalAte haiM / jaina zrAcAryoMkI bhI yahI dalIla rahI hai ki anekAnta siddhAnta hI satya hai / usake yathAvat darzana aura AcaraNa ke dvArA hI sarvajJasva labhya hai / ane kAntakA sAkSAtkAra va upadeza pUrNarUpa se RSabha, varddhamAna dine hI kiyA zrataeva ve hI sarvajJa aura unake upadiSTa zAstra hI nirdoSa va grAhya haiM / siddhasena hoM yA samantabhadra, akalaGka hoM yA hemacandra sabhI jainAcAryoMne sarvajJasiddhi ke prasaGgameM vaisA hI yuktivAda avalambita kiyA hai jaisA bauddha sAMkhyAdi zrAcAryoM 1. ' pratyakSIkRta nairAtmye na doSo labhate sthitim / tadviruddhatayA dIpte pradIpe timiraM yathA // ' - tattvasaM0 kA0 3338 / ' evaM klezAvaraNaprahANaM prasAdhya jJeyAvaraNaprahANaM pratipAdayannAha - sAkSA kRtivizeSAditi - sAkSAtkRtivizeSAcca doSo nAsti savAsana: / sarvajJatvamataH siddhaM sarvAvaraNamuktitaH // - tattvasaM0 kA0 3336 | 'prabhAsvaramidaM cittaM tattvadarzanasAtmakam / prakRtyaiva sthitaM yasmAt malAsvAgantavo matAH / ' - tattvasaM 0 kA 0 3435 / pramANavA0 3, 208 | 2. 'idaM ca varddhamAnAdernairAtmyajJAnamIdRzam / na samasyAtmadRSTau hi vinaSTAH sarvatIrthikAH // syAdvAdAkSaNikasyA (svA) di pratyakSAdipravo (bA) dhitam / bahevAyuktamuktaM yaiH syuH sarvajJAH kathaM nu te // ' - tasvasaM* 3325-26 / -

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133 ne / antara sirpha itanA hI hai ki kisIne nairAtmyadarzanako to kisIne puruSa. prakRti Adi tattvoMke sAkSAtkArako, kisIne dravya-guNAdi chaH padArthake tasvajJAnako to kisIne kevala AtmajJAnako yathArtha kahakara usake dvArA apane-apane mukhya pravartaka tIrthaGkarameM hI sarvajJasva siddha kiyA hai, jaba jainAcAryoMne anekAntavAdakI yathArthatA dikhAkara isake dvArA bhagavAn RSabha, varddhamAna AdimeM hI sarvajJatva sthApita kiyA hai| jo kucha ho, itanA sAmpradAyika bheda rahanepara bhI sabhI sarvajJavAdI darzanoMkA, samyagjJAnase mithyAjJAna aura tajanya klezoMkA nAza aura tadvArA jJAnAvaraNake sarvathA nAzakI zakyatA Adi tAttvika vicArameM koI matabheda nhiiN| I. 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA 1. 'advitIyaM zivadvAraM kudRSTInAM bhayaMkaram / vineyebhyo hitAyoktaM nairAtmya tena tu sphuTam ||'-ttvsN0 kA0 3322 / 2. 'evaM tattvAbhyAsAnnAsmi na me nAhamityaparizeSam / aviparyayAdvizuddhaM kevalamutpadyate zAnam ||'-saaNkhykaa0 34 / / 3. 'dharmavizeSaprasUtAt dravyaguNakarmasAmAnyavizeSasamavAyAnAM padArthAnAM sAdharmyavaidhAbhyAM tattvajJAnAniHzreyasam'-vai0 sU0 1. 1. 4 / 4. 'zrAtmano vA are darzanena zravaNena matyA vijJAnena idaM sarva viditm|' -bRhadA0 2. 4.5 / 5. 'tvanmatAmRtabAhyAnAM sarvathaikAntavAdinAm / prAptAbhimAnadagdhAnAM sveSTaM dRSTena bAdhyate ||'-shraaptmii0 kA0 7 / ayoga0 kA0 28 /

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indriya vicAra indriyanirUpaNa prasaGgameM mukhyatayA nIce likhI bAtoMpara darzanazAstroM meM vicAra pAyA jAtA hai indriya padakI nirukti, indriyoMkA kAraNa, unakI saMkhyA, unake viSaya, unake zrAkAra, unakA pArasparika bhedAbheda, unake prakAra tathA dravya - guNagrAhitva - viveka ityAdi / abhItaka jo kucha dekhane meM AyA usase jJAta hotA hai ki indriyapadakI nirukti jo sabase purAnI lipibaddha hai vaha pANinike sUtra' meM hI hai / yadyapi isa niruktivAle pANinIya sUtrake Upara koI bhASyAMza pataJjalike upalabdha mahAbhASya - meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA tathApi sambhava hai pANinIya sUtroMkI anya koI prAcIna vyAkhyA yA vyAkhyAnoMmeM usa sUtrapara kucha vyAkhyA likhI gaI ho / jo kucha ho para yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki prAcIna bauddha aura jaina dArzanika granthoMmeM pAI jAnevAlI pANinIya sUtrokta indriyapadakI nirukti kisI na kisI prakAra se pANinIya vyAkaraNakI paramparA ke abhyAsa meMse hI ukta bauddha-jaina granthoM meM dAkhila huI hai / vizuddhimAga e jaise pratiSThita bauddha aura tattvArtha 1. 'indriyamindraliMga mindradRSTa mindra sRSTamindra juSTamindradattamitivA / ' - 5.2.63 / 2. ' ko pana nesaM indriyako nAmAti ? indaliMgo indriyaho; indadesita Do indriyaTTho; indadiTThaTTho indriyaho; indasi ho indriyaho; indajuhaTTho indriyaho; so sabbopi idha yathAyogaM yujjati / bhagavA hi sabhmAsabuddho para missa riyabhAvato indo, kusalAkusalaM ca kammaM kammesu kasyaci issariyAbhAvato / tenevettha kammasaJjanitAni tAva indriyAni kusalAkusalakammaM ulligenti / tena ca sihAnIti indaliGgaTThena indasiDahena ca indriyAni / sabbAneva panetAni bhagavatA yathA bhUtato pakAsitAni zrabhisambuddhAni cAti indadesitaTThena indadiTThaTThena ca indriyAni / teneva bhagavatA munIndena kAnici gocarAsevanAya, kAnici bhASanAsevanAya sevitAnIti indaju TheTThenApi indriyAni / api ca zradhipazcasaMkhAtena issariyaTThenApi etAni indriyAni / cakkhuvijJANAdiSpavattiyaM hi zvakkhAdInaM siddhaM zrAdhipaccaM, tasmiM tikkhe tikkhatA, mande mandattA ti / zrayaM tAvettha sthato vinicchayo / ' -bisuddhi0 pR0 461 | 1

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135. bhASya' jaise pratiSThita jaina dArzanika granthameM eka bAra sthAna prApta kara lenepara to phira vaha nirukti uttaravartI sabhI bauddha-jaina mahattvapUrNa darzana granthoMkA viSaya bana gaI hai / isa indriya padakI nirukti ke itihAsameM mukhyatayA do bAteM khAsa dhyAna dene yogya haiN| eka to yaha ki bauddha vaiyAkaraNa jo svatantra haiM aura jo pANinIya ke vyAkhyAkAra haiM unhoMne usa niruktiko apane-apane granthoM meM kucha vistAra se sthAna diyA hai aura zrA0 hemacandra jaise svatantra jaina vaiyAkaraNane bhI apane vyAkaraNasUtra tathA vRtti meM pUre vistArase use sthAna diyA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha ki pANinIya sUtroM ke bahuta hI arvAcIna vyAkhyA -granthoMke alAvA aura kisI vaidika darzana ke grantha meM vaha indriyapadakI nirukti pAI nahIM jAtI jaisI ki bauddha-jaina darzana granthoM meM pAI jAtI hai / jAna par3atA hai, jaisA aneka sthaloM meM huA hai vaise hI, isa saMbandha meM asala meM zAbdikoMkI zabdanirukti bauddha-jaina darzana granthoMmeM sthAna pAkara phira vaha dArzanikoMkI cintAkA viSaya bhI bana gaI hai / mATharavRtti jaise prAcIna vaidika darzanagrantha meM indriya padakI nirukti hai para vaha pANinIya sUtra aura bauddha-jaina darzanagranthoM meM labhya niruktise bilakula bhinna aura vilakSaNa hai / jAna par3atA hai purAne samaya meM zabdoMkI vyutpatti yA nirukti batalAnA yaha eka aisA Avazyaka kartavya samajhA jAtA thA ki jisakI upekSA koI buddhimAn lekhaka nahIM karatA thA / vyutpatti aura nirukti batalAne meM granthakAra apanI svatantra kalpanAkA bhI pUrA upayoga karate the / yaha vastusthiti kevala prAkRtapAli zabdoMtaka hI parimita na thI vaha saMskRta zabdoM meM bhI thI / indriyapadakI nirukti isIkA eka udAharaNa hai / manoraJjaka bAta to yaha hai ki zAbdika kSetra se calakara indriyapadakI nirukti ne dArzanika kSetrameM jaba praveza kiyA tabhI usapara dArzanika sampradAyakI chApa laga gaI / buddhaghoSa ' indriyapadakI nirukti meM aura saba artha pANinikathita bata 1. ' tasvArthabhA0 2 15 / sarvArtha 1, 14 / 2. 'indriyam / ' - haimaza * 7. 1. 174 / 3. 'in iti viSayANAM nAma, tAninaH viSayAn prati dravantIti indri yANi / ' - mAThara0 kA0 26 / 4. dekho pR0 134. TippaNo 2. /

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136 lAte haiM para indrakA artha sugata batalAkara bhI usa niruktiko saGgata karanekA prayatna karate haiN| jaina AcAryoMne indrapadakA artha mAtra jIva yA zrAtmA hI sAmAnya rUpase batalAyA hai| unhoMne buddhaghoSakI taraha usa padakA svAbhipreta tIrthaGkara artha nahIM kiyA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika jaise IzvarakartRtvavAdI kisI vaidika darzanake vidvAnne apane granthameM isa niruktiko sthAna diyA hotA to zAyada vaha indrapadakA Izvara artha karake bhI nirukti saGgata krtaa| sAMkhyamatake anusAra indriyoMkA upAdAnakAraNa abhimAna hai jo prakRtijanya eka prakArakA sUkSma dravya hI hai-sAMkhyakA0 25 / yahI mata vedAntako mAnya hai / nyAya vaizeSika matake anusAra (nyAyasU0 1. 1. 12) indriyoMkA kAraNa pRthvI zrAdi bhUtapaJcaka hai jo jar3a dravya hI hai| yaha mata pUrvamImAMsakako bhI abhISTa hai / bauddhamatake anusAra prasiddha pA~ca indriyA~ rUpajanya honese rUpa hI haiM jo jar3a dravyavizeSa hai| jaina darzana bhI dravya-sthUla indriyoMke kAraNarUpase pudgalavizeSakA hI nirdaza karatA hai jo jar3a dravyavizeSa hI hai / karNazaSkulI, akSigolakakRSNAsAra, tripuTikA, jihvA aura carmarUpa jina bAhya AkAroMko sAdhAraNa loga anukramase karNa, netra, prANa, rasana aura svak indriya kahate haiM ve bAhyAkAra sarva darzanoMmeM indriyASThiAna' hI mAne gae haiMiMdriyA~ nahIM / iMdriyA~ to una aAkAroMmeM sthita atIMdriya vasturUpase mAnI gaI haiM, cAhe ve bhautika hoM yA AhaGkArika / jaina darzana una paudgalika adhiSThAnoMko dravyendriya kahakara bhI vahI bhAva sUcita karatA hai ki-adhiSThAna vastutaH iMdriyA~ nahIM haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI iMdriyA~ atIMdriya haiM para ve bhautika yA zrAbhimAnika jar3a dravya na hokara cetanazaktivizeSarUpa haiM jinheM jaina darzana bhAveMdriya-mukhya iMdriya-kahatA hai / mana nAmaka SaSTha indriya saba darzanoM meM aMtarindriya yA aMtaHkaraNa rUpase mAnI gaI hai| isa taraha chaH buddhi indriyA~ to sarva-darzana sAdhAraNa haiM para sirpha sAMkhyadarzana aisA hai jo vAka, pANi, pAdAdi pA~ca kamandriyoMko bhI indriyarUpase ginakara unakI gyAraha saMkhyA ( sAMkhyakA0 24 ) batalAtA hai| jaise vAcaspati mizra aura jayantane sAMkhyaparigaNita karmendriyoMko indriya mAnaneke viruddha kahA hai vaise hI zrA* hemacaMdrane 1. nyAyama0 pR0 477 / 2. tAtparya pR0 531 / nyAyama0 pR0 483 /

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137 bhI karmeMdriyoMke indriyatvakA nirAsa karake apane pUrvavartI pUjyapAdAdi jainAcAryoMkA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| ___ yahA~ eka prazna hotA hai ki pUjyapAdAdi prAcIna jainAcArya tathA vAcaspati, jayanta zrAdi anya vidvAnoMne jaba indriyoMkI sAMkhyasammata gyAraha saMkhyAkA balapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai taba unhoMne yA aura kisIne bauddha abhidharma meM prasiddha indriyoMkI bAIsa saMkhyAkA pratiSedha yA ullekha taka kyoM nahIM kiyA hai| yaha mAnanekA koI kAraNa nahIM hai ki unhoMne kisI saMskRta abhidharma granthako bhI na dekhA ho / jAna par3atA hai bauddha abhidharmaparamparAmeM pratyeka mAnasazaktikA indriyapadase nirdeza karanekI sAdhAraNa prathA hai aisA vicAra karake hI unhoMne usa paramparAkA ullekha yA khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai| chaH indriyoMke zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza zrAdi pratiniyata viSaya grAhya haiN| isameM to sabhI darzana ekamata haiM para nyAya-vaizeSikakA indriyoMke dravyagrAhakavake saMbandhameM anya sabake sAtha matabheda hai| itara sabhI darzana indriyoMko guNagrAhaka mAnate hue bhI guNa-dravyakA abheda honeke kAraNa chahoM indriyoMko dravyagrAhaka bhI mAnate haiM jaba ki nyAya-vaizeSika aura pUrvamImAMsaka vaisA nahIM maante| ve sirpha netra, sparzana aura manako dravyagrAhaka kahate haiM anyako nahIM (muktA0 kA0 53.56) / isI matabhedako zrA. hemacandrane sparza zrAdi zabdoMkI karma-bhAvapradhAna vyutpatti batalAkara vyakta kiyA hai aura sAtha hI apane pUrvagAmI jainAcAryoM kA padAnugamana bhii| ___indriya-ekatva aura nAnAtvavAdakI carcA darzanaparamparAoM meM bahuta purAnI hai-nyAyasU0 3. 1. 12 / koI indriyako eka hI mAnakara nAnA sthAnoMke dvArA usake nAnA kAryoM kA samarthana karatA hai, jaba ki sabhI indriyanAnAsvavAdI usa matakA khaNDana karake sirpha nAnAtvavAdakA hI samarthana karate haiN| zrA. hemacandrane isa saMbandhameM jaina prakriyA-sulabha anekAnta dRSTikA zrAzraya lekara 1. tattvArthabhA0 2. 15 / sarvArtha0 2. 15 / 2. 'katamAni dvAviMzatiH / cakSurindriyaM zrotrendriyaM prANendriyaM jihandriyaM kAyendriyaM manaindriyaM strIndriyaM puruSendriyaM jIvitendriyaM sukhendriyaM duHkhendriya saumanasyendriyaM daurmanasyendriyaM upekSendriyaM zraddhendriyaM vIyandriyaM samAdhIndriyaM prajJandriyaM anAzAtamAzAsyAmIndriyaM AjJendriyaM AzAtAvIndriyam |'--sphuttaa0 pR065 / visuddhi0 pR. 461 /

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138 indriyoM meM pArasparika ekatva-nAnAtva ubhayavAdakA samanvaya karake prAcIna jainAcAryoMkA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai aura pratyeka ekAntavAdameM paraspara diye gae dUSaNoMkA parihAra bhI kiyA hai| indriyoMke svAmitvakI cintA bhI darzanoMkA eka khAsa viSaya hai / para isa saMbandha meM jitanI adhika aura vistRta carcA jainadarzanoMmeM pAI jAtI hai vaisI anya darzanoMmeM kahIM dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| vaha bauddha darzanameM hai para jainadarzanake mukAbilemeM alpamAtrA hai / svAmitvakI isa carcAko zrA0 hemacandrane ekAdazaanAvalambI tattvArthasUtra aura bhASyameMse akSarazaH lekara isa saMbandhameM sArA jainamantavya pradarzita kiyA hai| I. 1636 ? [pramANa mImAMsA

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manovicAraNA manake svarUpa, kAraNa, kArya, dharma aura sthAna Adi aneka viSayoMmeM dArzanikoMkA nAnAvidha matabheda hai jo saMkSepameM isa prakAra hai / vaizeSika (vai. sU0 7. 1. 23), naiyAyika (nyAyasU0 3. 2. 61) aura tadanugAmI pUrvamImAMsaka ( prakaraNapa0 pR0 151) manako paramANurUpa ataeva nitya-kAraNarahita mAnate haiN| sAMkhya-yoga aura tadanugAmI vedAnta use paramANurUpa nahIM phira bhI aNurUpa aura janya mAnakara usakI utpatti prAkRtika ahaGkAra tattvase' yA avidyAse mAnate haiN| bauddha aura jaina paramparAke anusAra mana na to vyApaka hai aura na paramANurUpa / ve donoM paramparAe~ manako madhyama pariNAmavAlA aura janya mAnatI haiN| bauddha paramparAke anusAra mana vijJAnAtmaka hai aura vaha uttaravartI vijJAnoMkA samanantarakAraNa pUrvavartI vijJAnarUpa hai / jaina paramparAke anusAra paudgalika mana to eka khAsa prakArake sUkSmatama manovargaNA nAmaka jar3a dravyoMse utpanna hotA hai aura vaha pratikSaNa zarIrakI taraha parivartana bhI prApta karatA rahatA hai jaba ki bhAvamana jJAnazakti aura jJAnarUpa honese cetanadravyajanya hai| ___ sabhI darzanoMke matAnusAra manakA kArya icchA, dveSa, sukha, duHkha Adi guNoMkI tathA una guNoMke anubhavakI utpatti karAnA hai, cAhe ve guNa kisIke matase Atmagana hoM jaise nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAMsaka, jaina zrAdike matase; yA 1. 'yasmAt karmendriyANi buddhindriyANi ca sAtvikAdahaMkArAdutpadyante mano'pi tasmAdeva utpadyate |'-maatthr kA0 27 / 2. 'vijJAnaM prativijJaptiH mana zrAyatanaM ca tat / SaNNAmanantarA'tItaM vijJAnaM yaddhi tanmanaH ||'-abhidhrm. 1. 16, 17 / tattvasaM0 kA0631 / 3. 'yat yatsamanantaraniruddhaM vijJAnaM tattammanodhAturiti / tadyathA sa eva putro'nyasya pitrAkhyAM labhate tadeva phalamanyasya bIjAkhyAm / tathehApi sa eva cakSurAdivijJAnadhAturanyasyAzraya iti manodhAtvAkhyAM labhate / ya eva Sar3a vijJAnadhAtava sa eva mnodhaatuH| ya eva ca manodhAtusta eva ca SaD vijJAnadhAtava itItaretarAntarbhAvaH........yogAcAradarzanena tu SaDvijJAnavyatirikto'pyasti mnodhaatuH|' sphuTA0 pR0 40, 41 /

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140 1 antaHkaraNa -- buddhi' ke hoM jaise sAMkhya-yoga- vedAntAdike matase; yA svagata hI hoM jaise bauddhamatase / bahirindriyajanya jJAnakI utpatti meM bhI mana nimitta banatA hai aura bahirindriyanirapekSa jJAnAdi guNoM kI utpatti meM bhI vaha nimitta banatA hai / bauddhamata ke sivAya kisIke bhI matase icchA, dveSa, jJAna, sukha, duHkha saMskAra Adi dharma manake nahIM haiM / vaizeSika, naiyAyika, mImAMsaka aura jaina ke anusAra ve guNa zrAtmA ke haiM para sAMkhya yoga- vedAntamata ke anusAra ve guNa buddhi - antaHkaraNa - ke hI haiM / bauddha darzana zrAtmatattva alaga na mAnakara usake sthAna meM nAma - mana hI ko mAnatA hai zrataeva usake anusAra icchA, dveSa, jJAna, saMskAra Adi dharma jo darzanabhedase zrAtmadharma yA zrantaHkaraNadharma kahe gae haiM ve sabhI manake hI dharma haiM / { nyAya-vaizeSika- bauddha Adi kucha darzanoM kI paramparA manako hRdayapradezavartI mAnatI hai / sAMkhya Adi darzanoMkI paramparA ke anusAra manakA sthAna kevala hRdaya kahA nahIM jA sakatA kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSma --- liGgazarIra meM, jo aSTAdaza svoMkA viziSTa nikAyarUpa hai, praviSTa hai / aura sUkSmazarIrakA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra manakA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra siddha hotA hai / jaina paramparAke anusAra bhAvamanakA sthAna AtmA hI hai / para dravyamanake bAremeM pakSabheda dekhe jAte haiM / digambara pakSa dravyamanako hRdayapradezavartI mAnatA hai jaba ki zvetAmbara pakSakI aisI mAnyatAkA koI ullekha nahIM dikhtaa| jAna par3atA haiM zvetAmbara paramparAko samagra sthUla zarIra hI dravyamanakA sthAna iSTa hai / I0 1636 ] [ pramANa mImAMsA 1. 'tasmAccittasya dharmA vRttayo nAtmanaH / sarvada0 pAta0 pR0 352 / 2. 'tAmraparNIyA zrapi hRdayavastu manovijJAnadhAtorAzrayaM kalpayanti |'sphuttaa0 pR0 41 /

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pramANakA viSaya vizvake svarUpa viSayaka cintanakA mUla Rgvedase bhI prAcIna hai| isa cintanake phalarUpa vividha darzana kramazaH vikasita aura sthApita hue jo saMkSepameM pA~ca prakArameM samA jAte haiM-kevala nityavAda, kevala anityavAda, pariNAmA nityavAda, nityAnitya ubhayavAda aura nityAnityAtmakavAda / kevala brahmavAdI vedAntI kevala nityavAdI haiM kyoMki unake matase anityatva zrAbhAsika mAtra hai / bauddhakSaNikavAdI honese kevalAnityavAdI haiN| sAMkhyayogAdi cetanabhinna jagatko pariNAmI nitya mAnaneke kAraNa pariNAmI nityavAdI haiM / nyAya-vaizeSika zrAdi kucha padArthoM ko mAtra nitya aura kuchako mAtra anitya mAnaneke kAraNa nityAnitya ubhayavAdI haiM / jainadarzana sabhI padArthoMko nityAmityAtmaka mAnaneke kAraNa nityAnityAtmakavAdI hai / nityAnityasva viSayaka dArzanikoMke ukta siddhAMta zruti aura zrAgamakAlIna unake apane-apane graMthameM spaSTarUpase varNita pAe jAte haiM aura thor3A-bahuta virodhI maMtaSyoMkA prativAda, bhI unameM dekhA jAtA hai-sUtrakR0 1.1.15-16 / isa taraha tarkayugake pahile bhI vizvake svarUpake saMbaMdha nAnA darzana aura unameM pArasparika pakSa-pratipakSabhAva sthApita ho gayA thA / ___ tarkayuga arthAt karIba do hajAra varSake darzanasAhityameM usI pArasparika, pakSapratipakSa bhAvake zrAdhArapara ve darzana apane-apane maMtavyakA samarthana aura virodhI maMtavyoMkA khaNDana vizeSa-vizeSa yukti-tarkake dvArA karate hue dekhe jAte haiM / isI tarkayuddhake phalasvarUpa tarkapradhAna darzanagraMthoMmeM yaha nirUpaNa saba dArzanikoMke vAste Avazyaka ho gayA ki pramANanirUpaNake bAda pramANake viSayakA svarUpa apanI apanI dRSTise batalAnA, apane maMtavyakI koI kasauTI rakhanA aura usa kasauTIko apane hI pakSameM lAgU karake apane pakSakI yathArthatA sAbita karanA evaM virodhI pakSoMmeM usa kasauTIkA abhAva dikhAkara unako avAstavikatA sAbita karanA / zrA0 hemacaMdrane isI tarkayugakI zailIkA anusaraNa karake prastuta cAra sUtroM meM 1. 'ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadanti / ' -Rga. aSTa0 2. a0 3 va. 23. ma. 46 / nAsadIyasUkta Rga0 10.126 / hiraNyagarbhasUkta Rga0 10.121 /

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142 [1.1.30 - 3] pramANa ke viSayarUpase samasta vizvakA jaina darzanasammata siddhAMta, usakI kasauTI aura usa kasauTIkA apane hI pakSa meM sambhava yaha saba batalAyA hai / vastukA svarUpa dravya - paryAyAtmakatva, nityAnityatva yA sadasadAtmakatvAdirUpa jo zrAgamoMmeM vizeSa yukti, hetu yA kasauTIke sivAya varNita pAyA jAtA hai ( bhaga0 za0 1. u0 3; za0 6. u0 33 ) usIko prA0 hemacaMdrane batalAyA hai, para tarka ra hetupUrvaka / tarkayugameM vastusvarUpakI nizcAyaka jo vividha kasauTiyA~ mAnI jAtI thIM jaise ki nyAyasammata - sattAyogarUpa sattva, sAMkhyasammata pramANaviSayatvarUpa sattva tathA bauddhasammata arthakriyAkAritvarUpa satva ityAdi -- unameM se antima arthAt arthakriyAkAritvako hI zrA * hemacaMdra kasauTI rUpase svIkAra karate haiM jo sambhavataH pahile pahala bauddha tArkikoMke dvArA ( pramANavA0 3. 3 ) hI udbhAvita huI jAna par3atI hai / jisa arthakriyAkArivakI kasauTIko lAgU karake bauddha tArkikoMne vastumAtrameM svAbhimata kSaNikatva siddha kiyA hai aura jisa kasauTIke dvArA hI unhoMne kevala nityavAda ( tattvasaM0 kA0 394 se ) aura jaina sammata nityAnityAtmaka vAdAdikA ( tattvasaM 0 kA 0 1738 se ) vikaTa tarka jAlase khaNDana kiyA hai, A0 hemacaMdrane usI kasauTIko apane pakSa meM lAgU karake jaina sammata nityAnityAtmakatva arthAt dravyaparyAyAtmakatvavAdakA sayuktika samarthana kiyA hai aura vedAMta zrAdike kevala niSyavAda tathA bauddhoMke kevala anityasvavAdakA usI kasauTIke dvArA prabala khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / I0 1636 ] [ pramANa mImAMsA -

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dravya-guNa-paryAya prAkRta-pAli davva-dabba zabda aura saMskRta dravya zabda bahuta prAcIna hai| lokavyavahArameM tathA kAvya, vyAkaraNa, Ayurveda, darzana zrAdi nAnA zAstroMmeM bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM usakA prayoga bhI bahuta prAcIna evaM rUda jAna par3atA hai| usake prayoga-pracArakI vyApakatAko dekhakara pANinine apanI aSTAdhyAyImeM use sthAna dekara do prakArase usakI vyutpatti batalAI hai jisakA anukaraNa pichale sabhI vaiyAkaraNoMne kiyA hai / taddhita prakaraNameM dravya zabdake sAdhaka khAsa jo do sUtra (5. 3. 104; 4. 3 161 ) banAye gae haiM unake alAvA dravya zabda siddhikA eka tIsarA bhI prakAra kRt prakaraNameM hai / taddhitake anusAra pahalI vyutpatti yaha hai ki dru-vRkSa yA kASTha+ya-vikAra yA avayava arthAt vRkSa yA kASThakA vikAra tathA avayava dravya / dUsarI vyutpatti yoM hai-dru kASTha + ya = tulya arthAt jaise sIdhI aura sApha sutharI lakar3I banAnepara iSTa AkAra dhAraNa kara sakatI hai vaise hI jo rAjaputra prAdi zikSA diye jAnepara rAja yogya guNa dhAraNa karanekA pAtra hai vaha bhAvI guNoMkI yogyatAke kAraNa dravya kahalAtA hai| isI prakAra aneka upakAroMkI yogyatA rakhaneke kAraNa dhana bhI dravya kahA jAtA hai / kRdanta prakaraNa ke anusAra gati-prApti aryavAle dru dhAtu se kArthaka ya pratyaya Ane para bhI dravya zabda niSpanna hotA hai jisakA artha hotA hai prAptiyogya arthAt jise aneka avasthAe~ prApta hotI hai / vahA~ vyAkaraNake niyamAnusAra ukta tIna prakArakI vyutpattimeM loka-zAstra prasiddha dravya zabdake sabhI arthIkA kisI na kisI prakArase samAveza ho hI jAtA hai| yadyapi jaina sAhityameM bhI karIba-karIba unhIM sabhI arthoM meM prayukta dravya zabda dekhA jAtA hai tathApi dravya zabdakI jaina prayoga paripATI aneka aMzoMmeM anya saba zAstroMse bhinna bhI hai / nAma, sthApanA, dravya, bhAva Adi nikSepa (tattvArtha. 1.5) prasaGgameM; dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aAdi prasaGgameM (bhaga0 za.2. u0 1); dravyArthika paryAyArthikarUpa nayake prasaGgameM (tattvArthabhA0 1.31); dravyAcArya (paJcAzaka 6), bhAvAcArya zrAdi prasaGgameM; dravyakarma, bhAvakarma Adi prasaGgameM prayukta honevAlA dravya zanda jaina paribhASAke anusAra khAsa-khAsa arthakA bodhaka hai jo artha taddhita prakaraNasAdhita bhavya-yoga arthavAle dravya

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144 zabda ke bahuta najadIka haiM arthAt ve sabhI artha bhavya artha ke bhinna-bhinna rUpAntara haiM / vizvake maulika padArthoM ke artha meM bhI dravya zabda jaina darzana meM pAyA jAtA hai jaise jIva, pudgala Adi chaH dravyaM / 1 nyAya vaizeSika Adi darzanoM meM (vai0 sU0 1. 1. 15 ) dravya zabda guNakarmAdhAra artha meM prasiddha hai jaise pRthvI jala Adi nava dravya / isI ko lekara bhI uttarAdhyayana ( 28.6 ) jaise prAcIna grAgamameM dravya zabda jaina darzana sammata chaH dravyoMmeM lAgU kiyA gayA dekhA jAtA hai / mahAbhASyakAra pataJjaline ( pAta0 mahA0 pR0 58 ) aneka bhinna-bhinna sthaloMmeM dravya zabda ke arthakI carcA kI hai / unhoMne eka jagaha kahA hai ki ghar3e ko tor3akara kuNDI aura kuNDIko tor3akara ghar3A banAyA jAtA hai evaM kaTaka kuMDala Adi bhinna-bhinna alaGkAra eka dUsareko tor3akara eka dUsare ke badale meM banAye jAte haiM phira bhI una saba bhinna-bhinna kAlIna bhinna-bhinna zrAkRtiyoM meM jo miTTI yA suvarNa nAmaka tattva kAyama rahatA hai vahI aneka bhinna-bhinna AkAroMmeM sthira rahanevAlA tattva dravya kahalAtA hai / dravya zabda kI yaha vyAkhyA yogasUtra ke vyAsabhASya meM ( 3. 13) bhI jyoMkI tyoM hai aura mImAMsaka kumArilane bhI vahI ( zlokavA0 vana0 zlo 21 - 22 ) vyAkhyA lI hai / pataJjaline dUsarI jagaha ( pAta0 mahA0 4. 1. 3; 51. 116) guNasamudAya yA guNa sandrAvako dravya kahA hai / yaha vyAkhyA bauddha prakriyA meM vizeSa saGgata hai / jude jude guNoMke prAdurbhAva hote rahanepara bhI arthAt jaina paribhASA ke anusAra paryAyoMke navanavotpAda hote rahanepara bhI jisake Arrant nAza nahIM hotA vaha dravya aisI bhI saMkSipta vyAkhyA pataJjali ke mahAbhASya ( 5. 1. 119 ) meM hai / mahAbhASyaprasiddha aura bAdake vyAsabhASya, zlokavArtika AdimeM samarthita dravya zabdakI ukta sabhI vyAkhyAe~ jaina paramparAmeM umAsvAtike sUtra aura bhASya meM ( 5, 26, 30, 37 ) sabase pahile saMgrahIta dekhI jAtI haiM / jinabhadra kSamAzramaNane to ( vizeSA0 gA0 28/ 1 apane bhASya meM apane samayataka pracalita sabhI vyAkhyAoMkA saMgraha karake dravya zabdakA nirvacana batalAyA hai / 0 kalaGka ( laghI0 2 1) hI zabdoM meM viSayakA svarUpa batalAte hue 0 hemacandra ne dravyakA prayoga karake usakA zrAgamaprasiddha aura vyAkaraNa tathA darzanAntarasammata vabhAva ( zAzvata, sthira ) artha hI batalAyA hai / aisA atha batalAte samaya usakI jo vyutpatti dikhAI hai vaha kRt prakaraNAnusArI: arthAt du dhAtu + ya pratyaya janita hai pra0 mI0 pR0 24 / pramANaviSaya ke svarUpakathanameM dravya ke sAtha paryAyazabdakA bhI prayoga hai /

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155 saMskRta, prAkRta , pAli jaisI zAstrIya bhASAoM meM vaha zabda bahuta purAnA aura prasiddha hai para jaina darzanameM usakA jo paribhASika artha hai vaha artha anya darzanoM meM nahIM dekhA jAtA / utpAdavinAzazAlI yA AvirbhAva-tirobhAvavAle jo dharma jo vizeSa yA jo avasthAe~ dravyagata hotI haiM ve hI paryAya yA pariNAmake nAma se jaina darzanameM prasiddha haiM jinake vAste nyAya-vaizeSika zrAdi darzanoMmeM guNa zabda prayukta hotA hai / guNa, kriyA Adi sabhI dravyagata dharmoM ke arthameM zrA0 hemacandrane paryAyazabdakA prayoga kiyA hai| para guNa tathA paryAya zabdake bAremeM jaina darzanakA itihAsa khAsa jJAtavya hai| bhagavatI Adi prAcInatara AgamoMmai guNa aura paryAya donoM zabda dekhe jAte haiM / uttarAdhyayana ( 28. 13 ) meM unakA arthabheda spaSTa hai| kundakunda, umAsvati (tattvArtha0 5.37) aura pUjyapAdane bhI usI arthakA kathana evaM samarthana kiyA hai| vidyAnandane bhI apane tarkavAdase usI bhedakA samarthana kiyA hai para vidyAnandake pUrvavartI akalaGkane guNa aura paryAyake arthoM kA bhedAbheda batalAyA hai jisakA anukaraNa amRtacandrane bhI kiyA hai aura vaisA hI bhedAbheda samarthana tattvArthabhASyakI TIkAmeM siddhasenane bhI kiyA hai| isa bAremeM siddhasena divAkarakA eka nayA prasthAna jaina tattvajJAnameM zurU hotA hai jisameM guNa aura paryAya donoM zabdoMko kevala ekArthaka hI sthApita kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki ve donoM zabda paryAya mAtra haiN| divAkarakI abheda samarthaka yukti yaha hai ki aAgoM meM guNapadakA yadi paryAya padase bhinna artha abhipreta hotA to jaise bhagavAnane dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika do prakArase dezanA kI hai vaise ve tIsarI guNArthika dezanA bhI karate / jAna par3atA hai isI yuktikA asara haribhadra para par3A jisase usane bhI abhedavAda hI mAnya rakkhA / yadyapi devasUrine guNa aura paryAya donoMke arthabheda batalAnekI ceSTA kI (pramANana 5.7,8) hai phira bhI jAna par3atA hai unake dila para bhI abhedakA hI prabhAva hai| zrA0 hemacandrane to viSayalakSaNa sUtramai guNapadako sthAna hI nahIM diyA aura na guNa-paryAya zabdoMke arthaviSayaka bhedAbhedakI carcA hI kii| isase zrA0 hemacandrakA isa bAremeM mantavya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve bhI abhedake hI samarthaka haiN| upAdhyAya yazovijayajIne bhI isI abheda pakSako sthApita kiyA hai| isa vistRta itihAsase itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki Agama jaise prAcIna yugameM guNa-paryAya donoM zabda prayukta hote rahe hoMge / tarkayuga ke prArambha aura vikAsake sAtha hI sAtha unake arthaviSayaka bheda-abheda kI carcA zurU huI aura

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Age bddh'ii| phalasvarUpa bhinna-bhinna prAcAryoMne isa viSayameM apanA bhinnabhinna dRSTibindu prakaTa kiyA aura sthApita bhI kiyA' / / isa prasaGgameM guNa aura paryAya zabdake arthaviSayaka pArasparika bhedAbhedakI taraha paryAya-guNa aura dravya ina donoMke pArasparika bhedAbheda viSayaka dArzanika carcA jAnane yogya hai| nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzana bhedavAdI honese prathamase hI Aja taka guNa, karma AdikA dravyase bheda mAnate haiN| abhedavAdI sAMkhya, vedAntAdi unakA dravyase abheda mAnate Aye haiN| ye bhedAbhedake pakSa bahuta purAne haiM kyoMki khuda mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali isa bAremeM manoraMjaka aura vizada carcA zurU karate haiN| ve prazna uThAte haiM ki dravya, zabda, sparza Adi guNa se anya hai yA ananya 1 / donoM pakSoMko spaSTa karake phira ve antameM bhedapakSakA samarthana karate haiN| - jAnane yogya khAsa bAta to yaha hai ki guNa-dravya yA guNa-paryAyake jisa bhedAbhedakI sthApanA evaM samarthana ke vAste siddhasena, samantabhadra Adi jaina tArkikoMne apanI kRtiyoM meM khAsA puruSArtha kiyA hai usI bhedAbhedavAdakA samarthana mImAMsakadhurINa kumArilane bhI bar3I spaSTatA evaM tarkavAdase kiyA haizlokavA0 zrAkR* zlo0 4-64, vana0 zlo0 21.80 / zrA0 hemacandrako dravya-paryAyakA pArasparika bhedAbheda vAda hI sammata hai jaisA anya jainAcAryoM ko| 1636 I0 ] [pramANa mImAMsA 1 isa viSayake sabhI pramANake lie dekho sanmatiTI0 pR0 631. Ti0 4 / 2 'kiM punadravyaM ke punrgunnaaH| zabdasparzarUparasaMgandhA guNAstato'nyad dravyam / kiM punaranyacchandAdibhyo dravyamAhosvidananyat / guNasyAyaM bhAvAt dravye zabdanivezaM kurvan khyApayatyanyacchabdAdibhyo dravyamiti / ananyacchabdAdibhyo dravyam / na dhnyduplbhyte| pazoH khalvapi vizasitasya parNazate nyastasya nAnyacchabdAdibhya upalabhyate / anyacchandAdibhyo dravyam / tat tvanumAnagamyam / tadyathA / zroSadhivanaspatInAM vRddhihraasau| jyotiSAM gatiriti / kosAvanumAnaH / iha samAne varmaNi pariNAhe ca anyattulAgraM bhavati lohasya anyat kArpAsAnAM yatkRto vizeSastad dravyam / tathA kazcidekenaiva prahAreNa vyapavarga karoti kazcit dvAbhyAmapi na karoti / yatUkRto vizeSastad dravyam / athavA yasya guNAntareSvapi prAdurbhavatsu tatvaM na vihanyate tad dravyam / kiM punastattvam / tatbhAvastattvam / tadyathA / AmalakAdinAM phalAnAM raktAdayaH pItAdayazca guNAH prAdurbhavanti / aAmalakaM badaramityeva bhavati / anvartha khalu nirvacanaM guNAsaMdrAvo dravyamiti / ' -pAta. mahA0 5.1.116 /

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vastutva kI kasauTI bhAratIya darzanoM meM kevala nityatva, kevala anityatva, nityAnitya-ubhaya, aura pariNAminityatva ina cAroM vAdoM ke mUla bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke pahile bhI dekhe jAte haiM para ina vAdoM kI vizeSa spaSTa sthApanA aura usa sthApanA ke anukUla yuktivAdakA patA, usa purAne samayake sAhityamaiM nahIM cltaa| buddhane prAcIna anityatvakI bhAvanAke Upara itanA jora diyA ki jisase Age jAkara kramazaH do pariNAma darzana kSetrameM prakaTa hue| eka to yaha ki anya sabhI vAda usa anityatva arthAt kSaNikatvavAdake viruddha kamara kasakara khar3e hue aura sabhI ne apanA sthApana apane DhaGga se karate hue kSaNikatva ke nirAsa kA prabala prayatna kiyaa| dUsarA pariNAma yaha pAyA ki khuda bauddha paramparA meM kSaNikatvavAda jo mUlameM vairAgyapoSaka bhAvanArUpa honese eka naitika yA cAritrIya vastusvarUpa thA usane tattvajJAnakA pUrA vyApakarUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| aura vaha usake samarthaka tathA virodhiyoMkI dRSTi meM anya tAttvika viSayoMkI taraha tAttvikarUpase hI cintAkA viSaya bana gayA / buddha, mahAvIrake samayase lekara aneka zatAbdiyoM takake dArzanika sAhityameM hama dekhate haiM ki pratyeka vAdakI satyatAkI kasauTI ekamAtra bandhamokSa-vyavasthA aura karma-phalake kartRtva-bhoktRtvako vyavasthA rahI hai / kevala anityatvavAdI bauddhoMkI apane pakSakI yathArthatAke bAremeM dalIla yahI rahI ki AtmA Adiko kevala nitya mAnanese na to bandhamokSako vyavasthA hI ghaTa sakatI hai aura na karmaphalake kartRtva-bhoktRtvakA sAmAnAdhikaraNya hii| kevala nityatvavAdI aupaniSada zrAdi dArzanikoMkI bhI (bra0 zAGkarabhA02. 2. 16) bauddhavAdake viruddha yahI dalIla rahI / pariNAminityatvavAdI jainadarzanane bhI kevala nityatva aura kevala anityatva vAdake viruddha yahI kahA ki aAtmA kevala nitya yA kevala anitya-mAtra ho to saMsAra-mokSako vyavasthA, karmake kartAko hI karmaphala milanekI 1 'tadevaM sattvabhede kRtahAnamakRtAbhyAgamaH prasajyate-sati ca sattvotpAde satvanirodhe ca akarmanimittaH sattvasargaH prApnoti tatra muktyoM brahmacaryavAso na syAt / -nyAyabhA. 3. 1.4 /

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148 vyavasthA, mokSopAya rUpase dAna Adi zubha karmakA vidhAna aura dIkSA AdikA upAdAna ye saba ghaTa nahIM skte| bhAratIya darzanoMkI tArikhaka cintAkA utthAna aura khAsakara usakA poSaNa evaM vikAsa karmasiddhAnta evaM saMsAranivRtti tathA mokSaprApsikI bhAvanAmaise phalita hazrA hai| isase zurU meM yaha svAbhAvika thA ki hara eka darzana apane vAdako yathArthatAmeM aura dasare darzanoMke vAdakI ayathArthatAmeM unhIM karmasiddhAnta zrAdikI duhAI deM / para jaise-jaise adhyAtmamUlaka isa dArzanika kSetrameM tarkavAda kA praveza adhikAdhika hone lagA aura vaha kramaza: yahA~ taka bar3hA ki zuddha takavAdake sAmane zrAdhyAtmikavAda eka tarahase gauNa-sA ho gayA taba kevala nityatvAdi ukta vAdoMkI satyatAkI kasauTI bhI anya ho gii| tarkane kahA ki jo arthakriyAkArI hai vahI vastu sat ho sakatI hai dUsarI nahIM / arthakriyAkAritva kI isa tArkika kasauTIkA zreya jahA~ taka jJAta hai, bauddha paramparAko hai| isase yaha svAbhAvika hai ki bauddha dArzanika kSaNikatvake pakSameM usa kasauTIkA upayoga kareM aura dUsare vAdoMke viruddha / hama dekhate haiM ki huzrA bhI aisA hii| bauddhoMne kahA ki jo kSaNika nahIM vaha arthakriyAkArI ho nahIM sakatA aura jo arthakriyAkArI nahIM vaha sat arthAt pAramArthika ho nahIM sakatA-aisI vyApti nirmita karake unhoMne kevala nityapakSameM arthakriyAkAritvakA asaMbhava dikhAneke vAste krama aura yogapadyakA jaTila vikalpajAla racA aura usa vikalpajAlase antameM siddha kiyA ki kevala nitya padArtha arthakriyA kara hI nahIM sakatA ataeva vaisA padArtha pAramArthika ho nahIM sakatA ( vAdanyAya pR0 6) / bauddhoMne kevalanityatvavAda ( tattva saM0 kA0 364) kI taraha jainadarzanasammata pariNAminityatvavAda arthAt dravyaparyAyAtmakavAda yA eka vastuko dvirUpa mAnanevAle vAdake nirAsameM bhI usI arthakriyAkAritvakI kasauTIkA upayoga kiyA-(tattva saM0 kA0 1738) / unhoMne kahA ki eka hI padArtha sat asat ubhayarUpa nahIM bana sktaa| kyoMki eka hI padArtha arthakriyAkA karanevAlA aura nahIM karanevAlA kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? isa taraha bauddhoM ke prativAdI darzana vaidika aura jaina do vibhAga meM baiTa jAte haiN| 1 'davvaThiyassa jo ceva kuNai so ceva veyae NiyamA / aNNo karei aNNo paribhuMjai pajayaNayassa ||'-snmti0 1. 52 / 'na bandhamokSau kSaNikaikasaMsthau na saMvRtiH sApi mRSAsvabhAvA / mukhyAhate gauNavidhirna dRSTo vibhrAntadRSTistava dRSTito'nyA ||'-yukty0 kA 15 /

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146 vaidika paramparAmaise, jahA~ taka mAlUma hai, sabase pahile vAcaspati mizra aura jayantane usa bauddhodbhAvita arthakriyAkAritva kI kasauTIkA, prativAda kiyaa| yadyapi vAcaspati aura jayanta donoMkA lakSya eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki akSaNika evaM nitya vastu siddha karanA, to bhI unhoMne arthakriyAkAritva jise bauddhoMne kevalanityapakSameM asambhava batalAyA thA usakA bauddha-sammata kSaNikapakSameM asambhava batalAte hue bhinna-bhinna vicArasaraNIkA anusaraNa kiyA hai| vAcaspatine sApekSatva-anapekSatvakA vikalpa karake kSaNika arthakriyAkAritvakA asambhava sAbita kiyA (tAtparya0 pR0 354-6), to jayantane bauddha svIkRta kramayogapadyake vikalpajAlako hI lekara bauddhavAdakA khaNDana kiyA-(nyAyama0 pR0 453, 464 ) / bhadanta yogasenane bhI, jinakA pUrvapakSI rUpa se nirdeza kamalazIlane tatvasaMgrahapaMjikAmeM kiyA hai, bauddhasammata kSaNikatvavAdake viruddha jo vikalpajAla racA hai usameM bhI bauddhasvIkRta kramayogapadyavikalpacakrako hI bauddhoMke viruddha calAyA hai (tatvasaM0 kA0 428 se)| yadyapi bhadanta vizeSaNa honese yogasenake bauddha honekI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai tathApi jahA~ taka bauddha paraMparAmeM nityatva-sthiravAda poSaka pakSake astitvakA prAmANika patA na cale taba taka yahI kalpanA ThIka hogI ki zAyada vaha jaina, AjIvaka yA sAMkhyaparivrAjaka ho / jo kucha ho yaha to nizcita hI hai ki bauddhoMkI arthakriyAkAritvavAlI tArkika kasoTIko lekara hI bauddhasammata kSaNikatvavAdakA khaNDana nityavAdI vaidika vidvAnoMne kiyaa| kSaNikatvavAdake dUsare prabala prativAdI jaina rhe| unhoMne bhI tarkayugamaiM kSaNikatvakA nirAsa usA arthakriyAkAritvavAlI bauddhodbhAvita tArkika kasoTAkA lekara hI kiyA / jahA~ taka mAlUma hai jaina paraMparAmeM sabase pahile isa kasoTAke dvArA kSANakatvakA nirAsa karanevAle akalaGka haiN| unhoMne usa kasauTIke dvArA vaidikasammata kevala nityatvavAdakA khaNDana to vaise hI kiyA jaisA bauddhone| aura usI kasauTIke dvArA kSaNikatvavAdakA khaNDana bhI vaise hI kiyA jaisA bhadanta yogasena aura jayantane kiyA hai| yaha bAta smaraNa rakhane yogya hai ki nityatva yA kSaNikatvAdi vAdoMke khaNDana-maNDanameM vividha vikalpake sAtha arthakriyAkAritva kI kasauTIkA praveza takayugameM huA taba bhI ukta vAdoMke 1 'arthakriyA na yujyeta nityakSaNikapakSayoH / kramAkramAbhyAM bhAvAnAM sA lakSaNatayA matA ||'-lghii0 2.1 /

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khaNDana-maNDanameM kAma lAI gaI prAcIna bandhamokSavyavasthA zrAdi kasauTIkA upayoga bilakula zUnya nahIM huA, vaha gauNamAtra avazya ho gayA / .. eka hI vastukI dravya-paryAyarUpase yA sadasad evaM nityAnityAdi rUpase jaina evaM jaiminIya zrAdi darzanasammata dvirUpatAkA bauddhoMne jo khaNDana kiyA, (tatvasaM0 kA0 222, 311, 312) usakA javAba bauddhoMkI hI vikalpajAlajaTila arthakriyAkAritvavAlI dalIlase denA akalaGka Adi jainAcAryoMne zurU kiyA jisakA anusaraNa pichale sabhI jaina tArkikoMne kiyA hai| prA. hemacandra bhI usI mArgakA avalambana , karake pahile kevalanityatvavAdakA khaNDana bauddhoMke hI zabdoMmeM karate haiM aura kevalakSaNikatvavAdakA khaNDana bhI bhadanta yogasena yA jayanta Adike zabdoMmeM karate haiM aura sAtha hI jainadarzanasammata dravyaparyAyavAdake samarthanake vAste usI kasauTIkA upayoga karake kahate haiM ki arthakriyAkAritva jaimavAda pakSameM hI ghaTa sakatA hai| I0 1936] [pramANa mImAMsA

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pramANaphala carcA dArzanikakSetrameM pramANa aura usake phalakI carcA bhI eka khAsa sthAna rakhatI hai| yoM to yaha viSaya tarkayugake pahile zruti-zrAgama yugameM bhI vicArapradezameM AyA hai| upaniSadoM, piTakoM aura AgamoMmeM jJAna-samyagjJAna ke phalakA kathana hai| ukta yugameM vaidika, bauddha, jaina sabhI paramparAmeM jJAnakA phala avidyAnAza yA vastuviSayaka adhigama kahA hai para vaha AdhyAtmika dRSTise arthAt mokSa lAbhakI dRSTise / usa adhyAtma yugameM jJAna isIlie upAdeya samajhA jAtA thA ki usake dvArA avidyA-ajJAna kA nAza hokara evaM vastukA vAstavika bodha hokara antameM mokSa prApta ho', para tarkayugameM yaha carcA vyAvahArika dRSTise bhI hone lagI, ataeva hama tarkayugamai honevAlI-pramANaphalaviSayaka carcAmeM adhyAtmayugIna alaukika dRSTi aura tarkayugIna laukika dRSTi donoM pAte haiM / laukika dRSTimeM kevala isI bhAvako sAmane rakhakara pramANake phalakA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai ki pramANake dvArA vyavahArameM sAkSAt kyA siddha hotA hai, aura paramparAse kyA, cAhe antameM bhokSalAbha hotA ho yA nhiiN| kyoMki laukika dRSTimeM mokSAnadhikArI puruSagata pramANoMke phalakI carcAkA bhI samAveza hotA hai| tInoM paramparAkI tarkayugInapramANaphalaviSayaka carcAmeM mukhyatayA vicAraNIya aMza do dekhe jAte haiM-eka to phala aura pramANakA pArasparika bheda-abheda aura dUsarA phalakA svarUpa / nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAMsaka zrAdi vaidika darzana phalako pramANase bhinna hI mAnate haiM / bauddha darzana use abhinna kahatA hai jaba 1 'so'vidyAgranthi vikaratIha saumya'-muNDako0 2. 1. 10 / sAMkhyakA0 67-68 / utta0 28, 2, 3 / 'tametaM vuccati-yadA ca jJAtvA so dhamma saccAni abhisamessati / tadA avijjUpasamA upasanto carissati ||'-visuddhi pR0 544 / 2...tattvajJAnAniHzreyasam'-vai0 sU0 1. 1. 3 / ...tattvajJAnAniHzreyasAdhigamaH'-nyAyasU0 1. 1. 1 / 'yadA sannikarSastadA jJAnaM pramitiH, yadA zAnaM tadA hAnopAdAnopekSAbuddhayaH phalam'-nyAyabhA0 1. 1. 3 / 3 zlokavA. pratyakSa0 zlo074, 75 / 4 pramANasamu0 1.6 / nyAyabi0 TI0 1.21 /

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152 ki jaina darzana apanI anekAnta prakRti ke anusAra phala- pramANakA bhedAbheda batalAtA hai' / phalake svarUpake viSaya meM vaizeSika, naiyAyika aura mImAMsaka sabhIkA mantavya eka-sA hI hai / ve sabhI indriyavyApArake bAda honevAle sannikarSase lekara hAnopAdAnopecAbuddhi takake kramika phaloMkI paramparAko phala kahate hue bhI usa paramparAmaiMse pUrva pUrva phalako uttara uttara phalakI apekSA se pramANa bhI kahate haiM arthAt unake kathanAnusAra indriya to pramANa hI hai, phala nahIM aura hAnopAdAnopekSA buddhi jo antima phala hai vaha phala hI hai pramANa nahIM | para bIcake sannikarSa, nirvikalpa aura savikalpa ye tInoM pUrva pramANakI apekSA se phala aura uttaraphala kI apekSA se pramANa bhI haiM / isa mantavyameM phala pramANa kahalAtA hai para vaha svabhinna uttaraphalakI apekSA se / isa taraha isa matameM pramANa - phalakA bheda spaSTa hI hai | vAcaspati mizra ne isI bhedako dhyAna meM rakhakara sAMkhya prakriyAmeM bhI pramANa aura phalakI vyavasthA apanI kaumudImeM kI hai / 5. bauddha paramparAmai phalake svarUpake viSaya meM do mantavya haiM- pahalA viSayAdhigama ko aura dUsarA svasaMvittiko phala kahatA hai / yadyapi diGnAgasaMgRhIta ina do mantavyoM se pahalekAhI kathana aura vivaraNa dharmakIttiM tathA unake TIkAkAra dharmottara ne kiyA hai tathApi zAntarakSitane una donoM bauddha mantavyoM kA saMgraha karaneke : alAvA unakA sayuktika upapAdana aura unake pArasparika antarakA pratipAdana bhI kiyA hai / zAntarakSita aura unake ziSya kamalazIlane yaha spaSTa batalAyA hai ki bAhyArthavAda, jise pArthasArathi mizra ne sautrAntikakA kahA hai usake matAnusAra jJAnagata viSayasArUpya pramANa hai aura viSayAdhigati phala, jaba ki vijJAnavAda jise pArthasArathine yogAcArakA kahA hai usake matAnusAra jJAnamata 1 ' karaNasya kriyAyAzca kathaMcidekatvaM pradIpratamovigamavat nAnAtvaM ca parazvAdivat'1- aSTaza0 praSTasa0 pR0 283-284 2 ' yadA sannikarSastadA jJAnaM pramitiH, yadA jJAnaM tadA hAnopAdAnopekSAbuddhayaH phalam |' - nyAyabhA0 1.1.3 / zlokavA0 pratyakSa * zlo0 56-73 / prakaraNa pa0 pR0 64 | kandalI pR0 168-6 / 3 sAMkhyata0 kA 0 4 / 4 pramANasamu0 1 10-12 / zlo0 nyAya0 pR0 158 - 156 / 5 nyAyavi0 1. 18-16 /

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svasaMvedana hI phala hai aura jJAnagata tathAvidha yogyatA hI pramANa hai| yaha dhyAna rahe ki bauddha matAnusAra pramANa aura phala donoM jJAnagata dharma haiM aura unamai bheda na mAne jAneke kAraNa ve abhinna kahe gae haiN| kumArila ne isa bauddhasammata abhedavAdakA khaNDana (zlokavA0 pratyakSa0 zlo0 74 se) karake jo vaizeSika naiyAyikake bhedavAdakA abhimatarUpase sthApana kiyA hai usakA javAba zAntarakSitane akSarazaH dekara bauddhasammata abhedabhAvakI yuktiyuktatA dikhAI hai-(tatvasaM0 kA0 1340 se)| - jaina paramparAmeM sabase pahile tArkika siddhasena aura samantabhadra hI haiM jinhoMne laukika dRSTise bhI pramANake phalakA vicAra jaina paramparAke anusAra vyavasthita kiyA hai| ukta donoM prAcAryokA phalaviSayaka kathana zabda aura bhAvameM samAna hI hai-(nyAyA0 kA0 28, prAptamI0 kA0 102) / donoMke kathanAnusAra pramANakA sAkSAt phala to ajJAnanivRtti hI hai| para vyavahita phala yathAsambhava hAnopAdAnopekSAbuddhi hai| siddhasena aura samantabhadrake kathana meM tIna bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiM 1-ajJAnavinAzakA phalarUpase ullekha, jisakA vaidika-bauddha paramparAmeM nirdeza nahIM dekhA jAtA / 2-vaidika paramparAmeM jo madhyavartI phaloMkA sApekSa bhAvase pramANa aura phala rUpase kathana hai usake ullekhakA abhAva, jaisA ki bauddha tarkagranthoMmeM bhI hai / 3-pramANa aura phalake bhedAbheda viSayaka kathanakA abhAva / siddhasena aura samantabhadrake bAda akalaGka hI isa viSayameM mukhya dekhe jAte haiM jinhoMne siddhasena-samantabhadradarzitaH phalaviSayaka jaina mantavyakA saMgraha karate hue usameM anirdiSTa donoM aMzokI spaSTatayA pUrti kI, arthAt akalaGkane pramANa aura phalake bhedAbhedaviSayaka jaina mantavyako spaSTatayA kahA ( aSTaza0 aSTasa0 pR0 283-4 ) aura madhyavartI phaloMko pramANa tathA phala ubhayarUpa kahanekI vaizeSika, naiyAyika, mImAMsakakI sApekSa zailIko jaina prakriyAke anusAra ghaTAkara usakA spaSTa nirdeza kiyaa| mANikyanandI (parI0 5; 1. se) aura devasUrine (pramANana0 6. 3 se) apane-apane sUtroMmeM pramANakA phala batalAte hue sirpha vahI bAta kahI 1 'viSayAdhigatizcAtra pramANaphalamiSyate / svavittirvA pramANaM tu sArUpyaM yogyatApi vA ||'-tttvsN0 kA0 1344 | zlo0 nyAya0 pR0 158-156 / / 2 'bahAdyavagrahAdyaSTacatvAriMzat svasaMvidAm / pUrvapUrvapramANatvaM phala syAduttarottaram ||'-lghii0 1. 6 /

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hai jo siddhasena aura smntbhdrne| alabattA unhoMne akalaGkanirdiSTa pramANa-phalake bhedAbhedakA jaina mantavya sUtrita kiyA hai para unhoMne madhyavartI phaloMko sApekSabhAvase pramANa aura phala kahanekI akalaGkasUcita jainazailIko sUtrita nahIM kiyaa| vidyAnandakI tIkSNa dRSTi ajJAnanivRtti aura sva-paravyavasiti zabdakI ora gii| yogAcAra aura sautrAntika siddhAntake anusAra pramANake phalarUpase phalita honevAlI sva aura para vyavasitiko hI vidyAnandane ajJAnanivRttirUpa batalAyA (tattvArthazlo0 pR0 168; pramANapa0 pR0 76 ) jisakA anusaraNa prabhAcandrane mArtaNDamaiM aura devasUrine ratnAkarameM kiyaa| aba takamaiM jainatArkikoMkA eka sthira-sA mantavya hI ho gayA ki jise siddhasena-samantabhadrane ajJAnanivRtti kahA hai vaha vastutaH sva-paravyavasiti hI hai / zrA. hemacandrane prastuta carcAmeM pUrvavartI sabhI jaimatArkikoMke matoMkA saMgraha to kiyA hI hai para sAtha hI usameM apanI vizeSatA bhI dikhAI hai| unhoMne prabhAcandra aura devasUrikI taraha sva-paravyavasitiko hI ajJAnanivRtti na kahakara donoMko alaga-alaga phala mAnA hai / pramANa aura phalake abheda pakSameM kumArila ne bauddhoMke Upara jo doSa diye the aura jinakA nirAsa dharmottarakI nyAyabinduvyAkhyA tathA zAntarakSitake tattvasaMgrahameM hai unhIM doSoMkA nivAraNa bauddha DhaMgase karate hue bhI prA0 hemacandrane apanA vaiyAkaraNatva AkarSaka tArkikazailImeM vyakta kiyA hai| jaise aneka viSayoMmeM zrA0 hemacandra akalaGkakA khAsa anusaraNa karate haiM vaise hI isa carcA meM bhI unhoMne madhyavartI phaloMko sApekSabhAvase pramANa aura phala kahanevAlI akalaGkasthApita jainazailIko sUtrameM zabdazaH sthAna diyA / isa taraha hama pramANa-phalake carcAviSayaka prastuta sUtroMmeM vaidika, bauddha aura jaina sabhI paramparAoMkA yathAsambhava jainamata rUpase samanvaya eka hI jagaha pAte haiM / I0 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA

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pratyakSa vicAra pratyakSake saMbandhameM anya muddoM para likhaneke pahale yaha jatA denA jarUrI hai ki prAcIna samayamai lakSaNakAra RSi pratyakSa lakSaNakA lakSya kitanA samajhate the arthAt ve janya pratyakSa mAtrako lakSya mAnakara lakSaNa racate the, yA janya-nityasAdhAraNa pratyakSako lakSya mAnakara lakSaNa racate the jaisA ki uttarakAlIna naiyAyikoMne Age jAkara janya-nitya sAdhAraNa pratyakSakA lakSaNa racA hai ? jahA~ taka dekhA gayA usase yahI jAna par3atA hai ki prAcIna samayake lakSaNakAroMmeM se kisIne cAhe vaha IzvarAvirodhI naiyAyika vaizeSika hI kyoM na ho janyanitya sAdhAraNa pratyakSakA lakSaNa banAyA nahIM hai| IzvarAvirodhI ho yA IzvaravirodhI sabhI darzanakAroMke prAcIna mUla granthoM meM eka mAtra janyapratyakSakA hI nirUpaNa hai| nityapratyakSakA kisImeM sambhava bhI hai aura sambhava hai to vaha IzvarameM hI hotA hai isa bAtakA kisI prAcIna granthameM sUcana taka nahIM / apauruSeyatvake dvArA vedake prAmANyakA samarthana karanevAle mImAMsakoMke viruddha nyAya-vaizeSika darzanane yaha sthApana to zurU kara diyA ki veda zabdAtmaka aura anitya honese usakA prAmANya apauruSeyatva-mUlaka nahIM kintu pauruSeyatva-mUlaka hI hai| phira bhI usa darzanake prAcIna vidvAnoMne veda-praNetArUpase kahIM IzvarakA spaSTa sthApana nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne vedako prApta RSipraNIta kaha kara hI usakA prAmANya mImAMsaka-sammata prakriyAse bhinna prakriyA dvArA sthApita kiyA aura sAtha hI vedAprAmANyavAdI jaina bauddha Adiko javAba bhI de diyA ki veda pramANa hai kyoMki usake praNetA hamAre mAnya RSi pAsa hI rahe | pichale 1. vaize0 3. 1. 18 / 'indriyArthasannikarSotpannamavyapadezyamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM pratyakSam'-nyAyasU0 1. 1. 4 / 'prativiSayAdhyavasAyo dRSTam'-sAMkhyakA0 5 / sAMkhyasU0 1.86 / yogabhA0 1.7 / 'satsaMprayoge puruSasyendriyANAm........-jaimi0 1. 1. 4 / 'zrAtmendriyamano'rthAt sannikarSAt pravartate / vyaktA tadAtve yA buddhiH pratyakSa sA nirUpyate ||'crksN0 11, 20 / 2. nyAyasU0 1. 1. 7, 2. 1. 66 / vaize0 6.1.1 /

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vyAkhyAkAra naiyAyikoMne jaise Izvarako jagatsraSTA bhI mAnA aura veda-praNetA bhI, isI taraha unhoMne usameM nityajJAna kI kalpanA bhI kI vaise kisI bhI prAcIna vaidika darzanasUtragranthoMmeM na to IzvarakA jagatsraSTA rUpase na vedakartA rUpase spaSTa sthApana hai aura na kahIM bhI usameM nityajJAnake astitvakA ullekha bhI hai| ataeva yaha sunizcita hai ki prAcIna sabhI pratyakSa lakSaNoMkA lakSya kevala janya pratyakSa hI hai| isI janya pratyakSako lekara kucha muddoM para yahA~ vicAra prastuta hai| 1. laukikAlaukikatA-prAcIna samayamai lakSyakoTimeM janyamAtra hI niviSTa thA phira bhI cArvAka ke sivAya sabhI darzanakAroMne janya pratyakSake laukika alaukika aise do prakAra mAne haiN| sabhIne indriyajanya aura manomAtrajanya vartamAna saMbaddha-viSayaka jJAnako laukika pratyakSa kahA hai| alaukika pratyakSakA varNana bhinna-bhinna darzanoMmeM bhinna-bhinna nAmase hai| sAMkhya-yoga, 'nyAyavaizeSika, aura bauddha sabhI alaukika pratyakSakA yogi-pratyakSa yA yogi-jJAna nAmase nirUpaNa karate haiM jo yogajanya sAmarthya dvArA janita mAnA jAtA hai| mImAMsaka jo sarvazatvakA khAsakara dharmAdharmasAkSAtkArakA ekAnta virodhI hai vaha bhI mokSAGgabhUta eka prakArake AtmajJAnakA astitva mAnatA hai jo vastutaH yogajanya yA alaukika hI hai| vedAntameM jo IzvarasAkSIcaitanya hai vahI alaukika pratyakSa sthAnIya hai| jaina darzanakI zrAgamika paramparA aise pratyakSako hI pratyakSa kahatI hai. 5 kyoMki usa parasparAke anusAra pratyakSa kevala vahI mAnA jAtA hai jo indriyajanya na ho| usa paramparAke anusAra to darzanAntarasaMmata laukikapratyakSa pratyakSa nahIM para parokSa hai phira bhI jaina darzanakI tArkika paramparA pratyakSake do prakAra mAnakara ekako jise darzanAntaroMmeM laukika pratyakSa kahA hai sAMvyavahArika 1. yogasU0 3. 54 / sAMkhyakA0 64 / 2. vaize0 6. 1..13-15 / 3. nyAyabi0 1. 11 / 4. 'sarvatraiva hi vijJAnaM saMskAratvena gamyate parAGga cAtmavijJAnAdanyatretyavadhAraNAt ||'-tntrvaa0 pR0 240 / 5. tattvArtha0 1. 22 / 6. tattvArtha0 1.11 /

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pratyakSa kahatI hai' aura dUsareko jo darzanAntaroM meM alaukika pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai pAramArthika pratyakSa kahatI hai / tathA pAramArthika pratyakSake kAraNarUpase labdhi yA viziSTa AtmazaktikA varNana karatI hai, jo eka prakArase jaina paribhASAmeM yogaja dharma hI hai| / 2. alaukikameM nirvikalpakA sthAna-aba prazna yaha hai ki alaukika pratyakSa nirvikalpaka hI hotA hai yA savikalpaka hI hotA hai, yA ubhayarUpa ? isake uttarameM ekavAkyatA nahIM / tArkika bauddha aura zAGkaravedAnta' paramparAke anusAra to alaukika pratyakSa nirvikalpa hI saMbhavita hai savikalpaka kabhI nahIM / rAmAnujakA mata' isase bilakula ulaTA hai, tadanusAra laukika ho yA alaukika koI bhI pratyakSa sarvathA nirvikalpaka saMbhava hI nahIM para nyAya vaizeSika aradi anya vaidika darzana ke anusAra alaukika pratyakSa savikalpaka nirvikalpaka-ubhaya saMbhavita jAna par3atA hai / yahA~ saMbhavita zabdakA prayoga isalie kiyA hai ki bhAsarvajJa (nyAyasAra pR0 4) jaise prabala naiyAyikane uktarUpase dvividha yogi-pratyakSakA spaSTa hI kathana kiyA hai phira bhI kaNAdasUtra aura prazastapAdabhASya zrAdi prAcIna granthoMmeM aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM / jaina paramparAke anusAra alaukika yA pAramArthika pratyakSa ubhayarUpa hai| kyoMki jaina darzanameM jo avadhidarzana tathA kevaladarzana nAmaka sAmAnyabodha mAnA jAtA hai vaha alaukika nirvikalpaka hI hai / aura jo avadhijJAna, manaHparyayajJAna tathA kevalajJAnarUpa vizeSabodha hai vahI savikalpaka hai| 3. pratyakSatvakA niyAmaka prazna hai ki pratyakSatvakA niyAmaka tattva kyA hai, jisake kAraNa koI bhI bodha yA jJAna pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai ? isakA javAba bhI darzanoMmeM ekavidha nahIM / navya zAGkara vedAntake anusAra pratyakSatvakA niyAmaka hai pramANacaitanya aura viSayacaitanyakA abheda jaisA ki vedAntaparibhASA (pR0 23) meM savistara varNita hai| nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, bauddha, mImAMsaka darzanake anusAra pratyakSatvakA niyAmaka hai sannikarSajanyatva, jo sannikarSa se, cAhe vaha sannikarSa laukika ho yA alaukika, janya hai, vaha saba pratyakSa / jaina darzanameM pratyakSa niyAmaka do tattva haiN| aAgabhika paramparAke anusAra to eka mAtra 1. TippaNI pR0 22 / 2. Indian Psychology : Perception. P. 352. 3. 'ataH pratyakSasya kadAcidapi na nirvizeSaviSayatvam-zrI bhASya pR0 21 /

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AtmamAtra sApekSatva hI pratyakSatvakA niyAmaka (sarvArtha 1. 12 ) hai| jaba ki tArkika paramparAke anusAra usake alAvA indriyamanojanyatva bhI pratyakSatvakA niyAmaka phalita hotA hai / (pramANa mI0 1.20) vastutaH jainatArkika paramparA nyAya-vaizeSika Adi vaidika darzanAnusAriNI hI hai / 4. pratyakSatvakA kSetra-pratyakSatva kevala nirvikalpakameM hI maryAdita hai yA vaha savikalpaka meM bhI hai ? isake javAba meM bauddha kA kathana hai ki vaha mAtra nirvikalpakameM maryAdita hai| jaba ki bauddha bhinna sabhI darzanoMkA mantavya nirvikalpaka-savikalpaka donoMmeM pratyakSatvake svIkArakA hai| 5. janya nityasAdhAraNa pratyakSa-abhItaka janyamAtrako lakSya mAnakara lakSaNakI carcA huI para madhyayugameM jaba ki IzvarakA jagatkartRrUpase yA vedapraNetR rUpase nyAya-vaizeSikAdi darzanoMmeM spaSTa sthAna nirNIta huA tabhIse IzvarIya pratyakSa nitya mAne jAneke kAraNa janya-nitya ubhaya sAdhAraNa pratyakSa lakSaNa banAnekA prazna IzvaravAdiyoMke sAmane paayaa| jAna par3atA hai aise sAdhAraNa lakSaNakA prayatna bhAsarvajJane sarvaprathama kiyaa| usane 'samyagaparokSAnubhava' (nyAyasAra pR0 2) ko pratyakSa pramA kahakara janya-nitya ubhaya-pratyakSakA eka hI lakSaNa bnaayaa| zAlikanAtha jo prabhAkarakA anugAmI hai usane bhI 'sAkSAtpratIti' (prakaraNapa0 pR0 51) ko pratyakSa kahakara dUsare zabdoM meM bAhyaviSayaka indriyajanya tathA prAtmA aura jJAnagrAhI indriyAjanya aise dvividha pratyakSa (prakaraNapa0 pR0 51) ke sAdhAraNa lakSaNa kA praNayana kiyaa| para Age jAkara navya naiyAyikoMne bhAsarvajJake aparokSa pada tathA zAlikanAthake sAkSAtpratIti padakA 'jJAnAkaraNakajJAna' ko janya-nitya sAdhAraNa pratyakSa kahakara navya paribhASAmeM spaSTIkaraNa kiyA (muktA0 52) / idhara jainadarzanake tArkikoMmeM bhI sAdhAraNalakSaNapraNayanakA prazna upasthita huaA jAna par3atA hai| jaina darzana nityapratyakSa to mAnatA hI nahIM ataeva usake sAmane janya-nityasAdhAraNa lakSaNakA prazna na thA / para sAMvyavahArika, pAramArthika ubhayavidha pratyakSake sAdhAraNa lakSaNakA prazna thaa| jAna par3atA hai isakA javAba sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkarane hI diyaa| unhoMne aparokSarUpa jJAnako pratyakSa kahakara sAMvyavahArika-pAramArthika ubhayasAdhAraNa aparokSatvako lakSaNa banAyA (nyAyA* 4) / yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki sirasenake 'aparokSa'padake prayogakA prabhAva bhAsarvajJake lakSaNamaiM hai yA nahIM ? para itanA to nizcita hI hai ki jaina paramparAmeM aparokSatvarUpase sAdhAraNa lakSaNakA prAraMbha siddhasenane hI kiyA /

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156 6. doSakA nivAraNa - siddhasenane parokSatvako pratyakSa mAtrakA sAdhAraNa lakSaNa banAyA / para usameM eka truTi hai jo kisI bhI sUkSmaprajJa tArkikase chipI raha nahIM sakatI / vaha yaha hai ki agara pratyakSakA lakSaNa aparokSa hai to parokSakA lakSaNa kyA hogA ? agara yaha kahA jAya ki parokSakA lakSaNa pratyakSa bhinnatva yA apratyakSatva hai to isameM spaSTa hI anyonyAzraya hai / jAna par3atA hai isa doSako dUra karanekA tathA aparokSatvake svarUpako sphuTa karanekA prayatna sarvaprathama bhaTTAraka akalaGkane kiyaa| unhoMne bahuta hI prAjJjala zabdoM meM kaha diyA ki jo jJAna vizada hai vahI pratyakSa haiM - ( laghI0 1. 3 ) / unhoMne isa vAkya meM sAdhAraNa lakSaNa to garbhita kiyA hI para sAtha hI ukta anyonyAzraya doSako bhI TAla diyA / kyoMki aba aparokSapada hI nikala gayA, jo parokSatvake nirvAcanako apekSA rakhatA thA / kalaGka kI lAkSaNikatAne, kevala itanA hI nahIM kiyA para sAtha hI vaizadyakA sphoTa bhI kara diyA / vaha sphoTa bhI aisA ki jisase sAMvyavahArika pAramArthika donoM pratyakSakA saMgraha ho / unhoMne kahA ki anumAnAdikI apekSA vizeSa pratibhAsa karanA hI vaizaya hai- ( laghI0 1. 4) / kalaGkakA yaha sAdhAraNa lakSaNakA prayatna aura sphoTa hI uttaravartI sabhI zvetAmbara - digambara tArkikoM ke pratyakSa lakSaNa meM pratibimbita huA / kisI ne vizada padake sthAna meM 'spaSTa''pada (pramANana02. 2) rakhA to kisIne usI padako hI rakhA - ( parI 2. 3 ) / * hemacandra jaise aneka sthaloMmeM kalaGkAnugAmI haiM vaise hI pratyakSa ke lakSaNake bAremeM bhI akalaGkake hI anugAmI haiM / yahA~ taka ki unhoMne to vizada pada aura vaizadyakA vivaraNa akalaGkake samAna hI rkhaa| akalaGkakI paribhASA itanI dRDhamUla ho gaI ki antima tArkika upAdhyAya yazovijayajIne bhI pratyakSa ke lakSaNa meM usIkA Azraya kiyA - tarkabhASA0 pR0 1 / I0 1636 ] [ pramANa mImAMsA

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bauddhapratyakSa lakSaNa - bauddha nyAyazAstrameM pratyakSa lakSaNa kI do paramparAe~ dekhI jAtI haiM--pahalI abhrAntapada rahita, dUsarI abhrAntapada shit| pahalI paramparAkA puraskartA diGnAga aura dUsarIkA dharmakIrti hai| pramANasamuccaya (1.3) aura nyAyapraveza (pR0 7) meM pahalI paramparAke anusAra lakSaNa aura vyAkhyAna hai| nyAyabindu (1.4) aura usakI dharmottarIya Adi vRttimeM dUsarI paramparAke anusAra lakSaNa evaM vyAkhyAna hai| zAntarakSitane tattvasaMgrahameM (kA0 1214 ) dharmakIrtikI dUsarI paramparAkA hI samarthana kiyA hai| jAna par3atA hai zAntarakSitake samaya taka bauddha tArkikoMmeM do pakSa spaSTarUpase ho gae the jinameMse eka pakSa abhrAntapadake sivAya hI pratyakSakA pUrNa lakSaNa mAnakara pIta zaGkhAdi bhrAnta zAnoMmeM bhI (tattvasaM0 kA0 1324 se) diGnAga kathita pramANa lakSaNaghaTAnekA prayatna karatA thA / ___usa pakSako javAba dete hue diGnAgake matakA tAtparya zAntarakSitane isa prakArase batalAyA hai ki jisase diGnAgake abhrAntapada rahita lakSaNavAkyakA samarthana bhI ho aura abhrAntapada sahita dharmakIrtIya paramparAkA vAstavikatva bhI banA rahe / zAntarakSita aura unake ziSya kamalazIla donoMkI dRSTimeM diGnAga tathA dharmakIrtikA samAna sthAna thaa| isIse unhoMne donoM virodhI bauddha tArkika pakSoMkA samanvaya karanekA prayatna kiyaa| ___ bauddhetara tarka granthoM meM ukta donoM bauddha paramparAoMkA khaNDana dekhA jAtA hai| bhAmahake kAvyAlaGkAra (5. 6 pR0 32 ) aura udyotakarake nyAyavArtikameM ( 1. 1. 4. pR0 41) diGnAgIya pratyakSa lakSaNakA hI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai jaba ki udyotakarake bAdake vAcaspati, (tAtparya0 pR0 154) jayanta (maJjarI pR0 52), zrIdhara ( kandalI pR0 160 ) aura zAlikanAtha (prakaraNa 50 pR0 47 ) Adi sabhI prasiddha vaidika vidvAnoMkI kRtiyomeM dharmakIrtIya pratyakSa lakSaNakA pUrvapakSa rUpase ullekha hai / jaina AcAryoMne jo bauddhasammata pratyakSa lakSaNakA khaNDana kiyA hai usameM diGnAgIya aura dharmakIrtIya donoM lakSaNoMkA nirdeza evaM prativAda pAyA jAtA hai| siddhasena divAkarakI kRti rUpase mAne jAnevAle nyAyAvatArameM jaina paramparA

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161 nusArI pramANa lakSaNameM jo bAdhavarjitapada - ( nyAyA0 9 ) hai vaha akSapAdake ( nyAyasU0 1.1.4 ) pratyakSa lakSaNagata zravyabhicAripadakA pratibimba hai yA kumArila kartRka samajhe jAnevAle 'tatrApUrvArthavijJAnaM pramANaM bAdhavarjitam' lakSaNagata bAdhavarjita padakI anukRti hai yA dharmakItIya ( nyAyabi 0 1.4 ) abhrAntapadakA rUpAntara hai yA svayaM divAkarakA maulika udbhAvana hai yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai | jo kucha ho para yaha to nizcita hI hai ki grA0 hemacandrakA bauddha pratyakSalakSaNa viSayaka khaNDana dharmakIttIya paramparAko uddezyameM rakhakara hI hai, diGnAgIya paramparAko uddezyameM rakhakara nahIM - pra0 mI0 pR0 23 / bauddha lakSaNagata kalpanA'poDha padameM sthita kalpanA zabdake arthake saMbaMdha meM khuda bauddha tArkiko aneka bhinna-bhinna mata the jinakA kucha khayAla zAntarakSita ( tatvasaM0 kA 0 1214 se ) kI isase saMbandha rakhanevAlI vistRta carcAse zrA sakatA hai, evaM aneka vaidika aura jaina tArkika jinhoMne bauddha pakSakA khaNDana kiyA hai unake vistRta UhApohAtmaka khaNDana granthase bhI kalpanA zabdake mAne jAnevAle aneka arthoMkA patA calatA hai'| khAsakara jaba hama kevala khaNDana pradhAna tatvopaplava grantha ( pR0 41) dekhate haiM taba to kalpanA zabdake pracalita sambhavita karIba-karIba sabhI arthoM yA tadviSayaka matoMkA eka bar3A bhArI saMgraha hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai / aisA hone para bhI zrA0 hemacandrane to sirpha dharmakIrti abhimata ( nyAyabi0 1. 5) kalpanA svarUpakA - jisakA svIkAra aura samarthana zAntarakSitane bhI ( tatvasaM 0 kA 0 1214 ) kiyA - hI ullekha apane khaNDana granthameM kiyA hai anya kalpanAsvarUpakA nahIM / I. 1636 ] 1. nyAyavA0 pR0 41 | tAtparya0 pR0 153 | kaMdalI pR0 161 | nyAyama0 pR0 12-65 | tattvArthazlo0 pR0 185 / prameyaka0 pR0 18. B. / 11 [ prabhAraNa mImAMsA

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mImAMsaka kA pratyakSa lakSaNa mImAMsAdarzanameM pratyakSa pramANake svarUpakA nirdeza sarvaprathama jaiminIya sUtrameM (1. 1. 4) hI milatA hai| isa sUtrake Upara zAbarabhASyake alAvA anya bhI vyAkhyAe~ aura vRttiyA~ thiiN| unamaise bhavadAsakI vyAkhyA isa sUtrako pratyakSa lakSaNakA vidhAyaka mAnanevAlI thI (zlo0 nyAya0 pratyakSa zlo0 1) / dUsarI koI vyAkhyA isa sUtrako vidhAyaka nahIM para anuvAdaka mAnanevAlI thI (zlokavA0pratyakSa0 shlo016)| koI vRtti aisI bhI thI (zAbarabhA0 1.1.5) jo isa sUtrake zAbdika vinyAsameM matabheda rakhakara pAThAntara mAnanevAlI thI arthAt sUtrameM jo sat aura tat zabdakA kramika sthAna hai usake badale tat aura sat zabdakA vyatyaya mAnatI thii| kumArilane isa sUtrako lakSaNakA vidhAna yA svatantra anuvAdarUpa mAnanevAle pUrvamatoMkA nirAsa karake apane anokhe DhaGgase antamaiM usa sUtrako anuvAdarUpa hI sthApita kiyA hai aura sAtha hI usa pAThAntara mAnanevAle matakA bhI nirAsa kiyA hai (zlokavA0 pratyakSa0 zlo0 1-36) jesA ki prabhAkarane apane bRhatI grnthmeN| pratyakSalakSaNaparaka prastuta jaiminIya sUtrakA khaNDana mImAMsakabhinna vaidika, bauddha aura jaina sabhI tArkikoMne kiyA hai / bauddha paramparAmeM sabase prathama khaNDana karanevAle diGnAga (pramANa samu0 1. 37) jAna par3ate haiM / usIkA anusaraNa zAntarakSita Adine kiyA hai / vaidika paramparAmeM prathama khaNDana karanevAle udyotakara hI (nyAyavA0 pR0 43) jAna par3ate haiM / vAcaspati to udyotakarake hI TIkAkAra haiM (tAtparya0 pR0 155) para jayantane (nyAyama0 pR0 100) isake khaNDanameM vistAra aura svatantratAse kAma liyA hai| jaina paramparAmeM isake khaNDanakAra sarvaprathama akalaGka yA vidyAnanda (tattvArtha zlo0 pR0 187 zlo0 37 ) jAna par3ate haiN| abhayadeva (sanmati TI0 pR0534 ) Adine unhIMkA anugamana kiyA hai| zrA0 hemacandrane (pra0 mI0 pR0 23.) apane pUrvavartI jaina tArkikoMkA isa jaiminIya sUtrake khaNDanameM jo anusaraNa kiyA hai vaha jayantake maMjarIgata (pR0 100) khaNDana bhAgakA hI pratibimba mAtra hai jaisA ki anya jaina tArkika granthoM meM ( syAdvAdara0 pR0 381 ) hai / __ khaNDana karate samaya prA0 hemacandrane kumArila-sammata anuvAdabhaGgIkA nirdeza kiyA hai aura usa vyatyayavAle pAThAntarakA bhii|

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sAMkhyakA pratyakSa lakSaNa sAMkhya paramparAmeM pratyakSa lakSaNake mukhya tIna prakAra haiN| pahilA prakAra vindhyavAsIke lakSaNa kA hai jise vAcaspatine vArSagaNyake nAmase nirdiSTa kiyA hai ( tAtparya pR0 155) / dUsarA prakAra IzvarakRSNa ke lakSaNakA (sAMkhyakA 5) aura tIsarA sAMkhyasUtragata ( sAMkhyasU0 1.86) lakSaNakA hai / bauddhoM, jainoM aura naiyAyikoMne sAMkhyake pratyakSa lakSaNakA khaNDana kiyA hai / dhyAna rakhanekI bAta yaha hai ki vindhyavAsIke lakSaNakA khaNDana to sabhIne kiyA hai para IzvarakRSNa jaise prAcIna sAMkhyAcAryake lakSaNakA khaNDana sirpha jayanta (pR0 116 ) hI ne kiyA hai para sAMkhyasUtragata lakSaNakA khaNDana to kisI bhI prAcIna zrAcAryane nahIM kiyA hai| bauddhoMmeM prathama khaNDanakAra diGnAga (pramANasamu0 1. 27), naiyAyikoMmeM prathama khaNDanakAra udyotakara (nyAyavA0 pR0 43 ) aura janoMmeM prathama khaNDanakAra akalaGka ( nyAyavi0 1. 165) hI jAna par3ate haiM / zrA0 hemacandrane sAMkhyake lakSaNa khaNDanameM (pra0 mI0 pR024)pUrvAcAryoMkA anusaraNa kiyA hai para unakA khaNDana khAsakara jayantakRta (nyAyama0 pR0 106) khaNDanAnusArI hai| jayantane hI vindhyavAsI aura IzvarakRSNa donoMke lakSaNaprakArakA khaNDana kiyA hai, hemacandrane bhI unhIM ke zabdoMmeM donoM hI ke lakSaNakA khaNDana kiyA hai / I0 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA dhArAvAhika jJAna bhAratIya pramANazAstroM meM 'smRti' ke prAmANya-aprAmANyakI carcA prathamase hI calI AtI dekhI jAtI hai para dhArAvAhika jJAnoMke prAmANya-aprAmANya kI carcA sambhavataH bauddha paramparAse dharmakIrtike bAda dAkhila huii| eka bAra pramANazAstroM meM praveza honeke bAda to phira vaha sarvadarzanavyApI ho gaI aura isake pakSapratipakSameM yuktiyA~ tathA vAda sthira ho gae aura khAsa-khAsa paramparAe~ bana gii|

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164 vAcaspati, zrIdhara, jayanta, udayana Adi sabhI' nyAya-vaizeSika darzanake vidvAnoMne 'dhArAvAhika' jJAnoMko adhigatArthaka kahakara bhI pramANa hI mAnA hai aura unameM 'sUkSmakAlakalA' ke bhAnakA niSedha hI kiyA hai / ataeva unhoMne pramANa lakSaNameM 'anadhigata' zrAdi pada nahIM rakhe / ....... mImAMsakakI prabhAkarIya aura kumArilIya donoM paramparAoMmeM bhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoMkA prAmANya hI svIkAra kiyA hai / para donoMne usakA samarthana bhinna-bhinna prakArase kiyA hai| prabhAkarAnugAmI zAlikanAtha 'kAlakalA' kA bhAna binA mAne hI 'anubhUti' hone mAtrase unheM pramANa kahate haiM, jisa para nyAya vaizeSika paramparAkI chApa spaSTa hai / kumArilAnugAmI pArthasArathi', 'sUkSmakAlakalA' kA 1 'anadhigatArthagantRtvaM ca dhArAvAhikavijJAnAnAmadhigatArthagocarANAM lokasiddhapramANabhAvAnAM prAmANyaM vihantIti nAdriyAmahe / na ca kAla bhedenAna dhigatagocaratvaM dhArAvAhikAnAmiti yuktam / paramasUkSmANAM kAlakalAdibhedAnAM pizitalocanairasmAdRzairanAkalanAt / na cAdyenaiva vijJAnenopadarzitatvAdarthasya pravartitatvAt puruSasya prApitatvAccottareSAmaprAmANyameva jJAnAnAmiti vAcyam / nahi vijJAnasyArthaprApaNaM pravartanAdanyad, na ca pravartanamarthapradarzanAdanyat / tasmAdarthapradarzanamAtravyApArameva jJAnaM pravartakaM prApakaM c| pradarzanaM ca pUrvavaduttareSAmapi vijJAnAnAmabhinnamiti kathaM pUrvameva pramANaM nottarANyapi ? / ' tAtparya0 pR0 21. kandalI pR0 61. nyAyama0 pR0 22. nyAyaku0 4.1 / / 2 'dhArAvAhikeSu tAttaravijJAnAni smRtipramoSAdaviziSTAni kathaM pramANAni ? tatrAha-anyonyanirapekSAstu dhaaraavaahikbuddhyH| vyApriyamANe hi pUrvavijJAnakAraNakalApa uttareSAmapyutpattiriti na pratItita utpattito vA dhArAvAhikavijJAnAni parasparasyAtizerata iti yuktA sarveSAmapi pramANatA |'prkrnnp0 pR0 42-43; vRhatIpa0 pR0 103. / 3 'nanvevaM dhArAvAhikettareSAM pUrvagRhItArthaviSayakatvAdaprAmANyaM syAt / tasmAt 'anubhUtiH pramANam' iti pramANalakSaNam / tasmAt yathArthamagRhItagrAhi zAnaMpramANamiti vktvym| dhArAvAhikeSvapyuttarottareSAM kAlAntarasambaddhasyAgrahI tasya grahaNAd yuktaM prAmANyam / sannapi kAlabhedo'tisUkSmatvAnna parAmRSyata iti cet ; aho sUkSmadarzI devAnAMpriyaH! yo hi samAnaviSayayA vijJAnadhArayA ciramavasthAyoparataH so'nantarakSaNasambandhitayArtha smarati / tathAhi-kimatra ghaTo'vasthita iti pRSTaH kathayati-asmin kSaNe mayopalabdha iti / tathA prAtarArabhyaitAvatkAlaM mayopalabdha iti / kAlabhede tvagRhIte kathamevaM vadet / tasmAdasti kAlabhedasya parAmarzaH / tadAdhikyAcca siddhamuttareSAM praamaannym|'-shaastrdii0 pR0 124-126.

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165 bhAna mAnakara hI unameM prAmANyakA upapAdana karate haiM kyoMki kumArilaparamparAmeM pramANalakSaNameM 'apUrva' pada honese aisI kalpanA binA kiye 'dhArAvAhika' jJAnoM ke prAmANyakA samarthana kiyA nahIM jA sakatA / isa para bauddha aura jaina kalpanAkI chApa jAna par3atI hai| bauddha-paramparAmeM yadyapi dharmottara' ne spaSTatayA 'dhArAvAhika' kA ullekha karake to kucha nahIM kahA hai, phira bhI usake sAmAnya kathanase usakA jhukAva 'dhArAvAhika' ko apramANa mAnanekA hI jAna par3atA hai| hetubindukI TIkAmaiM arcaTa ne 'dhArAvAhika' ke biSayameM apanA mantavya prasaMgavaza spaSTa batalAyA hai| usane yogigata 'dhArAvAhika' jJAnoMko to 'sUkSma kAlakalA' kA bhAna mAnakara pramANa kahA hai / para sAdhAraNa pramAtAoMke dhArAvAhikoMko sUkSmakAlabhedagrAhaka na honese apramANa hI kahA hai| isa taraha bauddha paramparAmeM pramAtAke bheda se 'dhArAvAhika' ke prAmANya-aprAmANyakA svIkAra hai| jaina tarkagranthoM meM 'dhArAvAhika' jJAnoM ke prAmANya-aprAmANyake viSayameM do paramparAe~ haiM-digambarIya aura zvetAmbarIya / digambara paramparA ke anusAra 'dhArAvAhika' jJAna tabhI pramANa haiM jaba ve kSaNabhedAdi vizeSa kA bhAna karate hoM aura viziSTapramAjanaka hote hoN| jaba ve aisA na karate hoM taba pramANa nahIM haiN| isI taraha usa paramparAke anusAra yaha bhI samajhanA cAhie ki viziSTapramAjanaka hote hue bhI 'dhArAvAhika' jJAna jisa dravyAMzameM viziSTapramAjanaka nahIM haiM usa aMzamaiM ve apramANa aura vizeSAMzameM viziSTapramAjanaka honeke kAraNa pramANa haiM arthAt eka jJAna vyaktimeM bhI viSaya bheda kI apekSAse prAmANyA 1 'ata eva anadhigataviSayaM pramANam / yenaiva hi jJAnena prathamamadhigato'rthaH tenaiva pravartitaH puruSaH prApitazcArthaH tatraivArthe kimanyena jJAnena adhika kAryam / tato'dhigataviSayamapramANam |'-nyaaybi0 TI0. pR0 3. 2 'yadaikasminneva nIlAdivastuni dhArAvAhInIndriyajJAnAnyutpadyante tadA pUrveNAbhinnayogakSematvAt uttareSAmindriyazanAnAmaprAmANyaprasaGgaH / na caivam , ato'nekAnta iti pramANasaMplavavAdI darzayannAha-pUrvapratyakSakSaNena ityAdi / etat pariharati-tad yadi pratikSaNaM kSaNavivekadarzino'dhikRtyocyate tadA bhinno. payogitayA pRthak prAmANyAt nAnekAntaH / atha sarvapadArtheSvekatvAdhyavasAyina: sAMvyavahArikAn puruSAnabhipretyocyate tadA sakalameva nIlasantAnamekamartha sthirarUpaM tatsAdhyAM cArthakriyAmekAtmikAmadhyavasyantIti prAmANyamapyuttareSAmaniSTameveti kuto'nekAntaH 1 -hetu0 TI0 pR0 37,

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166 prAmANya hai / akalaGkake anugAmI vidyAnanda aura mANikyanandIke anugAmI prabhAcandrake TIkAgranthoMkA pUrvApara avalokana ukta natIje para pahu~cAtA hai| kyoMki anya sabhI jainAcAryoMkI taraha nirvivAda rUpase 'smRtiprAmANya kA samarthana karanevAle akalaGka aura mANikyanandI apane-apane pramANa lakSaNameM jaba bauddha aura mImAMsakake samAna 'anadhigata' aura 'apUrva' pada rakhate haiM taba una padoMkI sArthakatA ukta tAtparyake sivAya aura kisI prakArase batalAI hI nahIM jA sakatI cAhe vidyAnanda aura prabhAcandrakA svatantra mata kucha bhI rahA ho / bauddha vidvAn vikalpa aura smRti donoMmeM, mImAMsaka smRti mAtrameM svatantra prAmANya nahIM mAnate / isalie unake matameM to 'anadhigata' aura 'apUrva' padakA prayojana spaSTa hai / para jaina paramparAke anusAra vaha prayojana nahIM hai| zvetAmbara paramparAke sabhI vidvAn eka matase dhArAvAhijJAnako smRtikI taraha pramANa mAnaneke hI pakSameM haiN| ataeva kisIne apane pramANalakSaNameM 'anadhigata' 'apUrva' zrAdi jaise padako sthAna hI nahIM diyaa| itanA hI nahIM, balki unhoMne spaSTarUpeNa yaha kaha diyA ki cAhe jJAna gRhItagrAhi ho taba bhI vaha agRhItagrAhike samAna hI pramANa hai| unake vicArAnusAra gRhItagrAhitva prAmANyakA vighAtaka nahIM, ataeva unake matase eka dhArAvAhika jJAnavyaktimeM viSayabhedako apekSAse prAmANya-aprAmANya mAnanekI jarUrata nahIM aura na to kabhI kisIko apramANa mAnanakI jarUrata hai| zvetAmbara AcAryoMmeM bhI prA0 hemacandrakI khAsa vizeSatA hai kyoMki unhoMne gRhItagrAhi aura grahISyamANagrAhi donoMkA samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhijJAnoMmeM prAmANyakA jo samarthana kiyA hai vaha khAsa mArkekA hai-pra0 mI0 pR0 4 / I0 1636 [pramANa mImAMsA 1. 'gRhItamagRhItaM vA svArtha yadi vyvsyti| tana loke na zAstreSu vijahAti pramANatAm ||'-tttvaarthshlo0 1. 10.78 / 'pramAntarAgRhItArthaprakAzitvaM prpnyctH| prAmANyaM ca gRhItArthagrAhitvepi kathaMcana ||'-ttvaarthshlo0 1.13.64 / 'gRhItagrahaNAt tatra na smRteshcetprmaanntaa| dhArAvAhyakSavijJAnasyaivaM labhyeta kena saa||'-tttvaarthshlok0 1.13.15 'nanvevamapi pramANasaMplavavAditAvyAghAtaH pramANapratipanne'rthe pramANAntarApratipattirityacodyam / arthaparicchittivizeSasadbhAve tatpravRtterapyabhyupagamAt / prathamapramANapratipanne hi vastunyAkAravizeSa pratipadyamAna pramANAntaramapUrvArthameva vRkSo nyagrodha ityAdivat |'-prmeyk0 pR0 16 / 2. 'yad gRhItagrAhi zAmaM na tatpramANaM, yathA smRtiH, gRhItagrAhI ca pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa iti vyApakaviruddhopalabdhiH'tatvasaM0 50 kA0 12681

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smRti prAmANya smRtiko pramA-pramANa mAnaneke bAremeM mukhya do paramparAe~ haiM-jaina aura jainetara / jaina paramparA use pramANa mAnakara parokSake bheda rUpase isakA varNana karatI hai| jainetara paramparAvAle vaidika, bauddha, sabhI darzana use pramANa nahIM mAnate ataeva ve kisI pramANarUpase usakI carcA nahIM krte| smRtiko pramANa na mAnanevAle bhI use apramANa-mithyAjJAna-nahIM kahate para ve pramANa zabdase usakA kevala vyavahAra nahIM karate / smRtyAtmaka jJAnameM pramANa zabdakA prayoga karane na karanekA jo matabheda dekhA jAtA hai isakA bIja dharmazAstrake itihAsamai hai| vaidika paramparAmeM dharmazAstra rUpase veda arthAt zrutikA hI mukhya prAmANya mAnA jAtA hai / manvAdismRtirUpa dharmazAstra pramANa hai sahI para unakA prAmANya zrutimUlaka hai| jo smRti zrutimUlaka hai yA zrutise aviruddha hai vahI pramANa hai arthAt smRtikA prAmANya zrutiprAmANyatantra hai svatantra nahIM' / dharmazAstrake prAmANya kI isa vyavasthAkA vicAra bahuta purAne samaya se mImAMsAdarzana ne kiyA hai| jAna par3atA hai jaba smRtirUpa dharmazAstrako chor3akara bhI smRtirUpa jJAnamAtra ke viSaya meM prAmANyaviSayaka prazna mImAMsakoMke sAmane AyA taba bhI unhoMne apanA dharmazAstraviSayaka usa siddhAnta kA upayoga karake eka sAdhAraNa hI niyama bA~dha diyA ki smRtijJAna svatantra pramANa nahIM hai, usakA prAmANya usake kAANabhUta anubhavake prAmANya para nirbhara hai ataeva vaha mukhya pramANarUpase ginI jAne yogya nhiiN| sambhavataH vaidika dharmajIvI mImAMsA darzana ke isa dharmazAstrIya yA tattvajJAnIya nirNayakA prabhAva sabhI nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga Adi itara vaidika darzanoM para par3A hai| 1. pArata-yAt svato naiSAM pramANatvAvadhAraNA | aprAmANyavikalpastu draDhimnaiva vihanyate / / pUrvavijJAnaviSayaM vijJAnaM smRtirucyate / pUrvajJAnAdvinA tasyAH prAmANyaM nAvadhAryate ||'-tntrvaa0 pR0 66 / 2. 'etaduktaM bhavati-sarve pramANAdayo'nadhigatamartha sAmAnyataH prakArato vA'dhigamayanti, smRtiH punarna pUrvAnubhavamaryAdAmatikAmati, tadviSayA tadUnaviSayA vA, na tu tadadhikaviSayA, so'yaM vRttyantarAdvizeSaH smRteriti vimRzati |ttvvai0 1.11 /

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ataeva ve apane-apane mantavyakI puSTimeM cAhe yukti bhinna-bhinna batalAe~ phira bhI ve sabhI eka matase smRtirUpa jJAnameM pramANa zabdakA vyavahAra na karaneke hI pakSameM haiN| kumArila Adi mImAMsaka kahate haiM ki smRtijJAna anubhava dvArA jJAta viSayako hI upasthita karake kRtakRtya ho jAneke kAraNa kisI apUrva arthakA prakAzaka nahIM, vaha kevala gRhItagrAhi hai aura isIse vaha pramANa nahIM / prazastapAdake anugAmI zrIdharane bhI usI mImAMsakakI gRhItagrAhitvavAlI yuktikA avalambana karake smRtiko pramANabAhya mAnA hai (kandalI pR0 257) / para akSapAdake anugAmI jayantane dUsarI hI yukti batalAI hai| ve kahate haiM ki smRtijJAna viSayarUpa arthake sivAya hI utpanna honeke kAraNa anarthaja honese pramANa nahIM | jayantakI isa yuktikA nirAsa zrIdharane kiyA hai| akSapAdake ho anugAmI vAcaspati mizrane tIsarI yukti dI hai| ve kahate haiM ki lokavyavahAra smRtiko pramANa mAnaneke pakSamaiM nahIM hai ataeva use pramA kahanA yogya nahIM / ve pramAkI vyAkhyA karate samaya smRtibhinna jJAnako lekara hI vicAra karate haiM (tAtparya pR0 20) / udayanAcAryane bhI smRtiko pramANa na mAnanevAle sabhI pUrvavartI tArkikoMkI yuktiyoMkA nirAsa karake antameM vAcaspati mizrake tAtparyakA anusaraNa karate hue yahI kahA hai ki anapekSa honeke kAraNa anubhava hI pramANa koTimeM ginA jAnA cAhie, smRti nahIM; kyoMki vaha anubhavasApekSa hai aura aisA mAnanekA kAraNa lokavyavahAra hI hai / 1. 'tatra yat pUrvavijJAnaM tasya prAmANyamiSyate / tadupasthAnamAtreNa smRteH syAccaritArthatA ||'-shlokvaa0 anu0 zlo0 160 / prakaraNapa0 pR0 42 / / 2. 'na smRterapramANatvaM gRhItagrAhitAkRtam / api tvanarthajanyatvaM tada. prAmANyakAraNam ||'-nyaaym0 pR0 23 / 3. 'ye tvanarthajatvAt smRteraprAmANyamAhuH teSAmatItAnagataviSayasyAnumAnasthAprAmANyaM syAditi dUSaNam ||'-kndlii0 pR0 257 / / . 4. 'kathaM tarhi smRtervyavacchedaH 1 ananubhavatvenaiva / yathArtho hyanubhavaH prameti prAmANikAH pazyanti / 'tattvajJAnAd' iti sUtraNAt / avyabhicAri jJAnamiti ca / nanu smRtiH pramaiva kiM na syAd yathArthajJAnatvAt pratyakSAdyanubhUtivaditi cet / na / siddhe vyavahAre nimittAnusaraNAt / na ca svecchAkalpitena nimittena lokavyavahAraniyamanam , avyavasthayA lokavyavahAraviplavaprasaGgAt / na ca smRtiheto pramANAbhiyuktAnAM maharSINAMpramANavyavahAro'sti, pRthaganupadezAt / -nyAyaku. 4.1

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bauddhadarzana smRtiko pramANa nahIM mAnatA / usakI yukti bhI mImAMsaka yA vaizeSika jaisI hI hai arthAt smRti gRhItagrAhiNI honese hI pramANa nahIM (tattvasaM0 10 kA0 1268) / phira bhI isa mantavyake bAremeM jaise nyAya vaizeSika Adi darzanoM para mImAMsA-dharmazAstra kA prabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai vaise bauddha-darzana para kahA nahIM jA sakatA kyoMki vaha vedakA hI prAmANya nahIM mAnatA | vikalpajJAnamAtra'ko pramANa na mAnaneke kAraNa bauddha darzanameM smRtikA prAmANya prasakta hI nahIM hai| jaina tArkika smRtiko pramANa na mAnanevAle bhinna-bhinna uparyukta darzanoMkI gRhItagrAhitva, anarthajatva, lokavyavahArAbhAva aAdi sabhI yuktiyoMkA nirAsa karake kevala yahI kahate haiM, ki jaise saMvAdI honeke kAraNa pratyakSa Adi pramANa kahe jAte haiM vaise hI smRtiko bhI saMvAdI hone hI se pramANa kahanA yukta hai| isa jaina mantavyameM koI matabheda nahIM / zrAcArya hemacandrane bhI smRtiprAmANyakI pUrva jaina paramparAkA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai-pra0 mI0 pR0 23 / smRtijJAnakA avisaMvAditva sabhIko mAnya hai / vastusthitimeM matabheda na hone para bhI matabheda kevala pramA zabdase smRtijJAnakA vyavahAra karane na karanemeM hai| I0 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA 1. 'gRhItagrahaNAnneSTa sAMvRta..."-(sAMvRtam-vikalpajJAnam-manoratha0) pramANavA0 2.5 / 2. 'tathAhi-amuSyA'prAmANyaM kuto'yamAviSkurvIta, kiM gRhItAkagrAhisvAt , paricchittivizeSAbhAvAt , asatyatItethe pravartamAnatvAt , arthAdanutpadyamAnatvAt , visaMvAdakatvAt , samAropAvyavacchedakatvAt , prayojanAprasAdhakatvAt vA |"-syaadvaadr0 3. 4 /

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pratyabhijJA pratyabhijJAke viSayamaiM do bAteM aisI haiM jinameM dArzanikoMkA matabheda rahA hai-pahalI prAmANyakI aura dUsarI svruupkii| bauddha paramparA pratyabhijJAko pramANa nahIM mAnatI kyoMki vaha kSaNikavAdI honese pratyabhijJAkA viSaya mAne jAnevAle sthiratvako hI vAstavika nahIM maantii| vaha sthiratvapratItiko sAdRzyamUlaka mAnakara bhrAnta hI samajhatI hai / para bauddhabhinna jaina, vaidika donoM paramparAke sabhI dArzanika pratyabhijJAko pramANa mAnate hai| ve pratyabhijJAke prAmANyake AdhAra para hI bauddhasammata kSaNabhaGgakA nirAsa aura nityatva-sthiratva-kA samarthana karate haiN| jaina paramparA nyAya, vaizeSika zrAdi vaidika darzanoMkI taraha ekAnta nityatva kiMvA kUTastha nityatva nahIM mAnatI tathApi vaha vibhinna pUrvApara avasthAaoma dhruvatvako vAstavika rUpase mAnatI hai ataeva vaha bhI pratyabhijJAke prAmANyako pakSapAtinI hai / pratyabhijJAke svarUpake saMbandhameM mukhyatayA tIna pakSa haiM-bauddha, vaidika aura jaina | bauddhapakSa kahatA hai ki pratyabhijJA nAmaka koI eka jJAna nahIM hai kintu smaraNa aura pratyakSa ye samucita do jJAna hI pratyabhijJA zabdase vyavahRta hote haiM / usakA 'tat' aMza atIta hone se parokSarUpa honeke kAraNa smaraNagrAhya hai vaha pratyakSagrAhya ho hI nahIM sakatA, jabaki 'idam' aMza vartamAna honeke kAraNa pratyakSamAhya hai vaha apratyakSagrAhya ho hI nahIM sktaa| isa taraha viSayagata parokSAparokSatvake AdhAra para do jJAnake samuccayako pratyabhijJA kahanevAle bauddhapakSake viruddha nyAya, mImAMsaka Adi vaidika darzana kahate haiM ki pratyabhijJA yaha pratyakSa rUpa eka jJAna hai pratyakSa-smaraNa do nhiiN| indriyajanya pratyakSameM vartamAna mAtra viSayakatvakA jo niyama hai vaha sAmAnya niyama hai ataeva sAmagrovizeSadazAmeM yaha niyama sApavAda bana jAtA hai| vAcaspati mizra pratyabhijJAmeM pratyakSatvakA upapAdana karate hue kahate haiM ki saMskAra yA smaraNarUpa sahakArIke balase vartamAna 1 pramANavA0 3. 501-2 / tattvasaM0 kA0 447 / 2'...tasmAd dve ete zAne sa iti smaraNam ayam ityanubhava:'-nyAyama0 pR0 446 /

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171 mAtragrAhI bhI indriya, atItAvasthAviziSTa vartamAnako grahaNa kara sakaneke kAraNa pratyabhijJAjanaka ho sakatI hai / jayanta vAcaspatike ukta kathanakA anusaraNa karaneke alAvA bhI eka naI yukti pradarzita karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki smaraNasahakRtaindriyajanya pratyakSake bAda eka mAnasajJAna hotA hai jo pratyabhijJA kahalAtA hai / jayantakA yaha kathana pichale naiyAyikoMke alaukikapratyakSavAdakI kalpanAkA bIja mAlUma hotA hai| . jaina tArkika pratyabhijJAko na to bauddhake samAna jJAnasamuccaya mAnate haiM aura na naiyAyikAdikI taraha bahirindriyaja prtykss| ve pratyabhijJAko parokSa jJAna mAnate haiM / aura kahate haiM ki indriyajanya jJAna aura smaraNake bAda eka saMkalanAtmaka vijAtIya mAnasa jJAna paidA hotA hai vahI pratyabhijJA kahalAtA hai / akalaGkopajJa (laghI0 3. 1. se) pratyabhijJAkI yaha vyavasthA jo svarUpameM jayantakI mAnasajJAna kI kalpanAke samAna hai vaha sabhI jaina tArkikoMke dvArA nirvivAdarUpase mAna lI gaI hai| prAcArya hemacandra bhI usI vyavasthAke anusAra pratyabhijJAkA svarUpa mAnakara parapakSanirAkaraNa aura svapakSasamarthana karate haiM-pra0 mI0 pR0 34. / / mImAMsaka (zlokavA0 sU0 4. zlo0 232-237.), naiyAyika (nyAyasU0 1. 1. 6.) Adi upamAnako svatantra pramANa mAnate haiM jo sAdRzya-vaisadRzya viSayaka hai / unake matAnusAra hrasvatva, dIrghatva Adi viSayaka aneka sapratiyogika jJAna aise haiM jo pratyakSa hI haiM / jaina tArkikoMne prathamase hI una sabakA samAveza, pratyabhijJAnako matijJAnake prakAravizeSarUpase svatantra pramANa mAnakara, usImeM kiyA hai, jo aikamatyase sarvamAnya ho gayA hai| I0 1636] [pramANa mIsAMsA 1 tAtparya0 pR0 136 / 2 'evaM pUrvajJAnavizeSitasya stambhAdevizeSaNamatItakSaNaviSaya iti mAnasI pratyabhijA |'-nyaaym0 pR0 461 /

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tarka pramANa __bhagavAn mahAvIra, buddha aura upaniSadke saikar3oM varSa pUrva bhI Uh (Rga0 20. 131. 10) aura tarka (rAmAyaNa 3. 25. 12.) ye do dhAtu tathA tajanya rUpa saMskRta-prAkRta bhASAmeM pracalita rahe' / Agama, piTaka aura darzanasUtroMmeM unakA prayoga vividha prasaMgoMmeM thor3e-bahuta bhedake sAtha vividha arthomeM dekhA jAtA hai / saba arthoM meM sAmAnya aMza eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki vicArAtmaka jJAnavyApAra / jaiminIya sUtra aura usake zAbarabhASya Adi vyAkhyAgranthoM meM usI bhAvakA dyotaka Uha zabda dekhA jAtA hai, jisako jayanta ne maMjarImeM anumAnAtmaka yA zabdAtmaka pramANa samajhakara khaNDana kiyA hai (nyAyama0 pR0 588) / nyAyasUtra ( 1. 1. 40) meM tarkakA lakSaNa hai jisameM jaha zabda bhI prayukta hai aura usakA artha yaha hai ki jarkAtmaka vicAra svayaM pramANa nahIM kintu pramANAnukUla manovyApAra mAtra hai| pichale naiyAyikoMne tarkakA arthavizeSa sthira evaM spaSTa kiyA hai| aura nirNaya kiyA hai ki tarka koI pramANAtmaka jJAna nahIM hai kintu vyAptijJAnameM bAdhaka honevAlI aprayojakatvazaGkAko nirasta karanevAlA vyApyAropapUrvaka vyApakAropasvarUpa AhArya jJAna mAtra hai jo usa vyabhicArazaGkAko haTAkara vyAptinirNayamai sahakArI yA upayogI ho sakatA hai (cintA0 anu0 pR0 210; nyAya0 vR01. 1. 40) / prAcIna samayase hI nyAya darzanameM tarkakA sthAna pramANakoTimeM nahIM hai / nyAyadarzanake vikAsake sAtha hI tarkake artha evaM upayogakA itanA vizadIkaraNa huA hai ki 1 'upasargAjrasva UhateH |'-paa0 sU0 7. 4. 23 / naiSA taNa matirApaneyA'-kaTha0 2.6 / / 2 'takA jattha na vijai'-zrAcA0 sU0 170 / 'vihiMsA vitaka'-mabhi.0 savAsavasutta 2. 6 / 'tarkApratiSThAnAt'-brahmasU0 2. 1. 11 / nyAyasU0 1. 1. 40 / 3 'trividhazca UhaH / mntrsaamsNskaarvissyH|-shaabrbhaa0 6.1.1 / jaiminIyanyA0 adhyAya 6. pAda 1. adhi0 1 / 4 nyAyasU0 1. 2. 1 /

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173 isa viSaya para bar3e sUkSma aura sUkSmatara grantha likhe gae haiM jinakA zrArambha gaMgeza upAdhyAyase hotA hai| bauddhatArkika ( hetuvi0 TI0 pR0 17 ) bhI tarkAtmaka vikalpajJAnako vyAsijJAnopayogI mAnate hue bhI pramANa nahIM mAnate / isa taraha tarkako pramANarUpa mAnanekI mImAMsaka paramparA .aura apramANarUpa hokara bhI pramANAnugrAhaka mAnanekI naiyAyika aura bauddha paramparA hai / jaina paramparAmeM pramANarUpase mAne jAnevAle matijJAnakA dvitIya prakAra IhA jo vastutaH guNadoSavicAraNAtmaka jJAnavyApAra hI hai usake paryAyarUpase Uha aura tarka donoM zabdoMkA prayoga umAsvAtine kiyA hai ( tattvArthabhA0 1. 15) / jaba jaina paramparAmeM tArkika paddhatise pramANake bheda aura lakSaNa AdikI vyavasthA hone lagI taba sambhavataH sarvaprathama akalaGkane hI tarkakA svarUpa, viSaya, upayoga Adi sthira kiyA (laghI0 svavi0 3. 2.) jisakA anusaraNa pichale sabhI jaina tArkikoMne kiyA hai / jaina paramparA mImAMsakoMkI taraha tarka yA Uhako pramANAtmaka jJAna hI mAnatI AI hai| jaina tArkika kahate haiM ki vyAptijJAna hI tarka yA Uha zabdakA artha hai| cirAyAta aAryaparamparAke ati paricita Uha yA tarka zabdako lekara hI akalaGkane parokSapramANa ke ekabheda rUpase tarkapramANa sthira kiyA / aura vAcaspati mizra Adi naiyAyikoMne vyAptijJAnako kahIM mAnasapratyakSarUpa, kahIM laukikapratyakSarUpa, kahIM anamiti Adi rUpa mAnA hai usakA nirAsa karake jaina tArkika vyAptijJAnako ekarUpa hI mAnate Ae haiN| vaha rUpa hai unakI paribhASAke anusAra tarkapadapratipAdya / prAcArya hemacandra usI pUrvaparamparAke samarthaka haiMpra0 mI0 pR0 36 / I0 1636 ] [pramANamImAMsA 1 tAtparya0 pR0 156-167 / nyAyama0 pR0 123 1

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anumAna anumAna zabdake anumiti aura anumitikaraNa aise do artha haiM / jaba anumAna zabda bhAvavAcI ho taba anumiti aura jaba karaNavAcI ho taba anumitikaraNa artha nikalatA hai| - anumAna zabdameM anu aura mAna aise do aMza haiM / anukA artha hai pazcAt aura mAnakA artha hai jJAna arthAt jo kisI anya jAnake bAda hI hotA hai vaha anumAna / parantu vaha anya jJAna khAsa jJAna hI vivakSita hai, jo anumitikA kAraNa hotA hai| usa khAsa jJAna rUpase vyAptijJAna-jise liGgaparAmarza bhI kahate haiM-iSTa hai / pratyakSa aura anumAna jJAnameM mukhya eka antara yaha bhI hai ki pratyakSa jJAna niyamase jJAnakAraNaka nahIM hotA, jaba ki anumAna niyamase jJAnakAraNaka hI hotA hai| yahI bhAva anamAna zabdameM maujUda 'anu' aMzake dvArA sUcita kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi pratyakSabhinna dUsare bhI aise jJAna haiM jo anumAna koTimeM na gine jAne para bhI niyamase jJAnajanya hI haiM, jaise upamAna zAbda, arthApatti Adi; tathApi dara asalameM jaisA ki vaizeSika darzana tathA bauddha darzana meM mAnA gayA hai-pramANa ke pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do hI prakAra haiN| bAkI ke saba pramANa kisI na kisI taraha anumAna pramANameM samAe jA sakate haiM jaisA ki ukta dvipramANavAdI darzanoMne samAyA bhI hai| anumAna kisI bhI viSayakA ho, vaha kisI bhI prakArake hetuse janya kyoM na ho para itanA to nizcita hai ki anumAnake mUlameM kahIM na kahIM pratyakSa jJAnakA astitva avazya hotA hai| mUlameM kahIM bhI pratyakSa na ho aisA anumAna ho hI nahIM sktaa| jaba ki pratyakSa apanI utpattimeM anumAnakI apekSA kadApi nahIM rakhatA taba anumAna apanI utpatti meM pratyakSakI apekSA avazya rakhatA hai / yahI bhAva nyAyasUtragata anumAnake lakSaNameM' 'tatpUrvakam' (1.1.5) 1. jaise 'tatpUrvaka' zabda pratyakSa aura anumAnakA paurvAparya pradarzita karatA hai vaise hI jaina paramparAmeM mati aura zrutasaMjJaka do jJAnoMkA paurvAparya batalAnevAlA 'maipuvvaM jeNa surya' ( nandI sU0 24) yaha zabda hai / vizeSA0 gA* 86, 105, 106 /

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zabdase RSine vyakta kiyA hai, jisakA anusaraNa sAMkhyakArikA (kA05) zrAdike anumAna lakSaNameM bhI dekhA jAtA hai / anumAnake svarUpa aura prakAra nirUpaNa AdikA jo dArzanika vikAsa hamAre sAmane hai use tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita karake hama ThIka-ThIka samajha sakate haiM 1 vaidika yuga, 2 bauddha yuga aura 3 navyanyAya yuga / 1-vicAra karanese jAna par3atA hai ki anumAna pramANake lakSaNa aura prakAra zrAdikA zAstrIya nirUpaNa vaidika paramparAmeM hI zurU huzrA aura usIkI vividha zAkhAoM meM vikasita hone lagA / isakA prAraMbha kaba huaA, kahA~ huA, kisane kiyA, isake prAthamika vikAsane kitanA samaya liyA, baha kina kina pradezoMmeM siddha huaA ityAdi prazna zAyada sadA hI niruttara rheNge| phira bhI itanA to nizcita rUpase kahA jA sakatA hai ki isake prAthamika vikAsakA granthana bhI vaidika paraMparAke prAcIna anya grantha meM dekhA jAtA hai| yaha vikAsa vaidikayugIna isalie bhI hai ki isake prArambha karane meM jaina aura bauddha paramparAkA hissA to hai hI nahIM balki ina donoM paramparAaoMne vaidika paramparAse hI ukta zAstrIya nirUpaNako zurUmeM akSarazaH apanAyA hai| yaha vaidikayugIna anumAna nirUpaNa hameM do vaidika paramparAoMmeM thor3e bahuta hera-pherake sAtha dekhaneko milatA hai| (a) vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka paramparA-isa paramparAko spaSTatayA vyakta karanevAle isa samaya hamAre sAmane prazasta aura zAbara do bhASya haiN| donoM meM anumAnake do prakAroMkA hI ullekha hai' jo mUlameM kisI eka vicAra paramparAkA sUcaka hai| merA nijI bhI mAnanA hai ki mUlameM vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka donoM paramparAe~ kabhI abhinna thIM, jo Age jAkara kramaza: judI huI aura bhinnabhinna mArgase vikAsa karatI gii| .. . ___(ba) dUsarI vaidika paramparAmeM nyAya, sAMkhya aura caraka ina tIna zAstroM 1. 'tattu dvividham-pratyakSato dRSTasambandhaM sAmAnyato dRSTasambandhaM ca'zAbarabhA0 1. 1. 5 / etattu dvividham dRSTaM sAmAnyato dRSTaM ca'-prazasta pR0 205 / __2. mImAMsA darzana 'athAto dharmajijJAsA'maiM dharmase hI zurU hotA hai vaise ho vaizeSika darzana bhI 'athAto dharma vyAkhyAsyAmaH' sUtrameM dharmanirUpaNase zurU hotA hai| 'codanAlakSaNo'rtho dharmaH' aura 'tadvacanAdAmnAyasya prAmANyam' donoMkA bhAva samAna hai|

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kA samAveza hai| inameM anumAnake tIna prakAroMkA ullekha va varNana hai| vaizeSika tathA mImAMsaka darzanameM varNita do prakArake bodhaka zabda karIba karIba samAna haiM, jaba ki nyAya Adi zAstroMkI dUsarI paramparAmeM pAye jAnevAle tIna prakAroMke bodhaka zabda eka hI haiN| alabattA saba zAstroMmeM udAharaNa ekase nahIM hai| jaina paramparAmeM sabase pahile anumAnake tIna prakAra anuyogadvArasUtrameMjo I0 sa0 pahalo zatAbdIkA hai-hI pAye jAte haiM, jinake bodhaka zabda akSarazaH nyAyadarzanake anusAra hI haiN| phira bhI anuyogadvAra varNita tIna prakAroMke udAharaNoMmeM itanI vizeSatA avazya hai ki unameM bheda-pratibheda rUpase vaizeSika-mImAMsaka darzanavAlI dvividha anumAnakI paramparAkA bhI samAveza ho ho gayA hai| bauddha paramparAmai anumAnake nyAyasUtravAle tIna prakArakA hI varNana hai jo eka mAtra upAyahRdaya (pR0 13) meM abhI taka dekhA jAtA hai| jaisA samajhA jAtA hai, upAyahRdaya agara nAgArjunakRta nahIM ho to bhI vaha diGnAgakA pUrvavartI avazya honA cAhie / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki IsAkI cauthI pA~cavI zatAbdI takake jaina-bauddha sAhityameM vaidika yugIna ukta do paramparAoMke anumAna varNanakA hI saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| taba takameM ukta donoM paramparAe~ mukhyatayA pramANake viSayameM khAsakara anumAna praNAlIke viSayameM vaidika paramparAkA hI anusaraNa karatI huI dekhI jAtI haiN| - 2-I0 sa0 kI pA~cavIM zatAbdIse isa viSayameM bauddhayuga zurU hotA hai / bauddhayuga isaliye ki aba takameM jo anumAna praNAlI vaidika paramparAke anusAra hI mAnya hotI AI thI usakA pUrNa balase prativAda karake diGnAgane anumAna kA lakSaNa svatantra bhAvase racA aura usake prakAra bhI apanI bauddha dRSTise batalAe / diGnAgake isa naye anumAna prasthAnako sabhI uttaravartI bauddha vidvAnoMne 1 'pUrvavaccheSavatsAmAnyato dRSTa ca' nyAyasU. 1.1.5 / mAThara0 kA0 5 / caraka0 sUtrasthAna zlo0 28, 26 / 2 'tivihe paeNatte taMjahA-putvavaM, sesavaM, dihasAhammavaM |'-anuyo0 pR0 212AI 3 pramANasamu0 2. 1. Buddhist Logic. Vol. I. p. 236.

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177 apanAyA aura unhoMne diGnAgakI taraha hI nyAya Adi zAstra sammata vaidika paramparA ke anumAna lakSaNa, prakAra AdikA khaNDana kiyA? jo ki kabhI prasiddha pUrvavartI bauddha tArkikoMne khuda hI svIkRta kiyA thA / abase vaidika aura bauddha tArkikoMke bIca khaNDana - maNDanakI khAsa Amane-sAmane chAvaniyA~ bana gaI / vAtsyAyana bhASyake TIkA nuTIkAkAra udyotakara, vAcaspati mizra zrAdine vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti zrAdi bauddha tArkikoMke anumAnalakSaNapraNayana zrAdikA jorazorase khaNDana kiyA jisakA uttara kramika bauddha tArkika dete gae haiM / bauddhayugakA prabhAva jaina paramparA para bhI par3A / bauddhatArkika ke dvArA vaidika paramparAsambhata zranumAna lakSaNa, bheda AdikA khaNDana hote aura svatantrabhAva se lakSaNapraNayana hote dekhakara siddhasena jaise jaina tArkikoMne bhI svatantra bhAvase apanI dRSTike anusAra anumAnakA lakSaNapraNayana kiyA / bhaTTAraka kalaGkane usa siddhasenIya lakSaNapraNayana mAtra meM hI santoSa na mAnA / para sAtha hI bauddhataH kiMkoM kI taraha vaidika paramparA sammata anumAnake bheda prabhedoMke khaNDanakA sUtrapAta bhI spaSTa kiyA jise vidyAnanda Adi uttaravartI digambarIya tArkikoMne vistRta va pallavita kiyA / 6 nae bauddha yuga ke do pariNAma spaSTa dekhe jAte haiM / pahilA to yaha ki bauddha aura jaina paramparA meM svatantra bhAvase anumAna lakSaNa zrAdikA praNayana aura apane hI pUrvAcAryoMke dvArA kabhI svIkRta vaidika paramparA sammata anumAnalakSaNa vibhAga zrAdikA khaNDana / dUsarA pariNAma yaha hai ki sabhI vaidika vidvAnoMke dvArA bauddha sammata anumAnapraNAlIkA khaNDana va apane pUrvAcArya sammata anumAna praNAlIkA sthApana | para isa dUsare pariNAmameM cAhe gauNa rUpase hI sahI eka bAta yaha bhI ullekha yogya dAkhila hai ki bhAsarvajJa jaise vaidika paramparA ke kisI 1 'anumAnaM liGgAdarthadarzanam'- - nyAyapra0 pR0 7 / nyAyavi0 23 / tattvasaM 0 kA 0 1362 / 2 pramANasamu0 pari0 2 / tattvasaM0 kA0 1442 / tAtparya0 pR0 180 | 3 nyAyavA0 pR0 46 | tAtparya0 pR0 180 / 4 ' sAdhyAvinAbhuno liGgAtsAdhyanizcAyakaM smRtam / anumAnam - nyAyA0 5 / 5 nyAyavi0 2. 171, 172 / 6 tattvArthazlo0 pR0 205 | prameyaka0 pR0 105 ! 12

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175 tArkikake lakSaNa praNayanameM bauddha lakSaNakA bhI asara pA gayA jo jaina tArkikoMke lakSaNa praNayanamaiM to bauddhayugake prArambhase hI Aja taka eka-sA calA zrAyA hai| 3-tIsarA navyanyAyayuga upAdhyAya gaMgezase zurU hotA hai / unhoMne apane vaidika pUrvAcAryoMke anumAna lakSaNako kAyama rakhakara bhI usameM sUkSma pariSkAra kiyA jisakA Adara uttaravartI sabhI navya naiyAyikoM ne hI nahIM balki sabhI vaidika darzanake pariSkArakoMne kiyaa| isa navIna pariSkArake samayase bhAratavarSamai bauddha tArkika karIba-karIba nAmazeSa ho ge| isalie bauddha granthoM meM isake svIkAra yA khaNDanake pAye jAnekA to sambhava hI nahIM para jaina paramparA ke bAre meM aisA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA to pUrvakI taraha navyanyAyayugase Aja taka bhAratavaSama calI A rahI hai aura yaha bhI nahIM ki navyanyAya yugake marmajJa koI jaina tAki hue bhI nahIM / upAdhyAya yazovijayajI jaise tattvacintAmaNi aura Aloka zrAdi navyanyAyake abhyAsI sUkSmaprajJa tArkika jaina paramparAmeM hue haiM phira bhI unake tarkabhASA jaise granthameM navyanyAyayugIna pariSkRta anumAna lakSaNakA svIkAra yA khaNDana dekhA nahIM jaataa| upAdhyAyajIne bhI apane tarkabhASA jaise pramANa viSayaka mukhya granthamaiM anumAnakA nanaNa vahI rakhA hai jo sabhI pUrvavartI zvetAmbara digambara tArkikoMke dvArA mAnya kiyA gayA hai / zrAcArya hemacandrane anumAnakA jo lakSaNa kiyA hai vaha siddhasena aura zrakalaGka Adi prAttana jaina tArkikoMke dvArA sthApita aura samarthita hI rahA / isameM unhoMne koI sudhAra yA nyUnAdhikatA nahIM kii| phira bhI hemacandrIya anumAna nirUpaNameM eka dhyAna dene yogya vizeSatA hai| vaha yaha ki pUrvavartI sabhI jaina tArkikoMne-jinameM abhayadeva, vAdI devasUri aAdi zvetAmbara tArkiko kA bhI samAveza hotA hai-vaidika paramparA sammata trividha anumAna praNAlIkA sATopa khaNDana kiyA thA, use prA0 hemacandra ne chor3a diyaa| yaha hama nahIM 1 'samyagavinAbhAvena parokSAnubhavasAdhanamanumAnam'-nyAyasAra pR0 5 / 2 nyAyA0 5 / nyAyavi0 2.1 / pramANapa0 pR0 70 / parI0 3. 14 / 3 'atItAnAgatadhUmAdijJAne'pyanumitidarzanAnna liGga taddhetuH vyApArapUrvavartitayorabhAvAt......kintu vyAptijJAnaM karaNaM parAmarzo vyApAraH'-tattvaci0 parAmarza pR0 536-50 / 4 sanmatiTI0 pR0 556 / syAdvAdara0 pR0 527 /

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176 kaha sakate ki hemacandrane saMkSeparucikI dRSTi se usa khaNDanako jo pahilese barAbara jaina granthoM meM calA A rahA thA chor3A, ki pUrvApara asaMgatikI dRSTise / jo kucha ho, para AcArya hemacandrake dvArA vaidika paramparA sammata anumAna traividhyake khaNDanakA parityAga honese, jo jaina granthoM meM khAsakara zvetAmbarIya granthoM meM eka prakArakI asaMgati A gaI thI vaha dUra ho gii| isakA zreya AcArya hemacandra ko hI hai| asaMgati yaha thI ki AryarakSita jaise pUrvadhara samajhe jAnevAle aAgamadhara jaina AcAryane nyAya sammata anumAnatraividhyakA bar3e vistArase svIkAra aura samarthana kiyA thA jisakA unhIM ke uttarAdhikArI abhayadevAdi zvetAmbara tAkiMkoMne sAveza khaNDana kiyA thaa| digambara paramparAmeM to yaha asaMgati isalie nahIM mAnI jA sakatI ki vaha AryarakSitake anuyogadvArako mAnatI hI nhiiN| ataeva agara digambarIya tArkika akalaGka Adine nyAyadarzana sammata anumAnatraividhyakA khaNDana kiyA to vaha apane pUrvAcAryoMke mArgase kisI bhI prakAra viruddha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / para zvetAmbarIya paramparAkI bAta dUsarI hai| abhayadeva Adi zvetAmbarIya tArkika jinhoMne nyAyadarzana sammata anumAnatraividhyakA khaNDana kiyA, ve to anumAnatraividhyake pakSapAtI AryarakSitake anugAmI the| ataeva unakA vaha khaNDana apane pUrvAcArya ke usa samarthanase spaSTayatayA mela nahIM khaataa| AcArya hemacandrane zAyada socA ki zvetAmbarIya tArkika akalaGka Adi digambara tArkikoMkA anusaraNa karate hue eka svaparamparAkI asaMgatimeM par3a gae haiM / isI vicArase unhoMne zAyada apanI vyAkhyA meM tribidha anumAnake khaNDanakA parityAga kiyaa| sambhava hai isI hemacandropajJa asaMgati parihArakA zrAdara upAdhyAya yazovijayajIne bhI kiyA aura apane tarkabhASA granthameM vaidika paramparA sammata anumAnatraividhpakA nirAsa nahIM kiyA, jaba ki hetu ke nyAyasammata pAJcarUpyakA nirAsa avazya kiyA / I0 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA

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vyApti vicAra pra0mI0 1.2.10.maiM avinAbhAvakA lakSaNa hai jo vastutaH vyApti hI hai phira bhI tarka lakSaNake bAda tarkeviSayarUpase nirdiSTa vyAptikA lakSaNa isa sUtrake dvArA zrA0 hemacandrane kyoM kiyA aisA prazna yahA~ hotA hai| isakA khulAsA yaha hai ki hetubinduvivaraNameM arcaTane prayojana vizeSa batalAneke vAste vyApyadharmarUpase aura vyApakadharmarUpase bhinna-bhinna vyAptisvarUpakA nidarzana bar3e AkarSaka DhaGgase kiyA hai jise dekhakara zrA0 hemacandrako cakora dRSTi usa aMzako apanAnekA lobha saMvRta kara na skii| zrA0 hemacandrane arcaTokta usa carcAko akSarazaH lekara prastuta sUtra aura usakI vRttimeM vyavasthita kara diyA hai| __arcaTake sAmane prazna thA ki vyApti eka prakArakA saMbandha hai, jo saMyoga kI taraha dviSTha hI hai phira jaise eka hI saMyogake do saMbandhI 'ka' aura 'kha' aniyatarUpase anuyogI-pratiyogI ho sakate haiM vaise eka vyAptisaMbandhake do saMbandhI hetu aura sAdhya aniyatarUpase hetusAdhya kayoM na hoM arthAt unase amuka hI gamaka aura amuka hI gamya aisA niyama kyoM ? isa praznake zrAcAryopanAmaka kisI tArkika kI aorase uThAe jAnekA arcaTane ullekha kiyA hai| isakA javAba arcaTane, vyAptiko saMyogakI taraha ekarUpa saMbandha nahIM para vyApakadharma aura vyApyadharmarUpase vibhinna svarUpa batalAkara, diyA hai aura kahA hai ki apanI viziSTa vyAptike kAraNa vyApya hI gamaka hotA hai tathA apanI viziSTa vyAptike kAraNa vyApaka hI gamya hotA hai / gamyagamakabhAva sarvatra aniyata nahIM hai jaise AdhArAdheyabhAva / usa purAne samayamaiM hetu-sAdhyameM aniyatarUvase gasyagamakabhAvakI Apattiko TAlaneke vAste arcaTa jaise tArkikoMne dvividha vyAptikI kalpanA kI para nyAyazAstra vikAsake sAtha hI isa ApattikA nirAkaraNa hama dUsare aura vizeSayogya prakArase dekhate haiN| navyanyAyake sUtradhAra gaMgezane cintAmaNimeM pUrvapakSIya aura siddhAntarUpase anekavidha vyAptiyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai (cintA0 gAdA0 pra0 141-360) / pUrvapakSIya vyAptiyoMmeM avyabhicaritatvakA pariSkAra' hai jo vastutaH 1. 'na tAvadavyabhicaritatvaM taddhi na sAdhyAbhAvavadavRttitvam , sAdhyavadbhinnasAdhyAbhAvavadabRttitvaM......sAdhyavadanyAvRttitvaM vA |'-cintaa0 gAdA0 pR0 141 /

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181 adhinAbhAva yA arcaTokta vyApyadharmarUpa hai / siddhAntavyAptimeM jo vyApakatvakA pariSkArAMza' hai vahI arcaTokta vyApakadharmarUpa vyApti hai| arthAt arcaTane jisa vyApakadharmarUpa vyAptiko gamakatvAniyAmaka kahA hai use gaMgeza vyApti hI nahIM kahate, ve use vyApakatva mAtra kahate haiM aura tathAvidha vyApakake sAmAnAdhikaraNyako hI vyApti kahate haiM / gaMgezakA yaha nirUpaNa vizeSa sUkSma hai| gaMgeza jaise tArkikoMke avyabhicaritatva, vyApakatva Adi viSayaka nirUpaNa zrA0 hemacandra kI dRSTi meM pAe hote to unakA bhI upayoga prastuta prakaraNa meM avazya dekhA jaataa| __vyApti, avinAbhAva, niyatasAhacarya ye paryAyazabda tarkazAstroMmeM prasiddha haiM / avinAbhAvakA rUpa dikhAkara jo vyAptikA svarUpa kahA jAtA hai vaha to mANikyanandI ( parI0 3. 17, 18) zrAdi sabhI jainatArkikoMke granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai para arcaTokta nae vicArakA saMgraha A0 hemacandra ke sivAya kisI anya jaina tArkikake granthameM dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| parArthAnumAna ke avayava parArtha anumAna sthalameM prayogaparipATIke sambandhameM matabheda hai| sAMkhya tArkika pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAnta ina tIna avayavoMkA hI prayoga mAnate haiM (mAThara0 5) / mImAMsaka, vAdidevake kathanAnusAra, tIna avayavoMkA hI prayoga mAnate haiM (syAdvadara0 pR0 556) / para zrA0 hemacandra tathA anantavIryake kathanAnusAra ve cAra avayavoMkA prayoga mAnate haiM ( prameyara0 3. 37) / zAlikanAtha, jo mImAMsaka prabhAkarake anugAmI haiM unhoMne prakaraNapaJcikAmeM (pR0 83-85), tathA pArthasAthi mizrane zlokavArtikakI vyAkhyAmeM ( anu0 zlo0 54 ) mImAMsakasammata tIna avayavoMkA hI nidarzana kiyA hai / vAdidevakA kathana zAlikanAtha tathA pArthasArathike anusAra hI hai para zrA0 hemacandra tathA anantavIryakA nhiiN| agara zrA0 hemacandra aura anantavIrya donoM mImAMsaka 1. 'pratiyogyasamAnAdhikaraNayatsamAnAdhikaraNAtyantAbhAvapratiyogitAvacche. dakAvacchinnaM yanna bhavati"-cintA0 gAdA0 pR0 361 / 2. 'tena samaM tasya sAmAnAdhikaraNyaM vyAptiH ||'-cintaa gAdA0 pR0 361 /

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182 sammata caturavayava kathanameM bhrAnta nahIM haiM to samajhanA cAhie ki unake sAmane caturavayavavAdakI koI mImAMsaka paramparA rahI ho jisakA unhoMne nirdeza kiyA hai / naiyAyika pA~ca avayavoMkA prayoga mAnate haiM (1.1.32) / bauddha tArkika, adhika se adhika hetu dRSTAnta do kA hI prayoga mAnate haiM (pramANavA0 1.28; syAdvAdara0 pR0 556) aura kama se kama kevala hetukA hI prayoga mAnate haiN| (pramANavA0 1. 28) | isa nAnA prakArake matabhedake bIca jaina tArkikane apanA mata, jaisA anyatra bhI dekhA jAtA hai, vaise hI anekAnta dRSTike anusAra niyuktikAlase' hI sthira kiyA hai / digambara zvetAmbara sabhI jainAcArya zravayavaprayoga meM kisI eka saMkhyAko na mAnakara zrotAkI nyUnAdhika yogyatA ke anusAra nyUnAdhika saMkhyAko mAnate haiM / mANikyanandIne kamase kama pratijJA hetu ima do avayavoMkA prayoga svIkAra karake viziSTa zrotA kI apekSA se nigamana paryanta pA~ca avayayoMkA bhI prayoga svIkAra kiyA hai ( parI0 3. 37-46 ) / zrA0 hemacandra ke prastuta sUtroMke aura unakI svopajJa vRttike zabdoMse bhI mANikyanandI kRta sUtra aura unakI prabhAcandra di kRta vRttikA hI ukta bhAva phalita hotA hai arthAt zrA0 hemacandra bhI kama se kama pratijJAhetu rUpa zravayavadvayako hI svIkAra karake zrantameM pA~ca avayavako bhI svIkAra karate haiM; parantu vAdidevakA mantavya isase judA hai / vAdideva sUrine apanI svopajJa vyAkhyAmeM zrotAkI vicitratA batalAte hue yahA~ taka mAna liyA hai ki viziSTa adhikArIke vAste kevala hetukA hI prayoga paryApta hai ( syAdvAdara0 pR0 548), jaisA ki bauddhoMne bhI mAnA hai | adhikArI vizeSa ke vAste pratijJA aura hetu do, anyavidha adhikArIke vAste pratijJA, hetu aura udAharaNa tIma, isI taraha anya vAste sopanaya cAra, yA sanigamana pA~ca zravayava kA prayoga svIkAra kiyA hai ( syAdvAdara0 pR0 564 ) | isa jagaha digambara paramparAkI apekSA zvetAmbara paramparA kI eka khAsa vizeSatA dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie, jo aitihAsika mahattva kI hai / vaha yaha hai ki kisI bhI digambara AcArya ne usa ati prAcIna bhadrabAhukatR ke mAnI jAne 1 'jiNavayaNaM siddhaM caiva bharaNae katthaI udAharaNaM / zrasajja u soyA U vikahiJca bhojjA || katthai paJcAvayavaM dasahA vA savvahA na paDisiddhaM na ya puNa savvaM bhAI haMdI savizrAramakkhAyaM / ' daza0 ni0 gA0 46, 50 /

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vAlI niyukti meM nirdiSTa va varNita daza avayavoM kA, jo vAtsyAyana kathita daza avayavoM se bhinna haiM, ullekha taka nahIM kiyA hai, jaba ki sabhI zvetAmbara tArkikoM ( syAdvAdara0 pR0 556) ne utkRSTavAda kathA meM adhikArI vizeSake vAste pA~ca avayavoM se Age bar3hakara niyuktigata dasa avayavoM ke prayoga kA bhI niyukti ke hI anusAra varNana kiyA hai / jAna par3atA hai isa taphAvata kA kAraNa digambara paramparA ke dvArA zrAgama Adi prAcIna sAhityakA tyakta homA-yahI hai / eka bAta mANikyanandIne apane sUtrameM kahI hai vaha mArke kI jAna par3atI hai| so yaha hai ki do aura pA~ca avayavoMkA prayogabheda pradezakI apekSA se samajhanA cAhie arthAt vAdapradezameM to do avayavoMkA prayoga niyata hai para zAstrapradezameM adhikArIke anusAra do yA pA~ca avayavoMkA prayoga vaikalpika hai / vAdidevakI eka khAsa bAta bhI smaraNameM rakhane yogya hai / vaha yaha ki jaisA bauddha viziSTa vidvAnoMke vAste hetu mAtrakA prayoga mAnate haiM vaise hI vAdideva bhau vidvAn adhikArIke vAste eka hetumAtrakA prayoga bhI mAna lete haiN| aisA spaSTa svIkAra zrA0 hemacandra ne nahIM kiyA hai | I0 1636] [ pramANa mIsAMsA 1 'te u painnavibhattI heuvibhattI vivakkhapaDiseho dihato thAsaGkA tappaDiseho nigamaNaM ca |'-dsh0 ni0 gA0 137 / 2 'dazAvayavAneke naiyAyikA vAkye saJcakSate-jijJAsA saMzayaH zakya. prAptiH prayojanaM saMzayavyudAsa iti-nyAyabhA0 1. 1. 32 /

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hetu ke rUpa hetuke rUpake viSayameM dArzanikoMmeM cAra paramparAe~ dekhI jAtI haiM-1vaizeSika, sAMkhya, bauddha; 2-naiyAyika; 3-ajJAtanAmaka; 4-jaina / prathama paramparAke anusAra hetuke pakSasattva, sapakSasattva aura vipakSavyAvRttatva ye tIna rUpa haiN| isa paramparAke anugAmI vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura bauddha tIna darzana haiM, jinameM vaizeSika aura sAMkhya hI prAcIna jAna par3ate haiN| pratyakSa aura anumAna rUse pramANadvaya vibhAgake viSayamai jaise bauddha tArkikoMke Upara kaNAda darzanakA prabhAva spaSTa hai vaise hI hetuke trairUpyake viSayameM bhI vaizeSika darzanakA hI anusaraNa bauddha tArkikoMne kiyA jAna par3atA hai / prazastapAda khuda bhI liGgake svarUpake varNanameM eka kArikAkA avataraNa dete haiM jisameM trirUpa hetukA kAzyapakathita rUpase nirdeza hai| mAThara apanI vRttimeM unhIM tIna rUpoMkA nirdeza karate haiM (mAThara0 5) / abhidharmakoza, pramANasamuccaya, nyAyapraveza (pR0 1), nyAyabindu (2.5 se), hetubindu (pR0 4) aura tattvasaMgraha (kA0 1362) Adi sabhI bauddhagranthoM meM unhIM tIna rUpoMko hetu lakSaNa mAnakara trirUpa hetukA hI samarthana kiyA hai| tIna rUpoMke svarUpavarNana evaM samarthana tathA parapakSanirAkaraNameM jitanA vistAra evaM vizadIkaraNa bauddha granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai utanA kisI kevala vaizeSika yA sAMkhya granthamaiM nhiiN| naiyAyika uparyukta tIna rUpoM ke alAvA abAdhitaviSayatva aura asatpratipakSitatva ye do rUpa mAnakara hetuke pAJcarUpyakA samarthana karate haiN| yaha samarthana sabase pahale kisane zurU kiyA yaha nizcaya rUpase abhI kahA nahIM jA sakatA / para sambhavataH isakA prathama samarthaka udyotakara (nyAyavA0 1. 1.5) honA cAhie / hetubinduke TIkAkAra arcaTane (pR0 205) tathA prazastapAdAnugAmI zrIdharane naiyAyikokta pAJcarUpyakA rUpyameM samAveza kiyA hai| yadyapi vAcaspati 1 pro0 cArabiTaskIke kathanAnusAra isa trairUpyake viSayameM bauddhoMkA asara vaizeSikoMke Upara hai-Buddhist Logic vol. I P. 244. 2 'yadanumeyena sambaddhaM prasiddhaM ca tadanvite / tadabhAve ca nAstyeva talliGgamanumApakam // viparItamato yat syAdekena dvitayena vA / viruddhA siddhasandigdhamaliGga kAzyapo'bravIt ||'-prshst0 pR0 200 / kandalI pR0 203 /

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155 (tAtparya0 1. 1. 5; 1. 1. 36), jayanta (nyAyama0 pR0 110) zrAdi pichale sabhI naiyAyikoMne ukta pAJcarUpyakA samarthana evaM varNana kiyA hai tathApi vicArasvatantra nyAyaparamparAmeM vaha pAJcarUpya mRtakamuSTikI taraha sthira nahIM rahA / gadAdhara Adi naiyAyikoMne vyApti aura pakSadharmatArUpase hetuke gamakatopayogI tIna rUpakA hI avayavAdimeM saMsUcana kiyA hai| isa taraha pAJcarUpyakA prAthamika naiyAyikAgraha zithila hokara trairUpya taka A gyaa| ukta pAJcarUpyake alAvA chaThA ajJAtatva rUpa ginAkara SaDpa hetu mAnanevAlI bhI koI paramparA thI jisakA nirdeza aura khaNTana arcaTa' ne 'naiyAyika-mImAMsakAdayaH' aisA sAmAnya kathana karake kiyA hai| nyAyazAstrameM jJAyamAna liGgakI karaNatAkA jo prAcIna mata (jJAyamAnaM liGga tu karaNaM na hi-muktA0 kA0 67) khaNDanIya rUpase nirdiSTa hai usakA mUla zAyada usI SaDrUpa hetuvAdakI paramparAmeM ho|| jaina paramparA hetuke ekarUpako hI mAnatI hai aura vaha rUpa hai avinAbhAvaniyama / usakA kahanA yaha nahIM ki hetumeM jo tIna yA pA~va rUpAdi mAne jAte haiM ve asat haiN| usakA kahanA mAtra itanA hI hai ki jaba tIna yA :pA~ca rUpa na hone para bhI kinhIM hetuoMse nirvivAda sadanumAna hotA hai taba avinAbhAvaniyamake sivAya sakala hetusAdhAraNa dUsarA koI lakSaNa saralatAse banAyA ho nahIM jA sktaa| ataeva tIna yA pA~ca rUpa avinAbhAvaniyamake yathAsambhava prapaJcamAtra hai| yadyapi siddhasenane nyAyAvatArameM hetuko sAdhyAvinAbhAvI kahA hai phira bhI avinAbhAvaniyama hI hetukA ekamAtra rUpa hai aisA samarthana karanevAle sambhavataH sarvaprathama pAtrasvAmI haiN| tattvasaMgrahameM zAntarakSitane jainaparamparAsammata avinAbhAvaniyamarUpa eka lakSaNakA pAtrasvAmIke mantavyarUpase hI nirdeza karake khaNDana kiyA hai / jAna par3atA hai pUrvavartI anya jainatArkikoMne hetuke svarUpa 1'SaDalakSaNo heturityapare naiyAyikamImAMsakAdayo manyante / kAni punaH SaDpANi hetostairiSyante ityAha...trINi caitAni pakSadharmAnvayavyatirekAkhyANi, tathA abAdhitaviSayatvaM caturtha rUpam,...tathA vivakSite karakhyatvaM rUpAntaramekA saMkhyA yasya hetudravyasya tadekasaMkhyaM...ya yekasaMkhyAvacchinnAyAM pratiheturahi tAyAM hetuvyaktI hetutva tadA gamakatvaM na tu pratihetusahitAyAmapi dvitvasaMkhyAyuktAyAm...tathA jJAtatvaM ca jJAnaviSayatvaM ca, na hyajJAto hetuH svasattAmAtreNa gaemako yukta iti |'-hetubi0 TI0 pR0 205 / 2. 'anyathetyAdinA pAtrasvAmimatamAzaGkate-nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim ||'-tttvsN0 kA0 1364-66 /

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rUpase avinAbhAvaniyamakA kathana sAmAnyataH kiyA hogA / para usakA sayuktika samarthana aura bauddhasammata rUpyakA khaNDana sarvaprathama pAtrasvAmIne hI kiyA hogA anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / / nAnyathA'nupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim // nyAyavi0 pR0 177 yaha khaNDanakArikA akalaGka, vidyAnanda ( pramANapa0 pR0 72 ) aAdine uddhata kI hai vaha pAtrasvAmikatRka honI cAhie / pAtrasvAmIke dvArA jo parasammata gairUpyakA khaNDana jaimaparamparAmeM zurU huaA usIkA pichale akalaGka (pramANase0 pR0 66 A ) Adi digambara zvetAmbara tArkikoMne anusaraNa kiyA hai| gairUpyakhaNDanake bAda jainaparamparAmeM pAJcarUpyakA bhI khaNDana zurU huaa| ataeva vidyAnanda (pramANapa0 pR0 72), prabhAcandra (prameyaka0 pR0 103), vAdI devasUri (syAdvAdara pR0 521 ) Adike digambarIya-zvetAmbarIya pichale tarkagranthoMmeM rUpya aura pAJcarUpyakA sAtha hI savistara khaNDana dekhA jAtA hai| ___ AcArya hemacandra usI paramparAko lekara arUpya tathA pAJcarUpya donoMkA nirAsa karate haiN| yadyapi viSayadRSTise zrA0 hemacandrakA khaNDana vidyAnanda Adi pUrvavartI prAcAryoMke khaNDanake samAna hI hai tathApi inakA zAbdika sAmya vizeSataH anantavIrya kI prameyaratnamAlAke sAtha hai| anya sabhI pUrvavartI jainatArkikoMse prA. hemacandra kI eka vizeSatA jo aneka sthaloMmeM dekhI jAtI hai vaha yahA~ bhI hai| vaha vizeSatA-saMkSepameM bhI kisI na kisI nae vicArakA jainaparamparAmeM saMgrahIkaraNamAtra hai| hama dekhate haiM ki prA0 hemacandrane bauddhasammata trairUpyakA pUrvapakSa rakhate samaya jo vistRta avataraNa nyAyabindukI dharmottarIya vRttimaise akSaraza: liyA hai vaha anya kisI pUrvavartI jaina tarkagranthameM nahIM hai| yadyapi vaha vicAra bauddha tArkikakRta hai tathApi jaina tarkazAstra ke abhyAsiyoMke vAste cAhe pUrvapakSa rUpase bhI vaha vicAra khAsa jJAtavya hai| Upara jisa 'anyathAnupapannatva' kArikAkA ullekha kiyA hai vaha niHsandeha tarkasiddha honeke kAraNa sarvatra jainaparamparAmeM pratiSThita ho gaI hai| yahA~ taka ki usI kArikAkA anukaraNa karake vidyAnandane thor3e hera-pherake sAtha pAJcarUpyakhaNDana viSayaka bhI kArikA banA DAlI hai-(pramANapa0 pR0 72) / isa kArikAkI pratiSThA tarkabala para aura tarkakSetrameM hI rahanI cAhie thI para isake prabhAvake kAyala atArkika bhaktoMne isakI pratiSThA managaDhanta DhaGgase bddh'aaii| aura yahA~ taka baha bar3hI ki khuda tarkagranthalekhaka AcArya bhI usa kalpita DhaGgake

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187 zikAra bne| kisI ne kahA ki usa kArikAke karttA aura dAMtA mUlameM sImandharasvAmI nAmaka tIrthaGkara haiN| kisIne kahA ki sImandharasvAmIse padmAvatI nAmaka devatA isa kArikAko lAI aura pAtrakesarI svAmIko usane vaha kArikA dii| isa taraha kisI bhI tArkika manuSyake mukhameM se nikalanekI aikAntika yogyatA rakhanevAlI isa kArikAko sImandharasvAmIke mukhameM se andhabhaktike kAraNa janma lenA par3A-sanmatiTI0 pR0 566 (7) / astu / jo kucha ho 0 hemacandra bhI usa kArikAkA upayoga karate haiM / itanA to avazya jAna par3atA hai ki isa kArikAke sambhavataH udbhAvaka pAtrasvAmI digambara paramparA ke hI haiM; kyoMki bhaktipUrNa una managaDhanta kalpanAoM kI sRSTi kevala digambarIma paramparA taka hI sImita hai / I0 1636 ] [ pramANamImAMsA

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hetu ke prakAra jaina tarkaparamparAmeM hetuke prakAroMkA varNana to akalaGkake granthoM (pramANasaM0 pR0 67-68 ) meM dekhA jAtA hai para unakA vidhi yA niSedhasAdhaka rUpase spaSTa vargIkaraNa hama mANikyanandI. vidyAnanda Adike granthoMmeM hI pAte haiN| mANikyanandI, vidyAnanda, devasUri aura zrA0 hemacandra ina cArakA kiyA huA hI vaha vargIkaraNa dhyAna dene yogya hai / hetuprakAroMke jainagranthagata vargIkaraNa mukhyatayA vaizeSika sUtra aura dharmakIrtike nyAyabindu para avalambita haiN| vaizeSikasUtra (6.2.1) meM kArya, kAraNa, saMyogI, samavAyI aura virodhI rUpase paJcavidha liMgakA spaSTa nirdeza hai| nyAyabindu (2.12) meM svabhAva, kArya aura anapalambha rUpase trividha liMgakA varNana hai tathA anupalabdhike gyAraha prakAra' mAtra niSedhasAdhaka rUpase varNita haiM, vidhisAdhaka rUpase eka bhI anupalabdhi nahIM batalAI gaI hai| akalaGka aura mANikyanandIne nyAyabindukI anupalabdhi to khIkRta kI para usameM bahuta kucha sudhAra aura vRddhi kii| dharmakIrti anulabdhi zabdase sabhI anupalabdhiyoMko yA upalabdhiyoMko lekara ekamAtra pratiSedhakI siddhi batalAte haiM taba mANikyanandI anapalabdhise vidhi aura niSedha ubhayakI siddhikA nirUpaNa karate haiM itanA hI nahIM balki upalabdhiko bhI ve vidhiniSedha ubhayasAdhaka batalAte haiM / vidyAnandakA vargIkaraNa vaizeSikasUtrake AdhAra para hai / vaizeSikasUtra meM abhUta bhUtakA, bhUta abhUtakA aura bhUta-bhUtakA isa taraha 1 'svabhAvAnupalabdhiryathA nA'tra dhUma upalabdhilakSaNaprAptasyAnupalabdheriti / kAryAnapalabdhiryathA nehApratibaddhasAmarthyAni dhUmakAraNAni santi dhUmAbhAvAt / vyApakAnalabdhiryathA nAtra ziMzapA vRkSAbhAvAt / svabhAvaviruddhopalabdhiryathA nAtra zItasparzo'gneriti / viruddhakAryopalabdhiryathA nAtra zItasparTI dhUmAditi / viruddhavyAptolabdhiryathA na dhruvabhAvI bhUtasyApi bhAvasya vinAzo hetvantarApekSaNAt / kAryaviruddhopalabdhiryathA nehApratibaddhasAmarthyAni zItakAraNAni santi agneriti / vyApakaviruddholabdhiryathA nAtra tuSArasparzo'gneriti | kAraNAnapalabdhiryathA nAtra dhUmo'gnyabhAvAt / kAraNa viruddhopalabdhiryathA nAsya romaharSAdivizeSAH sannihitadahanavizeSatvAditi / kAraNaviruddhAryopalabdhiryathA na romaharSAdivizeSayuktapuruSavAnayaM pradezo dhUmAditi ||'-nyaaybi0 2. 32-42 / 2 parI0 3.57-56, 78, 86 /

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181 trividhaliMga nirdiSTa hai' / para vidyAnandane usameM abhUta abhUtakA-yaha eka prakAra bar3hAkara cAra prakAroMke antargata sabhI vidhiniSedhasAdhaka upalabdhiyoM tathA sabhI vidhiniSedhasAdhaka anupalabdhiyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai (pramANapa0 pR0 72-74) / isa vistRta samAvezakaraNameM kinhIM pUrvAcAryoM kI saMgrahakArikAoMkAra uddhRta karake unhoMne saba prakAroMkI saba saMkhyAaoMko nirdiSTa kiyA hai mAno vidyAnandake vargIkaraNameM vaizeSika sUtrake alAvA akalaGka yA mANikyanandI jaise kisI jainatArkikakA yA kisI bauddha tArkikakA aAdhAra hai| devasUrine apane vargIkaraNa meM parIkSAmukhake vargIkaraNako hI AdhAra mAnA huaA jAna par3atA hai phira bhI devasUrine itanA sudhAra avazya kiyA hai ki jaba parIkSAmukha vidhisAdhaka cha: upalabdhiyoM (3.56) aura tIna anupalabdhiyoM (3.86) ko varNita karate haiM taba pramANanayatattvAloka vidhisAdhaka cha: upalabdhiyoM (3.64) kA aura pA~ca anupalabdhiyoM (3.66) kA varNana karatA. hai / . niSedhasAdhakarUpase chaH upalabdhiyoM (3. 71 ) kA aura sAta anupalabdhiyoM (3.78) kA varNana parIkSAmukhameM hai taba pramANanayatattvAlokameM niSedhasAdhaka anapalabdhi ( 3.60 ) aura upalabdhi ( 3. 76 ) donoM sAta-sAta prakAra kI haiM / prAcArya hemacandra vaizeSikasUtra aura nyAyabindu donoMke AdhAra para vidyAnandakI taraha vargIkaraNa karate haiM phira bhI vidyAnandase vibhinnatA yaha hai ki zrA0 hemacandrake vargIkaraNameM koI bhI anupalabdhi vidhisAdhaka rUpase varNita nahIM hai kintu nyAyabindukI taraha mAtra niSedhasAdhakarUpase varNita hai| vargIkaraNakI anekavidhatA tathA bhedoMkI saMkhyA nyUnAdhikatA hone para bhI tattvataH sabhI vargIkaraNoMkA sAra eka hI hai| vAcaspati mizrane kevala bauddhasammata vargIkaraNakA hI nahIM balki vaizeSikasUtragata vargIkaraNakA bhI nirAsa kiyA hai ( tAtparya0 pR0 158-164 ) / 1 'virodhyabhUtaM bhuutsy| bhUtamabhUtasya / bhUto bhUtasya'-vai0sU0 3. 11-13 / 2 'atra saMgrahazlokAH-syAtkArya kAraNavyApyaM prAksahottaracAri ca | liGga tallakSaNavyApterbhUtaM bhUtasya sAdhakaM // SoDhA viruddhakAryAdi sAkSAdevopavarNitam / liGga bhUtamabhUtasya liMgalakSaNayogataH / pAramparyAttu kArya syAt kAraNaM vyApyameva ca / sahacAri ca nirdiSTaM pratyekaM taccaturvidham / / kAraNAd dviSThakAryAdibhedenodAhRtaM puraa| yathA SoDazabhedaM syAt dvAviMzatividhaM tataH / / liGga samuditaM zeyamanyathAnupapattimat / tathA bhUtamabhUtasyApyUhyamanyadapIdRzam // abhUtaM bhUtamunnItaM bhUtasyAnekadhA budhaiH / tathA'bhUtamabhUtasya yathAyogyamudAharet // bahudhApyevamAkhyAtaM saMkSepeNa caturvidham / atisaMkSepato dvedhopalambhAnupalambhabhRt // ' -pramANapa0 pR0 74-75 /

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kAraNa aura kAryaliGga kAryaliGgaka anumAnako to sabhI mAnate haiM para kAraNaliMgaka anumAna mAnanemeM matabheda hai / bauddhatArkika khAsakara dharmakIrti kahIM bhI kAraNaliMgaka anumAnakA svIkAra nahIM karate para vaizeSika, naiyAyika donoM kAraNaliMgaka anumAna ko prathamase hI mAnate Ae haiN| apane pUrvavartI sabhI jainatArkikoMne jaise kAraNaliMgaka anumAnakA bar3e joroMse upapAdana kiyA hai vaise hI prA0 hemacandra ne bhI usakA upapAdana kiyA hai| prA0 hemacandra nyAyavAdI zabdase dharmakIrtiko hI sUcita karate haiN| yadyapi prA0 hemacandra dharmakIrttike mantavyakA nirasana karate haiM tathApi unakA dharmakIrtike prati vizeSa Adara hai jo 'sUkSmadarzinApi' isa zabda se vyakta hotA hai-pra0 mI0 pR0 42 / / kAryaliMgaka anumAnake mAnane meM kisIkA matabheda nahIM phira bhI usake kisIkisI udAharaNameM matabheda khAsA hai / 'jIvat zarIraM sAtmakam, prANAdimatvAt isa anumAnako bauddha sadanumAna nahIM mAnate, ve use mithyAnumAna mAnakara hetvAbhAsameM prANAdihetuko ginAte haiM ( nyAyabi0 3.66) / bauddha loga itara dArzanikoMkI taraha zarIrameM vartamAna nitya Atmatattvako nahIM mAnate isIse ve anya dArzanikasammata sAtmakatvakA prANAdi dvArA anumAna nahIM mAnate, jabaki vaizeSika, naiyAyika, jaina Adi sabhI pRthagAtmavAdI darzana prANAdi dvArA zarIra meM Atmasiddhi mAnakara use sadanumAna hI mAnate haiM / ataeva aAtmavAdI dArzanikoMke lie yaha siddhAnta zrAvazyaka hai ki sapakSavRttitva rUpa anvayako sadhetu kA anivArya rUpa na mAnanA / kevala vyatirekavAle arthAt anvayazUnya liMgako bhI ve anamitiprayojaka mAnakara prANAdihetuko sadhetu mAnate haiM / isakA samarthana naiyAyikoM kI taraha jainatArkikoMne bar3e vistArase kiyA hai| zrA0 hemacandra bhI usIkA anusaraNa karate haiM, aura kahate haiM ki anvayake abhAvameM bhI hetvAbhAsa nahIM hotA isalie anvayako hetukA rUpa mAnanA na caahie| bauddhasammata khAsakara dharmakIrtinirdiSTa anvayasandehakA anaikAntika 1 'kevalavyatirekiNaM tvIdRzamAtmAdiprasAdhane paramamastramupekSituM na zaknuma ityayathAbhASyamapi vyAkhyAnaM zreyaH |'-nyaam0 pR0 578 / tAtparya0 pR0 283 / kandalI pR0 204 /

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161 prayojakatvarUpase khaNDana karate hue zrA0 hemacandra kahate haiM ki vyatirekAbhAvamAtra ko hI viruddha aura anaikAntika donoMkA prayojaka mAnanA caahie| dharmakIrtine nyAyabindumeM vyatirekAbhAvake sAtha anvayasandehako bhI anaikAntikatAkA prayojaka kahA hai usIkA niSedha zrA0 hemacandra karate haiN| nyAyavAdI dharmakIrtike kisI upalabdha granthameM, jaisA zrA0 hemacandra likhate haiM, dekhA nahIM jAtA ki vyatirekAbhAva hI donoM viruddha aura anaikAntika yA donoM prakArake anaikAntika kA prayojaka ho / taba 'nyAyavAdinApi vyatirekAbhAvAdeva hetvAbhAsAvukto' yaha zrA0 hemacandrakA kathana asaMgata ho jAtA hai| dharmakIrti ke kisI granthameM isa prA0 hemacandrokta bhAvakA ullekha na mile to A0 hemacandrake isa kathanakA artha thor3I khIMcAtAnI karake yahI karanA cAhie ki nyAyavAdIne bhI do hetvAbhAsa kahe haiM para unakA prayojakarUpa jesA hama mAnate haiM vaisA vyatirekAbhAva hI mAnA jAya kyoMki usa aMzamaiM kisIkA vivAda nahIM ataeva nirvivAdarUpase svIkRta vyatirekAmAvako hI ukta hetvAbhAsadvayakA prayojaka mAnanA, anvayasandehako nhiiN| ___ yahA~ eka bAta khAsa likha denI cAhie / vaha yaha ki bauddha tArkika hetuke rUpyakA samarthana karate hue anvayako Avazyaka isalie batalAte haiM ki ve vipakSAsattvarUpa vyatirekakA sambhava 'sapakSa eva sattva' rUpa anvayake binA nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki anvaya honese hI vyatireka phalita hotA hai cAhe vaha kisI vastumeM phalita ho yA avastumeM | agara anvaya na ho to vyatireka bhI sambhava nahIM | anvaya aura vyatireka donoM rUpa parasparAzrita hone para bhI bauddha tArkikoMke matase bhinna hI haiM / ataeva ve vyatireka kI taraha anvayake Upara bhI samAna hI bhAra dete haiN| jainaparamparA aisA nahIM maantii| usake anusAra vipakSavyAvRttirUpa vyatireka hI hetukA mukhya svarUpa hai| jainaparamparAke anusAra usI eka hI rUpake anvaya yA vyatireka do jude jude nAmamAtra haiN| isI siddhAntakA anusaraNa karake A0 hemacandrane antameM kaha diyA hai ki 'sapakSa eva sattva' ko agara anvaya kahate ho taba to vaha hamArA abhipreta anyathAnupapattirUpa vyatireka hI huaa| sArAMza yaha hai ki bauddhatArkika jisa tattvako anvaya aura vyatireka parasparAzrita rUpoMmeM vibhAjita karake donoM hI rUpoMkA hetulakSaNameM sabhAveza karate haiM, jainatArkika usI tattvako ekamAtra anyathAnupapatti yA vyatirekarUpase svIkAra karake usakI dUsarI bhAvAtmaka bAjUko lakSyameM nahIM lete / 1 'anayoreva dvayoM rUpayoH sandehe'naikAntikaH |'-nyaaybi0 3.68 /

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pakSavicAra pakSa ke saMbandha meM yahA~ cAra bAtoM para vicAra hai-1-pada kA lakSaNasvarUpa, 2-lakSaNAntargata vizeSaNa kI vyAvRtti, 3-pakSa ke AkAranirdeza, 4-usake prakAra / 1-bahuta pahile se hI pakSa kA svarUpa vicArapatha meM Akara nizcita sA ho gayA thA phira bhI prazastapAda ne pratijJAlakSaNa karate samaya usakA citraNa spaSTa kara diyA hai| nyAyapraveza meM aura nyAya bindu meM to yahA~ taka lakSaNa kI bhASA nizcita ho gaI hai ki isake bAda ke sabhI digambara-zvetAmbara tArkikoM ne usI bauddha bhASA kA unhIM zabdoM se yA paryAyAntara se anuvAda karake hI apaneapane granthoM meM pakSa kA svarUpa batalAyA hai jisameM koI nyUnAdhikatA nahIM hai / 2-lakSaNa ke iSTa, asiddha, aura abAdhita ina tInoM vizeSaNoM kI vyAvRtti prazastapAda aura nyAyapraveza meM nahIM dekhI jAtI kintu abAdhita isa eka vizeSaNa kI vyAvRtti unameM spaSTa hai 4 / nyAyabindu meM ukta tInoM kI vyAvRtti hai / 1 'pratipipAdayiSitadharmaviziSTasya dharmiNo'padeza viSayamApAdayituM uddezamAtraM pratijJA .. avirodhigrahaNAt pratyakSAnumAnAbhyupagatasvazAstrasvavacanavirodhino niramtA bhavanti'-prazasta0 pR0 234 / 2 'tatra pakSaH prasiddho dharmI prasiddhavizeSeNa viziSTatayA svayaM saadhytvenepsitH| pratyakSAdyaviruddha iti vaakyshessH| tadyathA nityaH zabdo'nityo veti |'nyaaypr0 pR0 1 / 3 'svarUpeNaiva svayamiSTo'nirAkRtaH pakSa iti |-nyaayvi0 3. 40 / 4 'yathA'nuSNo'gniriti pratyakSa virodhI, ghanamambaramiti anumAnavirodhI, brAhmaNena surA peyetyAgamavirodhI, vaizeSikasya satkAryamiti bruvataH svazAstravirodhI, na zabdo'rthapratyAyaka iti svavacanavirodhI |'-prshst0 pR0 234 / 'sAdhayitu. miSTopi pratyakSAdiviruddhaH pakSAbhAsaH / tadyathA-pratyakSaviruddhaH, anumAnaviruddhaH, AgamaviruddhaH, lokaviruddhaH, svavacanaviruddhaH, aprasiddhavizeSaNaH, aprasiddhavizaSyaH, aprasiddhobhayaH, prasiddhasambandhazceti |-nyaaypr0 pR0 2 / / 5 'svarUpeNeti saadhytvenessttH| svarUpeNaiveti sAdhyatveneSTo na sAdhanatvenApi / yathA zabdasyAnityatve sAdhye cAkSuSatvaM hetuH, zabde'siddhatvAtsAdhyam, na punastadiha

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antara jainagranthoM meM bhI tInoM vizeSaNoM kI vyAvRtti spaSTatayA batalAI gaI hai| itanA hI hai ki mANikyanandI ( parI0 3. 20.) aura devasUri ne ( pramANana 0 3. 14-17 N, to sabhI vyAvRttiyA~ dharmakIrti kI taraha mUla sUtra meM hI darasAI haiM jaba ki A0 hemacandra ne do vizeSaNoM kI vyAvRttiyoM ko vRtti meM batalAkara sirpha bAdhya vizeSaNa kI vyAvRtti ko sUtrabaddha kiyA hai / prazastapAda ne pratyakSaviruddha, anumAnaviruddha, zrAgamaviruddha, svazAstraviruddha aura svavacanaviruddha rUpa se pA~ca bAdhitapakSa batalAe haiM / nyAyapraveza meM bhI bAdhitapakSa to pA~ca hI haiM para svazAstraviruddha ke sthAna meM lokaviruddha kA samAvezahai | nyAyabindu meM Agama aura lokaviruddha donoM nahIM haiM para pratItiviruddha kA samAveza karake kula pratyakSa, anumAna, svavacana aura pratItiviruddha rUpa se cAra bAdhita batalAe haiM / jAna par3atA hai, bauddha paramparAgata AgamaprAmANya ke asvIkAra kA vicAra karake dharmakIrti ne zrAgamaviruddha ko haTA diyA hai / para sAtha hI pratItiviruddha ko bar3hAyA / mANikyanandI ne ( parI0 6.15 ) isa viSaya meM nyAyabindu kA nahIM para nyAyapraveza kA anusaraNa karake usI ke pA~ca bAdhita pakSa mAna liye jinako devasUri ne bhI mAna liyA / alabattA devasUri ne ( pramANana0 6.40 ) mANikyanandI kA aura nyAyapraveza kA anusaraNa karate hue bhI zrAdipada rakha diyA aura apanI vyAkhyA ratnAkara meM smaraNaviruddha, tarkaviruddha rUpa se anya bAdhita pakSoM ko bhI dikhAyA / zrA0 hemacandra ne nyAyabindu kA pratItiviruddha le liyA, bAkI ke pA~ca nyAyapraveza aura parIkSAmukha ke lekara kula chaH bAdhita pakSoM ko sUtrabaddha kiyA hai / mAThara ( sAMkhyakA0 5 ) jo saMbhavataH nyAyapraveza se purAne haiM unhoMne pakSAbhAsoM kI 163 sAdhyatveneSTaM sAdhanatvenApyabhidhAnAt / svayamiti vAdinA / yastadA sAdhanamAha / etena yadyapi kvacicchAstre sthitaH sAdhanamAha, tacchAstrakAreNa tasmindharmiNyanekadhamabhyupagame'pi, yastadA tena vAdinA dharmaH svayaM sAdhayitumiSTaH sa eva sAdhyo tara ityuktaM bhavati / iSTa iti yAtrArthe vivAdena sAdhanamupanyastaM tasya siddhimicchatA so'nukto'pi vacanena sAdhyaH / tadadhikaraNatvAdvivAdasya / yathA parArthAzcakSurAdayaH saMghAtatvAcchyanAsanAdyaGgavad iti zratrAtmArthA ityanuktAvapyAtmArthatA sAdhyA, anena noktamAtrameva sAdhyamityuktaM bhavati / nirAkRta iti etallakSaNayoge'pi yaH sAdhayitumiSTo'pyarthaH pratyakSAnumAnapratItisvavacanainirAkriyate na sa pakSa iti pradarzanArtham / '- nyAyabi 3. 41-50 / 13

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nara saMkhyA mAtra kA nirdeza kiyA hai, (udAharaNa nahIM diye / nyAyapraveza meM sodAharaNa nava pakSAbhAsa nirdiSTa haiN| 3-prA. hemacandra ne sAdhyadharmaviziSTa dharmI ko aura sAdhyadharma mAtra ko pakSa kahakara usake do sAkAra batalAe haiM, jo unake pUrvavartI mANikyanandI ( 3. 25-26, 32) aura devasUri ne (3. 16-18) bhI batalAe haiM / dharmakIrti ne sUtra meM to eka hI prAkAra nirdiSTa kiyA hai para usakI vyAkhyA meM dharmottara ne ( 2.8) kevala dharmI, kevala dharma aura dharmadharmisamudAya rUpa se pakSa ke tIna AkAra batalAe haiN| sAtha hI usa pratyeka AkAra kA upayoga kisa-kisa samaya hotA hai yaha bhI batalAyA hai jo ki apUrva hai| vAtsyAyana ne (nyAyabhA0 1.1.36) dharmaviziSTa dharmI aura dharmiviziSTa dharma rUpa se pakSa ke do zrAkAroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| para AkAra ke upayogoM kA varNana dharmottara kI usa vyAkhyA ke alAvA anyatra pUrva granthoM meM nahIM dekhA jaataa| mANikyanandI ne isa dharmottarIya vastu ko sUtra meM hI apanA liyA jisakA devasUri ne bhI sUtra dvArA hI anukaraNa kiyaa| zrA0 hemacandra ne usakA anukaraNa to kiyA para use sUtrabaddha na kara vRtti meM hI kaha diyA--pra0 mI0 1.2. 13-17 / 4- itara sabhI jaina tArkikoM kI taraha zrA0 hemacandra ne bhI pramANasiddha, vikalpasiddha aura ubhayasiddha rUpa se pakSa ke tIna prakAra batalAe haiM / pramANasiddha pakSa mAnane ke bAre meM to kisI kA matabheda hai hI nahIM, para vikalpasiddha aura ubhayasiddha pakSa mAnane meM matabheda hai / vikalpasiddha aura pramANa-vikalpasiddha pakSa ke viruddha, jahA~ taka mAlUma hai, sabase pahile prazna uThAnevAle dharmakIrti hI haiM / yaha abhI nizcita rUpa se kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki dharmakIrti kA vaha zrAkSepa mImAMsakoM ke Upara rahA yA jainoM ke Upara yA donoM ke Upara / phira bhI itanA nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dharmakIrti ke usa AkSepa kA savistara javAba jaina tarkagranthoM meM hI dekhA jAtA hai| javAba kI jaina prakriyA meM sabhI ne dharmakIrti ke usa pApIya padya (pramANavA0 1.162 ) ko uddhata bhI kiyA hai| . maNikAra gaGgeza ne pakSatA kA jo antima aura sUkSmatama nirUpaNa 1 'ucyate-siSAdhayiSAvirahasahakRtasAdhakapramANAbhAvo yatrAsti sa pakSaH, tena siSAdhayiSAvirahasahakRtaM sAdhakapramANaM yatrAsti sa na pakSaH, yatra sAdhakapramANe satyasati vA siSAdhayiSA yatra yobhayAbhAvastatra viziSTAbhAvAt pakSatvam |'-cintaa0 anu0 gAdA0 pR0 431-32 /

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165 kiyA hai usakA zrA0 hemacandra kI kRti meM Ane kA sambhava hI na thA phira bhI prAcIna aura arvAcIna sabhI pakSa lakSaNoM ke tulanAtmaka vicAra ke bAda itanA to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki gaGgeza kA vaha pariSkRta vicAra sabhI pUrvavartI naiyAyika, bauddha aura jaina granthoM meM purAnI paribhASA aura purAne DhaGga se pAyA jAtA hai| I0 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA dRSTAnta vicAra dRSTAnta ke viSaya meM isa jagaha tIna bAteM prastuta haiM-1-anumAnAGgatva kA prazna, 2-lakSaNa, 3-upayoga / 1-dharmakIrti ne hetu kA trairUpyakathana jo hetusamarthana ke nAma se prasiddha hai usameM hI dRSTAnta kA samAveza kara diyA hai ataeva unake matAnusAra dRSTAnta hetusamarthanaghaTaka rUpa se anumAna kA aGga hai aura vaha bhI avidvAnoM ke vAste / vidvAnoM ke vAste to ukta samarthana ke sivAya hetumAtra hI kAryasAdhaka hotA hai (pramANavA0 1. 28), isalie dRSTAnta unake lie anumAnAna nhiiN| mANikyanandI (3 37-42), devasUri ( pramANana0 3. 28, 34-38) aura zrA0 hemacandra (pra0 mI0 pR0 47) sabhI ne dRSTAnta ko anumAnAGganahIM mAnA hai aura vikalpa dvArA anumAna meM usakI upayogitA kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai, phira bhI una sabhI ne kevala mandamati ziSyoM ke lie parArthAnumAna meM (pramANa na0 3. 42, parI0 3. 46) use vyAsismAraka batalAyA hai taba prazna hotA hai ki unake anumAnAGgatva ke khaNDana kA artha kyA hai ? isakA jabAba yahI hai ki inhoMne jo dRSTAnta kI anumAnAGgatA kA pratiSedha kiyA hai vaha sakalAnumAna kI dRSTi se arthAt anumAna mAtra meM dRSTAnta ko ve aGga nahIM mAnate / siddhasena ne bhI yahI bhAva saMkSipta rUpa meM sUcita kiyA hai (nyAyA0 20) / ataeva vicAra karane para bauddha aura jaina tAtparya meM koI khAsa antara najara nahIM aataa| 2-dRSTAnta kA sAmAnya lakSaNa nyAyasUtra (1.1.25) meM hai para bauddha granthoM meM vaha nahIM dekhA jaataa| mANikyanandI ne bhI sAmAnya lakSaNa nahIM kahA

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166 jaisA ki siddhasena ne para devasUri (pramANana0 3.40) aura zrA0 hemacandra ne sAmAnya lakSaNa bhI batalA diyA hai / nyAyasUtra kA dRSTAntalakSaNa itanA vyApaka hai ki anumAna se bhinna sAmAnya vyavahAra meM bhI vaha lAgU par3a jAtA hai jaba ki jainoM kA sAmAnya dRSTAntalakSaNa mAtra anumAnopayogI hai| sAdharmya vaidharmya rUpa se dRSTAnta ke do bheda aura unake alaga-alaga lakSaNa nyAyapraveza (pR0 1. 2), nyAyAvatAra ( kA0 17, 18) meM vaise hI dekhe jAte haiM jaise parIkSAmukha ( 3. 47 se ) Adi ( pramANana0 3. 41 se ) pichale granthoM meN|| 3-dRSTAnta ke upayoga ke saMbandha meM jaina vicArasaraNI aikAntika nhiiN| jaina tArkika parArthAnumAna meM jahA~ zrotA avyutpanna ho vahIM dRSTAnta kA sArthakya mAnate haiM / svArthAnumAna sthala meM bhI jo pramAtA vyApti saMbandha ko bhUla gayA ho usI ko usakI yAda dilAne ke vAste dRSTAnta ko caritArthatA mAnate haiM(syAdvAdara0 3. 42) / I. 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA

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hetvAbhAsa hetvAbhAsa sAmAnya ke vibhAga meM tArkikoM kI vipratipatti hai / akSapAda' pA~ca hetvAbhAsoM ko mAnate va varNana karate haiN| kaNAda ke sUtra meM spaSTatayA tIna hetvAbhAsoM kA nirdeza hai, tathApi prazastapAda usa sUtra kA zrAzaya batalAte hue cAra hetvAbhAsoM kA varNana karate haiN| prasiddha, viruddha aura anaikAntika yaha tIna to akSapAdakathita pA~ca hetvAbhAsoM meM bhI Ate hI haiN| prazastapAda ne anadhyavasita nAmaka cauthA hetvAbhAsa batalAyA hai jo nyAyasUtra meM nahIM hai| akSapAda aura kaNAda ubhaya ke anugAmI bhAsarvajJa ne chaH hetvAbhAsa varNita kiye haiM jo nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM prAcIna paramparAoM kA kula jor3a mAtra hai| diGnAga katrtaka mAne jAnevAle nyAyapraveza meM asiddha, viruddha aura anakAntika ina tInoM kA hI saMgraha hai| uttaravartI dharmakIrti Adi sabhI bauddha tArkikoM ne bhI nyAyapraveza kI hI mAnyatA ko doharAyA aura spaSTa kiyA hai| purAne sAMkhyAcArya mAThara ne bhI ukta tIna hI hetvAbhAsoM kA sUcana va saMgraha kiyA hai| jAna par3atA hai mUla meM sAMkhya aura kaNAda kI hetvAbhAsasaMkhyA viSayaka paramparA eka hI rahI hai| jaina paramparA vastutaH kaNAda, sAMkhya aura bauddha paramparA ke anusAra tIna hI hetvAbhAsoM ko mAnatI hai| siddhasena aura vAdideva ne (pramANana0 6.47) 1 nyAyasU0 1. 2.4 / 2 'aprasiddho'napadezo'san sNdigdhshcaanpdeshH|-vai0 sU0 3.1. 15 / 3 'etenAsiddhaviruddhasandigdhAdhyavasitavacanAnAm anapadezatvamuktaM bhavati / / -praza0 pR0 238 / 4 'shrsiddhviruddhaankaantikaandhyvsitkaalaatyyaapdissttprkrnnsmaaH|' nyAyasAra pR07| 5 'asiddhAnakAntikaviruddhA hetvaabhaasaaH|' nyAyapra0 pR0 3 / 6 'anye hetvAbhAsAH caturdaza asiddhAnakAntikaviruddhAdayaH |'-maatthr 5 / 7 'asiddhastvapratIto yo yo'nythaivoppdyte| viruddho yo'nyathApyatra yuktounaikAntikaH sa tu ||'nyaayaa0 kA0 23 /

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168 prasiddha Adi tInoM kA hI varNana kiyA hai / zrA0 hemacandra bhI usI mArga ke anugAmI haiM / zrA0 hemacandra ne nyAyasUtrokta kAlAtIta Adi do hetvAbhAsoM kA nirAsa kiyA hai para prazastapAda aura bhAsarvajJakathita anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa kA nirAsa nahIM kiyA hai / jaina paramparA meM bhI isa jagaha eka matabheda hai vaha yaha ki akalaGka aura unake anugAmI mANikyanandI Adi digambara tArkikoM ne cAra hetvAbhAsa batalAe haiM jiname tIna to prasiddha Adi sAdhAraNa hI haiM para cauthA kiJcitkara nAmaka hetvAbhAsa bilakula nayA hai jisakA ullekha anyatra kahIM nahIM dekhA jAtA / parantu yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jayanta bhaTTa ne apanI myAyamaJjarI' meM anyathAsiddhAparaparyAya zraprayojaka nAmaka eka naye hetvAbhAsa ko mAnane kA pUrvapakSa kiyA hai jo vastutaH jayanta ke pahile kabhI se calA AtA huA jAna par3atA hai| prayojaka aura zrakiJcitkara ina do zabdoM meM spaSTa bheda hone para bhI ApAtataH unake artha meM ekatA kA bhAsa hotA hai / parantu jayanta ne zraprayojaka kA jo artha batalAyA hai aura kiJcitkara kA jo artha mANikyamandI ke anuyAyI prabhAcandra ne kiyA hai unameM bilakula antara hai, isase yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki aprayojaka aura kiJcitkara kA vicAra mUla meM eka hai; phira bhI yaha prazna ho hI jAtA hai ki pUrvavartI bauddha yA jaina nyAyagranthoM meM na kiJcitkara kA nAma nirdeza nahIM taba kalaGka ne use sthAna kaise diyA, zrataeva yaha sambhava hai ki prayojaka yA anyathAsiddha mAnanevAle kisI pUrvavarttI tArkika grantha ke AdhAra para hI akalaGka ne zrakiJcitkara hetvAbhAsa kI apane DhaMga se naI sRSTi kI ho| isa kiJcitkara hetvAbhAsa kA khaNDana kevala bAdideva ke sUtra kI vyAkhyA ( syAdvAdara0 pR0 1230 ) meM dekhA jAtA hai / 1 ' prasiddhazcAkSuSatvAdiH zabdAnityatvasAdhane / anyathAsambhavAbhAvabhedAt sa bahudhA smRtaH // viruddhAsiddhasaMdigdhaira kiJcitkara vistaraiH / - nyAyavi0 2. 165-6 / parI0 6.21 / 2 ' anye tu anyathAsiddhatvaM nAma tadbha edamudAharanti yasya hetordharmiNi vRttirbhavantyapi sAdhyadharmaprayuktA bhavati na, so'nyathAsiddho yathA nityA manaHparamANavo mUrttatvAd ghaTavaditi ... * sa cAtra prayojyaprayojakabhAvo nAstItyava evAyamanyathAsiddho'prayojaka iti kathyate / kathaM punarasyAprayojakatvamavagatam ? - nyAyama0 pR0 607 / 3 'siddhe nirNIte pramANAntarAtsAdhye pratyakSAdibAdhite ca heturna kiJcitkaroti iti zrakiJcitkaro'narthakaH / - prameyaka0 pR0 163 A /

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166 Upara jo hetvAbhAsasaMkhyA viSayaka nAnA paramparAe~ dikhAI gaI haiM una saba kA matabheda mukhyatayA saMkhyAviSayaka hai, tattvaviSayaka nhiiN| aisA nahIM hai ki eka paramparA jise amuka hetvAbhAsa rUpa doSa kahatI hai agara vaha sacamuca doSa ho to use dUsarI paramparA svIkAra na karatI ho| aise sthala meM dUsarI paramparA yA to usa doSa ko apane abhipreta kisI hetvAbhAsa meM antarbhAvita kara detI hai yA pakSAbhAsa zrAdi anya kisI doSa meM yA apane abhipreta hetvAbhAsa ke kisI na kisI prakAra meN| * hemacandra ne hetvAbhAsa ( pra0 mI0 2.1.16 ) zabda ke prayoga kA anaucitya batalAte hue bhI sAdhanAbhAsa artha meM usa zabda ke prayoga kA samarthana karane meM eka tIra se do pakSI kA vedha kiyA hai- pUrvAcAryoM kI paramparA ke anusaraNa kA viveka bhI batalAyA aura unakI galatI bhI darzAI / isI taraha kA viveka mANikyanandI ne bhI darzAyA hai / unhoMne apane pUjya kalaGkakathita kiJcitkara hetvAbhAsa kA varNana to kiyA; para unheM jaba usa hetvAbhAsa ke alaga svIkAra kA aucitya na dikhAI diyA taba unhoMne eka sUtra meM isa DhaGga se usakA samarthana kiyA ki samarthana bhI ho aura usake alaga svIkAra kA anaucitya bhI vyakta ho- 'lakSaNa evAsau doSo vyutpannaprayogasya pakSadoSeNaiva duSTatvAt ' - ( parI0 6. 36) / siddha hetvAbhAsa nyAyasUtra (1.2. 8) meM prasiddha kA nAma sAdhyasama hai / kevala nAma ke hI viSaya meM nyAyasUtra kA anya granthoM se vailakSaNya nahIM hai kintu anya viSaya meM bhI / vaha anya viSaya yaha hai ki jaba anya sabhI grantha prasiddha ke kama yA adhika prakAroM kA lakSaNa udAharaNa sahita varNana karate haiM taba nyAyasUtra aura usakA bhASya aisA kucha bhI na karake kevala prasiddha kA sAmAnya svarUpa batalAte haiM / prazastapAda aura nyAyapraveza meM prasiddha ke cAra prakAroM kA spaSTa aura samAnaprAya' varNana hai / mAThara ( kA0 5 ) bhI usake cAra bhedoM kA nirdeza karate haiM jo sambhavataH unakI dRSTi meM ve hI rahe hoMge / nyAyabindu meM dharmakIrtti 1 ' ubhayAsiddho'nyatarA siddha: tadbhAvAsiddho'numeyAsiddhazceti / prazasta 0 pR0 238 / 'ubhayAsiddho'nyatarA siddhaH saMdigdhAsiddhaH zrAzrayAsiddhazceti / " nyAyapra0 pR0 3 /

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200 ne prazastapAdAdikathita cAra prakAroM kA to varNana kiyA hI hai para unhoMne prazastapAda tathA nyAyapraveza kI taraha zrAzrayAsiddha kA eka udAharaNa na dekara usake do udAharaNa diye haiM aura isa taraha asiddha ke cauthe prakAra AzrayAsiddha ke mI prabheda kara diye haiN| dharmakIrti kA varNana vastutaH prazastapAda aura nyAyapravezagata prastuta varNana kA thor3A sA saMzodhana mAtra hai (nyAyabi0 3 58-67) / . nyAyasAra (pR08) meM prasiddha ke caudaha prakAra sodAharaNa batalAe gae haiN| nyAyamaJjarI (pR0 606 ) meM bhI usI DhaMga para aneka bhedoM kI sRSTi kA varNana hai| mANikyanandI zabda-racanA badalate haiM (parI0 6. 22-28) para vastutaH ve asiddha ke varNana meM dharmakIrti ke hI anugAmI haiN| prabhAcandra ne parIkSAmukha kI TIkA mArtaNDa meM (pR0 161 A) mUla sUtra meM na pAe jAnevAle prasiddha ke aneka bhedoM ke nAma tathA udAharaNa diye haiM jo nyAyasAragata hI haiM / zrA0 hemacandra ke asiddhaviSayaka sUtroM kI sRSTi nyAyabindu aura parIkSAmukha kA anusaraNa karanevAlI hai| unakI udAharaNamAlA meM bhI zabdazaH nyAyasAra kA anusaraNa hai| dharmakIrti aura mANikyanandI kA akSarazaH anusaraNa na karane ke kAraNa vAdideva ke asiddhaviSayaka sAmAnya lakSaNa (pramANana0 6.46) meM prA0 hemacandra ke sAmAnya lakSaNa kI apekSA vizeSa pariSkRtatA jAna par3atI hai / vAdideva ke prastuta sUtroM kI vyAkhyA ratnAkarAvatArikA meM jo prasiddha ke bhedoM kI udAharaNamAlA hai vaha nyAyasAra aura nyAyamaJjarI ke udAharaNoM kA akSarazaH saGkalana mAtra hai| itanA antara avazya hai ki kucha udAharaNoM meM vastuvinyAsa vAdI devasUri kA apanA hai / viruddha hetvAbhAsa jaisA prazastapAda meM viruddha ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA varNana hai vizeSa bhedoM kA nahIM, vaise hI nyAyasUtra aura usake bhASya meM bhI viruddha kA sAmAnya rUpa se varNana hai, vizeSa rUpa se nhiiN| itanA sAmya hote hue bhI sabhASyanyAyasUtra aura prazastapAda meM udAharaNa evaM pratipAdana kA bheda' spaSTa hai / 1 'siddhAntamabhyupetya tadvirodhI viruddhaH |'-nyaaysuu0 1. 2.6 / 'yathA so'yaM vikAro vyakterapaiti nityatvapratiSedhAt , apeto'pyasti vinAzapratiSedhAt , na nityo vikAra upapadyate ityevaM hetu:-'vyakterapetopi vikArosti' ityanena svasiddhAntena virudhyate / yadasti na tadAtmalAbhAt pracyavate, astitvaM cAtmalAbhAt

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jAna par3atA hai nyAyasUtra kI aura prazastapAda kI viruddha viSayaka vicAraparamparA eka nahIM hai| nyAyapraveza (pR05) meM viruddha ke cAra bheda sodAharaNa batalAe haiN| sambhavataH mAThara (kA0 5) ko bhI ve hI abhipreta haiM / nyAyabindu (3.83-88) meM viruddha ke prakAra do hI udAharaNoM meM samApta kiye gae haiM aura tIsare 'iSTavighAtakRt' nAmaka adhika bheda hone kI AzaGkA (3.86-64) karake usakA samAveza abhipreta do bhedoM meM hI kara diyA gayA hai| iSTavighAtakRt nAma nyAyapraveza meM nahIM hai para usa nAma se jo udAharaNa nyAyabindu ( 3.60) meM diyA gayA hai vaha nyAyapraveza ( pR05) meM vartamAna hai| jAna par3atA hai nyAyapraveza meM jo 'parArthAH cakSurAdayaH' yaha dharma vizeSaviruddha kA udAharaNa hai usI ko koI iSTavighAtakRt nAma se vyavahRta karate hoMge jisakA nirdeza karake dharmakIrti ne antarbhAva kiyA hai| jayanta ne (nyAyama0 pR0 600-601) gautamasUtra kI hI vyAkhyA karate hue dharmavizeSaviruddha aura dhammivizeSaviruddha ina do tIrthAntarIya viruddha bhedoM kA spaSTa khaNDana kiyA hai jo nyAyapravezavAlI paramparA kA hI khaNDana jAna par3atA hai| nyAyasAra (pR06) meM viruddha ke medoM kA varNana sabase adhika aura jaTila bhI hai| usameM sapakSa ke astitvavAle cAra, nAstitvavAle cAra aise viruddha ke pATha bheda jina udAharaNoM ke sAtha haiM, una udAharaNoM ke sAtha vahI pATha bheda pramANanayatattvAloka kI vyAkhyA meM bhI hai (pramANana0 652-53) / yadyapi parIkSAmukha kI vyAkhyA mArtaNDa meM ( pR0 162 A ) nyAyasAravAle ve hI ATha bheda haiM tathApi kisI-kisI udAharaNa meM thor3A sA parivartana ho gayA hai| zrA. hemacandra ne to pramANanayatattvAloka kI vyAkhyA kI taraha apanI vRtti meM zabdazaH nyAyasAra ke pATha bheda sodAharaNa batalAkara unameM se cAra viruddhoM ko prasiddha evaM viruddha donoM nAma se vyavahRta karane kI nyAyamaJjarI aura nyAyasAra kI dalIloM ko apanA liyA hai| pracyutiriti viruddhAvetau dhauM na saha sambhavata iti / so'yaM heturya siddhAntamAzritya pravartate tameva vyAhanti iti |'-nyybhaa0 1. 2. 6 / 'yo hyanumeye'vidyamAno'pi tatsamAnajAtIye sarvasminnAsti tadviparIte cAsti sa viparItasAdhanAdviruddhaH yathA yasmAdviSANI tasmAdazva iti |-prshst0 pR0 238 /

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202 anekAntika hetvAbhAsa ____ anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa ke nAma ke viSaya meM mukhya do paramparAe~ prAcIna haiN| pahalI gautama kI aura dUsarI kaNAda kI / gautama apane nyAyasUtra meM jise savyabhicAra (1. 2. 5.) kahate haiM usI ko kaNAda apane sUtroM ( 3. 1. 15) meM sandigdha kahate haiN| isa nAmabheda kI paramparA bhI kucha artha rakhatI hai aura vaha artha agale saba vyAkhyAgranthoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / vaha artha yaha hai ki eka paramparA anaikAntikatA ko arthAt sAdhya aura usake abhAva ke sAtha hetu ke sAhacarya ko, savyabhicAra hetvAbhAsa kA niyAmaka rUpa mAnatI hai saMzayajanakatva ko nahIM jaba dUsarI paramparA saMzayajanakatva ko to anaikAntika hetvAbhAsatA kA niyAmaka rUpa mAnatI hai sAdhya tadabhAvasAhacarya ko nhiiN| pahalI paramparA ke anusAra jo hetu sAdhya-tadabhAvasahacarita hai cAhe vaha saMzayajanaka ho yA nahIM-vahI savyabhicAra yA anaikAntika kahalAtA hai| dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra jo hetu saMzayajanaka hai. cAhe vaha sAdhya-tadabhAvasahacarita ho yA nahIM-vahI anekAntika yA savyabhicAra kahalAtA hai| anaikAntikatA ke isa niyAmakabhedavAlI do ukta paramparAoM ke anusAra udAharaNoM meM bhI antara par3a jAtA hai / ataeva gautama kI paramparA meM asAdhAraNa yA viruddhAvyabhicArI kA anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa meM sthAna sambhava hI nahIM kyoMki ve donoM sAdhyAbhAvasahacarita nahIM / ukta sArthakanAmabheda vAlI donoM paramparAtroM ke paraspara bhinna aise do dRSTikoNa Age bhI cAlU rahe para uttaravartI sabhI tarkazAstroM meM-cAhe ve vaidika hoM, bauddha hoM, yA jaina-nAma to kevala, gautamIya paramparA kA anaikAntika hI jArI rhaa| kaNAdIya paramparA kA sandigdhra nAma vyavahAra meM nahIM rahA / prazastapAda aura nyAyapraveza ina donoM kA paurvAparya abhI sunizcita nahIM ataeva yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai ki amuka eka kA prabhAva dUsare para hai tathApi nyAyapraveza aura prazastapAda ina donoM kI vicArasaraNI kA abhinnatva aura pArasparika mahattva kA bheda khAsa dhyAna dene yogya hai / nyAyapraveza meM yadyapi nAma to anaikAntika hai sandigdha nahIM, phira bhI usameM anaikAntikatA kA niyAmaka rUpa prazastapAda kI taraha saMzayajanakatva ko hI mAnA hai| ataeva nyAyapravezakAra ne anaikAntika ke chaH bheda batalAte hue unake sabhI udAharaNoM meM saMzayajanakatva spaSTa batalAyA hai| prazastapAda nyAyapraveza kI taraha saMzaya 1 'tatra sAdhAraNa:-zabdaH prameyatvAnnitya iti / taddhi nityAnityapakSayoH

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203 janakatva ko to anaikAntikatA kA niyAmaka rUpa mAnate haiM sahI, para ve nyAyapraveza meM anaikAntika rUpa se udAhRta kiye gae asAdhAraNa aura viruddhAvyabhicArI ina do bhedoM ko anaikAntika yA sandigdha hetvAbhAsa meM nahIM ginate balki nyAyapravezasammata ukta donoM hetvAbhAsoM kI sandigdhatA kA yaha kaha karake khaNDana karate haiM ki asAdhAraNa aura viruddhAvyabhicArI saMzayajanaka hI nahIM / prazastapAda ke khaNDanIya bhAgavAlA koI pUrvavartI vaizeSika grantha yA nyAyapravezabhinna bauddhagrantha na mile taba taka yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zAyada prazastapAda ne nyAyapraveza kA hI khaNDana kiyA hai| jo kucha ho, yaha to nizcita hI hai ki prazastapAda ne asAdhAraNa aura viruddhAvyabhicArI ko sandigdha yA anaikAntika mAnane se inkAra kiyA hai| prazastapAda ne isa prazna kA, ki kyA taba asAdhAraNa aura viruddhAvyabhicArI koI hetvAbhAsa hI nahIM ?, jabAba bhI bar3I buddhimAnI se diyA hai| prazastapAda kahate haiM ki asAdhAraNa hetvAbhAsa hai sahI para vaha saMzayajanaka na hone se anekAntika nahIM, kintu use anadhyavasita kahanA caahie| isI taraha ve viruddhAvyabhicArI ko saMzayajanaka na mAnakara yA to asAdhAraNarUpa anadhyavasita meM ginate haiM yA use viruddha vizeSa hI kahate (ayaM tu viruddhabheda eva praza0 pR0 236) haiN| kucha bhI ho para ve kisI taraha asAdhAraNa aura viruddhAvyabhicArI ko nyAyapraveza kI taraha saMzayajanaka mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM haiM phira bhI ve una donoM ko kisI na kisI hetvAbhAsa meM sanniviSTa karate hI haiN| isa carcA ke sambandha meM prazastapAda kI aura bhI do bAteM khAsa dhyAna dene yogya haiN| pahalI to yaha hai ki anadhyavasita nAmaka sAdhAraNatvAdanaikAntikam / kim ghaTavat prameyatvAdanityaH zabdaH AhosvidAkAzavatprameyatvAnnitya iti |'-ityaadi-nyaaypr0 pR0 3 / 1 'asAdhAraNa:-zrAvaNatvAnnitya iti / taddhi nityAnityapakSAbhyAM vyAvRttatvAnnityAnityavinirmuktasya cAnyasyAsambhavAt saMzayahetuH kimbhUtasyAsya zrAvaNatvamiti / ..... viruddhAvyabhicArI yathA anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat; nityazabdaH zrAvaNatvAt zabdatvavaditi / ubhayoH saMzayahetutvAt dvAvapyetoveko'naikAntikaH samuditAveva / ' nyAyapra0 pR0 3, 4 / 'ekasmiMzca dvayohatvoryathoktalakSaNayorviruddhayoH sannipAte sati saMzayadarzanAdayamanyaH sandigdha iti kecit yathA mUrtatvAmUrtatvaM prati manasaH kriyAvattvAtparzavatvayoriti / nanvayamasAdhAraNa evAcAkSuSatvapratyakSatvavat saMhatayoranyatarapakSAsambhavAt tatazcAnadhyavasita iti vkssyaamH|-prshst. pR0 238, 236 /

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204 hetvAbhAsa kI kalpanA aura dUsarI yaha ki nyAyapravezagata viruddhAvyabhicArI ke udAharaNa se vibhinna udAharaNa ko lekara viruddhAvyabhicArI ko saMzayajanaka mAnane na mAnane kA zAstrArtha / yaha kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki kaNAdasUtra meM avidyamAna anadhyavasita pada pahile pahala prazastapAda ne hI prayukta kiyA yA usake pahile bhI isakA prayoga alaga hetvAbhAsa artha meM rahA / nyAyapraveza meM viruddhAvyabhicArI kA udAharaNa-nityaH zabdaH zrAvaNatvAt zabdatvavat, anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' yaha hai, jaba ki prazastapAda meM udAharaNa'manaH mUrttam kriyAvattvAt; manaH amUrttam asparzavattvAt'-yaha hai| prazastapAda kA udAharaNa to vaizeSika prakriyA anusAra hai hI, para zrAzcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki bauddha nyAyapraveza kA udAharaNa khuda bauddha prakriyA ke anusAra na hokara eka taraha se vaidika prakriyA ke anusAra hI hai kyoMki jaise vaizeSika zrAdi vaidika tArkika zabdatva ko jAtirUpa mAnate haiM vaise bauddha tArkika jAti ko nitya nahIM mAnate / astu, yaha vivAda Age bhI claa| tArkikapravara dharmakIrti ne hetvAbhAsa kI prarUpaNA bauddhasammata hetutrarUpya ke' zrAdhAra para kI, jo unake pUrvavartI bauddha granthoM meM abhI taka dekhane meM nahIM aaii| jAna par3atA hai prazastapAda kA anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa viSaya bauddha mantavya kA khaNDana barAbara dharmakIci ke dhyAna meM rhaa| unhoMne prazastapAda ko javAba dekara nyAyapraveza kA bacAva kiyaa| dharmakIrci ne vyabhicAra ko anekAntikatA kA niyAmakarUpa nyAyasUtra kI taraha mAnA phira bhI unhoMne nyAyapraveza aura prazastapAda kI taraha saMzayajanakatva ko bhI usakA niyAmaka rUpa mAna liyaa| prazastapAda ne nyAyapravezasammata asAdhAraNa ko anaikAntika mAnane kA yaha kahakara ke khaNDana kiyA thA ki vaha saMzayajanaka nahIM hai| isakA javAba dharmakIrti ne asAdhAraNa kA nyAyapraveza kI apekSA judA udAharaNa racakara aura usakI saMzayajanakatA dikhAkara, diyA aura batalAyA ki asAdhAraNa anekAntika hetvAbhAsa hI hai / itanA karake hI dharmakIrti santuSTa na rahe para apane mAnya 1 'tatra trayANAM rUpANAmekasyApi rUpasyAnuttau saadhnaabhaasH| uktAvapyasiddhau sandehe vA pratipAdyapratipAdakayoH / ekasya rUpasya'.. .. ityAdi -nyAyabi0 3.57 se| 2 'anayoreva dvayo rUpayoH saMdehe'naikAntikaH / yathA sAtmakaM jIyaccharIraM prANAdimattvAditi |......shrt evAnvayavyatirekayo: saMdehAdanakAntikaH / sAdhyetarayorato nizcayAbhAvAt |'-nyaaybi0 3.68-110 /

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205 zrAcArya diGnAga kI paramparA ko pratiSThita banAe rakhane kA aura bhI prayatna kiyaa| prazastapAda ne viruddhAvyabhicArI ke khaNDana meM jo dalIla dI thI usakI svIkAra karake bhI prazastapAda ke khaNDana ke viruddha unhoMne viruddhAvyabhicArI kA samarthana kiyA aura vaha bhI isa DhaMga se ki diGnAga kI pratiSThA bhI banI rahe aura prazastapAda kA javAba bhI ho| aisA karate samaya dharmakIrti ne viruddhAvyabhicArI kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai vaha nyAyapraveza aura prazastapAda ke udAharaNa se judA hai phira bhI vaha udAharaNa vaizeSika prakriyA ke anusAra hone se prazastapAda ko agrAhya nahIM ho sktaa| isa taraha bauddha aura vaidika tArkikoM kI isa viSaya meM yahA~ taka carcA AI jisakA anta nyAyamaJjarI meM huaA jAna par3atA hai / jayanta phira apane pUrvAcAryoM kA pakSa lekara nyAyapraveza aura dharmakIrti ke nyAyabindu kA sAmanA karate haiN| ve asAdhAraNa aura viruddhAvyabhicArI ko anekAntika na mAnane kA prazastapAdagata mata kA bar3e vistAra se samarthana karate haiM para sAtha hI ve saMzayajanakatva ko anaikAntikatA kA niyAmaka rUpa mAnane se bhI inkAra karate haiM / __bhAsarvajJa ne bauddha, vaidika tArkikoM ke prastuta vivAda kA sparza na kara anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa ke ATha udAharaNa diye haiM (nyAyasAra pR0 10), aura kahIM saMzayajanakatA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| jAna par3atA hai vaha gautamIya paramparA kA anugAmI hai / 1 viruddhAvyabhicAryapi sNshyheturuktH| sa iha kasmAnnoktaH |......atrodaahrnnN yatsarvadezAvasthitaiH svasambandhibhiryugapadabhisamvadhyate tatsarvagataM yathA'kAzam, abhisambadhyate sarvadezAvasthitaiH svasambandhibhiryugapat sAmAnyamiti / ...... dvitIyo'pi prayogo yadupalabdhilakSaNa prAptaM sannopalabhyate nAtat tatrAsti / tadyathA kvacidavidyamAno ghttH| nopalabhyate copalabdhilakSaNaprAtaM sAmAnya vyaktyantarAleSviti / ayamanupalambhaprayogaH svabhAvazca parasparaviruddhArthasAdhanAdekatra saMzayaM janayataH |-nyaaybi0 3. 112-121 / 2 'asAdhAraNaviruddhAvyabhicAriNau tu na saMsta eva hetvAbhAsAviti na vyAkhyAyete |.........api ca saMzayajananamanaikAntikalakSaNamucyate cet kAmamasAdhAraNasya viruddhAvyabhicAriNo vA yathA tathA saMzayahetutAmadhiropya kathyatAmanaikAntikatA na tu saMzayajanakatvaM tallakSaNam....api tu pakSadvayavRttitvamanaikAntikalakSaNam .....'-nyAyama0 pR0 568-566 /

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206 jaina paramparA meM anaikAntika aura sandigdha yaha donoM hI nAma milate haiM / akalaGka (nyAyavi0 2. 166 ) sandigdha zabda kA prayoga karate haiM jaba ki siddhasena ( nyAyA0 23) Adi anya jaina tArkika anaikAntika pada kA prayoga karate haiN.| mANikyanandI kI anaikAntika nirUpaNa viSayaka sUtraracanA zrA0 hemacanda kI sUtraracanA kI taraha hI vastutaH nyAyabindu kI sUtraracanA kI saMkSisa praticchAyA hai / isa viSaya meM vAdideva kI sUtraracanA vaisI parimArjita nahIM jaisI mANikyanandI aura hemacandra kI hai, kyoMki vAdideva ne anaikAntika ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM hI jo 'sandihyate' kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha jarUrI nahIM jAna par3atA / jo kucha ho para isa bAre meM prabhAcandra, vAdideva aura hemacandra ina tInoM kA eka hI mArga hai ki ve sabhI apane-apane granthoM meM bhAsarvajJa ke zrATha prakAra ke anaikAntika ko lekara apane-apane lakSaNa meM samAviSTa karate haiN| prabhAcandra ke (prameyaka0 pR0 162) sivAya auroM ke granthoM meM to pATha udAharaNa bhI ve hI haiM jo nyAyasAra meM haiN| prabhAcandra ne kucha udAharaNa badale haiN| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rahe ki kisI jainAcArya ne sAdhyasaMdehajanakatva ko yA sAdhyavyabhicAra ko anaikAntikatA kA niyAmaka rUpa mAnane na mAnane kI bauddhavaizeSikagranthagata carcA ko nahIM liyA hai| I0 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA

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dRSTAntAbhAsa parArtha anumAna prasaGga meM hetvAbhAsa kA nirUpaNa bahuta prAcIna hai| kaNAdasUtra ( 3.1.15 ) aura nyAyasUtra' 1. 2. 4-6) meM vaha spaSTa evaM vistRta hai / para dRSTAntAbhAsa kA nirUpaNa utanA prAcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| agara dRSTAntAbhAsa kA vicAra bhI hetvAbhAsa jitanA hI purAtana hotA to usakA sUcana kaNAda yA nyAyasUtra meM thor3A bahuta jarUra pAyA jAtA / jo kucha ho itanA to. nizcita hai ki hetvAbhAsa kI kalpanA ke Upara se hI pIche se kabhI dRSTAntAbhAsa, pakSAbhAsa zrAdi kI kalpanA huI aura unakA nirUpaNa hone lgaa| yaha nirUpaNa pahile vaidika tArkikoM ne zurU kiyA yA bauddha tArkikoM ne, isa viSaya meM abhI kucha bhI nizcita kahA nahIM jA sktaa| diGanAg2a ke mAne jAnevAle nyAyapradeza meM pA~ca sAdharmya aura pA~ca vaidharmya aise dasa dRSTAntAbhAsa haiM / yadyapi mukhyatayA pA~ca-pA~ca aise do vibhAga usameM haiM tathApi ubhayAsiddha nAmaka dRSTAntAbhAsa ke avAntara do prakAra bhI usameM kiye gae haiM 'jisase vastutaH nyAyapraveza ke anusAra chaH sAdharmya dRSTAntAbhAsa aura chaH vaidharmya dRSTAntAbhAsa phalita hote haiM / prazastapAda ne bhI inhIM chaH-chaH sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya dRSTAntAAbhAsoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / nyAyapraveza aura prarAstapAda ke nirUpaNa meM udAharaNa aura bhAva eka se hI haiM alabattA donoM ke nAmakaraNa meM antara avazya hai| prazastapAda dRSTAntAbhAsa zabda ke badale nidarzanAbhAsa zabda kA 1 'dRSTAntAbhAso dvividhaH sAdharyeNa vaidhamryeNa ca......tatra sAdharmyaNa... tadyathA sAdhanadharmAsiddhaH sAdhyadharmAsiddhaH ubhayadharmAsiddhaH ananvayaH viparItAnvayazceti |.....vaidhye'nnaapi dRSTAntAbhAsaH paJcaprakAraH tadyathA sAdhyAvyAvRttaH sAdhanAvyAvRttaH ubhayAvyAvRttaH avyatirekaH vipriitvytirekshceti............|' -nyAyapra0 pR0 5-6 / 2 'anena nidarzanAbhAsA nirastA bhavanti / tadyathA nityaH zabdo'mUrtatvAt . yadamUrtaM dRSTaM tannityam yathA paramANuryathA karma yathA sthAlI yathA tamaH ambaravaditi yad dravyaM tat kriyAvad dRSTamiti ca liGgAnumeyobhayAzrayAsiddhAnanugataviparItAnugatAH saadhnidrshnaabhaasaaH| yadanitya tanmUta dRSTaM yathA karma yathA paramANuryathAkAzaM yathA tamaH ghaTavat yanniSkriyaM tadadravya ceti liGgAnumeyobhayAvyAvRttAzrayAsiddhAvyAvRttaviparItavyAvRttA vaidhaya'nidarzanAbhAsA iti |'-prshst0 pR0 247 /

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208 prayoga pasanda karate haiM kyoMki unakI abhimata nyAyavAkya paripATI meM udAharaNa kA bodhaka nidarzana zabda AtA hai / isa sAmAnya nAma ke sivAya bhI nyAyapraveza aura prazastapAdagata vizeSa nAmoM meM mAtra paryAya bheda hai| mAThara (kA0 5) bhI nidarzanAbhAsa zabda hI pasanda karate haiN| jAna par3atA hai ve prazastapAda ke anugAmI haiM / yadyapi prazastapAda ke anusAra nidarzanAbhAsa kI kula saMkhyA bAraha hI hotI haiM aura mAThara dasa saMkhyA kA ullekha karate haiM, para jAna par3atA hai ki isa saMkhyAbheda kA kAraNa-aAzrayAsiddha nAmaka do sAdharmya-vaidharmya dRSTAntAbhAsa kI mAThara ne vivakSA nahIM kI-yahI hai / jayanta ne (nyAyama0 pR0 580) nyAyasUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue pUrvavartI bauddha-vaizeSika Adi granthagata dRSTAntabhAsa kA nirUpaNa dekhakara nyAyasUtra meM isa nirUpaNa kI kamI kA anubhava kiyA aura unhoMne nyAyapraveza vAle sabhI dRSTAntAbhAsoM ko lekara apanAyA evaM apane mAnya RSi kI nirUpaNa kamI ko bhAratIya TIkAkAra ziSyoM ke DhaGga se bhakta ke taura para dUra kiyaa| nyAyasAra meM / pR0 13) udAharaNAbhAsa nAma se chaH sAdharmya ke aura chaH vaidhayaM ke isa taraha bAraha AbhAsa vahI haiM jo prazastapAda meM haiM / isake sivAya nyAyasAra meM anya ke nAma se cAra sAdharmya ke viSaya meM sandigdha aura cAra vaidharmya ke viSaya meM sandigdha aise ATha sandigdha udAharaNAbhAsa bhI diye haiN| sandigdha udAharaNAbhAsoM kI sRSTi nyAyapraveza aura prazastapAda ke bAda kI jAna par3atI hai| dharmakIrti ne sAdharmya ke nava aura vaidhayaM ke nava aise aThAraha dRSTAntAbhAsa savistara varNana kiye haiN| jAna par3atA hai nyAyasAra meM anya ke nAma se jo sAghamya aura vaidhayaM ke cAra-cAra sandigdha udAharaNAbhAsa diye haiM una aATha sandigdha medoM kI kisI pUrvavartI paramparA kA saMzodhana karake dharmakIrti ne sAdharmya aura vaidhamya ke tIna-tIna hI sandigdha dRSTAntAbhAsa rakhe / dRSTAntAbhAsoM kI saMkhyA, udAharaNa aura unake pIche ke sAmpradAyika bhAva ina saba bAtoM meM uttarottara vikAsa hotA gayA jo dharmakIrti ke bAda bhI cAlU rahA / jaina paramparA meM jahA~ taka mAlUma hai sabase pahile dRSTAntAbhAsa ke nirUpaka siddhasena hI haiN| unhoMne bauddha paramparA ke dRSTAntAbhAsa zabda ko hI cunA na ki 1 'anye tu saMdehadvAreNAparAnaSTAvudAharaNabhAsAnvarNayanti / sandigdhasAdhyaH ... ..... sandigdhasAdhanaH ..... sandigdhobhayaH .... sandigdhAzrayaH. sandigdhasAdhyAvyAvRttaH .....sandigdhasAdhanAvyAvRttaH.. .sandigdhobhayAvyAvRttaH .. ....sndigdhaashryH.........|'-nyaaysaar pR0 13-14 /

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206 vaidika paramparA ke nidarzanAbhAsa aura udAharaNAbhAsa zabda ko| siddhasena ne' apane saMkSipta kathana meM saMkhyA kA nirdeza to nahIM kiyA parantu jAna par3atA hai ki ve isa viSaya meM dharmakIrti ke samAna hI nava-nava dRSTAntAbhAsoM ko mAnanevAle haiN| mANikyanandI ne to pUrvavartI sabhI ke vistAra ko kama karake sAdharmya aura vaidhaya ke cAra-cAra aise kula ATha hI dRSTAntAbhAsa dikhalAe haiM aura (parI0 6. 40-45) kucha udAharaNa bhI badalakara nae race haiN| vAdI devasari ne to udAharaNa dene meM mANikyanandI kA anukaraNa kiyA, para bhedoM kI saMkhyA. nAma zrAdi meM akSarazaH dharmakIrti kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai| isa sthala meM vAdI devasUri ne eka bAta naI jarUra kii| vaha yaha ki dharmakIrti ne udAharaNa dene meM jo vaidika RSi evaM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA laghutva dikhAyA thA usakA badalA vAdI devasUri ne sambhavita udAharaNoM meM tathAgata buddha kA laghutva dikhAkara pUrNa rUpa se cukaayaa| dharmakIrti ke dvArA apane pUjya puruSoM ke Upara tarkazAstra meM kI gaI coTa ko vAdideva saha na sake, aura usakA badalA tarkazAstra meM hI pratibandI rUpa se cukaayaa| 1 'sAdhayeNAtra dRSTAntadoSA nyAyavidIritAH / zrapalakSaNahetUtyAH sAdhyAdivikalAdayaH // vaidhayeNAtra dRSTAntadoSA nyaayvidiiritaaH| sAdhyasAdhanayugmAnAmanivRttezca saMzayAt ||-nyaay0 24-25 / 2 'yathA nityaH zabdo'mUrtatvAt, karmavat paramANuvad ghaTavaditi sAdhyasAdhanadharmobhayavikalAH / tathA sandigdhasAdhyadharmAdayazca, yathA rAgAdimAnayaM vacanAdrathyApuruSavat, maraNadharmA'yaM puraSo rAgAdimattvAdrathyApuruSavat asarvajJo'yaM rAgAdimattvAdrathyApuruSavat iti / ananvayo'pradarzitAnvayazca, yathA yo vaktA sa rAgAdimAniSTapuruSavat, anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAd ghaTavat iti / tathA viparItAnvayaH, yadanityaM tat kRtakamiti / sAdhamryeNa / vaidhayeNApi, paramANuvat karmavadAkAzavaditi sAdhyAdyavyatirekiNaH / tathA sandigdhasAdhyavyatirekAdayaH, yathA'sarvazAH kapilAdayo'nAtA vA, avidyamAnasarvajJatApsatAliGgabhUtapramANAtizayazAsanatyAditi, atra vaidhodAharaNam , yaH sarvajJaH zrAto vA sa jyotirsAnAdikamupadiSTavAn , tadyatharSabhavardhamAnAdiriti, tatrAsarvajJatAnAptatayoH sAdhyadharmayoH sandigdho vyatirekaH / sandigdhasAdhanavyatireko yathA na trayIvidA brAhmaNena grAhyavacanaH kazcitpuruSo rAgAdimatvAditi, atra vaidhodAharaNaM ye grAhyavacanA na te rAgAdimantaH tadyathA gautamAdayo dharmazAstrANAM praNetAra iti gautamAdibhyo rAgAdimattvasya sAdhanadharmasya vyAvRttiH sandigdhA / sandigdhobhayavyatireko yathA, avItarAgA: kapilAdayaH

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210 zrA0 hemacandra nAma to pasanda karate haiM dRSTAntAbhAsa, para use udAharaNA parigrahAgrahayogAditi, atra vaidhayoMdAharaNam, yo vItarAgo na tasya parigrahAgraho yatharSabhAderiti, RSabhAderavItarAgatvaparigrahAgrahayogayoH sAdhyasAdhanadharmayoH sandigdho vyatirekaH / avyatireko yathA, avItarAgo vaktatvAt, vaidhyodaahrnnm, yatrAvItarAgatvaM nAsti na sa vaktA, yathopalaNaNDa iti, yadyapyapalakhaNDAdubhayaM vyAvRttaM yo sarvo vItarAgo na vakteti vyAptyA vyatirekAsiddheravyatirekaH / apradarzitavyatireko yathA, anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAdAkAzavaditi / viparItavyatireko yathA, yadakRtakaM tannityaM bhavatIti |'-nyaaybi0 3. 125-136 / __'tatrApauruSeyaH zabdo'mUrtatvAd duHkhavaditi sAdhyadharmavikala iti / tasyAmeva pratijJAyAM tasminneva hetau paramANuvaditi sAdhanadharmavikala iti / kalazavaditi ubhayadharmavikala iti / rAgAdimAnayaM vaktRtvAt devadattvaditi sandigdhasAdhyadharmeti / maraNadharmA'yaM rAgAdimattvAnmatravaditi sandigdhasAdhanadharmeti / nA'yaM sarvadarzI sarAgatvAnmunivizeSavaditi sandigdhobhayadharmeti / rAgAdimAn vivakSitaH puruSo vaktRtvAdiSTapuruSavaditi annvyH| anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAd ghaTavadityapradarzitAnvaya iti / anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt yadanityaM tatkRtakaM ghaTavaditi viparItAnvaya iti / vaidhyennaapi......| teSu bhrAntamanumAnaM pramANatvAt yatpunantiM na bhavati na tatpramANam, yathA svapnajJAnamityasiddhasAdhyavyatirekaH svagnajJAnAt bhrAntatvasyAnivRtteriti / nirvikalpakaM pratyakSaM pramANatvAt, yattu savikalpakaM na tat pramANam, yathA laiGgikamityasiddha sAdhanavyatirekaH laiGgikAtpramANatvasyAnivRtteH / nityAnityaH zabdaH sattvAt yastu na nityAnityaH sa na san tadyathA stambha ityasiddhobhayavyatirekaH, stambhAnnityAnityatvasya cAvyAvRtteriti / asarvajJo'nApto vA kapilaH akSaNikaikAntavAditvAt, yaH sarvajJa zrApto vA sa kSaNikaikAntavAdI yathA sugata iti sandigdhasAdhyavyatirekaH sugate'sarvajJatAnAptatayoH sAdhyadharmayoAvRttaH sandehAditi / anAdeyavacanaH kazcidvivakSitaH puruSo rAgAdimattvAt yaH punarAdeyavacanaH sa vItarAgaH tadyathA zauddhodaniriti sandigdhasAdhanavyatire kaH zauddhodane rAgAdimattvasya nivRtta : saMzayAditi / na vItarAgaH kapilaH karuNAspadeSvapi paramakRpayA'narpitanijapizitazakalatvAt, yastu vItarAgaH sa karuNAspadeSu paramakRpayA samarpitanijapizitazakalastadyathA tapanabandhuriti sandigdhobhayavyatireka iti tapanabandhau vItarAgatvAbhAvasya karuNAspadeSvapi paramakRpayAnarpitanijapizitazakalatvasya ca vyAvRttaH sandehAditi / na vItarAgaH kazcidvivakSitaH puruSo vaktRtvAt, yaH punarvItarAgo na sa vaktA yathopalakhaNDa ityavyatireka iti /

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211 bhAsa ke sthAna meM kyoM pasanda kiyA isakA yuktisiddha khulAsA bhI kara dete haiN| dRSTAntAbhAsa ke nirUpaNa meM zrA0 hemacandra kI dhyAna dene yogya mahattva kI tIna vizeSatAe~ haiM jo unakI pratibhA kI sUcaka haiM-1-unhoMne sUtraracanA, udAharaNa Adi meM yadyapi dharmakIrti ko zrAdarza rakhA hai tathApi vAdideva kI taraha pUrA anukaraNa na karake dharmakIrti ke nirUpaNa meM thor3A sA buddhi siddha saMzodhana bhI kiyA hai| dharmakIrti ne ananvaya aura avyatireka aise jo do bheda dikhAe haiM unako prA0 hemacandra alaga na mAnakara kahate haiM ki bAkI ke ATha-ATha bheda hI ananvaya aura avyatireka rUpa hone se una donoM kA pArthakya anAvazyaka hai (pra. mI 2. 1: 27) / zrA0 hemacandra kI yaha dRSTi ThIka hai| 2-pA0 hemacandra ne dharmakIrti ke hI zabdoM meM apradarzitAnvaya aura apradarzitavyatireka aise do bheda apane solaha bhedoM dikhAe haiM ( 2. 1. 27), para ina do bhedoM ke udAharaNoM meM dharmakIrti kI apekSA vicArapUrvaka saMzodhana kiyA hai / dharmakIrti ne pUrvavartI ananvaya aura avyatireka dRSTAntAbhAsa jo nyAyapraveza zrAdi meM rhe| unakA nirUpaNa to apradarzitAnvaya aura apradarzita vyatireka aise nae do anyartha spaSTa nAma rakhakara kiyA aura nyAyapraveza Adi ke ana vaya aura avyatireka zabda ko rakha bhI liyA tathA una nAmoM se naye udAharaNa dikhAe jo una nAmoM ke sAtha mela khA sakeM aura jo nyAyapraveza Adi meM anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAdAkAzavadityapradarzitavyatireka iti / zranityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt yadakRtakaM tannityaM yathAkAzamiti viparItavyatireka iti |'prmaannn0 6. 60-76 / / 1 'parArthAnumAnaprastAvAddAharaNadoSA evaite dRSTAntaprabhavatvAttu, dRSTAntadoSA ityucyante |'-pr0 mI0 2. 1. 22 / 2 'ananvayo yatra vinAnvayena sAdhyasAdhanayoH sahabhAvaH pradazyate / yathA ghaTe kRtakatvamanityatvaM ca dRSTamiti / avyatireko yatra vinA sAdhyasAdhananivRttyA tadvipakSabhAvo nidayate / yathA ghaTe mUtattvamanityatvaM ca dRSTamiti |"-nyaaypr0 pR0 6-7 / 'nityaH zabdo'mUrtatvAt.....ambaravaditi........ananugata.... ...ghaTavat. ... avyAvRtta....'-prazasta0 pR0 247 / 3 'apradarzitA vayaH.........anityazabdaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat iti / apradazitavyatireko yathA anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAdAkAzavaditi |'-nyaaybi0 3. 127, 135 / 4 'ananvayo.........yathA yo vaktA sa rAgAdimAn iSTapuruSavat / avya

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212 nahIM bhI ye / zrA0 hemacandra ne dharmakIrti kI hI saMzodhita dRSTi kA upayoga karake pUrvavartI diGnAga, prazastapAda aura dharmakIrti taka ke sAmane kahA ki zrapradarzitAnvaya yA apradarzitavyatireka dRSTAntAbhAsa tabhI kahA jA sakatA hai jaba usameM pramANa arthAt dRSTAnta hI na rahe, vIpsA Adi padoM kA aprayoga ina doSoM kA niyAmaka hI nahIM kevala dRSTAnta kA pradarzana hI ina doSoM kA niyAmaka hai| pUrvavartI sabhI prAcArya ina do dRSTAntAbhAsoM ke udAharaNoM meM kama se kamaambaravat ghaTavat-jitanA prayoga anivArya rUpa se mAnate the| zrA0 hemacandra ke anumAra aise dRSTAntabodhaka 'vat' pratyayAnta kisI zabdaprayoga kI jarUrata hI nahIM-isI apane bhAva ko unhoMne pramANamImAMsA (2. 1. 27) sUtra kI vRtti meM nimnalikhita zabdoM se spaSTa kiyA hai-'etau ca pramANasya anupadarzanAdbhavato na tu vIpsAsarvAvadhAraNapadAnAmaprayogAt , satsvapi teSu, asati pramANe tayorasiddheriti / . 3-zrA0 hemacandra kI tIsarI vizeSatA aneka dRSTiyoM se bar3e mArke kI hai / usa sAmpradAyikatA ke samaya meM jaba ki dharmakIrti ne vaidika aura jaina sampradAya para prabala coTa kI aura jaba ki apane hI pUjya vAdI devasUri taka ne 'zAThya kuryAt zaThaM prati' isa nIti kA prAzraya karake dharmakIti kA badalA cukAyA taba zrA0 hemacandra ne isa sthala meM buddhipUrvaka udAratA dikhAkara sAmpradAyika bhAva ke viSa ko kama karane kI ceSTA kii| jAna par3atA hai apane vyAkaraNa kI taraha apane pramANagrantha ko bhI sarvapArSada-sarvasAdhAraNa banAne kI prA. hemacandra kI udAra icchA kA hI yaha pariNAma hai / dharmakIrti ke dvArA RSabha, vardhamAna Adi para kiye gae kaTAkSa aura vAdideva ke dvArA sugata para kiye gae pratikaTAkSa kA tarkazAstra meM kitanA anaucitya hai, usase kitanA rucibhaGga hotA hai, yaha saba socakara A0 hemacandra ne aise udAharaNa race jinase sabakA matalaba siddha ho para kisI ko zrAghAta na ho / yahA~ eka bAta aura bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai jo aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattva kI hai / dharmakIrti ne apane udAharaNoM meM kapila Adi meM asarvajJatva aura tireko yathA zravItarAgo vaktRtvAt, vaidhodAharaNam , yatrAvItarAgatvaM nAsti na sa vaktA yathopalakhaNDa iti |-jyaayvi0 3. 127, 134 / 1 'sarvapArSadatvAca zabdAnuzAsanasya sakaladarzanasamUhAtmakasyAdvAdasamAzrayaNamatiramaNIyam |'-haimsh0 1.1.2 / 2pra. mI0 2. 1. 25 / .

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213 anAsatva sAdhaka jo anumAna prayoga rakhe haiM unakA svarUpa tathA tadantarrAta hetu) kA svarUpa vicArate hue jAna par3atA hai ki siddhasena ke sanmati jaise aura samantabhadra ke prAptamImAMsA jaise koI dUsare grantha dharmakIrti ke sAmane avazya rahe haiM jinameM jaina tArkikoM ne anya sAMkhya Adi darzanamAnya kapila' Adi kI sarvajJatA kA aura zrAptatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hogaa| I0 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA dUSaNa dUSaNAbhAsa parArthAnumAna kA eka prakAra kathA' bhI hai, jo pakSa pratipakSabhAva ke sivAya kabhI zurU nahIM hotI / isa kathA se saMbandha rakhanevAle aneka padArthoM kA nirUpaNa karanevAlA sAhitya vizAla parimANa meM isa deza meM nirmita huA hai| yaha sAhitya mukhyatayA do paramparAoM meM vibhAjita hai-brAhmaNa-vaidika paramparA aura zramaNa-vaidiketara paramparA / vaidika paramparA meM nyAya tathA vaidyaka sampradAya kA samAveza hai| zramaNa paramparA meM bauddha tathA jaina sampradAya kA samAveza hai| vaidika paramparA ke kathA saMbandhI isa vakta upalabdha sAhitya meM akSapAda ke nyAyasUtra tathA caraka kA eka prakaraNa-vimAnasthAna mukhya evaM prAcIna haiM / nyAyabhASya, nyAyavArtika, tAtparyaTIkA, nyAyamaJjarI Adi unake TIkAgrantha tathA nyAyakalikA bhI utane hI mahattva ke haiN| bauddha sampradAya ke prastuta viSayaka sAhitya meM upAyahRdaya, tarkazAstra, pramANasamuccaya, nyAyamukha, nyAyabindu, vAdanyAya ityAdi grantha mukhya evaM pratiSThita haiN| jaina sampradAya ke prastuta sAhitya meM nyAyAvatAra, siddhivinizcayaTIkA, nyAyavinizcaya, tattvArthazlokavArtika, prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pramANanayatattvAloka ityAdi grantha vizeSa mahattva ke haiN| ukta saba parasparAoM ke Upara nirdiSTa sAhitya ke AdhAra se yahA~ kathAsambandhI katipaya padArthoM ke bAre meM kucha muddoM 1 purAtattva pu0 3. aGka 3re meM merA likhA 'kathApaddhatinu svarUpa ane tenA sAhityanu digdarzana' nAmaka lekha dekheM /

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214 para likhA jAtA hai jinameM se sabase pahale dUpaNa aura dUSaNAbhAsa ko lekara vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| dUSaNa aura dUSaNAbhAsa ke nIce likhe muddoM para yahA~ vicAra prastuta hai-1. itihAsa, 2. paryAya--samAnArthaka zabda, 3. nirUpaNaprayojana, 4. prayoga kI anumati yA virodha, 5. bheda-prabheda / 1-dUSaNa aura dUSaNAbhAsa kA zAstrIya nirUpaNa tathA kathA kA itihAsa kitanA purAnA hai yaha nizyapUrvaka kahA nahIM jA sakatA, tathApi isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki vyavahAra meM tathA zAstra meM kathA kA svarUpa nizcita ho jAne ke bAda bahuta hI jaldI dUSaNa aura dUSaNAbhAsa kA svarUpa tathA vargIkaraNa zAstrabaddha huaA hogA / dUSaNa aura dUSaNAbhAsa ke kamobeza nirUpaNa kA prAthamika yaza brAhmaNa paramparA ko hai / bauddha paramparA meM usakA nirUpaNa brAhmaNa paramparA dvArA hI dAkhila huA hai| jaina paramparA meM usa nirUpaNa kA prathama praveza sAkSAt to bauddha sAhitya ke dvArA hI huzrA jAna par3atA hai| paramparayA nyAya sAhitya kA bhI isa para prabhAva avazya hai| phira bhI isa bAre meM vaidyaka sAhitya kA jena nirUpaNa para kucha bhI prabhAva par3A nahIM hai jaisA ki isa viSaya ke bauddha sAhitya para kucha par3A huA jAna par3atA hai| prastuta viSayaka sAhitya kA nirmANa brAhmaNa paramparA meM I. sa. pUrva do yA cAra zatAbdiyoM meM kabhI prArambha huzrA jAna par3atA hai jaba ki bauddha paramparA meM vaha IsavI san ke bAda hI zurU huA aura jainapahabhparA meM to aura bhI pIche se zurU huA hai| bauddha paramparA kA vaha prArambha IsavI ke bAda tIsarI zatAbdI se purAnA zAyada hI ho aura jaina paramparA kA vaha prArambha IsavI san ke bAda pA~cavIM chaThI zatAbdI se purAnA zAyada hI ho / 2-upAlambha, pratiSedha, dUSaNa, khaNDana, uttara ityAdi paryAya zabda hai / inameM se upAlambha, pratiSeva Adi zabda nyAyasUtra (1. 2.1) meM prayukta haiM, jaba ki dUSaNa Adi zabda usake bhASya meM Ate haiN| prastutaviSayaka bauddha sAhitya meM se takazAstra, jo pro0 TuyacI dvArA pratisaMskRta huaA hai usameM khaNDana zabda kA bAra-bAra prayoga hai jaba ki diGnAga, zaGkarasvAmI, dharmakIrti Adi ne dUSaNa zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| (dekho-nyAyamukha kA0 16, nyAyapraveza pR08, nyAyabindu0 3. 138) / jaina sAhitya meM bhinna-bhinna granthoM meM upAlambha, dUSaNa Adi sabhI paryAya zabda prayukta hue haiN| jAti, asaduttara, asamyak khaNDana, dUSaNAbhAsa Adi zabda paryAyabhUta haiM jinameM se jAti zabda nyAya paramparA ke sAhitya meM pradhAnatayA prayukta dekhA jAtA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM asamyak khaNDana tathA jAti zabda kA prayoga kucha prAcIna granthoM meM hai, para diGnAga se lekara sabhI bauddhatArkikoM ke tarkagranthoM meM dUSaNAbhAsa zabda ke prayoga kA prAdhAnya

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215 ho gayA hai / jaina tarkagranthoM meM mithyottara, jAti aura dUSaNAbhAsa zrAdi zabda prayukta pAye jAte haiN| 3-uddeza vibhAga aura lakSaNa Adi dvArA doSoM tathA doSAbhAsoM ke nirUpaNa kA prayojana sabhI paramparAtroM meM eka hI mAnA gayA hai aura vaha yaha ki unakA yathArtha jJAna kiyA jAe jisase vAdI svayaM apane sthApanAvAkya meM una doSoM se baca jAya aura prativAdI ke dvArA udbhAvita doSAbhAsa kA doSAbhAsatva dikhAkara apane prayoga ko nirdoSa sAbita kara sake / isI mukhya prayojana se prerita hokara kisI ne apane graMtha meM saMkSepa se to kisI ne vistAra se, kisI ne amuka eka prakAra ke vargIkaraNa se to kisI ne dUsare prakAra ke vargIkaraNa se, unakA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| 4-ukta prayojana ke bAre meM saba kA aikamatya hone para bhI eka viziSTa prayojana ke viSaya meM matabheda avazya hai jo khAsa jJAtavya hai| vaha viziSTa prayojana hai-jAti, chala Adi rUpa se asatya uttara kA bhI prayoga karanA / nyAya (nyAyasU0 4.2.50 ) ho yA vaidyaka (caraka-vimAnasthAna pR0 264) donoM brAhmaNa paramparAe~ asatya uttara ke prayoga kA bhI samarthana pahale se abhI taka karatI AI haiM / bauddha paramparA ke bhI prAcIna upAyahRdaya Adi kucha grantha jAtyuttara ke prayoga kA samarthana brAhmaNa paramparA ke granthoM kI taraha hI sApha-sApha karate haiM, jaba ki usa paramparA ke pichale granthoM meM jAtyuttaroM kA varNana hote hue bhI unake prayoga kA spaSTa va sabala niSedha hai-vAdanyAya pR0 70 / jaina paramparA ke granthoM meM to prathama se hI lekara mithyA uttaroM ke prayoga kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA gayA hai-tattvArthazlo0 pR0 273 / unake prayoga kA samarthana kabhI nahIM kiyA gyaa| chala-jAti yukta kathA kartavya hai yA nahIM isa prazna para jaba jaba jaina tArkikoM ne jainetara tArkikoM ke sAtha carcA kI taba taba unhoMne apanI eka mAtra rAya yahI prakaTa kI ki vaisI kathA kartavya nahIM tyAjya' hai / brAhmaNa bauddha aura jaina sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA antima va mukhya uddeza mokSa batalAyA gayA hai aura mokSa kI siddhi asatya yA mithyAjJAna se zakya hI nahIM jo jAtyuttaroM meM avazya garbhita hai| taba kevala jainadarzana ke anusAra hI kyoM, balki brAhmaNa aura bauddha darzana ke anusAra bhI jAtyuttaroM kA prayoga asaMgata hai| aisA hote hue bhI brAhmaNa aura bauddha tArkika unake prayoga kA samarthana karate haiM aura jaina tArkika nahIM karate isa antara kA bIja kyA hai, yaha prazna avazya 1 dekho siddhasenakRta vAdadvAtriMzikA ; vAdASTaka ; nyAyavi0 2. 214 / ..

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216 paidA hotA hai| isakA javAba jaina aura jenetara darzanoM ke adhikAriyoM kI prakRti meM hai / jaina darzana mukhyatayA tyAgapradhAna hone se usake adhikAriyoM meM mumukSu hI mukhya haiM, gRhastha nhiiN| jaba ki brAhmaNa paramparA cAturAzramika hone se usake adhikAriyoM meM gRhasthoM kA, khAsakara vidvAn brAhmaNa gRhasthoM kA, vahI darjA hai jo tyAgiyoM kA hotA hai| gArhasthya kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ne vyAvahArika jIvana meM satya, ahiMsA zrAdi niyamoM para utanA bhAra nahIM diyA jitanA ki jaina tyAgiyoM ne una para diyA / gArhasthya ke sAtha arthalAbha, jayatRSNA Adi kA, tyAgajIvana kI apekSA adhika sambandha hai| ina kAraNoM se brAhmaNa paramparA meM mokSa kA uddeza hote hue bhI chala, jAti Adi ke prayoga kA samarthana honA sahaja thA, jaba ki jaina paramparA ke lie vaisA karanA sahaja na thA / kyA karanA yaha eka bAra prakRti ke anusAra taya ho jAtA hai taba vidvAn usI kartavya kA sayuktika samarthana bhI kara lete haiN| kuzAgrIyabuddhi brAhmaNa tArkikoM ne yahI kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki tattvanirNaya kI rakSA ke vAste kabhI-kabhI chala, jAti Adi kA prayoga bhI upakAraka hone se upAdeya hai, jaisA ki aGkararakSA ke vAste sakaNTaka bAr3a kA upayoga / isa dRSTi se unhoMne chala, jAti Adi ke prayoga kI bhI mokSa ke sAtha saGgati btlaaii| unhoMne apane samarthana meM eka bAta spaSTa kaha dI ki chala, jAti Adi kA prayoga bhI tattvajJAna kI rakSA ke sivAya lAbha, khyAti prAdi anya kisI bhautika uddeza se kartavya nahIM hai| isa taraha avasthA vizeSa meM chala, jAti Adi ke prayoga kA samarthana karake usakI mokSa ke sAtha jo saGgati brAhmaNa tArkikoM ne dikhAI vahI bauddha tArkikoM ne akSarazaH svIkAra karake apane pakSa meM bhI lAgU kii| upAyahRdaya ke lekhaka bauddha tArkika ne-chala jAti Adi ke prayoga kI mokSa ke sAtha kaisI asaGgati hai-yaha zrAzaGkA karake usakA samAdhAna akSapAda ke hI zabdoM meM kiyA hai ki aAmraphala kI rakSA zrAdi ke vAste kaeTakila bAr3a kI taraha saddharma kI rakSA ke lie chalAdi bhI prayogayogya haiM / vAdasambandhI padArthoM ke prathama cintana, vargIkaraNa aura saGkalana kA zreya brAhmaNa paramparA ko hai yA bauddha paramparA ko, isa prazna kA suninizta javAba 1 'satvAdhyavasAyasaMrakSaNArtha jalpavitaNDe bIjaprarohasaMrakSaNArtha kaNTakazAkhAvaraNavat |'-nyaay sU0 4.2.50 / 'yathAmraphala paripuSTi kAmena tat(phala)parirakSaNArtha bahirbahutIdaNakaNTaka nikaravinyAsaH kriyate, vAdAragbho'pi tathaivAdhunA saddharmarakSaNechayA na tu khyAtilAbhAya |'-upaayhRdy pR0 4 /

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217 chalAdi ke prayoga ke usa samAna samarthana meM se mila jAtA hai| bauddha paramparA mUla se hI jaina paramparA kI taraha tyAgibhikSapradhAna rahI hai aura usane ekamAtra nirvANa tathA usake upAya para bhAra diyA hai| vaha apanI prakRti ke anusAra zurU meM kabhI chala Adi ke prayoga ko saGgata mAna nahIM sakatI jaisA ki brAhmaNa paramparA mAna sakatI hai| ataeva isameM sandeha nahIM rahatA ki buddha ke zAnta aura akleza dharma kI paramparA ke sthApana va pracAra meM par3a jAne ke bAda bhikSukoM ko jaba brAhmaNa vidvAnoM se lohA lenA par3A tabhI unhoMne unakI vAdapaddhati kA vizeSa abhyAsa, prayoga va samarthana zurU kiyaa| aura jo jo brAhmaNa, kulAgata saMskRta tathA nyAya vidyA sIkhakara bauddha paramparA meM dIkSita hue ve sabhI apane sAtha kuladharma kI ve hI dalIleM le Ae jo nyAya paramparA meM thiiN| unhoMne navasvIkRta bauddha paramparA meM unhIM vAdapadArthoM ke abhyAsa aura prayoga Adi kA pracAra kiyA jo nyAya yA vaidyaka zrAdi brAhmaNa paramparA meM prasiddha rahe / isa taraha prakRti meM jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ tulya hone para bhI brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ke prathama samparka aura saMgharSa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa se hI bauddha paramparA meM brAhmaNa paramparAnusArI chala Adi kA samarthana prathama kiyA gayA / agara isa bAre meM brAhmaNa paramparA para bauddha paramparA kA hI prathama prabhAva hotA to kisI na kisI ati prAcIna brAhmaNa grantha meM tathA bauddha grantha meM bauddha prakRti ke anusAra chalAdi ke varjana kA hI aikAntika upadeza hotaa| yadyapi bauddha tArkikoM ne zurU meM chalAdi ke samarthana ko brAhmaNa paramparA meM se apanAyA para Age jAkara unako isa samarthana kI apane dharma kI prakRti ke sAtha vizeSa asaMgati dikhAI dI, jisase unhoMne unake prayoga kA spaSTa va sayuktika niSedha hI kiyaa| parantu isa bAre meM jaina paramparA kI sthiti nirAlI rhii| eka to vaha bauddha paramparA kI apekSA tyAga aura udAsInatA meM vizeSa prasiddha rahI, dUsare isake nirgrantha bhikSuka zurU meM brAhmaNa tArkikoM ke samparka va saMgharSa meM utane na Aye jitane bauddha bhikSaka, tIsare usa paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA tathA tadAzrita vidyAtroM kA praveza bahuta dhIre se aura pIche se huaa| jaba yaha huA taba bhI jaina paramparA kI utkaTa tyAga kI prakRti ne usake vidvAnoM ko chala zrAdi ke prayoga ke samarthana se bilakula hI rokaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki, saba se prAcIna aura prAthamika jaina tarka granthoM meM chalAdi ke prayoga kA spaSTa niSedha va parihAsa mAtra hai / aisA hote hue bhI Age jAkara jaina paramparA ko jaba 1 dekho siddhasenakRta vAdadvAtriMzikA /

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218 dUsarI paramparAoM se bAra bAra vAda meM bhir3anA par3A taba use anubhava huA ki chala Adi ke prayoga kA aikAntika niSedha vyavahArya nahIM / isI anubhava ke ke kAraNa kucha jaina tArkikoM ne chala Adi ke prayoga kA zrApavAdika rUpa se avasthA vizeSa meM samarthana bhI kiyaa| isa taraha anta meM bauddha aura jaina donoM paramparAe~ eka yA dUsare rUpa se samAna bhUmikA para zrA gii| bauddha vidvAnoM ne pahale chalAdi ke prayoga kA samarthana karake phira usakA niSedha kiyA, jaba ki jaina vidvAn pahale prAtyantika virodha karake anta meM aMzataH usase sahamata hue| yaha dhyAna meM rahe ki chalAdi ke ApavAdika prayoga kA bhI samarthana zvetAmbara tArkikoM ne kiyA hai para aisA samarthana digambara tArkikoM ke dvArA kiyA huA dekhane meM nahIM AtA / isa antara ke do kAraNa mAluma hote haiN| eka to digambara paramparA meM zrautsargika tyAga aMza kA hI mukhya vidhAna hai aura dUsarA gyArahavIM zatAbdi ke bAda bhI jaisA zvetAmbara paramparA meM vividha prakRtigAmI sAhitya banA vaisA digambara paramparA meM nahIM huA / brAhmaNa paramparA kA chalAdi ke prayoga kA samarthana tathA niSedha prathama se hI adhikArIvizeSAnusAra vaikalpika hone se usakI apanI dRSTi badalane kI jarUrata hI na huii| 5 - anumAna prayoga ke pakSa, hetu, dRSTAnta Adi avayava haiN| unameM bhAnevAle vAstavika doSoM kA udghATana karanA dUSaNa hai aura una avayavoM ke nirdoSa hone para bhI unameM asat doSoM kA aAropaNa karanA dUSaNAbhAsa hai| brAhmaNa paramparA ke maulika granthoM meM doSoM kA, khAsakara hetu doSoM kA hI varNana hai| pakSa, dRSTAnta Adi ke doSoM kA spaSTa vaisA varNana nahIM hai jaisA bauddha paramparA ke granthoM meM diGnAga se lekara varNana hai / dUSaNAbhAsa ke chala, jAti rUpa se bheda tathA unake prabhedoM kA jitanA vistRta va spaSTa varNana prAcIna brAhmaNa granthoM meM hai utanA prAcIna bauddha granthoM meM nahIM hai zrIra pichale bauddha granthoM meM to vaha nAmazeSa mAtra ho gayA hai| jaina tarkagranthoM meM jo dUSaNa ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana hai vaha mUlataH bauddha granthAnusArI hI hai aura jo dUSaNAbhAsa kA varNana hai vaha bhI bauddha paramparA se sAkSAt sambandha rakhatA hai / isameM jo brAhmaNa paramparAnusArI varNana khaNDanIyarUpa se pAyA hai vaha khAsakara nyAyasUtra aura usake TIkA, upaTIkA granthoM se pAyA hai / yaha acaraja kI bAta hai ki brAhmaNa paramparA ke vaidyaka . 1 'ayameva vidheyastat tattvajJena tapasvinA / dezAdyapekSayA'nyo'pi vijJAya gurulAghavam ||'-ysho0 vAdadvA0 shlo08| 2 milAno-nyAyamukha, nyAyapraveza aura nyAyAvatAra /

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216 grantha meM AnevAle dUSaNAbhAsa kA nirdeza jaina granthoM meM khaNDanIya rUpa se bhI kahIM dekhA nahIM jAtA / * hemacandra ne do sUtroM meM krama se jo dUSaNa aura dUSaNa bhAsa kA lakSa racA hai usakA anya granthoM kI apekSA nyAyapraveza ( pR0 8 ) kI zabdaracanA ke sAtha adhika sAdRzya hai / parantu unhoMne sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM jo jAtyuttara zabda kA pradarzana kiyA hai vaha nyAyabindu ( 3. 140 ) kI dharmottarIya vyAkhyA se zabdazaH milatA hai | hemacandra ne dUSaNAbhAsarUpa se caubIsa tIna chaloM kA jo barNana kiyA hai vaha akSarazaH jayanta kI 16- 21 ) kA avataraNa mAtra hai / I zrA0 hemacandra ne chala ko bhI jAti kI taraha saduttara hone ke kAraNa jAtyuttara hI mAnA hai / jAti ho yA chala sabakA pratisamAdhAna sacce uttara se hI karane ko kahA hai, parantu pratyeka jAti kA alaga-alaga uttara jaisA akSapAda ne svayaM diyA hai, vaisA unhoMne nahIM diyA - pra0 mI0 2.1.28, 26 / kucha granthoM ke AdhAra para jAtiviSayaga eka koSThaka nIce diyA jAtA hai nyAyasUtra / sAdharmyasama vaidharmyasama utkarSaka apakarSasama varNyasama varNyasama vikalpasama sAdhyasama prAptisama prAptisama prasaGgasama pratidRSTAntasama anutpattisama saMzayasama vAdavidhi, pramANasamuccaya, nyAyamukha, tarkazAstra | "" ... ... " ... ====== "3 jAtiyoM kA tathA nyAyakalikA ( pR0 upAyahRdaya / ," "" "" "" ... ... ... = = = = ... ""

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120 kAlasama prakaraNasama ahetusama arthApatisama avizeSasama upapattisama upalabdhisama anupalabdhisama nityasama anityasama kAyasama :::::::: kAryameda anukti svArthaviruddha bhedAbheda, praznabAhulyottarAlpatA, praznAlpatottarabAhulya, hetusama, vyApti, avyAptisama, viruddha, aviruddha, asaMzaya, zrutisama, zrutibhinna / I0 16367 [pramANa mImAMsA |

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vAdavivAra praznottara rUpa se aura khaNDana-maNDana rUpa se carcA do prakAra kI hai / khaNDana-maNDana rUpa carcA-artha meM sambhASA, kathA, vAda, Adi zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| sambhASA zabda caraka Adi vaidyakIya granthoM meM prasiddha hai, jaba ki kathA zabda nyAya paramparA meM prasiddha hai / vaidyaka paramparA meM sambhASA ke sandhAyasambhASA aura vigRhyasambhASA aise do bheda kie haiM (carakasaM0 pR0 263); jaba ki nyAya paramparA ne kathA ke vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA ye tIna bheda kie haiM (nyAyavA0 pR0 146) / vaidyaka paramparA kI sandhAyasambhASA hI nyAya paramparA kI vAda kathA hai / kyoMki vaidyaka paramparA meM sandhAyasambhASA ke jo aura jaise adhikArI batAe gae haiM (carakasaM0 pR0 263 ) ve aura vaise hI adhikArI vAda kathA ke nyAya paramparA (nyAyasU0 4. 2. 48) meM mAne gae haiN| sandhAyasambhASA aura vAda kathA kA prayojana bhI donoM paramparAoM meM eka hI tattvanirNaya hai / vaidyaka paramparA jisa carcA ko vigRhyasambhASA kahatI hai usI ko nyAya paramparA jalpa aura vitaNDa kathA kahatI hai / caraka ne vigRhyasambhASA aisA sAmAnya nAma rakhakara phira usI ke jalpa aura vitaNDA ye do bheda batAe haiM(pR0 265) / nyAya paramparA meM ina do bhedoM ke vAste 'vigRhyasambhASA' zabda prasiddha nahIM hai, para usameM ukta donoM meda vijigISukathA zabda se vyavahRta hote haiM (nyAyavA* pR0 146 ) / ataeva vaidyaka paramparA kA 'vigRhyasambhASA' aura nyAya paramparA kA 'vijigISukathA' ye do zabda bilakula samAnArthaka haiM / nyAya paramparA meM yadyapi vigRhyasambhASA isa zabda kA khAsa vyavahAra nahIM hai, tathApi usakA pratibimbaprAya 'vigRhyakathana' zabda mUla nyAyasUtra (4. 2. 51 ) meM hI prayukta hai| isa zAbdika aura Arthika saMkSipta tulanA se isa bAta meM koI sandeha nahIM rahatA ki mUla meM nyAya aura vaidyaka donoM paramparAe~ eka hI vicAra ke do bhinna pravAha mAtra haiN| bauddha paramparA meM khAsa taura se kathA artha meM vAda zabda ke prayoga kI pradhAnatA rahI hai / kathA ke vAda, jalpa Adi avAntara bhedoM ke vAste usa paramparA meM prAyaH sad-dharmavAda, vivAda Adi zabda prayukta kiye gae haiN| jaina paramparA meM kathA artha meM kvacit jalpa zabda kA prayoga hai para sAmAnya 1 kiM tat jalpaM viduH ? ityAha-samarthavacanam' |-siddhivi0 TI0 pR0 254 BI

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222 rUpa se sarvatra usa artha meM vAda zabda kA hI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| jana paramparA kathA ke jala aura vitaNDA do prakAroM ko prayogayogya nahIM mAnatI |atev usake mata se vAda zabda kA vahIM artha hai jo vaidyaka paramparA meM sandhAyasambhASA zabda kA aura nyAya paramparA meM vAdakathA kA hai| bauddha tArkikoM ne bhI Age jAkara jalpa aura vitaNDA kathA ko tyAjya batalAkara kevala vAdakathA ko hI kartavya rUpa kahA hai| zrataeva isa pichalI bauddha mAnyatA aura jaina paramparA ke bIca vAda zabda ke artha meM koI antara nahIM rhtaa| vaidyakIya sandhAyasambhASA ke adhikArI ko batalAte hue caraka ne mahattva kA eka anasUyaka vizeSaNA diyA hai, jisakA artha hai ki vaha adhikArI asUyAdoSamukta ho / akSapAda ne bhI vAdakathA ke adhikAriyoM ke varNana meM 'anusUyi' vizeSaNa diyA hai / isase siddha hai ki caraka aura akSapAda donoM ke mata se vAdakathA ke adhikAriyoM meM koI antara nhiiN| isI bhAva ko pichale naiyAyikoM ne vAda kA lakSaNa karate hue eka hI zabda meM vyakta kara diyA hai ki-tattvabubhutsukathA vAda hai (kezava0 takebhASA pR0 126 ) / caraka ke kathanAnusAra vigRhyasambhASA ke adhikArI jaya-parAjayecchu aura chalabalasampanna siddha hote haiM, bAyaparamparA ke anusAra jalpa-vitaNDA ke vaise hI adhikArI mAne jAte haiN| isI bhAva ko naiyAyika 'vijigISukathA-jalpa-vitaNDA' isa lakSaNavAkya se vyakta karate haiM / vAda ke adhikArI tattvabubhutsu kisa-kisa guNa se yukta hone cAhie aura ve kisa taraha apanA vAda calAe~ isakA bahuta hI manohara va samAna varNana caraka tathA nyAyabhASya zrAdi meM hai| nyAya paramparA meM jalpavitaNDA kathA karanevAle ko vijigISa mAnA hai jaisA ki caraka ne; para vaisI kathA karate samaya vaha vijigISa prativAdI aura apane bIca kina-kina guNa-doSoM kI tulanA kare, apane zreSTha, kaniSTha yA barAbarIvAle prativAdI se kisa-kisa prakAra kI sabhA aura kaise sabhyoM ke bIca kisa-kisa prakAra kA bartAva kare, prativAdI se aATopa ke sAtha kaise bole, kabhI kaisA jhir3ake ityAdi bAtoM kA jaisA vistRta va A~khoMdekhA varNana caraka (pR0 264 ) ne kiyA hai vaisA nyAya paramparA ke granthoM meM nahIM hai| caraka ke isa varNana se kucha milatA-julatA varNana jainAcArya siddhasena ne apanI eka vAdopaniSaddvAtriMzikA meM kiyA hai, jise caraka ke varNana ke sAtha par3hanA cAhie / bauddha paramparA jaba taka nyAya paramparA kI taraha jalpakathA ko bhI mAnatI rahI taba taka usake anusAra bhI vAda ke adhikArI tattvabubhutsu aura jalpAdi ke adhikArI vijigISu hI phalita hote haiM, jaisA ki nyAyaparamparA meM / usa prAcIna samaya kA

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223 bauddha vijigISu, naiyAyika vijigISu se bhinna prakAra kA sambhava nahIM, para jaba se bauddha paramparA meM chala Adi ke prayoga kA niSedha hone ke kAraNa jalpakathA nAmazeSa ho gaI aura vAdakathA hI avaziSTa rahI taba se usameM adhikAridvaividhya kA prazna hI nahIM rahA, jaisA ki jaina paramparA meM / jaina paramparA ke anusAra caturaGgavAda ke adhikArI vijigISu haiM / para nyAya-vaidyaka-paramparAsammata vijagISu aura jainaparamparAsammata vijigISu ke artha meM bar3A antara hai / kyoMki nyAya-vaidyaka paramparA ke anusAra vijigISu vahI hai jo nyAya se yA anyAya se, chala Adi kA prayoga karake bhI prativAdI ko parAsta karanA cAhe, jaba ki jainaparamparA vijigISu usI ko mAnatI hai jo apane pakSa kI siddhi karanA cAhe, para nyAya se anyAya se chalAdi kA prayoga karake kabhI nahIM / isa dRSTi se jainaparamparAsammata vijigISu zrasUyAvAn hokara bhI nyAyamArga se hI apanA pakSa siddha karane kA icchuka hone se karIba-karIba nyAya- paramparAsammata tattvabubhutsu kI koTi kA ho jAtA hai / jaina paramparA ne vijaya kA artha - apane pakSa kI nyAyya siddhi hI kiyA hai, nyAya-vaidyaka paramparA kI taraha, kisI bhI taraha se prativAdI ko mUka karanA nahIM / jaina paramparA ke prAthamika tArkikoM ne, jo vijigISu nahIM haiM aise vItarAga vyaktiyoM kA bhI vAda mAnA hai / para vaha vAda caturaGga nahIM hai / kyoMki usake adhikArI bhale hI pakSa pratipakSa lekara pravRtta hoM para ve zrasUyAmukta hone ke kAraNa kisI sabhApati yA sabhyoM ke zAsana kI apekSA nahIM rakhate / ve Apasa meM hI tattvabodha kA vinimaya yA svIkAra kara lete haiM / jaina paramparA ke vijigISu meM aura usake pUrvokta tattvanirNinISu meM antara itanA hI hai ki vijigISu nyAyamArga se calanevAle hone para bhI aise asUyAmukta nahIM hote jisase ve binA kisI ke zAsana ke kisI bAta ko svataH mAna leM jaba ki tattvanirNinISu nyAyamArga se calanevAle hone ke alAvA tattvanirNaya ke svIkAra meM anya ke zAsana se nirapekSa hote haiM / isa prakAra caturaGgavAda ke vAdI prativAdI donoM vijigISu hone kI pUrva prathA rahI, isameM vAdi devasUri ne ( pramANana0 8. 12-14 ) 1 'parArthAdhigamastatrAnudbhavadbhAgagocara: / jigISugocarazceti dvidhA zuddhadhiyo viduH || satyavAgbhiH vidhAtavyaH prathamastattvavedibhiH / yathAkathaJcidityeSa caturaGgo 'na sammataH // - tattvArthazlo0 pR0 277 / 2 'vAdaH so'yaM jigISatoH / ' nyAyavi0 2. 212 / 'samarthavacanaM vAdaH prakRtArthapratyAyanaparaM sAkSisamakSaM jigISatorekatra sAdhanadUSaNavacanaM vAdaH / ' -

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224 thor3A vicArabheda prakaTa kiyA ki, ekamAtra vijigISu vAdI yA prativAdI ke hone para bhI caturaGga kathA kA sambhava hai| unhoMne yaha vicArabheda sambhavataH akalaGka yA vidyAnanda Adi pUrvavartI tArkikoM ke sAmane rakhA hai| isa viSaya meM prAcArya hemacandra kA mAnanA akalaGka aura vidyAnanda ke anusAra hI jAna par3atA hai-pra0 mI0 pR0 63 / brAhmaNa bauddha, aura jaina sabhI paramparAtroM ke anusAra kathA kA mukhya prayojana tattvajJAna kI prApti yA prApta tattvajJAna kI rakSA hI hai| sAdhya meM kisI kA matabheda na hone para bhI usakI sAdhanapraNAlI meM antara avazya hai, jo pahile bhI batAyA jA cukA hai| saMkSepa meM vaha antara itanA hI hai ki jaina aura uttaravartI bauddha tArkika chala, jAti Adi ke prayoga ko kabhI upAdeya nahIM maante| vAdI, prativAdI, sabhya aura sabhApati ina cAroM aGgoM ke varNana meM tInoM paramparAoM meM koI matabheda nahIM hai| prAcArya hemacandra ne jo cAroM zraGgoM ke svarUpa kA saMkSipta nidarzana kiyA hai vaha pUrvavartI granthoM kA sAra mAtra hai| jaina paramparA ne jaba chalAdi ke prayoga kA niSedha hI kiyA taba usake anusAra jalpa yA vitaNDA nAmaka kathA vAda se bhinna koI na rhii| isa tattva ko jaina tArkikoM ne vistRta carcA ke dvArA siddha kiyA / isa viSaya kA sabase purAnA grantha zAyada kathAtrayabhaGga ho, jisakA nirdeza siddhivinizcayaTIkA (pR0 286 A ) meM hai / unhoMne anta meM apanA mantavya sthira kiyA ki-jalpa aura vitaNDA nAmaka koI vAda se bhinna kathA hI nahIM, vaha to kathAbhAsa mAtra hai / isI mantavya ke anusAra prAcArya hemacandra ne bhI apanI carcA meM batalAyA ki vAda se bhinna koI jalpa nAmaka kathAntara nahIM, jo grAhya ho / I0 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA pramANasaM0 pari0 6 / 'siddho jigISato vAdaH caturaGgastathA sati |'-tttvaarthshlo0 pR0 277 / 1 dekho-carakasaM0 pR0 264 / nyAyapra0 pR0 14 / tattvArthazlo0 pR0 280 /

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nigrahasthAna bhAratIya tarka sAhitya meM nigrahasthAna kI prAcIna vicAradhArA brAhmaNa paramparA kI hI hai, jo nyAya tathA vaidyaka ke granthoM meM dekhI jAtI hai| nyAya paramparA meM akSapAda ne jo saMkSepa meM vipratipatti aura apratipatti rUpa se dvividha nigraha sthAna ko batalAyA aura vistAra se usake bAIsa bheda batalAe vahI varNana Ajataka ke saikar3oM varSoM meM aneka prakANDa naiyAyikoM ke honepara bhI nirvivAda rUpa se svIkRta rahA hai| caraka kA nigrahasthAnavarNana akSarazaH to akSapAda ke varNana jaisA nahIM hai phira bhI una donoM ke varNana kI bhitti eka hI hai| bauddha paramparA kA nigrahasthAnavarNana do prakAra kA hai| eka brAhmaNaparamparAnusArI aura dUsarA svatantra / pahilA varNana prAcIna bauddha' tarkagranthoM meM hai, jo lakSaNa, saMkhyA, udAharaNa Adi aneka bAtoM meM bahudhA akSapAda ke aura kabhI kabhI caraka (pR0 266) ke varNana se milatA hai| brAhmaNa paramparA kA virodhI svataMtra nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa bauddha parasparA meM sabase pahile kisane zurU kiyA yaha abhI nizcita nahIM / tathApi itanA to nizcita hI hai ki isa samaya aise svatantra nirUpaNavAlA pUrNa aura ati mahattva kA jo 'vAdanyAya' grantha hamAre sAmane maujUda hai vaha dharmakIrti kA hone se isa svatantra nirUpaNa kA zreya dharmakIrti ko avazya hai / sambhava hai isakA kucha bIjAropaNa tArkikapravara diGnAga ne bhI kiyA ho / jaina paramparA meM nigrahasthAna ke nirUpaNa kA prArambha karanevAle zAyada pAtrakesarI svAmI hoM / para unakA koI grantha abhI labhya nhiiN| zrataeva maujUdA sAhitya ke adhAra se to bhaTTAraka akalaGka ko hI isakA prArambhaka kahanA hogaa| pichale sabhI jaina tArkikoM ne apane-apane nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa meM bhaTTAraka akalaGka ke hI vacana ko uddhRta kiyA hai, jo hamArI ukta sambhAvanA kA samarthaka hai| 1 takazAstra pR0 33 / upAyahRdaya pR0 18 / 2 Pre. Dignag Buddhist Logic P. XXII. 3 'zrAstAM tAvadalAbhAdirayameva hi nigrhH| nyAyena vijigISUNAM svAbhiprAyanivattanam / '-nyAyavi0 2. 213 / 'kathaM tarhi vAdaparisamAptiH ? nirAkRtAvasthApitavipakSasvapakSayoreva jayetaravyasthA nAnyathA / taduktam-svapakSasiddhirekasya

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226 pahile to bauddha paramparA ne nyAya paramparA ke hI nigrahasthAnoM ko apnaayaa| isalie usake sAmane koI aisI nigrahasthAnaviSayaka dUsarI virodhI paramparA na thI jisakA bauddha tArkika khaNDana karate para eka yA dUsare kAraNa se jaba bauddha tArkikoM ne nigrahasthAna kA svatantra nirUpaNa zurU kiyA taba unake sAmane nyAya paramparA vAle nigrahasthAnoM ke khaNDana kA prazna svayaM hI A khar3A huaa| unhoMne isa prazna ko bar3e vistAra va bar3I sUkSmatA se sulajhAyA / dharmakIrti ne vAdanyAya nAmaka eka sArA grantha isa viSaya para likha DAlA jisa para zAntarakSita ne sphuTa vyAkhyA bhI likhI / vAdanyAya meM dharmakIrti ne nigrahasthAna kA lakSaNa eka kArikA meM svatantra bhAva se bA~dhakara usa para vistRta carcA kI aura akSapAdasammata evaM vAtsyAyana tathA udyotakara ke dvArA vyAkhyAta nigrahasthAnoM ke lakSaNoM kA eka-eka zabda lekara vistAra se khaNDana kiyaa| isa dharmakIrti kI kRti se nigrahasthAna kI nirUpaNaparamparA spaSTatayA virodhI do pravAhoM meM ba~Ta gii| karIba-karIba dharmakIrti ke samaya meM yA kucha hI Age pIche jaina tArkikoM ke sAmane bhI nigrahasthAna ke nirUpaNa kA prazna aaayaa| kisI bhI jaina tArkika ne brAhmaNa paramparA ke nigrahasthAnoM ko apanAyA ho yA svatantra bauddha paramparA ke nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa ko apanAyA ho aisA mAlUma nahIM hotaa| zrataeva jaina paramparA ke sAmane nigrahasthAna kA svatantra bhAva se nirUpaNa karane kA hI prazna rahA jisako bhaTTAraka akalaGka ne suljhaayaa| unhoMne nigrahasthAna kA lakSaNa svataMtra bhAva se hI racA aura usakI vyavasthA bA~dhI jisakA akSarazaH anusaraNa uttaravartI sabhI digambara zvetAmbara tArkikoM ne kiyA hai| akalaGkakRta svatantra lakSaNa kA mAtra svIkAra kara lene se jaina tArkikoM kA kartavya pUrA ho nahIM sakatA thA jaba taka ki ve apanI pUrvavartI aura apane sAmane upasthita prAhANa aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM ke nigrahasthAna ke vicAra kA khaNDana na kareM / isI dRSTi se akalaGka ke anugAmI vidyAnanda, prabhAcandra Adi ne virodhI paramparAtroM ke khaNDana kA kArya vizeSa rUpa se zurU kiyA / hama unake granthoM meM? nigraho'nyasya vAdinaH nA'sAdhanAGgavacanaM nAdoSodbhAvanaM dvayoH / / tathA tattvArthazloke'pi (pR0 281)-svapakSasiddhiparyantA shaastriiyaarthvicaarnnaa| vastvAzrayatvato yadvallaukikArthavicAraNA |'-asstts0 pR0 87 |-prmeyk0 pR0 203 A . 1 digambara paramparA meM kumAranandI prAcArya kA bhI eka vAdanyAya grantha rahA / 'kumAranandibhaTTArakairapi svavAdanyAye nigaditatvAt-patraparIkSA pR0 3 / 2 tattvArthazlo0 pR0 283 / prameyaka0 pR0 200 BI:

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pAte haiM ki pahile to unhoMne nyAya paramparA ke nigrahasthAnoM kA khaNDana kiyA aura pIche bauddha paramparA ke nigrahasthAna lakSaNa kA / jahA~ taka dekhane meM AyA hai usase mAlUma hotA hai ki dharmakIrti ke lakSaNa kA saMkSepa meM svatantra khaNDana karanevAle sarvaprathama akalaGka haiM aura vistata khaNDana karanevAle vidyAnanda aura tadupajIvI prabhAcandra haiN| ___ AcArya hemacandra ne nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa ke prasaGga meM mukhyatayA tIna bAteM pA~ca sUtroM meM nibaddha kI haiN| pahile do sUtra (pra0 mI0 2.1.31, 32) meM jaya aura parAjaya kI kramazaH vyAkhyA hai aura tIsare 2.1.33 meM nigraha kI vyavasthA hai jo akalaGkaracita hai aura jo anya sabhI digambara-zvetAmbara tArkika sammata bhI hai| cauthe 2. 1. 34 sUtra meM nyAyaparamparA ke nigrahasthAna-lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA prabhAcandra ke prameyakamalamArtaNDa kA adhikAMza pratibimba mAtra hai| isake bAda antima 2. 1. 35 sUtra meM hemacandra ne dharmakIrti ke svatantra nigrahasthAna lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai jo akSarazaH pramAcandra ke prameyakamalamArtaNDa (pR0 203 A) kI hI nakala hai / isa taraha nigrahasthAna kI tIna paramparAtroM meM se nyAya va bauddhasammata do paramparAoM kA khaNDana karake prAcArya hemacandra ne tIsarI jaina paramparA kA sthApana kiyA hai| __ anta meM jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA sambandhI tInoM paramparAoM ke mantavya kA rahasya saMkSepa meM likha denA jarUrI hai| jo isa prakAra hai-brAhmaNa paramparA meM chala, jAti zrAdi kA prayoga kisI hada taka sammata hone ke kAraNa chalA Adi ke dvArA kisI ko parAjita karane mAtra se bhI chala Adi kA prayoktA apane pakSa kI siddhi binA kie hI jayaprAsa mAnA jAtA hai| arthAt brAhmaNa paramparA ke anusAra yaha niyama nahIM ki jayalAma ke vAste pakSasiddhi karanA anivArya hI ho| dharmakIrti ne ukta brAhmaNa paramparA ke AdhAra para hI kuThArAghAta karake satyamUlaka niyama bA~dha diyA ki koI chala zrAdi ke prayoga se kisI ko cupa karA dene mAtra se jIta nahIM sktaa| kyoMki chala Adi kA prayoga satyamUlaka na hone se varNya hai / ataeva dharmakIrti ke kathanAnusAra yaha niyama nahIM ki kisI 1 'tattvarakSaNArtha sadbhirupaharttavyameva chalAdi vijigISubhiriti cet nakhacapeTazastraprahArAdIpanAdibhirapIti vaktavyam / tasmAnna jyAyAyAnayaM tttvrkssnnopaayH|-vaadnyaay pR0 71 / .2 'sadoSavattve'pi prativAdino'jJAnAt pratipAdanAsAmarthyAdA / na hi

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228 eka kA parAjaya hI dUsare kA avazyambhAvI jaya ho| aisA bhI sambhava hai ki prativAdI kA parAjaya mAnA jAe para vAdI kA jaya na mAnA jAe - udAharaNArtha vAdI ne duSTa sAdhana kA prayoga kiyA ho, isa para prativAdI ne sambhAvita doSoM kA kathana na karake mithyAdoSoM kA kathana kiyA, tadanantara vAdI ne prativAdI ke mithyAdoSoM kA udbhAvana kiyA- aisI dazA meM prativAdI kA parAjaya avazya mAnA jAyagA / kyoMki usane apane karttavya rUpa se yathArtha doSoM kA udbhAvana na karake mithyAdoSoM kA hI kathana kiyA jise vAdI ne pakar3a liyaa| itanA hone para bhI vAdI kA jaya nahIM mAnA jAtA kyoMki vAdI ne duSTa sAdhana kA hI prayoga kiyA hai / jaba ki jaya ke vAste vAdI kA kartavya hai ki sAdhana ke yathArtha jJAna dvArA nirdoSa sAdhana kA hI prayoga kare / isa taraha dharmakIrtti ne jaya-parAjaya kI brAhmaNasammata vyavasthA meM saMzodhana kiyA / para unhoMne jo sAdhanAGgavacana tathA zradoSodbhAvana dvArA jaya-parAjaya kI vyavasthA kI isameM itanI jaTilatA aura durUhatA zrI gaI ki aneka prasaGgoM meM yaha saralatA se nirNaya karanA hI sambhava ho gayA ki zrasAdhanAGgavacana tathA doSodbhAvana hai yA nahIM / isa jaTilatA aura durUhatA se bacane evaM saralatA se nirNaya karane kI dRSTi se bhaTTAraka kalaGka ne dharmakIrttikRta jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA kA bhI saMzodhana kiyA / kalaGka ke saMzodhana meM dharmakIrttisammata satya kA tattvato nihita hai hI, para jAna par3atA hai kalaGka kI dRSTi meM isake alAvA hiMsAsamabhAva kA jaina prakRtisulabha bhAva bhI nihita hai / ataeva kalaGka ne kaha diyA ki kisI eka pakSa kI siddhi hI usakA jaya hai aura dUsare pakSa kI siddhi hI usakA parAjaya hai / kalaGka kA yaha sunizcita mata hai ki kisI eka pakSa kI siddhi dUsare pakSa kI prasiddhi ke binA ho hI nahIM sakatI / zrataeva kalaGka ke matAnusAra yaha phalita huA ki jahA~ eka kI siddhi hogI vahA~ dUsare kI prasiddhi anivArya hai, aura jisa pakSa kI siddhi ho usI kI 1 duSTasAdhanAbhidhAne'pi vAdinaH prativAdino'pratipAdite doSe parAjayavyavasthApanA yuktA / tayoreva parasparasAmarthyopaghAtApekSayA jayaparAjayavyavasthApanAt / kevalaM hetvAbhAsAd bhUtapratipatterabhAvAdapratipAdakasya jayo'pi nAstyeva / ' vAdanyAya pR070 / 1 ' nirAkRtAvasthApita vipakSasvapakSayoreva jayetaravyavasthA nAnyathA / taduktamsvapakSasiddhirekasya nigraho'nyasya vAdinaH / nAsAdhanAGgavacanaM nA'doSodbhAvanaM dvayoH // ' - aSTaza0 aSTasa0 pR0 87 / 'tatreha tAttvike vAde'kalaGka : kathito jayaH / svapakSasiddhire kasya nigraho'nyasya vAdinaH / tattvArthazlo0 pR0 281 / *

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226 jaya / ataeva siddhi aura asiddhi athavA dUsare zabdoM meM jaya aura parAjaya samavyAptika haiN| koI parAjaya jayazUnya nahIM aura koI jaya parAjayazUnya nahIM / dharmakIrtikRta vyavasthA meM akalaMka kI sUkSma ahiMsA prakRti ne eka truTi dekha lI jAna par3atI hai| vaha yaha ki pUrvokta udAharaNa meM karttavya pAlana na karane mAtra se agara prativAdI ko parAjita samajhA jAe to duSTasAdhana ke prayoga meM samyak sAdhana ke prayoga rUpa karttavya kA pAlana na hone se vAdI bhI parAjita kyoM na samajhA jAe ? agara dharmakIrti vAdI ko parAjita nahIM mAnate to phira unheM prativAdI ko bhI parAjita nahIM mAnanA caahie| isa taraha akalaGka ne pUrvokta udAharaNa meM kevala prativAdI ko parAjita mAna lene kI vyavasthA ko ekadezIya evaM anyAyamUlaka mAnakara pUrNa samabhAva mUlaka sIdhA mArga bA~dha diyA ki apane pakSa kI siddhi karanA hI jaya hai| aura aisI siddhi meM dUsare pakSa kA nirAkaraNa avazya garbhita hai| akalaGkopajJa yaha jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA kA mArga antima hai, kyoMki isake Upara kisI bauddhAcArya ne yA brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ne Apatti nahIM utthaaii| jaina paramparA meM jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA kA yaha eka hI mArga pracalita haiM, jisakA svIkAra sabhI digambara-zvetAmbara tArkikoM ne kiyA hai aura jisake samarthana meM vidyAnanda (tattvArthazlo0 pR0 281), prabhAcandra (prameyaka0 pR0 164), vAdirAja (nyAyavi0 TI0 pR0 527 B) zrAdi ne bar3e vistAra se pUrvakAlIna aura samakAlIna matAntaroM kA nirAsa bhI kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra bhI isa viSaya meM bhaTTAraka akalaGka ke hI anumAmI haiN| sUtra 34 kI vRtti meM AcArya hemacandra ne nyAyadarzanAnusArI nigrahasthAnoM kA pUrvapakSarUpa se jo varNana kiyA hai vaha akSarazaH jayanta kI nyAyakalikA (pR0 21-27) ke anusAra hai aura unhIM nigrahasthAnoM kA jo khaNDana kiyA hai vaha akSarazaH prameyakamalamArtaNDAnusArI (pR0 200 B.-203 A) hai / isI taraha dharmakIrtisammata (vAdanyAya) nigrahasthAnoM kA varNana aura usakA khaNDana bhI akSarazaH prameyakamalamArcaNDa ke anusAra hai| yadyapi nyAyasammata nigrahasthAnoM kA nirdeza tathA khaNDana tattvArthazlokavArtika (pR0 283 se ) meM bhI hai tathA dharmakIrtisammata nigrahasthAnoM kA varNana tathA khaMDana vAcaspati mizra ne tAtparyaTIkA (703 se) meM, jayanta ne nyAyamaMjarI (pR. 646 ) aura vidyAnaMda ne aSTasahasrI ( pR081 ) meM kiyA hai, para hemacandrIya varNana aura khaMDana prameyakamala-mArtaNDa se ho zabdazaH milatA hai| I0 1636 ] [pramANa mImAMsA

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yogavidyA pratyeka manuSya vyakti aparimita zaktiyoMke tejakA puJja hai, jaisA ki sUrya / ataeva rASTra to mAnoM aneka sUryokA maNDala hai| phira bhI jaba koI vyakti yA rASTra asaphalatA yA nairAzyake bha~vara meM par3atA hai taba yaha prazna honA sahaja hai ki isakA kAraNa kyA hai ? bahuta vicAra kara dekhane se mAlUma par3atA hai ki asaphalatA va nairAzyakA kAraNa yogakA (sthiratAkA) abhAva hai, kyoMki yoga na honese buddhi saMdehazIla banI rahatI hai, aura isase prayatnakI gati anizcita ho jAne ke kAraNa zaktiyAM idhara udhara TakarAkara AdamIko barabAda kara detI haiN| isa kAraNa saba zaktiyoMko eka kendragAmI banAne tathA sAdhyataka pahu~cAne ke liye anivArya rUpa se sabhIko yogakI jarUrata hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prastuta' vyAkhyAnamAlAmeM yogakA viSaya rakhA gayA hai| isa viSayakI zAstrIya mImAMsA karanekA uddeza yaha hai ki hameM apane pUrvajoMkI tathA apanI sabhyatAkI prakRti ThIka mAlUma ho, aura taddvArA AryasaMskRtike eka aMza kA thor3A, para nizcita rahasya vidita ho / yogazabdArtha yogadarzana yaha sAmAsika zabda hai / isameM yoga aura darzana ye do zabda maulika haiN| yoga zabda yuj dhAtu aura ghaJ pratyaya se siddha huzrA hai| yuj dhAtu do haiM / eka kA artha hai jor3anA aura dUsare kA artha hai samAdhi:-manaHsthiratA / sAmAnya rIti se yoga kA artha saMbaMdha karanA tathA mAnasika sthiratA karanA itanA hI hai, paraMtu prasaMga va prakaraNa ke anusAra usake aneka artha ho jAne se vaha bahurUpI bana jAtA hai| isI bahurUpitA ke kAraNa lokamAnyako apane gItArahasya meM gItA kA tAtparya dikhAne ke lie yogazabdArthanirNaya kI vistRta 1 gujarAta purAtattva maMdira kI ora se honevAlI AryavidyA vyAkhyAnamAlA meM yaha vyAkhyAna par3hA gayA thaa| 2 yujapI yoge gaNa 7 hemacaMdra dhAtupATha / 3 yujiMca samAdhau gaNa 4 , "

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bhUmikA racanI par3I hai| paraMtu yogadarzana meM yoga zabda kA artha kyA hai yaha batalAne ke lie utanI gaharAI meM utarane kI koI zrAvazyakatA nahIM hai, kyoMki yogadarzanaviSayaka sabhI granthoM meM jahA~ kahIM yoga zabda aAyA hai vahA~ usakA eka hI artha hai, aura usa artha kA spaSTIkaraNa usa-usa grantha meM granthakAra ne svayaM hI kara diyA hai / bhagavAn pataMjaline apane yogasUtra meM cittavRtti nirodha kohI yoga kahA hai, aura usa grantha meM sarvatra yoga zabda kA vahI ekamAtra artha vivakSita hai| bhImAn haribhadra sUrine apane yoga viSayaka sabhI granthoM meM mokSa prApta karAne vAle dharmavyApAra ko hI yoga kahA hai| aura unake ukta sabhI granthoM meM yoga zabda kA vahI ekamAtra artha vivakSita hai| cittavRttinirodha aura mokSaprApaka dharmavyApAra ina do vAkyoM ke artha meM sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para bar3I bhinnatA mAlUma hotI hai, para sUkSma dRSTi se dekhane para unake artha kI abhinnatA spaSTa mAlUma ho jAtI hai, kyoMki 'cittavRttinirodha' isa zabda se vahI kriyA yA vyApAra vivakSita hai jo mokSa ke lie anukUla ho aura jisase cittakI saMsArAbhimukha vRttiyAM ruka jAtI hoN| 'mokSaprApaka dharmavyApAra isa zabda se bhI vahI kriyA vivakSita hai| ataeva prastuta viSayameM yoga zabda kA artha svAbhAvika samasta prAtmazaktiyoMkA pUrNa vikAsa karAnevAlI kriyA arthAt zrAtmonmukha ceSTA itanA hI samajhanA cAhie / yogaviSayaka vaidika, jaina aura bauddha granthoM meM yoga, dhyAna, samAdhi ye zabda bahudhA samAnArthaka dekhe jAte haiN| darzana zabda kA artha netrajanyajJAna5, nirvikalpa ( nirAkAra ) bodha', zraddhA, 1 dekho pRSTha 55 se 60 2 pA. 1 sU. 2-yogshcittvRttinirodhH| 3 adhyAtma bhAvanA''dhyAnaM samatA vRttisaMkSayaH / mokSaNa yojanAdyoga eSa zreSTho yathottaram / / yogabindu zloka 31 / yogavizikA gAthA 1 / / 4 lorDa evebarIne jo zikSA kI pUrNa vyAkhyA kI hai vaha isI prakAra kI Education is the harmonious development of all our faculties.' 5 dRza prekSaNe-gaNa 1 hemacandra dhAtupATha / 6 tattvArtha zlokavArtika adhyAya 2 sUtra 6 / 7 tattvArtha zlokavArtika adhyAya 1 sUtra 2 /

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232 mata' Adi aneka artha darzana zabda ke dekhe jAte haiN| para prastuta viSaya meM darzana zabda kA artha mata yaha eka hI vivakSita hai| yoga ke AviSkAra kA zreya jitane deza aura jitanI jAtiyoM ke AdhyAtmika mahAn puruSoM kI jIvana kathA tathA unakA sAhitya upalabdha hai usako dekhane vAlA koI bhI yaha nahIM kaha sakatA hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa amuka deza aura amuka jAti kI hI bapautI hai, kyoMki sabhI deza aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM nyUnAdhika rUpa se prAdhyAtmika vikAsa vAle mahAtmAoM ke pAye jAne ke pramANa milate haiM / yogakA saMbandha AdhyAtmika vikAsa se hai / ataeva yaha spaSTa hai ki yogakA astitva sabhI deza aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM rahA hai| tathApi koI bhI vicArazIla manuSya isa bAta ko inakAra nahIM kara sakatA hai ki yoga ke zrAviSkArakA yA yogako parAkASThA taka pahu~cAne kA zreya bhAratavarSa aura AryajAtiko hI hai| isake sabUtameM mukhyatayA tIna bAteM peza kI jA sakatI haiM1 yogI, jJAnI, tapasvI zrAdi AdhyAtmika mahApuruSoM kI bahulatA; 2 sAhitya ke zrAdarza kI ekarUpatA; 3 lokaruci / 1. pahile se Aja taka bhAratavarSa meM AdhyAtmika vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA itanI bar3I rahI hai ki usake sAmane anya saba deza aura jAtiyoM ke prAdhyAtmika vyaktiyoM kI kula saMkhyA itanI alpa jAna par3atI hai jitanI ki rAMgA ke sAmane eka choTI sI ndii| 2. tattvajJAna, prAcAra, itihAsa, kAvya, nATaka Adi sAhitya kA koI bhI bhAga lIjie usakA antima zrAdarza bahudhA mokSa hI hogaa| prAkRtika dRzya aura karmakANDake varNana ne veda kA bahuta bar3A bhAga rokA hai sahI, para isameM saMdeha nahIM ki vaha varNana veda kA zarIra mAtra hai| usakI AtmA kucha aura hI hai-vaha hai paramAtmaciMtana yA AdhyAtmika bhAvoM kA aavisskrnn| upaniSadoMkA prAsAda to brahmacintana kI bunyAda para hI khar3A hai| pramANaviSayaka, prameyaviSayaka koI bhI tattvajJAna saMbandhI sUtragrantha ho usameM bhI tattvajJAna ke sAdhyarUpase mokSakA hI varNana milegA / zrAcAraviSayaka sUtra smRti Adi sabhI granthoM meM zrAcAra pAlana kA 1 'darzanAni SaDevAtra' SaDdarzana samuccaya--zloka 2-ityAdi / 2 udAharaNArtha jarathosta, isu, mahammada Adi / 3 vaizeSikadarzana a0 1 sU0 4 'dharmavizeSaprasUtAd dravyaguNakarmasAmAnyavizeSasamavAyAnAM padArthAnAM sAdharmyavaidhAbhyAM tttvjnyaanaaniHshreysn|

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mukhya uddeza mora hI mAnA gayA hai| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi ke mukhya pAtroM kI mahimA sirpha isalie nahIM ki ve eka bar3e rAjyake svAmI the para vaha isalie hai ki aMtameM ve saMnyAsa yA tapasyA ke dvArA mokSa ke anumAna meM hI laga jAte haiN| rAmacandrajI prathama hI avasthAmeM vasiSTha se yoga aura mokSa kI zikSA pA lete haiN| yudhiSThira bhI yuddha rasa lekara bANa-zayyApara soye hue bhISmapitAmaha se zAnti kA hI pATha par3hate haiN| gItA to raNAMgaNa meM bhI mokSa ke ekatama sAdhana yoga kA hI upadeza detI hai| kAlidAsa jaise zRMgArapriya kahalAne vAle kavi bhI apane mukhya pAtroMkI mahattA mokSa kI ora jhukane meM hI dekhate haiM / jaina zrAgama aura bauddha piTaka to nivRtti pradhAna hone se mukhyatayA nyAyadarzana a0 1 sU0 1-- pramANaprameyasaMzayaprayojana dRSTAntasiddhAntAvayavatarkanirNayavAdajalpavitaNDAhetvAbhAsacchalajAtinigrahasthAnAnAM tattvajJAnAnniHzreyasam // sAMkhyadarzana a0 1 atha trividhaduHkhAtyantanivRttiratyantapuruSArthaH / / vedAntadarzana a0 4 pA0 4 sU0 22 anAvRtiH zabdAdanAvRttiH zabdAt // jainadarzana-tattvArtha a0 1 sU0 1 samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH|| 1 yAjJavalkyasmRti a0 3 yatidharmanirUpaNam manusmRti a0 12 zloka 83 2 dekho yogavAsiSTha / 3 dekho mahAbhArata-zAntiparva / 4 kumArasaMbhava-sarga 3 tathA 5 tapasyA varNanam / zAkuntala nATaka aMka 4 kaNvoktibhUtvA cirAya caturantamahIsapatnI, dauSyantimapratirathaM tanayaM nivezya / bharnA tadarpitakuTumbabhareNa sAdhaM, zAnte kariSyasi padaM punarAzrame'smin // zaizave'bhyastavidyAnAm yauvane viSayaiSiNAm / vArddha ke munivRttInAM yogenAnte tanutyajAm // raghuvaMza 1.8 atha sa viSayavyAvRttAtmA yathAvidhi sUnave, nRpatikakudaM dattvA yUne sitAtapavAraNam / munivanatarucchAyAM devyA tayA saha zizriye, galitavayasAmikSvANAmidaM hi kulavratam / / raghuvaMza 3. 70

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234 'mokSa ke sivAya anya viSayoM kA varNana karane meM bahuta hI sakucAte haiN| zabda zAstra meM bhI zabda zuddhi ko tattvajJAna kA dvAra mAna kara usakA antima dhyeya parama zreya hI mAnA hai| vizeSa kyA ? kAmazAstra taka kA bhI AkhirI uddezya mokSa hai / isa prakAra bhAratavarSIya sAhityakA koI bhI srota dekhie, usakI gati samudra jaise aparimeya eka caturtha puruSArtha kI ora hI hogii| 3. AdhyAtmika viSaya kI carcAvAlA aura khAsakara yogaviSayaka koI mI anya kisI ne bhI likhA ki logoM ne use apnaayaa| kaMgAla aura dIna hIna avasthA meM bhI bhAratavarSIya logoM kI ukta abhira ci yaha sUcita karatI hai ki yoga kA saMbandha unake deza va unakI jAti meM pahale se hI calA AtA hai| isI kAraNa se bhAratavarSa kI sabhyatA araNya meM utpanna huI kahI jAtI hai / isa paitRka svabhAva ke kAraNa jaba kabhI bhAratIya loga tIrthayAtrA yA saphara ke lie pahAr3oM, jaMgaloM aura anya tIrthasthAnoM meM jAte haiM taba ve DerA-taMbU DAlane se pahale hI yogiyoM ko, unake maThoM ko aura unake cihnataka ko bhI DhU~DhA karate haiN| yoga kI zraddhA kA udreka yahA~ taka dekhA jAtA hai ki kisI naMge bAveko gAMje kI cilama phUMkate yA jaTA bar3hAte dekhA ki usake muMha ke dhuMe meM yA usakI jaTA va bhasmalepa meM yoga kA gandha Ane lagatA hai| bhAratavarSa ke pahAr3a jaMgala aura tIrthasthAna bhI bilakula yogizUnya milanA duHsaMbhava hai| aisI sthiti anya deza aura anya jAti meM durlabha hai| isase yaha anumAna karanA sahaja hai ki yoga ko zrAviSkRta karane kA tathA parAkASThA taka pahu~cAne kA zreya bahudhA bhAratavarSa ko aura AryajAti ko hI hai| isa bAta kI puSTi meksamUlara jaise videzI aura bhinna saMskArI vidvAn ke kathana se bhI acchI taraha hotI hai / 1 ve brahmaNI veditavye zabdabrahma paraM ca yat / zabdabrahmaNi niSNAtaH paraM brahmAdhigacchati // vyAkaraNAtpadasiddhiH padasiddhararthanirNayo bhavati / arthAttattvajJAnaM tattvajJAnAtparaM zreyaH / / zrIhemazabdAnuzAsanam a0 1 pA0 1 sU0 2 ladhunyAsa / 2 sthAvire dharma modaM ca' kAmasUtra a0 2 pR0 11 bambaI saMskaraNa / 3 dekho kavivara Taigora kRta 'sAdhanA' pRSTha 4"Thus in India it was in the forests that our civilisation had its birth .....etc.' 4 'This concentration of thought ( ekAgratA ) or one

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215 AryasaMgkRti kI jar3a aura AryajAti kA lakSaNa Upara ke kathana se AryasaMskRti kA mUla AdhAra kyA hai yaha spaSTa mAlUma ho jAtA hai| zAzvata jIvana kI upAdeyatA hI AryasaMskRti kI bhitti hai| isI para AryasaMskRti ke citroM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| varNavibhAga jaisA sAmAjika saMgaThana aura AzramavyavasthA jaisA vaiyaktika jIvanavibhAga usa citraNa kA anupama udAharaNa hai| vidyA, rakSaNa, vinimaya aura sevA ye cAra jo varNavibhAga ke uddezya haiM, unake pravAha gArhasthya jIvanarUpa maidAna meM alaga alaga baha kara bhI vAnaprastha ke muhAne meM milakara aMta meM saMnyAsAzrama ke aparimeya samudra meM ekarUpa ho jAte haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika Adi sabhI saMskRtiyoM kA nirmANa, sthUlajIvana kI pariNAmavirasatA aura AdhyAtmika jIvana kI pariNAmasundaratA ke Upara hI kiyA gayA hai| zrataeva jo videzI vidvAn zrAryajAti kA lakSaNa sthUlazarIra, usake DIlaDaula, vyApAra-vyavasAya, bhASA, Adi meM dekhate haiM ve ekadezIya mAtra haiN| khetIbArI, jahAjakhenA pazuoM ko carAnA Adi jo-jo artha Arya zabda se nikAle gae haiN| ve AryajAti ke asAdhAraNa lakSaNa nahIM hai| AryajAti kA asAdhAraNa lakSaNa paralokamAtra kI kalpanA bhI nahIM hai kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM vaha loka bhI tyAjya hai / usakA saccA aura antaraMga lakSaNa sthUla jagat ke usa pAra vartamAna paramAtma tattva kI ekAgrabuddhi se upAsanA karanA yahI hai| isa sarvavyApaka uddezya ke kAraNa AryajAti apane ko anya saba jAtiyoM se zreSTha samajhatI AI hai| jJAna aura yoga kA saMbaMdha tathA yoga kA darajA- . vyavahAra ho yA paramArtha, kisI bhI viSayakA jJAna tabhI paripaka samajhA jA sakatA hai jaba ki jJAnAnusAra AcaraNa kiyA jaae| asala meM yaha AcaraNa pointedness as the Hindus called it, is something to us almost unknown'. ityAdi dekho pRSTha 23-bhAga 1-sekreDa buksa opha dhi IsTa, meksmuulr-prstaavnaa| Biographies of Words & the Home of the Aryans by Max Muller page 50. 2 te taM bhuktvA svargalokaM vizAlaM kSINe puNye mRtyulokaM vizanti / evaM trayIdharmamanuprapannA gatAgataM kAmakAmA labhante // gItA a0 6 zloka 21 / 3 dekho Apte's Sanskrit to English Dictionary.

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136 hI yoga hai / zrataeva jJAna yoga kA kAraNa hai / parantu yoga ke pUrvavartI jo jJAna hotA hai vaha aspaSTa hotA ' hai / aura yoga ke bAda honevAlA anubhavAtmaka jJAna spaSTa tathA paripakva hotA hai / isIse yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki spaSTa tathA paripakka jJAna kI ekamAtra kuMjI yoga hI hai / Adhibhautika yA AdhyAtmika koI bhI yoga ho, para vaha jisa deza yA jisa jAti meM jitane pramANa meM puSTa pAyA jAtA hai usa deza yA usa jAti kA vikAsa utanA hI adhika pramANa meM hotA hai / saccA jJAnI vahI hai jo yogI hai / jisameM yoga yA ekAgratA nahIM hotI vaha yogavAsiSTha kI paribhASA meM jJAnabandhu u hai / yoga ke sivAya kisI bhI manuSya kI utkrAnti ho hI nahIM sakatI, kyoMki mAnasika caMcalatA ke kAraNa usakI saba zaktiyAM eka ora na baha kara bhinna bhinna viSayoM meM TakarAtI haiM, aura kSINa hokara yoM hI naSTa ho jAtI haiN| isalie kyA kisAna, kyA kArIgara, kyA lekhaka, kyA zodhaka, kyA tyAgI sabhI ko apanI nAnA zaktiyoM ko kendrastha karane ke lie yoga hI parama sAdhana hai / vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika yoga yoga kA kalevara ekAgratA hai, aura usakI zrAtmA zrahaMtva mamatvakA tyAga hai / jisameM sirpha ekAgratAkA hI saMbandha ho vaha vyAvahArika yoga, aura jisameM ekAgratA ke sAtha sAtha haMtva mamatvake tyAgakA bhI saMbandha ho vaha pAramArthika yoga hai / yadi yoga kA ukta zrAtmA kisI bhI pravRtti meM- - cAhe vaha duniyA kI dRSTi meM bAhya hI kyoM na samajhI jAtI ho- vartamAna ho to use pAramArthika yoga hI - 1 isI abhiprAya se gItA yogI ko jJAnI se adhika kahatI hai / gItA a0 6. zloka 46 tapasvibhyo'dhiko yogI jJAnibhyo'pi mato'dhikaH / karmibhyazcAdhiko yogI tasmAd yogI bhavArjuna ! 2 gItA zra0 5 zloka 5 : yatsAMkhyaiH prApyate sthAnaM tadyogairapi gamyate / ekaM sAMkhyaM ca yogaM ca yaH pazyati sa pazyati // 3 yogavAsiSTha nirvANa prakaraNa uttarArdha sarga 21byAcaSTe yaH paThati ca zAstraM bhogAya zilpivat / yatate na tvanuSThAne jJAnabandhuH sa ucyate // AtmajJAnamanAsAdya jJAnAntaralavena ye / santuSTAH kaSTaceSTaM te te smRtA jJAnabandhavaH // ityAdi

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samajhanA caahie| isake viparIta sthUla dRSTivAle jisa pravRttiko AdhyAtmika samajhate hoM, usameM bhI yadi yoga kA ukta AtmA na ho to use vyAvahArika yoga hI kahanA cAhie / yahI bAta gItA ke sAmpagarbhita karmayoga meM kahI gaI hai| yoga kI do dhArAyeM___vyavahAra meM kisI bhI vastu ko paripUrNa svarUpa meM taiyAra karane ke lie pahale do bAtoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jinameM eka jJAna aura dUsarI kriyA hai / citere ko citra taiyAra karane se pahale usake svarUpa kA, usake sAdhanoM kA aura sAdhanoM ke upayoga kA jJAna hotA hai, aura phira vaha jJAna ke anusAra kriyA bhI karatA hai tabhI vaha citra taiyAra kara pAtA hai| vaise hI AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhI mokSa ke jijJAsu ke lie AtmAke bandhamokSa, aura bandhamokSa ke kAraNoM kA tathA unake parihAra-upAdAna kA jJAna honA jarUrI hai| evaM jJAnAnusAra pravRtti bhI Avazyaka hai| isI se saMkSepa meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'jJAna kriyAbhyAm mokssH|' yoga kriyAmArga kA nAma hai| isa mArga meM pravRtta hone se pahale adhikArI, AtmA Adi AdhyAtmika viSayoM kA prAraMbhika jJAna zAstra se, satsaMga se, yA svayaM pratibhA dvArA kara letA hai| yaha tattvaviSayaka prAthamika jJAna pravartaka jJAna kahalAtA hai| pravartaka jJAna prAthamika dazA kA jJAna hone se sabako ekAkAra aura ekasA nahIM ho sktaa| isIse yogamArga meM tathA usake pariNAmasvarUpa mokSasvarUpa meM tAttvika bhinnatA na hone para bhI yogamArga ke pravartaka prAthamika jJAna meM kucha bhinnatA anivArya hai / isa pravartaka jJAna kA mukhya viSaya zrAtmAkA astitva hai| AtmAkA svatantra astitva mAnane vAloMmeM bhI mukhya do mata hai-pahalA ekAtmavAdI aura dUsarA naanaatmvaadii| nAnAtmavAdameM bhI AtmA kI vyApakatA, avyApakatA, pariNAmitA, apariNAmitA mAnanevAle aneka pakSa haiN| para ina vAdoM ko eka tarapha rakha kara mukhya jo AtmA kI ekatA aura anekatAke do vAda haiM unake AdhAra para yogamArga kI do dhArAe~ ho gaI haiN| ataeva yogaviSayaka sAhitya bhI do mArgoM meM vibhakta ho jAtA hai| kucha upaniSadeM', yogavAsiSTha, haThayogapradIpikA zrAdi grantha ekAtmavAda ko lakSya meM rakha kara race 1 yogasthaH kuru karmANi saGgaM tyaktavA dhanaJjaya ! siddhathasiddhayoH samo bhUtvA samatvaM yoga udhyate / a0 2 zloka 48 / 2 brahmavidyA, kSurikA, cUlikA, nAdabindu, brahmabindu, amRtabindu, dhyAnabindu, tejobindu, zikhA, yogatattva, iNs|

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R$5 gae haiN| mahAbhAratagata yoga prakaraNa, yogasUtra tathA jaina aura bauddha yogagrantha mAnAtmavAda ke AdhAra para race gae haiN| yoga aura usake sAhitya ke vikAsa kA digdarzana - zrAryasAhitya kA bhANDAgAra mukhyatayA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta vaidika, jaina aura bauddha / vaidika sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha Rgveda hai / usameM Adhibhautika aura Adhidaivika varNana hI mukhya hai / tathApi usameM zrAdhyAtmika bhAva arthAt paramAtma cintana kA abhAva nahIM hai ' / paramAtmacintana kA bhAga usameM thor3A hai sahI para vaha itanA adhika spaSTa, sundara aura bhAvapUrNa hai ki usako dhyAna pUrvaka dekhane se yaha sApha mAlUma par3a jAtA hai ki tatkAlIna logoM kI dRSTi kevala bAhya nara 1 dekho 'bhAgavatAcA upasaMhAra' pRSTha 252 / 2 udAharaNArtha kucha sUkta diye jAte haiM--- Rgveva maM0 1 sU0 164-46 indraM mitraM varuNamagnimAhuratho divyaH sa suparNI garutmAn / ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadantyagniM yamaM mAtarizvAnamAhuH // bhASAMtara - loga use indra, mitra, varuNa yA agni kahate haiM / vaha suMdara pAMkhavAlA divya pakSI hai| eka hI sat kA vidvAna loga aneka prakAra se varNana karate haiM / koI use agni yama yA vAyu bhI kahate haiM / Rgveda maM0 6 sU0 6- vime karNo patayato vicakSurvIdaM jyotirhRdaya zrAhitaM yat / vi me manazcarati dUra zradhIH kiMsvid vakSyAmi kimu nu maniSye || 6 || vizve devA namasyan bhiyAnAstvAmagne ! tamasi tasthivAMsam / vaizvAnaro'vatUtaye no'martyo'vatUtaye naH // 7 // bhASAMtara - mere kAna vividha prakAra kI pravRtti karate haiM / mere netra, mere hRdaya meM sthita jyoMti aura merA dUravartI mana ( bhI ) vividha pravRtti kara rahA hai maiM kyA kahU~ aura kyA vicAra karU~ ? / 6 / aMdhakAra sthita he agni ! tujhako aMdhakAra se bhaya pAnevAle deva namaskAra karate haiM / vaizvAnara hamArA rakSaNa kare / amartya hamArA rakSaNa kare / 7 / puruSasUkta maNDala 10 sU 60 RRgveda sahastrazIrSA puruSaH sahasrAkSaH sahastrapAt / sa bhUmiM vizvato vRtvAtyatiSThaddazAGgulam // 1

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226 thI isake sivA usameM zAna', zraddhA, udAratA3, brahmacarya Adi puruSa evedaM sarva yadbhUtaM yacca bhavyam / utAmRtatvasyezAno yadannenAtirohati // 2 // etAvAnasya mahimA'to jyAyAMzca puurussH| pAdosya vizvA bhUtAni tripAdasyAmRtaM divi / / 3 // bhASAMtara-(jo ) hajAra siravAlA, hajAra A~khavAlA, hajAra pA~vavAlA puruSa (hai) vaha bhUmiko cAroM ora se ghera kara ( phira bhI) dasa aMgula bar3ha kara rahA hai / 1 / puruSa hI yaha saba kucha hai-jo bhUta aura jo bhAvi / (vaha) amRtatva kA Iza anna se bar3hatA hai| 2 / itanI isakI mahimA-isase bhI vaha puruSa adhikatara hai| sAre bhUta usake eka pAda mAtra haiM-usake amara tIna pAda svarga meM haiM / 3 / Rgveda maM0 10 sU0 121hiraNyagarbhaH samavartatA bhUtasya jAtaH patireka prAsIt / sa dAdhAra pRthivI dyAmutemAM kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema // 1 // yAtmadA baladA yasya vizva upAsate praziSaM yasya devAH / yasya cchAyAmRtaM yasya mRtyuH kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema // 2 / / * bhASAMtara-pahale hiraNyagarbha thaa| vahI eka bhUta mAtrakA pati banA thaa| usane pRthvI aura isa AkAza ko dhAraNa kiyaa| kisa devako hama havi se pUjeM ? / 1 / jo AtmA aura balako dene vAlA hai / jisakA vizva hai| jisake zAsana kI deva upAsanA karate haiN| amRta aura mRtyu jisakI chAyA hai / kisa deva ko hama havi se pUrje 1 / 2 / / Rgveda maM0 10-126-6 tathA 7ko zraddhA veda ka iha pravocata kuta zrA jAtA kuta iyaM visRSTiH / arvAgdevA asya visarjanenAthA ko veda yata zrA babhUva / / iyaM visRSTiryata zrA babhUva yadi vA dadhe yadi vA na / yo asyAdhyakSa parame vyomanso aGga veda yadi vA na veda / / bhASAMtara--kauna jAnatA hai--kauna kaha sakatA hai ki yaha vividha sRSTi kahA~ se utpanna huI ? deva isake vividha sarjana ke bAda (hue) haiN| kauna jAna sakatA hai ki yaha kahAM se AI aura sthiti meM hai yA nahIM hai ? yaha bAta parama vyoma meM jo isakA adhyakSa hai vahI jAne-kadAcit vaha bhI na jAnatA ho / 1 Rgveda maM0 10 sU0 71 / 2 Rgveda maM0 10 sU0 151 / 3 Rgveda maM0 10 sU0 117 / 4 Rgveda maM0 10 sU0 10 //

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240 AdhyAtmika ucca mAnasika bhAvoM ke citra bhI bar3I khUbIvAle milate haiN| isase yaha anumAna karanA sahaja hai ki usa jamAne ke logoM kA jhukAva prAdhyAtmika avazya thA / yadyapi Rgveda meM yogazabda aneka sthAnoM meM AyA hai, para sarvatra usakA artha prAyaH jor3anA itanA hI hai, dhyAna yA samAdhi artha nahIM hai| itanA hI nahIM balki pichale yoga viSayaka sAhitya meM dhyAna, vairAgya, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra Adi jo yogaprakriyA prasiddha zabda pAye jAte haiM ve Rgveda meM bilakula nahIM haiN| aisA hone kA kAraNa jo kucha ho, para yaha nizcita hai ki tatkAlIna logoM meM dhyAna kI bhI ruci thii| Rgveda kA brahmasphuraNa jaise-jaise vikasita hotA gayA aura upaniSada ke jamAne meM usane jaise hI vistRta rUpa dhAraNa kiyA vaise vaise dhyAnamArga bhI adhika puSTa aura sAGgopAGga hotA claa| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna upaniSadoM meM bhI samAdhi artha meM yoga, dhyAna Adi zabda pAye jAte haiM / zvetAzvatara upaniSada meM to spaSTa rUpa se yoga tathA yogocita sthAna, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA Adi yogAGgoM kA varNana hai / madhyakAlIna aura arvAcIna aneka upaniSadeM to sirpha yogaviSayaka hI haiM, jinameM yogazAstra kI taraha sAMgopAMga yogaprakriyA kA varNana hai| athavA yaha kahanA cAhie ki 1 maMDala 1 sUkta 34 maMtra hai| maM. 10 sU. 166 maM. 5 / maM. 1 sU, 18 maM. 7 / maM. 1 sU. 5 maM. 3 / maM. 2 sU. 8 maM. 1 / maM. 6 sU. 58 maM. 3 / 2 (ka) taittiriya 2-4 / kaTha 2-6-11 / zvetAzvatara 2-11, 6-3 / (kha) chAndogya 7-6-1, 7-6-2, 7-7-1, 7-26-1 / zvetAzvatara 1-14 / kauzItaki 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 36 / 3 zvetAzvataropaniSad adhyAya 2 virunnataM sthApya samaM zarIraM hRdIndriyANi manasA saMnirudhya / brahmoDupena pratareta vidvAnsrotAMsi sarvANi bhayAvahAni // 8 / / prANAnprapIDyeha sayuktaceSTaH kSINe prANe nAsikayoGsIta / duSTAzvayuktamiva vAhamenaM vidvAnmano dhArayetApramattaH // 6 // same zucau zarkarAvahivAlukAvivarjite zabdajalAzrayAdibhiH / manonukUle na tu carpIDane guhAnivAtAzrayaNe prayojayet // 10 // ityAdi. 4 brahmavidyopaniSad, kSurikopaniSad, cUlikopaniSad, nAdabindu, brahmabindu, amRtabindu, dhyAnabindu, tejobindu, yogazikhA, yogatatva, haMsa / dekho dhusenakRta'Philosophy of the Upanishad's.'

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Rgveda meM jo paramAtmacintana aMkurAyamANa thA vahI upaniSadoM meM pallavita puSpita hokara nAnA zAkhA prazAkhAtroM ke sAtha phala avasthAko prApta huA / isase upaniSadakAla meM yoga mArga kA puSTa rUpameM pAyA jAnA svAbhAvika hI hai| upaniSadoM meM jagata, jIva aura paramAtmasaMbandhI jo tAttvika vicAra hai, usako bhinna-bhinna RSiyoM ne apanI dRSTi se sUtroM meM grathita kiyA, aura isa taraha usa vicAra ko darzana kA rUpa milA / sabhI darzanakAroMkA AkhirI uddezya mokSa hI rahA hai, isase unhoMne apanI-apanI dRSTi se tattva vicAra karane ke bAda bhI saMsAra se chuTa kara mokSa pAne ke sAdhanoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| tattvavicAraNAmeM matabheda ho sakatA hai, para AcaraNa yAnI cAritra eka aisI vastu hai jisameM sabhI vicArazIla ekamata ho jAte haiN| binA cAritrakA tattvajJAna korI bAteM haiN| cAritra yaha yoga kA kiMvA yogAMgoM kA saMkSipta nAma hai| ataeva sabhI darzanakAroM ne apane apane sUtra granthoM meM sAdhanarUpase yogakI upayogitA avazya batalAI hai| yahA~ taka ki-nyAya darzana jisameM pramANa paddhatikA hI vicAra mukhya hai usameM bhI maharSi gautama ne yoga ko sthAna diyA hai / maharSi kaNAda ne to apane vaizeSika darzana meM yama, niyama, zauca zrAdi yogAMgoM kA bhI mahattva gAyA hai / sAMkhya sUtra meM yoga prakriyA ke varNana vAle kaI 1 pramANaprameyasaMzayaprayojanadRSTAntasiddhAntAvayavatarkanirNayavAdajalpavitaNDAhetvAbhAsacchalajAtinigrahasthAnAnAM tattvajJAnAniHzreyasAdhigamaH / gau0 sU0 1.1.1 / dharmavizeSaprasUtAd dravyaguNakarmasAmAnyavizeSasamavAyAnAM padArthAnAM sAdharmyavaidhAbhyAM tattvajJAnAniHzreyasam // vai0 sU0 1-1-4 // atha trividhaduHkhAtyantanivRttiratyantapuruSArthaH sAM0 da0 1-1 / puruSArthazUnyAnAM guNAnAM pratiprasavaH kaivalyaM svarUpapratiSThA vA citizaktiriti / yo0 sU0 4-33 // anAvRttiH zabdAdanAvRttiH zabdAt 4-4-22 bra0 sU0 / samyagdarzanazAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH| tattvArtha 1-1 jaina0 da0 / bauddha darzana kA tIsarA nirodha nAmaka Aryasatya hI mokSa hai| ___2 samAdhivizeSAbhyAsAt 4-2-38 / araNyaguhApulinAdiSu yogAbhyAsopadezaH 4-2-42 / tadartha yamaniyamAbhyAmAtmasaMskAro yogAcAdhyAtmavidhyupAyaiH 4-2-46 // 3. abhiSecanopavAsabrahmacaryagurukulavAsavAnaprasthayajJadAnaprokSaNadinakSatramantrakAlaniyamAzcAdRSTAya / 6-2-2 / ayatasya zucibhojanAdabhyudayo na vidyate, niyamAbhAvAd, vidyate vA'rthAntaratvAd yamasya / 6-2-8 / 16

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242 sUtra haiM / brahmasUtra meM maharSi bAdarAyaNa ne to tIsare adhyAyakA nAma hI sAdhana adhyAya rakkhA hai, aura usameM zrAsana dhyAna Adi yogAMgoM kA varNana kiyA hai 2 / yogadarzana to mukhyatayA yogavicAra kA hI grantha ThaharA, zrataeva usameM sAMgopAMga yogaprakriyA kI mImAMsA kA pAyA jAnA sahaja hI hai| yoga ke svarUpa ke saMbandha meM matabheda na hone ke kAraNa aura usake pratipAdana kA uttaradAyitva khAsakara yogadarzana ke Upara hone ke kAraNa anya darzanakAroM ne apane apane sUtra granthoM meM thor3A sA yoga vicAra karake vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie jijJAsutroM ko yogadarzana dekhane kI sUcanA de dI hai| pUrva mImAMsA meM maharSi jaimini ne yoga kA nirdeza taka nahIM kiyA hai so ThIka hI hai, kyoMki usameM sakAma karmakANDa arthAt dhUmamArga kI hI mImAMsA hai / karmakANDa kI pahu~ca svarga taka hI hai, mokSa usakA sAdhya nahIM / aura yoga kA upayoga to mokSa ke liye hI hotA hai| jo yoga upaniSadoM meM sUcita aura sUtroM meM sUtrita hai, usI kI mahimA gItA meM aneka rUpa se gAI gaI hai / usameM yoga kI tAna kabhI karma ke sAtha, kabhI bhakti ke sAtha aura kabhI jJAna ke sAtha sunAI detI hai 4 / usake chaThe aura terahaveM adhyAya meM to yoga ke maulika satra siddhAnta aura yogakI sArI prakriyA zrA jAtI hai" / kRSNa ke dvArA arjuna ko gItA ke rUpa meM yogazikSA 1 rAgopahatirdhyAnam 3 - 30 / vRttinirodhAt tatsiddhi: 3-31 / dhAraNAsanasvakarmaNA tatsiddhiH 3 - 32 / nirodhazchardividhAraNAbhyAm 3 - 33 / sthirasukhamAsanan 2-34 / 2 zrAsInaH saMbhavAt 4-1-7 dhyAnAcca 4-1-8 / zracalatvaM cApekSya 41-6 / smaranti ca 4-1 - 10 / yatraikAgratA tatrAvizeSAt 4-1-11 / , 3 yogazAstrAccAdhyAtmavidhiH pratipattavyaH / 4 - 2 - 46 nyAyadarzana bhASya 4 gItA ke aThAraha adhyAya meM pahale chaha adhyAya 'karmayogapradhAna bIca ke chaha adhyAya bhaktiyogapradhAna aura aMtima chaha zradhyAya jJAnayoga pradhAna haiM / 5. yogI yuJjIta satatamAtmAnaM rahasi sthitaH / ekAkI yatacittAtmA nirAzIraparigrahaH // 10 // zucau deze pratiSThApya sthiramAsanamAtmanaH / nAtyucchritaM nAtinIcaM cailAjinakuzottaram // 11 // tatraikAgraM manaH kRtvA yatacittendriyakriyaH / upavizyAsane yuJjyAd yogamAtmavizuddhaye // 12 //

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243 dilA kara hI mahAbhArata' santuSTa nahIM huzrA / usake athaka svara ko dekhate hue kahanA par3atA hai ki aisA honA saMbhava bhI na thaa| ataeva zAntiparva aura anuzAsanaparva meM yogaviSayaka aneka sarga vartamAna haiM, jinameM yoga kI atheti prakriyA kA varNana punarukti kI paravA na karake kiyA gayA hai| usameM bANazayyA para leTe hue bhISma se bAra bAra pUchane meM na to yuddhiSThira ko hI kaMTAlA AtA hai, aura na usa supAtra dhArmika rAjA ko zikSA dene meM bhISma ko hI thakAvaTa mAlUma hotI hai| yogavAsiSTha kA vistRta mahala to yoga kI bhUmikA para khar3A kiyA gayA hai| usake chaha ra prakaraNa mAnoM usake sudIrgha kamare haiM, jinameM yoga se saMbandha rakhanevAle sabhI viSaya rocakatApUrvaka varNana kiye gae haiN| yoga kI jo-jo bAteM yogadarzana meM saMkSepa meM kahI gaI haiM, unhIM kA vividha rUpa meM vistAra karake granthakAra ne yogavAsiSThakA kalevara bahuta bar3hA diyA hai, jisase yahI kahanA par3atA hai ki yogavAsiSTha yoga kA grantharAja hai| purANa meM sirpha purANaziromaNi bhAgavatako hI dekhie, usameM yoga kA sumadhura padyoM meM pUrA varNana hai| yogaviSayaka vividha sAhitya se logoM kI ruci itanI parimArjita ho gaI thI ki tAntrika saMpradAyavAloM ne bhI tantragranthoM meM yoga ko jagaha dI, yahA~ taka ki yoga tantra kA eka khAsA aMga bana gayA / aneka tAntrika granthoM meM yoga kI carcA hai, para una saba meM mahAnirvANatantra, SaTcakranirUpaNa Adi mukhya haiN| samaM kAyazirogrIvaM dhArayanacalaM sthiraH / saMprekSya nAsikAgraM svaM dizazcAnavalokayan // 13 // prazAntAtmA vigatabhIbrahmacArivrate sthitaH / manaH saMyamya maccitto yukta zrAsIta matparaH / / 14 // a0 6 1 zAntiparva 163, 217, 246, 254 ityAdi / anuzAsanaparva 36, 246 ityaadi| 2 vairAgya, mumukSunyavahAra, utpatti, sthiti, upazama aura nirvANa / 3 skandha 3 adhyAya 28 / skandha 11. a0 15, 16, 20 zrAdi / 4 dekho mahAnirvANatantra 3 adhyAya / dekho Tantrik Texts meM chapA huA SaTcakranirUpaNa aikyaM jIvAtmanorAhuryogaM yogvishaardaaH| zivAtmanorabhedena pratipatti pare viduH / / pR"82.

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244H jaba nadI meM bAr3ha pAtI hai taba vaha cAroM ora se bahane lagatI hai| yoga kA yahI hAla huA, aura vaha Asana, mudrA, prANAyAma Adi bAhya aMgoM meM pravAhita hone lagA / bAhya aMgoM kA bheda prabheda pUrvaka itanA adhika varNana kiyA gayA aura usa para itanA adhika jora diyA gayA ki jisase vaha yoga kI eka zAkhA hI alaga bana gaI, jo haThayoga ke nAma se prasiddha hai| haThayoga ke aneka granthoM meM haThayogapradIpikA, zivasaMhitA, gheraNDasaMhitA, gorakSapaddhati, gorakSazataka Adi grantha prasiddha haiM, jinameM aAsana, bandha, mudrA, SaTakarma, kuMbhaka, recaka pUraka adi bAhya yogAMgoM kA peTa bhara bhara ke varNana kiyA hai, aura gheraNDane to caurAsI AsanoM ko caurAsI lAkha taka pahu~cA diyA hai| ukta haThayogapradhAna granthoM meM haThayogapradIpikA hI mukhya hai, kyoMki usI kA viSaya anya granthoM meM vistAra rUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai| yogaviSayaka sAhitya ke jijJAsutroM ko yogatArAvalI, binduyoga, yogabIja aura yogakalpadruma kA nAma bhI bhUlanA na cAhie / vikrama kI satrahavIM zatAbdI meM maithila paNDita bhavadevadvArA racita yoganibandha nAmaka hastalikhita grantha bhI dekhane meM AyA hai, jisameM viSNupurANa Adi aneka granthoM ke havAle dekara yogasaMbandhI pratyeka viSaya para vistRta carcA kI gaI hai| saMskRta bhASA meM yoga kA varNana hone se sarva sAdhAraNa kI jijJAsA ko zAnta na dekha kara lokabhASA ke yogiyoM ne bhI apanI apanI jabAna meM yoga kA pAlApa karanA zurU kara diyA / mahArASTrIya bhASA meM gItA kI jJAnadevakRta jJAnezvarI TIkA prasiddha hai, jisake samatvabhAvanAM nityaM jIvAtmaparamAtmanoH / samAdhimAhurmunayaH proktamaSTAGgalakSaNam // pR0 61 yadatra nAtra nirbhAsaH stimitodadhivat smRtm| svarUpazUnyaM yad dhyAnaM tatsamAdhividhIyate / / pR0 60 trikoNaM tasyAntaH sphurati ca satataM vidyudAkArarUpaM / tadantaH zUnyaM tat sakalasuragaNeH sevitaM cAtiguptam // pR0 60 'AhAranirivihArayogAH susaMvRtA dharmavidA tu kAH' dhyai cintAyAm smRto dhAtuzcintA tatvena nizcalA / , etad dhyAnamiha proktaM saguNaM nirguNaM dvidhA / saguNaM varNabhedena nirguNaM kevalaM tayA // pR. 134

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345 chaThe adhyAya kA bhAga bar3A hI hRdayahArI hai| niHsandeha zAnezvarI dvArA jJAnadeva ne apane anubhava aura vANI ko avandhya kara diyA hai| suhIrobA aMbiye racita nAthasampradAyAnusArI siddhAntasaMhitA bhI yoga ke jijJAsuoM ke lie dekhane kI vastu hai| . kabIra kA bIjaka grantha yogasaMbandhI bhASAsAhityakA eka sundara maNakA hai| anya yogI santoM ne bhI bhASA meM apane apane yogAnubhava kI prasAdI logoM ko cakhAI hai, jisase janatA kA bahuta bar3A bhAga yoga ke nAma mAtra se mugdha bana jAtA hai| ataeva hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, baMgalA Adi prasiddha pratyeka prAntIya bhASA meM pAtaJjala yogazAstra kA anuvAda tathA vivecana Adi aneka choTe bar3e grantha bana gaye haiN| aMgrejI Adi videzI bhASAmeM bhI yogazAstra para anuvAda Adi bahuta kucha bana gayA hai, jisameM vUDakA bhASyaTIkA sahita mUla pAtaJjala yogazAstra kA anuvAda hI viziSTa hai| jaina sampradAya nivRttipradhAna hai| usake pravartaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bAraha sAla se adhika samaya taka mauna dhAraNa karake sirpha Atmacintana dvArA yogAbhyAsa meM hI mukhyatayA jIvana bitaayaa| unake hajAroM2 ziSya to aise the jinhoMne gharabAra chor3a kara yogAbhyAsa dvArA sAdhu jIvana bitAnA hI pasaMda kiyA thaa| jaina sampradAya ke maulika grantha zrAgama kahalAte haiN| unameM sAdhucaryA kA jo varNana hai, usako dekhane se yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki pAMca yama; tapa, svAdhyAya Adi niyama; indriyajayarUpa pratyAhAra ityAdi jo yoga ke khAsa aGga haiM, unhIMko sAdhu jIvana kA eka mAtra prANa mAnA hai| jaina zAstrameM yoga para yahAM taka bhAra diyA gayA hai ki pahale to vaha mumukSuoM ko Atma cintana ke sivAya dUsare kAryoM meM pravRtti karane kI saMmati hI nahIM detA, aura anivArya rUpase pravRtti karanI Avazyaka ho to vaha nivRttimaya pravRtti karane ko kahatA hai| isI nivRttimaya pravRtti kA nAma usameM aSTapravacana 1 pro. rAjendralAla mitra, svAmI vivekAnanda, zrIyut rAmaprasAda zrAdi kRt| 2 'cauddasahiM samaNa sAhassIhiM chattIsAhiM ajibAsAhassIhiM' uvavAisUtra / 3 dekho AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika, mUlAcAra, Adi /

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246 hai / hI mAtA' hai / sAdhu jIvana kI dainika aura rAtrika caryAM meM tIsare prahara ke sivAya anya tInoM praharoM meM mukhyatayA svAdhyAya aura dhyAna karane ko hI kahA gayA hai / yaha bAta bhUlanI na cAhie ki jaina AgamoM meM yogArtha meM pradhAnatayA dhyAna zabda prayukta hai / dhyAna ke lakSaNa, bheda, prabheda, Alambana AdikA vistRta varNana aneka jaina AgamoM meM zrAgama ke bAda niyukti kA 4 nambara hai / usameM bhI zrAgamagata dhyAna kA spaSTIkaraNa hai / vAcaka umAsvAti kRta tattvArtha sUtra meM bhI dhyAna kA varNana hai, para usameM Agama aura pekSA koI adhika bAta nahIM hai / jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa kA zrAgamAdi ukta granthoM meM vaNita dhyAna kA spaSTIkaraNa mAtra hai, yogaviSaka jaina vicAro meM Agamokta varNana kI zailI hI pradhAna isa zailI ko zrImAn haribhadra sUri ne ekadama badalakara tatkAlIna lokarUci ke anusAra navIna paribhASA dekara aura varNana zailI kara jaina yogasAhitya meM nayA yuga upasthita kiyA / isake banAye hue yogabindu, yogadRSTi samuccaya, yogaviMzikA, yogazataka ye grantha prasiddha haiM / ina granthoM meM unhoMne sirpha jaina-mArgAnusAra yoga kA varNana niyukti kI dhyAnazataka yahAM taka ke rahI hai / para paristhiti va pUrvasI banAsabUta meM unake aura SoDazaka 1 dekho uttarAdhyayana 0 24 / 2 divasasa cauro bhAe, kujjA bhikkhu vizrakkhaNo / to uttaraguNe kujjA, dibhAgesu causu vi // 11 // paDhamaM porisi sabhAyaM biitraM bhAgaM bhinAyai / tAra gocarakAlaM, puNo cautthie sajjhAyaM // 12 // rattiM pi cauro bhAe bhikkhu kujjA vizrakkhaNo / to uttaraguNe kujjA rAI bhAgesu causu vi // 17 // paDhamaM porisi sabhAyaM bii bhANaM bhinAya / tae niddamokkhaM tu cautthie bhujjo vi sabhAyaM / / 18 / / uttarAdhyayana 0 26 / 3 dekho sthAnAGga zra0 4 uddezya 1 / samavAyAGga sa0 4 / zataka - 25, uddadezya 7 / uttarAdhyayana 0 30, zloka 35 / 4 dekho zrAvazyaka niryukti kAyotsarga adhyayana gA0 1462 - 1486 | 5 dekho 0 1 sU0 27 se Age / 6 dekho hAribhadrIya zrAvazyaka vRtti pratikramaNAdhyayana pR0 581 / 7 yaha grantha jaina granthAvali meM ullikhita hai pR0 113 / bhagavatI

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ouro karake hI saMtoSa nahIM mAnA hai, kintu pAtaJjala yogasUtrameM varNita yoga prakriyA aura usakI khAsa paribhASAoM ke sAtha jaina saMketoM kA milAna bhI kiyA hai / yogadRSTisamuccaya meM yoga kI ATha dRSTiyoM kA jo varNana hai, vaha sAre yoga sAhitya meM eka navIna dizA hai| ____ ina ATha dRSTiyoM kA svarUpa, dRSTAnta Adi viSaya, yoga jijJAsuoM ke liye dekhane yogya hai| isI viSaya para yazovijayajIne 21, 22, 23, 24 ye cAra dvAtrizikAyeM likhI haiN| sAtha hI unhoMne saMskRta na jAnane vAloMke hitArtha aATha dRSTiyoM kI sajjhAya bhI gujarAtI bhASA meM banAI hai| zrImAn haribhadrasUri ke yogaviSayaka grantha unakI yogAbhiruci aura yoga viSayaka vyApaka buddhi ke khAse namUne haiN| isake bAda zrImAm hemacandra sUrikRta yoga zAstra kA naMbara AtA hai| usameM pAtaJjala yogazAstra nirdiSTa ATha yogAMgoM ke krama se sAdhu aura gRhastha jIbana kI AcAra-prakriyA kA jaina zailI ke anusAra varNana hai, jisameM Asana tathA prANAyAma se saMbandha rakhane bAlI aneka bAtoM kA vistRta svarUpa hai; jisako dekhane se yaha jAna par3atA hai ki tatkAlIna logoM meM haThayoga-prakriyA kA kitanA adhika pracAra thaa| hemacandrAcArya ne apane yogazAstra meM haribhadra sUri ke yogaviSayaka granthoM kI navIna paribhASA aura rocaka zailI kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, para zubhacandrAcArya ke jJAnArNavagata padastha, piNDastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta dhyAna kA vistRta va spaSTa varNana kiyA hai| anta meM unhoMne svAnubhava se vikSipta, yAtAyAta, zliSTa aura sulIna aise manake cAra bhedoM kA varNana karake navInatA lAne kA bhI khAsa kauzala dikhAyA hai| nissandeha unakA yoga zAstra jaina tattvajJAna aura jaina zrAcAra kA eka pAThya grantha hai| 1 samAdhireSa evAnyaiH saMprajJAto'bhidhIyate / samyakprakarSarUpeNa vRttyarthajJAnatastathA // 418 / / asaMprajJAta eSo'pi samAdhiIyate praiH| niruddhAzeSavRttyAditatsvarUpAnuvedhataH / / 420 / / ityAdi / yogbindu| 2 mitrA tArA balA dIprA sthirA kAntA prabhA praa| nAmAni yogadRSTInAM lakSaNaM ca nibodhata / / 13 // 3 dekho prakAza 7-10 taka / 5 12 vA prakAza zloka 2-4 /

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248 - isake bAda upAdhyAya-zrIyazovijayakRta yoga granthoM para najara ThaharatI hai| upAdhyAyajI kA zAstra jJAna, tarka kauzala aura yogAnubhava bahuta gambhIra thaa| isase unhoMne adhyAtmasAra, adhyAtmamopaniSad tathA saTIka battIsa battIsIyA~ yoga saMbandhI viSayoM para likhI haiM, jinameM jaina mantavyoM kI sUkSma aura rocaka mImAMsA karane ke uparAnta anya darzana aura jaina darzana kA milAna bhI kiyA hai / isake sivA unhoMne haribhadra sUrikRta yoga viMzikA tathA SoDazaka para TIkA likha kara prAcIna gUDha tattvoMkA spaSTa udghATana bhI kiyA hai| itanA hI karake ve santuSTa nahIM hue, unhoMne maharSi pataJjalikRta yoga sUtroM ke upara eka choTI sI vRtti jaina prakriyA ke anusAra likhI hai, isaliye usameM yathAsaMbhava yoga darzana kI bhittisvarUpa sAMkhya-prakriyA kA jaina prakriyA ke sAtha milAna bhI kiyA hai, aura aneka sthaloM meM usakA sayuktika prativAda bhI kiyA hai| upAdhyAyajI ne apanI vivecanA meM jo madhyasthatA, guNagrAhakatA, sUkSma samanvaya zakti aura svaSTabhASitA dikhAI 2 hai aisI dUsare prAcAryoM meM bahuta kama najara AtI hai| ____eka yogasAra nAmaka grantha bhI zvetAmbara sAhitya meM hai| kartAkA ullekha usameM nahI hai, para usake dRSTAnta Adi varNana se jAna par3atA hai ki hemacandrAcAya ke yogazAstra ke AdhAra para kisI zvetAmbara AcArya ke dvArA vaha racA gayA hai / digambara sAhitya meM jJAnAvarNaya to prasiddha hI hai, para dhyAnasAra 1 adhyAtmasAra ke yogAdhikAra aura dhyAnAdhikAra meM pradhAnatayA bhagavadgItA tathA pAtaJjala sUtra kA upayoga karake aneka jainaprakriyAprasiddha dhyAna viSayoM kA ukta donoM granthoM ke sAtha samanvaya kiyA hai, jo bahuta dhyAna pUrvaka dekhane yogya hai / adhyAtmopaniSad ke zAstra, jJAna, kriyA aura sAmya ina cAroM yogoM meM pradhAnatayA yogavAsiSTha tathA taittirIya upaniSad ke vAkyoM kA avataraNa de kara tAttvika aikya batalAyA hai| yogAvatAra battIsI meM khAsa kara pAtaJjala yoga ke padArthoM kA jaina prakiyA ke anusAra spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| 2 isake liye unakA jJAnasAra jo unhoMne aMtima jIvana meM likhA mAlUma hotA hai vaha dhyAna pUrvaka dekhanA caahiye| zAstravArtAsamuccaya kI unakI TIkA (pR0 10) bhI dekhanI Avazyaka hai| ___3 isake liye unake zAstravArtAsamuccayAdi grantha dhyAnapUrvaka dekhane cAhiye, aura khAsa kara unakI pAtaJjala sUtravRtti manana pUrvaka dekhane se hamArA kathana akSarazaH vizvasanIya mAlUma pdd'egaa|

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249 aura yogapradIpa ye do hastalikhita grantha bhI hamAre dekhane meM Aye haiM, jo padyabandha aura pramANa meM choTe haiN| isake sivAya zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke yogaviSayaka granthoM kA kucha vizeSa paricaya jaina granthAvali pR0 106 se bhI mila sakatA hai| basa yahA~ taka hI meM jaina yogasAhitya samApta ho jAtA hai| ___bauddha sampradAya bhI jaina sampradAya kI taraha nivRtti pradhAna hai| bhagavAn gautama buddha ne buddhatva prApta hone se pahale chaha varSa taka mukhyatayA dhyAnadvArA yogAbhyAsa hI kiyaa| unake hajAroM ziSya bhI usI mArga para cle| maulika bauddhagranthoM meM jaina AgamoM ke samAna yoga artha meM bahudhA dhyAna zabda hI milatA hai, aura usameM dhyAna ke cAra bheda najara Ate haiN| ukta cAra bheda ke nAma tathA bhAva prAyaH vahI haiM, jo jainadarzana tathA yogadarzana kI prakriyA meM haiN| bauddha sampradAya meM samAdhirAja nAmaka grantha bhI hai / vaidika jaina aura bauddhasaMpradAya ke yoga viSayaka sAhitya kA hamane bahuta saMkSepa meM atyAvazyaka paricaya 1. so kho ahaM brAhmaNa vivicceva kAmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakaM savicAraM vivekajaM pItisukhaM paDhamajhAnaM upasaMpaja vihAsi; vitakavicArAnaM vUpasamA ajjhataM saMpasAdanaM cetaso ekodibhAvaM avitakaM avicAraM samAdhijaM pItisukhaM dutiyajjhAnaM upasaMpaja vihAsi; pItiyA ca virAgA upekkhako ca vihAsi; sato ca saMpajAno sukhaM ca kAyena paTisaMvedesi, yaM taM ariyA zrAcikkhanti-upekkhako satimA sukhavihArI ti tatiyajjhAnaM upasaMpaja vihAsiM: sukhassa ca pahAnA dukkhassa ca pahAnA pubbeva somanassadomanassAnaM atthaMgamA adukkhamasukhaM upekkhAsati pArisuddhiM catutthajjhAnaM upasaMpaja vihAsi-majjhimanikAye bhayameravasu / ___ inhIM cAra dhnAnoM kA varNana dIghanikAya sAmaJakaphalasutta meM hai| dekho pro. si. vi. rAjavAr3e kRta marAThI anuvAda pR. 72 / vahI vicAra pro. dharmAnaMda kauzAmbIlikhita buddhalIlAsAra saMgraha meM hai| dekho pR. 128 / jainasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke bhedoM kA vicAra hai, usameM ukta savitarka Adi cAra dhyAna jaisA hI varNana hai / dekho tattvArtha zra06 sU0 41-44 / __ yogazAstra meM saMprajJAta samAdhi tathA samApattioM kA varNana hai| usameM bhI ukta savitarka nirvitarka zrAdi dhyAna jaisA hI vicAra hai| pA. sU. pA. 1-17, 42, 43, 44 /

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250 karAyA hai, para isake vizeSa paricaya ke liye- kaTlogas kaeNTalaoNgaoNram', vo. 1 pR0 477 se 481 para jo yogaviSayaka granthoM kI nAmAvali hai vaha dekhane yogya hai| ___ yahAM eka bAta khAsa dhyAna dene ke yogya hai, vaha yaha ki yadyapi vaidika sAhitya meM aneka jagaha haThayoga kI prathA ko agrAhya kahA hai, tathApi usameM haThayoga kI pradhAnatAvAle aneka granthoM kA aura mArgoM kA nirmANa huA hai| isake viparIta jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM haThayogane sthAna nahIM pAyA hai, itanA hI nahIM, balki usameM haThayoga kA spaSTa niSedha bhI kiyA hai| yogazAstra__ Upara ke varNana se mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki-yogaprakriyA kA varNana karanevAle choTe bar3e aneka grantha haiM / ina saba upalabdha granthoM meM maharSi pataJjalikRta 1 thiyADore AuphaTakRta lijhiga meM prakAzita 1861 kI AvRtti / 2 udAharaNArthaH - satISu yuktivetAsu haThAniyamayanti ye| cetaste dIpamutsRjya vinighnanti tamo'anaiH / / 37 // vimUDhAH kartumudyatA ye haThAccetaso jayam / te nibadhnanti nAgendramunmattaM bisatantubhiH / / 3 / / cittaM cittasya vA'dUraM saMsthitaM svazarIrakam / sAdhayanti samutsRjya yuktiM ye tAnhatAn viduH // 36 // yogavAsiSTha-upazama pra. sarga 62. 3 isake udAharaNa meM bauddha dharma meM buddha bhagavAn ne to zurU meM kaSTapradhAna tapasyA kA prAraMbha karake aMta meM madhyamapratipadA mArga kA svIkAra kiyA haidekho buddhliilaahaarsNgrh| . jainazAstra meM zrIbhadrabAhusvAmine zrAvazyakaniyukti meM 'UsAsaM Na NiraMbhaI' 1520 ityAdi ukti se haThayogakA hI nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| zrIhemacandrAcArya ne bhI apane yogazAstra meM 'tannApnoti mana.svAsthyaM prANAyAmaH kadarthitaM / prANasyAyamane pIDA tasyAM syAt cittaviplavaH / / ' ityAdi ukti se usI bAta ko doharAyA hai| zrIyazovijayajI ne bhI pAtaJjalayogasUtra kI apanI vRtti meM (1-34) prANAyAma ko yoga kA anizcita sAdhana kaha kara haThayoga kA hI mirasana kiyA hai|

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5 yogazAstra kA zrAsana UMcA hai| isake tIna kAraNa haiM- 1 grantha kI saMkSiptatA tathA saralatA, 2 viSaya kI spaSTatA tathA pUrNatA, 3 madhyasthabhAva tathA anumavasiddhatA / yahI karaNa hai ki yogadarzana yaha nAma sunate hI sahasA pAtaJjala yogasUtra kA smaraNa hotA hai / zrIzaMkarAcArya ne apane brahmasUtrabhASya meM yogadarzana kA prativAda karate hue jo 'atha samyagdarzanAbhyupAyo yogaH' aisA ullekha kiyA hai, usase isa bAta meM koI saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki unake sAmane pAtaJjala yogazAstra se bhinna dUsarA koI yogazAstra rahA hai kyoM ki pAtaJjala yogazAstra kA Arambha 'atha yogAnuzAsanam' isa sUtra se hotA hai, aura ukta bhASyollikhita vAkya meM bhI granthArambhasUcaka prathazabda hai, yadyapi ukta bhASya meM anyatra aura bhI yogaMsambandhI do' ullekha haiM, jinameM eka to pAtaJjala yogazAstra kA saMpUrNa sUtra hI hai, aura dUsarA usakA avikala sUtra nahIM, kintu usake sUtra se milatA julatA hai / tathApi 'atha samyagdarzanAmyupAyo yogaH ' isa ullekha kI zabdaracanA aura svatantratA kI ora dhyAna denese yahI kahanA par3atA hai ki pichale do ullekha bhI usI bhinna yogazAstra ke hone cAhiye, jisakA ki aMza 'tha samyagdarzanAbhyupAyo yogaH ' yaha vAkya mAnA jAya / astu, jo kucha ho, zrAja hamAre sAmane to pataJjali kA hI yogazAstra upasthita hai, aura vaha sarvapriya hai / isaliye bahuta saMkSepa meM bhI usakA bAhya tathA zrAntarika paricaya karAnA anupayukta na hogA / 3 isa yogazAstra ke cAra pAda aura kula sUtra 165 haiM / pahale pAdakA nAma samAdhi, dUsare kA sAdhana, tIsare kA vibhUti, aura cauthe kA kaivalyapAda hai / prathamapAda meM mukhyatayA yoga kA svarUpa, usake upAya aura cittasthiratA ke 1 brahmasUtra 2-1-3 bhASyagata / 2 "svAdhyAyAdiSTadevatAsaMprayogaH ' brahmasUtra 1 - 3 - 33 bhASyagata / yogazAstraprasiddhAH manasaH paJca vRttayaH parigRhyante, 'pramANa viparyayavikalpanidrAsmRtayaH nAma' 2-4-12 bhASyagata | paM vAsudeva zAstrI abhyaMkarane apane brahmasUtra ke marAThI anuvAda ke pariziSTa meM ukta do ullekhoM kA yogasUtrarUpa se nirdeza kiyA hai, para 'tha samyagdarzanAbhyupAyo yoga:' isa ullekha ke saMbaMdha meM kahIM bhI UhApoha nahIM kiyA hai / 3 milA pA. 2 sU. 4 / 4 milAo pA. 1 sU. 6 /

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re upAyoM kA varNana hai / dUsare pAda meM kriyAyoga, zrATha yogAGga, unake phala tathA caturvyUha' kA mukhya varNana hai / tIsare pAda meM yogajanya vibhUtiyoM ke varNana kI pradhAnatA hai / aura cobe bAda meM pariNAmavAda ke sthApana, vijJAnavAda ke nirAkaraNa tathA kaivalya avasthA ke svarUpa kA varNana mukhya hai / maharSi pataJjali ne apane yogazAstra kI nIMba sAMkhya siddhAnta para DAlI hai / isaliye usake pratyeka pAda ke anta meM 'yogazAstra sAMkhyapravacane' ityAdi ullekha milatA hai / 'sAMkhyapravacane' isa vizeSaNa se yaha spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai ki sAMkhya ke sivAya anyadarzana ke siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para bhI race hue yogazAstra usa samaya maujuda the yA race jAte the / isa yogazAstra ke Upara aneka choTe bar3e TIkA grantha haiM, para vyAsakRta bhASya aura vAcaspatikRta TIkA se usakI upAdeyatA bahuta bar3ha gaI hai| satra darzanoM ke antima sAdhya ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA jAya to usake do pakSa dRSTigocara hote haiM / prathama pakSa kA antima sAdhya hai / usakA mAnanA hai ki mukti meM zAzvata sukha nAmaka koI hai, usameM jo kucha hai vaha duHkha kI prAtyantika nivRtti hI / tika sukhalAbhako hI mokSa kahatA hai| aisA mokSa ho jAnepara duHkha kI prAtyantika nivRtti Apa hI zrApa ho jAtI hai / vaizeSika, naiyAyika 3, sAMkhya, yoga" aura bauddhadarzana prathama pakSa ke anugAmI haiM / vedAnta aura jainadarzana, dUsare pakSa ke anugAmI haiM / dUsarA pakSa zAzva 1 heya, heyahetu, hAna, hAnopAya ye caturvyUha kahalAte haiM / inakA varNana sUtra 16-26 taka meM hai / zAzvata sukha nahIM svatantra vastu nahIM 2 vyAsakRta bhASya, vAcaspatikRta tattvavaizAradI TIkA, bhojadevakRta rAjamArtaMDa, nAgolIbhaTTa kRta vRtti, vijJAnabhikSu kRta vArtika, yogacandrikA, maNiprabhA, vAlarAmodAsIna kRta TippaNa Adi / 3 'tadatyantavimokSopavargaH nyAyadarzana 1-1-22 / 4 IzvarakRSNakA rikA 1 / 5 usameM hAnatattva mAna kara duHkha ke zrAtyantika nAzako hI hAna kahA hai / 6 buddha bhagavAn ke tIsare nirodha nAmaka Aryasatya kA matalaba duHkha nAza se hai / 7 vedAnta darzana meM brahma ko saccidAnaMdasvarUpa mAnA hai, isIliye usameM nityasukha kI abhivyakti kA nAma hI mokSa hai / jaina darzanameM bhI AtmA ko sukhasvarUpa mAnA hai, isaliye mokSa meM svAbhAvika sukha kI abhivyakti hI usa darzana ko mAnya hai /

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yogazAstra kA viSaya-vibhAga usake antima sAdhyAnusAra hI hai| usameM gauNa mukhya rUpa se aneka siddhAnta pratipAdita haiM, para una sabakA saMkSepa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya to usake cAra vibhAga ho jAte haiN| 1 heya 2 heya hetu 3 hAna 4 hAnopAya / yaha vargIkaraNa svayaM sUtrakAra ne kiyA hai| aura isIse bhASyakAra ne yogazAstra ko cAravyUhAtmaka kahA hai| sAMkhyasUtra meM bhI yahI vargIkaraNa hai / buddha bhagavAn ne isI catubyUha ko Aryasatya nAma se prasiddha kiyA hai / aura yogazAstra ke ATha yogAGgoM kI taraha unhoMne cauthe Arya-satya ke sAdhanarUpa se Arya aSTAGgamArga kA upadeza kiyA hai| duHkha heya hai, avidyA heya4 kA kAraNa hai, duHkha kA prAtyantika nAza hAna' hai, aura vivekakhyAti hAna kA upAya hai| ukta vargIkaraNa kI apekSA dUsarI rIti se bhI yoga zAstra kA viSaya-vibhAga kiyA jA sakatA hai / jisase ki usake mantavyoM kA jJAna vizeSa spaSTa ho| yaha vibhAga isa prakAra hai-1 hAtA 2 Izvara 3 jagat 4 saMsAra-mokSakA svarUpa, aura usake kaarnn| 1 hAtA duHkha se chuTakArA pAnevAle draSTA arthAt cetana kA nAma hai| yogaHzAstra meM sAMkhya* vaizeSika, neyAyika, bauddha, jaina aura pUrNaprajJa 1 yathA cikisAzAstraM ca catubyUham-rogo rogaheturArogyaM bhaiSajyamiti evamidamapi zAstraM caturdUhameva / tadyathA-saMsAraH saMsAraheturmokSo mokSopAya iti / tatra duHkhabahulaH saMsAro heyH| pradhAnapuruSayoH saMyogo heya hetuH / saMyogasyAtyantikI nivRttihAnam / hAnopAyaH smygdrshnm| pA0 2 sU0 15 bhApya / 2 samyak dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vAcA, samyak karmAnta, samyak zrAjIva, samyak vyAyAma, samyak smRti aura samyak samAdhi / buddhalIlAsAra saMgraha, pR0 150 / . 3 'duHkhaM heyamanAgatam' 2-16 yo. sU / 4 'draSTadRzyayoH saMyogo heyahetuH 2-17 / 'tasya heturavidyA' 2-24 yo. suu.| 5 'tadabhAvAt saMyogAbhAvo hAnaM tada dRzeH kaivalyam' 2-26 yo. s.| 6 'vivekakhyAtiraviplavA hAnopAya: 2-26. yo. suu| 7 'puruSabahutvaM siddhaM' IzvarakRSNa kArikA 18 / / 8 vyavasthAto nAnA'-3-2-20 vaizeSika darzana / 6 'pudgala jIvAsvanekadramANi'-5-5 tattvArtha sUtra-bhASya /

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254 (madhva' ) darzana ke samAna dvaitavAda arthAt aneka cenata mAne gaye haiN| yoga zAstra cetana ko jaina darzana kI taraha deha pramANa arthAt madhyamaparimANa vAlA nahIM mAnatA, aura madhvasampradAyakI taraha aNu pramANa bhI nahIM mAnatA, kintu sakhyi5, vaizeSika, naiyAyika aura zAMkara vedAntakI taraha vaha usako vyApaka mAnatA hai| __isI prakAra vaha cetana ko jaina darzanakI taraha pariNAmI nitya nahIM mAnatA. aura na bauddha darzana kI taraha ukako kSaNika-anitya hI mAnatA hai, kintu sAMkhya Adi ukta zeSa darzanoM kI taraha 1deg vaha use kUTastha-nitna mAnatA hai / 1 jIvezvarabhidA caiva jaDezvarabhidA tathA / jIvamedo mithazcaiva jaDajIvabhidA tathA / mithazca jaDabhedo yaH prapaJco bhedapaJcakaH / so'yaM satyo'pyanAdizca sAdizcennAzamApnuyAt // sarvadarzana saMgraha pUrNa prajJa darzana // 2 'kRtArtha prati naSTamapyanaSThaM tadanyasAdhAraNatvAt 2-22 yo sU / 3 'asaMkhyeyabhAgAdiSu jIvAnAm / 15 / 'pradezasaMhAravisargAbhyAM pradIpavat' 16 / tattvArtha sUtra a0 5 / 4 dekho 'utkrAntigatyAgatInAm' / brahmasUtra 2-3-18 pUrNaprajJa bhASya / tathA milAna karo abhyaMkara zAstrI kRta marAThI zAMkarabhASya anuvAda bhA0 4 pR0 153 TippaNa 46 / 5 niSkriyasya tadasambhavAt' sAM0 sU0 1-46 niSkriyasya-vibhoH puruSasya gatyasambhavAt-bhASya vijJAnabhikSu / 6 "vibhavAnmahAnAkAzastathA cAtmA / ' 7-1-22- vaid| 7 dekho bra0 sU 2-3-26 bhASya / 8 isaliye ki yogazAstra aAtmasvarUpa ke viSaya meM sAMkhya siddhAntAnusArI hai| 6 'nityAvasthitAnyarUpANi' 3 / 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat / ' 26 / 'tadbhAvAvyayaM nityam 30-tattvArtha sUtra a0 5 bhASya sahita / 10 dekho I0 kR0 kArikA 63 sAMkhyatattva kaumudI / dekho nyAyadarzana 4-110 / dekho brahmasUtra 2-1-14 / 2.1-27 / zAMkarabhASya sahita / 11 dekho yogasUtra 'sadAzAtAzcittavRttayastatprabhoH puruSasya apariNAmitvAt' 4-18 / 'citerapratisaMkramAyAstadA'kArApattau svabudisaMvedanam' 4,22 / tathA

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2 Izvara ke sambandha meM yogazAstra kA mata sAMkhya darzana se bhinna hai / sAMkhya darzana nAnA cetanoM ke atirika Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA', para yogazAstra mAnatA hai| yogazAstra-sammata Izvara kA svarUpa naiyAyika, vaizeSika Adi darzanoM meM mAne gaye Izvara svarUpa se kucha bhinna hai| yogazAstra ne Izvara ko eka alaga vyakti tathA zAstropadezaka mAnA hai sahI, para usane naiyAyika Adi kI taraha Izvara meM nityajJAna, nitya icchA aura nityakRtikA sambandha na mAna kara isake sthAna meM sattvaguNa kA paramaprakarSa mAna kara taddvArA jagat uddhArAdi kI saba vyavasthA ghaTA dI hai| 3 yogazAstra dRzya jagat ko na to jaina, vaizeSika, naiyAyika darzanoM kI taraha paramANu kA pariNAma mAnatA hai, na zAMkaravedAnta darzana kI taraha brahmakA vivarta yA brahma kA pariNAma hI mAnatA hai, aura na bauddha darzana kI taraha zUnya yA vijJAnAtmaka hI mAnatA hai, kintu sAMkhya darzana kI taraha vaha usako prakRtikA pariNAma tathA anAdi-ananta-pravAha svarUpa mAnatA hai| 4 yogazAstra meM vAsanA, kleza aura karmakA nAma hI saMsAra tathA vAsanAdi kA abhAva arthAt cetana ke svarUpAvasthAna kA nAma hI mokSa hai| usameM saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa avidyA aura mokSa kA mukhya hetu samyagdarzana arthAt yogajanya vivekakhyAti mAnA gayA hai / maharSi pataJjalikI dRSTivizAlatA ____ yaha pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki sAMkhya siddhAMta aura usakI prakriyA ko le kara pataJjali ne apanA yogazAstra racA hai, tathApi unameM eka aisI vizeSatA arthAt dRSTivizAlatA najara AtI hai jo anya dArzanika vidvAnoM meM bahuta kama pAI jAtI hai / isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa unakA yogazAstra mAnoM sarvadarzana 'dayI ceyaM nityatA, kUTasthanityatA, pariNAminityatA ca / tatra kUTasthanityatA puruSasya, pariNAminityatA guNAnAm' ityAdi 4-33 bhASya / 1 dekho sAMkhya sUtra 1-62 Adi / 2 yadyapi yaha vyavasthA mUla yoga sUtra meM nahIM hai, parantu bhASyakAra tathA TIkAkArane isakA upapAdana kiyA hai| dekho pAtaJjala yoga sU.pA 1 sU 24 bhASya tathA TIkA / 3 tadA draSTuH svarUpAvasthAnam / 1.3 yoga sUtra /

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256 samanvaya bana gayA hai| udAharaNArtha sAMkhya kA nirIzvaravAda jaba vaizeSika, naiyAyika zrAdi darzanoM ke dvArA acchI taraha nirasta ho gayA aura sAdhAraNa lokasvabhAvakA jhukAva bhI IzvaropAsanA ko aora vizeSa mAlUma par3A, taba adhikAribheda tathA rucivicitratA kA vicAra karake pataJjali ne apane yogamArga meM IzvaropAsanA ko bhI sthAna diyA, aura Izvara ke svarUpa kA unhoMne niSpakSa bhAva se aisA nirUpaNa kiyA hai jo sabako mAnya ho ske| pataJjali ne socA ki upAsanA karanevAle sabhI logoM kA sAdhya eka hI hai, phira bhI ve upAsanA kI bhinnatA aura upAsanA meM upayogI honevAlI pratIkoM kI bhinnatA ke vyAmoha meM ajJAnavaza Apasa Apasa meM lar3a marate haiM, aura isa dhArmika kalaha meM apane sAdhya ko loka bhUla jAte haiN| logoM ko isa ajJAna se haTA kara satpatha para lAne ke liye unhoMne kaha diyA ki tumhArA mana jisameM lage usI kA dhyAna kro| jaisI pratIka tumheM pasanda zrAve vaisI pratIka kI hI upAsanA karo, para kisI bhI taraha apanA mana ekAgra va sthira kro| aura tadvArA paramAtmacintana ke sacce pAtra bnoN| isa udAratA kI martisvarUpa matabhedasahiSNu Adeza ke dvArA pataJjali ne sabhI upAsakoM ko yogamArga meM sthAna diyA, aura aisA karake dharma ke nAmase honevAle kalahako kama karanekA unhoMne saccA mArga logoM ko batalAyA / unako isa dRSTi vizAlatA 1 'IzvarapraNidhAnAdvA' 1-33 / __ 2 'klezakarmavipAkAzayairaparAmRSTaH puruSavizeSa IzvaraH' 'tatra niratizayaM saghazabIjam' / pUrveSAmapi guruH kAlenA'navacchedAt' / 1-24, 25, 26 / 3 'yathA'bhimatadhyAnAdvA' 1-36 isI bhAva kI sUcaka mahAbhArata meM yaha ukti haidhyAnamutpAdayatyatra, saMhitAbalasaMzrayAt / yathAbhimatamantreNa, praNavAdyaM japetkRtI // zAntiparva pra0 164 zloka. 2. . aura yogavAsiSTha meM kahA haiyathAbhivAJchitadhyAnAcciramekatayoditAt / ekatattvaghanAbhyAsAtprANaspando nirudhyate / upazama prakaraNa sarga 78 zlo. 16 /

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257 kA asara anya guNagrAhI prAcAryoM para bhI par3A', aura ve usa matabhedasahiSNutA ke tattva kA marma samajha gye| 1. puSyaizca balinA caiva vastraH stotraizca zobhanaiH / devAnAM pUjanaM jJeyaM zaucazraddhAsamanvitam / / avizeSeNa sarveSAmadhimuktivazena vaa| gRhiNAM mAnanIyA yatsarve devA mahAtmanAm / / sarvAndevAnnamasyanti naikaM devaM samAzritAH / jitendriyA jitakrodhA durgANyatitaranti te // cArisaMjIvanIcAranyAya eSa satAM mataH / nAnyathASTasiddhiH syAdvizeSeNAdikarmaNAm / / guNAdhikyaparijJAnAdvizeSe'pyetadiSyate / adveSeNa tadanyeSAM vRttAdhikye tathAtmanaH / / yogabindu zlo 16-20 jo vizeSadarzI hote haiM, ve to kisI pratIka vizeSa yA upAsanA vizeSa ko svIkAra karate hue bhI anya prakAra kI pratIka mAnane vAloM yA anya prakAra kI upAsanA karane vAloM se dveSa nahIM rakhate, para jo dharmAbhimAnI prathamAdhikArI hote haiM ve pratIkabheda yA upAsanAbheda ke vyAmoha se hI Apasa meM lar3a marate haiN| isa aniSTa tattvako dUra karane ke liye hI zrImAn haribhadra sUrine ukta padyoM meM prathamAdhikArI ke liye saba devoM kI upAsanA ko lAbhadAyaka batalAne kA udAra prayatna kiyA hai| isa prayatnakA anukaraNa zrI yazovijayajIne bhI apanI 'pUrvasevAdvAtriMzikA' 'pATha dRSTiyoM kI sajjhAya' Adi grantho meM kiyA hai / ekadezIyasampradAyAbhinivezI logoM ko samajAne ke liye 'cArisaMjIvanIcAra' sthAya kA upayoga ukta donoM zrAcAryoM ne kiyA hai| yaha nyAya bar3A manoraJjaka aura zikSAprada hai| ___ isa samabhAvasUcaka dRSTAnta kA upanaya zrIjJAnavimalane pATha dRSTi kI sajjhAya para kiye hue apane gUjarAtI Tabe meM bahuta acchI taraha ghaTAyA hai, jo dekhane yogya hai| isakA bhAva saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai| kisI strI ne apanI sakhI se kahA ki merA pati mere adhIna na hone se mujhe bar3A kaSTa hai, yaha suna kara usa Agantuka sakhI ne koI jar3I khilA kara usa puruSako baila banA diyA, aura vaha apane sthAna ko calI gaI / patike baila bana jAne se usakI patnI duHkhita huI, para phira vaha puruSa rUpa banAne kA upAya na jAnane ke kAraNa usa baila rUpa patiko carAyA

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258 vaizeSika, naiyAyika Adi kI Izvara viSayaka mAnyatA kA tathA sAdhAraNa logoM kI Izvara viSayaka zraddhA kA yogamArga meM upayoga karake hI pataJjali cupa na rahe, para unhoMne vaidiketara darzanoM ke siddhAnta tathA prakriyA jo yogamArga ke liye sarvathA upayogI jAna par3I usakA bhI apane yogazAstra meM bar3I udAratA se saMgraha kiyA / yadyapi bauddha vidvAn nAgArjuna ke vijJAnavAda tathA zrAtmapariNAmivavAda ko yuktihIna samajha kara yA yogamArga meM anupayogI samajha kara usakA nirasana cauthe pAdameM kiyA hai, tathApi unhoMne buddha bhagavAn ke paramapriya cAra AryasatyoM' kA heya, heyahetu, hAna aura honopAya rUpase svIkAra ni. saMkoca bhAva se apane yogazAstra meM kiyA hai / jaina darzana ke sAtha yogAzAstra kA sAdRzya to anya saba darzanoM kI apekSA adhika hI dekhane meM AtA hai / yaha bAta spaSTa hone para bhI bahutoM ko vidita hI nahIM hai, isakA sababa yaha hai ki jaina darzana ke khAsa abhyAsI aise bahuta kama haiM jo udaart| pUrvaka yogazAstra kA avalokana karanevAle hoM, aura yogazAstra ke khAsa abhyAsI bhI aise bahuta kama haiM jinhoMne jainadarzana kA bArIkI se ThIka ThIka avalokana kiyA ho / isaliye isa viSaya kA vizeSa khulAsA karanA yahA~ prAsaGgika na hogA / karatI thI, aura usakI sevA kiyA karatI thii| kisI samaya acAnaka eka vidyAdhara ke mukha se aisA munA ki agara baila rUpa puruSa ko saMjIvanI nAmaka jar3I carAI jAya to vaha phira asalI rUpa dhAraNa kara sakatA hai / vidyAdhara se yaha bhI sunA ki vaha jar3I amuka vRkSa ke nIce hai, para usa vRkSa ke nIce aneka prakAra kI banaspati hone ke kAraNa vaha strI saMjIvanI ko pahacAnane meM asamartha thI / isase usa duHkhita strI ne apane bailarUpadhArI patiko saba banaspatiyA~ carA dIM / jinameM saMjIvanI ko bhI vaha baila cara gayA, aura baila rUpa chor3akara phira manuSya bana gayA / jaise vizeSa parIkSA na hone ke kAraNa usa strI ne satra vanaspatiyoM ke sAtha saMjIvanI khilAkara apane patikA kRtrima baila rUpa chur3AyA, caura palI manuSyatva ko prApta karAyA, vaise hI vizeSa parIkSAvikala prathamAdhikArI bhI saba devoM kI samabhAva se upAsanA karate karate yogamArga meM vikAsa karake iSTa lAbha kara sakatA haiM / 1 dekho sU0 15, 18 / 2 duHkha, samudaya, nirodha aura mArga /

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yogazAstra aura jainadarzana kA sAdRzya mukhyatayA tIna prakAra kA hai| 1 zabda kA, 2 viSaya kA aura 3 prakriyA kaa| 1 mUla yogasUtra meM hI nahIM kintu usake bhASyataka meM aise aneka zabda haiM jo jainetara darzanoM meM prasiddha nahIM haiM, yA bahuta kama prasiddha haiM, kintu jaina zAstra meM khAsa prasiddha haiN| jaise-bhavapratyaya,' savitarka savicAra nirvicAra, mahAvrata,3 kRta kArita anumodita4, prakAzAvaraNa", sopakrama nirupakrama, vajrasaMhanana , kevalI', kuzala, 6, jJAnAvaraNIyakarma'', samyagjJAna'', 1 "bhavapratyayo videhaprakRtatilayAnAm' yogasU. 1-16 / 'bhavapratyayo nArakadevAnAm tattvArtha a. 1-22 / 2 dhyAna vizeSarUpa artha meM hI jainazAstra meM ye zabda isa prakAra haiM 'ekAzraye savitarke pUrva (tattvArtha a. 6-43) 'tatra savicAraM prathamam' bhASya 'zravicAra dvitIyam' tattvA-a6-44 / yogasUtra meM ye zabda isa prakAra Aye hai-'tatra zabdArthajJAnavikalpaiH saMkoNa savitarkA samApattiH' 'smRtiparizuddhau svarUpazUnye vArthamAtranirbhAsA nirvitarkA' 'etayaiva savicArA nivicArA ca sUkSmaviSayA vyAkhyAtA' 1-42, 43, 44 / 3 jainazAstra meM munisambandhI pA~ca yamoM ke liye yaha zabda bahuta hI prasiddha hai / 'sarvato viratirmahAvratamiti' tattvArtha a0 7-2 bhASya / yahI zabda usI artha meM yogasUtra 2-31 meM hai| 4 ye zabda jisa bhAva ke liye yogasUtra 2-31 meM prayukta haiM, usI bhAva meM jainazAstra meM bhI Ate haiM, antara sirpha itanA hai ki jainagranthoM meM anumodita ke sthAna meM bahudhA anumatazabda prayukta hotA hai / dekho-tattvArtha, a. 6-6 / 5 yaha zabda yogasUtra 2-52 tathA 3-43 meM hai| isake sthAna meM jainazAstra meM 'jJAnAvaraNa' zabda prasiddha hai / dekho tatvArtha a. 6-11 Adi / 6 ye zabda yogasUtra 3-22 meM haiN| jaina karmaviSayaka sAhitya meM ye zabda bahuta prasiddha haiN| tattvArtha meM bhI inakA prayoga huA hai, dekho-2-52 bhASya / / 7 yaha zabda yogasUtra ( 3-46) meM prayukta hai| isake sthAna meM jaina granthoM meM 'vajra RSabhanArAcasaMhanana' aisA zabda milatA hai| dekho tatvArtha (zra0 8-12) bhaassy| 8 yogasUtra (2-27 ) bhASya, tattvArtha ( a0 6-14) / 6 dekho yogasUtra (2-27) bhASya, tathA darAvaikAlikaniyukti gAthA 186 / 10 dekho yogasUtra ( 2-51) bhASya tathA Avazyakaniyukta gAthA 863 / 11 yogasUtra (2-28) bhASya, tattvArtha (a0 1-1) /

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260 samyagdarzana', ' sarvajJa2, kSINakleza, caramadeha Adi / 2 prasupta, tanu Adi klezAvasthA', pA~ca yama, yogajanya' vibhUti, sopakrama nirUpakrama karma kA svarUpa, tathA usake dRSTAnta, aneka 1 yogasUtra (4-15) bhASya, tattvArtha (zra. 1-2) / 2 yogasatra ( 3-46) bhASya, tattvArtha ( 3-46) / 3 yogasUtra (1-4) bhASya / jaina zAstra meM bahudhA 'kSINamoha' 'kSINakaSAya' zabda milate haiN| dekho tattvArtha (a0 6-38) / 4 yogasUtra ( 2-4 ) bhASya, tattvArtha ( a0 2-52) / 5 prasupta, tanu, vicchinna aura udAra ina cAra avasthAoM kA yoga ( 2-4) meM varNana hai / jainazAstra meM vahI bhAva mohanIyakarma kI sattA, upazama kSayopazama, virodhiprakRti ke udayAdikRta vyavadhAna aura udayAvasthA ke varNanarUpa se vartamAna hai| dekho yogasUtra ( 2-4) kI yazovijayakRta vRtti / 6 pA~ca yamoMkA varNana mahAbhArata Adi grantho meM hai sahI, para usakI paripUrNatA "jAtidezakAlasamayA'navacchinnAH sArvabhaumA mahAvratam" ( yogasUtra 2-31) meM tathA dazavaikAlika adhyayana 4 Adi jainazAstrapratipAdita mahAvratoM meM dekhane meM AtI hai| 7 yogasUtra ke tIsare pAda meM vibhUtiyoM kA varNana hai, ve vibhUtiyA~ do prakAra kI haiN| 1 vaijJAnika 2 zArIrika / atItA'nAgatajJAna, sarvabhUtarutajJAna, pUrvajAtijJAna, paracittajJAna, bhuvanajJAna, tArAvyUhajJAna, Adi jJAnavibhUtiyA~ haiN| antardhAna, hastibala, parakAyapraveza, aNimAdi aizvarya tathA rUpalAvaNyAdi kAyasaMpat, ityAdi zArIrika vibhUtiyA~ haiM / jainazAstra meM bhI avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna, jAtismaraNa, pUrvajJAna Adi jJAnalabdhiyA~ haiM, aura AmauSadhi, viguDauSadhi, zleSmauSadhi, sarvoSadhi, jaMghAcAraNa, vidyAcAraNa, vaikriya, AhAraka Adi zArIrika labdhiyA~ haiM / dekho Avazyakaniyukta (gA0 66, 70 ) labdhi yaha vibhUtikA nAmAntara hai| 8 yogabhASya aura jainagranthoM meM sopakrama nirupakrama zrAyuSkarma kA svarUpa bilkula ekasA hai, itanA hI nahIM balki usa svarUpa ko dikhAte hue bhASyakAra ne yo. sU. 3-22 ke bhASya meM zrArdra vastra aura tRNarAzi ke jo do dRSTAnta likhe haiM, ve aAvazyakaniyukti (gAthA-656 ) tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (gAthA-3061) Adi jainazAstra meM sarvatra prasiddha haiM, para tattvArtha (a0-2. 52) ke bhASya meM do dRSTAntoM ke uparAnta eka tIsarA gaNitaviSayaka dRSTAnta bhI likhA

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kAyoMkA' nirmANa zrAdi / 3 pariNAmi-nityatA arthAt utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvyarUpa se trirUpa vastu mAna kara tadanusAra dharmadharmI kA vivecana ityaadi| hai / isa viSaya meM ukta vyAsabhASya aura tattvArthabhASyakA zAbdika sAdRzya bhI bahuta adhika aura arthasUcaka hai-- "yathA''rdravastraM vitAnitaM laghIyasA kAlena zudhyet tathA sopakramam / yathA ca tadeva saMpiNDitaM cireNa saMzuSyed evaM nirupakramam / yathA cAgniH zuSke ko mukto vAtena vA samantato yuktaH kSepIyasA kAlena dahet tathA sopakramam / yathA vA "sa evA'gnistRNarAzau kramazo'vayaveSu nyastazcireNa dahet tathA nirupakramam (yoga, 3-22) bhASya / "yathA hi saMhatasya zuSkasyApi tRNarAzeravayavazaH krameNa dahyamAnasya cireNa dAho bhavati, tasyaiva zithilaprakIrNopacitasya sarvato yugapadAdIpitasya pavanopakramAbhihatasyAzu dAho bhavati, tadvat / yathA vA saMkhyAnAcAryaH karaNalAghavArthaM guNakArabhAgahArAbhyAM rAziM chedAdevApavartayati na ca saMkhyeyasyArthasyAbhAvo bhavati, tadvadupakramAbhihato maraNasamudghAtaduHkhArtaH karmapratyayamanAbhogayogapUrvakaM karaNa vizeSamutpAdya phalopabhogalAghavArtha karmApavartayati na cAsya phalAbhAva iti // kiM cAnyat / yathA vA dhautapaTo jalA eva saMhatazcireNa zoSamupayAti / sa eva ca vitAnitaH sUryarazmivAvabhihataH kSipraM zoSamupayAti / " a0 2-52 bhaassy| 1 yogabala se yogI jo aneka zarIroM kA nirmANa karatA hai, usakA varNana yogasUtra (4-4) meM hai, yahI viSaya vaikrika-zrAhAraka-labdhirUpa se jainagranthoM meM varNita hai| 2 jainazAstra meM vastu ko dravyaparyAyasvarUpa mAnA hai| isIliye usakA lakSaNa tattvArtha ( zra05-26 ) meM "utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sataisA kiyA hai| yogasUtra (3-13, 14 ) meM jo dharmadharmI kA vicAra hai vaha ukta dravyaparyAyaumayarUpatA kiMvA utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya isa trirUpatA kA hI citraNa hai| bhinnatA sirpha donoM meM itanI hI hai ki-yogasUtra sAMkhyasiddhAntAnusArI hone se "Rte citizaktaH pariNAmino bhAvAH" yaha siddhAnta mAnakara pariNAmavAda kA arthAt dharmalakSaNAvasthApariNAma kA upayoga sirpha jaDabhAga meM arthAt prakRti meM karatA hai, cetana meM nahIM / aura jainadarzana to "sarve bhAvAH pariNAminaH" aisA siddhAnta mAnakara pariNAmavAda arthAt utpAdavyayarUpa paryAyakA upayoga jar3a cetana

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262 isI vicArasamatA ke kAraNa zrImAn haribhadra jaise jainAcAryoM ne maharSi pataJjali ke prati apanA hArdika zrAdara prakaTa karake apane yogaviSayaka granthoM meM guNagrAhakatA kA nirbhIka paricaya pUre taura se diyA hai| aura jagaha jagaha pataJjali ke yogazAstragata khAsa sAGketika zabdoM kA jaina saGketoM ke sAtha milAna karake saGkIrNa-dRSTivAloM ke liye ekatAkA mArga khola diyA hai| jaina vidvAn yazovijayavAcakane haribhadrasUrisUcita ekatA ke mArga ko vizeSa vizAla banAkara pataJjali ke yogasUtra ko jaina prakriyA ke anusAra samajhAne kA thor3A kintu mArmika prayAsa kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM balki apanI battIsiyoM meM unhoMne pataJjali ke yogasUtragata kucha viSayoM para khAsa battIsiyA~ bhI racI4 haiN| ina saba bAtoM ko saMkSepa meM batalAne kA uddezya yahI hai ki maharSi pataJjali kI dRSTivizAlatA itanI adhika thI ki sabhI dArzanika va sAmpradAyika vidvAn yogazAstra ke pAsa Ate hI apanA sAmpradAyika abhiniveza bhUla gaye aura ekarUpatAkA anubhava karane lge| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki-maharSi pataJjali kI dRSTivizAlatA unake viziSTa yogAnubhava kA hI phala hai, kyoMki-jaba koI bhI manuSya zabdajJAna kI prAthamika bhUmikA se Age bar3hatA hai taba baha zabda kI pUMcha na khIMcakara cintAjJAna tathA bhAvanAjJAna', ke uttarottara adhikAdhika ekatA vAle pradeza meM abheda aAnanda kA anubhava karatA hai| donoM meM karatA hai| itanI bhinnatA hone para bhI pariNAmavAda kI prakriyA donoM meM eka sI hai| 1 uktaM ca yogamArga staponidhUtakalmaSaiH / bhAviyogahitAyoccairmohadIpasamaM vacaH / / yoga. bi. zlo. 66 / TIkA-'uktaM ca nirUpitaM punaH yogamArga radhyAtmavidbhiH pataJjaliprabhRtibhiH' // "etatpradhAnaH sacchrAddhaH zIlavAn yogatatparaH jAnAtyatIndriyAnastithA cAha mahAmatiH" // yogadRSTisamuccaya zlo. 100 / TIkA tathA cAha mahAmatiH ptnyjliH'| aisA hI bhAva gaNagrAhI zrIyazovijayajI ne apanI yogAvatAradvAtriMzikA meM prakAzita kiyA hai / dekho-zlo. 20 TIkA / 2 dekho yogabindu zloka 418, 420 / 3 dekho unakI banAI huI pAtaJjalasUtravRtti / 4 dekho pAtaJjalayogalakSaNavicAra, yogAvatAra, klezahAnopAya aura yogamAhAtmya dvaatriNshikaa| 5 zabda, cintA tathA bhAvanA jJAna kA svarUpa zrIyazovijayajI ne adhyAtmo

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263 0 haribhadra kI yogamarga meM navIna dizA- zrIharibhadra prasiddha jainAcAryoM meM eka hue| unakI bahuzrutatA, sarvatomukhI pratibhA, madhyasthatA aura samanvayazakti kA pUrA paricaya karAne kA yahA~ prasaMga nahIM hai / isake liye jijJAsu mahAzaya unakI kRtiyoM ko dekha leveM / haribhadrasUri kI zatamukhI pratibhA ke srota unake banAye hue cAra anuyogaviyaSaka' granthoM meM hI nahIM balki jaina nyAya tathA bhAratavarSIya tatkAlIna samagra dArzanika siddhAntoM kI carcAbAle granthoM meM bhI bahe hue haiN| itanA karake hI unakI pratibhA mauna na huI, usane yogamArga meM eka aisI dizA dikhAI jo kevala jaina yogasAhitya meM hI nahIM balki AryajAtIya saMpUrNa yogaviSayaka sAhitya meM eka naI vastu hai| jainazAstra meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama kA prAcIna varNana caudaha guNasthAnarUpa se, cAra dhyAna rUpa se aura bahirAtma Adi tIna avasthAoM ke rUpa se milatA hai / haribhadrasUri ne usI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama kA yogarUpa se varNana kiyA hai| para usameM unhoMne jo zailI rakkhI hai vaha abhItaka upalabdha yogaviSayaka sAhitya meM se kisI bhI graMtha meM kama se kama hamAre dekhane meM to nahIM AI hai| haribhadrasUri apane granthoM meM aneka 3 yogiyoM kA nAmanirdeza karate haiM / evaM yogaviSayaka granthoM kA ullekha karate haiM jo abhI prApta nahIM haiN| saMbhava hai una aprApya granthoM meM unake varNana kI sI zailI rahI ho, para hamAre liye to yaha varNanazailI aura yoga viSayaka vastu bilkula apUrva hai / isa samaya haribhadrasUri ke yogaviSayaka cAra grantha prasiddha hai jo hamAre dekhane meM Aye haiM / unameM se SoDazaka aura yogaviMzikA ke yogavarNana kI zailI aura yogavastu eka hI hai / yogabindu kI vicArasaraNI aura vastu yogaviMzikA se judA hai| yogadRSTi samuccaya kI vicAra paniSad meM likhA hai, jo AdhyAtmika logoM ko dekhane yogya hai-adhyAtmopaniSad zlo0 65, 74 / / 1 dravyAnuyogaviSayaka-dharmasaMgrahaNI Adi 1, gaNitAnuyogaviSayaka-kSetrasamAsa TIkA Adi 2, caraNakaraNAnuyogaviSayaka-paJcavastu, dharmabindu Adi 3, dharmakathAnuyogaviSayaka-samarAhaccakahA Adi 4 grantha mukhya hai| 2 anekAntajayapatAkA, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya aadi| 3 gopendra (yogabindu' zloka, 200) kAlAtIta ( yogabi.duHzloka 300) pataJjali, bhadantabhAskarabandhu, bhagavadanta (tta) vAdI ( yogadRSTi zloka 16 ttiikaa)| 4 yoganirNaya Adi ( yogadRSTi0 zloka 1 TIkA ) /

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264 ghArA aura vastu yogabiMdu se bhI judA hai| isa prakAra dekhane se yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki haribhadrasUri ne eka hI adhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama kA citra bhinna bhinna anthoM meM bhinna bhinna vastu kA upayoga karake tIna prakAra se khIMcA hai| ___ kAla kI aparimita laMbI nadI meM vAsanArUpa saMsAra kA gaharA pravAha bahatA hai, jisakA pahalA chora ( mUla ) to anAdi hai, para dasarA (uttara) chora sAnta hai| isa liye mumukSuoM ke vAste saba se pahale yaha prazna bar3e mahattva kA hai ki ukta anAdi pravAha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA zrArambha kaba se hotA hai ? aura usa prAraMbha ke samaya AtmA ke lakSaNa kaise ho jAte haiM ? jinase ki prAraMbhika zrAdhyAtmika vikAsa jAnA jA ske| isa prazna kA uttara prAcArya ne yogabidu meM diyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki-"jaba aAtmA ke Upara moha kA prabhAva ghaTane kA prAraMbha hotA hai, tabhI se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA sUtrapAta ho jAtA hai| isa sUtrapAta kA pUrvavartI samaya jo AdhyAtmikavikAsarahita hotA hai, vaha jainazAstra meM acaramapudgalaparAvarta ke nAma se prasiddha hai / aura uttaravartI samaya jo prAdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kramavAlA hotA hai, vaha carama pudgalaparAvarta ke nAma se prasiddha hai| acaramapudgalaparAvarta aura caramapudgalaparAvartanakAla ke parimANa ke bIca siMdhu aura biMdu kA sA antara hotA hai| jina zrAtmA kA saMsArapravAha caramapudgalaparAvarttaparimANa zeSa rahatA hai usako jaina paribhASA meM 'apunabaMdhaka' aura sAMkhyaparibhASA meM 'nivRttAdhikAra prakRti' kahate haiM / apunarbandhaka yA nivRttAdhikAraprakRti prAtmA kA aAntarika paricaya itanA hI hai ki usake Upara moha kA dabAba kama hokara ulaTe moha ke Upara usa AtmA kA dabAva zurU hotA hai| yahI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA bIjAropaNa hai| yahIM se yogamArga kA prArambha ho jAne ke kAraNa usa zrAtmA kI pratyeka pravRtti meM saralatA, namratA, udAratA, paropakAraparAyaNatA Adi sadAcAra vAstavikarUpa meM dikhAI dete haiN| jo usa vikAsonmukha zrAtmA kA bAhya paricaya hai| itanA uttara dekara prAcArya ne yoga ke prAraMbha se lekara yoga kI parAkASThA taka ke zrAdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kramika vRddhi ko spaSTa samajhAne ke liye usako pA~ca bhUmikAoM meM vibhakta karake hara eka bhUmikA ke lakSaNa bahuta spaSTa dikhAye 3 haiN| aura jagaha jagaha jaina paribhASA ke 1 dekho muktyadveSadvAtriMzikA 28 / 2 dekho yogabindu 178, 201 / 3 yogabindu, 31, 357, 356, 361, 363, 365 /

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265 sAtha bauddha tathA yogadarzana kI paribhASA kA milAna kara' ke paribhASAbheda kI divAra kI tor3akara usakI aoTa meM chipI huI yogavastu kI bhinnabhinnadarzanasammata ekarUpatAkA sphuTa pradarzana karAyA hai / adhyAtma, bhAvanA, dhyAna, samatA aura vRttisaMkSaya ye yogamArga kI pA~ca mUmikAyeM haiN| inameM se pahalI cAra ko pataMjali saMprajJAta, aura antima bhUmikA ko asaMprajJAta kahate haiM / yahI saMkSepa meM yogabiMdu kI vastu hai| __yogadRSTisamuccaya meM adhyAtmika vikAsa ke kramakA varNana yogabindu kI apekSA dUsare DhaMga se hai| usameM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke prAraMbha ke pahale kI sthitiko arthAt acaramapugdalaparAvarttaparimANa saMsArakAlIna AtmA kI sthiti ko aovadRSTi kahakara usake taratamabhAva ko aneka dRSTAMta dvArA samajhAyA hai, aura pIche AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke prAraMbha se lekara usake aMta taka meM pAI jAnevAlI yogAvasthA ko yogadRSTi kahA hai| isa yogAvasthA kI kramika vRddhi ko samajhAne ke liye saMkSepa meM use ATha bhUmikAoM meM bA~Ta diyA hai| ve ATha bhUmikAyeM usa grantha meM pATha yogadRSTi ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| ina ATha dRSTioM kA vibhAga pAtaMjalayogadarzanaprasiddha yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma Adi yogAMgoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai, arthAt eka eka dRSTi meM eka eka yogAMgakA sambandha mukhyatayA batalAyA hai| pahalI cAra dRSTi yA~ yoga kI prArambhika avasthA rUpa hone se unameM avidyA kA alpa aMza rahatA hai| jisako prastuta meM avedyasaMbedyapada kahA hai"| agalI cAra dRSTioM meM avidyA kA aMrA bilkula nahIM rahatA / isa bhAva ko prAcArya ne vedyasaMvedyapada zabda se batAyA hai| isake sivAya prastuta graMtha meM pichalI cAra dRSTiyoM ke sayaya pAye jAnevAle viziSTa 1 "yatsamyagdarzanaM bodhistatpradhAno mahodayaH / sattvo'stu bodhisattvastaddhantaiSo'nvarthato'pi hi / / 173 // varabodhisameto vA tIrthaMkRyo bhaviSyati / tathAbhavyatvato'sau vA bodhisattvaH satAM mataH" // 274 ||-yogbindu / 2 dekho yogabiMdu 428, 420 / 3 dekho-yogadRSTisamuccaya 14 / 5 " , 75 / 73 //

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zrAdhyAtmika vikAsa ko icchAyoga, zAstrayoga aura sAmarthyayoga aisI tIna yogabhUmikAoM meM vibhAjita karake ukta tInoM yogabhUmikAoM kA bahuta rocaka varNana kiyA hai| AcArya ne anta meM cAra prakAra ke yogiyoM kA varNana karake yogazAstra ke adhikArI kauna ho sakate haiM, yaha bhI batalA diyA hai| yahI yogadRSTisamuccaya kI bahuta saMkSipta vastu hai| yogaviMzikA meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko prArambhika avasthA kA varNana nahIM hai, kintu usako puSTa avasthAmAM kA hI varNana hai| isI se usameM mukhyatayA yoga ke adhikArI tyAgI hI mAne gae haiN| prastuta grantha meM tyAgI gRhastha aura sAdhukI aAvazyaka kriyA ko hI yogarUpa batalA kara usake dvArA zrAdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kramika vRddhikA varNana kiyA hai| aura usa zrAvazyaka kriyA ke dvArA yoga ko pA~ca bhUmikAoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| ye pA~ca bhUmikAe~ usameM sthAna, zabda, artha, sAlaMbana aura nirAlaMbana nAma se prasiddha haiN| ina pA~ca bhUmikAoM meM karmayoga aura jJAnayoga kI ghaTanA karate hue prAcArya ne pahalI do bhUmikAoM ko karmayoga kahA hai| isake sivAya pratyeka bhUmikAoM meM icchA, pravRtti, sthairya aura siddhirUpa se AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke taratamabhAva kA pradarzana karAyA hai| aura usa pratyeka bhUmikA tathA icchA, pravRtti Adi avAntara sthiti kA lakSaNa vahuta spaSTa rUpa se varNana kiyA hai| isa prakAra ukta pA~ca bhUmikAoM kI antargata bhinna bhinna sthitiyoM kA varNana karake yoga ke assI bheda kie haiN| aura una sabake lakSaNa batalAe haiM, jinako dhyAnapUrvaka dekhanevAlA yaha jAna sakatA hai ki maiM vikAsa kI kisa sIr3I para khar3A huuN| yahI yogaviMzikA kI saMkSipta vastu hai / upasaMhAra viSaya kI gaharAI aura apanI apUrNatA kA khayAla hote hue bhI yaha prayAsa isa lie kiyA gayA hai ki abataka kA avalokana aura smaraNa saMkSepa meM bhI lipibaddha ho jAya, jisase bhaviSya meM vizeSa pragati karanA ho to isa viSaya kA prathama sopAna taiyAra rahe / isa pravRtti meM kaI mitra mere sahAyaka hue hai jinake nAmollekha mAtra se kRtajJatA prakAzita karanA nahIM caahtaa| unakI AdaraNIya smRti mere hRdaya meM akhaNDa rhegii| 1 dekho yogadRSTisamuccaya 2-12 / 2 yogavizikA gA0 5, 6 /

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267 pAThakoM ke prati eka merI sUcanA hai| vaha yaha ki isa nibandha meM aneka zAstrIya pAribhASika zabda Ae haiN| khAsa kara antima bhAga meM jaina pAribhASika zabda adhika haiM, jo bahutoM ko kama vidita hoNge| unakA maiMne vizeSa khulAsA nahIM kiyA hai| para khulAsA vAle una graMthoM ke upayogI sthala kA nirdeza kara diyA hai| jisase vizeSa jijJAsu mUlagraMtha dvArA hI aise kaThina zabdoM kA khulAsA kara skeNge| agara yaha saMkSipta nibandha na hokara khAsa pustaka hotI to isameM vizeSa khulAsoM kA bhI avakAza rhtaa| isa pravRtti ke lie mujha ko utsAhita karane vAle gujarAta purAtattva saMzodhana mandira ke maMtrI parIkha rasikalAla choTAlAla haiM jinake vidyAprema ko maiM bhUla nahIM sktaa| I0 1622 ] [ yogadarzana-yogabiMdu bhUmikA

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pratibhAmUrti siddhasena divAkara bhAratIya darzana adhyAtmalakSya haiM / pazcimIya darzanoM kI taraha ve mAtra buddhi pradhAna nahIM haiM / unakA udgama hI zrAtmazuddhi kI dRSTi se huA hai| ve Atmatattva ko aura usakI zuddhi ko lakSya meM rakha kara hI bAhya jagata kA bhI vicAra karate haiN| isalie sabhI Astika bhAratIya darzanoM ke maulika tattva eka se hI haiN| ___ jaina darzana kA srota bhagavAn mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke pahale se hI kisI na kisI rUpa meM calA A rahA hai yaha vastu itihAsasiddha hai| jaina darzana kI dizA cAritra-pradhAna hai jo ki mUla AdhAra prAtma-zuddhi kI dRSTi se vizeSa saMgata hai| usameM jJAna, bhakti Adi tattvoM kA sthAna avazya hai para ve sabhI tattva cAritra-paryavasAyI hoM tabhI jainatva ke sAtha saMgata haiN| kevala jaina paraMparA meM hI nahIM balki vaidika, bauddha zrAdi sabhI paraMparAtroM meM jaba taka AdhyAtmikatA kA prAdhAnya rahA yA vastutaH unameM AdhyAtmikatA jIvita rahI taba taka una darzanoM meM tarka aura vAda kA sthAna hote hue bhI usakA prAdhAnya na rahA / isIlie hama sabhI paramparAoM ke prAcIna granthoM meM utanA tarka aura vAdatANDava nahIM pAte haiM jitanA uttarakAlIna granthoM meM / AdhyAtmikatA aura tyAga kI sarvasAdhAraNa meM niHsIma pratiSThA jama cukI thii| ataeva usa usa AdhyAtmika puruSa ke zrAsapAsa sampradAya bhI apane Apa jamane lagate the / jahA~ sampradAya bane ki phira unameM mUla tattva meM bheda na hone para bhI choTI choTI bAtoM meM aura avAntara praznoM meM matabheda aura tajjanya vivAdoM kA hotA rahanA svAbhAvika hai| jaise jaise sampradAyoM kI nIMva gaharI hotI gaI aura ve phailane lage vaise vaise unameM paraspara vicAra-saMgharSa bhI bar3hatA calA / jaise aneka choTe bar3e rAjyoM ke bIca car3hA-UtarI kA saMgharSa hotA rahatA hai / rAjakIya saMgharSoM ne yadi lokajIvana meM kSobha kiyA hai to utanA hI kSobha balki usase bhI adhika kSobha sAmpradAyika saMgharSa ne kiyA hai| isa saMgharSa meM par3ane ke kAraNa sabhI AdhyAtmika darzana tarkapradhAna banane lge| koI Age to koI pIche para sabhI darzanoM meM tarka aura nyAya kA bolabAlA zuru huA / prAcIna samaya meM jo AnvIkSikI eka sarvasAdhAraNa khAsa vidyA thI usakA AdhAra lekara . dhIre dhIre sabhI sampradAyoM ne apane darzana ke anukUla AnvIkSikI kI racanA ko| mUla AnvIkSikI vidyA vaizeSika darzana ke sAtha ghula mila gaI para usake zrAdhAra se kabhI bauddha-paramparA ne to kabhI mImAMsakoM ne, kabhI sAMkhya ne to kabhI ,

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jainoM ne, kabhI advaita vedAnta ne to kabhI anya vedAnta paramparAtroM ne apanI svatantra AnvIkSikI kI racanA zurU kara dii| isa taraha isa deza meM pratyeka pradhAna darzana ke sAtha eka yA dUsare rUpa meM takavidyA kA sambandha anivArya ho gyaa| jaba prAcIna AnvIkSikI kA vizeSa bala dekhA taba bauddhoM ne saMbhavataH sarva prathama alaga svAnukala AnvIkSikI kA khAkA taiyAra karanA zurU kiyaa| saMbhavataH phira mImAMsaka aisA karane lge| jaina sampradAya apanI mUla prakRti ke anusAra adhikatara saMyama, tyAga, tapasyA Adi para vizeSa bhAra detA A rahA thA; para AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ne use bhI tarkavidyA kI aura jhukaayaa| jahA~ taka hama jAna pAye haiM, usase mAlUma par3atA hai ki vikrama kI 5 vIM zatAbdI taka jaina darzana kA khAsa mukAva svataMtra tarka vidyA kI ora na thaa| usameM jaise jaise saMskRta bhASA kA adhyayana prabala hotA gayA vaise vaise tarka vidyA kA AkarSaNa bhI bar3hatA gayA / pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pahale ke jaina vAGmaya aura isake bAda ke jaina vAGmaya meM hama spaSTa bheda dekhate haiN| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki jaina vAGamaya ke isa parivartana kA zrAdi sUtradhAra kauna hai ? aura usakA sthAna bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM kaisA hai ? Adi jaina tArkika jahA~ taka maiM jAnatA hU~, jaina paramparA meM larka vidyA kA aura tarka pradhAna saMskRta vAGmaya kA Adi praNetA hai siddhasena divAkara / maiMne divAkara ke jIvana aura kAryoM ke sambandha meM anyatra vistRta UhApoha kiyA hai; yahA~ to yathAsaMbhava saMkSepa meM unake vyaktitva kA sodAharaNa paricaya karAnA hai| siddhasena kA sambandha / unake jIvanakathAnakoM ke anusAra ujjainI aura usake adhipa vikrama ke sAtha avazya rahA hai, para vaha vikrama kauna sA yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| abhI taka ke nizcita pramANoM se jo siddhasena kA samaya vikrama kI pA~cavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI kA madhya jAna par3atA hai, use dekhate hue adhika saMbhava yaha hai ki ujainI kA vaha rAjA candragupta dvitIya yA usakA pautra skandagapta hogaa| jo ki vikramAditya rUpa se prasiddha rhe| sabhI naye purAne ullekha yahI kahate hai ki siddhasena janma se brAhmaNa the| yaha kayama bilkula satya jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki unhoMne prAkRta jaina vAGmayako 1 dekhie gujarAta vidyApITha dvArA prakAzita sampatti kA gujarAtI bhASAntara, bhAga 6, tathA usakA iMgliza bhASAntara, zvetAmbara jaina konphansa,, pAyadhunI, bomve, dvArA prakAzita /

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saMskRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA jo vicAra nirbhayatA se sarva prathama prakaTa kiyA vaha brAhyaNa-sulabha zakti aura ruci kA hI dyotaka hai| unhoMne usa yuga meM jaina darzana tathA dUsare darzanoM ko lakSya karake jo atyanta camatkArapUrNa saMskRta 'padyabaddha kRtiyoM kI dena dI hai vaha bhI janmasiddha brAhmaNatva kI hI dyotaka hai| unakI jo kucha thor3I bahuta kRtiyA~ prApya haiM unakA eka eka pada aura vAkya unakI kavitva viSayaka, take viSayaka, aura samagra bhAratIya darzana viSayaka talasparzI pratibhA ko vyakta karatA hai| Adi jaina kavi evaM Adi jaina stutikAra hama jaba unakA kavitva dekhate haiM taba azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa zrAdi yAda zrAte haiN| brAhmaNa-dharma meM pratiSTita aAzrama vyavasthA ke anugAmI kAlidAsa ne lagnabhAvanA kA aucitya batalAne ke lie lagnakAlIna nagara praveza kA prasaMga lekara usa prasaMga se harSotsuka striyoM ke avalokana kautuka kA jo mArmika zabdacitra khIMcA hai vaisA citra azvaghoSa ke kAvya meM aura siddhasena kI stuti meM bhI, hai / antara kevala itanA hI hai ki azvaghoSa aura siddhasena donoM zramaNadharma meM. pratiSThita ekamAtra tyAgAzrama ke anugAmI haiM isalie unakA vaha citra vairAgya aura gRhatyAga ke sAtha mela khAe aisA hai| ataH usameM buddha aura mahAvIra ke gRhatyAga se khinna aura udAsa striyoM kI zokajanita ceSTAoM kA varNana hai nahI ki harSotsuka striyoM kI ceSTAtroM kA / tulanA ke lie nIce ke padyoM ko dekhie apUrvazokopatanaklamAni netrodakaklinnavizeSakANi / vivittaHzobhAnyabalAnanAni vilApadAkSiNyaparAyaNAni // mugdhonmukhAkSANyupadiSTavAkyasaMdigdhajalpAni puraHsarANi / / bAlAni mArgAcaraNa kriyANi pralaMbavastrAntavikarSaNAni // akRtrimasnehamayapradIghadInekSaNAH sAzrumukhAzca paurAH / saMsArasAtmyajJajanaikabandho na bhAvazuddhaM jagRhurmanaste / / -siddha0 5-10, 11, 12 / atipraharSAdatha zokamUrchitAH kumaarsNdrshnlollocnaaH| gRhAdvinizcakramurAzayA striyaH zaratpayodAdiva vidyatazcalAH / / vilambakezyo malinAMzukAmbarA nirnyjnaisspihtekssnnairmukhaiH| striyo na rejurmajayA vinAkRtA divIva tArA. rjniikssyaarunnaaH|| araktatAmrazcaraNairanU purairkunnddlairaarjvkndhrairmukhaiH| svabhAvapInairjaghanairamekhalairahArayoktrairmuSitairiva stanaH // . --azva0 buddha0 sarga 8-20, 21, 22

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272 tasmin muhUrte purasundarINAmIzAna saMdarzanalAlasAnAm / prAsAdamAlAsu babhUvuritthaM tyaktAnyakAryANi viceSTitAni // 56 // vilocanaM dakSiNamaJjanena saMbhAvya tadvaJcitavAmanetrA / tathaiva vAtAyanasaMnikarSaM yayau zalAkAmaparA vahantI // 56 // tAsAM mukhairAsavagandhagarbheryAptAntarAH sAndra kutUhalAnAm / vilolanetrabhramarairgavAkSAH sahasrapAtrAbharaNA ivAsan // 62 // ( kAli0 kumAra0 sarga 7. ) siddhasena ne gadya meM kucha likhA ho to patA nahIM hai / unhoMne saMskRta meM battIsa battIsiyA~ racI thIM, jinameM se ikkIsa abhI labhya haiM / unakA prAkRta meM racA 'sammati prakaraNa' jainadRSTi aura jaina mantavyoM ko tarka zailI se spaSTa karane tathA sthApita karanevAlA jaina vAGmaya meM sarva prathama grantha hai / jisakA Azraya uttaravartI sabhI zvetAmbara digambara vidvAnoM ne liyA hai / saMskRta battIsiyoM meM zurU kI pAMca aura gyArahavIM stutirUpa haiM / prathama kI pA~ca meM mahAvIra kI stuti hai jaba ki gyAharavIM meM kisI parAkramI aura vijetA rAjA kI stuti hai / ye stutiyA~ azvaghotra samakAlIna boddha stutikAra mAtRceTa ke 'adhyardhazataka, ' ' catuHzataka' tathA pazcAdvartI Aryadeva ke catuHzataka kI zailI kI yAda dilAtI haiN| siddhasena hI jaina paramparA kA zrAdya saMskRta stutikAra hai / AcArya hemacandra ne jo kahA hai 'kva siddhasenastutayo mahArthA azikSitAlApakalA kka caiSA' vaha bilakula sahI hai / svAmI samantabhadra kA 'svayaM bhUstotra' jo eka hRdayahAriNI stuti hai aura 'yuktyanuzAsana' nAmaka do dArzanika stutiyA~ ye siddhasena kI kRtiyoM kA anukaraNa jAna par3atI haiM / hemacandra ne bhI una donoM kA apanI do battIsiyoM ke dvArA anukaraNa kiyA hai / bArahavIM sadI ke AcArya hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNa meM udAharaNarUpa meM likhA hai ki 'anusiddhasenaM kavayaH' / isakA bhAva yadi yaha ho ki jaina paramparA ke saMskRta kaviyoM meM siddhasena kA sthAna sarva prathama hai ( samaya kI dRSTi se aura guNavattA kI dRSTi se anya sabhI jaina kaviyoM kA sthAna siddhasena ke bAda AtA hai ) to vaha kathana Aja taka ke jainavAGmaya kI dRSTi se akSarazaH satya hai / unakI stuti aura kavitA ke kucha namUne dekhiye - svayaMbhuvaM bhUtasahasranetramanekame kA kSarabhAva liGgam / avyaktamavyAhata vizva lokamanAdimadhyAntama puNyapApam // samantamarvAkSaguNaM nirakSaM svayaMprabhaM sarvagatAvabhAsam / atItasaMkhyAnamanaMtakalpamaci tyamAhAtmyamalokalokam //

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kuhetutakAparataprapaJcasadbhAvazuddhAprativAdavAdam / praNamya sacchAsanavardhamAnaM stoSye yatIndraM jinavardhamAnam / / stuti kA yaha prArambha upaniSad kI bhASA aura paribhASA meM virodhAlaGkAragarbhita hai| ekAntanirguNamavAntamupetya santo yatnArjitAnapi guNAn jahati kSaNena / klIbadarastvayi punarvyasanolbaNAni bhuMkte ciraM guNaphalAni hitApanaSTaH / / isameM sAMkhya paribhASA ke dvArA virodhAbhAsa garbhita stuti hai| kaciniyatipakSapAtaguru gamyate te vacaH, svabhAvaniyatAH prajAH samayataMtravRttAH kacit / svayaM kRtabhujaH kacit parakatopabhogAH punanavA viSadavAdadoSamalino'syaho vismayaH / / isameM zvetAzvara upaniSad ke bhinna bhinna kAraNavAda ke samanvaya dvArA vIra ke lokottaratvakA sUcana hai| kulizena sahasralocanaH savitA cAMzusahasralocanaH / na vidArayituM yadIzvaro jagatastadbhavatA hataM tamaH / / isameM indra aura sUrya se utkRSTatva dikhAkara vIra ke lokottaratva kA vyaMjana kiyA hai| na sadaHsu vadannazikSito labhate vaktRvizeSagauravam / anupAsya guruM tvayA punarjagadAcAryakameva nirjitam // isameM vyatireka ke dvArA stuti kI hai ki he bhagavan ! Apane gurusevA ke binA kiye bhI jagata kA AcArya pada pAyA hai jo dUsaroM ke lie saMbhava nhiiN| udadhAviva sarvasindhavaH samudIrNAstvayi sarvadRSTayaH / / na ca tAsu bhavAnudIkSyate pravibhaktAsu saritsvivodadhiH // isameM saritA aura samudra kI upamA ke dvArA bhagavAn meM saba dRSTiyoM ke astitva kA kathana hai jo anekAntavAda kI jar3a hai / gatimAnatha cAkriyaH pumAn kurute karma phalairna yujyate / phalabhuk ca na cArjanakSamo vidito yairvidito'si tairmune / / isameM vibhAvanA, vizeSokti ke dvArA Atma-viSayaka jaina mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai| kisI parAkramI aura vijetA nRpati ke guNoM kI samagra stuti lokottara kavitvapUrNa hai| eka hI udAharaNa dekhie

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ekAM dizaM vrajati yadgatimadgataM ca tatrasthameva ca vibhAti digantareSu / yAtaM kathaM dazadigantavibhaktamUrti yujyeta vaktumuta vA na gataM yazaste / / Aya jaina vAdI divAkara zrAdya jaina vAdI haiM / ve vAdavidyA ke saMpUrNa vizArada jAna par3ate haiM, kyoM ki eka tarapha se unhoMne sAtavIM vAdopaniSad battIsI meM vAdakAlIna saba niyamopaniyamoM kA varNana karake kaise vijaya pAnA yaha batalAyA hai to dUsarI tarapha se AThavIM battIsI meM vAda kA purA parihAma bhI kiyA hai| divAkara AdhyAtmika patha ke tyAgI pathika the aura vAda kathA ke bhI rasika the| isalie unheM apane anubhava se jo AdhyAtmikatA aura vAda-vivAda meM asaMgati dikha par3I usakA mArmika citraNa khIMcA hai| ve eka mAMsa-piNDa meM lubdha aura lar3anevAle do kuttoM meM to kabhI maitrI kI saMbhAvanA kahate haiM; para do sahodara bhI vAdiyoM meM kabhI sakhya kA saMbhava nahIM dekhte| isa bhAva kA unakA camatkArI udgagAra dekhie - grAmAntaropagatayorekAmiSasaMgajAtamatsarayoH / syAt sakhyamapi zunotrorapi vAdinorna syAt / / 8, 1. vesaSTa kahate haiM ki kalyANa kA mArga anya hai aura vAdIkA mArga anya ; kyoM ki kisI muni ne vAgyuddha ko ziva kA upAya nahIM kahA hai anyata eva zreyAMsyanyata eva vicaranti vAdivRSAH / vAksaMraMbhaM kvacidapi na jagAda muniH zivopAyam / / Adya jaina dArzanika va Adya sarvadarzanasaMgrAhaka : divAkara zrAdya jaina dArzanika to hai hI, para sAtha hI ve aAdya sarva bhAratIya darzanoM ke saMgrAhaka bhI haiN| siddhasena ke pahale kisI bhI anya bhAratIya. vidvAn ne saMkSepa meM sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA vAstavika nirUpaNa yadi kiyA ho to usakA patA abhItaka itihAsa ko nahIM hai| eka bAra siddhasena ke dvArA saba darzanoM ke varNana kI prathA prArambha huI ki phira Age usakA anukaraNa kiyA jAne lagA / zrAThavIM sadI ke haribhadra ne 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' likhA, caudahavIM sadI ke mAdhavAcArya ne 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' likhA; jo siddhasena ke dvArA prArambha kI huI prathA kA vikAsa hai / jAna par3atA hai siddhasena ne cArvAka, mImAMsaka Adi pratyeka darzana kA varNana kiyA hogA, parantu abhI jo battIsiyAM labhya haiM unameM nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, bauddha, zrAjIvaka aura jaina darzana kI nirUpaka battIsiyAM hI haiN| jaina darzana kA nirUpaNa to ekAdhika battIsiyoM meM huA hai| para kisI

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27 bhI jaina jainetara vidvAn ko Azcarya cakita karane vAlI siddhasena kI pratibhA ko spaSTa darzana taba hotA hai jaba hama unakI purAtanatva samAlocanA viSayaka aura vedAnta viSayaka do battIsiyoM ko par3hate haiN| yadi sthAna hotA to una donoM hI battIsiyoM ko meM yahA~ pUrNa rUpeNa detaa| maiM nahIM jAnatA ki bhArata meM aisA koI vidvAn huA ho jisane purAtanatva aura navInatva kI itanI krAntikAriNI tathA hRdayahAriNI evaM talasparzinI nirbhaya samAlocanA kI ho| maiM aise vidvAn ko bhI nahIM jAnatA ki jisa akele ne eka battIsI meM prAcIna saba upaniSadoM tathA gItA kA sAra vaidika aura aupaniSada bhASA meM hI zAbdika aura Arthika alaGkAra yukta camatkArakAriNI saraNI se varNita kiyA ho| jaina paramparA meM to siddhasena ke pahale aura pIche Aja taka aisA koI vidvAn huA hI nahIM hai jo itanA gaharA upaniSadoM kA abhyAsI rahA ho aura aupaniSada bhASA meM hI aupaniSada tattva kA varNana bhI kara ske| para jisa paramparA meM sadA. eka mAtra upaniSadoM kI tathA gItA kI pratiSThA hai usa vedAnta paramparA ke vidvAn. bhI yadi siddhasena kI uka battIsI ko dekheMge taba unakI pratibhA ke kAyala hokara yahI kaha uTheMge ki Aja taka yaha grantharatna dRSTipatha meM Ane se kyoM raha gyaa| merA vizvAsa hai ki prastuta battIsI kI ora kisI bhI tIkSNa-prajJa vaidika vidvAn kA dhyAna jAtA to vaha usa para kucha na kucha binA likhe na. rahatA / merA yaha bhI vizvAsa hai ki yadi koI mUla upaniSadoM kA sAmnAya adhyetA jaina vidvAn hotA to bhI usa para kucha na kucha likhatA / jo kucha ho, maiM to yahA~ siddhasena kI pratibhA ke nidarzaka rUpa se prathama ke kucha padya bhAva sahita detA huuN| kabhI kabhI sampradAyAbhiniveza vaza apar3ha vyakti bhI, AjahI kI taraha usa samaya bhI vidvAnoM ke sammukha narcA karane kI dhRSTatA karate hoNge| isa sthiti kA majAka karate hue siddhasena kahate haiM ki binA hI par3he paNDitaMmanya vyakti vidvAnoM ke sAmane bolane kI icchA karatA hai phira bhI usI kSaNa vaha nahIM phaTa par3atA to prazna hotA hai ki kyA koI devatAe~ duniyA~ para zAsana karane vAlI haiM bhI sahI ? arthAt yadi koI nyAyakArI deva hotA to aise vyaktiko tatkSaNa hI sIdhA kyoM nahIM karatA yadazikSitapaNDito. jano viduSAmicchati vaktumagrataH / na ca tatkSaNameva zIryate jagataH kiM prabhavanti devtaaH|| (6.1) virodhI bar3ha jAne ke bhaya se saccI bAta bhI kahane meM bahuta samAlocaka.. hicakicAte haiM / isa bhIru manodazA kA javAba dete hue divAkara kahate haiM ki

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purAne puruSoM ne jo vyavasthA sthira kI hai kyA vaha socane para vaisI hI siddha hogI ? arthAt socane para usameM bhI truTi dikhegI taba kevala una mRta purukhoM kI jamI pratiSThA ke kAraNa hA~ meM hA~ milAne ke lie merA janma nahIM huA hai / yadi vidveSI bar3hate hoM to bar3he purAtanairyA niyatA vyavasthitistatraiva sA kiM paricintya setsyati / tatheti vaktu mRtarUDhagauravAdahanna jAtaH prathayantu vidviSaH / / (6. 3 ) ___ hamezA purAtana premI, paraspara viruddha aneka vyavahAroM ko dekhate hue bhI apane iSTa kisI eka ko yathArtha aura bAkI ko ayathArtha karAra dete haiN| isa dazA se Uba kara divAkara kahate haiM ki-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra aneka prakAra ke haiM, ve paraspara viruddha bhI dekhe jAte haiM / phira unameM se kisI eka kI siddhi kA nirNaya jaldI kaise ho sakatA hai ? tathApi yahI maryAdA hai dUsarI nahIM-aisA eka tarapha nirNaya kara lenA yaha to purAtana prema se jar3a bane hue vyakti ko hI zobhA detA hai, mujha jaise ko nahIM bahuprakArAH sthitayaH parasparaM virodhayuktAH kathamAzu nizcayaH / vizeSasiddhAviyameva neti vA purAtanapremajalasya yujyate // ( 6. 4) jaba koI naI cIja AI to caTa se sanAtana saMskArI kaha dete haiM ki, yaha to purAnA nahIM hai| isI taraha kisI purAtana bAta kI koI yogya samIkSA kare taba bhI ve kaha dete haiM ki yaha to bahuta purAnA hai, isakI TIkA na kiijie| isa avivekI mAnasa ko dekha kara mAlavikAgnimitra meM kAlidAsa ko kahanA par3atA hai ki purANamityeva na sAdhu sarva na cApi kAbyaM navamityavadyam / santaH parIkSyAnyatarad bhajante mUDhaH parapratyayaneyabuddhiH // - ThIka isI taraha divAkara ne bhI bhASyarUpa se kahA hai ki yaha jIvita vartamAna vyakti bhI marane para Age kI pir3ho kI dRSTi se purAnA hogA; taba vaha bhI purAtanoM kI hI ginatI meM A jAyagA / jaba isa taraha purAtanatA anavasthita hai arthAt navIna bhI kabhI purAtana hai aura purAne bhI kabhI navIna rahe; taba phira amuka vacana purAtana kathita hai aisA mAna kara parIkSA binA kie usa para kauna vizvAsa karegA? jano'yamanyasya mRtaH purAtanaH purAtanaireva samo bhaviSyati / purAtaneSvityanavasthiteSu kaH purAtanoktAnyaparIkSya rocayet / / (6. 5) purAtana prema ke kAraNa parIkSA karane meM AlasI bana kara kaI loga jyoM jyoM samyag nizcaya kara nahIM pAte haiM tyoM tyoM ve ulaTe mAnoM samyag nizcaya kara

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liyA ho itane prasanna hote haiM aura kahate haiM ki purAne garu jana mithyAbhASI thor3e ho sakate haiM ? maiM khuda mandamati hU~ unakA Azaya nahIM samajhatA to kyA huA ? aisA socane bAloM ko lakSya meM rakha kara divAkara kahate haiM ki vaise loga AtmanAza kI ora hI daur3ate haiM vinizcayaM naiti yathA yathAlasastathA tathA nizcitavatprasIdati / / ___ avandhyavAkyA guravo'hamalpadhIriti vyavasyan svavadhAya dhAvati // . zAstra aura purANoM meM daivI camatkAroM aura asambaddha ghaTanAoM ko dekha kara jaba koI unakI samIkSA karatA hai taba andhazraddhAlu kaha dete haiM, ki bhAI ! hama Thahare manuSya, aura zAstra to deva racita haiN| phira unameM hamArI gati hI kyA ? isa sarva sampradAya-sAdhAraNa anubhava ko lakSya meM rakha kara divAkara kahate haiM, ki hama jaise manuSyarUpadhAriyoM ne hI manuSyoM ke hI carita, manuSya adhikArI ke hI nimitta prathita kiye haiM / ve parIkSA meM asamartha puruSoM ke lie apAra aura gahana bhale hI hoM para koI hRdayavAn vidvAna unheM agAdha mAna kara kaise mAna legA? vaha to parIkSApUrvaka hI unakA svIkAra-asvIkAra karegA. manuSyavRttAni manuSyalakSaNaimanuSyahetorniyatAni taiH svayam / alabdhapArANyalaseSu karNavAnagAdhapArANi kathaM grahISyati / / (6. 7) hama sabhI kA yaha anubhava hai ki koI susaMgata adyatana mAnavakRti huI to use purANapremI nahIM chute jaba ki ve kisI asta-vyasta aura asaMbaddha tathA samajha meM na pA sake aise vicAravAle zAstra ke prAcInoM ke dvArA kahe jAne ke kAraNa prazaMsA karate nahIM aghaate| isa anubhava ke lie divAkara itanA hI kahate haiM ki vaha mAtra smRtimoha hai, usameM koI vivekapaTutA nahIM yadeva kiMcidviSamaprakalpitaM puraatneruktmiti prazasyate / vinizcitA'pyadyamanuSyavAkkRtirna paThyate yatsmRtimoha eva saH // 6-) hama aMta meM isa parIkSA-pradhAna battIsIkA eka hI padya bhAvasahita dete haiM na gauravAkrAntamatirvigAhate kimatra yuktaM kimyuktmrthtH| guNAvabodhaprabhavaM hi gauravaM kulAMganAvRttamato'nyathA bhavet / / (6-28) bhAva yaha hai ki loga kisI na kisI prakAra ke bar3appana ke Aveza se, prastuta meM kyA yukta hai aura kyA prayukta hai, ise tattvataH nahIM dekhte| parantu satya bAta to yaha hai ki bar3appana guNadRSTi meM hI hai| isake sivAya kA bar3appana nirA kulAMganA kA carita hai / koI aGganA mAtra apane khAnadAna ke nAma para savRtta siddha nahIM ho sktii|

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278 anta meM yahAM maiM sArI usa vedAnta viSayaka dvAtriMzikA ko mUla mAtra die detA huuN| yadyapi isakA artha dvaitasAMkhya aura vedAnta ubhaya dRSTi se hotA hai tathApi isakI khUbI mujhe yaha bhI jAna par3atI hai ki usameM aupaniSada bhASA jaina tattvajJAna bhI abAdhita rUpa se kahA gayA hai| zabdoM kA setu pAra karake yadi koI sUkSma prajJa artha gAmbhIrya kA sparza karegA to isameM se bauddha darzana kA -bhAva bhI pakar3a skegaa| ataeva isake artha kA vicAra maiM sthAna saMkoca ke kAraNa pAThakoM ke Upara hI chor3a detA huuN| prAcya upaniSadoM ke tathA gItA ke vicAroM aura vAkyoM ke sAtha isakI tulanA karane kI mero icchA hai, para isake lie anya sthAna upayukta hogaa| ajaH pataMgaH zabalo vizvamayo dhatte garbhamacaraM caraM ca / yo'syAdhyakSamakalaM sarvadhAnyaM vedAtItaM veda vedyaM sa veda // 1 // sa evaitadvizvamadhitiSThatyekastamevainaM vizvamadhitiSThatyekam / sa evaitadveda yadihAsti vedyaM tamevaitadveda yadihAsti vedyam // 2 // sa evaitadbhavanaM sujati vizvarUpastamevaitatsRjati bhuvanaM vizvarUpam / na caivainaM sRjati kazcinnityajAtaM na cAsau sRjati bhuvanaM nityajAtam / / ekAyanazatAtmAnamekaM vizvAtmAnamamRtaM jAyamAnam / / yastaM na veda kimRcA kariSyati yastaM ca veda kimRcA kariSyati // 4 // sarvadvArA nibhRta(tA) mRtyupAzaiH svayaMprabhAnekasahasraparvA / yasyAM vedAH zerate yajJagarbhAH saiSA guhA gUhate sarvametat // 5 // bhAvobhAvo niHsatattvo [ satattvo] nAraMjano [raMjano] yaH prakAraH / guNAtmako nirguNo niSprabhAvo vizvezvaraH sarvabhayo na sarvaH // 6 // sRSTvA sRSTvA svayamevopabhukte sarvazcAyaM bhUtasargo yatazca / na cAsyAnyatkAraNaM sargasiddhau na cArapAna sRjate nApi cAnyAn // 7 // nirindriyacakSuSA vetti zabdAn zrotreNa rUpaM jighrati jihvayA ca / pAdairbravIti zirasA yAti tiSThan sarveNa sarva kurute manyate ca // 8 // zabdAtItaH kathyate vAvadUkairjJAnAtIto jJAyate jnyaanvdbhiH| bandhAtIto badhyate klezapAzarmokSAtIto mucyate nirvikalpaH // 6 // nAyaM brahmA na kapardI na viSNurbrahmA cAyaM zaMkarazvAcyutazca / asmin mUDhAH pratimAH kalpayanto(nte) jJAnazvAyaM na ca bhUyo namo'sti / Apo vahnirmAtarizvA hutAzaH satyaM mithyA vasudhA meghayAnam / brahmA kITa: zaMkarastAna(nya)ketuH sarvasarvathA sarvato'yam // 11 //

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276 sa evAyaM nibhRtA yena sattvAH zazvaddaHkhA duHkhamevApiyanti / sa evAyamRSayo yaM viditvA vyatItya nAkamamRtaM svAdayanti // 12 // vidyAvidye yatra no saMbhavate yannAsannaM no davIyo na gamyam / yasminmRtyurnehate no tu kAmA(kAmaH) sa so'kSaraH paramaM brahma vedyam // 13 // zrotaprotAH pazavo yena sarve zrotaprotaH pazubhizcaiSa sarvaiH / sarve ceme pazavastasya homyaM teSAM cAyamIzvaraH saMvareNyaH / / 14 / / tasyaivaitA razmayaH kAmadhenoryAH pApmAnamaduhAnAH kSaranti / yenAdhyAtA: paMca janAH svapanti [probuddhAste svaM parivartamAnAH / / 15 / / tamevAzvatthamRSayo vAmananti hiraNmayaM vyastasahasrazIrSam / manaHzayaM zatazAkhaprazAkhaM yasmin bIjaM vizvamotaM prajAnAm // 16 // sa gIyate vIyate cAdhvareSu mantrAntarAtmA RgyajuHsAmazAkhaH / adhaHzayo vitatAMgo guhAdhyakSaH sa vizvayoniH puruSo naikavarNaH // 17 // tenaivaitadvitataM brahmajAlaM durAcaraM dRSTathupasargapAzam / asminmagnA mAnavA mAnazalyairviveSyante pazavo jAyamAnAH // 18 // ayamevAntazcarati devatAnAmasmin devA adhivizve niSeduH / ayamuddaNDaH prANabhuk pretayA reSa tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti // 16 // apAM garbhaH savitA vahnireSa hiraNmayazcAntarAtmA devyaanH| etena staMbhitA subhagA dyaurnabhazca gurvI corvI sapta ca bhImayAdasaH // 20 // manaH somaH savitA caturasya ghrANaM prANo mukhamasyAjyapivaH / dizaH zrotraM nAbhiraMdhramabdayAnaM pAdAbilAH surasAH sarvamApaH // 21 // viSNurbIjamaMbhojagarbhaH zaMbhuzcAyaM kAraNaM lokasRSTau / nainaM devA vidrate no manuSyA devAzcainaM viduritaretarAzca // 22 // asminnudeti savitA lokacakSarasminnastaM gacchati cAMzugarbhaH eSo'jasraM vartate kAlacakrametenAyaM jIvate jIvalokaH // 23 // asmin prANAH pratibaddhAH prajAnAmasminnastA rathanAbhAvivArAH / asmin prIte zIrNamUlAH patanti prANAzaMsAH phalamiva muktavRntam // 24 // asminnekazataM nihitaM mastakAnAmasmin sarvA bhUtayazcetayazca / mahAntamenaM puruSaM veda vedyaM zrAdityavarNa tamasaH parastAt // 25 // vidvAnajJazcetano'cetano vA sraSTA nirIhaH sa ha pumAnAtmatantraH / kSarAkAraH satataM cAkSarAtmA vizIryante vAco yuktayo'smin // 26 // buddhiboddhA bodhanIyo'ntarAtmA bAhyazcAyaM sa parAtmA durAtmA / nAsAvakaM nApRthak nAbhi nobhau. sarva caitatpazavo yaM dviSanti // 27 //

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280 sarvAtmakaM sarvagataM parItamanAdimadhyAntamapuNyapApam / vAlaM kumAramajaraM ca vRddhaM ya enaM viduramRtAste bhavanti // 28 // nAsmin jJAte brahmaNi brahmacarya nejyA jApaH svastayo no pavitram / nAhaM nAnyo no mahAnno kanIyAniHsAmAnyo jAyate nirvizeSaH // 26 // nainaM matvA zocate nAbhyupaiti nApyAzAste mriyate jAyate vaa| nAsmilloke gRhyate no parasmillokAtIto vartate loka eva // 30 // yasmAtparaM nAparamasti kiMcid yasmAnANIyo na jyAyo'sti kazcit / vRkSa isa stabdho divi tiSThatyekastenedaM pUrNa puraSeNa sarvam / / 3 / / nAnAkalpaM pazyato jIvalokaM nityAsaktA vyAdhayazcAdhayazca / yasminnevaM sarvataH sarvatattvaM dRSTa deve no punastApameti // 32 // upasaMhAra upasaMhAra meM siddhasena kA eka padya uddhRta karatA hU~ jisameM unhoMne ghASTharthapUrNa vaktRtva yA pANDitya kA upahAsa kiyA hai daivakhAtaM ca vadanaM zrAtmAyattaM ca vAGmayam / zrotAraH santi coktasya nirlajaH ko na paNDitaH // sArAMza yaha hai, ki. mukha kA gar3hA to devane hI khoda rakhA hai, prayatna yaha apane hAtha kI bAta hai aura sunanevAle sarvatra sulabha haiM; isalie vaktA yA paNDita banane ke nimitta yadi jarUrata hai to kevala nirlajatAkI hai / eka bAra dhRSTa bana kara bolie phira saba kucha sarala hai| I0 1645 ] [ bhAratIya vidyA 1 isa battIsI kA vivecana zrI paMDita sukhalAla jI ne hI kiyA hai, jo bhAratIya vidyAbhavana baMbaI ke dvArA I0 1645 meM prakAzita hai| -saM0

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sUcI akabarabhAI 31 anityavAda 141 akalaMka 81, 86, 116, 132, | anindriya 102 144, 145, 146, 150, 153, | anindriyAdhipatya 101 154, 156, 162, 163, 166, | anupalabdhi . 188 171, 173, 177, 186, 188, | anupalambha , 188 186, 168,206, 225-229 / anubhava akiJcitkara 198 anubhUti 117, 164 prakriyAvAdI 101 anumAna 174, 181, 184, 190, akSapAda 95, 106,117, 120, 207, 218 161, 168, 197, 213, 219, parArtha 207 225, 226 dArzanikoM ke mata 174-176 ajJAtatva 185 anumiti 174 ajJAnanivRtti 154 ___ karaNa 174 ajJAnavAdI 125 anuyogadvArasUtra 176 ajJAnavinAza 153 anekAnta 107, 132 aNu 136 anekAntajayapatAkA 263 atathyatA 107 anekAntadRSTi 182 adoSodbhAvana 228 anaikAntika 161, 197, 202,206 adharma antaHkaraNa 140 adhyAtma 31 anyathAnupapannatva adhyAtmasAra 248 kArikA 186 adhyAtmopaniSad 248, 262, 263 | anyathAsiddha 198 anadhigata 120, 164 anvaya anadhigatArthaka 116 aparokSa 158, 159 anadhyavasita 197, 168,203, 204 apUrva 118, 120, 165 anantavIrya 85, 181, 186 apUrvArthatva 118 ananvaya 211, 212 apauruSeyatva 107, 125, 126 anAkAra upayoga 72 apradarzitabyatireka 211 /

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282 apradarzitAnvaya zraprayojaka abAdhitaviSayatva abhayacandra zrabhayadeva 75, 77, 85, 120 162, 178 176 abhidharmakoSa 68, 137, 136, 176, abhrAnta zramaratvavRtti amRtacandra 184 abhyaMkarazAstrI 101 160 6 arthazAstra 101 arthasArUpya 118 174 arthAta arpaNavRtti 1.21 v 211 168 ayoga[vyavacchedadvAtrizikA ] 133 zrarcaMTa 80, 165, 180, 181, 184, 185 arjuna 242 arthakriyAkArI 148 arthakriyAkAritva 142 avagraha 77 184 72 145 laukikapratyakSa 156 vAda 171 avadhidarzana 157 vyAvahArika - naizcayika 77 avadhUta 47 avabhAsa 120 avayava 181 avayavI. 107 144 avasthA avinAbhAva 180, 181,185 avisaMvAdi 998. zravisaMvAditva 118 zravyatireka 211 azoka 65 va [ghoSakRta] buddha[carita] 271 aSTasahasrI 85, 86, 116, 151, 153, 226, 226 116 asaga satpratipakSatva 184 214 asaduttara sAMpradAyika 53 asAdhanAGgavacana 228 asAdhAraNa 202, 203, 205 zrasiddha 167-166 aspaSTatA 107 zrAgamaprakAza 84 AgamaprAmANya 163 zrAgamAdhipatya 101 3 AcAra AcA[rAMga] 126, 172, 225 AcArya 48 AjIvaka 41, 46, zrAtmajJAna 130 zrAtmatattva 160 zrAtmavAdI 160 AtmA 107, 113, 115, 125, 147, 237 kA svapara prakAza zrAtmIyabhAva 275 112-116 5 zradhyAtmatmikatA 44 148 AdhyatmikavAda zradhyAtmika vikAsa 264 AnvIkSikI 266 Apte's Sanskrit Diction ary 235

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prApta uttaramImAMsA 3 prAptamI[mAMsA] 116, 126, 133, uttarAdhyayana 145,151,245,246 udayanAcArya 117, 164, 168 prAryajAti udAratA kA lakSaNa 235 udAsIna 47 Aryadeva 272 udAharaNa 182 aAryarakSita 176 udAharaNAbhAsa 208-210 AryasaMskRti udyotakara 66, 160, 162, 163, kI jar3a 235 177, 184, 226 Alambana 107 upaniSad 52, 237, 275 pAloka 178 upamAna 171, 174 Alocana 72 upalabdhi 117, 188 zrAva[zyaka niyukti] 126, 250, upAyahRdaya 176,213,216, 216, 256, 260 225 zrAzrayAsiddha 200, 208 upAlambha 214 icchAyoga 263 ubhayAsiddha 207 indriya 152 umAsvAti 76, 144, 145, 173, viSayaka dArzanika mata 134-138 indriyAdhipatya 101 uvavAIsUtta 245 Uha 172, 173 iSTavighAtakRt 201 islAma 15 Rg [veda] 341, 172, 238, 240 Indian Psychology : Per RjusUtra 56 RSabha 132, 212 / ____ception 73, 157 evambhUta 60 Izvara 128,155,158,254, 258 | kaThopaniSad] 113, 172, 240 Izvara kRSNakRta] kArikA 106, kaNAda 117, 184, 167, 202, 163, 254 Izvaradarzana 25 kaNAdasUtra 157, 204, 207 IzvaravAdI 122, 123, 126 kathA 213, 221 IsAIdharma 15 __vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA 12 Isu 232 kathApaddhati 213 'kathApaddhatinuM svarUpa' 62, ujjainI 270 kandalI 75,123,126,151,160, uttara 214 161, 164, 168, 184, 160

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284 kanyA zikSA 34 kapila 130, 212 kabIra 245 kamalazIla 149, 152, 160 kartavyakarma 6 karmakANDa 242 karmaphala 147 karmayoga 266 karmasiddhAnta 148 & kalA kalpanA kalpanApoDha 161 kAmazAstra 234 kAraNa 955 aura kAryaliGga 160 kArikAvalI 107 kArya kAryaM liGga 116 188 190 168, 263 kAlAtIta kAlApahAr3a 27 kAlidAsa 233, 256 kAlidAsakRta kumAra [saMbhava ] 272 kAvyanuzA [ sana] 1 kAvyAlaMkAra 160 kuNDalagrAma 51 kundakunda 145 kumArila 85, 86, 96, 105 233, 107, 113, 118, 123, 126, 128-131, 144, 146, 153, 161, 162, 164, 168 kusAna kRSNa 242 kRSNamUrti 47 keTelaoNgas keTelogoram 250 kevaladarzana 157 kezava [ mizrakRta ] tarkabhASA 222 kaivalya 107 kauSItakI 240 krAisTa 3 145 kriyA kriyAmArga 237 klezAvaraNa 132 107 kSaNabhaGga kSaNika 148, kSatriyakuNDa 51 kSetrasamAsa TIkA 263 khaNDana [khaNDakhAdya ] 67, 68, 101, 214 khaNDanamaNDana 221 34 khAnapAna gaMgeza 75, 66, 173, 178, 180, 181, 194, 115 gaNa 58 gaNI 58 gadAdhara 185 gamaka 180 gamya 180 149 gamakabhAva gAdAdharaprAmANyavAda 124 gAMdhIjI 24, 50 gItA 83, 233, 235, 242, 244, 275 gItArahasya 230 guNa sandrAva 180 143, 145, 146 144

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samudAya 144 chAndogya 240 gRhasthAzrama 38 jagannAtha 27, 66 gRhItagrAhi 168 jayaMta 137, 146, 160, 162, gopendra 263 164, 168, 171, 172, 185, 198, 201, 208, 216,229 gobhilagRhyasUtra 36 jaya 227, 226 gorakSapaddhati 244 jayarAzibhaTTa 76, 81, 85, 103 gorakSazataka 244 jarathosta 232 gozAlaka 40 jalpa 12-67 gautama 202, 241 jalpakalpalatA 18 gautamasUtra 201 javAbadehI grIsa 68 ke aneka prakAra 16 gheraNDasaMhitA 244 jAti 107, 214-216, 216, caturAzrama 38 221, 227 caturyuha 252, 253 tulanAtmaka koSThaka 216 catuHzataka 272 jijIviSA 3, 4 candragupta 15, 270 mUlaka amaratvavRtti 6 carakasaMhitA] 155, 176, 213, | jina 130 ___ 215, 221, 222, 224, 225 jinabhadra 144, 246 cANakya 101 jinavijayajI 80 cAraviTaskI 184 jIvanadRSTi 26 cAritra 241 meM maulika parivartana 26 cArisaMjIvanIcAra 257 jIvanazakti 20 cArvAka 76, 82, 83, 100, 101, kA svarUpa 22 125, 156, 274 ke tIna aMza 23 darzanakA itihAsa 100 jaina 3, 15, 38, 41, 42, 45, . cittavRttinirodha 231 46, 58, 74, 75, 81, 8, citsukhI 17 107, 116, 122, 123, 125, cintAmaNi 180, 194 126, 126, 132, 134, 135, cintAmaNi] gAdA dharI] 180,181 139, 141, 143, 145, 148cetana 254 151, 153, 155, 156, 158, cetanA 160, 162, 165, 167, 166kA svarUpa 22 173, 175-176, 182, 184. chala 215-217 / 186, 188-160, 193-195,

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286 231 167, 198, 202, 206, 208, | tattvavai zAradI] 167 206, 212-214, 216, 217, / tattvasaM graha 86, 116, 123, 124, 221-223, 225, 226, 233, 126, 128-133, 136, 142, 238, 245.248, 252, 253, 148, 146, 153, 154, 160, jainagranthAvali 246, 249 161, 165, 166, 177, 184, jainatarkavArtika 85 tatvArthabhA[pya] 134, 135, 137, jainadarzana 233 143, 173 jainaparaMparA 8 tatvArthabhA[ya] TIkA] 72, 76 167 tatvArthazlokavArtika] 120, 154, jaiminI 242 161, 162, 165, 177, 213, jaiminIya 150, 155, 172 215, 223, 226, 228, 226, jaiminIyanyAyamAlA] 172 jaiminIya sUtra] 122, 162 | tattvArthasU tra) 73, 74, 18, 120, jJAna 110, 151,135, 236,242 145, 156, 233, 246, 253, kI svaparaprakAzakatA 110 256-261 aura yoga 235 tattvo[paplavasiMha] 76, 82, 83, jJAnadeva 244, 245 86, 87, 18, 104, 107 jJAnabandhu 236 paricaya 76, 86 jJAnabindu 76, 77 viSaya paricaya 104 jJAnamArga 27, 28 tathAgata 60, 83 jJAnayoga 266 tathAgata buddha 38, 206 jJAnavimala 257 tathyatA 107 jJAnArNava 247 jJAnI 236 tantravA[tika] 130, 156, 167 jJAnezvarI 244, 245 jJayAvaraNa 132 ke vividha prakAra 43 Taigora 36, 234 bAhya tattva 3 | tapovana 39 tattvacintana tarka 171, 172, 180 kA vikAsakrama 6 tarkabhASA 77, 156, 178, 176 tattvacintAmaNi] 123, 124, 178 | tarkavAda 148 tattvanirNaya 221 tarkazAstra 213, 214, 216, 225 243 tapa

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287 - tahatti 60 dRSTAnta 181, 12, 165 tAtparya TIkA]. 117, 122, 136, | dRSTAntAbhAsa 207, 208,210,211 161-164, 168, 171, 173, , dRSTi dRSTi 247 177, 185, 186, 160, 213, devasUri 77, 18, 120, 145, 226 153, 154, 178, 181, 186, tIrthakara 126, 206 188, 163-165,206,223 tukArAma 27 yusena terApaMtha 48 philaoNsaoNphI oNpha upaniSad 240 taittirIya 240, 248 dravya-guNa-paryAya 143-146 tripiTaka 55 dravyaparyAyAtmaka 142 darzana 63, 67, 72, 101, 231 / dravyaparyAyavAda 150 aura saMpradAya 67 dravyaparyAyAtmakavAda 148 zabda kA vizeSArtha 72-77 dravyArthika 145 ke cAra pakSa 101 dvirUpatA 150 kA artha 231 dharma 91, 144 dazavakAlika 245, 246, 260 kI vyAkhyAoM 3 niyukti] 182, 183 kA bIja aura vistAra 3 kA bIja jijoviSAmeM 4 dArzanika sAhitya zailI ke 5 prakAra 17 kI AtmA aura deha hai aura saMskRti digambara-zvetAmbara 88, 182, 186, aura buddhi 192, 168, 226, 227, 226 ke do rUpa digambarIya 187 IsAI diGnAga 96, 105, 106, 118, islAma 152, 160, 162, 163, 176, 177, 197, 205, 207, 212, hindU 214, 218, 225 tAtvika-vyAvahArika 16 dinakarI 126 satyAdi dIkSA aura vidyA kA tIrtha 'vaizAlI' 46 bAladIkSA 36, 41 aura dhana 62 uddezya 41 dharmakIrti 85, 89, 96, 105, dIghanikAya 100. 101, 246 106, 118, 119, 128, 152, dUSaNadUSaNAbhAsa 213, 214, 218, 160, 563, 170, 188, 160, 191, 193.165, 197, 199 -

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288 201, 204, 213, 214, 225- 1 nigraha 227 229 nigrahasthAna 225-227 dharmajJavAda 126 nityavAda 141 dharmabindu 263 nidarzana 208 dharmabIja nidarzanAbhAsa 207, 206 __ kA svarUpa 5 niyatasAhacarya 181 dharmavyApAra 231 nirIzvaravAda 3 dharmasaMgrahaNI 263 nirgranthanAtha mahAvIra 38 dharmAdharma 126 . nirNaya 120 dharmAnanda kauzAmbI 246 nirNAti 120 dharmottara 152, 154, 165, 186, nirbAdhatva 118 niyukti 182, 183 dharmottarIya 160 nirvikalpaka 74, 75, 157, 231 dhavalA 72 ni tukavinAza 107 dhArAvAhikajJAna 163-166 / niSedhasAdhaka 188 dhArmika 35, 46 netrajanyajJAna 231 dholakA 80 naiyAyika 107, 122, 136, 155, dhyAna 43, 231,246,247,246, dhyAnazataka 246 163, 171-173, 177, 182, 184, 190, 195, 222, 223, dhyAnasAra 248 225, 252, 256, 258 nandI 76, 174 nairAtmyadarzana 132 naya naigamAdi 56 nyAya 72, 105,106, 170,175, 167, 212, 221, 225, 227, nayavAda 58 narapAla 80 nyAyakalikA 213, 219, 228 navyanyAya 175 nyAyakumudacandra] 67, 70, 117, navyanyAyayuga 178 164,168 nAgArjuna 15, 67, 176, 257 | nyAyaku[sumAJjalI] 123 nAgojI 11 nyAyadarzana 176, 176, 233,241 nAthasaMpradAya 245 nyAyadarzanabhASya] 242 nAnaka 47 nyAyapra[veza 68, 160, 177,184, nAstika 101 162-195, 196, 117, 196, nikSepa 143 201, 205, 207, 208, 211, nigama 59 214, 218, 216, 225

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289 nyAyavindu] 86, 18, 118, 151, | nyAyAvatAra] 1, 111, 153, 154, 156, 160, 165, 177, 160, 16, 17, 18, 185, 184, 186, 188-193, 199- 195-197, 206, 206, 213, 203, 204-206, 210, 212, pakSa 162-195 paudhamatA. 185 TIkA] 151 pakSasatva 184 nyAyabhASya] 36, 116,117, 122 147, 151, 183, 164, 213, pakSAbhAsa 116, 207 222 paJcavastu 263 nyAyama[arI 123, 127, 136, paJcAzaka .. 143 146, 160-164, 168, 170 pataJjali 134, 144, 231, 248 173, 185, 160, 198, 200, __kI dRSTi vizAlatA 255 201, 205, 213, 226 pataJjalI 263 nyAyamukha 213, 214, 218, 216 patraparIkSA .226. nyAyavAkya 208 pada . 107 nyAyavArtika 116, 160-163. / padmAvatI 187 177, 184, 213, 221 paraprakAza . 1.10 nyAyavinizcaya] 120, 163, 177, parapratyakSa 110 178, 186, 168, 206, 213, parapratyakSavAdI 116 215 paramANu 139 TIkA] 116, 226 paramAtmatattva 235 nyAyavRtti 172 parAjaya 227, 226 nyAyavaizeSika 74, 75, 102,116, parArthAnumAna 195, 207, 213 117, 122, 125, 126, 137, / ke avayava 181 141, 144, 146, 151-153, | pariNAma . . 144 156-158, 164, 167 pariNAmavAdaH .. 261 nyAyasAra 120, 157, 158 178, pariNAmanityavAda 141 167, 200, 201, 205, 206, | parivartanIya 208 bAteM 36 nyAyasUtra 10, 16, 106, 120, | parIkSAmukha 77, 115, 124,153, 137, 136, 151, 155, 161, 104, 181, 182, 188, 186 172, 174, 176, 165-167, 163, 195, 196, 168-201 200, 202, 207, 208, 213, 206 214, 216, 118, 221 parIkha rasikalAla 79, 11

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260 In parokSa 74, 156, 158 sAMkhya kA lakSaNa . 166 parokSajJAnavAdI 113 pratyabhijJA 170 paryAya 143-146 prabhAkara 85, 106, 107, 111, paryAyArthika 145 117, 158, 162, 164 . pahanAvA 34 prabhAcandra 11, 146, 154, 166, pANini] sUtra] 100, 133, 143 182, 186, 198, 200, 206, pAta[ala]mahA[bhASya] 89, 144, 226, 227, 226 pAtaJjalayogasUtra 247 prabhAvakacarita 91 pramANa 152, 164, 167 pAtaJjalayogasUtravRtti 250 lakSaNoM kI tArkika paraMparA 117 pAtrakesarI 187, 225 kA viSaya 141 pAtrasvAmI 185, 186 pAralaukika 87.. pramANacaitanya 157 pArthasArathi 152, 164, 181 pramANana[yatattvAloka] 72, 77, 120, 124, 145, 153, 189, 165. pAzvanAtha 269 197, 200, 201, 211, 213, punarjanma 8, 67 purAtattva 12, 97, 213, 275 223 pramANaparIkSA] 120, 154, 178, puruSArtha 26 186, 186 pUjyapAda 137, 145 pramANaphala 151-154 pUrNaprajJa 253 pra[mANa mI[mAMsA] 78,144,158, pUrvamImAMsA 3, 103, 137, 242 161, 171, 180, 160, 199, pUrvamImAMsaka 74, 75, 125, 136 211, 212, 227 pUrvasevAdvAtriMzikA 257 pramANavA[rtika] 18, 118, 128, paurANika 105, 106 132, 142, 166, 182, 164, prakaraNapa[JcikA] 111, 139, 151, 158, 160, 164, 168, 181 | pramANasaMgraha] 188, 223 prajApati 130 pramANasa[muccaya] 118, 151,1600 pratijJA 181, 182 163, 176, 177, 184, 213, pratiSedha 214 213 pratIti. 268 pramANasa[muccayaTI kA 118 pratyakSa 155, 174, 184 pramANopaplava 103 sAMvyavahArika 74 prameyaka malamArtaNDa] 77, 161,165, bauddhoM kA lakSaNa 177, 184, 186, 198, 206, mImAMsaka lakSaNa 162 213, 226, 227, 229 Na 160

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261 prameyara[namAlA] 181 kA mahatva : 55 pravartakajJAna 230 bIjaka 245 prazastipAda] 168, 184, 193, / buddha 24, 130,135, 172, 246 197, 198, 201-205, 207, / buddhalIlAsArasaMgraha 249, 253 208, 212 buddhi 140 prazastipAdabhASya 18, 126, 157, buddhisTa laoNjika 119, 176, 184 175, 184, 192, 163, 167 bRhatI 117, 122, 162 166, 201-205, 207, 208, 211, 212 bRhatIpa[likA] 164 praznottara 221 bRhadAraNyaka 100, 133 prANAdimattva 190 bRhadvyasaMgrahaTIkA 72 prAmANya bRhaspati 82, 83, 66, 101 svataH yA parataH 122-124 bRhat svayaM[bhUstotra] 119 prI dInAga buddhisTa laoNjika 225 becaradAsa 76 prema 5 bodha 231 bakhtiyAra khilajI] 27 bauddha 3, 15, 22, 40-42, 47, battIsI 248, 272, 274 46, 56, 74, 77, 78, 81, 88,105-107,118, 121-123, badalanA 30 125-128, 131, 134, 135, bandha-mokSa 147 137, 136, 141, 142, 147, bala 23 148, 150-155, 157, 160, bAibala 3 162, 163, 165-171, 173bAula 178, 182, 184, 186, 186, bAdarAyaNa 242 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, bAdhavivarjita 119 202, 204, 205, 207, 208, bAdhita 163 213, 214, 217, 217, 221, Biographies of the words 223, 225-227, 233, 238, and the home of the 246, 253, 266, 274 ___Aryans 235 brahma bAladIkSA 30 brahmacarya 236 ke uddezyoM kA vicAra 42 brahmasUtra 13, 172, 241 kI asAmayikatA 44 brahmasUtrabhASya 251 bAjhArthavilopa 107 brahmavAdI 141 binduyoga 244 brahmasUtrazAGkarabhASya 147 bihAra brahmasAkSAtkAra 25 /

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262 206 brahmA 128, 130 mahAyAna 7 brAhmaNa 42, 11,130, 131, 213, | mahAvIra 24, 40, 43, 46, 52, 214, 214, 216, 225, 227 | 113, 125, 130, 147, 172, bhakti 242. 245, 266 bhagavatIsUtra] 113, 126, 142, | mahendrakumAra 67, 70, 67 145, 246 mAThara[kRta sAMkhyakArikApRtti] 135, bhagavadgItA 248 136, 176, 184, 163, 197 bhadantabhAskarabandhu 263 166, 201, 208 bhadrabAhu 182, 260 mANikyanaMdI 77,119,120,153, bhartRhari 86, 106 166, 181-183, 188, 189, bhavadeva 244 163-195, 198, 200, 206, bhAgavata . 243 bhAgavatAcA upasaMhAra 238 mANDukyakArikA 18 bhAmaha mAdhavAcArya 103, 123, 274 bhAratIya vidyA 80, 109 mAdhyamikakArikA 95, 99 bhAsarvajJa 157,158 177, 167, 198, 205 mAnavajIvana bhISma 233, 243 ke cAra saMbandha 46 bhUtavAdI 101 mAnasajJAna 171 bhUdAna 60 mAlavaNiyA dalasukhabhAI 80 majjhima[nikAya] 128, 172, 246 | | mAlavikAgnimitra 276 matijJAna 173 milindapaNho] 126 maca 83 mImAMsaka 102, 117, 122, 123, mana 231, 247 128, 129, 131, 151-153, vizeSa vicAraNA 136 155-157, 162, 164, 165, manaHparyaya 157 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, manusmRti 233 176, 181, 182, 185, 194, manoratha 166 266, 274 mamatva 5 mImAMsA 105, 106, 167 malliSeNa . 10 mImAMsAdarzana 175 maharSiramaNa 47 mImAMsAzlokavArtika] 85, 98, mahAnirvANatantra 243 128, 181 mahAbhArata 39, 233, 238, 243 | mIrAbAI 47 mahAbhASya 134 | muktAvalI] 137, 158, 185

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263 8.7 mukti yogazabdArtha 230 muktyadveSadvAtriMzikA 264 yoga ke AviSkAra kA zreya 232 muNDako paniSad] 151 vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika 236 muhammada 3, 223 dodhArAe~ 237 mUlAcAra 245 kA sAhitya 238 meksamUlara 234, 235 jJAna evaM yoga kA saMbaMdha 235 mokSa 223, 237, 241, 242 prA. haribhad kI dena 263 moha 5,21 yogaviMzikA 231, 246, 248, yajJaTa 131 263, 266 yazovijaya 77, 96, 159, 178, | yogazataka 246 176, 247, 248, 250, 257, / yogazAstra 245, 247 256, 262 vizeSa paricaya 250 yazo[vijayakRta]vAdadvAtriMzikA] kI TIkAe~ 252 218 jaina se tulanA 256 yAjJavalkyasmRti 233 / / yogasAra 248 yuktya[nuzAsana] 148 / yogasUtra 127, 144, 156,231 yudhiSThira 233, 243 230, 241, 256-261 yoga 44, 127, 167, 235, yogasena 146 246, 252 yogAMga 241, 244, 247 yogakalpadrama 244 yogAcAra 113, 152, 154 yogatArAvalI 244 yogAvatAradvAtriMzikA 262 yogadarzana 231, 242 yogipratyakSa 156 yogadRSTisamuccaya 246, 247, 262- yogI 236 raghuvaMza 233 yoganirNaya 263 ratnamaNDana 18 yoganibandha 244 ratnAkarAvatArikA 200 yogapradIpa 246 ravizaMkara mahArAja 31 yogabindu 231, 246, 247,257, rasagaMgAdhara 6 263-265 rAkaphelara 28 yogabIja 244 rAjakIya 35, 46 yogamAya 127, 155 aura dharmasaMgha 52 yogavAsiSTha 233, 236,230,243, | rAmakRSNa 47 248 rAmacandrajI 233 yogavidyA 230 / rAmatIrtha ..47

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264 4.4 rAmadAsa vAdanyAya 148, 113, 215, 225.. rAmAnuja 3, 157 226 rAmAyaNa 172, 233 vAdavidhi 2.16 vAdASTaka 215 lakSaNasAra 87 vAdideva 85, 182, 183, 167, laghIya[straya] 72, 77, 146, 153, 198, 200, 206, dekho devasari 156, 173 vAdirAja 226 licchavI 51 vAdopaniSadvAtriMzikA 222 licchabADa 51 vArSagaNya 106, 163 / / liGga 184, 185, 188 vAsudeva zAstrI abhyaMkara 251 lokamAnya tilaka 230 vikalpa 165 lokAyatika 101 vikalpajJAna 166, 173 lorDa evevarI 231 vikalpasiddha 164 lorDa morle bikAsa laukika pratyakSa 156 ____ kA mukhya sAdhana 18 vardhamAna 132, 212 vikramAditya 270 varNa 107 vigRhyakathana 221 vallabha 83 vigRhyasaMbhASA 221 vasiSTha 233 vigrahavyAvartinI 15 vasubandhu 116, 177 vijigISukathA 221-223 vastu 142 vijJAnavAda 102, 116, 121 vastutva , vijJAnavAdI 3 kI kasauTI 147, 150 vitaNDA 12-96, 221 vastupAla 80 videha 49 vAkyapadIya 89, 106 vidyAbhUmi 55 vAcaspati 137, 149, 152,160, vidyA 46, 50 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 171, 173, 177, 184, 186, vidyAkendra 56 226 vidyAnaMda 85, 86, 120, 145,, vAtsyAyana 16,117,183,164,226 154, 166, 177, 186, 188, vAtsyAyana mASya 98, 177 186, 226, 227, 226 vidhavA vivAha 34 vAda 12-15, 216, 221223, 247 vidhisAdhaka 188 vAdakathA 16 vinizcayamahAmAtya 56 vAdadvAtriMzikA 16, 215, 217 . / vindhyavAsI 163

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viSNu 265 vipakSavyAvRttatva 184 vairAgya 27 vibhUtiyA~ .. 260 vaizAlI 46 viruddha 167, 200, 203 mAnavamAtra kA tIrtha 46 viruddhAvyabhicArI 202-205 vaizeSika 107, 116, 136, 155, virodhI 18 156, 168, 174-176, 184, 160, 167, 204, 205, 232, vivAda 221 252, 256, 258, 266, 274 vizada 158 vaizeSika darzana 241 . . vizuddhimArga 134, 157, 151 vaizeSikasU [va] 126, 133, 336, vizeSA[vazyakabhASya) 144, 174 151, 188, 186 167,241. vizvanAtha 75 vaiSNava 47 vizvAsa 69 vyakti 30 viSayacaitanya 157 vyatireka 190, 191 viSayadvaividhva 107 vyabhicAra 204 viSayAdhigama 152 vyavasAya 120 130 vyavasAyAtmaka 120 viSNupurANa 101 vyavasiti 154 vItarAga 223 vyavahAra 56 vIrya 23 vyApakadharma 180 vaDa 245 vyApti 173, 176, 180, 185 veda 3, 26, 36, 122,123,125, vyApyadharma 180 130, 155 vyAvahArika 56 vedaprAmANya 122 vyAsabhASya 144 zaMkara 74, 83 vedAnta 75, 103, 125, 127, zaMkara digvijaya 39 136, 141, 146, 156, 233, 252, 270, 275, 278 zaMkara svAmI 214 vedAntaparibhASA 157 / zaMkarAcArya 86, 96, 251 vedAprAmANya 122 zatapatha brAhaNa 39 vaidika 15, 47, 146, 151, 153, zabda 56, 182 167,170, 175, 177-176, zabdazAstra 234 202, 205-206, 212, 213 | zabdenduzekhara 16 vaidyaka 213, 214, 221, 125 zaMkarabhASya . 18 vaidhayaM 116, 207, 208 zaMkaravedAnta 102, 157 vaiyAkaraNa 105, 106 / zAkadvIpI 28 8 . .

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266 zAkuntala 233 zAntarakSita 86, 118, 123, 124, 128, 126, 131, 132, 152154, 160-162 zAntisUri 85, 91 vAdi vetAla 91 zAvara bhASya 68, 122, 225, 130, 162, 172, 175 zAbda 174 zAlikanAtha 158, 160, 164,181 zAstradI [pikA ] 118, 164 zAstrayoga 266 zAstrabA[samuccaya ] 248, 263 zAstrAbhyAsa 42 zAstrIya paribhASA aura lokajIvana 58 244 zukudhyAna 44 zubhacandra 247 zUnyavAda 102 zUnyavAdI 83 zaiva 47 zivasaMhitA 231, 236 zraddhA zraddhAna 72 zramaNa 213 zrIdhara 160, 164, 168, 184 zrIharSa 97 zruti 167 zloka [vArtika ] nyAya [ ratnAkara TIkA ] 116, 118, 122, 123, 126, 126, 130, 144, 146, 151153, 162, 168, 171 zvetAmbara digambara 72, 76, 77, 116, 120, 165, 178, 176, 218 dekho digambara - zvetAmbara zvetAzvatara 240, 273 SaTcakra nirUpaNa 243 pada [ darzanasamuccaya ] 84, 10, 103, 232, 274 guNaratraTIkA SoDazaka 246, 248, 263 60 saMkalanAtmaka 171 saMkalpazakti 23 saMgraha 59 saMgharAjya 53 saMghasaMsthA 40 saMnyAsa 38 saMpradAya 68 saMbaMdha cAra 49 saMyoga 180 saMyogI 188 saMskRti 39 aura dharma santa saMskRti 36 sattA 74 sattAyoga 142 sattva 142 sadharmavAda 221 santabAla 31 santAna 107 202, 206 sandigdha sandhAyasaMbhASA 221, 222 sannikarSa 107, 152 sanmati 79, 85, 120, 148, 213 sanmati TIkA 76, 77, 120, 146, 162, 178, 187 sapakSa sattva 184

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267. samantabhadra 16, 111-121, 132, | sAMkhyasU [] 155, 163, 241 146, 153, 154, 213, 272 sAMpradAyikatA samabhirUDha 59 ane tenA purAvAbhonuM digdarzana 95 samarAica kahA 263 samavAya 107 sAMvyavahArika 156 samavAyAMga sAkSAtkAra 246 67, 72, sAdhanA 234 samavAyI 188 sAdhanAbhAsa 196 samAja 30, 33 sAdhaya 166, 207, 208 'samAja ko badalo' 30 sAdhu samAdhi 230 aura sevA 46 samAdhirAja 246 sAdhya 180 samAlocaka sAdhyasama 62 166 sAmaTa 131 samAlocanA sambhASA 221 sAmarthyayoga 266 sarvajJavAda 125-132 sAmAjika 49 sarvadarzanasaMgraha 84, 101, 103, sAmAnyAvabodha 123, 140,254, 274 vizeSa vicAra 72 sarvapArSada 212 sAmudAyika vRtti 6 sarvArtha siddhi] 135, 137, 158 sAranAtha 28 savikalpaka 74, 157 siddhAnta candrodaya] 118 savyabhicArI 202 siddhasena 16, 114, 156.123, sAMkhya 41,72, 74, 75, 105. 132, 145, 146, 153, 124, 107, 123, 127, 132, 137, 158-160, 177, 185, 165. 146, 146, 163, 167, 175, 197, 206, 208, 289, 213, 181, 184, 187, 213, 252, 215, 217, 222, 266 aura jaina dArzanika 274 255, 269, 274 sAMkhyakArikA 18, 133, 151, 155 aura sarvadarzanasaMgraha 274 156, 163, 175, 163 Adi jaina tArkika 270 sAMkhyata[ttvakaumudI] 151 zrAdi jaina kavi . 270 sAMkhyadarzana 233, 241 Adi jaina stutikAra 270 sAMkhyaparivrAjaka 40 zrAdya jaina vAdI 274 sAMkhyaprakiyA 248 siddhasenagandhahasti 76 sAMkhyayoga 74,75,102,125,136, siddhAnta saMhitA 245 141,156,157 / siddhi vinizcaya 85 a m ousana

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268 siddhivinizcaya To kA] 80, svasaMvitti 114, 152 213, 221 svasaMvedana 111, 153 si, vi. rAjavADe 246 svabhAva 186 sImandhara 187 svAbhAsI 115 sudhAraka 33 suraguru 101 svArthavyavasAyAtmaka 120 suhIrobA aMbiye 245 haMsavijayajI 76 sUtrakRtAMga 100, 143, 245 haThayoga 244, 250 sUtradhAra 59 haThayoga pradIpikA 237, 244 sekreDa buksa praoNpha dhI iSTa 235 haribhadra 86, 103, 145, 231, sezvaravAdI 3 246-248, 257, 263, 274 sokreTIsa 24 ___ kI yogamArgameM nayI dizA 263 sautrAntika 83, 154 hindUdharma 15 skandagupta 270 hetu 174, 180-185, 18, 161 sthAnAMga 246 ke rUpa 184 spaSTa 156 ___ ke prakAra 188 spaSTatA 107 hetuphalabhAva 107 samAbhidharmakoSavyAkhyA] 137, | hetubindu 80, 165; 184 136, 140 sphoTa 107 vivaraNa 80 smRti 163, 165, 169 hetubindui]TI[kA] 165, 173, 175 smRtipramoSa 85, 107 hetuviDambanopAya 17, 68 smRtiprAmANya 166, 167 hetvAbhAsa 160, 167 206 syAdvAdama[arI] 10 hemacandra 77, 113-115,120, syAdvAdara lAkara] 85, 68, 158, 123, 132, 137, 138, 142 146, 150, 154, 161-163, 159, 162, 166, 178, 181 165, 169, 173, 178-182, 183, 186, 166, 198 186-161, 163-196, 1980 svaparaprakAzakatA 110-112 200, 201, 206, 210, 211, svaparAvabhAsaka 116 218, 227, 229, 247, 250, svaprakAza 110, 115 272 svapratyakSa 110 hemacandra-dhAtupATha 230 svayaMbhUstotra 272 haimazabdAnuzAsanam 135, 212, svarga 242 234

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dvitIya khaNDa

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jaina dharma aura darzana

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bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI virAsata / [eka aitihAsika adhyayana ] vartamAna jaina paraMparA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI virAsata hai / unake AcAra-vicAra kI chApa isameM aneka rUpa se prakaTa hotI hai, isa bAre meM to kisI aitihAsika ko sandeha thA hI nhiiN| para mahAvIra kI AcAra-vicAra kI paraMparA unakI nijI nirmita hai-jaise ki bauddha paraMparA tathAgata buddha kI nijI nirmita hai-yA vaha pUrvavartI kisI tapasvI kI paraMparAgata virAsata hai ? isa viSaya meM pAzcAtya aitihAsika buddhi cupa na thI / jaina paraMparA ke liye zraddhA ke kAraNa jo bAta asandigdha thI usI ke viSaya meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karanevAle taTastha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne sandeha prakaTa kiyA ki, pArzvanAtha Adi pUrvavartI tIrthaMkaroM ke astitva meM kyA koI aitihAsika pramANa hai ? isa prazna kA mAkUla javAba to denA cAhie thA jaina vidvAnoM ko, para ve vaisA kara na ske| Akhira ko DaoN0 yAkobI jaise pAzcAtya aitihAsika hI Age Ae, aura unhoMne aitihAsika dRSTi se chAnabIna karake akATya pramANoM ke AdhAra para batalAyA ki, kama se kama pArzvanAtha to aitihAsika haiM hI' / isa viSaya meM yAkobI mahAzaya ne jo pramANa batalAe unameM jaina aAgamoM ke atirikta bauddha piTaka kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / bauddha piTakagata ullekhoM se jaina Agamagata varNanoM kA mela biThAyA gayA taba aitihAsikoM kI pratIti dRDhatara huI ki, mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha avazya hue haiN| jaina AgamoM meM pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA varNana AtA hai / para usakA bahuta bar3A hissA mAtra paurANika hai / usameM aitihAsika pramANoM kI koI gati abhI to nahIM dikhtii| 1. DaoN0 yAkobI : "That Parsva was a historical person, is now admitted by all as very probable." -Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV, Introduction, pp. XXI-XXXHI

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jaina dharma aura darzana yAkobI dvArA pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA sthApita hote hI vicAraka aura gaveSaka ko upalabdha jaina Agama aneka bAtoM ke lie aitihAsika dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva ke jAna par3e aura vaise loga isa dRSTi se bhI AgamoM kA adhyayana-vivecana karane lge| phalataH katipaya bhAratIya vicArakoM ne aura vizeSataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne upalabdha jaina Agama ke AdhAra para anekavidha aitihAsika sAmagrI ikaTThI kI aura usakA yatra-tatra prakAzana bhI hone lgaa| aba to dhIre-dhIre rUr3ha aura zraddhAlu jaina varga kA bhI dhyAna aitihAsika dRSTi se zruta kA adhyayana karane kI ora jAne lagA hai| yaha eka santoSa kI bAta hai| prastuta lekha meM usI aitihAsika dRSTi kA Azraya lekara vicAra karanA hai ki, bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jo AcAra-vicAra kI AdhyAtmika virAsata milI vaha kisakisa rUpa meM milI aura kisa paraMparA se milI ? isa prazna kA saMkSepa meM nizcita uttara dene ke bAda usakA spaSTIkaraNa kramazaH kiyA jaaegaa| uttara yaha hai ki, mahAvIra ko jo AdhyAtmika virAsata milI hai, vaha pArzvanAtha kI paraMparAgata dena hai| vaha virAsata mukhyatayA tIna prakAra kI hai-(1) saMgha (2) prAcAra aura (3) zruta / yadyapi upalabdha AgamoM meM kaI Agama aise haiM ki jinameM kisI na kisI rUpa meM pArzvanAtha yA unakI paraMparA kA sUcana huA hai| parantu isa lekha meM mukhyatayA pA~ca2 zrAgama, jo ki isa viSaya meM adhika mahattva rakhate haiM, aura jinameM aneka purAnI bAteM kisI na kisI prakAra se yathArtha rUpa meM surakSita raha gaI haiM, unakA upayoga kiyA jaaegaa| sAtha hI bauddha piTaka meM pAe jAnevAle saMvAdI ullekhoM kA tathA naI khoja karanevAloM ke dvArA upasthita kI gaI sAmagrI meM se upayogI aMza kA bhI upayoga kiyA jaaegaa| ___ digaMbara-zvetAMbara donoM ke graMthoM meM varNita hai ki, pArzvanAtha kA janma kAzI-banArasa meM huaA aura unakA nirvANa sammetazikhara vartamAna pArzvanAtha pahAr3a--para huaa| donoM ke caritra-viSayaka sAhitya se itanA to nirvivAda mAlUma hotA hai ki pArzvanAtha kA dharma pracAra-kSetra pUrva bhArata-khAsa kara gaMgA ke uttara aura dakSiNa bhAga----meM rhaa| khuda pArzvanAtha kI vihAra bhUmi ko somA kA nizcita nirdeza karanA abhI saMbhava nahIM, parantu unakI ziSya paraMparA, jo pArvApatyika kahalAtI hai, usake vihAra kSetra kI sImA jaina aura bauddha graMthoM ke AdhAra para, aspaSTa rUpa meM bhI nirdiSTa kI jA sakatI hai| aMguttaranikAya nAmaka 2. AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, bhagavatI aura uttraadhyyn|

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata bauddha grantha meM batalAyA hai ki, vappa nAma kA zAkya nirgranthazrAvaka thA / isI mUla sutta kI aTakathA meM vappa ko gautama buddha kA cAcA kahA hai| vappa buddha kA samakAlIna kapilavastu kA nivAsI zAkya thaa| kapilavastu nepAla kI tarAI meM hai / nIce kI ora rAvatI nadI-jo bauddha granthoM meM acirAvatI nAma se prasiddha hai, jo irAvatI bhI kahalAtI hai-usake taTa para zrAvastI nAmaka prasiddha zahara thA, jo aAjakala sahaTamahaTa kahalAtA hai| zrAvastI meM pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA kA eka nirgrantha kezI thA, jo mahAvIra ke mukhya ziSya gautama se milA thA / usI kezI ne paesI nAmaka rAjA ko aura usake sArathi ko dharma prApta karAyA thaa| jaina Agamagata seyaviyA hI bauddha piTakoM kI setavyA jAna par3atI hai, jo zrAvastI se dUra nahIM / vaizAlI, jo mujaphpharapura jile kA Ajakala kA basADha8 hai, aura kSatriyakuNDa jo vAsukuNDa kahalAtA hai tathA vANijyagrAma, jo baniyA kahalAtA hai, usameM bhI pArvApatyika maujUda the, jaba ki mahAvIra kA jIvanakAla pAtA hai| mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA bhI pAzrvApatyika kahe gae haiN| unake nAnA ceTaka tathA bar3e bhAI nandIvardhana Adi pAzvApatyika rahe hoM to Azcarya nhiiN| gaMgA ke dakSiNa rAjagRhI thA, jo Ajakala kA rAjagira hai| usameM jaba mahAvIra dharmopadeza karate hue Ate haiM taba tuMgiyAnivAsI pApityika zrAvakoM aura pAvapityika theroM ke bIca huI dharma carcA kI bAta gautama ke dvArA 3. ekaM samayaM bhagavA sakkesuM viharati kapilavatthusmiM atha kho vappo sakko nigaNThasAvago i0 ||-aNguntrnikaay, catukkanipAta, vagga 5 / The Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol II, P. 832. 4. zrI nandalAla De : The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India, P. 189. 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a0 23 / 6. rAyapaseNaiya (paM0 becaradAsajI saMpAdita), pR0 330 Adi / 7. dekho uparyukta grantha, pR0 274 / 8, 6, 10 dekho-vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, pR0 62, prA. vijaya kalyANasUri kRta zramaNabhagavAnamahAvIra meM vihArasthalanAma-koSa; The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medi. aeval India. 11. samaNassa NaM bhagavo mahAvIrassa ammApiyaro pAsAvaccijasamaNovAsagA yAvi hotthA |-aacaaraaNg, 2, bhAvacUlikA 3, sUtra 401 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana sunate haiM 12 / tuMgiyA rAjagRha ke najadIka meM hI koI nagara honA cAhiye, jisakI pahacAna AcArya vijayakalyANasUri Adhunika tuMgI gAma se karAte haiM / bace-khuce Upara ke ati alpa varNanoM se bhI itanA to niSkarSa hama nirvivAda rUpa se nikAla sakate haiM ki, mahAvIra ke bhramaNa aura dharmopadeza ke varNana meM pAe jAne vAle gaMgA ke uttara dakSiNa ke kaI gA~va-nagara pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke nigraMthoM ke bhI vihAra-kSetra evaM dharmapracAra-kSetra rhe| isI se hama jaina AgamoM meM yatra-tatra yaha bhI pAte haiM ki, rAjagRhI Adi meM mahAvIra kI pAvApatyikoM se bheMTa huii| khuda buddha apanI buddhatva ke pahale kI tapazcaryA aura caryA kA jo varNana karate haiM usake sAtha tatkAlIna nigraMtha AcAra 14 kA hama jaba milAna karate haiM, kapilavastu ke nigraMtha zrAvaka vappa zAkya kA nirdeza sAmane rakhate haiM tathA bauddha piTakoM meM pAe jAne vAle khAsa AcAra aura tattvajJAna saMbandhI kucha pAribhASika zabda'5, jo kevala nigraMtha pravacana meM ho pAe jAte haiM - ina saba para vicAra karate haiM to aisA mAnane meM koI khAsa sandeha nahIM rahatA ki, buddha ne bhale thor3e 12. bhagavatI, 2, 5 / 13. zramaNabhagavAnmahAvIra, pR0 371 / 14. tulanA-dazavaikAlika, a0 3, 5-1 aura majjhimanikAya, mahAsiMhanAdasutta / 15. puggala, Asava, saMvara, uposatha, sAvaka, upAsaga ityAdi / 'puggala' zabda bauddha piTaka meM pahale hI se jIva-vyakti kA bodhaka rahA hai| (majjhimanikAya 114) / jaina paramparA meM vaha zabda sAmAnya rUpa se jar3a paramANuoM ke artha meM rUDha ho gayA hai / to bhI bhagavatI, dazavaikAlika ke prAcIna staroM meM usakA bauddha piTaka svIkRta artha bhI surakSita rahA hai / bhagavatI ke 8-10-361 meM gautama ke prazna ke uttara meM mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA hai ki, jIva 'poggalI' bhI hai aura 'poggala' bhii| isI taraha bhagavatI ke 20-2 meM jIvatattva ke abhivacana--paryAyarUpa se 'puggala' pada pAyA hai| dazavakAlika 5-1-73 meM 'poggala' zabda 'mAMsa' artha meM prayukta hai, jo jIvanadhArI ke zarIra se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai / dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki vaha zabda jaina-bauddha zruta se bhinna kisI bhI prAcIna upalabdha zruta meM dekhA nahIM jaataa| 'Asava' aura 'saMvara' ye donoM zabda paraspara viruddhArthaka haiN| Asava citta yA AtmA ke kleza kA bodhaka hai, jaba ki saMvara usake nivAraNa evaM nivaarnnopaaykaa| ye donoM zabda pahale se jaina-Agama aura bauddha piTaka meM samAna

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata hI samaya ke liye ho, pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ko svIkAra kiyA thA / adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne bhI apanI antima pustaka 'pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAma dharma' ( pR0 24, 26 ) meM aisI hI mAnyatA sUcita kI hai / ne buddha mahAvIra se prathama paidA hue aura prathama hI nirvANa prApta kiyA / buddha nigraMthoM ke tapa:pradhAna AcAroM kI avahelanA 6 kI hai, aura pUrva- pUrva gurutroM kI caryA tathA tattvajJAna kA mArga chor3a kara apane anubhava se eka nae viziSTa mArga kI sthApanA kI hai, gRhastha aura tyAgI saMgha kA nayA nirmANa kiyA hai; jaba ki mahAvIra ne aisA kucha nahIM kiyA / mahAvIra kA pitRdharma pArzvApatyika nigraMthoM kA hai / unhoMne kahIM bhI una nigaMthoM ke maulika AcAra evaM tattvajJAna kI jarA bhI avahelanA nahIM kI hai; pratyuta nigraMthoM ke paramparAgata unhIM zrAcAra-vicAroM ko apanAkara apane jIvana ke dvArA unakA saMzodhana, parivardhana evaM pracAra kiyA hai / isase hameM mAnane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai ki, mahAvIra pArzvanAtha kI artha meM hI prayukta dekhe jAte haiM ( tattvArthAdhigama sUtra 6-1, 2,; 8-1 ; sthAnAMgasUtra 1 sthAna ; samavAyAMgasUtra 5 samavAya; majjhimanikAya 2 / 'uposatha' zabda gRhasthoM ke upavrata vizeSa kA bodhaka hai, jo piTakoM meM tA hai ( dIghanikAya 26 ) / usI kA eka rUpa posaha yA posagha bhI haiM, jo AgamoM meM pahale hI se prayukta dekhA jAtA hai ( uvAsagadasAno ) / 'sAMvaga' tathA 'uvAsaga' ye donoM zabda kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM piTaka ( dIrghanikAya 4 ) tathA zrAgamoM meM pahale hI se pracalita rahe haiM / yadyapi bauddha paramparA meM 'sAvaga' kA artha hai 'buddha ke sAkSAt bhikSu-ziSya' (majjhimanikAya 3 ), jaba ki jaina paramparA meM vaha 'upAsaka' kI taraha gRhastha anuyAyI artha meM hI pracalita rahA hai / koI vyakti gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara bhikSu banatA hai taba usa artha meM eka vAkya rUDha hai, jo piTaka tathA zrAgama donoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / vaha vAkya hai "zrRgArasmA anagAriyaM pavvajanti" ( mahAvagga ), tathA " gArA aNagAriyaM pavvaittara " ( bhagavatI 11 - 12 - 431 ) / yahA~ kevala namUne ke taura para thor3e se zabdoM kI tulanA kI hai, para isake vistAra ke lie aura bhI paryApta guMjAiza hai / Upara sUcita zabda aura artha kA sAdRzya khAsA purAnA hai / vaha akasmAt ho hI nahIM sakatA / ataeva isake mUla meM kahIM-na-kahIM jAkara ekatA khojanI hogI, jo saMbhavataH pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA hI saMketa karatI hai / 16. majjhimanikAya, mahAsiMhanAdasutta / - 1 ;

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jaina dharma aura darzana paramparA meM hI dIkSita hue-phira bhale hI ve eka viziSTa netA bne| mahAvIra tatkAlIna pArdhApatyika paraMparA meM hI hue, isI kAraNa se unako pArzvanAtha ke paraMparAgata saMgha, pArzvanAtha ke paraMparAgata AcAra-vicAra tathA pArzvanAtha kA paramparAgata zruta virAsata meM mile, jisakA samarthana nIce likhe pramANoM se hotA hai| saMgha bhagavatI 1-6-76 meM kAlAsavesI nAmaka pAzrvApatyika kA varNana hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki, vaha kinhIM sthaviroM se milA aura usane sAmAyika, saMyama, pratyAkhyAna, kAyotsarga, viveka Adi caritra saMbandhI muddoM para prazna kie / sthaviroM ne una praznoM kA jo javAba diyA, jisa paribhASA meM diyA, aura kAlAsavesI ne jo prazna jisa paribhASA meM kie haiM, isa para vicAra kareM to hama nizcita rUpa se kaha sakate haiM ki, ve prazna aura paribhASAe~ saba jaina paribhASA se hI sambaddha haiM / theroM ke uttara se kAlAsavesI kA samAdhAna hotA hai taba vaha mahAvIra ke dvArA navasazodhita paMcamahAvrata aura pratikramaNadharma ko svIkAra karatA hai| arthAt vaha mahAvIra ke saMgha kA eka sabhya banatA hai| ___ bhagavatI 5-6-226 meM katipaya theroM kA varNana hai / ve rAjagRhI meM mahAvIra ke pAsa maryAdA ke sAtha jAte haiM, unase isa parimita loka meM ananta rAta-dina aura parimita khasa-dina ke bAre meM prazna pUchate haiN| mahAvIra pArzvanAtha kA havAlA dete hue javAba dete haiM ki, purisAdANIya pArzva ne loka kA svarUpa parimita hI kahA hai| phira ve apekSAbheda se rAta-dina kI ananta aura parimita saMkhyA kA khulAsA karate haiN| khulAsA sunakara theroM ko mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA ke viSaya meM pratIti hotI hai, taba ve vandana-namaskArapUrvaka unakA ziSyatva svIkAra karate haiM, arthAt paMca mahAvratoM aura sapratikramaNadharma ke aMgIkAra dvArA mahAvIra ke saMgha ke aMga banate haiN| __ bhagavatI 6-32-378, 376 meM gAMgeya nAmaka pArkhApatyika kA varNana hai / vaha vANijyagrAma meM mahAvIra ke pAsa jAkara unase jIvoM kI utpatti-cyuti Adi ke bAre meM prazna karatA hai| mahAvIra javAba dete hue prathama hI kahate haiM ki, purisAdANIya pArzva ne loka kA svarUpa zAzvata kahA hai / isI se maiM utpatti-cyuti Adi kA khulAsA amuka prakAra se karatA huuN| gAMgeya punaH prazna karatA hai ki, Apa jo kahate haiM vaha kisI se sunakara yA svayaM jAnakara ? mahAvIra ke mukha se yahA~ kahalAyA gayA hai ki, maiM kevalI hU~, svayaM hI jAnatA huuN| gAMgeya ko sarvajJatA kI pratIti huI, phira vaha cAturyAmika dharma se paMcamahAvrata svIkArane kI apanI

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata icchA prakaTa karatA hai aura vaha anta meM sapratikramaNa paMca mahAvrata svIkAra karake mahAvIra ke saMgha kA aMga banatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke nAlaMdIyA adhyayana (2-7-71, 72, 81) meM pArvApatyika udaka peDhAla kA varNana hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki, nAlaMdA ke eka zrAvaka lepa kI udakazAlA meM jaba gautama the taba unake pAsa vaha pAzrvApatyika AyA aura usane gautama se kaI prazna pUche / eka prazna yaha thA ki, tumhAre kumAra-putra Adi nigraMtha jaba gRhasthoM ko sthUla vrata svIkAra karAte haiM to yaha kyA siddha nahIM hotA ki niSiddha hiMsA ke sivAya anya hiMsaka pravRttiyoM meM sthUla vrata denevAle nigraMthoM kI anumati hai ? amuka hiMsA na karo, aisI pratijJA karAne se yaha apane Apa phalita hotA hai ki, bAkI kI hiMsA meM hama anumata haiM--ityAdi praznoM kA javAba gautama ne vistAra se diyA hai| jaba udaka peDhAla ko pratIti huI ki gautama kA uttara sayuktika hai taba usane caturyAmadharma se paMcamahAvrata svIkArane kI icchA prakaTa kI / phira gautama usako apane nAyaka jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pAsa le jAte haiN| vahIM udaka peDhAla paMcamahAvrata sapratikramaNadharma ko aMgIkAra karake mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hotA hai| gautama aura udaka peDhAla ke bIca huI vistRta carcA ,manoraMjaka hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 23 veM adhyayana meM pArvApatyika nigraMtha kezI aura mahAvIra ke mukhya ziSya indrabhUti-donoM ke zrAvastI meM milane kI aura AcAra-vicAra ke kucha muddoM para saMvAda hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai| kezI pApityika prabhAvazAlI nigraMtha rUpa se nirdiSTa haiM; indrabhUti to mahAvIra ke pradhAna aura sAkSAt ziSya hI haiN| unake bIca kI carcA ke viSaya kaI haiM, para yahA~ prastuta do haiM / kezI gautama se pUchate haiM ki, pArzvanAtha ne cAra yAma kA upadeza diyA, jaba ki vardhamAna-mahAvIra ne pA~ca yAma-mahAvrata kA, so kyoM ? isI taraha pArzvanAtha ne sacela-savastra dharma batalAyA, jaba ki mahAvIra ne acela-avasana dharma, so kyoM ? isake javAba meM indrabhUti ne kahA ki, 17 tattvadRSTi se cAra yAma aura pA~ca mahAvrata meM koI antara nahIM hai, kevala vartamAna yuga kI kama aura ulaTI samajha dekhakara hI mahAvIra ne vizeSa zuddhi kI dRSTi se cAra ke sthAna meM pA~ca mahAvrata kA upadeza kiyA hai| aura mokSa kA vAstavika kAraNa to Antara jJAna, darzana aura zuddha cAritra hI hai, vastra kA honA, na honA, yaha to lokadRSTi hai / indrabhUti ke mUlagAmI javAba kI yathArthatA dekhakara kezI paMcamahAvrata svIkAra karate haiM; aura isa taraha mahAvIra ke saMgha ke eka aMga banate haiN| 17. uttarAdhyayana, a0 23, zloka 23-32 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana Upara ke thor3e se uddharaNa itanA samajhane ke lie paryApta haiM ki mahAvIra aura unake ziSya indrabhUti kA kaI sthAnoM meM pArvApatyikoM se milana hotA hai| indrabhUti ke alAvA anya bhI mahAvIra-ziSya pAzrvApatyikoM se milate haiM / milApa ke samaya Apasa meM carcA hotI hai / carcA mukhya rUpa se saMyama ke jude-jude aMga ke artha ke bAre meM evaM tattvajJAna ke kucha mantavyoM ke bAre meM hotI hai / mahAvIra javAba dete samaya pArzvanAtha ke mantavya kA AdhAra bhI lete haiM aura pArzvanAtha ko 'purisAdANIya' arthAt 'puruSoM meM zrAdeya' jaisA sammAnasUcaka vizeSaNa dekara unake prati hArdika sammAna sUcita karate haiN| aura pArzva ke prati niSThA rakhanevAle unakI paraMparA ke nigraMthoM ko apanI ora AkRSTa karate haiM / pAvapityika bhI mahAvIra ko apanI parIkSA meM khare utare dekhakara unake saMgha meM dAkhila hote haiM arthAt ve pArzvanAtha ke paraMparAgata saMgha aura mahAvIra ke navasthApita saMgha--donoM ke saMdhAna meM eka kar3I banate haiN| isase . yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki, mahAvIra ne jo saMgha racA usakI bhitti pArzvanAtha kI saMgha-paraMparA hai| yadyapi kaI pArkhApatyika mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praviSTa hue, to bhI kucha pArvApatyika aise bhI dekhe jAte haiM, jinakA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita honA nirdiSTa nahIM hai| isakA eka udAharaNa bhagavatI 2-5 meM yoM hai-tuMgIyA nAmaka nagara meM 500 pAzrvApatyika zramaNa padhArate haiN| vahA~ ke tattvajJa zramaNopAsaka unase upadeza sunate haiN| pAzrvApatyika sthavira unako cAra yAma Adi kA upadeza karate haiN| zrAvaka upadeza se prasanna hote haiM aura dharma meM sthira hote haiM / be sthaviroM se saMyama, tapa Adi ke viSaya meM tathA usake phala ke viSaya meM prazna karate haiN| pAApatyika sthaviroM meM se kAliyaputta, mehila, Anandarakkhiya aura kAsava ye - cAra sthavira apanI-apanI dRSTi se javAba dete haiN| pAvApatyika sthavira aura pAzrvApatyika zramaNopAsaka ke bIca tuMgIyA meM hue isa praznottara kA hAla indrabhUti rAjagRhI meM sunate haiM aura phira mahAvIra se pUchate haiM ki - "kyA ye pAvApatyika sthavira praznoM kA uttara dene meM samartha haiM ?" mahAvIra spaSTatayA kahate haiM ki -"ve samartha haiN| unhoMne jo javAba diyA vaha saca hai; maiM bhI vahI javAba detaa|" isa saMvAdakathA meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM ki, tuMgIyAvAle pArvApatyika nigraMtha yA zramaNopAsaka mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praviSTa hue| yadi ve praviSTa hote to itane bar3e pArvApatyika saMgha ke mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hone kI bAta samakAlIna yA uttarakAlIna AcArya zAyada hI bhuulte| yahA~ eka bAta khAsa dhyAna dene yogya hai ki, pArvApatyika zramaNa na to

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata mahAvIra ke pAsa Ae haiM, na unake saMgha meM praviSTa hue haiM, phira bhI mahAvIra unake uttara kI saccAI aura kSamatA ko spaSTa svIkAra hI karate haiN| dUsarI bAta dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki, jo pArdhApatyika mahAvIra ke saMgha meM aAe, ve bhI mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA ke bAre meM pUrI pratIti kara lene ke pazcAt hI unako vidhivat vandana-namaskAra - 'tikhutto zrAyAhiNaM payAhiNaM vandAmi'karate haiM; usake pahale to ve kevala unake pAsa ziSTatA ke sAtha Ate haiM'adUra-sAmaMte tthiccaa'| pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ke tyAgI aura gRhastha vyaktiyoM se saMbandha rakhane vAlI, upalabdha AgamoM meM jo kucha sAmagrI hai, usako yogya rUpa meM sakalita evaM vyavasthita karake pArzvanAtha ke mahAvIra-kAlIna saMgha kA sArA citra paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne apane eka abhyAsapUrNa lekha meM, bIsa varSa pahale khIMcA hai jo isa prasaMga meM khAsa draSTavya hai| yaha lekha 'jaina prakAza' ke 'utthAna-mahAvIrAMka' meM chapA hai| AcAra. aba hama AcAra kI virAsata ke prazna para Ate haiN| pArvApatyika nigraMthoM kA prAcAra bAhya-Abhyantara do rUpa meM dekhane meM AtA hai| anagAratva, nigraMthatva, sacelatva, zIta, Atapa Adi pariSaha-sahana, nAnA prakAra ke upavAsa vrata aura bhikSAvidhi ke kaThora niyama ityAdi bAhya AcAra haiN| sAmAyika samatva yA samabhAva, paccakkhANa-tyAga, saMyama-indriyaniyamana, saMvara--kaSAyanirodha, viveka --- aliptatA yA sadasadviveka, vyutsarga-mamatvatyAga, hiMsA asatya adattAdAna aura bahiddhAdANa se virati ityAdi Abhyantara aAcAra meM sammilita haiM / pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki, buddha ne gRhatyAga ke bAda nigraMtha AcAroM kA bhI pAlana kiyA thA / buddha ne apane dvArA AcaraNa kie gae nigraMtha AcAroM kA jo saMkSepa meM saMketa kiyA hai usakA pArvApatyika nigraMthoM kI caryA ke upalabdha varNana ke sAtha milAna karate haiM 18 evaM mahAvIra ke dvArA Acarita bAhya caryA ke sAtha milAna karate haiM16 to sandeha nahIM rahatA ki, mahAvIra ko nigraMtha yA anagAra dharma kI bAhya caryA pAzrvApatyika paraMparA se milI hai--bhale hI unhoMne usameM dezakAlAnusArI thor3A-bahuta parivartana kiyA ho| Abhyantara AcAra bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vahI hai jo pAzrvApatyikoM meM pracalita thA / kAlAsavesIputta 18. dekho-noTa naM0 14 / 16. AcArAMga, a06 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana jaise pArkhApatyika zrAbhyantara caritra se saMbaddha pAribhASika zabdoM kA jaba artha pUchate haiM taba mahAvIra ke anuyAyI sthavira vahI javAba dete haiM, jo pApityika paraMparA meM bhI pracalita thA / / nigraMthoM ke bAhya-AbhyaMtara AcAra-cAritra ke pArzvaparaMparA se virAsata meM milane para bhI mahAvIra ne usameM jo sudhAra kiyA hai vaha bhI AgamoM ke vizvasanIya prAcIna stara meM surakSita hai| pahale saMgha kI virAsatavAle varNana meM hamane sUcita kiyA hI hai ki, jina-jina pApityika nigraMthoM ne mahAvIra kA netRtva mAnA unhoMne sapratikramaNa pA~ca mahAvrata svIkAra kie| pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA meM cAra yAma the, isalie pArzvanAtha kA nigraMthadharma cAturyAma kahalAtA thaa| isa bAta kA samarthana bauddha piTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM Ae hue nigraMtha ke 'cAtu-yAma-saMvara-saMvuto' isa vizeSaNa se hotA hai| yadyapi usa sUtra meM jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke mukha se cAturyAma dharma kA varNana bauddha piTaka-saMgrAhakoM ne karAyA hai, para isa aMza meM ve bhrAnta jAna par3ate haiN| pArvApatyika paraMparA buddha ke samaya meM vidyamAna bhI thI aura usase buddha kA tathA unake kucha anuyAyiyoM kA paricaya bhI thA, isaliye ve cAturyAma ke bAre meM hI jAnate the| cAturyAma ke sthAna meM pA~ca yama yA pA~ca mahAvrata kA parivartana mahAvIra ne kiyA, jo pAzrvApatyikoM meM se hI eka the| yaha parivartana pAzrvApatyika paraMparA kI dRSTi se bhale hI vizeSa mahattva rakhatA ho, para nirgrantha-bhinna itara samakAlIna bauddha jaisI zramaNa paraMparAoM ke lie koI khAsa dhyAna dene yogya bAta na thii| jo parivartana kisI eka phirake kI Antarika vastu hotI hai usakI jAnakArI itara paramparAtroM meM bahudhA turanta nahIM hotI / buddha ke sAmane samartha pArkhApatyika nigraMtha jJAtaputra mahAvIra hI rahe, isalie bauddha graMtha meM pArkhApatyika paraMparA kA cAturyAma dharma mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA jAe to yaha svAbhAvika hai| parantu isa varNana ke Upara se itanI bAta nirvivAda sAbita hotI hai ki, pAdmapatyika nirgrantha pahale cAturyAma dharma ke anuyAyI the, aura mahAvIra ke saMbandha se usa paraMparA meM paMca yama dAkhila hue / dUsarA sudhAra mahAvIra ne sapratikramaNa dharma dAkhila karake kiyA hai, jo eka nirgrantha paramparA kA aAntarika sudhAra hai / sambhavataH isIlie bauddha granthoM meM isakA koI nirdeza nhiiN| bauddha granthoM meM2deg pUraNakAzyapa ke dvArA karAe gae nirgrantha ke varNana meM 'ekazATaka' vizeSaNa AtA hai ; 'acela' vizeSaNa AjIvaka ke sAtha AtA hai / nirgrantha kA 'ekazATaka' vizeSaNa mukhyatayA pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha kI ora 20. aMguttaranikAya, chakkanipAta, 2-1 /

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata hau saMketa karatA hai / hama AcArAMga meM varNita aura sabase adhika vizvasanIya mahAvIra ke jIvana - aMza se yaha to jAnate hI haiM ki mahAvIra ne gRhatyAga kiyA taba eka vastra -cela dhAraNa kiyA thA / kramazaH unhoMne usakA hamezA ke vAste tyAga kiyA, aura pUrNatayA acelatva svIkAra kiyA 1 unakI yaha celatva bhAvanA mUlagata rUpa se ho yA pAripArzvika paristhiti meM se grahaNa kara AtmasAt kI ho, yaha prazna yahA~ prastuta nahIM; prastuta itanA hI hai ki, mahAvIra ne sacelatva meM se latva kI ora kadama bar3hAyA / isa prakAza meM hama bauddhagranthoM meM Ae hue nirgrantha ke vizeSaNa 'ekazATaka' kA tAtparya saralatA se nikAla sakate haiM / vaha yaha ki, pArzvapatyika paraMparA meM nirgranthoM ke liye maryAdita vastradhAraNa varjita na thA, jabaki mahAvIra ne vastradhAraNa ke bAre meM anekAntadRSTi se kAma liyA / unhoMne sacelatva aura acelatva donoM ko nirgrantha saMgha ke lie yathAzakti aura yathAruci sthAna diyA / adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne bhI apane pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAma dharma' ( pR0 20) meM aisA hI mata darasAyA hai / isI se hama uttarAdhyayana ke kezI-gautama-saMvAda meM acela aura sacela dharma ke bIca samanvaya pAte haiM / usameM khAsa taura se kahA gayA hai ki, mokSa ke liye to mukhya aura pAramArthika liMga-sAdhana jJAna-darzana- cAritrarUpa AdhyAtmika sampatti hI hai / cetva yA sacelatva yaha to laukika - bAhya liMgamAtra hai, pAramArthika nahIM / isa tAtparya kA samarthana bhagavatI Adi meM varNita pAvapityikoM ke parivartana se spaSTa hotA hai / mahAvIra ke saMgha meM dAkhila honevAle kisI bhI pArzvapatyika nigraMtha ke parivartana ke bAre meM yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki, usane sacelatva ke sthAna meM latva svIkAra kiyA; jaba ki una sabhI parivartana karanevAle nigraMthoM ke lie nizcita rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne cAra yAma ke sthAna meM pA~ca mahAvrata aura pratikramaNa dharma svIkAra kiyA / mahAvIra ke vyaktitva, unakI AdhyAtmika dRSTi aura anekAnta vRtti ko dekhate hue Upara varNana kI huI sArI ghaTanA kA mela susaMgata baiTha jAtA hai / mahAvrata aura pratikramaNa kA sudhAra, yaha antaHzuddhi kA sudhAra hai isalie mahAvIra ne usa para pUrA bhAra diyA, jaba ki svayaM svIkAra kie hue acelatva para ekAnta bhAra 21. No cevimeNa vattheNa pihissAmi taMsi hemaMte / se pArae AvakahAe eyaM khu aNudhammiyaM tassa // 2 // saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM jaM na rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae to cAi taM vosija vatthamaNagAre ||4|| - zrAvArAMga, 1-6-1 / 13.

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14 jaina dharma aura darzana nahIM diyaa| unhoMne socA hogA ki, aAkhira acelatva yA sacelatva, yaha koI jIvana-zuddhi kI antima kasauTI nahIM hai| isIlie unake nigraMtha saMgha meM sacela aura acela donoM nigraMtha apanI-apanI ruci evaM zakti kA vicAra karake ImAnadArI ke sAtha paraspara udAra bhAva se rahe hoNge| uttarAdhyayana kA vaha saMvAda usa samaya kI sUcanA detA hai, jaba ki kabhI nirgranthoM ke bIca sacelatva ke bAre meM sArAsAra ke tAratamya kI vicAraNA calI hogii| para usa samanvaya ke mUla meM anekAnta dRSTi kA jo yathArtha prANa spandita hotA hai vaha mahAvIra ke vicAra kI dena hai| ___ pApityika paraMparA meM jo cAra yAma the unake nAma sthAnAMgasUtra meM yoM Ate haiM; (1) sarvaprANAtipAta-(2) sarvamRSAvAda--(3) sarvaadattAdAnaaura (4) sarvabahiddhAdANa-se viramaNa 22 / inameM se 'bahiddhAdANa' kA artha jAnanA yahA~ prApta hai| navAMgITIkAkAra abhayadeva ne 'bahiddhAdANa' zabda kA artha 'parigraha' sUcita kiyA hai| 'parigraha se virati' yaha pArdhApatyikoM kA cauthA yAma thA, jisameM abrahma kA varjana avazya abhipreta thA 23 / para jaba manuSyasulabha durbalatA ke kAraNa abrahmaviramaNa meM zithilatA AI aura parigrahavirati ke artha meM spaSTatA karane kI jarUrata mAlUma huI taba mahAvIra ne abrahmaviramaNa ko parigrahaviramaNa se alaga svataMtra yama rUpa meM svIkAra karake pA~ca mahAvratoM kI bhISmapratijJA nigraMthoM ke lie rakhI aura svayaM usa pratijJA-pAlana ke puraskartA hue| itanA hI nahIM balki kSaNa-kSaNa ke jIvanakrama meM badalanevAlI manovRttiyoM ke kAraNa honevAle mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika doSa bhI mahAvIra ko nigraMtha-jIvana ke lie atyanta akharane lage, isase unhoMne nigraMtha-jIvana meM satata jAgRti rakhane kI dRSTi se pratikramaNa dharma ko niyata sthAna diyA, jisase ki pratyeka nigraMtha sAyaM-prAtaH apane jIvana kI truTiyoM kA nirIkSaNa kare aura lage 22. majjhimagA bAvIsaM arahaMtA bhagavaMtA cAujAmaM dhammaM paeNaveMti, taM0- savvAto pANAtivAyAzro veramaNaM, evaM musAvAyAzro veramaNaM, savvAto adinnAdANAzro veramaNaM, savvAao bahiddhAdANAzro veramaNaM 1|-sthaanaaNg, sUtra 266, patra 201 shr| 23. "bahiddhAdANAo " ti bahiddhA-maithunaM pahigrahavizeSaH zrAdAnaM ca parigrahastayordvandvaikatvamathavA AdIyata ityAdAnaM parigrAhya vastu tacca dharmopakara. Namapi bhavatItyata zrAha-bahistAt-dharmopakaraNAd bahiryaditi / iha ca maithunaM parigrahe'ntarbhavati, na hyaparigRhItA yoSid bhujyata iti |-sthaanaaNg, 266 sUtravRtti, patra 201 ba /

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata 15 doSoM kI AlocanApUrvaka AyaMdA doSoM se bacane ke lie zuddha saMkalpa ko dRr3ha kare / mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA aura unake upadezoM se yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAna par3atA hai ki, unhoMne svIkRta pratijJA kI zuddhi aura antarjAgRti para jitanA bhAra diyA hai utanA anya cIjoM para nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki tatkAlIna aneka pArdhApatyikoM ke rahate hue bhI unhIM meM se eka jJAtaputra mahAvIra hI nigraMtha saMgha ke aguvA rUpa se yA tIrthaMkara rUpa se mAne jAne lge| mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM jitanA bhAra kaSAyavijaya para hai-jo ki nimrantha-jIvana kA mukhya sAdhya hai-utanA bhAra anya kisI viSaya para nahIM hai| unake isa kaThora prayatna ke kAraNa hI cAra yAma kA nAma smRtizeSa bana gayA va pA~ca mahAvrata saMyamadharma ke jIvita aMga bane / ___ mahAvIra ke dvArA paMca mahAvrata-dharma ke nae sudhAra ke bAre meM to zvetAmbaradigambara ekamata haiM, para pA~ca mahAvrata se kyA abhipreta hai, isa bAre meM vicArabheda avazya hai| digaMbarAcArya vaTakera kA eka 'mUlAcAra' nAmaka grantha hai-jo saMgrahAtmaka hai-usameM unhoMne pA~ca mahAvrata kA artha pA~ca yama na batalAkara kevala jaina-paraMparA paricita pA~ca cAritra batalAyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki, mahAvIra ke pahale mAtra sAmAyika cAritra thA, para mahAvIra ne chedopasthApana dAkhila karake sAmAyika ke hI vistAra rUpa se anya cAra cAritra batalAe, jisase mahAvIra paMca mahAvrata-dharma ke upadezaka mAne jAte haiN| prAcArya vaTakera kI taraha pUjyapAda, akalaMka, AzAdhara Adi lagabhaga sabhI digaMbarAcArya aura digaMbara vidvAnoM kA vaha eka hI abhiprAya hai24 / niHsandeha zvetAMbara-paraMparA ke paMca mahAvratadharma ke khulAse se digaMbara paraMparA kA tatsaMbandhI khulAsA judA par3atA hai / bhadrabAhukartRka mAnI jAnevAlI niyukti meM bhI chedopasthApanA cAritra ko dAkhila karake pA~ca cAritra mahAvIrazAsana meM pracalita kie jAne kI kathA nirdiSTa hai, para yaha kathA kevala cAritrapariNAma kI tIvratA, tIvrataratA aura tIvratamatA ke tAratamya para evaM bhinna-bhinna dIkSita vyakti ke adhikAra para prakAza DAlatI hai, na ki samagra nigraMthoM ke lie avazya svIkArya paMca mahAvratoM ke uupr| jaba ki mahAvIra kA paMca mahAvrata-dharma-viSayaka sudhAra nigraMtha dIkSA lenevAle sabhI ke lie eka-sA rahA, aisA bhagavatI Adi graMthoM se tathA bauddha piTaka nirdiSTa 'cAtuyAma-saMvara-saMvuto'25 isa vizeSaNa se phalita hotA hai| isake samarthana meM pratikramaNa dharma kA udAharaNa paryApta hai / mahAvIra ne pratikramaNa dharma bhI sabhI nirgranthoM 24. dekho-paM0 jugala kizora jI mukhtAra kRta-jainAcAryoM kA zAsanabheda, pariziSTa 'k'| 25. "cAtu-yAma-saMvara-saMvuto" isa vizeSaNa ke bAda 'savva-vAri-vArito' ityAdi

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16 jaina dharma aura darzana ke lie samAna rUpa se anuzAsita kiyA / isa prakAza meM paMca mahAvrata dharma kA anuzAsana bhI sabhI nirgranthoM ke liye rahA ho, yahI mAnanA par3atA hai / mUlAcAra Adi digaMbara paraMparA meM jo vicArabheda surakSita hai vaha sAdhAra avazya hai, kyoMki, zvetAMbarIya sabhI grantha chedopasthAna sahita pA~ca cAritra kA praveza mahAvIra ke zAsana meM batalAte haiN| pA~ca mahAvrata aura pA~ca cAritra ye eka nahIM / donoM meM pA~ca kI saMkhyA samAna hone se mUlAcAra Adi granthoM meM eka vicAra surakSita rahA to zvetAmbara granthoM meM dUsarA bhI vicAra surakSita hai / kucha bhI ho, donoM paraMparAe~ paMca mahAvrata dharma ke sudhAra ke bAre meM eka-sI sammata haiM / 1 vastutaH pA~ca mahAvrata yaha pArzvapatyika cAturyAma kA spaSTIkaraNa hI hai / isase yaha kahane meM koI bAdhA nahIM ki, mahAvIra ko saMyama yA cAritra kI virAsata bhI pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA se milI hai / hama yogaparaMparA ke ATha yogAMga se paricita haiM / unameM se prathama aMga yama hai | pAtaMjala yogazAstra ( 2 - 30, 31 meM hiMsA, satya, asteya brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye pA~ca yama ginAe haiM; sAtha hI inhIM pA~ca yamoM ko mahAvrata bhI kahA hai - jaba ki ve pA~ca yama paripUrNa yA jAti- deza - kAla - samayAnavacchinna hoM / merA khayAla hai ki, mahAvIra ke dvArA pA~ca yamoM para atyanta bhAra dene evaM unako mahAvrata ke rUpa se mAna lene ke kAraNa hI 'mahAvrata' zabda pA~ca yamoM ke lie vizeSa prasiddhi meM AyA / Aja to yama yA yAma zabda purAne jainazruta meM, bauddha piTakoM meM aura upalabdha yogasUtra meM mukhyatayA surakSita hai / 'yama' zabda kA utanA pracAra nahIM hai, jitanA pracAra 'mahAvrata' zabda kA / 1 vizeSaNa jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke lie Ate haiM / inameM se 'savva-vAri-vArito' kA artha kathA ke anusAra zrI rAhula jI Adi ne kiyA hai ki - "nigaNTha (nirgrantha ) jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai ( jisase jala ke jIva na mAre jAe~ ) / " ( dIghanikAya, hindI anuvAda, pR0 21 ) para yaha artha bhramapUrNa hai / jalabodhaka "vAri" zabda hone se tathA nirgrantha sacitta jala kA upayoga nahIM karate, isa vastusthiti ke darzana se bhrama huA jAna par3atA hai / vastutaH "savva-vAri-vAritoM' kA artha yahI hai ki saba arthAt hiMsA Adi cAroM pApakarma ke vAri arthAt vArasya yAne niSedha ke kAraNa vArita arthAt virata; yAne hiMsA Adi saba pApakarmoM ke nivAraNa ke kAraNa una doSoM se virata / yahI artha agale 'savva-vAri-yuto', 'savva-vAri-dhuto' ityAdi vizeSaNa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / vastutaH sabhI vizeSaNa eka hI artha ko bhinna-bhinna bhaMgI se darasAte haiM /

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata 17 jaba cAra yAma meM se mahAvIra ke pA~ca mahAvrata aura buddha ke pA~ca zIla ke vikAsa para vicAra karate haiM taba kahanA par3atA hai ki, pArzvanAtha ke cAra yAma kI paraMparA kA jJAtaputra ne apanI dRSTi ke anusAra aura zAkyaputra ne apanI dRSTi ke anusAra vikAsa kiyA hai 26, jo abhI jaina aura bauddha paraMparA meM virAsatarUpa se vidyamAna hai / zruta I hama antima virAsata -- zrutasampatti -- para Ate haiM / zvetAMbara - digaMbara donoM ke vAGmaya meM jaina zruta kA dvAdazAMgI rUpa se nirdeza hai / 27 AcArAMga Adi gyAraha aMga aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda aMga kA eka bhAga caudaha pUrva, ye vizeSa prasiddha haiM | AgamoM ke prAcIna samajhe jAne vAle bhAgoM meM jahA~-jahA~ kisI ke nagara dharma svIkAra karane kI kathA hai vahA~ yA to aisA kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAmAyika Adi gyAraha aMga par3hatA hai yA vaha caturdaza pUrva par3hatA hai / 28 hameM ina ullekhoM ke Upara se vicAra yaha karanA hai ki, mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha yA unakI paraMparA kI zruta sampatti kyA thI ? aura isameM se mahAvIra ko virAsata milI yA nahIM ? evaM milI to kisa rUpa meM ? zAstroM meM yaha to spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai ki, AcArAMga Adi gyAraha aMgoM 26. adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne anta meM jo "pArzvanAtha cA cAturyAma dharma" nAmaka pustaka likhI hai usakA mukhya uddeza hI yaha hai ki, zAkyaputra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyomadharma kI paraMparA kA vikAsa kisa-kisa taraha se kiyA, yaha batalAnA / 27. SaTkhaNDAgama ( dhavalA TIkA ), khaNDa 1, pRSTha 6 : bAraha aMgagijjhA / samavAyAMga, patra 106, sUtra 136 : duvAlasaMge gaNipiDage / nandIsUtra ( vijayadAnasUri saMzodhita ) patra 94 : aMgapavihaM duvAlasavihaM paNNattaM / 28 gyAraha aMga par3hane kA ullekha - bhagavatI 2 1 11-6 jJAtA dharmakathA, 0 12 / caudaha pUrva par3hane kA ullekha - bhagavatI 11-11-432, 17-2-617 ; jJAtAdharma - kathA, a0 5 / jJAtA 0 0 16 meM pANDavoM ke caudaha pUrva par3hane kA va draupadI ke gyAraha aMga par3hane kA ullekha hai / isI taraha jJAtA0 2 - 1 meM kAlI sAdhvI bana kara gyAraha aMga par3hatI hai, aisA varNana hai /

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jaina dharma aura darzana kI racanA mahAvIra ke anugAmI gaNadharoM ne kI / 26 yadyapi nandIsUtra kI purAnI vyAkhyA-cUrNi-jo vikrama kI AThavIM sadI se arvAcIna nahIM-usameM 'pUrva' zabda kA artha batalAte hue kahA gayA hai ki, mahAvIra ne prathama upadeza diyA isalie 'pUrva' kahalAe 3deg , isI taraha vikrama ko navIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalA meM 'pUrvagata' kA artha batalAte hue kahA ki jo pUrvo ko prApta ho yA jo pUrva svarUpa prApta ho vaha 'pUrvagata' 31 ; parantu cUrNikAra evaM uttarakAlIna vIrasena, haribhadra, malayagiri Adi vyAkhyAkAroM kA vaha kathana kevala 'pUrva' aura 'pUrvagata' zabda kA artha ghaTana karane ke abhiprAya se huA jAna par3atA hai| jaba bhagavatI meM kaI jagaha mahAvIra ke mukha se yaha kahalAyA gayA hai ki, amuka vastu puruSAdAnIya pArzvanAtha ne vahI kahI hai jisako maiM bhI kahatA hU~, aura jaba hama sAre zvetAMbara-digaMbara zruta ke dvArA yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki, mahAvIra kA tattvajJAna vahI hai jo pAzrvApatyika paramparA se calA zrAtA hai, taba hameM 'pUrva' zabda kA artha samajhane meM koI dikkata nahIM hotii| pUrva zruta kA artha spaSTataH yahI hai ki, jo zruta mahAvIra ke pUrva se pArkhApatyika paramparA dvArA calA AtA thA, aura jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM mahAvIra ko bhI prAsa huA / pro0 yAkobI Adi kA bhI aisA hI mata hai / 32 jaina zruta ke mukhya viSaya navatattva, paMca astikAya, aAtmA aura karma kA saMbandha, usake kAraNa, unakI nivRtti ke upAya, karma kA svarUpa ityAdi haiN| inhIM viSayoM ko mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ne saMkSepa se vistAra aura vistAra se saMkSepa kara bhale hI kahA ho, para ve saba viSaya pApityika paramparA ke pUrvavartI zruta meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa 26-30. jamhA titthakaro titthapavattaNakAle gaNadharANaM savvasuttAdhArattaNato puvvaM puvvagatasuttatthaM bhAsati tamhA puvvaM ti bhaNitA, gaNadharA puNa suttarayaNaM karentA aAyArAikameNa raeMti Thaveti ya / -nandIsUtra ( vijayadAnasUrisaMzodhita ) cUrNi, pR0 111 a / 31. puvvANaM gayaM patta-puvvasarUvaM vA puvvagayamidi gaNaNAmaM / -SaTakhaMDAgama (dhavalA TIkA ), pustaka 1, pR0 114 / 2. The name (pUrva) itself testifies to the fact that the Purvas were superseded by a new canon, for Purva means former, earlier... -Sacred Books of the East, Vol XXII Introduction, P. XLIV

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bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata 16 meM nirUpita the, isa viSaya meM koI sandeha nhiiN| eka bhI sthAna meM mahAvIra yA unake ziSyoM meM se kisI ne aisA nahIM kahA ki, jo mahAvIra kA zruta hai vaha pUrva arthAt sarvathA navotpanna hai / caudaha pUrva ke viSayoM kI evaM unake bheda prabhedoM kI jo TUTI-phUTI yAdI nandI sUtra 33 meM tathA dhavalA 34 meM milatI hai usakA AcArAMga Adi gyAraha aMgoM meM tathA anya upAMga Adi zAstroM meM pratipAdita viSayoM ke sAtha milAna karate haiM to, isameM sandeha hI nahIM rahatA ki, jaina paraMparA ke zrAcAra-vicAra viSayaka mukhya muddoM kI carcA, pAvapatyika paraMparA ke pUrvazruta aura mahAvIra kI paraMparA ke aMgopAMga zruta meM samAna hI hai| isase maiM abhI taka nimnalikhita niSkarSa para AyA hU~ ( 1 ) pArzvanAthIya paraMparA kA pUrvazruta mahAvIra ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prApta huA / usI meM pratipAdita viSayoM para ho apanI apanI prakRti ke anusAra AcArAMga Adi graMthoM kI jude jude hAthoM se racanA huI hai / ( 2 ) mahAvIrazAsita saMgha meM pUrvazruta aura AcArAMga Adi zruta- -donoM kI bar3I pratiSThA rahI / phira bhI pUrvazruta kI mahimA adhika hI kI jAtI rahI hai / isI se hama digambara zvetAMbara donoM paramparA ke sAhitya meM AcAryoM kA aisA prayatna pAte haiM, jisameM ve apane-apane karma viSayaka tathA jJAna Adi viSayaka itara purAtana granthoM kA saMbandha usa viSaya ke pUrvanAmaka grantha se jor3ate haiM, itanA hI nahIM para donoM paramparA meM pUrvazruta kA kramika hrAsa lagabhaga eka-sA varNita hone para bhI kamIveza pramANa meM pUrvajJAna ko dhAraNa karanevAle AcAryoM ke prati vizeSa bahumAna darasAyA gayA hai| donoM paraMparA ke varNana se itanA nizcita mAlUma par3atA hai ki, sArI nirgrantha paramparA apane vartamAna zruta kA mUla pUrva meM mAnatI AI hai / (3) pUrvazruta meM jisa-jisa deza - kAla kA eva jina-jina vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibiMba thA usase AcArAMga Adi aMgoM meM bhinna dezakAla evaM bhinna vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibiMba par3A yaha svAbhAvika hai; phira bhI AcAra evaM tattvajJAna ke mukhya muddoM ke svarUpa meM donoM meM koI khAsa antara nahIM par3A / upasaMhAra - mahAvIra ke jIvana tathA dharmazAsana se sambaddha aneka prazna aise haiM, jinakI gaveSaNA Avazyaka hai; jaise ki zrAjIvaka paraMparA se mahAvIra kA saMbandha tathA 33. nandIsUtra, patra 106 a se / 34 SaTkhaMDAgama ( dhavalA TIkA ), pustaka 1, pR0 114 se /

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20 jaina dharma aura darzana itara samakAlIna tApasa, parivrAjaka aura bauddha Adi paraMparAoM se unakA saMbandhaaise saMbandha jinhoMne mahAvIra ke pravRtti kSetra para kucha asara DAlA ho yA mahAvIra kI dharma pravRtti ne una paramparAoM para kucha-na-kucha asara DAlA ho / isI taraha pArzvanAtha kI jo paramparA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hone se taTastha rahI usakA astitva kaba taka, kisa-kisa rUpa meM aura kahA~-kahA~ rahA arthAt usakA bhAvI kyA huA - yaha prazna bhI vicAraNIya hai / khAravela, jo adyatana saMzodhana ke anusAra jaina paramparA kA anugAmI samajhA jAtA hai, usakA digambara yA zvetAmbara zruta meM kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM isakA kyA kAraNa ? kyA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita nahIM hue aise pArzvapatyikoM kI paramparA ke sAtha to usakA sambandha rahA na ho ? ityAdi prazna bhI vicAraNIya haiM / pro0 yAkobI ne kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA meM gautama aura baudhAyana dharmasUtra ke sAtha nirgranthoM ke vrata-upavrata kI tulanA karate hue sUcita kiyA hai ki, nirgranthoM . ke sAmane vaidika saMnyAsI dharma kA Adarza rahA hai ityAdi / parantu isa prazna ko bhI aba nae dRSTikoNa se vicAranA hogA ki, vaidika paramparA, jo mUla meM ekamAtra gRhasthAzrama pradhAna rahI jAna par3atI hai, usameM saMnyAsa dharma kA praveza kaba kaise aura kina baloM se huA aura anta meM vaha saMnyAsa dharma vaidika paraMparA kA eka Avazyaka aMga kaise bana gayA ? isa prazna kI mImAMsA se mahAvIra pUrvavartI nirgrantha paramparA aura parivrAjaka paramparA ke saMbandha para bahuta kucha prakAza par3a sakatA hai / parantu una saba praznoM ko bhAvI vicArakoM para chor3akara prastuta lekha meM mAtra pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke dhArmika saMbandha kA hI saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA hai /

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pariziSTa / teNaM kAle NaM teNaM samae NaM pAsAvaccijje kAlAsavesiyaputte NAmaM aNagAre jeNeva therA bhagavaMto teNeva uvAgacchati 2 tA there bhagavaMte evaM vayAsI-therA sAmAiyaM Na jANaMti therA sAmAiyassa aTTha Na yANaMti therA paJcakkhANaM Na yANaMti therA paccakkhANassa aTTa Na yANaMti, therA saMjamaM Na yANaMti therA saMjamassa aTai pa yANaMti, therA saMvaraM Na yANaMti therA saMvarassa aTuMNa yANaMti, therA vivegaM Na yANaMti therA vivegassa aTuMNa yANaMti, therA viussaggaM Na yANaMti therA viussaggassa aTTha Na yANaMti 6 / tae NaM te therA bhagavaMto kAlAsavesiyaputtaM aNagAraM evaM vayAsI-jANAmo NaM ajo! sAmAiyaM jANAmo NaM ajo! sAmAiyassa aTTa jAva jANAmo NaM ajo! viussagassa aha / tae NaM se kAlAsavesiyaputte aNagAre there bhagavaMte evaM vayAsI-jati NaM ajo! tubme jANahaM sAmAiyaM jANaha sAmAiyassa aTThe jAva jANaha viussaggassa aTTha, ke bhe ajo! sAmAie ke bhe ajo sAmAiyassa aTThe jAva ke bhe viussagassa aTThe ? tae NaM te therA bhagavaMto kAlAsavesiyaputtaM aNagAraM evaM vayAsI-AyA- Ne ajjo ! sAmAie AyA Ne ajjo ! sAmAiyassa aTThe jAva viussaggassa atttthe| ettha NaM se kAlAsavesiyaputte aNagAre saMbuddhe there bhagavate vaMdati NamaMsati 2 ttA evaM vayAsI-eesi NaM bhaMte! payANaM punvi aNNANayAe asakNayAe abohiyAe... No roie iyANi bhaMte ! etesi payANaM jANyAe... roemi evameyaM se jaheyaM tubme vadaha, tae NaM se kAlAsavesiyaputta aNagAre there bhagavaMte vaMdai namasai, vaMdittA namaMsittA cAujAmAzro dhammAo paMcamahabvaiyaM sapaDikkamaNaM dhamma uvasaMpajjittA NaM vihri| vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 1 uddeza 6 / sU0 76 - teNaM kAleNaM 2 pAsAvaccijjA therA bhagavaMto jeNeva samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre teNeva uvAgacchaMti 2 samaNassa bhagavatro mahAvIrassa adUrasAmaMte ThiccA evaM vadAsI se nUNaM bhaMte ! asaMkhejje loe aNaMtA rAtidiyA uppagjisu vA uppajjaMti vA uppajjissaMti vA vigacchisu vA vigacchaMti vA vigacchissaMti vA parittA

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jaina dharma aura darzana rAtiMdiyA uppagjisu vA3 vigacchisu vA 3 1 haMtA ajjo! asaMkhejje loe ayaMtA rAtidiyA taM ceva / se keNaNaM jAva vigacchissaMti vA ? se nUNaM bhaMte ajjo pAseNaM arahayA purisAdAgIeNaM sAsae loe vuie'' je lokkA se loe ? haMtA bhagavaM! se teNaNaM ajjo ! evaM vuccai asaMkhejje taM ceva / tappabhitiM ca NaM te pAsAvaccejjA therA bhagavaMto samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM paJcabhijANaMti savvannU savvadarisI tae NaM te therA bhagavaMto samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM vaMdati namasaMti 2, evaM vadAsi - icchAmi NaM bhaMte ! tubme aMtie cAubjAmAzro dhammAtrao paMcamahavvaiyaM sappaDikkamaNaM dharma uvasaMpajjittA NaM viharittae / ahAsuhaM devANuppiyA ! mA paDibaMdha kareha / vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 5 uddeza 6 / sU0 227 . teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samae NaM vANiyagAme nagare hotthA / teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM pAsAvaccijje gaMgee nAmaM aNagAre jeNeva samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre teNeva uvAgacchai, teNeva uvAgacchaittA samaNassa bhagavatraoM mahAvIrassa adUrasAmaMte. ThiccA samarAM bhagavaM mahAvIraM evaM vayAsI-saMtaraM bhaMte ! neraiyA uvavajjaMti nirantaraM neraiyA uvavajjati ? gaMgeyA ! saMtaraM pi neraiyA uvavajjaMti niraMtaraM pi neraiyA uvavajjati / (sU0 371) se keNa?NaM bhaMte ! evaM vuccai sato neraiyA uvavajjaMti no asato neraiyA ' uvavajjaMti jAva satro vemANiyA cayaMti no aso vemANiyA cayaMti ?. se nUNaM bhaMte ! gaMgeyA ! pAseNaM arahayA purisAdANIeNaM sAsae loe buie| . . sayaM bhate ! evaM jANaha udAha asayaM asoccA ete evaM jANaha udAhu soccA sato neraiyA uvavajjaMti no asato neraiyA uvvjjNti| gaMgeyA ! sayaM ete evaM jaNAmi no asayaM, (sU0 378) tappabhiI ca NaM se gaMgeye aNagAre samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM paJcabhijANai sanvannU svvdrisii| . icchAmi NaM bhaMte ! tujha aMtiyaM cAujAmAzro dhammo paMcamahavvaiyaM ____vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 6 uddeza 32 / sU0 376 teNaM kAleNaM 2 tuMgiyA nAma nagarI hotthA....... (sU0 107) 1 teNaM kAleNaM 2 pAsAvaccijA therA bhagavaMto jAtisaMpannA..."viharaMti // (sUtra 108) .... tae NaM te therA bhagavaMto tesiM samaNovAsayANaM tIse ya mahatimahAliyAe cAujAmaM dhamma parikaheMti'... ... tae NaM te samaNovAsayA there bhagavaMte evaM vadAsI-jati NaM bhaMte ! saMjame

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pariziSTa 23 aNaNhayaphale tave vodANaphale kiM pattiyaM NaM bhaMte ! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti ? tattha NaM kAliyaputte nAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-puvataveNaM ajo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti / tattha NaM mehile nAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-puvvasaMjameNaM ajo ! devA devaloesu uvavajaMti / tattha NaM ANaMdarakkhie NAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-kammiyAe ajjo! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti / tattha NaM kAsave NAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-saMgiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjati / puvataveNaM puvvasaMjameNaM kammiyAe saMgiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjati / sacce NaM esa aha no ceva NaM AyabhAvavattavvayAe / tae NaM te samaNovAsayA therehiM bhagavatehiM imAI eyArUvAiM vAgaraNAI vAgariyA samANA hatuTThA there bhagavaMte naMdaMti namasaMti..." (sU0 110) tae NaM se bhagavaM goyame rAyagihe nagare jAva aDamANe bahujaNasaI nisAmeievaM khalu devANuppiyA ! tuMgiyAe nagarIe bahiyA pupphavatIe ceie pAsAvaccijjA therA bhagavaMto samaNovAsaehiM imAI eyArUvAI vAgaraNAiM pucchiyA-saMjame NaM bhaMte ! kiMphale ? tave NaM bhaMte ? kiMphale ? tae NaM te therA bhagavaMto te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-saMjame NaM ajjo-aNaNhayaphale tave vodANaphale taM ceva jAva puvvataveNaM puvvasaMjameNaM kammiyAe saMgiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti, sacce NaM esamaThe No ceva NaM AyabhAvavattavvayAe // se kahameyaM maraNe evaM ? tae NaM samaNe0 goyame imIse kahAe laha samANe..... samaNaM bha0 mahAvIraM jAva evaM vayAsI-evaM khalu bhaMte ! ahaM tubbhehiM abbhaguNNAe samANe rAyagihe nagare uccanIyamajjhimANi kulANi gharasamudANassa bhikkhAyariyAe aDamANe bahujaNasaI nisAmemi evaM khalu devA0 tuMgiyAye nagarIe bahiyA pupphavaIe ceie pAsAvaccijjA therA bhagavaMto samaNovAsaehiM iyAiM eyArUvAiM vAgaraNAiM pucchiyA-saMjae NaM bhaMte ! kiMphale ? tave kiMphale ? taM ceva jAva sacceNaM esamaThe No ceva NaM AyabhAvavattavvayAe / taM pabhU bhaMte !te therA bhagavaMto tesiM samaNovAsayANaM imAI eyArUvAiM vAgaraNAI vAgarittae udAhu appabhU ? pabhU NaM goyamA ! te therA bhagavaMtoM tesiM samaNovAsayANaM imAI eyArUvAI vAgaraNAiM vAgarettae, ahaM pi ya NaM goyamA ! evamAikkhAmi... (sU0 111 ) vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 2 uddeza 5 / rAyagihe nAmaM nayare hotthA / (sU0 68) tattha NaM nAlaMdAe bAhiriyAe leve nAma gAhAvaI hotthaa| se NaM leve nAma gAhAvaI samaNovAsae yAvi hotthA / / (sU0 66)

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24 jaina dharma aura darzana levarasa gAhAvaissa nAlaMdAe, bAhiriyAe udagasAlA : tassiM ca NaM gihapadesaMmi bhagavaM goyame viharaha, bhagavaM ca NaM he ArAmaMsi / he gaM udae peDhAlaputte bhagavaM pAsAvaJcijje niyaMThe meyajje gotteNaM jeNeva bhagavaM goyame teNeva uvAgacchai, uvAgacchattA bhagavaM goyarma evaM vayAsI -- usaMto ! goyamAthi khalu me kei padese pucchriyavve, taM ca zrAuso ! hAsuyaM grahAdarisuyaM vayAhi savayaM bhagavaM goyame udayaM peDhAlaputtaM evaM vayAsI - viyAi Auso ! socA nisamma jANissAmo savAyaM, udae peDhAlaputte bhagavaM goyamaM evaM vayAsI // ( sU0 71 ) uso ! goyamA zratthi khalu kumAraputtiyA nAma samaNA niggaMthA tumhANaM pavayaNaM pavayamAraNa gAhAvaI samaraNovAsagaM uvasaMpannaM evaM paccakkhAveMti - gaNNattha zrabho gAhAvara, coraggahaNavimokkhaNayAe tasehiM pANehiM siMhAya daMDa, evaM 'haM paJcakkhaMtANaM dupaJcakkhAyaM bhavara, evaM ehaM paJcavakkhAvemAraNArAM dupaccakkhAviyanvaM bhavai, evaM te paraM paJcakkhAvemAraNA pratiyarati sayaM patiraNaM / ( sU0 72 ) etesiM gaM bhaMte ! padANaM esiMha jANiyAe savaNyAe bohie jAva uvahAraNayAe eyama saddahAmi ... tae gaM se udae peDhAlaputte bhagavaM goyamaM evaM vayAsI - icchAmi NaM bhaMte ! tunbhaM prati cAujjA mAtra dhammAtrI paMcamahavvaiyaM rApaDikkamaNaM dhammaM uvasaMpajjittA NaM viharittae / ( sU0 81 ) zrutraskaMdha 2 zrusa 7 nAlaMdIyAdhyayana 7 / cAujjAmo jo dhammo jo imo paMca sikkhino / desi vaddhamANeNaM pAseNa ya mahAmukhI ! // 23 // egajjapavannANaM visese ki nu kAraNaM / dhamme duvihe mehAvI ! kahaM vippacazro na te 1 // 24 // to kesiM buvaMtaM tu goyamo iraNamabvavI / pannA samikkhae dhammaM tattaM tattaviNicchayaM // 25 // pacchimA / purimA ujju jaDDA u vakkajaDDA ya majjhimA ujjupannA u tena dhamme purimANaM dubbisujjho u carimANaM kappo majjhimagANaM tu suvisuko supAla // 27 // sAhu goyama ! pannA te, chinno me saMsatro imo / anno'vi saMso majjha, taM me kahasu goyamA ! // 28 // duhA kae || 26 / / duragupAlano /

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pariziSTa saMtaruttaro / mahAmukhI // 26 // kAraNaM 1 / acela jo dhammo, jo imo desi vaddhamANeNaM: pAseNa ya egakajjapavannANaM, visese ki nu liMge duvihe mehAvI ! kahaM vippaccazro na te 1 // 30 // kesiM evaM buvANaM tu, goyamo iNamabbavI / vinnAroga samAgamma, dhammasAharaNamicchriyaM // 31 // paccayatthaM ca logassa, nANAvihavikapaNaM / jattatthaM gahaNatthaM ca, loge liMgapaNaM / 32 // uttarAdhyayana kezIgautamIyAdhyayana 23 / 25

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dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra jisakI badaulata vaha Aja se lagabhaga DhAI hajAra varSa pahile jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma nahIM huA thA, bhArata kI sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika paristhiti aisI thI jo eka viziSTa darza kI apekSA rakhatI thii| deza meM aise aneka maTha the, jahA~ Ajakala ke bAbAoM kI taraha jhuNDa ke jhuNDa rahate the aura taraha-taraha kI tAmasika tapasyAe~ karate the / aneka aise zrAzrama the, jahA~ duniyAdAra AdamI kI taraha mamatva rakhakara Ajakala ke mahantoM ke sadRza bar3e-bar3e dharmaguru rahate the / kitanI hI saMsthAe~ aisI thIM jahA~ vidyA kI apekSA karmakANDa kI, khAsa karake yajJa kI pradhAnatA thI aura una karmakANDoM meM pazuoM kA balidAna dharma mAnA jAtA thaa| samAja meM eka aisA bar3A dala thA, jo pUrvaja ke parizramapUrvaka upArjita gurupada ko apane janmasiddha adhikAra ke rUpa meM sthApita karatA thA / usa varga meM pavitratA kI, uccatA kI aura vidyA kI aisI kRtrima asmitA rUr3ha ho gaI thI ki dUsare kitane hI logoM ko apavitra mAnakara apane se nIca samajhatA aura unheM ghRNAyogya samajhatA, unakI chAyA ke sparza taka ko pApa mAnatA tathA granthoM ke arthahIna paThanamAtra meM pANDitya mAnakara dUsaroM para apanI gurusattA calAtA / zAstra aura usakI vyAkhyAe~ vidvadgamya bhASA meM hotI thIM, isase janasAdhAraNa usa samaya una zAstroM se yatheSTa lAbha na uThA pAtA thA / striyoM, zUdroM aura khAsa karake pratizUdroM ko kisI bhI bAta meM Age bar3hane kA pUrA maukA nahIM milatA thA / unakI AdhyAtmika mahattvAkAMkSAoM ke jAgRta hone kA, athavA jAgRta hone ke bAda unake puSTa rakhane kA koI khAsa AlaMbana na thA / pahile se pracalita jaina guruoM kI paramparA meM bhI bar3I zithilatA zrA gaI thI / rAjanaitika sthiti meM kisI prakAra kI ekatA nahIM thI / gaNa-sattAka athavA rAja-sattAka rAjya idhara-udhara bikhare hue the / yaha saba kalaha meM jitanA anurAga rakhate, utanA mela milApa meM nhiiN| hara eka dUsare ko kucalakara apane rAjya ke vistAra karane kA prayatna karatA thA / aisI paristhiti ko dekhakara usa kAla ke kitane hI vicArazIla aura dayAlu vyaktiyoM kA vyAkula honA svAbhAvika hai / usa dazA ko sudhArane kI icchA kitane hI logoM ko hotI hai / vaha sudhArane kA prayatna bhI karate haiM aura aise sAdhAraNa prayatna kara sakane vAle netA kI apekSA rakhate haiM / aise samaya meM buddha aura mahAvIra jaisoM kA janma hotA hai /

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dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra 25 mahAvIra ke vardhamAna, videhadinna aura zramaNa bhagavAna yaha tIna nAma aura haiM / videhadinna nAma mAtR pakSa kA sUcaka hai, vardhamAna nAma sabase pahile par3A / tyAgI jIvana meM utkaTa tapa ke kAraNa mahAvIra nAma se prasiddha hue aura upadezaka jIvana meM zramaNa bhagavAna kahalAe / isase hama bhI gRha jIvana, sAdhaka jIvana aura upadezaka jIvana ina tIna bhAgoM meM kramazaH vardhamAna, mahAvIra aura zramaNa bhagavAna ina tIna nAmoM kA prayoga kreNge| . mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi gaMgA ke dakSiNa videha ( vartamAna vihAra-prAnta ) hai, vahA~ kSatriyakuNDa nAma kA eka kasbA thA / jaina loga use mahAvIra ke janmasthAna ke kAraNa tIrthabhUmi mAnate haiN| jAti aura vaMza zrI mahAvIra kI jAti kSatriya thI aura unakA vaMza nAtha (jJAta) nAma se prasiddha thaa| unake pitA kA nAma siddhArtha thA, unheM zreyAMsa aura yazAMsa bhI kahate the| cAcA kA nAma ra pArzva thA aura mAtA ke trizalA, videhadinnA tathA priyakAriNI yaha tIna nAma the / mahAvIra ke eka bar3A bhAI aura eka bar3I bahina thii| bar3e bhAI nandIvardhana kA vivAha unake mAmA tathA vaizAlI nagarI ke adhipati mahArAja ceTaka kI putrI ke sAtha huA thA / bar3I bahina sunandA kI zAdI kSatriyakuNDa meM huI thI aura usake jamAlI nAma kA eka putra thA / mahAvIra svAmI kI priyadarzanA nAmaka putrI se usakA vivAha huA thaa| Age calakara jamAlI ne apanI strI-sahita bhagavAna mahAvIra se dIkSA bho aMgIkAra kara lI thI / zvetAmbaroM kI dhAraNA ke anusAra mahAvIra ne vivAha kiyA thA, unake eka hI patnI thI aura unakA nAma thA yazodA / inake sirpha eka hI kanyA hone kA ullekha milatA hai| ___jJAta kSatriya siddhArtha kI rAjakIya sattA sAdhAraNa hI hogI, parantu vaibhava aura kulInatA U~ce darje kI honI cAhie / kyoMki usake binA vaizAlI ke adhipati ceTaka kI bahina ke sAtha vaivAhika saMbandha honA saMbhava nahIM thaa| gRha-jIvana- vardhamAna kA bAlyakAla bahutAMza meM krIr3AoM meM vyatIta hotA hai / parantu jaba. vaha apanI umra meM Ate haiM aura vivAhakAla prApta hotA hai taba vaha vaivAhika jIvana ko aora aruci prakaTa karate haiN| isase tathA bhAvI tIvra vairAgyamaya jIvana se yaha spaSTa dikhalAI detA hai ki unake hRdaya meM tyAga ke bIja janmasiddha the| unake mAtA-pitA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI ziSya paramparA ke anuyAyI the| yaha paramparA nirgrantha ke nAma se prasiddha thI aura sAdhAraNa taura para isa paramparA meM tyAga aura

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jaina dharma aura darzana tapa kI bhAvanA prabala thI / bhagavAn kA apane kuladharma ke paricaya meM AnA aura usa dharma ke AdarzoM kA usake susaMskRta mana ko AkarSita karanA sarvathA saMbhava hai| eka ora janmasiddha vairAgya ke bIca aura dUsarI ora kuladharma ke tyAga aura tapasyA ke AdazoM kA prabhAva, ina donoM kAraNoM se yogya avasthA ko prApta hote hI vardhamAna ne apane jIvana kA kucha to dhyeya nizcita kiyA hI hogA / aura vaha dhyeya bhI kaunasA ? 'dhArmika jIvana' / isa kAraNa yadi vivAha kI ora aruci huI ho to vaha sAhajika hai| phira bhI jaba mAtA-pitA vivAha ke lie bahuta Agraha karate haiM, taba vardhamAna apanA nizcaya zithila kara dete haiM aura kevala mAtA-pitA ke citta ko santoSa dene ke lie vaivAhika saMbandha ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| isa ghaTanA se tathA bar3e bhAI ko prasanna rakhane ke lie gRhavAsa kI avadhi bar3hA dene kI ghaTanA se vardhamAna ke svabhAva ke do tattva spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI dete haiN| eka to bar3e-bUr3hoM ke prati bahumAna aura dUsare mauke ko dekhakara mUla siddhAnta meM bAdhA na par3ane dete hue, samajhautA kara lene kA audArya / yaha dUsarA tattva sAdhaka aura upadezaka jIvana meM kisa prakAra kAma karatA hai, yaha hama Age calakara dekheNge| jaba mAtA-pitA kA svargavAsa huA, taba vardhamAna kI umra 28 varSa kI thii| vivAha ke samaya kI avasthA kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| mAtA-pitA ke svargavAsa ke bAda vardhamAna ne gRhatyAga kI pUrI taiyArI kara lI thI, parantu isase jyeSTha bandhu ko kaSTa hote dekha gRhajIvana ko do varSa aura bar3hA diyaa| parantu isalie ki tyAga kA nizcaya kAyama rahe, gRhavAsI hote hue bhI Apane do varSa taka tyAgiyoM kI bhA~ti hI jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| sAdhaka jIvana tIsa varSa kA taruNa kSatriya-putra vardhamAna jaba gRha tyAga karatA hai, taba usake prAntara aura bAhya donoM jIvana ekadama badala jAte haiN| vaha sukumAra rAjaputra apane hAthoM keza kA lucana karatA hai aura tamAma vaibhavoM ko chor3akara ekAkI jIvana aura laghutA svIkAra karatA hai| usake sAtha hI yAvajjIvana sAmAyika cAritra (AjIvana samabhAva se rahane kA niyama ) aMgIkAra karatA hai aura isakA solahoM Ane pAlana karane ke lie bhISaNa pratijJA karatA hai "cAhe daivika, mAnuSika athavA tiryaka jAtIya, kisI bhI prakAra kI vighna-bAdhAeM kyoM na Ae~, maiM sabako binA kisI dUsare kI madada lie, samabhAva se sahana kruuNgaa|" ___ isa pratijJA se kumAra ke vIratva aura usake paripUrNa nirvAha se usake mahAn vIratva kA paricaya milatA hai| isI se vaha sAdhaka jIvana meM 'mahAvIra' kI

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dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra 26 khyAti ko prApta karatA hai / mahAvIra ke sAdhanA viSayaka AcArAMga ke prAcIna aura prAmANika varNana se, unake jIvana kI bhinna-bhinna ghaTanAtroM se tathA ba taka unake nAma se pracalita sampradAya kI vizeSatA se, yaha jAnanA kaThina nahIM hai ki mahAvIra ko kisa tattva kI sAdhanA karanI thI, aura usa sAdhanA ke lie unhoMne mukhyataH kauna se sAdhana pasanda kie the / mahAvIra hiMsA-tattva kI sAdhanA karanA cAhate the, usake lie saMyama aura tapa yaha do sAdhana unhoMne pasanda kie| unhoMne yaha vicAra kiyA ki saMsAra meM jo balavAn hotA hai, vaha nirbala ke sukha aura sAdhana, eka DAkU kI taraha chIna letA hai / yaha apaharaNa karane kI vRtti apane mAne hue sukha ke rAga se, khAsa karake kAyika sukha-zIlatA se paidA hotI hai / yaha vRtti hI aisI hai ki isase zAnti aura samabhAva kA vAyu maNDala kalu - pita hue binA nahIM rahatA hai / pratyeka manuSya ko apanA sukha aura apanI suvidhA itane kImatI mAlUma hote haiM ki usakI dRSTi meM dUsare aneka jIvadhAriyoM kI suvidhA kA kucha mUlya hI nahIM hotA / isalie pratyeka manuSya yaha pramANita karane kI koziza karatA hai ki jIva, jIva kA bhakSaNa hai 'jIvo jIvasya jIvanam / ' nirbala ko balavAn kA poSaNa karake apanI upayogitA siddha karanI cAhie / sukha ke rAga se hI balavAn loga nirbala prANiyoM ke jIvana kI Ahuti dekara usake dvArA apane paraloka kA utkRSTa mArga taiyAra karane kA prayatna karate haiM / isa prakAra sukha kI mithyA bhAvanA aura saMkucita vRtti ke hI kAraNa vyaktiyoM aura samUhoM meM antara bar3hatA hai, zatrutA kI nIMva par3atI hai aura isake phalasvarUpa nirbala balavAn hokara badalA lene kA nizcaya tathA prayatna karate haiM aura badalA lete bhI haiM / isa taraha hiMsA aura pratihiMsA kA aisA malIna vAyumaNDala taiyAra ho jAtA hai ki loga saMsAra ke sukha ko svayaM hI narka banA dete haiM / hiMsA ke isa bhayAnaka svarUpa ke vicAra se mahAvIra ne hiMsA-tattva meM hI samasta dharmoM kA, samasta karttavyoM kA, prANImAtra kI zAnti kA mUla dekhA / unheM spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI diyA ki yadi hiMsA-tattva siddha kiyA jA sake, to hI jagat meM saccI zAnti phailAI jA sakatI hai / yaha vicAra kara unhoMne kAyika sukha kI samatA se vaira-bhAva ko rokane ke lie tapa prArambha kiyA, aura dhairya jaise mAnasika doSa se hone vAlI hiMsA ko rokane ke lie saMyama kA avalambana kiyA / saMyama kA saMbandha mukhyataH mana aura vacana ke sAtha hone ke kAraNa usameM dhyAna aura mauna kA samAveza hotA hai| mahAvIra ke samasta sAdhaka jIvana meM saMyama siddha karane ke lie unhoMne koI jisa tatparatA aura apramAda kA pari aura tapa yahI do bAteM mukhya haiM aura unheM 12 varSo taka jo prayatna kiyA aura usameM

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30 .. jaina dharma aura darzana caya diyA, vaisA Aja taka kI tapasyA ke itihAsa meM kisI vyakti ne diyA ho yaha nahIM dikhAI detaa| kitane loga mahAvIra ke tapa ko deha-duHkha aura dehadamana kaha kara usakI avahelanA karate haiN| parantu yadi ve satya tathA nyAya ke lie mahAvIra ke jIvana para gaharA vicAra kareMge to yaha mAlUma hue binA na rahegA ki, mahAvIra kA tapa zuSka deha-damana nahIM thaa| vaha saMyama aura tapa donoM para samAna rUpa se jora dete the| vaha jAnate the ki yadi tapa ke abhAva se sahanazIlatA kama huI to dUsaroM kI sukha suvidhA kI Ahuti dekara apanI sukha-suvidhA bar3hAne kI lAlasA bar3hegI aura usakA phala yaha hogA ki saMyama na raha paaegaa| isI prakAra saMyama ke abhAva meM korA tapa bhI, parAdhIna prANI para anicchApUrvaka A par3e deha-kaSTa kI taraha nirarthaka hai / jyoM-jyoM saMyama aura tapa kI utkaTatA se mahAvIra ahiMsA tattva ke adhikAdhika nikaTa pahu~cate gae, tyoM-tyoM unakI gambhIra zAnti bar3hane lagI aura usakA prabhAva AsapAsa ke logoM para apane-Apa hone lgaa| mAnasa-zAstra ke niyama ke anusAra eka vyakti ke andara balavAn hone vAlI vRtti kA prabhAva Asa-pAsa ke logoM para jAna-anajAna meM hue binA nahIM rhtaa| isa sAdhaka jIvana meM eka ullekha-yogya aitihAsika ghaTanA ghaTatI hai| vaha yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA ke sAtha gozAlaka nAmaka eka vyakti prAyaH 6 varSa vyatIta karatA hai aura phira unase alaga ho jAtA hai| Age cala kara yaha unakA pratipakSI hotA hai aura AjIvaka sampradAya kA nAyaka banatA hai / Aja yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki donoM kisa hetu se sAtha hue aura kyoM alaga hue, parantu eka prasiddha zrAjIvaka sampradAya ke nAyaka aura tapasvI mahAvIra kA dIrgha kAla taka sAhacarya satyazodhakoM ke lie arthasUcaka avazya hai| 12 varSa kI kaThora aura dIrgha sAdhanA ke pazcAt jaba unheM apane ahiMsA tattva ke siddha ho jAne kI pUrNa pratIti huI, taba ve apanA jIvana-krama badalate haiM / ahiMsA kA sArvabhauma dharma usa dIrgha-tapasvI meM paripluta ho gayA thA, aba unake sArvajanika jIvana se kitanI hI bhavya AtmAoM meM parivartana ho jAne kI pUrNa sambhAvanA thii| magadha aura videha deza kA pUrvakAlIna malIna vAyu-maNDala dhIre-dhIre zuddha hone lagA thA, kyoMki usameM usa samaya aneka tapasvI aura vicAraka loka-hita kI AkAMkSA se prakAza meM Ane lage the| isI samaya dIrgha tapasvI bhI prakAza meM aae| upadezaka jIvana zramaNa bhagavAna kA 43 se 72 varSa taka kA yaha dIrgha jIvana sArvajanika

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dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra sevA meM vyatIta hotA hai| isa samaya meM unake dvArA kie gae mukhya kAmoM kI nAmAvalI isa prakAra hai - (1) jAti-pA~ti kA tanika bhI bheda rakhe binA hara eka ke lie, zUdroM ke lie bhI, bhittu-pada aura guru-pada kA rAstA khulA karanA / zreSThatA kA AdhAra janma nahIM balki guNa, aura guNoM meM bhI pavitra jIvana kI mahattA sthApita krnaa| (2) puruSoM kI taraha striyoM ke vikAsa ke lie bhI pUrI svatantratA aura vidyA tathA prAcAra donoM meM striyoM kI pUrNa yogyatA ko maannaa| unake lie guru-pada kA prAdhyAtmika mArga khola denaa| (3) loka-bhASA meM tattvajJAna aura prAcAra kA upadeza karake kevala vidvadgamya saMskRta bhASA kA moha ghaTAnA aura yogya adhikArI ke lie jJAna-prApti meM bhASA kA antarAya dUra karanA / (4) aihika aura pAralaukika sukha ke lie hone vAle yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI apekSA saMyama tathA tapasyA ke svAvalaMbI tathA puruSArtha-pradhAna mArga kI mahattA sthApita karanA aura ahiMsA-dharma meM prIti utpanna karanA / (5) tyAga aura tapasyA ke nAma para rUr3ha zithilAcAra ke sthAna para sacce tyAga aura saccI tapasyA kI pratiSThA karake bhoga kI jagaha yoga ke mahattva kA vAyumaMDala cAroM ora utpanna krnaa| zramaNa bhagavAn ke ziSyoM ke tyAgI aura gRhastha yaha do bhAga the / unake tyAgI bhikSuka ziSya 14000 aura bhikSuka ziSyAe~ 36000 hone kA ullekha milatA hai| isake sivAya lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM gRhastha ziSyoM ke hone kA bhI ullekha hai| tyAgI aura gRhastha ina donoM vargoM meM cAroM vargoM ke strI-puruSa sammilita the| indrabhUti Adi 11 gaNadhara brAhmaNa the| udAyI, meSakumAra Adi aneka kSatriya bhI bhagavAn ke ziSya hue the / zAlibhadra ityAdi vaizya aura mahatAraja tathA harikezI jaise atizUdra bhI bhagavAn kI pavitra dIkSA kA pAlana kara ucca patha ko pahu~ce the / sAdhviyoM meM candanabAlA kSatriya-putrI thI, devAnandA brAhmaNI thIM / gRhasthoM meM unake mAmA vaizAlIpati ceTaka, rAjagRhI ke mahArAjA zreNika ( bimbasAra ) aura unakA putra koNika (ajAtazatru ) Adi aneka kSatriya bhUpati the / aAnanda, kAmadeva Adi pradhAna dasa zrAvakoM meM zakaDAla kumhAra jAti kA thA aura zeSa 6 vaizya khetI aura pazu-pAlana para nirvAha karane vAle the / DhaMka kumhAra hote hue bhI bhagavAna kA samajhadAra aura dRr3ha upAsaka thaa| khandaka, ambar3a Adi aneka parivrAjaka tathA somIla Adi aneka vidvAn brAhmaNoM ne zramaNa bhagavAn kA anusaraNa kiyA thaa| gRhastha upAsikAoM meM

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32 jaina dharma aura darzana revatI, sulasA aura jayantI ke nAma prakhyAta haiN| jayantI jaisI bhakta thI vaisI hI viduSI bhI thii| Az2AdI ke sAtha bhagavAn se prazna karatI aura uttara sunatI thii| bhagavAn ne usa samaya striyoM kI yogyatA kisa prakAra A~kI, usakA yaha udAharaNa hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna dharma-pravartakoM meM Ajakala kucha thor3e hI logoM ke nAma milate haiM-tathAgata gautamabuddha, pUrNa kazyapa, saMjaya velahiputta, pakudha kaccAyana, ajita kesakambali aura maMkhalI gozAlaka / samajhautA zramaNa bhagavAn ke pUrva se hI jaina-sampradAya calA A rahA thA, jo nigrantha ke nAma se vizeSa prasiddha thA usa samaya pradhAna nirgrantha kezIkumAra Adi the| ve saba apane ko zrI pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke anuyAyI mAnate the| ve kapar3e pahinate the aura so bhI taraha-taraha ke raMga ke| isa prakAra vaha cAturyAma dharma arthAt ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura aparigraha ina cAra mahAvratoM kA pAlana karate the / zramaNa bhagavAn ne isa paramparA ke khilApha apane vyavahAra se do bAteM naI pracalita kI-eka acela dharma, dUsarI brahmacarya ( strI-viramaNa ) / pahile kI paramparA meM vastra aura strI ke saMbandha meM avazya zithilatA A gaI hogI aura use dUra karane ke liye acela dharma aura strI-viramaNa ko nirgranthatva meM sthAna diyA gayA / aparigraha vrata se strI-viramaNa ko alaga karake cAra ke badale pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane kA niyama bnaayaa| zrI pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke suyogya netAoM ne isa saMzodhana ko svIkRta kiyA aura prAcIna tathA navIna donoM bhikSuoM kA sammelana huaa| kitane hI vidvAnoM kA yaha mata hai ki isa samajhaute meM vastra rakhane tathA na rakhane kA jo matabheda zAnta huA thA vaha Age calakara phira pakSapAta kA rUpa dhAraNa karake zvetAmbara, digambara sampradAya ke rUpa meM dhadhaka utthaa| yadyapi sUkSma dRSTi se dekhane vAle vidvAnoM ko zvetAmbara, digambara meM koI mahattvapUrNa bheda nahIM jAna par3atA; parantu Ajakala to sampradAya-bheda kI asmitA ne donoM zAkhAoM meM nAzakAriNI agni utpanna kara dI hai| itanA hI nahIM balki thor3e. thor3e abhiniveza ke kAraNa Aja dUsare bhI aneka choTe-bar3e bheda bhagavAn ke anekAntavAda (rayAdvAda) ke nIce khar3e ho gae haiN| upadeza kA rahasya--- zramaNa bhagavAn ke samagra jIvana aura upadeza kA saMkSipta rahasya do bAtoM meM zrA jAtA hai| prAcAra meM pUrNa ahiMsA aura tatvajJAna meM anekAnta / unake saMpradAya ke prAcAra ko aura zAstra ke vicAra ko ina tatvoM kA hI bhASya samajhie / vartamAnakAla ke vidvAnoM kA yahI niSpakSa mata hai |

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dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra vipakSI zramaNa bhagavAn ke ziSyoM meM unase alaga hokara unake khilApha virodhI pantha pracalita karane vAle unake jAmAtA kSatriya-putra jamAlI the| isa samaya to unakI smRtimAtra jaina granthoM meM hai| dUsare pratipakSI unake pUrva sahacara gozAlaka the / unakA AjIvaka pantha rUpAntara pAkara Aja bhI hindustAna meM maujUda hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana kA mukhya bhAga videha aura magadha meM vyatIta huA hai / aisA jAna par3atA hai ki ve adhika se adhika yamunA ke kinAre taka Ae hoNge| zrAvastI, kozAMbI, tAmralipta, campA aura rAjagRhI ina zaharoM meM vaha bAra-bAra AtejAte aura rahate the| upasaMhAra zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA aura unake zAntipUrNa dIrgha-jIvana aura upadeza se usa samaya magadha, videha, kAzI kozala aura dUsare kitane hI pradezoM ke dhArmika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM bar3I krAnti ho gaI thii| usakA pramANa kevala zAstra ke pannoM meM hI nahIM, balki hindustAna ke mAnasika jagat meM aba taka jAgRta ahiMsA aura tapa kA svAbhAvika anurAga hai| Aja se 2456 varSa pUrva rAjagRhI ke pAsa pAvApurI nAmaka pavitra sthAna meM kArtika kRSNA amAvasa kI rAta ko isa tapasvI kA aihika jIvana pUrA huAH ( nirvANa huA). aura unake sthApita saMgha kA bhAra unake pradhAna ziSya sudhamA svAmI para A pdd'aa| I. sa. 1633 ]

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana [eka aitihAsika dRSTipAta ] vIra-jayaMtI aura nirvANatithi hara sAla AtI hai / isake upalakSya meM lagabhaga sabhI jaina-patra bhagavAn ke jIvana para kucha na kucha likhane kA prayatna karate haiN| koI-koI patra mahAvIrAGka rUpa se vizeSa aGka nikAlane kI bhI yojanA karate haiM / yaha silasilA pichale aneka varSoM se anya sampradAyoM kI dekhAdekhI jaina paramparA meM bhI cAlU hai aura saMbhavataH Age bhI cAlU rhegaa| sAmayika patra patrikAoM ke alAvA bhI bhagavAn ke jIvana ke bAre meM choTI bar3I pustakeM likhane kA krama vaisA hI jArI hai jaise ki usakI mA~ga hai| purAne samaya se isa viSaya para likhA jAtA rahA hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta bhASA meM judejude samaya meM jude-jude sthAnoM para judI-judI dRSTi vAle jude-jude aneka lekhakoM ke dvArA bhagavAn kA jIvana likhA gayA hai aura vaha bahutAyata se upalabdha bhI hai| nae yuga kI pichalI eka zatAbdI meM to yaha jIvana aneka bhASAoM meM dezIvidezI, sAmpradAyika-asAmpradAyika lekhakoM ke dvArA likhA gayA hai / jarmanaaMgrejI, hindI, gujarAtI, baMgalA aura marAThI Adi bhASAoM meM isa jIvana viSayaka choTI-bar3I aneka pustakeM prasiddha huI haiM aura milatI bhI haiN| yaha saba hote hue bhI nae varSa kI naI jayaMtI yA nirvANatithi ke upalakSya meM mahAvIra jIvana para kucha nayA likhane kI bhArapUrvaka mA~ga ho rahI hai / isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? so khAsakara samajhane kI bAta hai / isa kAraNa ko samajhane se yaha hama ThIka-ThIka samajha sakeMge ki purAne samaya se Aja taka ko mahAvIra jIvana viSayaka upalabdha itanI likhita mudrita sAmagrI hamArI jijJAsA ko tRpta karane meM samartha kyoM nahIM hotI ? bhagavAn mahAvIra eka hI the| unakA jIvana jaisA kucha rahA ho sunizcita amuka rUpa kA hI rahA hogA / tadviSayaka jo sAmagrI abhI zeSa hai usase adhika samartha samakAlIna sAmagrI abhI milane kI koI saMbhAvanA nhiiN| jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai usakA upayoga Aja taka ke likhita jIvanoM meM hazrA hI hai to phira nayA kyA bAkI hai jisakI mA~ga hara sAla jayaMtI yA nirvANatithi ke avasara para banI rahatI hai aura khAsa taura se saMpUrNa mahAvIra jIvana viSayaka pustaka kI mA~ga to|

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana 35 I , hamezA banI huI rahatI hI hai / ye aise prazna haiM jinakA vAstavika uttara binA samajhe mahAvIra jIvana para kucha socanA likhanA yA aise jIvana kI lekhakoM se mA~ga karanA yaha nirA vArSika jayaMtI kAlIna vyasana mAtra siddha hogA yA punarAvRtti kA cakra mAtra hogA jisase hameM bacanA cAhie / purAne samaya se Aja taka kI jIvana viSayaka saba pustakeM aura choTe-bar3e saba lekha prAyaH sAmpradAyika bhaktoM ke dvArA hI likhe gae haiN| jaise rAma, kRSNa, krAisTa, muhammada Adi mahAn puruSoM ke bAre meM usa sampradAya ke vidvAnoM aura bhaktoM ne likhA hai / hA~, kucha thor3e lekha aura virala pustakeM sAmpradAyika jainetara vidvAnoM dvArA bhI likhI huI haiN| ina donoM prakAra ke jIvana-lekhoM meM eka khAsa guNa hai to dUsarI khAsa truTi bhI hai| khAsa guNa to yaha hai ki sAmpradAyika vidvAnoM aura bhaktoM ke dvArA jo kucha likhA gayA hai usameM paramparAgata aneka yathArtha bAteM bhI saralatA se A gaI haiM, jaisI sAmpradAyika aura dUravartI vidvAnoM ke dvArA likhe gae jIvana-lekhoM meM kabhI-kabhI yA nahIM pAtIM / parantu truTi aura bar3I bhArI truTi yaha hai ki sAmpradAyika vidvAnoM aura bhaktoM kA dRSTikoNa hamezA aisA rahA hai ki yena kena prakAreNa apane iSTa deva ko sabase U~cA aura sAdhAraNa dikhAI dene vAlA citrita kiyA jaae| sabhI sampradAyoM meM pAI jAne vAlI isa atiraMjaka sAmpradAyika dRSTi ke kAraNa mahAvIra, mAnava mahAvIra na rahakara kalpita deva se bana gae haiM jaisA ki bauddha paramparA meM buddha aura paurANika paramparA meM rAma-kRSNa tathA kizcyAniTI meM krAisTa mAnava miTa kara deva yA devAMza bana gae haiM / * isa yuga kI khAsa vizeSatA vaijJAnika aura aitihAsika dRSTikoNa hai / vijJAna aura itihAsa satya ke upAsaka haiM / ve satya ke sAmane aura saba bAtoM ko vRthA samajhate haiM / yaha satyagaveSaka vRtti hI vijJAna aura itihAsa kI pratiSThA kA dhAra hai / isalie ina donoM kI logoM ke mana ke Upara itanI adhika prabhAvazAlI chApa par3I hai ki ve vaijJAnika dRSTi se apramANita aura itihAsa se asiddha aisI kisI vastu ko mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM / yahA~ taka ki hajAroM varSoM se calI Ane vAlI aura mAnasa meM sthira banI huI prANapriya mAnyatAoM ko bhI (yadi ve vijJAna aura itihAsa se viruddha haiM to ) chor3ane meM nahIM hicakicAte, pratyuta ve aisA karane meM apanI kRtArthatA samajhate haiN| vartamAna yuga bhUtakAlIna jJAna kI virAsata ko thor3A bhI barbAda karanA nahIM cAhatA / usake eka aMza ko vaha pramANa se bhI adhika mAnatA hai; para sAtha hI vaha usa virAsata ke vijJAna aura itihAsa se siddha zraMza ko eka kSaNa bhara ke lie bhI nahIM | nae yuga ke isa lakSaNa ke kAraNa vastu-sthiti badala mAnane ko taiyAra gaI hai / mahAvIra

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6 jaina dharma aura darzana jIvana viSayaka lekha pustaka Adi kitanI hI sAmagrI prastuta kyoM na ho para Aja kA jijJAsu usa sAmagrI ke bar3e Dhera mAtra se santuSTa nahIM / vaha to yaha dekhanA cAhatA hai ki isameM kitanA tarka buddhi-siddha aura kitanA itihAsa-siddha hai ? jaba isa vRtti se vaha Aja taka ke mahAvIra-jIvanaviSayaka lekhoM ko par3hatA hai, socatA hai taba use pUrA saMtoSa nahIM hotA / vaha dekhatA hai ki isameM satya ke sAtha kalpita bhI bahuta milA hai / vaha yadi bhakta ho to kisI taraha se apane mana ko manA le sakatA hai; para vaha dUsare taTastha jijJAsuoM kA pUrA samAdhAna kara nahIM pAtA / vaijJAnika aura aitihAsika dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva itanA adhika gaharA par3A hai ki khuda mahAvIra ke paramparAgata anuyAyiyoM ko bhI apanI naI pIr3hI kA hara bAta meM samAdhAna karanA muzkila ho gayA hai| yahI eka mAtra vajaha hai ki cAroM ora se mahAvIra ke aitihAsika jIvana likhe jAne kI mAMga ho rahI hai aura kahIM-kahIM tadartha taiyAriyA~ bhI ho rahI haiM / Aja kA koI taTastha lekhaka aitihAsika dRSTi se mahAvIra jIvana likhegA to usI sAmagrI ke AdhAra se likha sakatA hai ki jisa sAmagrI ke AdhAra se pahale se Aja taka ke lekhakoM ne likhA hai| pharka yadi hai yA ho sakatA hai to dRSTikoNa kA / dRSTikoNa hI saccAI yA gaira-saccAI kA eka mAtra prANa hai aura pratiSThA kA ' AdhAra hai| udAharaNArtha mahAvIra kA do mAtA aura do pitA ke putra rUpa se prAcIna granthoM meM varNana hai / ise sAmpradAyika dRSTi vAlA bhI letA hai aura aitihAsika dRSTi vAlA bhii| para isa asaMgata aura amAnavIya dikhAI dene vAlI ghaTanA kA khulAsA sAmpradAyika vyakti eka taraha se karatA hai aura aitihAsika vyakti dUsaro taraha se| hajAroM varSa se mAnA jAne vAlA usa asaMgati kA sAmpradAyika khulAsA loka-mAnasa meM itanA ghara kara gayA hai ki dUsarA khulAsA sunate hI vaha mAnasa bhar3aka uThatA hai| phira bhI naI aitihAsika dRSTi ne aisI sthiti paidA kI hai ki usa cira paricita khulAse se loka-mana kA antastala jarA bhI santuSTa nahIM / vaha to koI nayA buddhigamya khulAsA pAnA cAhatA hai yA usa. do mAtA, do pitA kI ghaTanA ko hI asaMgata kaha kara jIvana meM se sarvathA nikAla denA cAhatA hai| yahI bAta tatkAlajAta zizu mahAvIra ke aMguSTha ke dvArA meru-kampana ke bAre meM hai yA pada-pada para mahAvIra ke AsapAsa upasthita hone vAle lAkhoM-karor3oM deva-deviyoM ke varNana ke bAre meM hai| koI bhI tarka aura buddhi se mAnava-jIvana para vicAra karane vAlA aisA nahIM hogA jo yaha mAnane ko taiyAra ho ki eka tatkAla paidA huA bAlaka yA mallakustI kiyA huA javAna apane a~gUThe se parvata to kyA eka mahatI zilA ko bhI ka~pA sake ! koI bhI aitihAsika

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana 37 yaha mAna nahIM sakatA aura sAbita nahIM kara sakatA ki devasRSTi kahIM dUra hai aura usake divya sattva kisI tapasvI kI sevA meM sadA hAjira rahate haiM / ye aura inakI jaisI dUsarI aneka ghaTanAe~ mahAvIra jIvana meM vaise hI AtI haiM jaise anya mahApuruSoM ke jIvana meM | sAmpradAyika vyakti una ghaTanAoM ko jIvanI likhate samaya na to chor3a sakatA hai aura na unakA cAlU artha se dUsarA artha hI lagA sakatA hai / isa kAraNa se vaha mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko naI pIr3hI ke lie pratItikara nahIM banA sakatA / jaba ki aitihAsika vyakti kitanI hI asaMgata dikhAI dene vAlI purAnI ghaTanAoM ko yA to jIvanI meM sthAna hI nahIM degA yA unakA pratItikara artha lagAegA jise sAmAnya buddhi bhI samajha aura mAna sake / itanI carcA se yaha bhalIbhAMti jAnA jA sakatA hai ki aitihAsika dRSTikoNa saMgata dikhAI dene vAlI jIvana ghaTanAoM ko jyoM kA tyoM mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM, para vaha unheM buddhigrAhya kasauTI se kasa kara saccAI kI bhUmikA para lAne kA prayatna karegA / yahI sababa hai. ki vartamAna yuga usI purAnI sAmagrI ke AdhAra se, para aitihAsika dRSTi se likhe gae mahAvIra jIvana ko hI par3hanA-sunanA cAhatA hai / yahI samaya kI mA~ga hai / mahAvIra kI jIvanI meM AnevAlI jina asaMgata tIna bAtoM kA ullekha maiMne kiyA hai unakA aitihAsika khulAsA kisa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ise yahA~ batalA denA bhI jarUrI hai mAnava vaMza ke to kyA para samagra prANI - vaMza ke itihAsa meM bhI Aja taka aisI koI ghaTanA banI huI vidita nahIM hai jisameM eka saMtAna kI do janaka mAtAe~ hoM / eka santAna ke janaka do-do pitAoM kI ghaTanA kalpanAtIta nahIM hai para do janaka mAtAoM kI ghaTanA kA to kalpanA meM bhI AnA muzkila' hai / tisa para bhI jaina zrAgamoM meM mahAvIra kI janaka rUpa se do mAtAoM kA varNana hai / eka to kSatriyANI siddhArthapatnI trizalA aura dUsarI brAhmaNI RSabhadattapatnI devAnandA | pahile to eka bAlaka kI do jananiyA~ hI asambhava tisa para donoM jananiyoM kA bhinna-bhinna puruSoM kI patniyoM ke rUpa se honA to aura bhI asambhava hai / zrAgama ke purAne bhAgoM meM mahAvIra ke jo nAma milate haiM unameM aisA eka bhI nAma nahIM hai jo devAnandA ke sAtha unake mAtA-putra ke saMbandha kA sUcaka ho phira bhI bhagavatI' jaise mahattvapUrNa zrAgama meM hI apane mukhya gaNadhara indrabhUti ko saMbodhita karake khuda bhagavAn ke dvArA aisA kahalAyA gayA hai ki - yaha 1. bhagavatI zataka 6 uddeza 6 |

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38 naina dharma aura darzana devAnandA merI jananI hai isI se mujhe dekhakara usake thana dUdha se bhara gae haiM aura harSa-romAJca ho pAe haiN| bhagavatI meM dUsarI jagaha devoM kI garbhApaharaNa-zakti kA mahAvIra ne indrabhUti ko lakSita karake varNana kiyA hai para usa jagaha unhoMne apane garbhApaharaNa kA koI nirdeza taka nahIM kiyA hai| hA~, mahAvIra ke garbhApaharaNa kA varNana AcArAMga ke antima bhAga meM hai para vaha bhAga prAcArya hemacandra ke kathanAnusAra hI kama se kama mahAvIra ke anantara do sau varSa ke bAda kA to hai hii| aisI sthiti meM kisI bhI samajhadAra ke mana meM yaha prazna hue binA raha nahIM sakatA ki jaba eka santAna kI eka hI mAtA sambhava hai taba jananI rUpa se mahAvIra kI do mAtAoM kA varNana zAstra meM AyA kaise ? aura isa asaMgata dikhAI dene vAlI ghaTanA ko saMgata banAne ke garbha-saMkramaNa-jaise bilkula azakya kArya ko deva ke hastakSepa se zakya banAne kI kalpanA taka ko zAstra meM sthAna kyoM diyA gayA ? isa prazna ke aura bhI untara yA khulAse ho sakate haiM para mujhe jo khulAse saMbhavanIya dikhate haiM unameM se mukhya ye haiM 1-mahAvIra kI jananI to brAhmaNI devAnandA hI hai, kSatrivANI trizalA nhiiN| 2-trizalA jananI to nahIM hai para vaha bhagavAn ko goda lene vAlI yA apane ghara para rakha kara saMvardhana karane vAlI mAtA avazya hai / agara vAstava meM aisA hI ho to paramparA meM usa bAta kA viparyAsa kyoM huA aura zAstra meM anyathA bAta kyoM likhI gaI ?--yaha prazna honA svAbhAvika hai| ___maiM isa prazna ke do khulAse sUcita karatA hU~ 1-pahilA to yaha ki trizalA siddhArtha ko anyatama patnI hogI jise apanA koI aurasa putra na thA / strIsulabha putravAsanA kI pUrti usane devAnandA ke aurasa putra ko apanA banA kara kI hogii| mahAvIra kA rUpa, zIla aura svabhAva aisA AkarSaka honA cAhie ki jisake kAraNa trizalA ne apane jIte jI unheM unakI sahaja vRtti ke anusAra dIkSA lene kI anumati dI na hogii| bhagavAn ne bhI trizalA kA anusaraNa karanA hI kartavya samajhA hogaa| . 2-dUsarA yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki mahAvIra choTI umra se hI usa samaya brAhmaNaparaMparA meM atirUr3ha hiMsaka yajJa aura dUsare nirarthaka kriyA-kANDoM vAle kuladharma se viruddha saMskAra vAle-tyAga prakRti ke the / unako choTI umra meM hI kisI nirgrantha 1. bhagabatI zataka 5 uddeza 4 /

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana ___36 paramparA ke tyAgI bhikSu ke saMsarga meM Ane kA maukA milA hogA aura usa nirgrantha saMskAra se sAhajika tyAgavRtti kI puSTi huI hogii| mahAvIra ke tyAgAbhimukha saMskAra, honahAra ke yogya zubha lakSaNa aura nirbhayatA Adi guNa dekhakara usa nirgrantha guru ne apane pakke anuyAyI siddhArtha aura trizalA ke yahA~ unako saMvardhana ke lie rakhA hogA jaisA ki AcArya hemacandra ko choTI umra se hI guru devacandra ne apane bhakta udayana mantrI ke yahA~ saMvardhana ke lie rakhA thA / mahAvIra ke sadguNoM se trizalA itanI AkRSTa huI hogI ki usane apanA hI putra mAnakara unakA saMvardhana kiyaa| mahAvIra bhI trizalA ke sadbhAva aura prema ke itane adhika kAyala hoMge ki ve use apanI mAtA hI samajhate aura kahate the / yaha saMbandha aisA panapA ki trizalA ne mahAvIra ke tyAgasaMskAra kI puSTi kI para unheM apane jIte jI nirgrantha banane kI anumati na dii| bhagavAn ne bhI mAtA kI icchA kA anusaraNa kiyA hogaa| khulAsA koI bhI ho- hara hAlata meM mahAvIra, trizalA aura devAnandA apanA pArasparika saMbandha to jAnate hI the| kucha dUsare loga bhI isa jAnakArI se vaMcita na the| zrAge jAkara jaba mahAvIra ugra-sAdhanA ke dvArA mahApuruSa bane taba trizalA kA svargavAsa ho cukA thA / mahAvIra svayaM satyavAdI santa the isalie prasaMga Ane para mUla bAta ko nahIM jAnanevAle apane ziSyoM ko apanI asalI mAtA kauna hai isakA hAla batalA diyA / hAla batalAne kA nimitta isalie upasthita huA hogA ki aba bhagavAn eka mAmUlI vyakti na rahakara bar3e bhArI dharmasaMgha ke mukhiyA bana gae the aura AsapAsa ke logoM meM bahutAyata se yahI bAta prasiddha thI ki mahAvIra to trizalAputra haiM / jaba ine-gine loga kahate the ki nahIM, mahAvIra to devAnandA brAhmaNI ke putra haiN| yaha virodhI carcA jaba bhagavAn ke kAnoM taka pahuMcI taba unhoMne saccI bAta kaha dI ki maiM to devAnandA kA putra huuN| bhagavAn kA yahI kathana bhagavatI ke navama zataka meM surakSita hai| aura trizalAputra rUpa se unakI jo lokaprasiddhi thI vaha prAcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM surakSita hai| usa samaya to virodha kA samAdhAna bhI ThIka-ThIka ho gayA-donoM pracalita bAteM paramparA meM surakSita rahIM aura eka bAta eka Agama meM to dUsarI dUsare aAgama meM nirdiSTa bhI huii| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda sau cAra sau varSa meM jaba sAdhu-saMgha meM eka yA dUsare kAraNa se aneka matAntara aura pakSabheda hue taba Agama-prAmANya kA prazna upasthita huaa| jisane AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ko to pUrA pramANa mAna liyA para dUsare AgamoM ke bAre meM saMzaya upasthita kiyA, usa paramparA meM to bhagavAn kI eka mAtra trizalAputra rUpa se prasiddhi raha gaI aura Age jAkara usane devAnandA ke

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jaina dharma aura darzana putra hone kI bAta ko bilkula kAlpanika kaha kara chor3a diyA / yahI paramparA Age jAkara digambara paramparA meM samA gaI / parantu jisa paramparA ne zrAcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI taraha dUsare AgamoM ko bhI akSarazaH satya mAna kara pramANa rUpa se mAna rakhA thA usake sAmane virodha upasthita huA, kyoMki zAstroM meM kahIM bhagavAn kI mAtA kA trizalA rUpa se to kahIM devAnandA ke rUpa se sUcana thA / usa paramparA ke lie eka bAta ko svIkAra aura dUsare ko inkAra karanA to zakya hI na raha gayA thA / samAdhAna kaise kiyA jAe ? yaha prazna zrAcAryoM ke sAmane AyA / asalI rahasya to aneka zatAbdiyoM ke garbha meM chipa hI 4 gayA thA / vasudeva kI patnI devakI ke garbha ko sAtaveM mahIne meM divyazakti ke dvArA dUsarI patnI rohiNI ke garbha meM rakhe jAne kI jo bAta sAdhAraNa logoM meM va paurANika AkhyAnoM meM pracalita thI usane tathA devasRSTi kI purAnI mAnyatA ne kisI vicakSaNa AcArya ko naI kalpanA karane ko prerita kiyA jisane garbhApaharaNa kI adbhuta ghaTanA ko eka Azcarya kaha kara zAstra meM sthAna de diyA / phira to kSarazaH zAstra ke prAmANya ko mAnane vAle anuyAyiyoM ke lie koI zaMkA yA tarka ke lie guJjAiza hI na raha gaI ki ve asalI bAta jAnane kA prayatna kareM / deva ke hastakSepa ke dvArA garbhApaharaNa kI jo kalpanA zAstrArUDha ho gaI usakI saMgati to mahAvideha ke sImaMdhara svAmI ke sAtha saMbandha jor3akara TAlI gaI phira bhI karma - vAda ke anusAra yaha to prazna thA hI ki jaba jaina siddhAnta janmagata jAtibheda yA 'jAtigata U~ca-nIca bhAva ko nahIM mAnatA aura kevala guNa-karmAnusAra hI jAtibheda kI kalpanA ko mAnya rakhatA hai to use mahAvIra ke brAhmaNatva para kSatriyatva sthApita karane kA Agraha kyoM rakhanA cAhie ? agara brAhmaNa kula tuccha aura anadhikArI hI hotA to indrabhUti Adi sabhI brAhmaNa gaNadhara bana kara kevalI kaise hue ? agara kSatriya hI ucca kula ke hoM to phira mahAvIra ke ananya bhakta zreNika Adi kSatriya naraka meM kyoM kara gae 1 spaSTa hai ki jainasiddhAnta aisI jAtigata koI U~canIcatA kI kalpanA ko nahIM mAnatA para jaba garbhApaharaNa ke dvArA trizalA putrarUpa se mahAvIra kI phailI huI prasiddhi ke samAdhAna kA prayatna huA taba brAhmaNa-kula ke tucchatvAdi doSoM kI saMgata kalpanA ko bhI zAstra meM sthAna milA aura usa asaMgati ko saMgata banAne ke kAlpanika prayatna meM se marIci ke janma meM nIcagotra bA~dhane taka kI kalpanA kathA - zAstra meM A gii| kisI ne yaha nahIM socA ki ye mithyA kalpanAe~ uttarottara kitanI asaMgatiyA~ paidA karatI jAtI haiM aura karma - siddhAnta kA hI khUna karatI haiM ? merI uparyukta dhAraNA ke viruddha yaha bhI dalIla ho

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana 41 sakatI hai ki bhagavAna kI jananI trizalA hI kyoM na ho aura devAnandA unakI dhAtRmAtA ho| isa para merA javAba yaha hai ki devAnandA dhAtRmAtA hotI to usakA usa rUpa se kathana karanA koI lAghava kI bAta na thI / kSatriya ke ghara para dhAtRmAtA koI bhI ho sakatI hai / devAnandA kA dhAtRmAtA rUpa se svAbhAvika ullekha na karake use mAtra mAtA rUpa se nirdiSTa kiyA hai aura garbhApaharaNa kI asat kalpanA taka jAnA par3A hai so dhAtRpakSa meM kucha bhI karanA na par3atA aura sahaja varNana A jaataa| aba hama sumerukampana kI ghaTanA para vicAra kreN| usakI asaMgati to spaSTa hai phira bhI isa ghaTanA ko par3hane vAle ke mana meM yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki yadi zrAgamoM meM garbhApaharaNa jaisI ghaTanA ne mahAvIra kI jIvanI meM sthAna pAyA hai to janma-kAla meM aMguSTha mAtra se kie gae sumeru ke kampana jaisI adbhuta ghaTanA ko AgamoM meM hI sthAna kyoM nahIM diyA hai ? itanA hI nahIM balki AgamakAla ke aneka zatAbdiyoM ke bAda racI gaI niyukti va cUrNi jisameM ki bhagavAna kA jIvana nirdiSTa hai usameM bhI usa ghaTanA kA koI jikra nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke pazcAt kama se kama hajAra bAraha sau varSa taka meM race gae aura saMgraha kie gae vAGmaya meM jisa ghaTanA kA koI jikra nahIM hai vaha ekAeka sabase pahile 'pauma cariyaM' meM kaise zrA gaI ? yaha prazna kama kutUhalavardhaka nahIM hai| hama jaba isake khulAse ke lie Asa-pAsa ke sAhitya ko dekhate haiM to hameM kisI hada taka saccA javAba bhI mila jAtA hai| - vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM do prasaGga haiM-pahilA prasaGga yuddhakAMDa meM aura dUsarA uttarakAMDa meM AtA hai| yuddhakAMDa meM hanumAna ke dvArA samUcA kailAsa-zikhara uThAkara raNaGgaNa meM-jahA~ ki ghAyala lakSmaNa par3A thA-le jAkara rakhane kA varNana hai jaba ki uttara-kAMDa meM rAvaNa ke dvArA samUce himAlaya ko hAtha meM taulane kA tathA mahAdeva ke dvArA aGguSTha mAtra se rAvaNa ke hAtha meM taule hue usa himAlaya ko dabAne kA varNana hai / isa taraha harivaMza Adi prAcIna purANoM meM kRSNa ke dvArA sAta roja taka govardhana parvata ko uThAe rakhane kA bhI varNana hai| paurANika vyAsa rAma aura kRSNa jaise avatArI puruSoM kI kathA sunanevAloM kA manoraJjana ukta prakAra kI adbhuta kalpanAoM ke dvArA kara rahe hoM taba usa vAtAvaraNa ke bIca rahanevAle aura mahAvIra kA jIvana sunAnevAle jaina-granthakAra sthUla bhUmikA vAle apane sAdhAraNa bhaktoM kA manoraJjana paurANika vyAsa kI taraha hI kalpita camatkAroM se kareM to yaha manuSya-svabhAva ke anukUla hI hai / maiM samajhatA hU~ ki apane-apane pUjya puruSoM kI mahattAsUcaka ghaTanAoM ke varNana kI hor3A-hor3I meM

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jaina dharma aura darzana ( spardhA meM ) par3akara sabhI mahApuruSoM kI jIvanI likhane vAloM ne satyAsatya kA viveka kamoveza rUpa se kho diyA hai| isI doSa ke kAraNa sumerukampana kA prasaGga mahAvIra kI jIvanI meM A gayA hai| ___tIsarI bAta devasRSTi kI hai / zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnavIya caritra aura puruSArtha kA hI mahattva hai / buddha kI taraha mahAvIra kA mahattva apane caritra-zuddhi ke asAdhAraNa puruSArtha meM hai / para jaba zuddha AdhyAtmika dharma ne samAja kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura usameM deva-deviyoM kI mAnyatA rakhanevAlI jAtiyA~ dAkhila huI taba unake devaviSayaka vahamoM kI tuSTi aura puSTi ke lie kisI-na-kisI prakAra se mAnavaya jIvana meM devakRta camatkAroM kA varNana anivArya ho gayA / yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvastu aura lalitavistara jaise granthoM meM buddha kI garbhAvasthA meM unakI stuti karane devagaNa Ate haiM aura lumbinI-vana meM (jahA~ ki buddha kA janma huA ) deva-dekyiA~ jAkara pahile se saba taiyAriyA~ karatI haiM / aise daivI camatkAroM se bhare granthoM kA pracAra jisa sthAna meM ho usa sthAna meM rahanevAle mahAvIra ke anuyAyI unakI jIvanI ko binA daivI camatkAroM ke sunanA pasaMda kareM yaha saMbhava hI nahIM hai / maiM samajhatA hU~ isI kAraNa se mahAvIra kI sArI sahaja jIvanI meM devasRSTi kI kalpita chA~Ta A gaI hai| __purAnI jIvana-sAmagrI kA upayoga karane meM sAmpradAyika aura aitihAsika dRSTikoNa meM dUsarA bhI eka mahAna pharka hai, jisake kAraNa sAmpradAyika bhAva se likhI gaI koI bhI jIvanI sArvajanika pratiSThA pA nahIM sakatI / vaha pharka yaha hai ki mahAvIra jaise AdhyAtmika puruSa ke nAma para calane vAlA sampradAya aneka choTe-bar3e phirakoM meM sthUla aura mAmUlI matabhedoM ko tAttvika aura bar3A tUla dekara ba~Ta gayA hai| pratyeka phirakA apanI mAnyatA ko purAnI aura maulika sAbita karane ke lie usakA saMbaMdha kisI bhI taraha mahAvIra se jor3anA cAhatA hai| phala yaha hotA hai ki apanI koI mAnyatA yadi kisI bhI taraha se mahAvIra ke jIvana se saMbaddha nahIM hotI to vaha phirakA apanI mAnyatA ke viruddha jAnevAle mahAvIra-jIvana ke usa bhAga ke nirUpaka granthoM taka ko (cAhe vaha kitane hI purAne kyoM na hoM ) chor3a detA hai, jaba ki dUsare phirake bhI apanI-apanI mAnyatA ke lie vaisI hI khIMcAtAnI karate haiM / phala yaha hotA hai ki jIvanI kI purAnI sAmagrI kA upayoga karane meM bhI sArA jaina-saMpradAya ekamata nahIM / aitihAsika kA prazna vaisA nahIM hai / use kisI phirake se koI khAsa nAtA yA benAtA nahIM hotA hai| vaha taTastha bhAva se sArI jIvana-sAmagrI kA jIvanI likhane meM viveka dRSTi se upayoga karatA hai| vaha na to kisI phirake kI khuzAmada karatA hai aura na kisI ko nArAja karane kI koziza

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana karatA hai| cAhe koI phirakA usakI bAta mAne yA na mAne vaha apanI bAta viveka, niSpakSatA aura nirbhayatA se kahegA va likhegA / isa baraha aitihAsika kA prayatna satyamukhI aura vyApaka bana jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki navayuga usI kA Adara karatA hai| aba hama saMkSepa meM yaha dekheMge ki aitihAsika dRSTi se mahAvIra-jIvana likhane kI kyA kyA sAmagrI hai ? sAmagrI ke mukhya tIna srota haiN| sAhityika, bhaugolika tathA paraMparAgata AcAra va jIvana / sAhitya meM vaidika, bauddha aura jaina prAcIna vAGmaya kA samAveza hotA hai| bhaugolika meM upalabdha ve grAma, nadI, nagara, parvata Adi pradeza haiM jinakA saMbaMdha mahAvIra ke jIvana meM prasaGga-prasaGga para AtA hai| paraMparA se prApta vaha AcAra aura jIvana bhI jIvanI likhane meM upayogI haiM jinakA eka yA dUsare rUpa se mahAvIra ke jIvana tathA upadeza ke sAtha evaM mahAvIra kI pUrva paraMparA ke aura samakAlIna paraMparA ke sAtha saMbandha hai, cAhe vaha usa purAne rUpa meM bhale hI Aja na ho aura parivartita evaM vikRta ho gayA ho| aitihAsika dRSTi ukta sAmagrI ke kisI bhI aMza kI upekSA nahIM kara sakatI aura isake alAvA bhI koI anya srota mAlUma ho jAe to vaha usakA bhI svAgata kregii| __ Upara jisa sAmagrI kA nirdeza kiyA hai, usakA upayoga aitihAsika dRSTi se jIvanI likhane meM kisa-kisa taraha kiyA jA sakatA hai isa para bhI yahA~ thor3e meM prakAza DAlanA jarUrI hai| kisI bhI mahAn puruSa kI jIvanI ko jaba hama par3hate haiM taba usake lekhaka bahudhA iSTa puruSoM kI logoM ke mana para par3I huI mahattA kI chApa ko kAyama rakhane aura use aura bhI puSTa karane ke lie sAmAnya jana-samAja meM pracalita aisI mahattAsUcaka kasauTiyoM para adhikatara bhAra dete haiM aura ve mahattA kI asalI jar3a ko bilkula bhulA na deM to bhI use gauNa to kara hI dete haiM arthAt usa puruSa kI mahattA kI asalI cAbI para utanA bhAra ve nahIM dete jitanA bhAra sAdhAraNa logoM kI mAnI huI mahattA kI kasauTiyoM kA varNana karane para dete haiM / isakA phala yaha hotA hai ki jahA~ eka tarapha se mahattA kA mApadaNDa banAvaTI ho jAtA hai vahA~ dUsarI tarapha se usa puruSa kI mahattA kI asalI cAbI kA mUlyAMkana bhI dhIre-dhIre logoM kI dRSTi meM aojhala ho jAtA hai| sabhI mahAn puruSoM kI jIvaniyoM meM yaha doSa kamobeza dekhA jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko usa doSa se bacAnA ho to hameM sAdhAraNa logoM kI rUr3ha ruci kI puSTi kA vicAra binA kie hI asalI vastu kA vicAra karanA hogaa| bhagavAn ke jIvana ke mukhya do aMza haiM--eka to AtmalakSI-jisameM

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44 jaina dharma aura darzana apanI Atmazuddhi ke lie kie gae bhagavAn ke samagra puruSArtha kA samAveza hotA hai / dUsarA aMza vaha hai jisameM bhagavAn ne paralakSI AdhyAtmika pravRtti kI hai / jIvanI ke pahile aMza kA pUrA varNana to kahIM bhI likhA nahIM milatA phira bhI usakA thor3A-sA para prAmANika aura atiraMjanarahita prAcIna varNana bhAgyavaza AcArAMga prathama zruta skaMdha ke navama adhyayana meM abhI taka surakSita hai| isase adhika purAnA aura adhika prAmANika koI varNana agara kisI ne likhA hogA to vaha Aja surakSita nahIM hai| isalie pratyeka aitihAsika lekhaka ko bhagavAn kI sAdhanAkAlIna sthiti kA citraNa karane meM mukhya rUpa se vaha eka hI adhyayana upayogI ho sakatA hai| bhale hI vaha lekhaka isa adhyayana meM varNita sAdhanA kI puSTi ke lie anya-anya Agamika bhAgoM se sahArA le; para use, bhagavAn kI sAdhanA kaisI thI isakA varNana karane ke lie ukta adhyayana ko hI kendrasthAna meM rakhanA hogaa| ___ yadyapi vaidika paramparA ke kisI bhI grantha meM bhagavAn ke nAma taka kA nirdeza nahIM hai phira bhI jaba taka hama prAcIna zatapatha zrAdi brAhmaNa grantha aura Apastamba, kAtyAyana Adi zrauta-sUtra na dekheM taba taka hama bhagavAn kI dhArmika-pravRtti kA na to ThIka-ThIka mUlya A~ka sakate haiM aura na aisI pravRtti kA varNana karane vAle Agamika bhAgoM kI prAcInatA aora mahattA ko hI samajha sakate haiN| brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya ke jIvana meM vividha yajJoM kA dharmarUpa se kaisA sthAna thA aura unameM se aneka yajJoM meM gAya, ghor3e, bher3a, bakare Adi pazuoM kA tathA manuSya taka kA kaisA dhArmika vadha hotA thA evaM atithi ke lie bhI prANiyoM kA vadha kaisA dharmya mAnA jAtA thA--isa bAta kI Aja hameM koI kalpanA taka nahIM ho sakatI hai jaba ki hajAroM varSa se deza ke eka chora se dUsare chora taka purAnI yajJaprathA hI baMda ho gaI hai aura kahIM-kahIM va kabhI-kabhI koI yajJa karate bhI haiM to ve yajJa bilkula hI ahiMsaka hote haiM / dharmarUpa se avazya karttavya mAne jAnevAle pazuvadha kA virodha karake use zrAma taura se rokane kA kAma usa samaya utanA kaThina to avazya thA jitanA 1. zatapatha brAhmaNa kA0 3; a0 7, 8,6 / kA0 4; a06| kA053; a0 1, 2,5 / kA06; a0 2 / kA0 11; a07,8| kA0 12; a0 7 / kA0 13 ; a0 1, 2, 5 ityAdi / kAtyAyana zrautasUtra-acyuta granthamAlA bhUmikAgata yajJoM kA varNana /

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana 45 kaThina Aja ke katlakhAnoM meM hone vAle pazuvadha ko banda karAnA hai| bhagavAn ne apane pUrvavartI aura samakAlIna mahAn santoM kI taraha isa kaThina kArya ko karane meM kora-kasara uThA rakhI na thI / uttarAdhyayana ke yajJIya adhyayana meM jo yajJIya hiMsA kA zrAtyantika virodha hai vaha bhagavAn kI dhArmika pravRtti kA sUcaka hai / yajJIya hiMsA kA niSedha karane vAlI bhagavAn kI dhArmika pravRtti kA mahattva aura agale jamAne para par3e hue usake asara ko samajhane ke lie jIvanI likhane vAle ko Upara sUcita vaidika-granthoM kA adhyayana karanA hI hogaa| dharma ke kSetra meM brAhmaNa Adi tIna vargoM kA Adara to eka-sA hI thaa| tInoM varNa vAle yajJa ke adhikArI the| isalie varNa kI judAI hote hue bhI inameM chuvAchuta kA bhAva na thA para vikaTa savAla to zUdroM kA thA / dharmakSetra meM praveza kI bAta' to dUra rahI para unakA darzaca taka kaisA amaMgala mAnA jAtA thA, isakA varNana hameM purAne brAhmaNa-granthoM meM spaSTa milatA hai| zUdroM ko aspRzya mAnane kA bhAva vaidika paramparA meM itanA gaharA thA ki dhArmika pazuvadha kA bhAva itanA gaharA na thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha-mahAvIra jaise santoM ke prayatnoM se dhArmika pazuvadha to banda huyA para unake hajAra prayatna karane para bhI aspRzyatA kA bhAva usI purAne yuga kI taraha Aja bhI maujUda hai / itanA hI nahIM balki brAhmaNa-paramparA meM rUr3ha hue usa jAtigata aspRzyatA ke bhAva kA khuda mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM para bhI aisA asara par3A hai ki ve bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mahattA ko to aspRzyatA nivAraNa ke dhArmika prayatna se A~kate aura gAte haiM phira bhI ve khuda hI brAhmaNa-paramparA ke prabhAva meM Akara zUdroM kI aspRzyatA ko apane jIvana-vyavahAra meM sthAna die hue haiN| aisI gaharI jar3avAle chuA-chUta ke bhAva ko dUra karane ke lie bhagavAn ne nindA-stuti kI paravAha binA kie prabala puruSArtha kiyA thA aura vaha bhI dhArmika kSetra meM / brAhmaNa-paramparA apane sarvazreSTha yajJa-dharma meM zUdroM kA darzana taka sahana karatI na thI taba buddha zrAdi anya santoM kI taraha mahAvIra cANDAla jaise ati zUdroM ko bhI apane sAdhusaMgha meM vaisA hI sthAna dete the jaisA ki brAhmaNa Adi anya vargoM ko| jaise gAMdhIjI ne aspRzyatA ko jar3amUla se ukhAr3a pheMkane ke lie zUdroM ko dharmamandira meM sthAna dilAne kA prayatna kiyA hai vaise hI mahAvIra ne aspRzyatA ko ukhAr3a pheMkane ke lie zUdroM ko mUrdhanyarUpa apane sAdhusaMgha meM sthAna diyA thaa| mahAvIra ke bAda aise kisI jaina AcArya yA gRhastha kA itihAsa nahIM milatA ki jisameM usake dvArA ati zUdroM ko sAdhu-saMgha 1. zatapatha brAhmaNa kA0 3, a0 1 brA0 1 /

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46 jaina dharma aura darzana meM sthAna die jAne ke sabUta hoN| dUsarI tarapha se sArA jaina samAja aspRzyatA ke bAre meM brAhmaNa-paramparA ke prabhAva se mukta nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna grantha meM eka cAMDAla ko jaina dIkSA die jAne kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai' aura agale jaina tarka-granthoM meM jAtivAda kA jo prabala khaNDana hai usakA kyA artha hai ? aisA prazna hue binA nahIM rhtaa| isa prazna kA isake sivAya dUsarA koI khulAsA hI nahIM hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jAtivAda kA jo prabala virodha kiyA thA vaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM purAne AgamoM meM surakSita raha gayA hai / bhagavAn ke dvArA kie gae isa jAtivAda ke virodha ke tathA usa virodha ke sUcaka Agamika bhAgoM ke mahattva kA mUlyAMkana ThIka-ThIka karanA ho to bhagavAn kI jIvanI likhane vAle ko jAtivAda ke samarthaka prAcIna brAhmaNa-graMthoM ko dekhanA hI hogaa| ___ mahAvIra ne bilkula naI dharma-paramparA ko calAyA nahIM hai kintu unhoMne pUrvavartI pArzvanAtha kI dharma-paramparA ko hI punarujjIvita kiyA hai / vaha pAzvanAtha kI paramparA kaisI thI, usakA kyA nAma thA isameM mahAvIra ne kyA sudhAra yA parivartana kiyA, purAnI paramparAvAloM ke sAtha saMgharSa hone ke bAda unake sAtha mahAvIra ke sudhAra kA kaise samanvaya huaA, mahAvIra kA nija vyaktitva mukhyatayA kisa bAta para avalambita thA, mahAvIra ke pratispardhI mukhya kauna-kauna the, unake sAtha mahAvIra kA matabheda kisa-kisa bAta meM thA, mahAvIra prAcAra ke kisa a~za para adhika bhAra dete the, kauna-kauna rAje-mahArAje Adi mahAvIra ko mAnate the, mahAvIra kisa kula meM hue ityAdi praznoM kA javAba kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhinnabhinna jaina-Agama-bhAgoM meM surakSita hai| parantu vaha javAba aitihAsika jIvanI kA AdhAra tabhI bana sakatA hai jaba ki usakI saccAI aura prAcInatA bAharI sabUtoM se bhI sAbita ho| isa bAre meM bauddha-piTaka ke purAne aMza sIdhe taura se bahuta madada karate haiM kyoMki jaisA jainAgamoM meM pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma kA varNana hai| ThIka vaisA hI cAturyAma nigraMtha dharma kA nirdeza bauddha piTakoM meM bhI hai| isa bauddha ullekha se mahAvIra ke paJcayAma dharma ke sudhAra kI jaina zAstra meM 1. adhyayana 12 / 2. sanmatiTIkA pR0 667 / nyAyakumudacandra pR0 767, ityAdi / 3. uttarAdhyayana a0 25 gAthA 33 / 4. untarAdhyayana a0 23 / bhagavatI za0 2. u0 5 ityAdi / 5. dIghanikAya-sAmaJaphalasunta /

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___47 bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana varNita ghaTanA kI aitihAsikatA sAbita ho jAtI hai| mahAvIra khuda nagna-acela the phira bhI parimita va jIrNa vastra rakhanevAle sAdhutroM ko apane saMgha meM sthAna dete the aisA jo varNana AcArAMga-uttarAdhyayana meM hai usakI aitihAsikatA bhI bauddha granthoM se sAbita ho jAtI hai kyoMki bauddha granthoM meM acela aura ekasATakaghara' zramaNoM kA jo varNana hai vaha mahAvIra ke acela aura sacela sAdhuoM ko lAgU hotA hai| jaina AgamoM meM mahAvIra kA kula jJAta kahA gayA hai, bauddha piTakoM meM bhI unakA vahI kula' nirdiSTa hai| mahAvIra ke nAma ke sAtha nirgrantha vizeSaNa bauddha granthoM meM AtA hai jo jaina varNana kI saccAI ko sAbita karatA hai / zreNikakoNikAdi rAje mahAvIra ko mAnate the yA unakA Adara karate the aisA jainAgama meM jo varNana hai vaha bauddha piTakoM ke varNana se bhI kharA utaratA hai / mahAvIra ke vyaktitva kA sUcaka dIrghatapasyAkA varNana jainAgamoM meM hai usakI aitihAsikatA bhI bauddha granthoM se sAbita hotI hai| kyoMki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSyoM kA dIrghatapasvI rUpa se nirdeza unameM AtA hai / jainAgamoM meM mahAvIra ke vihArakSetra kA jo AbhAsa milatA hai vaha bauddha piTakoM ke sAtha milAna karane se kharA hI utaratA hai| jainAgamoM meM mahAvIra ke bar3e pratispardhI gauzAlaka kA jo varNana hai vaha bhI bauddha piTakoM ke saMvAda se saccA hI sAbita hotA hai| isa taraha mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke mahattva ke aMzoM ko aitihAsika batalAne ke lie lekhaka ko bauddha piTakoM kA sahArA lenA hI hogaa| buddha aura mahAvIra samakAlIna aura samAna kSetravihArI to the hI para aitihAsikoM ke sAmane eka savAla yaha par3A hai ki donoM meM pahile kisakA nirvANa huA ? prophesara yAkobI ne bauddha aura jaina granthoM kI aitihAsika dRSTi se tulanA karake antima niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha-nirvANa ke pIche hI amuka samaya ke bAda hI huA hai / yAkobI ne apanI gaharI chAnabIna se yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki vajji-licchiviyoM kA koNika ke sAtha jo yuddha huA thA vaha buddha-nirvANa ke bAda aura mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI huA / vajji1. aMguttara bhAga. 1. 151 / bhAga. 2, 198 / sumaGgalAvilAsinI pR0 144 2. dIghanikAya-sAmaJaphalasutta ityAdi ityaadi| 3. jaisI tapasyA svayaM unhoMne kI vaisI hI tapasyA kA upadeza unhoMne apane ziSyoM ko diyA thaa| ataeva unake ziSyoM ko bauddha grantha meM jo dIrghatapasvI vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai usase bhagavAn bhI dIrghatapasvI the aisA sUcita hotA hai| dekho majjhimanikAya-upAlisutta 56 / / 4. bhAratIya vidyA' siMghI smAraka aGka pR0 177 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana licchivI gaNa kA varNana to bauddha aura jaina donoM granthoM meM AtA hai para inake yuddha kA varNana bauddhagranthoM meM nahIM AtA hai jaba ki jainagranthoM meM AtA hai / yAkobI kA yaha aitihAsika niSkarSa mahAvIra kI jIvanI likhane meM jaisA taisA upayogI nahIM hai / isase aitihAsika lekhaka kA dhyAna isa tattva kI ora bhI apane Apa jAtA hai ki bhagavAn kI jIvanI likhane meM zrAgamavarNita choTI bar3I saba ghaTanAoM kI bar3I sAvadhAnI se jA~ca karake unakA upayoga karanA cAhie / mahAvIra kI jIvanI kA nirUpaNa karane vAle kalpasUtra Adi aneka dUsare bhI grantha haiM jinheM zraddhAlu loga akSarazaH saccA mAna kara sunate Ae haiM para inakI bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se chAnabIna karane para mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki unameM kaI bAteM pIche se auroM kI dekhAdekhI lokaruci kI puSTi ke lie jor3I gaI haiM. / bauddha mahAyAna paramparA ke mahAvastu, lalitavistara jaise granthoM ke sAtha kalpasUtra kI tulanA binA kie aitihAsika lekhaka apanA kAma ThIka taura se nahIM kara sktaa| vaha jaba aisI tulanA karatA hai taba use mAlUma par3a jAtA hai ki bhagavAn kI jIvanI meM AnevAle caudaha svapnoM kA vistRta varNana tathA janmakAla meM aura kumArAvasthA meM aneka devoM ke gamanAgamana kA varNana kyoM aura kaise kAlpanika tathA paurANika hai / 48 bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA janmasthAna to vArANasI thA, para unakA bhramaNa aura upadeza-kSetra dUra-dUra taka vistIrNa thA / isI kSetra meM vaizAlI nAmaka suprasiddha zahara bhI AtA hai jahA~ bhagavAn mahAvIra janme / janma se nirvANa taka meM bhagavAn kI pAdacaryA se aneka choTe-bar3e zahara, kasbe, gA~va, nadI, nAle, parvata, upavana Adi pavitra hue, jinameM se anekoM ke nAma va varNana zrAgamika sAhitya meM surakSita haiM / agara aitihAsika jIvanI likhanI ho to hamAre lie yaha jarUrI ho jAtA hai ki hama una sabhI sthAnoM kA A~khoM se nirIkSaNa kareM / mahAvIra ke bAda aise koI asAdhAraNa aura maulika parivartana nahIM hue haiM jinase una saba sthAnoM kA nAmonizAna miTa gayA ho / DhAI hajAra varSoM ke parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI aneka zahara, gA~va, nadI, nAle, parvata yadi Aja taka unhIM nAmoM se yA thor3e bahuta bhraSTa nAmoM se pukAre jAte haiN| jaba hama mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA meM Ane vAle una sthAnoM kA pratyakSa nirIkSaNa kareMge taba hameM zrAgamika varNanoM kI saccAI ke tAratamya kI bhI eka bahumUlya kasauTI mila jAegI, jisase hama na kevala aitihAsika jIvana ko hI tAdRza citrita kara sakeMge balki aneka ulajhI gutthiyoM ko bhI sulajhA sakeMge / isalie merI rAya meM aitihAsika lekhaka ke lie kama se kama bhaugolika bhAga kA pratyakSya paricaya ghUma-ghUma kara karanA jarUrI hai /

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana 49 aitihAsika jIvanI likhane kA tIsarA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana paramparAgata zrAcAravicAra hai / bhArata kI janatA para khAsa kara jainadharma ke pracAravAle bhAgoM kI janatA para mahAvIra ke jIvana kA sUkSma-sUkSmatara prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai; para usakI amiTa aura spaSTa chApa to jaina-paramparA ke anuyAyI gRhastha aura tyAgI ke aAcAra-vicAroM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai / samaya ke hera-phera se, bAharI prabhAvoM se aura adhikAra-bheda se Aja ke jaina samAja kA AcAra-vicAra kitanA hI kyoM na badalA ho; para yaha apane upAsya deva mahAvIra ke prAcAra-vicAra ke vAstavika rUpa kI Aja bhI jhA~kI karA sakatA hai| alabattA isameM chAnabIna karane kI zakti Avazyaka hai| isa taraha hama Upara sUcita kie hue tInoM sAdhanoM kA gaharAI ke sAtha adhyayana karake mahAvIra kI aitihAsika jIvanI taiyAra kara sakate haiM, jo samaya kI mA~ga hai| i0 1647]

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nirgrantha-sampradAya zramaNa nirgrantha dharma kA paricaya brAhmaNa yA vaidika dharmAnuyAyI saMpradAya kA virodhI saMpradAya zramaNa saMpradAya kahalAtA hai, jo bhArata meM sambhavataH vaidika saMpradAya kA praveza honeke pahale hI kisI na kisI rUpa meM aura kisI na kisI pradeza meM avazya maujUda thA / zramaNa sampradAya kI zAkhAe~ aura pratizAkhAe~ aneka thIM, jinameM sAMkhya, jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi nAma suvidita haiN| purAnI aneka zramaNa saMpradAya kI zAkhAe~ evaM pratizAkhAe~ jo pahale to vaidika saMpradAya kI virodhinI rahIM para ve eka yA dUsare kAraNa se dhIre dhIre bilakula vaidika-saMpradAya meM ghulamila gayI haiN| udAharaNa ke taura para hama vaiSNava aura zaiva-saMpradAya kA sUcana kara sakate haiN| purAne vaiSNava aura zaiva Agama kevala vaidika-saMpradAya se bhinna hI na the para usakA virodha bhI karate the| aura isa kAraNa se vaidika saMpradAya ke samarthaka AcArya bhI purAne vaiSNava aura zaiva AgamoM ko vedavirodhI mAnakara unheM vedabAhya mAnate the| para Aja hama dekha sakate haiM ki ve hI vaiSNava aura zaiva saMpradAya tathA unakI aneka zAkhAe~ bilakula vaidika sampradAya meM sammilita ho gaI haiN| yahI sthiti sAMkhya saMpradAya kI hai jo pahale avaidika mAnA jAtA thA, para Aja vaidika mAnA jAtA hai| aisA hote hue bhI kucha zramaNa saMpradAya abhI aise haiM jo khuda apane ko a-vaidika hI mAnate-manavAte haiM aura vaidika vidvAn bhI una sampradAyoM ko avaidika hI mAnate Ae haiN| aisA kyoM huaA ? yaha prazna bar3e mahattva kA hai| para isakI vizeSa carcA kA yaha sthAna nahIM hai / yahA~ to itanA hI prastuta hai ki pahale se abhI taka bilakula avaidika rahane aura kahalAne vAle saMpradAya abhI jIvita haiN| ina sampradAyoM meM jaina aura bauddha mukhya haiM / yadyapi isa jagaha AjIvaka saMpradAya kA bhI nAma diyA jA sakatA hai, para usakA sAhitya aura itihAsa svatantra rUpa se upalabdha na

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nirgrantha sampradAya 51. hone ke kAraNa tathA sAtavIM sadI se idhara usakA pravAha anya nAmoM aura svarUpa meM badala jAne ke kAraNa hama yahA~ usakA nirdeza nahIM karate haiM / / jaina aura bauddha saMpradAya aneka parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM meM se gujarate hue. bhI vaise hI jIvita haiM jaise vaidika saMpradAya tathA jarathostR, yahUdI, krizciyana Adi dharmamata jIvita haiM / jaina-mata kA pUrA itihAsa to aneka pustakoM meM hI likhA jA sakatA hai| isa jagaha hamArA uddezya jaina saMpradAya ke prAcIna svarUpa para thor3A sA aitihAsika prakAza DAlanA mAtra hai / prAcIna se hamArA abhiprAya sthUlarUpa meM bha0 pArzvanAtha ( I0 sa0 pUrva 800 ) ke samaya se lekara karIba-karIba azoka ke samaya taka kA hai / prAcIna zabda se Upara sUcita karIba pAMca sau varSa daramyAna bhI nirgrantha paraparA ke itihAsa meM samAveza pAne vAlI saba bAtoM para vicAra karanA isa lekha kA uddezya nahIM hai kyoMki yaha kAma bhI isa choTe se lekha ke dvArA pUrA nahIM ho sakatA / yahA~ hama jaina-saMpradAya se saMbandha rakhanevAlI inI-ginI unhIM bAtoM para vicAra kareMge jo bauddha piTakoM meM eka yA dUsare rUpa meM milatI haiM, aura jinakA samarthana kisI na kisI rUpa meM prAcIna nirgrantha zrAgamoM se bhI hotA hai / zramaNa saMpradAya kI sAmAnya aura saMkSipta pahacAna yaha hai ki vaha na to paura- anAdirUpa se yA Izvara racitarUpa se vedoM kA prAmANya hI mAnatA hai aura na brAhmaNavarga kA jAtIya yA purohita ke nAte gurupada svIkAra karatA hai, jaisA ki vaidikasaMpradAya vedoM aura brAhmaNa purohitoM ke bAre meM mAnatA va svIkAra karatA hai / sabhI zramaNa-saMpradAya apane-apane sampradAya ke puraskartArUpa se kisI na kisI yogyatama puruSa ko mAnakara usake vacanoM ko hI antima pramANa mAnate haiM aura jAti kI apekSA guNa kI pratiSThA karate hue saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI varga kA hI gurupada svIkAra karate haiM / prAcInakAla se zramaNa - sampradAyakI sabhI zAkhA - pratizAkhAoM meM guru yA tyAgI varga ke lie nimnalikhita zabda sAdhAraNa rUpa se prayukta hote the / zramaNa, bhikSu, anagAra, yati, sAdhu, tapasvI, parivrAjaka, arhat, jina, tIrthaMkara Adi / bauddha aura jIvaka Adi saMpradAyoM kI taraha jaina-saMpradAya bhI apane guruvarga ke lie uparyukta zabdoM kA prayoga pahale se hI karatA zrAyA hai tathApi eka zabda aisA hai ki jisakA prayoga jaina saMpradAya hI apane sAre itihAsa meM pahale se Aja taka apane guruvarga ke lie karatA AyA hai / yaha zabda hai " nirgrantha " ( niggantha ) ' | jaina AgamoM ke 1. AcArAMga 1. 3. 1. 108 /

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52 jaina dharma aura darzana anusAra nimgantha aura bauddhapiTakoM ke anusAra niggaMTha / jahA~ taka hama jAnate haiM, aitihAsika sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para kaha sakate haiM, ki jaina paraMparA ko chor3akara aura kisI paraMparA meM guruvarga ke lie nirgrantha zabda supracalita aura rUDha huA nahIM milatA / isI kAraNa se jaina zAstra "niggaMtha pAvayaNa" arthAt 'nirgrantha pravacana' kahA gayA hai / kisI anya saMpradAya kA zAstra nirgrantha pravacana nahIM kahA jAtA / sva-para mAnyatAe~ aura aitihAsika dRSTi pratyeka jAti aura sampradAya vAle bhinna-bhinna praznoM aura viSayoM ke sambandha meM amuka-amuka mAnyatAe~ rakhate hue dekhe jAte haiM / ve mAnyatAe~ unake diloM meM itanI gaharI jar3a jamAe hue hotI haiM ki unheM apanI vaisI mAnyatAoM ke bAre meM koI sandeha taka nahIM hotA / agara koI sandeha prakaTa kareM to unheM jAna jAne se bhI adhikacoTatI hai| sacamuca una mAnyatAoM meM aneka mAnyatAe~ bilakula sahI hotI haiM, bhale vaisI mAnyatAoM ke dhAraNa karanevAle loga unakA samarthana kara bhI na sakeM. aura samarthana ke sAdhana maujUda hote hue bhI unakA upayoga karanA na jaaneN| aisI mAnyatAoM ko hama akSarazaH mAnakara apane taI saMtoSa dhAraNa kara sakate haiM, tathA unake dvArA hama apanA jIvanavikAsa bhI zAyada kara sakate haiM / udAharaNArtha jaina loga jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke bAre meM aura bauddha loga tathAgata buddha ke bAre meM apane-apane paraMparAgata saMskAroM ke tathA mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para bilakula aitihAsika tathyoMkI jA~ca binA kie bhI unakI bhakti-upAsanA tathA unakI jIvanautkrAMti ke anusaraNa ke dvArA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa sAdha sakate haiM / phira bhI jaba dUsaroM ke sAmane apanI mAnyatAoM ke rakhane kA tathA apane vicAroM ko sahI sAbita karane kA prazna upasthita hotA hai taba mAtra itanA kahane se kAma nahIM calatA ki 'Apa mere kathana ko mAna lIjie, mujhapara bharosA rakhie' / hameM dUsaroM ke sammukha apanI bAteM yA mAnyatAe~ pratItikara rUpa se yA vizvasta rUpa se rakhanA ho to isakA sIdhA-sAdA aura sarvamAnya tarIkA yahI hai ki hama aitihAsika dRSTi ke dvArA unake sammukha apanI bAtoM kA tathya sAbita kareM / koI bhI bhinna abhiprAya rakhanevAlA aitihAsika vyakti tathya kA kAyala ho hI jAtA hai / yahI nyAya khuda hamAre apane viSaya meM bhI lAgU hotA hai / dUsaroM ke bAre meM hamArA kaisA bhI pUrvagraha kyoM na ho para jaba hama aitihAsika dRSTi se apane pUrvagraha kI jA~ca kareMge to hama satya-patha para saralatA se A sakeMge / ajJAna, bhrama aura vahama jo bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM aura sampradAyoM meM lambI-caur3I khAI paidA karate haiM arthAt unake 2. bhagavatI 6.6.382

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53 nimrantha-sampradAya diloM ko eka dUsare se dUra rakhate haiM unakA saralatA se nAza karake diloM kI khAI pATane kA eka mAtra sAdhana aitihAsika dRSTi kA upayoga hai / isa kAraNa se yahA~ hama nigrantha saMpradAya se saMbaMdha rakhane vAlI kucha bAtoM kI aitihAsika dRSTi se jAMca karake unakA aitihAsika mUlya prakaTa karanA cAhate haiN| jina ine-gine muddoM aura praznoM ke bAre meM jaina-sampradAya ko pahale kabhI saMdeha na thA una praznoM ke bAre meM videzI vidvAnoM kI rAyane kevala auroM ke dila meM hI nahIM balki paraMparAgata jaina saMskAravAloM ke dila meM bhI thor3A bahuta saMdeha paidA kara diyA thaa| yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki Akhira meM aisA hotA kyoM hai ? videzI vidvAn eka aMta para the to hama dUsare aMta para the| videzI vidvAnoM kI saMzodhaka vRtti aura satya dRSTi ne navayuga para itanA prabhAva jamA diyA thA ki koI unakI rAya ke khilApha balapUrvaka aura dalIla ke sAtha apanA mata pratipAdita nahIM kara sakatA thA / hamAre pAsa apanI mAnyatA ke poSaka akATya aitihAsika sAdhana hote hue bhI hama na sAdhanoM kA apane pakSa meM yathArtha rUpa se pUrA upayoga karanA jAnate na the / isalie hamAre sAmane zurU meM do hI rAste the| yA to hama videzI vidvAnoM kI rAya ko binA dalIla kie jhUTha kaha kara amAnya kareM, yA apane pakSa kI dalIla ke abhAva se aitihAsikoM kI vaijJAnika dRSTi ke prabhAva meM Akara hama apanI satya bAta ko bhI nAsamajhI se chor3akara videzI vidvAnoM kI khojoM ko mAna leN| hamAre pAsa paramparA ke saMskAroM ke alAvA apanI-apanI mAnyatA ke samarthaka aneka aitihAsika pramANa maujUda the| hama kevala unakA upayoga karanA nahIM jAnate the| jaba ki videzI vidvAn aitihAsika sAdhanoM kA upayoga karanA to jAnate the para zurU-zurU meM unake pAsa aitihAsika sAdhana pUre na the| isalie adhUre sAdhanoM se ve kisI bAta para eka nirNaya prakaTa karate the to hama sAdhanoM ke hote hue bhI unakA upayoga binA kie hI bilakula usa bAta para virodhI nirNaya rakhate the| isa taraha eka hI bAta para yA eka hI mudde para do paraspara virodhI nirNayoM ke sAmane Ane se navayuga kA vyakti apane Apa saMdehazIla ho jAe to isameM koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| hama uparyukta vicAra ko eka Adha udAharaNa se samajhAne kI ceSTA karate haiM / aitihAsika dRSTi kA mUlyAGkana jaina-paramparA, bauddha paramparA se purAnI hai aura usake aMtima puraskatA mahAvIra buddha se bhinna vyakti haiM isa viSaya meM kisI bhI jaina vyakti ko kabhI saMdeha na thaa| aisI satya aura asaMdigdha vastu ke khilApha bhI videzI vidvAnoM kI rAyeM prakaTa hone

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54 jaina dharma aura darzana lgiiN| zurU meM pro0 lAsena ne likhA ki 'buddha aura mahAvIra eka hI vyakti haiM kyoMki jaina aura buddha-paramparA kI mAnyatAoM meM anekavidha samAnatA hai|' thor3e varSoM ke bAda adhika sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi tathA adhyayana ke bala para pro0 vebara Adi vidvAnoM ne yaha mata prakaTa kiyA ki 'jainadharma bauddhadharma kI eka zAkhA hai| vaha usase svataMtra nahIM hai|' Age jAkara vizeSa sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi aura vizeSa parIkSA ke bala para pro0 yAkobI ne5 uparyukta donoM matoM kA nirAkaraNa karake yaha sthApita kiyA ki 'jaina aura bauddha sampradAya donoM svatantra haiM itanA hI nahIM balki jaina sampradAya bauddha sampradAya se purAnA bhI hai aura jJAtaputra mahAvIra to usa sampradAya ke aMtima puraskartA mAtra haiN|' karIba savA sau varSa jitane parimita kAla meM eka hI mudde para aitihAsikoM kI rAya badalatI rhii| para isa bIca meM kisI jaina ne apanI yathArtha bAta ko bhI usa aitihAsika DhaMga se duniyA ke samakSa na rakhA jisa DhaMga se pro0 yAkobI ne aMta meM rakhA / yAkobI ke nikaTa adhikatara sAdhana ve hI the jo pratyeka jaina vidvAn ke pAsa anAyAsa hI upalabdha rahate haiN| yAkobI ne kevala yahI kiyA ki jaina granthoM meM Ane vAlI hakIkatoM kA bauddha Adi vAGmaya meM varNita hakIkatoM ke sAtha milAna karake aitihAsika dRSTi se parIkSA kI aura aMta meM jainasampradAya kI mAnyatA kI sacAI para muhara lagA dii| jo bAta hama jaina loga mAnate the usameM yAkobI ne koI vRddhi nahIM kI phira bhI jaina sampradAya kI bauddha sampradAya se prAcInatA aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kA tathAgata buddha kI apekSA svatantra vyaktitva ina do muddoM para hamAre sAmpradAyika jaina vidvAnoM ke abhiprAya kA vaha sArvajanika mUlya nahIM hai jo yAkobI ke abhiprAya kA hai| pAThaka isa aMtara kA rahasya svayameva samajha sakate haiM ki yAkobI upalabdha aitihAsika sAdhanoM ke balAbala kI parIkSA karake kahate haiM jaba ki sAmpradAyika jaina vidvAn kevala sAmpradAyika mAnyatA ko kisI bhI prakAra kI parIkSA binA kie hI prakaTa karate haiN| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sArvajanika mAnasa parIkSita satya ko jitanA mAnatA hai utanA aparIkSita satya ko nahIM maantaa| isalie hama isa lekha meM nirgrantha sampradAya se saMbandha rakhane vAlI kucha bAtoM para aitihAsika parIkSA ke dvArA prakAza DAlanA cAhate haiM, jisase pAThaka yaha jAna sakeMge ki nirgrantha sampradAya ke bAre meM jo mantavya jaina sampradAya meM pracalita haiM ve kahA~ taka satya haiM aura unheM kitanA aitihAsika AdhAra hai / 3. S. B. E. Vol. 22 Introduction P. 19 i. 4. vahI P. 18 5. bahI

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55 . nimrantha-sampradAya Agamika sAhitya kA aitihAsika sthAna nirgrantha sampradAya ke AcAra aura tattvajJAna se saMbandha rakhane vAle jina muddoM para hama aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karanA cAhate haiM ve mudde jaina Agamika sAhitya meM jyoM ke tyoM mila jAte haiM to phira usI Agamika sAhitya ke AdhAra para unheM yathArtha mAnakara kyoM saMtoSa dhAraNa na kiyA jAe ? yaha prazna kisI bhI zraddhAlu jaina ke dila meM paidA ho sakatA hai / isaliye yahA~ yaha bhI batalAnA jarUrI ho jAtA hai ki hama jaina Agamika sAhitya meM kahI huI bAtoM kI jA~ca-par3atAla kyoM karate haiM ? hamAre sammukha mukhyatayA do varga maujUda haiM--eka to aisA hai jo mAtra prAcIna AgamoM ko hI nahIM para unakI TIkA-anuTIkA Adi bAda ke sAhitya ko bhI akSarazaH sarvajJapraNIta yA tatsadRza mAnakara hI apanI rAya ko banAtA hai| dUsarA varga vaha hai jo yA to AgamoM ko aura bAda kI vyAkhyAtroM ko aMzataH mAnatA hai yA bilakula nahIM mAnatA hai| aisI dazA meM prAgamika sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirvivAda rUpa se saba ke sammukha koI bAta rakhanI ho to yaha jarUrI ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM meM kahI huI bAtoM kI yathArthatA bAharI sAdhanoM se jA~cI jaae| agara bAharI sAdhana Agama-varNita vastuoM kA samarthana karatA hai to mAnanA par3egA ki AgamabhAga avazya pramANabhUta hai| bAharI sAdhanoM se pUrA samarthana pAnevAle AgamabhAgoM ko phira hama eka yA dUsare kAraNa se kRtrima kahakara pheMka nahIM de skte| isa taraha aitihAsika parIkSA jahA~ eka ora zrAgamika sAhitya ko arvAcIna yA kRtrima kahakara bilakula nahIM mAnane vAle ko usakA sApekSa prAmANya mAnane ke lie bAdhita karatI hai vahA~ dUsarI ora vaha parIkSA Agama sAhitya ko bilakula sarvajJapraNIta mAna kara jyoM kA tyoM mAnane vAle ko usakA prAmANya vivekapUrvaka mAnane kI bhI zikSA detI hai / aba hama dekheMge ki aisA bAharI sAdhana kauna hai jo nimrantha sampradAya ke Agama kathita prAcIna svarUpa kA sIdhA prabala samarthana karatA ho| jainAgama aura bauddhAgama kA saMbandha yadyapi prAcIna bauddhapiTaka aura prAcIna vaidika-paurANika sAhitya ye donoM prastuta parIkSA meM sahAyakArI haiM, to bhI Agama kathita nirgrantha sampradAya ke sAtha jitanA aura jaisA sIdhA saMbandha bauddha piTakoM kA hai utanA aura vaisA saMbaMdha vaidika yA paurANika sAhitya kA nahIM hai| isake nimnalikhita kAraNa haiM eka to-jaina saMpradAya aura bauddha sampradAya donoM hI zramaNa saMpradAya haiN| ataeva inakA saMbaMdha bhrAtRbhAva jaisA hai /

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jaina dharma aura darzana dUsarA-bauddha saMpradAya ke sthApaka gautama buddha tathA nirgrantha saMpradAya ke antimapuraskartA zAtaputra mahAvIra donoM samakAlIna the| ve kevala samakAlIna hI nahIM balki samAna yA eka hI kSetra meM jIvana-yApana karanevAle rahe / donoM kI pravRtti kA dhAma eka pradeza hI nahIM balki eka hI zahara, eka hI muhallA, aura eka hI kuTumba bhI rhaa| donoM ke anuyAyI bhI Apasa meM milate aura apane-apane pUjya puruSa ke upadezoM tathA zrAcAroM para mitrabhAva se yA pratisparddhibhAva se carcA bhI karate the / itanA hI nahIM balki aneka anuyAyI aise bhI hue jo donoM mahApuruSoM ko samAna bhAva se mAnate the| kucha aise bhI anuyAyI the jo pahale kisI eka ke anuyAyI rahe para bAda meM dUsare ke anuyAyI hue, mAnoM mahAvIra aura buddha ke anuyAyI aise par3ausI yA aise kuTumbI the jinakA sAmAjika saMbandha bahuta nikaTa kA thA / kahanA to aisA cAhie ki mAnoM eka hI kuTumba ke aneka sadasya bhinna-bhinna mAnyatAe~ rakhate the jaise Aja bhI dekhe jAte haiN| tIsarA-nigrantha saMpradAya kI aneka bAtoM kA buddha ne tathA unake samakAlIna ziSyoM ne A~khoM dekhA-sA varNana kiyA hai, bhale hI vaha khaNDanadRSTi se kiyA ho yA prAsaMgika rUpa se / bauddha-piTakoM ke jisa-jisa bhAga meM nigrantha saMpradAya se saMbandha rakhanevAlI bAtoM kA nirdeza hai vaha saba bhAga khuda buddha kA sAkSAt zabda hai aisA mAnA nahIM jA sakatA, phira bhI aise bhAgoM meM amuka aMza aisA avazya hai jo buddha ke yA unake samakAlIna ziSyoM ke yA to zabda haiM yA unake nijI bhAvoM ke saMgrahamAtra haiN| Age bauddha bhikSuoM ne jo nigrantha saMpradAya ke bhinna bhinna prAcAroM yA maMtavyoM para TIkA yA samAlocanA jArI rakhI hai vaha dara asala koI naI vastu na hokara tathAgata buddha kI nigrantha AcAra-vicAra ke prati jo dRSTi thI usakA nAnA rUpa meM vistAra mAtra hai| khuda buddha dvArA kI huI nigrantha sampradAya kI samAlocanA samakAlIna aura uttarakAlIna bhittutroM ke sAmane na hotI to ve nigrantha saMpradAya ke bhinna-bhinna pahaluoM ke Upara punarukti kA aura piSTapeSaNa kA bhaya binA rakhe itanA adhika vistAra cAlU na rkhte| upalabdha bauddha piTaka kA bahuta bar3A hissA azoka ke samaya taka meM sunizcita aura sthira ho gayA mAnA jAtA hai / buddha ke jIvana se lekara azoka ke samaya taka ke karIba DhAI sau varSa meM bauddha piTakoM kA upalabdha svarUpa aura parimANa racita, grathita aura saMkalita huA hai| ina DhAI sau varSoM ke daramyAna nae-nae 6. upAsakadazAMga zra0 8 / ityAdi. . 7 majjhimanikAya-sutta 14, 56 / dIghanikAya sutta 26, 33 /

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nirgrantha sampradAya 57 stara te gae haiN| para unameM buddha ke samakAlIna purAne stara -- cAhe bhASA aura racanA ke parivartana ke sAtha hI sahI-bhI avazya haiN| Age ke stara bahudhA purAne staroM ke DhA~ce aura purAne staroM ke viSayoM para hI banate aura bar3hate gae haiM / isalie bauddha piTakoM meM pAyA jAnevAlA nirgrantha saMpradAya ke AcAra-vicAra kA nirdeza aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mUlyavAn hai / phira hama jaba bauddha phirakAgata nirmAntha saMpradAya ke nirdezoM ko khuda nigrantha pravacana rUpa se upalabdha zrAgamika sAhitya ke nirdezoM ke sAtha zabda aura bhAva kI dRSTi se milAte haiM to isameM saMdeha nahIM raha jAtA ki donoM nirdeza pramANabhUta haiM; bhale hI donoM bAjutroM meM vAdi-prativAdi bhAva rahA ho / jaise bauddha piTakoM kI racanA aura saMkalanA kI sthiti hai karIba-karIba vaisI hI sthiti prAcIna grantha AgamoM kI hai / buddha aura mahAvIra I parA buddha aura mahAvIra samakAlIna the| donoM zramaNa saMpradAya ke samarthaka the, phira bhI donoM kA aMtara binA jAne hama kisI natIje para pahu~ca nahIM sakate / pahalA tara to yaha hai ki buddhane mahAbhiniSkramaNa se lekara apanA nayA mArga - dharmacakrapravartana kiyA, taba taka ke chaH varSoM meM usa samaya pracalita bhinna-bhinna tapasvI aura yogI saMpradAyoM ko eka-eka karake svIkAra - parityAga kiyA / aura anta meM apane anubhava ke bala para nayA hI mArga prasthApita kiyA / jaba ki mahAvIra ko kula paraMse jo dharmamArga prApta thA usako svIkAra karake ve Age bar3he aura usa kula - dharma meM apanI sUjha aura zakti ke anusAra sudhAra yA zuddhi kI / eka kA mArga purAne paMthoM ke tyAga ke bAda nayA dharma-sthApana thA to dUsare kA mArga kuladharma kA saMzodhana mAtra thA / isIlie hama dekhate haiM ki buddha jagaha-jagaha pUrva svIkRta ora asvIkRta aneka paMthoM kI samAlocanA karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki amuka paMtha kA amuka nAyaka amuka mAnatA hai, dUsarA amuka mAnatA hai para maiM isameM sammata nahIM, maiM to aisA mAnatA hU~ ityAdi" buddha ne piTaka bhara meM aisA kahIM nahIM kahA ki maiM jo kahatA hU~ vaha mAtra purAnA hai, maiM to usakA pracAraka mAtra hU~ / buddha ke sAre kathana ke pIche eka hI bhAva hai aura vaha yaha hai ki merA mArga khuda apanI khoja kA phala hai / jaba ki mahAvIra aisA nahIM kahate / kyoMki eka bAra pArzvapatyikoM ne mahAvIra se kucha prazna kie to unhoMne pAzrvApatyikoM ko pArzvanAtha ke hI vacana kI sAkSI dekara apane pakSa meM kiyA hai / yahI sababa hai ki buddha ne apane mata ke sAtha dUsare 8. e. majjhima0 56 / aMguttara Vol. I. P. 206 Vol. III P. 383 bhagavatI 5.6. 225

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jaina dharma aura darzana kisI samakAlIna yA pUrvakAlIna mata kA samanvaya nahIM kiyA hai / unhoMne kevala apane mata kI vizeSatAoM ko dikhAyA hai| jabaki mahAvIra ne aisA nahIM kiyA / unhoMne pArzvanAtha ke tatkAlIna saMpradAya ke anuyAyiyoM ke sAtha apane sudhAra kA yA parivartanoM kA samanvaya kiyA hai 1 0 / isalie mahAvIra kA mArga pArzvanAtha ke saMpradAya ke sAtha unakI samanvayavRtti kA sUcaka hai / 10 58 nigrantha-paraMparA kA buddha para prabhAva buddha aura mahAvIra ke bIca lakSya dene yogya dUsarA aMtara jIvanakAla kA hai / buddha 80 varSa ke hokara nirvANa ko prApta hue jaba ki mahAvIra 72 varSa ke hokara / aba to yaha sAbita-sA ho gayA hai ki buddha kA nirvANa pahale aura mahAvIra kA pIche huA hai / 11 isa taraha mahAvIra kI apekSA buddha kucha vRddha avazya the / itanA hI nahIM para mahAvIra ne svataMtra rUpa se dharmopadeza denA prArambha kiyA isake pahale hI buddha ne apanA mArga sthApita karanA zurU kara diyA thA / buddha ko apane mArga meM nae-nae anuyAyiyoM ko juTA kara hI bala bar3hAnA thA, jaba ki mahAvIra ko nae anuyAyiyoM ko banAne ke sivAya pArzva ke purAne anuyAyiyoM kI bhI apane prabhAva meM aura AsapAsa jamAe rakhanA thA / tatkAlIna anya satra panthoM ke maMtavyoM kI pUrI cikitsA yA khaMDana binA kie buddha apanI saMgha - racanA meM saphala nahIM ho sakate the / jaba ki mahA vIra kA prazna kucha nirAlA thA / kyoMki apane cAritra va tejobala se pArzvanAtha ke tatkAlIna anuyAyiyoM kA mana jIta lene mAtra se ve mahAvIra ke anuyAyI bana hI jAte the, isalie nae-nae anuyAyiyoM kI bharatI kA savAla unake sAmane itanA tIvra na thA jitanA buddha ke sAmane thA / isalie hama dekhate haiM ki buddha kA sArA upadeza dUsaroM kI AlocanApUrvaka hI dekhA jAtA hai / buddha ne apanA mArga zurU karane ke pahale jina panthoM ko eka-eka karake chor3A unameM eka nirgrantha paMtha bhI AtA hai / buddha ne apanI pUrva-jIvanI kA jo hAla kahA hai 12 usako par3hane aura usakA jaina AgamoM meM varNita AcAroM ke sAtha milAna karane se yaha niHsaMdeha rUpa se jAna par3atA hai ki buddha ne anya panthoM kI taraha nigrantha pantha meM bhI ThIka-ThIka jIvana bitAyA thA, bhale hI vaha svalpakAlIna ho rahA ho / buddha ke sAdhanAkAlIna prArambhika varSoM meM mahAvIra ne to apanA mArga zurU kiyA hI na thA aura usa samaya pUrva pradeza meM pArzvanAtha ke sivAya dUsarA koI 10. uttarAdhyayana 0 23. 11. vIrasaMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA / 'bhAratIya vidyA' tRtIya bhAga pR0 177 // 12. majjhima 0 0 26 / pro0 kozAMcIkRta buddhacarita (gujarAtI)

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nirgrantha-sampradAya 8 nigrantha pantha na thA / zrataeva siddha hai ki buddha ne thor3e hI samaya ke lie kyoM na ho para pArzvanAtha ke nirgrantha-saMpradAya kA jIvana vyatIta kiyA thA / yahI sababa hai ki buddha jaba nigrantha saMpradAya ke AcAra-vicAroM kI samAlocanA karate haiM taba nigrantha saMpradAya meM pratiSThita aise tapa ke Upara tIvra prahAra karate haiM / aura yahI sababa hai ki nirgrantha sampradAya ke cAra aura vicAra kA ThIka-ThIka usI sampradAya kI paribhASA meM varNana karake ve usakA prativAda karate haiM / mahAvIra aura buddha donoM kA upadeza kAla amuka samaya taka avazya hI eka par3atA hai / itanA hI nahIM para ve donoM aneka sthAnoM meM binA mile bhI sAtha-sAtha vicarate haiM, isalie hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki piTakoM meM 'nAtaputta niggaMTha' rUpa se mahAvIra kA nirdeza AtA hai / 13 prAcIna AcAra-vicAra ke kucha mudde Upara kI vicAra bhUmikA ko dhyAna meM rakhane se hI Age kI carcA kA vAstavikatva saralatA se samajha meM A sakatA hai / bauddha piTakoM meM AI huI carcAoM ke Upara se nigrantha sampradAya ke bAharI aura bhItarI svarUpa ke bAre meM nIce likhe mudde mukhyatayA phalita hote haiM-- 1 - sAmiSa - nirAmiSa AhAra - [khAdyAkhAdya-viveka ] 2 - celatva - sacelatva 3. - tapa 4 - AcAra-vicAra 5 - caturyAma 6 - uposatha - pauSadha -bhASA-vicAra 8 -tridaNDa ha - lezyA- vicAra 10 - sarvajJatva inhIM para yahA~ hama aitihAsika dRSTi se UhApoha karanA cAhate haiM / 6 uu - 13. dIgha0 su0 2 /

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( 1 ) sAmiSa nirAmiSa AhAra [ khAdyAkhAdyaviveka saba se pahale hama bauddha, vaidika aura jaina granthoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dhAra para nirgrantha paramparA ke khAdyAkhAdya viveka ke viSaya meM kucha vicAra karanA cAhate haiM / khAdyAkhAdya se hamArA mukhya matalaba yahA~ mA~sa-matsyAdi vastutroM se hai / jaina samAja meM kSobha va Andolana thor3e hI dina hue jaba ki jaina samAja meM isa viSaya para ugra UhApoha zurU huA thA / adhyApaka kausAMbIjI ne buddha carita meM likhA hai ki prAcIna jaina zramaNa bhI mA~sa-matsyAdi grahaNa karate the / unake isa lekha ne sAre jaina samAja meM eka vyApaka kSobha aura Andolana paidA kiyA thA jo abhI zAyada hI pUrA zAnta huA ho / karIba 50 varSa hue isI viSaya ko lekara eka mahAna kSobha va zrAndolana zurU huA thA jaba ki jarmana vidvAna yAkobI ne AcArAGga ke aMgrejI anu meM amuka sUtroM kA artha mA~sa- matsyAdi paraka kiyA thA / hameM yaha nahIM samanA cAhie ki amuka sUtroM kA aisA artha karane se jaina samAja meM jo kSobha va Andolana huA vaha isa nae yuga kI pAzcAtya - zikSA kA hI pariNAma hai / vAda jaba hama 1200-1300 varSa ke pahale khuda jainAcAryoM ke dvArA likhI huI prAkRta saMskRta TIkA ko dekhate haiM taba bhI pAte haiM ki unhoMne amuka sUtroM kA artha mA~sa-matsyAdi bhI likhA hai / usa jamAne meM bhI kucha lobha va grAndolana huA hogA isakI pratIti bhI hameM anya sAdhanoM se ho jAtI hai / prasiddha digambarAcAryaM pUjyapAda devanandI ne umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra ke Upara 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai usameM unhoMne AgamoM ko lakSya karake jo bAta kahI hai vaha sUcita karatI hai ki usa chaThI sadI meM bhI amuka sUtroM kA mA~samatsyAdi para artha karane ke kAraNa jaina- samAja kA eka bar3A bhAga kSubdha ho uThA thA /

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sAmiSa nirAmiSAhAra 61 pUjyapAda ne karmabandha ke kAraNoM ke vivecana meM likhA hai ki mA~sAdi kA prati-pAdana karanA yaha zrutAvarNavAda hai 14 / niHsandeha pUjyapAdakRta zrutAvarNavAda kA AkSepa upalabdha AcArAMgAdi zrAgamoM ko lakSya karake hI hai; kyoMki mA~sAdi ke grahaNa kA pratipAdana karane vAle jainetara zruta ko to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale se hI nirgrantha- paramparA ne chor3a hI diyA thA / itane avalokana se hama itanA nirvi vAda kaha sakate haiM ki AcArAGgAdi AgamoM ke kucha sUtroM kA mA~sa-matsyAdi baraka artha hai - yaha mAnyatA koI naI nahIM hai aura aisI mAnyatA pragaTa karane para jaina samAja meM kSobha paidA hone kI bAta bhI koI naI nahIM hai / yahA~ prasaMgavaza eka bAta para dhyAna denA bhI yogya hai / vaha yaha ki tattvArthasUtra ke jisa aMza kA vyAkhyAna karate samaya pUjyapAda devanandI ne zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko lakSya karake zrutAvarNavAda-doSa batalAyA hai usI zraMza kA vyAkhyAna karate samaya sUtrakAra umAsvAtine apane svopajJa bhASya meM pUjyapAda kI taraha zrutAvarNavAda-doSa kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki jina AgamoM ke artha ko lakSya karake pUjyapAda ne zrutAvarNavAda doSa kA lAJchana lagAyA hai una AgamoM ke usa artha ke bAre meM umAsvAti kA koI AkSepa na thA / yadi ve usa mA~sAdi paraka artha se pUjyapAda kI taraha sarvathA asahamata yA viruddha hote to ve bhI zrutAvarNavAda kA artha pUjyapAda jaina karate aura gamoM ke viruddha kucha-na-kucha jarUra kahate / mA~sa-matsyAdi kI khAdyatA aura pakSabheda Aja kA sArA jaina samAja, jisameM zvetAmbara, digambara, sthAnakavAsI sabhI choTe-bar3e phirake zrA jAte haiM, jaisA nakha se zikhA taka mA~sa-matsya Adi se paraheja karane vAlA hai aura ho sake yahA~ taka mA~sa-matsya Adi vastuoM ko khAdya siddha karake dUsaroM se aisI cIjoM kA tyAga karAne meM dharma pAlana mAnatA hai aura tadartha samAja ke tyAgI- gRhastha sabhI yathAsambhava prayatna karate haiM vaisA hI usa samaya kA jaina samAja bhI thA aura mA~sa-matsya Adi ke tyAga kA pracAra karane meM dattacitta thA jaba ki cUrNikAra, AcArya haribhadra aura prAcArya abhayadeva ne Agamagata amuka vAkyoM kA mA~sa-matsyAdi paraka artha bhI apanI-apanI zrAgamika vyAkhyAnoM meM likhA / isI taraha pUjyapAda devanandI aura umAsvAti ke samaya kA jaina samAja bhI aisA hI thA, usameM bhale hI zvetAmbara - digambara jaise phirake maujUda hoM para mA~sa-matsya Adi ko akhAdya mAna kara cAlU jIvana-vyavahAra meM se 14. sarvArthasiddhi 6. 13.

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62 jaina dharma aura darzana usakA sarvathA tyAga karane ke viSaya meM to sabhI phirake vAle eka hI bhUmikA para the / kahanA to yaha cAhie ki zvotAmbara - digambara jaisA phirakAbheda utpanna hone ke pahale hI se mA~sa - matsyAdi vastutroM ko akhAdya mAnakara unakA tyAga karane kI pakkI bhUmikA jaina samAja kI siddha ho cukI thI / jaba aisA thA taba sahaja hI meM prazna hotA hai ki Agamagata zramuka sUtroM kA mA~sa-matsyAdi artha karane vAlA eka pakSa aura usa artha kA virodha karane vAlA dUsarA pakSa aise paraspara virodhI do pakSa jaina samAja meM kyoM paidA hue ? kyoMki donoM ke vartamAna jIvana -dhoraNa meM to koI khAdyAkhAdya ke bAre meM aMtara thA hI nahIM / yaha prazna hameM itihAsa ke sadA parivarttanazIla cakra kI gati tathA mAnava svabhAva ke vividha pahaluoM ko dekhane kA saMketa karatA hai / itihAsa kA aMgulinirdeza itihAsa pada-pada para aMguli uThA kara hameM kahatA rahatA hai ki tuma bhale hI apane ko pUrvajoM ke sAtha sarvathA eka rUpa bane rahane kA dAvA karo, yA DhoMga karo M para maiM tumako yA kisI ko eka rUpa na rahane detA hU~ aura na kisI ko eka rUpa dekhatA bhI hU~ / itihAsa kI Adi se mAnava jAti kA koI bhI dala eka hI prakAra ke dezakAla, saMyogoM yA vAtAvaraNa meM na rahA, na rahatA hai / eka dala eka hI sthAna meM rahatA huA bhI kabhI kAlakRta aura anya saMyogakRta vividha paristhatiyoM meM se gujaratA hai, to kabhI eka hI samaya meM maujUda aise jude- jude mAnavadala dezakRta tathA anya saMyoga-kRta vividha paristhitiyoM meM se gujarate dekhe jAte haiM / yaha sthiti jaisI Aja hai vaisI hI pahale bhI thI / isa taraha parivartana ke aneka aitihAsika sopAnoM meM se gujaratA huA jaina samAja bhI Aja taka calA A rahA hai / usake aneka AcAra-vicAra jo Aja dekhe jAte haiM ve sadA vaise hI the aisA mAnane kA koI AdhAra jaina vAGmaya meM nahIM hai| mAmUlI pharka hote rahane para bhI jaba taka AcAravicAra kI samatA bahutAyata se rahatI hai taba taka sAmAnya vyakti yahI samajhatA hai ki hama aura hamAre pUrvaja eka hI AcAra-vicAra ke pAlaka - poSaka haiM / para yaha pharka jaba eka yA dUsare kAraNa se bahuta bar3A ho jAtA hai taba vaha sAmAnya manuSya ke thor3A sA dhyAna meM AtA hai, aura vaha socane laga jAtA hai ki hamAre amuka zrAcAravicAra khuda hamAre pUrvajoM se hI bhinna ho gae haiM / AcAra-vicAra kA sAmAnya aMtara sAdhAraNa vyakti ke dhyAna para nahIM AtA, para vizeSajJa ke dhyAnase vaha ojhala nahIM hotA / jaina samAja ke AcAra-vicAra ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karate haiM to Upara kahI huI sabhI bAteM jAnane ko milatI haiM /

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-zrAhAra mAnava-svabhAva ke do virodhI pahalU / manuSya svabhAva kA eka pahalU to yaha hai ki vartamAna samaya meM jisa zrAcAravicAra kI pratiSThA ba~dhI ho aura jisakA vaha AtyaMtika samarthana karatA ho usake hI khilApha usI ke pUrvajoM ke prAcAra-vicAra yadi vaha sunatA hai yA apane itihAsa meM se vaisI bAta pAtA hai to purAne AcAra-vicAra ke sUcaka aitihAsika dastAveja jaise zAstrIya vAkyoM ko bhI tor3a-maror3a kara unakA artha vartamAna kAla meM pratiSThita aise AcAra-vicAra kI bhUmikA para karane kA prayatna karatA hai / vaha cAroM aora ucca aura pratiSThita samajhe jAnevAle apane maujUdA AcAra-vicAra se bilakula viruddha aise pUrvajoM ke prAcAra-vicAra ko sunakara yA jAnakara unheM nyoM-kA-tyoM mAnakara unake aura apane bIca meM AcAra-vicAra kI khAI kA aMtara samajhane meM tathA unakA vAstavika samanvaya karane meM asamartha hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha purAne AcAra-vicAra sUcaka vAkyoM ko apane hI AcAra-vicAra ke DhA~ce meM DhAlane kA prayatna pUre bala se karatA hai| yaha huA mAnava svabhAva ke pahalU kA eka anta / ___ aba hama usakA dUsarA anta bhI dekheM / dUsarA anta aisA hai ki vaha vartamAna AcAra-vicAra kI bhUmikA para kAyama rahate hue bhI usase judI par3anevAlI aura kabhI-kabhI bilakula viruddha jAnevAlI pUrvajoM kI prAcAra-vicAra viSayaka bhUmikA ko mAna lene meM nahIM hickicaataa| itihAsa meM pUrvajoM ke bhinna aura viruddha aise AcAra-vicAroM kI yadi noMdha rahI to usa noMdha ko vaha vaphAdArI se cipake rahatA hai| aisA karane meM vaha apane virodhI pakSa ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI nindA yA AkSepa kI leza bhI paravAha nahIM krtaa| vaha zAstra-vAkyoM ke purAne, pracalita aura kabhI sambhAvita aise arthoM kA, pratiSThA jAne ke Dara se tyAga nahIM karatA / vaha bhale hI kabhI-kabhI vartamAna lokamata ke vaza hokara una vAkyoM kA nayA bhI artha kare taba bhI vaha antataH vikalpa rUpa se purAne pracalita aura kabhI sambhAvita artha ko bhI vyAkhyAoM meM surakSita rakhatA hai| yaha huA mAnava-svabhAva ke pahalU kA dUsarA anta / aitihAsika tulanA uparyukta donoM anta bilakula Amane-sAmane va paraspara virodhI haiN| ina donoM antoM meM se kevala jaina samAja hI nahIM balki bauddha aura vaidika samAja bhI gujare hue dekhe jAte haiN| jaba bhArata meM ahiMsAmUlaka khAna-pAna kI vyApaka aura prabala pratiSThA jamI taba mAMsa-matsya jaisI vastuoM kA Atyantika virodha na karanevAle bauddha

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jaina dharma aura darzana sampradAya meM bhI eka pakSa aisA paidA huA ki jisane bauddha sampradAya meM mAMsa-' matsyAdi ke tyAga kA yahA~ taka samarthana kiyA ki aisA mAMsa tyAga to khuda buddha ke samaya meM aura buddha ke jIvana meM bhI thaa| 15 isa pakSa ne apane samaya meM jamI huI khAdyAkhAdya viveka kI pratiSThA ke AdhAra para hI purAne bauddha sUtroM ke artha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaba ki bauddha sampradAya meM pahale hI se eka sanAtanamAnasa dUsarA pakSa bhI calA AtA rahA hai jo khAdyAkhAdya viSayaka purAne sUtroM ko tor3a-maror3a kara unake arthoM ko vartamAna DhA~ce meM baiThAne kA Agraha nahIM rkhtaa| yahI sthiti vaidika sampradAya ke itihAsa meM bhI rahI hai| vaiSNava, Arya samAja Adi aneka zAkhAoM ne purAne vaidika vidhAnoM ke artha badalane kI koziza kI hai taba bhI sanAtana-mAnasa mImAMsaka sampradAya jyoM kA tyoM sthira rahakara apane purAne arthoM se Tasa se masa nahIM hotA hAlA~ki jIvana-vyavahAra meM mImAMsaka bhI mAMsAdi ko vaisA hI akhAdya samajhate haiM jaise vaiSNava aura Arya samAja Adi vaidika phirke| isa viSaya meM bauddha aura vaidika sampradAya kA aitihAsika avalokana hama anta meM kareMge jisase jaina sampradAya kI sthiti barAbara samajhI jA ske| virodha-tANDava Upara sUcita do pahalutroM ke antoM kA paraspara virodha-tAMDava jaina samAja kI raMgabhami para bhI hajAroM varSoM se khelA jAtA rahA hai| pUjyapAda jaise digaMbarAcArya amuka sUtroM kA mAMsa matsyAdi artha karane ke kAraNa aise sUtravAle sAre granthoM ko chor3a dene kI yA to sUcanA karate haiM yA aisA artha karanevAloM ko zrutanindaka kaha kara apane pakSa ko unase U~cA sAbita karane kI sUcanA karate haiN| digaMbara saMpradAya dvArA zvetAmbara svIkRta AgamoM ko chor3a dene kA asalI kAraNa to aura hI thA aura vaha asalI kAraNa AgamoM meM maryAdita vastra ke vidhAna karanevAle vAkyoM kA bhI honA hai| para jaba zrAgamoM ko chor3anA hI ho taba sambhava ho itane dusare doSa logoM ke samakSa rakhe jAe~ to purAne pracalita AgamoM ko chor3a dene kI bAta jyAdA nyAyasaMgata sAbita kI jA sakatI hai| isI manodazA ke vazIbhUta hokara jAnate yA anajAnate aitihAsika sthiti kA vicAra binA kie, eka sampradAya ne sAre AgamoM ko eka sAtha chor3a to diyA para usane Akhira ko yaha bhI nahIM socA ki jo saMpradAya AgamoM ko mAnya rakhane kA Agraha rakhatA hai vaha bhI to usake samAna mA~sa-matsya Adi kI akhAdyatA ko jIvana-vyabahAra meM 15. dekhiye-laMkAvatAra-mAMsa parivarta pariccheda

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sAmiSa - nirAmiSa- zrAhAra 65 eka-sA sthAna detA hai| itanA hI nahIM balki vaha zvetAmbarIya sampradAya bhI digaMbara saMpradAya ke jitanA hI mAMsa-matsyAdi kI khAdyatA kA pracAra va samarthana karatA hai / aura hiMsA siddhAnta kI prarUpaNA va pracAra meM vaha digambara paramparA se Age nahIM to samakakSa to avazya hai / aisA hote hue bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke vyAkhyAkAra zrAgamoM ke amuka sUtroM kA mA~sa matsyAdi paraka artha karate haiM so kyA kevala anya paramparA ko cir3hAne ke lie ? yA apane pUrvajoM ke Upara khAdya khAne kA AkSepa jainetara saMpradAyoM ke dvArA tathA samAnataMtrI saMpradAya ke dvArA karAne ke lie ? prAcIna artha kI rakSA pUjyapAda ke karIba ATha sau varSa ke bAda eka nayA phirakA jaina saMpradAya meM paidA huA, jo zrAja sthAnakavAsI nAma se prasiddha hai / usa phirake ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne zragamagata mAMsa-matsyA disUcaka sUtroM kA artha apanI vartamAna jIvana praNAlI ke anusAra vanaspatiparaka karane kA Agraha kiyA aura zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnate hue bhI unakI purAnI zvetAmbarIya vyAkhyAoM ko mAnane kA Agraha na rakhA / isa taraha sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ne yaha sUcita kiyA ki AgamoM meM jahA~ kahIM mAMsa matsyAdi sUcaka sUtra haiM vahA~ sarvatra vanaspati paraka hI vivakSita hai aura mAMsa-matsyAdirUpa artha jo purAne TIkAkAroM ne kiyA hai vaha hiMsA siddhAnta ke sAtha asaMgata hone ke kAraNa galata hai / sthAnakavAsI phirake aura digambara phirake ke dRSTikoNa meM itanI to samAnatA hai hI ki mAMsamatsyAdiparaka artha karanA yaha mAtra kAlpanika hai aura hiMsaka siddhAnta ke sAtha bemela hai, para donoM meM eka bar3A pharka bhI hai| digambara saMpradAya ko anya kAraNoM se hI sahI zvetAmbara zrAgamoM kA saparivAra bahiSkAra karanA thA jaba ki sthAnaka - vAsI paraMparA ko AgamoM kA zrAtyantika bahiSkAra iSTa na thA; usako ve hI Agama sarvathA pramANa iSTa nahIM haiM jinameM mUrti kA saMketa spaSTa ho / isalie sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya ke sAmane zrAgamagata khAdyAkhAdya viSayaka sUtra ke artha badalane kA eka hI mArga khulA thA jisako usane apanAyA bhii| isa taraha hama sAre itihAsa kAla meM dekhate haiM ki hiMsA kI vyAkhyA aura usakI pratiSThA va pracAra meM tathA vartamAna jIvana dhoraNa meM digaMbara evaM sthAnakavAsI phirake se kisI bhI taraha nahIM Utarate hue bhI zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne khAdyAkhAdya viSayaka sUtroM kA mAMsa-matsyaparaka purAnA artha apanAe rakhane meM apanA gaurava hI samajhA / bhale hI aisA karane meM unako jainetara samAja kI tarapha se tathA samAnaphIrakoM kI tarapha se hajAra-hajAra Apa sunane va sahane par3e /

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jaina dharma aura darzana arthabheda kI mImAMsA __ pahale hama do praznoM para kucha vicAra kara leM to acchA hogaa| eka to vaha ki akhAdyasUcaka samajhe jAnevAle sUtroM ke vanaspati aura mAMsa-matsyAdi aise jo do artha purAne samaya se vyAkhyAoM meM dekhe jAte haiM unameM se kauna-sA artha hai jo pIche se kiyA jAne lagA ? dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kisI bhI pahale artha ke rahate hue kyA aisI sthiti paidA huI ki jisase dUsarA artha karane ko AvazyakatA par3I yA aisA artha karane kI ora tatkAlIna vyAkhyAkAroM ko dhyAna denA par3A ? __ koI bhI buddhimAna yaha to soca hI nahIM sakatA ki sUtroM kI racanA ke samaya racanAkAra ko vanaspati aura mAMsa Adi donoM artha abhipreta hone caahie| nizcita artha ke bodhaka sUtra paraspara virodhI aise do arthoM kA bodha karAe~ aura jijJAsuoM ko saMzaya yA bhrama meM DAleM yaha saMbhava ho nahIM hai taba yahI mAnanA par3atA hai ki racanA ke samaya una sUtroM kA koI eka hI artha sUtrakAra ko abhipreta thA / kauna-sA artha abhipreta thA itanA vicAranA bhara bAkI rahatA hai| agara hama mAna leM ki racanA ke samaya sUtroM kA vanaspatiparaka artha thA to hameM yaha agatyA mAnanA par3atA hai ki mAMsa-matsyAdirUpa artha pIche se kiyA jAne lgaa| aisI sthiti meM nirgrantha-saMgha ke viSaya meM yaha bhI socanA par3egA ki kyA koI aisI avasthA AI thI jaba ki Apatti-vaza nigrantha-saMgha mAMsa-matsyAdi kA bhI grahaNa karane lagA ho aura usakA samarthana unhIM sUtroM se karatA ho| itihAsa kahatA hai ki nirgrantha-saMgha meM koI bhI aisA choTA-bar3A dala nahIM huA jisane Apatti kAla meM kiye gae mAMsa-matsyAdi ke grahaNa kA samarthana vanaspatibodhaka sUtroM kA mAMsamatsyAdi artha karake kiyA ho / alabattA nimrantha saMgha ke lambe itihAsa meM Apatti aura apavAda ke hajAroM prasaGga Ae haiM para kisI nirgrantha-dala ne ApavAdika sthiti kA samarthana karane ke lie apane mUla siddhAnta-ahiMsA se dUra jAkara sUtroM kA bilakula viruddha artha nahIM kiyA hai| sabhI nirgrantha apavAda kA apavAdarUpa se judA hI varNana karate rahe haiN| jisakI sAkSI chedasUtroM meM padapada para hai| nirgrantha-saMgha kA baMdhAraNa bhI aisA rahA hai ki koI aise vikRta artha ko sUtroM kI vyAkhyA meM pIche sthAna de to vaha nirgrantha saGgha kA aGga raha hI nahIM sktaa| taba yahI mAnanA par3atA hai ki racanAkAla meM sUtroM kA asalI artha to mAMsa-matsya hI thA aura pIche-se vanaspati-artha bhI kiyA jAne lgaa| aisA kyoM kiyA jAne lagA ? yahI dUsarA prazna aba hamAre sAmane AtA hai| saMgha kI nirmANa prakriyA nimrantha-saMgha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA to aneka zatAbdI pahale se bhAratavara

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-zrAhAra meM dhIre-dhIre para satata cAlU thii| isa prakriyA kA mukhya AdhAra ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa hI pahale se rahA hai / aneka choTI-bar3I jAtiyA~ aura chiTapuTa vyaktiyA~ usI AdhAra se AkRSTa hokara nirgrantha-saMgha meM sammilita hotI rahI haiM / jaba koI nayA dala yA naI vyakti saMghameM praveza karate haiM taba usake lie vaha saMkrama-kAla hotA hai| saMgha meM sthira hue dala tathA vyakti aura saMgha meM nayA praveza karane vAle dala tathA vyakti ke bIca amuka samaya taka AhAra-vihArAdi meM thor3A-bahuta aMtara rahanA anivArya hai| mA~sa-matsya Adi kA vyavahAra karane vAlI jAtiyA~ yA vyaktiyA~ yakAyaka nirgrantha-saMgha meM zAmila hote hI apanA sArA purAnA saMskAra badala deM yaha sarvatra saMbhava nahIM / pracAraka nirgrantha tapasvI bhI saMgha meM bhartI hone vAlI naI jAtiyoM tathA vyaktiyoM kA saMskAra unakI ruci aura zakti ke anusAra hI badalanA ThIka samajhate the jaise Ajakala ke pracAraka bhI apane-apane uddezya ke lie vaisA hI karate haiM / eka bAra nirgrantha saMgha meM dAkhila hue aura usake siddhAntAnusAra jIvana-vyavahAra banA lene vAloM kI jo saMtati hotI hai usako to nirgrantha saMghAnukUla saMskAra janmasiddha hotA hai para saMgha meM nae bhartI hone vAloM ke nigrantha saMghAnukUla saMskAra janmasiddha na hokara prayatnasAdhya hote haiN| janmasiddha aura prayatnasAdhya saMskAroM ke bIca aMtara yaha hotA hai ki eka to binA prayatna aura binA vizeSa tAlIma ke hI janma se calA AtA hai jaba ki dUsarA buddhipUrvaka prayatna se dhIre-dhIre AtA hai / dUsare saMskAra kI avasthA hI saMkrama-kAla hai / koI yaha na samajhe ki nigrantha-saMgha ke sabhI anuyAyI anAdi-kAlase janmasiddha saMskAra lekara hI calate A rahe haiN| nirgrantha-saMgha kA itihAsa kahatA hai ki isa saMgha ne aneka jAtiyoM aura vyaktiyoM ko nirgrantha saGgha kI dIkSA dI / yahI kAraNa hai ki madhya kAla kI taraha prAcIna kAla meM hama eka hI kuTumba meM nigrantha saMgha ke anuyAyI aura itara bauddha Adi zramaNa tathA brAhmaNa-saMpradAya ke anuyAyI pAte haiM / vizeSa kyA hama itihAsa se yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki pati nigrantha saMgha kA aMga hai to patnI itara dharma kI anuyAyinI hai| jaisA Aja kA nigrantha-saMgha mAtra janmasiddha dekhA jAtA hai vaisA madhyakAla ora prAcIna kAla meM na thaa| usa samaya pracAraka nirgrantha apane saMgha kI vRddhi aura vistAra meM lage the isase usa samaya yaha saMbhava thA ki eka hI kuTumba meM koI nirAmiSabhojI nirgrantha upAsaka ho to sAmiSabhojI anya 16. upAsakadazAMga shr08|

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68 jaina dharma aura darzana dharmAnuyAyI bhI ho| eka hI kuTumba kI aisI nirAmiSa-sAmiSa bhojana kI mizrita vyavasthA meM bhI nirgranthoM ko bhikSA ke lie jAnA par3atA thA / ApavAdika sthiti isake sivAya koI koI sAhasika nirgrantha pracAraka nae-nae pradeza meM apanA nirAmiSa bhojana kA tathA zrahiMsA pracAra kA dhyeya lekara jAte the jahA~ ki unako pakke anuyAyI milane ke pahale maujUdA khAna-pAna kI vyavasthA meM se bhikSA lekara gujara-basara karanA par3atA thA / kabhI-kabhI aise bhI rogAdi saGkaTa upasthiti hote the jaba ki suvaidyoM kI salAha ke anusAra nirgranthoM ko khAna-pAna meM apavAda mArga kA bhI avalaMbana karanA par3atA thA / ye aura inake jaisI aneka paristhitiyA~ purAne nirgrantha-saGgha ke itihAsa meM varNita haiM / ina paristhitiyoM meM nirAmiSa bhojana aura hiMsA pracAra ke dhyeya kA Atyantika dhyAna rakhate hue bhI kabhI-kabhI nirgrantha apanI eSaNIya aura kalpya AhAra kI maryAdA ko sakhta rUpa se pAlate hue mA~sa-matsyAdi kA grahaNa karate hoM to koI acaraja kI bAta nahIM | hama jaba AcArAMga aura dazavaikAlikAdi AgamoM ke sAmiSa AhAra - sUcaka sUtra' 17 dekhate haiM aura una sUtroM meM varNita maryAdAoM para vicAra karate haiM taba spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki sAmiSa AhAra kA vidhAna bilakula apavAdika aura parihArya sthiti kA hai / 'ahiMsA - saMyama- tapa' kA mudrAlekha Upara sUcita zrApavAdika sthiti kA ThIka-ThIka samaya aura deza viSayaka nirNaya karanA sarala nahIM hai phira bhI hama itanA kaha sakate haiM ki jaba nirgrantha saMgha pradhAnatayA bihAra meM thA aura aMga vaMga-kaliMga Adi meM nae pracAra ke lie jAne lagA thA taba kI yaha sthiti honI caahie| kyoMki una dinoM meM Aja se bhI kahIM adhika sAmiSa bhojana ukta pradezoM meM pracalita thA / kucha bhI ho para eka bAta to nizcita hai ki nirgrantha- saMgha ne hiMsA-saMyama-tapa ke mUla mudrAlekha ke AdhAra para nirAmiSa bhojana aura anya vyasana tyAga ke pracAra kArya meM uttarottara Age hI bar3hatA aura saphala hotA gayA hai / isa saMgha ne aneka sAmiprabhojI rAjoM-mahArAjoM ko tathA aneka dUsare kSatriyAdi gaNoM ko apane saMgha meM milAkara dhIre-dhIre unako nirAmiSa bhojana kI ora agrasara kiyA hai| saMgha nirmANa kI yaha prakriyA pichalI zatAbdiyoM meM bilakula baMda - sI ho gaI hai para pahale yaha sthiti na thI / 17. AcArAMga 2. 1. 274, 281, dazavaikAlika a0 5. 72, 74

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra 66 ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa ke ugra pracAra kA sAmAnya janatA para aisA prabhAva par3A huA itihAsa meM dekhA jAtA hai ki jisase bAdhita hokara nirAmiSa-bhojana kA atyanta Agraha nahIM rakhane vAle bauddha tathA vaidika sampradAya ko nigrantha saMgha kA kaI aMza meM anukaraNa karanA par3A hai / 18 virodhI prazna aura samAdhAna niHsaMdeha bhArata meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA jamAne meM aneka paMthoM kA hAtha rahA hai para usameM jitanA hAtha nigrantha saMgha kA rahA hai utanA zAyada hI kisI kA rahA ho / ahiMsA-saMyama-tapakA Atyantika Agraha rakhakara pracAra karane vAle nigranthoM ke lie jaba janma siddha anuyAyI-dala ThIka-ThIka pramANa meM karIba-karIba cAroM ora mila gayA taba nigrantha-saMgha kI sthiti bilakula badala gii| ahiMsA kI vyApaka pratiSThA itanI huI thI ki nigranthoM ke sAmane bAhara aura bhItara se vividha AkramaNa hone lage / virodhI paMtha ke anuyAyI to nigranthoM ko yaha kahakara kosate the ki agara tuma tyAgI ahiMsA kA prAtyantika aAgraha rakhate ho to tuma jIvana hI dhAraNa nahIM kara sakate ho kyoMki Akhira ko jIvana dhAraNa karane meM kucha bhI to hiMsA saMbhava hai hI / isI taraha ve yaha bhI ulAhanA dete the ki tuma nirAmiSa-bhojana kA itanA Agraha rakhate ho para tumhAre pUrvaja nigrantha to sAmiSa-aAhAra bhI grahaNa karate the| isI taraha janmasiddha nirAmiSa-bhojana ke saMskAra vAle sthira nigrantha 18. hama vinayapiTaka meM dekhate haiM ki bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie aneka prakAra ke mAMsoM ke khAne kA spaSTa niSedha hai aura apane nimitta se bane mA~sa lene kA bhI vizeSa niSedha hai| itanA hI nahIM balki bauddha bhittuoM ko jamIna khodane khudavAne tathA vanaspati ko kATane-kaTavAne kA bhI niSedha kiyA hai / ghAsa Adi jantuoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke lie varSAvAsa kA bhI vidhAna hai| pAThaka AcArAMga meM varNita nigranthoM ke prAcAra ke sAtha tulanA kareMge to kama se kama itanA to jAna sakeMge ki amuka aMzoM meM nigrantha prAcAroM kA hI bauddha zrAcAra para prabhAva par3A hai kyoMki nigrantha paramparA ke prAcAra pahale se sthira the aura bahuta sakhta bhI ye jaba ki bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie aise prAcAroM kA vidhAna lokaniMdA ke bhaya se pIche se kiyA huA hai|--vinypittk pR0 23, 24, 170, 231, 245 (hindI AvRtti) jahA~-jahA~ nigrantha paraMparA kA prAdhAnya rahA hai vahA~ ke vaiSNava hI nahIM, zaiva zAktAdi phirake-jo mA~sa se paraheja nahIM karate-ve bhI mA~sa-matsyAdi khAne se paraheja karate haiN|

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70 jaina dharma aura darzana saMgha ke bhItara se bhI AcAryoM ke sAmane prazna Ae / praznakartA svayaM to janma se nirAmiSa-bhojI ora ahiMsA ke prAtyantika samarthaka the para ve purAne zAstroM meM se sAmiSa-bhojana kA prasaMga bhI sunate the isalie unake manameM duvidhA paidA hotI thI ki jaba hamAre AcArya ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa kA itanA ucca Adarza hamAre sAmane rakhate haiM taba isake sAtha purAne nigranthoM ke dvArA sAmiSa-bhojana lie jAne ke zAstrIya varNana kA mela kaise baiTha sakatA hai ? jaba kisI tattva kA prAtyantika AgrahapUrvaka pracAra kiyA jAtA hai taba virodhI pakSoM kI ora se tathA apane dala ke bhItara se bhI aneka virodhI prazna upasthita hote hI haiN| purAne nirgrantha-prAcAryoM ke sAmane bhI yahI sthiti AI / usa sthiti kA samAdhAna binA kie aba cArA nahIM thA ataeva kucha prAcAryoM ne to AmiSasUcaka sUtroM kA artha hI apanI vartamAna jIvana sthiti ke anukUla vanaspati kiyA / para kucha nirgrantha prAcArya aise bhI dRr3ha nikale ki unhoMne aise sUtroM kA artha na badala karake kevala vahI bAta kaha dI jo itihAsa meM kabhI ghaTita huI thI arthAt unhoMne kaha diyA ki aise sUtroM kA artha to mA~sa-matsyAdi hI hai para usakA grahaNa nirgranthoM ke lie autsargika nahIM mAtra ApavAdika sthiti hai| nayA artha karane vAlA eka sampradAya aura purAnA artha mAnane vAlA dUsarA sampradAya -- ye donoM paraspara samAdhAna pUrvaka nirgrantha-saMgha meM amuka samaya taka calate rahe kyoMki donoM kA uddezya apane apane DhaMga se nirgranthoM ke sthApita nirAmiSa bhojana kA bacAva aura poSaNa hI karanA thaa| jaba AgamoM ke sAtha vyAkhyAe~ bhI likhI jAne lagI taba una vivAdAspada sUtroM ke donoM artha bhI likha liye gae jisase donoM artha karane vAloM meM vaimanasya na ho| para durdaiva se nigrantha saMgha ke takhte para nayA hI tANDava hone vAlA thaa| vaha aisA ki do daloM meM vastra na rakhane aura rakhane ke mudde para AtyaMtika virodha kI naubata aaii| phalataH eka pakSa ne AgamoM ko yaha kahakara chor3a diyA ki ve to kAlpanika haiM jaba ki dUsare pakSa ne una AgamoM ko jyoM kA tyoM mAna liyA aura unameM Ane vAle mA~sAdi-grahaNa viSayaka sUtroM ke vanaspati aura mA~sa-aise do arthoM ko bhI mAnya rakhA / hama Upara kI carcA se nIce likhe pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM :- 1-nigrantha-saMgha kI nirmANa-prakriyA ke jamAne meM tathA anya prApavAdika prasaMgoM meM nigrantha bhI sAmiSa AhAra lete the jisakA purAnA avazeSa AgamoM meM raha gayA hai| .

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sAmiSa nirAmiSa- zrAhAra 71 2 - janma se hI nirAmiSabhojI nirgrantha- saMgha ke sthApita ho jAne para vaha apavAdika sthiti na rahI aura sarvatra nirAmiSa AhAra sulabha ho gayA para isa kAla ke nirAmiSa zrAhAra-grahaNa karane ke zrAtyantika prAgraha ke sAtha purAne sAmiSa AhAra sUcaka sUtra bemela ja~cane lage / 3 - isI bemela kA nivAraNa karane kI sadvRtti meM se dUsarA vanaspati paraka artha kiyA jAne lagA aura purAne tathA nae arthaM sAtha hI sAtha svIkRta hue / 4- jaba itara kAraNoM se nirgrantha daloM meM phUTa huI taba eka dala ne AgamoM ke bahiSkAra meM sAmiSa zrAhAra sUcaka sUtroM kI dalIla bhI dUsare dala ke sAmane tathA sAmAnya janatA ke sAmane rakhI / eka vRnta meM aneka phala hama pahale batalAe haiM ki parivartana va vikAsakrama ke anusAra samAja maiM cAra-vicAra kI bhUmikA purAne zrAcAra-vicAroM se badala jAtI hai taba naI paristhiti ke kucha vyAkhyAkAra purAne AcAra-vicAroM para hone vAle AkSepoM se bacane ke lie purAne hI vAkyoM meM se apanI paristhiti ke anukUla artha nikAla kara una AkSepoM ke parihAra kA prayatna karate haiM jaba ki dUsare vyAkhyAkAra naI paristhiti ke AcAra-vicAroM ko apanAte hue bhI unase bilakula viruddha purAne AcAra-vicAroM ke sUcaka vAkyoM ko tor3a-maror3a kara nayA artha nikAlane ke badale purAnA hI artha kAyama rakhate haiM aura isa taraha pratyeka vikAsagAmI dharma - samAja meM purAne zAstroM ke artha karane meM do pakSa par3a jAte haiM / jaise vaidika aura bauddha saMpradAya kA itihAsa hamAre ukta kathana kA sabUta hai vaise hI nirgrantha saMpradAya kA itihAsa bhI hamAre mantavya kI sAkSI de rahA hai / hama nirAmiSa aura sAmiSa AhAra grahaNa ke bAre meM apanA ukta vidhAna spaSTa kara cuke haiM phira bhI yahA~ nirgrantha-saMpradAya ke bAre meM pradhAnatayA kucha varNana karanA hai isalie hama usa vidhAna ko dUsarI eka vaisI hI aitihAsika ghaTanA se spaSTa kareM to yaha upayukta hI hogA / bhArata meM mUrti pUjA yA pratIka- upAsanA bahuta purAnI aura vyApaka bhI hai / nigrantha-paramparA kA itihAsa bhI mUrti aura pratIka kI upAsanA- pUjA se bharA par3A hai / para isa deza meM mUrtivirodhI aura mUrtibhaMjaka islAma ke Ane ke bAda mUrtipUjA kI virodhI aneka paramparAtroM ne janma liyA / nirgrantha-paramparA bhI isa pratikriyA se na bacI / 15 vIM sadI meM lauMkAzAha nAmaka eka vyakti gujarAta meM paidA hue jinhoMne mUrtipUjA aura usa nimitta honevAle ADambaroM kA sakriya

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72 jaina dharma aura darzana virodha zurU kiyA jo kramazaH eka mUrti virodhI phirake meM pariNata ho gayA / nayA Andolana yA vicAra koI bhI ho para sampradAya meM vaha tabhI sthAna pAtA aura saphala hotA hai jaba usako zAstroM kA AdhAra ho| aisA AdhAra jaba taka na ho taba taka nayA phirakA panapa nahIM sakatA / tisa para bhI yadi purAne zAstroM meM nae aAndolana ke khilApha pramANa bhare par3e hoM taba to nae Andolana ko Age kUca karane meM bar3I rukAvaToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| purAne nirgrantha AgamoM meM tathA uttarakAlIna anya sAhitya meM mUrtipUjA aura pratIkopAsanA ke sUcaka aneka ullekha maujUda haiM-aisI sthiti meM viruddha ullekhavAle AgamoM ko mAnakara mUrtipUjA ke virodha kA samarthana kaise kiyA jA sakatA thA ? mUrtipUjA kA virodha paristhiti meM A gayA thA, Andolana cAlU thA, purAne viruddha ullekha bAdhaka ho rahe the--isa kaThinAI ko hala karane ke lie nae mUrtipUjA virodhI phirake ne usI aitihAsika mArga kA avalambana liyA jisakA ki sAmiSa-nirAmiSa bhojana ke virodha kA parihAra karane meM pahale bhI nigrantha muni le cuke the| arthAt mUrtipUjA ke virodhiyoM ne caitya, pratimA, jina-gRha Adi mUrtisUcaka pAThoM kA artha hI badalanA zurU kara diyaa| isa taraha hama nigrantha-paramparA ke zvetAmbara phirake meM hI dekhate haiM ki eka phirakA jina pAThoM kA mUrtiparaka artha karatA hai, dUsarA phirakA unhIM pAThoM kA anyAnya artha karake mUrtipUjA ke virodhavAle apane pakSa kA samarthana karatA hai| pAThaka saralatA se samajha sake hoMge ki purAne pATharUpa eka hI DaNThala meM-vRnta meM paristhiti bheda se kaise aneka phala lagate haiN| AgamoM kI prAcInatA ___sAmiSa-zrAhAra sUcaka pAThoM kA vanaspatiparaka artha karanevAloM kA Azaya to burA na thA / hA~, utsarga-apayAda ke svarUpa kA jJAna tathA aitihAsikatA ko vaphAdArI unameM avazya kama thii| asalI artha ko cipake rahane vAloM kA mAnasa sanAtana aura rUdigAmI avazya thA para sAtha hI usameM utsarga-apavAda ke svarUpa kA vistRta jJAna tathA aitihAsikatA kI vaphAdarI donoM paryApta the / isa carcA para se yaha saralatA se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai ki prAgamoM kA kalevara kitanA purAnA hai ? agara Agama, bhagavAn mahAvIra se aneka zatAbdiyoM ke bAda kisI eka phirake ke dvArA nae race gae hote to unameM aise sAmiSa AhAra grahaNa sUcaka sUtra Ane kA koI sababa hI na thA / kyoMki usa jamAne ke pahale hI se sArI nirgrantha-paramparA nirapavAdarUpa se nirAmiSabhojI bana cukI thI aura mA~sa matsyAdi kA tyAga kuladharma

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra 73 hI ho gayA thaa| bhalA aisA kauna hogA jo vartamAna nirAmiSa bhojana kI nirapavAda avasthA meM aise sAmiSa-AhAra-sUcaka sUtra banAkara AgamoM meM ghuser3a de aura apanI paramparA ke ahiMsAmUlaka jIvana-vyavahAra kA makhaula karAne kI sthiti jAna-bUjha kara paidA kare / sAre bhAratavarSa ke jude-jude asalI mAnavadaloM kA aura samaya-samaya para Akara basa jAnevAle nae-nae mAnavadaloM kA itihAsa hama dekhate hai to eka bAta nirvivAda rUpa se pAte haiM ki bhAratavAsI hara-eka dharma-sampradAya nirAmiSa bhojana kI ora kucha-na-kucha agrasara huA hai / isa itihAsa ke pRSTha jitane purAne utanA hI sAmiSa-aAhAra aura dharmya pazuvadha adhika dekhane ko milatA hai| aisI sthiti meM AgamoM meM Ane vAle sAmiSa-aAhAra sUcaka sUtra nigrantha paramparA ke purAne stara ko hI sUcita karate haiM jo kisI-na-kisI taraha se zrAgamoM meM surakSita raha gayA hai| kevala isa AdhAra se bhI AgamoM kI prAcInatA anAyAsa hI dhyAna meM AtI hai / utsarga-apavAda kI carcA hama yahA~ prasaMga vaza utsarga-apavAda kI carcA bhI saMkSepa meM kara denA cAhate haiM jisase prastuta viSaya para kucha prakAza par3a sake / nirgrantha-paramparA kA mukhya lakSya AdhyAtmika sukha kI prApti hai / usI ko siddha karane ke lie usane ahiMsA kA Azraya liyA hai / pUrNa aura ucca koTi kI ahiMsA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba jIvana meM kAyika-vAcika-mAnasika asat pravRttiyoM kA niyaMtraNa ho aura satpravRttiyoM ko vega diyA jAe / tathA bhautika sukha kI lAlasA ghaTAne ke uddezya se kaThora jIvana-mArga yA indriya-damana mArga kA avalambana liyA jaae| isI dRSTi se nirgrantha-paramparA ne samaya aura tapa para adhika bhAra diyA hai| ahiMsAlakSI saMyama aura tapomaya jIvana hI nirgrantha paramparA kA autsargika vidhAna hai jo AdhyAtmika sukha prApti kI anivArya gAraNTI hai / para jaba koI AdhyAtmika dharma samudAyagAmI banane lagatA hai taba apavAdoM kA praveza anivArya rUpa se Avazyaka bana jAtA hai / apavAda vahI hai jo tattvataH zrautsargika mArga kA poSaka hI ho, kabhI ghAtaka na bane / aApavAdika vidhAna kI madada se hI autsargika mArga vikAsa kara sakatA hai aura donoM milakara hI mUla dhyeya ko siddha kara sakate haiM / hama vyavahAra meM dekhate haiM ki bhojana-pAna jIvana kI rakSA aura puSTi ke lie hI hai, para hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki kabhI-kabhI bhojana-pAna kA tyAga hI jIvana ko bacA letA hai| isI taraha Upara-Upara se Apasa meM viruddha dikhAI denevAle bhI do prakAra ke jIvana vyavahAra jaba eka lakSagAmI hoM taba ve utsarga-apavAda kI koTi meM Ate haiM /

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mrw jaina dharma aura darzana utsarga ko AtmA kaheM to apavAdoM ko deha kahanA cAhie / donoM kA sammilita uddezya saMvAdI jIvana jInA hai / jo nirgrantha muni ghara-bAra kA baMdhana chor3akara anagAra rUpa se jIvana jIte the unako AdhyAtmika sukhalakSI jIvana to jInA hI thA jo sthAna, bhojana-pAna Adi kI madada ke sivAya jiyA nahIM jA sktaa| isalie ahiMsA-saMyama aura tapa kI utkaTa pratijJA kA autsargika mArga svIkAra karane para bhI ve usameM aise kucha niyama banA lete the jinase pazu aura manuSyoM ko to kyA para pRthvI-jala aura vanaspati Adi ke jantu taka ko trAsa na phuNce| isI dRSTi se anagAra muniyoM ko jo sthAna, bhojana-pAnAdi vastue~ sthUla jIvana ke lie anivArya rUpa se zrAvazyaka haiM unake grahaNa evaM upayoga kI vyavasthA ke aise sUkSmAtisUkSma niyama bane haiM jo duniyA kI aura kisI tyAga-paramparA meM dekhe nahIM jAte / anagAra muniyoM ne dUsaroM ke parihAsa kI yA stuti kI paravAha kie binA hI apane lie apanI icchA se jIvana jIne ke niyama banAe haiM jo prAcArAMga Adi AgamoM se lekara Aja taka ke nae se nae jaina vAGmaya meM varNita haiM aura jo vartamAnakAla kI zithila aura azithila kaisI bhI anagAra-saMsthA meM dekhane ko milate haiN| ina niyamoM meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki agara dAtA apanI icchA se va zraddhA-bhakti se jarUrI cIja anagAra ko detA ho taba bhI usakA svIkAra amuka maryAdA meM rahakara hI karanA cAhie / aisI maryAdAoM ko kAyama karane meM kahIM to grAma vastu kaisI honI cAhie yaha batalAyA gayA hai aura kahIM dAtA tathA dAnakSetra kaise hone cAhie-yaha batalAyA gayA hai / yaha bhI batalAyA gayA hai ki grAhya vastu maryAdA meM AtI ho, dAtA va dAnakSetra niyamAnukUla hoM phira bhI bhikSA to amuka kAla meM hI karanI cAhie---bhale hI prANa jA~ya para rAta Adi ke samaya meM nahIM / anagAra muni Ukha-khajUra Adi ko isalie le nahIM sakatA ki usameM khAdya aMza kama aura tyAjya aMza adhika hotA hai / anagAra nirgrantha prApta bhikSA sugandhi ho yA durgandha, rucikara ho yA arucikara, binA duHkha-sukha mAne khA-pI jAtA hai / aisI hI kaThina maryAdAoM ke bIca apavAda ke taura para sAmiSa AhAra-grahaNa kI vidhi bhI AtI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se to anagAra muni sAmiSa-AhAra kI bhikSA lene ko inkAra hI kara detA thA para bImArI jaise saMyoga se bAdhita hokara letA bhI thA to use svAda yA puSTi kI dRSTi se nahIM, kevala nirmama va anAsakta dRSTi se jIvanayAtrA ke lie letA thaa| isa bhikSAvidhi kA sAMgopAMga varNana AcArAMgAdi sUtroM meM hai| usako dekhakara koI bhI taTastha vicAraka yaha kaha nahIM sakatA ki prAcInakAla meM ApavAdika rUpa se lI jAnevAlI sAmiSa-aAhAra kI bhikSA kisI

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa AhAra 75 bhI taraha se ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapomaya-zrautsargika mArga kI bAdhaka ho sakatI hai| isalie hama to yahI samajhate haiM ki jinhoMne sAmiSa-AhAra sUcaka sUtroM kI aura unake asalI arthoM kI rakSA kI hai unhoMne kevala nigrantha-sampradAya ke sacce itihAsa kI hI rakSA nahIM kI hai balki gaharI samajha aura nirbhaya-vRttikA bhI paricaya diyA hai| ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA pracAra va vikAsa sAmiSa-AhAragrahaNa yA aise anya apavAdoM kI yaSTi kI madada se ahiMsAlakSI autsargika jIvana mArga para nirgrantha-sampradAya ke itihAsa ne kitanI dUra kUca kI hai isakA saMkSipta citra bhI hamAre sAmane A jAe to hameM purAne sAmiSa. AhAra sUcaka sUtroM se tathA unake asalI arthoM se kisI bhI taraha se hicakicAne kI AvazyakatA na rhegii| isalie aba hama nigrantha sampradAya ke dvArA kiye gae ahiMsA-pradhAna pracAra kA tathA ahiMsaka bhAvanA ke vikAsa kA saMkSepa meM avalokana kreNge| ___bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pahale nigrantha-paramparA meM yadukumAra neminAtha ho gae haiM unakI ardha-aitihAsika jIvana kathAoM meM eka ghaTanA kA jo ullekha milatA hai / usako nigrantha-paramparA kI ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA eka sImA cinha kahA jA sakatA hai / lagna-vivAhAdi sAmAjika utsava-samAraMbhoM meM jImane-jimAne aura Amoda-pramoda karane kA rivAja to Aja bhI cAlU hai para usa samaya aise samAraMbhoM meM nAnAvidha pazuoM kA vadha karake unake mA~sa se jImana ko AkarSita banAne kI prathA Ama taura se rahI / khAsa kara kSatriyAdi jAtiyoM meM to vaha prathA aura bhI rUr3ha thI / isa prathA ke anusAra lagna ke nimitta kie jAne vAle utsava meM vadha karane ke lie ekatra kiye gae harina Adi vividha pazuoM kA ArtanAda sunakara nemikumAra ne ThIka lagna ke mauke para hI karuNArdra hokara apane aise lagna kA saMkalpa hI chor3a diyA jisameM aise pazuoM kA vadha karake mA~sa kA khAnAkhilAnA pratiSThita mAnA jAtA rahA / nemikumAra ke isa karuNAmUlaka brahmacaryavAsa kA usa samaya samAja para aisA asara par3A aura kramazaH vaha asara bar3hatA gayA ki dhIre dhIre aneka jAtiyoM ne sAmAjika samAraMbhoM meM mA~sa khAne-khilAne ko prathA ko hI tilAJjali de dii| saMbhavataH yahI aisI pahalI ghaTanA hai jo sAmAjika vyavahAroM meM ahiMsA kI nIMva par3ane kI sUcaka hai / nemikumAra yAdavaziromaNi devakInandana kRSNa ke anuja the| jAna par3atA hai isa kAraNa se dvArakA aura mathurA ke yAdavoM para acchA asara par3A / itihAsa kAla meM bhagavAn pAva

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76 jaina dharma aura darzana nAtha kA sthAna hai / unakI jIvanI kaha rahI hai ki unhoMne ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko vikasita karane ke lie eka dUsarA hI kadama uThAyA / paJcAgni jaisI tAmasa tapasyAoM meM sUkSma-sthUla prANiyoM kA vicAra binA kie hI Aga jalAne kI prathA thI jisase kabhI-kabhI iMdhana ke sAtha anya prANI bhI jala jAte the / kAzIrAja azvapati ke putra pArzvanAtha ne aisI hiMsAjanaka tapasyA kA ghora virodha kiyA aura dharma-kSetra meM aviveka se hone vAlI hiMsA ke tyAga kI ora lokamata taiyAra kiyA / pArzvanAtha ke dvArA puSTa kI gaI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA nigranthanAtha jJAtaputra mahAvIra ko virAsata meM milii| unhoMne yajJa yAgAdi jaise dharma ke jude-jude kSetroM meM hone vAlI hiMsA kA tathAgata buddha kI taraha prAtyantika virodha kiyA aura dharmake pradeza meM ahiMsA kI itanI adhika pratiSThA kI ki isake bAda to ahiMsA hI bhAratIya dharmoM kA prANa bana gii| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI ugra ahiMsA parAyaNa jIvana yAtrA tathA ekAgra tapasyA ne tatkAlIna aneka prabhAvazAlI brAhmaNa va kSatriyoM ko ahiMsA-bhAvanA kI ora khiiNcaa| phalataH janatA meM sAmAjika tathA dhArmika utsavoM meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ne jar3a jamAI, jisake Upara Age kI nirgrantha-paraMparA kI agalI pIr3hiyoM kI kAragujArI kA mahala khar3A huA hai| azoka ke pautra saMprati ne apane pitAmaha ke ahiMsaka saMskAra kI virAsata ko Ayasuhasti kI chatrachAyA meM aura bhI samRddha kiyaa| saMprati ne kevala apane adhIna rAjya-pradezoM meM hI nahIM balki apane rAjya kI sImA ke bAhara -jahA~ ahiMsAmUlaka jIvana-vyavahAra kA nAma bhI na thA-ahiMsA bhAvanA kA phailAva kiyA / ahiMsA-bhAvanA ke usa srota kI bAr3ha meM aneka kA hAtha avazya hai para nigrantha anagAroM kA to isake siyAya aura koI dhyeya hI nahIM rahA hai| ve bhArata meM pUrva-pazcima, uttara-dakSiNa jahA~-jahA~ gae vahA~ unhoMne ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA hI vistAra kiyA aura hiMsAmUlaka aneka vyasanoM ke tyAga kI janatA ko zikSA dene meM hI nirgrantha-dharma kI kRtakRtyatA kA anubhava kiyA / jaise zaMkarAcArya ne bhArata ke cAroM konoM para maTha sthApita karake brahmAdvaita kA vijaya stambha ropA hai vaise hI mahAvIra ke anuyAyI anagAra nirgranthoM ne bhArata jaise vizAla deza ke cAroM konoM meM ahiMsAdvaita kI bhAvanA ke vijaya-stambha ropa die haiM--aisA kahA jAe to atyukti na hogii| lokamAnya tilaka ne isa bAta ko yoM kahA thA ki gujarAta kI ahiMsA bhAvanA jainoM kI hI dena hai para itihAsa hameM kahatA hai ki vaiSNavAdi aneka vaidika paramparAoM ko ahiMsAmUlaka dharmavRtti meM nigrantha saMpradAya kA thor3A bahuta prabhAva avazya kAma kara rahA hai| una vaidika sampradAyoM ke pratyeka jIvana nyavahAra kI chAnabIna karane se koI bhI vicAraka yaha saralatA se jAna sakatA hai

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sAmiSa nirAmiSa AhAra 77 ki isameM nigranthoM kI ahiMsA-bhAvanA kA puTa avazya hai| Aja bhArata meM hiMsAmUlaka yajJa-yAgAdi dharma-vidhi kA samarthaka bhI yaha sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA hai ki vaha yajamAnoM ko pazuvadha ke lie prerita kre| ___AcArya hemacandra ne gurjarapati parama mAhezvara siddharAja taka ko bahuta aMzoM meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA se prabhAvita kiyaa| isakA phala aneka dizAoM meM acchA AyA / aneka deva-deviyoM ke sAmane khAsa-khAsa parvo para hone vAlI hiMsA ruka gaI / aura aisI hiMsA ko rokane ke vyApaka Andolana kI eka nIMva par3a gii| siddharAja kA uttarAdhikArI gujerapati kumArapAla to paramAheta hI thA / vaha sacce artha meM paramAhata isalie mAnA gayA ki usane jaisI aura jitanI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA puSTa kI aura jaisA usakA vistAra kiyA vaha itihAsa meM bejor3a hai| kumArapAla kI 'amAri ghoSaNA' itanI loka-priya banI ki Age ke aneka nigrantha aura unake aneka gRhastha-ziSya amAri-ghoSaNA ko apane jIvana kA dhyeya banAkara hI kAma karane lge| AcArya hemacandra ke pahale kaI nirgranthoM ne mA~sAzI jAtiyoM ko ahiMsA kI dIkSA dI thI aura nirgrantha-saMgha meM osavAlaporavAla Adi varga sthApita kie the| zaka Adi videzI jAtiyA~ bhI ahiMsA ke cepa se baca na sakI / hIravijayasari ne akabara jaise bhArata-samrATa se bhikSA meM itanA hI mA~gA ki vaha hamezA ke lie nahIM to kucha khAsa-khAsa tithiyoM para amAri-ghoSaNA jArI kre| akabara ke usa patha para jahA~gIra Adi unake vaMzaja bhI cale / jo janma se hI mA~sAzI the una mugala samrAToM ke dvArA ahiMsA kA itanA vistAra karAnA yaha Aja bhI sarala nahIM hai| aAja bhI hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-samAja hI aisA hai jo jahA~ taka saMbhava ho vividha kSetroM meM hone vAlI pazu-pakSI Adi kI hiMsA ko rokane kA satata prayatna karatA hai / isa vizAla deza meM jude-jude saMskAra vAlI aneka jAtiyA~ par3osapar3osa meM basatI haiM / aneka janma se hI mAMsAzI bhI haiM / phira bhI jahA~ dekho vahA~ ahiMsA ke prati loka ruci to hai hI / madhyakAla meM aise aneka santa aura phakIra hue jinhoMne eka mAtra ahiMsA aura dayA kA hI upadeza diyA hai jo bhArata kI AtmA meM ahiMsA kI gaharI jar3a kI sAkSI hai| mahAtmA gA~dhIjI ne bhArata meM nava-jIvana kA prANa praspaMdita karane kA saMkalpa kiyA to vaha kevala ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ke Upara hI / yadi unako ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA aisA taiyAra kSetra na milatA to ve zAyada hI itane saphala hote / / yahA~ sAmpradAyika dRSTi se kevala yaha nahIM kahanA hai ki ahiMsA vRtti ke poSaNa kA sArA yaza nigrantha sampradAya ko hI hai sa vaktabya itanA hI hai ki

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78 jaina dharma aura darzana bhAratavyApI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA meM nirgrantha-sampradAya kA bahuta bar3A hissA hajAroM varSa se rahA hai / itanA batalAne kA uddezya kevala yahI hai ki nigrantha-sampradAya kA ahiMsAlakSI mUla dhyeya kahA~ taka eka rUpa rahA hai aura usane sAre itihAsa kAla meM kaisA kaisA kAma kiyA hai| ___agara hamArA yaha vaktavya ThIka hai to sAmiSa-AhAragrahaNa sUcaka sUtroM ke asalI artha ke bAre meM hamane apanA jo abhiprAya prakaTa kiyA hai vaha ThIka taraha se dhyAna meM pA sakegA aura usake sAtha nigrantha-sampradAya kI ahiMsA-bhAvanA kA koI virodha nahIM hai yaha bAta bhI samajha meM A skegii| nigrantha-sampradAya meM sAmiSa-AhAra grahaNa agara ApavAdika yA purAnI sAmAjika paristhiti kA pariNAma na hotA to nigrantha-sampradAya ahiMsA-siddhAnta ke Upara itanA bhAra hI na de sakatA aura vaha bhAra detA bhI to usakA asara janatA para na par3atA / bauddha bhikSu ahiMsA ke pakSapAtI rahe para ve jahA~ gae vahA~ kI bhojana-vyavasthA ke adhIna ho gae aura bahudhA mAMsa-matsyAdi grahaNa se na baca ske| so kyoM ? javAba spaSTa hai-unake lie mAMsa-matsyAdi kA grahaNa ninthasampradAya jitanA sakhta ApavAdika aura lAcArI rUpa na thA / nigrantha-anagAra bauddha anagAra kI taraha dharma-pracAra kA hI dhyeya rakhate the phira bhI ve bauddhoM kI taraha bhArata ke bAhara jAne meM asamartha rahe aura bhArata meM bhI bauddhoM kI taraha hara eka dala ko apane sampradAya meM milAne meM asamartha rahe isakA kyA kAraNa ? javAba spaSTa hai ki nigrantha sampradAya ne pahale hI se mA~sAdi ke tyAga para itanA adhika bhAra diyA thA ki nigrantha anagAra na to saralatA se mAMsAzI jAti vAle deza meM jA sakate the aura na mAMsa-matsyAdi kA tyAga na karane vAlI jAtiyoM ko jyoM kI tyoM apane saMgha meM bauddha bhikSuoM kI taraha le sakate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki nigrantha-sampradAya na kevala bhArata meM hI sImita hai para usakA koI bhI aisA gRhastha yA sAdhu anuyAyI nahIM hai jo hajAra pralobhana hone para bhI mAMsamatsyAdi kA grahaNa karanA pasaMda kare / aise dRr3ha saMskAra ke pIche hajArA varSa se sthira koI purAnI zrautsargika bhAvanA hI kAma kara rahI hai aisA samajhanA cAhie / ___ isI AdhAra para hama kahate hai ki jaina itihAsa meM sAmiSa-AhAra sacaka jo bhI ullekha hai aura unakA jo bhI asalI artha ho usase jainoM ko kabhI ghabar3Ane kI yA kSubdha hone kI jarUrata nahIM hai ulTe yaha to nigrantha-sampradAya kI eka vijaya hai ki jisane una ApavAdika prasaMga vAle yuga se pAra hokara Age apane mUla dhyeya ko sarvatra pratiSThita aura vikasita kiyA hai /

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76 sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra bauddha-paramparA meM mA~sa ke grahaNa-agrahaNa kA UhApoha / ___ jaina-paramparA ahiMsA-siddhAnta kA antima hada taka samarthana karane vAlI hai isalie usake pramANabhUta granthoM meM kahIM bhI bhikSuoM ke dvArA mAMsa-matsyAdi ke liye jAne kI thor3I sI bAta A jAe to usa paramparA kI ahiMsA bhAvanA ke viruddha hone ke kAraNa usase paramparA meM matabheda yA kSobha ho jAe to yaha koI acaraja kI bAta nahIM hai / para acaraja kI bAta to yaha hai ki jisa paramparA meM ahiMsA ke AcaraNa kA maryAdita vidhAna hai aura jisake anuyAyI Aja bhI mAMsamatsyAdi kA grahaNa hI nahIM balki samarthana bhI karate haiM usa bauddha tathA vaidika paramparA ke zAstroM meM bhI amuka sUtra tathA vAkya mAMsa-matsyAdiparaka haiM yA nahIM isa mudde para garamA-garama carcA prAcIna kAla se Aja taka calI AtI hai| bauddha-piTakoM meM jahA~ buddha ke nirvANa kI carcA hai vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki canda nAmaka eka vyakti ne buddha ko bhikSA meM sUkara-mAMsa diyA thA 6 jisake khAne se buddha ko ugra zUla paidA huA aura vahI mRtyu kA kAraNa huaa| bauddha-piTakoM meM aneka jagaha aisA varNana AtA hai jisase asaMdigdha rUpa se mAnA jAtA hai ki bauddha bhikSu apane nimitta se mAre nahIM gae aise pazu kA mAMsa grahaNa karate the20 / jaba buddha kI maujUdagI meM unhIM kA bhittusaMgha mAMsa-matsyAdi grahaNa karatA thA taba cunda ke dvArA buddha ko dI gaI sUkara-mAMsa kI bhikSA ke artha ke bAre meM matabheda yA khIMcAtAnI kyoM huI ? yaha eka samasyA hai| buddha kI mRtyu kA kAraNa samajha kara koI cunda ko apamAnita yA tiraskRta na kareM isa udAtta bhAvanA se khuda buddha ne hI cunda kA bacAva kiyA hai aura saMgha ko kahA hai ki koI cunda ko dUSita na mAneM / bauddha piTaka ke isa varNana se yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki sUkara mAMsa jaisI gariSTha vastu kI bhikSA dene ke kAraNa bauddha-saMgha canda kA tiraskAra karane para utArU thA usI ko buddha ne sAvadha kiyA hai| jaba buddha kI maujUdagI meM bauddhabhikSu mAMsa jaisI vastu grahaNa karate the aura khuda buddha ke dvArA bhI cunda ke uparAnta ugra gRhapati kI dI huI sUkara-mAMsa kI bhikSA liye jAne kA aMguttaranikAya paMcama nipAta meM sApha kathana hai; taba bauddha paramparA meM Age jAkara sakara-mAMsa artha ke sUcaka sUtra ke artha para bauddha vidvAnoM kA matabheda kyoM huA ? yaha kama kutUhala kA viSaya nahIM hai / 16. dIgha0 mahAparinivvANasutta 16 20. aMguttara Vol II. P. 187 majjhimanikAya su0 55 vinayapiTaka-pR0 245 (hindI)

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jaina dharma aura darzana buddha ke nirvANa ke karIba 1000 varSa ke bAda buddhaghoSa ne piTakoM ke Upara vyAkhyAe~ likhI haiN| usane dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA meM pAlI zabda 'sakara maddava' ke jude jude vyAkhyAtAoM ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle tIna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / udAna kI aTThakathA meM aura nae do arthoM kI vRddhi dekhI jAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM balki cInI bhASA meM upalabdha eka grantha meM 'sUkara maddava' kA bilakula nayA hI artha kiyA huA milatA hai| sUkara-mAMsa yaha artha to prasiddha hI thA para usase judA hokara aneka vyAkhyAkAroM ne apanI-apanI kalpanA se mUla 'sUkara-maddava' zabda ke nae-nae artha kie haiM / ina saba-nae nae arthoM ke" karanevAloM kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki sUkara-maddava zabda sUkara mA~sa kA bodhaka nahIM hai aura cunda ne buddha ko bhikSA meM sUkara-mA~sa nahIM diyA thaa| 21-saMkSepa meM ve artha isa prakAra haiM.1-snigdha aura mRdu sUkara mA~sa / 2-paJcagorasa meM se taiyAra kiyA huA eka prakAra kA eka komala anna / 3-eka prakAra kA rasAyana / ye tIna artha mahAparinirvANa sUtra kI aTThakathA meM haiN| 4--sUkara ke dvArA mardita bA~sa kA aMkura / 5-varSA meM UganevAlA billI kA Topa-ahikSatra / ye do artha udAna-aTThakathA meM haiN| 6-zarkarA kA banA huA sUkara ke AkAra kA khilaunA / yaha artha kisI cInI grantha meM hai jise maiMne dekhA nahIM hai para adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAMbIjI ke dvArA jJAta huA hai| vyAdhi kI nivRtti ke lie bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vAste zrAvikA revatI ke dvArA dI gaI bhikSA kA bhagavatI meM zataka 15 meM varNana hai| usa bhikSAvastu ke bhI do artha pUrva kAla se cale Ae haiN| jinako TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne nirdiSTa kiyA hai / eka artha mA~sa-paraka hai jaba ki dUsarA vanaspatiparaka hai| apane-apane sampradAya ke nAyaka buddha aura mahAvIra ke dvArA lI gaI bhikSA vastu ke sUcaka sUtroM kA mA~saparaka tathA nimAMsa-paraka artha donoM paramparA meM kiyA gayA hai yaha vastu aitihAsikoM ke lie vicArapreraka hai| donoM meM pharka yaha hai ki eka paramparA meM mA~sa ke atirikta aneka arthoM kI sRSTi huI hai jaba ki dUsarI paramparA meM mA~sa ke atirikta mAtra vanaspati hI artha kiyA gayA hai|

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSAhAra buddhaghoSa Adi lekhakoM ne jina aneka arthoM kI apane apane granthoM meM, noMdha kI hai aura jo eka ajIba artha usa purAne cInI grantha meM bhI milatA hai yaha saba kevala usa samaya kI hI kalpanAsRSTi nahIM hai para jAna par3atA hai ki buddhaghoSa Adi ke pahale hI kaI zatAbdiyoM se bauddha-paramparA meM buddha ne sUkara-mA~sa khAyA thA yA nahIM, isa mudde para prabala matabheda ho gayA thA aura jude-jude vyAkhyAkAra apanI-apanI kalpanA se apane-apane pakSa kA samarthana karate the / buddhaghoSa Adi ne to unhIM saba pakSoM kI yAdI bhara kI hai| bauddha paramparA ke UparasUcita donoM pakSoM kA lambA itihAsa bauddha vAGgamaya meM hai| hama to yahA~ prastutopayogI kucha saMketa karanA hI ucita samajhate haiN| pAlipiTakoM para madAra rakhanevAlA bauddha-pakSa sthaviravAda kahalAtA hai jaba ki pAli. piTakoM ke Upara se bane saMskRta piTakoM ke Upara madAra bA~dhanevAlA pakSa mahAyAna kahalAtA hai' / mahAyAna-paramparA kA eka prasiddha grantha hai laMkAvatAra jo I0 san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM kabhI racA gayA hai / laMkAvatAra ke AThaveM 'mAMsa bhakSaNa parivarta' nAmaka prakaraNa meM mahAmati bodhisattva ne buddha ke prati prazna kiyA hai ki Apa mAMsabhakSaNa ke guNadoSa kA nirUpaNa kiijie| bahuta loga buddhazAsana para AkSepa karate haiM ki buddha ne bauddha bhittukoM ke lie mA~sa-grahaNa kI anuzA dI hai. aura khuda ne bhI mA~sa bhakSaNa kiyA hai / bhaviSyat meM hama kaisA upadeza kareM yaha Apa kahie / isa prazna ke uttara meM buddha ne usa bodhisattva ko kahA hai ki bhalA, saba prANiyoM meM maitrI-bhAvanA rakhanevAlA maiM kisa prakAra mA~sa khAne kI anujJA de sakatA hU~ aura khuda bhI khA sakatA hU~ ? alabattA bhaviSya meM aise mA~salolupa kutakavAdI hoMge jo mujha para jhUThA lAJchana lagAkara apanI mA~salolupatA ko tRpti kareMge aura vinaya-piTaka ke kalpita artha karake logoM ko bhrama meM ddaaleNge| maiM to sarvathA saba prakAra ke mA~sa kA tyAga karane ko hI kahatA huuN| isa matalaba kA jo upadeza laMkAvatArakAra ne buddha ke mukha se karAyA hai vaha itanA adhika yuktipUrNa aura manoraMjaka hai ki jisako par3hakara koI bhI abhyAsI sahaja hI meM yaha jAna sakatA hai ki mahAyAna-paramparA meM mA~sa-bhojana viruddha kaisA prabala Andolana zurU huA thA aura usake sAmane dUsarA pakSa kitane bala se vinaya-piTakAdi zAstroM ke AdhAra para mA~sa-grahaNa kA samarthana karatA thA / karIba I0 san chaThI zatAbdI meM zAntideva nAmaka bauddha vidvAn hue, jo mahAyAna-paramparA ke hI anugAmI the| unhoMne 'zikSA-samuccaya' nAmaka apane grantha meM mA~sa ke lene-na-lene kI zAstrIya carcA kI hai| unake sAmane mA~sa-grahaNa 1 dekhie anta meM pariziSTa

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jaina dharma aura darzana kA samarthana karanevAlI sthaviravAdI paramparA ke alAvA kucha mahAyAnI granthakAra bhI aise the jo mA~sa-grahaNa kA samarthana karate the / zAntideva ne apane samaya taka ke prAyaH sabhI pakSa-vipakSa ke zAstroM ko dekhakara unakA ApasI virodha dUra karane kA tathA apanA spaSTa abhiprAya pragaTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| zAntideva kA sujhAva to laMkAvatAra sUtrakAra kI taraha mA~saniSedha kI ora hI hai, phira bhI laMkAvatAra sUtrakAra kI apekSA unake sAmane vipakSa kA sAhitya aura vipakSa kI dalIleM bahuta adhika thIM jina sabako ve TAla nahIM sakate the / isalie laMkAvatAra sUtra ke AdhAra para mA~saniSedha kA samarthana karate hue bhI zAntideva ne kucha aise apavAda-sthAna batalAe haiM jinameM bhikSu mA~sa bhI le sakatA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki agara koI aisA samartha bhikSu ho ki jisakI mRtyu se samAdhi-mArga kA lopa ho jAtA ho aura auSadha ke taura para mA~sa grahaNa karane se usakA baca jAnA saMbhava ho to aise bhikSu ke liye mA~sa bhI bhaiSajya ke taura para kalpya hai| - yadyapi zAntideva ne buddha kA nAma lekara bhaiSajya ke taura para mA~sagrahaNa karane kI bAta nahIM kahI hai phira bhI jAna par3atA hai ki jo mA~sa-grahaNa ke pakSapAtI buddha ke dvArA liye gae sUkara mA~sa kI bAta Age karake apane pakSa kA samarthana karate the unhIM ko yaha javAba diyA gayA hai / zAntideva ne vinaya-piTaka meM vihita trikoTizuddha mA~sa aura sahaja mRtyu se mRta prANI ke mA~sasUcaka aneka sUtroM kA tAtparya mA~sa-niSedha kI dRSTi se batalAyA hai / zAntideva kA prayatna mA~saniSedhagAmI hone para bhI apavAdasahiSNu hai| ___ buddhaghoSa, laMkAvatArakAra aura zAntideva ke bIca hue haiN| aura ve sthaviravAdI bhI haiM / isalie unhoMne pAli-piTakoM kI tathA vinaya kI prAcIna paramparA ko surakSita rakhane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA hai| isa saMkSipta vivaraNa se pAThaka samajha sakeMge ki mA~sa ke grahaNa aura agrahaNa ke viSaya meM bauddha paramparA meM kaisA UhApoha zarU huA thaa| vaidika zAstroM meM hiMsA-ahiMsA dRSTi se arthabheda kA itihAsa suvidita hai ki vaidika-paramparA mA~sa-matsyAdi ko akhAdya mAnane meM utanI sakhta nahIM hai jitanI ki bauddha aura jaina paramparA / vaidika yajJa-yAgoM meM pazuvadha ko dharmya mAne jAne kA vidhAna Aja bhI zAstroM meM hai hii| itanA hI nahIM balki bhArata-vyApI vaidika paramparA ke anuyAyI kahalAne vAle aneka jAti-dala aise haiM jo brAhmaNa hote hue bhI mA~sa-matsyAdi ko anna kI taraha khAdya rUpa se vyavahRta - karate haiM aura dhArmika kriyAtroM meM to use dharmya rUpa se sthApita bhI karate haiN|

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra vaidika paramparA kI aisI sthiti hone para bhI hama dekhate haiM ki usakI kaTTara anuyAyI aneka zAkhAoM aura upazAkhAoM ne hiMsAsUcaka zAstrIya vAkyoM kA ahiMsAparaka artha kiyA hai aura dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM se tathA sAmAnya jIvana-vyavahAra meM se mA~sa-matsyAdi ko akhAdya karAra karake bahiSkRta kiyA hai| kisI ati vistRta paramparA ke karor3oM anuyAyiyoM meM se koI mA~sa ko akhAdya aura agrAhya samajhe yaha svAbhAvika hai, para acaraja to taba hotA hai ki jaba ve unhIM dharma zAstra ke vAkyoM kA ahiMsAparaka artha karate haiM jinakA ki hiMsAparaka artha ThasI paramparA ke prAmANika aura purAne dala karate haiM / sanAtana paramparA ke prAcIna sabhI mImAMsaka vyAkhyAnakAra yajJa-yAgAdi meM go, aja, Adi ke vadha ko dharmya sthApita karate haiM jaba ki vaiSNava, Arya samAja, svAmI nArAyaNa zrAdi jaisI aneka vaidika paramparAe~ una vAkyoM kA yA to bilakula judA ahiMsAparaka artha karatI haiM yA aisA saMbhava na ho vahA~ aise vAkyoM ko prakSipta kaha kara pratiSThita zAstroM meM sthAna denA nahIM caahtii| mImAMsaka jaise purAnI vaidika paramparA ke anugAmI aura prAmANika vyAkhyAkAra zabdoM kA yathAvat artha karake hiMsA-prathA se bacane ke lie itanA hI kaha kara chuTTI pA lete haiM ki kaliyuga meM vaise yajJa-yAgAdi vidheya nahIM taba vaiSNava, Arya-samAja' Adi vaidika zAkhAe~ una zabdoM kA artha hI ahiMsAparaka karatI haiM yA unheM prakSipta mAnatI haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki ativistRta aura anekavidha AcAra-vicAra vAlI vaidika paramparA bhI aneka sthaloM meM zAstrIya vAkyoM kA hiMsAparaka artha karanA yA ahiMsAparaka-isa mudde para paryApta matabheda rakhatI hai| zatapatha, taittirIya jaise purAne aura pratiSThita brAhmaNa granthoM meM jahA~ somayAga kA vistRta varNana hai vahA~, aja, go, azva Adi pazuoM kA saMjJapana- vadha karake unake mA~sAdi se yajana karane kA zAstrIya vidhAna hai / isI taraha pAraskarIya gRhya 1 eka prazna ke uttara meM svAmI dayAnanda ne jo satyArtha prakAza meM kahA hai aura jo 'dayAnanda siddhAnta bhAskara' pR. 113 meM uddhRta hai use hama nIce dete haiM jisase yaha bhalIbhA~ti jAnA jA sakatA hai ki svAmIjI ne zabdoM ko kaisA tor3amaror3a kara ahiMsA dRSTi se nayA artha kiyA hai "rAjA nyAya-dharma se prajA kA pAlana kare, vidyAdikA dAna dene vAle yajamAna aura agni meM, ghI Adi kA homa karanA azvamedha; anna, indriyA~, kiraNa (aura) pRthivI Adi ko pavitra rakhanA gomedha, jaba manuSya mara jAe taba usake zarIra kA vidhipUrvaka dAha karanA naramedha kahAtA hai|"-styaarth prakAza sa0 11

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64 jaina dharma aura darzana sUtra Adi meM dekhate haiM ki jahA~ aSTakA zrAddha,22 zUlagava karma2 3 aura antyeSTi saMskAra kA24 varNana hai vahA~ gAya, bakarA jaise pazuoM ke mA~sa-carbI Adi dravya se kriyA sampanna karane kA niHsaMdeha vidhAna hai| kahanA na hogA ki aise mA~sAdi pradhAna yajJa aura saMskAra usa samaya kI yAda dilAte haiM jaba ki kSatriya aura vaizya ke hI nahIM balki brAhmaNa taka ke jIvana-vyavahAra meM mA~sa kA upayoga sAdhAraNa vastu thI para Age jAkara sthiti badala jAtI hai| vaidika-paramparA meM hI eka aisA prabala pakSa paidA huA jisane yajJa tathA zrAddha zrAdi karmoM meM dharmya rUpa se anivArya mAnI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA joroM se prativAda zurU kiyaa| zramaNa jaisI avaidika paraMparAe~ to hiMsaka yAga-saMskAra Adi kA prabala virodha karatI hI thIM para jaba ghara meM hI Aga lagI taba vaidika paramparA kI purAnI zAstrIya mAnyatAoM kI jar3a hila gaI aura vaidika paramparA meM do pakSa par3a gae / eka pakSa ne dharmya mAne jAne vAle hiMsaka yAga-saMskAra Adi kA purAne zAstrIya vAkyoM ke AdhAra para hI samarthana jArI rakhA jaba ki dUsare pakSa ne unhIM vAkyoM kA yA to artha badala diyA yA artha binA badale hI kaha diyA ki aise hiMsA-pradhAna yAga tathA saMskAra kaliyuga meM vayaM haiN| ina donoM pakSoM kI dalIla. bAjI evaM vicArasaraNI kI bodhaprada tathA manoraMjaka kuztI hameM mahAbhArata meM jagahajagaha dekhane ko milatI hai| anuzAsana25 aura azvamedhIya26 parva isake lie khAsa dekhane yogya haiN| mahAbhArata ke alAvA matsya 27 aura bhAgavata28 Adi purANa bhI hiMsaka yAga virodhI vaidika pakSa kI vijaya kI sAkSI dete haiN| kaliyuga meM vayaM vastuoM kA varNana karane vAle aneka grantha haiM jinameM se AdityapurANa,26 bRhannAradIya 22-kAeDa 3, a08-6; 23-kANDa 6 prapAThaka 3 24-kANDa 3, 4-8 25-anuzAsana parva-117 zlo0 23 26-azvamedhIya parva-a061 se 65; nakulAkhyAna a064 agastyakRtabIjamaya yajJa 27-matsya-purANa zlo0 121 2-bhAgavata-purANa-skaMdha 7, a0 15, zlo0 7-11 26-Aditya purANa jaisA ki hemAdri ne uddhRta kiyA hai

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-zrAhAra 85 smRti,3deg vIra mitrodaya' tathA brahmapurANa 32 meM anyAnya vastuoM ke sAtha yajJIya govadha, pazuvadha tathA brAhmaNa ke hAtha se kiyA jAne vAlA pazu mAraNa bhI varNya batalAyA gayA hai| manusmRti 3 tathA mahAbhArata: 4 meM vaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki ghRtamaya yA piSTamaya aja zrAdi pazu se yajJa saMpanna kare para vRthA pazuhiMsA na kre| hiMsaka yAgasUcaka vAkyoM kA purAnA artha jyoM kA tyoM mAnakara unakA samarthana karane vAlI sanAtanamAnasa mImAMsaka paraMparA ho yA una vAkyoM kA artha badalane vAlI vaiSNava, AryasamAja Adi naI paramparA ho para ve donoM paramparAe~ bahudhA apane jIvana-vyavahAra meM mA~sa-matsya Adi se paraheja karatI hI haiN| donoM kA antara mukhyatayA purAne zAstrIya vAkyoM ke artha karane hI meM hai| sanAnata-mAnasa aura navamAnasa aisI do paramparAoM kI paraspara virodhI carcA kA Apasa meM eka dUsare para bhI asara dekhA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha hama vaiSNava paramparA ko leN| yadyapi yaha paramparA mukhyatayA ahiMsaka yAgakA hI pakSa karatI rahI hai phira bhI usakI viziSTAdvaitavAdI rAmAnujIya zAkhA aura dvaitavAdI mAdhvazAkhA meM bar3A antara hai| mAdhvazAkhA aja kA piSTamaya aja aisA artha karake hI dharmya prAcAroM kA nirvAha karatI hai jaba ki rAmAnuja zAkhA ekAnta rUpa se vaisA mAnane vAlI nahIM hai| rAmAnuja zAkhA meM teMgalai aura vaDagalai jaise do bheda haiN| draviDiyana teMgalai zabda kA artha hai dAkSiNAtya vidyA aura vaDagalai zabda kA artha hai saMskRta vidyA / teMgalai zAkhA vAle rAmAnujI kisI bhI prakAra ke pazuvadha se sammata nhiiN| isalie ve svabhAva se hI go, aja Adi kA artha badala deMge yA aise yajJoM ko kaliyuga vayaM koTi meM DAla deMge jaba ki vaDagalai zAkhA vAle rAmAnujI vaiSNava hote hue bhI hiMsaka yAga se sammata haiN| isa taraha hamane saMkSepa meM dekhA ki bauddha aura vaidika donoM paramparAoM meM ahiMsA siddhAnta ke AdhAra para mA~sa jaisI vastuoM kI khAdyAkhAdyatA kA itihAsa aneka kriyA-pratikriyAoM se raMgA huA hai| 'mahAprasthAnagamanaM gosaMjJaptizca gosave / sautrAmaNyAmapi surAgrahaNasya ca saMgrahaH // ' 30-bRhannAradIya smRti a0 22, zlo0 12-16 31-vIramitrodaya saMskAra prakaraNa pR0 66 32-smRticandrikA saMskAra-kANDa pR0 28 33-manusmRti-5,37 34-anuzAsana parva 177 zlo0 54

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-aAhAra kA pariziSTa hInayAna aura mahAyAna sthaviravAda aura mahAyAna-ye donoM eka hI tathAgata buddha ko aura unake upadezoM ko mAnane vAle haiM phira bhI donoM ke bIca itanA adhika aura tIvra virodha kabhI huA hai jaisA do sapatniyoM meM hotA hai| aisI hI mAnasika kaTutA, eka hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ko aura unake upadezoM ko mAnane vAle zvetAmbara, digambara Adi phirakoM ke bIca bhI itihAsa meM pAI jAtI hai| yoM to bhArata dharmabhUmi kahA jAtA hai aura vastutaH hai bhI tathApi vaha jaisA dharmabhUmi rahA hai vaisA dharmayuddhabhUmi bhI rahA hai / hama itihAsa meM gharmakalaha do prakAra kA pAte haiM / eka to vaha hai jo bhinna-bhinna sampradAyoM ke bIca paraspara rahA hai, dUsarA vaha 'hai jo eka hI sampradAya ke avAntara-bhItarI phirakoM ke bIca paraspara rahA hai / pahale kA udAharaNa hai vaidika aura avaidika-zramaNoM kA pArasparika saMgharSa jo donoM ke dharma aura darzana-zAstra meM nirdiSTa hai| dUsare kA udAharaNa hai eka hI aupaniSada paramparA ke avAntara bheda zAGkara, rAmAnujIya, mAdhva, vallabhIya Adi phirakoM ke 'bIca kI ugra mAnasika kttutaa| isI taraha bauddha aura jaina jaisI donoM zramaNa paramparAoM ke bIca jo mAnasika kaTutA paraspara ugra huI usane anta meM eka hI sampradAya ke avAntara phirakoM meM bhI apanA pA~va phailAyA / isI kA phala sthaviravAda 'aura mahAyAna ke bIca kA tathA zvetAmbara aura digambara ke bIca kA ugra virodha hai| buddha-nirvANa ke sau varSa bAda vaizAlI meM jo saMgIti huI usameM sthaviravAda aura mahAsaMghika aise do pakSa to par3a hI gae the| Age tIsarI saMgIti ke samaya azoka ke dvArA jaba donoM pakSoM ke bIca samAdhAna na huA to virodha kI khAI caur3I hone lgii| sthaviravAdiyoM ne mahAsaMghikoM ko 'adharmavAdI' tathA 'pApabhikSu' kaha kara bahiSkRta kiyA / mahAsaMghikoM ne bhI isakA badalA cukAnA zurU kiyA / kramazaH mahAsaMghikoM meM se hI mahAyAna kA vikAsa huaa| mahAyAna ke prabala puraskartA nAgArjuna ne apane 'dazabhUmi vibhASA' zAstra meM likhA hai ki jo zrAvakabAna aura pratyekayAna meM arthAt sthaviravAda meM praveza karatA hai. vaha sAre lAbha ko naSTa kara detA hai phira kabhI bodhisattva ho nahIM paataa| nAgArjuna kA kahanA hai ki

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sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra kA pariziSTa naraka meM jAnA bhayaprada nahIM hai para hInayAna meM praveza karanA avazya bhayaprada hai / nAgArjuna ke anugAmI sthiramati ( I0 san 200-300 ke bIca) ne apane 'mahAyAnAvatAraka zAstra' meM likhA hai ki jo mahAyAna kI nindA karatA hai vaha pApabhAgI va narakagAmI hotA hai / vasubandhu ne (cauthI zatAbdI) apane 'bodhi-cittotpAdana-zAstra' meM likhA hai ki jo mahAyAna ke tattva meM doSa dekhatA hai vaha cAra meM se eka mahAn aparAdhapApa karatA hai aura jo mahAyAna ke Upara zraddhA rakhatA hai vaha cAroM vighnoM ko pAra karatA hai| Upara jo bauddha hInayAna-mahAyAna jaise phirakoM ke bIca huI mAnasikakaTutA kA ullekha hamane kiyA hai vaha jaina phirakoM ke bIca huI vaisI hI mAnasika kaTutA ke sAtha tulanIya hai / jaba samaya, sthAna aura vAtAvaraNa kI samAnatA kA aitihAsaka dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM taba jAna par3atA hai ki dharma viSayaka mAnasika kaTutA eka cepI roga kI taraha phailI huI thii| - 1-candragupta maurya ke samaya meM pATaliputra meM huI vAcanA ke samaya jaina saMgha meM pUrNa aikamatya kA abhAva, bauddha vaizAlI saMgIti kI yAda dilAtA hai| 2-I0 san dUsarI zatAbdI ke aMta meM zvetAmbara-digambara phirakoM kA pArasparika antara itanA ho gayA ki eka ne dUsare ko 'nihnava' to dUsare ne pahale ko 'jainAbhAsa' taka kaha ddaalaa| yaha ghaTanA hameM sthaviravAdI aura mahAsaMghikoM ke bIca hone vAlI paraspara bhartsanA kI yAda dilAtI hai jisameM eka ne dUsare ko adharmavAdI tathA dUsare ne pahale ko hInayAnI kahA / 3-hamane pahale ( pR0 61 meM) jisa zrutAvarNavAda-doSa ke lAJchana kA nirdeza kiyA hai vaha hameM Upara sUcita sthiramati aura vasubandhu Adi ke dvArA hInayAniyoM ke Upara kiye gae tIvra prahAroM kI yAda dilAtA hai| ... ' vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekhie A Historical study of the terms Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism: By Prof. Ryukan Kimura, Published by Calcutta University

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( 2 ) acelatva-sacelatva bauddha-piTakoM meM jagaha-jagaha kisI na kisI prasaMga meM 'nigaMTho nAtaputto' jaise zabda Ate haiM / tathA 'nigaMThA ekasATakA'2 jaise zabda bhI Ate haiM / jaina AgamoM ko jAnane vAloM ke lie ukta zabdoM kA artha kisI bhI taraha kaThina nahIM hai| bha0 mahAvIra hI sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM 'nAyaputta' rUpa se nirdiSTa haiM / isI taraha aAcArAMga ke ati prAcIna prathama zrutaskandha meM acelaka aura eka vastradhArI nigrantha-kalpa kI bhI bAta AtI hai| khuda mahAvIra ke jIvana kI carcA karane vAle AcArAMga ke navama adhyayana meM bhI mahAvIra ke gRhAbhiniSkramaNa kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne zurU meM eka vastra dhAraNa kiyA thA para amuka samaya ke bAda usako unhoMne chor3a diyA aura ve acelaka bne|5 bauddha-granthoM meM varNita 'eka zATaka nigrantha' pArzvanAtha yA mahAvIra kI paraMparA ke hI ho sakate haiM, dUsare koI nhiiN| kyoMki Aja kI taraha usa yuga meM tathA usase bhI purAne yuga meM nigrantha paraMparA ke alAvA bhI dUsarI avadhUta Adi aneka aisI paraMparAe~ thIM, jinameM nagna aura savasana tyAgI hote the| parantu jaba eka zATaka ke sAtha 'nigaMTha' vizeSaNa aAtA hai taba niHsaMdeha rUpa se bauddha grantha nigrantha paraMparA ke eka zATaka kA hI nirdeza karate haiM aisA mAnanA caahie| yahA~ vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki nigrantha-paraMparA meM acelatva 1. majjhima0 sutta 56 2. aMguttara Vol. 3. P. 383 3. sUtrakRtAMga 1. 2. 3. 22 / 4. AcArAMga-vimohAdhyayana 5. prAcArAMga a06

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acelatva-sacelatva aura sacelatva ye donoM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI vidyamAna the yA unase bhI pUrvakAla meM pracalita pAApatyika paraMparA meM bhI the ? mahAvIra ne pApityika paraMparA meM hI dIkSA lI thI aura zurU meM eka vastra dhAraNa kiyA thaa| isase yaha to jAna par3atA hai ki pAzrvApatyika paraMparA meM sacelatva calA zrAtA thA / para hameM jAnanA to yaha hai ki acelatva bha0 mahAvIra ne hI nigrantha-paraMparA meM pahale pahala dAkhila kiyA yA pUrvavartI pApityika-paraMparA meM bhI thA, jisako ki. mahAvIra ne kramazaH svIkAra kiyA / AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna granthoM meM bha0 mahAvIra kI kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ batalAI haiM jo pUrvavartI pApityika paraMparA meM na thIM, unako bha0 mahAvIra ne hI zurU kiyaa| bha0 mahAvIra kI jIvanI meM to itanA hI kahA gayA hai ki ve svIkRta vastra kA tyAga karake sarvathA acela bane / para uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kezi-gautama-saMvAda meM pApityikaparaMparA ke pratinidhi kezI ke dvArA mahAvIra ke mukhya ziSya gautama ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita karAyA gayA hai ki bha0 mahAvIra ne to acelaka dharma kahA hai aura pArzvanAtha ne sacela dharma kahA hai / jaba ki donoM kA uddezya eka hI hai taba donoM jinoM ke upadeza meM antara kyoM ? isa prazna se spaSTa hai ki praznakartA kezI aura uttaradAtA gautama donoM isa bAta meM ekamata the ki nigranthaparaMparA meM acela dharma bha0 mahAvIra ne hI claayaa| jaba aisA hai taba itihAsa bhI yahI kahatA hai ki bha0 mahAvIra ke pahale aitihAsika yuga meM nirgrantha-paraMparA kA kevala sacela svarUpa thaa| bha0 mahAvIra ne acelatA dAkhila kI to unake bAhya AdhyAtmika vyaktitva se AkRSTa hokara aneka pAzrvApatyika aura nae nirgrantha acelaka bhI bne| to bhI pArvApatyika-paraMparA meM eka varga aisA bhI thA jo mahAvIra ke zAsana meM AnA to cAhatA thA para use sarvathA acelatva apanI zakti ke bAhara jaMcatA thA / usa varga kI zakti, azakti aura prAmANikatA kA vicAra karake bha0 mahAvIra ne acelatva kA zrAdarza rakhate hue bhI sacelatva kA maryAdita vidhAna kiyA aura apane saMgha ko pAzrvApatyika paraMparA ke sAtha jor3ane kA rAstA khola diyaa| isI maryAdA meM bhagavAn ne tIna se do aura do se eka vastra rakhane ko bhI kahA hai / 2 eka vastra rakhanevAle ke lie prAcArAMga meM 3 eka zATaka hI 1. utta0 23 13. 2. dekho pR0 88. Ti0 4. 3. AcArAMga 7.4.206

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m jaina dharma aura darzana zabda hai jaisA bauddha piTakoM meM bhI hai / isa taraha bauddha piTakoM ke ullekhoM aura jaina zrAgamoM ke varNanoM kA milAna karate haiM to yaha mAnanA hI par3atA hai ki piTarka aura AgamoM kA varNana sacamuca aitihAsika hai| yadyapi bha. mahAvIra ke bAda uttarottara sacelatA kI aura nirgranthoM kI pravRtti bar3hatI gaI hai to bhI usameM acelatva rahA hai aura usI kI pratiSThA mukhya rahI hai / itanI aitihAsika carcA se hama nimnalikhita natIje para nirvivAda rUpa se pahuMcate haiM 1-bha0 mahAvIra ke pahale itihAsayuga meM nirgrantha-paraMparA sacela hI thii| .... 2-bha0 mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke dvArA hI nirgrantha-paraMparA meM acelatva dAkhila kiyaa| aura vahI nirgranthoM kA Adarza svarUpa mAnA jAne lagA to bhI pAvopatyika-paraMparA ke nirgranthoM ko apanI naI paraMparA meM milAne kI dRSTi se nirgranthoM ke maryAdita sacelatva ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA, jisase bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya meM nirgrantha-paraMparA ke sacela aura acela donoM rUpa sthira hue aura sacela meM. bhI ekazATaka hI utkRSTa AcAra mAnA gayA / 3-bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya meM yA kucha samaya bAda sacelatva aura acelatva ke pakSapAtiyoM meM kucha khIMcAtAnI yA prAcInatA-arvAcInatA ko lekara vAda-vivAda hone lagA, taba bha0 mahAvIra ne yA unake samakAlIna ziSyoM ne samAdhAna kiyA ki adhikAra bheda se donoM zrAcAra ThIka haiM, yadyapi prAcInatA kI dRSTi se to sacelatA hI mukhya hai, para acelatA navIna hone para bhI guNadRSTi se mukhya hai| sacelatA aura acelatA ke bIca jo sAmaMjasya huA thA vaha bhI mahAvIra ke bAda karIba do sau-DhAI sau sAla taka barAbara calatA rahA / Age donoM pakSoM ke abhiniveza aura khIMcAtAnI ke kAraNa nirgrantha-paraMparA meM aisI vikRtiyA~ AI ki jinake kAraNa uttarakAlIna nimrantha-vAGmaya bhI usa mudde para vikRta-sA ho gayA hai| . . . tapa bauddha-piTakoM meM aneka jagaha 'nigaMTha' ke sAtha 'tapassI', 'dIgha tapassI' aise vizeSaNa Ate haiM, isa taraha kaI bauddha suttoM meM rAjagRhI Adi jaise sthAnoM meM tapasyA karate hue nirgranthoM kA varNana hai, aura khuda tathAgata buddha ke dvArA kI gaI 1. dekho pR0 88, Ti0 2

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tapa nirgranthoM kI tapasyA kI samAlocanA bhI AtI hai| isI taraha jahA~ buddha ne apanI pUrva-jIvanI ziSyoM se kahI vahA~ bhI unhoMne apane sAdhanA kAla meM kI gaI kucha aisI tapasyAoM kA varNana kiyA hai jo eka mAtra nirgrantha-paraMparAM kI hI kahI jA sakatI haiM aura jo isa samaya upalabdha jaina AgamoM meM varNana kI gaI nigrantha-tapasyAoM ke sAtha akSarazaH milatI haiN| aba hameM dekhanA yaha hai ki bauddha piTakoM meM AnevAlA nigrantha-tapasyA kA varNana kahA~ taka aitihAsika hai| - khuda jJAtaputra mahAvIra kA jIvana hI kevala ugra tapasyA kA mUrta svarUpa hai, jo aAcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM milatA hai| isake sivAya AgamoM ke sabhI purAne staroM meM jahA~ kahIM kisI ke pravrajyA lene kA varNana AtA hai vahA~ zurU meM hI hama dekhate haiM ki vaha dIkSita nirgrantha tapaHkarma kA AcaraNa karatA hai| eka taraha se mahAvIra ke sAdhusaMgha kI sArI caryA hI tapomaya milatI hai| anuttarovavAI Adi AgamoM meM aneka aise muniyoM kA varNana hai jinhoMne utkaTa tapa se apane deha ko kevala paMjara banA diyA hai| isake sivAya aAja taka kI jaina-paraMparA kA zAstra tathA sAdhu-gRhasthoM kA AcAra dekhane se bhI hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki mahAvIra ke zAsana meM tapa kI mahimA adhika rahI hai. aura unake utkaTa tapa kA asara saMgha para aisA par3A hai ki jainatva tapa kA dUsarA paryAya hI bana gayA hai / mahAvIra ke vihAra ke sthAnoM meM aMga-magadha, kAzI-kozala sthAna mukhya haiN| jisa rAjagRhI Adi sthAna meM tapasyA karanevAle nigranthoM kA nirdeza bauddha granthoM meM AtA hai vaha rAjagRhI Adi sthAna to mahAvIra ke sAdhanA aura upadeza-samaya ke mukhya dhAma rahe haiM aura una sthAnoM meM mahAvIra kA nirgrantha-saMgha pradhAna rUpa se rahA hai / isa taraha hama bauddhapiTakoM aura AgamoM ke milAna se nIce likhe pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM--- -- 1-khuda mahAvIra aura unakA nirgrantha-saMgha tapomaya jIvana ke Upara adhika bhAra dete the| . 2-aGga-maMgadha ke rAjagRhI Adi aura kAzI-kozala ke zrAvastI Adi zaharoM meM tapasyA karanevAle nirgrantha bahutAyata se vicarate aura pAe jAte the| ... 1.. majjhima suM0.56 aura 14 / . .. / 2 dekho pR0 58, Ti0 12. ...... 3. bhagavatI 6.33 / 2. 1. / 6.6 / 4. bhagavatI 2.1 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana Upara ke kathana se mahAvIra ke samakAlIna aura uttarakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA kI tapasyA-pradhAna vRtti meM to koI saMdeha rahatA hI nahIM, para aba vicAranA yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale bhI nirgrantha-paraMparA tapasyA-pradhAna thI yA nahIM ? isakA uttara hameM 'hA~' meM hI mila jAtA hai / kyoMki bha* mahAvIra ne pArvApatyika nigrantha-paraMparA meM hI dIkSA lI thI / aura dIkSA ke prArambha se hI tapa kI ora jhuke the| isase pAvApatyika-paraMparA kA tapa kI ora kaisA jhukAva thA isakA hameM patA cala jAtA hai| bha0 pArzvanAtha kA jo jIvana jaina granthoM meM varNita hai usako dekhane se bhI hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki pArzvanAtha ko nimrantha-paraMparA tapazcaryA-pradhAna rhii| usa paraMparA meM bha0 mahAvIra ne zuddhi yA vikAsa kA tattva apane jIvana ke dvArA bhale hI dAkhila kiyA ho para unhoMne pahale se calI Ane vAlI pAvApatyika nigrentha-paraMparA meM tapomArga kA nayA praveza to nahIM kiyA / isakA sabUta hameM dUsarI taraha se bhI mila jAtA hai| jahA~ buddha ne apanI pUrvajIvanI kA varNana karate hue anekavidha tapasyAoM kI niHsAratA' apane ziSyoM ke sAmane kahI hai vahA~ nirgrantha tapasyA kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| buddha ne jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pahale hI janma liyA thA aura gRhatyAga karake tapasvI-mArga svIkAra kiyA thaa| usa samaya meM pracalita anyAnya paMthoM kI taraha buddha ne nigrantha paMtha ko bhI thor3e samaya ke lie svIkAra kiyA thA aura apane samaya meM pracalita nigrantha-tapasyA kA AcaraNa bhI kiyA thaa| isIlie jaba buddha apanI pUrvAcarita tapasyAoM kA varNana karate haiM, taba usameM hUbahU nigrantha-tapasyAoM kA svarUpa bhI aAtA hai jo abhI jaina granthoM aura jaina-paraMparA ke sivAya anyatra kahIM dekhane ko nahIM milatA / mahAvIra ke pahale jisa nirgrantha-tapasyA kA buddha ne anuSThAna kiyA vaha tapasyA pAzrvApatyika nirgantha-paraMparA ke sivAya anya kisI nirgrantha-paraMparA kI sambhava nahIM hai / kyoMki mahAvIra to abhI maujUda hI nahIM the aura buddha ke janmasthAna kapilavastu se lekara unake sAdhanAsthala rAjagRhI, gayA, kAzI Adi meM pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha-paraMparA kA nirvivAda astitva aura prAdhAnya thA / jahA~ buddha ne sarva prathama dharmacakra pravartana kiyA vaha sAranAtha bhI kAzI kA hI eka bhAga hai, aura vaha kAzI pArzvanAtha kI janmabhUmi tathA tapasyAbhUmi rahI hai| apanI sAdhanA ke samaya jo buddha ke sAtha pA~ca dUsare bhikSu the ve buddha ko chor3akara sAranAthaisipattana meM hI Akara apanA tapa karate the| Azcarya nahIM ki ve pA~ca bhikSu nirgrantha-paraparA ke hI anugAmI hoN| kucha bhI ho, para buddha ne nirgrantha tapasyA kA, 1. dekho pR0 58, Ti0 12

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tapa bhale hI thor3e samaya ke lie, AcaraNa kiyA thA isameM koI saMdeha hI nahIM hai| aura vaha tapasyA pArzvapatyika nimrantha-paraMparA kI hI ho sakatI hai| isase hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pahale bhI nirgrantha-paraMparA kA svarUpa tapasyA-pradhAna hI thaa| Upara kI carcA se nirgrantha-paraMparA kI tapasyA saMbaMdhI aitihAsika sthiti yaha phalita hotI hai ki kama se kama pArzvanAtha se lekara nimrantha-paraMparA tapaHpradhAna rahI hai aura usake tapa ke jhukAva ko mahAvIra ne aura bhI vega diyA hai| yahA~ hamAre sAmane aitihAsika dRSTi se do prazna haiN| eka to yaha ki buddha ne bAra-bAra nimrantha-tapasyAoM kA jo prativAda yA khaMDana kiyA hai vaha kahA~ taka sahI hai aura usake khaMDana kA AdhAra kyA hai ? aura dUsarA yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne pUrva pracalita nimrantha-tapasyA meM koI vizeSatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai yA nahIM aura kiyA hai to kyA ? 1-nirgrantha-tapasyA ke khaMDana karane ke pIche buddha kI dRSTi mukhya yahI rahI hai ki tapa yaha kAyakleza hai, dehadamana mAtra hai / usake dvArA duHkhasahana kA to abhyAsa bar3hatA hai lekina usase koI AdhyAtmika sukha yA cittazuddhi prApta nahIM hotI / buddha kI usa dRSTi kA hama nirgrantha dRSTi ke sAtha milAna kareM to kahanA hogA ki nirgrantha-paraMparA kI dRSTi aura buddha kI dRSTi meM tAttvika aMtara koI nahIM hai| kyoMki khuda mahAvIra aura unake upadeza ko mAnanevAlI sArI nirgrantha-paraMparA kA vAGmaya donoM eka svara se yahI kahate haiM ki kitanA hI dehadamana yA kAyakleza ugra kyoM na ho para yadi usakA upayoga AdhyAtmika zuddhi aura cittakleza ke nivAraNa meM nahIM hotA to vaha dehadamana yA kAyakleza mithyA hai / isakA matalaba to yahI huA ki nirgrantha-paraMparA bhI dehadamana yA kAyakleza ko tabhI taka sArthaka mAnatI hai jaba taka usakA saMbandha AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha ho / taba buddha ne prativAda kyoM kiyA ? yaha prazna sahaja hI hotA hai| isakA khulAsA buddha ke jIvana ke jhukAva se tathA unake upadezoM se milatA hai| buddha kI prakRti vizeSa parivartanazIla aura vizeSa tarkazIla rahI hai| unakI prakRti ko jaba ugra dehadamana se saMtoSa nahIM huA taba unhoMne use eka anta kaha kara chor3a diyA aura dhyAnamArga, naitika jIvana tathA prajJA para hI mukhya bhAra diyA / unako isI ke 1. dekho pR0 58, Ti0 12 2. dazavai0 6. 4-4; bhaga0 3-1

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64 jaina dharma aura darzana dvArA AdhyAtmika sukha prApta huA aura usI tatva para apanA nayA saMgha sthApita kiyaa| nae sagha ko sthApita karanevAle ke lie yaha anivArya rUpa se jarUrI ho jAtA hai ki vaha apane AcAra-vicAra saMbandhI nae jhukAva ko adhika se adhika lokagrAhya banAne ke lie prayatna kare aura pUrvakAlIna tathA samakAlIna anya sampradAyoM ke mantavyoM kI ugra AlocanA kare / aisA kie binA koI apane nae saMgha meM anuyAyiyoM ko na to ekatra kara sakatA hai aura na ekatra hue anuyAyiyoM ko sthira rakha sakatA hai / buddha ke nae saMgha kI pratispardhI aneka paraMparAe~ maujUda thIM jinameM nirgrantha-paraMparA kA prAdhAnya jaisA-taisA na thA / sAmAnya janatA sthUladarzI hone ke kAraNa bAhya ugra tapa aura dehadamana se saralatA se tapasviyoM kI ora AkRSTa hotI hai, yaha anubhava sanAtana hai / eka to, pArkhApatyika nirgrantha-paraMparA ke anuyAyiyoM ko tapasyA-saMskAra janmasiddha thA aura dUsare, mahAvIra ke tathA unake nirgrantha-saMgha ke ugra tapazcaraNa ke dvArA sAdhAraNa janatA anAyAsa hI nirgranthoM ke prati jhukanI hI thI aura taponuSThAna ke prati buddha kA zithila rUkha dekhakara unake sAmane prazna kara baiThatI thI ki Apa tapa ko kyoM nahIM mAnate 1 jaba ki saba zramaNa tapa para bhAra dete haiM ? taba buddha ko apane pakSa kI saphAI bhI karanI thI aura sAdhAraNa janatA tathA adhikArI evaM rAjA-mahArAjAoM ko apane maMtavyoM kI ora khIMcanA bhI thaa| isalie unake lie yaha anivArya ho jAtA thA ki vaha tapa kI ugra samAlocanA kreN| unhoMne kiyA bhI aisA hii| ve tapa kI samAlocanA meM saphala tabhI ho sakate the jaba ve yaha batalAe~ ki tapa kevala kaSTa mAtra hai / usa samaya aneka tapasvI-mArga aise bhI the jo kevala bAhya vividha klezoM meM hI tapa kI itizrI samajhate the| una bAhya tapomArgoM kI niHsAratA kA jahA~ taka saMbandha hai vahA~ taka to buddha kA tapasyA kA khaMDana yathArtha hai, para jaba AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha saMbandha rakhanevAlI tapasyAoM ke prativAda kA savAla AtA hai taba vaha prativAda nyAyapUta nahIM mAlUma hotA / phira bhI buddha ne nirgrantha-tapasyAoM kA khullamakhullA aneka bAra virodha kiyA hai to isakA artha itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki buddha ne nirgrantha-paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ko pUrNatayA lakSya meM na lekara kevala unake bAhya tapa kI ora dhyAna diyA aura dUsarI paraMparAoM ke khaMDana ke sAtha nigranthaparamparA ke tapa ko bhI ghasITA / nirgrantha-paramparA kA tAttvika dRSTikoNa kucha bhI * kyoM na rahA ho para manuSya svabhAva ko dekhate hue tathA jaina granthoM meM AnevAle 1 aMguttara Vol. I. P. 220 2 uttarA0 a0 17

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katipaya varNanoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki sabhI nirgrantha-tapasvI aise nahIM the jo apane tapa yA dehadamana ko kevala AdhyAtmika zuddhi meM hI caritArtha karate hoN| aisI sthiti meM yadi buddha ne tathA unake ziSyoM ne nimrantha-tapasyA kA prativAda kiyA to vaha aMzataH satya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 2-dUsare prazna kA javAba hameM jaina AgamoM se hI mila jAtA hai| buddha kI taraha mahAvIra bhI kevala dehadamana ko jIvana kA lakSya samajhate na the| kyoMki aise aneka-vidha ghora dehadamana karanevAloM ko bha0 mahAvIra ne tApasa yA mithyA tapa karanevAlA kahA hai / tapasyA ke viSaya meM bhI pArzvanAtha kI dRSTi mAtra dehadamana yA kAyakleza pradhAna na hokara AdhyAtmika zuddhilakSI thii| para isameM to saMdeha hI nahIM hai ki nigrantha-paramparA bhI kAla ke pravAha meM par3akara aura mAnava-svabhAva kI nirbalatA ke adhIna hokara aAja kI mahAvIra kI paraMparA kI taraha mukhyatayA dehadamana kI ora hI jhuka gaI thI aura AdhyAtmika lakSya eka aora raha gayA thaa| bha0 mahAvIra ne kiyA so to itanA hI hai ki usa paraMparAgata sthUla tapa kA saMbaMdha AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se jor3a diyA aura kaha diyA ki saba prakAra ke kAyakleza, upavAsa Adi zarIrendriyadamana tapa haiM para ve bAhya tapa haiM, aAMtarika tapa nahIM / Antarika va AdhyAtmika tapa to anya hI haiM, jo Atmazuddhi se anivArya saMbandha rakhate haiM aura dhyAna-jJAna Adi rUpa haiM / mahAvIra ne pApi tyika nigrantha-paraMparA meM cale AnevAle bAhya tapa ko svIkAra to kiyA para use jyoM kA tyoM svIkAra nahIM kiyA balki kucha aMza meM apane jIvana ke dvArA usameM ugratA lA karake bhI usa dehadamana kA. saMbandha zrAbhyantara tapa ke sAtha jor3A aura spaSTa rUpa se kaha diyA ki tapa ko pUrNatA to AdhyAtmika zuddhi kI prApti se hI ho sakatI hai / khuda AcaraNa se apane kathana ko siddha karake jahA~ eka ora mahAvIra ne nirgrantha-paraMparA ke pUrva pracalita zuSka dehadamana meM sudhAra kiyA vahA~ dUsarI ora anya zramaNa-paraMparAtroM meM pracalita vividha dehadamanoM ko bhI apUrNa tapa aora mithyA tapa batalAyA / isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tapomArga meM mahAvIra kI dena khAsa hai aura vaha yaha ki kevalaM zarIra aura indriyadamana meM samA jAnevAle tapa zabda ke artha ko AdhyAtmika zuddhi meM upayogI aise sabhI upAyoM taka vistRta kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AgamoM meM pada-pada para Abhyantara aura bAhya donoM prakAra ke tapoM kA sAtha-sAtha nirdeza AtA hai| 1. bhagavatI 3.1 / 11.6 / 2 uttarA0 30

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66 jaina dharma aura darzana buddha ko tapa kI pUrva paraMparA chor3akara dhyAna-samAdhi kI paraMparA para hI adhika bhAra denA thA jaba ki mahAvIra ko tapa kI pUrva paraMparA binA chor3e bhI usake sAtha AdhyAtmika zuddhi kA saMbandha jor3akara hI dhyAna-samAdhi ke mArga para bhAra denA thaa| yahI donoM kI pravRtti aura prarUpaNA kA mukhya antara thaa| mahAvIra ke aura unake ziSyoM ke tapasvI-jIvana kA jo samakAlIna janatA ke Upara asara par3atA thA usase bAdhita hokara ke buddha ko apane bhitusaGgha meM aneka kar3e niyama dAkhila karane par3e jo bauddha vinaya-piTaka ko dekhane se mAlUma ho jAtA hai / to bhI buddha ne kabhI bAhya-tapa kA pakSapAta nahIM kiyA balki jahA~ prasaMga AyA vahA~ usakA parihAsa hI kiyA / khuda buddha kI isa zailI ko uttarakAlIna sabhI bauddha lekhakoM ne apanAyA hai phalataH aAja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki buddha kA dehadamana-virodha bauddha saMgha meM sukumAratA meM pariNata ho gayA hai, jaba ki mahAvIra kA bAhya tapojIvana jaina-paraMparA meM kevala dehadamana meM pariNata ho gayA hai jo ki donoM sAmudAyika prakRti ke svAbhAvika doSa haiM, na ki mUlapuruSoM ke Adarza ke doSa / AcAra-vicAra tathAgata buddha ne apane pUrva-jIvana kA varNana karate hue anekavidha AcAroM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinako ki unhoMne khuda pAlA thA / una aAcAroM meM aneka AcAra aise haiM jo kevala nirgrantha-paraMparA meM hI prasiddha haiM aura isa samaya bhI ve AcAra AcArAMga, dazavaikAlika Adi prAcIna sUtroM meM nirgrantha ke prAcAra rUpa se varNita haiM / ve aAcAra saMkSepa meM ye haiM-nanatva-vastradhAraNa na karanA, 'Aie bhadanta!' 'khar3e rahiye bhadanta !' aisA koI kahe to use sunA-anasunA kara denA, sAmane lAkara dI huI bhikSA kA, apane uddezya se banAI huI bhikSA kA, aura diye gae nimantraNa kA asvIkAra; jisa bartana meM rasoI pakI ho usameM se sIdhI dI gaI bhikSA kA tathA khala Adi meM se dI gaI bhikSA kA asvIkAra; jImate hue do meM se uThakara eka ke dvArA dI jAne vAlI bhikSA kA, garbhiNI strI ke dvArA dI huI bhikSA kA aura puruSoM ke sAtha ekAnta meM sthita aisI strI ke dvArA dI jAnevAlI bhikSA kA, baccoM ko dUdha pilAtI huI strI ke dvArA dI jAnevAlI bhikSA kA asvIkAra; utsava, mele aura yAtrAdi meM jahA~ sAmUhika bhojana banA ho vahA~ se bhikSA kA 1. udAharaNArtha-vanaspati Adi ke jantuoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke lie caturmAsa kA niyama bauddha saMghano paricaya pR0 22 /

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AcAra-vicAra 67 asvIkAra; jahA~ bIca meM kuttA jaisA prANI khar3A ho, makkhiyA~ bhinabhinAtI hoM vahA~ se bhikSA kA asvIkAra; matsya mA~sa 'zarAba Adi kA asvIkAra; kabhI eka ghara se eka kora, kabhI do ghara se do kora Adi kI bhikSA lenA, to kabhI eka upavAsa, kabhI do upavAsa Adi karate hue pandraha upavAsa taka bhI karanA; dAr3hImUchoM kA lucana karanA, khar3e hokara aura ukkaDu Asana para baiThakara tapa karanA; snAna kA sarvathA tyAga karake zarIra para mala dhAraNa karanA, itanI sAvadhAnI se jAnA-bAnA ki jalabiMdugata yA anya kisI sUkSma jantu kA ghAta na ho, sakhta zIta meM khule rahanA ajJa aura aziSTa logoM ke thUke jAne, dhUla phekane, kAna meM salAI ghusar3ane Adi para ruSTa na honA / bauddha granthoM meM varNita ukta aAcAroM ke sAtha jaina AgamoM meM varNana kiye gae nirgrantha-aAcAroM kA milAna karate haiM to isameM saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki buddha kI samakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA ke ve hI prAcAra the jo Aja bhI akSarazaH sthUla rUpa meM jaina paraMparA meM dekhe jAte haiM / taba kyA Azcarya hai ki mahAvIra kI pUrvakAlIna pArvApatyika-paraMparA bhI usI prAcAra kA pAlana karatI ho| prAcAra kA kalevara bhale hI niSprANa ho jAe para use dhArmika jIvana meM se cyuta karanA aura usake sthAna meM naI aAcArapraNAlI sthApita karanA yaha kAma sarvathA vikaTa hai| aisI sthiti meM bha0 mahAvIra ne jo bAhyAcAra nirgrantha-paraMparA ke liye apanAyA vaha pUrvakAlIna nigrantha paraMparA kA hI thA, aisA mAneM to koI atyukti na hogI; ataeva siddha hotA hai ki kama se kama pArzvanAtha se lekara sArI nirgrantha-paraMparA ke zrAcAra eka se hI cala pAe hai|| caturyAma bauddha piTakAntargata 'dIghanikAya' aura 'saMyutta nikAya' meM nirgranthoM ke mahAvrata kI carcA AtI hai|3 dIghanikAya' ke 'sAmaaphalasutta' meM zreNikabiMbisAra ke putra ajAtazatru-kuNika ne jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke sAtha huI apanI mulAkAta kA varNana buddha ke samakSa kiyA hai, jisameM jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke mukha se 1. sUtrakRtAGga 2-2-23 meM nirgrantha bhikSu kA svarUpa varNita hai / usameM unheM 'amajjamaMsAsiNo' arthAt madya-mA~sa kA sevana na karane vAlA-kahA hai / nissaMdeha nirgrantha kA yaha autsargika svarUpa hai jo buddha ke ukta kathana se tulanIya hai / 2. dIgha0 mahAsIhanAda sutta0 8 / dazavai0 a0 5.; AcA0 2. 1. 3. dIgha0 su0 2 / saMyuttanikAya Vol 1. p. 66

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68 jaina dharma aura darzana kahalAyA hai ki nirmantha caturyAmasaMvara se saMyata hotA hai, aisA hI nirgrantha yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA hotA hai| isI taraha saMyuttanikAya ke 'devadatta saMyuktta' meM niMka nAmaka vyakti jJAtaputra mahAvIra ko lakSya meM rakha kara buddha ke sammukha kahatA hai ki vaha jJAtaputra mahAvIra dayAlu, kuzala aura caturyAmayukta haiM / ina bauddha ullekhoM ke AdhAra se hama itanA jAna sakate haiM ki khuda buddha ke samaya meM aura isake bAda bhI (bauddha paTaka ne antima svarUpa prApta kiyA taba taka bhI) bauddha paraMparA mahAvIra ko aura mahAvIra ke anya nirgranthoM ko caturyAmayukta samajhatI rahI / pAThaka yaha bAta jAna leM ki yAma kA matalaba mahAvrata hai jo yogazAstra (2. 30) ke anusAra yama bhI kahalAtA hai / mahAvIra kI nirgrantha-paraMparA Aja taka pA~ca mahAvratadhArI rahI hai aura pA~ca mahAvratI rUpa se hI zAstra meM tathA vyavahAra meM prasiddha hai / aisI sthiti meM bauddha granthoM meM mahAvIra aura anya nirmanthoM kA caturmahAvratavArI rUpa se jo kathana hai usakA kyA artha hai ? yaha prazna apane Apa hI paidA hotA hai / isakA uttara hameM upalabdha jaina zrAgamoM se mila jAtA hai / upalabdha AgamoM meM bhAgyavaza aneka aise prAcIna stara surakSita raha gae haiM jo kevala mahAvIra - samakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA kI sthiti para hI nahIM balki pUrvavatI pArvA - patyika nirgrantha-paraMparA kI sthiti para bhI spaSTa prakAza DAlate haiM / 'bhagavatI' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' jaise AgamoM meM ' varNana milatA hai ki pArzvapatyika nirgrantha - jo cAra mahAtratayukta the unameM se anekoM ne mahAvIra kA zAsana svIkAra karake unake dvArA upadiSTa pA~ca mahAvratoMko dhAraNa kiyA aura purAnI caturmahAvrata kI paraMparAko badala diyA / jaba ki kucha aise bhI pArzvapatyika nirgrantha rahe jinhoMne apanI caturmahAvrata kI paraMparA ko hI kAyama rakhA / cAra ke sthAna meM pA~ca mahAvratoM kI sthApanA mahAvIra ne kyoM kI-- aura kaba kI yaha bhI aitihAsika savAla hai / kyoM kI- - isa prazna kA javAba to jaina grantha dete haiM, para kanna kIisakA javAba ve nahIM dete| ahiMsA, satya, asatya, aparigraha ina cAra yAmoMmahAvratoM kI pratiSThA bha0 pArzvanAtha ke dvArA huI thI para nirgrantha paraMparA meM kramazaH aisA zaithilya AA gayA ki kucha nirgrantha parigraha kA artha saMgraha na karanA itanA hI karake striyoM kA saMgraha yA parigraha binA kie bhI unake samparka se parigraha kA bhaMga samajhate nahIM the / isa zithilatA ko dUra karane ke lie bha0 mahAvIra ne brahmacarya vrata ko aparigraha se alaga sthApita kiyA aura caturtha vrata meM zuddhi lAne kA 1. 'utthAna' mahAvIrAMka ( sthA0 jaina kaoNnpharensa, muMbaI ) pR0 46 / 2. vahI .

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cAturyAma 66 prayatna kiyA / mahAvIra ne brahmacaryavrata kI aparigraha se pRthak sthApanA apane tIsa varSa ke lambe upadeza kAla meM kaba kI yaha to kahA nahIM jA sakatA para unhoMne yaha sthApanA aisI balapUrvaka kI ki jisake kAraNa agalI sArI nirgrantha-paraMparA paMca mahAvrata kI hI pratiSThA karane lagI, aura jo ine-gine pArzvapatyika nirgrantha mahAvIra ke paMca mahAvrata- zAsana se alaga rahe unakA Age koI astitva hI na rhaa| agara bauddha piTakoM meM aura jaina AgamoM meM cAra mahAvrata kA nirdeza va varNana na AtA to Aja yaha patA bhI na calatA ki pAvapityika nirgrantha-paraMparA kabhI cAra mahAvrata vAlI bhI thI / Upara kI carcA se yaha to apane Apa vidita ho jAtA hai ki pArzvapatyika nirgrantha-paraMparA meM dIkSA lenevAle jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne khuda bhI zurU meM cAra hI . mahAvrata dhAraNa kiye the, para sAmpradAyika sthiti dekhakara unhoMne usa viSaya meM kabhI na kabhI sudhAra kiyA / isa sudhAra ke viruddha purAnI nirgrantha-paraMparA meM kaisI carcA yA tarka-vitarka hote the isakA AbhAsa hameM uttarAdhyayana ke kezi-gautama saMvAda se mila jAtA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki kucha pAzrvApatyika nirgranthoM meM aisA vitarka hone lagA ki jaba pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA dhyeya eka mAtra mokSa hI hai taba donoM ke mahAvrata viSayaka upadezoM meM antara kyoM ?" isa udher3a-buna ko keza ne gautama ke sAmane rakhA aura gautama ne isakA khulAsA kiyA / kezI prasanna hue aura mahAvIra ke zAsana ko unhoMne mAna liyA / itanI carcA se hama nimnalikhita natIje para saralatA se A sakate haiM 1- mahAvIra ke pahale, kama se kama pArzvanAtha se lekara nirmantha-paraMparA meM cAra mahAvratoM kI hI prathA thI, jisako bha0 mahAvIra ne kabhI na kabhI badalA aura pA~ca mahAvrata rUpa meM vikasita kiyA / vahI vikasita rUpa Aja taka ke sabhI jaina phirakoM meM nirvivAdarUpa se mAnya hai aura cAra mahAvrata kI purAnI prathA kevala granthoM meM hI surakSita hai / 2 - khuda buddha aura unake samakAlIna yA uttarakAlIna sabhI bauddha bhikSu nirgrantha-paraMparA ko eka mAtra caturmahAvratayukta hI samajhate the aura mahAvIra ke paMcamahAvratasaMbandhI AMtarika sudhAra se ve paricita na the / jo eka bAra buddha ne kahA aura jo sAmAnya janatA meM prasiddhi thI usI ko ve apanI racanAtroM meM doharAte gae / buddha ne apane saMgha ke lie pA~ca zIla yA vrata mukhya batalAe haiM, jo saMkhyA kI dRSTi se to nirgrantha-paraMparA ke yamoM ke sAtha milate haiM para donoM meM thor3A 1. uttarA0 23. 11-13, 23-27, ityAdi /

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100 jaina dharma aura darzana antara hai / antara yaha hai ki nirgrantha-paraMparA meM aparigraha paMcama vrata hai jaba ki bauddha paraMparA meM madyAdi kA tyAga pA~cavA~ zIla hai / yahA~ eka prazna yaha bhI hotA hai ki kyA khuda mahAvIra ne brahmacarya rUpa se nae vrata kI sRSTi kI yA anya kisI paraMparA meM pracalita usa vrata ko apanI nirgranthaparaMparA meM svataMtra sthAna diyA ? sAMkhya-yoga-paraMparA ke purAne se purAne staroM meM tathA smRti Adi granthoM meM hama ahiMsA Adi pAMca-yamoM kA hI varNana pAte haiM / isalie nirNayapUrvaka to kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki pahale kisane pA~ca mahAvratoM meM brahmacarya ko sthAna diyA ? 1 yadyapi bauddha granthoM meM bAra-bAra caturyAma kA nirdeza AtA hai para mUla piTakoM meM tathA unakI aTThakathAoM meM caturyAma kA jo artha kiyA gayA hai vaha galata tathA spaSTa hai / aisA kyoM huA hogA ? yaha prazna zrAe binA nahIM rahatA / nirgranthaparaMparA jaisI apanI par3osI samakAlIna aura ati prasiddha paraMparA ke cAra yamoM ke bAre meM bauddha granthakAra itane anajAna hoM yA aspaSTa hoM yaha dekhakara zurU-zurU meM Azcarya hotA hai para hama jaba sAmpradAyika sthiti para vicAra karate haiM taba vaha acaraja gAyaba ho jAtA hai| hara eka sampradAya ne dUsare ke prati pUrA nyAya nahIM kiyA hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki mUla meM buddha tathA unake samakAlIna ziSya caturyAma kA pUrA aura saccA artha jAnate hoN| vaha artha sarvatra prasiddha bhI thA isalie unhoMne usako batalAne kI AvazyakatA samajhI na ho para piTakoM kI jyoM-jyoM saMkalanA hotI gaI tyoM-tyoM caturyAma ke artha spaSTa karane kI AvazyakatA mAlUma huI / kisI bauddha bhikSu ne kalpanA se usake artha kI pUrti kI, vahI Age jyoM kI tyoM piTakoM meM calI AI aura kisI ne yaha nahIM socA ki caturyAma kA yaha nirgrantha-paraMparA ko sammata hai yA nahIM ? bauddhoM ke bAre meM bhI aisA viparyAsa jainoM ke dvArA huA kahIM-kahIM dekhA jAtA hai / kisI sampradAya ke pUrNa saccA svarUpa to usake granthoM aura usakI paraMparA se jAnA jA sakatA hai| ( 6 ) uposatha-pauSadha isa samaya jaina paraMparA meM pauSadha-vrata kA AcaraNa pracalita hai| isakA prAcIna itihAsa jAnane ke pahale hameM isakA vartamAna svarUpa saMkSepa meM jAna lenA cAhie / pauSa gRhasthoM kA vrata hai / use strI aura puruSa donoM grahaNa karate haiM / jo This p6 dIgha0su0 2 / dIgha0 sumaMgalA pR0 167 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1 2 2.24-28 /

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uposatha-paudha 101 pauSadhavata kA grahaNa karatA hai vaha kisI ekAnta sthAna meM yA dharma-sthAna meM apanI zakti aura ruci ke anusAra eka, do yA tIna roja Adi kI samaya maryAdA bA~dha karake dunyayI saba pravRttiyoM ko chor3akara mAtra dhArmika jIvana vyatIta karane kI pratijJA karatA hai / vaha cAhe to dina meM eka bAra bhikSA ke taura para zanapAna lAkara khA-pI sakatA hai yA sarvathA upavAsa bhI kara sakatA hai / vaha gRhasthayogya veSabhUSA kA tyAga karake sAdhu-yogya paridhAna dhAraNa karatA hai| saMkSepa meM yoM kahanA cAhie ki pauSadhavata lenevAlA utane samaya ke lie sAdhu-jIvana kA ummedavAra bana jAtA hai / gRhasthoM ke aMgIkAra karane yogya bAraha vratoM meM se pauSadha gyArahavA~ vrata kahalAtA hai / zrAgama se lekara abhI taka ke pauSavrata kA nirUpaNa avazya AtA hai / usake AcaraNa va sevana kI prathA bhI bahuta pracalita hai / kucha bhI ho hameM to yahA~ aitihAsika dRSTi se pauSadhatrata ke saMbandha meM nimnalikhita praznoM para kramazaH eka-eka karake vicAra karanA hai- ( 1 ) bha0 mahAvIra kI samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM pauSadhavrata pracalita thA yA nahIM ? aura pracalita thA to usakA svarUpa kaisA rahA ? yaha eka vrata hai jo samagra jainazAstra meM (2) bauddha aura dUsarI zramaNa paraMparAtroM meM pauSadha kA sthAna kyA thA ? aura ve paudha ke viSaya meM paraspara kyA socate the ? ( 3 ) pauSadhavata kI utpatti kA mUla kyA hai ? aura mUla meM usakA bodha zabda kaisA thA ? ( 1 ) upAsakadazA nAmaka aMgasUtra jisameM mahAvIra ke dasa mukhya zrAvakoM kA jIvanavRtta hai usameM Ananda Adi sabhI zrAvakoM ke dvArA pauSadhazAlA meM pauSadha liye jAnekA varNana hai isI taraha bhagavatI - zataka 12, uddezya 1 meM zaMkha zrAvaka kA jIvanavRtta hai / zaMkha ko bha0 mahAvIra kA pakkA zrAvaka batalAyA hai aura usameM kahA hai ki zaMkha ne paudhazAlA meM zana Adi chor3akara hI pauSadha liyA thA jaba ki zaMkha ke dUsare sAthiyoM ne zana sahita pauSadha liyA thA / isase itanA to spaSTa hai ki purAne samaya meM bhI khAna-pAna sahita aura khAna-pAna rahita pauSadha lene kI prathA thI / uparyukta varNana Thoka bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya kA hai yA bAda kA isakA nirNaya karanA sahaja nahIM hai / to bhI isameM bauddha granthoM se aise saMketa milate haiM jinase yaha nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ke samaya meM nirmantha-paraMparA meM pauSadha vrata lene kI prathA thI aura so bhI Aja ke jaisI aura varNita zaMkha Adi ke pauSadha jaisI thI kyoMki aMguttara nikAya bhagavatI Adi meM. meM 1 aMguttaranikAa Vol. I. P, 206 buddha ne svayaM ..

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102 jaina dharma aura darzana vizAkhA nAma kI apanI parama upAsikA ke sammukha tIna prakAra ke uposatha kA varNana kiyA hai-uposatha zabda nigrantha-paraMparA ke pauSadha zabda kA paryAya mAtra hai-1. gopAlaka-uposatha, 2 nigaMTha uposatha aura 3. Arya uposatha / ___inameM se jo dUsarA 'nigaMTha uposatha' hai vahI nirgrantha-paramparA kA pauSadha hai / yadyapi buddha ne tIna prakAra ke uposatha meM se Arya uposatha ko hI sarvottama batalAyA hai, jo unako apane saMgha meM abhimata thA, to bhI jaba 'nigaMTha uposatha' kA parihAsa kiyA hai, usakI truTi batalAI hai to itane mAtra se hama yaha vastusthiti jAna sakate haiM ki buddha ke samaya meM nirgrantha-paraMparA meM bhI pauSadha-upoSatha kI prathA pracalita thii| 'aMguttara nikAya ke uposatha vAle zabda buddha ke mu~ha se kahalAye gae haiM ve cAhe buddha ke zabda na bhI hoM taba bhI itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'aMgu ttara nikAya' ko vartamAna racanA ke samaya nirgrantha upoSatha avazya pracalita thA aura samAja meM usakA khAsA sthAna thaa| piTaka kI vartamAna racanA azoka se arvAcIna nahIM hai taba yaha to svayaM siddha hai ki nirgrantha-paraMparA kA upoSatha utanA purAnA to avazya hai / nirgrantha-paramparA ke upoSatha kI pratiSThA dhArmika jagat meM itanI avazya jamI huI thI ki jisake kAraNa bauddha lekhakoM ko usakA prativAda karake apanI paramparA meM bhI upoSatha kA astitva hai aisA batalAnA pdd'aa| bauddhoM ne apanI paraMparA meM upoSatha kA mAtra astitva hI nahIM batalAyA hai para unhoMne use 'Arya uposatha' kaha kara utkRSTa rUpa se bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai aura sAtha hI nigrantha-paraMparA ke upoSathoM ko truTipUrNa bhI batalAyA hai / bauddha-paraMparA meM upoSaNa vrata kA praveza Akasmika nahIM hai balki usakA AdhAra purAnA hai| mahAvIra-samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM upoSatha yA pauSadha vrata kI bar3I mahimA thI jise buddha ne apane DhaMga se apanI paraMparA meM bhI sthAna diyA aura batalAyA ki dUsare sampradAyavAle jo upoSatha karate haiM vaha Arya nahIM hai para maiM jo upoSatha kahatA hU~ vahI Arya hai / isalie 'bhagavatI' aura 'upAsakadazA' kI pauSadha viSayaka hakIkata ko kisI taraha arvAcIna yA pIche kI nahIM mAna skte| 2) yadyapi AjIvaka-paraMparA meM bhI pauSadha kA sthAna hone kI sambhAvanA hotI hai to bhI usa paraMparA kA sAhitya hamAre sAmane vaisA nahIM hai jaisA bauddha aura nirgrantha-paraMparA kA sAhitya hamAre sAmane hai / isalie pauSadha ke astitva ke bAre meM bauddha aura nimrantha-paramparA ke viSaya meM hI nizcayapUrvaka kucha kahA jA sakatA hai| hama jisa 'aMguttara nikAya' kA Upara nirdeza kara Ae haiM usameM upoSaNa ke saMbandha meM vistRta varNana hai usakA sakSipta sAra yoM hai- . .

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uposatha-pauSadha. "zrAvastI nagarI meM kabhI vizAkhA nAma kI upAsikA upoSatha lekara buddha ke pAsa AI aura eka ora baiTha gaI taba usa vizAkhA ko saMbodhita karake buddha kahate haiM ki "he vizAkhe ! pahalA upoSatha gopAlaka kahalAtA hai| jaise sAyaMkAla meM gvAle gAyoM ko carAkara unake mAlikoM ko vApasa sauMpate haiM taba kahate haiM ki Aja amuka jagaha meM gAyeM carI, amuka jagaha meM pAnI piyA aura kala amuka-amuka sthAna meM careMgI aura pAnI pie~gI ityAdi / vaise hI jo loga upoSatha le karake khAna-pAna kI carcA karate haiM ki Aja hamane amuka khAyA, amuka piyA aura kala amuka cIja khAyeMge, amuka pAna kareMge ityAdi / aisA kahanevAloM kA arthAt upoSatha lekara usa dina kI tathA agale dina kI khAna-pAna viSayaka carcA karane vAloM kA upoSatha gopAlaka upoSatha kahalAtA hai / ___"nirgrantha zramaNa apane-apane zrAvakoM ko bulAkara kahate haiM ki hara eka dizA meM itane yojana se Age jo prANI haiM unakA daMDa-hiMsaka vyApAra-chor3o tathA saba kapar3oM ko tyAga kara kaho ki maiM kisI kA nahIM hU~ aura merA koI nahIM hai ityAdi / dekho vizAkhe ! ve nirgrantha-zrAvaka amuka yojana ke bAda na jAne kA nizcaya karate haiM aura utane yojana ke bAda ke prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko tyAgate haiM taba sAtha hI ve maryAdita yojana ke andara AnevAle prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM karate isase ve prANAtipAta se nahIM bacate haiM / ataeva he vizAkhe ! maiM una nirgrantha-zrAvakoM ke upoSatha ko prANAtipAtayukta kahatA hU~ / isI taraha, jaba ve zrAvaka kahate haiM ki maiM akelA hU~, merA koI nahIM hai, maiM kisI kA nahIM hU~ taba ve yaha to nizcaya hI jAnate haiM ki amuka mere mAtA-pitA haiM, amuka merI strI hai, amuka putra Adi parivAra hai / ve jaba mana meM apane mAtA-pitA Adi ko jAnate haiM aura sAtha hI kahate haiM ki maiM akelA hU~, merA koI nahIM, taba spaSTa hI, he vizAkhe ! ve upoSatha meM mRSA bolate haiN| isa taraha gopAlaka aura nirgrantha donoM upoSatha koI vizeSa lAbhadAyaka nahIM haiN| parantu maiM jisa upoSatha ko karane ke lie upadeza karatA hU~ vaha Arya upoSatha hai aura adhika lAbhadAyaka hotA hai| kyoMki maiM upoSatha meM buddha, dharma aura saMgha, zIla Adi kI bhAvanA karane ko kahatA hU~ jisase citta ke kleza kSINa hote haiN| upoSatha karanevAlA apane sAmane arhat kA Adarza rakha karake kevala eka rAta, eka divasa taka parimita tyAga karatA hai aura mahAn AdarzoM kI smRti rakhatA hai / isa prayatna se usake mana ke doSa apane Apa dUra ho jAte haiN| isalie vaha Arya upoSatha hai aura mahAphaladAyI bhI hai| 'aMguttara nikAya' ke uparyukta sAra se hama itanA matalaba to nikAla hI

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jaina dharma aura darzana sakate haiM ki usameM buddha ke mukha se bauddha paraMparA meM pracalita upoSatha ke svarUpa kI to prazaMsA karAI gaI hai aura bAkI ke upoSathoM kI nindA karAI gaI hai| yahA~ hameM aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhanA mAtra itanA hI hai ki buddha ne jisa gopAlaka upoSatha aura nirgrantha upoSatha kA parihAsa kiyA hai vaha upoSatha kisa-kisa paraMparA ke the 1 nimrantha upoSatha rUpa se to niHsaMdeha nimrantha-paraMparA kA hI upoSaNa liyA gayA hai para gopAlaka upoSatha rUpa se kisa paramparA kA upoSatha liyA hai ? yahI prazna hai / isakA uttara jaina-paraMparA meM pracalita pauSadha-vidhi aura pauSadha ke prakAroM ko jAnane se bhali-bhA~ti mila jAtA hai| jaina zrAvaka pauSadha ke dina bhojana karate bhI haiM isI ko lakSya meM rakhakara buddha ne usa sAzana pauSadha ko gopAlaka upoSatha 'kahakara usakA parihAsa kiyA hai| jaina zrAvaka azanatyAga pUrvaka bhI pauSadha karate haiM aura maryAdita samaya ke lie vastra-alaMkAra, kuTumbasaMbandha Adi kA tyAga karate haiM tathA amuka hada se Age na jAne kA saMkalpa bhI karate haiM isa bAta ko lakSya meM rakhakara buddha ne use nirgrantha upoSatha kahakara usakA makhaula kiyA hai| kucha bhI ho para bauddha aura jaina granthoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se eka bAta to nizcayapUrvaka kahI jA sakatI hai ki pauSadha va upoSatha kI prathA jaisI nirgrantha-paraMparA meM thI vaisI buddha ke samaya meM bhI bauddha paramparA meM thI aura yaha prathA donoM paramparA meM Aja taka calI AtI hai / bhagavatI zataka 8, uddeza 5 meM gautama ne mahAvIra se prazna kiyA hai ki gozAlaka ke ziSya AjIvakoM ne kucha sthaviroM ( jaina-bhikSuoM) se pUchA ki upAzraya meM sAmayika lekara baiThe hue zrAvaka jaba apane vastrAdikA tyAga karate haiM aura strI kA bhI tyAga karate haiM taba unake vastrAbharaNa Adiko koI uThA le jAe aura unakI strI se koI saMsarga kare phira sAmAyika pUrA hone ke bAda ve zrAvaka agara apane kapar3e-alaMkAra Adi ko khojate haiM to kyA apanI hI vastu khojate haiM ki auroM kI ? isI taraha jisane usa sAmAyika vAle zrAvakoM kI tyakta strI kA saMga kiyA usane una sAmAyika vAle zrAvakoM kI hI strI kA saMga kiyA yA anya kI strI kA ? / isa prazna kA mahAvIra ne uttara yaha diyA hai ki sAmAyika kA samaya pUrA hone ke bAda curAe vastrAdiko khojanevAle zrAvaka apane hI vastra Adi khojate haiM, dUsare ke nhiiN| isI taraha strI saMga karanevAle ne bhI usa sAmAyikadhArI zrAvaka kI hI strI kA saMga kiyA hai aisA mAnanA cAhie, nahIM ki anya kI strI kaa| kyoMki zrAvaka ne maryAdita samaya ke lie vastra-AbhUSaNa-aAdi kA maryAdita tyAga kiyA thA; mana se bilakula mamatva chor3A na thA / isa gautama-mahAvIra ke

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uposatha-pauSadha 105 praznottara se itanA to spaSTa hai ki nirgrantha zrAvaka ke sAmAyika vrata ke viSaya meM ( jo pauSadha vrata kA hI prAthamika rUpa hai ) jo zrAjIvakoM ke dvArA parihAsamaya pUrvapakSa bhaga0 za0.8, u0 5 meM dekhA jAtA hai vahI dUsare rUpa meM Upara varNana kiye gae aMguttaranikAya gata gopAlaka aura nirgrantha upoSatha meM pratibiMtrita huA jAna par3atA hai / yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki gozAlaka ke ziSyoM kI tarapha se bhI nirgrantha zrAvakoM ke sAmAyikAdi vrata ke prati AkSepa hotA rahA ho aura usakA uttara bhagavatI meM mahAvIra ke dvArA dilAyA gayA ho / Aja hamAre sAmane gozAlaka kI AjIvaka - paramparA kA sAhitya nahIM hai para vaha eka zramaNa paramparA thI aura apane samaya meM prabala bhI thI tathA ina paramparAoM ke AcAra-vicAroM meM aneka bAteM bilakula samAna thIM / yaha saba dekhate hue aisA bhI mAnane kA mana ho jAtA hai ki gozAlaka kI paramparA meM bhI sAmAyikaupoSathAdika vrata pracalita rahe hoMge / isIlie gozAlaka ne yA usake anuyA yiyoM ne buddha ke anuyAyiyoM kI taraha nirgrantha-paramparA ke sAmAyika- pauSadha Adi vratoM ko niHsAra batAne kI dRSTi se unakA makhaula kiyA hogA / kucha bhI ho para hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ke mukha se jo javAba dilAyA gayA hai vaha bilakula jaina maMtavya kI yathArthatA ko prakaTa karatA hai / itanI carcA se yaha bAta saralatA se samajha meM A jAtI hai ki zramaNa-paraMparA kI prasiddha tInoM zAkhAoM meM pauSadha yA upoSatha kA sthAna avazya thA aura ve paraMparAe~ Apasa meM eka dUsare kI prathA ko kaTAkSa-dRSTi se dekhatI thIM aura apanI prathA kA zreSThatva sthApita karatI thIM / ( 3 ) saMskRta zabda 'upavasatha' hai, usakA pAli rUpa uposatha hai aura prAkRta rUpa posaha tathA posadha hai / uposatha aura posaha donoM zabdoM kA mUla to upavasatha zabda hI hai / eka meM va kA u hone se uposatha rUpa kI niSpatti huI hai, jaba ki dUsare meM u kA lopa aura tha kA ha tathA va hone se posaha aura posadha zabda bane haiN| Age pAli ke upara se ardha saMskRta jaisA upoSatha zabda vyavahAra meM AyA jaba ki posaha tathA posadha zabda saMskRta ke DhA~ce meM Dhalakara anukrama se pauSadha aura prauSadha rUpa se vyavahAra meM Aye / saMskRta pradhAna vaidika paramparA meM, yadyapi upavasatha zabda zAstroM meM prasiddha hai tathApi pAli uposatha ke upara se banA hutrA upoSatha zabda bhI vaidika loka vyavahAra meM vyavahRta hotA hai / jaina-paramparA jaba taka mAtra prAkRta kA vyavahAra karatI thI taba taka posaha vyavahAra meM rahe para saMskRta meM vyAkhyAe~ likhI jAne ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne posaha zabda kA mUla binA jAne hI use 1 tathA posadha zabda hI samaya se zvetAmbarIya pauSadha rUpa se saMskRta

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106 jaina dharma aura darzana kiyA / jo digambara vyAkhyAkAra hue unhoMne pauSadha aisA saMskRta rUpa na apanAkara posadha kA prauSadha hI saMskRta rUpa vyavahRta kiyA / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki eka hI upavasatha zabda jude - jude laukika pravAhoM meM par3akara upoSatha, posaha, posagha, pauSadha, praudha aise aneka rUpoM ko dhAraNa karane lagA / ve sabhI rUpa eka hI kuTumba ke haiM / / posaha Adi zabdoM kA mAtra mUla hI eka nahIM hai para usake vibhinna arthoM ke pIche rahA huA bhAva bhI eka hI hai / isI bhAva meM se posaha yA uposatha vrata kI utpatti huI hai| vaidika paraMparA yajJa-yAgAdiko mAnane vAlI ataeva devoM kA yajana karane vAlI hai| aise khAsa-khAsa yajanoM meM vaha upavAsa vrata ko bhI sthAna detI hai / amAvAsyA aura paurNamAsI ko vaha 'upavasatha' zabda se vyavahRta karatI hai kyoMki una tithiyoM meM vaha darzapaurNamAsa nAma ke yajJoM kA vidhAna karatI hai tathA usameM upavAsa jaise vrata kA bhI vidhAna karatI hai / sambhavataH isalie vaidika paraMparA meM amAvasyA aura paurNamAsI - upavasatha kahalAtI haiM / zramaNa-paraMparA vaidika paraMparA kI taraha yajJa-yAga yA devayajana ko nahIM mAnatI / jahA~ vaidika paraMparA yajJa-yAgAdi va devayajana dvArA AdhyAtmika pragati batalAtI hai, vahA~ zramaNa-paraMparA zrAdhyAtmika pragati ke lie eka mAtra Atmazodhana tathA svarUpa- cintana kA vidhAna karatI hai / isake lie zramaNa-paraMparA ne bhI mAsa kI ve hI tithiyA~ niyata kIM jo vaidika paraMparA meM yajJa ke lie niyata thIM / isa taraha zramaNa-paraMparA ne zramAvAsyA aura paurNamAsI ke dina upavAsa karane kA vidhAna kiyA / jAna par3atA hai ki pandraha roja ke antara ko dhArmika dRSTi se lambA samajhakara usane bIca meM aSTamI ko bhI upavAsa pUrvaka dharmacintana karane kA vidhAna kiyA / isase zramaNa-paraMparA meM aSTamI tathA pUrNimA aura aSTamI tathA zramAvAsyA meM upavAsa pUrvaka Atmacintana karane kI prathA cala par3I 2 / yahI prathA bauddha paraMparA meM 'uposatha' aura jainadharma paramparA meM 'posaha' rUpa se calI AtI hai / paramparA koI bhI ho sabhI apanI-apanI dRSTi se Atma-zAnti aura pragati ke lie hI upavAsa vrata kA vidhAna karatI hai / isa taraha hama dUra taka socate haiM to jAna par3atA hai ki pauSadha vrata kI utpatti kA mUla asala meM AdhyAtmika pragati mAtra hai / usI mUla se kahIM eka rUpa meM to kahIM dUsare rUpa meM upavasatha ne sthAna prApta kiyA hai / 1. kAtyAyana zrautasUtra 4. 15. 35. / 2. upAsakadazAMga 0 1. 'posahovavAsassa' zabda kI TIkA.

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bhASA-vicAra 107 aba bhI eka prazna to bAkI raha hI jAtA hai ki kyA vaidika-paraMparA meM se zramaNa-paraMparA meM uposatha yA posaha vrata AyA yA zramaNa paraMparA ke Upara se vaidika paraMparA ne upavasatha kA Ayojana kiyA ? isakA uttara denA- kisI taraha sahaja nahIM hai / hajAroM varSoM ke pahale kisa pravAha ne kisake Upara asara kiyA ise nizcita rUpa se jAnane kA hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahIM hai| phira bhI hama itanA to kaha hI sakate haiM ki vaidika-paraMparA kA upavasatha preya kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, jaba ki zramaNa-paraMparA kA uposatha yA posaha zreya kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to manuSya-jAti meM preya ke bAda zreya kI kalpanA AI hai| yadi yaha saca ho to zramaNa-paraMparA ke upavAsa yA posaha kI prathA kitanI hI prAcIna kyoM na ho, para usake Upara vaidika paraMparA ke. upavasatha yajJa kI chApa hai| bhASA-vicAra mahAvIra samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA se saMbandha rakhanevAlI aneka bAtoM meM bhASA-prayoga, tridaMDa aura hiMsA Adi se virati kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / bauddha-piTakoM aura jaina-AgamoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se una muddoM para kAphI prakAza par3atA hai / hama yahA~ una muddoM meM se eka-eka lekara usa para vicAra karate haiM: 'majhima nikAya ke 'abhayarAja sutta' meM bhASA-prayoga sambandhI carcA hai / usakA saMkSipta sAra yoM hai--kabhI abhayarAja kumAra se jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne kahA ki tuma tathAgata buddha ke pAsa jAo aura prazna karo ki tathAgata apriya vacana bola sakate haiM yA nahIM ? yadi buddha hA~ kaheM to vaha hAra jAe~ge, kyoMki apriyabhASI buddha kaise ? yadi nA kaheM to pUchanA ki to phira bhadanta ! Apane devadatta ke bAre meM apriya kathana kyoM kiyA hai ki devadatta durgatigAmI aura nahIM sudharane yogya hai ? ___jJAtaputra kI zikSA ke anusAra abhayarAja kumAra ne buddha se prazna kiyA to buddha ne usa kumAra ko uttara diyA ki buddha apriya kathana kareMge yA nahIM yaha bAta ekAnta rUpa se nahIM kahI jA sktii| buddha ne apane javAba meM ekAnta rUpa se apriya kathana karane kA svIkAra yA asvIkAra nahIM karate hue yahI batalAyA ki agara apriya bhI hitakara ho to buddha bola sakate haiM parantu jo ahitakara hogA vaha bhale hI satya ho use buddha nahIM boleNge| buddha ne vacana kA

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108 jaina dharma aura darzana viveka karate hue batalAyA hai ki jo vacana asatya ho vaha priya ho yA apriya, buddha nahIM bolte| jo vacana satya ho para ahitakara ho to use bhI nahIM bolate / parantu jo vacana satya ho vaha priya yA apriya hote hue bhI hitadRSTi se bolanA ho to use buddha bolate haiM / aisA vacana-viveka suna kara abhayarAja kumAra buddha kA upAsaka banatA hai| jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne abhayarAja kumAra ko buddha ke pAsa carcA ke lie bhejA hogA yA nahIM yaha kahA nahIM jA sakatA, para majjhimanikAya ke ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hama itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se kaha sakate haiM ki jaba devadatta buddha kA virodhI bana gayA aura cAroM ora yaha bAta phailI ki buddha ne devadatta ko bahuta kucha apriya kahA hai jo ki buddha ke lie zobhA nahIM detA, taba buddha ke samakAlIna yA uttarakAlIna ziSyoM ne buddha ko devadatta kI nindA ke apavAda se mukta karane ke lie 'abhayarAja kumArasutta' kI racanA kI / jo kucha ho, para hamArA prastuta prazna to nirgrantha-paraMparA saMbandhI bhASA-prayoga kA hai| nigrantha-paraMparA meM sAdhuoM kI bhASA-samiti suprasiddha hai| bhASA kaisI aura kisa dRSTi se bolanI cAhie isakA vistRta aura sUkSma vivecana jaina AgamoM meM bhI AtA hai| hama uttarAdhyayana aura dazavakAlika Adi AgamoM meM AI huI bhASA-samiti kI carcA ko uparyukta abhayarAjakumArasutta kI carcA ke sAtha milAte haiM to donoM meM tattvataH koI antara nahIM paate| aba prazna yaha hai ki jaina-AgamoM meM AnevAlI bhASA-samiti kI carcA bhAva-vicAra rUpa se mahAvIra kI samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM thI yA nahIM ? hama yaha to jAnate hI haiM ki mahAvIra ke sammukha eka purAnI vyavasthita nirgrantha-paramparA thI jisake ki ve netA hue| usa nirgrantha-paramparA kA zruta-sAhitya bhI thA jo 'pUrva' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / zramaNatva kA mukhya aMga bhASA-vyavahAramUlaka jIvana-vyavahAra hai / isalie usameM bhASA ke niyama sthira ho jAe~ yaha svAbhAvika hai | isa viSaya meM mahAvIra ne koI sudhAra nahIM kiyA hai / aura dazavaikAlika Adi AgamoM kI racanA mahAvIra ke thor3e samaya bAda huI hai| yaha saba dekhate hue isameM saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki bhASAsamiti kI zAbdika racanA bhale hI bAda kI ho para usake niyama-pratiniyama nigrantha-paraMparA ke khAsa mahattva ke aMga the| aura ve saba mahAvIra ke samaya meM aura unake pahale bhI nirgrantha-paramparA meM sthira ho gae the / kama se kama hama itanA to kaha hI sakate haiM ki jaina-zrAgamoM meM varNita bhASA-samiti kA svarUpa bauddhagranthoM se udhAra liyA huzrA nahIM hai| vaha purAnI nirgrantha-paraMparA ke bhASA-samiti viSayaka mantavyoM kA nidarzaka mAtra hai|

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tridaNDa (5) tridaNDa buddha ne tathA unake ziSyoM ne kAyakarma, vacana karma aura manaHkarma aise trividha karmoM kA bandhana rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA hai / isI taraha unhoMne prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda yadi doSoM ko anartha rUpa kahakara unakI virati ko lAbhalAyaka pratipAdita kiyA hai tathA saMvara arthAt pApanirodha aura nirjarA arthAt karmakSaya ko bhI cAritra ke aMgarUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| koI bhI cAritralakSI dharmopadezaka uparyukta mantavyoM ko binA mAne apanA zrAdhyAtmika mantavya logoM ko samajhA nahIM sakatA / isalie anya zramaNoM kI taraha buddha ne bhI uparyukta maMtavyoM kA svIkAra va pratipAdana kiyA ho to yaha svAbhAvika hI hai / parantu hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha piTakoM meM buddha ne yA bauddha bhikSutroM ne apane uparyukta maMtavyoM ko sIdhe taura se na batalAkara draviDa- prANAyAma kiyA hai / kyoMki unhoMne apanA maMtavya batalAne ke pahale nirgrantha paraMparA kI paribhASAoM kA aura paribhASAoM ke pIche rahe hue bhAvoM kA prativAda kiyA hai aura unake sthAna meM kahIM to mAtra naI paribhASA batalAI hai aura kahIM to nirgrantha-paraMparA kI apekSA apane judA bhAva vyakta kiyA hai / udAharaNArthanirgrantha-paraMparA trividhakarma ke lie kAyadaMDa, vacanadaMDa aura manodaMDa 1 jaisI paribhASA kA prayoga karatI thI aura Aja bhI karatI hai / usa paribhASA ke sthAna meM buddha itanA hI kahate haiM ki maiM kAyadaMDa, vacanadaMDa aura manodaMDa ke badale kAyakarma, vacanakarma aura manaH karma kahatA hU~ / aura nirgranthoM kI taraha kAyakarma kI nahIM para mana kI pradhAnatA mAnatA hU~ / kahate haiM ki mahAprANAtipAta aura mRSAvAda Adi doSoM ko maiM hU~ para usake kuphala se bacane kA rAstA jo maiM batalAtA hU~ batalAe rAste se bahuta acchA hai / buddha saMvara aura nirjarA ko mAnya rakhate hue mAtra itanA hI kahate haiM ki maiM bhI una donoM tattvoM ko mAnatA hU~ para maiM nirgranthoM kI taraha nirjarA ke sAdhana rUpa se tapa kA svIkAra na karake usake sAdhana rUpa se zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA vidhAna karatA hU~ / 1. sthAnAMga-tRtIya sthAna sU0 220 2. majjhimanikAya su0 56 / 3. aMguttara vol. I. p. 220. 106 jude-jude bauddha-granthoM meM zrAye hue uparyukta bhAva ke kathanoM ke Upara se yaha bAta saralatA se samajha meM A sakatI hai ki jaba koI nayA sudhAraka yA vicAraka isI taraha buddha bhI doSa mAnatA vaha nirgranthoM ke

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110 jaina dharma aura darzana apanA svataMtra mArga sthApita karatA hai taba usako yA to purAnI paribhASAoM ke sthAna meM kucha naI-sI paribhASAe~ gar3hanI par3atI haiM yA purAnI paribhASAoM ke pIche rahe hue purAnI paraMparAoM ke bhAvoM ke sthAna meM nayA bhAva batalAnA par3atA hai| aisA karate samaya jAne yA anajAne vaha kabhI-kabhI purAne matoM kI samIkSA karatA hai| udAharaNArtha brAhmaNa aura yajJa jaise zabda vaidika-paraMparA meM amuka bhAvoM ke sAtha prasiddha the / jaba bauddha, jaina Adi zramaNa-paraparAtroM ne apanA sudhAra sthApita kiyA taba unheM brAhmaNa aura yajJa jaise zabdoM ko lekara bhI unakA bhAva apane siddhAntAnusAra batalAnA pdd'aa| isase aitihAsika tathya itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se phalita hotA hai ki jina paribhASAoM aura mantavyoM kI samAlocanA nayA sudhAraka yA vicAraka karatA hai, ve paribhASAe~ aura ve mantavya janatA meM pratiSThita aura gaharI jar3a jamAe hue hote haiM, aisA binA hue naye sudhAraka yA vicAraka ko una purAnI paribhASAoM kA Azraya lene kI yA unake andara rahe hue rUr3ha purAne bhAvoM kI samAlocanA karane kI koI jarUrata hI nahIM hotii| yadi yaha vicArasaraNI ThIka hai to hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki kAyadaMDa Adi trividha daMDoM kI, mahAn prANAtipAta Adi doSoM se durgatirUpa phala pAne kI tathA una doSoM kI virati se suphala pAne kI aura tapa ke dvArA nirjarA hone kI tathA saMvara ke dvArA nayA karma na Ane kI mAnyatAe~ nirgrantha-paraMparA meM bahuta rUDha ho gayI thI, jinakA ki bauddha bhikSu saccA-jhUThA prativAda karate haiM / nirgrantha-paraMparA kI uparyukta paribhASAe~ aura mAnyatAe~ mAtra mahAvIra ke dvArA pahale pahala calAI huI yA sthApita huI hotI to bauddhoM ko itanA prabala saca-jhUTha prativAda karanA na pdd'taa| spaSTa hai ki tridaMDa kI paribhASA aura sa~vara-nirjarA Adi maMtavya pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM se hI mahAvIra ko virAsata meM mile the| ___ hama bauddha-granthoM ke sAtha jaina AgamoM kI tulanAtmaka carcA se yahA~ itanA hI kahanA cAhate haiM ki jaina AgamoM meM jo kAyadaMDa Adi tIna daMDoM ke nAma pAte haiM aura tIna daMDoM kI nivRtti kA anukrama se kAyagupti, vacanagupti aura manogupti rUpa se vidhAna AtA hai tathA navatattvoM meM saMvara-nirjarA kA jo varNana hai tathA tapa ko nirjarA kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai aura mahAprANAtipAta, mRSAvAda Adi doSoM se bar3e apAya kA kathana AtA hai vaha saba nimrantha-paraMparA kI paribhASA aura vicAra viSayaka prAcIna sampatti hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana a0 25; a0 12. 41, 42, 44; dhammapada varga 26 /

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lezyA vicAra 111 bauddha-piTakoM tathA jaina-granthoM ko par3hanevAlA sAmAnya abhyAsI kevala yahI jAna pAtA hai ki nirgrantha-paraMparA hI tapa ko nirjarA kA sAdhana mAnanevAlI hai parantu vAstava meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / jaba hama sAMkhya-yoga-paraMparA ko dekhate haiM taba mAlUma par3atA hai ki yoga-paraMparA bhI nirjarA ke sAdhana rUpa se tapa para utanA hI bhAra detI AI hai jitanA bhAra nirgrantha-paraMparA usa para detI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki upalabdha yoga-sUtra ke racayitA pataMjali ne anya sAdhanoM ke sAtha tapa ko bhI kriyA-yoga rUpa se ginAyA hai (2-1) itanA hI nahIM balki pataJjali ne kriyA-yoga meM tapa ko hI prathama sthAna diyA hai| isa sUtra kA bhASya karate hue vyAsa ne sAMkhya-yogya-paraMparA kA pUrA abhiprAya pragaTa kara diyA hai| vyAsa kahate haiM ki jo yogI tapasvI nahIM hotA vaha purAnI citra-vicitra karma-vAsAnAoM ke jAla ko tor3a nahIM sktaa| vyAsa kA purAnI vAsanAoM ke bhedaka rUpa se tapa kA varNana aura nigraMtha-paraMparA kA purANa karmoM kI nirjarA ke sAdhana rUpa se tapa kA nirUpaNa-ye donoM zramaNa-paraMparA kI tapa saMbandhI prAcInatama mAnyatA kA vAstavika svarUpa pragaTa karate haiM / buddha ko chor3akara sabhI zramaNa-paraMparAoM ne tapa kA ati mahattva svIkAra kiyA hai| isase hama yaha bhI samajha sakate haiM ki ye paraMparAe~ zramaNa kyoM kahalAI? mUlaka meM zramaNa kA artha hI tapa karanevAlA hai| jarmana vidvAn vinTaranits ThIka kahatA hai ki zrAmaNika-sAhitya vaidika-sAhitya se bhI purAnA hai jo jude jude rUpoM meM mahAbhArata, jainAgama tathA bauddha-piTakoM meM surakSita hai / merA nijI vicAra hai ki sAMkhyayoga-paraMparA apane vizAla tathA mUla artha meM sabhI zramaNa-zAkhAoM kA saMgraha kara letI hai / zramaNa-paraMparA ke tapa kA bhAratIya-jIvana para itanA adhika prabhAva par3A hai ki vaha kisI bhI prAnta meM, kisI bhI jAti meM aura kisI bhI phirake meM saralatA se dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha tapa kA prativAda karate hue bhI 'tapa' zabda ko chor3a na ske| unhoMne kevala usa zabda kA artha bhara apane abhiprAyAnukUla kiyA hai / (6) lezyA-vicAra vaidika-paraMparA meM cAra varNoM kI mAnyatA dhIre-dhIre janma ke AdhAra para sthira ho gaI thii| jaba vaha mAnyatA itanI sakhta ho gaI ki aAntarika yogyatA rakhatA huzrA bhI eka varNa kA vyakti anya varNa meM yA anya varNayogya dharmakArya meM praviSTa

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112 jaina dharma aura darzana ho nahIM sakatA thA / taba janmasiddha cAra varNoM kI mAnyatA ke viruddha guNakarmasiddha cAra varNa kI mAnyatA kA upadeza va pracAra zramaNa varga ne bar3e joroM se kiyA, yaha bAta itihAsa - prasiddha hai / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM kahate haiM ki janma se na koI brAhmaNa hai, na kSatriya hai, na vaizya hai, na zUdra hai / brAhmaNAdi cAroM karma se hI mAne jAne cAhie ityAdi 1 | zramaNa-dharma ke puraskartAoM ne brAhmaNa-paraMparA pracalita caturvidha varNa-vibhAga ko guNa-karma ke AdhAra para sthApita to kiyA para ve itane mAtra se saMtuSTa na hue| acche-bure guNa-karma kI bhI aneka kakSAe~ hotI haiM / isalie tadanusAra bhI manuSya jAti kA vargIkaraNa karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / zramaNaparaMparA ke nAyakoM ne kabhI aisA vargIkaraNa kiyA bhI hai| pahale kisane kiyA so to mAlUma nahIM par3atA para bauddha granthoM meM do nAmoM ke sAtha aise vargIkaraNa kI carcA hai / 'dIghanikAya' meM zrAjIvaka maMkhali gozAlaka ke nAma ke sAtha aise vargIkaraNa ko chaH abhijAti rUpa se nirdiSTa kiyA hai, jaba ki aMguttara nikAya meM puraNakassapa ke mantavya rUpa se aise vargIkaraNa kA chaH zrabhijAti rUpa se kathana hai / ye chaH abhijAtiyAM athavA manuSyajAti ke karmAnusAra kakSAe~ isa prakAra haiM-kRSNa, nIla, lohita rakta, haridra- pIta, zukla, parama zukla / ina chaH prakAroM meM sArI manuSyajAti kA acche-bure karma kI tIvratA - mandatA ke anusAra samAveza kara diyA hai / jIvaka paraMparA aura puraNakassapa kI paraMparA ke nAma se uparyukta chaH zrabhijAtiyoM kA nirdeza to bauddha grantha meM AtA hai para usa viSayaka nirgrantha-paraMparA saMbandhI mantavya kA koI nirdeza bauddha grantha meM nahIM hai jaba ki purAne se purAne jaina granthoM meM nirgrantha-paraMparA kA mantavya surakSita hai / nirgrantha-paraMparA chaH abhijAtiyoM ko lezyA zabda se vyavahRta karatI AI hai / vaha kRSNa, nIla, kApota, teja, padma aura zukla aisI chaH lezyAtroM ko mAna kara unameM kevala manuSyajAti kA hI nahIM balki samagra prANI jAti kA guNa - karmAnusAra samAveza karatI hai / lezyA kA artha hai vicAra, adhyavasAya va pariNAma / krUra aura krUratama vicAra kRSNa lezyA hai aura zubha aura zubhatara vicAra zukla lezyA haiM / bIca kI lezyAe~ vicAragata zubhatA aura zubhatA kA vividha mizraNa mAtra hai / 1. uttarAdhyayana 25. 33 / dhammapada 26 11 / suttanipAta 7. 21 2. aMguttara nikAya vol. IlI p.383 3. bhagavatI 1. 2. 23 / uttarAdhyayana 0 34 /

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lezyA vicAra 113 ___ buddha ne puraNakassapa kI chaH abhijAtiyoM kA varNana aAnanda se sunakara kahA hai ki maiM chaH abhijAtiyoM ko to mAnatA hU~ para merA mantavya dUsaroM se judA hai / aisA kaha karake unhoMne kRSNa aura zukla aise do bhedoM meM manuSyajAti ko vibhAjita kiyA hai / kRSNa arthAt nIca, daridra, dubhaMga aura zukla arthAt ucca, sampanna, subhaga / aura pIche kRSNa prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko tathA zukla prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko tIna-tIna vibhAgoM meM karmAnusAra bAMTA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki raMga-varNa kRSNa ho yA zukla donoM meM acche-bure guNa-karma vAle pAe jAte haiN| jo bilakula krUra haiM ve kRSNa haiM, jo acche karma vAle haiM ve zukla haiM aura jo acche-bure se pare haiM ve azukla-akRSNa haiM / buddha ne acche-bure karmAnusAra chaH prakAra to mAna lie para unakI vyAkhyA kucha purAnI paraMparA se alaga kI hai jaisI ki yogazAstra meM pAI jAtI hai| jaina-granthoM meM Upara varNita chaH lezyAoM kA varNana to hai hI jo ki AjIvaka aura puraNakassapa ke mantavyoM ke sAtha vizeSa sAmya rakhatA hai para sAtha hI buddha ke vargIkaraNa se yA yoga-zAstra ke vargIkaraNa se milatA-julatA dUsarA vargIkaraNa bhI jaina-granthoM meM AtA hai|' ___ uparyukta carcA ke Upara se hama nizcayapUrvaka isa natIje para nahIM A sakate ki lezyAoM kA maMtavya nirgrantha-paraMparA meM bahuta purAnA hogaa| para kevala jainagranthoM ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM aura unameM AnevAlI dravya tathA bhAva lezyA kI aneka vidhi prarUpaNAoM ko dekheM to hameM yaha mAnane ke lie bAdhita honA par3atA hai ki bhale hI eka yA dUsare kAraNa se nirgrantha-sammata lezyAoM kA vargIkaraNa bauddha-granthoM meM AyA na ho para nimrantha-paraMparA AjIvaka aura puraNakassapa kI taraha apane DhaMga se guNa karmAnusAra chaHprakAra kA vargIkaraNa mAnatI thii| yaha sambhava hai ki nirgrantha-paramparA kI purAnI lezyA viSayaka mAnyatA kA agale nirgranthoM ne vizeSa vikAsa va spaSTIkaraNa kiyA ho aura mUla meM guNa-karma rUpa lezyA jo bhAva lezyA kahI jAtI hai usakA saMbandha dravyalezyA ke sAtha pIche se jor3A gayA ho; jaisA ki bhAva-karma kA saMbandha dravyakarma ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai| aura yaha bhI sambhava hai ki zrAjIvaka Adi anya purAnI zramaNa-paraMparAoM kI chaH abhijAti viSayaka mAnyatA ko mahAvIra ne yA anya nirgranthoM ne apanA kara lezyArUpa se pratipAdita kiyA ho aura usakA kucha parivartana aura usakA kucha zAbdika parivartana evaM artha vikAsa bhI kiyA ho| 1. bhagavatI 26. 1. / yogazAstra 4.7.

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114 jaina dharma aura darzana . (10) sarvajJatva tattvajJAna kI vicAradhArAoM meM sarvajJatva aura sarvadarzitva kA bhI eka prazna hai| yaha prazna bhAratIya tattvajJAna jitanA hI purAnA hai / isa viSaya meM nirgranthaparamparA kI itihAsakAla se kaisI dhAraNA rahI hai isa bAta ko jAnane ke lie hamAre pAsa tIna sAdhana haiM / eka to prAcIna jaina Agama, dUsarA uttarakAlIna jaina vAGmaya aura tIsarA bauddha grantha / uttarakAlIna vAGmaya meM kabhI koI aisA pakSakAra nahIM huA jo sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kI sambhavanIyatA mAnatA na ho aura jo mahAvIra Adi tIrthakaroM meM sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kA upacarita yA mAtra zraddhAjanita vyavahAra karatA ho / AgamoM meM bhI yahI vastu sthApita-sI vaNita hai / mahAvIra Adi arihaMtoM ko jaina Agama niHzaMkatayA sarvajJa-sarvadarzI varNita karate haiM / aura sarvajJatvasarvadarzitva kI zakyatA kA sthApana bhI karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM balki jaina zrAgama uttarakAlIna vAGmaya kI taraha anya sampradAya ke nAyakoM ke sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kA virodha bhI karate haiM / udAharaNArtha jaina AgamakAra mahAvIra ke nijI ziSya parantu unase alaga hokara apanI jamAta jamAnevAle jamAli ke sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kA parihAsa karate hai / isI taraha ve mahAvIra ke samakAlIna unake sahasAdhaka gozAlaka ke sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva ko bhI nahIM mAnate;' jaba ki jamAli aura gozAlaka ko unake anuyAyI jina, arihaMta aura sarvajJa mAnate haiM / bauddha granthoM meM bhI anyatIrthika pradhAna puruSoM ke varNana meM unake nAma ke sAtha sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitvasUcaka vizeSaNa aksara pAe jAte haiN| kevala jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke nAma ke sAtha hI nahIM balki puraNakassapa, gozAlaka Adi anya tIrthakaroM ke nAma ke sAtha bhI sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva sUcaka vizeSaNa una granthoM meM dekhe jAte haiN|2 ina saba sAdhanoM ke AdhAra se hama vicAra kareM to nIce likhe pariNAma para Ate haiM 1-jaise Aja hara eka zraddhAlu apane mukhya gaddIdhara ko jagadguru, prAcArya, Adi rUpa se binA mAne-manavAe saMtuSTa nahIM hotA athavA jaise Adhunika zikSaNakSetra meM DaoNkTara Adi padaviyoM kI pratiSThA hai vaise hI purAne samaya meM hara eka sampradAya apane mukhiyA ko sarvajJa-sarvadarzI binA mAne-manavAe saMtuSTa hotA na thaa| 1. bhagavatI 6. 32, 376; 6. 33, 15. / 2. aMguttara*Vol. IV.P. 429

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sarvajJatva 2-jahA~ taka sambhava ho hara eka sampradAyAnuyAyI anya sampradAya ke mukhiyoM meM sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kA niSedha karane kI koziza karatA thaa| 3-sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kI mAnyatA kI purAnI sAmpradAyika kasauTI mukhyatayA sAmpradAyika zraddhA thii| __ uparyukta aitihAsika pariNAmoM se yaha to nirvivAda siddha hai ki khuda mahAvIra ke samaya meM hI mahAvIra nirgrantha-paraMparA meM sarvajJa-sarvadarzI mAne jAte the / parantu prazna to yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva ke viSaya meM nirgranthaparaMparA kI kyA sthiti, kyA mAnyatA rahI hogI ? jaina-zrAgamoM meM aisA varNana hai ki amuka pApityika nigranthoM ne mahAvIra kA zAsana taba svIkAra kiyA jaba unheM mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA aura sarvadarzitA meM sandeha na rahA 1 / isase spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale bhI pArkhApatyika nirgrantha-paraMparA kI manovRtti sarvajJasarvadarzI ko hI tIrthaMkara mAnane kI thI, jo uttarakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM bhI kabhI khaNDita nahIM huii| sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva kA sambhava hai yA nahIM isakI takadRSTi se parIkSA karane kA koI uddezya yahA~ nahIM hai / yahA~ to kevala itanA hI batalAnA hai ki purAne aitihAsika yuga meM usa viSaya meM sAmpradAyikoM kI khAsakara nirgrantha-paraMparA kI manovRtti kaisI thI 1 hajAroM varSoM se calI AnevAlI sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva viSayaka zraddhA kI manovRtti kA agara kisI ne pUre bala se sAmanA kiyA hai to vaha buddha hI haiN| buddha khuda apane lie kabhI sarvajJa-sarvadarzI hone kA dAvA karate na the| aura aisA dAvA koI unake liye kare to bhI unheM vaha pasaMda na thaa| anya sampradAya ke jo anuyAyI apane-apane puraskartAoM ko sarvajJa-sarvadarzI mAnate the unakI usa mAnyatA kA kisI na kisI tArkika saraNI se buddha khaMDana bhI karate the| buddha ke dvArA kiye gae isa prativAda se bhI usa samaya ko sarvajJatva-sarvadarzitva viSayaka manovRtti kA patA cala jAtA hai / [I0 1047 ] 1. bhagavatI. 6. 32. 376 2. dekho, pR0 114, Ti0 2 / majjhima su0 63 /

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jainadharma kA prANa brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paraMparA abhI jainadharma nAma se jo zrAcAra-vicAra pahacAnA jAtA hai vaha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM khAsa kara mahAvIra ke samaya meM niggaMTha dhamma-nirgrantha dharma nAma se bhI pahacAnA jAtA thA, parantu vaha zramaNa dharma bhI kahalAtA hai| aMtara hai to itanA hI hai ki ekamAtra jainadharma hI zramaNa dharma nahIM hai, zramaNa dharma ko aura bhI aneka zAkhAe~ bhUtakAla meM thIM aura aba bhI bauddha Adi kucha zAkhAe~ jIvita haiN| nigrantha dharma yA jainadharma meM zramaNa dharma ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM ke hote hue bhI AcAra-vicAra kI kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo usako zramaNa dharma kI anya zAkhAoM se pRthak karatI haiN| jaina dharma ke AcAra-vicAra kI aisI vizeSatAoM ko jAnane ke pUrva acchA yaha hogA ki hama prAraMbha meM hI zramaNa dharma kI vizeSatA ko bhalIbhA~ti jAna leM jo use brAhmaNa dharma se alaga karatI haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA paTa aneka va vividharaMgI hai, jisameM aneka dharma paraMparAoM ke raGga mizrita haiN| isameM mukhyatayA dhyAna meM AnevAlI do dharma paramparAe~ haiM--(1) brAhmaNa (2) zramaNa / ina do paramparAoM ke paurvAparya tathA sthAna Adi vivAdAspada praznoM ko na uThAkara, kevala aise muddoM para thor3I sI carcA kI jAtI hai, jo sarva saMmata jaise haiM tathA jinase zramaNa dharma kI mUla bhittI ko pahacAnanA aura usake dvArA nirgrantha yA jainadharma ko samajhanA sarala ho jAtA hai| vaiSamya aura sAmya dRSTi-- brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparAoM ke bIca choTe-bar3e aneka viSayoM meM maulika aMtara hai, para usa aMtara ko saMkSepa meM kahanA ho to itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki brAhmaNa-vaidika paramparA vaiSamya para pratiSThita hai, jaba ki zramaNa paramparA sAmya para pratiSThita hai| yaha vaiSamya aura sAmya mukhyatayA tIna bAtoM meM dekhA jAtA hai(1) samAjaviSayaka (2) sAdhyaviSayaka aura (3) prANI jagat ke prati dRSTi viSayaka / samAja viSayaka vaiSamya kA artha hai ki samAja racanA meM tathA dharmAdhi

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jaina dharma kA prANa 117 kAra meM varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva va mukhyatva tathA itara varNoM kA brAhmaNa kI apekSA kaniSThatva va gauNatva / brAhmaNa dharma kA vAstavika sAdhya hai zrabhyudaya, jo aihika samRddhi, rAjya aura putra, pazu Adi ke nAnAvidha lAbhoM meM tathA indrapada, svargIya sukha Adi nAnAvidha pAralaukika phaloM ke lAbhoM meM samAtA hai / abhyudaya kA sAdhana mukhyatayA yajJadharma arthAt nAnAvidha yajJa haiN|' isa dharma meM pazu-pakSI dinivArya mAnI gaI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki vedavihita hiMsA dharma kAhI hetu hai / isa vidhAna meM bali kiye jAnevAle niraparAdha pazu-pakSI Adi ke prati spaSTatayA AtmasAmya ke prabhAva kI arthAt zrAtmavaiSamya kI dRSTi hai / isake viparIta ukta tInoM bAtoM meM zramaNa dharma kA sAmya isa prakAra hai / zramaNa dharma samAja meM kisI bhI varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva na mAnakara guNa-karmakRta hI zreSThatva va kaniSThatva mAnatA hai, isalie vaha samAja racanA tathA dharmAdhikAra meM janmasiddha varNa bheda kA Adara na karake guNa karma ke AdhAra para hI sAmAjika vyavasthA karatA hai / ataeva usakI dRSTi meM sadguNI zUdra bhI durguNI brAhmaNa Adi se zreSTha hai, aura dhArmika kSetra meM yogyatA ke AdhAra para hara eka varNa kA puruSa yA strI samAna rUpa se ucca pada kA adhikArI hai / zramaNa dharma kA aMtima sAdhya brAhmaNa dharma kI taraha abhyudaya na hokara niHzreyasa hai / niHzreyasa kA artha hai ki aihika pAralaukika nAnAvidha saba lAbhoM kA tyAga siddha karanevAlI aisI sthiti, jisameM pUrNa sAmya prakaTa hotA hai aura koI kisI se kama yogya yA adhika yogya rahane nahIM pAtA / jIva jagat ke prati zramaNa dharma kI dRSTi pUrNa Atma sAmya kI hai, jisameM na kevala pazu-pakSI zrAdi yA kITa-pataMga Adi jantu kA hI samAveza hotA hai kintu vanaspati jaise ati kSudra jIva varga kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / isameM kisI bhI dehadhArI kA kisI bhI nimitta se kiyA jAnevAlA vadha zrAtmavadha jaisA hI mAnA gayA hai aura vadha mAtra ko adharma kA hetu mAnA hai / I brAhmaNa paramparA mUla meM 'brahman' ke AsapAsa zurU aura vikasita huI hai, jaba ki zramaNa paramparA 'sama' - sAmya, zama aura zrama ke AsapAsa zurU evaM vikasita huI hai / brahman ke aneka arthoM meM se prAcIna do artha isa jagaha dhyAna dene yogya haiM / 1 "karmaphalabAhulyAcca putrasvarga brahmavarcasAdilakSaNasya karmaphalasyAsaMkhyeyatvAt tatprati ca puruSANAM kAmabAhulyAt tadarthaH zruterapi ko yatnaH karmasUpapadyate / - taitti0 1-11 / zAMkarabhASya ( pUnA ASTekara kaM0 ) pR0 353 / yahI bAta "pariNAmatApasaMskAraiH guNavRttivirodhAt" ityAdi yogasUtra tathA usake bhASya meM kahI hai / sAMkhyatattvakaumudI meM bhI hai jo mUla kArikA kA spaSTIkaraNa mAtra hai /

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118 jaina dharma aura darzana (1) stuti, prArthanA, (2) yajJa yAgAdi karma / vaidika maMtroM evaM sUktoM ke dvArA jo nAnAvidha stutiyA~ aura prArthanAe~ kI jAtI haiM vaha brahman kahalAtA hai / isI taraha vaidika maMtroM ke viniyoga vAlA yajJa yAgAdi karma bhI brahman kahalAtA hai / vaidika maMtroM aura sUktoM kA pATha karanevAlA purohita varga aura yajJa yAgAdi karAnevAlA purohita varga hI brAhmaNa hai / vaidika maMtroM ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI stuti - prArthanA evaM yajJa yAgAdi karma kI prati pratiSThA ke sAtha hI sAtha purohita varga kA samAja meM evaM tatkAlIna dharma meM aisA prAdhAnya sthira huA ki jisase vaha brAhmaNa varga apane Apako janma se hI zreSTha mAnane lagA aura samAja meM bhI bahudhA vahI mAnyatA sthira huI jisake AdhAra para varga bheda kI mAnyatA rUr3ha huI aura kahA gayA ki samAjapuruSa kA mukha brAhmaNa hai aura itara varNa anya aMga haiM / isake viparIta zramaNa dharma yaha mAnatA manavAtA thA ki sabhI sAmAjika strI-puruSa satkarma evaM dharmapada ke samAna rUpa se adhikArI haiN| jo prayatnapUrvaka yogyatA lAbha karatA hai vaha varga evaM liMgabheda ke binA hI gurupada kA adhikArI bana sakatA hai / yaha sAmAjika evaM dhArmika samatA kI mAnyatA jisa taraha brAhmaNa dharma kI mAnyatA se bilakula viruddha thI usI taraha sAdhyaviSayaka donoM kI mAnyatA bhI paraspara viruddha rahI / zramaNa dharma aihika yA pAralaukika abhyudaya ko sarvathA heya mAna kara niHzreyasa ko hI eka mAtra upAdeya mAnane kI ora agrasara thA aura isIlie vaha sAdhya kI taraha sAdhanagata sAmya para bhI utanA hI bhAra dene lagA / niHzreyasa ke sAdhanoM meM mukhya hai ahiMsA / kisI bhI prANI kI kisI bhI prakAra se hiMsA na karanA yahI niHzreyasa kA mukhya sAdhana hai, jisameM anya saba sAdhanoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / yaha sAdhanagata sAmyadRSTi hiMsApradhAna yajJa yAgAdi karma kI dRSTi se bilakula viruddha hai / isa taraha brAhmaNa aura zramaNa dharma kA vaiSamya aura sAmyamUlaka itanA virodha hai ki jisase donoM dharmoM ke bIca pada-pada para saMgharSa kI saMbhAvanA hai, jo sahasroM varSoM ke itihAsa meM lipibaddha hai / yaha purAnA virodha brAhmaNa kAla meM bhI thA aura buddha evaM mahAvIra ke samaya meM tathA isake bAda bhI / isI ciraMtana virodha ke pravAha ko mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne apanI vANI meM vyakta kiyA hai| vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne sUtra meM zAzvata virodha kA nirdeza kiyA hai / patajali zAzvata' - janma siddha virodha vAle ahi-nakula, govyAghra jaise dvandvoM ke udAharaNa dete hue sAtha-sAtha brAhmaNazramaNa kA bhI udAharaNa dete haiM / yaha ThIka hai ki hajAra prayatna karane para bhI hi-nakula yA go-yAtrA kA virodha nirmUla nahIM ho sakatA, jaba ki 1. mahAbhASya 2.4. 6 /

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jaina dharma kA prAraNa 119 prayatna karane para brAhmaNa aura zramaNa kA virodha nirmUla ho jAnA saMbhava hai aura itihAsa meM kucha udAharaNa aise upalabdha bhI hue haiM jinameM brAhmaNa aura zramaNa ke bIca kisI bhI prakAra kA vaimanasya yA virodha dekhA nahIM jAtA / parantu pataMjali kA brAhmaNa-zramaNa kA zAzvata virodha viSayaka kathana vyaktiparaka na hokara vargaparaka hai / kucha vyaktiyA~ aisI saMbhava haiM jo aise virodha se pare huI haiM yA ho sakatI haiM parantu sArA brAhmaNa varga yA sArA zramaNa varga maulika virodha se pare nahIM hai yahI pataMjali kA tAtparya hai / 'zAzvata' zabda kA artha avicala na hokara prAvAhika itanA hI abhipreta hai / pataMjali se aneka zatAbdiyoM ke bAda honevAle jaina AcArya hemacaMdra ne bhI brAhmaNa zramaNa udAharaNa dekara pataMjali ke anubhava kI yathA tA para muhara lagAI hai / Aja isa samAjavAdI yuga meM bhI hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki brAhmaNa aura zramaNa varga ke bIca virodha kA bIja nirmUla huA hai / isa sAre virodha kI jar3a Upara sUcita vaiSamya aura sAmya kI dRSTi kA pUrva-pazcima jaisA antara hI hai / paraspara prabhAva aura samanvaya 1 I brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paraMparA paraspara eka dUsare ke prabhAva se bilakula achUtI nahIM hai / choTI-moTI bAtoM meM eka kA prabhAva dUsare para nyUnAdhika mAtrA meM par3A huA dekhA jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha zramaNa dharma kI sAmyadRSTimUlaka hiMsA bhAvanA kA brAhmaNa paramparA para kramazaH itanA prabhAva par3A hai ki jisase yajJIya hiMsA kA samarthana kevala purAnI zAstrIya carcAoM kA viSaya mAtra raha gayA hai, vyavahAra meM yajJIya hiMsA lupta sI ho gaI hai / hiMsA va " sarvabhUtahite rataH" siddhAMta kA pUrA Agraha rakhanevAlI sAMkhya, yoga, aupaniSada, avadhUta, sAtvata Adi jina paramparAoMoM ne brAhmaNa paramparA ke prANabhUta veda viSayaka prAmANya aura brAhmaNa varNa ke purohita va guru pada kA prAtyaMtika virodha nahIM kiyA ve paramparAe~ kramazaH brAhmaNa dharma ke sarvasaMgrAhaka kSetra meM eka yA dUsare rUpa meM mila gaI haiN| isake viparIta jaina bauddha Adi jina paramparAtroM ne vaidika prAmANya aura brAhmaNa varNa ke guru pada ke viruddha AtyaMtika Agraha rakhA ve paramparAe~ yadyapi sadA ke lie brAhmaNa dharma se alaga hI rahI haiM phira bhI unake zAstra evaM nivRtti dharma para brAhmaNa paramparA kI lokasaMgrAhaka vRtti kA eka yA dUsare rUpa meM prabhAva avazya par3A hai / zramaNa paraMparA ke pravartaka zramaNa dharma ke mUla pravartaka kauna-kauna the, ve kahA~-kahA~ aura kaba hue isakA 1. siddha haima0 3 1. 141 /

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120 jaina dharma aura darzana yathArtha aura pUrA itihAsa adyAvadhi ajJAta hai para hama upalabdha sAhitya ke AdhAra se itanA to niHzaMka kaha sakate haiM ki nAbhiputra RSabha tathA Adi vidvAn kapila ye sAmya dharma ke purAne aura prabala samarthaka the / yahI kAraNa hai ki unakA pUrA itihAsa aMdhakAra-grasta hone para bhI paurANika paramparA meM se unakA nAma lupta nahIM huA hai / brAhmaNa-purANa granthoM meM RSabha kA ullekha ugra tapasvI ke rUpa meM hai sahI para unakI pUrI pratiSThA to kevala jaina paramparA meM hI hai, jaba ki kapila kA RSi rUpa se nirdeza jaina kathA sAhitya meM hai phira bhI unakI pUrNa pratiSThA to sAMkhya paraMparA meM tathA sAMkhyamUlaka purANa graMthoM meM hI hai| RSabha aura kapila Adi dvArA jisa Atmaupamya bhAvanA kI aura tanmUlaka ahiMsA dharma kI pratiSThA jamI thI usa bhAvanA aura dharma kI poSaka aneka zAkhA-prazAkhAe~ thIM jinameM se koI bAhya tapa para, to koI dhyAna para, to koI mAtra cittazuddhi yA asaMgatA para adhika bhAra detI thii| para sAmya yA samatA sabakA samAna dhyeya thA / jisa zAkhA ne sAmyasiddhi mUlaka ahiMsA ko siddha karane ke lie aparigraha para adhika bhAra diyA aura usI meM se agAra-gRha-grantha yA aparigraha baMdhana ke tyAga para adhika bhAra diyA aura kahA ki jaba taka parivAra evaM parigraha kA baMdhana ho taba taka kabhI pUrNa ahiMsA yA pUrNa sAmya siddha nahIM ho sakatA, zramaNa dharma kI vahI zAkhA nirgrantha nAma se prasiddha huI / isake pradhAna pravartaka neminAtha tathA pArzvanAtha hI jAna par3ate haiN| vItarAgatA kA Agraha ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke sAtha sAtha tapa aura tyAga kI bhAvanA anivArya rUpa se nirgrantha dharma meM grathita to ho hI gaI thI parantu sAdhakoM ke mana meM yaha prazna utpanna huA ki bAhya tyAga para adhika bhAra dene se kyA Atmazuddhi yA sAmya pUrNatayA siddha honA saMbhava hai ? isI ke uttara meM se yaha vicAra phalita huA ki rAga dveSa Adi malina vRttiyoM para vijaya pAnA hI mukhya sAdhya hai| isa sAdhya kI siddhi jisa ahiMsA, jisa tapa yA jisa tyAga se na ho sake vaha ahiMsA, tapa yA tyAga kaisA hI kyoM na ho para AdhyAtmika dRSTi se anupayogI hai / isI vicAra ke pravartaka 'jina' kahalAne lge| aise jina aneka hue haiM / saccaka, buddha, gozAlaka aura mahAvIra ye saba apanI-apanI paramparA meM jina rUpa se prasiddha rahe haiM paraMtu Aja jinakathita jainadharma kahane se mukhyatayA mahAvIra ke dharma kA hI bodha hotA hai jo rAga-dveSa ke vijaya para hI mukhyatayA bhAra detA hai|

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jaina dharma kA prANa 121 dharma vikAsa kA itihAsa kahatA hai ki uttarottara udaya meM AnevAlI naI-naI dharma kI avasthA meM usa usa dharma kI purAnI virodhI avasthAoM kA samAveza avazya rahatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadharma nirgrantha dharma bhI hai aura zramaNa dharma bhI hai / zramaNa dharma kI sAmyadRSTi / aba hameM dekhanA yaha hai ki zramaNa dharma kI prANabhUta sAmya bhAvanA kA jaina paramparA meM kyA sthAna hai ? jaina zruta rUpa se prasiddha dvAdazAMgI yA caturdaza pUrva meM 'sAmAiya' - ' sAmAyika' kA sthAna prathama hai, jo AcArAMga sUtra kahalAtA hai jainadharma ke aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke AcAra-vicAra kA sIdhA aura spaSTa pratibimba mukhyatayA usI sUtra meM dekhane ko milatA hai| isameM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usa satra meM sAmya, samatA yA sama para hI pUrNatayA bhAra diyA gayA hai| 'sAmAiya' isa prAkRta yA mAgadhI zabda kA saMbaMdha sAmya, samatA yA sama se hai / sAmyadRSTimUlaka aura sAmyadRSTipoSaka jo-jo AcAra-vicAra hoM ve saba sAmAiya-sAmAyika rUpa se jaina paramparA meM sthAna pAte haiM / jaise brAhmaNa paramparA meM saMdhyA eka Avazyaka karma hai vaise hI jaina paramparA meM bhI gRhastha aura tyAgI satra ke lie chaH zrAvazyaka karma batalAe haiM jinameM mukhya sAmAiya hai / agara sAmAiya na ho to aura koI Avazyaka sArthaka nahIM hai gRhastha yA tyAgI apaneapane adhikArAnusAra jaba jaba dhArmika jIvana ko svIkAra karatA hai taba-taba vaha 'karemi bhaMte ! sAmAiyaM' aisI pratijJA karatA hai van ! maiM samatA yA samabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hU~ / isa samatA kA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa Age ke dUsare pada meM kiyA gayA hai / usameM kahA hai ki maiM sAvadyayoga arthAt pApa vyApAra kA yathAzakti tyAga karatA huuN| 'sAmAiya' kI aisI pratiSThA hone ke kAraNa sAtavIM sadI ke suprasiddha vidvAn jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne usa para vizeSAvazyakabhASya nAmaka ati vistRta grantha likhakara batalAyA hai ki dharma ke aMgabhUta zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra ye tInoM hI sAmAiya haiM / saccI vIratA ke viSaya meM jainadharma, gItA aura gAMdhIjI / / isakA artha hai ki he bhaga sAMkhya, yoga aura bhAgavata jaisI anya paraMparAtroM meM pUrvakAla se sAmyadRSTi kI jo pratiSThA thI usI kA AdhAra lekara bhagavadgItAkAra ne gItA kI racanA kI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki hama gItA meM sthAna-sthAna para samadarzI, sAmya, samatA jaise zabdoM ke dvArA sAmyadRSTi kA hI samarthana pAte haiN| gItA aura AcArAMga kI sAmya bhAvanA mUla meM eka hI hai, phira bhI vaha paraMparAbheda se

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122 jaina dharma aura darzana anyAnya bhAvanAoM ke sAtha milakara bhinna ho gaI hai| arjuna ko sAmya bhAvanA ke prabala vaiga ke samaya bhI bhaizya jIvana svIkAra karane se gItA rokatI hai aura zastra yuddha kA Adeza karatI hai, jaba ki AcArAMga sUtra arjuna ko aisA Adeza na karake yahI kahegA ki agara tuma sacamuca kSatriya vIra ho to sAmyadRSTi ne para hiMsaka zastrayuddha nahIM kara sakate balki bhaikSyajIvanapUrvaka AdhyAtmika zatru ke sAtha yuddha ke dvArA hI saccA kSatriyatva siddha kara sakate ho / ' isa kathana kI dyotaka bharata - bAhubalI kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM prasiddha hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki sahodara bharata ke dvArA ugra prahAra pAne ke bAda bAhubalI ne jaba pratikAra ke lie hAtha uThAyA tabhI samabhAva kI vRtti prakaTa huI / usa vRtti ke Avega meM bAhubalI ne bhaikSya jIvana svIkAra kiyA para pratiprahAra karake na to bharata kA badalA cukAyA aura na usase apano nyAyocita rAjyabhAga lene kA socaa| gAMdhIjI ne gItA aura AcArAMga Adi meM pratipAdita sAmya bhAva ko apane jIvana meM yathArtha rUpa se vikasita kiyA aura usake bala para kahA ki mAnavasaMhAraka yuddha to chor3o, para sAmya yA cittazuddhi ke bala para hI anyAya ke pratikAra kA mArga bhI grahaNa karo / purAne saMnyAsa yA tyAgI jIvana kA aisA artha vikAsa gAMdhIjI ne samAja meM pratiSThita kiyA hai / sAmyadRSTi aura anekAntavAda jaina paraMparA kA sAmya dRSTi para itanA adhika bhAra hai ki usane sAmya dRSTi ko hI brAhmaNa paraMparA meM labdhapratiSTha brahma kahakara sAmyadRSTipoSaka sAre AcAra vicAra ko 'brahmacaryaM'-'brambhacerAI' kahA hai, jaisA ki bauddha paraMparA ne maitrI Adi bhAvanAoM ko brahmavihAra kahA hai / itanA hI nahIM para dhammapada aura zAMti parva kI taraha jaina grantha meM bhI samatva dhAraNa karanevAle zramaNa ko hI brAhmaNa kahakara zramaNa aura brAhmaNa ke bIca kA aMtara miTAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / sAmyadRSTi jaina paramparA meM mukhyatayA do prakAra se vyakta huI hai - (1) AcAra meM aura (2) vicAra meN| jaina dharma kA bAhyAbhyantara, sthUla sUkSma saba cAra sAmya dRSTi mUlaka hiMsA ke kendra ke AsapAsa hI nirmita huA hai / jisa zrAcAra ke dvArA hiMsA kI rakSA aura puSTi na hotI ho aise kisI bhI AcAra ko jaina paramparA mAnya nahIM rakhatI / yadyapi saba dhArmika paramparAtroM ne hiMsA tattva para 1. zrAcArAMga 1-5-3 / 2. brAhmaNa varga 26 / 3. uttarAdhyayana 25 /

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123 jaina dharma kA prANa nyUnAdhika bhAra diyA hai para jaina paramparA ne usa tattva para jitanA bhAra diyA hai aura use jitanA vyApaka banAyA hai, utanA bhAra aura utanI vyApakatA anya dharma paramparA meM dekhI nahIM jaatii| manuSya, pazu-pakSI kITa-pataMga, aura vanaspati hI nahIM balki pArthiva jalIya Adi sUkSmAtisUkSma jantuoM taka kI hiMsA se Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA dvArA nivRtta hone ke lie kahA gayA hai| vicAra meM sAmya dRSTi kI bhAvanA para jo bhAra diyA gayA hai usI meM se anekAnta dRSTi yA vibhajyavAda kA janma huA hai| kevala apanI dRSTi yA vicAra saraNI ko hI pUrNa antima satya mAnakara usa para Agraha rakhanA yaha sAmya dRSTi ke lie ghAtaka hai / isalie kahA gayA hai ki dUsaroM kI dRSTi kA bhI utanA hI Adara karanA jitanA apanI dRSTi kA / yahI sAmya dRSTi anekAntavAda kI bhUmikA hai| isa bhUmikA meM se hI bhASA pradhAna syAdvAda aura vicArapradhAna nayavAda kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai / yaha nahIM hai ki anyAnya paramparAtroM meM anekAnta dRSTi kA sthAna hI na ho| mImAMsaka aura kapila darzana ke uparAMta nyAya darzana meM bhI anekAntavAda kA sthAna hai| buddha bhagavAn kA vibhajyavAda aura madhyamamArga bhI anekAnta dRSTi ke hI phala haiM; phira bhI jaina paramparA ne jaise ahiMsA para atyadhika * bhAra diyA hai vaise hI usane anekAnta dRSTi para bhI atyadhika bhAra diyA hai| isalie jaina paramparA meM prAcAra yA vicAra kA koI bhI viSaya aisA nahIM hai jisa para anekAnta dRSTi lAgU na kI gaI ho yA jo anekAnta dRSTi kI maryAdA se bAhara ho| yahI kAraNa hai ki anyAnya paramparAoM ke vidvAnoM ne anekAMta dRSTi ko mAnate hue bhI usa para svataMtra sAhitya racA nahIM hai, jaba ki jaina paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne usake aMgabhUta syAdvAda, nayavAda Adi ke bodhaka aura samarthaka vipula svataMtra sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai| ahiMsA hiMsA se nivRtta honA hI ahiMsA hai / yaha vicAra taba taka pUrA samajha meM zrA nahIM sakatA jaba taka yaha na batalAyA jAe ki hiMsA kisa kI hotI hai tathA hiMsA kauna va kisa kAraNa se karatA hai aura usakA pariNAma kyA hai| isI prazna ko spaSTa samajhAne kI daSTi se mukhyatayA cAra vidyAe~ jaina paramparA meM phalita huI haiM-(1) aAtmavidyA (2) karmavidyA (3) caritravidyA aura (4) lokavidyA / isI taraha anekAMta daSTi ke dvArA mukhyatayA zrutavidyA aura pramANa vidyA kA nirmANa va poSaNa huA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA, anekAMta aura tanmUlaka vidyAyeM hI jainadharma kA prANa hai jisa para Age saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai /

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124 jaina dharma aura darzana AtmavidyA aura utkrAntivAda pratyeka prAtmA cAhe vaha pRthvIgata, jalagata yA vanaspatigata ho yA kITa-pataMga pazu-pakSI rUpa ho yA mAnava rUpa ho vaha saba tAttvika dRSTi se samAna hai / yahI jaina aAtmavidyA kA sAra hai / samAnatA ke isa saiddhAntika vicAra ko amala meM lAnAuse yathAsaMbhava jIvana ke vyavahAra ke pratyeka kSetra meM utArane kA apramatta bhAva se prayatna karanA yahI ahiMsA hai / AtmavidyA kahatI ki yadi jIvana-vyavahAra meM sAmya kA anubhava na ho to AtmasAmya kA siddhAnta korA vAda mAtra hai| samAnatA ke siddhAnta ko amalI banAne ke lie hI prAcArAMga sUtra ke adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jaise tuma apane duHkha kA anubhava karate ho vaisA hI para duHkha kA anubhava kro| arthAt anya ke duHkha kA zrAtmIya duHkha rUpa se saMvedana na ho to ahiMsA siddha honA saMbhava nhiiN| . jaise Atma samAnatA ke tAttvika vicAra meM se ahiMsA ke prAcAra kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai vaise hI usI vicAra meM se jaina paramparA meM yaha bhI AdhyAtmika maMtavya phalita huA hai ki jIvagata zArIrika, mAnasika Adi vaiSamya kitanA hI kyoM na ho para AgaMtuka hai-karmamUlaka hai, vAstavika nahIM hai| ataeva kSudra se tudra avasthA meM par3A huA jIva bhI kabhI mAnavakoTi meM A sakatA hai aura mAnavakoTigata jIva bhI zudratama vanaspati avasthA meM jA sakatA hai, itanA hI nahIM balki vanaspati jIva vikAsa ke dvArA manuSya kI taraha kabhI sarvathA baMdhanamukta ho sakatA hai / U~ca-nIca gati yA yoni kA evaM sarvathA mukti kA AdhAra eka mAtra karma hai / jaisA karma, jaisA saMskAra yA jaisI vAsanA vaisI hI AtmA kI avasthA, para tAttvika rUpa se saba AtmAoM kA svarUpa sarvathA eka-sA hai jo naiSkarmya avasthA meM pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa hotA hai / yahI AtmasAmyamUlaka utkrAntivAda hai| sAMkhya, yoga, bauddha zrAdi dvaitavAdI ahiMsA samarthaka paramparAoM kA aura aura bAtoM meM jaina paramparA ke sAtha jo kucha matabheda ho para ahiMsApradhAna AcAra tathA utkrAntivAda ke viSaya meM saba kA pUrNa aikamatya hai| aAtmAdvaitavAdI aupaniSada paramparA ahiMsA kA samarthana samAnatA ke siddhAnta para nahIM para advaita ke siddhAnta para karatI hai| vaha kahatI hai ki tattva rUpa se jaise tuma vaise hI anya sabhI jIva zuddha brahma-eka brahmarUpa haiM / jo jIvoM kA pArasparika bheda dekhA jAtA hai vaha vAstavita na hokara avidyAmUlaka hai| isalie anya jIvoM ko apane se abhinna hI samajhanA cAhie aura anya ke duHkha ko apanA duHkha samajha kara hiMsA se nivRtta honA caahie|

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jaina dharma kA prANa 125 dvaitavAdI jaina zrAdi paramparAoM ke aura advaitavAdI paramparA ke bIca aMtara kevala itanA hI hai ki pahalI paraMparAe~ pratyeka jIvAtmA kA vAstavika bheda mAna kara bhI una saba meM tAttvika rUpa se samAnatA svIkAra karake ahiMsA kA udbodhana karatI haiM, jaba ki advaita paramparA jIvAtmAoM ke pArasparika bheda ko hI mithyA mAnakara unameM tAttvika rUpa se pUrNa abheda mAnakara usake AdhAra para ahiMsA kA udbodhana karatI haiN| advaita paramparA ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna yoni aura bhinnabhinna gativAle jIvoM meM dikhAI denevAle bheda kA mUla adhiSThAna eka zuddha akhaMDa brahma haiM, jaba ki jaina jaisI dvaitavAdI paramparAoM ke anusAra pratyeka jIvAtmA tattva rUpa se svataMtra aura zuddha brahma hai| eka paramparA ke anusAra akhaMDa eka brahma meM se nAnAjIva kI sRSTi huI hai jaba ki dUsarI paramparAoM ke anusAra judejude svataMtra aura samAna aneka zuddha brahma hI aneka jIva haiM : dvaitamUlaka samAnatA ke siddhAnta meM se hI advaitamUlaka aikya kA siddhAnta kramazaH vikasita huA jAna par3atA hai parantu ahiMsA kA AcAra aura AdhyAtmika utkrAntivAda advaitavAda meM bhI dvaitavAda ke vicAra ke anusAra hI ghaTAyA gayA hai| vAda koI bhI ho para ahiMsA kI dRSTi se mahattva kI bAta eka hI hai ki anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA yA abheda kA vAstavika saMvedana honA hI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA udgama hai| karmavidyA aura baMdha-mokSa jaba tattvataH saba jIvAtmA samAna haiM to phira unameM paraspara vaiSamya kyoM, tathA eka hI jIvAtmA meM kAla bheda se vaiSamya kyoM ? isa prazna ke uttara meM se hI karmavidyA kA janma huA hai| jaisA karma vaisI avasthA yaha mAnyatA vaiSamya kA spaSTIkaraNa to kara detI hai, para sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI kahatI hai ki acchA yA burA karma karane evaM na karane meM jIva hI svataMtra hai, jaisA vaha cAhe vaisA sat yA asat puruSArtha kara sakatA hai aura vahI apane vartamAna aura bhAvI kA nirmAtA hai / karma: vAda kahatA hai ki vartamAna kA nirmANa bhUta ke AdhAra para aura bhaviSya kA nirmANa vartamAna ke AdhAra para hotA hai| tInoM kAla kI pArasparika saMgati karmavAda para hI avalaMbita hai / yahI punarjanma ke vicAra kA AdhAra hai / vastutaH ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa hI karma hai / apane parAye kI vAstavika pratIti na honA ajJAna yA jaina paramparA ke anusAra darzana moha hai / isI ko sAMkhya, bauddha Adi anya paramparAoM meM avidyA kahA hai| ajJAna-janita iSTAniSTa kI kalpanAoM ke kAraNa jo-jo vRttiyA~, yA jo-jo vikAra paidA hote haiM vahI saMkSepa meM rAga-dveSa kahe gae haiN| yadyapi rAga-dveSa hI hiMsA ke preraka haiM para vastutaH saba kI

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126 jaina dharma aura darzana jar3a ajJAna-darzana moha yA avidyA hI hai, isalie hiMsA kI asalI jar3a ajJAna hI hai / isa viSaya meM zrAtmavAdI saba paraparAe~ ekamata haiN| Upara jo karma kA svarUpa batalAyA hai vaha jaina paribhASA meM bhAva karma hai aura vaha Atmagata saMskAra vizeSa hai| yaha bhAvakarma AtmA ke irdagirda sadA vartamAna aise sUkSmAtisUkSma bhautika paramANuoM ko AkRSTa karatA hai aura use viziSTa rUpa arpita karatA hai| viziSTa rUpa prApta yaha bhautika paramANu puMja hI dravyakarma yA kArmaNa zarIra kahalAtA hai jo janmAntara meM jIva ke sAtha jAtA hai aura sthUla zarIra ke nirmANa kI bhUmikA banatA hai| Upara-Upara se dekhane para mAlUma hotA hai ki dravyakarma kA vicAra jaina paraMparA kI karmavidyA meM hai, para anya paraMparA kI karmavidyA meM vaha nahIM hai, parantu sUkSmatA se dekhanevAlA jAna sakatA hai ki vastutaH aisA nahIM hai| saukhya-yoga, vedAnta Adi paraMparAoM meM janmajanmAntaragAmI sUkSma yA liMga zarIra kA varNana hai| yaha zarIra antaHkaraNa, abhimAna mana zrAdi prAkRta yA mAyika tattvoM kA banA huA mAnA gayA hai jo vAstava meM jaina paraMparAsaMmata bhautika kArmaNa zarIra ke hI sthAna meM hai| sUkSma yA kArmaNa zarIra kI mUla kalpanA eka hI hai / antara hai to usake varNana prakAra meM aura nyUnAdhika vistAra meM evaM vargIkaraNa meM. jo hajAroM varSa se judA-judA vicAra-ciMtana karane vAlI paraMparAtroM meM honA svAbhAvika hai| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM to aAtmavAdI saba paraMparAtroM meM punarjanma ke kAraNa rUpa se karmatattva kA svIkAra hai aura janmajanmAntaragAmI bhautika zarIrarUpa dravyakarma kA bhI svIkAra hai / nyAya vaizeSika paraMparA jisameM aise sUkSma zarIra kA koI khAsa svIkAra nahIM hai usane bhI janmajanmAntaragAmI aNurUpa mana ko svIkAra karake dravya karma ke vicAra ko apanAyA hai| - punarjanma aura karma kI mAnyatA ke bAda jaba mokSa kI kalpanA bhI tattvaciMtana meM sthira huI taba se abhI taka kI baMdha-mokSavAdI bhAratIya tattvaciMtakoM kI AtmasvarUpa-viSayaka mAnyatAe~ kaisI-kaisI haiM aura unameM vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se jaina mantavya ke svarUpa kA kyA sthAna hai. ise samajhane ke lie sakSepa meM baMdhama.kSavAdI mukhya-mukhya sabhI paraMparAoM ke mantavyoM ko nIce diyA jAtA hai / (1) jaina paraMparA ke anusAra zrAtmA pratyeka zarIra meM judA-judA hai| vaha svayaM zubhAzubha karma kA kartA aura karma ke phala-sukha-duHkha Adi kA bhoktA hai| vaha janmAntara ke samaya sthAnAntara ko jAtA hai aura sthUla deha ke anusAra saMkoca vistAra dhAraNa karatA hai| yahI mukti pAtA hai aura muktikAla meM sAMsArika sukha-duHkha jJAna-ajJAna Adi zubhAzubha karma Adi bhAvoM se sarvathA chUTa jAtA hai /

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jaina dharma kA prANa 127 (2) sAMkhya yoga paraMparA ke anusAra AtmA bhinna-bhinna hai para vaha kUTastha evaM vyApaka hone se na karma kA kartA. bhoktA, janmAntaragAmI, gatizIla hai aura na to muktigAmI hI hai| usa paraMparA ke anusAra to prAkRta buddhi yA antaHkaraNa hI karma kA kartA bhoktA janmAntaragAmI saMkoca vistArazIla. jJAna-ajJAna Adi bhAvoM kA prAzraya aura mukti-kAla meM una bhAvoM se rahita hai / sAMkhya yoga paraMparA antaHkaraNa ke baMdhamokSa ko hI upacAra se puruSa ke mAna letI hai| (3) nyAyavaizeSika paraMparA ke anusAra aAtmA aneka haiM, vaha sAMkhya yoga kI taraha kUTastha aura vyApaka mAnA gayA hai phira bhI vaha jaina paraMparA kI taraha vAstavika rUpa se katA, bhoktA, baddha aura mukta bhI mAnA gayA hai / (4) advaitavAdI vedAnta ke anusAra AtmA vAstava meM nAnA nahIM para eka hI hai / vaha sAMkhya yoga kI taraha kUTastha aura vyApaka hai ataeva na. to vAstava meM baddha hai aura na mukta / usameM antaHkaraNa kA baMdhamokSa hI upacAra se mAnA gayA hai| (5) bauddhamata ke anusAra aAtmA yA citta nAnA hai; vahI kartA, bhoktA, baMdha aura nirvANa kA zrAzraya hai| vaha na to kUTastha hai, na vyApaka, vaha kevala jJAnakSaNaparaMparA rUpa hai jo hRdaya indriya jaise aneka kendroM meM eka sAtha yA kramazaH nimittAnusAra utpanna va naSTa hotA rahatA hai / __ Upara ke saMkSipta varNana se yaha spaSTatayA sUcita hotA hai ki jaina paraMparA saMmata AtmasvarUpa baMdhamokSa ke tattvaciMtakoM kI kalpanA kA anubhavamUlaka purAnA rUpa hai| sAMkhyayoga saMmata AtmasvarUpa una tattvaciMtakoM kI kalpanA kI dUsarI bhUmikA hai / advaitavAda saMmata AtmasvarUpa sAMkhyayoga kI bahutvaviSayaka kalpanA kA ekasvarUpa meM parimArjanamAtra hai, jaba ki nyAyavaizeSika saMmata AtmasvarUpa jaina aura sAMkhyayoga kI kalpanA kA mizraNamAtra hai / bauddha saMmata AtmasvarUpa jaina kalpanA kA hI tarkazodhita rUpa hai| ekatvarUpa cAritravidyA zrAtmA aura karma ke svarUpa ko jAnane ke bAda hI yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki AdhyAtmika utkrAnti ma cAritra kA. kyA sthAna hai / mokSatattvaciMtakoM ke anusAra cAritra kA uddezya AtmA ko karma se mukta karanA hI hai / cAritra ke dvArA karma se mukti mAna lene para bhI yaha prazna rahatA hI hai ki svabhAva se zuddha aise AtmA ke sAtha pahale-pahala kama kA saMbaMdha kaba aura kyoM huA yA aisA saMbaMdha kisane kiyA? isI taraha yaha bhI prazna upasthita hotA hai ki svabhAva se zuddha aise zrAtmatattva ke sAtha yadi kisI na kisI taraha se karma kA saMbandha huA mAnA jAe to cAritra

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128 jaina dharma aura darzana ke dvArA mukti siddha hone ke bAda bhI phira karma saMbaMdha kyoM nahIM hogA ? ina do praznoM kA uttara AdhyAtmika sabhI ciMtakoM ne lagabhaga eka sA hI diyA hai / sAMkhyayoga ho yA vedAnta, nyAyavaizeSika ho yA bauddha ina sabhI darzanoM kI taraha jaina darzana kA bhI yahI maMtavya hai ki karma aura zrAtmA kA saMbaMdha anAdi hai kyoMki usa saMbaMdha kA dikSaNa sarvathA jJAnasImA ke bAhara hai / sabhI ne yaha mAnA hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma - vidyA yA mAyA kA saMbaMdha pravAha rUpa se anAdi hai phira bhI vyakti rUpa se vaha saMbaMdha sAdi hai kyoMki hama sabakA aisA anubhava hai ki ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa se hI karmavAsanA kI utpatti jIvana meM hotI rahatI hai / sarvathA karma chUTa jAne para jo AtmA kA pUrNa zuddharUpa prakaTa hotA hai usameM punaH karma yA vAsanA utpanna kyoM nahIM hotI isakA khulAsA tarkavAdI AdhyAtmika ciMtakoM ne yoM kiyA hai ki AtmA svabhAvataH zuddhi:pakSapAtI hai / zuddhi ke dvArA cetanA Adi svAbhAvika guNoM kA pUrNa vikAsa hone ke bAda ajJAna yA rAga-dveSa jaise doSa jar3a se hI ucchinna ho jAte haiM arthAt ve prayatnapUrvaka zuddhi ko prApta aise Atmatattva meM apanA sthAna pAne ke lie sarvathA nirbala ho jAte haiM / cAritra kA kArya jIvanagata vaiSamya ke kAraNoM ko dUra karanA hai, jo jaina paribhASA meM 'saMvara' kahalAtA hai / vaiSamya ke mUla kAraNa ajJAna kA nivAraNa AtmA kI samyak pratIti se hotA hai aura rAga-dveSa jaise klezoM kA nivAraNa mAdhyasthya kI siddhi se / isalie zrantara cAritra meM do hI bAteM AtI haiM / (1) zrAtma-jJAna - viveka-khyAti (2) mAdhyasthya yA rAga-dveSa Adi klezoM kA jaya / dhyAna, vrata, niyama, tapa, Adi jo-jo upAya zrantara cAritra ke poSaka hote haiM ve hI bAhya cAritra rUpa se sAdhaka ke lie upAdeya mAne gae haiM / AdhyAtmika jIvana kI utkrAnti zrAntara cAritra ke vikAsakrama para avalaMbita hai / isa vikAsakrama kA guNasthAna rUpa se jaina paramparA meM atyaMta vizada aura vistRta varNana hai / AdhyAtmika utkrAnti krama ke jijJAsutroM ke lie yogazAstraprasiddha madhumatI Adi bhUmikAoM kA, bauddhazAstraprasiddha sotApanna Adi bhUmikAoM kA, yogavAsiSThaprasiddha ajJAna aura jJAnabhUmikAoM kA, AjIvaka-paraMparAprasiddha maMda-bhUmi Adi bhUmikAoM kA aura jaina paraMparA prasiddha guNasthAnoM kA tathA yoga dRSTiyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahuta rasaprada evaM upayogI hai, jisakA varNana yahA~ saMbhava nhiiN| jijJAsu anyatra prasiddha ' lekhoM se jAna sakatA hai / 1. "bhAratIya darzanomAM zradhyAtmika vikAsakrama - purAtattva 150 146 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 126 ____ maiM yahA~ una caudaha guNasthAnoM kA varNana na karake saMkSepa meM tIna bhamikAoM kA hI paricaya diye detA hU~, jinameM guNasthAnoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| pahalI bhUmikA hai bahirAtma, jisameM AtmajJAna yA vivekakhyAti kA udaya hI nahIM hotaa| dUsarI bhUmikA antarAtma hai, jisameM AtmajJAna kA udaya to hotA hai para rAga-dveSa Adi kleza maMda hokara bhI apanA prabhAva dikhalAte rahate haiN| tIsarI bhUmikA hai paramAtmA / isameM rAga-dveSa kA pUrNa uccheda hokara vItarAgatva prakaTa hotA hai / lokavidyA lokavidyA meM loka ke svarUpa kA varNana hai / jIva-cetana aura ajIvaacetana yA jar3a ina do tattvoM kA sahacAra hI loka hai| cetana-acetana donoM tattva na to kisI ke dvArA kabhI paidA hue haiM aura na kabhI nAza pAte haiM phira bhI svabhAva se pariNAmAntara pAte rahate haiN| saMsAra kAla meM cetana ke Upara adhika prabhAva DAlanevAlA dravya eka mAtra jar3a-paramANupuMja pudgala hai, jo nAnArUpa se cetana ke saMbaMdha meM AtA hai aura usakI zaktiyoM ko maryAdita bhI karatA hai| cetana tattva kI sAhajika aura maulika zaktiyoM aisI haiM jo yogya dizA pAkara kabhI na kabhI una jar3a dravyoM ke prabhAva se use mukta bhI kara detI haiN| jar3a aura cetana ke pArasparika prabhAva kA kSetra hI loka hai aura usa prabhAva se chuTakArA pAnA hI lokAnta hai / jaina paraMparA kI lokakSetra-viSayaka kalpanA sAMkhya-yoga, purANa aura bauddha Adi paraMparAoM kI kalpanA se aneka aMzoM meM milatI-julatI hai| __jaina paraMparA nyAyavaizeSika kI taraha paramANuvAdI hai, sAMkhyayoga kI taraha prakRtivAdI nahIM hai tathApi jaina paraMparA sammata paramANu kA svarUpa sAMkhya-paraMparA sammata prakRti ke svarUpa ke sAtha jaisA milatA hai vaisA nyAyavaizeSikasammata paramANu svarUpa ke sAtha nahIM milatA, kyoMki jaina sammata paramANu sAMkhyasammata prakRti kI taraha pariNAmI hai, nyAyavaizeSika sammata paramANu kI taraha kUTastha nahIM hai| isIlie jaise eka hI sAMkhyasaMmata prakRti pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu Adi aneka bhautika sRSTiyoM kA upAdAna banatI hai vaise hI jaina sammata eka hI paramANu pRthvI, jala, teja Adi nAnArUpa meM pariNata hotA hai| jaina paraMparA nyAyavaizeSika kI taraha yaha nahIM mAnatI ki pArthiva, jalIya Adi bhautika paramANu mUla meM hI sadA bhinna jAtIya haiN| isake sivAya aura bhI eka antara dhyAna dene yogya hai| vaha yaha ki jainasammata paramANu vaizeSika sammata paramANu kI apekSA itanA adhika sUkSma hai ki anta meM vaha sAMkhyasammata prakRti jaisA hI avyakta bana jAtA hai / jaina

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jaina dharma aura darzana paraMparA kA anaMta paramANuvAda prAcIna sAMkhyasammata puruSabahutvAnurUpa prakRtibahutvavAda' se dUra nahIM hai| jainamata aura Izvara - jaina paraMparA sAMkhyayoga mImAMsaka Adi paraMparAyoM kI taraha loka ko pravAha rUpa se anAdi aura anaMta hI mAnatI hai / vaha paurANika yA vaizeSika mata ko taraha usakA sRSTisaMhAra nahIM mAnatI . ataeva jaina paraMparA meM kA saMhartA rUpa se Izvara jaisI svataMtra vyakti kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai / jaina siddhAMta kahatA hai ki pratyeka jIva apanI-apanI sRSTi kA zrApa hI kartA hai| usake anusAra tAttvika dRSTi se pratyeka jIva meM Izvara bhAva hai jo mukti ke samaya prakaTa hotA hai / jisakA Izvara bhAva prakaTa huaA hai vahI sAdhAraNa logoM ke lie upAsya banatA hai| yogazAstrasaMmata Izvara bhI mAtra upAsya hai, katA saMhartA nahIM, para jaina aura yogazAstra kI kalpanA meM antara hai| vaha yaha ki yogazAstra sammata Izvara sadA mukta hone ke kAraNa anya puruSoM se bhinna koTi kA hai; jaba ki jainazAstra saMmata Izvara vaisA nahIM hai / jainazAstra kahatA hai ki prayatna sAdhya hone ke kAraNa hara koI yogya sAdhaka Izvaratva lAbha karatA hai aura sabhI mukta samAna bhAva se Izvara rUpa se upAsya haiN| zrutavidyA aura pramANa vidyA purAne aura apane samaya taka meM jJAta aise anya vicArakoM ke vicAroM kA tathA svAnubhavamUlaka apane vicAroM kA satyalakSI saMgraha hI zrutavidyA hai| zrutavidyA kA dhyeya yaha hai ki satyasparzI kisI bhI vicAra yA vicArasaraNI kI avagaNanA yA upekSA na ho| isI kAraNa se jaina paraMparA kI zrutividyA navanava vidyAoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha vikasita hotI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zrutavidyA meM saMgrahanayarUpa se jahA~ prathama sAMkhyasammata sadadvaita liyA gayA vahIM brahmAdvaita ke vicAra vikAsa ke bAda saMgrahanaya rUpa se brahmAdvaita vicAra ne bhI sthAna prApta kiyA hai| isI taraha jahA~ RjusUtra nayarUpa se prAcIna bauddha kSaNikavAda saMgrahIta huA hai vahIM Age ke mahAyAnI vikAsa ke bAda RjusUtra nayarUpa se 1. SaDdarzanasamuccaya-guNaratnaTIkA-pR0-66----"maulikasAMkhyA hi zrAtmAnamAtmAnaM prati pRthak pradhAnaM vadanti / uttare tu sAMkhyAH sarvAtmasvapi eka nityaM pradhAnamiti prpnnaaH|

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jainadharma kA prANa 131 vaibhASika, sautrAntika, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ina cAroM prasiddha bauddha zAkhAoM kA saMgraha huA hai| anekAnta dRSTi kA kAryapradeza itanA adhika vyApaka hai ki isameM mAnavajIvana kI hitAvaha aisI sabhI laukika lokottara vidyAe~ apanA-apanA yogya sthAna prApta kara letI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina zrutavidyA meM lokottara vidyAoM ke alAvA laukika vidyAoM ne bhI sthAna prApta kiyA hai| pramANavidyA meM pratyakSa, anumiti Adi jJAna ke saba prakAroM kA, unake sAdhanoM kA tathA unake balAbala kA vistRta vivaraNa AtA hai| isameM bhI anekAnta dRSTi kA aisA upayoga kiyA gayA hai ki jisase kisI bhI tattvaciMtaka ke yathArtha vicAra kI avagaNanA yA upekSA nahIM hotI, pratyuta jJAna aura usake sAdhana se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle sabhI jJAna vicAroM kA yathAvat viniyoga kiyA gayA hai| __ yahA~ taka kA varNana jaina paraMparA ke prANabhUta ahiMsA aura anekAnta se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai / jaise zarIra ke binA prANa kI sthiti asaMbhava hai vaise hI dharmazarIra ke sivAya dharma prANa kI sthiti bhI asaMbhava hai| jaina paraMparA kA dharmazarIra bhI saMgha. racanA, sAhitya, tIrtha, mandira Adi dharmasthAna, zilpasthApatya, upAsanAvidhi, graMthasaMgrAhaka bhAMDAra Adi aneka rUpa se vidyamAna hai / yadyapi bhAratIya saMskRti kI virAsata ke avikala adhyayana kI dRSTi se jainadharma ke Upara sUcita aMgoM kA tAttvika evaM aitihAsika varNana Avazyaka evaM rasaprada bhI hai tathApi vaha prastuta nibaMdha kI maryAdA ke bAhara hai / ataeva jijJAsutroM ko anya sAdhanoM ke dvArA apanI jijJAsA ko tRpta karanA caahie| I0 1646]

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jaina - saMskRti kA hRdaya saMskRti kA srota - saMskRti kA srota nadI ke aise pravAha ke samAna hai jo apane prabhavasthAna se anta taka aneka dUsare choTe-moTe jala srotoM se mizrita, parivardhita aura parivartita hokara aneka dUsare mizraNoM se bhI yukta hotA rahatA hai aura udgama sthAna meM pAe jAnevAle rUpa, sparza, gandha tathA svAda Adi meM kucha-na-kucha parivartana bhI prApta karatA rahatA hai / jaina kahalAne vAlI saMskRti bhI usa saMskRti - sAmAnya ke niyama kA apavAda nahIM hai / jisa saMskRti ko Aja hama jaina-saMskRti ke nAma se pahacAnate haiM usake sarvaprathama, AvirbhAvaka kauna the aura unase vaha pahile-pahala kisa svarUpa meM udgata huI isakA pUrA-pUrA sahI varNana karanA itihAsa kI sImA ke bAhara hai / phira bhI usa purAtana pravAha kA jo aura jaisA srota hamAre sAmane hai tathA vaha jina AdhAroM ke paTa para bahatA calA AyA hai, usa srota tathA una sAdhanoM ke Upara vicAra karate hue hama jaina- saMskRti kA hRdaya thor3A-bahuta pahicAna pAte haiM / 1 jaina - saMskRti ke do rUpa jaina-saMskRti ke bhI, dUsarI saMskRtiyoM kI taraha, do rUpa haiN| eka bAhya aura dUsarA zrAntara / bAhya rUpa vaha hai jise usa saMskRti ke alAvA dUsare loga bhI zrAMkha, kAna Adi bAhya indriyoM se jAna sakate haiN| para saMskRti kA zrAntara svarUpa aisA nahIM hotA / kyoMki kisI bhI saMskRti ke zrAntara svarUpa kA sAkSAt zrAkalana to sirpha usI ko hotA hai jo use apane jIvana meM tanmaya kara le | dUsare loga use jAnanA cAheM to sAkSAt darzana kara nahIM skte| para usa zrAntara saMskRtimaya jIvana bitAnevAle puruSa yA puruSoM ke jIvana vyavahAroM se tathA AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa para par3anevAle unake asaroM se ve kisI bhI antara saMskRti kA andAjA lagA sakate haiN| yahAM mujhe mukhyatayA jaina-saMskRti ke usa zrAntara rUpa kA yA hRdaya kA hI paricaya denA hai, jo bahudhA abhyAsajanita kalpanA tathA mumAna para hI nirbhara hai /

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133 jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya jaina-saMskRti kA bAhya svarUpa jaina saMskRti ke bAharI svarUpa meM, anya saMskRtiyoM ke bAharI svarUpa kI taraha aneka vastuoM kA samAveza hotA hai| zAstra, usakI bhASA, mandira, usakA sthApatya, mUrti-vidhAna, upAsanA ke prakAra, usameM kAma AnevAle upakaraNa tathA dravya, samAja ke khAnapAna ke niyama, utsava, tyauhAra Adi aneka viSayoM kA jaina samAja ke sAtha eka nirAlA saMbandha hai aura pratyeka viSaya apanA khAsa itihAsa bhI rakhatA hai| ye sabhI bAteM bAhyasaMskRti kI aMga haiM para yaha koI niyama nahIM hai ki jahA~-jahA~ aura jaba ye tathA aise dUsare aMga maujUda hoM vahA~ aura taba usakA hRdaya bhI avazya honA hI cAhie / bAhya agoM ke hote hue bhI kabhI hRdaya nahIM rahatA aura bAhya aMgoM ke abhAva meM bhI saMskRti kA hRdaya saMbhava hai| isa dRSTi ko sAmane rakhakara vicAra karanevAlA koI bhI vyakti bhalIbhAMti samajha sakegA ki jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya, jisakA varNana maiM yahA~ karane jA rahA hUM vaha kevala jaina samAjajAta aura jaina kahalAne vAle vyaktiyoM meM hI saMmava hai aisI * koI bAta nahIM hai| sAmAnya loga jinheM jaina samajhate haiM, yA jo apane ko jaina kahate haiM, unameM agara Antarika yogyatA na ho to vaha hRdaya saMbhava nahIM aura jaina nahIM kahalAne vAle vyaktiyoM meM bhI agara vAstavika yogyatA ho to vaha hRdaya saMbhava hai| isa taraha jaba saMskRti kA bAhya rUpa samAja taka hI sImita hone ke kAraNa anya samAja meM sulabha nahIM hotA taba saMskRti kA hRdaya usa samAja ke anuyAyiyoM kI taraha itara samAja ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhI saMbhava hotA hai / saca to yaha hai ki saMskRti kA hRdaya yA usakI AtmA itanI vyApaka aura svatantra hotI hai ki use deza, kAla, jAta-pAta, bhASA aura rIti-rasma Adi na to sImita kara sakate haiM aura na apane sAtha bAMdha sakate haiN| jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya-nivarttaka dharma aba prazna yaha hai ki jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya kyA cIja hai ? isakA saMkSipta javAba to yahI hai ki nivartaka dharma jaina saMskRti kI AtmA hai| jo dharma nivRtti karAne vAlA arthAt punarjanma ke cakra kA nAza karAne vAlA ho yA usa nivRtti ke sAdhana rUpa se jisa dharma kA AvirbhAva, vikAsa aura pracAra huA ho vaha nivataka dharma kahalAtA hai| isakA asalI artha samajhane ke lie hameM prAcIna kintu samakAlIna itara dharma-svarUpoM ke bAre meM thor3A sA vicAra karanA hogaa|

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134 jaina dharma aura darzana dharmoM kA vargIkaraNa isa samaya jitane bhI dharma duniyAM meM jIvita haiM yA jinakA thor3A-bahuta itihAsa milatA hai, una saba ke Antarika svarUpa kA agara vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya to vaha mukhyatayA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hotA hai| 1-pahalA vaha hai, jo maujUdA janma kA hI vicAra karatA hai / 2-dUsarA vaha hai jo maujUdA janma ke alAvA janmAntara kA bhI vicAra karatA hai| 3-tIsara vaha hai jo janma-janmAntara ke uparAnta usake nAza kA yA uccheda kA bhI vicAra karatA hai| anAtmavAda Aja kI taraha bahuta purAne samaya meM bhI aise vicAraka loga the jo vartamAna jIvana meM prApta honevAle sukha se usa pAra kisI anya sukha kI kalpanA se na to prerita hote the aura na usake sAdhanoM kI khoja meM samaya bitAnA ThIka samajhate the| unakA dhyeya vartamAna jIvana kA sukha-bhoga hI thA / aura ve isI dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie saba sAdhana juTAte the| ve samajhate the ki hama jo kucha haiM vaha isI janma taka haiM aura mRtyu ke bAda hama phira janma le nahIM skte| bahuta huA to hamAre punarjanma kA artha hamArI santati kA cAlU rahanA hai / ataeva hama jo acchA kareMge usakA phala isa janma ke bAda bhogane ke vAste hameM utpanna honA nahIM hai| hamAre kiye kA phala hamArI santAna yA hamArA samAja bhoga sakatA hai| ise punarjanma kahanA ho to hameM koI Apatti nhiiN| aisA vicAra karanevAle varga ko hamAre prAcInatama zAstroM meM bhI anAtmavAdI yA nAstika kahA gayA hai / vahI varga kabhI Age jAkara cArvAka kahalAne lgaa| isa varga kI dRSTi meM sAdhya-puruSArtha eka mAtra kAma arthAt sukha-bhoga hI hai| usake sAdhana rUpa se vaha varga dharma kI kalpanA nahIM karatA yA dharma nAma se taraha-taraha ke vidhi-vidhAnoM para vicAra nahIM karatA / ataeva isa varga ko eka mAtra kAma-puruSArthI yA bahuta huA to kAma aura artha ubhayapuruSArthI kaha sakate haiN| pravartaka-dharma dUsarA vicAraka varga zArIrika jIvanagata sukha ko sAdhya to mAnatA hai para vaha mAnatA hai ki jaisA maujUdA janma meM sukha sambhava hai vaise hI prANI mara kara phira punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai aura isa taraha janmajanmAntara meM zArIrika-mAnasika sukhoM

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jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya ke prakarSa-apakarSa kI zRMkhalA cala rahI hai / jaise isa janma meM vaise hI janmAntara meM bhI hameM sukhI honA ho, yA adhika sukha pAnA ho, to isake vAste hameM dharmAnuSThAna bhI karanA hogA / arthopArjana Adi sAdhana vartamAna janma meM upakAraka bhale hI hoM para janmAntara ke ucca aura uccatara sukha ke lie hameM dharmAnuSThAna avazya karanA hogaa| aisI vicAra-saraNI vAle loga taraha-taraha ke dharmAnuSThAna karate the aura usake dvArA paraloka tathA lokAntara ke ucca sukha pAne kI zraddhA bhI rakhate the| yaha varga aAtmavAdI aura punarjanmavAdI to hai hI para usakI kalpanA janma-janmAntara meM adhikAdhika sukha pAne kI tathA prApta sukha ko adhika-se-adhika samaya taka sthira rakhane kI hone se usake dharmAnuSThAnoM ko pravartaka-dharma kahA gayA hai / pravartaka dharma kA saMkSepa meM sAra yaha hai ki jo aura jaisI samAja vyavasthA ho use isa taraha niyama aura kartavya-baddha banAnA ki jisase samAja kA pratyeka sabhya apanI-apanI sthiti aura kakSA meM sukha lAbha kare aura sAtha hI aise janmAntara ko taiyArI kare ki jisase dUsare janma meM bhI vaha vartamAna janma kI apekSA adhika aura sthAyI sukha pA sake / pravartaka-dharma kA uddezya samAja vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha janmAntara kA sudhAra karanA hai, na ki janmAntara kA uccheda / pravartaka-dharma ke anusAra kAma, artha aura dharma, tIna puruSArtha haiM / usameM mokSa nAmaka cauthe puruSArtha kI koI kalpanA nahIM hai| prAcIna IrAnI Arya jo avastA ko dharmagrantha mAnate the aura prAcIna vaidika Arya jo mantra aura brAhmaNarUpa veda bhAga ko hI mAnate the, ve saba ukta pravartaka-dharma ke anuyAyI haiN| Age jAkara vaidika darzanoM meM jo mImAMsA-darzana nAma se karmakANDI darzana prasiddha huA vaha pravartaka-dharma kA jIvita rUpa hai| nivartaka dharma nivartaka-dharma Upara sUcita pravartaka-dharma kA bilakula virodhI hai / jo vicAraka isa loka ke uparAnta lokAntara aura janmAntara mAnane ke sAtha-sAtha usa janmacakra ko dhAraNa karanevAlI AtmA ko pravartaka-dharma-vAdiyoM kI taraha to mAnate hI the; para sAtha hI ve janmAntara meM prApya ucca, uccatara aura cirasthAyI sukha se santuSTa na the / unakI daSTi yaha thI ki isa janma yA janmAntara meM kitanA hI U~cA sukha kyoM na mile, vaha kitane hI dIrgha kAla taka kyoM na sthira rahe para agara vaha sukha kabhI na kabhI nAza pAnevAlA hai to phira vaha ucca aura cirasthAyI sukha bhI aMta meM nikRSTa sukha kI koTi kA hone se upAdeya ho nahIM sktaa| ve loga aise kisI sukha kI khoja meM the jo eka bAra prAsa hone ke bAda kabhI naSTa na ho| isa khoja kI

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jaina dharma aura darzana sUjha ne unheM mokSa puruSArtha mAnane ke lie bAdhita kiyA / ve mAnane lage ki eka aisI bhI AtmA kI sthiti saMbhava hai jise pAne ke bAda phira kabhI janma-janmAntara yA deha-dhAraNa karanA nahIM par3atA / ve AtmA ko usa sthiti ko mokSa yA janmanivRtti kahate the / pravartaka-dharmAnuyAyI jina ucca aura uccatara dhArmika anuSThAnoM se isa loka tathA paraloka ke utkRSTa sukhoM ke lie prayatna karate the una dhArmika anuSThAnoM ko nivartaka-dharmAnuyAyI apane sAdhya mokSa yA nivRtti ke lie na kevala aparyAsa hI samajhate balki ve unheM mokSa pAne meM bAdhaka samajhakara una saba dhArmika anuSThAnoM ko Atyantika heya batalAte the / uddezya aura dRSTi meM pUrvapazcima jitanA antara hone se pravartaka-dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke lie jo upAdeya vahI nivartaka-dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke lie heya bana gayA / yadyapi mokSa ke lie pravartaka-dharma bAdhaka mAnA gayA para sAtha hI mokSavAdiyoM ko apane sAdhya mokSa-puruSArtha ke upAya rUpa se kisI sunizcita mAge kI khoja karanA bhI anivArya rUpa se prApta thA / isa khoja kI sUjha ne unheM eka aisA mArga, eka aisA upAya sujhAyA jo kisI bAharI sAdhana para nirbhara na thA / vaha eka mAtra sAdhaka kI apanI vicAra. zuddhi aura vartana zuddhi para avalaMbita thA / yahI vicAra aura vartana kI Atyantika zuddhi kA mArga nivartaka dharma ke nAma se yA mokSa-mArga ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| ____ hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke vicitra aura vividhi tAne-bAne kI jAMca karate haiM taba hameM spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detA hai ki bhAratIya AtmavAdI darzanoM meM karmakANDI mImAMsaka ke alAvA sabhI nivartaka dharmavAdI haiN| avaidika mAne jAnevAle bauddha aura jaina darzana kI saMskRti to mUla meM nivartaka-dharma svarUpa hai hI para vaidika samajhe jAnevAle nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga tathA aupaniSada darzana kI AtmA bhI nivartaka-dharma para hI pratiSThita hai / vaidika ho yA avaidika ye sabhI nivartaka-dharma pravartaka-dharma ko yA yajJayAgAdi anuSThAnoM ko anta meM heya hI batalAte haiN| aura ve sabhI samyak jJAna yA zrAtma-jJAna ko tathA aAtma-jJAnamUlaka anAsakta jIvana vyavahAra ko upAdeya mAnate haiN| evaM usI ke dvArA punarjanma ke cakra se chuTTI pAnA saMbhava batalAte haiM / samAjagAmI pravartaka-dharma__ Upara sUcita kiyA jA cukA hai ki pravartaka-dharma samAjagAmI thA / isakA matalaba yaha thA ki pratyeka vyakti samAja meM rahakara hI sAmAjika kartavya jo aihika jIvana se saMbandha rakhate haiM aura dhArmika kartavya jo pAralaukika jIvana se saMbandha rakhate haiM, unakA pAlana kre| pratyeka vyakti janma se hI RSi-RNa

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jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya 137 arthAt vidyAdhyayanAdi, pitR RNa arthAt saMtati-jananAdi aura devaRNa arthAt yajJayAgAdi bandhanoM se Abaddha hai / vyakti ko sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM 1 kA pAlana karake apanI kRpaNa icchA kA saMzodhana karanA iSTa hai / para usakA nirmUla nAza karanA na zakya aura na iSTa / pravartaka dharma ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ke lie grasthAzrama jarUrI hai use lAMgha kara koI vikAsa kara nahIM sakatA / vyaktigAmI nivartaka-dharma -- nivartaka-dharma vyaktigAmI hai / vaha AtmasAkSAtkAra kI utkRSTa vRtti meM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa jijJAsu ko zrAtma tattva hai yA nahIM, hai to vaha kaisA hai, usakA anya ke sAtha kaisA saMbaMdha hai, usakA sAkSAtkAra saMbhava hai to kina-kina upAyoM se saMbhava hai, ityAdi praznoM kI ora prerita karatA hai / ye prazna aise nahIM haiM ki jo ekAnta-cintana, dhyAna, tapa aura asaMgatApUrNa jIvana ke sivAya sulajha sakeM / aisA saccA jIvana khAsa vyaktiyoM ke lie hI saMbhava ho sakatA hai / usakA samAjagAmI honA saMbhava nahIM / isa kAraNa pravartaka dharma kI apekSA nivartaka-dharma kA kSetra zurU meM bahuta parimita rahA / nivartaka-dharma ke lie gRhasthAzrama kA baMdhana thA hI nahIM / vaha gRhasthAzrama binA kiye bhI vyakti ko sarvatyAga kI anumati detA hai / kyoMki usakA AdhAra icchA kA saMzodhana nahIM para usakA nirodha hai / ataeva pravartaka dharmaM samasta sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM se baddha hone kI bAta nahIM mAnatA / usake anusAra vyakti ke lie mukhya kartavya eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki jisa taraha ho AtmasAkSAtkAra kA aura usameM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kare / nivartaka-dharma kA prabhAva va vikAsa - jAna par3atA hai isa deza meM jaba pravartaka dharmAnuyAyI vaidika Arya pahalepahala Ae taba bhI kahIM na kahIM isa deza meM nivartaka-dharma eka yA dUsare rUpa meM pracalita thaa| zurU meM ina do dharma saMsthAnoM ke vicAroM meM paryAsa saMgharSa rahA para nivartaka-dharma ke ine-gine sacce anugAmiyoM kI tapasyA, dhyAna-praNAlI aura saMgacaryA kA sAdhAraNa janatA para jo prabhAva dhIre-dhIre bar3ha rahA thA usane pravartaka dharma ke kucha anugAmitroM ko bhI apanI ora khIMcA aura nivartaka-dharma ' kI saMsthAnoM kA aneka rUpa meM vikAsa honA zurU huA / isakA prabhAvakArI phala anta meM yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma ke AdhAra rUpa jo brahmacarya aura gRhastha do Azrama mAne jAte the unake sthAna meM pravartaka dharma ke puraskartAoM ne pahale to vAnaprastha sahita tIna aura pIche saMnyAsa sahita cAra AzramoM ko jIvana meM

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jaina dharma aura darzana sthAna diyaa| nivartaka-dharma kI aneka saMsthAoM ke bar3hate hue janavyApI prabhAva ke kAraNa anta meM to yahA~ taka pravartaka dharmAnuyAyI brAhmaNoM ne vidhAna mAna liyA ki gRhasthAzrama ke bAda jaise saMnyAsa nyAyaprApta hai vaise hI agara tIvra vairAgya ho to gRhasthAzrama binA kiye bhI sIdhe hI brahmacaryAzrama se pravrajyAmArga nyAyapAsa hai| isa taraha jo pravartaka-dharma kA jIvana meM samanvaya sthira huzrA usakA phala hama dArzanika sAhitya aura prajAjIvana meM Aja bhI dekhate haiM / samanvaya aura saMgharSaNa jo tattvajJa RSi pravartaka-dharma ke anuyAyI brAhmaNoM ke vaMzaja hokara bhI nivataka-dharma ko pUre taura se apanA cuke the unhoMne cintana aura jIvana meM nivartakadharma kA mahattva vyakta kiyaa| phira bhI unhoMne apanI paitrika saMpatti rUpa pravattakadharma aura usake AdhArabhUta vedoM kA prAmANya mAnya rakhA / nyAyavaizeSika darzana ke aura aupaniSada darzana ke zrAdya draSTA aise hI tattvajJa RSi the| nivartaka-dharma ke koI-koI puraskartA aise bhI hue ki jinhoMne tapa, dhyAna aura AtmasAkSAtkAra ke bAdhaka kriyAkAMDa kA to AtyaMtika virodha kiyA para usa kriyAkANDa kI AdhArabhUta zruti kA sarvathA virodha nahIM kiyaa| aise vyaktiyoM meM sAMkhya darzana ke Adi puruSa kapila Adi RSi the| yahI kAraNa hai ki mUla meM sAMkhya-yoga darzana pravartaka-dharma kA virodhI hone para bhI anta meM vaidika darzanoM meM samA gayA / samanvaya ko aisI prakriyA isa deza meM zatAbdiyoM taka clii| phira kucha aise prAtyantikavAdI donoM dharmoM meM hote rahe ki ve apane-apane pravartaka yA nivataka-dharma ke alAvA dUsare pakSa ko na mAnate the, aura na yukta batalAte the / bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke pahale bhI aise aneka nivartaka-dharma ke puraskartA hue haiM / phira bhI mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya meM to isa deza meM nivartaka-dharma kI poSaka aisI aneka saMsthAe~ thIM aura dUsarI aneka aisI naI paidA ho rahI thIM ki jo pravartakadharma kA ugratA se virodha karatI thii| aba taka nIca se U~ca taka ke vargoM meM nivataka-dharma kI chAyA meM vikAsa pAnevAle vividha taponuSThAna, vividha dhyAna-mArga aura nAnAvidha tyAgamaya prAcAroM kA itanA adhika prabhAva phailane lagA thA ki phira eka bAra mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya meM pravartaka aura nivartaka-dharma ke bIca prabala virodha kI lahara uThI jisakA sabUta hama jaina-bauddha vAGmaya tathA samakAlIna brAhmaNa vAGmaya meM pAte haiN| tathAgata buddha aise pakva vicAraka aura dRr3ha the ki jinhoMne kisI bhI taraha se apane nivartaka-dharma meM pravartaka-dharma ke AdhArabhUta mantavyoM aura zAstroM ko Azraya nahIM diyaa| dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra bhI aise hI

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jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya 136 kaTTara nivartaka-dharmI the| ataeva hama dekhate haiM ki pahile se Aja taka jaina aura bauddha sampradAya meM aneka vedAnuyAyI vidvAn brAhmaNa dIkSita hue phira bhI unhoMne jaina aura bauddha vAGmaya meM veda ke prAmANya sthApana kA na koI prayatna kiyA aura na kisI brAmaNagranthavihita yajJayAgAdi karmakANDa ko mAnya rkhaa| nivataka-dharma ke mantavya aura AcAra zatAbdiyoM hI nahIM balki sahasrAbdi pahale se lekara jo dhIre-dhIre nivartaka dhame ke aGga-pratyakSa rUpa se aneka mantavyoM aura prAcAroM kA mahAvIra-buddha taka ke samaya meM vikAsa ho cukA thA ve saMkSepa meM ye haiM:-1-Atmazuddhi hI jIvana kA mukhya uddezya hai, na ki aihika yA pAralaukika kisI bhI pada kA mahattva / 2-. isa uddezya kI pUrti meM bAdhaka AdhyAtmika moha, avidyA aura tajjanya tRSNA kA. mUloccheda krnaa| 3-isake lie Adhyatmika jJAna aura usake dvArA sAre jIvana vyavahAra ko pUrNa nistRSNa bnaanaa| isake vAste zArIrika, mAnasika, vAcika, vividha tapasyAoM kA tathA nAnA prakAra ke dhyAna, yoga-mArga kA anusaraNa aura tIna cAra yA pA~ca mahAvratoM kA yAjjIvana anuSThAna | 4-kisI bhI AdhyAtmika anubhava vAle manuSya ke dvArA kisI bhI bhASA meM kahe gaye prAdhyAtmika varNana vAle vacanoM ko hI pramANa rUpa se mAnanA, na ki IzvarIya yA apauruSeya rUpa se svIkRta kisI khAsa bhASA meM racita granthoM ko| 5-yogyatA aura gurupada kI kasauTI eka mAtra jIvana kI AdhyAtmika zuddhi, na ki janmasiddha varNavizeSa / isa dRSTi se strI aura zUdra taka kA dharmAdhikAra utanA hI hai, jitanA eka brAhmaNa aura kSatriya puruSa kaa| 6-madya-mAMsa Adi kA dhArmika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM nissedh| ye tathA inake jaise lakSaNa jo pravartaka-dharma ke zrAcAroM aura vicAroM se judA par3ate the ve deza meM jar3a jamA cuke the aura dinaba-dina vizeSa bala pakar3ate jAte the / nirgrantha-sampradAya.. kamoveza ukta lakSaNoM ko dhAraNa karanevAlI aneka saMsthAoM aura sampra-, dAyoM meM eka aisA purAnA nivartaka-dharmI sampradAya thA jo mahAvIra ke pahile bahuta zatAbdiyoM se apane khAsa DhaGga se vikAsa karatA jA rahA thA / usI sampradAya meM pahile nAbhinandana RSabhadeva, yadunandana neminAtha aura kAzIrAjaputra pArzvanAtha ho cuke the, yA ve usa sampradAya meM mAnya puruSa bana cuke the| usa sampradAya ke samaya-samaya para aneka nAma prasiddha rahe / yati, bhintu, muni, anagAra,

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140 jaina dharma aura darzana zramaNa Adi jaise nAma to usa sampradAya ke lie vyavahRta hote the para jaba dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra usa sampradAya ke mukhiyA bane taba sambhavataH vaha sampradAya nirmanya nAma se vizeSa prasiddha huA / yadyapi nivartaka-dharmAnuyAyI panthoM meM U~cI zrAdhyAtmika bhUmikA para pahuMce hue vyakti ke vAste 'jina' zabda sAdhAraNa rUpa se prayukta hotA thaa| phira bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM aura unake kucha samaya bAda taka bhI mahAvIra kA anuyAyI sAdhu yA gRhastha varga 'jaina' (jinAnuyAyI) nAma se vyavahRta nahIM hotA thaa| Aja jaina zabda se mahAvIrapoSita sampradAya ke 'tyAgI' gRhastha' sabhI anuyAyiyoM kA jo bodha hotA hai isake lie pahile 'niggaMtha' aura 'samaNovAsaga' Adi jaise zabda vyavahRta hote the| jaina aura bauddha sampradAya___isa nirgrantha yA jaina sampradAya meM Upara sUcita nivRtti-dharma ke saba lakSaNa bahudhA the hI para isameM RSabha Adi pUrvakAlIna tyAgI mahApuruSoM ke dvArA tathA anta meM jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke dvArA vicAra aura AcAragata aisI choTI-bar3I aneka vizeSatAe~ AI thIM va sthira ho gaI thI ki jinase jJAtaputra-mahAvIra poSita yaha sampradAya dUsare nivRttigAmI sampradAyoM se khAsa judA rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue thA / yahA~ taka ki yaha jaina sampradAya bauddha sampradAya se bhI khAsa pharka rakhatA thaa| mahAvIra aura buddha na kevala samakAlIna hI the balki ve bahudhA eka hI pradeza meM vicarane vAle tathA samAna aura samakakSa anuyAyitroM ko eka hI bhASA meM upadeza karate the| donoM ke mukhya uddezya meM koI antara nahIM thA phira bhI mahAvIra poSita aura buddhasaMcAlita sampradAyoM meM zurU se hI khAsa antara rahA jo jJAtavya hai / bauddha sampradAya buddha ko hI Adarza rUpa se pUjatA hai tathA buddha ke hI upadezoM kA Adara karatA hai jaba ki jaina sampradAya mahAvIra Adi ko iSTa deva mAnakara unhIM ke vacanoM ko mAnya rakhatA hai| bauddha cittazuddhi ke lie dhyAna aura mAnasika saMyama para jitanA jora dete haiM utanA jora bAhya tapa aura dehadamana para nhiiN| jaina dhyAna aura mAnasika saMyama ke alAvA dehadamana para bhI adhika jora dete rahe / buddha kA jIvana jitanA lokoM meM hilane-milanevAlA tathA unake upadeza jitane adhika sIdhe-sAde lokasevAgAmI haiM vaisA mahAvIra kA jIvana tathA upadeza nahIM haiN| bauddha anagAra kI bAhyacaryA utanI niyantrita nahIM rahI jitanI jaina anagAroM kii| isake sivAya aura bhI aneka vizeSatAe~ haiM jinake kAraNa bauddha sampradAya bhArata ke samudra aura parvatoM kI sImA lAMghakara usa purAne

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jana-saMskRti kA hRdaya 141 samaya meM bhI aneka bhinna-bhinna bhASA-bhASI, sabhya-asabhya jAtiyoM meM dUra-dUra taka phailA aura karor3oM abhAratiyoM ne bhI bauddha AcAra-vicAra ko apane-apane DhaMga se apanI-apanI bhASA meM utArA va apanAyA jaba ki jaina sampradAya ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM huaa| yadyapi jaina saMpradAya ne bhArata ke bAhara sthAna nahIM jamAyA phira bhI vaha bhArata ke dUravartI saba bhAgoM meM dhIre-dhIre na kevala phaila hI gayA balki usane apanI kucha khAsa vizeSatAoM kI chApa prAyaH bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM para thoDI bahuta jarUra ddaalii| jaise-jaise jaina saMpradAya pUrva se uttara aura pazcima tathA dakSiNa kI ora phailatA gayA vaise-vaise usa pravartaka-dharma vAle tathA nivRtti-paMthI anya saMpradAyoM ke sAtha thor3e-bahuta saMgharSa meM bhI AnA pdd'aa| isa saMgharSa meM kabhI to jaina AcAra-vicAroM kA asara dUsare saMpradAyoM para par3A aura kabhI dasare saMpradAyoM ke prAcAra-vicAroM kA asara jaina saMpradAya para bhI pdd'aa| yaha kriyA kisI eka hI samaya meM yA eka hI pradeza meM kisI eka hI vyakti ke dvArA saMpanna nahIM huii| balki dRzya-adRzyI rUpa meM hajAroM varSa taka calatI rahI aura zrAja bhI cAlU hai| para anta meM jaina saMpradAya aura dUsare bhAratIya-bhAratIya sabhI dharma-saMpradAyoM kA sthAyI, sahiSNutApUrNa samanvaya siddha ho gayA hai jaise ki eka kuTumba ke bhAiyoM meM hokara rahatA hai| isa pIr3hiyoM ke samanvaya ke kAraNa sAdhAraNa loga yaha jAna hI nahIM sakate ki usake dhArmika AcAra-vicAra kI kauna-sI bAta maulika hai aura kauna-sI dUsaroM ke saMsarga kA pariNAma hai| jaina AcAra-vicAra kA jo asara dUsaroM para par3A hai usakA digdarzana karAne ke pahile dUsare saMpradAyoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA jaina-mArga para jo asara par3A hai use saMkSepa meM batalAnA ThIka hogA jisase ki jaina saMskRti kA hArda saralatA se samajhA jA ske| anya saMpradAyoM kA jaina-saMskRti para prabhAva indra, varuNa Adi svargIya deva-deviyoM kI stuti, upAsanA ke sthAna meM jainoM kA zrAdarza hai niSkalaMka manuSya kI upAsanA / para jaina AcAra-vicAra meM bahiSkRta deva deviyA~, punaH gauNa rUpa se hI sahI, stuti-prArthanA dvArA ghusa hI gaI, jisakA ki jaina saMskRti ke uddezya ke sAtha koI bhI mela nahIM hai / jaina-paraMparA ne upAsanA meM pratIka rUpa se manuSya mUrti ko sthAna to diyA, jo ki usake uddezya ke sAtha saMgata hai, para sAtha hI usake AsapAsa zRMgAra va ADambara kA itanA saMbhAra A gayA jo ki nivRtti ke lakSya ke sAtha bilakula asaMgata hai|

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142 jaina dharma aura darzana strI aura zUdra ko AdhyAtmika samAnatA ke nAte U~cA uThAne kA tathA samAja meM sammAna va sthAna dilAne kA jo jaina saMskRti kA uddezya rahA vaha yahA~ taka lusa ho gayA ki na kevala usane zUdroM ko apanAne kI kriyA hI banda kara dI balki usane brAhmaNa-dharma-prasiddha jAti kI dIbAre bhI khar3I kI / yahA~ taka ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paraMparA kA prAdhAnya rahA vahA~ to usane apane ghere meM se bhI zUdra kahalAne vAle logoM ko ajaina kahakara bAhara kara diyA aura zurU meM jaina-saMkRti jisa jAti-bheda kA virodha karane meM gaurava samajhatI thI usane dakSiNa jaise dezoM meM nae jAti-bheda kI sRSTi kara dI tathA striyoM ko pUrNa AdhyAtmika yogyatA ke liye asamartha karAra diyA jo ki spaSTataH kaTTara brAhmaNa-paraMparA kA hI asara hai| mantra jyotiSa zrAdi vidyAe~ jinakA jaina saMskRti ke dhyeya ke sAtha koI saMbandha nahIM ve bhI jaina saMskRti meM aaii| itanA hI nahIM balki AdhyAtmika jIvana svIkAra karanevAle anagAroM taka ne una vidyAtroM ko apnaayaa| jina yajJopavIta Adi saMskAroM kA mUla meM jaina saMskRti ke sAtha koI saMbandha na thA ve hI dakSiNa hindustAna meM madhyakAla meM jaina-saMskRti kA eka aMga bana gae aura isake lie brAhmaNa-paraMparA kI taraha jaina-paraMparA meM bhI eka purohita varga kAyama ho gayA / yajJayAgAdi kI ThIka nakala karane vAle kriyAkANDa pratiSThA Adi vidhiyoM meM zrA ge| ye tathA aisI dUsarI aneka choTI-moTI bAteM isalie ghaTIM ki jaina-saMskRti ko una sAdhAraNa anuyAyiyoM kI rakSA karanI thI jo ki dUsare virodhI sampradAyoM meM se Akara usameM zarIka hote the, yA dUsare sampradAyoM ke AcAra-vicAroM se apane ko bacA na sakate the / aba hama thor3e meM yaha bhI dekheMge ki jaina-saMskRti kA dUsaroM para kyA khAsa asara pdd'aa| jaina-saMskRti kA prabhAva yoM to siddhAntataH sarvabhUtadayA ko sabhI mAnate haiM para prANirakSA ke Upara jitanA jora jaina-paraMparA ne diyA, jitanI lagana se usane isa viSaya meM kAma kiyA usakA natIjA sAre aitihAsika yuga meM yaha rahA hai ki jahA~-jahA~ aura jaba-java jaina logoM kA eka yA dUsare kSetra meM prabhAva rahA sarvatra Ama janatA para prANirakSA kA pravala saMskAra par3A hai| yahA~ taka ki bhArata ke aneka bhAgoM meM apane ko ajaina kahane vAle tathA jaina-virodhI samajhane vAle sAdhAraNa loga bhI jIva-mAtra kI hiMsA se napharata karane lage haiM / ahiMsA ke isa sAmAnya saMskAra ke hI kAraNa aneka vaiSNava Adi jainetara paraMparAoM ke prAcAra-vicAra, purAnI vaidika paraMparA se. vilakula judA ho gae haiM / tapasyA ke bAre meM bhI aisA

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jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya 143 hI huA hai / tyAgI ho yA gRhastha sabhI jaina tapasyA ke Upara adhikAdhika jhukate rahe haiN| isakA phala par3osI samAjoM para itanA adhika par3A hai ki unhoMne bhI eka yA dUsare rUpa se anekavidha sAttvika tapasyAe~ apanA lI haiM / aura sAmAnyarUpa se sAdhAraNa janatA jainoM kI tapasyA kI ora AdarazIla rahI hai| yahA~ taka ki aneka bAra musalamAna samrATa tathA dUsare samartha adhikAriyoM ne tapasyA se AkRSTa hokara jaina-sampradAya kA bahumAna hI nahIM kiyA hai balki use aneka suvidhAe~ bhI dI haiM, madya-nAMsa Adi sAta vyasanoM ko rokane tathA unheM ghaTAne ke lie jaina-varga ne itanA adhika prayatna kiyA hai ki jisase vaha vyasanasevI aneka jAtiyoM meM susaMskAra DAlane meM samartha huA hai / yadyapi bauddha Adi dUsare sampradAya pUre bala se isa susaMskAra ke lie prayatna karate rahe para jainoM kA prayatna isa dizA meM Aja taka jArI hai aura jahA~ jainoM kA prabhAva ThIkaThIka hai vahA~ isa svairavihAra ke svatantra yuga meM bhI musalamAna aura dUsare mAMsabhakSI loga bhI khullamakhullA mAMsa-madya kA upayoga karane meM sakucAte haiN| lokamAnya tilaka ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki gujarAta Adi prAntoM se jo prANirakSA aura nirmAsa bhojana kA Agraha hai vaha jaina-paraMparA kA hI prabhAva hai| jaina vicArasaraNI kA eka maulika siddhAnta yaha hai ki pratyeka vastu kA vicAra adhikAdhika pahaluoM aura adhikAdhika dRSTikoNoM se karanA aura vivAdAspada viSaya meM bilakula apane virodhI pakSa ke abhiprAya ko bhI utanI hI sahAnubhUti se samajhane kA prayatna karanA jitanI ki sahAnubhUti apane pakSa kI aora ho / aura anta meM samanvaya para hI jIvana-vyavahAra kA phaisalA karanA / yoM to yaha siddhAnta sabhI vicArakoM ke jIvana meM eka yA dUsare rUpa se kAma karatA hI rahatA hai| isake sivAya prajAjIvana na to vyavasthita bana sakatA hai aura na zAntilAbha kara sakatA hai| para jaina vicArakoM ne usa siddhAnta kI itanI adhika carcA kI hai aura usa para itanA adhika jora diyA hai ki jisase kaTTara-se-kaTTara virodhI saMpradAyoM ko bhI kucha-na-kucha preraNA milatI hI rahI hai / rAmAnuja kA viziSTAdvaita upaniSad kI bhUmikA ke Upara anekAntavAda hI to hai / jaina-paraMparA ke Adarza jaina-saMskRti ke hRdaya ko samajhane ke lie hameM thor3e se una AdarzoM kA paricaya karanA hogA jo pahile se Aja taka jaina-paraMparA meM ekase mAnya haiM aura pUje jAte haiN| saba se purAnA zrAdarza jaina-paraMparA ke sAmane RSabhadeva aura unake parivAra kA hai / RSabhadeva ne apane jIvana kA sabase bar3A bhAga una javAbadehiyoM

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144 jaina dharma aura darzana ko buddhipUrvaka adA karane meM bitAyA jo prajA pAlana kI jimmevArI ke sAtha una para A par3I thiiN| unhoMne usa samaya ke bilakula apar3ha logoM ko likhanA-par3hanA sikhAyA, kucha kAma-dhandhA na jAnane vAle banacaroM ko unhoMne khetI-bAr3I tathA bar3haI, kumhAra Adi ke jIvanopayogI dhandhe sikhAe, Apasa meM kaise baratanA, kaise niyamoM kA pAlana karanA yaha bhI sikhaayaa| jaba unako mahasUsa huA ki aba bar3A putra bharata prajAzAsana kI saba javAbadehiyoM ko nibAha legA taba use rAjyabhAra sauMpa kara gahare zrAdhyAtmika praznoM kI chAnabIna ke lie utkaTa tapasvI hokara ghara se nikala pdd'e| RSabha deva kI do putriyA~ brAhmI aura sundarI nAma kI thiiN| usa z2amAne meM bhAI-bahana ke bIca zAdI kI prathA pracalita thii| sundarI ne isa prathA kA virodha karake apanI saumya tapasyA se bhAI bharata para aisA prabhAva DAlA ki jisase bharata ne na kevala sundarI ke sAtha vivAha karane kA vicAra hI chor3A balki vaha usakA bhakta bana gayA / Rgveda ke yamIsUkta meM bhAI yama ne bhaginI yamI kI lagna-mAMga ko asvIkAra kiyA jaba ki bhaginI sundarI ne bhAI bharata kI lagna mAMga ko tapasyA meM pariNata kara diyA aura phalataH bhAI-bahana ke lagna kI pratiSThita prathA nAmazeSa ho gii| RSabha ke bharata aura bAhubalI nAmaka putroM meM rAjya ke nimitta bhayAnaka yuddha zurU hA / anta meM dvanda yuddha kA phaisalA huA / bharata kA pracaNDa prahAra niSphala gyaa| jaba bAhubalI kI bArI AI aura samarthatara bAhubalI ko jAna par3A ki mere muSTi prahAra se bharata kI avazya durdazA hogI taba usane usa bhrAtRvijayAbhimukha kSaNa ko Atmavijaya meM badala diyaa| usane yaha soca kara ki rAjya ke nimitta lar3AI meM vijaya pAne aura vaira-prati vaira tathA kuTumba kalaha ke bIja bone kI apekSA saccI vijaya ahaMkAra aura tRSNA-jaya meM hI hai| usane apane bAhubala ko krodha aura abhimAna para hI jamAyA aura avaira se vaira ke pratikAra kA jIvantadRSTAnta sthApita kiyA / phala yaha huA ki anta meM bharata kA bhI lobha tathA garva kharva huaa| eka samaya thA jaba ki kevala kSatriyoM meM hI nahIM para sabhI vargoM meM mAMsa khAne kI prathA thI / nitya prati ke bhojana, sAmAjika utsava, dhArmika anuSThAna ke avasaroM para pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha aisA hI pracalita aura pratiSThita thA jaisA Aja nAriyaloM aura phaloM kA car3hAnA / usa yuga meM yadunandana nemikumAra ne eka ajIba kadama utthaayaa| unhoMne apanI zAdI para bhojana ke vAste katala kiye jAnevAle nirdoSa pazu-pakSioM kI Arta mUka vANI se sahasA pighalakara nizcaya

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jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya .. 145 kiyA ki ve aisI zAdI na kareMge jisameM anAvazyaka aura nirdoSa pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha hotA ho / usa gambhIra nizcaya ke sAtha ve sabakI sunI-anasunI karake bArAta se zIghra vApisa lauTa aae| dvArakA se sIdhe giranAra parvata para jAkara unhoMne tapasyA kii| kaumAravaya meM rAjaputrI kA tyAga aura dhyAna-tapasyA kA mArga apanAkara unhoMne usa cira-pracalita pazu-pakSI-vadha kI prathA para AtmadRSTAnta se itanA sakhta prahAra kiyA ki jisase gujarAta bhara meM aura gujarAta ke prabhAvavAle dusare prAntoM meM bhI vaha prathA nAma-zeSa ho gaI aura jagaha-jagaha Aja taka calI AnevAlI piMjarApoloM kI lokapriya saMsthAoM meM parivartita ho gii| pArzvanAtha kA jIvana-Adarza kucha aura hI rahA haiN| unhoMne eka bAra durvAsA jaise sahajakopI tApasa tathA unake anuyAiyoM kI nArAjagI kA khatarA uThAkara bhI eka jalate sA~pa ko gIlI lakar3I se bacAne kA prayatna kiyA / phala yaha huA hai ki Aja bhI jaina prabhAva vAle kSetroM meM koI sA~pa taka ko nahIM mAratA / dIrgha tapaspI mahAvIra ne bhI eka bAra apanI ahiMsA-vRtti kI pUrI sAdhanA kA aisA hI paricaya diyA / jaba jaMgala meM ve dhyAnastha khar3e the eka pracaNDa viSadhara ne unheM Dasa liyA, usa samaya ve na kevala dhyAna meM acala hI rahe balki unhoMne maitrI-bhAvanA kA usa viSadhara para prayoga kiyA jisase vaha "ahiMsA pratiSThAyAM tatsaMnidhau vairatyAgaH" isa yogasUtra kA jIvita udAharaNa bana gyaa| aneka prasaMgoM para yajJayAgAdi dhArmika kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA ko to rokane kA bharasaka prayatna ve Ajanma karate hI rhe| aise hI Adarzo se jaina-saMskRti utprANita hotI AI hai aura aneka kaThinAiyoM ke bIca bhI usane apane AdarzoM ke hRdaya ko kisI na kisI taraha sa~bhAlane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo bhArata ke dhArmika, sAmAjika aura rAjakIya itihAsa meM jIvita hai| jaba kabhI suyoga milA tabhI tyAgI tathA rAjA, mantrI tathA vyApArI Adi gRhasthoM ne jaina-saMskRti ke ahiMsA, tapa aura saMyama ke AdarzoM kA apane DhaMga se pracAra kiyaa| saMskRti kA uddezya__ saMskRti mAtra kA uddezya hai mAnavatA kI bhalAI kI ora Age bddh'naa.| yaha uddezya vaha tabhI sAdha sakatI hai jaba vaha apane janaka aura poSaka rASTra kI bhalAI meM yoga dene ko aora sadA agrasara rhe| kisI bhI saMskRti ke bAhya aGga kevala abhyudaya ke samaya hI panapate haiM aura aise hI samaya ve AkarSaka lagate haiM / para saMskRti ke hRdaya kI bAta judrI hai / samaya aAfata kA ho yA abhyudaya kA, usakI anivArya AvazyakatA sadA eka sI banI rahatI hai| koI bhI saMskRti kevala apane

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.146 jaina dharma aura darzana itihAsa aura purAnI yazogAthAoM ke sahAre na jIvita raha sakatI hai aura na pratiSThA pA sakatI hai jaba taka vaha bhAvI nirmANa meM yoga na de / isa dRSTAnta se bhI jaina-saMskRti para vicAra karanA saMgata hai / hama Upara batalA Ae haiM ki yaha saMskRti mUlataH pravRtti, arthAt punarjanma se chuTakArA pAne kI dRSTi se zrAvirbhUta huI / isake AcAra-vicAra kA sArA DhAMcA usI lakSya ke anukUla banA hai / para hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki Akhira meM vaha saMskRti vyakti taka sImita na rahI / usane eka viziSTa samAja kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / nivRtti aura pravRtti - samAja koI bhI ho vaha eka mAtra nivRtti kI bhUlabhulaiyoM para na jIvita raha sakatA hai aura na vAstavika nivRtti hI sAdha sakatA hai| yadi kisI taraha nivRtti ko na mAnanevAle aura sirpha pravRtticakra kA hI mahattva mAnanevAle Akhira meM usa pravRtti ke tUphAna aura AMdhI meM hI phaMsakara mara sakate haiM to yaha bhI utanA hI saca hai ki pravRtti kA zrAzraya binA lie nivRtti havA kA kilA hI bana jAtA hai / aitihAsika aura dArzanika satya yaha hai ki pravRtti aura nivRtti eka hI mAnavakalyANa ke sikke ke do pahalU haiM / doSa, galatI, burAI aura kalyANa se taba taka koI nahIM baca sakatA jaba taka vaha doSanivRtti ke sAtha hI sAtha sadguNoM kI aura kalyANamaya pravRtti meM bala na lagAve / koI bhI bImAra kevala apathya aura puSTi kupathya se nivRtta hokara jIvita nahIM raha sakatA / use sAtha-hI-sAtha pathyasevana karanA cAhie / zarIra se dUSita rakta ko nikAla DAlanA jIvana ke liye agara jarUrI hai to utanA hI jarUrI usameM nae rudhira kA saMcAra karanA bhI hai| nivRttilakSI pravRtti RSabha se lekara Aja taka nivRttigAmI kahalAne vAlI jaina-saMskRti bhI jo kisI na kisI prakAra jIvita rahI hai vaha eka mAtra nivRtti ke bala para nahIM kintu kalyANakArI pravRtti ke sahAre para / yadi pravartaka dharmI brAhmaNoM ne nivRtti mArga ke sundara tatvoM ko apanAkara eka vyApaka kalyANakArI saMskRti kA aisA nirmANa kiyA hai jo gItA meM ujjIvita hokara Aja nae upayogI svarUpa meM gAMdhIjI ke dvArA punaH apanA saMskaraNa kara rahI hai to nivRttilakSI jaina saMskRti ko bhI kalyANAbhimukha zrAvazyaka pravRttiyoM kA sahArA lekara hI zrAja kI badalI huI paristhiti meM jInA hogA / jaina saMskRti meM tattvajJAna aura pracAra ke jo mUla niyama haiM aura vaha jina AdarzoM ko Aja taka pU~jI mAnatI AI hai unake

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jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya 47 AdhAra para vaha pravRtti kA aisA maMgalamaya yoga sAdha sakatI hai jo saba ke lie kSemaMkara ho / 1 jaina paraMparA meM prathama sthAna hai tyAgiyoM kA, dUsarA sthAna hai gRhasthoM kA / tyAgiyoM ko jo pA~ca mahAvrata dhAraNa karane kI AjJA hai vaha adhikAdhika sadguNoM pravRtti karane kI yA sadguNa - poSaka pravRtti ke lie bala paidA karane kI prAthamika zarta mAtra hai| hiMsA, satya, corI, parigraha Adi doSoM se binA bace sadguNoM meM pravRtti ho hI nahIM sakatI aura sadguNapoSaka pravRti ko binAjIvana meM sthAna diye hiMsA Adi se bace rahanA bhI sarvathA asambhava hai / isa deza meM jo loga dUsare nivRtti-paMthoM kI taraha jaina-paMtha meM bhI eka mAtra nivRtti kI aikAntika sAdhanA kI bAta karate haiM ve ukta satya bhUla jAte haiM / jo vyakti sArvabhauma mahAvratoM ko dhAraNa karane kI zakti nahIM rakhatA usake lie jaina paraMparA meM aNuvratoM kI sRSTi karake dhIre-dhIre nivRtti kI ora Age bar3hane kA mArga bhI rakhA hai aise gRhasthoM ke lie hiMsA Adi doSoM se aMzataH bacane kA usakA matalaba yahI hai ki gRhastha pahale doSoM se bacane kA sAtha hI yaha Adeza hai ki jisa-jisa doSa ko ve dUra kareM usa usa doSa ke virodhI sadguNoM ko jIvana meM sthAna dete jaaeN| hiMsA ko dUra karanA ho to prema aura Atmaupamya ke sadguNa ko jIvana meM vyakta karanA hogA / satya for bole aura satya bolane kA bala binA pAe asatya se nivRtti kaise hogI ? parigraha aura lobha se bacanA ho to santoSa aura tyAga jaisI guNa poSaka pravRttiyoM maiM apane Apa ko khapAnA hI hogaa| isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina-saMskRti para yadi Aja vicAra kiyA jAe to zrAjakala kI kasauTI ke kAla meM jainoM ke lie nIce likhI bAteM kartavyarUpa phalita hotI haiM / vidhAna kiyA hai / abhyAsa kareM / para jaina-varga kA karttavya 1 - - - - deza meM nirakSaratA, vahama aura zrAlasya vyApta hai / jahA~ dekho vahA~ phUMTa hI phUTa hai| zarAba aura dUsarI nazIlI cIjeM jar3a pakar3a baiThI haiM | duSkAla, ativRSTi, pararAjya aura yuddha ke kAraNa mAnava jIvana kA eka mAtra AdhAra pazudhana nAmazeSa ho rahA hai / ataeva isa saMbandha meM vidhAyaka pravRttiyoM kI ora sAre tyAgI varga kA dhyAna jAnA cAhie, jo varga kuTumba ke bandhanoM se barI hai, mahAvIra kA Atmaupamya kA uddezya lekara ghara se alaga huA hai aura RSabhadeva - tathA neminAtha ke AdarzoM ko jIvita rakhanA cAhatA hai / 2 -- deza meM garIbI aura bekArI kI koI sImA nahIM hai / khetI-bArI aura

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148 jaina dharma aura darzana udyoga-dhandhe apane astitva ke lie buddhi, dhana, parizrama aura sAhasa kI apekSA kara rahe haiM / ataeva gRhasthoM kA yaha dharma ho jAtA hai ki ve saMpatti kA upayoga tathA viniyoga rASTra ke lie kareM / ve gAMdhIjI ke TrasTIzipa ke siddhAnta ko amala meM lAe~ / buddhisaMpanna aura sAhasikoM kA dharma hai ki ve namra banakara aise hI kAmoM meM laga jAe~ jo rASTra ke lie vidhAyaka haiM / kA~gresa kA vidhAyaka kAryakrama kA~gresa kI ora se rakhA gayA hai isalie vaha upekSaNIya nahIM hai / asala meM vaha kAryakrama jaina-saMskRti kA jIvanta aMga hai| dalitoM aura aspRzyoM ko bhAI kI taraha binA apanAeM kauna yaha kaha sakegA ki maiM jaina hU~ ? khAdI aura aise dUsare udyoga jo adhika se adhika hiMsA ke najadIka haiM aura eka mAtra Atmaupamya evaM parigraha dharma ke poSaka haiM unako uttejanA diye binA kauna kaha sakegA ki maiM hiMsA kA upAsaka hU~ ? ataeva upasaMhAra meM itanA hI kahanA cAhatA hU~ ki jaina loga, nirarthaka ADambaroM aura zakti ke apavyayakArI prasaMgoM meM apanI saMskRti surakSita hai, yaha bhrama chor3akara usake hRdaya kI rakSA kA prayatna kareM, jisameM hindU aura musalamAnoM kA hI kyA, sabhI kaumoM kA mela bhI nihita hai / saMskRti kA saMketa -- saktipUrvaka aura Asakti saMskRti-mAtra kA saMketa lobha aura moha ko ghaTAne va nirmUla karane kA hai, na ki pravRtti ko nirmUla karane kA / vahI pravRtti tyAjya hai jo zrAsakti ke binA kabhI saMbhava hI nahIM, jaise kAmAcAra va vaiyaktika parigraha Adi / jo pravRttiyA~ samAja kA dhAraNa, poSaNa, vikasana karanevAlI haiM ve ke sivAya bhI saMbhava haiM / ataeva saMskRti Asakti ke hai / jaina saMskRti yadi saMskRti - sAmAnya kA apavAda bane meM miTa jA sakatI hai / I0 1642 ] tyAgamAtra kA saMketa karatI to vaha vikRta banakara aMta J [ vizvavyApI

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kAntavAda kI maryAdA jainadharma kA mUla - koI bhI viziSTa darzana ho yA dharma pantha, usakI AdhArabhUta - usake mUla pravartaka puruSa kI - eka khAsa dRSTi hotI hai; jaise ki - zaMkarAcArya kI apane matanirUpaNa meM 'advaita dRSTi' aura bhagavAn buddha kI apane dharma-pantha pravartana meM 'madhyama pratipadA dRSTi' khAsa dRSTi hai / jaina darzana bhAratIya darzanoM meM eka viziSTa darzana hai aura sAtha hI eka viziSTa dharma-pantha bhI hai, isalie usake pravartaka aura pracAraka mukhya puruSoM kI eka khAsa dRSTi unake mUla meM honI hI cAhie aura vaha hai bhI / yahI dRSTi anekAntavAda hai / tAttvika jaina- vicAraNA athavA AcAravyavahAra jo kucha bhI ho vaha saba anekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai / athavA yoM kahie ki aneka prakAra ke vicAroM tathA zrAcAroM meM se jaina vicAra aura jainA cAra kyA haiM ? kaise ho sakate haiM ? inheM nizcita karane va kasane kI eka mAtra kasauTI bhI anekAnta dRSTi hI hai / anta kA vikAsa aura usakA zreya - jaina-darzana kA Adhunika mUla rUpa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA kA phala hai / isalie sAmAnya rUpa se yahI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-darzana kI AdhAra - bhUta anekAnta-dRSTi bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA hI pahale pahala sthira kI gaI yA udbhAvita kI gaI hogI / parantu vicAra ke vikAsa krama aura purAtana itihAsa ke ciMtana karane se sAfa mAlUma par3a jAtA hai ki anekAnta dRSTi kA mUla bhagavAn mahAvIra se bhI purAnA hai | yaha ThIka hai ki jaina - sAhitya meM anekAnta-dRSTi kA jo svarUpa zrAjakala vyavasthita rUpa se aura vikasita rUpa se milatA hai vaha svarUpa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI kisI jaina yA jainatara sAhitya meM nahIM pAyA jAtA, to bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura usake samakAlIna bauddhasAhitya meM anekAnta-dRSTi- garbhita bikhare hue vicAra thor3e bahuta mila hI jAte haiN| isake sivAya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI bhagavAn pArzvanAtha hue haiM jinakA vicAra Aja yadyapi unhIM ke zabdoM meM asala rUpa meM nahIM pAyA jAtA

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150 jaina dharma aura darzana phira bhI unhoMne anekAnta-dRSTi kA svarUpa sthira karane meM athavA usake vikAsa meM kucha na kucha bhAga jarUra liyA hai, aisA pAyA jAtA hai / yaha saba hote hue bhI upalabdha-sAhitya kA itihAsa spaSTa rUpa se yahI kahatA hai ki 2500 varSa ke bhAratIya sAhitya meM jo anekAnta-dRSTi kA thor3A bahuta asara hai yA khAsaM taura se jaina-vADmaya meM anekAnta-dRSTi kA utthAna hokara kramazaH vikAsa hotA gayA hai aura jise dUsare samakAlIna dArzanika vidvAnoM ne apane-apane granthoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM apanAyA hai usakA mukhya zreya to bhagavAn mahAvIra ko hI hai; kyoMki jaba hama aAja dekhate haiM to upalabdha jaina-prAcIna granthoM meM anekAnta dRSTi kI vicAradhArA jisa spaSTa rUpa meM pAte haiM usa spaSTa rUpa meM use aura kisI prAcIna grantha meM nahIM paate| nAlaMdA ke prasiddha bauddha vidyApITha ke prAcArya zAntarakSita apane 'tattvasaMgraha' grantha meM anekAntavAda kA parIkSaNa karate hue kahate haiM ki vipra-mImAMsaka, nigraMtha jaina aura kApila-sAMkhya ina tInoM kA anekAntavAda samAna rUpa se khaNDita ho jAtA hai| isa kathana se yaha pAyA jAtA hai ki sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI ke bauddha zrAdi vidvAn anekAntavAda ko kevala jaina-darzana kA hI vAda na samajhate the kintu yaha mAnate the ki mImAMsaka, jaina aura sAMkhya tInoM darzanoM meM anekAntavAda kA zrAzrayaNa hai aura aisA mAnakara hI ve anekAntavAda kA khaNDana karate the / hama jaba mImAMsaka darzana ke zlokavArtika Adi aura sAMkhya yoga darzana ke pariNAmavAda sthApaka prAcIna-grantha dekhate haiM to niHsandeha yaha jAna par3atA hai ki una granthoM meM bhI jaina-granthoM kI taraha anekAnta-dRSTi mUlaka vicAraNA hai / ataeva zAntarakSita jaise vividha darzanAbhyAsI vidvAn ke isa kathana meM hameM tanika bhI sandeha nahIM rahatA ki mImAMsaka, jaina aura kApila tInoM darzanoM meM anekAntavAda kA avalambana hai / parantu zAntarakSita ke kathana ko mAnakara aura mImAMsaka tathA sAMkhya yoga darzana ke granthoM ko dekhakara bhI eka bAta to kahanI hI par3atI hai ki yadyapi anekAnta-dRSTi mImAMsaka aura sAMkhya yoga-darzana meM bhI hai tathApi vaha jaina-darzana ke granthoM kI taraha ati spaSTa rUpa aura ati vyApaka rUpa meM una darzanoM ke granthoM meM nahIM pAI jaatii| jaina-vicArakoM ne jitanA jora aura jitanA puruSArtha anekAnta dRSTi ke nirUpaNa meM lagAyA hai, usakA zatAMza bhI kisI darzana ke vidvAnoM ne nahIM lgaayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja jaba koI 'anekAntavAda' yA 'syAdvAda' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai taba sunanevAlA vidvAn usase sahasA jaina-darzana kA hI bhAva grahaNa karatA hai| Ajakala ke bar3e-bar3e vidvAn taka bhI yahI samajhate haiM ki 'syAdvAda' yaha to jainoM kA hI eka vAda hai /

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anekAntavAda kI maryAdA 151 isa samajha kA kAraNa hai ki jaina vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda ke nirUparaMga aura samarthana meM bahuta bar3e-bar3e grantha likha DAle haiM, aneka yuktiyoM kA zrAvirbhAva kiyA hai aura anekAntavAda ke zastra ke bala se hI unhoMne dUsare dArzanika vidvAnoM ke sAtha kuztI kI hai| isa carcA se do bAteM spaSTa ho jAtI haiM--eka to yaha ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane upadezoM meM anekAntavAda kA jaisA spaSTa zrAzraya liyA hai vaisA unake samakAlIna aura pUrvavartI darzana pravartakoM meM se kisI ne bhI nahIM liyA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anuyAyI jaina zrAcAryoM ne anekAnta dRSTi ke nirUpaNa aura samarthana karane meM jitanI zakti lagAI hai utanI aura kisI bhI darzana ke anugAmI AcAryoM ne nahIM lagAI / anekAnta dRSTi ke mUla tattva jaba sAre jaina vicAra aura AcAra kI nIMva anekAnta dRSTi hI hai taba pahale yaha dekhanA cAhie ki anekAnta dRSTi kina tattvoM ke AdhAra para khar3I kI gaI hai ? vicAra karane aura anekAnta dRSTi ke sAhitya kA avalokana karane se mAlUma hotA hai ki kAnta dRSTi satya para khar3I hai / yadyapi sabhI mahAn puruSa satya ko pasanda karate haiM aura satya kI hI khoja tathA satya ke hI nirUpaNa meM apanA jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, tathApi satya nirUpaNa kI paddhati aura satya kI khoja saba kI eka sI nahIM hotI / buddhadeva jisa zailI se satya kA nirUpaNa karate haiM yA zaGkarAcArya upaniSadoM ke AdhAra para jisa DhaMga se satya kA prakAzana karate haiM usase bha0 mahAvIra kI satya prakAzana kI zailI judA hai / bha0 mahAvIra kI satya prakAzana zailI kA hI dUsarA nAma ' anekAntavAda' hai / usake mUla meM do tattva haiM- pUrNatA aura yathArthatA / jo pUrNa hai aura pUrNa hokara bhI yathArtha rUpa se pratIta hotA hai vahI satya kahalAtA hai / / anekAnta kI khoja kA uddezya aura usake prakAzana kI zarteM www 1 vastu kA pUrNa rUpa meM trikAlAbAdhita - yathArtha darzana honA kaThina hai, kisI ko vaha ho bhI jAya tathApi usakA usI rUpa meM zabdoM ke dvArA ThIka-ThIka kathana karanA usa satyadraSTA aura satyavAdI ke lie bhI bar3A kaThina hai / koI usa kaThina kAma ko kisI aMza meM karanevAle nikala bhI Ae~ to bhI deza, kAla, paristhiti, bhASA aura zailI Adi ke anivArya bheda ke kAraNa una saba ke kathana meM kucha na kucha virodha yA bheda kA dikhAI denA anivArya hai / yaha to huI una pUrNadarzI aura satyavAdI ine-gine manuSyoM kI bAta, jinheM hama sirpha kalpanA yA anumAna se

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152 jaina dharma aura darzana samajha yA mAna sakate haiN| hamArA anubhava to sAdhAraNa manuSyoM taka parimita hai aura vaha kahatA hai ki sAdhAraNa manuSyoM meM bhI bahuta se yathArthavAdI hokara bhI apUrNadarzI hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM yathArthavAditA hone para bhI apUrNa darzana ke kAraNa aura use prakAzita karane kI apUrNa sAmagrI ke kAraNa satyapriya manuSyoM kI bhI samajha meM kabhI-kabhI bheda A jAtA hai aura saMskAra bheda unameM aura bhI pArasparika Takkara paidA kara detA hai| isa taraha pUrNadarzI aura apUrNadarzI sabhI satyavAdiyoM ke dvArA anta meM bheda aura virodha kI sAmagrI Apa hI Apa prastuta ho jAtI hai yA dUsare loga unase aisI sAmagrI paidA kara lete haiN| _aisI vastu sthiti dekhakara bha0 mahAvIra ne socA ki aisA kauna sA rAstA nikAlA jAe jisase vastu kA pUrNa yA apUrNa satya darzana karanevAle ke sAtha anyAya na ho| apUrNa aura apane se virodhI hokara bhI yadi dUsare kA darzana satya hai, isI taraha apUrNa aura dUsare se virodhI hokara bhI yadi apanA darzana satya hai to donoM ko hI nyAya mile isakA bhI kyA upAya hai ? isI ciMtanapradhAna tapasyA ne bhagavAn ko anekAnta dRSTi sujhAI, unakA satya saMzodhana kA saMkalpa siddha huaa| unhoMne usa milI huI anekAntadRSTi kI cAbI se vaiyaktika aura sAmaSTika jIvana kI vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika samasyAoM ke tAle khola diye aura samAdhAna prApta kiyaa| taba unhoMne jIvanopayogI vicAra aura prAcAra kA nirmANa karate samaya usa anekAnta dRSTi ko nimnalikhita mukhya zartoM para prakAzita kiyA aura usake anusaraNa kA apane jIvana dvArA unhIM zatoM para upadeza diyA / ve zarte isa prakAra haiM 1-rAga aura dveSajanya saMskAroM ke vazIbhUta na honA arthAt tejasvI madhyastha bhAva rkhnaa| 2-jaba taka madhyastha bhAva kA pUrNa vikAsa na ho taba taka usa lakSya kI ora dhyAna rakhakara kevala satya kI jijJAsA rkhnaa| 3-kaise bhI virodhI bhAsamAna pakSa se na ghabarAnA aura apane pakSa kI taraha usa pakSa para bhI AdarapUrvaka vicAra karanA tathA apane pakSa para bhI virodhI pakSa kI taraha tIvra samAlocaka dRSTi rakhanA / / 4-apane tathA dUsaroM ke anubhavoM meM se jo-jo aMza ThIka U~ce-cAhe ve virodhI hI pratIta kyoM na hoM-una sabakA viveka--prajJA se samanvaya karane kI udAratA kA abhyAsa karanA aura anubhava bar3hane para pUrva ke samanvaya meM jahA~ galatI mAlUma ho vahA~ mithyAbhimAna chor3a kara sudhAra karanA aura isI krama se Age bddh'naa|

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anekAntavAda kI maryAdA 153 . anekAnta sAhitya kA vikAsa- bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anekAnta dRSTi ko pahale apane jIvana meM utArA thA aura usake bAda hI dUsaroM ko isakA upadeza diyA thaa| isalie anekAntadRSTi kI sthApanA aura pracAra ke nimitta unake pAsa kAphI anubhavabalaM aura tapobala thA / ataeva unake mala upadeza meM se jo kucha prAcIna avazeSa Ajakala pAe jAte haiM una AgamagranthoM meM hama anekAnta-dRSTi ko spaSTa rUpa se pAte haiM sahI, para usameM tarkavAda yA khaNDana-maNDana kA vaha jaTila jAla nahIM pAte jo ki pichale sAhitya meM dekhane meM AtA hai| hameM una Agama granthoM meM anekAntadRSTi kA sarala svarUpa aura saMkSipta vibhAga hI najara AtA hai| parantu bhagavAn ke bAda jaba unakI dRSTi para saMpradAyakAyama huaA aura usakA anugAmI samAja sthira huA tathA bar3hane lagA, taba cAroM ora se anekAnta dRSTi para hamale hone lge| mahAvIra ke anugAmI prAcAryoM meM tyAga aura prajJA hone para bhI, mahAvIra jaisA spaSTa jIvana kA anubhava aura tapa na thA / isalie unhoMne una hamaloM se bacane ke lie naiyAyika gautama aura vAtsyAyana ke kathana kI taraha vAdakathA ke uparAnta jalpa aura kahIM-kahIM vitaNDA kA bhI Azraya liyA hai| anekAnta-daSTi kA jo tattva unako virAsata meM milA thA usake saMrakSaNa ke lie unhoMne jaise bana par3A vaise kabhI vAda kiyA, kabhI jalpa aura kabhI vitaNDA / isake sAtha hI sAtha unhoMne anekAnta dRSTi ko nirdoSa sthApita karake usakA vidvAnoM meM pracAra bhI karanA cAhA aura isa cAhajanita prayatna se unhoMne anekAnta-dRSTi ke aneka marmoM ko prakaTa kiyA aura unakI upayogitA sthApita kI / isa khaNDanamaNDana, sthApana aura pracAra ke karIba do hajAra varSoM meM mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ne sirpha anekAnta-dRSTi viSayaka itanA bar3A grantha samUha banA DAlA hai ki usakA eka khAsA pustakAlaya bana sakatA hai| pUrva-pazcima aura dakkhina-uttara hindustAna ke saba bhAgoM meM saba samayoM meM utpanna honevAle aneka choTe-bar3e aura pracaNDa AcAryoM ne aneka bhASAoM meM kevala anekAMta-dRSTi aura usameM se phalita hone vAle vAdoM para. daNDakAraNya se bhI kahIM vistRta, sUkSma aura jaTila carcA kI hai| zurU meM jo sAhitya anekAnta-dRSTi ke avalambana se nirmita huA thA usake sthAna para pichalA sAhitya khAsa kara tArkika sAhitya-mukhyatayA anekAnta-dRSTi ke nirUpaNa tathA usake Upara anya vAdiyoM ke dvArA kiye gae AkSepoM ke nirAkaraNa karane ke lie racA gyaa| isa taraha saMpradAya kI rakSA aura pracAra kI bhAvanA meM se jo kevala anekAnta viSayaka sAhitya kA vikAsa huzrA hai usakA varNana karane ke lie eka khAsI judI pustikA kI jarUrata hai| tathApi itanA to

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.154 jaina dharma aura darzana : yahA~ nirdeza kara denA hI cAhie ki samantabhadra aura siddhasena, haribhadra' aura akalaGka, vidyAnanda aura prabhAcandra, abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri tathA hemacandra aura yazovijayajI jaise prakANDa vicArakoM ne jo anekAnta dRSTi ke bAre meM likhA hai vaha bhAratIya darzana-sAhitya meM bar3A mahattva rakhatA hai aura vicArakoM ko unake granthoM meM se manana karane yogya bahuta kucha sAmagrI mila sakatI hai| phalitavAda___ anekAnta-dRSTi to eka mUla hai, usake Upara se aura usake Azraya paravividha vAdoM tathA carcAoM kA zAkhA-prazAkhAtroM kI taraha bahuta bar3A vistAra huA hai| usameM se mukhya do vAda yahA~ ullikhita kiye jAne yogya haiM-eka nayavAda aura dUsarA saptabhaMgIvAda / anekAnta-dRSTi kA AvirbhAva AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura dArzanika pradeza meM huA isalie usakA upayoga bhI pahale-pahala vahIM honA anivArya thA / bhagavAn ke irdagirda aura unake anuyAyI prAcAryoM ke samIpa jojo vicAra-dhArAe~ cala rahI thIM unakA samanvaya karanA anekAnta-dRSTi ke lie Avazyaka thaa| isI prApta kArya meM se 'nayavAda' kI sRSTi huii| yadyapi kisIkisI naya ke pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI udAharaNoM meM bhAratIya darzana ke vikAsa ke anusAra vikAsa hotA gayA hai / tathApi darzana pradeza meM se utpanna honevAle nayavAda kI udAharaNamAlA bhI Aja taka dArzanika hI rahI hai| pratyeka naya kI vyAkhyA aura carcA kA vikAsa huA hai para usakI udAharaNamAlA to dArzanikakSetra ke bAhara se AI hI nhiiN| yahI eka bAta samajhAne ke lie paryApta hai ki saba kSetroM ko vyApta karane kI tAkata rakhanevAle anekAnta kA prathama prAvirbhAva kisa kSetra meM huA aura hajAroM varSoM ke bAda taka bhI usakI carcA kisa kSetra taka parimita rahI? bhAratIya darzanoM meM jaina-darzana ke atirikta, usa samaya jo darzana ati prasiddha the aura pIche se jo ati prasiddha hue unameM vaizeSika, nyAya, sAMkhya, aupaniSadavedAnta, bauddha aura zAbdika-ye hI darzana mukhya haiN| ina prasiddha darzanoM ko pUrNa satya mAnane meM vastutaH tAttvika aura vyAvahArika donoM ApattiyA~ thIM aura unheM bilakula asatya kaha dene meM satya kA ghAta thA isalie unake bIca meM rahakara unhIM meM se satya ke gaveSaNa kA mArga sarala rUpa meM logoM ke sAmane pradarzita karanA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama upalabdha samagra jaina-vAGmaya meM nayavAda ke bheda-prabheda aura unake udAharaNa taka ukta darzanoM ke rUpa meM tathA unakI vikasita zAkhAoM ke rUpa meM hI pAte haiM / vicAra kI jitanI paddhatiyA~ usa samaya maujUda

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155 anekAntavAda kI maryAdA thIM, unake samanvaya karane kA Adeza-anekAnta-dRSTi ne kiyA aura usameM se nayavAda phalita huA jisase ki dArzanika mArA-mArI kama ho; para dUsarI tarapha eka-eka vAkya para adhairya aura nAsamajhI ke kAraNa paNDita-gaNa lar3A karate the| eka paNDita yadi kisI cIja ko nitya kahatA to dUsarA sAmane khar3A hokara yaha kahatA ki vaha to anitya hai, nitya nhiiN| isI taraha phira pahalA paNDita dUsare ke viruddha bola uThatA thaa| sirpha nityatva ke viSaya meM hI nahIM kintu pratyeka aMza meM yaha jhagar3A jahA~-tahA~ hotA hI rahatA thaa| yaha sthiti dekhakara anekAnta-daSTi vAle tatkAlIna prAcAryoM ne usa jhagar3e kA anta anekAnta-daSTi ke dvArA karanA cAhA aura usa prayatna ke pariNAma svarUpa 'saptabhaGgIvAda' phalita huaa| anekAnta-dRSTi ke prathama phalasvarUpa nayavAda meM to darzanoM ko sthAna milA hai aura usI ke dUsare phalasvarUpa saptabhaGgIvAda meM kisI eka hI vastu ke viSaya meM pracalita virodhI kathanoM ko yA vicAroM ko sthAna milA hai| pahale vAda meM samUce saba darzana saMgRhIta haiM aura dUsare meM darzana ke vizakalita mantavyoM kA samanvaya hai / pratyeka phalitavAda kI sUkSma carcA aura usake itihAsa ke lie yahA~ sthAna nahIM hai aura na utanA avakAza hI hai tathApi itanA kaha denA jarUrI hai ki anekAntadRSTi hI mahAvIra kI mUla raSTi aura svatantra dRSTi hai| nayavAda tathA saptabhaGgovAda Adi to usa dRSTi ke aitihAsika paristhiti anusArI prAsaMgika phala mAtra haiN| ataeva naya tathA saptabhaGgI Adi vAdoM kA svarUpa tathA unake udAharaNa badale bhI jA sakate haiM, para anekAnta-dRSTi kA svarUpa to eka hI prakAra kA raha sakatA haibhale hI usake udAharaNa badala jaaeN| anekAnta-dRSTi kA asara jaba dUsare vidvAnoM ne anekAnta-dRSTi ko tattvarUpa meM grahaNa karane kI jagaha sAMpradAyikavAda rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA taba usake Upara cAroM ora se prArUpoM ke prahAra hone lage / bAdarAyaNa jaise sUtrakAroM ne usake khaNDana ke lie sUtra raca DAle aura una sUtroM ke bhASyakAroM ne usI viSaya meM apane bhASyoM kI racanAe~ kI / vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti aura zAMtarakSita jaise bar3e-bar3e prabhAvazAlI bauddha vidvAnoM ne bhI anekAntavAda kI pUrI khabara lii| idhara se jaina vicAraka vidvAnoM ne bhI unakA sAmanA kiyA / isa pracaNDa saMgharSa kA anivArya pariNAma yaha AyA ki eka aora se anekAnta-dRSTi kA tarkabaddha vikAsa huA aura dUsarI ora se usakA prabhAva dUsare virodhI sAMpradAyika vidvAnoM para bhI par3A / dakSiNa hindustAna meM pracaNDa digambarAcAryoM aura prakANDa mImAMsaka tathA vedAnta ke vidvAnoM ke bIca

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156 jaina dharma aura darzana zAstrArtha kI kuztI huI usase anta meM anekAnta dRSTi kA hI asara adhika phailA / yahA~ taka ki rAmAnuja jaise bilakula jainatva virodhI prakhara AcArya ne zaMkarAcArya ke mAyAvAda ke viruddha apanA mata sthApita karate samaya zrAzraya to sAmAnya upaniSadoM kA liyA para unameM se viziSTAdvaita kA nirUpaNa karate samaya anekAntadRSTi kA upayoga kiyA, athavA yoM kahie ki rAmAnuja ne apane DhaMga se anekAntadRSTi ko viziSTAdvaita kI ghaTanA meM pariNata kiyA aura aupaniSada tattva kA jAmA pahanA kara anekAMta-dRSTi meM se viziSTAdvaitavAda khar3A karake anekAnta - dRSTi kI ora AkarSita janatA ko vedAnta mArga para sthira rakhA / puSTi-mArga ke puraskartA vallabha jo dakSiNa hindustAna meM hue, unake zuddhAdvata-viSayaka saba tattva, haiM to aupaniSadika para unakI sArI vicArasaraNI anekAnta-dRSTi kA nayA vedAntIya svA~ga hai / idhara uttara aura pazcima hindustAna meM jo dUsare vidvAnoM ke sAtha zvetAmbarIya mahAn vidvAnoM kA khaNDanamaNDana- viSayaka dvandva hunA usake phalasvarUpa anekAntavAda kA asara janatA meM phailA aura sAMpradAyika DhaMga se anekAMtavAda kA virodha karanevAle bhI jAnate anajAnate anekAMta dRSTi ko apanAne lge| isa taraha vAda rUpa meM anekAMta-dRSTi Aja taka jainoM kI hI banI huI hai tathApi usakA asara kisI na kisI rUpa meM hiMsA kI taraha vikRta yA ardhavikRta rUpa meM hindustAna ke haraeka bhAga meM phailA huA hai| isakA sabUta saba bhAgoM ke sAhitya meM se mila sakatA hai / vyavahAra meM anekAnta kA upayoga na hone kA natIjA jisa samaya rAjakIya ulaTa phera kA aniSTa pariNAma sthAyI rUpa se dhyAna meM yA na thA, sAmAjika burAiyA~ Aja kI taraha asahya rUpa meM khaTakatI na thIM, udyoga aura khetI kI sthiti Aja ke jaisI astavyasta huI na thI, samajhapUrvaka yA binA samajhe loga eka taraha se apanI sthiti meM saMtuSTaprAya the aura asaMtoSa kA dAvAnala Aja kI taraha vyApta na thA, usa samaya zrAdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM se AvirbhUta anekAnta-dRSTi kevala dArzanika pradeza meM rahI aura sirpha carcA tathA vAdavivAda kA viSaya banakara jIvana se alaga rahakara bhI usane apanA astitva kAyama rakhA, kucha pratiSThA bhI pAI, yaha saba usa samaya ke yogya thA / parantu Aja sthiti bilakula badala gaI hai; duniyA ke kisI bhI dharma kA tatva kaisA hI gaMbhIra kyoM na ho, para aba vaha yadi usa dharma kI saMsthAnoM taka yA usake paNDitoM tathA dharmaguruoM ke pravacanoM taka hI parimita rahegA to isa vaijJAnika prabhAva vAle jagata meM usakI kadara purAnI kabra se adhika nahIM hogI / anekAnta

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anekAntavAda kI maryAdA 157 dRSTi aura AdhArabhUta ahiMsA-ye donoM tattva mahAn se mahAn haiM, unakA prabhAva tathA pratiSThA jamAne meM jaina sampradAya kA bar3A bhArI hissA bhI hai para isa bIsavIM sadI ke viSama rASTrIya tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM una tattvoM se yadi koI khAsa phAyadA na pahu~ce to maMdira, maTha aura upAzrayoM meM hajAroM paNDitoM ke dvArA cillAhaTa macAe jAne para bhI unheM koI pUchegA nahIM, yaha niHsaMzaya bAta hai| jainaliMgadhArI saikar3oM dharmaguru aura saikar3oM paMDita anekAnta ke bAla kI khAla dina-rAta nikAlate rahate haiM aura ahiMsA kI sUkSma carcA meM khUna sukhAte tathA sira taka phor3A karate haiM, tathApi loga apanI sthiti ke samAdhAna ke lie unake pAsa nahIM phaTakate / koI javAna unake pAsa pahuMca bhI jAtA hai to vaha turanta unase pUcha baiThatA hai ki "aApake pAsa jaba samAdhAnakArI anekAnta dRSTi aura ahiMsA tattva maujUda haiM taba Apa loga Apasa meM hI gairoM kI taraha bAtabAta meM kyoM TakarAte haiM 1 maMdira ke lie, tIrtha ke lie, dhArmika prathAoM ke lie, sAmAjika rIti rivAjoM ke lie-yahA~ taka ki veza rakhanA to kaisA rakhanA, hAtha meM kyA pakar3anA, kaise pakar3anA ityAdi bAlasulabha bAtoM ke lie-Apa loga. kyoM Apasa meM lar3ate haiM ? kyA ApakA anekAntavAda aise viSayoM meM koI mArga nikAla nahIM sakatA ? kyA Apake anekAntavAda meM aura ahiMsA tattva meM privIkAunsila, hAIkorTa athavA mAmUlI adAlata jitanI bhI samAdhAnakAraka zakti nahIM hai ? kyA hamArI rAjakIya tathA sAmAjika ulajhanoM ko sulajhAne kA sAmarthya Apake ina donoM tattvoM meM nahIM hai ? yadi ina saba praznoM kA acchA samAdhAnakAraka uttara Apa asalI taura se 'hA~' meM nahIM de sakate to Apake. pAsa Akara hama kyA kareMge ? hamAre jIvana meM to pada-pada para aneka kaThinAiyA~ AtI rahatI haiN| unheM hala kiye binA yadi hama hAtha meM pothiyA~ lekara kathaMcit ekAneka. kathaMcit bhedAbheda aura kathaMcit nityAnitya ke khAlI nAre lagAyA kareM to isase hameM kyA lAbha pahu~cegA ? athavA hamAre vyAvahArika tathA AdhyAtmika jIvana meM kyA pharka par3egA ?" aura yaha saba pUchanA hai bhI ThIka,, jisakA uttara denA unake lie asaMbhava ho jAtA hai| / isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ahiMsA aura anekAnta kI carcAvAlI pothiyoM kI, una pothIvAle bhaNDAroM kI, unake racanevAloM ke nAmoM kI tathA unake racane ke sthAnoM kI itanI adhika pUjA hotI hai ki usameM sirpha phUloM kA hI nahIM kintu sone-cA~dI tathA javAharAta taka kA Dhera laga jAtA hai to bhI usa pUjA ke karane tathA karAnevAloM kA jIvana dUsaroM jaisA prAyaH pAmara hI najara AtA hai aura dUsarI tarapha hama dekhate haiM to yaha spaSTa najara AtA hai ki gAMdhIjI ke ahiMsA

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158 jaina dharma aura darzana tattva kI ora sArI duniyA dekha rahI hai aura unake samanvayazIla vyavahAra ke kAyala unake pratipakSI taka ho rahe haiN| mahAvIra kI hiMsA aura anekAnta dRSTi kI DauMDI pITanevAloM kI ora koI dhImAn A~kha uThAkara dekhatA taka nahIM aura gAMdhIjI kI tarapha sArA vicAraka varga dhyAna de rahA hai / isa antara kA kAraNa kyA hai ? isa savAla ke uttara meM saba kucha zrA jAtA hai| aba kaisA upayoga honA cAhie ? anekAnta dRSTi yadi zrAdhyAtmika mArga meM saphala ho sakatI hai aura ahiMsA kA siddhAnta yadi zradhyAtmika kalyANa sAdhaka ho sakatA hai to yaha bhI mAnanA cAhie ki ye donoM tattva vyAvahArika jIvana kA zreya zravazya kara sakate haiM; kyoMki jIvana vyAvahArika ho yA AdhyAtmika- para usakI zuddhi ke svarUpa meM bhinnatA ho hI nahIM sakatI aura hama yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvana kI zuddhi anekAnta dRSTi aura hiMsA ke sivAya anya prakAra se ho hI nahIM sakatI isalie hameM jIvana vyAvahArika yA AdhyAtmika kaisA hI pasaMda kyoM na ho para yadi use unnata banAnA iSTa hai to usa jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM anekAnta dRSTi ko - tathA hiMsA tattva ko prajJApUrvaka lAgU karanA hI cAhie / jo loga vyAvahArika jIvana meM ina do tattvoM kA prayoga karanA zakya nahIM samajhate unheM sirpha zradhyAtmika kahalAnevAle jIvana ko dhAraNa karanA caahie| isa dalIla ke phalasvarUpa antima prazna yahI hotA hai ki taba isa samaya ina donoM tattvoM kA upayoga vyAvahArika jIvana meM kaise kiyA jAe ? isa prazna kA uttara denA hI anekAntabAda kI maryAdA hai / jaina samAja ke vyAvahArika jIvana kI kucha samasyAe~ ye haiM 1 - samagra vizva ke sAtha jaina dharma kA asalI mela kitanA aura kisa prakAra kA ho sakatA hai ? 2 - rASTrIya Apatti aura saMpatti ke samaya jaina dharma kaisA vyavahAra rakhane kI ijAjata detA hai ? ! 3 - sAmAjika aura sAmpradAyika bhedoM tathA phUToM ko miTAne kI kitanI zakti jaina dharma meM hai ? yadi ina samasyAoM ko hala karane ke lie anekAnta dRSTi tathA ahiMsA kA upayoga ho sakatA hai to vahI upayoga ina donoM tattvoM kI prANapUjA hai aura yadi aisA upayoga na kiyA jA sake to ina donoM kI pUjA sirpha pASANapUjA yA zabda pUjA mAtra hogI / paraMtu maiMne jahA~ taka gaharA vicAra kiyA hai usase

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anekAntavAda kI maryAdA 156 yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki ukta tInoM kA hI nahIM kintu dUsarI bhI vaisI satra samasyAoM kA vyAvahArika samAdhAna, yadi prajJA hai to anekAnta dRSTi ke dvArA tathA hiMsA ke siddhAnta ke dvArA pUre taura se kiyA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke taura para jainadharma pravRtti mArga hai yA nivRtti mArga ? isa prazna kA uttara, anekAntadRSTi kI yojanA karake, yoM, diyA jA sakatA hai - " jainadharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ubhaya mArgAvalambI hai / pratyeka kSetra meM jahA~ sevA kA prasaMga ho vahA~ arpaNa kI pravRtti kA Adeza karane ke kAraNa jaina dharma pravRttigAmI hai aura jahA~ bhoga-vRtti kA prasaMga ho vahA~ nivRtti kA pradeza karane ke kAraNa nivRttagAmI bhI hai / " parantu jaisA Ajakala dekhA jAtA hai, bhoga meM arthAt dUsaroM se suvidhA grahaNa karane meM pravRtti karanA aura yoga meM arthAt dUsaroM ko apanI suvidhA dene meM - nivRtti dhAraNa karanA, yaha anekAnta tathA hiMsA kA vikRta rUpa athavA unakA spaSTa bhaMga hai / zvetAmbarIya - digambarIya jhagar3oM meM se kucha ko lekara una para bhI anekAntadRSTi lAgU karanI cAhie / nagnatva aura vastradhAritva ke viSaya meM dravyArthika paryAyArthika-ina do nayoM kA samanvaya barAbara ho sakatA hai| jainatva arthAt vItarAgatva yaha to dravya ( sAmAnya hai aura nagnatva tathA vastradhAritva, evaM nagnatva tathA vastradhAraNa ke vividhasvarUpa - ye saba paryAya (vizeSa) haiM / ukta dravya zAzvata hai| para usake ukta paryAya sabhI azAzvata tathA / pratyeka paryAya yadi dravyasambaddha hai - dravya kA bAdhaka nahIM hai to anyathA sabhI asatya haiM / isI taraha jIvanazuddhi yaha dravya hai aura strItva yA puruSatva donoM paryAya vyApaka haiM vaha satya hai viSaya meM ghaTAnI cAhie / haiM / yahI bAta tIrtha ke aura mandira ke hakoM ke nyAta, jAta aura phirkoM ke bAre meM bhedAbheda bhaGgI kA upayoga karake hI jhagar3A nipaTAnA cAhie | utkarSa ke sabhI prasaMgoM meM abhinna arthAt eka ho jAnA aura apakarSa ke prasaMgoM meM bhinna rahanA arthAt dalabandI na karanA / isI prakAra vRddhalagna, aneka patnIgrahaNa, punarvivAha jaise vivAdAspada viSayoM ke lie bhI kathaMcit vidheya-avidheya kI bhaMgI prayukta kiye binA samAja samaMjasa rUpa se jIvita raha nahIM sakatA / cAhe jisa prakAra se vicAra kiyA jAe para zrAjakala kI paristhiti meM to yaha sunizcita hai ki jaise siddhasena, samaMtabhadra Adi pUrvAcAryoM ne apane samaya ke vivAdAspada pakSa-pratipakSoM para anekAnta kA aura tajjanita naya Adi vAdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai vaise hI hameM bhI upasthita praznoM para unakA prayoga karanA hI cAhie / yadi hama aisA karane ko taiyAra nahIM haiM to utkarSa kI abhilASA rakhane kA bhI hameM koI adhikAra nahIM hai /

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160 jaina dharma aura darzana . anekAnta kI maryAdA itanI vistRta aura vyApaka hai ki usameM se saba viSayoM para prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| isalie koI aisA bhaya na rakheM ki prastuta vyAvahArika viSayoM para pUrvAcAryoM ne to carcA nahIM kI, phira yahA~ kyoM kI gaI ? kyA yaha koI ucita samajhegA ki eka tarapha se samAja meM avibhaktatA kI zakti kI jarUrata hone para bhI vaha choTI-choTI jAtiyoM athavA upajAtiyoM meM vibhakta hokara barabAda hotA rahe, dUsarI tarapha se vidyA aura upayoga kI jIvanaprada saMsthAoM. meM bala lagAne ke bajAya dhana, buddhi aura samaya kI sArI zakti ko samAja tIrthoM ke jhagar3oM meM kharca karatA rahe aura tIsarI tarapha jisa vidhavA meM saMyama pAlana kA sAmarthya nahIM hai usa para saMyama kA bojha samAja balapUrvaka lAdatA rahe tathA jisameM vidyAgrahaNa evaM saMyamapAlana kI zakti hai usa vidhavA ko usake lie pUrNa maukA dene kA koI prabaMdha na karake usase samAja kalyANa kI abhilASA rakheM aura hama paNDitagaNa sanmatitarka tathA prAptamImAMsA ke anekAnta aura nayavAda viSayaka zAstrArthoM para dina rAta sirapaccI kiyA kareM ? jisameM vyavahAra buddhi hogI aura prazA kI jAgRti hogI vaha to yahI kahegA ki anekAnta kI maryAdA meM se jaise kabhI AptamImAMsA kA janma aura sanmatitarka kA AvirbhAva huA thA vaise hI usa maryAdA meM se Ajakala 'samAja mImAMsA' aura 'samAja tarka' kA janma honA cAhie tathA usake dvArA anekAMta ke itihAsa kA upayogI pRSTha likhA jAnA caahie| I0 1630] [ 'anekAnta'

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anekAntavAda do maulika vicAra-dhArAe~ vizva kA vicAra karanevAlI paraspara bhinna aisI mukhya do dRSTiyA~ haiM / eka hai sAmAnyagAminI aura dUsarI hai vizeSagAminI / pahalI dRSTi zurU meM to sAre vizva meM samAnatA hI dekhatI hai para vaha dhIre-dhIre abheda kI ora jhukate-jhukate anta meM sAre vizva ko eka hI mUla meM dekhatI hai aura phalataH nizcaya karatI hai ki jo kucha pratIti kA viSaya hai vaha tattva vAstava meM eka hI hai / isa taraha samAnatA kI prAthamika bhUmikA se utarakara anta meM vaha dRSTi tAttvika-ekatA kI bhUmikA para Akara Thaharato hai / usa dRSTi meM jo eka mAtra viSaya sthira hotA hai, vahI sat hai| sat tatva meM prAtyantika rUpa se nimagna hone ke kAraNa vaha dRSTi yA to bhedoM 'ko dekha hI nahIM pAtI yA unheM dekhakara bhI vAstavika na samajhane ke kAraNa vyAva hArika yA apAramArthika yA bAdhita kahakara chor3a hI detI hai| cAhe phira ve pratItigocara hone vAle bheda kAlakRta hoM arthAta kAlapaTa para phaile hue hoM jaise pUrvApararUpa bIja, aMkura Adi; yA dezakRta hoM arthAt dezapaTa para vitata hoM jaise samakAlIna ghaTa, paTa Adi prakRti ke pariNAma; yA dravyagata arthAt dezakAlanirapekSa sAhajika hoM jaise prakRti, puruSa tathA aneka puruSa / __ isake viruddha dUsarI dRSTi sAre vizva meM asamAnatA hI asamAnatA dekhatI hai aura dhIre-dhIre usa asamAnatA kI jar3a kI khoja karate-karate aMta meM vaha vizleSaNa kI aisI bhUmikA para pahu~ca jAtI hai, jahA~ use ekatA kI to bAta hI kyA, samAnatA bhI kRtrima mAlUma hotI hai / phalataH vaha nizcaya kara letI hai ki vizva eka dUsare se atyanta bhinna aise bhedoM kA puMja mAtra hai / vastutaH usameM na koI vAstavika eka tattva hai aura na sAmya hI / cAhe vaha eka tattva samagra deza-kAla vyApI samajhA jAtA ho jaise prakRti; yA dravyabheda hone para bhI mAtra kAlavyApI eka samajhA jAtA ho jaise paramANu / uparyukta donoM dRSTiyA~ mUla meM hI bhinna haiM, kyoMki eka kA AdhAra samanvaya mAtra hai aura dUsarI kA AdhAra vizleSaNa mAtra / ina mUlabhUta do vicAra saraNiyoM ke kAraNa aneka muddoM para aneka virodhI vAda Apa hI Apa khar3e ho jAte haiM /

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162 jaina dharma aura darzana hama dekhate haiM ki sAmAnyagAminI pahalI dRSTi meM se samagra deza-kAla-vyApI tathA deza-kAla vinimukta aise eka mAtra sat-tattva yA brahmAdvaita kA vAda sthApita huA; jisane eka tarapha se sakala bhedoM ko aura tadgrAhaka pramANoM ko mithyA batalAyA aura sAtha hI sat tattva ko vANI tathA tarka kI pravRtti se zUnya kahakara mAtra anubhavagamya kahA / dUsarI vizeSagAminI dRSTi meM se bhI kevala deza aura kAla bheda se hI bhinna nahIM balki svarUpa se bhI bhinna aise anaMta bhedoM kA vAda sthApita huaa| jisane eka ora se saba prakAra ke abhedoM ko mithyA batalAyA aura dUsarI ora se aMtima bhedoM ko vANI tathA tarka kI pravRtti se zUnya kahakara mAtra anubhavagamya batalAyA / ye donoM vAda aMta meM zUnyatA tathA svAnubhavagamyatA ke pariNAma para pahuMce sahI, para donoM kA lakSya atyanta bhinna hone ke kAraNa ve Apasa meM bilakula hI TakarAne aura paraspara viruddha dikhAI par3ane lge| bhedavAda-abhedavAda___ ukta do mUlabhUta vicAradhArAoM meM se phUTanevAlI yA unase saMbaMdha rakhane vAlI bhI aneka vicAra dhArAe~ pravAhita huii| kisI ne abheda ko to apanAyA, para usakI vyApti kAla aura deza paTa taka athavA mAtra kAlapaTa taka rakhI / svarUpa yA dravya taka use nahIM bddh'aayaa| isa vicAradhArA meM se aneka dravyoM ko mAnane para bhI una dravyoM kI kAlika nityatA tathA daizika vyApakatA ke vAda kA janma huA jaise sAMkhya kA prakRti-puruSavAda, dUsarI vicAra dhArA ne usakI apekSA bheda kA kSetra bar3hAyA jisase usane kAlika nityatA tathA daizika vyApakatA mAnakara bhI svarUpataH jar3a dravyoM ko adhika saMkhyA meM sthAna diyA jaise paramANu, vibhudravyavAda Adi / ___ advaitamAtra yA sanmAtra ko sparza karane vAlI dRSTi kisI viSaya meM bheda sahana na kara sakane ke kAraNa abhedamUlaka anekavAdoM kA sthApana kare, yaha svAbhAvika hI hai, huA bhI aisA hI / isI dRSTi meM se kArya-kAraNa ke abhedamUlaka mAtra satkAryavAda kA janma huaa| dharma-dhI, guNa-guNI, AdhAra-prAdheya Adi dvaMdvoM ke abhedavAda bhI usI meM se phalita hue / jaba ki dvaita aura bheda ko sparza karane vAlo dRSTi ne aneka viSayoM meM bhedamUlaka hI nAnAvAda sthApita kiye / usane kArya-kAraNa ke bhedamUlaka mAtra asatkAryavAda ko janma diyA tathA dharma-dharmI, guNa-guNI, AdhAra-aAdheya Adi aneka dvaMdvoM ke bhedoM ko bhI mAna liyaa| isa taraha hama bhAratIya tattvaciMtana meM dekhate haiM ki maulika sAmAnya aura vizeSa dRSTi tathA unakI avAntara sAmAnya aura vizeSa dRSTiyoM meM se paraspara viruddha aise aneka

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anekAntavAda matoM-darzanoM kA janma huA; jo apane virodhIvAda kI AdhArabhUta bhUmikA kI satyatA kI kucha bhI paravAha na karane ke kAraNa eka dUsare ke prahAra meM hI caritArthatA mAnane lge| sadvAda-asadvAda sadvAda advaitagAmI ho yA dvaitagAmI jaisA ki sAMkhyAdi kA, para vaha kAryakAraNa ke abhedamUlaka satkAryavAda ko binA mAne apanA mUla lakSya siddha hI nahIM kara sakatA; jaba ki asadvAda kSaNikagAmI ho jaise bauddhoM kA, sthiragAmI ho yA nityagAmI ho jaise vaizeSika Adi kA-para vaha asatkAryavAda kA sthApana binA kiye apanA lakSya sthira kara hI nahIM sktaa| ataeva satkAryavAda aura asatkAryavAda kI pArasparika Takkara huI / advaitagAmI aura drutagAmI sadvAda meM se janmI huI kUTasthatA jo kAlika nityatA rUpa hai aura vibhutA jo dezika vyApakatA rUpa hai unakI-deza aura kAlakRta niraMza aMzavAda arthAt niraMza kSaNavAda ke sAtha Takkara huI, jo ki vastutaH saddarzana ke virodhI darzana meM se phalita hotA hai| nirvacanIya-anirvacanIya vAda____ eka tarapha se sAre vizva ko akhaNDa aura eka tattvarUpa mAnanevAle aura dUsarI tarapha se use niraMza aMzapuMja mAnanevAle-apane-apane lakSya kI siddhi tabhI kara sakate the jaba ki ve apane abhISTa tattva ko anirvacanIya arthAt anabhilApya-zabdAgocara mAneM, kyoMki zabda ke dvArA nirvacana mAnane para na to akhaNDa sat tattva kI siddhi ho sakatI hai aura na niraMza bheda tattva kI / nirvacana karanA hI mAnoM akhaNDatA yA niraMzatA kA lopa kara denA hai / isa taraha akhaNDa aura niraMzavAda meM se anirvacanIyavAda Apa hI Apa phalita huA / para usa vAda ke sAmane lakSaNavAdI vaizeSika Adi tArkika hue, jo aisA mAnate haiM ki vastu mAtra kA nirvacana karanA yA lakSaNa banAnA zakya hI nahIM balki vAstavika bhI ho sakatA hai / isameM se nirvacanIyatvavAda kA janma huA aura taba anirvacanIya tathA nirvacanIyavAda Apasa meM TakarAne lage | hetuvAda-ahetuvAda Adi isI prakAra koI mAnate the ki pramANa cAhe jo ho para hetu arthAt tarka ke binA kisI se antima nizcaya karanA bhayAspada hai / jaba dUsare koI mAnate the ki hetuvAda svatantra bala nahIM rakhatA / aisA bala aAgama meM hI hone se vahI mUrdhanya pramANa hai / isI se ve donoM vAda paraspara TakarAte the| daivajJa kahatA thA ki

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164 jaina dharma aura darzana saba kucha devAdhIna hai; pauruSa svataMtrarUpa se kucha kara nahIM sakatA / pauruSavAdI ThIka isase ulaTA kahatA thA ki pauruSa hI svataMtrabhAva se kArya karatA hai / ataeva ve donoM vAda eka dUsare ko asatya mAnate rhe| arthanaya-padArthavAdI zabda kI aura zabdanaya-zAbdika artha kI paravAha na karake paraspara khaNDana karane meM pravRtta ye| koI abhAva ko bhAva se pRthaka hI mAnatA to dUsarA koI use bhAva svarUpa hI mAnatA thA aura ve donoM bhAva se prabhAva ko pRthaka mAnane na mAnane ke bAre meM paraspara pratipakSa bhAva dhAraNa karate rhe| koI pramAtA se pramANa aura pramiti ko atyanta bhinna mAnate to dUsare koI usase unheM abhinna mAnate the / koI varNAzrama vihita karma mAtra para bhAra dekara usI se iSTa prApti batalAte to koI jJAna mAtra se AnandApti kA pratipAdana karate jaba tIsare koI bhakti ko hI parama pada kA sAdhana mAnate rahe aura ve sabhI eka dUsare kA AvezapUrvaka khaNDana karate rahe / isa taraha tattvajJAna va prAcAra ke choTe-bar3e aneka muddoM para paraspara bilakula virodhI aise aneka ekAnta mata pracalita hue / anekAnta-dRSTi se samanvaya una ekAntoM kI pArasparika vAda-lIlA dekhakara anekAntadRSTi ke uttarAdhikArI prAcAryoM ko vicAra AyA ki asala meM ye saba vAda jo ki apanIapanI satyatA kA dAvA karate haiM ve Apasa meM itane lar3ate haiM kyoM ? kyA una saba meM koI tathyAMza hI nahIM, yA sabhI meM tathyAMza hai, yA kisI-kisI meM tathyAMza hai, yA sabhI pUrNa satya hai ? isa prazna ke antamukha uttara meM se eka cAbI mila gaI, jisake dvArA unheM saba virodhoM kA samAdhAna ho gayA aura pUre satya kA darzana huA / vahI cAbI anekAntavAda kI bhUmikA rUpa anekAnta dRSTi hai / isa dRSTi ke dvArA unhoMne dekhA ki pratyeka sayuktikavAda amuka-amuka dRSTi se amuka-amuka sImA taka satya hai / phira bhI jaba koI eka vAda dUsare vAda kI AdhArabhUta vicAra-saraNI aura usa vAda kI sImA kA vicAra nahIM karatA pratyuta apanI aAdhArabhUta dRSTi tathA apane viSaya kI sImA meM hI saba kucha mAna letA hai, taba use kisI bhI taraha dUsare vAda kI satyatA mAlUma hI nahIM ho paatii| yahI hAlata dUsare virodhI vAda kI bhI hotI hai| aisI dazA meM nyAya isI meM hai ki pratyeka vAda ko usI vicAra-saraNI se usI sImA taka hI jA~cA jAya aura isa jA~ca meM vaha ThIka nikale to use satya kA eka bhAga mAnakara aise saba satyAMzarUpa maNiyoM ko eka pUrNa satyarUpa vicAra-sUtra meM pirokara avirodhI mAlA banAI jAya / isI vicAra ne jainAcAryoM ko anekAntadRSTi ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna saba vAdoM kA sama

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155 anekAntavAda nvaya karane kI ora prerita kiyA / unhoMne socA ki jaba zuddha aura niHsvArtha cisavAloM meM se kinhIM ko ekatvaparyavasAyI sAmyapratIti hotI hai aura kinhIM ko niraMza aMza paryavasAyI bheda pratIti hotI hai taba yaha kaise kahA jAya ki amuka eka hI pratIti pramANa hai aura dUsarI nahIM / kisI eka ko apramANa mAnane para tulyayukti se donoM pratItiyA~ apramANa hI siddha hoNgii| isake sivAya kisI eka pratIti ko pramANa aura dUsarI ko apramANa mAnane vAloM ko bhI anta meM apramANa mAnI huI pratIti ke viSayarUpa sAmAnya yA vizeSa ke sArvajanika vyavahAra kI upapatti to kisI na kisI taraha karanI hI par3atI hai / yaha nahIM ki apanI iSTa pratIti ko pramANa kahane mAtra se saba zAstrIya laukika vyavahAroM kI upapatti bhI ho jAya / yaha bhI nahIM ki aise vyavahAroM ko upapanna binA kiye hI chor3a diyA jAya / brahmaikatvavAdI bhedoM ko va unakI pratIti ko avidyAmUlaka hI kaha kara usakI upapatti karegA, jaba ki kSaNikatvavAdI sAmya yA ekatva ko va usakI pratIti ko hI avidyAmUlaka kaha kara aise vyavahAroM kI upapatti kregaa| aisA socane para anekAnta ke prakAza meM anekAntavAdiyoM ko mAlUma huA ki pratIti abhedagAminI ho yA bhedagAminI, haiM to sabhI vAstavika / pratyeka pratIti kI vAstavikatA usake apane viSaya taka to hai para jaba vaha viruddha dikhAI denevAlI dUsarI pratIti ke viSaya kI ayathArthatA dikhAne lagatI hai taba vaha khuda bhI avAstavika bana jAtI hai| abheda aura bheda kI pratItiyA~ viruddha isI se jAna par3atI haiM ki pratyeka ko pUrNa pramANa mAna liyA jAtA hai / sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI pratyeka pratIti svaviSaya meM yathArtha hone para bhI pUrNa pramANa nahIM / yaha pramANa kA aMza avazya hai / vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa to aisA hI honA cAhie, jisase ki ve viruddha dikhAI denevAlI pratItiyA~ bhI apane sthAna meM rahakara use avirodhIbhAva se prakAzita kara sakeM aura ve saba milakara vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa prakAzita karane ke kAraNa pramANa mAnI jA ske| isa samanvaya yA vyavasthAgarbhita vicAra ke bala para unhoMne samajhAyA ki sad-dvaita aura sada-advaita ke bIca koI virodha nahIM, kyoMki vastu kA pUrNasvarUpa hI abheda aura bheda yA sAmAnya aura vizeSAtmaka hI hai / jaise hama sthAna, samaya, raMga, rasa, parimANa Adi kA vicAra kiye binA hI vizAla jalarAzi mAtra kA vicAra karate haiM taba hameM eka hI eka samudra pratIta hotA hai| para usI jalarAzi ke vicAra meM jaba sthAna, samaya Adi kA vicAra dAkhila hotA hai taba hameM eka akhaNDa sasudra ke sthAna meM aneka choTe bar3e samudra naz2ara Ate haiM; yahA~ taka ki anta meM hamAre dhyAna meM jalakaNa taka bhI nahIM rahatA usameM kevala koI avibhAjya rUpa yA rasa Adi kA aMza hI raha jAtA

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166 jaina dharma aura darzana hai aura anta meM vaha bhI zUnyavat bhAsit hotA hai| jalarAzi meM akhaNDa eka samudra kI buddhi bhI vAstavika hai aura antima aMza kI buddhi bhii| eka isalie vAstavika hai ki vaha bhedoM ko alaga-alaga rUpa se sparza na karake saba ko eka sAtha sAmAnyarUpa se dekhatI hai| sthAna, samaya Adi kRta bheda jo eka dUsare se vyAvRtta haiM unako alaga-alaga rUpa se viSaya karanevAlI buddhi bhI vAstavika hai; kyoMki ve bheda vaise hI haiM / jalarAzi eka aura aneka-ubhaya rUpa hone ke kAraNa usameM honevAlI samudrabuddhi aura aMzabuddhi apane-apane sthAna meM yathArtha hokara bhI koI eka buddhi pUrNa svarUpa ko viSaya na karane ke kAraNa pUrNa pramANa nahIM hai| phira bhI donoM milakara pUrNa pramANa hai| vaise hI jaba hama sAre vizva ko eka mAtra sat-rUpa se dekheM athavA yaha kahie ki jaba hama samasta bhedoM ke antargata eka mAtra anugamaka sattA svarUpa kA vicAra kareM taba hama kahate haiM ki eka mAtra sat hI hai; kyoMki usa sarvagrAhI sattA ke vicAra ke samaya koI aise bheda bhAsita nahIM hote jo paraspara meM vyAvRtta hoN| usa samaya to sAre bheda samaSTi rUpa meM yA eka mAtra sattA rUpa meM hI bhAsita hote haiM; aura tabhI sad advaita kahalAtA hai| eka mAtra sAmAnya kI pratIti ke samaya sat zabda kA artha bhI itanA vizAla ho jAtA hai ki jisameM koI zeSa nahIM bctaa| para jaba hama usa vizva ko-guNadharma kRta bhedoM meM jo ki paraspara vyAvRtta haiM-vibhAjita karate haiM; taba vaha vizva eka sat rUpa se miTakara aneka sat rUpa pratIta hotA hai| usa samaya sat zabda kA artha bhI utanA hI choTA ho jAtA hai| hama kabhI kahate haiM ki koI sat jar3a bhI hai aura koI cetana bhii| hama aura adhika bhedoM kI ora jhuka kara phira yaha bhI kahate haiM ki jar3a sat bhI aneka haiM aura cetana sat bhI aneka haiM / isa taraha jaba sarvagrAhI sAmAnya ko vyAvartaka bhedoM meM vibhAjita karake dekhate haiM taba hameM nAnA sat mAlUma hote haiM aura vahI sad dvaita hai| isa prakAra eka vizva meM pravRtta hone vAlI sad-advaita buddhi aura sad-dvaita buddhi donoM apane-apane viSaya meM yathArtha hokara bhI pUrNa pramANa tabhI kahI jAe~gI jaba ve donoM sApekSarUpa se mileM / yahI sad-advaita aura sad-dvaita vAda jo paraspara viruddha samajhe jAte haiM unakA anekAnta dRSTi ke anusAra samanvaya huA / ise vRkSa aura vana ke dRSTAnta se bhI spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba aneka paraspara bhinna vRkSa vyaktiyoM ko usa-usa vyakti rUpa se grahaNa na karake sAmUhika yA sAmAnya rUpa meM vanarUpa se grahaNa karate haiM, taba una saba vizeSoM kA abhAva nahIM ho jaataa| para ve saba vizeSa sAmAnyarUpa se sAmAnya grahaNa meM hI aise lIna ho jAte haiM mAno ve haiM hI nhiiN| eka mAtra vana hI vana naz2ara AtA hai yahI eka

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kAntavAda 167 prakAra kA advata huaa| phira kabhI hama jaba eka-eka vRkSa ko vizeSa rUpa se samajhate haiM taba hameM paraspara bhinna vyaktiyA~ hI vyaktiyA~ najara AtI haiM, usa samaya vizeSa pratIti meM sAmAnya itanA antalIna ho jAtA hai ki mAno vaha hai nahIM / aba ina donoM anubhavoM kA vizleSaNa karake dekhA jAya to yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki koI eka satya hai aura dUsarA satya / apane-apane viSaya meM donoM anubhavoM kA samucita samanvaya hI hai / kyoMki isI meM sAmAnya aura vizeSAtmaka vana-vRkSoM kA abAdhita anubhava samA sakatA hai / yahI sthiti vizva ke saMbandha meM sad-advaita kiMvA sad-dvaita dRSTi kI bhI hai / kAlika, daizika aura deza - kAlAtIta sAmAnya-vizeSa ke uparyukta dvaitadvaitavAda ke Age bar3hakara kAlika sAmAnya-vizeSa ke sUcaka nityatvavAda aura kSaNikatvavAda bhI haiM / ye donoM vAda eka dUsare ke viruddha hI jAna par3ate haiM; para anekAnta dRSTi kahatI hai ki vastutaH unameM koI virodha nahIM / jaba hama kisI tattva ko tInoM kAloM meM akhaNDa rUpa se arthAt zranAdi zrananta rUpa se dekheMge taba vaha akhaNDa pravAha rUpa meM Adi anta rahita hone ke kAraNa nitya hI hai / para hama jaba usa akhaNDa pravAha patita tattva ko choTe-bar3e ApekSika kAla bhedoM meM vibhAjita kara lete haiM, taba usa kAla paryanta sthAyI aisA parimita rUpa hI najara AtA hai, jo sAdi bhI hai aura sAnta bhI / agara vivakSita kAla itanA choTA ho jisakA dUsarA hissA buddhizastra kara na sake to usa kAla se paricchinna vaha tattvagata prAvAhika za sabase choTA hone ke kAraNa kSaNika kahalAtA hai / nitya aura kSaNika ye donoM zabda ThIka eka dUsare ke viruddhArthaka haiM / eka anAdi ananta kA aura dUsarA sAdi- sAnta kA bhAva darasAtA hai / phira bhI hama anekAnta-dRSTi ke anusAra samajha sakate haiM ki jo tattva akhaNDa pravAha kI apekSA nitya kahA jA sakatA hai vahI tattva khaNDa-khaNDa kSaNaparimita parivartanoM va paryAyoM kI apekSA se kSaNika bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / eka vAda kI AdhAra-dRSTi hai anAdi -- i-anantatA kI dRSTi; jaba dUsare kI AdhAra hai sAdi- sAntatA kI dRSTi / vastu kA kAlika pUrNa svarUpa anAdi zranantatA aura sAdi- sAntatA ina do aMzoM se banatA hai / ataeva donoM dRSTiyA~ apane-apane viSaya meM yathArtha hone para bhI pUrNa pramANa tabhI banatI haiM jaba ve samanvita hoM / isa samanvaya ko dRSTAnta se bhI isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| kisI eka vRkSa kA jIvana vyApAra mUla se lekara phala taka meM kAla-krama se honevAlI bIja. mUla, a~kura, skandha, zAkhA - pratizAkhA, patra, puSpa aura phala Adi vividha avasthAoM meM hokara hI pravAhita aura pUrNa hotA hai| jaba hama amuka vastu ko

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166 jaina dharma aura darzana akhaNDa rUpa meM sparza vRkSarUpa se samajhate haiM taba uparyukta satra avasthAoM meM pravAhita honevAlA pUrNa jIvana-vyApAra hI akhaNDa rUpa se mana meM zrAtA hai para jaba hama usI jIvanavyApAra ke paraspara bhinna aise kramabhAvI mUla, aMkura, skandha Adi eka-eka aMza ko grahaNa karate haiM taba ve parimita kAla- lakSita zraMza hI hamAre mana meM zrAte haiM / isa prakAra hamArA mana kabhI to samUce jIvana vyApAra ko karatA hai aura kabhI-kabhI use khaNDita rUpa meM eka-eka aMza ke dvArA / parIkSaNa karake dekhane se sApha jAna par3atA hai ki na to akhaNDa jIvana vyApAra hI eka mAtra pUrNa vastu hai yA kAlpanika mAtra hai aura na khaNDita aMza hI pUrNa vastu hai yA kAlpanika / bhale hI usa akhaNDa meM sAre khaNDa aura sAre khaNDoM meM vaha eka mAtra akhaNDa samA jAtA ho; phira bhI vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa to akhaNDa aura khaNDa donoM meM hI paryavasita hone ke kAraNa donoM pahalunoM se gRhita hotA hai / jaise ve donoM pahalU apanI-apanI kakSA meM yathArtha hokara bhI pUrNa tabhI banate haiM jaba samanvita kiye jAe~, vaise hI anAdi zrananta kAla-pravAha rUpa vRkSa kA grahaNa nityatva kA vyaJjaka hai aura usake ghaTaka aMzoM kA grahaNa anityatva yA kSaNikatva kA dyotaka hai / AdhArabhUta nitya pravAha ke sivAya na to anitya ghaTaka saMbhava hai aura na nitya ghaTakoM ke sivAya vaisA nitya pravAha hI / zrataeva eka mAtra nityatva ko yA eka mAtra anityatva ko vAstavika kahakara dUsare virodhI aMza ko vAstavika kahanA hI nitya nitya vAdoM kI Takkara kA bIja hai; jise anekAnta dRSTi haTAtI hai / kAnta dRSTi anirvacanIyatva aura nirvacanIyatva vAda kI pArasparika Takkara ko bhI miTAtI hai / vaha kahatI hai ki vastu kA vahI rUpa pratipAnya ho sakatA hai| jo saMketa kA viSaya bana sake / sUkSmatama buddhi ke dvArA kiyA jAnevAlA saMketa bhI sthUla aMza ko hI viSaya kara sakatA hai / vastu ke aise parimita bhAva haiM jinheM saMketa ke dvArA zabda se pratipAdana karanA saMbhava nahIM / isa artha meM prakhaNDa sat yA niraMza kSaNa anirvacanIya hI haiM jaba ki madhyavartI sthUla bhAva nirvacanIya bhI ho sakate haiM / ataeva samagra vizva ke yA usake kisI eka tattva ke bAre meM jo anirvacanIyatva aura nirvacanIyatva ke virodhI pravAda haiM ve vastutaH apanIapanI kakSA meM yathArtha hone para bhI pramANa to samUce rUpa meM hI haiM / eka hI vastu kI bhAvarUpatA aura prabhAvarUpatA bhI viruddha nahIM / mAtra vidhimukha se yA mAtra niSedhamukha se hI vastu pratIta nahIM hotI dUdha, dUdha rUpa se bhI pratIta hotA hai aura dadhi yA dadhibhinna rUpa se bhI / aisI dazA meM vaha bhAva prabhAva ubhaya rUpa siddha ho jAtA hai aura eka hI vastu meM bhAvatva yA abhA

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anekAntavAda 166 vatva kA virodha pratIti ke svarUpa meda se haTa jAtA hai / isI taraha dharma-dharmI, kArya-kAraNa, AdhAra-prAdheya Adi dvandvoM ke abheda aura bheda ke virodha kA parihAra bhI anekAnta dRSTi kara detI hai / jahA~ Atatva aura usake mUla ke prAmANya meM sandeha ho vahA~ hetuvAda ke dvArA parIkSApUrvaka hI nirNaya karanA kSemaMkara hai; para jahA~ prAptatva meM koI sandeha nahIM vahA~ hetuvAda kA prayoga anavasthA kAraka hone se tyAjya hai / aise sthAna meM AgamavAda hI mArgadarzaka ho sakatA hai / isa taraha viSaya-bheda se yA eka hI viSaya meM pratipAdya bheda se hetuvAda aura AgamavAda donoM ko avakAza hai| unameM koI virodha nhiiN| yahI sthiti daiva aura pauruSavAda kI bhI hai / unameM koI virodha nahIM jahA~ buddhi-pUrvaka pauruSa nahIM, vahA~ kI samasyAoM kA hala daivavAda kara sakatA hai; para pauruSa ke buddhi pUrvaka prayogasthala meM pauruSavAda hI sthAna pAtA hai| isa taraha jude-jude pahalU kI apekSA eka hI jIvana meM daiva aura pauruSa vAda samanvita kiye jA sakate haiM / ____ kAraNa meM kArya ko kevala sat yA kevala asat mAnanevAle vAdoM ke virodha kA bhI parihAra anekAnta-dRSTi saralatA se kara detI hai / vaha kahatI hai ki kArya upAdAna meM sat bhI hai aura asat bhI hai / kaTaka banane ke pahale bhI suvarNa meM kaTaka banane kI zakti hai isalie utpatti ke pahale bhI zakti rUpa se yA kAraNAbheda dRSTi se kArya sat kahA jA sakatA hai| zakti rUpa se sat hone para bhI utpAdaka sAmagrI ke abhAva meM vaha kArya AvirbhUta yA utpanna na hone ke kAraNa upalabdha nahIM hotA, isalie vaha asat bhI hai / tirobhAva dazA meM jaba ki kaTaka upalabdha nahIM hotA taba bhI kuNDalAkAra-dhArI suvarNa kaTaka rUpa banane kI yogyatA rakhatA hai, isalie usa dazA meM asat bhI kaTaka yogyatA kI dRSTi se suvarNa meM sat kahA jA sakatA hai| bauddhoM kA kevala paramANu-pujavAda aura naiyAyikoM kA apUrvAvayavI vAda-ye donoM Apasa meM TakarAte haiN| para anekAnta-dRSTi ne skandha kA-jo ki na kevala paramANu-puJja hai aura na anubhava-bAdhita avayavoM se bhinna apUrva avayavI rUpa hai, svIkAra karake virodha kA samucita rUpa se parihAra va donoM vAdoM kA nirdoSa samanvaya kara diyA hai| isI taraha anekAnta dRSTi ne aneka viSayoM meM pravartamAna virodhI-vAdoM kA samanvaya madhyastha bhAva se kiyA hai / aisA karate samaya anekAnta bAda ke Asa-pAsa nayavAda aura bhagavAda Apa hI Apa phalita ho jAte haiM, kyoMki jude-jude pahalU yA dRSTibindu kA pRthakkaraNa, unakI viSaya maryAdA kA

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170 jaina dharma aura darzana vibhAga aura unakA eka viSaya meM yathocita vinyAsa karane hI se anekAnta siddha hotA hai / apekSA yA naya makAna kisI eka kone meM pUrA nahIM hotA / usake aneka kone bhI kisI eka hI dizA meM nahIM hote / pUrva pazcima, uttara, dakSiNa Adi paraspara viruddha dizA vAle eka-eka kone para khar3e rahakara kiyA jAnevAlA usa makAna kA avalokana pUrNa to nahIM hotA, para vaha yathArtha bhI nahIM / jude jude sambhavita sabhI konoM para khar3e rahakara kiye jAne vAle sabhI sambhAvita avalokanoM kA sAra samuccaya hI usa makAna kA pUrA avalokana hai / pratyeka koNasambhavI pratyeka avalokana usa pUrNa avalokana kA anivArya aGga hai / vaise hI kisI eka vastu yA samagra vizva kA tAtrika cintana-darzana bhI aneka apekSAoM se niSpanna hotA hai / mana kI sahaja racanA, usa para par3anevAle Agantuka saMskAra aura cintya vastu kA svarUpa ityAdi ke sammelana se hI apekSA banatI hai / aisI apekSAe~ hotI haiM; jinakA Azraya lekara vastu kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai | vicAra ko sahArA dene ke kAraNa yA vicAra srota ke udgama kA AdhAra banane ke kAraNa ve hI apekSAe~ dRSTi- koNa yA dRSTi- bindu bhI kahI jAtI haiM / sambhAvita sabhI apekSAoM se cAhe ve viruddha hI kyoM na dikhAI detI hoM--- kiye jAnevAle cintana va darzanoM kA sArasamuccaya hI usa viSaya kA pUrNa -- anekAnta darzana hai / pratyeka apekSA sambhavI darzana usa pUrNa darzana kA eka-eka aGga hai jo paraspara viruddha hokara bhI pUrNa darzana meM samanvaya pAne ke kAraNa vastutaH aviruddha hI hai jaba kisI kI manovRtti vizva ke antargata sabhI bhedoM ko cAhe ve guNa, dharma yA svarUpa kRta hoM yA vyaktitvakRta hoM - bhulAkara arthAt unakI ora jhuke binA hI eka mAtra khaNDatA kA vicAra karatI hai, taba use akhaNDa yA eka hI vizva kA darzana hotA hai / abheda kI usa bhUmikA para se niSpanna honevAlA 'sat' zabda ke eka mAtra akhaNDa artha kA darzana hI saMgraha naya hai / guNa dharma kRta yA vyaktitva kRtabhedoM kI ora jhukanevAlI manovRtti se kiyA jAnevAlA usI vizva kA darzana vyavahAra naya kahalAtA hai; kyoMki usameM lokasiddha vyavahAroM kI bhUmikA rUpa se bhedoM kA khAsa sthAna hai / isa darzana ke 'sat' zabda kI artha maryAdA - NDita na rahA kara aneka khaNDoM meM vibhAjita ho jAtI hai / vahI bhedagAminI manovRtti yA apekSA - sirpha kAlakRta bhedoM kI ora jhukakara sirpha vartamAna ko hI kAryakSama hone ke kAraNa jaba sat rUpa se dekhatI hai aura atIta anAgata ko

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anekAntavAda 171 'sat' zabda kI artha maryAdA meM se haTa detI hai taba usake dvArA phalita hone vAlA vizva kA darzana RjusUtra naya hai| kyoMki vaha atIta-anAgata ke cakravyUha ko chor3akara sirpha vartamAna kI sIdhI rekhA para calatA hai| . _ uparyukta tInoM manovRttiyA~ aisI haiM jo zabda yA zabda ke guNa-dharmoM kA Azraya binA liye hI kisI bhI vastu kA cintana karatI haiN| ataeva ve tInoM prakAra ke cintana artha naya haiM / para aisI bhI manovRtti hotI hai jo zabda ke guNa dharmoM kA Azraya lekara hI artha kA vicAra karatI hai / ataeva aisI manovRtti se phalita arthacintana zabda naya kahe jAte haiN| zAbdika loga hI mukhyatayA zabda naya ke adhikArI haiM; kyoMki unhIM ke vividha dRSTi-binduoM se zabdanaya meM vividhatA AI hai| . jo zAbdika sabhI zabdoM ko akhaNDa arthAt avyutpanna mAnate haiM ve vyutpatti bheda se artha bheda na mAnane para bhI liGga, puruSa, kAla Adi anya prakAra ke zabdadharmoM ke bheda ke AdhAra para artha kA vaividhya batalAte haiM / unakA vaha arthabheda kA darzana zabda naya yA sAmprata naya hai| pratyeka zabda ko vyutpatti siddha hI mAnanevAlI manovRtti se vicAra karanevAle zAbdika paryAya arthAt ekArthaka samajhe jAnevAle zabdoM ke artha meM bhI vyutpatti bheda se bheda batalAte haiN| unakA vaha zakra, indra Adi jaise paryAya zabdoM ke artha bheda kA darzana samabhirUr3ha naya kahalAtA hai / vyutpatti ke bheda se hI nahIM, balki eka hI vyutpatti se phalita honevAle artha kI maujUdagI aura gaira-maujUdagI ke bheda ke kAraNa se bhI jo darzana artha bheda mAnatA hai vaha evaMbhUta naya kahalAtA hai / ina tArkika chaH nayoM ke alAvA eka naigama nAma kA naya bhI hai| jisameM nigama arthAt deza rUr3hi ke anusAra abhedagAmI aura bhedagAmI saba prakAra ke vicAroM kA samAveza mAnA gayA hai / pradhAnatayA ye hI sAta naya haiM / para kisI eka aMza ko arthAt dRSTikoNa ko avalambita karake pravRtta honevAle saba prakAra ke vicAra usa-usa apekSA ke sUcaka naya hI haiN| zAstra meM dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika aise do naya bhI prasiddha haiM para ve naya uparyukta sAta nayoM se alaga nahIM haiM kintu unhIM kA saMkSipta vargIkaraNa yA bhUmikA mAtra haiM / dravya arthAt sAmAnya, anvaya, abheda yA ekatva ko viSaya karanevAlA vicAra mArga dravyArthika naya hai / naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra-ye tInoM dravyArthika hI haiM / inameM se saMgraha to zuddha abheda kA vicAraka hone se zuddha yA mUla hI dravyArthika hai jaba ki vyavahAra aura naigama kI pravRtti bhedagAmI hokara bhI kisI na kisI prakAra ke abheda ko bhI avalambita karake hI calatI hai / isalie ve

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172 jaina dharma aura darzana bhI dravyArthika hI mAne gaye haiN| alabacA ve saMgraha kI taraha zuddha na hokara azuddhamizrita hI dravyArthika haiN| __ paryAya arthAt vizeSa, vyAvRtti yA bheda ko hI lakSya karake pravRtta honevAlA vicAra patha paryAyArthika naya hai / RjusUtra Adi bAkI ke cAroM naya paryAyArthika hI mAne gaye haiM / abheda ko chor3akara eka mAtra bheda kA vicAra RjusUtra se zurU hotA hai. isalie usI ko zAstra meM paryAyArthika naya kI prakRti yA mUlAdhAra kahA hai| pichale tIna naya usI mUlabhUta paryAyAthika ke eka prakAra se vistAramAtra haiN| kevala jJAna ko upayogI mAna kara usake zrAzraya se prabRtta honevAlI vicAra dhArA jJAna naya hai to kevala kriyA ke Azraya se prabRtta honevAlI vicAradhArA kriyA naya hai / nayarUpa AdhAra-stambhoM ke aparimita hone ke kAraNa vizva kA pUrNa darzana-anekAnta bhI nissIma hai| saptabhaMgI bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM, dRSTikoNoM yA manovRttiyoM se jo eka hI tattva ke nAnA darzana phalita hote haiM unhIM ke AdhAra para bhaMgavAda kI sRSTi khar3I hotI hai / jina do darzanoM ke viSaya ThIka eka dUsare ke bilkula virodhI par3ate hoM aise darzanoM kA samanvaya batalAne kI dRSTi se unake viSayabhUta bhAva-abhAvAtmaka donoM aMzoM ko lekara una para jo sambhavita vAkya-bhaGga banAye jAte haiM vahI sasamaMgI hai| saptabhaMgI kA AdhAra nayavAda hai, aura usakA dhyeya to samanvaya hai arthAt anekAnta koTi kA vyApaka darzana karAnA hai; jaise kisI bhI pramANa se jAne hue padArtha kA dUsare ko bodha karAne ke lie parArtha anumAna arthAt anumAna vAkya kI racanA kI jAtI hai, vaise hI viruddha aMzoM kA samanvaya zrotA ko samajhAne kI dRSTi se bhaMga vAkya kI racanA bhI kI jAtI hai| isa taraha nayavAda aura bhaMgavAda anekAnta dRSTi ke kSetra meM Apa hI Apa phalita ho jAte haiM / darzanAntara meM anekAntavAda yaha ThIka hai ki vaidika paramparA ke nyAya, vedAnta Adi darzanoM meM tathA bauddha darzana meM kisI eka vastu ke vividha STiyoM se nirUpaNa kI paddhati tathA aneka pakSoM ke samanvaya kI dRSTi' bhI dekhI jAtI hai| phira bhI pratyeka vastu 1-udAharaNArtha dekho sAMkhyapravacanabhASya pRSTha 2 / siddhAnta bindu pR0 116 se| vedAntasAra pR0 25 / tarka saMgraha dIpikA pR0 175 / mahAvagga 6. 31 / pramANamImAMsATippaNa pR061 se|

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anekAntavAda 173 aura usake pratyeka pahalU para saMbhavita samagra dRSTi binduoM se vicAra karane kA AtyaMtika Agraha tathA una samagra dRSTi binduoM ke eka mAtra samanvaya meM hI vicAra kI paripUrNatA mAnane kA dRr3ha Agraha jaina paramparA ke sivAya anyatra kahIM nahIM dekhA jAtA / isI Agraha meM se jaina tArkikoM ne anekAnta, naya aura saptabhaMgI vAda kA bilkula svataMtra aura vyavasthita zAstra nirmANa kiyA jo pramANa zAstra kA eka bhAga hI bana gayA aura jisakI jor3a kA aisA choTA bhI grantha itara paraMparAoM meM nahIM banA / vibhajyavAda aura madhyama mArga hote hue bhI bauddha paraMparA kisI bhI vastu meM vAstavika sthAyI aMza dekha na sakI use mAtra kSaNabhaMga hI najara AyA / anekAnta zabda' se hI anekAnta dRSTi kA Azraya karane para bhI naiyAyika paramANu, AtmA Adi ko sarvathA apariNAmI hI mAnane manavAne kI dhuna se baca na sake / vyAvahArika-pAramArthika Adi aneka dRSTiyoM kA avalambana karate hue bhI vedAntI anya saba dRSTiyoM ko brahmadRSTi se kama darje kI yA bilkula hI asatya mAnane-manavAne se baca na sake / isakA eka mAtra kAraNa yahI jAna par3atA hai ki una darzanoM meM vyApaka rUpa se anekAnta bhAvanA kA sthAna na rahA jaisA ki jaina darzana meM rahA / isI kAraNa se jaina darzana saba dRSTiyoM kA samanvaya bhI karatA hai aura sabhI draSTiyoM ko apane-apane viSaya meM tulya bala va yathArtha mAnatA hai / bheda-abheda, sAmAnya vizeSa, nityatva-anityatva Adi tattvajJAna ke prAcIna muddoM para hI sImita rahane ke kAraNa vaha anekAnta dRSTi aura tanmUlaka anekAnta vyavasthApaka zAstra punarukta, carvita carvaNa yA navInatA zUnya jAna par3ane kA ApAtataH sambhava hai phira bhI usa dRSTi aura usa zAstra nirmANa ke pIche jo akhaNDa aura sajIva sarvAMza satya ko apanAne kI bhAvanA jaina paramparA meM rahI aura jo pramANa zAstra meM avatIrNa huI usakA jIvana ke samagra kSetroM meM saphala upayoga hone kI pUrNa yogyatA hone ke kAraNa hI use pramANa-zAstra ko jainAcAryoM kI dena kahanA anupayukta nahIM / I0 1336] [pramANamImAMsA kI prastAvanA kA aMza] --- 1-nyAyabhASya 2.1. 18.

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Avazyaka kriyA vaidikasamAja meM 'sandhyA' kA, pArasI logoM meM 'khora deha avastA' kA, yahUdI tathA IsAiyoM meM prArthanA' kA aura musalamAnoM meM 'namAja' kA jaisA mahattva hai; jaina samAja meM vaisA hI mahattva 'aAvazyaka' kA hai| jaina samAja kI mukhya do zAkhAe~ haiM, (1) zvetAmbara aura (2) digambara / digambara-sampradAya meM muni-paraMparA vicchinna-prAyaH hai| isalie usameM muniyoM ke 'zrAvazyaka-vidhAna' kA darzana sirpha zAstra meM hI hai, vyavahAra meM nahIM hai / usake zrAvaka-samudAya meM bhI 'zrAvazyaka' kA pracAra vaisA nahIM hai, jaisA zvetAmbarazAkhA meM hai| digambara samAja meM jo pratimAdhArI yA brahmacArI Adi hote haiM, unameM mukhyatayA sirpha 'sAmAyika' karane kA pracAra dekhA jAtA hai| zRMGkhalAbaddha rIti se chahoM 'AvazyakoM kA niyamita pracAra jaisA zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM AbAlavRddha prasiddha hai| vaisA digambara-sampradAya meM prasiddha nahIM hai| arthAt digambarasampradAya meM silasilevAra chahoM 'Avazyaka' karane kI paramparA daivasika, rAtrika, pAkSika, caturmAsika aura sAmvatsarika-rUpa se vaisI pracalita nahIM hai, jaisI zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM pracalita hai| yAnI jisa prakAra zvetAmbara-sampradAya sAMyakAla, prAtaHkAla, pratyeka pakSa ke anta meM, cAturmAsa ke anta meM aura varSa ke anta meM striyoM kA tathA puruSoM kA samudAya alaga-alaga yA ekatra hokara athavA anta meM akelA vyakti hI silasile se chahoM 'zrAvazyaka' karatA hai, usa prakAra 'zrAvazyaka' karane kI rIti digambarasampradAya meM nahIM hai| zvetAmbara-sampradAya kI bhI do pradhAna zAkhAe~ haiM-(1) mUrtipUjaka aura (2) sthaankvaasii| ina donoM zAkhAoM kI sAdhu-zrAvaka-donoM saMsthAoM meM daivasika, rAtrika aAdi pA~co prakAra ke 'aAvazyaka' karane kA niyamita pracAra adhikArAnurUpa barAbara calA AtA hai| mUrtipUjaka aura sthAnakavAsI-donoM zAkhAoM ke sAdhuoM ko to subaha-zAma anivAryarUpa se 'Avazyaka' karanA hI par3atA hai; kyoMki zAstra meM aisI aAjJA hai ki prathama aura carama tIrthaMkara ke sAdhu 'Avazyaka' niyama se kareM / ataeva yadi ve usa aAjJA kA pAlana na kareM to sAdhu-pada ke adhikArI hI nahIM samajhe jA skte|

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Avazyaka kriyA 175 .zrAvakoM meM 'Avazyaka' kA pracAra vaikalpika hai| arthAt jo bhAvuka aura niyamavAle hote haiM, ve avazya karate haiM aura anya zrAvakoM kI pravRtti isa viSaya meM aicchika hai / phira bhI yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki jo nitya 'zrAvazyaka' nahIM karatA, vaha bhI pakSa ke bAda, caturmAsa ke bAda yA aAkhirakAra saMvatsara ke bAda, usako yathAsambhava avazya karatA hai| zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM 'Avazyaka kriyA' kA itanA Adara hai ki jo vyakti anya kisI samaya dharmasthAna meM na jAtA ho, vaha tathA choTe-bar3e bAlaka-bAlikAe~ bhI bahudhA sAmvatsarika parva ke dina dharmasthAna meM 'aAvazyaka-kriyA' karane ke lie ekatra ho hI jAte haiM aura usa kriyA ko karake sabhI apanA ahobhAgya samajhate haiN| isa pravRtti se yaha spaSTa hai ki 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' kA mahattva zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM kitanA adhika hai| isI sababa se sabhI loga apanI santati ko dhArmika zikSA dete samaya sabase pahine 'AvazyakakriyA' sikhAte haiN| jana-samudAya kI sAdara pravRtti ke kAraNa 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kA jo mahattva pramaNita hotA hai, usako ThIka-ThIka samajhAne ke lie 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kise kahate haiM ? sAmAyika Adi pratyeka 'Avazyaka' kA kyA svarUpa hai ? unake bhedakrama kI upapatti kyA hai ? 'Avazyaka-kriyA' AdhyAtmika kyoM hai ? ityAdi kucha mukhya praznoM ke Upara tathA unake antargata anya praznoM ke Upara isa jagaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| parantu isake pahile yahA~ eka bAta batalA denA jarUrI hai / aura vaha yaha hai ki 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' karane kI jo vidhi cUrNi ke jamAne se bhI bahuta prAcIna thI aura jisakA ullekha zrIharibhadrasUri-jaise pratiSThita AcArya ne apanI prAvazyaka-vRtti pR0, 760 meM kiyA hai| vaha vidhi bahuta aMzoM meM aparivartita rUpa se jyoM kI tyoM jaisI zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-sampradAya meM calI AtI hai, vaisI sthAnakavAsI-sampradAya meM nahIM hai| yaha bAta tapAgaccha, kharataragaccha Adi gacchoM kI sAmAcArI dekhane se spaSTa mAlUma ho jAtI hai / sthAnakavAsI-sampradAya kI sAmAcArI meM jisa prakAra 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' meM bole jAnevAle kaI prAcIna sUtroM kI, jaise:-pukkharavaradIvaDDhe, siddhANaM buddhANaM, arihaMtaceiyANaM, AyariyauvajjhAe, abbhuTiyo'haM, ityAdi kI kATa-chA~Ta kara dI gaI hai, isI prakAra usameM prAcIna vidhi kI bhI kATa-chA~Ta najara AtI hai| isake viparIta tapAgaccha, kharataragaccha Adi kI sAmAcArI meM 'Avazyaka' ke prAcIna sUtra tathA prAcIna vidhi meM koI parivartana kiyA huA najara nahIM AtA / arthAt usameM 'sAmAyika-zrAvazyaka' se lekara yAnI pratikramaNa kI sthApanA se lekara 'pratyAkhyAna' paryanta ke chahoM

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176 jaina dharma aura darzana 'Avazyaka' ke sUtroM kA tathA bIca meM vidhi karane kA silasilA bahudhA vahI hai, jisakA ullekha zrIharibhadrasUri ne kiyA hai| yadyapi pratikramaNa-sthApana ke pahale caitya-candana karane kI aura chaThe 'zrAvazyaka' ke bAda sajjhAya, stavana, stotra Adi par3hane kI prathA poche sakAraNa pracalita ho gaI hai, tathApi mUrtipUjaka-sampradAya kI 'Avazyaka-kriyA'-viSayaka sAmAcArI meM yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki usameM 'AvazyakoM ke sUtroM kA tathA vidhi kA silasilA abhI taka prAcIna hI calA AtA hai| 'Avazyaka' kise kahate haiM ? jo kriyA avazya karane yogya hai, usI ko "zrAvazyaka" kahate haiM / 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' saba ke lie eka nahIM, vaha adhikArI-bheda se judI-judI hai| eka vyakti jisa kriyA ko zrAvazyaka karma samajhakara nityaprati karatA hai, dUsarA usI ko Avazyaka nahIM samajhatA / udAharaNArtha---eka vyakti kAJcana-kAminI ko Avazyaka samajha kara usakI prApti ke lie apanI sArI zakti kharca kara DAlatA hai aura dUsarA kAJcana-kAminI ko anAvazyaka samajhatA hai aura usake saMga se bacane kI koziza hI meM apane buddhi-bala kA upayoga karatA hai| isalie 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' kA svarUpa likhane ke pahale yaha batalA denA jarUrI hai ki isa jagaha kisa prakAra ke adhikAriyoM kA Avazyaka-karma vicArA jAtA hai| sAmAnyarUpa se zarIra-dhArI prANiyoM ke do vibhAga haiM:-(1) bahiSTi aura (2) antardRSTi / jo antardRSTi haiM-jinakI dRSTi AtmA kI ora mukI hai arthAt jo sahaja sukha ko vyakta karane ke vicAra meM tathA prayatna meM lage hue haiM, unhIM ke 'zrAvazyaka-karma' kA vicAra isa jagaha karanA hai| isa kathana se yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki jo jar3a meM apane ko nahIM bhUle haiM--jinakI dRSTi ko kisI bhI jar3a vastu kA saundarya lubhA nahIM sakatA, unakA 'Avazyaka-karma' vahI ho sakatA hai, jisake dvArA unakA AtmA sahaja sukha kA anubhava kara ske| antardRSTi vAle aAtmA sahaja sukha kA anubhava tabhI kara sakate haiM, jaba ki unake samyaktva, cetanA, cAritra Adi guNa vyakta hoN| isalie ve usa kriyA ko apanA 'zrAvazyaka-karma' samajhate haiM, jo samyaktva Adi guNoM kA vikAsa karane meM sahAyaka ho| ataeva isa jagaha saMkSepa meM 'zrAvazyaka kI vyAkhyA itanI hI hai ki jJAnAdi guNoM ko prakaTa karane ke lie jo kriyA avazya karane ke yogya hai, vahI 'zrAvazyaka' hai| aisA 'zrAvazyaka' jJAna aura kriyA-ubhaya pariNAmarUpa arthAt upayogapUrvaka kI jAnevAlI kriyA hai| yahI karma AtmA ko guNoM se vAsita karAne

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Avazyaka kriyA 177 vAlA hone ke kAraNa 'zrAvAsaka' bhI kahalAtA hai| vaidikadarzana meM 'Avazyaka' samajhe jAnevAle karmoM ke lie 'nityakarma zabda prasiddha hai| jainadarzana meM 'avazya-kartavya' dhruva, nigraha, vizodhi, adhyayanaSaTaka, varga, nyAya, ArAdhanA, mArga Adi aneka zabda aise haiM, jo ki 'zrAvazyaka' zabda ke samAnArthaka-paryAya haiM (A0 vRtti, pR0 53 ) / sAmAyika Adi pratyeka 'Avazyaka' kA svarUpa-sthUla dRSTi se 'zrAvazyaka kriyA' ke chaha vibhAga-bheda kiye gae haiM--(1) sAmAyika, (2) caturviMzatistava, (3) vandana, (4) pratikramaNa, (5) kAyotsarga aura (6) pratyAkhyAna / - (1) rAga aura dveSa ke vaza na hokara samabhAva-madhyastha-bhAva meM rahanA arthAt sabake sAtha aAtmatulya vyavahAra karanA 'sAmAyika' hai (A0 ni0, gA0 1032) / isake (1) samyaktvasAmAyika, (2) zrutasAmAyika aura (3) cAritra sAmAyika, ye tIna bheda haiM, kyoMki samyaktva dvArA, zruta dvArA yA cAritra dvArA hI samabhAva meM sthira rahA jA sakatA hai| cAritrasAmAyika bhI adhikArI kI apekSA se (1) deza aura (2) sarva, yoM do prakAra kA hai| deza sAmAyika cAritra gRhasthoM ko aura sarvasAmAyikacAritra sAdhuoM ko hotA hai (zrA0ni0, ' gA0766 ) / samatA, samyaktva, zAnti, suvihita Adi zabda sAmAyika ke paryAya haiM ( zrA0 ni0, gA0 1033 ) / (2caturviMzatistava-caubIsa tIrthaMkara, jo ki sarvaguNa-sampanna Adarza haiM, unakI stuti karane rUpa hai| isake (1) dravya aura (2) bhAva, ye do bheda haiN| puSpa Adi sAttvika vastuoM ke dvArA tIrthaMkaroM kI pUjA karanA 'dravyastava' aura unake vAstavika guNoM kA kIrtana karanA 'bhAvastava' hai (zrA0, pR0 462) / adhikArI--vizeSa gRhastha ke lie dravyastava kitanA lAbhadAyaka hai, isa bAta ko vistArapUrvaka Avazyaka niyukti, pR0 462-463 meM dikhAyA hai| (3) vaMdana-mana, vacana zarIra kA vaha vyApAra vaMdana hai, jisase pUjyoM ke prati bahumAna pragaTa kiyA jAtA hai / zAstra meM vaMdana ke citi-karma, kRti-karma, pUjAkarma Adi paryAya prasiddha haiM (prA0ni0, gA0 1103) / vaMdana ke yathArtha svarUpa jAnane ke lie vaMdya kaise hone cAhie ? ve kitane prakAra ke haiM ? kaunakauna avaMdya hai ? avaMdya-vaMdana se kyA doSa hai ? vaMdana karane ke samaya kina-kina doSoM kA parihAra karanA cAhie, ityAdi bAteM jAnane yogya haiN| dravya aura bhAva ubhaya-cAritrasampanna muni hI vandya haiM (zrA0 ni0, gA0 1106 ) / vandya muni (1) prAcArya, (2) upAdhyAya, (3) pravartaka, (4) sthavira aura (5) ratnAdhika rUpa se pA~ca prakAra ke haiM (prA0 ni0, gA0 1165 ) /

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178 jaina dharma aura darzana jo dravyaliGga aura bhAvaliGga eka-eka se yA donoM se rahita hai, vaha avandya hai| zravandanIya tathA vandanIya ke saMbandha meM sikke kI caturbhaGgI prasiddha hai (prA0 ni0, gA0 1138) / jaise cA~dI zuddha ho para mohara ThIka na lagI ho to vaha sikkA grAhya nahIM hotA / vaise hI jo bhAvaliMgayukta haiM, para dravyaliMgavihIna haiM, una pratyeka buddha Adi ko vandana nahIM kiyA jAtA / jisa sikke para mohara to ThIka lagI hai, para caudI azuddha hai. vaha sikkA grAhya nahIM hotA / vaise hI dravyaliMgadhArI hokara jo bhAvaliMgavihIna haiM ve pArzvastha Adi pA~ca prakAra ke kusAdhu avandanIya haiN| jisa sikke kI cA~dI aura mohara, ye donoM ThIka nahIM hai, vaha bhI agrAhya hai / isI taraha jo dravya aura bhAva-ubhayaliMgarahita haiM ve vandanIya nahIM / vandanIya sirpha ve hI haiM, jo zuddha cA~dI tathA zuddha mohara vAle sikke ke samAna dravya aura bhAva-ubhayaliMga sampanna haiM (prA0 ni0, gA0 1138) / avandya ko vandana karane se vandana karane vAle ko na to karma kI nirjarA hotI hai aura na kIrti hI / balki asaMyama Adi doSoM ke anumodana dvArA karmabandha hotA hai ( prA0 ni0, gA0 1108) / avandya ko vandana karane se vandana karanevAle ko hI doSa hotA hai, yahI bAta nahIM, kiMtu avandanIya ke AtmA kA bhI guNI puruSoM ke dvArA apane ko vandana karAne rUpa asaMyama kI vRddhi dvArA adhaHpAta hotA hai (prA0 ni0, gA0 1110) / vandana battIsa doSoM se rahita honA cAhie / anAhata Adi ve battIsa doSa aAvazyaka-niyukti, gA0 1207-1211 meM batalAe haiM / (4) pramAdavaza zubha yoga se gira kara azubha yoga ko prApta karane ke bAda phira se zubha yoga ko prApta karanA, yaha 'pratikramaNa 1 hai| tathA azubha yoga ko ko chor3akara untarottara zubha yoga meM vartanA, yaha bhI 'pratikramaNa'2 hai / prativaraNa, pariharaNa, karaNa, nivRtti, nindA, garhA aura zodhi, ye saba pratikramaNa ke samAnArthaka zabda haiM (zrA0ni0 gA0 1233) / ina zabdoM kA bhAva samajhAne ke lie pratyeka zabda ko vyAkhyA para eka-eka dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai, jo bahuta manoraMjaka hai (A0-ni0, gA0 1242) / 1-svasthAnAdyanparasthAnaM pramAdasya vazAdgataH / tatraiva kramaNaM bhUyaH, pratikramaNamucyate // 1 // 2-prativartanaM vA zubheSu yogeSu mokSaphaladeSu / niHzalyasya yateryat tadvA jJeyaM pratikramaNam // 1 // ---Avazyaka-sUtra, pRSTha 553 /

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Avazyaka kriyA 176 pratikramaNa kA matalaba pIche lauTanA hai--eka sthiti meM jAkara. phira mUla sthiti ko prApta karanA pratikramaNa hai / pratikramaNa zabda kI isa sAmAnya vyAkhyA ke anusAra Upara batalAI huI vyAkhyA ke viruddha arthAt azubha yoga se haTa kara zubha yoga ko prApta karane ke bAda phira se azubha yoga ko prApta karanA yaha bhI pratikramaNa kahA jA sakatA hai / ataeva yadyapi pratikramaNa ke (1) prazasta aura (2) aprazasta, ye do bheda kiye jAte haiM ( zrA0, pR0 552 ), to bhI 'aAvazyaka' kriyA meM jisa pratikramaNa kA samAveza hai vaha aprazasta nahIM kintu prazasta hI hai; kyoMki isa jagaha antardRSTi vAle-AdhyAtmika puruSoM kI hI Avazyaka-kriyA kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| (1) daivasika, (2) rAtrika, (3) pAkSika, (4) cAturmAsika aura (5) sAMvatsarika, ye pratikramaNa ke pA~ca bheda bahuta prAcIna tathA zAstrasaMmata haiM; kyoMki inakA ullekha zrI bhadrabAhusvAmI bhI karate haiM (prA0ni0, gA0 1247) / kAlabheda se tIna prakAra kA pratikramaNa bhI batalAyA hai--(1) bhUtakAla meM lage hue doSoM ko AlocanA karanA, (2) saMvara karake vartamAna kAla ke doSoM se bacanA aura (3) pratyAkhyAna dvArA bhaviSyat doSoM ko rokanA pratikramaNa hai (prA0 pR0 551 / uttarottara AtmA ke vizeSa zuddha svarUpa meM sthita hone kI icchA karanevAle adhikAriyoM ko yaha bhI jAnanA cAhiye ki pratikramaNa kisa-kisa kA karanA cAhie-(1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) kaSAya aura (4) aprazasta yogaina cAra kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie / arthAt mithyAtva chor3akara samyaktva ko pAnA cAhie, avirati kA tyAga kara virati ko svIkAra karanA cAhiye, kaSAya kA parihAra karake kSamA Adi guNa prApta karanA cAhie aura saMsAra bar3hAnevAle vyApAroM ko chor3akara aAtma-svarUpa kI prApti karanI caahie| sAmAnya rIti se pratikramaNa (1) dravya aura (2) bhAva, yoM do prakAra kA hai| bhAvapratikramaNa hI upAdeya hai, dravyapratikramaNa nahIM / dravyapratikramaNa vaha hai, jo dikhAve ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| doSa kA pratikramaNa karane ke bAda bhI phira se usa doSa ko bAra bAra sevana karanA, yaha dravya pratikramaNa hai| isase AtmA zuddha hone ke badale dhiThAI dvArA aura bhI doSoM kI puSTi hotI hai / isa para kumhAra ke bartanoM ko kaMkara dvArA bAra-bAra phor3akara bAra-bAra mAphI mA~ganevAle eka kSullakasAdhu kA dRSTAnta prasiddha hai / (5) dharma yA zukla-dhyAna ke lie ekAgra hokara zarIra para se mamatA kA tyAga karanA 'kAyotsarga' hai| kAyotsarga ko yathArtha

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1880 jaina dharma aura darzana rUpa meM karane ke lie isa ke doSoM kA parihAra karanA caahie| ve ghoTaka Adi doSa saMkSepa meM unnIsa haiM (zrA0 ni0, gA0 1546-1547) / kAyotsarga se deha kI jar3atA aura buddhi kI jar3atA dUra hotI hai, arthAt vAta Adi dhAtutroM kI viSamatA dUra hotI hai aura buddhi kI mandatA dUra hokara vicArazakti kA vikAsa hotA hai| sukha-duHkha titikSA arthAt anukUla aura pratikUla donoM prakAra ke saMyogoM meM samabhAva se rahane kI zakti kAyotsarga se prakaTa hotI hai / bhAvanA aura dhyAna kA abhyAsa bhI kAyotsarga se hI puSTa hotA hai / praticAra IT cintana bhI kAyotsarga meM ThIka-ThIka ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra dekhA jAya to kAyotsarga bahuta mahattva kI kriyA hai / kAryotsarga ke andara liye jAnevAle eka zvAsocchrAsa kA kAla-parimANa zloka ke ekapAda ke uccAraNa ke kAla - parimANa jitanA kahA gayA hai / (6) tyAga karane ko 'pratyAkhyAna' kahate haiM / tyAgane yogya vastue~ (1) dravya aura (2) bhAvarUpa se do prakAra kI haiM / anna, vastra Adi bAhya vastue~ dravyarUpa haiM aura ajJAna, asaMyama Adi vaibhAvika pariNAma bhAvarUpa haiM / anna, vastra Adi bAhya vastuoM kA tyAga ajJAna, asaMyama Adi ke tyAga dvArA bhAva tyAga-pUrvaka aura bhAvatyAga ke uddezya se hI honA cAhiye / jo dravyatyAga bhAvatyAga pUrvaka tathA bhAvatyAga ke lie nahIM kiyA jAtA, usa grAtmA ko guNa prApti nahIM hotI / (1) zraddhAna, (2) jJAna, (3) vaMdana, 4) anupAlana, (5) anubhASaNa aura (6) bhAva, ina chaH zuddhiyoM ke sahita kiyA jAnevAlA pratyAkhyAna zuddha pratyAkhyAna hai (0, pR0 847 ) / 1 pratyAkhyAna kA dUsarA nAma guNa-dhAraNa hai, so isalie ki usase aneka guNa prApta hote haiM / pratyAkhyAna karane se khava kA nirodha arthAt saMvara hotA hai / saMbara se tRSNA kA nAza, tRSNA ke nAza se nirupama samabhAva aura aise samabhAva se kramazaH mokSa kA lAbha hotA hai krama kI svAbhAvikatA tathA upapatti--jo antardRSTi vAle haiM, unake jIvana kA pradhAna uddezya samabhAva - sAmAyika prApta karanA hai / isalie unake pratyeka vyavahAra meM samabhAva kA darzana hotA hai / antardRSTi vAle jaba kisI ko samabhAva kI pUrNatA ke zikhara para pahu~ce hue jAnate haiM, taba ve unake vAstavika guNoM kI stuti karane lagate haiM / isa taraha ve samabhAva - sthita sAdhu puruSoM ko vandana-namaskAra karanA bhI nahIM bhUlate / antardRSTivAloM ke jIvana meM aisI sphUrtti - zrapramattatA hotI hai ki kadAcit ve pUrvavAsanA vaza yA kusaMsarga vaza samabhAva se gira jAe~, taba bhI usa apramattatA ke kAraNa pratikramaNa karake ve apanI pUrva-prApta sthiti ko

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zrAvazyaka kriyA 181 phira pA lete haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to pUrva-sthiti se Age bhI bar3ha jAte haiM / dhyAna hI AdhyAtmika jIvana ke vikAsa kI kuMjI hai| isake lie antardRSTi vAle bArabAra dhyAna-kAyotsarga kiyA karate haiM / dhyAna dvArA citta-zuddhi karate hue ve AtmasvarUpa meM vizeSatayA lIna ho jAte haiN| ataeva jar3a vastuoM ke bhoga kA parityAgapratyAkhyAna bhI unake lie sAhajika kriyA hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki AdhyAtmika puruSoM ke ucca tathA svAbhAvika jIvana kA pRthakkaraNa hI 'aAvazyaka-kriyA' ke krama kA AdhAra hai| jaba taka sAmAyika prApta na ho, taba taka caturviMzati-stava bhAvapUrvaka kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA; kyoMki jo svayaM samabhAva ko prApta nahIM hai, vaha samabhAva meM sthita mahAtmAtroM ke guNoM ko jAna nahIM sakatA aura na unase prasanna hokara unakI prazaMsA hI kara sakatA hai| isalie sAmAyika ke bAda caturviMzatistava hai| ___caturviMzatistava kA adhikArI vandana ko yathAvidhi kara sakatA hai| kyoMki jisane caubIsa tIrthakaroM ke guNoM se prasanna hokara unakI stuti nahIM kI hai, vaha tIrthakaroM ke mArga ke upadezaka sadguru ko bhAvapUrvaka vandana kaise kara sakatA hai| isI se vandana ko caturviMzatistava ke bAda rakhA hai / ___ vandana ke pazcAt pratikramaNa ko rakhane kA Azaya yaha hai ki AlocanA guru-samakSa kI jAtI hai| jo guru-vandana nahIM karatA vaha aAlocana kA adhikArI hI nahIM / guru-vandana ke sivAya kI jAnevAlI AlocanA nAmamAtra kI AlocanA hai, usase koI sAdhya-siddhi nahIM ho sktii| saccI AlocanA karanevAle adhikArI ke pariNAma itane namra aura komala hote haiM ki jisase vaha Apa hI Apa guru ke pairoM para sira namAtA hai / kAyotsarga kI yogyatA pratikramaNa kara lene para hI AtI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaba taka pratikramaNa dvArA pApa kI AlocanA karake citta-zuddhi na kI jAya, taba taka dharma-dhyAna yA zukladhyAna ke lie ekAgratA saMpAdana karane kA, jo kAyotsarga kA uddezya hai, vaha kisI taraha siddha nahIM ho sktaa| AlocanA ke dvArA citta-zuddhi kiye binA jo kAyotsarga karatA hai, usake mu~ha se cAhe kisI zabda-vizeSa kA japa huA kare, lekina usake dila meM ucca dhyeya kA vicAra kabhI nahIM aataa| vaha anubhUta viSayoM kA hI cintana kiyA karatA hai| , kAyotsarga karake jo vizeSa citta-zuddhi, ekAgratA aura Atmabala prApta karatA hai, vahI pratyAkhyAna kA saccA adhikArI hai| jisane ekAgratA prApta nahIM kI hai aura saMkalpa-bala bhI paidA nahIM kiyA hai, vaha yadi pratyAkhyAna kara bhI le to bhI usakA ThIka-ThIka nirvAha nahIM kara sakatA / pratyAkhyAna sabase Upara kI 'zrAvazyaka

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182 jaina dharma aura darzana kriyA' hai| usake lie viziSTa citta-zuddhi aura vizeSa utsAha kI darakAra hai, jo kAyotsarga kiye binA paidA nahIM ho skte| isI abhiprAya se kAyotsarga ke pazcAt pratyAkhyAna rakhA gayA hai / isa prakAra vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki chaH 'AvazyakoM kA jo krama hai, vaha vizeSa kArya-kAraNa-bhAva kI zRGkhalA para sthita hai / usameM ulaTa-phera hone se usa kI vaha svAbhAvikatA nahIM rahatI, jo ki usameM hai / 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kI AdhyAtmikA - jo kriyA zrAtmA ke vikAsa ko lakSya meM rakha kara kI jAtI hai, vahI AdhyAtmika kriyA hai / AtmA ke vikAsa kA matalaba usa ke samyaktva, cetana, cAritra yAdi guNoM kI kramazaH zuddhi karane se hai / isa kasauTI para kasane se yaha abhrAnta rIti se siddha hotA hai ki 'sAmAyika' Adi chahoM 'Avazyaka' AdhyAtmika haiN| kyoMki sAmAyika kA phala pApajanaka vyApAra kI nivRtti hai, jo ki karma-nirjarA dvArA AtmA ke vikAsa kA kAraNa hai / caturviMzatistava kA uddezya guNAnurAga kI vRddhi dvArA guNa prApta karanA hai, jo ki karma-nirjarA dvArA AtmA ke vikAsa kA sAdhana hai / - vandana-kriyA ke dvArA vinaya kI prApti hotI hai, mAna khaNDita hotA hai, gurujana kI pUjA hotI hai, tIrthaMkaroM kI zrAjJA kA pAlana hotA hai aura zrutadharma kI zrArAdhanA hotI hai, jo ki anta meM zrAtmA ke kramika vikAsa dvArA mokSa ke kAraNa hote haiM / vandana karanevAloM ko namratA ke kAraNa zAstra sunane kA avasara milatA hai / zAstra - zravaNa dvArA kramazaH jJAna, vijJAna, pratyAkhyAna saMyama, anAsava, tapa, karmanAza, prakriyA aura siddhi ye phala batalAe gae haiM (0ni0, gA0 1215 tathA vRtti ) / isalie vandana - kriyA AtmA ke vikAsa kA saMdigdha kAraNa hai / zrAtmA vastutaH pUrNa zuddha aura pUrNa balavAn hai, para vaha vividha vAsanAoM ke anAdi pravAha meM par3ane ke kAraNa doSoM kI aneka tahoM se daba-sA gayA hai; isalie jaba vaha Upara uThane kA prayatna karatA hai, taba usase anAdi abhyAsavaza bhUleM ho jAnA sahaja hai / vaha jaba taba una bhUloM kA saMzodhana na kare, taba taka iSTa siddhi ho hI nahIM sktii| isalie pada-pada para kI huI bhUloM ko yAda karake pratikramaNa dvArA phira se unheM na karane ke lie vaha nizcaya kara letA hai / isa taraha se pratikramaNa kriyA kA uddezya pUrva doSoM ko dUra karanA aura phira se vaise doSoM ko na karane ke lie sAvadhAna kara denA hai, jisase ki AtmA doSa

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. Avazyaka kriyAH 183 mukta ho kara dhIre-dhIre apane zuddha svarUpa meM sthita ho jAya / isI se pratikramaNakriyA AdhyAtmika hai| ___ kAyotsarga citta kI ekAgratA paidA karatA hai aura AtmA ko apanA sparUpa vicArane kA avasara detA hai, jisase aAtmA nirbhaya banakara apane kaThinatama uddezya ko siddha kara sakatA hai| isI kAraNa kAyotsarga-kriyA bhI AdhyAtmika hai| ... duniyA~ meM jo kucha hai, vaha saba na to bhogA hI jA sakatA hai aura na bhogane ke yogya hI hai tathA vAstavika zAnti aparimita bhoga se bhI sambhava nahIM hai| isalie pratyAkhyAna-kriyA ke dvArA mumukSugaNa apane ko vyartha ke bhogoM se bacAte haiM aura usake dvArA cirakAlIna AtmA-zAnti pAte haiM / ataeva pratyAkhyAna kriyA bhI AdhyAtmika hI hai| __ bhAva-aAvazyaka eka lokottara kriyA hai; kyoMki vaha lokottara (mokSa) ke uddezya se AdhyAtmika logoM ke dvArA upayoga pUrvaka kI jAnevAlI kriyA hai| isalie pahile usakA samarthana lokottara (zAstrIya va nizcaya) dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai aura pIche vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI usakA samarthana kiyA jaaegaa| kyoMki 'zrAvazyaka' hai to lokottara kriyA, para usake adhikArI vyavahAra-niSTha hote haiN| .. jina tattvoM ke hone se hI manuSya kA jIvana anya prANiyoM ke jIvana se ucca samajhA jA sakatA hai aura anta meM vikAsa kI parAkASThA taka pahuMca sakatA hai, ve tattva ye haiM - (1) samabhAva arthAt zuddha zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra kA saMmizraNa, (2) jIvana ko vizuddha banAne ke lie sarvopari jIvanavAle mahAtmAoM ko AdazarUpa se pasanda karake unakI aora sadA dRSTi rakhanA, (3) guNavAnoM kA bahumAna va vinaya karanA, (4) kartavya kI smRti tathA karttavya-pAlana meM ho jAnevAlI galatiyoM kA avalokana karake niSkapaTa bhAva se unakA saMzodhana karanA aura phira se vaisI. galatiyA~ na hoM, isake lie AtmA ko jAgRta karanA; (5) dhyAna kA abhyAsa karake pratyeka vastu ke svarUpa ko yathArtha rIti se samajhane ke lie viveka-zakti kA vikAsa karanA aura (6 tyAga-vRtti dvArA saMtoSa va sahanazIlatA ko bar3hAnA / __ina tattvoM ke AdhAra para Avazyaka-kriyA kA mahala khar3A hai| isalie zAstra' 1-guNavadbahumAnAdernityasmRtyA ca skriyaa|| jAtaM na pAtayedbhAvamajAtaM janayedapi // 5 // .. kSAyopazamikabhAve yA kriyA kriyate tyaa|.. patitasyApi tadbhAvapravRddhirjAyate punaH // 6 //

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jaina dharma aura darzana kahatA hai ki 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' AtmA ko prApta bhAva zuddhi se girane nahIM detI, usako apUrva bhAva bhI prApta karAtI hai tathA kSAyopazika-bhAva-pUrvaka kI jAnevAlI kriyA se patita AtmA kI bhI phira se bhAvavRddhi hotI hai / isa kAraNa guNoM kI vRddhi ke lie tathA prApta guNoM se skhalita na hone ke lie 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' kA AcaraNa atyanta upayogI hai| vyavahAra meM Arogya, kauTumbika nIti, sAmAjika nIti ityAdi viSaya sammilita haiN| Arogya ke lie mukhya mAnasika prasannatA cAhie / yadyapi duniyA~ meM aise aneka sAdhana haiM, jinake dvArA kucha-na-kucha mAnasika prasannatA prApta kI jAtI hai, para vicAra kara dekhane se yaha mAlUma par3atA hai ki sthAyI mAnasika prasannatA una pUrvokta tattvoM ke sivAya kisI taraha prApta nahIM ho sakatI, jinake Upara 'zrAvazyakakriyA' kA AdhAra hai| kauTumbika nIti kA pradhAna sAdhya sampUrNa kuTumba ko sukhI banAnA hai / isake lie choTe-bar3e saba meM eka dUsare ke prati yathocita vinaya, AjJA-pAlana, niyamazIlatA aura apramAda kA honA jarUrI hai| ye saba guNa 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' ke AdhArabhUta pUrvokta tattvoM ke poSaNa se sahaja hI prApta ho jAte haiN| __sAmAjika nIti kA uddezya samAja ko suvyavasthita rakhanA hai / isake lie vicAra-zIlatA, prAmANikatA, dIrghadarzitA aura gambhIratA Adi guNa jIvana meM Ane cAhie, jo 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ke prANabhUta chaha tattvoM ke sivAya kisI taraha nahIM pA sakate / isa prakAra vicAra karane se yaha sApha jAna par3atA hai ki zAstrIya tathA vyavahArika-donoM dRSTi se 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' kA yathocita anuSThAna parama lAbhadAyaka hai| pratikramaNa zabda kI rUr3hi pratikramaNa zabda kI vyutpatti 'prati+kramaNa = pratikramaNa'. aisI hai| isa vyutpatti ke anusAra usakA artha 'pIche phiranA', itanA hI hotA hai, parantu rUr3hi ke bala se 'pratikamaNa' zabda sirpha cauthe 'Avazyaka' kA tathA chaha Avazyaka ke samudAya kA bhI bodha karAtA hai| antima artha meM usa zabda kI prasiddhi itanI adhika ho gaI guNavRddhayA tataH kuryAkriyAmaskhalanAya vA / ekaM tu saMyamasthAnaM jinAnAmavatiSThate // 7 // -jJAnasAra, kriyASTaka /

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Avazyaka kriyA 185 hai ki Ajakala 'Avazyaka' zabda kA prayoga na karake saba koI chahoM AvazyakoM ke lie 'pratikramaNa' zabda kAma meM lAte haiM / isa taraha vyavahAra meM aura arvAcIna granthoM meM 'pratikramaNa' zabda isa prakAra se 'Avazyaka' zabda kA paryAya ho gayA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM sAmAnya 'zrAvazyaka' artha meM 'pratikramaNa' zabda kA prayoga kahIM dekhane meM nahIM AyA / 'pratikramaNahetugarbha', 'pratikramaNa vidhi', 'dharmasaMgraha' Adi arvAcIna granthoM meM 'pratikramaNa' zabda sAmAnya 'zrAvazyaka' ke artha meM prayukta hai aura sarvasAdhAraNa bhI sAmAnya 'zrAvazyaka' ke artha meM pratikramaNa zabda kA prayoga askhalita rUpa se karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| 'pratikramaNa' ke adhikArI aura usakI rIti para vicAra isa jagaha 'pratikramaNa' zabda kA matalaba sAmAnya 'Avazyaka' arthAt chuH 'AvazyakoM se hai| yahA~ usake saMbandha meM mukhya do praznoM para vicAra karanA hai| (1) 'pratikramaNa' ke adhikArI kauna haiM ? (2) 'pratikramaNa'-vidhAna kI jo rIti pracalita hai, vaha zAstrIya tathA yuktisaMgata hai yA nahIM ? .. prathama prazna kA uttara yaha hai ki sAdhu aura zrAvaka donoM 'pratikramaNa' ke adhikArI haiM; kyoMki zAstra meM sAdhu aura zrAvaka donoM ke lie sAyaMkAlIna aura prAtaHkAlIna avazya-karttavya-rUpa se 'pratikramaNa' kA vidhAna' hai aura aticAra Adi prasaMgarUpa kAraNa ho yA nahIM, para prathama aura carama tIrthaMkara ke zAsana meM 'pratikramaNa' sahita hI dharma batalAyA gayA hai / / dUsarA prazna sAdhu tathA zrAvaka-donoM ke pratikramaNa' rIti se saMbandha rakhatA hai| saba sAdhuoM ko cAritra-viSayaka kSayopazama nyUnAdhika bhale hI ho, para sAmAnyarUpa se ve sarva virativAle arthAt paJca mahAvrata ko trividha-trividha-pUrvaka dhAraNa karane vAle hote haiN| ataeva una sabako apane paJca mahAvrata meM lage hue aticAroM ke saMzodhana rUpa se AlocanA yA 'pratikramaNa' nAmaka cauthA 'Avazyaka' samAna rUpa se karanA cAhie aura usake lie saba sAdhanoM ko samAna hI AlocanA sUtra par3hanA cAhie, jaisA ki ve par3hate haiN| para zrAvakoM ke saMbaMdha meM tarka 1-samaNeNa sAvaeNa ya, avassakAyavvayaM havai jamhA / ante ahoNisassa ya tamhA AvassayaM nAma // 2 // -Avazyaka-vRtti, pRSTha 53 / 2-sapaDikkamaNo dhammo, purimassa ya pacchimassa ya jiNassa ! .. majhimayANa jiNANaM, kAraNajAe paDikkamaNaM // 1244 // - ---zrAvazyaka-niyukti /

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*dii jaina dharma aura darzana paidA hotA hai / vaha yaha hai ki zrAvaka aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| koI kevala samyaktva bAlA - vratI hotA hai, koI vratI hotA hai / isa prakAra kisI ko adhika se for are as vrata hote haiM aura sallekhanA bhI / vrata bhI kisI ko dvividhatrividha se, kisI ko ekavidha - trividha se, kisI ko ekavidha - dvividha se ityAdi nAnA prakAra kA hotA hai / zrataeva zrAvaka vividha abhigraha vAle kahe gae haiM ( zrAvazyaka niyukti gA0 1558 Adi ) / bhinna abhigraha vAle sabhI zrAvaka cauthe 'Avazyaka' ke sivAya zeSa pA~ca 'Avazyaka' jisa rIti se karate haiM aura isake lie jo-jo sUtra par3hate haiM isa viSaya meM to zaGkA ko sthAna nahIM hai; para ke cauthe 'Avazyaka' ko jisa prakAra se karate haiM aura usake lie jisa sUtra ko par3hate haiM, usake viSaya meM zaGkA avazya hotI hai / vaha yaha ki cauthA 'zrAvazyaka' aticAra-saMzodhana-rUpa hai / grahaNa kiye hue vrata-niyamoM meM hI aticAra lagate haiM / grahaNa kiye hue vrata niyama saba ke samAna nahIM hote / ataeva eka hI ' vandittu' sUtra ke dvArA sabhI zrAvaka cAhe vratI hoM yA vratI -- samyaktva, bAraha vrata tathA saMlekhanA ke aticAroM kA jo saMzodhana karate haiM, vaha nyAya saMgata kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? jisane jo vrata grahaNa kiyA ho, usako usI vrata ke aticAroM kA saMzodhana 'micchAmi dukkaDaM' Adi dvArA karanA cAhie / grahaNa nahIM kie hue vratoM ke guNoM kA vicAra karanA cAhie aura guNa-bhAvanA dvArA una vratoM ke svIkAra karane ke lie Atma-sAmarthya paidA karanA cAhie / grahaNa nahIM kiye vratoM ke aticAra kA saMzodhana yadi yukta samajhA jAya to phira zrAvaka lie paJca 'mahAvrata' ke praticAroM kA saMzodhana bhI yukta mAnanA par3egA / grahaNa kiye hue yA grahaNa nahIM kiye hue vratoM ke saMbandha meM zraddhA viparyAsa ho jAne para 'micchAmi dukkaDa' Adi dvArA usa kA pratikramaNa karanA, yaha to satra adhikAriyoM ke lie samAna hai / para yahA~ jo prazna hai, vaha praticAra-saMzodhana rUpa pratikramaNa ke saMbandha kA hI hai arthAt grahaNa nahIM kiye hue vrata niyamoM ke aticAra-saMzodhana ke usa usa sUtrAMza ko par3hane kI aura 'micchAmi dukkaDaM' Adi dvArA pratikramaNa karane kI jo roti pracalita hai, usakA AdhAra kyA hai ? hue ke isa zaGkA kA samAdhAna itanA hI hai ki aticAra-saMzodhana-rUpa 'pratikramaNa' to grahaNa kiye hue vratoM kA hI karanA yukti-saMgata hai aura tadanusAra hI sUtrAMza par3hakara 'micchAmi dukkar3a' zrAdi denA cAhie / grahaNa nahIM kiye hue vratoM ke saMbandha meM zraddhA-viparyAsa kA 'pratikramaNa' bhale hI kiyA jAe, para vicArasaMzodhana ke lie usa usa sUtrAMza ko par3hakara 'micchAmi dukkaDaM' Adi dene kI *

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Avazyaka kriyA 187 apekSA una vratoM ke guNoM kI bhAvanA karanA tathA una vratoM ko dhAraNa karanevAle ucca zrAvakoM ko dhanyavAda dekara guNAnurAga puSTa karanA hI yukti-saMgata hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki jaba aisI sthiti hai, taba vratI-avatI, choTe-bar3e-sabhI zrAvakoM meM eka hI 'vaMdittu' sUtra ke dvArA samAna rUpa se aticAra kA saMzodhana karane kI jo prathA pracalita hai, vaha kaise cala par3I hai ? isakA khulAsA yaha jAna par3atA hai ki prathama to sabhI ko 'zrAvazyaka' sUtra pUrNatayA yAda nahIM hotaa| aura agara yAda bhI ho, taba bhI sAdhAraNa adhikAriyoM ke lie akele kI apekSA samudAya meM hI milakara 'Avazyaka' karanA lAbhadAyaka mAnA gayA hai| tIsare jaba koI sabase ucca zrAvaka apane lie sarvathA upayukta sampUrNa 'vaMdittu' sUtra par3hatA hai, taba prAthamika aura mAdhyamika sabhI adhikAriyoM ke lie upayukta vaha-vaha sUtrAMza bhI usameM A hI jAtA hai| ina kAraNoM se aisI samudAyika prathA par3I hai ki eka vyakti sampUrNa 'vaMditu' sUtra par3hatA hai aura zeSa zrAvaka ucca adhikArI zrAvaka kA anukaraNa karake saba vratoM ke saMbandha meM aticAra kA saMzodhana karane laga jAte haiN| isa samudAyika prathA ke rUr3ha ho jAne ke kAraNa jaba koI prAthamika yA mAdhyamika zrAvaka akelA pratikramaNa karatA hai, taba bhI vaha 'vaMdittu' sUtra ko sampUrNa hI par3hatA hai aura grahaNa nahIM kiye hue vratoM ke aticAra kA bhI saMzodhana karatA hai| __isa prathA ke rUr3ha jo jAne kA eka kAraNa yaha aura bhI mAlUma par3atA hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa meM viveka kI yatheSTa mAtrA nahIM hotii| isalie 'vaMdittu' sUtra meM se apane-apane lie upayukta sUtrAMzoM ko cunakara bolanA aura zeSa sUtrAMzoM ko chor3a denA, yaha kAma sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie jaisA kaThani hai, vaisA hI viSamatA tathA golamAla paidA karanevAlA bhI hai| isa kAraNa yaha niyama ' rakhA gayA hai ki jaba sabhA ko yA kisI eka vyakti ko 'paccakkhANa' karAyA jAtA hai, taba aisA sUtra par3hA jAtA hai ki jisameM aneka 'paccakkhANoM' kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, jisase sabhI adhikArI apanI-apanI icchA ke anusAra 'paccakkhANa' kara lete haiN| ___ isa dRSTi se yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki 'vaMdittu' sUtra akhaNDita rUpa se par3hanA nyAya va zAstra-saMgata hai| rahI aticAra-saMzodhana meM viveka karane kI bAta, so usako vivekI adhikArI khuzI se kara sakatA hai / isameM prathA bAdhaka nahIM hai / 1-akhaNDaM sUtraM paThanIyamiti nyAyAt-dharmasaMgraha, pRSTha 223 / . .

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288 jaina dharma aura darzana 'pratikramaNa' para hone vAle AkSepa aura unakA parihAra__ 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kI upayogitA tathA mahattA nahIM samajhanevAle aneka loga usa para AkSepa kiyA karate haiM / ve zrAkSepa mukhya cAra haiN| pahalA samaya kA, dUsarA artha-jJAna kA, tIsarA bhASA kA aura cauthA aruci kaa| (1) kucha loga kahate haiM ki 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' itanI lambI aura besamaya kI hai ki usameM pha~sa jAne se ghUmanA-phiranA aura vizrAnti karanA kucha bhI nahIM hotA / isase svAsthya aura svatantratA meM bAdhA par3atI hai| isalie 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' meM pha~sane kI koI jarUrata nahIM hai| aisA kahanevAloM ko samajhanA cAhie ki sAdhAraNa loga pramAdazIla aura karttavya-jJAna se zUnya hote haiN| isalie jaba unako koI khAsa karttavya karane ko kahA jAtA hai, taba ve dUsare karttavya kI mahattA dikhAkara pahale kartavya se apanA piNDa chur3A lete haiM aura anta meM dUsare karttavya ko bhI chur3A dete haiN| ghUmane-phirane Adi kA bahAnA nikAlanevAle vAstava meM AlasI hote haiN| ataeva ve nirarthaka bAta, gapor3e Adi meM laga kara 'AvazyakakriyA' ke sAtha dhIre-dhIre ghUmanA-phiranA aura vizrAnti karanA bhI bhUla jAte haiM / isake viparIta jo apramAdI tathA karttavyajJa hote haiM, ve samaya kA yathocita upayoga karake svAsthya ke saba niyamoM kA pAlana karane ke uparAnta 'Avazyaka' Adi dhArmika kriyAe~ ko karanA nahIM bhalate / jarUrata sirpha pramAda ke tyAga karane kI aura kartavya kA jJAna karane kI hai| (2) dUsare kucha loga kahate haiM ki 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' karanevAloM meM se aneka loga usake sUtroM kA artha nahIM jAnate / ve tote kI taraha jyoM kA tyoM sUtra mAtra par3ha lete haiN| artha jJAna na hone se unheM usa kriyA meM rasa nahIM pAtA hai| ataeva ve usa kriyA ko karate samaya yA to sote rahate yA kutUhala Adi se mana bahalAte haiM / isalie 'Avazyaka-kriyA' meM pha~sanA bandhana-mAtra hai / aisA AkSepa karane vAloM ke ukta kathana se hI yaha pramANita hotA hai ki yadi artha-jJAna-pUrvaka 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kI jAya to saphala ho sakatI hai / zAstra bhI yahI bAta kahatA hai| usameM upayoga pUrvaka kriyA karane ko kahA hai| upayoga ThIka-ThIka tabhI raha sakatA hai, jaba ki artha-jJAna ho, aisA hone para bhI yadi kucha loga artha binA samajhe 'Avazyaka kriyA' karate haiM aura usase pUrA lAbha nahIM uThA sakate to ucita yahI hai ki aise logoM ko artha kA jJAna ho, aisA prayatna karanA caahie| aisA na karake mUla 'Avazyaka vastu ko hI anupayogI samajhanA to aisA hai jaisA ki vidhi na jAnane se kiMvA avidhipUrvaka sevana karane se phAyadA na dekhakara

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Avazyaka kriyA 186 kImatI rasAyana ko anupayogI smjhnaa| prayatna karane para bhI vRddha-avasthA, matimandatA Adi kAraNoM se jinako artha jJAna na ho sake, ve anya kisI jJAnI ke Azrita hokara hI dharma-kriyA karake usase phAyadA uThA sakate haiN| vyavahAra meM bhI aneka loga aise dekhe jAte haiM, jo jJAna kI kamI ke kAraNa apane kAma ko svatantrA se pUrNatApUrvaka nahIM kara sakate, ve kisI ke Azrita ho kara hI kAma karate haiM aura usase phAyadA uThAte haiM / aise logoM kI saphalatA kA kAraNa mukhyatayA unakI zraddhA hI hotI hai| zraddhA kA sthAna buddhi se kama nahIM hai| artha-jJAna hone para bhI dhArmika kriyAyoM meM jinako zraddhA nahIM hai, ve una se kucha bhI phAyadA nahIM uThA sakate / isalie zraddhApUrvaka dhArmika kriyA karate rahanA aura bharasaka usake sUtroM kA artha bhI jAna lenA, yahI ucita hai| . (3) aneka loga aisA kahate haiM ki 'aAvazyaka-kriyA' ke sUtroM kI racanA jo saMskRta, prAkRta Adi prAcIna zAstrIya bhASA meM hai, isake badale vaha pracalita loka-bhASA meM hI honA cAhie / jaba taka aisA na ho taba taka 'Avazyaka-kriyA' vizeSa upayogI nahIM ho sktii| aisA kahanevAle loga mantroM kI zAbdika mahimA tathA zAstrIya bhASAoM kI gambhIratA, bhAvamayatA, lalitatA Adi guNa nahIM * jAnate / mantroM meM Arthika mahattva ke uparAnta zAbdika mahattva bhI rahatA hai, jo unako dUsarI bhASA meM parivartana karane se lupta ho jAtA hai / isalie jo-jo mantra jisa-jisa bhASA meM bane hue hoM, unako usI bhASA meM rakhanA hI yogya hai / mantroM ko chor3akara anya sUtroM kA bhAva pracalita loka-bhASA meM utArA jA sakatA hai, para usakI vaha khUbI kabhI nahIM raha sakatI, jo ki prathamakAlIna bhASA meM hai| - 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' ke sUtroM ko pracalita loka-bhASA meM racane se prAcIna mahattva ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika-kriyA kAlIna ekatA kA bhI lopa ho jAegA aura sUtroM kI racanA bhI anavasthita ho jaaegii| arthAt dUra-dUra deza meM rahanevAle eka dharma ke anuyAyI jaba tIrtha Adi sthAna meM ikaTThe hote haiM, taba prAcAra, vicAra, bhASA, pahanAva Adi meM bhinnatA hone para bhI ve saba dhArmika kriyA karate samaya eka hI sUtra par3hate hue aura eka hI prakAra kI vidhi karate hue pUrNa ekatA kA anubhava karate haiM / yaha ekatA sAdhAraNa nahIM hai / usako banAe rakhane ke lie dhArmika kriyAoM ke sUtrapATha Adi ko zAstrIya bhASA meM kAyama rakhanA bahuta jarUrI hai / isI taraha dhArmika kriyAoM ke sUtroM kI racanA pracalita lokabhASA meM hone lagegI to hara jagaha samaya-samaya para sAdhAraNa kavi bhI apanI kavitva-zakti kA upayoga nae-nae sUtroM ko racane meM kreNge| isakA pariNAma yaha hogA ki eka hI pradeza meM jahA~ kI bhASA eka hai, aneka kartAoM ke aneka sUtra

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160 jaina dharma aura darzana ho jAe~ge aura vizeSatA kA vicAra na karanevAle logoM meM jisake mana meM jo aAyA, vaha usI karcA ke sUtroM ko par3hane lagegA / jisase apUrva bhAvavAle prAcIna sUtroM ke sAtha-sAtha ekatA kA bhI lopa ho jAegA / isalie dhArmika kriyA ke sUtra-pATha Adi jisa-jisa bhASA meM pahale se bane hue haiM, ve usa-usa bhASA meM hI par3he jAne cAhie / isI kAraNa vaidika, bauddha Adi sabhI sampradAyoM meM 'saMdhyA' Adi nitya karma prAcIna zAstrIya bhASA meM hI kiye jAte haiM / . yaha ThIka hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa kI ruci bar3hAne ke lie pracalita loka-bhASA 'kI bhI kucha kRtiyA~ aisI honI cAhie, jo dhArmika kriyA ke samaya par3hI jAe~ / isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara loka-ruci ke anusAra samaya samaya para saMskRta, apabhraMza, gujarAtI, hindI Adi bhASAoM meM stotra, stuti, sajjhAya, stavana Adi banAe haiM aura unako 'Avazyaka-kriyA meM sthAna diyA hai| isase yaha phAyadA huaA ki prAcIna sUtra tathA unakA mahattva jyoM kA tyoM banA huA hai aura pracalita loka-bhASA ko kRtiyoM meM sAdhAraNa janatA kI ruci bhI puSTa hotI rahatI hai| (4) kitane logoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki 'zrAvazyaka niyA' arucikara hai--usameM koI rasa nahIM AtA / aise logoM ko jAnanA cAhie ki ruci yA aruci bAhma vastu kA dharma nahIM hai; kyoMki koI eka cIja sabake lie rucikara nahIM hotii| jo cIja eka prakAra ke logoM ke lie rucikara hai, vahI dUsare prakAra ke logoM ke lie arucikara ho jAtI hai| ruci, yaha antaHkaraNa kA dharma hai| kisI cIja ke viSaya meM usakA honA na honA usa vastu ke jJAna para avalambita hai / jaba manuSya kisI vastu ke guNoM ko ThIka ThIka jAna letA hai, taba usakI usa vastu para prabala ruci ho jAtI hai / isalie 'Avazyaka-kiyA' ko arucikara batalAnA, yaha usake mahattva tathA guNoM kA ajJAna-mAtra hai / jaina aura anya sampradAyoM kA 'Avazyaka-kama-sandhyA zrAdi 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ke mUla tattvoM ko dikhAte samaya yaha sUcita kara diyA gayA hai ki sabhI antardRSTi vAle aAtmAoM kA jIvana sama-bhAvamaya hotA hai| antardRSTi kisI khAsa deza yA khAsa kAla kI zRGkhalA meM prAbaddha nahIM hotI / usakA AvirbhAva saba deza aura saba kAla ke prAtmAtroM ke lie sAdhAraNa hotA hai / ataeva usako pAnA tathA bar3hAnA sabhI prAdhyAtmikoM kA dhyeya bana jAtA hai| prakRti, yogyatA aura nimitta-bheda ke kAraNa itanA to honA svAbhAvika hai ki kisI deza-vizeSa, kisI kAla-vizeSa aura kisI vyakti-vizeSa meM antardRSTi kA vikAsa kama hotA hai aura kisI meM adhika hotA hai / isalie AdhyAtmika jIvana

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Avazyaka kriyA 161 ko hI vAstavika jIvana samajhanevAle tathA usa jIvana kI vRddhi cAhanevAle sabhI sampradAya ke pravartakoM ne apane-apane anuyAyiyoM ko AdhyAtmika jIvana vyatIta karane kA, usa jIvana ke tattvoM kA tathA una tattvoM kA anusaraNa karate samaya jAnate-anajAnate ho jAnevAlI galatiyoM ko sudhAra kara phira se vaisA na karane kA upadeza diyA hai| yaha ho sakatA hai ki bhinna-bhinna sampradAya-pravartakoM kI kathana-zailI bhinna ho, bhASA bhinna ho aura vicAra meM bhI nyUnAdhikatA ho; para yaha kadApi saMbhava nahIM ki AdhyAtmika jIvana-niSTha upadezakoM ke vicAra kA mUla eka na ho / isa jagaha 'Avazyaka-kiyA' prastuta hai / isalie yahA~ sirpha usa ke saMbandha meM hI bhinna-bhinna sampradAyoM kA vicAra-sAmya dikhAnA upayukta hogaa| yadyapi saba prasiddha sampradAyoM kI sandhyA kA thor3A bahuta ullekha karake unakA vicAra-sAmya dikhAne kA irAdA thA; para yatheSTa sAdhana na milane se isa samaya thor3e meM hI saMtoSa kara liyA jAtA hai| yadi itanA bhI ullekha pAThakoM ko rucikara huA to ve svayaM hI pratyeka sampradAya ke mUla granthoM ko dekhakara prastuta viSaya meM adhika jAnakArI kara leNge| yahA~ sirpha jaina, bauddha, vaidika aura jarathoztI arthAt pArasI dharma kA vaha vicAra dikhAyA jAtA hai| bauddha loga apane mAnya 'tripiTaka' granthoM meM se kucha sUtroM ko lekara unakA nitya pATha karate haiM / eka taraha se vaha unakA avazya kartavya hai| usameM se kucha vAkya aura unase milate-julate 'pratikramaNa' ke vAkya nIce diye jAte haiMbauddhaH (1) namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammA saMbuddhassa / buddhaM saraNaM gacchAmi / dhamma saraNaM gacchAmi / saMghaM saraNaM gacchAmi / / -laghupATha, saraNattaya / (2) pANAtipAtA veramaNi sikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / adinnAdAnA veramaNi sikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / kAmesu micchAcArA veramaNi sikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / musAvAdA veramaNi sikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / surAbherayamajjapamAdavAnA veramaNi sikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / -laghupATha, paMcasIla / (3) asevanA ca bAlAnaM paNDitAnaM ca sevanA / pUjA ca pUjanIyAnaM etaM maMgalamuttamaM / / mAtApitu upaTTAnaM puttadArassa . saMgaho / anAkulA ca kammantA etaM maMgalamuttamaM /

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562 jaina dharma aura darzana dAnaM ca dhammacariyA ca jAtakAnaM ca saMgaho / anavajjAni kammAni etaM maMgalamuttamaM // Arati virati pApA majjapAnA ca sNymo| appamAdo ca dhammesu etaM maMgalamuttamaM / khanti ca sovacassatA, samaNAnaM ca dassanaM / kAlena dhammasAkacchA etaM maMgalamuttamaM / / -laghupATha, maMgalasutta / (4) sukhino vA khemino hontu savve sattA bhavantu sukhinattA // mAtA yathA niyaM putaM AyusA ekputtmnurkkhe| evaMpi savvabhUtesu mAnasaM bhAvaye aparimANaM // mettaM ca savvalokasmin mAnasaM bhAvaye aparimANaM / uddhaM adho ca tiriyaM ca asaMbAdhaM averaM asapattaM // -laghupATha, mettasutta (1) / jaina (1) namo arihaMtANa, namo siddhANaM / cattAri saraNaM pavajjAmi, arihante saraNaM pavajjAmi, siddhe saraNaM pavajjAmi, sAhU saraNaM pavajjAmi, kevalIpaNNattaM dhamma saraNaM pavajjAmi / / (2) thUlagapANAivAyaM samaNovAso paccakkhAI, thUlagamusAvAyaM samaNovAso paccakkhAI, thUlagadattAdANaM samaNovAso paccakkhAi, paradAragamaNaM samaNovAsazro paJcakkhAI, sadArasaMtosaM vA pddivji| ityAdi / -Avazyaka-sUtra, pR0 818-823 / (3) logaviruddhaccAzro, gurujaNapUA paratthakaraNaM ca / suhagurujogo tavvayaNasevaNA AbhavamakhaMDA / / dukkhakhatro kammakho, samAhimaraNaM ca bohilAbho a| saMpajjau maha eyaM, tuha nAha paNAmakaraNeNaM / / -jaya vIyarAya / (4) mittI meM savvabhUesu, veraM majha na keNaI // zivamastu sarvajagataH, parahitaniratA bhavantu bhuutgnnaaH| . doSAH prayAntu nAzaM sarvatra sukhI bhavatu lokaH / /

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13 vaidika sandhyA ke mantra va vAkya (1) "mamopAttaduritakSayAya zrIparamezvaraprItaye prAtaH sandhyopAsanamahaM kariSye / " - saMkalpa-vAkya | Avazyaka kriyA jaina ( 2 ) OM sUryazva mA manuzca manyupatayazca manyukRtebhyaH pApebhyo rakSantAm / yad rAtryA pApamakArSa manasA vAcA hastAbhyAM padbhyAmudareNa ziznA rAtristadavalumpatu yat kiMcida duritaM mayIdamahamamRtayonau sUrye jyotiSi juhomi svAhA / - kRSNa yajurveda / (3) OM tat saviturvareNyaM bhargo devasya dhImahI dhiyo yo naH pracodayet / - gAyatrI / (1) pAyacchitta visohaNatthaM karemi kAussaggaM / (2) jaM jaM maNerA baddhaM, jaM jaM vAega bhAsiyaM pAvaM / jaM jaM kAraNa kayaM, micchAmi dukkaDaM tassa || (3) candesu nimmalayarA, iccesu hiyaM payAsayarA / sAgaravara gambhIrA, siddhA siddhiM mama disantu // 163 pArasI loga nityaprArthanA tathA nityapATha meM apanI asalI dhArmika kitAba "vastA' kA jo-jo bhAga kAma meM lAte haiM, vaha 'khoradeha vastA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / usakA majamUna aneka aMzoM meM jaina, bauddha tathA vaidika saMpradAya meM pracalita sandhyA ke samAna hai / udAharaNa ke taura para usakA thor3A sA aMza hiMdI bhASA meM nIce diyA jAtA hai / avastA ke mUla vAkya isalie nahIM uddhRta kie haiM ki usake khAsa akSara aise haiM, jo devanAgarI lipi meM nahIM haiM / vizeSa jijJAsu mUla pustaka se asalI pATha dekha sakate haiM / (1) duzmana para jIta ho / --khoradeha avastA, pR0 7 / (2) maiMne mana se jo bure vicAra kiye, jabAna se jo tuccha bhASaNa kiyA aura zarIra se jo halakA kAma kiyA; ityAdi prakAra se jo-jo gunAha kiye, una saba ke lie maiM pazcAttApa karatA hU~ / - kho0 a0, pR0 7 / (3) vartamAna aura bhAvI saba dharmoM meM saba se bar3A, saba se acchA aura

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164 jaina dharma aura darzana sarva-zreSTha dharma 'jarathoztI' hai| maiM yaha bAta mAna letA hU~ ki 'jarathoztI' dharma hI saba kucha pAne kA kAraNa hai| -kho0 a0, pR06| ___(4) abhimAna, garva, mare hue logoM kI nindA karanA. lobha, lAlaca, behada gussA, kisI kI bar3hatI dekhakara jalanA, kisI para burI nigAha karanA, svacchandatA, Alasya, kAnA-pha~sI, pavitratA kA bhaGga, jhUThI gavAhI, corI, lUTa-khasoTa, vyabhicAra, behada zauka karanA, ityAdi jo gunAha mujhase jAnate-anajAnate ho gae hoM aura jo gunAha sApha dila se maiMne prakaTa na kiye hoM, una sabase maiM pavitra ho kara alaga hotA huuN| -kho0 a0, pR0 23-24 / (1) zatravaH parAGmukhaH bhavantu svAhA / -~-bRhat zAnti / (2) kAeNa kAiyassa, paDikkame vAiyassa vAyAe / maNasA mANasiyassa, savvassa vayAiyArassa // --cNditt| (3) sarvamaMgalamAMgalyaM, sarvakalyANakAraNam / pradhAnaM sarvadharmANAM jainaM jayati zAsanam / / (4) aThAraha pApasthAna kI nindA / 'Avazyaka' kA itihAsa 'Avazyaka-kriyA'-antardRSTi ke unmeSa va AdhyAtmika jIvana ke prArambha se 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' kA itihAsa zurU hotA hai| sAmAnyarUpa se yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vizva meM AdhyAtmika jIvana sabase pahale kaba zurU huaa| isa lie 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' bhI pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi hI mAnI jAtI hai| ___ 'Avazyaka-sUtra'-jo vyakti saccA AdhyAtmika hai, usakA jIvana svabhAva se hI 'Avazyaka-kriyA'-pradhAna bana jAtA hai| isalie usake hRdaya ke andara se 'Avazyaka-kriyA'-dyotaka dhvani uThA hI karatI hai| parantu jaba taka sAdhakaavasthA ho, taba taka vyAvahArika, dhArmika-sabhI pravRtti karate samaya pramAdavaza 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' meM se upayoga badala jAne kA aura isI kAraNa tAdviSayaka antardhvani bhI badala jAne kA bahuta saMbhava rahatA hai| isalie aise adhikAriyoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ko yAda karAne ke lie maharSiyoM ne khAsa-khAsa samaya niyata kiyA hai aura 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ko yAda karAnevAle

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Avazyaka kriyA 165 sUtra bhI race haiM, jisase ki adhikArI loga khAsa niyata samaya para una sUtroM ke dvArA 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ko yAda kara apane AdhyAtmika jIvana para dRSTipAta kreN| ataeva 'Avazyaka kriyA' ke daivasika, rAtrika, pAkSika, Adi pA~ca bheda prasiddha haiN| 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ke isa kAla-kRta vibhAga ke anusAra usake sUtroM meM bhI yatra-tatra bheda A jAtA hai| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki isa samaya jo 'pAvazyaka-sUtra' hai, vaha kaba banA hai aura usake racayitA kauna haiM ? pahale prazna kA uttara yaha hai ki 'aAvazyaka-sUtra' IsvI san se pUrva pA~cavIM zatAbdi se lekara cauthI zatAbdi ke prathama pAda taka meM kisI samaya racA huA honA caahie| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki IsvI san se pUrva pA~ca sau chabbIsaveM varSa meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirmANa huA / vIra-nirvANa ke bIsa varSa bAda sudharmA svAmI kA nirvANa huaa| sudharmA svAmI gaNadhara the| 'Avazyaka-sUtra' na to tIrthaMkara kI hI kRti hai aura na gaNadhara kii| tIrthaMkara kI kRti isalie nahIM ki ve artha kA upadezamAtra karate haiM, sUtra nahIM racate / gaNadhara sUtra racate haiM sahI, para 'Avazyaka-sUtra' gaNadhara-racita na hone kA kAraNa yaha ki usa sUtra kI gaNanA aGgabAhyazruta meM hai| aGga bAhyazruta kA lakSaNa zrA umAsvAtI ne apane tattvArtha-bhASya meM yaha kiyA hai ki jo zrata, gaNadhara kI kRti nahIM hai aura jisakI racanA gaNadhara ke bAda ke parama medhAvI prAcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha 'aGgabAhyazruta' kahalAtA hai| 1 aisA lakSaNa karake usakA udAharaNa dete samaya unhoMne sabase pahale sAmAyika Adi chaha 'AvazyakoM' kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isake bAda dazavaikAlika Adi anya sUtroM kaa| yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie dazavaikAlika, zrI zayyaMbhava sUri jo sudharmA svAmI ke bAda tIsare prAcArya hue, unakI kRti hai| aGgabAhya hone ke kAraNa 'zrAvazyaka-sUtra', gaNadhara zrI sudharmA svAmI ke bAda ke kisI AcArya kA racita mAnA jAnA caahie| isa taraha usake racanA ke kAla kI 1- gaNadharAnantaryAdibhistvatyantavizuddhAgamaiH paramaprakRSTavAGmatizaktibhirAcArya: kAlasaMhananAyurdoSAdalpazaktInAM ziSyANAmanugrahAma yatproktaM tadaGgabAhyamiti / --tattvAthe-adhyAya1, sUtra 20 kA bhASya / 2-aGgabAhyamanekavidham / tadyathA-sAmAyikaM caturviMzatistavo vandanaM prati kramaNaM kAyavyutsargaH pratyAkhyAnaM dazavaikAlikamuttarAdhyAyAH dazAH kalpavyavahArau nizIthamRSibhASitAnyevamAdi / -tattvArtha-zra 1, sUtra 20 kA bhASya /

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166 . jaina dharma aura darzana pahalI miyAda adhika se adhika IsvI san se pahile lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha taka hI batAI jA sakatI hai| usake racanA kAla kI uttara avadhi adhika se adhika IsvI san se pUrva cauthI zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa hI mAnA jA sakatA hai; kyoMki caturdaza-pUrva-dhara zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI jinakA avasAna IsvI san se pUrva tIna sau chappana varSa ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai, unhoMne 'zrAvazyakasUtra' para sabase pahale vyAkhyA likhI hai, jo niyukti ke nAma se prasiddha hai / yaha to prasiddha hai ki niyukti ho zrI bhadrabAhu kI hai, saMpUrNa mUla 'zrAvazyaka-sUtra nhiiN| aisI avasthA meM mUla 'zrAvazyaka-sUtra' adhika se adhika unake kucha pUrvavartI yA samakAlIna kisI anya zrutadhara ke race hue mAnane cAhie / isa dRSTi se yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki 'zrAvazyaka' kA racanA-kAla IsvI san se pUrva pA~cavIM zatAbdI se lekara cauthI zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa taka meM honA cAhie / dUsarA prazna kartA kA hai / 'Avazyaka-sUtra' ke kartA kauna vyakti haiM ? usake kartA koI eka hI prAcArya haiM yA aneka haiM ? isa prazna ke prathama aMza ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA; kyoMki isakA spaSTa ullekha kahIM nahIM miltaa| dUsare aMza kA uttara yaha hai ki 'zrAvazyaka-sUtra' kisI eka kI kRti nahIM hai / alabattA yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki saMbhavataH 'Avazyaka sUtra' ke bAda turanta hI yA usake sama-samaya meM race jAnevAle dazavaikAlika ke karttArUpa se zrI zayyaMbhava sUri kA nirdeza svayaM zrI bhadrabAhu ne kiyA hai ( dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gA0 14-15); para 'Avazyaka-sUtra' ke kartA kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI niyukti racate samaya jina dasa AgamoM kI niyukti karane kI jo pratijJA karate haiM, usameM dazavaikAlika ke bhI pahale 'zrAvazyaka' kA ullekha hai / yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki dazavaikAlika zrI zayyaMbhava sUri kI 1--prasiddha kahane kA matalaba yaha hai ki zrI zIlAGka sUri apanI prAcAraGga-vRtti meM sUcita karate haiM ki 'zrAvazyaka' ke antargata caturviMzatistava (logassa) hI zrI bhadrabAhusvAmI ne racA hai--AvazyakAntarbhUtazcaturviMzatistavastvArAtIyakAlabhAvinA zrIbhadrabAhusvAminA'kAri' pR0 83 / isa kathana se yaha sApha jAna par3atA hai ki zIlAGka sUri ke jamAne meM yaha bAta mAnI jAtI thI ki sampUrNa 'Avazyaka-sUtra' zrI bhadrabAhu kI kRti nahIM hai| 2--zrAvassagassa dasakAliassa taha uttarajjhamAyAre / sUyagaDe nijjutti, vucchAmi tahA dasANaM ca // 84 // kappassa ya nijjutti, vavahArasseva paramaNiuNassa / / sUriapaeNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiANaM ca // 85 //

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Avazyaka kriyA 167 kRti hai| yadi dasa AgamoM ke ullekha kA krama, kAla-krama kA sUcaka hai to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki 'Avazyaka-sUtra' zrI zayyaMbhava sUri ke pUrvavartI kisI anya sthavira kI, kiMvA zayyaMbhava sUri ke samakAlIna kintu unase bar3e kisI anya sthavira kI kRti honI cAhie / tattvArtha-bhASya-gata 'gaNadharAnantaryAdibhiH' isa aMza meM vartamAna 'Adi' pada se tIrthakara-gaNadhara ke bAda ke avyavahita sthavira kI taraha tIrthakara-gaNadhara ke samakAlIna sthavira kA bhI grahaNa kiyA jAya to 'AvazyakasUtra' kA racanA-kAla IsvI san se pUrva adhika se adhika chaThI zatAbdi kA antima caraNa hI mAnA jA sakatA hai aura usake ka rUpa se tIrthakara-gaNadhara ke samakAlIna koI sthavira mAne jA sakate haiM / jo kucha ho, para itanA nizcita jAna par3atA hai ki tIrthakara ke samakAlIna sthaviroM se lekara bhadrabAhu ke pUrvavartI yA samakAlIna sthaviroM taka meM se hI kisI kI kRti 'Avazyaka-sUtra' hai| - mUla 'Avazyaka-sUtra' kI parIkSaNa-vidhi- mUla 'Avazyaka' kitanA hai arthAt usameM kauna-kauna sUtra sanniviSTa haiM, isakI parIkSA karanA jarUrI hai; kyoMki Ajakala sAdhAraNa loga yahI samajha rahe haiM ki 'Avazyaka-kriyA meM jitane sUtra par3he jAte haiM, ve saba mUla 'Avazyaka' ke hI haiN| mUla 'zrAvazyaka' ko pahacAnane ke upAya do haiM--pahalA yaha ki jisa sUtra ke Upara zabdazaH kiMvA adhikAMza zabdoM kI sUtra-sparzika niyukti ho, vaha sUtra mUla 'zrAvazyaka'-ta hai| aura dUsarA upAya yaha hai ki jisa sUtra ke Upara zabdazaH kiMvA adhikAMza zabdoM kI sUtra-sparzika niyukti nahIM hai; para jisa sUtra kA artha sAmAnya rUpa se bhI niyukti meM varNita hai yA jisa satra ke kisI-kisI zabda para niyukta hai yA jisa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate samaya Arambha meM TIkAkara zrI haribhadra sUri ne 'sUtrakAra pAha' tacca idaM sUtraM, imaM sUtraM' ityAdi prakAra kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha sUtra bhI mUla 'zrAvazyaka'-gata samajhanA cAhie / pahale upAya ke anusAra 'namukkAra, karemi bhaMte, logassa, icchAmi khamAsamaNo, tassa uttarI, annattha, namukkArasahiya Adi paccakkhANa-' itane sUtra maulika jAna par3ate haiN| dUsare upAya ke anusAra 'cattAri maMgalaM, icchAmi paDikkamiuM jo me devasizro, iriyAvahiyAe, pagAmasijjAe, paDikkamAmi goyaracariyAe, paDikka mAmi cAukkAlaM, paDiskamAmi egavihe, namo cauvisAe, icchAmi ThAiDaM kAussaggaM, sabvaloe arihaMtaceiyANaM, icchAmi khamAsamaNo uvahizromi abhitara pakkhiyaM, icchAmi khamAsamaNo piyaM ca meM, icchAmi khamAsamaNo puvi ceha

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168 jaina dharma aura darzana yAiM, icchAmi khamAsamaNo uvvaThiyomi tubbhaNhaM, icchAmi khamAsamaNo kayAI ca me, puvvAmeva micchattAno paDikkammai kittikammA-itane sUtra maulika jAna par3ate haiN| tathA inake alAvA 'tattha samaNovAso, thUlagapANAivAyaM samaNovAso paJcakkhAi, thUlagamusAvAyaM,' ityAdi jo sUtra zrAvaka-dharma-saMbandhI arthAt samyaktva, bAraha vrata aura saMlekhanAviSayaka haiM tathA jinake AdhAra para 'vaMdittu' kI padya-bandha racanA huI hai, ve sUtra bhI maulika jAna par3ate haiM / yadyapi ina sUtroM ke pahale TIkAkAra ne 'sUtrakAra Aha, satra' ityAdi zabdoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai tathApi 'pratyAkhyAna-Avazyaka' meM niyuktikAra ne pratyAkhyAna kA sAmAnya svarUpa dikhAte samaya abhigraha kI vividhatA ke kAraNa zrAvaka ke aneka meda batalAe haiN| jisase jAna par3atA hai| zrAvaka-dharma ke ukta satroM ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI niyuktikAra ne zrAvaka-dharma kI vividhatA kA varNana kiyA hai / Ajakala kI sAmAcArI meM jo pratikramaNa kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ se lekara 'namo'stu vardhamAnAya' kI stuti paryanta meM hI chaha 'Avazyaka' pUrNa ho jAte haiM / ataeva yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki pratikramaNa kI sthApanA ke pUrva kie jAnevAle caitya-vandana kA bhAga aura 'namo'stu vardhamAnAya' kI stuti ke bAda par3he jAne vAle sajjhAya, stavana, zAnti Adi, ye saba chaha 'Avazyaka' ke bahirbhUta haiM / ataeva unakA mUla 'zrAvazyaka' meM na pAyA jAnA svAbhAvika hI hai / bhASA dRSTi se dekhA jAya to bhI yaha pramANita hai ki aprabhraMza, saMskRta, hindI va gujarAtI bhASA ke gadya-padya maulika ho hI nahIM sakate; kyoMki sampUrNa mUla 'zrAvazyaka' prAkRta-bhASA meM hI hai / prAkRta-bhASA-maya gadya-padya meM se jitane sUtra ukta do upAyoM ke anusAra maulika batalAe gae haiM, unake alAvA anya sUtra ko mUla 'zrAvazyaka'-gata mAnane kA pramANa abhI taka hamAre dhyAna meM nahIM AyA hai / ataeva yaha samajhanA cAhie ki chaha 'aAvazyakoM' meM 'sAta lAkha, aThAraha pApasthAna, pAyariya-uvajjhAe, veyAvaccagarANaM, pukkharavaradIvaDDhe, siddhANaM buddhANaM, sutradevayA bhagavaI Adi thuI aura 'namo'stu vardhamAnAya' Adi jo-jo pATha bole jAte haiM, ve saba maulika nahIM haiM / yadyapi 'AyariyauvajhjhAe, pukkhakharadIvaDDhe, siddhANaM buddhANaM' ye maulika nahIM haiM tathApi ve prAcIna haiM; kyoMki unakA ullekha karake zrI haribhadra sUri ne svayaM unakI vyAkhyA kI hai| prastuta parIkSaNa-vidhi kA yaha matalaba nahIM hai ki jo sUtra maulika nahIM hai, usakA mahattva kama hai / yahA~ to sirpha itanA hI dikhAnA hai ki deza, kAla aura

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Avazyaka kriyA 196 ruci ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha 'Avazyaka'-kriyopayogI sUtra kI saMkhyA meM tathA bhASA meM kisa prakAra parivartana hotA gayA hai| ___ yahA~ yaha sUcita kara denA anupayukta na hogA ki Ajakala daivasika-pratikramaNa meM 'siddhANaM buddhANaM' ke bAda jo zrutadevatA tathA kSetradevatA kA kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai aura eka-eka stuti par3hI jAtI hai, vaha bhAga kama se kama zrI haribhadrasari ke samaya meM pracalita pratikramaNa-vidhi meM sanniviSTa na thA; kyoMki unhoMne apanI TIkA meM jo vidhi daivasika-pratikramaNa kI dI hai, usameM 'siddhANaM' ke bAda pratilekhana vandana karake tIna stuti par3hane kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai--(zrAvazyaka-vRtti, pR0 760) / vidhi-viSayaka sAmAcArI-bheda purAnA hai; kyoMki mUla-TIkAkAra-saMmata vidhi ke alAvA anya vidhi kA bhI sUcana zrI haribhadrasUri ne kiyA hai (AvazyakavRtti, pR0 763) / usa samaya pAkSika-pratikramaNa meM kSetradevatA kA kAussagga pracalita nahIM thA; para zayyAdevatA kA kAussagga kiyA jAtA thA / koI-koI cAturmAsika-pratikramaNa meM bhI zayyAdevatA kA kAussagga karate the aura kSetradevatA kA kAussagga to cAtumAsika aura sAMvatsarika-pratikramaNa meM pracalita thA-Avazyaka-vRtti, pR0 464; bhASya gAthA 233 / isa jagaha mukha para mu~hapattI bA~dhanevAloM ke lie yaha bAta khAsa arthasUcaka hai ki zrI bhadrabAhu ke samaya meM bhI kAussagga karate samaya mu~hapattI hAtha meM rakhane kA hI ullekha hai--Avazyaka-niyukti, pR0 767, gAthA 1545 / mUla 'Avazyaka' ke TIkA-grantha-'Avazyaka', yaha sAdhu-zrAvaka-ubhaya kI mahattvapUrNa kriyA hai / isalie 'aAvazyaka-sUtra' kA gaurava bhI vaisA hI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI ne dasa niyukti racakara tatkAlIna prathA ke anusAra usakI prAkRta-padya-maya TIkA likhii| yahI 'zrAvazyaka' kA prAthamika TIkAgrantha hai| isake bAda saMpUrNa 'Avazyaka' ke Upara prAkRta-padya-maya bhASya banA, jisake kartA ajJAta haiM / anantara cUrNI banI, jo saMskRta-mizrita prAkRta-gadya-maya hai aura jisake kartA saMbhavataH jinadAsa gaNi haiN| . aba taka bhASA-viSayaka yaha loka-ruci kucha badala gaI thii| yaha dekhakara samaya-sUcaka prAcAryoM ne saMskRta-bhASA meM bhI TIkA likhanA prArambha kara diyA thA / tadanusAra 'zrAvazyaka' ke Upara bhI kaI saMskRta-TIkAe~ banI, jinakA sUcana zrI haribhadra sUri ne isa prakAra kiyA hai

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jaina dharma aura darzana . 'yadyapi mayA tathAnyaiH, kRtAsya vivRtistathApi saMkSepAt / tadcisattvAnugrahahetoH kriyate prayAso'yam // jAna par3atA hai ki ve saMskRta TIkAe~ saMkSipta rahI hoNgii| Avazyaka-vRtti, pR0 1 ataeva zrI haribhadrasUri ne 'zrAvazyaka ke Upara eka bar3I TIkA likhI, jo upalabdha nahIM hai; para jisakA sUcana ve svayaM 'mayA' isa zabda se karate haiM aura jisake saMbandha kI paraMparA kA nirdeza zrI hemacandra maladhArI apane 'AvazyakaTippaNa'-pR0 1 meM karate haiN| bar3I TIkA ke sAtha-sAtha zrI haribhadra sUri ne saMpUrNa 'Avazyaka' ke Upara choTI TIkA bhI likhI, jo mudrita ho gaI hai, jisakA parimANa bAIsa hajAra zloka kA hai, jisakA nAma - 'ziSyahitA' hai aura jisameM saMpUrNa mUla 'zrAvazyaka' tathA usakI niyukti kI saMskRta meM vyAkhyA hai| isake uparAnta usa TIkA meM mUla, bhASya tathA cUrNI kA bhI kucha bhAga liyA gayA hai / zrI haribhadrasari kI isa TIkA ke Upara zrI hemacandra maladhArI ne TippaNa likhA hai| zrI malayagiri sari ne bhI 'zrAvazyaka' ke Upara TIkA likhI hai, jo karIba do adhyayana taka kI hai aura abhI upalabdha hai| yahA~ taka to huI saMpUrNa 'zrAvazyaka' ke TIkA-granthoM kI bAta; para unake alAvA kevala prathama adhyayana, jo sAmAyika adhyayana ke nAma se prasiddha hai, usa para bhI bar3e-bar3e TIkA-grantha bane hue haiN| sabase pahale sAmAyika adhyayana kI niyukti ke Upara zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne prAkRta-padya-maya bhASya likhA jo vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke nAma se prasiddha hai| yaha bahuta bar3A Akara grantha hai| isa bhASya ke Upara unhoMne svayaM saMskRta-TIkA likhI hai| koTyAcArya, jinakA dUsarA nAma zIlAGka hai aura jo zrAcArAGga tathA sUtra-kRtAGga ke TIkAkAra haiM, unhoMne bhI ukta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya para TIkA likhI hai| zrI hemacandra maladhArI kI bhI ukta bhASya para bahuta gambhIra aura vizada TIkA hai| 'Avazyaka' aura zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAya 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA jainatva kA pradhAna aGga hai / isalie usa kriyA kA tathA usa kriyA ke sUcaka 'zrAvazyaka-sUtra' kA jaina-samAja kI zvetAmbara-digambara, ina do zAkhAoM meM pAyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM sAdhu-paraMparA avicchinna calate rahane ke kAraNa sAdhu-zrAvaka donoM ko 'aAvazyaka-kriyA' tathA 'zrAvazyaka-satra' abhI taka maulika rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM / isake viparIta digambarasampradAya meM sAdhu-paraMparA virala aura vicchinna ho jAne ke kAraNa sAdhu saMbandhI 'Avazyaka-kriyA' to luptaprAya hai hI, para usake sAtha-sAtha usa sampradAya meM

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201 Avazyaka kriyA Avaka-saMbandhI 'zrAvazyaka-kriyA' bhI bahuta aMzoM meM virala ho gaI hai / ataeva digambara-saMpradAya ke sAhitya meM 'zrAvazyaka-sUtra' kA maulika rUpa meM saMpUrNatayA na pAyA jAnA koI acaraja kI bAta nahIM / phira bhI usake sAhitya meM eka 'mUlAcAra' nAmaka prAcIna grantha upalabdha hai, jisameM sAdhuoM ke prAcAroM kA varNana hai / usa grantha meM chaha 'zrAvazyaka' kA bhI nirUpaNa hai / pratyeka 'Avazyaka' kA varNana karane vAlI gAthAoM meM adhikAMza gAthAe~ vahI haiM, jo zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM prasiddha zrI bhadrabAhukRta niyukti meM haiM / mUlAcAra kA samaya ThIka jJAta nahIM; para vaha hai prAcIna / usake kartA zrI vaTakera svAmI haiN| 'vaTTakara', yaha nAma hI sacita karatA hai ki mUlAcAra ke kartA saMbhavataH karNATaka meM hue hoNge| isa kalpanA kI puSTi kA kAraNa eka yaha bhI hai ki digambara-sampradAya ke prAcIna bar3e-bar3e sAdhu, bhaTTAraka aura vidvAn adhikatara karNATaka meM hI hue haiM / usa deza meM digambara-sampradAya kA prabhutva vaisA hI rahA hai, jaisA gujarAta meM zvetAmbara-sampradAya kA / mUlAcAra meM zrI bhadrabAhu-kRta niyukti-gata gAthAoM kA pAyA jAnA bahuta * artha-sUcaka hai / isase zvetAmbara-digambara-saMpradAya kI maulika ekatA ke samaya kA kucha pratibhAsa hotA hai / aneka kAraNoM se yaha kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai ki donoM saMpradAya kA bheda rUr3ha ho jAne ke bAda digambara-prAcArya ne zvetAmbarasaMpradAya dvArA surakSita 'Avazyaka-niyukti' gata gAthAoM ko lekara apanI kRti meM jyoM kA tyoM kiMvA kucha parivartana karake rakha diyA hai| dakSiNa deza meM zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI kA svargavAsa huA, yaha to pramANita hI hai, ataeva adhika saMbhava yaha hai ki zrI bhadrabAhu kI jo eka ziSya-paraMparA dakSiNa meM rahI aura Age jAkara jo digambara-saMpradAya-rUpa meM pariNata ho gaI, usane apanI guru kI kRti ko smRti-patha meM rakkhA aura dUsarI ziSya paraMparA, jo uttara hiMdustAna meM rahI, evaM Age jAkara bahuta aMzoM meM zvetAmbara-saMpradAya rUpa meM pariNata ho gaI, usane bhI anya granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha apane guru kI kRti ko samhAla rakkhA / kramazaH digambara-saMpradAya meM sAdhu-paraMparA virala hotI calI; ataeva usameM sirpha 'zrAvazyaka-niyukti' hI nahIM, balki mUla 'Avazyaka-sUtra' bhI truTita aura virala ho gayA / isake viparIta zvetAmbara saMpradAya kI avicchinna sAdhu-paraMparA ne sirpha mUla 'Avazyaka-sUtra' ko hI nahIM, balki usakI niyukti ko surakSita rakhane ke puNyakArya ke alAvA usake Upara aneka bar3e-bar3e TIkA-grantha likhe aura tatkAlIna

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jainadharma aura darzana AcAra-vicAra kA eka prAmANika saMgraha aisA banA rakkhA ki jo Aja bhI jainadharma ke asalI rUpa ko viziSTa rUpa meM dekhane kA eka prabala sAdhana hai / aba eka prazna yaha hai ki digambara - saMpradAya meM jaise niyukti aMzamAtra meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, vaise mUla 'zrAvazyaka' pAyA jAtA hai yA nahIM ? abhI taka usa saMpradAya ke 'Avazyaka - kriyA' saMbandhI do grantha hamAre dekhane meM Ae haiN| jinameM eka mudrita aura dUsarA likhita hai| donoM meM sAmAyika tathA pratikramaNa ke pATha haiM / ina pAThoM meM adhikAMza bhAga saMskRta hai, jo maulika nahIM hai / jo bhAga prAkRta hai, usameM bhI niyukti ke AdhAra se maulika siddha honevAle 'AvazyakasUtra' kA aMza bahuta kama hai / jitanA mUla bhAga hai, vaha bhI zvetAmbara saMpradAya meM pracalita mUla pATha kI apekSA kucha nyUnAdhika yA kahIM-kahIM rUpAntarita bhI ho gayA hai / 202 'namukkAra, karemi bhaMte, logassa. tassa uttarI, annattha, jo me devasi yAro ko, iriyAvahiyAe, cattAri maMgalaM. paDikkamAmi egavihe, iNameva nigganthapAvayaNaM tathA vaMdittu ke sthAnApanna arthAt zrAvaka - dharma - samyaktva, bAraha vrata, aura saMlekhanA ke aticAroM ke pratikramaNa kA gadya bhAga', itane mUla 'zrAvazyaka sUtra' ukta do digambara-granthoM meM haiM / inake atirikta, jo bRhatpratikramaNa - nAmaka bhAga likhita prati meM hai, vaha zvetAmbara-saMpradAya-prasiddha pakkhiya sUtra se milatA-julatA hai / hamane vistAra bhaya se una saba pAThoM kA yahA~ ullekha na karake unakA sUcanamAtra kiyA hai / mUlAcAra - gataM 'zrAvazyaka - niyukti' kI saba gAthAoM ko bhI hama yahA~ uddhRta nahIM krte| sirpha do-tIna gAthAtroM ko dekara anya gAthAtroM ke nambara nIce likha dete haiM, jisase jijJAsu loga svayaM hI mUlAcAra tathA 'zrAvazyaka niryukti' dekha kara milAna kara leMge / pratyeka 'Avazyaka' kA kathana karane kI pratijJA karate samaya zrI vaTTakera svAmI kA yaha kathana ki 'maiM prastuta 'zrAvazyaka' para niyukti kahU~gA' - ( mUlAcAra, gA0 517, 537, 574, 611, 631, 647 ), yaha avazya artha - tha-sUcaka hai; kyoMki saMpUrNa mUlAcAra meM 'zrAvazyaka kA bhAga chor3akara anya prakaraNa meM 'niryukti' zabda eka-Adha jagaha AyA hai / paDAvazyaka ke anta meM bhI usa bhAga ko zrI vaTTakera svAmI niryukti ke nAma se hI nirdiSTa kiyA hai (mUlAcAra, gA0 686, 660 > isase yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki usa samaya zrI bhadrabAhu-kRta niyukti kA jitanA bhAga digambara sampradAya meM pracalita rahA hogA, usako saMpUrNa kiMvA

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Avazyaka kriyA 203 aMzata: unhoMne apane grantha meM sanniviSTa kara diyaa| zvetAmbara - sampradAya meM pA~cavA~ 'Avazyaka' kAyotsarga aura chaThA pratyAkhyAna hai / niyukti meM chaha 'zrAvazyaka' kA nAma-nirdeza karanevAlI gAthA meM bhI vahI krama hai; para mUlAcAra meM pA~cavA~ 'zrAvazyaka' pratyAkhyAna aura chaThA kAyotsarga hai / khamAmi savvajIvANaM, savve jIvA khamaMtu me / mettI me savvabhUdesu, veraM mamaM Na keNa vi // bRhatpratikra0 / khAmemi savvajIve, savve jIvA khamaMtu me / mettI me savvabhUesu, veraM majbhaM na keAI // Ava05, pR0 765 | eso paMcaNamoyAro, savvapAvapaNAsaNo / maMgalesu ya savvesu, paDhamaM havadi maMgalaM // 514 / / mUlA0 / eso paMcanamukkAro, savvapAvappaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, paDhamaM havai maMgalaM || 132 || Ava0ni0 / sAmAiyaMmi du kade, samaNo iva sAvatra havadi jamhA | edena kAraNeNa du, bahuso sAmAiyaM kujjA || 531 || mUlA0 / sAmAiyaMmi u kae, samaNo iva sAvatro havaI jamhA / eeNa kAraNeNaM, bahuso sAmAiyaM kujjA // 801 // zrAva0 ni0 / I / zrava0 ni0, gA0 naM ( logassa 1,7 ) 1058 1057 165 167 166 201 mUlA0, gA0 naM0 / Ava0 ni0, gA0 naM0 504 505 507 510 511 512 514 524 525 526 530 531 533 538 mUlA0, gA0 naM 536 618 621 540 653 541 654 544 667 546 4 550 551 552 768 553 1002 132 ( bhASya, 146 ) 767 766 555 801 556 1245 557 ( bhASya, 160 ) 558 202 1056 1060 1062 1031 1063, 1064 1065

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|607 1077 6 566 526 1102 204 jaina dharma aura darzana mUlA*, gA0 naM0 / zrAva0ni0, gAnaM0 | mUlA0, gA0naM0 / Ava0ni0,gA naM. 556 1066 1211 560 1066 608 1212 561 1076 1225 563 1233 564 1066 1247 565 1063 1231 1064 1232 567 1065 617 1250 568 1066 621 1243 566 1067/626 1244 576 632 (bhASya, 263) 577 1103 1565 1217 640 (bhASya, 246) 562 1105 642 250 563 251 564 1161 1556 1487 566 656 1458 567 1168 668 1546 pue 1200 666 1547 600 1201 671 1541 601 674 1476 6.3 1468 6.4 1208 1460 1206 1462 606 [ 'paMcapratikramaNa' kI prastAvanA 578 1163 675 1210

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karmatattva karmagranyoM ke hindI anuvAda ke sAtha tathA hindI anuvAda prakAzaka AtmAnanda jaina pustaka pracAraka maNDala ke sAtha merA itanA ghaniSTha saMbandha rahA hai ki isa anuvAda ke sAtha bhI pUrvakathana rUpa se kucha na kucha likha denA mere lie anivArya-sA ho jAtA hai| __ jaina vAGmaya meM isa samaya jo zvetAmbarIya tathA digambarIya karmazAstra mausUda haiM unameM se prAcIna mAne jAnevAle karmaviSayaka granthoM kA sAkSAt saMbandha donoM paramparAe~ AgrAyaNIya pUrva ke sAtha batalAtI haiN| donoM paramparAe~ aAgrAyaNIya pUrva ko dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aGgAntargata caudaha pUrvo meM se dUsarA pUrva kahatI haiM aura donoM zvetAmbara-digambara paramparAe~ samAna rUpa se mAnatI haiM ki sAre aGga tathA caudaha pUrva yaha saba bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sarvajJa vANI kA sAkSAt phala hai / * isa sAmpradAyika cirakAlIna mAnyatA ke anusAra maujUdA sArA karmaviSayaka jaina vAGmaya zabdarUpa se nahIM to antata: bhAvarUpa se bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAkSAt upadeza kA hI paramparA prApta sAramAtra hai| isI taraha yaha bhI sAmpradAyika mAnyatA hai ki vastutaH sArI aGgavidyAe~ bhAvarUpa se kevala bhagavAn mahAvIra kI hI pUrvakAlIna nahIM, balki pUrva-pUrva meM hue anyAnya tIrthaGkaroM se bhI pUrvakAla kI ataeva eka taraha se anAdi haiM / pravAharUpa se anAdi hone para bhI samaya-samaya para honevAle nava-nava tIrthaGkaroM ke dvArA ve pUrva-pUrva aGgavidyAe~ navIna navInatva dhAraNa karatI haiN| isI mAnyatA ko prakaTa karate hue kalikAla sarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA meM, naiyAyika jayanta bhaTTa kA anukaraNa karake bar3I khUbI se kahA hai ki-'anAdaya evaitA vidyAH saMkSepavistaravivakSayA navanavIbhavanti, tattatkartRkAzcocyante / kinnAauSIH na kadAcidanIdRzaM jagata / ' ukta sAmpradAyika mAnyatA aisI hai ki jisako sAmpradAyika loga Aja taka akSarazaH mAnate zrAe haiM aura usakA samarthana bhI vaise hI karate Ae haiM jaise mImAMsaka loga vedoM ke anAditva kI mAnyatA kA / sAmpradAyika loga do prakAra ke hote haiM--buddhi-aprayogI zraddhAlu jo paramparAprApta vastu ko buddhi kA prayoga binA kie hI zraddhAmAtra se mAna lete haiM aura buddhiprayogI zraddhAlu jo paramparAprApta vastu ko kevala zraddhA se mAna hI nahIM lete para usakA buddhi ke dvArA yathA sambhava

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206 jaina dharma aura darzana samarthana bhI karate haiN| isa taraha sAmpradAyika logoM meM pUrvokta zAstrIya mAnyatA kA AdaraNIya sthAna hone para bhI isa jagaha karmazAstra aura usake mukhya viSaya karmatattva ke saMbandha meM eka dUsarI dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA prApta hai| vaha dRSTi hai aitihaasik| eka to jaina paramparA meM bhI sAmpradAyika mAnasa ke alAvA aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane kA yuga kabhI se prArambha ho gayA hai aura dUsare yaha ki mudraNa yuga meM prakAzita kiye jAnevAle mUla tathA anuvAda grantha jainoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahate / jainatara bhI unheM par3hate haiN| sampAdaka, lekhaka, anuvAdaka aura prakAzaka kA dhyeya bhI aisA rahatA hai ki ve prakAzita grantha kisa taraha adhikAdhika pramANa meM jainetara pAThakoM ke hAtha meM phuNce| kahane kI zAyada hI jarUrata ho ki jainetara pAThaka sAmpradAyika ho nahIM sakate / ataeva karmatattva aura karmazAstra ke bAre meM hama sAmpradAyika dRSTi se kitanA hI kyoM na soceM aura likheM phira bhI jaba taka usake bAre meM hama aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra na kareMge taba taka hamArA mUla evaM anuvAda prakAzana kA uddezya ThIka-ThIka siddha ho nahIM sktaa| sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke sthAna meM aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane ke pakSa meM aura bhI prabala dalIleM haiN| pahalI to yaha ki aba dhIre-dhIre karmaviSayaka jaina vAGmaya kA praveza kAlijoM ke pAThyakrama meM bhI huA hai jahA~ kA vAtAvaraNa asAmpradAyika hotA hai| dUsarI dalIla yaha hai ki aba sAmpradAyika vAGmaya sampradAya kI sImA lA~dhakara dUra-dUra taka pahu~cane lagA hai| yahA~ taka ki jarmana vidvAn glejhanap jo 'jainismas'-jainadarzana jaisI sarvasaMgrAhaka pustaka kA prasiddha lekhaka hai, usane to zvetAmbarIya karmagranthoM kA jarmana bhASA meM ulthA bhI kabhI kA kara diyA hai aura vaha usI viSaya meM pI-eca0 DI0 bhI huA hai| ataeva meM isa jagaha thor3I bahuta karmatattva aura karmazAstra saMbandhI carcA aitihAsika dRSTi se karanA cAhatA huuN| ___ maiMne abhI taka jo kucha vaidika aura avaidika zruta tathA mArga kA avalokana kiyA hai aura usa para jo thor3A bahuta vicAra kiyA hai usake AdhAra para merI rAya meM karmatattva se saMbandha rakhanevAlo nIce likhI vastusthiti khAsa taura se phalita hotI hai jisake anusAra karmatattvavicAraka saba paramparAoM kI zRMkhalA aitihAsika krama se susaGgata ho sakatI hai / pahilA prazna karmatattva mAnanA yA nahIM aura mAnanA to kisa AdhAra para, yaha thA / eka pakSa aisA thA jo kAma aura usake sAdhanarUpa arthe ke sivAya anya koI puruSArtha mAnatA na thaa| usakI dRSTi meM ihaloka hI puruSArtha thaa| ataeva vaha aisA koI karmatattva mAnane ke lie bAdhita na thA jo acche-bure janmAntara yA

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karmatattva 207 paraloka kI prApti karAnevAlA ho / yahI pakSa cArvAka paraMparA ke nAma se vikhyAta huA / para sAtha hI usa ati purAne yuga meM bhI aise ciMtaka the jo batalAte the ki mRtyu ke bAda janmAntara bhI hai| itanA hI nahIM balki isa dRzyamAna loka ke alAvA aura bhI zreSTha kaniSTha loka haiN| ye punarjanma aura paralokavAdI kahalAte the aura ve hI punarjanma aura paraloka ke kAraNarUpa se karmatattva ko svIkAra karate the / inakI dRSTi yaha rahI ki agara karma na ho to janma janmAntara evaM ihalokaparaloka kA saMbandha ghaTa hI nahIM sktaa| ataeva punarjanma kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para karmatattva kA svIkAra Avazyaka hai| ye hI karmavAdI apane ko paralokavAdI tathA Astika kahate the / karmavAdiyoM ke mukhya do dala rahe / eka to yaha pratipAdita karatA thA ki karma kA phala janmAntara aura paraloka avazya hai, para zreSTha janma tathA zreSTha paraloka ke vAste karma bhI zreSTha hI cAhie / yaha dala paralokavAdI hone se tathA zreSThaloka, jo svarga kahalAtA hai, usake sAdhanarUpa se dharma kA pratipAdana karanevAlA hone se, dharma-artha-kAma aise tIna hI puruSArthoM ko mAnatA thA, usakI dRSTi meM mokSa kA alaga puruSArtha rUpa se sthAna na thA / jahA~ kahIM pravartakadharma kA ullekha AtA 1 merA aisA abhiprAya hai ki isa deza meM kisI bhI bAharI sthAna se pravartaka dharma yA yAjJika mArga AyA aura vaha jyoM-jyoM phailatA gayA tyoM-tyoM isa deza meM usa pravartaka dharma ke Ane ke pahale se hI vidyamAna nivartaka dharma adhikAdhika bala pakar3atA gyaa| yAjJika pravartaka dharma kI dUsarI zAkhA IrAna meM jarathosthiyanadharmarUpa se vikasita huii| aura bhArata meM AnevAlI yAjJika pravartaka dharma kI zAkhA kA nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM ke sAtha pratidvandvIbhAva zurU huaa| yahA~ ke purAne nivataka dharmavAdI AtmA, karma, mokSa, dhyAna, yoga, tapasyA Adi vividhi mArga yaha saba mAnate the| ve na to janmasiddha cAturvarNya mAnate the aura na cAturAzramya kI niyata vyvsthaa| unake matAnusAra kisI bhI dharmakArya meM pati ke lie patnI kA sahacAra anivArya na thA pratyuta tyAga meM eka dUsare kA saMbandha viccheda ho jAtA thA / jaba ki pravartaka dharma meM isase saba kucha ulTA thA / mahAbhArata Adi prAcIna granthoM meM gArhasthya aura tyAgAzrama kI pradhAnatAvAle jo saMvAda pAye jAte haiM ve ukta donoM dharmoM ke virodhasacaka hai| pratyeka nivRtti dharmavAle ke darzana ke sUtragranthoM meM mokSa ko hI puruSArtha likhA hai jaba ki yAjJika mArga ke saba vidhAna svargalakSI batalAe haiN| Age jAkara aneka aMzoM meM una donoM dharmoM kA samanvaya bhI ho gayA hai|

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208 jaina dharma aura darzana / hai, vaha saba isI tripuruSArthavAdI dala ke mantavya kA sUcaka hai isakA mantavya saMkSepa meM yaha hai ki dharma-zubhakarma kA phala svarga aura dharma - zubhakarma kA phala naraka Adi hai / dharmAdharma hI puNya-pApa tathA dRSTa kahalAte haiM aura unhIM ke dvArA janma-janmAntara kI cakrapravRtti calA karatI hai, jisakA uccheda zakya nahIM hai / zakya itanA hI hai ki agara acchA loka aura adhika sukha pAnA ho to dharma hI kartavya hai / isa mata ke anusAra adharma yA pApa to heya haiM, para dharma yA puNya heya nhiiN| yaha dala sAmAjika vyavasthA kA samarthaka thA, ataeva vaha samAjamAnya ziSTa evaM vihita caraNoM se dharma kI utpatti batalAkara tathA nindya caraNoM se dharma kI utpatti batalAkara saba taraha kI sAmAjika suvyavasthA kA hI saMketa karatA thA vahI dala brAhmaNamArga, mImAMsaka aura karmakANDI nAma se prasiddha huA / karmavAdiyoM kA dUsarA dala uparyukta dala se bilakula viruddha dRSTi rakhane vAlA thA / yaha mAnatA thA ki punarjanma kA kAraNa karma avazya hai| ziSTasammata evaM vihita karmoM ke AcaraNa se dharma utpanna hokara svarga bhI detA hai / para vaha dharma bhI dharma kI taraha hI sarvathA heya hai / isake matAnusAra eka cauthA svatantra puruSArtha bhI hai jo mokSa kahalAtA hai / isakA kathana hai ki ekamAtra mokSa hI jIvana kA lakSya hai aura mokSa ke vAste karmamAtra, cAhe vaha puNyarUpa ho yA pAparUpa, heya hai / yaha nahIM ki karma kA uccheda zakya na ho / prayatna se vaha bhI zakya hai | jahA~ kahIM nivartaka dharma kA ullekha AtA hai vahA~ sarvatra isI mata kA sUcaka hai / isake matAnusAra jaba prAtyantika karmanivRtti zakya aura iSTa hai taba ise prathama dala kI dRSTi ke viruddha hI karma kI utpatti kA asalI kAraNa batalAnA par3A / isane kahA ki dharma aura dharma kA mUla kAraNa pracalita sAmAjika vidhiniSedha nahIM; kintu ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa hai| kaisA hI ziSTasammata aura vihita sAmAjika AcaraNa kyoM na ho para agara vaha ajJAna evaM rAgadveSa mUlaka hai to usase dharma kI hI utpatti hotI hai / isake matAnusAra puNya aura pApa kA bheda sthUla dRSTi vAloM ke lie hai / tattvataH puNya aura pApa saba ajJAna evaM rAga-dveSamUlaka hone se dharma evaM heya hI hai / yaha nivartaka dharmavAdI dala sAmAjika na hokara vyaktivikAsavAdI rahA / jaba isane karma kA uccheda aura mokSa puruSArtha mAna liyA taba isa karma ke ucchedaka evaM mokSa ke janaka kAraNoM para bhI vicAra karanA par3A / isI vicAra ke phalasvarUpa isane jo karmanivartaka kAraNa sthira kiye vahI isa dala kA nivartaka dharma hai / pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma kI dizA bilakula paraspara viruddha hai| eka kA dhyeya sAmAjika vyavasthA kI rakSA aura suvyavasthA kA nirmANa hai jaba dUsare kA dhyeya nijI prAtyantika sukha kI prApti hai, ataeva mAtra

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karmatattva 206 AtmagAmI hai / nivartaka dharma ho zramaNa, parivrAjaka, tapasvI aura yogamArga Adi nAmoM se prasiddha hai / karmapravRtti ajJAna evaM rAga-dveSa janita hone se usakI Atyantika nivRtti kA upAya ajJAnavirodhI samyag jJAna aura rAga-dveSavirodhI rAgadveSanAzarUpa saMyama hI sthira huaaa| bAkI ke tapa, dhyAna, bhakti Adi sabhI upAya ukta jJAna aura saMyama ke hI sAdhanarUpa se mAne ge| nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM meM aneka pakSa pracalita the| yaha pakSabheda kucha to vAdoM kI svabhAva-mUlaka ugratA-mRdutA kA AbhArI thA aura kucha aMzoM meM tattvajJAna kI judI-judI prakriyA para bhI avalaMbita thaa| aise mUla meM tIna pakSa rahe jAna par3ate haiN| eka paramANu vAdI, dUsarA pradhAnavAdI aura tIsarA paramANuvAdI hokara bhI pradhAna kI chAyA vAlA thaa| isameM se pahalA paramANuvAdI mokSa samarthaka hone para bhI pravartakadharma kA utanA virodhI na thA jitane ki pichale do| yahI pakSa Age jAkara nyAya-vaizeSika darzanarUpa se prasiddha huaa| dUsarA pakSa pradhAnavAdI thA aura vaha Atyantika karmanivRtti kA samarthaka hone se pravartakadharma arthAt zrauta-smArtakarma ko bhI heya batalAtA thaa| yahI pakSa sAMkhya-yoga nAma se prasiddha hai aura isI ke tattvajJAna kI bhUmikA ke Upara tathA isI ke nivRttivAda kI chAyA meM Age jAkara vedAntadarzana aura saMnyAsamArga kI pratiSThA huii| tIsarA pakSa pradhAnacchAyApanna arthAt pariNAmI paramANuvAdI kA rahA jo dUsare pakSa kI taraha hI pravartakadharmakA Atyantika virodhI thA / yahI pakSa jaina evaM nirgrantha darzana ke nAma se prasiddha hai / bauddhadarzana pravartaka dharma kA Atyantika virodhI hai para vaha dUsare aura tIsare pakSa ke mizraNa kA eka uttaravartI svatantra vikAsa hai| para sabhI nivartakavAdiyoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa yaha hai ki kisI na kisI prakAra karmoM kI jar3a naSTa karanA aura aisI sthiti pAnA ki jahA~ se phira janmacakra meM pAnA na pdd'e| aisA mAlUma nahIM hotA hai ki kabhI mAtra pravartakadharma pracalita rahA ho aura nivartaka dharmavAda kA pIche se prAdurbhAva huA hai| phira bhI prArambhika samaya aisA jarUra bItA hai jaba ki samAja meM pravataka dharma kI pratiSThA mukhya thI aura nivartaka dharma vyaktiyoM taka hI sImita hone ke kAraNa pravartaka dharmavAdiyoM kI tarapha se na kevala upekSita hI thA balki usase virodha kI coTeM bhI sahatA rhaa| para nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM kI judI-judI paramparAoM ne jJAna, dhyAna, tapa, yoga, bhakti Adi Abhyantara tattvoM kA kramazaH itanA adhika vikAsa kiyA ki phira to pravartakadharma ke hote hue bhI sAre samAja para eka taraha se nivartakadharma kI hI pratiSThA kI muhara laga gii| aura jahA~ dekho vahA~ nivRtti kI carcA hone lagI. aura sAhitya bhI nivRtti ke vicAroM se hI nirmita evaM pracArita hone lgaa|

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210 jaina dharma aura darzana nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM ko mokSa ke svarUpa tathA usake sAdhanoM ke viSaya meM to UhApoha karanA hI par3atA thA para isake sAtha unako karmatattvoM ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta vicAra karanA par3A / unhoMne karma tathA usake bhedoM kI paribhASAe~ evaM vyAkhyAeM sthira kii| kArya aura kAraNa kI dRSTi se karmatattva kA vividha vargIkaraNa kiyaa| karma kI phaladAna zaktiyoM kA vivecana kiyaa| jude-jude vipAkoM kI kAla maryAdAe~ socI / karmoM ke pArasparika saMbaMdha para bhI vicAra kiyaa| isa taraha nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM kA khAsA karmatattvaviSayaka zAstra vyavasthita ho gayA aura isameM dina pratidina nae-nae praznoM aura unake uttaroM ke dvArA adhikAdhika vikAsa bhI hotA rahA / ye nivartaka dharmavAdI jude-jude pakSa apane subhIte ke anusAra judA-judA vicAra karate rahe para jabataka ina saba kA saMmilita dhyeya pravartaka dharmavAda kA khaNDana rahA taba taka unameM vicAra vinimaya bhI hotA rahA aura unameM ekavAkyatA bhI rhii| yahI sababa hai ki nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, jaina aura bauddha darzana ke karmaviSayaka sAhitya meM paribhASA, bhAva, vargIkaraNa Adi kA zabdazaH aura arthazaH sAmya bahuta kucha dekhane meM AtA hai, jaba ki ukta darzanoM kA maujUdA sAhitya usa samaya kI adhikAMza paidAiza hai jisa samaya ki ukta darzanoM kA paraspara sadbhAva bahuta kucha ghaTa gayA thaa| mokSavAdiyoM ke sAmane eka jaTila samasyA pahale se yaha thI ki eka to purAne baddhakarma hI ananta haiM, dUsare unakA kramazaH phala bhogane ke samaya pratyekakSaNa meM nae-nae bhI karma baMdhate haiM, phira ina saba karmoM kA sarvathA uccheda kaise saMbhava hai, isa samasyA kA hala bhI mokSavAdiyoM ne bar3I khUbI se kiyA thaa| Aja hama ukta nivRttivAdI darzanoM ke sAhitya meM usa hala kA varNana saMkSepa yA vistAra se eka-sA pAte haiN| yaha vastusthiti itanA sUcita karane ke lie paryApta hai ki kabhI nivartakavAdiyoM ke bhinnabhinna pakSoM meM khUba vicAra vinimaya hotA thaa| yaha saba kucha hote hue bhI dhIredhIre aisA samaya A gayA jaba ki ye nivartakavAdI pakSa Apasa meM prathama jitane najadIka na rhe| phira bhI haraeka pakSa karmatattva ke viSaya meM UhApoha to karatA hI rahA / isa bIca meM aisA bhI huA ki kisI nivartakavAdI pakSa meM eka khAsA karmacintaka varga hI sthira ho gayA jo mokSasaMbaMdhI praznoM kI apekSA karma ke viSaya meM hI gaharA vicAra karatA thA aura pradhAnatayA usI kA adhyayana-adhyApana karatA thA jaisA ki anya-anya viSaya ke khAsa cintaka varga apane-apane viSaya meM kiyA karate the aura Aja bhI karate haiN| vahI mukhyatayA karmazAstra kA cintakavarga jaina darzana kA karmazAstrAnuyogadhara varga yA karmasiddhAntaza varga hai / karma ke baMdhaka kAraNoM tathA usake ucchedaka upAyoM ke bAre meM to saba

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karmatattva 211 mokSavAdI gauNamukhyabhAva se ekamata hI haiM para karmatattva ke svarUpa ke bAre meM Upara nirdiSTa khAsa karmacintaka varga kA jo mantavya hai use jAnanA jarUrI hai / paramANuvAdI mokSamArgI vaizeSika Adi karma ko cetananiSTha mAnakara use cetanadharma batalAte the jaba ki pradhAnavAdI sAMkhya-yoga use antaHkaraNa sthita mAnakara jar3adharma batalAte the| parantu AtmA aura paramANu ko pariNAmI mAnanevAle jaina cintaka apanI judI prakriyA ke anusAra karma ko cetana aura jar3a ubhaya ke pariNAma rUpa se ubhaya rUpa mAnate the| inake matAnusAra AtmA cetana hokara bhI sAMkhya ke prAkRta anta karaNa kI taraha saMkoca vikAsazIla thA, jisameM karmarUpa vikAra bhI saMbhava hai aura jo jar3a paramANuoM ke sAtha ekarasa bhI ho sakatA hai| vaizeSika Adi ke matAnusAra karma cetanadharma hone se vastutaH cetana se judA nahIM aura sAMkhya ke anusAra karma prakRti dharma hone se vastutaH jar3a se judA nhiiN| jaba ki jaina cintakoM ke matAnusAra karmatattva cetana aura jar3a ubhaya rUpa hI phalita hotA hai jise ve bhAva aura dravyakarma bhI kahate haiN| yaha sArI karmatattva saMbaMdhI prakriyA itanI purAnI to avazya hai jaba ki karmatattva ke cintakoM meM paraspara vicAravinimaya adhikAdhika hotA thaa| vaha samaya kitanA purAnA hai yaha nizcaya rUpa se to kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA para jainadarzana meM karmazAstra kA jo cirakAla se sthAna hai, usa zAstra meM jo vicAroM kI gaharAI, zRMkhalAbaddhatA tathA sUkSmAtisakSma bhAvoM kA asAdhAraNa nirUpaNa hai ise dhyAna meM rakhane se yaha binA mAne kAma nahIM calatA ki jainadarzana kI viziSTa karmavidyA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pahale avazya sthira ho cukI thii| isI vidyA ke dhAraka karmazAsrajJa kahalAe aura yahI vidyA prAgrAyaNIya pUrva tathA karmapravAda pUrva ke nAma se vizruta huii| aitihAsika dRSTi se pUrvazabda kA matalaba bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale se calA AnevAlA zAstravizeSa hai| niHsaMdeha ye pUrva vastutaH bhagavAn pAzvanAtha ke pahale se hI eka yA dUsare rUpa meM pracalita rahe / eka ora jaina cintakoM ne karmatattva ke cintana kI ora bahuta dhyAna diyA jaba ki dUsarI ora sAMkhya-yoga ne dhyAnamArga kI ora savizeSa dhyAna diyA | Age jAkara jaba tathAgata buddha hue taba unhoMne bhI dhyAna para hI adhika bhAra diyA / para saboM ne birAsata meM mile karmacintana ko apanA rakhA / yahI sababa hai ki sUkSmatA aura vistAra meM jaina karmazAstra apanA asAdhAraNa sthAna rakhatA hai| phira bhI sAMkhya-yoga, bauddha Adi darzanoM ke karmacintanoM ke sAtha usakA bahuta kucha sAmya hai aura mUla meM ekatA bhI hai jo karmazAstra ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie jJAtavya hai| I0 1641 ] [paMcama karmagrantha kA 'pUrvakathana'

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karmavAda karmavAda kA mAnanA yaha hai ki sukha-duHkha, sampatti-vipatti, U~ca-nIca Adi jo aneka avasthAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM, unake hone meM kAla, svabhAva, puruSArtha zrAdi anya-anya kAraNoM kI taraha karma bhI eka kAraNa hai| parantu anya darzanoM kI taraha karmavAda-pradhAna jaina-darzana Izvara ko ukta avasthAoM kA yA sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa nahIM mAnatA / dUsare darzanoM meM kisI samaya sRSTi kA utpanna honA mAnA gayA hai, ataeva unameM sRSTi kI utpatti ke sAtha kisI na kisI taraha kA Izvara kA saMbandha jor3a diyA gayA hai| nyAyadarzana meM kahA hai ki acche-bure karma ke phala Izvara kI preraNA se milate haiM- 'tatkAritvAdahetuH' |gautmsuutr a0 4 zrA0 1 sU0 21 / vaizeSika darzana meM Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA mAnakara, usake svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai--dekho, prazastapAda-bhASya pR0 48 / yogadarzana meM Izvara ke adhiSThAna se prakRti kA pariNAma-jar3a jagata kA phailAva mAnA hai--dekho, samAdhipAda sU0 24 kA bhASya va TIkA / / aura zrI zaGkarAcArya ne bhI apane brahmasUtra ke bhASya meM, upaniSad ke AdhAra para jagaha-jagaha brahma ko sRSTi kA upAdAna kAraNa siddha kiyA hai; jaise-'cetaname kamadvitIyaM brahma kSIrAdivaddevAdivaccAnapekSya bAhyasAdhanaM svayaM pariNamamAnaM jagataH kAraNamiti sthitam |'-brhm0 2-1-26 kA bhASya / 'tasmAdazeSavastuviSayamevedaM sarvavijJAnaM sarvasya brahmakAryatApekSayopanyasyata iti draSTavyam / ' ~ brahma0 a0 2 pA0 3 a0 1 sU. 6 kA bhASya / 'ataH zrutiprAmANyAdekasmAd brahmaNa AkAzAdimahAbhUtotpattikrameNa jagajjA tamiti nizcIyate |'-brhm0 a0 2 pA0 3 a0 1 sU0 7 kA bhASya / parantu jIvoM se phala bhogavAne ke lie jaina darzana Izvara ko karma kA preraka nahIM mAnatA / kyoMki karmavAda kA mantavya hai ki jaise jIva karma karane meM svatantra

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.. karmavAda. 213 hai vaise hI usake phala ko bhogane meM bhii| kahA hai ki-'yaH kartA karmabhedAnAM, bhoktA karmaphalasya ca / saMsartA parinirvAtA sa hyAtmA nAnyalakSaNaH' // 1 // isI prakAra jaina darzana Izvara ko sRSTi kA adhiSThAtA bhI nahIM mAnatA, kyoMki usake mata se sRSTi anAdi ananta hone se vaha kabhI apUrva utpanna nahIM huI tathA vaha svayaM hI pariNamanazIla hai isalie Izvara ke adhiSThAna kI ApekSA nahIM rakhatI / karmavAda para honevAle mukhya AkSepa aura unakA samAdhAna Izvara ko karttA yA preraka mAnanevAle, karmavAda para nIce likhe tIna AkSepa karate haiM [1] ghar3I, makAna Adi choTI-moTI cIjeM yadi kisI vyakti ke dvArA hI nirmita hotI haiM to phira sampUrNa jagat , jo kAryarUpa dikhAI detA hai, usakA mI utpAdaka koI avazya honA cAhie / [2 ] sabhI prANI acche yA bure karma karate haiM, para koI bure karma kA phala nahIM cAhatA aura karma svayaM jar3a hone se kisI cetana kI preraNA ke binA phala dene meM asamartha haiN| isalie karmavAdiyoM ko bhI mAnanA cAhie ki Izvara hI prANiyoM ko karma-phala bhogavAtA hai| [3] Izvara eka aisA vyakti honA cAhie ki jo sadA se mukta ho, aura mukta jIvoM kI apekSA bhI jisameM kucha vizeSatA ho / isalie karmavAda kA yaha mAnanA ThIka nahIM ki karma se chaTa jAne para sabhI jIva mukta arthAt Izvara ho jAte haiN| pahile AkSepa kA samAdhAna-yaha jagat kisI samaya nayA nahIM banA, vaha sadA hI se hai| hA~ isameM parivartana huA karate haiN| aneka parivartana aise hote haiM ki jinake hone meM manuSya Adi prANIvarga ke prayatna kI apekSA dekhI jAtI hai tathA aise parivartana bhI hote haiM ki jinameM kisI ke prayatna kI apekSA nahIM rhtii| ve jar3a tattvoM ke taraha-taraha ke saMyogoM se-uSNatA, vega, kriyA Adi zaktiyoM se banate rahate haiN| udAharaNArtha miTTI, patthara Adi cIjoM ke ikaTThA hone se choTe-moTe TIle yA pahAr3a kA bana jAnA; idhara-udhara se pAnI kA pravAha mila jAne se unakA nadI rUpa meM bahanA; bhApa kA pAnI rUpa meM barasanA aura phira se pAnI kA bhApa rUpa bana jAnA ityAdi / isalie Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA mAnane kI koI jarUrata nahIM hai| dUsare AkSepa kA samAdhAna-prANI jaisA karma karate haiM vaisA phala unako karma dvArA hI mila jAtA hai / karma jar3a haiM aura prANI apane kiye bure karma kA phala

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214 jaina dharma aura darzana nahIM cAhate yaha ThIka hai, para yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jIva ke-cetana ke saMga se karma meM aisI zakti paidA ho jAtI hai ki jisase vaha apane acche-bure vipAkoM ko niyata samaya para jIva para prakaTa karatA hai / karmavAda yaha nahIM mAnatA ki cetana ke saMbandha ke sivAya hI jar3a karma bhoga dene meM samartha hai| vaha itanA hI kahatA hai ki phala dene ke lie Izvara rUpa cetana kI preraNA mAnane kI koI jarUrata nhiiN| kyoMki sabhI jIva cetana haiM ve jaisA karma karate haiM usake anusAra unakI buddhi vaisI hI bana jAtI hai, jisase bure karma ke phala kI icchA na rahane para bhI ve aisA kRtya kara baiThate haiM ki jisase unako apane karmAnusAra phala mila jAtA hai| karma karanA eka bAta hai aura phala ko na cAhanA dUsarI bAta, kevala cAhanA na hone hI se kie karma kA phala milane se ruka nahIM sktaa| sAmagrI ikaTThI ho gaI phira kArya Apa hI Apa hone lagatA hai| udAharaNArtha-eka manuSya dhUpa meM khar3A hai, garma cIja khAtA hai aura cAhatA hai ki pyAsa na lage, so kyA kisI taraha pyAsa ruka sakatI hai ? IzvarakartRtvavAdI kahate haiM ki Izvara kI icchA se prerita hokara karma apanA-apanA phala prANiyoM para prakaTa karate haiN| isa para karmavAdI kahate haiN| ki karma karane ke samaya pariNAmAnusAra jIva meM aise saMskAra par3a jAte haiM ki jinase prerita hokara kartA jIva karma ke phala ko Apa hI bhogate haiM aura karma una para apane phala ko Apa hI prakaTa karate haiN| tIsare AkSepa kA samAdhAna-Izvara cetana hai aura jIva bhI cetana; phira unameM antara hI kyA hai ? hA~ antara itanA ho sakatA hai ki jIva kI sabhI zaktiyA~ AvaraNoM se ghirI huI haiM aura Izvara kI nahIM / para jisa samaya jIva apane AvaraNoM ko haTA detA hai, usa samaya to usakI sabhI zaktiyA~ pUrNa rUpa meM prakAzita ho jAtI haiN| phira jIva aura Izvara meM viSamatA kisa bAta kI ? viSamatA kA kAraNa jo aupAdhika karma hai, usake haTa jAne para bhI yadi viSamatA banI rahI to phira mukti hI kyA hai ? viSamatA kA rAjya saMsAra taka hI parimita hai Age nahIM / isalie karmavAda ke anusAra yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM ki sabhI mukta jIva Izvara hI haiM; kevala vizvAsa ke bala para yaha kahanA ki Izvara eka hI honA cAhie ucita nahIM / sabhI AtmA tAttvika dRSTi se Izvara hI haiM, kevala bandhana ke kAraNa ve choTe-moTe jIva rUpa meM dekhe jAte haiM- yaha siddhAnta sabhI ko apanA Izvaratva prakaTa karane ke lie pUrNa bala detA hai| vyavahAra aura paramArtha meM karmavAda kI upayogitA isa loka se yA paraloka se saMbandha rakhanevAle kisI kAma meM jaba manuSya

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karmavAda 215 pravRtti karatA hai taba yaha to asambhava hI hai ki use kisI na kisI vighna kA sAmanA karanA na pdd'e| saba kAmoM meM sabako thor3e bahuta pramANa meM zArIrika yA mAnasika vighna Ate hI haiN| aisI dazA meM dekhA jAtA hai ki bahuta loga caMcala ho jAte haiM / ghabar3A kara dUsaroM ko dUSita ThaharA unheM kosate haiM / isa taraha vipatti ke samaya eka tarapha bAharI duzmana bar3ha jAte haiM aura dUsarI tarapha buddhi asthira hone se apanI bhUla dikhAI nahIM detI / anta ko manuSya vyagratA ke kAraNa apane prArambha kiye hue saba kAmoM ko chor3a baiThatA hai aura prayatna tathA zakti ke sAtha nyAya kA bhI galA ghoMTatA hai / isalie usa samaya usa manuSya ke lie eka aise guru kI AvazyakatA hai ki jo usake buddhi-netra ko sthira kara use dekhane meM madada pahu~cAe ki upasthita vighna kA asalI karaNa kyA hai ? jahA~ taka buddhimAnoM ne vicAra kiyA hai yahI patA calA hai ki aisA guru, karma kA siddhAnta hI hai / manuSya ko yaha vizvAsa karanA cAhie ki cAhe maiM jAna sakU~ yA nahIM, lekina mere vighna kA bhItarI va asalI kAraNa mujha meM hI honA caahie| ___jisa hRdaya-bhUmikA para vighna-viSa-vRkSa ugatA hai usakA bIja bhI usI bhUmikA meM boyA huA honA caahie| pavana, pAnI Adi bAharI nimittoM ke * samAna usa vighna viSa-vRkSa ko aMkurita hone meM kadAcit anya koI vyakti nimitta ho sakatA hai, para vaha vighna kA bIja nahIM-aisA vizvAsa manuSya ke buddhinetra ko sthira kara detA hai jisase vaha ar3acana ke asalI kAraNa ko apane meM dekha, na to usake lie dUsare ko kosatA hai aura na ghabar3AtA hai| aise vizvAsa se manuSya ke hRdaya meM itanA bala prakaTa hotA hai ki jisase sAdhAraNa saMkaTa ke samaya vikSipta honevAlA vaha. bar3I vipattiyoM ko kucha nahIM samajhatA aura apane vyAvahArika yA pAramArthika kAma ko pUrA hI kara DAlatA hai| manuSya ko kisI bhI kAma kI saphalatA ke lie paripUrNa hAdika zAnti prApta karanI cAhie, jo eka mAtra karma ke siddhAnta hI se ho sakatI hai| A~dhI aura tUphAna meM jaise himAlaya kA zikhara sthira rahatA hai vaise hI aneka pratikUlatAoM ke samaya zAnta bhAva meM sthira rahanA. yahI saccA manuSyatva hai jo ki bhUtakAla ke anubhavoM se zikSA dekara manuSya ko apanI bhAvI bhalAI ke lie taiyAra karatA hai / parantu yaha nizcita hai ki aisA manuSyatva, karma ke siddhAnta para vizvAsa kiye binA kabhI pA nahIM sktaa| isase yahI kahanA par3atA hai ki kyA vyavahAra-- kyA paramArtha saba jagaha karma kA siddhAnta eka-sA upayogI hai| karma ke siddhAnta kI zreSThatA ke saMbandha meM DA0 meksamUlara kA jo vicAra hai vaha jAnane yogya hai| ve kahate haiM

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216 jaina dharma aura darzana 'yaha to nizcita hai ki karmamata kA asara manuSya-jIvana para behada huA hai / yadi kisI manuSya ko yaha mAlUma par3e ki vartamAna aparAdha ke sivAya bhI mujhako jo kucha bhoganA par3atA hai vaha mere pUrva janma ke karma kA hI phala hai to vaha purAne karja ko cukAne vAle manuSya kI taraha zAnta bhAva se usa kaSTa ko sahana kara legA aura vaha manuSya itanA bhI jAnatA ho ki sahanazIlatA se purAnA karja cukAyA jA sakatA hai tathA usI se bhaviSyat ke lie nIti kI samRddhi ikaTThI kI jA sakatI hai to usako bhalAI ke rAste para calane kI preraNA Apa hI Apa hogI / acchA yA burA koI bhI karma naSTa nahIM hotA, yaha nItizAstra kA mata aura padArthazAstra kA bala-saMrakSaNa saMbandhI mata samAna hI hai| donoM matoM kA Azaya itanA hI hai ki kisI kA nAza nahIM hotA / kisI bhI nItizikSA ke Astitva ke saMbandha meM kitanI hI zaGkA kyoM na ho para yaha nirvivAda siddha hai ki karmamata saba se adhika jagaha mAnA gayA hai, usase lAkhoM manuSyoM ke kaSTa kama hue haiM aura usI mata se manuSyoM ko vartamAna saMkaTa jhelane kI zakti paidA karane tathA bhaviSya jIvana ko sudhArane meM uttejana milA hai / ' karmavAda ke samutthAna kA kAla aura usakA sAdhya karmavAda ke viSaya meM do prazna uThate haiM - [1] karma-vAda kA AvirbhAva ka huA ? [2] aura kyoM ? pahale prazna kA uttara do dRSTiyoM se diyA jA sakatA hai - ( 1 ) paraMparA aura ( 2 ) aitihAsika dRSTi (1) paramparA ke anusAra yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma aura karmavAda kA Apasa meM sUrya aura kiraNa kA sA mela hai / kisI samaya, kisI deza vizeSa meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva bhale hI dIkha par3e; lekina usakA prabhAva saba jagaha eka sAtha kabhI nahIM hotA / taeva siddha hai ki karmavAda bhI pravAha rUpa se jainadharma ke sAtha-sAtha anAdi hai arthAt vaha bhUtapUrva nahIM hai / (2) parantu jainetara jijJAsu aura itihAsa premI jaina, ukta paramparA ko binA nanu-naca kiye mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM / sAtha hI ve loga aitihAsika pramANa ke AdhAra para diye gae uttara ko mAna lene meM tanika bhI nahIM sakucAte / yaha bAta nirvivAda siddha hai ki isa samaya jo jainadharma zvetAmbara yA digambara zAkhArUpa se vartamAna hai, isa samaya jitanA jaina-tattva-jJAna hai aura jo viziSTa paramparA hai vaha saba bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vicAra kA citra hai| samaya ke prabhAva se mUla vastu meM kucha na kucha parivartana hotA rahatA hai, tathApi dhAraNAzIla aura rakSaNa- zIla

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karmavAda 217 jaina samAja ke lie itanA niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki usane tattva-jJAna ke pradeza meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadiSTa tattvoM se na to adhika gaveSaNA kI hai aura na aisA sambhava hI thaa| paristhiti ke badala jAne se cAhe zAstrIya bhASA aura pratipAdana zailI, mUla pravartaka kI bhASA aura zailI se kucha badala gaI ho; parantu itanA sunizcita hai ki mUla tattvoM meM aura tattva-vyavasthA meM kucha bhI antara nahIM par3A hai / ataeva jaina-zAstra ke nayavAda, nikSepavAda, syAdvAda, Adi anya vAdoM ke samAna karmavAda kA AvirbhAva bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra se huA hai-yaha mAnane meM kisI prakAra kI Apatti nahIM kI jA sktii| vartamAna jaina-pAgama, kisa samaya aura kisane race, yaha prazna etihAsikoM kI dRSTi se bhale hI vivAdAspada ho; lekina unako bhI itanA to avazya mAnya hai ki vartamAna jaina-Agama ke sabhI viziSTa aura mukhyavAda, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vicAra kI vibhUti hai| karmavAda, yaha jainoM kA asAdhAraNa va mukhyavAda hai isalie usake bhagavAn mahAvIra se AvirbhUta hone ke viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ko nirvANa prApta hue 2448 varSa bIte / ataeva vartamAna karmavAda ke viSaya meM yaha kahanA ki ise utpanna hue DhAI hajAra varSa hue, sarvathA prAmANika hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana ke sAtha karmavAda kA aisA saMbandha hai ki yadi vaha usase alaga kara diyA jAe to usa zAsana meM zAsanatva (vizeSatva) hI nahIM rahatA--isa bAta ko jainadharma kA sUkSma avalokana karanevAle sabhI aitihAsika bhalIbhA~ti jAnate haiM / isa jagaha yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna, unase pUrva, bhagavAn pAzvanAtha, neminAtha zrAdi ho gae haiN| ve bhI jainadharma ke svatantra pravartaka the aura sabhI aitihAsika unheM jainadharma ke dhuraMdhara nAyakarUpa se svIkAra bhI karate haiM / phira karmavAda ke AvirbhAva ke samaya ko ukta samaya-pramANa se bar3hAne meM kyA Apatti hai ? parantu isa para kahanA yaha hai ki karmavAda ke utthAna ke samaya ke viSaya meM jo kucha kahA jAe vaha aisA ho ki jisake mAnane meM kisI ko kisI prakAra kI AnAkAnI na ho| yaha bAta bhUlanA na cAhie ki bhagavAna neminAtha tathA pArzvanAtha Adi jainadharma ke mukhya pravartaka hue aura unhoMne jaina zAsana ko pravartita bhI kiyA; parantu vartamAna jaina-aAgama, jina para isa samaya jainazAsana avalambita hai ve unake upadeza kI sampatti nahIM / isalie karmavAda ke samutthAna kA Upara jo samaya diyA gayA hai use azaGkanIya samajhanA cAhie / dUsarA prazna- yaha hai ki kamavAda kA AvirbhAva kisa prayojana se huA isake uttara meM nimnalikhita tIna prayojana mukhyatayA batalAe jA sakate haiM

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218 jaina dharma aura darzana . (1) vaidikadharma kI Izvara-saMbandhinI mAnyatA meM jitanA aMza bhrAnta thA use dUra krnaa| ... (2) bauddha-dharma ke ekAnta kSaNikavAda ko ayukta batalAnA / (3) prAtmA ko jar3a tattvoM se bhinna-svatantra tattva sthApita krnaa| isake vizeSa khulAse ke lie yaha jAnanA cAhie ki AryAvarta meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya kauna-kauna dharma the aura unakA mantavya kyA thA / 1-itihAsa batalAtA hai ki usa samaya bhAratavarSa meM jaina ke atirikta vaidika aura bauddha do hI dharma mukhya the; parantu donoM ke siddhAnta mukhya-mukhya viSayoM. meM bilakula jude the / mUla' vedoM meM, upaniSadoM2 meM, smRtiyoM meM aura vedAnuyAyI katipaya darzanoM meM Izvara viSayaka aisI kalpanA thI ki jisase sarva sAdhAraNa kA yaha vizvAsa ho gayA thA ki jagat kA utpAdaka Izvara hI hai; vahI acche yA bure karmoM kA phala jIvoM se bhogavAtA hai; karma, jar3a hone se Izvara kI preraNA ke binA apanA phala bhogavA nahIM sakate; cAhe kitanI hI ucca koTi kA jIva ho, parantu vaha apanA vikAsa karake Izvara ho nahIM sakatA; anta ko jIva, jIva hI hai, Izvara nahIM aura Izvara ke anugraha ke sivAya saMsAra se nistAra bhI nahIM ho sakatA; ityaadi| 1--sUryAcandramasau dhAtA yathA pUrvamakalpayat / divaM ca pRthivIM cAntarikSamatho svaH... / -R0 ma0 10 sa0 16 maM 3. / 2- yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante / yena jAtAni jIvanti / yatprayantyabhisaMvizanti tadvijijJAsasva / tadbrahmeti / -taiti0 3-1.. 3--AsIdidaM tamobhUtamaprajJAtamalakSaNam / / aprataya'mavijJayaM prasuptamiva sarvataH // 1-5 // tatasvayaMbhUrbhagavAnavyakto vyaJjayannidam / / mahAbhUtAdivRttaujAH prAdurAsIttamonudaH / / 1-6 // so'bhidhyAya zarIrAtsvAt sisUkSurvividhAH prjaaH| apa eva sasarjAdau tAsu bIjamavAsajat // 1-8 // tadaNDamabhavaDhemaM sahastrAMzusamaprabham / tasmiJjajJe svayaM brahmA sarvalokapitAmahaH // 1-6 // -manusmRti /

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karmavAda . 216 isa prakAra ke vizvAsa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko tIna bhUleM jAna par3IM(1) kRtakRtya Izvara kA binA prayojana sRSTi meM hastakSepa karanA / (2) Atma-svAtaMtrya kA daba jaanaa| (3) karma kI zakti kA ajnyaan|| ina bhUloM ko dUra karane ke lie va yathArtha vastusthiti batAne ke lie bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bar3I zAnti va gambhIratApUrvaka karmavAda kA upadeza diyaa| 2-- yadyapi usa samaya bauddha dharma bhI pracalita thA, parantu usameM bhI Izvara kattatva kA niSedha thA / buddha kA uddezya mukhyatayA hiMsA ko roka, samabhAva phailAne kA thaa| unakI tattva-pratipAdana saraNI bhI tatkAlIna usa uddezya ke anurUpa hI thii| buddha bhagavAn svayaM, 'karma aura usakA 2vipAka mAnate the, lekina unake siddhAntameM kSaNikavAda ko sthAna thaa| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra ke karmavAda ke upadeza kA eka yaha bhI gar3ha sAdhya thA ki 'yadi aAtmA ko kSaNika mAtra nAma liyA jAe to karma-vipAka kI kisI taraha upapatti ho nahIM sktii| svakRta karma kA bhoga aura parakRtta karma ke bhoga kA abhAva tabhI ghaTa sakatA hai, jaba ki AtmA ko na to ekAnta nitya mAnA jAe aura na ekAnta kSaNika / 3-aAjakala kI taraha usa samaya bhI bhUtAtmavAdI maujUda the| ve bhautika deha naSTa hone ke bAda kRtakarma-bhogI punarjanmavAn kisI sthAyI tattva ko nahIM mAnate the yaha dRSTi bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bahuta saMkucita jAna pdd'ii| isI se usakA nirAkaraNa unhoMne karmavAda dvArA kiyA / karmazAstra kA paricaya yadyapi vaidika sAhitya tathA bauddha sAhitya meM karma saMbandhI vicAra hai, para vaha itanA alpa hai ki usakA koI khAsa grantha usa sAhitya meM dRSTi-gocara nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta jainadarzana meM karma-saMbandhI vicAra sUkSma, vyavasthita aura ativistRta haiM / ataeva una vicAroM kA pratipAdaka zAstra, jise 'karmazAstra' yA 'karma-viSayaka sAhitya' kahate haiM, usane jaina-sAhitya ke bahuta bar3e bhAga ko roka 1. kammanA vattatI loko kammanA vattatI pajA / kammanibaMdhanA sattA rathassANIva yaayto|| -suttanipAta, vAseThasutta, 61 / 2. yaM kammaM karissAmi kalyANaM vA pApakaM vA tassa dAyAdA bhvissaami| --aNguttrnikaay|

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220 jaina dharma aura darzana rakhA hai| karma-zAstra ko jaina-sAhitya kA hRdaya kahanA cAhie / yoM to anya viSayaka jaina granthoM meM bhI karma kI thor3I bahuta carcA pAI jAtI hai para usake svataMtra grantha bhI aneka haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne karmavAda kA upadeza diyA / usakI paramparA abhI taka calI AtI hai, lekina sampradAya-bheda, saGkalanA aura bhASA kI dRSTi se usameM kucha parivartana avazya ho gayA hai / 1. sampradAya bheda - bhagavAn mahAvIra kA zAsana zvetAmbara aura digambara ina do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta huA / usa samaya karmazAstra bhI vibhAjita sA ho gayA / sampradAya bheda kI nIMva, aise vajra-lepa bheda para par3I hai ki jisase apane pitAmaha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadiSTa karma-tattva para, milakara vicAra karane kA puNya avasara, donoM sampradAya ke vidvAnoM ko kabhI prApta nahIM huA / isakA phala yaha huA ki mUla viSaya meM kucha matabheda na hone para bhI kucha pAribhASika zabdoM meM, unakI vyAkhyAnoM meM aura kahIM-kahIM tAtparya meM thor3A bahuta bheda ho gayA, jisakA kucha namUnA pAThaka pariziSTa meM dekha sakeMge -- dekho, prathama karmagrantha kA pariziSTa / I 2. saMkalanA - bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya se aba taka meM karmazAstrakI jo uttarottara saMkalanA hotI AI hai, usake sthUla dRSTi se tIna vibhAga batalAye jA sakate haiM / ( ka ) pUrvAtmaka karmazAstra - yaha bhAga sabase bar3A aura sabase pahalA hai / kyoMki isakA astitva taba taka mAnA jAtA hai, jaba taka ki pUrva-vidyA vicchinna nahIM huI thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda karIba 600 yA 1000 varSa taka kramika - hrAsa - rUpa se pUrva vidyA vartamAna rahI / caudaha meM se AThavA~ pUrva, jisakA nAma 'karmapravAda' hai vaha to mukhyatayA karma-viSayaka hI thA, parantu isake pratirikta dUsarA pUrva, jisakA nAma 'aprAyaNIya' hai, usameM bhI karma tattva ke vicAra kA eka 'karmaprAbhRta' nAmaka bhAga thA / isa samaya zvetAmbara yA digambara ke sAhitya meM pUrvAtmaka karmazAstra kA mUla aMza vartamAna nahIM hai / (kha) pUrva se uddhRta yAnI AkararUpa karmazAstra - yaha vibhAga, pahale vibhAga se bahuta choTA hai tathApi vartamAna abhyAsiyoM ke lie vaha itanA bar3A hai ki use kara karmazAstra kahanA par3atA hai / yaha bhAga, sAkSAt pUrva se uddhRta hai aisA ullekha zvetAmbara, digambara donoM ke granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / pUrva meM se uddhRta kiye gae karmazAstra kA aMza, donoM sampradAya meM abhI vartamAna hai / uddhAra ke samaya saMpradAya bheda rUr3ha ho jAne ke kAraNa uddhRta aMza, donoM sampradAyoM meM kucha bhinna-bhinna nAma se prasiddha haiM / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM 1 karmaprakRti, 2 zataka,

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karmazAstra / 221 3 paJcasaMgraha aura 4 sasatikA ye cAra graMtha aura digambara sampradAya meM 1 mahAkarmaprakRtiprAbhRta tathA 2 kaSAyaprAbhUta ye do grantha pUrvoddhRta mAne jAte haiN| (ga)prAkaraNika karmazAstra-yaha vibhAga, tIsarI saMkalanA kA phala hai isameM karma-viSayaka choTe-bar3e aneka prakaraNa grantha sammilita haiN| inhIM prakaraNa granthoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana isa samaya vizeSatayA pracalita hai| ina prakaraNoM ko par3hane ke bAda medhAvI abhyAsI 'pAkara granthoM' ko par3hate haiN| 'pAkara granthoM' meM praveza karane ke lie pahale prAkaraNika vibhAga kA avalokana karanA jarUrI hai| yaha prAkaraNika karmazAstra kA vibhAga, vikrama kI AThavI-navavIM zatAbdI se lekara solahavIM-satrahavIM zatAbdI taka meM nirmita va pallavita huA hai| 3. bhASA-bhASA-dRSTi se karmazAstra ko tIna hissoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM--(ka ) prAkRta bhASA meM, (kha) saMskRta bhASA meM aura (ga) pracalita prAdezika bhASAoM meN| (ka) prAkRta-pUrvAtmaka aura pUrvoddhRta karmazAstra, isI bhASA meM bane haiN| prAkaraNika karmazAstra kA bhI bahuta bar3A bhAga prAkRta bhASA hI meM racA huA milatA hai| mUla granthoM ke atirikta unake Upara TokA-TippaNI bhI prAkRta bhASAoM meM haiN| (kha ) saMskRta--purAne samaya meM jo karmazAstra banA hai vaha saba prAkRta hI meM hai, kintu pIche se saMskRta bhASA meM bhI karmazAstra kI racanA hone lgii| bahuta kara saMskRta bhASA meM karmazAstra para TIkA-TippaNa Adi hI likhe gae haiM, para kucha mUla prAkaraNika karmazAstra donoM sampradAya meM aise bhI haiM jo saMskRta bhASA meM race hue haiN| __ (ga ) pracalita prAdezika bhASAe~-inameM mukhyatayA karNATakI, gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI-hindI, tIna bhASAoM kA samAveza hai| ina bhASAoM meM maulika grantha nAma mAtra ke haiN| inakA upayoga, mukhyatayA mUla tathA TIkA ke anuvAda karane hI meM kiyA gayA hai| vizeSakara ina prAdezika bhASAoM meM vahI TIkA-TippaNaanuvAda aAdi haiM jo prAkaraNika karmazAstra-vibhAga para likhe hue haiM / karNATakI aura hindI bhASA kA prAzraya digambara sAhitya ne liyA hai aura gujarAtI bhASA zvetAmbarIya sAhitya meM upayukta huI hai| / Age calakara 'zvetAmbarIya karma viSayaka graMtha' aura 'digambarIya karmaviSayaka grantha' zISaka do koSThaka diye jAte haiM, jinameM una karmaviSayaka granthoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai jo zvetAmbarIya tathA digambarIya sAhitya meM abhI vartamAna haiM yA jinakA patA calA hai-dekho, koSThaka ke lie prathama karmagrantha /

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222 jaina dharma aura darzana karmazAstra meM zarIra, bhASA, indriya Adi para vicAra __zarIra, jina tattvoM se banatA hai ve tattva, zarIra ke sUkSma sthUla Adi prakAra, usakI racanA, usakA vRddhi-krama, hAsa-krama Adi aneka aMzoM ko lekara zarIra kA vicAra, zarIra-zAstra meM kiyA jAtA hai| isI se usa zAstra kA vAstavika gaurava hai| vaha gaurava karmazAstra ko bhI prApta hai| kyoMki usameM bhI prasaMgavaza aisI aneka bAtoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jo ki zarIra se saMbandha rakhatI haiN| zarIra-saMbandhI ye bAteM purAtana paddhati se kahI huI haiM sahI, parantu isase unakA mahattva kama nhiiN| kyoMki sabhI varNana sadA nae nahIM rahate / Aja jo viSaya nayA dikhAI detA hai vahI thor3e dinoM ke bAda purAnA ho jaaegaa| vastutaH kAla ke bItane se kisI meM purAnApana nahIM aataa| purAnApana AtA hai usakA vicAra na karane se / sAmayika paddhati se vicAra karane para purAtana zodhoM meM bhI navInatA sI A jAtI hai| isalie atipurAtana karmazAstra meM bhI zarIra kI banAvaTa, usake prakAra, usakI majabUtI aura usake kAraNabhUta tattvoM para jo kucha thor3e bahuta vicAra pAe jAte hai, vaha usa zAstra kI yathArtha mahattA kA cihna hai| isI prakAra karmazAstra meM bhASA ke saMbandha meM tathA indriyoM ke saMbandha meM bhI manoraMjaka va vicAraNIya carcA milatI hai| bhASA kisa tattva se banatI hai ? usake banane meM kitanA samaya lagatA hai ? usakI racanA ke lie apanI vIryazakti kA prayoga AtmA kisa taraha aura kisa sAdhana ke dvArA karatA hai ? bhASA kI satyatA-asatyatA kA AdhAra kyA hai ? kauna-kauna prANI bhASA bola sakate haiM? kisa-kisa jAti ke prANI meM, kisa-kisa prakAra kI bhASA bolane kI zakti hai ? ityAdi aneka prazna, bhASA se saMbandha rakhate haiN| unakA mahatvapUrNa va gambhIra vicAra, karma zAstra meM vizada rIti se kiyA huA milatA hai| isI prakAra indriyAM kitanI haiM ? kaisI haiM ? unake kaise-kaise bheda tathA kaisIkaisI zaktiyA~ haiM ? kisa-kisa prANI ko kitanI-kitanI indriyA~ prApta haiM ? bAhya aura Abhyantarika indriyoM kA Apasa meM kyA saMbandha hai ? unakA kaisA kaisA zrAkAra hai ? ityAdi aneka prakAra ke indriyoM se saMbandha rakhanevAle vicAra karmazAstra meM pAye jAte haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki ye saba vicAra usameM saMkalanA-baddha nahIM milate. parantu dhyAna meM rahe ki usa zAstra kA mukhya pratipAdya aMza aura hI hai / usI ke varNana meM zarIra, bhASA, indriya Adi kA vicAra prasaMgavaza karanA par3atA hai| isalie jaisI saMkalanA cAhie vaisI na bhI ho, tathApi isase karmazAstra kI kucha truTi siddha nahIM

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karmazAstra rarara hotI; balki usako to aneka zAstroM ke viSayoM kI carcA karane kA gaurava hI prApta hai| karmazAstra adhyAtmazAstra hai adhyAtma-zAstra kA uddezya, AtmA-sambandhI viSayoM para vicAra karanA hai| ataeva usako AtmA ke pAramArthika svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karane ke pahale usake vyAvahArika svarUpa kA bhI kathana karanA par3atA hai| aisA na karane se yaha prazna sahaja hI meM uThatA hai ki manuSya, pazu-pakSI, sukhI-duHkhI Adi AtmA kI dRzyamAna avasthAoM kA svarUpa, ThIka-ThIka jAne binA usake pAra kA svarUpa jAnane kI yogyatA, dRSTi ko kaise prApta ho sakatI hai ? isake sivAya yaha bhI prazna hotA hai ki dRzyamAna vartamAna avasthAe~ hI AtmA kA svabhAva kyoM nahIM hai ? isalie adhyAtma-zAstra ko Avazyaka hai ki vaha pahale, AtmA ke dRzyamAna svarUpa kI upapatti dikhAkara Age bddh'e| yahI kAma karmazAstra ne kiyA hai| vaha dRzyamAna saba avasthAtroM ko karma-janya batalA kara unase AtmA ke svabhAva kI judAI kI sacanA karatA hai| isa dRSTi se karmazAtra, adhyAtma-zAstra kA hI eka aMza hai| yadi adhyAtma-zAstra kA uddezya, AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA varNana karanA hI mAnA jAe taba bhI karmazAstra ko usakA prathama sopAna mAnanA hI par3atA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaba taka anubhava meM AnevAlI vartamAna avasthAoM ke sAtha zrAtmA ke saMbandha kA saccA khulAsA na ho taba taka dRSTi, Age kaise bar3ha sakatI hai ? jaba yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki Upara ke saba rUpa, mAyika yA vaibhAvika haiM taba svayameva jijJAsA hotI hai ki AtmA kA saccA svarUpa kyA hai ? usI samaya AtmA ke kevala zuddha svarUpa kA pratipAdana sArthaka hotA hai| paramAtmA ke sAtha AtmA kA saMbandha dikhAnA yaha bhI adhyAtmazAstra kA viSaya hai| isa saMbandha meM upaniSadoM meM yA gItA meM jaise vicAra pAye jAte haiM vaise hI karmazAstra meM bhii| karmazAstra kahatA hai ki AtmA vahI paramAtmA--jIva hI Izvara hai / AtmA kA paramAtmA meM mila nAnA, isakA matalaba yaha hai ki AtmA kA apane karmAvRta paramAtmabhAva ko vyakta karake paramAtmarUpa ho jAnA / jIva paramAtmA kA aMza hai isakA matalaba karmazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha hai ki jIva meM jitanI jJAna-kalA vyakta hai, vaha paripUrNa, parantu avyakta ( AvRta ) cetanA-candrikA kA eka aMza mAtra hai| karma kA AvaraNa haTa jAne se cetanA paripUrNa rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| usI ko IzvarabhAva yA Izvaratva kI prApti samajhanA caahie| dhana, zarIra Adi bAhya vibhUtiyoM meM Atma-buddhi karanA, arthAt jar3a meM

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224 jaina dharma aura darzana ahaMtva karanA, bAhya dRSTi hai| isa abheda-bhrama ko bahirAtmabhAva siddha karake use chor3ane kI zikSA, karma-zAstra detA hai / jinake saMskAra kevala bahirAtmabhAvamaya ho gae haiM unheM karma-zAstra kA upadeza bhale hI rucikara na ho, parantu isase usakI saccAI meM kucha bhI antara nahIM par3a sktaa| __ zarIra aura AtmA ke abheda bhrama ko dUra karA kara, usa ke bheda-jJAna ko (viveka-khyAti ko ) karma-zAstra prakayatA hai| isI samaya se antardRSTi khulatI hai| antadRSTi ke dvArA apane meM vartamAna paramAtma-bhAva dekhA jAtA hai / paramAtmabhAva ko dekhakara use pUrNatayA anubhava meM lAnA, yaha jIva kA ziva (brahma ) honA hai| isI brahma-bhAva ko vyakta karAne kA kAma kucha aura DhaMga se hI karmazAstra ne apane para le rakhA hai| kyoMki vaha abheda-bhrama se bheda jJAna kI tarapha jhukAkara, phira svAbhAvika abhedadhyAna kI ucca bhamikA kI ora AtmA ko khIMcatA hai / basa usakA kartavya-kSetra utanA hI hai / sAtha hI yoga-zAstra ke mukhya pratipAdya aMza kA varNana bhI usameM mila jAtA hai| isalie yaha spaSTa hai ki karmazAstra, aneka prakAra ke AdhyAtmika zAstrIya vicAroM kI khAna hai / vahI usakA mahattva hai / bahuta logoM ko prakRttiyoM kI ginatI, saMkhyA kI bahulatA Adi se usa para ruci nahIM hotI, parantu isameM karmazAstra kA kyA doSa ? gaNita, . padArthavijJAna Adi gUr3ha va rasa-pUrNa viSayoM para sthUladarzI logoM kI dRSTi nahIM jamatI aura unheM rasa nahIM AtA, isameM una viSayoM kA kyA doSa ? doSa hai samajhane vAloM kI buddhi kaa| kisI bhI viSaya ke abhyAsI ko usa viSaya meM rasa tabhI AtA hai jaba ki vaha usameM tala taka utara jaae| viSaya-praveza karma-zAstra jAnane kI cAha rakhanevAloM ko Avazyaka hai ki ve 'karma' zabda kA artha, bhinna-bhinna zAstroM meM prayoga kiye gae usake paryAya zabda, karma kA svarUpa, Adi nimna viSayoM se paricita ho jAe~ tathA zrAtma-tattva svatantra hai yaha bhI jAna leN| 1-kama zabda ke artha 'karma' zabda loka-vyavahAra aura zAstra donoM meM prasiddha hai / usake aneka artha hote haiM / sAdhAraNa loga apane vyavahAra meM kAma, dhaMdhe yA vyavasAya ke matalaba se 'karma' zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| zAstra meM usakI eka gati nahIM hai| khAnA, pInA, calanA, kA~panA Adi kisI bhI hala-cala ke lie cAhe vaha jIva kI ho yA jar3a kI-karma zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai|

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karmavAda 225 karmakANDI mImAMsaka, yajJa yAga-zrAdi kriyA-kalApa-artha meM; smAta vidvAn , brAhmaNa Adi cAra varNoM aura brahmacarya Adi cAra AzramoM ke niyata karmarUpa artha meM paurANika loga, vrata niyama Adi dhArmika kriyAoM ke artha meM; vaiyAkaraNa loga, kartA jisako apanI kriyA ke dvArA pAnA cAhatA hai usa artha meM-arthAt jisa para kartA ke vyApAra kA phala giratA hai usa artha meM; aura naiyAyika loga utkSepaNa Adi pA~ca sAMketika karmoM meM karma zabda kA vyavahAra karate haiM / parantu jaina zAstra meM karma zabda se do artha liye jAte haiM / pahalA rAga-dveSAtmaka pariNAma, jise kaSAya ( bhAva karma ) kahate haiM aura dUsarA kArmaNa jAti ke pudgala vizeSa, jo kaSAya ke nimitta se zrAtmA ke sAtha cipake hue hote haiM aura dravya karma kahalAte haiN| 2-karma zabda ke kucha paryAya jaina darzana meM jisa artha ke lie karma zabda prayukta hotA hai usa artha ke athavA usase kucha milate-julate artha ke lie jainetara darzanoM meM ye zabda milate haiM-mAyA, avidyA, prakRti, apUrva, vAsanA, Azaya, dharmAdharma, adRSTa, saMskAra, daiva, bhAgya aadi| ___mAyA, avidyA, prakRti ye tIna zabda vedAnta darzana meM pAe jAte haiN| inakA mUla artha karIba-karIba vahI hai, jise jaina-darzana meM bhAva-karma kahate haiM / 'apUrva zabda mImAMsA darzana meM milatA hai| 'vAsamA' zabda bauddha darzana meM prasiddha hai, parantu yoga darzana meM bhI usakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / 'Azaya' zabda vizeSa kara yoga tathA sAMkhya darzana meM milatA hai / dharmAdharma, adRSTa aura saMskAra, ina zabdoM kA prayoga aura darzanoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, parantu vizeSakara nyAya tathA vaizeSika darzana meM / daiva, bhAgya, puNya-pApa Adi kaI aise zabda haiM jo saba darzanoM ke lie sAdhAraNa se haiN| jitane darzana AtmavAdI haiM aura punarjanma mAnate haiM unako punarjanma kI siddhi-upapati ke lie karma mAnanA hI par3atA hai| cAhe una darzanoM kI bhinna-bhinna prakriyAoM ke kAraNa yA cetana ke svarUpa meM matabheda hone ke kAraNa karma kA svarUpa thor3A bahuta judA-judA jAna par3e; parantu isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki sabhI aAtmavAdiyoM ne mAyA Adi upayukta kisI na kisI nAma se karma ko aMgIkAra kiyA hI hai| 3-karma kA svarUpa mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai vahI 'karma' kahalAtA hai / karma kA yaha lakSaNa upayukta bhAvakarma va dravyakarma donoM meM

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226 jaina dharma aura darzana ghaTita hotA hai, kyoMki bhAvakarma AtmA kA yA jIva kA-vaibhAvika pariNAma hai, isase usakA upAdAna rUpa kartA, jIva hI hai aura dravyakarma, jo ki kArmaNa-jAti ke sUkSma pudagaloM kA vikAra hai usakA bhI kartA, nimitta rUpa se jIva hI hai / bhAvakarma ke hone meM dravyakarma nimitta hai aura dravyakarma meM bhAvakarma nimitta / isa prakAra una donoM kA Apasa meM bIjAGkura kI taraha kArya-kAraNa bhAva saMbandha hai / 4-puNya-pApa kI kasauTI ____ sAdhAraNa loga kahA karate haiM ki 'dAna, pUjana, sevA Adi kriyAoM ke karane se zubha karma kA ( puNya kA) bandha hotA hai aura kisI ko kaSTa pahu~cAne, icchA-viruddha kAma karane Adi se azubha karma kA (pApa kA ) bandha hotA hai| parantu puNya-pApa kA nirNaya karane kI mukhya kasauTI yaha nahIM hai / kyoMki kisI ko kaSTa pahu~cAtA huA aura dUsare kI icchA-viruddha kAma karatA huA bhI manuSya, puNya upArjana kara sakatA hai| isI taraha dAna-pUjana Adi karane vAlA bhI puNya-upArjana na kara, kabhI-kabhI pApa bAMdha letA hai| eka paropakArI cikitsaka, jaba kisI para zastrakriyA karatA hai taba usa marIja ko kaSTa avazya hotA hai, hitaiSI mAtA-pitA nAsamajha lar3ake ko jaba usakI icchA ke viruddha par3hAne ke lie yatna karate haiM taba usa bAlaka ko duHkha sA mAlUma par3atA hai; para itane hI se na to vaha cikitsaka anucita kAma karane vAlA mAnA jAtA hai aura na hitaiSI mAtA-pitA hI doSI samajhe jAte haiN| isake viparIta jaba koI, bhole logoM ko Thagane ke irAde se yA aura kisI tuccha Azaya se dAna pUjana Adi kriyAoM ko karatA hai taba vaha puNya ke badale pApa bA~dhatA hai| ataeva puNyabandha yA pApa-bandha kI saccI kasauTI kevala Upara kI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA zrAzaya hI hai| acche zrAzaya se jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha puNya kA nimitta aura bure abhiprAya se jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha pApa kA nimitta hotA hai| yaha puNya-pApa kI kasauTI saba ko eka sI sammata hai / kyoMki yaha siddhAnta sarva-mAnya hai ki _ 'yAdRzI bhAvanA yasya, siddhirbhavati taadRshii|' 5-saccI nirlepatA sAdhAraNa loga yaha samajha baiThate haiM ki amuka kAma na karane se apane ko puNya-pApa kA lepa na lagegA / isase ve usa kAma ko to chor3a dete haiM, para bahudhA unakI mAnasika kriyA nahIM chuutttii| isase ve icchA rahane para bhI puNya-pApa ke

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:: karmavAda 227 lepa se apane ko mukta nahIM kara sakate / ataeva vicAranA cAhie ki saccI nilepatA kyA hai ? lepa (bandha), mAnasika kSobha ko arthAt kaSAya ko kahate haiN| yadi kaSAya nahIM hai to Upara kI koI bhI kriyA AtmA ko bandhana meM rakhane ke lie samartha nahIM hai| isase ulaTA yadi kaSAya kA vega bhItara vartamAna hai to Upara se haz2Ara yatna karane para bhI koI apane ko bandhana se chur3A nahIM sktaa| kaSAya-rahita vItarAga saba jagaha jala meM kamala kI taraha nirlepa rahate haiM para kaSAyavAn aAtmA yoga kA svA~ga racakara bhI tila bhara zuddhi nahIM kara sakatA / isIse yaha kahA jAtA hai ki Asakti chor3akara jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhaka nahIM hotaa| matalaba saccI nirlepatA mAnasika kSobha ke tyAga meM hai| yahI zikSA karma-zAstra se milatI hai aura yahI bAta anyatra bhI kahI huI hai: 'mana eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM bandhamokSayoH / bandhAya viSayA. 'saMgi mokSe niviSayaM smRtam // ' -mainyupaniSad 6-karma kA anAditva vicAravAn manuSya ke dila meM prazna hotA hai ki karma sAdi hai yA anAdi ? 'isake uttara meM jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki karma, vyakti kI apekSA se sAdi aura pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi hai| yaha sabakA anubhava hai ki prANI sotejAgate, uThate-baiThate, calate-phirate kisI na kisI taraha kI halacala kiyA hI karatA hai| halacala kA honA hI karma-bandha ko jar3a hai| isase yaha siddha hai ki karma, vyaktizaH zrAdi vAle hI haiN| kintu karma kA pravAha kaba se calA ? ise koI batalA nahIM sktaa| bhaviSyat ke samAna bhUtakAla kI gaharAI ananta hai / ananta kA varNana anAdi yA ananta zabda ke sivAya aura kisI taraha se honA asambhava hai| isalie karma ke pravAha ko anAdi kahe binA dUsarI gati hI nahIM hai / kucha loga anAditva kI aspaSTa vyAkhyA kI ulajhana se ghabar3A kara karma pravAha ko sAdi batalAne laga jAte haiM, para ve apanI buddhi kI asthiratA se kalpita doSa kI AzaMkA karake, use dUra karane ke prayatna meM eka bar3e doSa kA svIkAra kara lete haiN| vaha yaha ki karma pravAha yadi AdimAna hai to jIva pahale hI atyanta zuddhabuddha honA cAhie, phira use lipta hone kA kyA kAraNa ? aura yadi sarvathA zuddhabuddha jIva bhI lipta ho jAtA hai to mukta hue jIva bhI karma-lita hoMge; aisI dazA meM mukti ko soyA huA saMsAra hI kahanA cAhie / karma pravAha ke anAditva ko aura mukta jIva ke phira se saMsAra meM na lauTane ko saba pratiSThita darzana mAnate

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228 jaina dharma aura darzana na karmA'vibhAgAditi cennA'nAditvAt // 35 // upapadyate cApyupalabhyate ca // 36 // -brahmasUtra a0 2 pA0 1 anAvRttiH zabdAdanAvRttiH zabdAt // 22 // -ba. sU. a. 4 pA04 . 7-karmabandha kA kAraNa jaina darzana meM karmavandha ke mithyAtva, avirati, kaSAya aura yoga ye cAra kAraNa batalAye gae haiN| inakA saMkSepa pichale do ( kaSAya aura yoga ) kAraNoM meM kiyA huzrA bhI milatA hai / adhika saMkSepa karake kahA jAya to yaha kaha sakate haiM ki kaSAya hI karmabandha kA kAraNa hai| yoM to kaSAya ke vikAra ke aneka prakAra haiM para, una sabakA saMkSepa meM vargIkaraNa karake AdhyAtmika vidvAnoM ne usa ke rAga, dveSa do hI prakAra kiye haiN| koI bhI mAnasika vikAra ho, yA to vaha rAga ( Asakti) rUpa yA dveSa (tApa ) rUpa hai| yaha bhI anubhava siddha hai ki sAdhAraNa prANiyoM kI pravRtti, cAhe vaha Upara se kaisI hI kyoM na dIkha par3e, para vaha yA to rAgamUlaka yA dveSamUlaka hotI hai| aisI pravRtti hI vividha vAsanAoM kA kAraNa hotI hai / prANI jAna sake yA nahIM, para usakI vAsanAtmaka sUkSma sRSTi kA kAraNa, usake rAga aura dveSa hI hote haiN| makar3I, apanI hI pravRtti se apane kiye hue jAla meM pha~satI hai| jIva bhI karma ke jAle ko apanI hI be-samajhI se raca letA hai / ajJAna, mithyA-jJAna zrAdi jo karma ke kAraNa kahe jAte haiM so bhI rAga-dveSa ke saMbandha hI se / rAga kI yA dveSa kI mAtrA bar3hI ki jJAna, viparIta rUpa meM badalane lgaa| isase zabda bheda hone para bhI karmabandha ke kAraNa ke saMbandha meM anya Astika darzanoM ke sAtha, jaina darzana kA koI matabheda nhiiN| naiyAyika tathA vaizeSika darzana meM mithyAjJAna ko, yogadarzana meM prakRtipuruSa ke abheda jJAna ko aura vedAnta Adi meM avidyA ko tathA jainadarzana meM mithyAtva ko karma kA kAraNa batalAyA hai, parantu yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki kisI ko bhI karma kA kAraNa kyoM na kahA jAya, para yadi usameM karma kI bandhakatA ( karma lepa paidA karane kI zakti ) hai to vaha rAga-dveSa ke saMbandha hI se| rAga-dveSa kI nyUnatA yA abhAva hote hI ajJAnapana ( mithyAtva ) kama hotA yA naSTa ho jAtA hai| mahAbhArata zAntiparva ke 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' isa kathana meM bhI karma zabda kA matalaba rAga-dveSa hI se hai /

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226 . karmavAda 8-karma se chUTane ke upAya aba yaha vicAra karanA jarUrI hai ki karmapaTala se AvRta apane paramAtmabhAva ko jo pragaTa karanA cAhate haiM unake lie kina-kina sAdhanoM kI apekSA hai| . ___jaina zAstra meM parama puruSArtha-mokSa-pAne ke tIna sAdhana batalAye hue haiM-(1) samyagdarzana, (2) samyagjJAna aura (3) samyagacAritra / kahIMkahIM jJAna aura kriyA, do ko hI mokSa kA sAdhana kahA hai| aise sthala meM darzana ko jJAnasvarUpa----jJAna kA vizeSa-samajha kara usa se judA nahIM ginte| parantu yaha prazna hotA hai ki vaidika darzanoM meM karma, jJAna, yoga aura bhakti ina cAroM ko mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA hai phira jainadarzana meM tIna yA do hI sAdhana kyoM kahe gae ? isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra hai ki jainadarzana meM jisa samyakcAritra ko samyak kriyA kahA hai usameM karma aura yoga donoM mArgoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| kyoMki samyakcAritra meM manonigraha, indriya-jaya, citta-zuddhi, samabhAva aura unake lie kiye jAnevAle upAyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| manonigraha, indriya-jaya Adi sAttvika yajJa hI karmamArga hai aura citta-zuddhi tathA usake lie kI jAne vAlI satpravRtti hI yoga mArga hai| isa taraha karmamArga aura yogamArga kA mizraNa hI samyakcAritra hai / samyagdarzana hI bhakti mArga hai, kyoMki bhakti meM zraddhA kA aMza pradhAna hai aura samyagdarzana bhI zraddhA rUpa hI hai| samyagjJAna hI jJAnamArga hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM batalAye hue mokSa ke tIna sAdhana anya darzanoM ke saba sAdhanoM kA samuccaya haiN| 6-AtmA svataMtra tattva hai karma ke saMbandha meM Upara jo kucha kahA gayA hai usakI ThIka-ThIka saMgati tabhI ho sakatI hai jaba ki AtmA ko jar3a se alaga tattva mAnA jAya / zrAtmA kA svatantra astitva nIce likhe sAta pramANoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai ( ka ) svasaMvedanarUpa sAdhaka pramANa, (kha ) bAdhaka pramANa kA abhAva, (ga) niSedha se niSedha-kartA kI siddhi, (gha) tarka, (Ga) zAstra va mahAtmAoM kA prAmANya, ca ) Adhunika vidvAnoM kI sammati aura (cha) punrjnm| (ka) svasaMvedanarUpa sAdhaka pramANa- yadyapi sabhI dehadhArI ajJAna ke AvaraNa se nyUnAdhika rUpa meM ghire hue haiM aura isase ve apane hI astitva kA saMdeha karate haiM. tathApi jisa samaya unakI buddhi thor3I sI bhI sthira ho jAtI hai usa samaya unako yaha sphuraNA hotI hai ki 'maiM huuN'| yaha sphuraNA kabhI nahIM

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230 jaina dharma aura darzana hotI ki 'maiM nahIM hU~' / isase ulaTA yaha bhI nizcaya hotA hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~ yaha bAta nhiiN| isI bAta ko zrI zaMkarAcArya ne bhI kahA hai ---- 'sarvo hyAtmA'stitvaM pratyeti, na nAhamasmIti -- brahma0 bhASya 1-1-1 / ' isI nizcaya ko hI svasaMvedana ( zrAtmanizcaya ) kahate haiM / ( kha ) bAdhaka pramANa kA abhAva- aisA koI pramANa nahIM hai jo zrAtmA ke astitva kA bAdha (niSedha) karatA ho| isa para yadyapi yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki mana aura indriyoM ke dvArA AtmA kA grahaNa na honA hI usakA bAdha hai / parantu isakA samAdhAna sahaja hai / kisI viSaya kA bAdhaka pramANa vahI mAnA jAtA hai jo usa viSaya ko jAnane kI zakti rakhatA ho aura anya saba sAmagrI maujUda hone para use grahaNa kara na sake / udAharaNArtha - A~kha, miTTI ke ghar3e ko dekha sakatI hai para jisa samaya prakAza, samIpatA Adi sAmagrI rahane para bhI vaha miTTI ke ghar3e ko na dekhe, usa samaya use usa viSaya kI bAdhaka samajhanA cAhie / indriyA~ sabhI bhautika haiM / unakI grahaNazakti bahuta parimita hai / ve bhautika padArthoM meM se bhI sthUla, nikaTavartI aura niyata viSayoM ko hI Upara-Upara se jAna sakatI haiM / sUkSmadarzaka yantra Adi sAdhanoM kI vahI dazA hai| ve abhI taka bhautika pradeza meM hI kAryakArI siddha hue haiN| isalie unakA bhautika-amUrtaAtmA ko jAna na sakanA bAdha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / mana, bhautika hone para bhI indriyoM kA dAsa bana jAtA hai - eka ke pIche eka, isa taraha aneka viSayoM meM bandaroM ke samAna daur3a lagAtA phiratA hai--- taba usameM rAjasa va tAmasa vRttiyA~ paidA hotI haiM / sAttvika bhAva prakaTa hone nahIM pAtA / yahIM bAta gItA ( - 2 zlo0 67 ) meM bhI kahI huI hai 4 KADE 'indriyAMNAM hi caratAM yanmano'nuvidhIyate / tadasya harati prajJAM vAyurnAvamivAmbhasi // ' isalie caMcala mana meM zrAtmA kI sphuraNA bhI nahIM hotI / yaha dekhI huI bAta hai ki pratibimba grahaNa karane kI zakti, jisa darpaNa meM vartamAna hai vaha bhI jaba malina ho jAtA hai taba usameM kisI vastu kA pratibimba vyakta nahIM hotA / isase yaha bAta siddha hai ki bAharI viSayoM meM daur3a lagAne vAle sthira mana se AtmA kA grahaNa na honA usakA bAdha nahIM, kintu mana kI zakti mAtra hai / isa prakAra vicAra karane se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki mana, indriyA~, sUkSma-darzakayantra Adi sabhI sAdhana bhautika hone se zrAtmA kA niSedha karane kI zakti nahIM rakhate / ( ga ) niSedha se niSedha - karttA kI siddhi- kucha loga yaha kahate haiM ki hameM AtmA kA nizcaya nahIM hotA, balki kabhI-kabhI usake abhAva kI sphuraNA

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karmavAda 231 ho pAtI hai; kyoMki kisI samaya mana meM aisI kalpanA hone lagatI hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~' ityAdi / parantu unako jAnanA cAhie ki unakI yaha kalpanA hI AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karatI hai| kyoMki yadi AtmA hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva kaise ? jo niSedha kara rahA hai vaha svayaM hI aAtmA hai / isa bAta ko zrIzaMkarAcArya ne apane brahmasUtra ke bhASya meM bhI kahA hai'ya eva hI nirAkartA tadeva hI tasya svarUpam / ' ---a. 2 pA 3 a. 1 sU. 7 (ba) taka- yaha bhI AtmA ke svataMtra astitva kI puSTi karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jagat meM sabhI padArthoM kA virodhI koI na koI dekhA jAtA hai / andhakAra kA virodhI prakAza, uSNatA kA virodhI zaitya aura sukha kA virodhI duHkha / isA taraha jar3a padArtha kA virodhI bhI koI tattva honA caahie| jo tattva jar3a kA virodhI hai vahI cetana yA AtmA hai| __isa para yaha tarka kiyA jA sakatA hai ki 'jar3a, cetana ye do svataMtra virodhI tattva mAnanA ucita nahIM, parantu kisI eka hI prakAra ke mUla padArtha meM jar3atva va cetanatva donoM zaktiyA~ mAnanA ucita hai / jisa samaya cetanatva zakti kA vikAsa hone lagatA hai-usakI vyakti hotI hai-usa samaya jar3atva zakti kA tirobhAva rahatA hai| sabhI cetana zaktivAle prANI jar3a padArtha ke vikAsa ke hI pariNAma haiN| ve jar3a ke atirikta apanA svataMtra astitva nahIM rakhate, kintu jar3atva zakti kA tirobhAva hone se jIvadhArI rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiN| aisA hI mantavya hegala Adi aneka pazcimIya vidvAnoM kA bhI hai| parantu usa pratikUla taka kA nivAraNa azakya nahIM hai| yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki kisI vastu meM jaba eka zakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai taba usameM dUsarI virodhinI zakti kA tirobhAva ho jAtA hai| parantu jo zakti tirohita ho jAtI hai vaha sadA ke lie nahIM, kisI samaya anukUla nimitta milane 1 yaha tarka nirmUla yA apramANa nahIM, balki isa prakAra kA tarka zuddha buddhi kA cihna hai / bhagavAn buddha ko bhI apane pUrva janma meM arthAt sumedha nAmaka brAhmaNa ke janma meM aisA hI tarka huaA thA / yathA__'yathA hi loke dukkhassa paTipakkhabhUtaM sukhaM nAma atthi, evaM bhave sati tappaTipakkhana vibhavenA'pi bhavitabbaM yathA ca urahe sati tassa vUpasamabhUtaM sItaM'pi atthi, evaM rAgAdInaM aggInaM vUpasamena nibbAnenA'pi bhavitabbaM / '

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232 jaina dharma aura darzana para phira bhI usakA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra jo zakti prAdurbhUta huI hotI hai vaha bhI sadA ke lie nhiiN| pratikUla nimitta milate hI usakA tirobhAva ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha pAnI ke aNuoM ko lIjie, ve garamI pAte hI bhAparUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM, phira zaitya Adi nimitta milate hI pAnIrUpa meM barasate haiM aura adhika zItatva prApta hone para dravatvarUpa ko chor3a barpharUpa meM ghanatva ko prApta kara lete haiN| * isI taraha yadi jar3atva-cetanatva donoM zaktiyoM ko kisI eka mUla tattvagata mAna leM, to vikAsavAda hI na Thahara skegaa| kyoMki cetanatva zakti ke vikAsa ke kAraNa jo Aja cetana (prANI) samajhe jAte haiM ve hI saba jar3atvazakti kA vikAsa hone para phira jar3a ho jaaeNge| jo pASANa Adi padArtha Aja jar3arUpa meM dikhAI dete haiM ve kabhI cetana ho jAe~ge aura cetanarUpa se dikhAI denevAle manuSya, pazu-pakSI Adi prANI kabhI jar3arUpa bhI ho jaaeNge| ataeva eka-eka padArtha meM jar3atva aura cetanatva donoM virodhinI zaktiyoM ko na mAnakara jar3a va cetana do svataMtra tattvoM ko hI mAnanA ThIka hai / * (Ga) zAstra va mahAtmAoM kA prAmANya-aneka purAtana zAstra bhI AtmA ke svataMtra astitva kA pratipAdana karate haiN| jina zAstrakAroM ne bar3I zAnti va gambhIratA ke sAtha zrAtmA ke viSaya meM khoja kI hai, unake zAstragata anubhava ko yadi hama binA hI anubhava kiye capalatA se yoM hI ha~sa deM to, isameM kSudratA kisakI ? Ajakala bhI aneka mahAtmA aise dekhe jAte haiM ki jinhoMne apanA jIvana pavitratA pUrvaka AtmA ke vicAra meM hI bitaayaa| unake zuddha anubhava ko hama yadi apane bhrAnta anubhava ke bala para na mAneM to isameM nyUnatA hamArI hI hai / purAtana zAstra aura vartamAna anubhavI mahAtmA niHsvArtha bhAva se AtmA ke astitva ko batalA rahe haiN| (ca) Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kI sammati- Ajakala loga pratyeka viSaya kA khulAsA karane ke lie bahudhA vaijJAnika vidvAnoM kA vicAra jAnanA cAhate haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki aneka pazcimIya bhautika-vijJAna vizArada AtmA ko nahIM mAnate yA usake viSaya meM saMdigdha haiN| parantu aise bhI aneka dhurandhara vaijJAnika haiM ki jinhoMne apanI sArI Ayu bhautika khoja meM bitAI hai, para unakI dRSTi bhUtoM se pare Atmatattva kI ora bhI pahuMcI hai| unameM se sara aoNlIvara laoNja aura laoNrDa kelavina, inakA nAma vaijJAnika saMsAra meM mazahUra hai / ye donoM vidvAn cetana tattva ko jar3a se judA mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| unhoMne jar3avAdiyoM kI yuktiyoM kA khaNDana bar3I sAvadhAnI se va vicArasaraNI se kiyA hai| unakA mantavya hai

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karmavAda 233 ki cetana ke svatantra astitva ke sivAya jIvadhAriyoM ke deha kI vilakSaNa racanA kisI taraha bana nahIM sktii| ve anya bhautikavAdiyoM kI taraha mastiSka ko jJAna kI jar3a nahIM samajhate, kintu use jJAna ke AvirbhAva kA sAdhana mAtra samajhate haiN| ____ DA. jagadIzacandra bosa, jinhoMne sAre vaijJAnika saMsAra meM nAma pAyA hai, ko khoja se yahA~ taka nizcaya ho gayA hai ki vanaspatiyoM meM bhI smaraNa-zakti vidyamAna hai / bosa mahAzaya ne apane AviSkAroM se svatantra Atma-tattva mAnane ke lie vaijJAnika saMsAra ko majabUra kiyA hai| (cha) punarjanma-nIce aneka prazna aise haiM ki jinakA pUrA samAdhAna punarjanma mAne binA nahIM hotA / garbha ke prArambha se lekara janma taka bAlaka ko jo-jo kaSTa bhogane par3ate haiM ve saba usa bAlaka kI kRti ke pariNAma haiM yA usake mAtA-pitA kI kRti ke ? unheM bAlaka kI isa janma kI kRti kA pariNAma nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki usane garbhAvasthA meM to acchA-burA kucha bhI kAma nahIM kiyA hai| yadi mAtA-pitA kI kRti kA pariNAma kaheM to bhI asaMgata jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki mAtA-pitA acchA yA burA kucha bhI kareM usakA pariNAma binA kAraNa bAlaka ko kyoM bhoganA par3e ? bAlaka jo kucha sukha-duHkha bhogatA hai vaha yoM hI binA kAraNa bhogatA hai-yaha mAnanA to ajJAna kI parAkASThA hai, kyoMki binA kAraNa kisI kArya kA honA asambhava hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki mAtA-pitA ke AhAra vihAra kA, vicAra-vyavahAra kA aura zArIrika-mAnasika avasthAoM kA asara bAlaka para garbhAvasthA se hI par3anA zurU hotA hai to phira bhI sAmane yaha prazna hotA hai ki bAlaka ko aise mAtA-pitA kA saMyoga kyoM huA ? aura isakA kyA samAdhAna hai ki kabhI-kabhI bAlaka kI yogyatA mAtA-pitA se bilakula hI judA prakAra kI hotI hai| aise aneka udAharaNa dekhe jAte haiM ki mAtA-pitA bilakula apar3ha hote haiM aura lar3akA pUrA zikSita bana jAtA hai| vizeSa kyA ? yahA~ taka dekhA jAtA hai ki kinhIM-kinhIM mAtA-pitAoM kI ruci, jisa bAta para bilakula hI nahIM hotI usameM bAlaka siddhahasta ho jAtA hai| isakA kAraNa kevala aAsapAsa kI paristhiti hI nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, kyoMki samAna paristhiti aura barAbara dekhabhAla hote hue bhI aneka vidyArthiyoM meM vicAra va vyavahAra kI bhinnatA 1 ina donoM caitanyavAdiyoM ke vicAra kI chAyA, saMvat 1661 ke jyeSTha mAsa ke, 1962 mArgazIrSa mAsa ke aura 1665 ke bhAdrapada mAsa ke 'vasanta' patra meM prakAzita huI hai|

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234 jaina dharma aura darzana dekhI jAtI hai| yadi kahA jAe ki yaha pariNAma bAlaka ke adbhuta jJAnataMtuoM kA hai, to isa para yaha zaMkA hotI hai ki bAlaka kA deha mAtA-pitA ke zukrazoNita se banA hotA hai, phira unameM avidyamAna aise jJAnataMtu bAlaka ke mastiSka meM pAe kahA~ se ? kahIM-kahIM mAtA-pitA kI sI jJAnazakti bAlaka meM dekhI jAtI hai sahI, para isameM bhI prazna hai ki aisA suyoga kyoM milA ? kisI-kisI jagaha yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki mAtA-pitA kI yogyatA bahuta bar3hI-car3hI hotI hai aura unake sau prayatna karane para bhI lar3akA ga~vAra hI raha jAtA hai| ___ yaha sabako vidita hI hai ki eka sAtha--yugalarUpa se-janme hue do bAlaka bhI samAna nahIM hote / mAtA-pitA kI dekha-bhAla barAbara hone para bhI eka sAdhAraNa hI rahatA hai aura dUsarA kahIM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| eka kA piNDa roga se nahIM chUTatA aura dUsarA bar3e-bar3e kuztIbAjoM se hAtha milAtA hai| eka dIrghajIvI banatA hai aura dUsarA sau yatna hote rahane para bhI yama kA atithi bana jAtA hai / eka kI icchA saMyata hotI hai aura dUsare kI asaMyata / ___ jo zakti, mahAvIra meM, buddha meM, zaGkarAcArya me thI vaha unake mAtA-pitAoM me na thii| hemacandrAcArya kI pratibhA ke kAraNa unake mAtA-pitA nahIM mAne jA sakate / unake guru bhI unakI pratibhA ke mukhya kAraNa nahIM, kyoMki devacandrasUri ke hemacandrAcArya ke sivAya aura bhI ziSya the, phira kyA kAraNa hai ki dUsare ziSyoM kA nAma loga jAnate taka nahIM aura hemacandrAcArya kA nAma itanA prasiddha hai ? zrImatI enI bisenTa meM jo viziSTa zakti dekhI jAtI hai vaha unake mAtApitAoM meM na thI aura na unakI putrI meM bhii| acchA, aura bhI kucha prAmANika udAharaNoM ko dekhie prakAza kI khoja karanevAle DA0 yaMga do varSa kI umra meM pustaka ko bahuta acchI taraha bA~ca sakate the| cAra varSa kI umra meM ve do daphe bAibala par3ha cuke the| sAta varSa kI avasthA meM unhoMne gaNitazAstra par3hanA prArambha kiyA thA aura teraha varSa kI avasthA meM leTina, grIka, hibru, phreMca, iTAliyana Adi bhASAe~ sIkha lI thiiN| sara viliyama rovana hemilTa, inhoMne tIna varSa kI umra meM hibra bhASA sIkhanA prAraMbha kiyA aura sAta varSa kI umra meM usa bhASA meM itanA naipuNya prApta kiyA ki Dablina kI TrIniTI kAleja ke eka phelo ko svIkAra karanA par3A ki kAleja ke phelo ke pada ke prArthiyoM meM bhI unake barAbara jJAna nahIM hai aura teraha varSa kI vaya meM to unhoMne kama se kama teraha bhASA para adhikAra jamA liyA thA / I0 saM0 1862 meM janmI huI eka lar3akI I0 saM0 1602 meM--dasa varSa kI avasthA meM eka nATakamaNDala meM saMmilita huI thii| usane usa avasthA meM

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. karmavAda -235 kaI nATaka likhe the / usakI mAtA ke kathanAnusAra vaha pA~ca varSa kI vaya meM kaI choTI-moTI kavitAe~ banA letI thii| usakI likhI huI kucha kavitAe~ mahArAnI vikToriyA ke pAsa thiiN| usa samaya usa bAlikA kA aMgrejI jJAna bhI Azcaryajanaka thA, vaha kahatI thI ki maiM aMgrejI par3hI nahIM hU~, parantu use jAnatI huuN| .. ___ ukta udAharaNoM para dhyAna dene se yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki isa janma meM dekhI jAnevAlI saba vilakSaNatAe~ na to vartamAna janma kI kRti kA hI pariyAma hai, na mAtA-pitA ke kevala saMskAra kA hI, aura na kevala paristhiti kA hii| isalie AtmA ke astitva kI maryAdA ko garbha ke prAraMbha samaya se aura bhI pUrva mAnanA caahie| vahI pUrva janma hai| pUrva janma meM icchA yA pravRtti dvArA jo saMskAra saMcita hue hoM unhIM ke AdhAra para uparyukta zaGkAoM tathA vilakSaNatAoM kA susaMgata samAdhAna ho jAtA hai / jisa yukti se eka pUrva janma siddha huA usI ke bala para se aneka pUrva janma kI paraMparA siddha ho jAtI hai| kyoMki aparimita jJAnazakti eka janma ke abhyAsa kA phala nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra AtmA, deha se judA anAdi siddha hotA hai| anAdi tatva kA kabhI nAza nahIM hotA isa siddhAnta ko sabhI dArzanika mAnate haiN| gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai'nAsato vidyate bhAvo nAbhAvo vidyate stH|' -a0 2 zlo0 16 itanA hI nahIM, balki vartamAna zarIra ke bAda AtmA kA astitva mAne binA aneka prazna hala hI nahIM ho sakate / - bahuta loga aise dekhe jAte haiM ki ve isa janma meM to prAmANika jIvana bitAte haiM parantu rahate haiM daridrI aura aise bhI dekhe jAte haiM ki jo nyAya, nIti aura dharma kA nAma sunakara cir3hate haiM parantu hote haiM ve saba taraha se sukhii| aisI aneka vyaktiyA~ mila sakatI haiM jo haiM to svayaM doSI aura unake doSoM kA-aparAdhoM kA-phala bhoga rahe haiM dUsare / eka hatyA karatA hai aura dUsarA pakar3A jAkara phAMsI para laTakAyA jAtA hai| eka karatA hai corI aura pakar3A jAtA hai dUsarA / aba isa para vicAra karanA cAhie ki jinako apanI acchI yA burI kati kA badalA isa janma meM nahIM milA, unakI kRti kyA yoM hI viphala ho jAegI ? yaha kahanA ki kRti viphala nahIM hotI, yadi kartA ko phala nahIM milA to bhI usakA asara samAja ke yA deza ke anya logoM para hotA hI hai so bhI ThIka nahIM / kyoMki manuSya jo kucha karatA hai vaha saba dUsaroM ke lie hI nhiiN| rAta-dina paropakAra karane meM nirata mahAtmAoM kI bhI icchA, dUsaroM kI bhalAI karane ke nimitta se apanA paramAtmatva prakaTa karane kI hI rahatI hai / vizva kI vyavasthA meM icchA kA

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236 jaina dharma aura darzana bahuta U~cA sthAna hai / aisI dazA meM vartamAna deha ke sAtha icchA ke mUla kA bhI nAza mAna lenA yuktisaMgata nhiiN| manuSya apane jIvana kI AkhirI ghar3I taka aisI hI koziza karatA rahatA hai jisase ki apanA bhalA ho| yaha nahIM ki aisA karanevAle saba bhrAnta hI hote haiN| bahuta Age pahu~ce hue sthiracitta va zAnta prajJAvAn yogI bhI isI vicAra se apane sAdhana ko siddha karane kI ceSTA meM lage hote haiM ki isa janma meM nahIM to dUsare meM hI sahI, kisI samaya hama paramAtmabhAva ko prakaTa kara hI leNge| isake sivAya sabhI ke citta meM yaha sphuraNA huA karatI hai ki maiM barAbara kAyama rhuuNgaa| zarIra, nAza hone ke bAda cetana kA astitva yadi na mAnA jAya to vyakti kA uddezya kitanA saMkucita bana jAtA hai aura kAryakSetra bhI kitanA alpa raha jAtA hai ? auroM ke lie jo kucha kiyA jAya parantu vaha apane lie kiye jAnevAle kAmoM ke barAbara ho nahIM sktaa| cetana kI uttara maryAdA ko vartamAna deha ke antima kSaNa taka mAna lene se vyakti ko mahattvAkAMkSA eka taraha se chor3a denI par3atI hai| isa janma meM nahIM to agale janma meM sahI, parantu maiM apanA uddezya avazya siddha karU~gA-yaha bhAvanA manuSya ke hRdaya meM jitanA bala prakaTAsakatI hai utanA bala anya koI bhAvanA nahIM prakaTA sktii| yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ukta bhAvanA mithyA hai, kyoMki usakA AvirbhAva naisargika aura sarvavidita hai| vikAsavAda bhale hI bhautika racanAoM ko dekhakara jar3a tattvoM para khar3A kiyA gayA ho, para usakA viSaya cetana bhI bana sakatA hai| ina saba bAtoM para dhyAna dene se yaha mAne binA saMtoSa nahIM hotA ki cetana eka svataMtra tattva hai| vaha jAnate yA anajAnate jo acchA-burA karma karatA hai usakA phala, use bhoganA hI par3atA hai aura isalie use punarjanma ke cakkara meM ghUmanA par3atA hai| buddha bhagavAn ne bhI punarjanma mAnA hai| pakkA nirIzvaravAdI jarmana paNDita niTaze, karmacakrakRta punarjanma ko mAnatA hai| yaha punarjanma kA svIkAra aAtmA ke svatantra astitva ko mAnane ke lie prabala pramANa hai| 10-karma-tattva ke viSaya meM jainadarzana kI vizeSatA jainadarzana meM pratyeka karma kI badhyamAna, sat aura udayamAna ye tIna avasthAe~ mAnI huI haiN| unheM kramazaH bandha, sattA aura udaya kahate haiM / jainetara darzanoM meM bhI karma kI una avasthAoM kA varNana hai| unameM badhyamAna karma ko 'kriyamANa', satkarma ko 'saMcita' aura udayamAna karma ko 'prArabdha', kahA hai| kintu jainazAstra meM jJAnAvaraNIya AdirUpa se karma kA 8 tathA 148 bhedoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA hai . For Private &Personal Use Only

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karmavAda 237 aura inake dvArA saMsArI zrAtmA kI anubhavasiddha bhinna-bhinna avasthA kA jaisA khulAsA kiyA gayA hai vaisA kisI bhI jainetara darzana meM nahIM hai / pAtaJjaladarzana meM karma ke jAti, zrAyu aura bhoga tIna taraha ke vipAka batalAe haiM, parantu jaina darzana meM karma ke saMbandha meM kiye gaye vicAra ke sAmane vaha varNana nAma mAtra kA hai| ? AtmA ke sAtha karma kA bandha kaise hotA hai kina - kina kAraNa se hotA hai ? kisa kAraNa se karma meM kaisI zakti paidA hotI hai ? kama, adhika se adhika aura kama se kama kitane samaya taka AtmA ke sAtha lagA raha sakatA hai ? AtmA ke sAtha lagA huA bhI karma, kitane samaya taka vipAka dene meM asamartha hai ? vipAka kA niyata samaya bhI badalA jA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? yadi badalA jA sakatA hai| to usake lie kaise AtmapariNAma zrAvazyaka haiM? eka karma, anya karmarUpa kaba bana sakatA hai ? usakI bandhakAlIna tIvramanda zaktiyA~ kisa prakAra badalI jA sakatI haiM ? pIche se vipAka denevAlA karma pahale hI kaba aura kisa taraha bhogA jA sakatA hai? kitanA bhI balavAn karma kyoM na ho, para usakA vipAka zuddha zrAtmika pariNAmoM se kaise roka diyA jAtA hai ? kabhI-kabhI AtmA ke zatazaH prayatna karane para bhI karma, apanA vipAka binA bhogavAe nahIM chUTatA ? zrAtmA kisa taraha karma kA karttA aura kisa taraha bhoktA hai ? itanA hone para bhI vastutaH zrAtmA meM karma kA kartRvya aura bhoktRtva kisa prakAra nahIM hai ? saMklezarUpa pariNAma apanI AkarSaNa zakti se AtmA para eka prakAra kI sUkSma raja kA paTala kisa taraha DAla dete haiM ? AtmA vIrya-zakti ke AvirbhAva ke dvArA isa sUkSma raja ke paTala ko kisa taraha uThA pheMka detA hai ? svabhAvataH zuddha AtmA bhI karma ke prabhAva se kisa-kisa prakAra malIna sA dIkhatA hai ? aura bAhya hajAroM zrAvaraNoM ke hone para bhI zrAtmA apane zuddha svarUpa se cyuta kisa taraha nahIM hotA hai ? vaha apanI utkrAnti ke samaya pUrvavaddha tIvra karmoM ko bhI kisa taraha haTA detA hai ? vaha apane varttamAna paramAtmabhAva ko dekhane ke lie jisa samaya utsuka hotA hai usa samaya usake, aura antarAyabhUta karma ke bIca kaisA dvandva (yuddha) hotA hai ? anta meM vIrya - vAn zrAtmA kisa prakAra ke pariNAmoM se balavAn karmoM ko kamajora karake apane pragati-mArga ko niSkaNTaka karatA hai ? zrAtma- mandira meM vartamAna paramAtmadeva kA sAkSAtkAra karAne meM sahAyaka pariNAma, jinheM 'apUrvakaraNa' tathA 'nivRttikaraNa' kahate haiM, unakA kyA svarUpa hai ? jIva apanI zuddha pariNAma- taraMgamAlA ke vaidyutika yantra se karma ke pahAr3oM ko kisa kadara cUra-cUra kara DAlatA hai ? kabhI-kabhI gulAMTa khAkara karma ho, jo kucha dera ke lie dabe hote haiM, ve hI pragatizIla zrAtma

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238. jaina dharma aura darzana ko kisa taraha nIce paTaka dete haiM ? kauna-kauna karma, bandha kI va udaya kI apekSA Apasa meM virodhI haiM ? kisa karma kA bandha kisa avasthA meM avazyambhAvI aura kisa avasthA meM aniyata hai ? kisa karma kA vipAka kisa hAlata taka niyata aura kisa hAlata meM aniyata hai ? AtmasaMbaddha atIndriya karmarAja kisa prakAra kI AkarSaNa zakti se sthUla pudgaloM ko khIMcA karatA hai aura unake dvArA zarIra, mana, sUkSmazarIra Adi kA nirmANa kiyA karatA hai ? ityAdi saMkhyAtIta prazna, jo karma se saMbandha rakhate haiM, unakA sayuktika, vistRta va vizada khulAsA jaina karmasAhitya ke sivAya anya kisI bhI darzana ke sAhitya se nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yahI karma - -tattva ke viSaya meM jainadarzana kI vizeSatA hai / 'karmavipAka' grantha kA paricaya saMsAra meM jitane pratiSThita sampradAya ( dharmasaMsthAe~ ) haiM una sabakA sAhitya do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai - ( 1 ) tattvajJAna aura (2) AcAra va kriyA / ye donoM vibhAga eka dUsare se bilakula hI alaga nahIM haiN| unakA saMbandha vaisA hI hai jaisA zarIra meM netra aura hAtha-paira Adi anya avayavoM kA / jainasampradAya kA sAhitya bhI tattvajJAna aura pracAra ina donoM vibhAgoM meM ba~TA huA / yaha grantha pahale vibhAga se saMbandha rakhatA hai, arthAt isameM vidhiniSedhAtmaka - kriyA kA varNana nahIM hai, kintu isameM varNana hai tattva kA / yoM to jainadarzana meM aneka tattvoM para vividha dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai para isa grantha meM una saba kA varNana nahIM hai / isameM pradhAnatayA karmatattva kA varNana hai / AtmavAdI sabhI darzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM karma ko mAnate hI haiM, para jaina darzana isa saMbandha meM apanI asAdhAraNa vizeSatA rakhatA hai athavA yoM kahie ki karmatattva ke vicAra pradeza meM jainadarzana apanA sAnI nahIM rakhatA, isalie isa grantha ko jainadarzana kI vizeSatA kA yA jaina darzana ke vicAraNIya tattva kA grantha kahanA ucita hai / vizeSa paricaya isa grantha kA adhika paricaya karane ke lie isake nAma, viSaya, varNanakrama, racanA kA mUlAdhAra, parimANa, bhASA, karttA Adi bAtoM kI ora dhyAna denA jarUrI hai / - nAma - isa grantha ke 'karmavipAka' aura 'prathama karmagrantha' ina do nAmoM meM se pahalA nAma to viSayAnurUpa hai tathA usakA ullekha svayaM granthakAra ne yadi meM

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236 'karmavipAka' 'kammavivAgaM samAso vucchaM' tathA anta meM 'ia kammavivAgo'yaM' isa kathana se spaSTa hI kara diyA hai / parantu dUsare nAma kA ullekha kahIM bhI nahIM kiyA hai| vaha nAma kevala isalie pracalita ho gayA hai ki karmastava aAdi anya karmaviSayaka granthoM se yaha pahalA hai; isake binA par3he karmastava Adi agale prakaraNoM meM praveza hI nahIM ho sakatA | pichalA nAma itanA prasiddha hai ki par3hane-par3hAne vAle tathA anya loga prAyaH usI nAma se vyavahAra karate haiM / 'pahalA karmagrantha', isa pracalita nAma se mUla nAma yahA~ taka aprasiddha sA ho gayA hai ki karmavipAka kahane se bahuta se loga kahanevAle kA Azaya hI nahIM samajhate / yaha bAta isa prakaraNa ke viSaya meM hI nahIM, balki karmastava Adi agrima prakaraNoM ke viSaya meM bhI barAbara lAgU par3atI hai / arthAt karmastava, bandhasvAmitva, SaDazItika, zataka aura saptatikA kahane se kramazaH dUsare, tIsare, cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe prakaraNa kA matalaba bahuta kama loga samajheMge; parantu dUsarA. tIsarA, cauthA, pA~cavA~ aura chaThA karmagrantha kahane se saba loga kahanevAle kA bhAva samajha leNge| viSaya- isa grantha kA viSaya karmatattva hai, para isameM karma se saMbandha rakhane vAlI aneka bAtoM para vicAra na karake prakRti-aMza para hI pradhAnatayA vicAra kiyA hai, arthAt karma kI saba prakRtiyoM kA vipAkAhI isameM mukhyatayA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isI abhiprAya se isakA nAma bhI 'karmavipAka' rakkhA gayA hai| varNana krama- isa grantha meM sabase pahale yaha dikhAyA hai ki karmabandha svAbhAvika nahIM, kintu sahetuka hai / isake bAda karma kA svarUpa paripUrNa batAne ke lie use cAra aMzoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-(1) prakRti, (2) sthiti, (3) rasa aura (4) pradeza / isake bAda ATha prakRtiyoM ke nAma aura unake uttara bhedoM kI saMkhyA batAI gaI hai / anantara jJAnAvaraNIyakarma ke svarUpa ko dRSTAnta, kArya aura kAraNa dvArA dikhalAne ke lie prArambha meM granthakAra ne jJAna kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / jJAna ke pA~ca bhedoM ko aura unake avAntara bhedoM ko saMkSepa meM, parantu tattvarUpa se dikhAyA hai / jJAna kA nirUpaNa karake usake prAvaraNabhUta karma kA dRSTAnta dvArA udghATana (khulAsA) kiyA hai / anantara darzanAvaraNa karma ko dRSTAnta dvArA samajhAyA hai / pIche usake bhedoM ko dikhalAte hue darzana zabda kA artha batalAyA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bhedoM meM pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAtroM kA sarvAnubhavasiddha svarUpa, saMkSepa meM, para bar3I manoraMjakatA se varNana kiyA hai / isake bAda krama se sukha-duHkhajanaka vedanIyakarma, sadvizvAsa aura saJcAritra ke pratibandhaka mohanIyakarma,

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240 jaina dhama aura darzana akSaya jIvana ke varodhI Ayukarma, gati, jAti Adi aneka avasthAtroM ke janaka nAmakarma ucca-nIcagotrajanaka gotrakarma aura lAbha Adi meM rukAvaTa karanevAle antarAya karma kA tathA una pratyeka karma ke bhedoM kA thor3e meM, kintu anubhavasiddha varNana kiyA hai / anta meM pratyeka karma ke kAraNa ko dikhAkara grantha samApta kiyA hai / isa prakAra isa grantha kA pradhAna viSaya karma kA vipAka hai, tathApi prasaMgavaza isameM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usa sabako saMkSepa meM pA~ca vibhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM (1) pratyeka karma ke prakRti zrAdi cAra aMzoM kA kathana, (2) karma kI mUla tathA uttara prakatiyA~, (3) pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna aura cAra prakAra ke darzana kA varNana, ( 4 ) saba prakRtiyoM kA dRSTAnta pUrvaka kArya-kathana, (5) saba prakRtiyoM ke kAraNa kA kathana / AdhAra-yoM to yaha grantha karmaprakRti, paJcasaMgraha zrAdi prAcInatara granthoM ke AdhAra para racA gayA hai parantu isakA sAkSAt AdhAra prAcIna karmavipAka hai jo zrI garga RSi kA banAyA huA hai| prAcIna karmagrantha 166 gAthApramANa hone se pahale pahala karmazAstra meM praveza karanevAloM ke lie bahuta vistRta ho jAtA hai, isalie usakA saMkSepa kevala 61 gAthAoM meM kara diyA gayA hai| itanA saMkSepa hone para bhI isameM prAcIna karmavipAka kI khAsa va tAttvika bAta koI bhI nahIM chaTI hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki saMkSepa karane meM granthakAra ne yahA~ taka dhyAna rakhA hai ki kucha ati upayogI navIna viSaya, jinakA varNana prAcIna karmavipAka meM nahIM hai unheM bhI isa grantha meM dAkhila kara diyA hai| udAharaNArtha-zrutajJAna ke paryAya Adi 20 bheda tathA ATha karmaprakRtiyoM ke bandha ke hetu, prAcIna karmavipAka meM nahIM haiM, para unakA varNana isame hai / saMkSepa karane meM granthakAra ne isa tatva kI ora bhI dhyAna rakhA hai ki jisa eka bAta kA varNana karane se anya bAteM bhI samAnatA ke kAraNa sugamatA se samajhI jA sake vahA~ usa bAta ko hI batalAnA, anya ko nahIM / isI abhiprAya se, prAcIna karmavipAka meM jaise pratyeka mUla yA uttara prakRti kA vipAka dikhAyA gayA hai vaise isa grantha meM nahIM dikhAyA hai| parantu Avazyaka vaktavya meM kucha bhI kamI nahIM kI gaI hai| isI se isa grantha kA pracAra sarvasAdhAraNa ho gayA hai| isake par3hanevAle prAcIna karmavipAka ko binA TIkA-TippaNa ke anAyAsa hI samajha sakate haiN| yaha grantha saMkSeparUpa hone se saba ko mukha-pATha karane meM va yAda rakhane meM bar3I AsAnI hotI hai| isI se prAcIna karmavipAka ke chapa jAne para bhI isakI cAha aura mA~ga meM kucha bhI kamI nahIM huI hai / isa karmavipAka kI apekSA prAcIna karmavipAka bar3A hai sahI, para vaha bhI

Page #591
karmagranthoM ke kartA 241 usase purAtana grantha kA saMkSepa hI hai, yaha bAta usakI Adi meM vartamAna 'vocchaM kammavivAgaM gurUvaiTTha samAseNa' isa vAkya se spaSTa hai| bhASA- yaha karmagrantha tathA isake Age ke anya sabhI karmagranthoM kA mUla prAkRta bhASA meM haiN| inakI TIkA saMskRta meM hai| mUla gAthAe~ aisI sugama bhASA meM racI huI haiM ki par3hane vAloM ko thor3A bahuta saMskRta kA bodha ho aura unheM kucha prAkRta ke niyama samajhA diye jAe~ to ve mUla gAthAoM ke Upara se hI viSaya kA parijJAna kara sakate haiM / saMskRta TIkA bhI bar3I vizada bhASA me khulAse ke sAtha likhI gaI hai jisase jijJAsuoM ko par3hane meM bahuta sugamatA hotI hai / granthakAra kI jIvanI (1) samaya-prastuta grantha ke kartA zrI devendrasUri kA samaya vikrama kI 13 vIM zatAbdI kA anta aura caudahavIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai| unakA svargavAsa vi0 saM0 1337 meM huA aisA ullekha gurvAvalI meM' spaSTa hai parantu unake janma, dIkSA, sUripada Adi ke samaya kA ullekha kahIM nahIM milatA; tathApi yaha jAna par3atA hai ki 1285 meM zrI jagaccandra sUri ne tapAgaccha kI sthApanA kI, taba ve dIkSita hoNge| kyoMki gacchasthApanA ke bAda zrIjagaJcandrasUri ke dvArA hI zrIdevendrasUri aura zrI vijayacandrasUri ko sUripada die jAne kA varNana gurvAvalI meM hai| yaha to mAnanA hI par3atA hai ki sUripada grahaNa karane ke samaya, zrI devendrasUri vaya, vidyA aura saMyama se sthavira hoNge| anyathA itane gurutara pada kA aura khAsa karake navIna pratiSThita kiye gae tapAgaccha ke nAyakatva kA bhAra ve kaise samhAla sakate ? unakA sUripada vi0 saM0 1285 ke bAda huaa| sUripada kA samaya anumAna vi0 saM0 1300 mAna liyA jAe, taba bhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tapAgaccha kI sthApanA ke samaya ve navadIkSita hoNge| unakI kula umra 50 yA 52 varSa kI mAna lI jAe to yaha siddha hai ki vi0 saM0 1275 ke lagabhaga unakA janma huaA hogaa| vi0 saM0 1302 meM unhoMne ujjayinI meM zreSThivara jinacandra ke putra vIradhavala ko dIkSA dI, jo Age vidyAnandasUri ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| usa samaya devendrasUri kI umra 25-27 varSa kI mAna lI jAe taba bhI ukta anumAna kI-1275 ke lagabhaga janma hone kI puSTi hotI hai| astu; janma kA, dIkSA kA tathA sUripada kA samaya nizcita na hone para bhI isa bAta meM koI saMdeha nahIM 1 dekho zloka 174 / 2 dekho zloka 107 /

Page #592
242 jainadharma aura darzana hai ki ve vikrama kI 13 vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM tathA caudahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM apane astitva se bhAratavarSa kI, aura khAsakara gujarAta tathA mAlavA kI zobhA bar3hA rahe the| (2) janmabhUmi, jAti Adi-zrI devendrasUri kA janma kisa deza meM, kisa jAti aura kisa parivAra meM huA isakA koI pramANa aba taka nahIM milaa| gurvAvalI meM unake jIvana kA vRttAnta hai, para vaha bahuta saMkSipta hai| usameM sUripada grahaNa karane ke bAda kI bAtoM kA ullekha hai, anya bAtoM kA nhiiN| isalie usake AdhAra para unake jIvana ke saMbandha meM jahA~ kahIM ullekha huA hai vaha adhUrA hI hai / tathApi gujarAta aura mAlavA meM unakA adhika vihAra, isa anumAna kI sUcanA kara sakatA hai ki ve gujarAta yA mAlavA meM se kisI deza meM janme hoNge| unakI jAti aura mAtA-pitA ke saMbandha meM to sAdhana ke abhAva se kisI prakAra ke anumAna ko avakAza hI nahIM hai| (3) vidvattA aura cAritratatparatA- zrI devendra sUrijI jainazAstra ke pUre vidvAn the isameM to koI sandeha hI nahIM, kyoMki isa bAta kI gavAhI unake grantha hI de rahe haiN| aba taka unakA banAyA huA aisA koI grantha dekhane meM nahIM zrAyA jisameM ki unhoMne svatantra bhAva se SaDdarzana para apane vicAra prakaTa kiye hoM; parantu gurvAvalo ke varNana se patA calatA hai ki ve SaDdarzana ke mArmika vidvAn the aura isI se mantrIzvara vastupAla tathA anya-anya vidvAn unake vyAkhyAna meM pAyA karate the / yaha koI niyama nahIM hai ki jo jisa viSaya kA paNDita ho vaha usa para grantha likhe hI, kaI kAraNoM se aisA nahIM bhI ho sktaa| parantu zrI devendrasUri kA jainAgamaviSayaka jJAna hRdayasparzI thA yaha bAta asandigdha hai| unhoMne pA~ca karmagrantha-jo navIna karmagrantha ke nAma se prasiddha haiM (aura jinameM se yaha pahalA hai) saTIka race haiM / TIkA itanI vizada aura sapramANa hai ki use dekhane ke bAda prAcIna karmagrantha yA usakI TIkAe~ dekhane kI jijJAsA eka taraha se zAnta ho jAtI hai| unake saMskRta tathA prAkRta bhASA meM race hue aneka grantha isa bAta kI spaSTa sUcanA karate haiM ki ve saMskRta tathA prAkRta bhASA ke prakhara paNDita the| zrI devendrasUri kevala vidvAn hI na the kintu ve cAritradharma meM bar3e dRr3ha the| isake pramANa meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki usa samaya kriyAzithilatA ko dekhakara zrI jagaccandrasari ne bar3e puruSArtha aura niHsIma tyAga se, jo kriyoddhAra kiyA thA usakA nirvAha zrI devendrasUri ne hI kiyA / yadyapi zrI jagaccandrasUri ne 1 dekho zloka 107 se aage|

Page #593
karmagranthoM ke kartA 243 zrI devendrasUri tathA zrI vijayacandrasUri donoM ko prAcAryapada para pratiSThita kiyA thA, tathApi guru ke prArambha kiye hue kriyoddhAra ke durdhara kArya ko zrI devendrasUri hI samhAla sake / tatkAlIna zithilAcAryoM kA prabhAva una para kucha bhI nahIM pdd'aa| isase ulaTA zrI vijayacandrasUri, vidvAn hone para bhI pramAda ke caMgula meM pha~sa gae aura zithilAcArI hue| apane sahacArI ko zithila dekha, samajhAne para bhI unake na samajhane se anta meM zrIdevendrasUri ne apanI kriyAruci ke kAraNa unase alaga honA pasaMda kiyaa| isase yaha bAta sApha pramANita hotI hai ki ve bar3e r3ha mana ke aura gurubhakta the| unakA hRdaya aisA saMskArI thA ki usameM guNa kA pratibimba to zIghra par3a jAtA thA para doSa kA nahIM; kyoMki dasavIM, gyArahavIM, bArahavIM aura terahavIM zatAbdI meM jo zvetAmbara tathA digambara saMpradAya ke aneka asAdhAraNa vidvAn hue, unakI vidatA, granthanirmANapaTutA aura cAritrapriyatA Adi guNoM kA prabhAva to zrI devendrasari ke hRdaya para par3A, parantu usa samaya jo aneka zithilAcArI the, unakA asara ina para kucha bhI nahIM pdd'aa| zrI devendrasUri ke zuddhakriyApakSapAtI hone se aneka mumukSu, jo kalyANArthI va saMvigna-pAkSika the ve Akara unase mila gae the| isa prakAra unhoMne jJAna ke * samAna cAritra ko bhI sthira rakhane va unnata karane meM apanI zakti kA upayoga kiyA thA / (4) guru-zrI devendrasUri ke guru the zrIjagaccandra sUri jinhoMne zrI devabhadra upAdhyAya kI madada se kriyoddhAra kA kArya prArambha kiyA thaa| isa kArya meM unhoMne apanI asAdhAraNa tyAgavRtti dikhAkara auroM ke lie Adarza upasthita kiyA thaa| unhoMne Ajanma AyaMbila vrata kA niyama lekara ghI, dUdha Adi ke lie jaina-zAstra meM vyavahAra kiye gae vikRti zabda ko yathArtha siddha kiyaa| isI kaThina tapasyA ke kAraNa bar3agaccha kA 'tapAgaccha' nAma, huA aura ve tapAgaccha ke Adi sUtradhAra kahalAe / mantrIzvara vastupAla ne gaccha parivartana ke 1 dekho gurvAvalI padya 122 se unakA jIvanavRtta / 2 udAharaNArtha-zrI gargaRSi, jo dasavIM zatAbdI meM hue, unake karmavipAka kA saMkSepa inhoMne kiyA / zrI nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, jo gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM hue, unake racita gommaTasAra se zrutajJAna ke padazrutAdi bIsa bheda pahale kama grantha meM dAkhila kiye jo zvetAmbarIya anya graMthoM meM aba taka dekhane meM nahIM aae| zrI malayagirisUri, jo bArahavIM zatAbdI meM hue, unake graMtha ke to vAkya ke vAkya inakI banAI TIkA Adi meM dRSTigocara hote haiN|

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244 jaina dharma aura darzana samaya zrI jagaccandrasUrIzvara kI bahuta arcApUjA kii| zrI jagaccandrasUri tapasvI hI na the kintu ve pratibhAzAlI bhI the, kyoMki gurvAvalI meM yaha varNana hai ki unhoMne cittaur3a kI rAjadhAnI aghATa (ahar3a) nagara meM battIsa digambara-vAdiyoM ke sAtha vAda kiyA thA aura usameM ve hIre ke samAna abhedya rahe the| isa kAraNa cittaur3anareza kI ora se unako 'hIralA' kI padavI / milI thii| unakI kaThina tapasyA, zuddha buddhi aura niravadya cAritra ke lie yahI pramANa basa hai ki unake sthApita kiye hue tapAgaccha ke pATa para Aja taka 2 aise vidvAn, kriyAtatpara aura zAsana prabhAvaka prAcArya barAbara hote Ae haiM ki jinake sAmane bAdazAhoM ne, hindU narapatiyoM ne aura bar3e-bar3e vidvAnoM ne sira jhukAyA hai| 5) parivAra-zrI devendrasUri kA parivAra kitanA bar3A thA isakA spaSTa khulAsA to kahIM dekhane meM nahIM AyA, para itanA likhA milatA hai ki aneka saMvina muni, unake Azrita the| gurvAvalI meM unake do ziSya---zrI vidyAnanda aura zrI dharmakIrti kA ullekha hai / ye donoM bhAI the| 'vidyAnanda' nAma, sUripada ke pIche kA hai| inhoMne 'vidyAnanda' nAma kA vyAkaraNa banAyA hai| dharmakIrti upAdhyAya, jo sUripada lene ke bAda 'dharmaghoSa' nAma se prasiddha hue, unhoMne bhI kucha graMtha race haiN| ye donoM ziSya, anya zAstroM ke atirikta jaina-zAstra ke acche vidvAn the / isakA pramANa, unake guru zrI devendrasUri kI kamagrantha kI vRtti ke antima padya se milatA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki 'merI banAI huI isa TIkA ko zrI vidyAnanda aura zrI dharmakIrti, donoM vidvAnoM ne zodhA hai|' ina donoM kA vistRta vRttAnta jainatattvAdarza ke bArahaveM pariccheda meM diyA hai| (6) grantha-zrI devendrasUri ke kucha graMtha jinakA hAla mAlUma huA hai unake nAma nIce likhe jAte haiM 1 zrAddha dinakRtya sUtravRtti, 2 saTIka pA~ca navIna karmagraMtha, 3 siddhapaMcAzikA sUtravRtti, 4 dharmaratnavRtti, 5 sudarzana caritra, 6 caityavaMdanAdi bhASyatraya, 7 vaMdAruvRtti, 8 siriusayuddhamANa pramukha stavana, 6 siddhadaNDikA, 10 saarvRttidshaa| inameM se prAyaH bahuta se grantha jainadharma prasAraka sabhA bhAvanagara, AtmAnanda sabhA bhAvanagara, devacaMda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa sUrata kI ora se chapa cuke haiM / I0 1621] [kavipAka kI prastAvanA 1 yaha saba jAnane ke lie dekho gurvAvalI padya 88 se aAge / - 2 yathA zrI hIravijayasUri, zrImad nyAyavizArada mahAmahopAdhyAya yazovijayagaNi, zrImad nyAyAmbhonidhi vijayAnandasUri, Adi / 3 dekho, padya 153 meM aage|

Page #595
'karmastava' grantha racanA kA uddezya 'kama'vipAka' nAmaka prathama karmagrantha meM karma kI mUla tathA uttara prakRtiyA~ kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / usameM bandha yogya, udaya - udIraNA-yogya aura sattA yogya prakRtiyoM kI judI - judI saMkhyA bhI dikhalAI gaI hai / aba una prakRtiyoM ke bandhakI, udaya - udIraNA kI aura sattA kI yogyatA ko dikhAne kI AvazyakatA hai / so isI AvazyakatA ko pUrA karane ke uddezya se isa dUsare karma grantha kI racanA huI hai / viSaya- varNana-zailI saMsArI jIva ginatI meM ananta haiM / isalie unameM se eka vyakti kA nirdeza karake una saba kI bandhAdi saMbandhI yogyatA ko dikhAnA asaMbhava hai / isake atirikta eka vyakti meM bandhAdi saMbandhI yogyatA bhI sadA eka sI nahIM rahatI; kyoMki pariNAma va vicAra ke badalate rahane ke kAraNa bandhAdi viSayaka yogyatA bhI prati samaya badalA karatI hai / ataeva zrAtmadarzI zAstrakAroM ne dehadhArI jIvoM ke 14 varga kiye haiM / yaha vargIkaraNa, unakI Abhyantara zuddhi kI utkrAnti krAnti ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / isI vargIkaraNa ko zAstrIya paribhASA meM guNasthAna-krama kahate haiM / guNasthAna kA yaha krama aisA hai ki jisase 14 vibhAgoM meM sabhI dehadhArI jIvoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai jisase ki ananta 'dehadhAriyoM kI bandhAdi saMbandhI yogyatA ko 14 vibhAgoM ke dvArA batalAnA sahaja ho jAtA hai aura eka jIva- vyakti kI yogyatA - jo prati samaya badalA karatI hai-- usakA bhI pradarzana kisI na kisI vibhAga dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai / saMsArI jIvoM kI zrAntarika zuddhi ke taratamabhAva kI pUrI vaijJAnika jA~ca karake guNasthAna krama kI racanA kI gaI hai| isase yaha batalAnA yA samajhanA sarala ho gayA hai ki amuka prakAra kI Antarika azuddhi yA zuddhivAlA jIva, itanI hI prakRtiyoM ke bandha kA, udaya udIraNA kA aura sattA kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai / isa karma grantha meM ukta guNasthAna krama ke AdhAra se hI jIvoM kI bandhAdi-saMbaMdhI yogyatA ko batalAyA hai / yahI isa grantha kI viSaya-varNana - zailI hai /

Page #596
246 jaina dharma aura darzana viSaya-vibhAga isa graMtha ke viSaya ke mukhya cAra vibhAga haiM-(1) bandhAdhikAra, (2) udayAdhikAra, (3) udoraNAdhikAra aura (4) sattAdhikAra / / _ bandhAdhikAra meM guNasthAna-krama ko lekara pratyeka guNasthAna-vartI jIvoM kI bandha yogyatA ko dikhAyA hai| isI prakAra udayAdhikAra meM, unakI udaya-saMbandhI yogyatA ko, udIraNAdhikAra meM udIraNA saMvandhI yogyatA ko aura sattAdhikAra meM sattA saMbandhI yogyatA ko dikhAyA hai / ukta cAra adhikAroM kI ghaTanA jisa vastu para kI gaI hai, isa vastu-guNasthAna-krama kA nAma nirdeza bhI grantha ke prArambha meM hI kara diyA gayA hai / ataeva, isa grantha kA viSaya, pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA hai / sabase pahale, guNasthAna-krama kA nirdeza aura pIche kramazaH pUrvokta cAra adhikaarii| 'kamastava' nAma rakhane kA abhiprAya __AdhyAtmika vidvAnoM kI dRSTi, sabhI pravRtiyoM meM AtmA kI ora rahatI hai| ve, kareM kucha bhI para usa samaya apane sAmane eka aisA Adarza upasthita kiye hote haiM ki jisase unakI AdhyAtmika mahattvAbhilASA para jagata ke AkarSaNa kA kucha bhI asara nahIM hotaa| una logoM kA aTala vizvAsa hai ki 'ThIka-ThIka lakSita dizA kI ora jo jahAja calatA hai vaha, bahuta kara vighna-bAdhAoM kA - zikAra nahIM hotA / ' yaha vizvAsa, karmagrantha ke racayitA AcArya meM bhI thA isase unhoMne grantha-racanA viSayaka pravRtti ke samaya bhI mahAn Adarza ko apanI najara ke sAmane rakhanA cAhA / granthakAra kI dRSTi meM Adarza the bhagavAn mahAvIra / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jisa karmakSaya rUpa asAdhAraNa guNa para granthakAra mugdha hue the usa guNa ko unhoMne apanI kRti dvArA darzAnA cAhA / isalie prastuta grantha kI racanA unhoMne apane Adarza bhagavAn mahAvIra kI stuti ke bahAne se kI hai| isa grantha meM mukhya varNana, karma ke bandhAdi kA hai, para vaha kiyA gayA hai stuti ke bahAne se / ataeva, prastuta grantha kA arthAnurUpa nAma karmastava rakhA gayA hai| grantha racanA kA AdhAra isa grantha kI racanA 'prAcIna karmastava' nAmaka dUsare karma grantha ke AdhAra para huI hai / usakA aura isakA viSaya eka hI hai / bheda itanA hI hai ki isakA parimANa prAcIna grantha se alpa hai| prAcIna meM 55 gAthAe~ haiM, para isameM 34 / jo bAta prAcIna meM kucha vistAra se kahI hai use isameM parimita zabdoM ke dvArA kaha diyA hai / yadyapi vyavahAra meM prAcIna karmagrantha kA nAma 'karmastava' hai, para

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karmastava . 247 usake zrArambha kI gAthA se spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki usakA asalI nAma, 'bandhodayasattvayuktastava' hai / yathA-- namiUNa jiNavariMde tihuyaNavaranANadaMsaNapaIve / vaMdhudayasaMtajuttaM vocchAmi yayaM nisAmeha // 1 // prAcIna ke AdhAra se banAe gae isa karmagrantha kA 'karmastava' nAma kartA ne isa grantha ke kisI bhAga meM ullikhita nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi isakA 'karmastava' nAma hone meM koI saMdeha nahIM hai| kyoMki isI grantha ke kartA zrI devendrasUri ne apane race tIsare karmagrantha ke anta meM 'neyaM kammatthayaM sou~' isa aMza se usa nAma kA kathana kara hI diyA hai| stava zabda ke pUrva meM 'bandhodayasattva' yA 'karma' koI bhI zabda rakhA jAe, matalaba eka hI hai| parantu isa jagaha isakI carcA, kevala isalie kI gaI hai ki prAcIna dUsare karma grantha ke aura gommaTasAra ke dUsare prakaraNa ke nAma meM kucha bhI pharaka nahIM hai| yaha nAma kI ekatA, zvetAmbara-digambara AcAryoM ke grantha-racanA-viSayaka pArasparika anukaraNa kA pUrA pramANa hai| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki nAma sarvadA samAna hone para bhI gommaTasAra meM to 'stava' zabda kI vyAkhyA bilakula vilakSaNa hai, para prAcIna dvitIya karmagrantha meM tathA usakI TIkA meM 'stava' zabda ke usa vilakSaNa artha kI kucha bhI sUcanA nahIM hai| isase yaha jAna par3atA hai ki yadi gommaTasAra ke bandhodayasattvayukta nAma kA Azraya lekara prAcIna dvitIya karmagrantha kA vaha nAma rakhA gayA hotA to usakA vilakSaNa artha bhI isameM sthAna paataa| isase yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki prAcIna dvitIya karmagrantha ko racanA gommaTasAra se pUrva huI hogii| gommaTasAra kI racanA kA samaya vikrama kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI batalAyA jAtA hai--prAcIna dvitIya karmagrantha kI racanA kA samaya tathA usake kartA kA nAma Adi jJAta nahIM / parantu usakI TIkA karane vAle 'zrI govindAcArya' haiM jo zrI devanAga ke ziSya the| zrI goviMdAcArya kA samaya bhI saMdeha kI taha meM chipA hai para unakI banAI huI TIkA kI prati--jo vi0 saM0 1277 meM tAr3apatra para likhI huI hai-milatI hai| isase yaha nizcita hai ki unakA samaya, vi0 saM0 1277 se pahale honA caahie| yadi anumAna se TIkAkAra kA samaya 12 vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAe to bhI yaha anumAna karane meM koI Apatti nahIM ki mUla 'dvitIya karmagrantha kI racanA usase sau-do sau varSa pahale hI honI cAhie / isase yaha ho sakatA hai ki kadAcit usa dvitIya karmagrantha kA hI nAma gommaTasAra meM liyA gayA ho aura svataMtratA dikhAne ke lie 'stava' zabda kI vyAkhyA bilakula badala dI gaI ho| astu, isa viSaya meM kucha bhI nizcita karanA sAhasa hai| yaha :

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248 jaina dharma aura darzana anumAna sRSTi, vartamAna lekhakoM kI zailI kA anukaraNa mAtra hai / isa navIna dvitIya karmagrantha ke praNetA zrI devendrasUri kA samaya Adi pahale karmagrantha kI prastA. vanA se jAna lenaa| gommaTasAra meM 'stava' zabda kA sAMketika artha isa karmagrantha meM guNasthAna ko lekara bandha, udaya, udIraNA aura sattA kA vicAra kiyA hai vaise hI gommaTasAra meM kiyA hai / isa karmagrantha kA nAma to 'karmastava' hai para gommaTasAra ke usa prakaraNa kA nAma 'bandhodayasattva-yukta-stava' jo 'bandhudayasattajuttaM aoghAdese thavaM vocchaM isa kathana se siddha hai (go0 karma0 gA0 76) / donoM nAmoM meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| kyoMki karmastava meM jo 'karma zabda hai usI kI jagaha 'baMdhodayasatvayukta' zabda rakhA gayA hai| parantu 'stava' zabda donoM nAmoM meM samAna hone para bhI, usake artha meM bilakula bhinnatA hai / 'karmastava' meM 'stava' zabda kA matalaba stuti se hai jo sarvatra prasiddha hI hai para gommaTasAra meM 'stava' zabda kA stuti artha na karake khAsa sAMketika kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra usameM 'stuti' zabda kA bhI pArabhASika artha kiyA hai jo aura kahIM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / jaise sayalaMgekkaMgekkaMgahiyAra savittharaM sasaMkhevaM / vaeNaNasatthaM thayathuidhammakahA hoi NiyameNa // -go0 karma* gA088 arthAt kisI viSaya ke samasta aMgoM kA vistAra yA saMkSepa se varNana karane vAlA zAstra 'stava' kahalAtA hai, eka aMga kA vistAra yA saMkSepa se varNana karanevAlA zAstra 'stuti' aura eka aMga ke kisI adhikAra kA varNana jisameM hai vaha zAstra 'dharma-kathA' kahAtA hai| isa prakAra viSaya aura nAmakaraNa donoM tulyaprAya hone para bhI nAmArtha meM jo bheda pAyA jAtA hai, vaha saMpradAya-bheda tathA grantha-racanA-saMbaMdhI deza-kAla ke bheda kA pariNAma jAna par3atA hai| guNasthAna kA saMkSipta sAmAnya-svarUpa AtmA kI avasthA kisI samaya ajJAnapUrNa hotI hai| vaha avasthA sabase prathama hone ke kAraNa nikRSTa hai| usa avasthA se AtmA apane svAbhAvika cetanA, cAritra Adi guNoM ke vikAsa kI badaulata nikalatA hai aura dhIre-dhIre una zaktiyoM ke vikAsa ke anusAra utkrAnti karatA huA vikAsa kI pUrNakalA-aMtima hada ko pahu~ca jAtA hai| pahalI nikRSTa avasthA se

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guNasthAna-krama 246 nikalakara vikAsa kI AkhirI bhUmi ko pAnA hI AtmA kA parama sAdhya hai / isa parama sAdhya kI siddhi hone taka AtmA ko eka ke bAda dUsarI, dUsarI ke bAda tIsarI aisI kramika aneka avasthAtroM meM se gujaranA par3atA hai| inhIM avasthAoM kI zreNI ko 'vikAsa krama' yA 'utkrAMti mArga' kahate haiM; aura jainazAstrIya paribhASA meM use 'guNasthAna-krama' kahate haiN| isa vikAsa-krama ke samaya honevAlI AtmA kI bhinna-bhinna avasthAtroM kA saMkSepa 14 bhAgoM meM kara diyA hai| ye 14 bhAga guNasthAna ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / digambara sAhitya meM 'guNasthAna' artha meM saMkSepa, aogha sAmAnya aura jIvasamAsa zabdoM kA bhI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai / 14 guNasthAnoM meM prathama kI apekSA dUsarA, dUsare kI apekSA tIsarAisa prakAra pUrvapUrvavartI guNasthAna kI apekSA para-paravartI guNasthAnoM meM vikAsa kI mAtrA adhika rahatI hai| vikAsa kI nyUnAdhikatA kA nirNaya aAtmika sthiratA kI nyUnAdhikatA para avalaMbita hai| sthiratA, samAdhi aMtadRSTi, svabhAva-ramaNa, svonmukhatA-ina saba zabdoM kA matalaba eka hI hai| sthiratA kA tAratamya darzana aura cAritrya-zakti kI zuddhi ke tAratamya para nirbhara hai| darzana zakti kA jitanA adhika vikAsa jitanI adhika nirmalatA utanA hI adhika AvirbhAva sadvizvAsa, sadruci, sadbhakti, satzraddhA yA satyAgraha kA samajhie / darzana zakti ke vikAsa ke bAda cAritra zakti ke vikAsa kA krama aAtA hai| jitanAjitanA cAritra-zakti kA adhika vikAsa utanA-utanA adhika prAvibhAva kSamA, saMtoSa, gAmbhIrya, indriya-jaya Adi cAritra guNoM kA hotA hai| jaise-jaise darzana zakti va cAritra zakti kI vizuddhi bar3hatI jAtI hai, taise-taise sthiratA kI mAtrA bhI adhika-adhika hotI jAtI hai / darzana-zakti va cAritra-zakti kI vizuddhi kA bar3hanAghaTanA, una zaktiyoM ke pratibaMdhaka ( rokanevAle ) saMskAroM kI nyUnatA-adhikatA yA mandatA-tIvratA para avalaMbita hai| prathama tIna guNasthAnoM meM darzana-zakti va caritra-zakti kA vikAsa isalie nahIM hotA ki unameM una zaktiyoM ke pratibaMdhaka saMskAroM kI adhikatA yA tIvratA hai| caturtha Adi guNa sthAnoM meM ve hI pratibandhaka saMskAra kama (manda) ho jAte haiN| isase una guNasthAnoM meM zaktiyoM kA vikAsa Arambha ho jAtA hai / ___ina pratibandhaka ( kaSAya ) saMskAroM ke sthUla dRSTi se 4 vibhAga kiye haiN| ye vibhAga una kASAyika saMskAroM kI vipAka zakti ke taratama-bhAva para Azrita haiM / unameM se pahalA vibhAga--jo darzana zakti kA pratibandhaka hai-use darzanamoha tathA anantAnubandhI kahate haiM / zeSa tIna vibhAga cAritra zakti ke pratibandhaka hai| unako yathAkrama apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa aura saMjvalana kahate

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250 jaina dharma aura darzana haiM / prathama vibhAga kI tIvratA, nyUnAdhika pramANa meM tIna guNasthAnoM (bhUmikA) taka rahatI hai / isase pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM darzana-zakti ke avirbhAva kA sambhava nahIM hotA / kaSAya ke ukta prathama vibhAga kI alpatA, mandatA yA prabhAva hote hI darzana-zakti vyakta hotI hai / isI samaya zrAtmA kI dRSTi khula jAtI hai / dRSTi ke isa unmeSa ko vivekakhyAti, bhedajJAna, prakRti-puruSAnyatA-sAkSAtkAra aura brahmajJAna bhI kahate haiM / isa zuddhi dRSTi se AtmA jar3a-cetana kA bheda, asaMdigdha rUpa se jAna letA hai / yaha usake vikAsa krama kI cauthI bhUmikA hai isI bhUmikA meM se vaha antardRSTi bana jAtA hai aura Atma mandira meM vartamAna tAttvika paramAtma svarUpa ko dekhatA hai / pahale kI tIna bhUmikAoM meM darzana moha aura anantAnubandhI nAma ke kaSAya saMskAroM kI prabalatA ke kAraNa zrAtmA apane paramAtma-bhAva ko dekha nahIM sakatA / usa samaya vaha bahirdRSTi hotA hai | darzanamoha Adi saMskAroM ke vega ke kAraNa usa samaya usakI dRSTi itanI sthira va caMcala bana jAtI hai ki jisase vaha apane meM hI vartamAna paramAtma svarUpa yA Izvaratva ko dekha nahIM sakatA / Izvaratva bhItara hI hai, parantu hai vaha atyanta sUkSma; isalie sthira va nirmala dRSTi ke dvArA hI usakA darzana kiyA jA sakatA hai / cauthI bhUmikA yA cauthe guNasthAna ko paramAtma-bhAva ke yA Izvaratva ke darzana kA dvAra kahanA cAhie / aura utanI hada taka pahu~ce hue AtmA ko antarAtmA kahanA cAhie / isake viparIta pahalI tIna bhUmikAoM meM vartane ke samaya, AtmA ko bahirAtmA kahanA cAhiye / kyoMki vaha usa samaya bAharI vastuoM meM hI zrAtmatva kI bhrAnti se idhara-udhara daur3a lagAyA karatA hai / cauthI bhUmikA meM darzana moha tathA anantAnubandhI saMskAroM kA vega to nahIM rahatA, para cAritra-zakti ke prAvaraNa -bhUta saMskAroM kA vega avazya rahatA hai| unameM se apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa saMskAra kA vega cauthI bhUmikA se Age nahIM hotA isase pA~cavIM bhUmikA meM cAritra - zakti kA prAthamika vikAsa hotA hai; jisase usa samaya AtmA, indriya-jaya yama-niyama Adi ko thor3e bahuta rUpa meM karatA hai - thor3e bahuta niyama pAlane ke lie sahiSNu ho jAtA hai / pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa nAmaka saMskAra -- jinakA vega pA~cavIM bhUmikA se Age nahIM hai-- unakA prabhAva par3ate hI cAritra-zakti kA vikAsa aura bhI bar3hatA hai, jisase zrAtmA bAharI bhogoM se haTakara pUrA saMnyAsI bana jAtA hai / yaha huI vikAsa kI chaThI bhUmikA / isa bhUmikA meM bhI cAritra-zakti ke tripakSI 'saMjvalana' nAma ke saMskAra kabhI-kabhI Udhama macAte haiM, jisase cAritra -zakti kA vikAsa dabatA nahIM, para usakI zuddhi yA sthiratA meM antarAya isa prakArAte haiM, jisa prakAra vAyu ke vega ke kAraNa, dIpa kI jyoti

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guNasthAna-krama 251 kI sthiratA va adhikatA meN| AtmA jaba 'saMjvalana' nAma ke saMskAroM ko dabAtA hai, taba utkrAnti patha kI sAtavIM Adi bhUmikAtroM ko lA~dhakara gyArahavIM-bArahavIM bhUmikA taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| bArahavIM bhUmikA meM darzana-zakti va cAritra-zakti ke vipakSI saMskAra sarvathA naSTa ho jAte haiM, jisase ukta donoM zaktiyA~ pUrNa vikasita ho jAtI haiN| tathApi usa avasthA meM zarIra kA saMbandha rahane ke kAraNa AtmA kI sthiratA paripUrNa hone nahIM paatii| vaha caudahavIM bhUmikA meM sarvathA pUrNa bana jAtI hai aura zarIra kA viyoga hone ke bAda vaha sthiratA, vaha cAritra-zakti apane yathArtha rUpa meM vikasita hokara sadA ke liye eka sI rahatI hai / isI ko mokSa kahate haiM / mokSa kahIM bAhara se nahIM aataa| vaha AtmA ko samagra zaktiyoM kA paripUrNa vyakta honA mAtra hai mokSasya na hi vAso'sti na grAmAntarameva ca / ajJAna-hRdayagranthinAzo mokSa iti smRtaH // -ziva gItA-13-32 __ yaha vikAsa kI parAkASTha, yaha paramAtma-bhAva kA abheda, yaha. cauthI bhUmikA (guNa-sthAna) meM dekhe hue Izvaratva kA tAdAtmya, yaha vedAntiyoM kA brahma-bhAva yaha jIva kA ziva honA aura yahI utkrAnti mArga kA antima sAdhya hai| isI sAdhya taka pahu~cane ke lie AtmA ko virodhI saMskAroM ke sAtha lar3ate-jhagar3ate, unheM dabAte, utkrAnti-mArga kI jina-jina bhUmikAoM para AnA par3atA hai, una bhUmikAoM ke krama ko hI 'guNasthAna krama' samajhanA caahie| yaha to huA guNasthAnoM kA sAmAnya svarUpa / una sabakA vizeSa svarUpa thor3e bahuta vistAra ke sAtha isI karmagrantha kI dUsarI gAthA kI vyAkhyA meM likha diyA gayA hai| I0 1621] [dvitIya karmagrantha kI prastAvanA

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'bandhasvAmitva' viSaya--mArgaNAoM meM guNa sthAnoM ko lekara bandhasvAmitva kA varNana isa karmagrantha meM kiyA hai; arthAt kisa-kisa mArgaNA meM kitane-kitane gaNasthAnoM kA saMbhava hai aura pratyeka mArgaNAvartI jIvoM kI sAmAnya rUpa se tathA guNasthAna ke vibhAgAnusAra karma-bandha saMbandhinI kitanI yogyatA hai isakA varNana prastuta grantha meM kiyA hai| mArgaNA, guNasthAna aura unakA pArasparika antara (ka) mArgaNA-~-saMsAra meM jIva-rAzi ananta hai / saba jIvoM ke bAhya aura Antarika jIvana kI banAvaTa meM judAI hai / kyA DIla-Daula, kyA indriyaracanA, kyA rUpa-raGga, kyA cAla-DhAla, kyA vicAra-zakti, kyA manobala, kyA vikArajanya bhAva, kyA cAritra ina saba viSayoM meM jIva eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| yaha bheda-vistAra karmajanya-audayika, praupazamika, kSAyopazamika aura kSAyikabhAvoM para tathA sahaja pAriNAmika bhAva para avalambita hai / bhinnatA kI gaharAI itanI jyAdA hai ki isase sArA jagat zrApa hI ajAyabaghara banA huA hai| ina ananta bhinnatAoM ko jJAniyoM ne saMkSepa meM caudaha vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| caudaha vibhAgoM ke bhI avAntara vibhAga kiye haiM, jo 62 haiN| jIvoM kI bAhyaAntarika-jIvana-saMbandhinI ananta bhinnatAoM ke buddhigamya ukta vargIkaraNa ko zAstra meM 'mArgaNA' kahate haiM / (kha) guNasthAna-moha kA pragAr3hatama AvaraNa, jIva kI nikRSTatama avasthA hai| sampUrNa cAritra-zakti kA vikAsa-nirmohatA aura sthiratA kI parAkASThA---jIva kI uccatama avasthA hai / nikRSTatama avasthA se nikalakara uccatama avasthA taka pahu~cane ke lie jIva moha ke parade ko kramazaH haTAtA hai aura apane svAbhAvika guNoM kA vikAsa karatA hai| isa vikAsa-mArga meM jIva ko aneka avasthAe~ taya karanI par3atI haiN| jaise tharamAmITara kI nalI ke aGka, uSNatA ke parimANa ko batalAte haiM vaise hI ukta aneka avasthAe~ jIva ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI mAtrA ko janAtI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM ina avasthAoM ko AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parimApaka rekhAe~ kahanA caahie| vikAsa-mArga kI

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mArgaNA aura guNasthAna 25 3 inhIM kramika avasthAoM ko 'guNasthAna' kahate haiM / ina kramika saMkhyAtIta va sthAnoM ko jJAniyoM ne saMkSepa meM 14 vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai / yahI 14 vibhAga jaina zAstra meM '14 guNasthAna' kahe jAte haiM / vaidika sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI zrAdhyAtmika avasthAoM kA varNana hai / pAtaJjala yoga-darzana meM aisI AdhyAtmika bhUmikAoM kA madhumatI, madhupratIkA, vizokA aura saMskArazeSA nAma se ullekha kiyA hai / bhyogavA - siSTha meM ajJAna kI sAta aura jJAna kI sAta isa taraha caudaha citta-bhUmikAoM kA vicAra AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke AdhAra para bahuta vistAra se kiyA hai / (ga) mArgaNA aura guNasthAna kA pArasparika antara mArgaNAoM kI kalpanA karma paTala ke taratamabhAva para avalambita nahIM hai, kintu jo zArIrika, mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika bhinnatAe~ jIva ko ghere hue haiM vahI mArgaNAoM kI kalpanA kA AdhAra hai / isake viparIta guNasthAnoM kI kalpanA karmapaTala ke, khAsa kara mohanIya karma ke, taratamabhAva aura yoga kI pravRtti - para avalambita hai / I mArgaNAe~ jIva ke vikAsa kI sUcaka nahIM haiM kintu ve usa ke svAbhAvikavaibhAvika rUpoM kA aneka prakAra se pRthakkaraNa haiM / isase ulaTA guNasthAna, jIva ke vikAsa ke sUcaka haiM, ve vikAsa kI kramika avasthAoM kA saMkSipta vargIkaraNa haiM / mArgaNAe~ saba saha bhAvinI haiM para guNasthAna krama bhAvI / isI kAraNa pratyeka jIva meM eka sAtha caudahoM mArgaNAe~ kisI na kisI prakAra se pAI jAtI haiM - sabhI saMsAra jIva eka hI samaya meM pratyeka mArgaNA meM vartamAna pAye jAte haiM / isase ulaTA guNasthAna eka samaya meM eka jIva meM eka hI pAyA jAtA hai - eka. samaya meM saba jIva kisI eka guNasthAna ke adhikArI nahIM bana sakate, kiMtu una kA kucha bhAga hI eka samaya meM eka guNasthAna kA adhikArI hotA hai / isI bAta ko yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki eka jIva eka samaya meM kisI eka guNasthAna meM hI vartamAna hotA hai paraMtu eka hI jIva eka samaya meM caudahoM mArgaNAtroM meM vartamAna hotA hai| pUrva - pUrva guNasthAna ko chor3akara uttarottara guNasthAna ko prApta karanA prAdhyAtmika vikAsa ko bar3hAnA hai, paraMtu pUrva-pUrva mArgaNA ko chor3akara uttarottara mArgaNA na to prApta hI kI jA sakatI haiM aura na inase AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI siddha 1 pAda 1 sU. 36; pAda 3 sU. 48-46 kA bhAMSya pAda 1 sUtra 1 kI TIkA / 2 utpatti prakaraNa - sarga 117-118-126, nirvANa 120-126 /

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254 jaina dharma aura darzana hotA hai / vikAsa kI terahavIM bhUmikA taka pahu~ce hue-kaivalya-prApta-jIva meM bhI kaSAya ke sivAya saba mArgaNAe~ pAI jAtI haiM para guNasthAna kevala terahavA~ pAyA jAtA hai / aMtima-bhUmikA-prApta jIva meM bhI tIna-cAra ko chor3a saba mArgaNAe~ hotI haiM jo ki vikAsa kI bAdhaka nahIM haiM, kiMtu guNasthAna usameM kevala caudahavA~ hotA hai| pichale karmagranthoM ke sAtha tIsare karmagrantha kI saMgati-duHkha heya hai kyoMki use koI bhI nahIM caahtaa| duHkha kA sarvathA nAza tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba ki usake asalI kAraNa kA nAza kiyA jaae| duHkha kI asalI jar3a hai karma (vAsanA , / isalie usakA vizeSa parijJAna saba ko karanA cAhie; kyoMki karma kA parijJAna binA kie na to karma se chuTakArA pAyA jA sakatA hai aura na duHkha se| isI kAraNa pahale karmagrantha meM karma ke svarUpa kA tathA usake prakAroM kA buddhigamya varNana kiyA hai| karma ke svarUpa aura prakAroM ko jAnane ke bAda yaha prazna hotA hai ki kyA kadAgrahI-satyAgrahI, ajitendriya-jitendriya, azAnta-zAnta aura capala-sthira saba prakAra ke jIva apane-apane mAnasa-kSetra meM karma ke bIja ko barAbara parimANa meM hI saMgraha karate aura unake phala ko cakhate rahate haiM yA nyUnAdhika parimANa meM ? isa prazna kA uttara dUsare karmagrantha meM diyA gayA hai / guNasthAna ke anusAra prANIvarga ke caudaha vibhAga karake pratyeka vibhAga kI karma-viSayaka bandha-udaya-udIraNA-sattAsaMbandhI yogyatA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra pratyeka guNasthAna vAle aneka zarIradhAriyoM kI karmabandha Adi saMbandhI yogyatA dUsare karmagrantha ke dvArA mAlUma kI jAtI hai isI prakAra eka zarIradhArI kI karmabandha-zrAdi-saMbandhI yogyatA, jo bhinna-bhinna samaya meM AdhyAtmika utkarSa tathA apakarSa ke anusAra badalatI rahatI hai usakA jJAna bhI usake dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataeva pratyeka vicAra-zIla prANI apane yA anya ke prAdhyAtmika vikAsa ke parimANa kA jJAna karake yaha jAna sakatA hai ki mujha meM yA anya meM kisa-kisa prakAra ke tathA kitane kame ke bandha, udaya, udIraNA aura sattA kI yogyatA he| ukta prakAra kA jJAna hone ke bAda phira yaha prazna hotA hai ki kyA samAna guNasthAna vAle bhinna-bhinna gati ke jIva yA samAna guNasthAna vAle kintu nyUnAdhika indriya vAle jIva karma-bandha kI samAna yogyatA vAle hote haiM yA asamAna yogyatA vAle ? isa prakAra yaha bhI prazna hotA hai ki kyA samAna guNasthAna vAle sthAvara-jaMgama jIva kI yA samAna guNasthAna vAle kintu bhinna-bhinna yoga-yukta jIva kI yA samAna guNasthAna vAle bhinna-bhinna liMga (veda) dhArI jIva kI yA samAna

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'bandhasvAmitva' 255 guNasthAna vAle kintu vibhinna kaSAya vAle jIva kI bandha-yogyatA barAbara hI hotI hai yA nyUnAdhika ? isa taraha jJAna, darzana, saMyama Adi guNoM kI dRSTi se bhinnabhinna prakAra ke parantu guNasthAna kI dRSTi se samAna prakAra ke jIvoM kI bandhayogyatA ke saMbandha meM kaI prazna uThate haiN| ina praznoM kA uttara tIsare karmagrantha meM diyA gayA hai / isameM jIvoM kI gati, indriya, kAya, yoga, veda, kaSAya Adi caudaha avasthAoM ko lekara guNasthAna-krama se yathA-saMbhava bandha-yogyatA dikhAI hai, jo AdhyAtmika dRSTi vAloM ko bahuta manana karane yogya hai| dUsare karmagrantha ke jJAna kI apekSA-dUsare karma-graMtha meM guNasthAnoM ko lekara jIvoM kI karma-bandha-saMbandhinI yogyatA dikhAI hai aura tIsare meM mArgaNAoM meM bhI sAmAnya rUpa se bandha-yogyatA dikhAkara phira pratyeka mArgaNA meM yathAsaMbhava guNasthAnoM ko lekara vaha dikhAI gaI hai| isIlie ukta donoM karmagranthoM ke viSaya bhinna hone para bhI unakA Apasa meM itanA ghaniSTa saMbaMdha hai ki jo dUsare karmagraMtha ko acchI taraha na par3ha le vaha tIsare kA adhikArI hI nahIM ho sktaa| ataH tIsare ke pahale dUsare kA jJAna kara lenA caahie| prAcIna aura navIna tIsarA karmagrantha-ye donoM, viSaya meM samAna haiN| navIna kI apekSA prAcIna meM viSaya-varNana kucha vistAra se kiyA hai; yahI bheda hai| isI se navIna meM jitanA viSaya 25 gAthAoM meM varNita hai utanA hI viSaya prAcIna meM 54 gAthAoM meM / graMthakAra ne abhyAsiyoM kI saralatA ke lie navIna karmagraMtha kI racanA meM yaha dhyAna rakhA hai ki niSprayojana zabda-vistAra na ho aura viSaya pUrA paae| isIlie gati Adi mArgaNA meM guNasthAnoM kI saMkhyA kA nirdeza jaisA prAcIna karmagraMtha meM bandha-svAmitva ke kathana se alaga kiyA hai navIna karmagraMtha meM vaisA nahIM kiyA hai, kintu yathAsaMbhava guNasthAnoM ko lekara bandha-svAmitva dikhAyA hai, jisase unakI saMkhyA ko abhyAsI Apa hI jAna le / navIna karmagraMtha hai saMkSipta. para vaha itanA pUrA hai ki isake abhyAsI thor3e hI meM viSaya ko jAnakara prAcIna bandha-svAmitva ko binA TIkA-TippaNI kI madada . ke jAna sakate haiM isI se paThana-pAThana meM navIna tIsare kA pracAra hai| gommaTasAra ke sAtha tulanA-tIsare karmagraMtha kA viSaya karmakANDa meM hai, para usakI varNana-zailI kucha bhinna hai / isake sivAya tIsare karmagraMtha meM jo-jo viSaya nahIM hai aura dUsare kamagraMtha ke saMbandha kI dRSTi se jisa-jisa viSaya kA varNana karanA par3hanevAloM ke lie lAbhadAyaka hai vaha saba karmakANDa meM hai| tIsare karmagraMtha meM mArgaNAoM meM kevala bandha-svAmitva varNita hai parantu karmakANDa meM bandha-svAmitva ke atirikta mArgaNAoM ko lekara udaya-svAmitva, udIraNA-svAmitva

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256 jaina dharma aura darzana aura sattA-svAmitva bhI varNita hai / [ isake vizeSa khulAse ke lie tIsare karmagraMtha meM pariziSTa (ka) naM0 1 dekho]| isalie tIsare karmagraMtha ke abhyAsiyoM ko use avazya dekhanA caahie.| tIsare karmagraMtha meM udaya-svAmitva Adi kA vicAra isalie nahIM kiyA jAna par3atA hai ki dUsare aura tIsare karmagraMtha ke par3hane ke bAda abhyAsI use svayaM soca le| parantu Ajakala taiyAra vicAra ko saba jAnate haiM; svataMtra vicAra kara viSaya ko jAnane vAle bahuta kama dekhe jAte hai / isalie karmakANDa kI ukta vizeSatA se saba abhyAsiyoM ko lAbha uThAnA cAhie / I0 1622] [ tIsare karmagrantha kI prastAvanA

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'SaDazItika' nAma prastuta prakaraNa kA 'cauthA karmagrantha' yaha nAma prasiddha hai, kintu isakA asalI nAma SaDazItika hai / yaha 'cauthA karmagrantha' isalie kahA gayA hai ki chaha karmagranthoM meM isakA nambara cauthA hai; aura 'ghaDazItika' nAma isalie niyata hai ki isameM mUla gAthAe~ chiyAsI haiM / isake sivAya isa prakaraNa ko 'sUkSmArtha vicAra bhI kahate haiM, so isalie ki graMthakAra ne graMtha ke aMta meM 'suhumatthaviyAro' zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra dekhane se yaha spaSTa hI mAlUma hotA hai' ki prastuta prakaraNa ke ukta tInoM nAma anvartha---sArthaka haiM / ___ yadyapi TabAvAlI prati jo zrIyut bhImasI mANika dvArA 'nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI' se prakAzita 'prakaraNa ratnAkara caturtha bhAga' meM chapI hai, usameM mUla gAthAoM kI saMkhyA navAsI hai, kintu vaha prakAzaka ko bhala hai| kyoMki usameM jo tIna gAthAe~ dUsare, tIsare aura cauthe nambara para mUla rUpa meM chapI haiM, ve vastutaH mUla rUpa nahIM haiM, kiMtu prastuta prakaraNa kI viSaya-saMgraha gAthAe~ haiM / arthAt isa prakaraNa meM mukhya kyA-kyA viSaya haiM aura pratyeka mukhya viSaya se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle anya kitane viSaya haiM, isakA pradarzana karanevAlI ve gAthAe~ haiM / ataeva graMthakAra ne ukta tIna gAthAe~ svapojJa TIkA meM uddhata kI haiM, mUla rUpa se nahIM lI haiM aura na una para TIkA kI hai / saMgati ____ pahale tIna karmagraMthoM ke viSayoM kI saMgati spaSTa hai / arthAt pahale karmagraMtha meM mUla tathA uttara karma prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA aura unakA vipAka varNana kiyA gayA hai| dUsare karmagrantha meM pratyeka guNasthAna ko lekara usameM yathAsaMbhava baMdha, udaya, udIraNA aura sattAgata uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA batalAI gaI hai aura tIsare karmagraMtha meM pratyeka mArgaNAsthAna ko lekara usameM yathAsaMbhava guNasthAnoM ke viSaya meM uttara karmaprakRtiyoM kA baMdhasvAmitva varNana kiyA hai| tIsare karmagraMtha meM mArgaNAsthAnoM meM guNasthAnoM ko lekara baMdhasvAmisva varNana kiyA hai sahI, kiMtu mUla meM kahIM bhI yaha viSaya svataMtra rUpa se nahIM kahA gayA hai ki kisa kisa mArgaNAsthAna meM kitane-kitane aura kina-kina gaNAsthAnoM kA sambhava hai / ataeva caturtha karmagrantha meM isa viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai aura ukta

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258 jaina dharma aura darzana jijJAsA kI pUrti kI gaI hai / jaise mArgaNAsthAnoM meM guNasthAnoM kI jijJAsA hotI hai, vaise hI jIvasthAnoM meM guNasthAnoM kI aura guNasthAnoM meM jIvasthAnoM kI bhI jijJAsA hotI hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki jIvasthAnoM meM yoga, upayoga Adi anyAnya viSayoM kI aura mArgaNAsthAnoM meM jIvasthAna, yoga, upayoga Adi anyAnya viSayoM kI tathA guNasthAnoM meM yoga, upayoga Adi anyAnya viSayoM kI bhI jijJAsA hotI hai / ina saba jijJAsAoM kI pUrti ke lie caturtha karmagrantha kI racanA huI hai / isase isameM mukhyatayA jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura guNasthAna, ye tIna adhikAra rakhe gaye haiM / aura pratyeka adhikAra meM kramazaH ATha, chaha tathA dasa viSaya varNita haiM, jinakA nirdeza pahalI gAthA ke bhAvArtha meM pRSTha para tathA sphuTa noTa meM saMgraha gAthAoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| isake sivAya prasaMga vaza isa grantha meM granthakAra ne bhAvoM kA aura saMkhyA kA bhI vicAra kiyA hai / yaha prazna ho hI nahIM sakatA ki tIsare karmagrantha kI saMgati ke anusAra mArgaNAsthAnoM meM guNasthAnoM mAtra kA pratipAdana karanA Avazyaka hone para bhI, jaise anya-anya viSayoM kA isa graMtha meM adhika varNana kiyA hai, vaise aura bhI nae-nae kaI viSayoM kA varNana isI graMtha meM kyoM nahIM kiyA gayA ? kyoMki kisI bhI eka graMtha meM saba viSayoM kA varNana asaMbhava hai| ataeva kitane aura kina viSayoM kA kisa krama se varNana karanA, yaha graMthakAra kI icchA para nirbhara hai; arthAt isa bAta meM graMthakAra svataMtra hai / isa viSaya meM niyoga-paryanuyoga karane kA kisI ko adhikAra nahIM hai| prAcIna aura navIna caturtha karmagrantha 'SaDazItika' yaha mukhya nAma donoM kA samAna hai, kyoMki gAthAoM kI saMkhyA donoM meM barAbara chiyAsI hI hai| paraMtu navIna graMthakAra ne 'sUkSmArtha vicAra' aisA nAma diyA hai aura prAcIna kI TIkA ke aMta meM TIkAkAra ne usakA nAma 'bAgamika vastu vicArasAra' diyA hai| navIna kI taraha prAcIna meM bhI mukhya adhikAra jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura guNasthAna ye tIna hI haiN| gauNa adhikAra bhI jaise navIna meM kramazaH pATha, chaha tathA dasa haiM, vaise hI prAcIna meM bhI haiM / gAthAoM kI saMkhyA samAna hote hue bhI navIna meM yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM varNanazailI saMkSipta karake graMthakAra ne do aura viSaya vistArapUrvaka varNana kiye haiN| pahalA viSaya 'bhAva' aura dUsarA 'saMkhyA' hai / ina donoM kA svarUpa navIna meM savistara hai aura prAcIna meM bilakula nahIM hai / isake sivAya prAcIna aura navIna kA viSaya-sAmya tathA krama-sAmya barAbara hai / prAcIna para TIkA, TippaNI, vivaraNa, uddhAra, bhASya

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'SaDazItika 256 Adi vyAkhyAe~ navIna kI apekSA adhika haiM / hA~, navIna para, jaise gujarAtI Tabe haiM, vaise prAcIna para nahIM haiN| isa saMbaMdha kI vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie arthAt prAcIna aura navIna para kauna-kauna sI vyAkhyA kisa-kisa bhASA meM aura kisa kisakI banAI huI hai, ityAdi jAnane ke lie pahale karmagraMtha ke prArambha meM jo karmaviSayaka sAhitya kI tAlikA dI hai, use dekha lenA cAhie / cauthA karmagrantha aura Agama, paMcasaMgraha tathA gommaTasAra ___ yadyapi cauthe karmagraMtha kA koI-koI ( jaise guNasthAna yAdi ) viSaya vaidika tathA bauddha sAhitya meM nAmAMtara tathA prakArAMtara se varNana kiyA huA milatA hai, tathApi usakI samAna koTi kA koI khAsa graMtha ukta donoM sampradAyoM ke sAhitya meM dRSTigocara nahIM huaa| jaina-sAhitya zvetAmbara aura digambara, do sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hai| zvetAmbarasampradAya ke sAhitya meM viziSTa vidvAnoM kI kRti svarUpa 'aAgama' aura 'paJcasaMgraha' ye prAcIna graMtha aise haiM, jinameM ki cauthe karmagraMtha kA sampUrNa viSaya pAyA jAtA hai, yA yoM kahie ki jinake AdhAra para cauthe karmagraMtha kI racanA hI kI gaI hai| yadyapi cauthe karmagraMtha meM aura jitane viSaya jisa krama se varNita haiM, ve saba usI krama se kisI eka pAgama tathA paJcasaMgraha ke kisI eka bhAga meM varNita nahIM haiM, tathApi bhinna-bhinna aAgama aura paJcasaMgraha ke bhinna-bhinna bhAga meM usake sabhI viSaya lagabhaga mila jAte haiM / cauthe karmagraMtha kA kauna sA viSaya kisa Agama meM aura paJcasaMgraha ke kisa bhAga meM AtA hai, isakI sUcanA prastuta anuvAda meM usausa viSaya ke prasaMga meM TippaNI ke taura para yathAsaMbhava kara dI gaI hai, jisase ki prastuta graMtha ke abhyAsiyoM ko Agama aura paJcasaMgraha ke kucha upayukta sthala mAlama hoM tathA matabheda aura vizeSatAe~ jJAta ho / prastuta graMtha ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie pAgama aura paJcasaMgraha kA paricaya karanA lAbhadAyaka hai; kyoMki una graMthoM ke gaurava kA kAraNa sirpha unakI prAcInatA hI nahIM hai, balki unakI viSaya-gambhIratA tathA viSayasphuTatA bhI unake gaurava kA kAraNa hai| 'gommaTasAra' yaha digambara sampradAya kA karma-viSayaka eka pratiSThita graMtha hai, jo ki isa samaya upalabdha hai| yadyapi vaha zvetAmbarIya Agama tathA paJcasaMgraha kI apekSA bahuta arvAcIna hai, phira bhI usameM viSaya-varNana, viSaya-vibhAga aura pratyeka viSaya ke lakSaNa bahuta sphuTa haiN| gommaTasAra ke 'jIvakANDa' aura 'karmakANDa'- ye mukhya do vibhAga haiN| cauthe karmagraMtha kA viSaya jIvakANDa meM hI

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260 jaina dharma aura darzana hai aura vaha isase bahuta bar3A hai / yadyapi cauthe karmagraMtha ke saba viSaya prAyaH jIvakANDa meM varNita haiM, tathApi donoM kI varNanazailI bahuta aMzoM meM bhinna hai| - jIvakANDa meM mukhya bIsa prarUpaNAe~ haiM-1 guNasthAna, 1 jIvasthAna, 1 paryApti, 1 prANa, 1 saMjJA, 14 mArgaNAe~ aura 1 upayoga, kula bIsa / pratyeka prarUpaNA kA usameM bahuta vistRta aura vizada varNana hai| aneka sthaloM meM cauthe graMtha ke sAtha usakA matabheda bhI hai| ___isameM saMdeha nahIM ki cauthe karmagraMtha ke pAThiyoM ke lie jIvakANDa eka khAsa dekhane kI vastu hai; kyoMki isase aneka vizeSa bAteM mAlUma ho sakatI haiM / karmaviSayaka aneka vizeSa bAteM jaise zvetAmbarIya graMthoM meM labhya haiM, vaise hI aneka vizeSa bAteM, digaMbarIya graMthoM meM bhI labhya haiN| isa kAraNa donoM saMpradAya ke vizeSajijJAsutroM ko eka dUsare ke samAna viSayaka graMtha avazya dekhane caahie| isI abhiprAya se anuvAda meM usa usa viSaya kA sAmya aura vaiSamya dikhAne ke lie jagaha-jagaha gommaTasAra ke aneka upayukta sthala uddhRta tathA nirdiSTa kiye haiN| viSaya-praveza jijJAsu loga jaba taka kisI bhI graMtha ke pratipAdya viSaya kA paricaya nahIM kara lete taba taka usa graMtha ke lie pravRtti nahIM krte| isa niyama ke anusAra prastuta graMtha ke adhyayana ke nimitta yogya adhikAriyoM kI pravRtti karAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki zurU meM prastuta graMtha ke viSaya kA paricaya karAyA jaae| isI ko 'viSaya-praveza' kahate haiM / .. viSaya kA paricaya sAmAnya aura vizeSa do prakAra se karAyA jA sakatA hai / (ka) graMtha kisa tAtparya se banAyA gayA hai; usakA mukhya viSaya kyA hai aura vaha kitane vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| pratyeka vibhAga se saMbandha rakhanevAle anya kitane-kitane aura kauna-kauna viSaya haiM; ityAdi varNana karake graMtha ke zabdAtmaka kalevara ke sAtha viSaya-rUpa AtmA ke saMbandha kA spaSTIkaraNa kara denA arthAt graMtha kA pradhAna aura gauNa viSaya kyA-kyA hai tathA vaha kisa-kisa krama se varNita hai, isakA nirdeza kara denA, yaha viSaya kA sAmAnya paricaya hai / (kha) lakSaNa dvArA pratyeka viSaya kA svarUpa batalAnA yaha usakA vizeSa paricaya hai| - prastuta graMtha ke viSaya kA vizeSa paricaya to usa-usa viSaya ke varNana-sthAna meM yathAsaMbhava mUla meM kiMvA vivecana meM karA diyA gayA hai / ataeva isa jagaha viSaya kA sAmAnya paricaya karAnA hI Avazyaka evaM upayukta hai|

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'SaDazItika' . 261 prastuta graMtha banAne kA tAtparpa yaha hai ki sAMsArika jIvoM kI bhinna-bhinna avasthAtroM kA varNana karake yaha batalAyA jAe ki amuka-amuka avasthAe~ aupAdhika, vaibhAvika kiMvA karma-kRta hone se asthAyI tathA heya haiM; aura amukazramuka avasthA svAbhAvika hone ke kAraNa sthAyI tathA upAdeya hai| isake sivA yaha bhI batalAnA hai ki, jIva kA svabhAva prAyaH vikAsa karane kA hai / ataeva vaha apane svabhAva ke anusAra kisa prakAra vikAsa karatA hai aura tadvArA aupAdhika avasthAoM ko tyAga kara kisa prakAra svAbhAvika zaktiyoM kA AvirbhAva karatA hai| ___ isa uddezya kI siddhi ke lie prastuta graMtha meM mukhyatayA pA~ca viSaya varNana kiye haiM (1) jIvasthAna, (2) mArgaNAsthAna, (3) guNasthAna, (4) bhAva aura(5) sNkhyaa| - inameM se prathama mukhya tIna viSayoM ke sAtha anya viSaya bhI varNita haiMjIvasthAna meM (1) guNasthAna, (2) yoga, (3) upayoga, (4) lezyA, (5) bandha, (6) udaya, (7) udIraNA aura (8) sattA ye ATha viSaya varNita haiM / mArgaNA sthAna meM (1) jIvasthAna, (2) guNasthAna, (3) yoga, (4) upayoga, (5) lezyA aura (6) alpa-bahutva, ye chaH viSaya varNita haiM tathA guNasthAna meM (1) jIvasthAna. (2) yoga, (3) upayoga, (4) lezyA, (5) bandha-hetu, (6) bandha, (7) udaya (8) udIraNA, (6) sattA aura (10) alpa-bahutva, ye dasa viSaya varNita haiN| pichale do viSayoM kA arthAt bhAva aura saMkhyA kA varNana anya-anya viSaya ke varNana se mizrita nahIM hai, arthAt unheM lekara anya koI viSaya varNana nahIM kiyA hai| ___ isa taraha dekhA jAe to prastuta graMtha ke zabdAtmaka kalevara ke mukhya pA~ca hisse ho jAte haiN| pahilA hissA dUsarI gAthA se AThavIM gAthA taka kA hai, jisameM jIvasthAna kA mukhya varNana kara ke usake saMbandhI ukta ATha viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dUsarA hissA navI gAthA se lekara cauvAlisavIM gAthA taka kA hai, jisameM mukhyatayA mArgaNAsthAna ko lekara usake saMbaMdha se chaH viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / tIsarA hissA paiMtAlIsavIM gAthA se lekara tresaThavIM gAthA taka kA hai, jisameM mukhyatayA guNasthAna ko lekara usake Azraya se ukta dasa viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / cauthA hissA cauMsaThavIM gAthA se lekara sattaravIM gAyA taka kA hai, jisameM kevala bhAvoM kA varNana hai / pA~cavA~ hissA ikahattaravI gAthA se

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262 jaina dharma aura darzana chiyAsIvIM gAthA taka kA hai, jisameM sirpha saMkhyA kA varNana hai / saMkhyA ke varNana ke sAtha hI graMtha kI samApti hotI hai / jIvasthAna Adi ukta mukhya tathA gauNa viSayoM kA svarUpa pahalI gAthA ke bhAvArtha meM likha diyA gayA hai| isalie phira se yahA~ likhane kI jarUrata nahIM hai| tathApi yaha likha denA Avazyaka hai ki prastuta graMtha banAne kA uddezya jo Upara likhA gayA hai, usakI siddhi jIvasthAna Adi ukta viSayoM ke varNana se kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai| jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna aura bhAva ye sAMsArika jIvoM kI vividha avasthAe~ haiM / jIvasthAna ke varNana se yaha mAlUma kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jIva. sthAna rUpa caudaha avasthAe~ jAti sApekSa haiM kiMvA zArIrika racanA ke vikAsa yA iMdriyoM kI nyUnAdhika saMkhyA para nirbhara haiN| isI se saba karma-kRta yA vaibhAvika hone ke kAraNa aMta meM heya haiM / mArgaNAsthAna ke bodha se yaha vidita ho jAtA hai ki sabhI mArgaNAe~ jIva kI svAbhAvika avasthA rUpa nahIM haiM / kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, kSAyikasamyaktva, kSAyika cAritra aura anAhArakatva ke sivAya anya saba mArgaNAe~ nyUnAdhika rUpa meM asvAbhAvika haiM / ataeva svarUpa kI pUrNatA ke icchuka jIvoM ke lie anta meM ve heya hI haiN| guNasthAna ke parijJAna se yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki guNasthAna yaha AdhyAtmika utkrAMti karanevAle AtmA kI uttarottara-vikAsa-sUcaka bhamikAe~ haiN| pUrva-pUrva bhUmikA ke samaya uttara-uttara bhUmikA upAdeya hone para bhI paripUrNa vikAsa ho jAne se ve sabhI bhUmikAe~ Apa hI Apa chuTa jAtI haiN| bhAvoM ko jAnakArI se yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki kSAyika bhAvoM ko chor3akara anya saba bhAva cAhe ve utkrAMti kAla meM upAdeya kyoM na hoM, para anta meM heya hI haiN| isa prakAra jIva kA svAbhAvika svarUpa kyA hai aura asvAbhAvika kyA hai, isakA viveka karane ke lie jIvasthAna Adi ukta vicAra jo prastuta graMtha meM kiyA gayA hai, vaha AdhyAtmika vidyA ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie atIva upayogI hai| AdhyAtmika graMtha do prakAra ke haiN| eka to aise haiM jo sirpha AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA aura dUsare, azuddha tathA mizrita svarUpa kA varNana karate haiN| prastuta graMtha dUsarI koTi kA hai| adhyAtma-vidyA ke prAthamika aura mAdhyamika abhyAsiyoM ke lie aise graMtha vizeSa upayogI haiM; kyoMki una abhyAsiyoM kI dRSTi vyavahAra-parAyaNa hone ke kAraNa aise graMthoM ke dvArA hI kramazaH kevala pAramArthika svarUpa-grAhiNI banAI jA sakatI hai| AdhyAtmika-vidyA ke pratyeka abhyAsI kI yaha svAbhAvika jijJAsA hotI hai

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guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 263 ki zrAtmA kisa prakAra aura kima krama se AdhyAtmika vikAsa karatA hai, tathA use vikAsa ke samaya kaisI-kaisI avasthA kA anubhava hotA hai / isa jijJAsA kI pUrti kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to anya viSayoM kI apekSA guNasthAna kA mahattva adhika hai / isa khayAla se isa jagaha guNasthAna kA svarUpa kucha vistAra ke sAtha likhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI batalAyA jAegA ki jainazAstra kI taraha vaidika tathA bauddha-zAstra meM bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA kaisA varNana hai / yadyapi aisA karane meM kucha vistAra avazya ho jAegA tathApi nIce likhe jAnevAle vicAra se jijJAsUtroM kI yadi kucha bhI jJAna-vRddhi tathA ruci-zuddhi huI to yaha vicAra anupayogI na samajhA jAegA / guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa guNoM (zramazaktiyoM) ke sthAnoM ko arthAt vikAsa kI kramika avasthAoM ko guNasthAna kahate haiM / jainazAstra meM guNasthAna isa pAribhASika zabda kA matalaba zrAtmika zaktiyoM ke AvirbhAva kI-- unake zuddha kAryarUpa meM pariNata hote rahane kI tara- tama bhAvApanna avasthAoM se hai / AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa zuddha-cetanA aura pUrNAnandamaya hai / para usake Upara jaba taka tIvra zrAvaraNoM ke ghane bAdaloM kI ghaTA chAI ho, taba taka usakA asalI svarUpa dikhAI nahIM detA / kiMtu prAvaraNoM ke kramazaH zithila yA naSTa hote hI usakA asalI svarUpa prakaTa hotA hai / jaba AvaraNoM kI tIvratA AkhirI hadda kI ho, taba zrAtmA prAthamika avasthA meM vikasita avasthA meM par3A rahatA hai / aura jaba zrAvaraNa bilakula hI naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba zrAtmA carama avasthA - zuddha svarUpa kI pUrNatA meM vartamAna ho jAtA hai / jaise-jaise AvaraNoM kI tIvratA kama hotI jAtI hai, vaise-vaise AtmA bhI prAthamika avasthA ko chor3akara dhIre-dhIre zuddha svarUpa kA lAbha karatA huA carama avasthA kI ora prasthAna karatA hai / prasthAna ke samaya ina do avasthAoM ke bIca use aneka nIcI-U~cI avasthAoM kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai / prathama avasthAko vikAsa kI athavA adhaHpatana kI parAkASThA aura carama avasthA ko vikAsa kI athavA utkrAnti kI parAkASThA samajhanA cAhie / isa vikAsakrama kI madhyavartinI saba avasthAoM ko apekSA se ucca bhI kaha sakate haiM aura nIca bhI / arthAt madhyavartinI koI bhI avasthA apane se UparavAlI avasthA kI apekSA nIca aura nIcevAlI avasthA kI apekSA ucca kahI jA sakatI hai / vikAsa kI ora agrasara AtmA vastutaH ukta prakAra kI saMkhyAtIta AdhyAtmika bhUmikAoM kA anubhava karatA hai / para jainazAstra meM saMkSepa meM

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. jaina dharma aura darzana 264 vargIkaraNa karake unake caudaha vibhAga kiye haiM, jo 'caudaha guNasthAna' kahalAte haiN| saba AvaraNoM meM moha kA AvaraNa pradhAna hai| arthAt jaba taka moha balavAn aura tIvra ho, taba taka anya sabhI prAvaraNa balavAn aura tIvra bane rahate haiN| isake viparIta moha ke nirbala hote hI anya AvaraNoM kI vaisI hI dazA ho jAtI hai / isalie AtmA ke vikAsa karane meM mukhya bAdhaka moha kI prabalatA aura mukhya sahAyaka moha kI nirbalatA samajhanI cAhie / isI kAraNa guNasthAnoM kI-vikAsa-krama-gata avasthAoM kI kalpanA moha-zakti kI utkaTatA, mandatA tathA abhAva para avalambita hai| ___ moha kI pradhAna zaktiyA~ do haiN| inameM se pahalI zakti, AtmA ko darzana arthAt svarUpa-pararUpa kA nirNaya kiMvA jar3a-cetana kA vibhAga yA viveka karane nahIM detI; aura dUsarI zakti prAtmA ko viveka prApta kara lene para bhI tadanusAra pravRtti arthAt adhyAsa-parapariNati se chuTakara svarUpa-lAbha nahIM karane detii| vyavahAra meM paira-paira para yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki kisI vastu kA yathArtha darzana-bodha kara lene para hI usa vastu ko pAne yA tyAgane kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai aura vaha saphala bhI hotI hai / AdhyAtmika-vikAsa-gAmI AtmA ke lie bhI mukhya do hI kArya haiN| pahalA svarUpa tathA pararUpa kA yathArtha darzana kiMvA bhedajJAna karanA aura dUsarA svarUpa meM sthita honaa| inameM se pahale kArya ko rokanevAlI moha kI zakti jainazAstra meM 'darzana-moha' aura dUsare kArya ko rokanevAlI moha kI zakti 'cAritramoha' kahalAtI hai| dUsarI zakti pahalI zakti kI anugAminI hai| arthAt pahalI zakti prabala ho, taba taka dUsarI zakti kabhI nirbala nahIM hotI; aura pahalI zakti ke manda, mandatara aura mandatama hote hI dUsarI zakti bhI kramazaH vaisI hI hone lagatI hai / athavA yo kahiye ki eka bAra aAtmA svarUpa-darzana kara pAve to phira use svarUpa-lAbha karane kA mArga prApta ho hI jAtA hai / avikasita kiMvA sarvathA adhaHpatita AtmA kI avasthA prathama guNasthAna hai| isame moha kI ukta donoM zaktiyoM ke prabala hone ke kAraNa prAtmA kI AdhyAtmika-sthiti bilakula girI huI hotI hai| isa bhUmikA ke samaya AtmA cAhe Adhibhautika utkarSa kitanA hI kyoM na kara le, para usakI pravRtti tAttvika lakSya se sarvathA zUnya hotI hai| jaise digbhrama vAlA manuSya pUrva ko pazcima mAnakara gati karatA hai aura apane iSTa sthAna ko nahIM pAtA; usakA zrama eka taraha se vRthA hI jAtA hai, vaise prathama bhUmikAvAlA AtmA para-rUpa ko svarUpa samajha kara usI ko pAne ke lie pratikSaNa lAlAyita rahatA hai aura viparIta darzana yA mithyADaSTi ke kAraNa rAga-dveSa kI prabala coToM kA zikAra banakara tAttvika sukha

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guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa se vaJcita rahatA hai| isI bhUmikA ko jainazAstra meM 'bahirAtmabhAva' kiMvA 'mithyAdarzana' kahA hai| isa bhUmikA meM jitane zrAtmA vartamAna hote haiM, una sabhI kI AdhyAtmika sthiti eka sI nahIM hotii| arthAt saba ke Upara moha kI sAmAnyataH donoM zaktiyoM kA Adhipatya hone para bhI usameM thor3A-bahuta taratama bhAva avazya hotA hai / kisI para moha kA prabhAva gAr3hatama, kisI para gAr3hatara aura kisI para usase bhI kama hotA hai| vikAsa karanA yaha prAyaH AtmA kA svabhAva hai| isalie jAnate yA anajAnate, jaba usa para moha kA prabhAva kama hone lagatA hai, taba vaha kucha vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho jAtA hai aura tIvratama rAgadveSa ko kucha manda karatA huA moha kI prathama zakti ko chinna-bhinna karane yogya Atmabala prakaTa kara letA hai / isI sthiti ko jainazAstra meM 'granthibheda' 1 kahA hai| __graMthibheda kA kArya bar3A hI viSama hai| rAga-dveSa kA tIvratama viSa-graMthi eka bAra zithila va chinna-bhinna ho jAe to phira ber3A pAra hI samajhie kyoMki isake bAda moha kI pradhAna zakti darzana moha ko zithila hone meM derI nahIM lagatI aura darzanamoha zithila huA ki cAritramoha kI zithilatA kA mArga Apa hI Apa khula jAtA hai| eka tarapha rAga-dveSa apane pUrNa bala kA prayoga karate haiM aura dUsarI tarapha vikAsonmukha aAtmA bhI unake prabhAva ko kama karane ke lie apane vIrya bala kA prayoga karatA hai| isa AdhyAtmika yuddha meM yAnI mAnasika vikAra aura AtmA kI pratidvandvitA meM kabhI eka to kabhI dUsarA jayalAbha karatA hai| aneka AtmA aise bhI hote haiM jo karIba-karIba graMthibheda karane lAyaka bala prakaTa karake bhI anta meM rAga-dveSa ke tIvra prahAroM se Ahata hokara va unase hAra khAkara apanI mUla sthiti meM A jAte haiM aura aneka bAra prayatna karane para bhI rAga-dveSa para jayalAbha nahIM krte| aneka AtmA aise bhI hote haiM, jo na to hAra khAkara pIche girate haiM aura na jayalAbha kara pAte haiM, kintu ve cirakAla taka usa AdhyAtmika yuddha ke maidAna meM hI par3e rahate haiN| koI-koI AtmA aisA bhI hotA 1 gaMThitti sudumbhezro kakkhaDaghaNarUDhagUDhagaMThi vv| jIvassa kammajaNizro ghaNarAgaddosapariNAmo // 1165 // bhinnammi tammi lAbho sammattAINa mokkhaheUNaM / : so ya dullabho parissamacittavighAyAivigghehiM // 1166 // . so tattha parissammaI ghoramahAsamaraniggayAi vva / vijjA ya siddhikAle jaha (bahuvigghA tathA sovi // 1167 // . ...--vizeSAvazyaka bhASya /

Page #616
266 jaina dharma aura darzana hai jo apanI zakti kA yathocita prayoga kara ke usa AdhyAtmika yuddha meM rAga-dveSa para jayalAbha kara hI letA hai| kisI bhI mAnasika vikAra kI pratidvandvitA meM ina tInoM avasthAtroM kA arthAt kabhI hAra khAkara pIche girane kA, kabhI pratispardhA meM DaTe rahane kA aura jayalAbha karane kA anubhava hame aksara nitya prati huA karatA hai / yahI saMgharSa kahalAtA hai| saMgharSa vikAsa kA kAraNa hai| cAhe vidyA, cAhe dhana, cAhe kIrti, koI bhI laukika vastu iSTa ho, usako prApta karate samaya bhI acAnaka aneka vighna upasthita hote haiM aura unakI pratidvandvitA meM ukta prakAra kI tInoM avasthAoM kA anubhava prAyaH sabako hotA rahatA hai| koI vidyArthI, koI dhanArthI yA koI kIrtikAGkSI jaba apane iSTa ke lie prayatna karatA hai taba yA to vaha bIca meM aneka kaThinAiyoM ko dekhakara prayatna ko chor3a hI detA hai yA kaThinAiyoM ko pArakara iSTa-prApti ke mArga kI ora asara hotA hai / jo agrasara hotA hai, vaha bar3A vidvAn , bar3A dhanavAn yA bar3A kIrtizAlI bana jAtA hai| jo kaThinAiyoM se Darakara pIche bhAgatA hai, vaha pAmara, ajJAna, nirdhana yA kIrtihIna banA rahatA hai| aura jo na kaThinAiyoM ko jIta sakatA hai aura na unase hAra mAnakara pIche bhAgatA hai, vaha sAdhAraNa sthiti meM hI par3A rahakara koI dhyAna khIMcane yogya utkarSa-lAbha nahIM karatA / isa bhAva ko samajhAne ke lie zAstra meM eka yaha dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai ki 1 jaha vA tinni maNussA, jaMtaDavipahaM sahAvagamaNeNaM / velAikkamabhIyA, turaMti pattA ya do corA // 1211 / / daTuM maggataDatthe te ego maggo paDiniyatto / bitiso gahiro taio, samaikkaMtuM puraM patto // 1212 / / aDavI bhavo maNUsA, jIvA kammaTTiI paho dIho / gaMThI ya bhayahANaM, rAgaddosA ya do corA / 1213 / / bhaggo ThiiparivuDDhI, gahiro puNa gaMThio go tiyo| sammattapuraM evaM joejjA tieiNa karaNANi / / 1214 // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya / yathA janAstrayaH ke'pi, mahApuraM yiyAsaH / / prAptAH kvacana kAntAre, sthAnaM cauraiH bhayaMkaram // 616 / / tatra drutaM drutaM yAnto, dadRzustakaradvayam / / tadRSTvA tvaritaM pazcAdeko bhItaH palAyitaH // 620 // gRhItazcAparastAbhyAmanyastvavagaNayya tau| bhayasthAnamatikramya, puraM prApa parAkramI / / 621 / /

Page #617
guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 267 tIna pravAsI kahIM jA rahe the| bIca meM bhayAnaka coroM ko dekhate hI tIma meM se eka to pIche bhAga gyaa| dUsarA una coroM se Dara kara nahIM bhAgA, kintu unake dvArA pakar3A gyaa| tIsarA to asAdhAraNa bala tathA kauzala se una coroM ko harAkara Age bar3ha hI gyaa| mAnasika vikAroM ke sAtha AdhyAtmika yuddha karane meM jo jaya-parAjaya hotA hai, usakA thor3A bahuta khayAla ukta dRSTAnta se A sakatA hai| prathama guNasthAna meM rahane vAle vikAsagAmI aise aneka prAtmA hote haiM, jo rAga-dveSa ke tIvratama vega ko thor3A sA dabAye hue hote haiM, para moha kI pradhAna zakti ko arthAt darzanamoha ko zithila kiye hue nahIM hote / isalie ve yadyapi AdhyAtmika lakSya ke sarvathA anukUlagAmI nahIM hote, to bhI unakA bodha va caritra anya avikasita AtmAoM kI apekSA acchA hI hotA hai| yadyapi aise AtmAoM kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi sarvathA Atmonmukha na hone ke kAraNa vastutaH mithyA dRSTi, viparIta raSTi yA asat dRSTi hI kahalAtI hai. tathApi vaha saddRSTi ke samIpa le jAnevAlI hone ke kAraNa upAdeya mAnI gaI hai| bodha, vIrya va cAritra ke tara-tama bhAva kI apekSA se usa asat dRSTi ke cAra bheda karake mithyA dRSTi guNasthAna kI antima avasthA kA zAstra meM acchA citra khIMcA gayA hai / ina cAra dRSTiyoM meM jo vartamAna hote haiM, unako saddRSTi lAbha karane meM phira derI nahIM lgtii| dRSTAntopanayazcAtra, janA jIvA bhavo'TavI / panthAH karmasthitimranthi dezastviha bhayAspadam / 622 / / rAgadveSau taskarau dvau tadbhIto valitastu saH / graMthiM prApyApi durbhAvAdyo jyeSThasthitibandhakaH / / 623 / / cauraruddhastu sa jJayastAga rAgAdibAdhitaH / graMthiM bhinanti yo naiva na cApi valate tataH / / 624 // sa tvabhISTapuraM prApto yo'pUrvakaraNAd drutam / rAgadveSAvapAkRtya samyagdarzanamAptavAn / / 625 // ' / -lokaprakAza sarga 3 1 'mithyAtve mandatAM prApte, mitrAdyA api dRssttyH| . mArgAbhimukhabhAvena, kurvate mokSayojanam // 31 // . -zrI yazovijayajI-kRta yogAvatAradvAtriMzika /

Page #618
218 : jaina dharma aura darzana .. sadbodha, savIrya va saccaritra ke tara-tama-bhAva kI apekSA se saddRSTi ke ' bhI, zAstra meM cAra vibhAga kiye haiM, jinameM mithyAdRSTi tyAgakara athavA moha kI eka yA donoM zaktiyoM ko jItakara Age bar3he hue sabhI vikasita AtmAoM kA samAveza hojAtA hai / athavA dUsare prakAra se yoM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki jisameM AtmA, kA svarUpa bhAsita ho aura usakI prApti ke lie mukhya pravRtti ho, vaha sadRSTi / isake viparIta jisameM AtmA kA svarUpa na to yathAvat bhAsita ho aura na usakI prApti ke lie hI pravRtti ho, vaha asahRSTi / bodha, vIrya va caritra ke tara-tamabhAva ko lakSya meM rakhakara zAstra meM donoM dRSTi ke cAra-cAra vibhAga kiye gaeM haiM, jinameM saba vikAsagAmI AtmAoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai aura jinakA varNana par3hane se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA citra A~khoM ke sAmane nAcane lagatA hai| .. zArIrika aura mAnasika duHkhoM kI saMvedanA ke kAraNa ajJAtarUpa meM hI girInadI-pASaNa 3 nyAya se jaba AtmA kA prAvaraNa kucha zithila hotA hai aura isake kAraNa usake anubhava tathA vIryollAsa kI mAtrA kucha bar3hatI hai, taba usa vikAsagAmI AtmA ke pariNAmoM kI zuddhi va komalatA kucha bar3hatI hai| jisakI badaulata 1-sacchraddhAsaMgato bodho dRSTiH sA cASTadhoditA / mitrA, tArA, balA, dIpA, sthirA, kAntA, prabhA, parA // 25 // tRNagomayakASThAgnikaNadIpaprabhopamA / ratnatArArkacaMdrAbhA krameNekSvAdisannibhA // 26 // AdyAzcatasraH sApAyapAtA mithyAhazAmiha / tattvato nirapAyAzca bhinngrNthestthottraaH||28|| -yogAvatAradvAtriMzikA / 2 isake lie dekhie, zrIharibhadrAsUri-kRta yogadRSTisamuccaya tathA upAdhyAya yazovijayajI-kRta 21 se 24 taka kI cAra dvAtriMzikAe~ / 3 yathApravRttakaraNaM nanvanAbhogarUpakam / / bhavatyanAbhogatazca kathaM . karmakSayo'GginAm / / 67 // yathA mitho gharSaNena graavaanno'drindiigtaaH| syuzcitrAkRtayo jJAnazUnyA api svabhAvataH // 608 / / tathA yathApravRttAtsyurapyanAbhogalakSaNAt / laghusthitikakarmANo jantavo'trAntare'tha ca / 606 / / -lokaprakAza, sarga 3 /

Page #619
guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 29 vaha rAgadveSa kI tIvratama-durbhada graMthi ko tor3ane kI yogyatA bahuta aMzoM meM prApta kara letA hai| isa ajJAnapUrvaka duHkhasaMvedanA-janita ati alpa Atma-zuddhi ko jainazAstra meM 'yathApravRttikaraNa, ' kahA hai| isake bAda jaba kucha aura bhI adhika zrAtma-zuddhi tathA vIryollAsa kI mAtrA bar3hatI hai taba rAgadveSa kI usa durbheda graMthi kA bhedana kiyA jAtA hai| isa graMthibhedakAraka Atma-zuddhi ko 'apUrvakaraNa kahate haiN| kyoMki aisA karaNa-pariNAma 3 vikAsagAmI AtmA ke lie apUrva* prathama hI prApta hai / isake bAda zrAtma-zuddhi va vIryollAsa kI mAtrA kucha adhika bar3hatI hai, taba AtmA moha kI pradhAnabhUta zakti-darzanamoha para avazya vijayalAbha karatA hai / isa vijayakAraka Atma-zuddhi ko jainazAstra meM 'anivRttikaraNa' 4 kahA hai, kyoMki usa Atma-zuddhi ke ho jAne para prAtmA darzanamoha para jayalAbha binA kiye nahIM rahatA, arthAt vaha pIche nahIM haTatA / ukta tIna prakAra kI prAtma 1 1 isako digambarasampradAya meM 'athApravRttakaraNa kahate haiN| isake lie dekhie, tattvArtha rAjavArtika 6. 1. 13. 2 tIvradhAraparyukalpA'pUkhyikaraNena hi / . AviSkRtya paraM vIyaM granthiM bhindanti kecana // 618 // --lokaprakAza, sarga 3 / 3 pariNAmavizeSo'tra karaNaM prANinAM matam / / 566 / / -lokaprakAza, sarga 3 / 4 "prathAnivRttikaraNenAtisvacchAzayAtmanA / karotyantarakaraNamantarmuhartasaMmitam // 627 // kRte ca tasminmithyAtvamohasthitirdvidhA bhavet / tatrAdyAntarakaraNAdadhastanyaparodhvaMgA // 28 // tatrAdyAyAM sthitau mithyAdRk sa tadda lavedanAt / atItAyAmathaitasyAM sthitAvantarmuhUrNataH // 626 // prApnotyantarakaraNaM tasyAdyakSaNa eva saH / samyaktvamaupazamikamapaudgalikamApnuyAt // 630 // yathA vanadavo dagdhendhanaH prApyAtRNaM sthalam / svayaM vidhyAyati tathA, mithyAtvogradavAnalaH // 631 // avApyAntarakaraNaM kSipraM vidhyAyati svayam / tadaupazamikaM nAma samyaktvaM labhate'sumAn // 632 / / -lokaprakAza, sarga3 /

Page #620
270 ... jaina dharma aura darzana zuddhiyoM meM dUsarI arthAt apUrvakaraNa-nAmaka zuddhi hI atyanya durlabha hai / kyoMki rAga-dveSa ke tIvratama vega ko rokane kA atyaMta kaThina kArya isI ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, jo sahaja nahIM hai| eka bAra isa kArya meM saphalatA prApta ho jAne para phira cAhe vikAsagAmI AtmA Upara kI kisI bhamikA se gira bhI par3e tathApi vaha punaH kabhI-na-kabhI apane lakSyako-AdhyAtmika pUrNa svarUpa ko prApta kara letA hai / isa AdhyAtmika paristhiti kA kucha spaSTIkaraNa anubhavagata vyAvahArika dRSTAMta ke dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ jaise; eka aisA vastra ho, jisameM mala ke atirikta cikanAhaTa bhI lagI ho / usakA mala Upara-Upara se dUra karanA utanA kaThina aura zrama-sAdhya nahIM, jitanA ki cikanAhaTa kA dUra krnaa| yadi cikanAhaTa eka bAra dUra ho jAe to phira bAkI kA mala nikAlane meM kiMvA kisI kAraNavaza phira se lage hue gardai ko dUra karane meM vizeSa zrama nahIM par3atA aura vastrako usake asalI svarUpa meM sahaja hI lAyA jA sakatA hai| Upara-Upara kA mala dUra karane meM jo bala darakAra hai, usake sadRza 'yathApravRtikaraNa' hai| cikanAhaTa dUra karanevAle vizeSa bala va zrama-ke samAna 'apUrvakaraNa' hai, jo cikanAhaTa ke samAna rAga-dveSa kI tIvratama graMthi ko zithila karatA hai| bAkI bace hue mala ko kiMvA cikanAhaTa dUra hone ke bAda phira se lage hue mala ko kama karanevAle bala-prayoga ke samAna 'anivRttikaraNa' hai| ukta tInoM prakAra ke bala-prayogoM meM cikanAhaTa dUra karanevAlA bala prayoga hI viziSTa hai / athavA jaise; kisI rAjA ne AtmarakSA ke lie apane aGgarakSakoM ko tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara rakhA ho, jinameM dUsarA vibhAga zeSa do vibhAgoM se adhika balavAn ho, taba usI ko jItane meM vizeSa bala lagAnA par3atA hai| vaise ho darzanamoha ko jItane ke pahale usake rakSaka rAga-dveSa ke tIvra saMskAroMko zithila karane ke lie vikAsagAmI AtmA ko tIna bAra bala-prayoga karanA par3atA hai| jinameM dUsarI bAra kiyA jAnevAlA bala-prayoga hI, jisake dvArA rAga-dveSa kI atyaMta tIvratArUpa graMthi bhedI jAtI hai, pradhAna hotA hai| jisa prakAra ukta tInoM daloM meM se balavAn dUsare aGgarakSaka dala ke jIta lie jAne para phira usa rAjA kA parAjaya sahaja hotA hai, isI prakAra rAga-dveSa kI atitIvratA ko miTA dene para darzana-moha para jayalAbha karanA sahaja hai| darzanamoha ko jItA aura pahale guNasthAna kI samApti huii| aisA hote hI vikAsagAmI AtmA svarUpa kA darzana kara letA hai arthAt usakI aba taka jo pararUpa meM svarUpa kI bhrAnti thI, vaha dUra ho jAtI hai|

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guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 271 ataeva usake prayatna kI gati ulaTI na hokara sIdhI ho jAtI hai / arthAt vaha vivekI banakara kartavya kartavya kA vAstavika vibhAga kara letA hai / isa dazA ko jaina - zAstra meM 'antarAtma bhAva' kahate haiM, kyoMki isa sthiti ko prApta karake vikAsagAmI AtmA apane andara vartamAna sUkSma aura sahaja zuddha paramAtma-bhAva ko dekhane lagatA hai, arthAt antarAtmabhAva, yaha zrAtma- mandira kA garbhadvAra hai, jisameM praviSTa hokara usa mandira meM vartamAna paramAtmA - bhAvarUpa nizcaya deva kA darzana kiyA jAtA hai / yaha dazA vikAsakrama kI caturthI bhUmikA kiMvA caturtha guNasthAna hai, jise pAkara AtmA pahale pahala prAdhyAtmika zAnti kA anubhava karatA hai / isa bhUmikA meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi yathArtha ( zrAtmasvarUponmukha ) hone ke kAraNa viparyAsa-rahita hotI hai / jisako jainazAstra meM samyaktva kahA ' hai / caturthI se kI arthAt paJcamI Adi saba bhUmikAe~ samyagdRSTivAlI hI samajhanI cAhie; kyoMki unameM uttarottara vikAsa tathA dRSTi kI zuddhi adhikAdhika hotI jAtI hai / caturtha guNasthAna meM svarUpa-darzana karane se AtmA ko apUrva zAnti milatI hai aura usako vizvAsa hotA hai ki aba merA sAdhya viSayaka bhrama dUra huA, arthAt atra taka jisa paudgalika va bAhya sukha ko maiM tarasa rahA thA, vaha pariNAma - virasa, sthira evaM parimita hai; pariNAma-sundara, sthira va aparimita sukha svarUpa prApti meM hI hai / taba vaha vikAsagAmI zrAtmA svarUpa- sthiti ke lie prayatna karane lagatA hai / moha kI pradhAna zakti - darzana moha ko zithila karake svarUpa-darzana kara lene ke bAda bhI, jaba taka usakI dUsarI zakti - cAritra moha ko zithila na kiyA jAe, taba taka svarUpa- lAbha kiMvA svarUpa sthiti nahIM ho sakatI / isalie vaha moha kI dUsarI zakti ko manda karane ke lie prayAsa karatA hai / jaba vaha usa zakti ko aMzataH zithila kara pAtA hai; taba usakI aura bhI utkrAnti ho jAtI hai / jisameM zraMzataH svarUpa- sthiratA yA parapariNati tyAga hone se caturtha bhUmikA kI apekSA adhika zAnti-lAbha hotA hai / yaha dezavirati - nAmaka pA~cavA~ guNasthAna hai / isa guNasthAna meM vikAsagAmI AtmA ko yaha vicAra hone lagatA hai ki yadi alpa-virati se hI itanA adhika zAnti-lAbha huA to phira sarva-virati -- 1 'jinoktAdaviparyastA samyagdRSTirnigadyate / samyaktvazAlinAM sA syAttaccaivaM jAyate'GginAm ||566 // - lokaprakAza, sarga 3 |

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272 - jaina dharma aura darzana jar3a bhAvoM ke sarvathA parihAra se kitanA zAnti-lAbha hogA? isa vicAra se prerita hokara va prApta AdhyAtmika zAnti ke anubhava se balavAn hokara vaha vikAsagAmI AtmA cAritramoha ko adhikAMza meM zithila karake pahale kI apekSA bhI adhika svarUpa-sthiratA va svarUpa-lAbha prApta karane kI ceSTA karatA hai / isa ceSTA meM kRtakRtya hote hI use sarva-virati saMyama prApta hotA hai / jisameM paudgalika bhAvoM para mUrchA bilakula nahIM rahatI, aura usakA sArA samaya svarUpa kI abhivyakti karane ke kAma meM hI kharca hotA hai / yaha 'sarvavirati' nAmaka SaSTha guNasthAna hai / isameM Atma-kalyANa ke atirikta loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA aura tadanukUla pravRtti bhI hotI hai / jisase kabhI-kabhI thor3I bahuta mAtrA meM pramAda A jAtA hai| pA~caveM guNasthAna kI apekSA, isa chaThe guNasthAna meM svarUpa abhivyakti adhika hone ke kAraNa yadyapi vikAsagAmI AtmA ko zrAdhyAtmika zAnti pahale se adhika hI milatI hai tathApi bIca-bIca meM aneka pramAda use zAnti ke anubhava meM jo bAdhA pahuMcAte haiM, usako vaha sahana nahIM kara sktaa| ataeva sarva-viratijanita zAnti ke sAtha apramAda-janita viziSTa zAnti kA anubhava karane kI prabala lAlasA se prerita hokara vaha vikAsagAmI AtmA pramAda kA tyAga karatA hai aura svarUpa kI abhivyakti ke anukUla manana-cintana ke sivAya anya saba vyApAroM kA tyAga kara detA hai / yahI 'apramatta-saMyata' nAmaka sAtavA~ guNasthAna hai| isameM eka ora apramAda-janya utkaTa sukha kA anubhava AtmA ko usa sthiti meM 'bane, rahane ke lie untejita karatA hai aura dUsarI ora pramAda-janya pUrva vAsanAe~ use apanI ora khIMcatI haiN| isa khIMcAtAnI meM vikAsagAmI zrAtmA kamI pramAda kI tandrA aura kabhI apramAda kI jAgRti arthAt chaThe aura sAtaveM guNasthAna meM aneka bAra jAtA-yAtA rahatA hai / bha~vara yA vAtabhramI meM par3A huA tinakA idhara se udhara aura udhara se idhara jisa prakAra calAyamAna hotA rahatA hai, usI prakAra chaThe aura sAtaveM guNasthAna ke samaya vikAsagAmI aAtmA anavasthita bana jAtA hai| . pramAda ke sAtha hone vAle isa aAntarikta yuddha ke samaya vikAsagAmI yAtmA yadi apanA cAritra-bala vizeSa prakAzita karatA hai to phira vaha pramAdoM-pralobhanoM ko pAra kara vizeSa apramanta-avasthA prApta kara letA hai / isa avasthA ko pAkara vaha aisI zakti vRddhi kI taiyArI karatA hai ki jisase zeSa rahe-sahe moha-bala ko naSTa kiyA jA sake / moha ke sAtha hone vAle bhAvI yuddha ke lie kI jAne vAlI taiyArI kI isa bhUmikA ko AThavA~ guNasthAna kahate haiN|

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guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 273 pahale kabhI na huI aisI zrAtma-zuddhi isa guNasthAna meM ho jAtI hai| jisa se koI vikAsagAmI zrAtmA to moha ke saMskAroM ke prabhAva ko kramazaH dabAtA huA Age bar3hatA hai tathA anta meM use bilakula hI upazAnta kara detA hai| aura viziSTa Atma-zuddhi vAlA koI dUsarA vyakti aisA bhI hotA hai, jo moha ke saMskAroM ko kramazaH jar3a mUla se ukhAr3atA huA Age bar3hatA hai tathA anta meM una saba saMskAroM ko sarvathA nirmUla hI kara DAlatA hai| isa prakAra AThaveM guNasthAna se Age bar3hane vAle arthAt antarAtma-bhAva ke vikAsa dvArA paramAtmabhAva rUpa sarvopari bhUmikA ke nikaTa pahu~cane vAle aAtmA do zreNiyoM meM vibhakta ho jAte haiN| ___ eka zreNivAle to aise hote haiM, jo moha ko eka bAra sarvathA dabA to lete haiM, use nirmUla nahIM kara pAte / ataeva jisa prakAra kisI bartana meM bharI huI bhApa kabhI-kabhI apane vega se usa bartana ko ur3A le bhAgatI hai yA nIce girA detI hai athavA jisa prakAra rAkha ke nIce dabI huI agni havA kA jhakorA lagate hI apanA kArya karane lagatI hai, kiMvA jisa prakAra jala ke tala meM baiThA huaA mala thor3A sA kSobha pAte hI Upara uThakara jala ko gaiMdalA kara detA hai, usI prakAra pahale dabAyA huA bhI moha Antarika yuddha meM thake hue una prathama zreNI vAle AtmAoM ko apane vega ke dvArA nIce paTaka detA hai| eka bAra sarvathA dabAye jAne para bhI moha, jisa bhUmikA se prAtmAH ko hAra dilAkara nIce kI ora paTaka detA hai, vahI gyArahavA~ guNasthAna hai| moha ko kramazaH dabAte-dabAte sarvathA dabAne taka meM uttarottara adhika-adhika vizuddhivAlI do bhamikAe~ avazya prApta karanI par3atI haiN| jo nauvA~ tathA dasavA~ guNasthAna kahalAtA hai / gyArahavA~ guNasthAna adhaHpatana kA sthAna hai; kyoMki use pAnevAlA AtmA Age na bar3hakara eka bAra to avazya nIce giratA hai| . dUsarI zreNivAle zrAtmA moha ko kramazaH nirmUla karate-karate anta meM use sarvathA nimUla kara hI DAlate haiM / sarvathA nimUla karane kI jo ucca bhUmikA hai, vahIM bArahavA~ guNasthAna hai / 'isa guNasthAna ko pAne taka meM arthAt moha ko sarvathA nimla karane se pahale bIca meM nauvA~ aura davasA~ guNasthAna prApta karanA par3atA hai| isI prakAra dekhA jAe to cAhe pahalI zreNivAle hoM, cAhe dUsarI zreNivAle, para ve saba nauvA~ dasavA~ guNasthAna prApta karate hI haiN| donoM zreNi baloM meM antara itanA hI hotA hai ki prathama zreNivAloM kI apekSA dasarI zroNavAloM meM Atma-zuddhi va Atma-bala viziSTa prakAra kA pAyA jAtA hai| jaise -kisI eka darje ke vidyArthI bhI do prakAra ke hote haiN| eka prakAra ke to

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274 jaina dharma aura darzana aise hote haiM, jo sau koziza karane para bhI eka bAragI apanI parIkSA meM pAsa hokara Age nahIM bar3ha skte| para dUsare prakAra ke vidyArthI apanI yogyatA ke bala se saba kaThinAIyoM ko pArakara usa kaThinatama parIkSA ko bedhar3aka pAsa kara hI lete haiN| una donoM dala ke isa antara kA kAraNa unakI aAntarika yogyatA kI nyUnAdhikatA hai| vaise hI nauveM tathA dasaveM gaNasthAna ko prApta karanevAle ukta donoM zreNigAmI AtmAoM kI AdhyAtmika vizuddhi nyUnAdhika hotI hai / jisake kAraNa eka zreNivAle to dasaveM guNasthAna ko pAkara aMta meM gyArahave guNasthAna meM moha se hAra khAkara nIce girate haiM aura anya zreNivAle dasaveM guNasthAna ko pAkara itanA adhika prAtmabala prakaTa karate haiM ki anta meM ve moha ko sarvathA kSINa kara bArahaveM guNasthAna ko prApta kara hI lete haiN| jaise gyArahavA~ guNasthAna avazya punarAvRttikA hai, vaise hI bArahavA~ guNasthAna apunarAvRtti kA hai| arthAt gyArahaveM guNasthAna ko pAnevAlA aAtmA eka bAra usase avazya giratA hai aura bArahaveM guNasthAna ko pAnevAlA usase kadApi nahIM giratA; balki Upara ko hI car3hatA hai| kisI eka parIkSA meM nahIM pAsa honevAle vidyArthI jisa prakAra parizrama va ekAgratA se yogyatA bar3hAkara phira usa parIkSAko pAsa kara lete haiM; usI prakAra eka bAra moha se hAra khAnevAle AtmA bhI apramatta-bhAva va Atma-bala kI adhikatA se phira moha ko avazya kSINa kara dete haiN| ukta donoM zreNivAle AtmAoM kI tara-tamabhAvApanna AdhyAtmika vizuddhi mAnoM paramAtma-bhAva-rUpa sarvocca bhUmikApara car3hane kI do sIDhiyA~ haiN| jinameM se eka ko jainazAstra meM 'upazamazreNi' aura dUsarI ko 'kSapakazreNi' kahA hai / pahalI kucha dUra car3hAkara girAnevAlI aura dUsarI car3hAnevAlI hI hai| pahalI zreNi se giranevAlA AdhyAtmika adhaHpatana ke dvArA cAhe prathama guNasthAna taka kyoM na calA jAe, para usakI vaha adhaHpatita sthiti kAyama nahIM rhtii| kabhI-na-kabhI phira vaha dUne bala se aura dUnI sAvadhAnI se taiyAra hokara moha-zatru kA sAmanA karatA hai aura anta meM dUsarI zreNi kI yogyatA prApta kara moha kA sarvathA kSaya kara DAlatA hai| vyavahAra meM arthAt Adhibhautika kSetra meM bhI yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki jo eka bAra hAra khAtA hai, vaha pUrI taiyArI karake harAnevAle zatru ko phira se harA sakatA hai / , paramAtma-bhAva kA svarAjya prApta karane meM mukhya bAdhaka moha hI hai| jisako naSTa karanA antarAtma-bhAva ke viziSTa vikAsa para nirbhara hai| moha kA sarvathA nAza huA ki anya AvaraNa jo jainazAstra meM 'ghAtikarma' kahalAte haiM, ve pradhAna senApati ke mAre jAne ke bAda anugAmI sainikoM kI taraha eka sAtha titara-bitara

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guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 275 ho jAte haiM / phira kyA derI, vikAsagAmI AtmA turanta hI paramAtma-bhAva kA pUrNa AdhyAtmika svarAjya pAkara arthAt saccidAnanda svarUpa ko pUrNatayA vyakta karake niratizaya jJAna, cAritra Adi kA lAbha karatA hai tathA anirvacanIya svAbhAvika sukha kA anubhava karatA hai| jaise, pUrNimA kI rAta meM nirabhra candra kI sampUrNa kalAe~ prakAzamAna hotI haiM, vaise hI usa samaya AtmA kI cetanA Adisa bhI mukhya zaktiyA~ pUrNa vikasita ho jAtI haiM / isa bhUmikA ko jainazAstra meM terahavA~ guNasthAna kahate haiN| - isa guNasthAna meM cirakAla taka rahane ke bAda AtmA dagdha rajju ke samAna zeSa AvaraNoM ko arthAt apradhAnabhUta aghAtikarmoM ko ur3Akara pheMka dene ke lie sUkSmakriyApratipAti zukladhyAnarUpa pavana kA Azrama lekara mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika vyApAroM ko sarvathA roka detA hai / yahI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parAkASThA kiMvA caudahavA~ guNasthAna hai / isameM prAtmA samucchinnakriyApratipAti zukladhyAnadvArA sumeru kI taraha niSprakampa sthiti ko prApta karake anta meM zarIratyAga-pUrvaka vyavahAra aura paramArtha dRSTi se lokottara sthAna ko prApta karatA hai / yahI nirguNa brahmasthiti' hai, yahI sarvAGgINa pUrNatA hai, yahI pUrNa kRtakRtyatA hai, yahI parama puruSArtha kI antima siddhi hai aura yahI apunarAvRtti-sthAna hai| kyoMki saMsAra kA eka mAtra kAraNa moha hai, jisake saba saMskAroM kA nizzeSa nAza ho jAne ke kAraNa aba upAdhikA saMbhava nahIM hai| yaha kathA huI pahale se caudahaveM guNasthAna taka ke bAraha guNasthAnoM kI isameM dUsare aura tIsare guNasthAna kI kathA, jo chUTa gaI hai, vaha yoM hai--samyaktva kiMvA tattvajJAnavAlI Upara kI caturthI Adi bhUmikAoM ke rAjamArga se cyuta hokara jaba koI AtmA tattvajJAna-zUnya kiMvA mithyAdRSTivAlI prathama bhUmikA ke unmArga kI ora jhukatA hai, taba bIca meM usa adhaHpatanonmukha aAtmA kI jo kucha avasthA hotI hai vahI dUsarA guNasthAna hai / yadyapi isa guNasthAna meM prathama guNasthAna kI apekSA Atma-zuddhi avazya kucha adhika hotI hai, isalie isakA nambara pahale ke bAda rakhA gayA hai, phira bhI yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki 1 'yogasaMnyAsatastyAgI, yogAnapyakhilaoNstyajet / ityevaM nirguNaM brahma, paroktamupapadyate // 7 // vastutastu guNaiH pUrNamanantairbhAsate svtH| rUpaM vyaktAtmanaH sAdhornirabhrasya vidhoriva // 8 // -zAnasAra, tyAgASTaka /

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276 jaina dharma aura darzana isa guNasthAna ko utkrAnti sthAna nahIM kaha skte| kyoMki prathama guNasthAna ko chor3akara utkrAnti karanevAlA zrAtmA isa dUsare sthAna ko sIdhe taura se prApta nahIM kara sakatA, kintu Upara ke guNasthAna se giranevAlA hI AtmA isakA adhikArI banatA hai / adhaHpatana moha ke udreka se hotA hai / ataeva isa guNasthAna ke samaya moha kI tIvra kASAyika zakti kA avirbhAva pAyA jAtA hai| khIra Adi miSTa bhojana karane ke bAda jaba vamana ho jAtA hai, taba mukha meM eka prakAra kA vilakSaNa svAda arthAt na atimadhura na ati amla jaisA pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra dUsare guNasthAna ke samaya AdhyAtmika sthiti vilakSaNa pAI jAtI hai / kyoMki usa samaya zrAtmA na to tattva-jJAna kI nizcita bhUmikA para hai aura na tattva-jJAnazUnya kI nizcita bhUmikA para / athavA jaise koI vyakti car3hane kI sIr3hiyoM se khisaka kara jaba taka jamInapara Akara nahIM Thahara jAtA, taba taka bIca meM eka vilakSaNa avasthA kA anubhava karatA hai, vaise hI samyaktva se girakara mithyAtva ko pAne taka meM arthAt bIca meM AtmA eka vilakSaNa prAdhyAtmika avasthA kA anubhava karatA hai / yaha bAta hamAre isa vyAvahArika anubhava se bhI prasiddha hai ki jaba kisI nizcita unnata avasthA se girakara koI nizcita avanata avasthA prApta kI jAtI hai, taba bIca meM eka vilakSaNa paristhiti khar3I hotI hai / tIsarA guNasthAna zrAtmA kI usa mizrita avasthA kA nAma hai, jisameM na to kevala samyak dRSTi hotI hai aura na kevala mithyA dRSTi, kintu zrAtmA usameM dolAyamAna adhyAtmika sthitivAlA bana jAtA hai / zrataeva usakI buddhi svAdhIna na hone ke kAraNa sandehazIla hotI hai arthAt usake sAmane jo kucha AyA, vaha saba saca / na to vaha tattva ko ekAnta tattvarUpa se hI jAnatI hai aura na tattvatattva kA vAstavika pUrNa viveka hI kara sakatI hai / koI utkrAnti karanevAlA AtmA prathama guNasthAna se nikalakara sIdhe hI tIsare guNasthAna ko prApta kara sakatA hai aura koI vakrAnti karanevAlA zrAtmA bhI caturtha Adi guNasthAna se girakara tIsare guNasthAna ko prApta kara sakatA hai / isa prakAra utkrAnti karanevAle aura zravakrAnti karanevAle- donoM prakAra ke AtmAoM kA zrAzraya-sthAna tIsarA guNasthAna hai / yahI tIsare guNasthAna kI dUsare guNasthAna se vizeSatA hai / Upara AtmA kI jina caudaha avasthAoM kA vicAra kiyA hai, unakA tathA unake antargata avAntara saMkhyAtIta avasthAoM kA bahuta saMkSepa meM vargIkaraNa karake zAstra meM zarIradhArI AtmA kI sirpha tIna avasthAe~ batalAI haiM-- bahirAtmaavasthA, (2) antarAtma-vasthA aura (3) paramAtma-avasthA /

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guNasthAna kA vizeSa svarUpa 277 pahalI avasthA meM AtmA kA vAstavika-vizuddha rUpa atyanta Acchanna rahatA hai, jisake kAraNa AtmA mithyAdhyAsavAlA hokara paudgalika vilAsoM ko hI sarvasva mAna letA hai aura unhIM kI prApti ke lie sampUrNa zakti kA vyaya karatA hai / dUsaro avasthA meM zrAtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa pUrNatayA to prakaTa nahIM hotA, para usake Upara kA AvaraNa gAr3ha na hokara zithila, zithilatara, zithilatama bana jAtA hai, jisake kAraNa usakI dRSTi paudgalika vilAsoM kI ora se haTakara zuddha svarUpa kI ora laga jAtI hai| isI se usakI dRSTi meM zarIra Adi kI jIrNatA va navInatA apanI jIrNatA va navInatA nahIM hai| yaha dUsarI avasthA hI tIsarI avasthA kA dRr3ha sopAna hai| tIsarI avasthA meM AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa prakaTa ho jAtA hai arthAt usake Upara ke ghane AvaraNa bilakula vilIna ho jAte haiM / ___ pahalA, dUsarA aura tIsarA guNasthAna bahirAtma-avasthA kA citraNa hai| cauthe se bArahave taka ke guNasthAna antarAtma-avasthA kA digdarzana hai aura terahavA, caudahavA~ guNasthAna paramAtma-avasthA kA varNana ' hai| __AtmA kA svabhAva jJAnamaya hai, isalie vaha cAhe kisI guNasthAna meM kyoM na ho, para dhyAna se kadApi mukta nahIM rhtaa| dhyAna ke sAmAnya rIti se (1) zubha aura (2) azubha, aise do vibhAga aura vizeSa rIti se (1)Arta, . (2) raudra, ( 3 ) dharma aura (4) zukla, aise cAra vibhAga zAstra meM kiye 1 'anye tu mithyAdarzanAdibhAvapariNato bAhyAtmA, samyagdarzanAdipariNatastvantarAtmA, kevalajJAnAdipariNatastu prmaatmaa| tatrAdyaguNasthAnatraye bAhyAtmA, tataH / paraM kSINamohaguNasthAnaM yAvadantarAtmA, tataH parantu paramAtmeti / tathA vyaktyA bAhyAtmA, zaktyA paramAtmAntarAtmA ca / vyaktyAntarAtmA tu zaktyA paramAtmA anubhUtapUrvanayena ca bAhyAtmA; vyaktyA paramAtmA anubhUtapUrvanayenaiva bAhyAtmAntarAtmA ca / ' -adhyAtmamataparIkSA, gAthA 125 / 'bAhyAtmA cAntarAtmA ca, paramAtmeti ca trayaH / kAyAdhiSThAyakadhyeyAH, prasiddhA yogavAGmaye // 17 // anye bhithyaatvsmyktvkevljnyaanbhaaginH|| mizre ca kSINamohe ca, vizrAntAste tvayogini // 18 // ' -yogAvatAradvAtriMzikA / 2 'ArtaraudradharmazuklAni / ' tattvArtha-adhyAya 6, sUtra 26 /

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278 jaina dharma aura darzana gae haiN| cAra meM se pahale do azubha aura pichale do zubha haiM / paudgalika dRSTi kI mukhyatA ke kiMvA Atma-vismRti ke samaya jo dhyAna hotA hai, vaha azubha aura paudgalika dRSTi kI gauNatA va AtmAnusandhAna-dazA meM jo dhyAna hotA hai, vaha zubha hai / azubha dhyAna saMsAra kA kAraNa aura zubha dhyAna mokSa kA kAraNa hai| pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM Arta aura raudra, ye do dhyAna hI tara-tama-bhAva se pAe jAte haiN| cauthe aura pA~caveM gaNasthAna meM Ukta do dhyAnoM ke atirikta samyaktva ke prabhAva se dharmadhyAna bhI hotA hai| chaThe gaNasthAna meM Arta aura dharma, ye do dhyAna hote haiN| sAtaveM guNasthAna meM sirpha dharmadhyAna hotA hai / AThaveM se bArahaveM taka pA~ca guNasthAnoM meM dharma aura zukla, ye do dhyAna hote haiM / . terahaveM aura caudahaveM guNasthAna meM sirpha zukladhyAna hotA hai| guNasthAnoM meM pAe jAnevAle dhyAnoM ke ukta varNana se tathA guNasthAnoM meM kiye hue bahirAtma-bhAva Adi pUrvokta vibhAga se pratyeka manuSya yaha sAmAnyatayA jAna sakatA hai ki maiM kisa guNasthAna kA adhikArI huuN| aisA jJAna, yogya adhikArI kI naisargika mahattvAkAAMkSA ko Upara ke guNasthAnoM ke lie uttejita karatA hai| darzanAntara ke sAtha jainadarzana kA sAmya ___ jo darzana, Astika arthAt AtmA, usakA punarjanma, usakI vikAsazIlatA tathA mokSa-yogyatA mAnanevAle haiM, una sabhI meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM AtmA ke kramika vikAsa kA vicAra pAyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai / ataeva AryAvartta ke jaina, vaidika aura bauddha, ina tInoM prAcIna darzanoM meM ukta prakAra kA vicAra pAyA jAtA hai| yaha vicAra jainadarzana meM gaNasthAna ke nAma se, vaidika darzana meM bhUmikAtroM ke nAma se aura bauddhadarzana meM avasthAoM ke nAma se prasiddha hai| guNasthAna kA vicAra, jaisA jainadarzana meM sUkSma tathA vistRta hai, vaisA anya darzanoM meM nahIM hai, to bhI ukta tInoM darzanoM kI usa vicAra ke saMbandha meM bahuta-kucha samatA hai / arthAt saMketa, varNanazailI Adi kI bhinnatA hone para bhI vastutattva ke viSaya meM tInoM darzanoM kA bheda nahIM ke barAbara hI hai| vaidikadarzana ke yogavAsiSTha, pAtaJjala yoga Adi granthoM meM AtmA kI bhamikAoM kA acchA vicAra hai / 1 isake lie dekhiye, tattvArtha a0 6, sUtra 35 se 40 / dhyAnazataka, gA0, 63 aura 64 tathA Avazyaka-hAribhadrI TIkA pR0 602 / isa viSaya meM tattvArtha ke ukta sUtroM kA rAjavArtika vizeSa dekhane yogya hai, kyoMki usameM zvetAmbaragraMthoM se thor3A sA matabheda hai|

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276 AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI tulanA jainazAstra meM mithyAdRSTi yA bahirAtmA ke nAma se ajJAnI jIva kA lakSaNa batalAyA hai ki jo anAtmA meM arthAt Atma-bhinna jar3atattva meM Atma-buddhi karatA hai, vaha mithyAdRSTi yA bahirAtmA ' hai / yoga-vAsiSTha meM 2 tathA pAtaJjalayoga sUtra 3 meM ajJAnI jIva kA vahI lakSaNa hai| jainazAstra meM mithyAtvamoha kA saMsAra-buddhi aura duHkharUpa phala varNita hai 4 / vahI bAta yogavAsiSTha ke 1 'tatra mithyAdarzanodayavazIkRto mithyAdRSTiH / ' -tattvArtha rAjavAttika 6, 1, 12 / 'AtmadhiyA samupAttakAyAdiH kIyate'tra bahirAtmA / kAyAdeH samadhiSThAyako bhavatyantarAtmA tu // 7 // ' -yogazAstra, prakAza 12 / 'nirmalasphaTikasyeva sahaja rUpamAtmanaH / adhyastopAdhisaMbaddho jaDastatra vimuhyati // 6 // -jJAnasAra, mohASTaka / 'nityazucyAtmatAkhyAtiranityAzucyanAtmasu / avidyA tattvadhIvidyA yogAcAryaiH prakIrtitA // 1 // ' - jJAnasAra vidyASTaka / 'bhramavATI bahiSTibhraMmacchAyA tadIkSaNam / / abhrAntastattvadRSTistu, nAsyAM zete sukhA''zayA // 2 // -jJAnasAra, tattvadRSTi-aSTaka / 2 'yasyA'jJAnAtmano zasya, deha evAtmabhAvanA / uditeti ruSavAkSaripavo'bhibhavanti tam // 3 // ' - nirvANa prakaraNa; pUrvArdha sarga 6 / 3 'anityA'zuciduHkhA'nAtmasu nityazucisukhAtmakhyAtiravidyA / ' -pAtaJjalayogasUtra, sAdhana-pAda, sUtra 5 / 4 'samudAyAvayavayorbandhahetutvaM vAkyaparisamAptervaicitryAt / ' - tattvArtha-rAjavArtika 6,1, 31 / 'vikalpacaSakairAtmA, pItamohAsavo hyayam / bhavoccatAlamuttAlaprapaJcamadhitiSThati // 5 // -jJAnasAra, mohASTaka /

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280 ... jaina dharma aura darzana nirvANa' prakaraNa meM ajJAna ke phalarUpa se kahI gaI hai| (2) yoga-vAsiSTha nirvANa prakaraNa pUrvArdhameM avidyA se tRSNA aura tRSNA se duHkha kA anubhava tathA vidyA se avidyA kA 2 nAza, yaha krama jaisA varNita hai, vahI krama jainazAstra meM mithyAjJAna aura samyak jJAna ke nirUpaNadvArA jagaha-jagaha varNita hai| (3) yogavAsiSTha ke ukta prakaraNa meM 3 hI jo avidyA kA vidyA se aura vidyA kA vicAra se nAza batalAyA hai, vaha jainazAstra meM mAne hue matijJAna Adi kSAyopazamikajJAna se mithyAjJAna ke nAza aura kSAyikajJAna se kSAyopazamika jJAna ke nAza ke samAna hai| (4) jainazAstra meM mukhyatayA moha ko hI bandha kA-saMsAra kA hetu mAnA hai| yogavAsiSTha 4 meM vahI bAta rUpAntara se kahI gaI hai| usameM jo dRzya ke astitva ko bandha kA kAraNa kahA hai; usakA 1. 'ajJAnAtprasRtA ysmaajjgtprnnprmpraaH| yasmiMstiSThanti rAjante, vizanti vilasanti ca // 53 // ' 'ApAtamAtramadhuratvamanarthasattvamAdyantavattvamakhilasthitibhaGgarasvam / ajJAnazAkhina iti prasRtAni rAma nAnAkRtIni vipulAni phalAni tAni'' // 61 // pUrvArddha, sarga 6, 2. 'janmaparvAhinA randhrA vinAzacchidracaJcurA / bhogAbhogarasApUrNA, vicAraikaghuNakSatA // 11 // ' sarga 8 / 3. 'mithaHsvAnte tayorantazchAyAtapanayoriva / avidyAyAM vilInAyAM kSINe dve eva kalpane // 23 // ete rAghava lIyete, avApyaM pariziSyate / avidyAsaMkSayAt kSINo vidyApakSo'pi rAghava // 24 // sarga hai| 4. 'avidyA saMsativandho, mAyA moho mahattamaH / kalpitAnIti nAmAni, yasyAH sakalavedibhiH // 20 // ' 'dRSTudrazyasya sattA'Ggabandha ityabhidhIyate / draSTA dRzyabalAbaddho, dRzyA'bhAve vimucyate // 22 // ' -utpatti-prakaraNa, sarga 1 / 'tasmAcittavikalpasthapizAco bAlakaM yathA / vinihantyevameSAntardRSTAraM dRzyarUpikA // 38 // ' --utpatti pra0 sarga 3 /

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AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI tulanA 281 tAtparya dRzyake abhimAna yA adhyAsa se hai / (5) jaise, jainazAstra meM granthibheda kA varNana hai vaise hI yogavAsiSTha meM ' bhI hai| (6) vaidika granthoM kA yaha varNana ki brahma, mAyA ke saMsarga se saMkalpa-vikalpAtmaka aindrajAlika sRSTi racatA hai; tathA sthAvarajaGgamAtmaka jagat kA kalpa ke anta meM nAza hotA hai 2, ityAdi bAtoM kI saMgati jainazAstra ke anusAra isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai----zrAtmA kA avyavahAra-rAzi se vyavahArarAzi meM AnA brahma kA jIvatva dhAraNa karanA hai| kramazaH sUkSma tathA sthUla mana ke dvArA saMjJitva prApta karake kalpanAjAla meM AtmA kA vicaraNa karanA saMkalpa-vikalpAsmaka aindrajAlika sRSTi hai| zuddha prAtma-svarUpa vyakta hone para sAMsArika paryAyoM kA nAza honA hI kalpa ke anta meM sthAvarajaMgamAtmaka jagat kA nAza hai zrAtmA apanI sattA bhalakara jar3a-sattAko svasattA mAnatA hai, jo ahaMsva-mamasva bhAvanA rUpa moha kA udaya aura bandha kA kAraNa hai / vahI ahaMsva-mamadhya bhAvanA vaidika varNana-zailI ke anusAra bandhahetubhUta dRzya sattA hai| utpatti, vRddhi, vikAza, svarga, naraka Adi jo jIva kI avasthAe~ vaidika granthoM meM varNita haiM, ve hI jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra vyavahAra-rAzi-gata jIva ke paryAya haiN| (7) yogavAsiSTha meM 4 svarUpa sthiti ko jJAnI kA aura svarUpa 1. zaptirhi granthivicchedastasmin sati hi muktatA / mRgatRSNAmbubuddhayAdizAntimAtrAtmakastvasau // 23 // ' -utpatti-prakaraNa, sarga 118 2. 'tatsvayaM svairamevAzu, saMkalpayati nityazaH / tenetthamindrajAlazrIrvitateyaM vitanyate // 16 // 'yadidaM dRzyate sarva jagatsthAvarajaGgamam / / tatsuSuptAviva svapnaH, kalpAnte pravinazyati / / 10 // ' -utpatti-prakaraNa, sarga 1 / sa tathAbhata evAtmA, svayamanya ivollasan / jIvatAmupayAtIva, bhAvinAmrA kadarthitAm // 13 // ' 3. utpadyate yo jagati, sa eva kila vardhate / sa eva mokSamApnoti, svarga vA narakaM ca vA // 7 // " utpatti-prakaraNa, sarga 1 / 4. 'svarUpAvasthitirmuktistabhraMzo'hatvavedanam / . etat saMkSepataH proktaM tajjJatvAzatvalakSaNam / / 5 / / -utpatti-prakaraNa, sarga 117 /

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282 jaina dharma aura darzana bhraMza ko azAnI kA lakSaNa mAnA hai| jainazAstra meM bhI samyak jJAna kA aura mithyAdRSTi kA kramazaH vahI svarUpa ' batalAyA hai| (8) yogavAsiSTha meM 2 jo samyak jJAna kA lakSaNa hai, vaha jainazAstra ke anukUla hai| (8) jainazAstra meM samyak darzana kI prApti, (1) svabhAva aura (2) bAhya nimitta, ina do prakAra se batalAI hai| yogavAsiSTha meM bhI jJAna prApti kA vaisA hI krama sUcita kiyA hai| (10) jainazAstra ke caudaha guNasthAnoM ke sthAna meM caudaha bhUmikAoM kA varNana yogavAsiSTha meM bahuta rucikara va vistRta hai / sAta bhUmikAe~ jJAna kI aura 1. 'ahaM mameti mantro'yaM, mohasya jagadAnthyakRt / ayameva hi nApUrvaH, pratimantro'pi mohajit // 1 // -jJAnasAra, mohASTaka / svabhAvalAbhasaMskArakAraNaM jJAnamiSyate / dhyAndhyamAtramatasvanyattathA coktaM mahAtmanA // 3 // ' -jJAnasAra, jJAnASTaka / 2. 'anAdyantAvabhAsAsmA, paramAtmeha vidyate / ityeko nizcayaH sphAraH samyagjJAnaM vidurbudhAH // 2 // ' __ - upazama-prakaraNa, sarga 76 / 3 'tannisargAdadhigamAd vA / ' -tattvArtha-a0 1, sU0 3 / 4 'ekastAvadguruproktAdanuSThAnAcchanaiH zanaiH / janmanA janmabhirvApi siddhidaH samudAhRtaH / / 3 / / dvitIyastvAtmanaivAzu, kiMcidvyutpannacetasA / bhavati jJAnasaMprAptirAkAzaphalapAtavat // 4 // ' -upazama-prakaraNa, sarga 71 5 'ajJAnabhUH saptapadA, jJabhUH saptapadaiva hi / padAntarANyasaMkhyAni, bhavantyanyAnyathaitayoH / / 2 / / tatrAropitamajJAnaM tasya bhUmIrimAH zRNu / bIjajAgrattathAjAgrat, mahAjAgrattathaiva ca // 11 // jAgratsvapnastathA svapnaH, svapnajAgratsuSuptakam / iti saptavidho mohaH, punareva parasparam / 12 / / zliSTo bhavatyanekAkhyaH zRNu lakSaNamasya ca / prathame cetanaM yatsyAdanAkhyaM nirmalaM citaH // 13 //

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AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI tulanA 203 sAta ajJAna kI batalAI huI haiM, jo jaina-paribhASA ke anusAra kramazaH mithyAtva kI aura samyaktvakI avasthA kI sUcaka haiN| (11) yogavAsiSTha meM tattvajJa, bhaviSyaccittajIvAdinAmazabdArthabhAjanam / bIjarUpaM sthitaM jAgrat , bIjajAgrattaducyate // 14 // eSA zapternavAvasthA, tvaM jAgratsaMsRtiM shRnnu| navaprasUtasya parAdayaM cAhamidaM mama // 15 // iti yaH pratyayaH svasthastajjAgratprAgabhAvanAt / ayaM so'hamidaM tanma iti janmAntaroditaH // 16 // pIvaraH pratyayaH prokto, mahAjAgraditi sphuTam / arUDhamathavA rUDhaM sarvathA tanmayAtmakam / / 17 / / yajjAgrato manorAjyaM jAgratsvapnaH sa ucyate / dvicandrazuktikArUpyamRgatRSNAdibhedataH // 18 // abhyAsAtprApya jAgrattvaM, svapno'nekavidho bhavet / alpakAlaM mayA dRSTaM, evaM no satyamityapi // 16 // nidrAkAlAnubhUte'rthe, nidrAnte pratyayo hi yH| / sa svapnaH kathitastasya, mahAjAgrasthiteha~di // 20 // cirasaMdarzanAbhAvAdapraphullabRhad vpuH| svapno jAgrattayArUDho, mahAjAgratpadaM gataH // 21 // akSate vA kSate dehe, svapnajAgranmataM hi tat / SaDavasthAparityAge, jaDA jIvasya yA sthitiH // 22 // bhaviSyaduHkhabodhADhyA, sauSuptI socyate gtiH| ete tasyAmavasthAyAM tRNaloSThazilAdayaH // 23 // padArthAH saMsthitAH sarve, paramANupramANinaH / sasAvasthA iti proktA, mayA'jJAnasya rAghava // 24 // ' utpatti-prakaraNa sarga 117 // 'jJAnabhUmiH zubhecchAkhyA, prathamA samudAhRtA / vivAraNa dvitIyA tu, tRtIyA tanumAnasA // 5 // sattvApattizcaturthI syAttato saMsaktinAmikA / padArthAbhAvanI SaSThI, saptamI turyagA smRtA // 6 // AsAmante sthitA muktistasyAM bhUyo na zocyate / etAsAM bhUmikAnAM tvamidaM nirvacanaM zRNu // 7 //

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284 jainadharma aura darzana samadRSTi, pUrNAzaya aura mukta puruSa kA jo varNana hai, vaha jaina- saMketAnusAra caturtha zrAdi guNasthAnoM meM sthita AtmA ko lAgU par3atA hai / jainazAstra meM jo jJAna kA mahattva varNita hai, vahI yogavAsiSTha meM prajJAmAhAtmya ke nAma se sthitaH kiM mUDha evAsmi, prekSye'haM zAstrasajjanaiH / vairAgyapUrvamiccheti, zubhecchetyucyate budhaiH ||8|| zAstrasajjanasaMparka-vairAgyAbhyAsapUrvakam / sadAcArapravRttiryA, procyate sA vicAraNA // 6 // vicAraNAzubhecchAbhyAmindriyArtheSvasaktatA / yatra sA tanutAbhAvAtprocyate tanumAnasA ||10|| bhUmikA tritayAbhyAsAccitte'rthe viratervazAt / satyAtmani sthitiH zuddhe, sattvApattirudAhRtA // 11 // dazAcatuSTayAbhyAsAdasaMsargaphalena ca / rUDhasattvacamatkArAtproktA saMsaktinAmikA // 12 // bhUmikApaJcakAbhyAsAtsvAtmArAmatayA dRDham / AbhyantarANAM bAhyAnAM padArthAnAmabhAvanAt // 13 // paraprayuktena ciraM prayatnenArthabhAvanAt / padArthAbhAvanA nAmnI, SaSThI saMjAyate gatiH // 14 // bhUmiSaTkacirAbhyAsAdbhedasyAnupalambhataH / yatsvabhAvaikaniSThatvaM sA jJeyA turyagA gatiH ||15||' utpatti-prakaraNa, sarga 118 / 1 yoga0 nirvANa- pra0, sarga 170; nirvANa pra0 u, sarga 116 | yoga0 sthiti prakaraNa, sarga 75; nirvANa- pra0 sa0 166 / 2 'jAgarti jJAnadRSTizcetta SNA kRSNA'hijAGgulI / pUrNAnandasya tatkiM syAddanyavRzcikavedanA || 4 || ' jJAnasAra, pUrNatASTaka | 'asti ced granthibhid jJAnaM kiM citraistantrayantraNaiH / pradIpAH kvopayujyante, tamoghnI dRSTireva cet // 6 // mithyAtvazailapakSa cchid, jJAnadambholizobhitaH / nirbhayaH zakravadyogI, nandatyAnandanandane ||7|| pIyUSamasamudrotthaM, rasAyanamanauSadham / zrananyApekSamaizvaryaM jJAnamAhurmanISiNaH // 8 // jJAnasAra, jJAnASTaka |

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AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI tulanA 'saMsAre nivasan svArthasajjaH kajjalavezmani / lipyate nikhilo loko jJAnasiddho na lipyate // 1 // nAhaM pudgalabhAvAnAM karttA kArayitA ca na / nAnumantApi cetyAtmajJAnavAn lipyate katham // 2 // lipyate pudgalaskandho na lipye pudgalairaham / citravyomAJjaneneva, dhyAyanniti na lipyate / 3 / liptatAjJAnasaMpAtapratighAtAya kevalam / nirlepajJAnamanasya, kriyA sarvopayujyate ||4|| tapaH zrutAdinA mattaH kriyAvAnapi lipyate / bhAvanAjJAnasaMpanno niSkriyo'pi na lipyate ||5|| 'chindanti jJAnadAtreNa, spRhAviSalatAM budhAH / mukhazoSaM ca mUrcchA ca, dainyaM yacchati yatphalam ||3||' 'mitho yuktapadArthAnAmasaMkramacamatkriyA / cinmAtra pariNAmena, viduSaivAnubhUyate // 7 // vidyAtimiradhvaMse, dRzA vidyAJjanaspRzA / pazyanti paramAtmAnamAtmanyeva hi yoginaH ||8|| 'bhavasaukhyena kiM bhUribhayajvalanabhasmanAM / sadA bhayojjhitaM jJAnasukhameva viziSyate // 2 // na gopyaM kvApi nAropyaM heyaM deyaM ca na kvacit / kva bhayena muneH stheyaM jJa eyaM jJAnena pazyataH || 3|| ekaM brahmAstramAdAya, nighnanmohacamUM muniH / vibheti naiva saMgrAmazIrSastha iva nAgarAT // 4 // mayUrI jJAnadRSTizvetprasarpati manovane / veSTanaM bhayasarpANAM na tadA''nandacandane ||5|| kRtamohAstra vaiphalyaM, jJAnavarma bibharti yaH / kva bhIstasya kva vA bhaGgaH, karmasaMgarakeliSu ||6|| tUlavallaghavo mUDhA bhramantyabhre bhayAnilaiH / naikaM romApi tairjJAnagariSThAnAM tu kampate // 7 // jJAnasAra, nirlepASTaka | 285 jJAnasAra, niHspRhASTaka / jJAnasAra, vidyASTaka |

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286 . jaina dharma aura darzana ullikhita hai / cice pariNataM yasya, cAritramakutobhayam / akhaNDajJAnarAjyasya, tasya sAdhoH kuto bhayam / / 8 / / jJAnasAra, nirbhyaassttk| 'adRSTArthe tu dhAvantaH, zAstradIpaM vinA jaDAH / prApnuvanti paraM khedaM praskhalantaH pade pade // 5 // 'ajJAnAhimahAmantraM svAcchandyajvaralaMghanam / dharmArAmasudhAkulyAM zAstramAhumaharSayaH // 7 // zAstroktAcArakartA ca, zAstrajJaH zAstradezakaH / zAstrakadRg mahAyogI, prApnoti paramaM padam // 8 // ' jJAnasAra, zAstrASTaka / "jJAnameva budhAH prAhuH, karmaNAM tApanAttapaH / tadAbhyantarameveSTaM bAhyaM tadupabRMhakam / / 1 / / zrAnusrotasikI vRttirbAlAnAM sukhazIlatA / prAtisrotasikI vRttirjJAninAM paramaM tapaH // 2 // sadupAyapravRttAnAmupeyamadhuratvataH / jJAninAM nityamAnandavRddhireva tapasvinAm // 4 // ' jJAnasAra, tapoSTaka / 1 'na tadgurorna zAstrArthAnna puNyAtprApyate padam / yatsAdhusaGgAbhyuditAdvicAravizadAddhRdaH // 17 // sundA nijayA buddhayA, prajJa yeva vayasyayA / padamAsAdyate rAma, na nAma kriyayA'nyayA // 18 // yasyojjvalati tIkSNAgrA, puurvaaprvicaarinnii| prajJAdIpazikhA jAtu, jADyAndhyaM taM na bAdhate // 16 / / duruttarA yA vipado duHkhkllolsNkulaaH| tIryate prajJayA tAbhyo nAvA'padbhyo mahAmate // 20 // prajJAvirahitaM mUDhamApadalyApi bAdhate / pelavAcAnilakalA sArahInamivolapam / 21 // "prajJAvAnasaho'pi kAryAntamadhigacchati / duSprajJaH kAryamAsAdya, pradhAnamapi nazyati // 23 // zAstrasajjanasaMsargaH prajJAM pUrva vivadhayet / sekasaMrakSaNArambhaiH phalaprAptau latAmivaH // 24 //

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prAdhyAmika vikAsa kI tulanA prajJAbalabRhanmUlaH, kAle satkAryapAdapaH / phalaM phalatyatisvAdu bhAsombimivaindavam ||25| ya eva yatnaH kriyate, bAhyArthopArjane janaiH / sa eva yatnaH kartavyaH pUrvaM prajJAvivardhane // 26 // sImAntaM sarvaduH khAnAmApadAM kozamuttamam / bIjaM saMsAravRkSANAM prajJAmAndyaM vinAzayet ||27|| svargAdyadyacca pAtAlAdrAjyAdyatsamavApyate / tatsamAsAdyate sarvaM prajJAkozAnmahAtmanA ||28|| prajJayottIryate bhImAttasmAtsaMsArasAgarAt / na dAnairna ca vA tIrthaistapasA na ca rAghava // 26 // yatprAptAH saMpadaM daivImapi bhUmicarA narAH / prajJApuNyalatAyAstatphalaM svAdu samutthitam ||30|| prajJayA nakharAlUnamattavAraNayUthapAH / jambukairvijitAH siMhA, siMhairhariNakA iva ||31|| sAmAnyairapi bhUpatvaM prApta prajJAvAnnaraiH / svargApavargayogyatvaM prAjJasyaiveha dRzyate ||32|| prajJayA vAdinaH sarve svavikalpavilAsinaH / jayanti subhaTaprakhyAnnarAnapyatibhIravaH ||33|| cintAmaNiriyaM prajJA hRtkozasthA vivekinaH / phalaM kalpalatevaiSA, cintitaM samprayacchati // 34 // bhavyastarati saMsAraM prajJayApohyate'dhamaH / zikSitaH pAramApnoti, nAvA nApnotyazikSitaH ||35|| dhIH samyagyojitA pAramasamyagyojitA''padam / naraM nayati saMsAre, bhramantI naurivArNave ||36|| vivekinamasaMmUDhaM prAjJamAzAgaNotthitAH / doSA na paribAdhante, sannaddhamiva sAyakAH ||37|| prajJayeha jagatsarvaM samyagevAGga dRzyate / samyagdarzanamAyAnti, nApado na ca saMpadaH ||38|| pidhAnaM paramArkasya, jaDAtmA vitatossitaH / kArAmbudo mattaH, prajJAvAtena bAdhyate // 36 // " 287 upazama-pra0, prajJAmAhAtmya /

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288 jaina dharma aura darzana yogasaMbandhI vicAra guNasthAna aura yoga ke vicAra meM antara kyA hai ? guNasthAna ke kiMvA ajJAna va jJAna-kI bhamikAoM ke varNana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki prAtmA kA prAdhyAsmika vikAsa kisa krama se hotA hai aura yoga ke varNana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mokSa kA sAdhana kyA hai ? arthAt guNasthAna meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama kA vicAra mukhya hai aura yoga meM mokSa ke sAdhana kA vicAra mukhya hai| isa prakAra donoM kA mukhya pratipAdya tattva bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI eka ke vicAra meM dUsare kI chAyA avazya A jAtI hai, kyoMki koI bhI pAramA mokSa ke antimaanantara yA avyavahita - sAdhana ko prathama hI prApta nahIM kara sakatA, kintu vikAsa ke kramAnusAra untarottara sambhavita sAdhanoM ko sopAna-paramparA kI taraha prApta karatA huA anta meM carama sAdhana ko prApta kara letA hai / ataeva yoga ke-mokSasAdhanaviSayaka vicAra meM zrAdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama kI chAyA A hI jAtI hai| isI taraha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kisa krama se hotA hai, isakA vicAra karate samaya AtmA ke zuddha, zuddhatara, zuddhatama pariNAma, jo mokSa ke sAdhanabhUta haiM, unakI chAyA bhI A hI jAtI hai / isalie guNasthAna ke varNana-prasaMga meM yoga kA svarUpa saMkSepa meM dikhA denA aprAsaGgika nahIM hai| yoga kise kahate haiM ?-AmA kA dharma-vyApAra mokSa kA mukhya hetu arthAt upAdAnakAraNa tathA binA vilamba se phala denevAlA ho, use yoga ' kahate haiM / aisA vyApAra praNidhAna Adi zubha bhAva yA zubhabhAvapUrvaka kI jAnevAlI kriyA 2 hai| pAtaJjaladazana meM citta kI vRttiyoM ke nirodhakoM yoga 3 kahA hai| usakA bhI vahI matalaba hai, arthAt aisA nirodha mokSa kA mukhya kAraNa hai, kyoMki usake sAtha kAraNa aura kArya-rUpa se zubha bhAva kA avazya saMbaMdha hotA hai / 1 'mokSeNa yojanAdeva, yogo hyatra nirucyate / lakSaNaM tena tanmukhyahetuvyApAratAsya tu // 1 // ' -yogalakSaNa dvAtriMzikA / 2 'praNidhAnaM pravRttizca, tathA vighnjystridhaa| siddhizca viniyogazca, ete karmazubhAzayAH // 10 // ' 'etairAzayayogaistu, vinA dharmAya na kriyA / pratyuta pratyapAyAya, lobhakrodhakriyA tathA // 16 // " -yogalakSaNadvAtriMzikA / 3 'yogshcittvRttinirodhH|---paatnyjlsuutr, pA0 1, sU0 2 /

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yoga vicAraNA 16 yoga kA Arambha kaba se hotA hai ? AtmA anAdi kAla se janma-mRtyu ke pravAha meM par3A hai aura usameM nAnA prakAra ke vyApAroM ko karatA rahatA hai / isalie yaha prazna paidA hotA hai ki usake vyApAra ko kaba se yogasvarUpa mAnA jAe ? isakA uttara zAstra meM ' yaha diyA gayA hai ki jaba taka AtmA mithyAtva se vyApta buddhivAlA, ataeva diGmUDha kI taraha ulTI dizA meM gati karanevAlA arthAt AsthA - lakSya se bhraSTa ho, taba taka usakA vyApAra praNidhAna Adi zubha yoga rahita hone ke kAraNa yoga nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isake viparIta jaba se mithyAtva kA timira kama hone ke kAraNa AtmA kI bhrAnti miTane lagatI hai aura usakI gati sIdhI arthAt sanmArga ke zrabhimukha ho jAtI hai, tabhI se usake vyApAra ko praNidhAna yadi zubha bhAva sahita hone ke kAraNa 'yoga' saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki AtmA ke anAdi sAMsArika kAla ke do hisse ho jAte haiN| eka caramapudgalaparAvartta aura dUsarA carama pudgala parvata kahA jAtA hai ! carama pudgalaparArvata anAdi sAMsArika kAla kA AkhirI aura bahuta choTA aMza 2 hai / acaramapudgalaparAvartta usakA bahuta bar3A bhAga hai; kyoMki caramapudgalaparAvarta ko bAda karake anAdi sAMsArika kAla, jo anaMtakAlacakra - parimANa hai, vaha saba carama pudgalaparAvarta kahalAtA hai / AtmA kA sAMsArika kAla, jaba caramapudgalaparAvarta-parimANa bAkI rahatA hai, taba usake Upara se mithyAtvamoha kA AvaraNa haTane lagatA hai / ataeva usake pariNAma nirmala hone lagate haiM / aura kriyA bhI nirmala bhAvapUrvaka hotI hai / aisI kriyA se bhAva-zuddhi aura bhI bar3hatI hai / isa prakAra uttarottara bhAva-zuddhi bar3hate jAne ke kAraNa carama pudgalaparAvartakAlIna dharma-vyApAra ko yoga kahA hai / acarama pudgalaparAvarta kAlIna vyApAra na to zubha- bhAvapUrvaka hotA hai aura na zubha-bhAva kA kAraNa hI hotA hai / isalie 1 'mukhyatvaM cAMtaraGgatvAtphalAkSepAcca darzitam / carame pudgalAvarte yata etasya saMbhavaH || 2 || na sanmArgAbhimukhyaM syAdAvarteSu pareSu tu / mithyAtvAcchannabuddhInAM diGmUDhAnAmivAGginAm ||3|| 2 caramAvartino jantoH, siddherAsannatA dhruvam / bhUyAMso'mI vyatikrAntAsteSveko bindurambudhau // 28 // 286 -- yogalakSaNadvAtriMzikA | -muktyadveSaprAdhAnyadvAtriMzikA |

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260 jaina dharma aura darzana vaha paramparA se bhI mokSa ke anukUla na hone ke sababa se yoga nahIM kahA jaataa| pAtaJjaladarzana meM bhI anAdi sAMsArika kAla ke nivRttAdhikAra prakRti aura aura anivRttAdhikAra prakRti isa prakAra do bheda batalAe haiM, jo jaina zAstra ke carama aura acarama-pudgalaparAvarta ke samAnArthaka ' haiM / yoga ke bheda aura unakA AdhAra jainazAstra 2 meM (1) adhyAtma, (2) bhAvanA, (3) dhyAna, (4) samatA aura (5) vRttisaMkSaya, aise pA~ca bheda yoga ke kiye haiN| pAtaJjaladarzana meM yoga ke (1) samprajJAta aura (2) asamprajJAta, aise do bheda 3 haiM / jo mokSa kA sAkSAtavyavahita kAraNa ho arthAt jisake prApta hone ke bAda turaMta hI mokSa ho, vahI yathArtha meM yoga kahA jA sakatA hai| aisA yoga jainazAstra ke saMketAnusAra vRttisaMkSaya aura pAtaJjaladarzana ke saMketAnusAra asamprajJAta hI hai| ataeva yaha prazna hotA hai ki yoga ke jo itane bheda kiye jAte haiM, unakA AdhAra kyA hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki alabattA vRttisaMkSaya kiMvA asamprajJAta hI mokSa kA sAkSAt kAraNa hone se vAstava meM yoga hai / tathApi vaha yoga kisI vikAsagAmI AtmA ko pahale hI pahala prApta nahIM hotA, kiMtu isake pahale vikAsa-krama ke anusAra aise aneka prAMtarika dharma-vyApara karane par3ate haiM, jo uttarottara vikAsa ko bar3hAnevAle aura aMta meM usa vAstavika yoga taka pahu~cAnevAle hote haiM / ve saba dharma-vyApAra yoga ke kAraNa hone se arthAt vRttisaMkSaya yA asamprajJAta yoga ke sAkSAt kiMvA paramparA se hetu hone se yoga kahe jAte haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki yoga ke bhedoM kA zrAdhAra vikAsa kA krama hai| yadi vikAsa kramika na hokara eka hI bAra pUrNatayA prApta ho jAtA to yoga ke bheda nahIM kiye jAte / ataeva vRttisaMkSaya jo mokSa kA sAkSAt kAraNa hai, usako pradhAna yoga samajhanA cAhie aura usake pahale ke jo aneka dharma-vyApAra yogakoTi meM gine jAte haiM, ve pradhAna yoga ke kAraNa hone se yoga kahe jAte haiM / ina saba vyApAroM kI samaSTi ko pAtaJjaladarzana meM samprajJAta 1 yojanAdyoga ityukto mokSeNa munisatamaiH / sa nivRttAdhikArAyAM prakRtau lezato dhruvaH // 14 // -apunarbandhadvAtriMzikA / 2 'adhyAtma bhAvanA dhyAnaM, samatA vRttisNkssyH| yogaH paJcavidhaH prokto, yogmaargvishaardaiH||1|| -yogabhedadvAtriMzikA / 3 dekhie, pAda 1, sUtra 17 aura 18 /

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guNasthAna aura yoga 261 kahA hai aura jaina zAstra meM zuddhi ke tara-tama bhAvAnusAra usa samaSTi ke adhyAtma di cAra bheda kiye haiM / vRttisaMkSaya ke prati sAkSAt kiMvA paraMparA se kAraNa honevAle vyApAroM ko jaba yoga kahA gayA, taba yaha prazna paidA hotA hai ki ve pUrvabhAvI vyApAra kaba se lene cAhie / kintu isakA uttara pahale hI diyA gayA hai ki carama pudgalaparAvartakAla se jo vyApAra kiye jAte haiM, ve hI yoga koTi meM gine jAne cAhie / isakA sababa yaha hai ki sahakArI nimitta milate hI, ve saba vyApAra mokSa ke anukUla arthAt dharma vyApAra ho jAte haiM / isake viparIta kitane hI sahakArI kAraNa kyoM na mileM, para carama pudgalaparAvartakAlIna vyApAra moda ke anukUla nahIM hote / yoga ke upAya aura guNasthAnoM meM yogAvatAra I pAtaJjaladarzana meM (1) abhyAsa aura ( 2 ) vairAgya, ye do batalAye hue haiM / usameM vairAgya bhI para apara rUpa se do prakAra yoga kA kAraNa hone se vairAgya ko yoga mAnakara jaina zAstra meM tAttvika dharmasaMnyAsa aura para vairAgya ko tAttvika dharmasaMnyAsa jainazAstra meM yoga kA prArambha pUrva sevA se mAnA gayA hai / pUrvasevA se adhyAtma, adhyAtma se bhAvanA, bhAvanA se dhyAna tathA samatA, dhyAna tathA samatA se vRttisaMkSaya aura vRttisaMkSaya se mokSa prApta hotA hai / isalie vRttisaMkSaya hI mukhya yoga hai aura pUrva sevA se lekara samatA paryanta sabhI dharma-vyApAra sAkSAt kiMvA paraMparA se yoga ke upAyamAtra* haiM / punarbandhaka, jo mithyAtva ko tyAgane ke lie I 3. 'pUrva sevA tu yogasya, gurudevAdipUjanam / sadAcAra tapo muktyadveSazceti prakIrtitAH // 1 // ' 1. dekhiye, pAda 1, sUtra 12, 15 ra 16 / 2. 'viSayadoSadarzanajanitabhayAt dharmasaMnyAsalakSaNaM prathamam, sa tattvacintayA viSayaudAsInyena janitaM dvitIyApUrvakaraNa bhAvitAttvikadharmasaMnyAsalakSaNaM dvitIyaM vairAgyaM yatra kSAyopazamikA dharmA api kSIyante kSAyikA zcotpadyanta ityasmAkaM siddhAntaH / ' zrIyazovijayajI kRta pAtaJjala - darzanavRtti, pAda 10, sUtra 16 / 4. ' upAyatve'tra pUrveSAmantya evAvaziSyate / tatpaJcamaguNasthAnAdupAyo'rvAgiti sthitiH ||31| upAya yoga ke kahA gayA hai ' | apara - vairAgya ko yoga kahA hai / kA -- pUrvasevAdvAtriMzikA | - yogabhedadvAtriMzikA /

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jaina dharma aura darzana tatpara aura samyaktva-prApti ke abhimukha hotA hai, usako pUrvasevA tAttvikarUpa se hotI hai aura sakRdvandhaka, dvirbandhaka Adi ko pUrvasevA atAttvika hotI hai| adhyAtma aura bhAvanA apunarbandhaka tathA samyagdRSTi ko vyavahAra-naya se. tAttvika aura deza-virati tathA sarva-virati ko nizcaya naya se tAttvika hote haiM / apramatta, sarvavirati Adi guNasthAnoM meM dhyAna tathA samatA uttarottara tAttvikarUpa se hote haiM / vRttisaMkSaya terahaveM aura caudahaveM guNasthAna meM hotA hai / samprAjJatayoga adhyAtma se lekara dhyAna paryanta ke cAroM bhedasvarUpa hai aura asamprajJAtayoga vRttisaMkSayarUpa hai / isalie cauthe se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka meM samprajJAtayoga aura terahaveM caudahaveM guNasthAna meM asamprajJAtayoga samajhanA cAhie / pUrvasevA Adi zabdoM kI vyAkhyA 1. guru, deva Adi pUjyavarga kA pUjana, sadAcAra, tapa aura mukti ke prati adveSa, yaha 'pUrvasevA' kahalAtI hai| 2. ucita pravRttirUpa aNuvrata-mahAvrata yukta hokara maitrI aAdi bhAvanApUrvaka jo zAstrAnusAra tattva-ciMtana karanA, vaha - 1. 'zuklapakSenduvatprAyo vardhamAnaguNaH smRtaH / bhavAbhinandadoSANAmapunarbandhako vyaye // 1 // asyaiva pUrvasevoktA, mukhyA'nyasyopacArataH / asyAvasthAntaraM mArgapatitAbhimukhau punaH // 2 // . -apunarbandhakadvAtriMzikA / 'apunarbandhakasyAyaM vyavahAreNa tAttvikaH adhyAtmabhAvanArUponizcayenottarasya tu // 14 // sakRdAvartanAdInAmatAttvika udaahRtH| pratyapAyaphalaprAyastathA veSAdimAtrataH / / 15 / / zuddhayapekSA yathAyogaM cAritravata eva ca / hanta dhyAnAdiko yogastAttvikaH pravijRmbhate / / 16 / / ' -yogvivekdvaatriNshikaa| 2. 'saMprajJAto'vatarati, dhyAnabhede'tra tttvtH| tAttvikI ca samApattiAtmano bhAvyatAM vinA ||15 // 'asamprajJAtanAmA tu, saMmato vRttisaMzayaH / / sarvato'smAdakaraNa niyamaH pApagocaraH / / 21 // ' -yogAvatArAzikA /

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pUrvasevA Adi 263 'adhyAtma' hai / 3. adhyAtma kA buddhisaMgata adhikAdhika abhyAsa hI bhAvanA'2 hai| 4. anya viSaya ke saMcAra se rahita jo kisI eka viSaya kA dhArAvAhI prazasta sUkSmabodha ho, vaha 'dhyAna' 3 hai| 5 avidyA se kalpita jo aniSTa vastue~ haiM, unameM vivekapUrvaka tattva-buddhi karanA arthAt iSTatva aniSTatva kI bhAvanA chor3akara upekSA dhAraNa karanA 'samatA' 4 hai / 6. mana aura zarIra ke saMyoga se utpanna honevAlI vikalparUpa tathA ceSTArUpa vRtiyoM kA nirmUla nAza karanA 'vRtisaMkSaya' 5 hai| upAdhyAya zrI yazovijayajI ne apanI pAtaJjalasatravRtti meM vRttisaMkSaya zabda kI ukta vyAkhyA kI apekSA adhika vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai| usameM vRtti kA arthAt karmasaMyoga kI yogyatA kA saMkSaya-hrAsa, jo pranthimeda se zurU hokara caudahaveM guNasthAna meM samApta hotA hai, usI ko vRttisaMkSaya kahA hai aura zukladhyAna ke pahale do bhedoM meM samprajJAta kA tathA antima do bhedoM meM asamprajJAta kA samAveza kiyA hai| 1. 'aucityAdvatayuktasya, vacanAttattvacintanam / ____ maitryAdibhAvasaMyuktamadhyAtmaM tadvido viduH // 2 // -yogabhedadvAtriMzikA / 2. 'abhyAso vRddhimAnasya, bhAvanA buddhisNgtH|| nivRttirazubhAbhyAsAdbhAvavRddhizca tatphalam // 6 // ' -yogabhedadvAtriMzikA / 3. 'upayoge vijAtIyapratyayAvyavadhAnabhAk / zubhaikapratyayo dhyAnaM sUkSmAbhogasamanvitam // 11 // ' -yogbheddvaatriNshikaa| 4. 'vyavahArakudRSTayoccairiSTAniSTeSu vastuSu / kalpiteSu vivekena, tattvadhIH samatocyate / / 22 / / -yogabhedadvAtriMzikA / 5. 'vikalyaspandarUpANAM vRttInAmanyajanmanAm / apunarbhAvato rodhaH, procyate vRttisaMkSayaH // 25 // . -yogbheddvaatriNshikaa| 6 'dvividho'pyayamadhyAtmabhAvanAdhyAnasamatAvRttisaMkSayabhedena paJcadhoktasya yogasya paJcamabhede'vatarati' ityAdi / --pAda 1, sU0 18 /

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raha4 jaina dharma aura darzana yogajanya vibhUtiyA~ yoga se honevAlI jJAna, manobala, vacanabala, zarIrabala Adi saMbaMdhinI aneka vibhUtiyoM kA varNana pAtaJjaladarzana meM ' hai| jainazAstra meM vaikriyalabdhi, AhArakalabdhi, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAya-jJAna Adi siddhiyA~ 2 varNita haiM, so yoga kA hI phala haiN| bauddha mantavya ___ bauddhadarzana meM bhI AtmA kI saMsAra, mokSa Adi avasthAe~ mAnI huI haiN| isalie usameM AdhyAtmika kramika vikAsa kA varNana honA svAbhAvika hai| svarUponmukha hone kI sthiti se lekara svarUpa kI parAkASThA prApta kara lene taka kI sthiti kA varNana bauddha-graMthoM meM 3 hai, jo pA~ca vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| inake nAma isa prakAra haiM-1. dharmAnusArI, 2. sotApanna, 3. sakadAgAmI, 4. anAgAmI aura 5. arhaa| [1] inameM se 'dharmAnusArI' yA 'zraddhAnusArI' vaha kahalAtA hai, jo nirvANamArga ke arthAt mokSamAga ke abhimukha ho, para use prApta na huA ho| isI ko jainazAtra meM 'mArgAnusArI' kahA hai aura usake paiMtIsa guNa batalAe hai / [2] mokSamAga ko prApta kiye hue aAtmAoM ke vikAsa kI nyUnAdhikatA ke kAraNa sotApanna aAdi cAra vibhAga haiM / jo AtmA avinipAta, dharmaniyata aura sambodhiparAyaNa ho, usako 'sotApanna' kahate haiN| sotApanna aAtmA sAtaveM janma meM avazya nirvANa pAtA hai| [3] 'sakadAgAmI' use kahate haiM, jo eka hI bAra isa loka meM janma grahaNa karake mokSa jAnevAlA ho| [4] jo isa loka meM janma grahaNa na karake brahma loka se sIdhe hI mokSa jAnevAlA ho, vaha 'anAgAmI' kahalAtA hai| [5] jo.sampUrNa zrAsravoM kA kSaya karake kRtakArya ho jAtA hai, use 'arahA' 5 kahate hai| dharmAnusArI Adi ukta pA~ca avasthAoM kA varNana majjhimanikAya meM bahuta 1 dekhie, tIsarA vibhuutipaad| 2 dekhie, Avazyaka niyukti, gA066 aura 70 / 3 dekhie, pro0 si0 vi0 rAjavAr3e-sampAdita marAThIbhASAntarita majjhimanikAya sU06, pe0 2, sU0 22, pe0 15, sU0 34, pe0 4, sU0 48 pe0 10 / 4 dekhie, zrIhemacandrAcArya-kRta yogazAstra, prakAza 1 / 5 dekhie, pro. rAjavADe-saMpAdita marAThIbhASAntarita dIghanikAya, pR0 176 ttippnnii|

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bauddha mantavya 265 spaSTa kiyA huA hai / usameM varNana kiyA hai ki tatkAlajAta vatsa, kucha bar3A kintu durbala vatsa, praur3ha vatsa, hala meM jotane lAyaka balavAn baila aura pUrNa vRSabha jisa prakAra uttarottara alpa- alpa zrama se gaGgA nadI ke tirache pravAha ko pAra kara lete haiM, vaise hI dharmAnusArI Adi ukta pA~ca prakAra ke ke vega ko uttarottara alpa zrama se jIta sakate haiM AtmA bhI mAra -- kAma / 2 bauddha-zAstra meM dasa saMyojanAe~ --- baMdhana varNita haiN| inameM se pA~ca 'raMbhAgIya' aura pA~ca 'uDr3haMbhAgIya' kahI jAtI haiN| pahalI tIna saMyojanAtroM kA kSaya ho jAne para sotApanna avasthA prApta hotI hai / isake bAda rAga, dva eSa aura moha zithila hone se sakadAgAmI avasthA prApta hotI hai / pA~ca AraMbhAgIya saMyojanAoM kA nAza honepara aupapattika anAvRttidharmA kiMvA anAgAmI avasthA prApta hotI hai aura dasoM saMyojanAoM kA nAza ho jAne para rahA pada milatA hai / yaha varNana jainazAstra-gata karma prakRtiyoM ke kSaya ke varNana - jaisA hai / sotApanna yadi ukta cAra avasthAoM kA vicAra cauthe se lekara caudahaveM taka ke guNasthAnoM ke vicAroM se milatA-julatA hai athavA yoM kahie ki ukta cAra avasthAe~ caturtha Adi guNasthAnoM kA saMkSepamAtra haiM / jaise jaina-zAstra meM labdhikA tathA yogadarzana meM yogavibhUti kA varNana hai, vaise bauddha zAstra meM bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa - kAlIna siddhiyoM kA varNana hai, jinako usameM 'abhijJA' kahate haiM / aisI abhijJAe~ chaha haiM, jinameM pA~ca laukika aura eka lokottara kahI gayI hai| 3 4 bauddha-zAstra meM bodhisatva kA jo lakSaNa hai, vahI jaina zAstra ke anusAra samyadRSTi kA lakSaNa hai / jo samyagdRSTi hotA hai, vaha yadi gRhastha ke Arambha samArambha 1. dekhie, pR0 156 / 2. (1) sakkAyadihi, (2) vicikacchA, (3) sIlabbata parAmAsa, (4) kAmarAga, (5) paTIgha, (6) rUparAga, (7) zrarUparAga, (8) mAna, (6) uddhacca aura (10) vijA | marAThIbhASAMtarita dIghanikAya, pR0 175 TippaNI | 3 dekhie, marAThI bhASAMtarita majjhimanikAya, pR0 156 / " 4. 'kAyapAtina eveha bodhisattvAH paroditam / na cittapAtinastAvadetadatrApi yuktimat || 271 // ' -- yogabindu /

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266 jaina dharma aura darzana Adi kAryoM meM pravRtta hotA hai, to bhI usakI vRtti taptalohapadanyAsavat arthAt garama lohe para rakhe jAnevAle paira ke samAna sakampa yA pApa-bhIru hotI hai| bauddhazAstra meM bhI bodhisattva kA vaisA hI svarUpa mAnakara use kAyapAtI arthAt zarIramAtra se ( citta se nahIM) sAMsArika pravRtti meM par3anevAlA kahA hai / vaha cittapAtI nahIM hotaa| I0 1422] [cauthe karmagrantha kI prastAvanA 1. 'evaM ca yatparairuktaM bodhisattvasya lakSaNam / vicAryamA sannIlyA, tadapyatropapadyate // 10 // taptalohapadanyAsatulyA vRttiH kvacidyadi / ityukteH kAyapAsyeva, cittapAtI na sa smRtaH // 11 // ' -samyagdRSTidvAtriMzikA /

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kucha pAribhASika zabda (1) lezyA ' . 1-lezyA ke (ka) dravya aura (kha) bhAva, isa prakAra do bheda haiM / (ka) dravyalezyA, pudgala-vizeSAtmaka hai| isake svarUpa ke saMbandha meM mukhyatayA tIna mata haiM--(1) karmavargaNA-niSpanna, (2) karma-niSyanda aura (3) yogprinnaam| pahale mata kA yaha mAnanA hai ki lezyA dravya, karma-vargaNA se bane hue haiM; phira bhI ve ATha karma se bhinna hI haiM, jaisA ki kArmaNazarIra / yaha mata uttarAdhyayana, a0 34 kI TIkA, pR0 650 para ullikhita hai| dUsare mata kA Azaya yaha hai ki lezyA-dravya, karma-niSyaMdarUpa ( badhyamAna karmapravAharUpa ) hai / caudahaveM guNasthAna meM karma ke hone para bhI usakA niSyanda na hone se lezyA ke abhAva kI upapatti ho jAtI hai / yaha mata ukta pRSTha para hI nirdiSTa hai, jisako TIkAkAra vAdivaitAla zrI zAntisUri ne 'guravastu vyAcakSate' kahakara likhA hai| tIsarA mata zrI haribhadrasUri Adi kA hai / isa mata kA Azaya zrI malayagirijI ne pannavaNA pada 17 kI TIkA, pR0 330 para spaSTa batalAyA hai| ve lezyA-dravya ko yogavargaNA antargata svatantra dravya mAnate haiM / upAdhyAya zrIvinayavijayajI ne apane Agama dohanarUpa lokaprakAza, sarga 3, zloka 285 meM isa mata ko hI grAhya ThaharAyA hai| kha) bhAvalezyA, AtmA kA pariNAma-vizeSa hai, jo saMkleza aura yoga se anugata hai / saMkleza ke tIvra, tIvratara, tIvratama, manda, mandatara, mandatama Adi aneka bheda hone se vastutaH bhAvalezyA, asaMkhya prakAra kI hai tathApi saMkSepa meM chaha vibhAga karake zAstra meM usakA svarUpa dikhAyA hai / dekhiye, cauthA karmagrantha, gA0 13 vIM / chaha bhedoM kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie zAstra meM nIce likhe do dRSTAnta diye gae haiM- (1)-koI chaha puruSa jambUphala ( jAmuna ) khAne kI icchA karate hue cale jA rahe the, itane meM jambU vRkSa ko dekha unameM se eka puruSa bolA-'lIjie,

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268 jaina dharma aura darzana jambUvRkSa to A gayA / aba phaloM ke lie Upara car3hane kI apekSA phaloM se ladI huI bar3I-bar3I zAkhAvAle isa vRkSa ko kATa girAnA hI acchA hai|' __yaha sunakara dUsare ne kahA-'vRkSa kATane se kyA lAbha ? kevala zAkhAoM ko kATa do / ' ___ tIsare puruSa ne kahA- 'yaha bhI ThIka nahIM, choTI-choTI zAkhAoM ke kATa lene se bhI to kAma nikAlA jA sakatA hai ?' . cauthe ne kahA- 'zAkhAe~ bhI kyoM kATanA ? phaloM ke gucchoM ko tor3a liijie|' pA~cavA~ bolA-'gucchoM se kyA prayojana ? unameM se kucha phaloM ko hI le lenA acchA hai|' ___anta meM chaThe puruSa ne kahA-'ye saba vicAra nirarthaka haiM; kyoMki hamaloga jinheM cAhate haiM, ve phala to nIce bhI gire hue haiM, kyA unhIM se apanA prayojanasiddha nahIM ho sakatA hai ? (2)- koI chaha puruSa dhana lUTane ke irAde se jA rahe the| rAste meM kisI gA~va ko pAkara unameM se eka bolA - 'isa gA~va ko tahasa-nahasa kara do-manuSya, pazu, pakSI, jo koI mile, unheM mAro aura dhana lUTa lo|' yaha sunakara dUsarA bolA---'pazu, pakSI Adi ko kyoM mAranA ? kevala virodha karane vAle manuSyoM hI ko maaro|' tIsare ne kahA-'becArI striyoM kI hatyA kyoM karanA ? puruSoM ko mAra do|' cauthe ne kahA- saba puruSoM ko nahIM ; jo sazastra hoM, unhIM ko maaro|' pA~caveM ne kahA--'jo sazastra puruSa bhI virodha nahIM karate, unheM kyoM maarnaa|' anta meM chaThe puruSa ne kahA--'kisI ko mArane se kyA lAbha ? jisa prakAra se dhana apaharaNa kiyA jA sake, usa prakAra se use uThA lo aura kisI ko mAro mata / eka to dhana lUTanA aura dUsare usake mAlikoM ko mAranA yaha ThIka nhiiN|' ina do dRSTAntoM se lezyAoM kA svarUpa spaSTa jAnA jAtA hai / pratyeka dRSTAnta ke chaha-chaha puruSoM meM pUrva-pUrva puruSa ke pariNAmoM kI apekSA uttara-uttara puruSa ke pariNAma zubha, zubhatara aura zubhatama pAe jAte haiM / uttara-uttara puruSa ke pariNAmoM meM saMkleza kI nyUnatA aura mRdutA kI adhikatA pAI jAtI hai| prathama puruSa ke pariNAma ko 'kRSNalezyA, dUsare ke pariNAma ko 'nIlalezyA', isa prakAra krama se chaThe puruSa ke pariNAma ko 'zuklalezyA' samajhanA cAhie / -Avazyaka hAribhadrI vRtti pR. 245 tathA lokaprakAza, sa0 3, zlo0 363-380 /

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tezyA lezyA-dravya ke svarUpa saMbandhI ukta tInoM mata ke anusAra terahaveM guNasthAna paryanta bhAva-lezyA kA sadbhAva samajhanA caahie| yaha siddhAnta gommaTasAra-jIva kANDa ko bhI mAnya hai; kyoMki usameM yoga-pravRtti ko lezyA kahA hai / yathA 'ayadotti chalessAo, suhatiyalessA du desaviradatiye tatto sukkA lessA, ajogiThANaM alessaM tu // 531 // ' sarvArthasiddhi meM aura gommaTasAra ke sthAnAntara meM kaSAyodaya-anuraJjita yogapravRtti ko 'lezyA' kahA hai / yadyapi isa kathana se dasaveM guNasthAna paryanta hI lezyA kA honA pAyA jAtA hai, para yaha kathana apekSA-kRta hone ke kAraNa pUrva kathana se viruddha nahIM hai| pUrva kathana meM kevala prakRti-pradeza bandha ke nimittabhUta pariNAma. lezyArUpa se vivakSita haiN| aura isa kathana meM sthiti-anubhAga Adi cAroM bandhoM ke nimittabhUta pariNAma lezyArUpa se vivakSita haiM; kevala prakRti-pradeza bandha ke. nimittabhUta pariNAma nahIM / yathA___'bhAvalezyA kaSAyodayaraJjitA yoga-pravRttiriti kRtvA audyikiityucyte|' -sarvArthasiddhi-adhyAya 2, sUtra 6 / 'jogapauttI lessA, kasAyaudayANuraMjiyA hoi / tatto doNNaM kajja, baMdhacaukkaM samuhi // 486 / ' -jIvakANDa / dravyalezyA ke varNa-gandha Adi kA vicAra tathA bhAvalezyA ke lakSaNa Adi kA vicAra uttarAdhyayana, a0 34 meM hai / isake lie prajJApanA-lezyApada, Avazyaka, lokaprakAza Adi Akara graMtha zvetAmbara-sAhitya meM hai / ukta do dRSTAMtoM meM se pahalA dRSTAMta, jIvakANDa gA0 506-507 meM hai| lezyA kI kucha vizeSa bAteM jAnane ke lie jIvakANDa kA lezyA mArgaNAdhikAra ( gA0 488555 ) dekhane yogya hai| jIvoM ke Antarika bhAvoM kI malinatA tathA pavitratA ke tara-tama-bhAva kA sUcaka, lezyA kA vicAra, jaisA jaina zAstra meM hai; kucha usI ke samAna, chaha jAtiyoM kA vibhAga, maGkhalIgosAla putra ke mata meM hai, jo karma kI zuddhi-azuddhi ko lekara kRSNa nIla Adi chaha varNoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / isakA varNana, 'dIghanikAya-sAmaJaphalasutta' meM hai / 'mahAbhArata ke 12, 286 meM bhI chaha 'jIva-varNa diye haiM, jo ukta vicAra se kucha milate-julate haiN| 'pAtaJjalayogadarzana' ke 4,7 meM bhI aisI kalpanA hai; kyoMki usameM karma ke

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300 jaina dharma aura darzana cAra vibhAga karake jIvoM ke bhAvoM kI zuddhi - azuddhi kA pRthakkaraNa kiyA hai / isake lie dekhie, dIghanikAya kA marAThI bhASAntara, pR0 56 / ( 2 ) 'paJcendriya' jIva ke ekendriya Adi pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiM, so dravyendriya ke AdhArapara; kyoMki bhAvendriyA~ to sabhI saMsArI jIvoM ko pA~coM hotI haiN| yathA 'ahavA pahuMcca laddhiMdiyaM pi paMceMdiyA savve // 2666 // ' -- vizeSAvazyaka | arthAt labdhIndriya kI apekSA se sabhI saMsArI jIva paJca endriya haiM / 'paMcediu bva baDalo, naro vva savva - visovalaMbhAo / " ityAdi vizeSAvazyaka - 300 arthAt saba viSaya kA jJAna hone kI yogyatA ke kAraNa bakula-vRkSa manuSya kI taraha pA~ca indriyoMvAlA hai / 001 yaha ThIka hai ki dvandvaya Adi kI bhAvendriya, ekendriya Adi kI bhAvendriya se uttarottara vyakta vyaktatara hI hotI hai / para isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki jinako dravyendriyA~, pA~ca, pUrI nahIM haiM, unheM bhI bhAvendriyA~ to sabhI hotI hI haiM / yaha bAta Adhunika vijJAna se bhI pramANita hai / DA0 jagadIzacandra basu kI khojane vanaspati meM smaraNazakti kA astitva siddha kiyA hai / smaraNa, jo ki mAnasazakti kA kArya hai, vaha yadi ekendriya meM pAyA jAtA hai to phira usameM anya indriyoM, jo ki mana se nIce kI zreNi kI mAnI jAtI haiM, unake hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM / indriya ke saMbadha meM prAcIna kAla meM vizeSa darzI mahAtmAoM ne bahuta vicAra kiyA hai, jo aneka jaina graMthoM meM upalabdha hai / usakA kucha aMza isa prakAra hai indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM - (1) dravyarUpa aura ( 2 ) bhAvarUpa | dravyendriya, pudgala - janya hone se jaDarUpa hai; para bhAvendriya, jJAnarUpa hai, kyoMki vaha cetanAzakti kA paryAya hai / (1 dravyendriya, aGgopAGga aura nirmANa nAmakarma ke udaya-janya hai / isake do bheda haiM: -- (ka) nirvRtti aura (kha) upakaraNa | (ka) indriya ke AkAra kA nAma 'nivRtti' hai / nivRtti ke bhI (1) bAhya

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paMcendriya 301 aura (2) zrAbhyantara, ye do bheda haiM / (1) indriya ke bAhya zrAkAra ko 'bAhyanivRtti' kahate haiM aura (2) bhItarI AkAra ko 'AbhyantaranirvRtti' / bAhya bhAga talavAra ke samAna hai aura abhyantara bhAga talavAra kI teja dhAra ke samAna, jo atyanta svaccha paramANuoM kA banA huA hotA hai / AbhyAntaranivRtti kA yaha pudgalamaya svarUpa prajJApanAsUtra -indriyapada kI TIka pR0 264 ke anusAra hai / cArAGgavRtti pR0 104 meM usakA svarUpa cetanAmaya batalAyA hai / kAra ke saMbandha meM yaha bAta jAnanI cAhie ki tvacA kI prAkRti aneka prakAra kI hotI hai, para usake bAhya aura grAbhyantara AkAra meM judAI nahIM hai / kisI prANI kI tvacA kA jaisA bAhya AkAra hotA hai, vaisA hI grAmyantara zrAkAra hotA hai / parantu anya indriyoM ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM hai - tvacA ko chor3a anya saba indriyoM ke Abhyantara AkAra, bAhya AkAra se nahIM milte| saba jAti ke prANiyoM kI sajAtIya indriyoM ke Abhyantara AkAra, eka taraha ke mAne hue haiM / jaisekAna kA Abhyantara AkAra, kadamba - puSpa- jaisA, A~kha ke masUra ke dAnA- jaisA, nAka kA atimuktaka ke phUla jaisA aura jImakA kurA jaisA hai / kintu bAhya AkAra, saba jAti meM bhinna-bhinna dekhe jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha: - manuSya hAthI, ghor3A, baila, billI, cUhA Adi ke kAna, A~kha, nAka, jIbha ko dekhie / 1 (kha) AbhyantaranivRtti kI viSaya grahaNa- zakti ko 'upakaraNendriya' kahate haiM / (2) bhAvendriya do prakAra kI haiM - ( 1 ) labdhirUpa aura (2) upayogarUpa | ( 1 ) matijJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama ko -- cetana-zakti kI yogyatA- vizeSa ko - 'labdhirUpa bhAvendriya' kahate haiM / ( 2 ) isa labdhirUpa bhAvendriya ke anusAra AtmA kI viSaya grahaNa meM jo pravRtti hotI hai, use 'upayogarUpa bhAvendriya' kahate haiM / isa viSaya ko vistArapUrvaka jAnane ke lie prajJApanA-pada 15, pR0 263; tatvArtha - adhyAya 2, sU0 17 - 18 tathA vRtti; vizeSAva0, gA0 2663 - 3003 tathA lokaprakAza-sarga 3; zloka 464 se Age dekhanA cAhie / ( 3 ) 'saMjJA ' saMjJA kA matalaba Abhoga ( mAnasika kriyA-vizeSa ) se hai / isake (ka) jJAna aura (kha) anubhava, ye do bheda haiM /

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jaina dharma aura darzana (ka) mati, zruta Adi pA~ca prakAra kA jJAna 'jJAnasaMjJA' hai / (kha) anubhavasaMjJA ke (1) AhAra, (2) bhaya, (3) maithuna, (4) parigraha, (5) krodha, (6) mAna, (7) mAyA, (8) lobha, (6) zrodha, (10) loka, (11) moha, (12) dharma, (13) sukha, (14) du:kha, (15) jugupsA aura (16) zoka, ye solaha bheda haiN| AcArAja - niyukti, gA0 38 - 36 meM to anubhavasaMjJA ke ye solaha bheda kiye gae haiM / lekina bhagavatI- zataka 7, uddezya 8 meM tathA prajJApanA- pada 8 meM inameM se pahale dasa ho bheda nirdiSTa haiM / 302 ye saMjJAe~ saba jIvoM meM nyUnAdhika pramANa meM pAI jAtI haiM; isalie ye saMjJiasaMjJi vyavahAra kI niyAmaka nahIM haiM / zAstra meM saMjJi asaMjJi kA bheda hai, so anya saMjJA kI apekSA se / ekendriya se lekara paJcendriya paryanta ke jIvoM meM caitanya kA vikAsa kramaza; adhikAdhika hai / isa vikAsa ke tara-tama-bhAva ko samajhAne ke lie zAstra meM isake sthUla rIti para cAra vibhAga kiye gae haiM / (1) pahale vibhAga meM jJAna kA atyanta alpa vikAsa vivakSita hai / yaha vikAsa itanA alpa hai ki isa vikAsa se yukta jIva, mUrchita kI taraha ceSTArahita hote haiM / isa avyaktatara caitanya ko 'grodhasaMjJA' kahI gaI hai / ekendriya jIva, ghasaMjJAvAle hI haiM / (2) dUsare vibhAga meM vikAsa kI itanI mAtrA vivakSita hai ki jisase kucha bhUtakAla kA -- sudIrgha bhUtakAla kA nahIM - smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai aura jisase iSTa viSayoM meM pravRtti tathA aniSTa viSayoM se nivRtti hotI hai / isa pravRtti-nivRttikArI jJAna ko 'hetuvAdopadezikI saMjJA' kahA hai / dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura sammUcchima paJcendriya jIva, hetuvAdopadezikIsaMjJAvAle haiM / (3) tIsare vibhAga meM itanA vikAsa vivakSita hai jisase sudIrgha bhUtakAla meM anubhava kiye hue viSayoM kA smaraNa aura smaraNa dvArA vartamAnakAla ke karttavyoM kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai / yaha jJAna viziSTa mana kI sahAyatA se hotA hai / isa jJAna ko 'dIrghakAlopadezakI saMjJA kahA hai / deva, nAraka aura garbhaja manuSya-tiryaJca, dIrghakAlopadezikI saMjJAvAle haiN| - (4) cauthe vibhAga meM viziSTa zrutajJAna vivakSita hai / yaha jJAna itanA zuddha hotA hai ki samyaktitvayoM ke sivAya anya jIvoM meM isakA saMbhava nahIM hai / isa vizuddha jJAna ko 'dRSTivAdopadezikI saMjJA' kahA hai / zAstra meM jahA~-kahIM saMjJI -saMjJI kA ullekha hai, vahA~ saba jagaha saMjJI kA - matalaba zroghasaMjJAvAle aura hetuvAdopadezikI saMjJAvAle jIvoM se hai / tathA saMjJI - kA matalaba saba jagaha dIrghakAlopadezikI saMjJA vAloM se haiM /

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aparyApta isa viSaya kA vizeSa vicAra tattvArtha-a0 2, sU0 25 vRtti, nandI sU0 36, vizeSAvazyaka gA0 504-526 aura lokapra0 sa0 3, zlo0 442-463 meM hai| saMjJI-asaMjJI ke vyavahAra ke viSaya meM digambara-sampradAya meM zvetAmbara ko apekSA thor3A sA bheda hai| usameM garbhaja-tiryaJcoM ko saMjJImAtra na mAnakara saMjJI tathA asaMjJI mAnA hai / isI taraha saMmUcchiga-tiryaJca ko sirpha asaMjJI na mAnakara saMjJI-asaMjJI ubhayarUpa mAnA hai / ( jIva0, gA0 76 ) isake sivAya yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki zvetAmbara-granthoM meM hetuvAdopadezikI Adi jo tIna saMjJAe~ varNita haiM, unakA vicAra digambarIya prasiddha granthoM meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / (4) 'aparyApta (ka) aparyApta ke do prakAra haiM:-(1) labdhi-aparyApta aura (2) karaNa-aparyApta vaise hI (kha) paryApta ke bhI do bheda haiM:-(1) labdhi-paryApta aura (2) karaNa-paryApta / (ka) 1---jo jIva, aparyAptanAmakarma ke udaya ke kAraNa aisI zaktivAle hoM, jisase ki svayogya paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa kiye binA hI mara jAte haiM, ve 'labdhi. aparyApta haiN| 2-parantu karaNa-aparyApta ke viSaya meM yaha bAta nahIM, ve paryAtanAmakarma ke bhI udayavAle hote haiM / arthAt cAhe paryAptanAmakarma kA udaya ho yA aparyAptanAmakarma kA, para jaba taka karaNoM kI (zarIra, indriya Adi paryApsiyoM kI) samApti na ho, taba taka jIva 'karaNa aparyApta' kahe jAte haiN| (kha) 1-jinako paryAptanAmakarma kA udaya ho aura isase jo svayogya paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa karane ke bAda hI marate haiM, pahale nahIM, ve 'labdhi-paryApta' haiM / 2-karaNa-paryAptoM ke lie yaha niyama nahIM ki ve svayogya paryAptiyoMko pUrNa karake hI marate haiM / jo labdhi-aparyApta haiM, ve bhI karaNa-paryApta hote hI haiM; kyoMki AhAraparyApti bana cukane ke bAda kama se kama zarIraparyApti bana jAtI hai, tabhI se jIva 'karaNa-paryApta' mAne jAte haiM / yaha to niyama hI hai ki labdhi aparyApta bhI kama se kama AhAra, zarIra aura indriya, ina tIna paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa kiye binA marate nhiiN| isa niyama ke saMbandha meM zrImalayagirijI ne nandIsUtra kI TIkA, pR0 105 meM yaha likhA hai

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304 jaina dharma aura darzana : 'yasmAdAgAmibhavAyurbadhvA niyante sarva eva dehinaH taccAhAra-zarIrendriyaprAptiparyAptAnAmeva badhyata iti' ' arthAt sabhI prANI agale bhava kI Ayu ko bA~dhakara hI marate haiM, binA bA~dhe nahIM marate / Ayu tabhI bA~dhI jA sakatI hai, jaba ki AhAra, zarIra aura indriya, ye tIna paryAptiyA~ pUrNa bana cukI hoN| isI bAta kA khulAsA zrIvinayavijayajI ne lokaprakAza, saga 3, zlo0 31 meM isa prakAra kiyA hai--jo jIva labdhi aparyApta hai, vaha bhI pahalI tIna paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa karake hI agrima bhava kI Ayu bA~dhatA hai / antamuhUrca taka Ayu. bandha karake phira usakA jaghanya abAdhAkAla, jo antarmuhUrta kA mAnA gayA hai, use vaha bitAtA hai; usake bAda mara kara vaha gatyantara meM jA sakatA hai| jo agrima Ayu ko nahIM bA~dhatA aura usake abAdhAkAla ko pUrA nahIM karatA, vaha mara hI nahIM sktaa| digambara-sAhitya meM karaNa-aparyApta ke badale 'nirvRtti aparyAptaka' zabda milatA hai / artha meM bhI thor3A sA pharka hai / 'nirvRti' zabda kA artha zarIra hI kiyA huA hai / ataeva zarIraparyAptipUrNa na hone taka hI digambarIya sAhitya, jIva ko nirvati aparyApta kahatA hai| zarIra paryAptipUrNa hone ke bAda vaha, nirvRtti-aparyApta kA vyavahAra karane kI sammatti nahIM detA / yathA 'pajjattassa ya udaye, NiyaNiyapajjattiNihido hodi / jAva sarIramapuNNaM NivvattiapuNNago tAva // 120 // -jIvakANDa / . sArAMza yaha ki digambara-sAhitya meM paryApta nAma karma kA udaya vAlA hI zarIra-paryApti pUrNa na hone taka 'nivRtti-aparyApta' zabda se abhimata hai| parantu zvetAmbarIya sAhitya meM 'karaNa' zabda kA 'zarIra indriya Adi paryAptiyA~'- itanA artha kiyA huA milatA hai / yathA-- _ 'karaNAni zarIrAkSAdIni / ' --lokapra0, sa0 3, zlo0 10 / ataeva zvetAmbarIya sampradAya ke anusAra jisane zarIra-paryApti pUrNa kI hai, para indriya-paryApti pUrNa nahIM kI hai, vaha bhI 'karaNa-paryApta' kahA jA sakatA hai / arthAta zarIra rUpa karaNa pUrNa karane se 'karaNa-paryApta' aura indriya rUpa karaNa pUrNa na karane se 'karaNa-aparyApta' kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra zvetAmbarIya

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paryApti kA svarUpa 305 sampradAya kI dRSTi se zarIraparyApti se lekara manaHparyApti paryanta pUrva-pUrva paryApti ke pUrNa hone para 'karaNa-paryApta' aura uttarottara paryApti ke pUrNa na hone se 'karaNaaparyApta' kaha sakate haiM / parantu jaba jIva, svayogya sampUrNa paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa kara le, taba use 'karaNa-aparyApta nahIM kaha sakate / pirtA kAya svarUpa-- paryApti, vaha zakti hai, jisake dvArA jIva, AhAra-zvAsocchAsa Adi ke yogya pudagaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai aura gRhIta pudgaloM ko AhAra Adi rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai / aisI zakti jIva meM pudgaloM ke upacaya se banatI hai / arthAta jisa prakAra peTa ke bhItara ke bhAga meM vartamAna pudgaloM meM eka taraha kI zakti hotI hai, jisase ki khAyA huA AhAra bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM badala jAtA hai; isI prakAra janma sthAna prApta jIva ke dvArA gRhIta pudgagaloM se aisI zakti bana jAtI hai, jo ki AhAra Adi pudgaloM ko khala-rasa Adi rUpa meM badala detI hai| vahI zakti paryApti hai / paryAptijanaka pudgaloM meM se kucha to aise hote haiM, jo ki janmasthAna meM Aye hue jIva ke dvArA prathama samaya meM hI grahaNa kiye jAkara, pUrva-gRhIta pudgaloM ke saMsarga se tadrUpa bane hue hote haiN| kArya-bheda se paryApti ke chaha bheda hai-- 1) AhAraparyApti, (2) zarIraparyApti, (3) indriya-paryApti, (4) zvAsocchvAsaparyApti, (5) bhASAparyApti aura (6) manaHparyApti / inakI vyAkhyA, pahale karmagrantha kI 46vIM gAthA ke bhAvArtha meM pR067veM se dekha lenI caahie| __ina chaha paryAptiyoM meM se pahalI cAra paryAptiyoM ke adhikArI ekendriya hI haiN| dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura asaMzi-paJcendriya jIva, manaHparyApti ke sivAya zeSa pA~ca paryAptiyoM ke adhikArI haiN| saMjJi-paJcendriya jIva chaho paryAptiyoM ke adhikArI haiN| isa viSaya kI gAthA, zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa-kRta bRhatsagrahaNI meM hai 'AhArasarIriMdiyapajjattI ANapANabhAsamaNo / cattAri paMca chappi ya, egidiyavigalasaMnINaM // 346 // ' __ yahI gAthA gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa meM 118 veM nambara para darja hai / prastuta viSaya kA vizeSa svarUpa jAnane ke lie ye sthala dekhane yogya haiM-- nandI, pR0 104-105; paJcasaM0, dvA0 1, gA0 5 vRtti; lokapra0, sa03 zlo0 7-42 tathA jIvakANDa, paryApti-adhikAra, gA0 117-127 /

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3.6 jaina dharma aura darzana (5) 'upayoga kA saha-kramamAva' chadmastha ke upayoga kramabhAvI haiM, isameM matabheda nahIM hai, para kevalI ke upayoga ke saMbandha meM mukhya tIna pakSa haiM (1) siddhAnta-pakSa. kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ko kramabhAvI mAnatA hai / isake samarthaka zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa Adi haiN| (2) dUsarA pakSa kevalajJAna kevaladarzana, ubhaya upayoga ko sahabhAvI mAnatA hai / isake poSaka zrI mallavAdI tArkika Adi haiN| (3) tIsarA pakSa, ubhaya upayogoM kA bheda na mAnakara unakA aikya mAnatA hai / isake sthApaka zrI siddhasena divAkara haiN| tInoM pakSoM kI kucha mukhya-mukhya dalIleM kramazaH nIce dI jAtI haiM 1-(ka) siddhAnta (bhagavatI-zataka 18 aura 25 ke 6 uddezya, tathA prajJApanA-pada 30 ) meM jJAna-darzana donoM kA alaga-alaga kathana hai tathA unakA kramabhAvitva spaSTa varNita hai / (kha) niyukti (prA0 ni0 gA0 677-676) meM keva. lajJAna-kevaladarzana donoM kA bhinna-bhinna lakSaNa unake dvArA sarva-viSayaka jJAna tathA darzana kA honA aura yugapat do upayogoM kA niSedha spaSTa batalAyA hai / (ga) kevalajJAna-kevaladarzana ke bhinna-bhinna AvaraNa aura upayogoM kI bAraha saMkhyA zAstra meM (prajApanA 26, pR0 5.25 zrAdi ) jagaha-jagaha varNita hai / (gha) kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana, ananta kahe jAte haiM, so labdhi kI apekSA se upayoga kI apekSA se nhiiN| upayoga kI apekSA se unakI sthiti eka samaya kI hai| kyoMki upayoga kI apekSA se anantatA zAstra meM kahIM bhI pratipAdita nahIM hai / (Ga) upayogoM kA svabhAva hI aisA hai, jisase ki ve kramazaH pravRtta hote haiN| isalie kevala jJAna aura kevaladarzana ko kramabhAvI aura alaga-alaga mAnanA caahie| 2-(ka) AvaraNa-kSayarUpa nimitta aura sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka viSaya, samakAlIna hone se kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana yugapat hote haiN| (kha) chAdmasthika-upayogoM meM kAryakAraNabhAva yA paraspara pratibandhya-pratibandhaka bhAva ghaTa sakatA hai, kSAyika-upayogoM meM nahIM; kyoMki bodha-svabhAva zAzvata AtmA, jaba nirAvaraNa ho, taba usake donoM kSAyika-upayoga nirantara hI hone caahie| (ga) kevalajJAna-kevaladarzana kI sAdi-aparyavasitatA, jo zAstra meM kahI hai, vaha bhI yugapat-pakSa meM hI ghaTa sakatI hai; kyoMki isa pakSa meM donoM upayoga yugapat aura nirantara hote rahate haiM / isalie dravyArthikanaya se upayoga-dvaya ke pravAha ko aparyavasita (ananta ) kahA jA sakatA hai / (gha) kevalajJAna-kevaladarzana ke saMbandha meM siddhAnta meM jahA~

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upayoga kA saha-kramabhAva 300 kahIM jo kucha kahA gayA hai, vaha saba donoM ke vyakti-bheda kA sAdhaka hai, kramabhAvitvakA nhiiN| isalie donoM upayoga ko sahabhAvI mAnanA chie| 3-(ka) jaise sAmagrI milane para eka jJAna-paryAya meM aneka ghaTa-paTAdi viSaya bhAsita hote haiM, vaise hI AvaraNa-kSaya, viSaya Adi sAmagrI milane para eka hI kevala-upayoga, padArthoM ke sAmAnya-vizeSa ubhaya svarUpa ko jAna sakatA hai| (kha) jaise kevala jJAna ke samaya, matijJAnAvaraNAdi kA abhAva hone para bhI mati Adi jJAna, kevala jJAna se alaga nahIM mAne jAte, vaise hI kevaladarzanAvaraNa kA kSaya hone para bhI kevaladarzana ko, kevalajJAna se alaga mAnanA ucita nhiiN| (ga) viSaya aura kSayopazama kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa, chAdmasthika jJAna aura darzana meM paraspara bheda mAnA jA sakatA hai, para ananta-viSayakatA aura kSAyika-bhAva samAna hone se kevalajJAna-kevaladarzana meM kisI taraha bheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| (gha) yadi kevaladarzana ko kevalajJAna se alaga mAnA jAe to vaha sAmAnyamAtra ko viSaya karanevAlA hone se alpa-viSayaka siddha hogA, jisase usakA zAstrakathita ananta-viSayakatva nahIM ghaTa sakegA / (Ga) kevalI kA bhASaNa, kevalajJAnakevaladarzana pUrvaka hotA hai, yaha zAstra-kathana abheda-pakSa hI meM pUrNatayA ghaTa sakatA hai| (ca) AvaraNa-bheda kathaJcit hai; arthAta vastutaH AvaraNa eka hone para bhI kArya aura upAdhi-bheda kI apekSA se usake bheda samajhane cAhie isalie eka upayoga-vyakti meM jJAnatva-darzanatva do dharma alaga-alaga mAnanA cAhie / upayoga, jJAna-darzana do alaga-alaga mAnanA yukta nahIM; ataeva jJAna-darzana donoM zabda paryAyamAtra (ekArthavAcI) haiN| upAdhyAya zrIyazovijayajI ne apane jJAnabindu pR0 164 meM naya-dRSTi se tInoM pakSoM kA samanvaya kiyA hai-siddhAnta-pakSa, zuddha RjusUtra naya kI apekSA se; zrI mallabAdIjI kA pakSa, vyavahAra-naya kI apekSA se aura zrIsiddhasena divAkara kA pakSa saMgrahanaya kI apekSA se jAnanA cAhie / isa vivaSa kA savistara varNana, sammatitarka; jIvakANDa gA0 3 se Age; vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 30883135, zrIharibhadrasUri kRta dharmasaMgrahaNI gA0 1336-1356; zrIsiddhasenagaNikRta tattvArtha TIkA a0 1, sU0 31, pR0 10, zrImalayagiri-nandIvRtti pR0 134138 aura jJAnabindu pR0 154-164 se jAna lenA caahie| digambara-sampradAya meM ukta tIna pakSa meM se dUsarA arthAt yugapat upayogadvaya kA pakSa hI prasiddha hai-- 'jugavaM vai NANaM, kevalaNANissa daMsaNaM ca thaa| diyarapayAsatApaM, jaha vaTTai taha muNeyavvaM // 16 // ' -niyamasAra /

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308 jaina dharma aura darzana 'siddhANaM siddhagaI, kevalaNANaM ca daMsaNaM khayiyaM / sammattamaNAhAraM, uvajogANakkamapauttI // 730 // --jIvakANDa / 'daMsaNapuvvaM NANaM, chadamatthANaM Na doNNi uvuggaa| jugavaM jamhA kevaliNAhe jugavaM tu te do vi||44||' -drvysNgrh| (6) 'ekendriya meM zrutajJAna' ekendriyoM meM tIna upayoga mAne gae haiN| isalie yaha zaGkA hotI hai ki sparzanendriya-matijJAnAvaraNa karma kA kSayopazama hone se ekendriyoM meM mati-upayoga mAnanA ThIka hai, parantu bhASAlabdhi (bolane kI zakti) tathA zravaNalabdhi (sunane kI zakti) na hone ke kAraNa unameM zruta-upayoga kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai; kyoMki zAstra meM bhASA tathA zravaNalabdhi vAloM ko hI zrutajJAna mAnA hai / yathA 'bhAvasurya bhAsAsAyaladdhiraNA jujjae na iyrss| bhAsAbhimuhassa jayaM, soUNa ya jaM havijAhi // 102 / / / -vishessaavshyk| bolane va sunane kI zakti vAle hI ko bhAvazruta ho sakatA hai, dUsare ko nahIM kyoMki 'zruta-jJAna' usa jJAna ko kahate haiM, jo bolane kI icchA vAle yA vacana sunanevAle ko hotA hai| isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki sparzanendriya ke sivAya anya dravya (bAhya) indriyA~ na hone para bhI vRkSAdi jIvoM meM pA~ca bhAvendriya-janya jJAnoM kA honA, jaisA zAstrasammata hai; vaise hI bolane aura sunane kI zakti na hone para bhI ekendriyoM meM bhAvazruta jJAna kA honA zAstra-sammata hai / 'jaha suhumaM bhAviMdiyanANaM davidiyAvarohe vi / taha davvasuyAbhAve bhAvasuyaM patthivAINaM // 104 / ' -vizeSAvazyaka / jisa prakAra dravya-indriyoM ke abhAva meM bhAvendriya-janya sUkSma jJAna hotA hai, isI prakAra dravyazruta ke bhASA Adi bAhya nimica ke abhAva meM bhI pRthvIkAyika Adi jIvoM ko alpa bhAvazruta hotA hai / yaha ThIka hai ki auroM ko jaisA spaSTa jJAna hotA hai, vaisA ekendriyoM ko nahIM hotA / zAstra meM ekendriyoM ko AhAra kA abhilASa mAnA hai, yahI unake aspaSTa jJAna mAnane meM hetu hai /

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ekendriya 30 __ zrAhAra kA abhilASa, kSudhAvedanIya karma ke udaya se honevAlA AtmA kA pariNAma-vizeSa (adhyavasAya) hai| yathA. 'AhArasaMjJA AhArAbhilASaH kSudvedanIyodayaprabhavaH khalvAtmapariNAma iti / -Avazyaka, hAribhadrI vRtti pR0 580 / isa abhilASa rUpa adhyavasAya meM 'mujhe amuka vastu mile to acchA', isa prakAra kA zabda aura artha kA vikalpa hotA hai / jo adhyavasAya vikalpa sahita hotA hai, vahI zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai / yathA 'indiyamaNonimittaM, jaM viNNANaM suyANusAreNaM / niyayatthuttisamatthaM, taM bhAvasuyaM maI seseM // 100 / ' --vizeSAvazyaka / arthAt indriya aura mana ke nimitta se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna, jo niyata artha kA kathana karane meM samartha zrutAnusArI ( zabda tathA artha ke vikalpa se yukta) hai, use 'bhAvazruta' tathA usase bhinna jJAna ko 'matijJAna' samajhanA cAhie / aba yadi ekendriyoM meM zruta-upayoga na mAnA jAe to unameM AhAra kA abhilASa jo zAstra-sammata hai, vaha kaise ghaTa sakegA ? isalie bolane aura sunane kI zakti na hone para bhI unameM atyanta sUkSma zruta-upayoga avazya hI mAnanA cAhie / ___ bhASA tathA zravaNalabdhi vAloM ko hI bhAva zruta hotA hai, dUsare ko nahIM, isa zAstra-kathana kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki ukta prakAra kI zaktivAle ko spaSTa bhAvazruta hotA hai aura dUsaroM ko aspaSTa / (7) 'yogamArgaNA' tIna yogoM ke bAhya aura prAbhyantara kAraNa dikhA kara unakI vyAkhyA rAjavArtika meM bahuta hI spaSTa kI gaI hai| usakA sArAMza isa prakAra hai. (ka) bAhya aura Abhyantara kAraNoM se honevAlA jo manana ke abhimukha AtmA kA pradeza-parispanda, vaha 'manoyoga' hai / isakA bAhya kAraNa, manovargaNA kA Alambana aura Abhyantara kAraNa, vIryAntarAyakarma kA kSaya-kSayopazama tathA noindriyAvaraNakarmakA kSaya-kSayopazama (manolabdhi) hai / (kha) bAhya aura Abhyantara kAraNa-janya AtmA kA bhASAbhimukha pradeza-parispanda 'vacanayoga' hai / isakA bAhya kAraNa pudgalavipAkI zarIranAmakarma ke udaya se

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310 jaina dharma aura darzana honevAlA vacanavargaNAkA Alambana hai aura Abhyantara kAraNa vIryAntarAyakarma kA kSaya-kSayopazama tathA matijJAnAvaraNa aura akSarazrutajJAnAvaraNa Adi karma kA kSayakSayopazama (vacanalabdhi) hai| (ga) bAhya aura Abhyantara kAraNa janya gamanAdi-viSayaka AtmA kA pradezaparispanda 'kAyayoga' hai| isakA bAhya kAraNa kisI-na-kisI prakAra kI zarIravargaNA kA Alambana hai aura Abhyantara kAraNa vIryAntarAyakarma kA kSaya-kSayopazama hai| yadyapi terahaveM aura caudahaveM, ina donoM guNasthAnoM ke samaya vIryAntarAyakarma kA kSayarUpa Abhyantara kAraNa samAna hI hai, parantu vargaNAlambanarUpa bAhya kAraNa samAna nahIM hai| arthAt vaha terahaveM guNasthAna ke samaya pAyA jAtA hai, para caudahaveM guNasthAna ke samaya nahIM pAyA jaataa| isIse terahaveM guNasthAna meM yoga-vidhi hotI hai, caudahaveM meM nhiiN| isake lie dekhie, tattvArtharAjavArtika 6, 1, 10 / yoga ke viSaya meM zaMkA-samAdhAna (ka) yaha zaGkA hotI hai ki manoyoga aura bacanayoga, kAyayoga hI haiM; kyoMki ina donoM ke yogoM ke samaya, zarIra kA vyApAra avazya rahatA hI hai aura ina yomoM ke pAlambanabhUta manodravya tathA bhASAdravya kA grahaNa bhI kisI-na-kisI prakAra ke zArIrika-yoga se hI hotA hai| isakA samAdhAna yahI hai ki manoyoga tathA vacanayoga, kAyayoga se judA nahIM haiM, kintu kAyayoga-vizeSa hI haiN| jo kAyayoga, manana karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai, vahI usa samaya 'manoyoga' aura jo kAyayoga, bhASA ke bolane meM sahakArI hotA hai, vahI usa samaya 'vacanayoga' mAnA gayA hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki vyavahAra ke lie hI kAyayoga ke tIna bheda kiye haiN| - (kha) yaha bhI zaGkA hotI hai ki ukta rIti se zvAsocchAsa meM sahAyaka honevAle kAyayoga ko 'zvAsocchrAsayoga' kahanA cAhie aura tIna kI jagaha cAra yoga mAnane caahie| isakA samAdhAna yaha diyA gayA hai ki vyavahAra meM, jaisA bhASA kA aura manakA viziSTa prayojana dIkhatA hai, vaisA zvAsocchrAsakA nhiiN| arthAt zvAsocchAsa aura zarIra kA prayojana vaisA bhinna nahIM hai, jaisA zarIra aura mana-vacana kA / isI se tIna hI yoga mAne gae haiN| isa viSaya ke vizeSa vicAra ke lie.

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yogamArgaNA 311 vizeSAvazyaka-bhASya, gA0 356-364 tathA lokaprakAza-sarga 3,lo013541355 ke bIca kA gadya dekhanA cAhie / dravyamana, dravyavacana aura zarIra kA svarUpa (ka ) jo pudgala mana banane ke yogya haiM, jinako zAstra meM 'manovargaNA' kahate haiM, ve jaba manarUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM-vicAra karane meM sahAyaka ho sakeM, aisI sthiti ko prApta kara lete haiM taba unheM 'mana' kahate haiM / zarIra meM dravyamana ke rahane kA koI khAsa sthAna tathA usakA niyata AkAra zvetAmbarIya granthoM meM nahIM hai / zvetAmbara-sampradAya ke anusAra dravyamana ko zarIra-vyApI aura zarIrAkAra samajhanA cAhie / digambara-sampradAya meM usakA sthAna hRdaya tathA AkAra kamala ke samAna mAnA hai| _ (kha) vacanarUpa meM pariNata eka prakAra ke pudgala, jinheM bhASAvargaNA kahate haiM, ve hI 'vacana' kahalAte haiN| (ga) jisase calanA-phiranA, khAnA-pInA Adi ho sakatA hai, jo sukha-duHkha bhogane kA sthAna hai aura jo audArika, vaikriya Adi vargaNAoM se banatA hai, vaha 'zarIra' kahalAtA hai| (8) 'samyaktva isakA svarUpa, vizeSa prakAra se jAnane ke lie nimnalikhita kucha bAtoM kA vicAra karanA bahuta upayogI hai (1) samyaktva sahetuka hai yA nirhetuka ? (2) kSAyopazamika Adi bhedoM kA AdhAra kyA hai / (3) aupazamika aura kSAyopazamika-samyaktva kA Apasa meM antara tathA kSAyikasamyaktva kI vizeSatA / (4) zaGkA-samAdhAna, vipAkodaya aura pradezodaya kA svarUpa / (5) kSayopazama aura upazama kI vyAkhyA tathA khulAsAvAra vicaar| (1) samyaktva-pariNAma sahetuka hai yA nirhetuka ? isa prazna kA uttara yaha hai ki usako nihatuka nahIM mAna sakate; kyoMki jo vastu nirhetuka ho, vaha saba kAla meM, saba jagaha, eka-sI honI cAhie athavA usakA abhAva honA caahie| samyaktvapariNAma, na to saba meM samAna hai aura na usakA abhAva hai / isIlie use sahetuka hI mAnanA caahie| sahetuka mAna lene para yaha prazna hotA hai ki usakA

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jaina dharma aura darzana niyata hetu kyA hai; pravacana-zravaNa, bhagavatpUjana Adi jo-jo bAhya nimitta mAne jAte haiM, ve to samyaktva ke niyata kAraNa ho hI nahIM sakate; kyoMki ina bAhya nimittoM ke hote hue bhI abhavyoM kI taraha aneka bhavyoM ko samyaktva-prApti nahIM hotii| parantu isakA uttara itanA hI hai ki samyaktva-pariNAma prakaTa hone meM niyata kAraNa jIva kA tathAvidha bhavyatva-nAmaka anAdi pAriNAmika-svabhAva vizeSa hI hai / jaba isa pariNAmika bhavyatvakA paripAka hotA hai, tabhI samyaktva-lAbha hotA hai| bhavyatva pariNAma, sAdhya roga ke samAna hai| koI sAdhya roga, svayameva (bAhya upAya ke binA hI) zAnta ho jAtA hai| kisI sAdhya roga ke zAnta hone meM vaidya kA upacAra bhI darakAra hai aura koI sAdhya roga aisA bhI hotA hai, jo bahuta dinoM ke bAda miTatA hai| bhavyatva-svabhAva aisA hI hai / aneka jIvoM kA bhavyatva, bAhya nimitta ke binA hI paripAka prApta karatA hai / aise bhI jIva haiM, jinake bhavyatvasvabhAva kA paripAka hone meM zAstra-zravaNa Adi bAhya nimittoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| aura aneka jIvoM kA bhavyatva pariNAma dIrgha-kAla vyatIta ho cukane para, svayaM hI paripAka prApta karatA hai / zAstra-zravaNa, arhatpUjana Adi jo bAhya nimitta haiM, ve sahakArImAtra haiN| unake dvArA kabhI-kabhI bhavyatva kA paripAka hone meM madada milatI hai, isase vyavahAra meM ve samyaktva ke kAraNa mAne gae haiM aura unake Alambana kI AvazyakatA dikhAI jAtI hai| parantu nizcaya-dRSTi se tathAvidhabhavyatva ke vipAka ko hI samyaktva kA avyabhicArI (nizcita) kAraNa mAnanA caahie| isase zAstra-zravaNa, pratimA-pUjana Adi bAhya kriyAoM kI anaikAntikatA, jo adhikArI bheda para avalambita hai, usakA khulAsA ho jAtA hai| yahI bhAva bhagavAn umAsvati ne 'tannisargAdadhigamAdvA-tattvArtha-a0 1, sUtra 3 se prakaTa kiyA hai| aura yahI bAta paJcasaMgraha-dvAra 1, gA08 kI malayagiri- TIkA meM bhI hai| (2) samyaktva guNa, prakaTa hone ke Abhyantara kAraNoM kI jo vividhatA hai, vahI kSAyopazamika Adi bhedoM kA AdhAra hai-anantAnubandhi-catuSka aura dazanamohanIya-trika, ina sAta prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama, kSAyopazamikasamyaktva kA; upazama, aupazamikasamyaktvakA aura kSaya, kSAyikasamyaktva kA kAraNa hai / tathA samyaktva se girA kara mithyAtva kI ora jhukAnevAlA anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA udaya, sAsAdanasamyaktva kA kAraNa aura mizramohanIya kA udaya, mizrasamyaktva kA kAraNa hai| aupazamikasamyaktva meM kAlalabdhi Adi anya kyA 2 nimitta apekSita haiM aura vaha kisa-kisa gati meM kina-kina kAraNoM se hotA hai, isakA vizeSa varNana tathA kSAyika aura kSAyopazamikasamyaktva kA varNana kramazaH--tattvArtha w

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samyaktva 313 a0 2, sU0 3 ke pahale aura dUsare rAjavArtika meM tathA sU0 4 aura 5 ke sAtaveM rAjavArtika meM hai| (3)aupazamikasamyaktva ke samaya, darzanamohanIya kA kisI prakAra kA udaya nahIM hotA; para kSAyopazamikasamyaktva ke samaya, samyaktvamohanIya kA vipAkodaya aura mithyAtvamohanIya kA pradezodaya hotA hai| isI bhinnatA ke kAraNa zAstra meM aupazamikasamyaktva ko, 'bhAvasamyaktva' aura kSAyopazamikasamyaktva ko, 'dravyasamyaktva' kahA hai / ina donoM samyaktvoM se kSAyikasamyaktva viziSTa hai; kyoMki vaha sthAyI hai aura ye donoM asthAyI haiM / (4) yaha zaGkA hotI hai ki mohanIyakarma ghAtikarma hai / vaha samyaktva aura cAritraparyAya kA ghAta karatA hai, isalie samyaktvamohanIya ke vipAkodaya aura mithyAtvamohanIya ke pradezodaya ke samaya, samyaktva-pariNAma vyakta kaise ho sakatA hai ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki samyaktvamohanIya, mohanIyakarma hai sahI, para usake dalika vizuddha hote haiM; kyoMki zuddha adhyavasAya se jaba mithyAtvamohanIyakarma ke dalikoMkA sarvaghAtI rasa naSTa ho jAtA hai, taba vehI eka-sthAna rasavAle aura dvisthAna atimanda rasavAle dalika 'samyaktvamohanIya' kahalAte haiN| jaise-kA~ca Adi pAradarzaka vastue~ netra ke darzana kArya meM rukAvaTa nahIM DAlatI; vaise hI mithyAtvamohanIya ke zuddha dalikoM kA vipAkodaya samyaktva-pariNAma ke AvirbhAva meM pratibandha nahIM krtaa| aba rahA mithyAtva kA pradezodaya, so vaha bhI, samyaktvaparimANa kA pratibandhaka nahIM hotA; kyoMki nIrasa dalikoMkA hI pradezodaya hotA hai| jo dalika, manda rasavAle haiM, unakA vipAkodaya bhI jaba guNa kA ghAta nahIM karatA, taba nIrasa dalikoM ke pradezodaya se guNa ke ghAta hone kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| dekhie, paJcasaMgraha-dvAra 1, 15vIM gAthA kI TIkA meM gyArahaveM guNasthAna kI vyAkhyA / (5) kSayopazama-janya paryAya 'kSAyopazamika' aura upazama-janya paryAya 'aupazamika' kahalAtA hai| isalie kisI bhI kSAyopazamika aura aupazamika bhAva kA yathArtha jJAna karane ke lie pahale kSayopazama aura upazama kA hI svarUpa jAna lenA Avazyaka hai / ataH inakA svarUpa zAstrIya prakriyA ke anusAra likhA jAtA hai-- (1) kSayopazama zabda meM do pada haiM--kSaya tathA upazama / 'kSayopazama' zabda kA matalaba, karma ke kSaya aura upazama donoM se hai| kSaya kA matalaba, aAtmA. se karma kA viziSTa saMbandha chaTa jAnA aura upazama kA matalaba karma kA apane svarUpa meM AtmA ke sAtha saMlagna rahakara bhI usa para asara na DAlanA hai| yaha to huA

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jaina dharma aura darzana sAmAnya artha; para usakA pAribhASika artha kucha adhika hai| bandhAvalikA pUrNa ho jAne para kisI vivakSita karma kA jaba kSayopazama zurU hotA hai, taba vivakSita vartamAna samaya se prAvalikA-paryanta ke dalika, jinheM udayAvalikA-prApta yA udIrNadalika kahate haiM, unakA to pradezodaya va vipAkodayadvArAM kSaya (abhAva) hotA rahatA hai; aura jo dalika, vivakSita vartamAna samaya se zrAvalikA taka meM udaya pAne yogya nahIM haiM---jinheM udayAvalikA bahirbhUta yA anudIrNa dalika kahate haiMunakA upazama (vipAkodaya kI yogyatA kA abhAva yA tIvra rasa se manda rasa meM pariNamana) ho jAtA hai, jisase ve dalika, apanI udayAvalikA prApta hone para, pradezodaya yA manda vipAkodaya dvArA kSINa ho jAte haiM arthAt AtmA para apanA phala prakaTa nahIM kara sakate yA kama prakaTa karate haiM / ___ isa prakAra zrAvalikA paryanta ke udaya-prApta karmadalikoM kA pradezodaya va vipAkodaya dvArA kSaya aura zrAvalikA ke bAda ke udaya pAne yogya karmadalikoM kI vipAkodaya saMbandhinI yogyatA kA abhAva yA tIvra rasa kA manda rasa meM pariNamana hote rahane se karma kA kSayopazama kahalAtA hai| kSayopazama-yogya karma-- kSayopazama, saba karmoM kA nahIM hotA: sirpha ghAtikarmoM kA hotA hai| ghAtikarma ke dezadhAti aura sarvaghAti, ye do bheda haiN| donoM ke kSayopazama meM kucha vibhinnatA hai| (ka) jaba dezaghAtikarma kA kSayopazama pravRtta hotA hai, taba usake maMda rasayukta kucha dalikoM kA vipAkodaya, sAtha hI rahatA hai| vipAkodaya-prAsa dalika, alpa rasa-yukta hone se svAvArya guNa kA ghAta nahIM kara sakate, isase yaha siddhAMta mAnA gayA hai ki dezaghAtikarma ke kSayopazama ke samaya, vipAkodaya viruddha nahIM hai, arthAt vaha kSayopazama ke kArya ko svAvArya guNa ke vikAsa ko-roka nahIM. sakatA / parantu yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki dezaghAtikarma ke vipAkodayamizrita kSayopazama ke samaya, usakA sarvaghAti-rasa-yukta koI bhI dalika, udayamAna nahIM hotaa| isase yaha siddhAMta mAna liyA gayA hai ki jaba, sarvaghAti rasa, zuddha. adhyavasAya se dezaghAtirUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai, tabhI arthAt dezaghAti-spardhaka ke hI vipAkodaya-kAla meM kSayopazama avazya pravRtta hotA hai| ghAtikarma kI paccIsa prakRtiyA~ dezaghAtinI haiM, jinameM se matijJAnAvaraNa, zrutajJAnAvaraNa, acakSurdarzanAvaraNa aura pA~ca antarAya, ina ATha prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama to sadA se hI pravRtta hai; kyoMki AvArya matijJAna Adi paryAya, anAdi kAla se kSAyopazamikarUpa meM rahate hI haiN| isalie yaha mAnanA cAhie.

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kSayopazama ki ukta ATha prakRtiyoM ke dezaghAti- rasaspardhaka kA hI udaya hotA hai, rasaspardhaka kA kabhI nahIM / avadhijJAnAvaraNa, mana:paryayajJAnAvaraNa, cakSudarzanAvaraNa aura avadhidarzanAvaraNa, ina cAra prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama kAdAcitka (niyata) hai, arthAt jaba unake sarvaghAti-rasaspardhaka, dezaghAtirUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM; tabhI unakA kSayopazama hotA hai aura jaba sarvaghAti- rasaspardhaka udayamAna hote haiM, taba avadhijJAna Adi kA ghAta hI hotA hai| ukta cAra prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama bhI dezaghAtirasaspardhaka ke vipAkodaya se mizrita hI samajhanA cAhie / 315. sarvaghAti ukta bAraha ke sivAya zeSa teraha (cAra saMjvalana aura nau nokaSAya) prakRtiyA~ jo mohanIya kI haiM, ve dhruvodayinI haiM / isalie jaba unakA kSayopazama, pradezodayamAtra se yukta hotA hai, taba to ve svAvArya guNa kA leza bhI ghAta nahIM karatIM aura dezaghAtinI hI mAnI jAtI haiM; para jaba unakA kSayopazama vipAkodaya se mizrita hotA hai, taba ve svAvArya guNa kA kucha ghAta karatIM haiM aura dezaghAtinI kahalAtI haiM / * (kha) ghAtikarma kI bIsa prakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtinI haiM / inameM meM kevalajJAnAvaraNa aura kevaladarzanAvaraNa, ina do kA to kSayopazama hotA hI nahIM; kyoMki unake dalika kabhI dezaghAti- rasayukta banate hI nahIM aura na unakA vipAkodaya hI rokA jA sakatA hai / zeSa-aThAraha prakRtiyA~ aisI haiM, jinakA kSayopazama ho sakatA hai; paraMtu yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki dezaghAtinI prakRtiyoM ke kSayopazama ke samaya, , jaise vipAkodaya hotA hai, vaise ina aThAraha sarvaghAtinI prakRtiyoM ke dakSayopazama ke samaya nahIM hotA, arthAt ina aThAraha prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama, tabhI sambhava hai, jaba unakA pradezodaya hI ho| isalie yaha siddhAMta mAnA hai ki 'vipAkodayavatI prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama, yadi hotA hai to dezaghAtinI hI kA, sarvaghAtinI kA nahIM' | ata eva ukta aThAraha prakRtiyA~, vipAkodaya ke nirodha ke yogya mAnI jAtI hai; kyoMki unake AvArya guNoM kA kSAyopazamika svarUpa meM vyakta honA mAnA gayA hai, jo vipAkodaya ke nirodha ke sivAya ghaTa nahIM sakatA / (2) upazama - kSayopazama kI vyAkhyA meM, upazama zabda kA jo artha kiyA gayA hai, usase pazamika ke upazama zabda kA artha kucha udAra hai / arthAt kSayopazama ke upazama zabda kA artha sirpha vipAkodayasambandhinI yogyatA kA abhAva yA tIvra rasa kA maMda rasa meM pariNamana honA hai; para aupazamika ke upazama zabda kA artha pradezodaya aura vipAkodaya donoM kA abhAva hai; kyoMki kSayopazama

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316 jaina dharma aura darzana meM karma kA kSaya bhI jArI rahatA hai, jo kama se kama pradezodaya ke sivAya ho hI nahIM sktaa| paraMtu upazama meM yaha bAta nhiiN| jaba karma kA upazama hotA hai, tabhI se usakA kSaya ruka hI jAtA hai, ata eva usake pradezodaya hone kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rhtii| isIse upazama-avasthA tabhI mAnI jAtI hai, jaba ki antarakaraNa hotA hai / antarakaraNa ke antarmuhUrta meM udaya pAne ke yogya dalikoM meM se kucha to pahale hI bhoga liye jAte haiM aura kucha dalika pIche udaya pAne ke yogya banA diye jAte haiM, arthAt antarakaraNa meM vedya-dalikoM kA abhAva hotA hai / / ata eva kSayopazama aura upazama kI saMkSipta vyAkhyA itanI hI kI jAtI hai ki kSayopazama ke samaya, pradezodaya yA manda vipAkodaya hotA hai, para upazama ke samaya, vaha bhI nahIM hotaa| yaha niyama yAda rakhanA cAhie ki upazama bhI ghAtikarma kA hI ho sakatA hai, so bhI saba ghAtikarma kA nahIM, kiMtu kevala mohanIyakarma kaa| arthAt pradeza aura vipAka donoM prakAra kA udaya, yadi rokA jA sakatA hai to mohanIyakarma kA hii| isake lie dekhie, nandI, sU08 kI TIkA, pR0 77; kammapayaDI, zrI yazovijayajI-kRta TIkA, pR0 13; paJca0 dvA0 1, gA 26 kI malayagiri-vyAkhyA / samyaktva svarUpa, utpatti aura bhedaprabhedAdi ke savistara vicAra ke lie dekhie, loka pra0-sarga 3, zloka 566-700 / (9) acakSurdarzana kA sambhava ____ aThAraha mArgaNA meM acakSurdarzana parigaNita hai; ataeva usameM bhI caudaha jIvasthAna samajhane caahie| parantu isa para prazna yaha hotA hai ki acakSudarzana meM jo aparyApta jIvasthAna mAne jAte haiM, so kyA aparyApta-avasthA meM indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke bAda acakSurdarzana mAna kara yA indriya paryApti pUrNa hone ke pahale bhI acakSurdarzana hotA hai, yaha mAna kara ? yadi prathama pakSa mAnA jAe taba to ThIka hai; kyoMki indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke bAda aparyApta avasthA meM hI cakSurindriya dvArA sAmAnya bodha mAna kara jaisecakSurdarzana meM tIna aparyApta jIvasthAna cauthe karmagraMya kI 17 vIM gAthA meM matAntara se batalAye hue haiM vaise hI indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke bAda aparyApta-avasthA meM cakSubhinna indriya dvArA sAmAnya bodha mAna kara acakSurdarzana meM sAta aparyApta jIvasthAna ghaTAye jA sakate haiN|

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acakSurdarzana 317 parantu zrIjayasomasUri ne isa gAthA ke apane Tabe meM indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke pahale bhI acakSurdarzana mAna kara usameM aparyApta jIvasthAna mAne haiN| aura siddhAnta ke AdhAra se batalAyA hai ki vigrahagati aura kArmaNayoga meM avadhidarzanarahita jIva ko acakSurdarzana hotA hai / isa pakSa meM prazna yaha hotA hai ki indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke pahale dravyendriya na hone se acakSurdarzana kaise mAnanA ? isakA uttara do taraha se diyA jA sakatA hai| (1) dravyendriya hone para dravya aura bhAva, ubhaya indriya-janya upayoga aura 'dravyendriya ke abhAva meM kevala bhAvendriya-janya upayoga, isa taraha do prakAra kA upayoga hai| vigrahagati meM aura indriyaparyApti hone ke pahale, pahale prakAra kA upayoga, nahIM ho sakatA; para dUsare prakAra kA darzanAtmaka sAmAnya upayoga mAnA jA sakatA hai / aisA mAnane meM tattvArtha-a0 2, sU0 6 kI vRttikA___ 'athavendriyanirapekSameva tatkasyacidbhaved yataH pRSThata upasarpantaM sarpa buddhayaivendriyavyApAranirapekSaM pshytiiti|' yaha kathana pramANa hai / sArAMza, indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke pahale upayogAtmaka acatudarzana mAna kara samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| (2) vigrahagati meM aura indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke pahale acakSurdarzana mAnA jAtA hai, so zaktirUpa arthAt kSayopazamarUpa, upayogarUpa nhiiN| yaha samAdhAna, prAcIna caturtha karmagrantha kI 46vIM gAthA kI TIkA ke 'trayANAmapyacakSurdarzanaM tasyAnAhArakAvasthAyAmapi labdhimAzrityAbhyupagamAta / ' isa ullekha ke AdhAra para diyA gayA hai| prazna-indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke pahale jaise upayogarUpa yA kSayopazamarUpa acakSurdarzana mAnA jAtA hai, vaise hI caturdarzana kyoM nahIM mAnA jAtA ? uttara--cakSurdarzana, netrarUpa vizeSa-indriya-janya darzana ko kahate haiN| aisA darzana usI samaya mAnA jAtA hai, jaba ki dravyanetra ho / ataeva cakSurdarzana ko indriyaparyApti pUrNa hone ke bAda hI mAnA hai| acakSurdarzana kisI-eka indriyajanya sAmAnya upayoga ko nahIM kahate; kintu netra-bhinna kisI dravyendriya se honevAle, dravyamana se honevAle yA dravyendriya tathA dravyamana ke abhAva meM kSayopazamamAtra se honevAle sAmAnya upayoga ko kahate haiN| isI se acakSurdarzana ko indriyapIpti pUrNa hone ke pahale aura pIche, donoM avasthAoM meM mAnA hai /

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318 jaina dharma aura darzana (10) 'anAhAraka' anAhAraka jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM-chadyastha aura viitraag| vItarAga meM jo azarIrI (mukta) haiM, ve sabhI sadA anAhAraka hI haiM; parantu jo zarIradhArI haiM, ve kevalisamudghAta ke tIsare cauthe aura pA~cave samaya meM hI anAhAraka hote haiN| chadyastha jIva, anAhAraka tabhI hote haiM, jaba ve vigrahagati meM vartamAna hoN|| ___janmAntara grahaNa karane ke lie jIva ko pUrva-sthAna chor3akara dUsare sthAna meM jAnA par3atA hai| dUsarA sthAna pahale sthAna se vizreNi-patita ( vakra-rekhA meM ) ho, taba use vakra-gati karanI par3atI hai / vakra-gati ke saMbandha meM isa jagaha tIna bAtoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai (1) vakra gati meM vigraha (ghumAva ) kI saMkhyA, (2) vakra-gati kA kAlaparimANa aura (3) vakra-gati meM anAhArakatva kA kAla-mAna / (1) koI utpatti-sthAna aisA hotA hai ki jisako jIva eka vigraha karake hI prApta kara letA hai / kisI sthAna ke lie do vigraha karane par3ate haiM aura kisI ke lie tIna bhii| navIna utpatti-sthAna, pUrva-sthAna se kitanA hI vizreNi-patita kyoM na ho, para vaha tIna vigraha meM to avazya hI prApta ho jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM digambara-sAhitya meM vicAra-bheda najaranahIM AtA; kyoMki- . 'vigrahavatI ca saMsAriNaH prAka catubhyaH / -tattvArtha-a0 2, sU0 28 / isa sUtra kI sarvArthasiddhindIkA meM zrI pUjyapAdasvAmI ne adhika se adhika tIna vigrahavAlI gati kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| tathA _ 'ekaM dvau triinvaa'naahaarkH|' -tattvArtha-a0 2, sUtra 30 / - isa sUtra ke chaThe rAjavArtika meM bhaTTAraka zrIakalaGkadeva ne bhI adhika se adhika tri-vigraha-gati kA hI samarthana kiyA hai| nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI bhI gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa kI 666vIM gAthA meM ukta mata kA hI nirdeza karate haiN| zvetAmbarIya granthoM meM isa viSaya para matAntara ullikhita pAyA jAtA hai'vigrahavatI ca saMsAriNaH praakcturvyH| -tattvArtha-a0 2, sUtra 26 / 'ekaM dvau vA'nAhArakaH / ' - tattvArtha-a0 2, sU0 30 / zvetAmbara-prasiddha tattvArtha-a0 2 ke bhASya meM bhagavAn umAsvAti ne tathA usakI TIkA meM zrIsiddhasenagaNi ne tri-vigrahagati kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAtha hI ukta bhASya kI TIkA meM caturvigraha-gati kA matAntara bhI darasAyA hai / isa matAntara kA ullekha vRhatsaMgrahaNI kI 325vIM gAthA meM aura zrIbhagavatI-zataka 7, uddezya

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anAhAraka 316 1 kI tathA zataka 14, uddezya 1 kI TIkA meM bhI hai| kintu isa matAntara kA jahA~-kahIM ullekha hai, vahA~ saba jagaha yahI likhA hai ki caturvigrahagati kA nirdeza kisI mUla sUtra meM nahIM hai| isase jAna par3atA hai ki aisI gati karanevAle jIva hI bahuta kama haiN| ukta sUtroM ke bhASya meM to yaha spaSTa likhA hai ki tri-vigraha se adhika vigrahavAlI gati kA saMbhava hI nahIM hai| ___ 'avigrahA ekavigrahA dvivigrahAM trivigrahA ityetAzcatussamayaparAzcaturvidhA gatayo bhavanti, parato na sambhavanti / ' bhASya ke isa kathana se tathA digambara-graMthoM meM adhika se adhika tri-vigraha gati kA hI nirdeza pAye jAne se aura bhagavatI-TIkA Adi meM jahA~-kahIM caturvigrahagati kA matAntara haiM, vahA~ saba jagaha usakI alpatA dikhAI jAne ke kAraNa adhika se adhika tIna vigrahavAlI gati hI kA pakSa bahumAnya samajhanA cAhie / (2) vakra-gati ke kAla-parimANa ke saMbandha meM yaha niyama hai ki vakragati kA samaya vigraha kI apekSA eka adhika hI hotA hai| arthAt jisa gati meM eka vigraha ho, usakA kAla-mAna do samayoMkA, isa prakAra dvi vigrahagati kA kAla-mAna . tIna samayoM kA aura tri-vigrahagati kA kAla-mAna cAra samayoM kA hai| isa niyama meM zvetAmbara-digambara kA koI mata-bheda nahIM / hA~ Upara caturvigraha gati ke matAntara kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, usake anusAra usa gati kA kAla-mAna pA~ca samayoM kA batalAyA gayA hai| (3) vigrahagati meM anAhArakatva ke kAla-bhAna kA vicAra vyavahAra aura nizcaya, do dRSTiyoM se kiyA huA pAyA jAtA hai / vyavahAravAdiyoM kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pUrva-zarIra chor3ane kA samaya, jo vakra-gati kA prathama samaya hai, usameM pUrva-zarIra-yogya kucha pudgala lomAhAradvArA grahaNa kie jAte hai|--vRhtsNgrhnnii gA0 326 tathA usakI TIkA, loka0 sarga 3, zlo0, 1107 se Age / parantu nizcayavAdiyoM kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pUrva-zarIra chuTane ke samaya meM, arthAt vakragati ke prathama samaya meM na to pUrva-zarIra kA hI saMbandha hai aura na nayA zarIra banA hai; isalie usa samaya kisI prakAra ke AhAra kA saMbhava nhiiN|-lok0 sa0 3, zlo0 1115 se Age / vyavahAravAdI ho yA nizcayavAdI, donoM isa bAta ko barAbara mAnate haiM ki vakra-gati kA aMtima samaya, jisameM jIva navIna sthAna meM utpanna hotA hai, usameM avazya AhAra grahaNa hotA hai / vyavahAra naya ke anusAra anAhArakatva kA kAla-mAna isa prakAra samajhanA cAhie eka vigraha vAlI gAta, jisakI kAla-maryAdA do samaya kI hai, usake donoM

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320 jaina dharma aura darzana samaya meM jIva AhAraka hI hotA hai; kyoMki pahale samaya meM pUrva-zarIra yogya lomAhAra grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura dUsare samaya meM navIna zarIra-yogya AhAra / do vigrahavAlI gati, jo tIna samaya kI hai aura tIna vigrahavAlI gati, jo cAra samaya kI hai, usameM prathama tathA antima samaya meM AhArakatva hone para bhI bIca ke samaya meM anAhAraka-avasthA pAI jAtI hai| arthAt dvi-vigrahagati ke madhya meM eka samaya taka aura tri-vigrahagati meM prathama tathA antika samaya ko chor3a, bIca ke do samaya paryanta anAhAraka sthiti rahatI hai / vyavahAranaya kA yaha mata ki vigraha kI apekSA anAhArakatva kA samaya eka kama hI hotA hai, tattvArtha-adhyAya 2 ke 31 veM sUtra meM tathA usake bhASya aura TIkA meM nirdiSTa hai / sAtha hI TIkA meM vyavahAranaya ke anusAra uparyukta pA~ca samaya-parimANa caturvigrahavatI gati ke matAntara ko lekara tIna samaya kA anAhArakatva bhI batalAyA gayA hai / sArAMza, vyavahAranaya kI apekSA se tIna samaya kA anAhArakatva, caturvigrahavatI gati ke matAntara se hI ghaTa sakatA hai, anyathA nahIM / nizcayadRSTi ke anusAra yaha bAta nahIM hai| usake anusAra to jitane vigraha utane hI samaya anAhArakatva ke hote haiM / ataeva usa dRSTi ke anusAra eka vigraha vAlI vakra-gati meM eka samaya, do vigrahavAlI gati meM do samaya aura tIna vigrahavAlI gati meM tIna samaya anAhArakatva ke samajhane caahie| yaha bAta digambara-prasiddha tattvArtha- a0 2 ke 30veM sUtra tathA usako sarvArthasiddhi aura rAjavArtika-TIkA meM hai / zvetAmbara-graMthoM meM caturvigrahavatI gati ke matAntara kA ullekha hai, usako lekara nizcayadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to anAhArakatva ke cAra samaya bhI kahe jA sakate haiN| sArAMza, zvetAmbarIya tattvArtha-bhASya Adi meM eka yA do samaya ke anAhArakatva kA jo ullekha hai, vaha vyavahAradRSTi se aura digambarIya tattvArtha Adi graMthoM meM jo eka, do yA tIna samaya ke anAhArakatva kA ullekha hai, vaha nizcayadRSTi se / ataeva anAhArakatva ke kAla-mAna ke viSaya meM donoM sampradAya meM vAstavika virodha ko avakAza hI nahIM hai| __ prasaGga-vaza yaha bAta jAnane yogya hai ki pUrva-zarIra kA parityAga, para-bhava kI zrAyu kA udaya aura gati ( cAhe Rju ho yA vakra ), ye tInoM eka samaya meM hote haiM / vigrahagati ke dUsare samaya meM para-bhava kI Ayu ke udaya kA kathana hai, so sthUla vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se -- pUrva-bhava kA antima samaya, jisameM jIva vigrahagati ke abhimukha ho jAtA hai, usako upacAra se vigrahagati kA prathama samaya mAnakara - samajhanA caahie| -bRhatsaMgrahaNI, gA0 325, malayagiri-TIkA /

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321 avadhidarzana (11) 'avadhidarzana' ___avadhidarzana aura guNasthAna kA saMbandha vicArane ke samaya mukhyatayA do bAteM jAnane kI haiM-(1) pakSa-bheda aura (2) unakA tAtparya / (1) pakSa-bhedaprastuta viSaya meM mukhya do pakSa haiM--(ka) kArmagraMthika aura (kha) saiddhAntika / (ka) kArmagranthika-pakSa bhI do haiN| inameM se pahalA pakSa cauthe Adi nau guNasthAnoM meM avadhidarzana mAnatA hai| yaha pakSa, prAcIna caturtha karmagraMtha kI 26 vI gAthA meM nirdiSTa hai, jo pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM ajJAna mAnanevAle kArmagraMthikoM ko mAnya hai| dUsarA pakSa, tIsare Adi dasa guNasthAnoM meM avadhidarzana mAnatA hai| yaha pakSa cauthe karmagrantha ko 48 vI gAthA meM tathA prAcIna caturtha karmagraMtha kI 70 aura 71 vI gAthA meM nirdiSTa hai, jo pahale do guNasthAna taka ajJAna mAnane vAle kArmagraMthikoM ko mAnya hai| ye donoM pakSa, gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa kI 660 aura 704 thI gAthA meM haiN| inameM se prathama pakSa, tattvArtha-a. 1 ke 8 veM satra kI sarvArthasiddhi meM bhI hai| vaha yaha hai --- 'avadhidarzane asaMyatasamyagdRSTyAdIni kSINakaSAyAntAni / ' (kha) saiddhAntika-pakSa bilkula bhinna hai| vaha pahale Adi bAraha guNasthAnoM meM avadhidarzana mAnatA hai| jo bhagavatI-sUtra se mAlUma hotA hai| isa pakSa ko zrI malagiri sUri ne paJcasaMgraha-dvAra 1 kI 31 vI gAthA kI TIkA meM tathA prAcIna caturtha karmagrantha kI 26 vIM gAthA kI TIkA meM spaSTatA se dikhAyA hai| 'ohidasaNaaNAgArovauttA NaM bhaMte ! kiM nANI annANI ? goyamA ! NANI vi annANI vi / jai nANI te atthegaiA tiNNANI, atthegaiA cunnaannii| je tiNNANI, te AbhiNibohiyaNANI suyaNANI ohinnaannii| je cauNANI te AbhiNibohiyaNANI suyaNANI aohiNANI mnnpjjvnnaannii| je aNNANI te NiyamA maiaNNANI suyaaNNANI vibhaMganANI / __-bhagavatI-zataka 8, uddezya 2 / (2) ukta pakSoM kA tAtparya (ka) pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM ajJAna mAnanevAle aura pahale do guNasthAnoM meM ajJAna mAnanevAle, donoM prakAra ke kArmagraMthika vidvAn avadhijJAna se avadhidarzana ko alaga mAnate haiM, para vibhaGgajJAna se nahIM / ve kahate haiM ki vizeSa avadhi-upayoga se sAmAnya avadhi-upayoga bhinna hai; isalie jisa prakAra avadhi-upayogavAle samyaktvI meM avadhijJAna aura avadhidarzana, donoM alaga

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322 jaina dharma aura darzana alaga haiM, isI prakAra avadhi - upayogavAle ajJAnI meM bhI vibhaGgajJAna aura avadhidarzana, ye donoM vastutaH bhinna haiM sahI, tathApi vibhaGgajJAna aura avadhidarzana ina donoM ke pArasparika bheda kI vivakSAmAtra hai / bheda vivakSita na rakhane kA saba donoM kA sAdRzyamAtra hai / arthAt jaise vibhaGgajJAna viSaya kA yathArtha nizcaya nahIM kara sakatA, vaise hI avadhidarzana sAmAnyarUpa hone ke kAraNa viSaya kA nizcaya nahIM kara sakatA / isa abheda-vivakSA ke kAraNa pahale mata ke anusAra cauthe Adi nau guNasthAnoM meM aura dUsare mata ke anusAra tIsare Adi dasa guNasthAnoM meM avadhidarzana samajhanA cAhie / (kha) saiddhAntika vidvAn vibhaGgajJAna aura avadhidarzana, donoM ke bheda kI vivakSA karate haiM, abheda kI nahIM / isI kAraNa ve vibhaGgajJAnI meM avadhidarzana mAnate haiM / unake mata se kevala pahale guNasthAna meM vibhaGgajJAna kA saMbhava hai, dUsare Adi meM nahIM / isalie ve dUsare Adi gyAraha guNasthAnoM meM avadhijJAna ke sAtha aura pahale guNasthAna meM vibhaGgajJAna ke sAtha avadhidarzana kA sAhacarya mAnakara pahale bAraha guNasthAnoM meM avadhidarzana mAnate haiM / avadhijJAnI ke aura vibhaGgajJAnI ke darzana meM nirAkAratA aMza samAna hI hai / isalie vibhaGgajJAnI ke darzana kI 'vibhaGgadarzana' aisI alaga saMjJA na rakhakara 'avadhidarzana' hI saMjJA rakhI hai / sArAMza, kArmagranthika pakSa, kI vivakSA nahIM karatA aura vibhaGgajJAna aura avadhidarzana, ina donoM ke bheda saiddhAntika pakSa karatA hai / -loka prakAza sarga 3, zloka 1057 se Age / isa matabheda kA ullekha vizeSaNavatI grantha meM zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kiyA hai, jisakI sUcanA prajJApanA- pada 18, vRtti (kalakattA) pR0 566 para hai / ( 12 ) ' AhAraka' - kevalajJAnI ke AhAra para vicAra terahaveM guNasthAna ke samaya AhArakatva kA aGgIkAra cauthe karmagrantha pa0 86 tathA digambarIya granthoM meM hai / dekho - tattvArtha- 0 1 sU0 8 ko sarvArthasiddhi'AhArAnuvAdena zrAhArakeSu mithyAdRSTyAdIni sayoga kevalyantAni ' isI taraha gommaTasAra - jIvakANDa kI 665 aura 667 vIM gAthA bhI isake lie dekhane yogya hai /

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'dRSTivAda 323 ukta guNasthAna meM asAtavedanIya kA udaya bhI donoM sampradAya ke granthoM (dUsarA karmagrantha, gA0 22; karmakANDa, gA0 271) meM mAnA huA hai| isI taraha usa samaya AhArasaMjJA na hone para bhI kArmaNazarIranAmakarma ke udaya se karmapudgaloM kI taraha audArikazarIranAmakarma ke udaya se audArika-pudgaloM kA grahaNa digambarIya grantha (labdhisAra gA0 614) meM bhI svIkRta hai / AhArakatva ko vyAkhyA gommaTasAra meM itanI adhika spaSTa hai ki jisase kevalI ke dvArA zraudArika, bhASA aura manovargaNA ke pudgala grahaNa kiye jAne ke saMbandha meM kucha bhI sandeha nahIM rahatA (jIva0 gA* 663-664) / audArika pudgaloM kA nirantara grahaNa bhI eka prakAra kA AhAra hai, jo 'lomAhAra' kahalAtA hai| isa AhAra ke lie jAne taka zarIra kA nirvAha aura isake abhAva meM zarIra kA anirvAha arthAt yoga-pravRtti paryanta audArika pudgaloM kA grahaNa anvaya-vyatireka se siddha hai| isa taraha kevalajJAnI meM AhArakatva, usakA kAraNa asAtavedanIya kA udaya aura audArika pudagaloM kA grahaNa, donoM sampradAya ko samAnarUpa se mAnya hai| donoM sampradAya kI yaha vicAra-samatA itanI adhika hai ki isake sAmane kavalAhAra kA prazna vicArazIloM kI dRSTi meM Apa hI Apa hala ho jAtA hai / kevalajJAnI kavalAhAra ko grahaNa nahIM karate, aisA mAnanevAle bhI unake dvArA anya sUkSma audArika pudgaloM kA grahaNa kiyA jAnA nirvivAda mAnate hI haiM / jinake mata meM kevalajJAnI kavalAhAra grahaNa karate haiM; unake mata se vaha sthUla audArika pudgala ke sivAya aura kucha bhI nahIM hai / isa prakAra kavalAhAra mAnanevAle na mAnanevAle ubhaya ke mata meM kevalajJAnI ke dvArA kisI-na-kisI prakAra ke audArika pudgaloM kA grahaNa kiyA jAnA samAna hai / aisI dazA meM kavalAhAra ke prazna ko virodha kA sAdhana banAnA artha-hIna hai| (13) 'dRSTivAda'-strI ko dRSTivAda kA anadhikAra [samAnatA-] vyavahAra aura zAstra, ye donoM, zArIrika aura AdhyAtmikavikAsa meM strI ko puruSa ke samAna siddha karate haiM / kumArI tArAbAI kA zArIrikabala meM pro0 rAmamUrti se kama na honA, viduSI ainI bIsenTa kA vicAra va vaktRtvazakti meM anya kisI vicAraka vaktA-puruSa se kama na honA evaM, viduSI sarojinI nAyar3akA kavitva-zakti meM kisI prasiddha puruSa-kavi se kama na honA, isa bAta kA

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324 jaina dharma aura darzana pramANa hai ki samAna sAdhana aura avasara milane para strI bhI puruSa-jitanI yogyatA prAsa kara sakatI hai / zvetAmbara-AcAryoM ne strI ko puruSa ke barAbara yogya mAnakara use kaivalya va mokSa kI arthAt zArIrika aura AdhyAtmika pUrNa vikAsa kI adhikAriNI siddha kiyA hai / isake lie dekhie, prajJApanA-sUtra0 7, pR0 18 nandI-sUtra0 21, pR0 130 / isa viSaya meM mata-bheda rakhanevAle digambara-zrAcAryoM ke viSaya meM bahutakucha likhA gayA hai| isake lie dekhie, nandI-TIkA, pR0 131-133; prajJApanA-TIkA, pR0 20-22; zAstravArtAsamuccaya-TIkA, pR0 425-430 / AlaGkArika paNDita rAjazekhara ne madhyasthabhAvapUrvaka strI jAti ko puruSajAti ke tulya batalAyA hai 'puruSavat yoSito'pi kavIbhaveyuH / saMskAro hyAtmani samavaiti, na straiNaM pauruSaM vA vibhaagmpeksste| zrayante dRzyante ca rAjaputryo mahAmAtyaduhitaro gaNikAH kautukibhAryAzca zAstrapratibuddhAH kavayazca / ' -kAvyamImAMsA-adhyAya 10 / [virodha-] strI ko dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA jo niSedha kiyA hai, isameM do taraha se virodha aAtA hai--(1) tarka-dRSTi se aura (2) zAstrokta maryAdA se / (1) eka ora strI ko kevalajJAna va mokSa taka kI adhikAriNI mAnanA aura dUsarI ora use dRSTivAda ke adhyayana ke lie-zrutajJAna-vizeSa ke lieayogya batalAnA, aisA viruddha jAna par3atA hai, jaise kisI ko ratna sauMpakara kahanA ki tuma kaur3I kI rakSA nahIM kara skte| (2) dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha karane se zAstra-kathita kArya-kAraNabhAva kI maryAdA bhI bAdhita ho jAtI hai| jaise--zukladhyAna ke pahale do pAda prApta kiye binA kevalajJAna prApta nahIM hotA; 'pUrva' jJAna ke binA zukladhyAna ke prathama do pAda prApta nahIM hote aura 'pUrva', dRSTivAda kA eka hissA hai| yaha mIMdA zAstra meM nirvivAda svIkRta hai 'zukla cAdye puurvvidH|' / --tattvArtha-a0 6, sU036 / isa kAraNa dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kI anadhikAriNI strI ko kevalajJAna kI adhikAriNI mAna lenA spaSTa viruddha jAna par3atA hai| . dRSTivAda ke anadhikAra ke kAraNoM ke viSaya meM do pakSa haiM

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dRSTivAda rUra (ka) pahalA pakSa, zrI jinabhradragaNi kSamAzramaNa Adi kA hai| isa pakSa meM strI meM tucchatva, abhimAna, indriya-cAJcalya, mati-mAnya Adi mAnasika doSa dikhAkara usako dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha kayA hai / isake lie dekhie, vize0, bhA0, 552vIM gAthA / (kha) dUsarA pakSa, zrI haribhadrasUri Adi kA hai| isa pakSa meM azuddhirUpa zArIrika-doSa dikhAkara usakA niSedha kiyA hai / yathA. 'kathaM dvAdazAGgapratiSedhaH ? tathAvidhavigrahe tato doSAt / ' -lalitavistarA, pR0 211 / niyadRSTi se virodha kA parihAra-] dRSTivAda ke anadhikAra se strI ko kevalajJAna ke pAne meM jo kArya-kAraNa-bhAva kA virodha dIkhatA hai, vaha vastutaH virodha nahIM hai; kyoMki zAstra, strI meM dRSTivAda ke artha-jJAna kI yogyatA mAnatA hai; niSedha sirpha zAbdika adhyayana kA hai| 'zreNipariNatau tu kAlagarbhavadbhAvato bhAvo'viruddha eva / ' ___-lalitavistarA tathA isakI zrI municandrasUri-kRta paJjikA, pR0 111 / tapa, bhAvanA Adi se 'jaba jJAnAvaraNIya kA kSayopazama tIvra ho jAtA hai, taba strI zAbdika adhyayana ke sivAya hI dRSTivAda kA sampUrNa artha-jJAna kara letI hai aura zukladhyAna ke do pAda pAkara kevalajJAna ko bhI pA letI hai 'yadi ca zAstrayogAgamyasAmarthyayogAvaseyabhAveSvatisUkSmeSvapi teSAM viziSTa kSayopazamaprabhavaprabhAvayogAt pUrvadharasyeva bodhAtirekasadbhAvAdAdyazaladhyAnadvayaprAptaH kevalAvAptikrameNa muktiprAptiriti na doSaH, adhyayanamantareNApi bhAvataH pUrvavittvasaMbhavAt , iti vibhAvyate, tadA nirgranthInAmapyevaM dvitayasaMbhave doSAbhAvAt / ' / -zAstravAtI0, pR0 426 / __ yaha niyama nahIM hai ki guru-mukha se zAbdika-adhyayana binA kiye artha-jJAna na ho / aneka loga aise dekhe jAte haiM, jo kisI se binA par3he hI manana-cintanadvArA apane abhISTa viSaya kA gaharA jJAna prApta kara lete haiN| aba rahA zAbdika-adhyayana kA niSedha, so isa para aneka tarka-vitarka utpanna hote hai / yathA--jisameM artha-jJAna kI yogyanA mAna lI jAe, usako sirpha zAbdika-adhyayana ke lie ayogya batalAnA kyA saMgata hai ? zabda, artha-jJAna kA sAdhana mAtra hai| tapa, bhAvanA Adi anya sAdhanoM se jo artha-jJAna saMpAdana kara sakatA hai, vaha usa jJAna ko zabda dvArA saMpAdana karane ke lie ayogya hai, yaha

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326 jaina dharma aura darzana kahanA kahA~ taka saMgata hai ? zAbdika-adhyayana ke niSedha ke lie tucchatva abhimAna Adi jo mAnasika-doSa dikhAe jAte haiM, ve kyA puruSajAti meM nahIM hote ? yadi viziSTa puruSoM meM ukta doSoM kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa puruSa-sAmAnya ke lie zAbdika adhyayana kA niSedha nahIM kiyA hai to kyA puruSa-tulya viziSTa striyoM kA saMbhava nahIM hai ? yadi asaMbhava hotA to strI-mokSa kA varNana kyoM kiyA jAtA ? zAbdikaadhyayana ke lie jo zArIrika-doSoM kI saMbhAvanA kI gaI hai, vaha bhI kyA saba striyoM ko lAgU par3atI hai ? yadi kucha striyoM ko lAgU par3atI hai to kyA kucha puruSoM meM bhI zArIrika-azuddhi kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai ? aisI dazA meM puruSa-jAti ko chor3a strI-jAti ke lie zAbdika adhyayana kA niSedha kisa abhiprAya se kiyA hai ? ina takoM ke saMbandha meM saMkSepa meM itanA hI kahanA hai ki mAnasika yA zArIrika-doSa dikhAkara zAbdika-adhyayana kA jo niSedha kiyA gayA hai, vaha prAyika jAna par3atA hai, arthAt viziSTa striyoM ke lie adhyayana kA niSedha nahIM hai| isake samarthana meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaba viziSTa striyA~, dRSTivAda kA arthajJAna vItarAgabhAva, kevalajJAna aura mokSa taka pAne meM samartha ho sakatI haiM, to phira unameM mAnasika doSoM kI saMbhAvanA hI kyA hai ? tathA vRddha, apramatta aura paramapavitra prAcAravAlI striyoM meM zArIrika-azuddhi kaise batalAI jA sakatI hai ? jinako dRSTivAda ke adhyayana ke lie yogya samajhA jAtA hai, ve puruSa bhI, jaisesthUlabhadra, durbalikA puSyamitra Adi, tucchatva, smRti-doSa Adi kAraNoM se dRSTivAda kI rakSA na kara ske| 'teNa ciMtiyaM bhagiNINaM iDhi darisemi tti sIharUvaM viuvvai / ' -zrAvazyakavatti, pR0668| 'tato AyariehiM dubbaliyapussamitto tassa vAyaNAyario diNNo, tato so kaivi divase vAyaNaM dAUNa Ayariyamuvahito bhaNai mama vAyaNaM detassa nAsati, jaM ca saNNAyaghare nANuppehiyaM, ato mama ajjharatassa navamaM puvvaM nAsihiti tAhe AyariyA ciMteti-jai tAva eyassa paramamehAvissa evaM jharaMtassa nAsai annassa cirana ceva / ' -AvazyakavRtti, pR0 308 / ... aisI vastusthiti hone para bhI striyoM ko hI adhyayana kA niSedha kyoM kiyA gayA ? isa prazna kA uttara do taraha se diyA jA sakatA hai - (1) samAna sAmagrI milane para bhI puruSoM ke mukAbile meM striyoM kA kama saMkhyA meM yogya honA aura (2) aitihAsika-paristhiti /

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dRSTivAda 327 (1) jina pazcimIya dezoM meM striyoM ko par3hane Adi kI sAmagrI puruSoM ke samAna prApta hotI hai, vahA~ para itihAsa dekhane se yahI jAna par3atA hai ki striyA~ puruSoM ke tulya ho sakatI haiM sahI, para yogya vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA, strIjAti kI apekSA puruSa jAti meM adhika pAI jAtI hai| (2) kundakunda-prAcArya sarIkhe pratipAdaka digambara-zrAcAryoM ne strIjAti ko zArIrika aura mAnasika-doSa ke kAraNa dIkSA taka ke lie ayogya ThaharAyA-- 'liMgammi ya itthINaM thaNaMtare NAhikakkhadesamma / bhaNio suhamo kAo, tAsaM kaha hoi pavvajA / / ' -SaTpAhuDa-sUtrapAhuDa gA0 24-25 / aura vaidika vidvAnoM ne zArIrika-zuddhi ko agra-sthAna dekara strI aura zUdrajAti ko sAmAnyataH vedAdhyayana ke lie anadhikArI batalAyA 'strIzUdrau nAdhIyAtA' ina vipakSI sampradAyoM kA itanA asara par3A ki usase prabhAvita hokara puruSajAti ke samAna strIjAti kI yogyatA mAnate hue bhI zvetAmbara-AcArya use vizeSa-adhyayana ke lie ayogya batalAne lage hoNge| gyAraha aGga Adi par3hane kA adhikAra mAnate hue bhI sirpha bArahaveM aGga ke niSedha kA sababa yaha bhI jAna par3atA hai ki dRSTivAda kA vyavahAra meM mahattva banA rahe / usa samaya vizeSatayA zArIrika-zuddhipUrvaka par3hane meM veda Adi granthoM kI mahattA samajhI jAtI thii| dRSTivAda saba aGgoM meM pradhAna thA, isalie vyavahAradRSTi se usakI mahattA rakhane ke lie anya bar3e par3osI samAja kA anukaraNa kara lenA svAbhAvika hai| isa kAraNa pAramArthika dRSTi se strI ko saMpUrNatayA yogya mAnate hue bhI prAcAryoM ne vyAvahArika dRSTi se zArIrika-azuddhi kA khayAla kara usako zAbdika-adhyayanamAtra ke lie ayogya batalAyA hogaa| bhagavAn gautamabuddha ne strIjAti ko bhikSupada ke lie ayogya nirdhArita kiyA thA parantu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne to prathama se hI usako puruSa ke samAna bhikSupada kI adhikAriNo nizcita kiyA thaa| isI se jainazAsana meM caturvidha saMgha prathama se hI sthApita hai aura sAdhu tathA zrAvakoM kI apekSA sAdhviyoM tathA zrAvikAoM kI saMkhyA prArambha se hI adhika rahI hai parantu apane pradhAna ziSya 'Ananda' ke Agraha se buddha bhagavAn ne jaba striyoM ko bhida pada diyA, taba unakI sakhyA dhIredhIre bahuta bar3hI aura kucha zatAbdiyoM ke bAda azikSA, kuprabandha Adi kaI kAraNoM se unameM bahuta-kucha AcAra-bhraMza huA, jisase ki bauddha-saMgha eka taraha se dUSita

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328 jaina dharma aura darzana samajhA jAne lgaa| sambhava hai, isa paristhiti kA jaina-sampradAya para bhI kucha asara par3A ho, jisase digambara-zrAcAryoM ne strI ko bhikSapada ke lie hI ayogya karAra diyA ho aura zvetAmbara-aAcAryoM ne aisA na karake strIjAti kA ucca adhikAra kAyama rakhate hue bhI durbalatA, indriya-capalatA Adi doSoM ko usa jAti meM vizeSa rUpa se dikhAyA ho; kyoMki sahacara-samAjoM ke vyavahAroM kA eka dUsare para prabhAva par3anA anivArya hai| (14) cakSurdarzana ke sAtha yoga cauthe karmagrantha gA0 28 meM cakSurdarzana meM teraha yoga mAne gae haiM, para zrI malayagirijI ne usameM gyAraha yoga batalAe haiN| kArmaNa, audArikamizra, vaikriyamizra aura AhArakamizra, ye cAra yoga chor3a die haiN| -paJca0 dvA0 1 kI 12 cI gAthA kI TIkA / gyAraha mAnane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaise aparyApta avasthA meM caturdarzana na hone se usameM kArmaNa aura audArikamizra, ye do aparyApta-avasthA-bhAvI yoga nahIM hote, vaise hI vaikriyamizra yA AhArakamizra-kAya yoga rahatA hai, taba taka arthAt vaikriyazarIra yA AhArakazarIra apUrNa ho taba taka cakSurdarzana nahIM hotA, isalie usameM vaikriyamizra aura AhArakamizra-yoga bhI na mAnane caahie| ___ isa para yaha zaGkA ho sakatI hai ki aparyApta-avasthA meM indriyaparyApti pUrNa bana jAne ke bAda cauthe karmagrantha kI 17 vI gAthA meM ullikhita mAtAntara ke anusAra yadi caturdarzana mAna liyA jAe to usameM audArikamizra kAyayoga, jo ki aparyApta-avasthAbhAvI hai, usakA abhAva kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? isa zaGkA kA samAdhAna yaha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki paJcasaMgraha meM eka aisA matAntara hai jo ki aparyApta-avasthA meM zarIra paryApti pUrNa na bana jAe taba taka mizrayoga mAnatA hai, bana jAne ke bAda nahIM mAnatA / -paJca0 dvA0 1kI 7vIM gAthA kI TIkA / isa mata ke anusAra aparyApta-avasthA meM jaba caturdarzana hotA hai taba mizrayoga na hone ke kAraNa cakSurdarzana meM audArikamizra kAyayoga kA varjana viruddha nahIM hai| isa jagaha manaHparyAya jJAna meM teraha yoga mAne hue haiM, jinameM AhAraka dvika kA samAveza hai| para gommaTasAra-karmakANDa yaha nahIM mAnatA; kyoMki usameM likhA hai ki parihAra vizuddha cAritra aura manaHparyAyajJAna ke samaya AhAraka

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kevalisamudghAta 326 zarIra tathA AhAraka-aGgopAGga nAmakarma kA udaya nahIM hotA-karmakANDa gA0 324 / jaba taka AhAraka-dvikakA udaya na ho, taba taka AhAraka-zarIra racA nahIM jA sakatA aura usakI racanA ke sivAya AhArakamizra aura AhAraka, ye do yoga asambhava haiN| isase siddha hai ki gommaTasAra, manaHparyAyajJAna meM do AhAraka yoga nahIM mAnatA / isI bAta kI puSTi jIvakANDa kI 728 vI gAthA se bhI hotI hai / usakA matalaba itanA hI hai ki manaHparyAyajJAna, parihAra vizuddhasaMyama, prathamopazamasamyaktva aura AhAraka-dvika, ina bhAvoM meM se kisI eka ke prApta hone para zeSa bhAva prApta nahIM hote| (15) 'kevalisamudghAta' (ka) pUrvabhAvI kriyA-kevalisamudghAta racane ke pahale eka vizeSa kriyA kI jAtI hai, jo zubhayoga rUpa hai, jisakI sthiti antarmuhUrta pramANa hai aura jisakA kArya udayAvalikA meM karma-dalikoM kA nikSepa karanA hai| isa kriyA-vizeSa ko 'prAyojikAkaraNa' kahate haiN| mokSa kI ora zrAvarjita (jhuke hue) AtmA ke dvArA kiye jAne ke kAraNa isako 'zrAvarjitakaraNa' kahate haiN| aura saba kevalajJAniyoM ke dvArA avazya kiye jAne ke kAraNa isako 'AvazyakakaraNa' bhI kahate haiM / zvetAmbara-sahitya meM AyojikAkaraNa Adi tInoM saMjJAe~ prasiddha haiM |-vishe0 A0, gA0 3050-51; tathA paJca0 dvA0 1, gA0 16 kI TIkA / digambara-sAhitya meM sirpha 'zrAvarjitakaraNa' saMjJA prasiddha hai| lakSaNa bhI usameM spaSTa hai 'haTThA daMDassatomuhuttamAvAjadaM have karaNaM / taM ca samugghAdassa ya ahimuhabhAvo jiNiMdassa / ' -labdhisAra, gA0 617 / (kha) kevalisamudghAta kA prayojana aura vidhAna-samaya-- jaba vedanIya Adi aghAti karma kI sthiti tathA dalika, Ayu karma kI sthiti tathA dalika se adhika hoM taba unako Apasa meM barAbara karane ke lie kevalisamudghAta karanA par3atA hai / isakA vidhAna, antarmuharta-pramANa Ayu bAkI rahane ke samaya hotA hai| (ga) svAmI--kevalajJAnI hI kevalisamudghAta ko racate haiM /

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330 jaina dharma aura darzana (gha) kAla-mAna-kevalisamudghAta kA kAla-mAna ATha samaya kA hai| (Da) prakriyA-prathama samaya meM AtmA ke pradezoM ko zarIra se bAhara nikAlakara phailA diyA jAtA hai| isa samaya unakA AkAra, daNDa jaisA banatA hai| AtmapradezoM kA yaha daNDa, U~cAI meM loka ke Upara se nIce taka, arthAt caudaha rajju-parimANa hotA hai, parantu usakI moTAI sirpha zarIra ke barAbara hotI hai / dUsare samaya meM ukta daNDa ko pUrva-pazcima yA uttara-dakSiNa phailAkara usakA AkAra, kapATa ( kivAr3a ) jaisA banAyA jAtA hai| tIsare samaya meM kapATAkAra zrAtma-pradezoM ko manthAkAra banAyA jAtA hai, arthAt pUrva-pazcima, uttara-dakSiNa, donoM tarapha phailAne se unakA zrAkAra raI ( mathanI ) kA sA bana jAtA hai / cauthe samaya meM vidizAoM ke khAlI bhAgoM ko prAtma-pradezoM se pUrNa karake unase sampUrNa loka ko vyApta kiyA jAtA hai| pAcaveM samaya meM AtmA ke loka vyApI pradezoMko saMharaNa-kriyA dvArA phira manthAkAra banAyA jAtA hai / chaThe samaya meM manthAkAra se kapATAkAra banA liyA jAtA hai| sAtaveM samaya meM Atma-pradeza phira daNDa rUpa banAe jAte haiM aura AThaveM samaya meM unakI asalI sthiti meM---zarIrastha-kiyA jAtA hai| (ca) jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra Atma-vyApakatA kI saMgati-upaniSad, bhagavadgItA Adi granthoM meM AtmA kI vyApakatA kA varNana kiyA hai| 'vizvatazcakSusta vizvato mukho vizvato bAhuruta vizvatassyAt / ' -zvetAzvataropaniSad 3--3 11--15 'sarvataH pANipAdaM tat , sarvato'kSiziromukham / sarvataH atimalloke, sarvamAvRttya tiSThati / '- bhagavadgItA, 13, 13 / jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra yaha varNana arthavAda hai, arthAt aAtmA kI mahattA va prazaMsA kA sUcaka hai / isa arthavAda kA AdhAra kevalisamudghAta ke cauthe samaya meM AtmA kA loka-vyApI bananA hai| yahI bAta upAdhyAya zrI yazovijayajI ne zAstravArtAsamuccaya ke 338 veM pRSTha para nirdiSTa kI hai|| jaise vedanIya Adi karmoM ko zIghra bhogane ke lie samudghAta-kriyA mAnI jAtI hai, vaise hI pAtaJjala-yoga darzana meM 'bahukAyanirmANakriyA' mAnI hai jisako tattvasAkSAtkartA yogI, sopakrama karma zIghra bhogane ke lie karatA hai|-paad 3. sU0 22 kA bhASya tathA vRtti; pAda 4, sUtra 4 kA bhASya tathA vRtti /

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kAla ( 16 ) 'kAla' 'kAla' ke saMbandha meM jain| aura vaidika, donoM darzanoM meM karIba DhAI hajAra varSa pahale se do pakSa cale Ate haiN| zvetAmbara graMthoM meM donoM pakSa varNita haiM / digambara-graMthoM meM eka hI pakSa najara AtA hai / 331 (1) pahalA pakSa, kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnatA / baha mAnatA hai ki jIva aura aura jIva dravya kA paryAya- pravAha hI 'kAla' hai / isa pakSa ke anusAra jIvAjIva dravya kA paryAya pariNamana hI upacAra se kAla mAnA jAtA hai / isalie. vastutaH jIva aura jIva ko hI kAla - dravya samajhanA cAhie / vaha unase alaga tattva nahIM hai / yaha pakSa 'jIvAbhigama' Adi AgamoM meM hai / (2) dUsarA pakSa kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnatA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki jaise jIva- pudgala Adi svatantra dravya haiM; vaise hI kAla bhI / isalie isa pakSa ke anusAra kAla ko jIvAdi ke paryAya pravAharUpa na samajha kara jIvAdi se bhinna tattva hI samajhanA cAhie / yaha pakSa 'bhagavatI' Adi AgamoM meM hai / Agama ke bAda ke graMthoM meM, jaise - tattvArtha sUtra meM vAcaka umAsvAti ne, dvAtriMzikA meM zrI siddhasena divAkara ne, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne dharmasaMgrahaNI meM zrI haribhadrasUri ne, yogazAstra meM zrI hemacandrasUri ne, dravya-guNa paryAya ke rAsa meM zrI upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne, lokaprakAza meM zrI vinayavijayajI ne aura nayacakrasAra tathA zrAgamasAra meM zrI devacandajI ne zrAgama-gata ukta donoM pakSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / digambara - saMpradAya meM sirpha dUsare pakSa kA svIkAra hai, jo sabase pahale zrI kundAcArya ke graMthoM meM milatA hai / isake bAda pUjyapAdasvAmI, bhaTTAraka zrI kalaGkadeva, vidyAnandasvAmI, nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI aura banArasIdAsa Adi ne bhI usa eka hI pakSa kA ullekha kiyA hai / pahale pakSa kA tAtparya - pahalA pakSa kahatA hai ki samaya, zrAvalikA, Adi jo vyavahAra, kAla-sAdhya batalAe jAte haiM yA jyeSThatA- kaniSThatA Adi jo avasthAe~, kAla - sAdhya batalAI jAtI haiM, ve saba kriyA-vizeSa [paryAya vizeSa ] ke hI saMketa haiM / jaise-- jIva yA jIva kA jo paryAya, avibhAjya hai, arthAt buddhi se bhI jisakA dUsarA hissA nahIM ho sakatA, usa AkhirI atisUkSma paryAya ko 'samaya' kahate haiM / aise asaMkhyAta paryAyoM ke puJja ko 'zrAvalikA' kahate haiM / aneka zrAvalikAoM ko 'muhUrta' aura tIsa muhUrtta, dina-rAta navInatA - purANatA,

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332 jaina dharma aura darzana muhUrta ko 'dina-rAta' kahate haiM / do paryAyoM meM se jo pahale huzrA ho, vaha 'purANa' aura jo pIche se huA ho, vaha 'navIna' kahalAtA hai / do jIvadhAriyoM meM se jo 'pIche se janmA ho, vaha 'kaniSTha aura jo pahile janmA ho, vaha 'jyeSTha' kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra vicAra karane se yahI jAna par3atA hai ki samaya, zrAvalikA Adi saba vyavahAra aura navInatA Adi saba avasthAe~, vizeSa-vizeSa prakAra ke paryAyoM ke hI arthAt nirvibhAga paryAya aura unake choTe-bar3e buddhi-kalpita samUhoM ke hI saMketa haiN| paryAya, yaha jIva-ajIva kI kriyA hai, jo kisI tattvAntara kI preraNA ke sivAya hI huA karatI hai / arthAt jIva-ajIva donoM apane-apane paryAyarUpa meM Apa hI pariNata huA karate haiN| isalie vastutaH jIva-ajIva ke paryAya-puJja ko hI kAla kahanA cAhie / kAla koI svatantra dravya nahIM hai| dUsare pakSa kA tAtparya jisa prakAra jIva pudgala meM gati-sthiti karane kA svabhAva hone para bhI usa kArya ke lie nimittakAraNarUpa se 'dharma-astikAya' aura 'adharmaastikAya' tattva mAne jAte haiN| isI prakAra jIva-ajIva meM paryAya-parimana kA svabhAva hone para bhI usake lie nimittakAraNarUpa se kAla-dravya mAnanA caahie| yadi nimittakAraNarUpa se kAla na mAnA jAe to dharma-astikAya aura adharmaastikAya mAnane meM koI yukti nahIM / dUsare pakSa meM mata-bheda kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnanevAloM meM bhI usake svarUpa ke saMbandha meM do mata haiN| (1) kAladravya, manuSya-kSetramAtrameM-jyotiSa-cakra ke gati-kSetra meM --vartamAna hai / vaha manuSya-kSetra pramANa hokara bhI saMpUrNa loka ke parivartanoM kA nimitta banatA hai / kAla, apanA kArya jyotiSa-cakra kI gati kI madada se karatA hai / isalie manuSya-kSetra se bAhara kAladravya na mAnakara use manuSya-kSetra pramANa hI mAnanA yukta hai / yaha mata dharmasaMgrahaNI Adi zvetAmbara-graMthoM meM hai| (2) kAladravya, manuSya-kSetramAtra-vartI nahIM hai, kintu loka-vyApI hai| vaha loka vyApI hokara bhI dharma-astikAya kI taraha skandha nahIM hai; kintu aNurUpa hai / isake aNuoM kI saMkhyA lokAkAza ke pradezoM ke barAbara hai| ve aNu, gati-hIna hone se jahA~ ke tahA~ arthAt lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para sthita rahate haiN| inakA koI skandha nahIM bntaa| isa kAraNa inameM tiryak-pracaya (skandha) hone kI zakti nahIM hai| isI sababa se kAla davya ko astikAya meM nahIM ginA hai| tiryaka-pracaya na hone para bhI Urdhva-pracaya hai / isase pratyeka kAla

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kAla aNu meM lagAtAra paryAya huA karate haiN| ye hI paryAya, 'samaya' kahalAte haiN| eka-eka kAla-aNu ke ananta samaya-paryAya samajhane caahie| samaya-paryAya hI anya dravyoM ke paryAyoM kA nimittakAraNa hai| navInatA-purANatA, jyeSThatA-kaniSThatA Adi saba avasthAe~, kAla-aNu ke samaya-pravAha kI badaulata hI samajhanI caahie| pudgala-paramANu ko loka-AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza taka mandagati se jAne meM jitanI dera hotI hai, utanI dera meM kAla-aNu kA eka samaya-paryAya vyakta hotA hai / arthAt samaya-paryAya aura eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza taka kI paramANu kI manda gati, ina donoM kA parimANa barAbara hai| yaha 'mantavya digambara-graMthoM meM hai| vastu-sthiti kyA hai-- nizcaya dRSTi se dekhA jAe to kAla ko alaga dravya mAnane kI koI jarUrata nahIM hai| use jIvAjIva ke paryAyarUpa mAnane se hI saba kArya va saba vyavahAra utpanna ho jAte haiN| isalie yahI pakSa, tAttvika hai / anya pakSa, vyAvahArika va aupacArika haiM / kAla ko manuSya-kSetra pramANa mAnane kA pakSa sthUla loka-vyavahAra para nirbhara hai| aura use aNurUpa mAnane kA pakSa, aupacArika hai, aisA svIkAra na kiyA jAe to yaha prazna hotA hai ki jaba manuSya-kSetra se bAhara bhI navatva purANatva Adi bhAva hote haiM, taba phira kAla ko manuSya-kSetra meM hI kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? dUsare yaha mAnane meM kyA yukti hai ki kAla, jyotiSa-cakra ke saMcAra kI apekSA rakhatA hai ? yadi apekSA rakhatA bhI ho to kyA vaha lokavyApI hokara jyotiSacakra ke saMcAraka kI madada nahIM le sakatA ? isalie usako manuSyakSetra pramANa mAnane kI kalpanA, sthUla loka-vyavahAra para nirbhara hai-kAla ko. aNurUpa mAnane kI kalpanA aupacArika hai| pratyeka pudgala-paramANu ko hI upacAra se kAlANu samajhanA cAhie aura kAlANu ke apradezatva ke kathana kI saGgati isI taraha kara lenI cAhie / aisA na mAnakara kAlANu ko svatantra mAnane meM prazna yaha hotA hai ki yadi kAla svatantra dravya mAnA jAtA hai to phira vaha dharma-astikAya kI taraha skandharUpa kyoM nahIM mAnA jAtA hai ? isake sivAya eka yaha bhI prazna hai ki jIva-ajIva ke paryAya meM to nimittakAraNa samaya-paryAya hai / para samaya paryAya meM nimittakAraNa kyA hai ? yadi vaha svabhAvika hone se anya nimitta kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA to phira jIva-ajIva ke paryAya bhI svAbhAvika kyoM na mAne jAe~ ? yadi samaya-paryAya ke vAste anya nimitta kI kalpanA kI jAe to anavasthA pAtI hai| isalie aNupakSa ko aupacArika hI mAnanA ThIka hai| .

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334 jaina dharma aura darzana vaidikadarzana meM kAla kA svarUpa. vaidikadarzanoM meM bhI kAla ke saMbandha meM mukhya do pakSa haiN| vaizeSikadarzanaa0 2, prA02 sUtra 6-10tathA nyAyadarzana, kAla ko sarvavyApI svatantra dravya mAnate haiN| sAMkhya--a0 2, sUtra 12, yoga tathA vedAnta Adi darzana-kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara use prakRti-puruSa (jar3acetana) kA hI rUpa mAnate haiN| yaha dUsarA pakSa, nizcaya-dRSTi-mUlaka hai aura pahalA pakSa, vyavahAra-mUlaka / jainadarzana meM jisako 'samaya' aura darzanAntaroM meM jisako 'kSaNa' kahA hai, usakA svarUpa jAnane ke lie tathA 'kAla' nAmaka koI svatantra vastu nahIM hai, vaha kevala laukika dRSTivAloM kI vyavahAra-nirvAha ke lie kSaNAnukrama ke viSaya meM kI huI kalpanAmAtra hai, isa bAta ko spaSTa samajhane ke lie yogadarzana, pA0 3 sU0 52 kA bhASya dekhanA cAhie / ukta bhASya meM kAlasaMbandhI jo vicAra hai, vahI nizcaya-dRSTi-mUlaka, ataeva tAttvika jAna par3atA hai| vijJAna kI sammati aAjakala vijJAna kI gati satya dizA kI ora hai| isalie kAlasaMbanvI vicAroM ko usa dRSTi ke anusAra bhI dekhanA caahie| vaijJAnika loga bhI kAla , ko dizA kI taraha kAlpanika mAnate haiM, vAstavika nahIM / ataH saba taraha se vicAra karane para yahI nizcaya hotA hai ki kAla ko alaga svatantra dravya mAnane meM dRr3hatara pramANa nahIM hai / (17) 'mUla bandha-hetu ___ yaha viSaya, paJcasaMgraha dvA0 4 kI 16 aura 20vIM gAthA meM hai, kintu usake varNana meM cauthe karmagraMtha pR0 176 kI apekSA kucha bheda hai / usameM solaha prakRtiyoM ke bandha ko mithyAtvahetuka, paiMtIsa prakRtiyoM ke bandha ko aviriti-hetuka, ar3asaTha prakRtiyoM ke bandha ko kaSAya hetuka aura sAtavedanIya ke bandha ko yoga-hetuka kahA hai / yaha kathana anvaya vyatireka, ubhaya-mUlaka kArya-kAraNa-bhAva ko lekara kiyA gayA hai| jaise-mithyAtva ke sadbhAva meM solaha kA bandha aura usake abhAva meM solaha ke bandha kA abhAva hotA hai; isalie solaha ke bandha kA anvaya-vyatireka mithyAtva ke sAtha ghaTa sakatA hai| isI prakAra paiMtIsa ke bandha kA avirati ke sAtha, ar3asaTha ke baMdha kA kaSAya ke sAtha aura sAtavedanIya ke bandha kA yoga ke sAtha anvayavyatireka samajhanA caahie| paraMtu cauthe karmagraMtha meM kevala anvaya-mUlaka kArya-kAraNa-bhAva ko lekara saMbaMdha kA

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kAla 335 varNana kiyA hai, vyatireka kI vivakSA nahIM kI hai; isI se yahA~ kA varNana paJcasaMgraha ke varNana se bhinna mAlUma par3atA hai / anvaya-jaise; mithyAtva ke samaya, avirati ke samaya, kaSAya ke samaya aura yoga ke samaya sAtavedanIya kA bandha avazya hotA hai; isI prakAra mithyAtva ke samaya solaha kA bandha, mithyAtva ke samaya tathA avirati ke samaya paiMtIsa kA bandha aura mithyAtva ke samaya, avirati ke samaya tathA kaSAya ke samaya zeSa prakRtiyoM kA bandha avazya hotA hai| isa anvayamAtra ko lakSya meM rakhakara zrI devendra sUri ne eka, solaha, paiMtIsa aura ar3asaTha ke bandha ko kramazaH caturhetuka, eka-hetuka, dvi-hetuka aura tri-hetuka kahA hai| ukta cAroM bandhoM kA vyatireka to paJcasaMgraha ke varNanAnusAra kevala eka-eka hetu ke sAtha ghaTa sakatA hai / paJcasaMgraha aura yahA~ kI varNana-zailI meM bheda hai, tAtparya meM nhiiN| __ tattvArtha-a0 8 sU0 1meM bandha ke hetu pA~ca kahe hue haiM, usake anusAra a0 6 sU0 1kI sarvArthasiddhi meM uttara prakRtiyoM ke aura bandha-hetu ke kArya-kAraNa-bhAva kA vicAra kiyA hai| usameM solaha ke bandha ko mithyAtva-hetuka, untAlIsa ke bandha ko avirati-hetuka, chaha ke bandha ko pramAda-hetukra, aTThAvana ke bandha ko kaSAyahetuka aura eka ke bandha ko yoga-hetuka batalAyA hai| avirati ke anaMtAnubandhikaSAya-janya, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNakaSAya-janya, aura pratyAkhyAnAvaraNakaSAyajanya, ye tIna bheda kiye haiN| prathama avirati ko paccIsa ke bandha kA, dUsarI ko dasa ke bandha kA aura tIsarI ko cAra ke bandha kA kAraNa dikhAkara kula untAlIsa ke bandha ko avirati-hetuka kahA hai / paJcasaMgraha meM jina ar3asaTha prakRtiyoM ke bandha ko kaSAya-hetuka mAnA hai, unameM se cAra ke bandha ko pratyAkhyAnAvaraNakaSAya-janya avirati-hetuka aura chaha ke bandha ko pramAda-hetuka sarvArthasiddhi meM batalAyA hai; isalie usameM kaSAya-hetuka bandhavAlI aTThAvana prakRtiyA~ hI kahI huI haiN| (18) upazamaka aura kSapaka kA cAritra guNasthAnoM meM eka-jIvAzrita bhAvoM kI saMkhyA jaisI cothe karmagraMtha gAthA 70 meM hai, vaisI hI paJcasaMgraha ke dvAra 2 kI 64vIM gAthA meM hai; paraMtu ukta gAthA kI TIkA aura TabA meM tathA paJcasaMgraha kI ukta gAthA kI TIkA meM thor3A sA vyAkhyA-bheda hai / ___TIkA-Tabe meM 'upazamaka'-'uezAnta' do padoM se nauvA~, dasavA~ aura gyArahavA~, ye tIna guNasthAna grahaNa kiye gae haiM aura 'apUrva' pada se AThavA~ guNasthAnamAtra /

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336 jaina dharma aura darzana nauveM Adi tIna guNasthAna meM upazamazreNivAle zrapazamikasamyaktvI ko yA kSAyikasamyaktvI ko cAritra pazamika mAnA hai / AThaveM guNasthAnoM meM pazamika yA kSAyika kisI samyaktvavAle ko zrapazamika cAritra iSTa nahIM hai, kintu kSAyopazamika | isakA pramANa gAthA meM 'apUrva zabda kA alaga grahaNa karanA hai; kyoMki yadi AThaveM guNasthAna meM bhI aupazamikacAritra iSTa hotA to 'apUrva' zabda alaga grahaNa na karake upazamaka zabda se hI nauveM Adi guNasthAna kI taraha AThaveM kA bhI * sUcana kiyA jaataa| nauveM aura dasaveM guNasthAna ke kSapakazreNi-gata-jIva-saMbandhI bhAvoM kA va cAritra kA ullekha TIkA yA Tabe meM nahIM hai / paJcasaMgraha kI TIkA meM zrI malayagiri ne 'upazamaka' - 'upazAnta' pada se AThaveM se gyArahaveM taka upazamazreNivAle cAra guNasthAna aura 'apUrva' tathA 'kSINa' pada se AThavA~, nauvA~, dasavA~ aura bArahavA~, ye kSapakazreNivAle cAra guNasthAna grahaNa kiye haiM / upazamazreNivAle ukta cAroM guNasthAna meM unhoMne aupazamika cAritra mAnA hai, para kSapakazreNivAle cAroM guNasthAna ke cAritra ke saMbandha meM kucha ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / 1 gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM saMpUrNa mohanIya kA upazama ho jAne ke kAraNa sirpha aupazamika cAritra hai, nauveM aura dasaveM guNasthAna meM aupazamika kSAyopazamika do cAritra haiM; kyoMki ina do guNasthAnoM meM cAritra mohanIya kI kucha prakRtiyA~ upazAnta hotI haiM, satra nahIM / upazAnta prakRtiyoM kI apekSA se zrapazamika aura anupazAnta prakRtiyoM kI apekSA se kSAyopazamika cAritra samajhanA cAhie / yaha bAta isa prakAra spaSTatA se nahIM kahI gaI hai parantu paJca0 dvA0 3 kI 25vIM gAthA kI TIkA dekhane se isa viSaya meM kucha bhI saMdeha nahIM rahatA kyoMki usameM sUkSmasaMparAya cAritra ko, jo dasaveM guNasthAna meM hI hotA hai, kSAyopazamika kahA hai / upazamazreNivAle AThaveM, nauveM aura dasaveM guNasthAna meM cAritra mohanIya ke upazama kA Arambha yA kucha prakRtiyoM kA upazama hone ke kAraNa pazamika cAritra, jaise paJcasaMgraha TIkA meM mAnA gayA hai, vaise hI kSapakazreNivAle AThaveM Adi tInoM guNasthAna meM cAritramohanIya ke kSaya kA Arambha yA kucha prakRtiyoM kA kSaya hone ke kAraNa kSAyikacAritra mAnane meM koI virodha nahIM dIkha par3atA / gommaTasAra meM upazamazreNivAle AThaveM yadi cAroM guNasthAna meM cAritra pazamika hI mAnA hai aura kSAyopazamika kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA hai / isI taraha kSapakazreNivAle cAra guNasthAna meM kSAyika cAritra hI mAnakara kSAyopazamika kA

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337 22 niSedha kiyA hai / yaha bAta karmakANDa kI 845 aura 846vIM gAthAoM ke dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtI hai / bhAva (16) 'bhAva' yaha vicAra eka jIva meM kisI vivakSita samaya meM pAe jAnevAle bhAvoM kA hai| eka jIva meM bhinna-bhinna samaya meM pAe jAnevAle bhAva aura aneka jIva meM eka samaya meM yA bhinna-bhinna samaya meM pAe jAnevAle bhAva prasaGga-vaza likhe jAte haiN| pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM zradayika, kSAyopazamika aura pAriNAmika, ye tIna bhAva, cauthe se gyArahaveM taka ATha guNasthAnoM meM pA~coM bhAva, bArahaveM guNAsthAna meM aupazamika ke sivAya cAra bhAva aura terahaveM tathA caudahaveM guNasthAna meM pazamika kSAyopazamika ke sivAya tIna bhAva hote haiM / aneka jIvoM kI apekSA se guNasthAnoM meM bhAvoM ke uttara bheda kSAyopazamika -- pahale do guNasthAnoM meM tIna ajJAna, cakSu zrAdi do darzana, dAna Adi pA~ca labdhiyA~, ye 10; tIsare meM tIna jJAna, tIna darzana, mizradRSTi, pA~ca labdhiyA~, ye 12; cauthe meM tIsare guNasthAnavAle 12 kintu mizradRSTi ke sthAna meM samyaktva; pA~caveM meM cauthe guNasthAnavAle bAraha tathA dezavirati, kula 13; chaThe, sAtaveM meM ukta teraha meM se deza - virati ko ghaTAkara unameM sarvavirati aura manaHparyavajJAna milAne se 14; AThaveM, nauveM aura dasaveM guNasthAnoM meM ukta caudaha meM se samyaktva ke sivAya zeSa 13; gyArahaveM - bArahaveM guNasthAna meM ukta teraha meM se cAritra ko chor3akara zeSa 12 kSAyopazamika bhAva haiM / terahaveM aura caudahaveM meM kSAyopazamikabhAva nahIM hai / dayika-- pahale guNasthAna meM ajJAna Adi 21; dUsare meM mithyAtva ke sivAya 20; tIsare cauthe meM ajJAna ko chor3a 16, pA~caveM meM devagati, narakagati ke sivAya ukta unnIsa meM se zeSa 17, chaThe meM tiryaJcagati aura saMyama ghaTAkara 15; sAtave meM kRSNa zrAdi tIna lezyAoM ko chor3akara ukta pandraha meM se zeSa 12, AThaveM nauveM meM tejaH aura padma lezyA ke sivAya 10; dasaveM meM krodha, mAna, mAyA aura tIna veda ke sivAya ukta dasa meM se zeSa 4; gyArahaveM, bArahaveM aura terahaveM guNasthAna meM saMjvalanalobha ko chor3a zeSa 3 aura caudahaveM guNasthAna meM zuklalezyA ke sivAya tIna meM se manuSyagati aura siddhatva, ye do bhAva haiM /

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jaina dharma aura darzana .: kSAyika pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM kSAyikabhAva nahIM haiN| cauthe se gyArahaveM taka ATha guNasthAnoM meM samyaktva, bArahaveM meM samyaktva aura cAritra do aura terahaveM-caudahaveM do guNasthAnoM meM nau cAyikabhAva haiN| aupazamika--pahale tIna aura bArahaveM Adi tIna, ina chaha guNasthAnoM meM aupazamikabhAva nahIM haiN| cauthe se AThaveM taka pA~ca guNasthAnoM meM samyaktva, nauveM se gyArahavaM taka tIna guNasthAnoM meM samyaktva aura cAritra, ye do aupazamikabhAva haiN| ..... pAriNAmika--pahale guNasthAna meM jIvatva Adi tInoM; dUsare se bArahaveM taka gyAraha guNasthAnoM meM jIvatva, bhavyatva do aura terahaveM caudahaveM meM jIvatva hI pAriNAmikabhAva hai| bhavyatva anAdi-sAnta hai| kyoMki siddha-avasthA meM usakA abhAva ho jAtA hai / ghAtikarma kSaya hone ke bAda siddha-avasthA prApta hone meM bahuta vilaMba nahIM lagatA, isa apekSA se terahaveM-caudahaveM guNasthAna meM bhavyatva pUrvAcAryoM ne nahIM mAnA hai| gommaTasAra-karmakANDa kI 820 se 875 taka kI gAthAoM meM sthAna-gata tathA pada-gata bhaGga-dvArA bhAvoM kA bahuta vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| eka-jIvAzrita bhAvoM ke uttara bheda kSAyopazamika-pahale do guNasthAna meM mati-zruta do yA vibhaGgasahita tIna ajJAna, acakSu eka yA cakSu-acatu do darzana, dAna Adi pA~ca labdhiyA~ tIsare meM do yA tIna jJAna, do yA tIna darzana, bhizradRSTi, pA~ca labdhiyA~; cauthe meM do yA tIna jJAna, aparyApta-avasthA meM acakSa eka yA avadhisahita do darzana, aura paryAptaavasthA meM do yA tIna darzana, samyaktva, pA~ca labdhiyA~, pA~cave meM do yA tIna jJAna, do yA tIna darzana, samyaktva, deza virati, pA~ca labdhiyA~; chaThe-sAtaveM meM do tIna yA manaHparyAyaparyanta cAra jJAna, do yA tIna darzana, samyaktva, cAritra, pA~ca labdhiyA~; AThaveM, nauveM aura dasaveM meM samyaktva ko chor3a chaThe aura sAtaveM guNasthAnavAle saba kSAyopazamika bhAva / gyArahaveM bArahaveM meM cAritra ko chor3a dasaveM guNasthAna vAle saba bhaav| audayika--pahale guNasthAna meM ajJAna, asiddhatva, asaMyama, eka lezyA, eka kaSAya, eka gati, eka veda aura mithyAtva; dUsare meM mithyAtva ko chor3a pahale guNasthAna vAle sava audayika; tIsare, cauthe aura pA~cave meM ajJAna ko chor3a dUsare vAle saba; chaThe se lekara nauveM taka meM asaMyama ke sivAya pA~caveM vAle saba; dasaveM meM veda ke sivAya nauveM vAle saba; gyArahaveM bArahaveM meM kaSAya ke sivAya

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eka-jIvAzrita bhAvoM ke uttara bheda 336 dasaveM vAle saba terahaveM meM asiddhatva, lezyA aura gati; caudahaveM meM gati aura asiddhatva / __kSAyika-cauthe se gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka meM samyaktva, bArahaveM meM samyaktva aura cAritra do aura terahave-caudahaveM meM-nau kSAyika bhAva / / __ aupazamika-cauthe se ATha taka samyaktva; nauveM se gyArahaveM taka samyaktva aura cAritra / , pAriNAmika-pahale meM tInoM; dUsare se bArahaveM taka meM jIvasva aura bhavyatva do; terahaveM aura caudahaveM meM eka jIvatva / I0 1922] cauthA karmagrantha

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zvetAmbara tathA digambara ke samAna-asamAna mantavya' samAna mantavya - nizcaya aura vyavahAra-dRSTi se jIva zabda kI vyAkhyA donoM saMpradAya meM tulya hai / pRSTha-4 / isa saMbandha meM jIvakANDa kA 'prANAdhikAra' prakaraNa aura usakI TIkA dekhane yogya hai| mArgaNAsthAna zabda kI vyAkhyA donoM saMpradAya meM samAna hai / pRSTha-4 / guNasthAna zabda kI vyAkhyA-zailI karmagrantha aura jIvakANDa meM bhinna-sI hai, para usameM tAttvika artha-bheda nahIM hai / pRSTha-4 / upayoga kA svarUpa donoM sampradAyoM meM samAna mAnA gayA hai / pRSTha-5 / karmagrantha meM aparyApta saMjI ko tIna guNasthAna mAne haiM, kintu gommaTasAra meM pA~ca mAne haiN| isa prakAra donoM kA saMkhyAviSayaka matabheda hai, tathApi vaha apekSAkRta hai, isalie vAstavika dRSTi se usameM samAnatA hI hai / pRSTha-12 / kevalajJAnI ke viSaya meM saMjJitva tathA asaMjJitva kA vyavahAra donoM saMpradAya ke zAstroM meM samAna hai / pRSTha-13 / vAyukAya ke zarIra kI dhvajAkAratA donoM saMpradAya ko mAnya hai / pRSTha-20 / chAdmasthika upayogoM kA kAla-mAna antarmuhUrta pramANa donoM saMpradAyoM ko mAnya hai / pRSTha-20, noTa / bhAvalezyA ke saMbandha kI svarUpa, dRSTAnta Adi aneka bAteM donoM saMpradAya meM tulya haiM / pRSTha-33 / caudaha mArgaNAoM kA artha donoM saMpradAya meM samAna hai tathA unakI mUla gAthAe~ bhI eka-sI haiN| pRSTha-47, noTa / samyaktva kI vyAkhyA donoM saMpradAya meM tulya hai | pRSTha-50, noTa / vyAkhyA kucha bhinna sI hone para bhI pAhAra ke svarUpa meM donoM saMpradAya kA 1. isame sabhI pRSTha saMkhyA jahA~ grantha nAma nahIM hai vahA~ hindI cauthe karmagrantha kI samajhI jaay|

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zvetAmbara-digambara ke samAna mata 341 tAtvika bheda nahIM hai / zvetAmbara-granthoM meM sarvatra AhAra ke tIna bheda haiM aura digambara-granthoM meM kahIM chaha bheda bhI milate haiM / pRSTha-50, noTa / parihAravizuddha saMyama kA adhikArI kitanI umna kA honA cAhie, usameM kitanA jJAna Avazyaka hai aura vaha saMyama kisake samIpa grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura usameM vihAra Adi kA kAlaniyama kaisA hai, ityAdi usake saMbandha kI bAteM donoM saMpradAya meM bahuta aMzoM meM samAna haiN| pRSTha-56, noTa / kSAyikasamyaktva jinakAlika manuSya ko hotA hai, yaha bAta donoM saMpradAya ko iSTa hai / pRSTha-66, noTa / kevalI meM dravyamana kA saMbandha donoM saMpradAya meM iSTa hai / pRSTha-101, noTa / mizrasamyagdRSTi guNasthAna meM mati Adi upayogoM kI jJAna-ajJAna ubhayarUpatA gommaTasAra meM bhI hai / pRSTha-106, noTa / garbhaja manuSyoM kI saMkhyA ke sUcaka untIsa aGka donoM saMpradAya meM tulya haiN| pRSTha-117, noTa / indriyamArgaNA meM dvIndriya Adi kA aura kAyamArgaNA meM tejaHkAya Adi kA vizeSAdhikatva donoM saMpradAya meM samAna iSTa hai / pRSTha-122, noTa / vakragati meM vigrahoM kI saMkhyA donoM saMpradAya meM samAna hai| phira bhI zvetAmbarIya granthoM meM kahIM-kahIM jo cAra vigrahoM kA matAntara pAyA jAtA hai, vaha digambarIya granthoM meM dekhane meM nahIM paayaa| tathA vakragati kA kAla-mAna donoM sampradAya meM tulya hai| vakragati meM anAhArakatva kA kAla-mAna, vyavahAra aura nizcaya, do dRSTiyoM se vicArA jAtA hai| inameM se vyavahAra-dRSTi ke anusAra zvetAmbara-prasiddha tattvArtha meM vicAra hai aura nizcaya-dRSTi ke anusAra digambaraprasiddha tattvArtha meM vicAra hai| ataeva isa viSaya meM bhI donoM sampradAya kA vAstavika mata-bheda nahIM hai| pRSTha 143 / ____avadhidarzana meM guNasthAnoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM saiddhAntika eka aura kArmagranthika do, aise jo tIna pakSa haiM, unameM se kArmagranthika donoM hI pakSa digambarIya granthoM meM milate haiM / pRSTha-146 / __kevalajJAnI meM zrAhArakatva, AhAra kA kAraNa asAtavedanIya kA udaya aura audArika pudgaloM kA grahaNa, ye tInoM bAteM donoM sampradAya meM samAna mAnya haiM / pRsstth-148| / guNasthAna meM jIvasthAna kA vicAra gommaTasAra meM karmagrantha kI apekSA kucha bhinna jAna par3atA hai / para vaha apekSAkRta hone se vastutaH karmagrantha ke samAna hI hai / pRSTha-161, noTa /

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342 - jaina dharma aura darzana : guNasthAna meM upayoga kI saMkhyA karmagrantha aura gommaTasAra meM tulya hai| pRSTha-167, nott| - ekendriya meM sAsAdanabhAva mAnane aura na mAnanevAle, aise jo do pakSa zvetAmbara-granthoM meM haiM, digambara-granthoM meM bhI haiN| pRSTha-171, noTa / - zvetAmbara-granthoM meM jo kahIM karmabandha ke cAra hetu, kahIM do hetu aura kahIM pA~ca hetu kahe hue haiM; digambara granthoM meM bhI ve saba varNita haiM / pRSTha-174, nott| bandha-hetuoM ke uttara bheda Adi donoM saMpradAya meM samAna haiN| pRSTha-175, noTa / - sAmAnya tathA vizeSa bandha-hetuoM kA vicAra donoM saMpradAya ke granthoM meM hai| pRSTha-181, nott| eka saMkhyA ke artha meM rUpa zabda donoM saMpradAya ke granthoM meM milatA hai / pRSTha-218, nott| .. karmagrantha meM varNita dasa tathA chaha kSepa trilokasAra meM bhI haiN| pRSTha-221, nott| uttara prakRtiyoM ke mUla bandha-hetu kA vicAra jo sarvArthasiddhi meM hai, vaha paJcasaMgraha meM kiye hue vicAra se kucha bhinna-sA hone para bhI vastutaH usake samAna hI hai / pRSTha-227 / karmagrantha tathA paJcasaMgraha meM eka jIvAzrita bhAvoM kA jo vicAra hai, gommaTasA meM bahuta aMzoM meM usake samAna hI varNana hai / pRSTha-226 / asamAna mantavya zvetAmbara-granthoM meM tejaHkAya ke vaikriya zarIra kA kathana nahIM hai, para digambara-granthoM meM hai| pRSTha-16, nott| .. zvetAmbara saMpradAya kI apekSA digambara saMpradAya meM saMzI-asaMjJI kA vyavahAra kucha bhinna hai| tathA zvetAmbara-granthoM meM hetuvAdopadezikI Adi saMjJAoM kA vistRta varNana hai, para digambara-graMtho meM nahIM hai / pRSTha-36 / . .... zvetAmbara-zAstra-prasiddha karaNa paryApta zabda ke sthAna meM digambara-zAstra meM nivRttyaparyApta zabda hai| vyAkhyA bhI donoM zabdoM kI kucha bhinna hai| pRSTha-41) . zvetAmbara-graMthoM meM kevalajJAna tathA kevaladarzana kA kramabhAvitva, sahabhAvitva aura abheda ye tIna pakSa haiM, parantu digambara-graMthoM meM sahabhAvipva kA eka hI pakSa hai| pRSTha-43 /

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zvetAmbara - digambara meM matabheda 343 lezyA tathA zrAyu ke bandhAnva kI apekSA se kaSAya ke jo caudaha aura bIsa bheda gommaTasAra meM haiM, ve zvetAmbara -granthoM meM nahIM dekhe ge| pRSTha-55, noTa / paryAvasthA meM pazamikasamyaktva pAe jAne aura na pAe jAne ke saMbandha meM do pakSa zvetAmbara -granthoM meM haiM, parantu gommaTasAra meM ukta do meM se pahilA pakSa hI hai / pRSTha - 70, noTa | ajJAna trika meM guNasthAnoM kI saMkhyA ke saMbandha meM do pakSa karma-grantha meM milate haiM, parantu gommaTasAra meM eka hI pakSa hai / pRSTha- 82, noTa / gommaTasAra meM nArakoM kI saMkhyA karmagrantha- varNita saMkhyA se bhinna hai / pRSTha- 116, noTa / dravyamana kA AkAra tathA sthAna digambara saMpradAya meM zvetAmbara kI apekSA bhinna prakAra kA mAnA hai aura tIna yogoM ke bAhyAbhyantara kAraNoM kA varNana rAjavArtika meM bahuta spaSTa kiyA hai / pRSTha - 134 | manaH paryAyajJAna ke yogoM kI saMkhyA donoM saMpradAya meM tulya nahIM hai / pRSTha - 154 / zvetAmbara-granthoM meM jisa artha ke lie AyojikAkaraNa, zrAvarjitakaraNa aura AvazyakakaraNa, aisI tIna saMjJAe~ milatI haiM, digambara-granthoM meM usa artha ke lie sirpha zrAvarjitakaraNa, yaha eka saMkhyA hai / pRSTha - 155 / zvetAmbara-granthoM meM kAla ko svatantra dravya bhI mAnA hai aura upacarita bhI / kintu digambara-granthoM meM usako svatantra hI mAnA hai / svatantra pakSa meM bhI kAla kA svarUpa donoM saMpradAya ke granthoM meM eka sA nahIM hai / pRSTha - 157 / kisI-kisI guNasthAna meM yogoM kI saMkhyA gommaTasAra meM karma grantha kI apekSA bhinna hai / pRSTha - 163, noTa / dUsare guNasthAna ke samaya jJAna tathA ajJAna mAnanevAle aise do pakSa zvetAmbara-granthoM meM haiM, parantu gommaTasAra meM sirpha dUsarA pakSa hai / pRSTha - 166, noTa / sthAnoM meM lezyA kI saMkhyA ke saMbandha meM zvetAmbara granthoM meM do pakSa haiM aura digambara-granthoM meM sirpha eka pakSa hai / pRSTha - 172, noTa / jIva samyaktvasahita marakara strI rUpa meM paidA nahIM hotA, yaha bAta digambara saMpradAya ko mAnya hai, parantu zvetAmbara saMpradAya ko yaha mantavya iSTa nahIM ho sakatA; kyoMki usameM bhagavAn mallinAtha kA strI-veda tathA samyaktvasahita utpanna honA mAnA gayA hai / [ cauthA karmaprantha

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jaina dharma aura darzana karmagranthikoM aura saiddhAntikoM kA matabheda sUkSma ekendriya Adi dasa jIvasthAnoM meM tIna upayogoM kA kathana kArmagranthika mata kA phalita hai| saiddhAntika mata ke anusAra to chaha jIvasthAnoM meM hI tIna upayoga phalita hote haiM aura dvIndriya Adi zeSa cAra jIvasthAnoM meM pA~ca upayoga phalita hote haiM / pR0-22, nott| ___ avadhidarzana meM guNasthAnoM kI saMkhyA ke saMbandha meM kArmagranthikoM tathA saiddhAntikoM kA mata-bheda hai| kArmagranthika usameM nau tathA dasa guNasthAna mAnate haiM aura saiddhAntika usameM bAraha guNasthAna mAnate haiM / pR0-146 / / saiddhAntika dUsare guNasthAna meM jJAna mAnate haiM, para kArmagranthika usameM ajJAna mAnate haiN| pR0-166, noTa / vaikriya tathA aAhAraka-zarIra banAte aura tyAgate samaya kauna-sA yoga mAnanA cAhie, isa viSaya meM kArmagraMthikoM kA aura saiddhAntikoM kA mata-bheda hai / pR0170, noTa / graMthibheda ke anantara kauna-sA samyaktva hotA hai, isa viSaya meM siddhAnta tathA karmagraMtha kA mata-bheda hai / pR0-171 / [cauthA karmagrantha cauthA karmagrantha tathA paJcasaMgraha jIvasthAnoM meM yoga kA vicAra paJcasaMgraha meM bhI hai| pa0-15, noTa / aparyApta jIvasthAna ke yogoM ke saMbandha kA mata-bheda jo isa karma-graMtha meM hai, vaha paJcasaMgraha kI TIkA meM vistArapUrvaka hai / pR0-16 / jIvasthAnoM meM upayogoM kA vicAra paJcasaMgraha meM bhI hai / pa0-20, noTa / karmagranthakAra ne vibhaGgajJAna meM do jIvasthAnoM kA aura paJcasaMgrahakAra ne eka jIvasthAna kA ullekha kiyA hai / pR0-68, noTa / .. aparyApta avasthA meM aupazamikasamyaktva pAyA jA sakatA hai, yaha bAta paJcasaMgraha meM bhI hai / pu0-70 noTa / puruSoM se striyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hone kA varNana paJcasaMgraha me hai / pR0125, nott| paJcasaMgraha meM bhI guNasthAnoM ko lekara yogoM kA vicAra hai / pR0-163, noTa | guNasthAna meM upayoga kA varNana paJcasaMgraha meM hai / pR0-167, noTa /

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cauthA karmagrantha tathA paJcasaMgraha 345 bandha hetuoM ke uttara bheda tathA guNasthAnoM meM mUla bandha-hetutroM kA vicAra paJcasaMgraha meM hai / 10-173, noTa / sAmAnya tathA vizeSa bandha-hetuoM kA varNana paJcasaMgraha meM vistRta hai / pR0181, noTa / __ guNasthAnoM meM bandha, udaya Adi kA vicAra paJcasaMgraha meM hai / pa0-187, noTa / guNasthAnoM meM alpa bahutva kA vicAra paJcasaMgraha meM hai| pR0-162, noTa / karma ke bhAva paJcasaMgraha meM haiM / pR0-204, noTa / uttara prakRtiyoM ke mUla bandha hetu kA vicAra karmagrantha aura paJcasaMgraha meM bhinnabhinna zailI kA hai / pR0-227 / / ___ eka jIvAzrita bhAvoM kI saMkhyA mUla karmagrantha tathA mUla paJcasaMgraha meM bhinna nahIM hai, kintu donoM kI vyAkhyAoM meM dekhane yogya thor3A sA vicAra-bheda hai / pR0-226 / [ cauthA kamagrantha cauthe karmagrantha ke kucha vizeSa sthala jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura guNasthAna kA pArasparika antara / pR0-5 / parabhava kI Ayu bA~dhane kA samaya-vibhAga adhikArI-bheda ke anusAra kisakisa prakAra kA hai ? isakA khulAsA / pR0-25, noTa / udIraNA kisa prakAra ke karma kI hotI hai aura vaha kaba taka ho sakatI hai ? isa viSaya kA niym| pR0-26, noTa / dravya-lezyA ke svarUpa ke saMbandha meM kitane pakSa haiM ? una sabakA zrAzaya kyA hai ? bhAvalezyA kyA vastu hai aura mahAbhArata meM, yogadarzana meM tathA gozAlaka ke mata meM lezyA ke sthAna meM kaisI kalpanA hai ? isyAdi kA vicAra / pR0-33 / zAstra meM ekendriya, dvIndriya Adi jo indriya-sApekSa prANiyoM kA vibhAga hai vaha kisa apekSA se ? tathA indriya ke kitane bheda-prabheda haiM aura unakA kyA svarUpa hai ? ityAdi kA vicAra / pR0-36 / saMjJA kA tathA usake bheda-prabhedoM kA svarUpa aura saMjJitva tathA asaMjJitva ke vyavahAra kA niyAmaka kyA hai ? ityAdi para vicAra / pR0-38 / aparyApta tathA paryAsa aura usake bheda Adi kA svarUpa tathA paryApti kA svarUpa | pR0-40|

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346 jaina dharma aura darzana : kevalajJAna tathA kevaladarzana ke kramabhAvitva, sahabhAvita aura abheda, ina tIna pakSoM ko mukhya-mukhya dalIleM tathA ukta tIna pakSa kisa-kisa naya kI apekSA se haiM ? ityAdi kA varNana / pR0-43| / . bolane tathA sunane kI zakti na hone para bhI ekendriya meM zruta-upayoga svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, so kisa taraha ? isa para vicAra / pR0-45 / puruSa vyakti meM strI-yogya aura strI vyakti meM puruSa-yogya bhAva pAe jAte haiM aura kabhI to kisI eka hI vyakti meM strI-puruSa donoM ke bAhyAbhyantara lakSaNa hote haiN| isake vizvasta sabUta / pR0-53, noTa / zrAvakoM kI dayA jo savA vizvA kahI jAtI hai, usakA khulAsA / pR061, noTa / manaHparyAya-upayoga ko koI prAcArya darzanarUpa bhI mAnate haiM, isakA pramANa / pR0-62, noTa / jAtibhavya kisako kahate haiM ? isakA khulAsA / pR0-65, noTa / aupazamikasamyaktva meM do jIvasthAna mAnanevAle aura eka jIvasthAna mAnane vAle zrAcArya apane-apane pakSa kI puSTi ke lie aparyApta-avasthA meM aupazamika samyaktva pAe jAne aura na pAe jAne ke viSaya meM kyA kyA yukti dete haiM ? isakA savistara varNana / pR0-70, noTa / ___ saMmUrchima manuSyoM kI utpatti ke kSetra aura sthAna tathA unakI Ayu aura yogyatA jAnane ke lie Agamika-pramANaM / pR0-72, noTa / svarga se cyuta hokara deva kina sthAnoM meM paidA hote haiM ?. isakA kathana / pR0-73, noTa / cakSurdarzana meM koI tIna hI jIvasthAna mAnate haiM aura koI chaha / yaha matabheda indriyaparyApti kI bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyAoM para nirbhara hai| isakA sapramANa kathana / pR0-76, noTa / - karmagrantha meM asaMjJI paJcendriya ke strI aura puruSa, ye do bheda mAne haiM aura siddhAnta meM eka napuMsaka, so kisa apekSA se ? isakA pramANa / pR0--- 88, noTa / ... ajJAna-trika meM do guNasthAna mAnanevAloM kA tathA tIna guNasthAna mAnanevAloM kA prAzaya kyA hai ? isakA khulAsA / pa0-82 / . * kRSNa Adi tIna azubha lezyAoM meM chaha guNasthAna isa karmagrantha meM mAne hue haiM aura paJcasaMgraha Adi granthoM meM ukta tIna lezyAoM meM

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cauthe karmagrantha ke kucha vizeSa sthala 347 cAra guNasthAna mAne haiM / so kisa apekSA se ? isakA pramANa pUrvaka khulAsA / pR00-88 / jaba maraNa ke samaya gyAraha guNasthAna pAe jAne kA kathana hai, taba vigrahagati meM tIna hI guNasthAna kaise mAne gae ? isakA khulAsA / pR0 86 / strIveda meM teraha yogoM kA tathA veda sAmAnya meM bAraha upayogoM kA aura nau guNasthAnoM kA jo kathana hai, so dravya aura bhAvoM meM se kisa-kisa prakAra ke veda ko lene se ghaTa sakatA hai ? isakA khulAsA / pR0 - 67, noTa / upazamasamyaktva ke yogoM meM zradArikamizrayoga kA parigaNana hai, so kisa taraha sambhava hai ? isakA khulAsA / pR0-68 / mArgaNAtroM meM jo alpabahutva kA vicAra karmagrantha meM hai, vaha Agama Adi kina prAcIna granthoM meM hai ? isakI sUcanA / pR0 - 115, noTa / kAla kI apekSA kSetra kI sUkSmatA kA sapramANa kathana / pR0 - 177 noTa | zukla, padma aura tejolezyAvAloM ke saMkhyAtaguNa alpa - bahutva para zaGkAsamAdhAna tathA usa viSaya meM TabAkAra kA mantavya / pR0 - 130, noTa | - tIna yogoM kA svarUpa tathA unake bAhya zrAbhyantara kAraNoM kA spaSTa kathana aura yogoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM zaGkA samAdhAna tathA dravyamana, dravyavacana aura zarIra kA svarUpa | pR0 - 134, / samyaktva sahetuka hai yA nirhetuka ? kSAyopazamika Adi bhedoM kA AdhAra, aupazamika aura kSAyopazamika samyaktva kA Apasa meM antara kSAyika samyaktva kI una donoM se vizeSatA, kucha zaGkA samAdhAna, vipAkodaya aura pradezodaya kA svarUpa, kSayopazama tathA upazama-zabda kI vyAkhyA, evaM anya prAsaGgika vicAra / pR0--136 / aparyApta avasthA meM indriya paryApti pUrNa hone ke pahile cakSurdarzana nahIM mAne jAne ra cakSurdarzana mAne jAne para pramANa pUrvaka vicAra / pR0 - 141 / vakragati ke saMbandha meM tIna bAtoM para savistara vicAra - ( 1 ) vakragati ke vigrahoM kI saMkhyA, (2) vakragati kA kAla-mAna aura (3) vakragati meM anAhArakatva kA kAla-mAna | pR0 143 / avadhi darzana meM guNasthAnoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM pakSa-bheda tathA pratyeka pakSa kA tAtparya arthAt vibhaGga jJAna se avadhidarzana kA bhedAbheda / pR0 146 / zvetAmbara - digambara saMpradAya meM kavalAhAra viSayaka matabheda kA samanvaya / pR0 - 148 / kevala jJAna prApta kara sakane vAlI strIjAti ke lie zrutajJAna vizeSa kA

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348 jaina dharma aura darzana arthAt dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha karanA, yaha eka prakAra se virodha hai / isa saMbandha meM vicAra tathA naya-dRSTi se virodha kA parihAra / pR0-146 / caturdarzana ke yogoM meM se audArika mizra yoga kA varjana kiyA hai, so kisa taraha sambhava hai ? isa viSaya para vicAra / 10-154 / kevalisamudghAta saMbandhI aneka viSayoM kA varNana, upaniSadoM meM tathA gItA meM jo AtmA kI vyApakatA kA varNana hai, usakA jaina-dRSTi se milAna aura kevalisamudghAtajaisI kriyA kA varNana anya kisa darzana meM hai ? isakI sUcanA / pu0-155 / jainadarzana meM tathA jainetara-darzana meM kAla kA sparUpa kisa-kisa prakAra kA mAnA hai ? tathA usakA vAstavika svarUpa kaisA mAnanA cAhie ? isakA pramANapUrvaka vicAra / pR0-157 / chaha lezyA kA saMbandha cAra guNasthAna taka mAnanA cAhie yA chaha guNa-sthAna taka ? isa saMbandha meM jo pakSa haiM, unakA zrAzaya tathA zubha bhAvalezyA ke samaya azubha dravya lezyA aura azubha dravya lezyA ke samaya zubha bhAvalezyA, isa prakAra lezyAtroM kI viSamatA kina jIvoM meM hotI hai ? ityAdi vicAra | pR0102, noTa / __ karmabandha ke hetuoM kI bhinna-bhinna saMkhyA tathA usake saMbandha meM kucha vizeSa UhApoha / pR0-174, noTa / Abhigrahika anAbhigrahika aura Abhinivezika-bhithyAtva kA zAstrIya khulAsA / pa0-176, noTa / / tIrthakaranAmakarma aura AhAraka-dvika, ina tIna prakRtiyoM ke bandha ko kahIM kaSAya-hetuka kahA hai aura kahIM tIrthakaranAmakarma ke bandha ko samyaktva-hetuka tathA AhAraka dvika ke bandha ko saMyama-hetuka, so kisa apekSA se ? isakA khulAsA / pR0-181, noTa / chaha bhAva aura unake bhedoM kA varNana anyatra kahA~-kahA~ milatA hai ? isakI sUcanA / pa0-166, noTa / ___ mati Adi ajJAnoM ko kahIM kSAyopazamika aura kahIM zraudayika kahA hai, so kisa apekSA se ? isakA khulAsA / pa0 166, noTa / saMkhyA kA vicAra anya kahA~-kahA~ aura kisa-kisa prakAra hai ? isakA nirdeza / pR0-208, noTa / yugapad tathA bhinna-bhinna samaya meM eka yA aneka jIvAzrita pAe jAnevAle bhAva aura aneka jIvoM kI apekSA se guNasthAnoM meM bhAvoMka uttara bheda / pR0-231 / [cauthA karmagrantha

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'pramANa mImAMsA" Abhyantara svarUpa prastuta grantha pramANa mImAMsA kA ThIka-ThIka aura vAstavika paricaya pAne ke lie yaha anivArya rUpa se jarUrI hai ki usake Abhyantara aura bAhya svarUpa kA spaSTa vizleSaNa kiyA jAe tathA jaina tarka sAhitya meM aura tadvArA tArkika darzana sAhitya meM pramANa mImAMsA kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha bhI dekhA jaae| prAcArya ne jisa dRSTi ko lekara pramANa mImAMsA kA praNayana kiyA hai aura usameM pramANa, pramAtA, prameya Adi jina tattvoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai usa dRSTi aura una tattvoM ke hArda kA spaSTIkaraNa karanA yahI grantha ke Abhyantara svarUpa kA varNana hai| isake vAste yahA~ nIce likhe cAra mukhya muddoM para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai (1) jaina dRSTi kA svarUpa (2) jaina dRSTi kI aparivartiSNutA (3) pramANazakti kI maryAdA (4) prameya pradeza kA vistAra / / 1. jaina dRSTi kA svarUpa ___ bhAratIya darzana mukhyatayA do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho jAte haiM / kucha to haiM vAstavavAdI aura kucha haiM avAstavavAdI / jo sthUla arthAt laukika pramANagamya jagata ko bhI vaisA hI vAstavika mAnate haiM jaisA sUkSma lokottara pramANagamya jagata ko arthAt jinake matAnusAra vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika satya meM koI bheda nahIM; satya saba eka koTi kA hai cAhe mAtrA nyUnAdhika ho arthAt jinake matAnusAra bhAna cAhe nyUnAdhika aura spaSTa-aspaSTa ho para pramANa mAtra meM bhAsita honevAle sabhI svarUpa vAstavika haiM tathA jinake matAnusAra vAstavika rUpa bhI vANI prakAzya ho sakate haiM-ve darzana vAstavavAdI haiN| inheM vidhimukha, idamitthavAdI yA evaMvAdI bhI kaha sakate haiM-jaise cArvAka, nyAya-vaizeSika, pUrvamImAMsA, sAMkhyayoga, vaibhASikasautrAntika bauddha aura mAdhvAdi vedAnta / __jinake matAnusAra bAhya dRzya jagata mithyA hai aura Antarika jagata ho parama 1 AcArya hemacandra kRta 'pramANa mImAMsA' kI prastAvanA, I0 1636 / /

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350 jaina dharma aura darzana satya hai; arthAt jo darzana satya ke vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika athavA sAMvRtika aura vAstavika aise do bheda karake laukika pramANagamya aura vANIprakAzya bhAva ko avAstavika mAnate haiM, ve avAstavavAdI haiN| inheM niSedhamukha yA anevaMvAdI bhI kaha sakate haiN| jaise zUnyavAdI-vijJAnavAdI bauddha aura zAMkaravedAnta Adi darzana / prakRti se anekAntavAdI hote hue bhI jaina dRSTi kA svarUpa ekAntataH vAstavavAdI hI hai kyoMki usake matAnusAra bhI indriyajanya matijJAna Adi meM bhAsita honevAle bhAvoM ke satyatva kA vahI sthAna hai jo pAramArthika kevalajJAna meM bhAsita honevAle bhAvoM ke satyatva kA sthAna hai arthAt jaina matAnusAra donoM satya kI mAtrA meM antara hai, yogyatA va guNa meM nhiiN| kevala jJAna meM dravya aura unake ananya paryAya jisa yathArthatA se jisa rUpa se bhAsita hote haiM usI yathArthatA aura usI rUpa se kucha dravya aura unake kucha hI paryAya matijJAna Adi meM bhI bhAsita ho sakate haiN| isI se jaina darzana aneka sUkSmatama bhAvoM kI anirvacanIyatA ko mAnatA huA bhI nirvacanIya bhAvoM ko yathArtha mAnatA hai, jaba ki zUnyavAdI aura zAMkara vedAMta Adi aisA nahIM mAnate / 2. jaina dRSTi kI aparivartiSNutA jaina dRSTi kA jo vAstavavAditva svarUpa Upara batAyA gayA vaha itihAsa ke prAraMbha se aba taka eka hI rUpa meM rahA hai yA usameM kabhI kisI ke dvArA thor3A bahuta parivartana huA hai, yaha eka bar3e mahatva kA prazna hai| isake sAtha hI dUsarA prazna yaha hotA hai ki agara jaina dRSTi sadA eka sI sthitizIla rahI aura bauddha vedAnta dRSTi kI taraha usameM parivartana yA cintana vikAsa nahIM huA to isakA kyA kAraNa ? bhagavAna mahAvIra kA pUrva samaya jaba se thor3A bahuta bhI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa pAyA jAtA hai taba se lekara Ajataka jaina dRSTi kA vAstavavAditva svarUpa bilakula aparivartiSNu yA dhruva hI rahA hai| jaisA ki nyAya-vaizeSika, pUrva mImAMsaka, sAMkhya yoga Adi darzanoM kA bhI vAstavavAditva aparivartiSNu rahA hai| bezaka nyAya vaizeSika Adi ukta darzanoM kI taraha jaina darzana ke sAhitya meM bhI pramANa prameya Adi saba padArthoM kI vyAkhyAoM meM lakSaNa-praNayana meM aura unakI upapatti meM uttarottara sUkSma aura sUkSmatara vikAsa tathA spaSTatA huI hai, yahA~ taka ki navya nyAya ke pariSkAra kA prAzraya lekara bhI yazovijayajI jaise jaina vidvAnoM ne vyAkhyA evaM lakSaNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai phira bhI isa sAre aitihAsika samaya meM jaina

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jaina dRSTi kI aparivartiSNutA dRSTi ke vAstavavAditva svarUpa meM eka aMza bhI pharka nahI par3A hai jaisA ki bauddha aura vedAMta paraMparA meM hama pAte haiM / * bauddha paraMparA zurU meM vAstavavAdI ho rahI para mahAyAna kI vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI zAkhA ne usameM AmUla parivartana kara ddaalaa| usakA vAstavavAditva aikAntika avAstavavAditva meM badala gayA / yahI hai bauddha paraMparA kA dRSTi parivartana / vedAnta paraMparA meM bhI aisA hI huA / upaniSadoM aura brahmasUtra meM jo avAstavavAditva ke aspaSTa bIja the aura jo vAstavavAditva ke spaSTa sUcana the una saba kA ekamAtra avAstavavAditva artha meM tAtparya batalAkara zaMkarAcArya ne vedAMta meM avAstavavAditva kI spaSTa sthApanA kI jisake Upara Age jAkara dRSTisRSTivAda Adi aneka rUpoM meM aura bhI dRSTi parivartana va vikAsa huaa| isa taraha eka tarapha bauddha aura vedAnta do paraMparAoM kI dRSTi parivartiSNutA aura bAkI ke saba darzanoM kI dRSTi aparivartiSNutA hame isa bheda ke kAraNoM kI khoja kI ora prerita karatI hai| sthUla jagata ko asatya yA vyAvahArika satya mAnakara usase bhinna prAMtarika jagata ko hI parama satya mAnanevAle avAstavavAda kA udgama sirpha tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ki vizleSaNa kriyA kI parAkASThA-AtyantikatA ho yA samanvaya kI parAkASThA ho| hama dekhate haiM ki yaha yogyatA bauddha paraMparA aura vedAnta paraMparA ke sivAya anya kisI dArzanika paraMparA meM nahIM hai / buddha ne pratyeka sthUla sUkSma bhAva kA vizleSaNa yahA~ taka kiyA ki usameM koI sthAyI dravya jaisA tattva zeSa na rhaa| upaniSadoM meM bhI saba bhedoM kA-vividhatAoM kA samanvaya eka brahma-sthira tattva meM vizrAnta huA / bhagavAna buddha ke vizleSaNa ko Age jAkara unake sUkSmaprajJa ziSyoM ne yahA~ taka vistRta kiyA ki anta meM vyavahAra meM upayogI honevAle akhaNDa dravya yA dravya bheda sarvathA nAma zeSa ho gae / kSaNika kintu anirvacanIya parama satya hI zeSa rahA / dUsarI ora zaMkarAcArya ne aupaniSada parama brahma kI samanvaya bhAvanA ko yahA~ taka vistRta kiyA ki anta meM bhedapradhAna vyavahAra jagata nAmazeSa yA mAyika hI hokara rahA / bezaka nAgArjuna aura zaMkarAcArya jaise aikAntika vizleSaNakArI yA aikAntika samanvayakartA na hote to ina donoM paraMparAoM meM vyAvahArika aura paramasatya ke bheda kA AviSkAra na hotaa| phira bhI hameM bhalanA na cAhie ki avAstavavAdI dRSTi kI yogyatA bauddha aura vedAMta paraMparA kI bhamikA meM hI nihita rahI jo nyAya vaizeSika Adi vAstavavAdI darzanoM kI bhamikA meM bilakula nahIM hai / nyAya vaizeSika, mImAMsaka aura sAMkhya-yoga darzana kevala vizleSaNa hI nahIM karate balki samanvaya bhI karate haiN| uname vizleSaNa aura samanvaya

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352 jaina dharma aura darzana donoM kA samaprAdhAnya tathA samAna balatva hone ke kAraNa donoM meM se koI eka hI satya nahIM hai ataeva una darzanoM meM avAstavavAda ke praveza kI na yogyatA hai aura na saMbhava hI hai / ataeva unameM nAgArjuna zaMkarAcArya Adi jaise aneka sUkSmaprajJa vicAraka hote hue bhI ve darzana vAstavavAdI hI rahe / yahI sthiti jaina darzana kI bhI hai| jaina darzana dravya-dravya ke bIca vizleSaNa karate-karate aMta meM sUkSmatama paryAyoM ke vizleSaNa taka pahu~catA hai sahI, para yaha vizleSaNa ke aMtima pariNAma svarUpa paryAyoM ko vAstavika mAnakara bhI dravya kI vAstavikatA kA parityAga bauddha darzana kI taraha nahIM krtaa| isa taraha vaha paryAyoM aura dravyoM kA samanvaya karate karate eka sat tattva taka pahuMcatA hai aura usakI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra karake bhI vizleSaNa ke pariNAma svarUpa dravya bhedoM aura paryAyoM kI vAstavikatA kA parityAga, brahmavAdI darzana kI taraha nahIM krtaa| kyoMki vaha paryAyArthika aura dravyArthika donoM dRSTiyoM ko sApekSa bhAva se tulyabala aura samAna satya mAnatA hai / yahI sababa hai ki usameM bhI na bauddha paraMparA kI taraha prAtyantika vizleSaNa huA aura na vedAnta paraMparA kI taraha zrAtyantika samanvaya / isase jaina dRSTi kA vAstavavAditya svarUpa sthira hI rahA / 3. pramANa zakti kI maryAdA vizva kyA vastu hai, vaha kaisA hai, usameM kauna-se-kauna-se aura kaise-kaise tattva haiM, ityadi praznoM kA uttara tattva cintakoM ne eka hI prakAra kA nahIM diyA / isakA sababa yahI hai ki isa uttara kA AdhAra pramANa kI zakti para nirbhara hai aura tattvaciMtakoM meM pramANa kI zakti ke bAre meM nAnA mata haiN| bhAratIya tattvaciMtakoM kA pramANa zakti ke tAratamya saMbaMdhI matabheda saMkSepa meM pA~ca pakSoM meM vibhakta ho jAtA hai 1 indriyAdhipatya, 2 anindriyAdhipatya, 3 ubhayAdhipatya, 4 aAgamAdhipatya, 5 pramANopaplava / 1-jisa pakSa kA maMtavya yaha hai ki pramANa kI sArI zakti indriyoM ke Upara hI avalambita hai, mana khuda indriyoM kA anugamana kara sakatA hai para vaha indriyoM kI madada ke sivAya kahIM bhI arthAt jahA~ indriyoM kI pahuMca na ho vahA~ kabhI pravRtta hokara saccA jJAna paidA kara hI nahIM sktaa| sacce jJAna kA agara saMbhava hai to indriyoM ke dvArA hI, vaha indriyAdhipatya pakSa / isa pakSa meM cArvAka darzana hIsamAviSTa hai| yaha nahIM ki cArvAka anumAna yA zabdavyavahAra rUpa Agama Adi pramANoM ko jo pratidina sarvasiddha vyavahAra kI vastu hai, use na mAnanA ho phira bhI cArvAka

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23 pramANa kI maryAdA 353 apane ko pratyakSamAtravAdI kahatA hai; isakA artha itanA hI hai ki anumAna, zabda yadi koI bhI laukika pramANa kyoM na ho para usakA prAmANya indriyapratyakSa ke sivAya kabhI saMbhava nahIM / arthAt indriya pratyakSa se bAdhita nahIM aisA koI bhI jJAnavyApAra ra pramANa kahA jAe to isameM cArvAka ko Apatti nahIM / 2 -- anindriya ke aMtaHkaraNa-mana, citta aura AtmA aise tIna artha phalita hote haiM, jinameM se cittarUpa anindriya kA Adhipatya mAnanevAlA zranindriyAdhipatya pakSa hai / isa pakSa meM vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda aura zAMkaravedAMta kA samAveza hai / isa pakSa ke anusAra yathArtha jJAna kA saMbhava vizuddha citta ke dvArA hI mAnA jAtA hai / yaha pakSa indriyoM kI satyajJAnajanana zakti kA sarvathA inkAra karatA hai aura kahatA hai ji indriyA~ vAstavika jJAna karAne meM paMgu hI nahIM balki dhokhe - bAja bhI avazya hai / isake maMtavya kA niSkarSa itanA hI hai kiM citta, khAsakara dhyAnazuddhasAttvika citta se bAdhita yA usakA saMvAda prApta na kara sakanevAlA koI jJAna pramANa ho hI nahIM sakatA cAhe vaha bhale hI lokavyavahAra meM pramANa rUpa se mAnA jAtA ho / 3 - ubhayAdhipatya pakSa vaha hai jo cArvAka kI taraha indriyoM ko hI saba kucha mAnakara indriya nirapekSa mana kA sAmarthya svIkAra nahIM karatA aura na indriyoM ko paMgu yA dhokhebAja mAnakara kevala anindriya yA citta kA hI sAmarthya svIkAra karatA hai / yaha pakSa mAnatA hai ki cAhe mana kI madada se hI sahI para indriyA~ sampanna ho sakatI haiM aura vAstavika jJAna paidA kara sakatI haiM / isI taraha yaha mAnatA hai ki indriyoM kI madada jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ bhI anindriya yathArtha jJAna kara sakatA hai / isI se ise ubhayAdhipatya pakSa kahA hai / isameM sAMkhya-yoga, nyAyavaizeSika, mImAMsaka, Adi darzanoM kA samAveza hai / sAMkhya yoga indriyoM kA sAdguNya mAnakara bhI aMtaHkaraNa kI svataMtra yathArtha zakti mAnatA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika Adi bhI mana kI vaisI hI zakti mAnate haiM para pharka yaha hai ki sAMkhya yoga zrAtmA kA svataMtra pramANa sAmarthya nahIM mAnate kyoMki ve pramANa sAmarthya buddhi meM hI mAnakara puruSa yA cetana ko niratizaya mAnate haiM / jaba ki nyAya-vaizeSika cAhe Izvara ke AtmA kA hI sahI para zrAtmA kA svataMtra pramANasAmarthya mAnate haiM / arthAt ve zarIra-mana kA abhAva hone para bhI Izvara meM jJAnazakti mAnate haiM 1 vaibhASika aura sautrAMtika bhI isI pakSa ke aMtargata haiN| kyoMki ve bhI indriya aura mana donoM kA pramANasAmarthya mAnate haiM / 4 - zrAgamAdhipatya pakSa vaha hai jo kisI na kisI viSaya meM zrAgama ke sivAya

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354 jaina dharma aura darzana kisI indriya yA anindriya kA pramANasAmarthya svIkAra nahIM karatA / yaha pakSa kevala pUrva mImAMsaka kA hI hai| yadyapi vaha anya viSayoM meM sAMkhya-yogAdi kI taraha ubhayAdhipatya pakSa kA hI anugAmI hai| phira bhI dharma aura adharma ina do viSayoM meM vaha Agama mAtra kA hI sAmarthya mAnatA hai| yadyapi vedAMta ke anusAra brahma ke viSaya meM Agama kA hI prAdhAnya hai phira bhI vaha aAgamAdhipatya pakSa meM isalie nahIM A sakatA ki brahma ke viSaya meM dhyAnazuddha aMtaHkaraNa kA bhI sAmarthya use mAnya hai| 5-pramANopaplava pakSa vaha hai jo indriya, anindriya yA Agama kisI kA sAdguNya yA sAmarthya svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha mAnatA hai ki aisA koI sAdhana guNasampanna hai hI nahIM jo abAdhita jJAna kI zakti rakhatA ho| sabhI sAdhana usake mana se paMgu yA vipralaMbhaka haiM / isakA anugAmI tattvopaplapavAdI kahalAtA hai jo AkhirI hada kA cArvAka hI hai / yaha pakSa jayarAzikRta tattvopaplava meM spaSTatayA pratipAdita huA hai| ukta pAMca meM se tIsarA ubhayAdhipatya pakSa hI jainadarzana kA hai kyoMki vaha jisa taraha iMdriyoM kA svataMtra sAmarthya mAnatA hai usI taraha vaha anindriya arthAt mana aura AtmA donoM kA alaga-alaga bhI svataMtra sAmarthya mAnatA hai / AtmA ke svataMtra sAmarthya ke viSaya meM nyAya-vaizeSika Adi ke maMtavya se jaina darzana ke maMtavya meM pharka yaha hai ki jaina darzana sabhI AtmAtroM kA svataMtra pramANasAmarthya vaisA hI mAnatA hai jaisA nyAya Adi Izvara mAtra kaa| jainadarzana pramANopaplava pakSa kA nirAkaraNa isalie karatA hai ki use pramANasAmarthya avazya iSTa hai| vaha vijJAna, zUnya aura brahma ina tInoM vAdoM kA nirAsa isalie karatA hai ki use indriyoM kA pramANasAmarthya bhI mAnya hai / vaha AgamAdhipatya pakSa kA bhI virodhI hai so isalie ki use dharmAdharma ke viSaya meM anindriya arthAt mana aura AtmA donoM kA pramANasAmarthya iSTa hai / 4-prameyapradeza kA vistAra jaisI pramANazakti kI maryAdA vaisA hI prameya kA kSetra vistAra, ataeva mAtra iMdriya sAmarthya mAnane vAle cArvAka ke sAmane sirpha sthUla yA dRzya vizva kA hI prameyakSetra rahA, jo eka yA dUsare rUpa meM anindriya pramANa kA sAmarthya mAnane vAloM kI dRSTi meM anekadhA vistIrNa huaa| anindriyasAmarthyavAdI koI kyoM na ho para sabako sthUla vizva ke alAvA eka sUkSma vizva bhI najara aayaa| sUkSma vizva kA darzana una sabakA barAbara hone para bhI unakI apanI judI-judI kalpa.

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prameyaviSayakavAda 355 nAoM ke tathA paraMparAgata bhinna bhinna kalpanAoM ke AdhAra para sUkSma prameya ke kSetra meM bhI aneka mata va sampradAya sthira hue jinako hama ati saMkSepa meM do vibhAgoM meM bA~Takara samajha sakate haiN| eka vibhAga to vaha jisameM jar3a aura cetana donoM prakAra ke sUkSma tattvoM ko mAnanevAloM kA samAveza hotA hai| dUsarA vaha jisameM kevala cetana yA caitanya rUpa hI sUkSma tattva ko mAnanevAloM kA samAveza hotA hai / pAzcAtya tattvajJAna kI apekSA bhAratIya tattvajJAna meM yaha eka dhyAna dene yogya bheda hai ki isameM sUkSma prameya tattva mAnanevAlA abhI taka koI aisA nahIM huA jo sthUla bhautika vizva kI taha meM eka mAtra sUkSma jar3a tattva hI mAnatA ho aura sUkSma jagata meM cetana tattva kA astitva hI na mAnatA ho| isake viruddha bhArata meM aise tattvajJa hote Ae haiM jo sthUla vizva ke aMtastala meM eka mAtra cetana tattva kA sUkSma jagata mAnate haiM / isI artha meM bhArata ko caitanyavAdI samajhanA cAhie / bhAratIya tattvajJAna ke sAtha punarjanma, karmavAda aura baMdha-moza kI dhArmika yA AcaraNalakSI kalpanA bhI milI huI hai jo sUkSma vizva mAnane vAle sabhI ko nirvivAda mAnya hai aura sabhI ne apane 2 tattvajJAna ke DhAMce ke anusAra cetana tattva ke sAtha usakA mela biThAyA hai / ina sUkSmatattvadarzI paramparAtroM meM mukhyatayA cAra vAda aise dekhe jAte haiM jinake balapara usa-usa paraMparA ke prAcAryoM ne sthUla aura sUkSma vizva kA saMbaMdha batalAyA hai yA kAryakaraNa kA mela biThAyA hai / ve vAda ye haiM-1 AraMbhavAda, 2 pariNAmavAda, 3 pratItyasamutpAdavAda, 4 vivartavAda / ArambhavAda ke saMkSepa meM cAra lakSaNa haiM-1-paraspara bhinna aise anaMta mUla kAraNoM kA svIkAra, 2-kArya kAraNa kA AtyaMtika bheda 3-kAraNa nitya ho yA anitya para kAryotpatti meM usakA apariNAmI hI rahanA, 4-apUrva arthAt utpati ke pahale asat aise kArya kI utpatti yA kiJcitkAlIna sattA / pariNAmavAda ke lakSaNa ThIka AraMbhavAda se ulaTe haiM-1 eka hI mUla kAraNa kA svIkAra 2-kAryakAraNa kA vAstavika abheda, 3-nitya kAraNa kA bhI pariNAmI hokara hI rahanA tathA pravRtta honA 4-kArya mAtra kA apaneapane kAraNa meM aura saba kAryoM kA mUla kAraNa meM tInoM kAla meM astitva arthAt apUrva vastu kI utpatti kA sarvathA inkAra / __pratItyasamutpAdavAda ke tIna lakSaNa haiM-1-kAraNa aura kArya kA prAtyatika bheda, 2--kisI bhI nitya yA pariNAmIkAraNa kA sarvathA asvIkAra, 3prathama se asat aise kAryamAtra kA utpAda / vivartavAda ke tIna lakSaNa ye haiM-1-kisI eka pAramArthika satya kAsvI kAra

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356 jaina dharma aura darzana jo na utpAdaka hai aura na pariNAmI, 2-sthala yA sUkSma bhAsamAna jagat kI utpatti kA yA use pariNAma mAnane kA sarvathA niSedha, 3-sthUla jagat kA avAstavika yA kAlpanika astitva arthAt mAyika bhAsa mAtra / 1 ArambhavAda * isakA maMtavya yaha hai ki paramANu rUpa anaMta sUkSma tattva jude-jude haiM jinake pArasparika saMbaMdhoM se sthUla bhautika jagata kA nayA hI nirmANa hotA hai jo phira sarvathA naSTa bhI hotA hai| isake anusAra ve sUkSma prAraMbhaka tattva anAdi nidhana haiM, apariNAmI haiN| agara pheraphAra hotA hai to unake guNadharmoM meM hI hotA hai| isa vAda ne sthUla bhautika jagata kA saMbaMdha sUkSma bhUta ke sAtha lagAkara phira sUkSma cetana tattva kA bhI astitva mAnA hai| usane paraspara bhinna aise anaMta cetana tattva mAne jo anAdinidhana evaM apariNAmI hI haiM / isa vAda ne jaise sUkSma bhUta tattvoM ko ApariNAmI hI mAnakara unameM utpanna naSTa hone vAle guNa dharmoM ke astitva kI alaga kalpanA kI vaise hI cetana tattvoM ko apariNAmI mAnakara bhI unameM utpAda vinAzazAlI guNa-dharmoM kA alaga hI astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| isa mata ke anusAra sthUla bhautika vizva kA sUkSma bhUta ke sAtha to upAdAnopAdeya bhAva saMbaMdha hai para sUkSma cetana tattva ke sAtha sirpha saMyoga saMbaMdha hai| 2 pariNAmavAda : isake mukhya do bheda haiM (a) pradhAnapariNAmavAda aura (ba) brahma pariNAmavAda / (a) pradhAnapariNAmavAda ke anusAra sthUla vizva ke aMtastala meM eka sUkSma pradhAna nAmaka aisA tattva hai jo jude-jude anaMta paramANurUpa na hokara unase bhI sUkSmatama svarUpa meM akhaNDa rUpa se vartamAna hai aura jo khuda hI paramANuoM kI taraha apariNAmI na rahakara anAdi anaMta hote hue bhI nAnA pariNAmoM meM pariNata hotA rahatA hai| isa vAda ke anusAra sthUla bhautika vizva yaha sUkSma pradhAna tattva ke dRzya pariNAmoM ke sivAya aura kucha nhiiN| isa vAda meM paramANuvAda kI taraha sUkSma tattva apariNAmI rahakara usameM sthUla bhautika vizva kA nayA nirmANa nahIM hotA / para vaha sUkSma pradhAna tattva jo svayaM paramANu kI taraha jar3a hI hai, nAnA dRzya bhautika rUpa meM badalatA rahatA hai| isa pradhAna pariNAmavAda ne sthala vizva kA sUkSma para jar3a aise eka mAtra pradhAna tattva ke sAtha abheda saMbaMdha lagAkara sUkSma jagat meM cetana tattvoM kA bhI astitva svIkAra kiyA / isa vAda ke cetana tattva prAraMbhavAda kI taraha anaMta hI haiM para pharka donoM kA yaha hai ki AraMbhavAda ke cetana tattva apariNAmI hote hue bhI utpAda vinAza vAle guNa-dharma yukta haiM jaba ki pradhAna pariNAmavAda ke cetana tattva aise guNadharmoM

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pratItyasamutpAdakAda 357 se yukta nhiiN| ve svayaM bhI kUTastha hone se apariNAmI haiM aura nirdharmaka hone se kisI utpAda-vinAzazAlI guNadharma ko bhI dhAraNa nahIM karate / usakA kahanA yaha hai ki utpAda-vinAza vAle guNadharma jaba sUkSma bhata meM dekhe jAte haiM taba sUkSma cetana kucha vilakSaNa hI honA cAhie / agara sUkSma cetana cetana hokara bhI vaise guNa-dharma yukta hoM taba jar3a sUkSma se unakA vailakSaNya kyA rahA ? ataeva vaha kahatA hai ki agara sUkSma cetana kA astitva mAnanA hI hai taba to sUkSma bhUta kI apekSA vilakSaNatA lAne ke lie unheM na kevala nirmaka hI mAnanA ucita hai balki apariNAmI bhI mAnanA jarUrI hai| isa taraha pradhAna pariNAmavAda meM cetana tattva Ae para ve nirdharmaka aura apariNAmI hI mAne ge| (ba) brahmapariNAmavAda jo pradhAnapariNAmavAda kA hI vikasita rUpa jAna par3atA hai usane yaha to mAna liyA ki sthala vizva ke mUla meM koI sUkSma tattva hai jo sthala vizva kA kAraNa hai| para usane kahA ki aisA sUkSma kAraNa jar3a pradhAna tattva mAnakara usase bhinna sUkSma cetana tattva bhI mAnanA aura vaha bhI aisA ki jo ajAgalastana kI taraha sarvathA akiJcitkara so yukti saMgata nhiiN| usane ' pradhAnavAda meM cetana tattva ke astitva kI anupayogitA ko hI nahIM dekhA balki cetana tattva meM anaMta saMkhyA kI kalpanA ko bhI anAvazyaka smjhaa| isI samajha se usane sUkSma jagat kI kalpanA aisI kI jisase sthala jagata kI racanA bhI ghaTa sake aura akiJcitkara aise anaMta cetana tattvoM kI niSprayojana kalpanA kAdoSa bhI na rahe / isI se isa vAda ne sthUla vizva ke aMtastala meM jar3a cetana aise paraspara virodhI do tattva na mAnakara kevala eka brahma nAmaka cetana tattva hI svIkAra kiyA aura usakA pradhAna pariNAma kI taraha pariNAma mAna liyA jisase usI eka cetana brahma tattva meM se dUsare jar3a cetanamaya sthala vizva kA AvirbhAva-tirobhAva ghaTa sake / pradhAna pariNAmavAda aura brahma pariNAmavAda meM pharka itanA hI hai ki pahale meM jar3a pariNAmI hI hai aura cetana apariNAmI hI hai jaba dUsare meM aMtima sUkSma tattva eka mAtra cetana hI hai jo svayaM hI pariNAmI hai aura usI cetana meM se Age ke jar3a cetana aise do pariNAma pravAha cale / 3-pratItyasamutpAdavAda yaha bhI sthUla bhUta ke nIce jar3a aura cetana aise do sUkSma tattvaM mAnatA hai jo kramazaH rUpa aura nAma kahalAte haiN| isa vAda ke jar3a aura cetana donoM sakSma tattva paramANurUpa haiM, zrAraMbhavAda kI taraha kevala jar3a tattva hI paramANu rUpa nhiiN| isa vAda meM paramANu kA svIkAra hote hue

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jaina dharma aura darzana bhI usakA svarUpa AraMbhavAda ke paramANu se bilakula bhinna mAnA gayA hai| AraMbhavAda meM paramANu apariNAmI hote hue bhI unameM guNadharmoM kI uttAdavinAza paraMparA alaga mAnI jAtI hai| jaba ki yaha pratItyasamutpAdavAda usa guNadharmoM kI utpAdavinAza paraMparA ko hI apane mata meM viziSTa rUpa se DhAlakara usake AdhArabhata sthAyI paramANu dravyoM ko bilakula nahIM maantaa| isI taraha cetana tattva ke viSaya meM bhI yaha vAda kahatA hai ki sthAyI aise eka yA aneka koI cetana tattva nahIM / yadyapi sUkSma jar3a utpAdavinAzazAlI paraMparA kI taraha dUsarI caitanyarUpa utpAdavinAzazAlI paraMparA bhI mUla meM jar3a se bhinna hI sUkSma jagata meM vidyamAna hai jisakA koI sthAyI AdhAra nhiiN| isa vAda ke paramANu isalie paramANu kahalAte haiM ki ve sabase atisUkSma aura avibhAjya mAtra haiN| para isa lie paramANu nahIM kahalAte ki ve koI avibhAjya sthAyI dravya hoN| yaha vAda kahatA hai ki guNadharma rahita kUTastha cetana tattva jaise anupayogI haiM vaise hI guNaSamoM kA utpAdavinAza mAna lene para usake AdhAra rUpa se phira sthAyI dravya kI kalpanA karanA bhI nirarthaka hai| ataeva isa vAda ke anusAra sUcama jagata meM do dhArAe~ phalita hotI haiM jo paraspara bilakula bhinna hokara bhI eka dUsare ke asara se khAlI nahIM / pradhAna pariNAma yA brahma pariNAmavAda se isa vAda meM pharka yaha hai ki isameM ukta donoM vAdoM kI taraha kisI bhI sthAyI dravya kA astitva nahIM mAnA jaataa| aisA zaMku yA kIlaka sthAnIya sthAyI dravya na hote hue bhI pUrva pariNAma kSaNa kA yaha svabhAva hai ki vaha naSTa hote-hote dUsare pariNAma kSaNa ko paidA karatA hI jAegA arthAt uttara pariNAma kSaNa vinAzonmukha pUrva pariNAma ke astitvamAtra ke Azraya se Apa hI Apa nirAdhAra utpanna ho jAtA hai| isI mAnyatA ke kAraNa yaha pratItyasamutpAdavAda kahalAtA hai| vastutaH pratItyasamutpAdavAda paramANu vAda bhI hai aura pariNAmavAda bhii| phira bhI tAttvika rUpa meM vaha donoM se bhinna hai| 4-vivartavAda-vivartavAda ke mukhya do bheda --- vivartavAda ke mukhya do bheda haiM-(a) nitya brahma vivarta aura (ba) kSaNika vijJAna vivarta / donoM vivartavAda ke anusAra sthala vizva yaha nirA bhAsamAtra yA kalpanA mAtra hai jo mAyA yA vAsanAjanita hai / vivartavAda kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jagat yA vizva koI aisI vastu nahIM ho sakatI jisameM bAhya aura Antarika yA sthala aura sUkSma tattva alaga-alaga aura khaNDita hoN| vizva meM jo kucha vAstavika satya ho sakatA hai vaha eka hI ho sakatA hai kyoMki vizva vastutaH akhaNDa aura

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prameyaviSayakavAda 356 avibhAjya hI hai / aisI dazA meM jo bAhyatva-Antaratva, hrasvatva-dIrghatva, dUratvasamIpatva Adi dharma-dvandva mAlUma hote haiM ve mAtra kAlpanika haiM / ataeva isa vAda ke anusAra loka siddha sthUla vizva kevala kAlpanika aura prAtibhAsika satya hai| pAramArthika satya usakI taha meM nihita hai jo vizuddha dhyAnagamya hone ke kAraNa apane asalI svarUpa meM prAkRtajanoM ke dvArA grAhya nhiiN| nyAya vaizeSika aura pUrva mImAMsaka AraMbhavAdI haiN| pradhAna pariNAmavAda sAMkhyayoga aura caraka kA hai / brahma pariNAmavAda ke samarthaka bhartRprapaJca Adi prAcIna vedAMtI aura Adhunika ballabhAcArya haiN| pratItyasamutpAdavAda bauddhoM kA hai aura vivartavAda ke samarthaka zAMkara vedAntI, vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI haiN| Upara jina vAdoM kA varNana kiyA hai unake upAdAnarUpa vicAroM kA aitihAsika krama saMbhavataH aisA jAna par3atA hai-zurU meM vAstavika kAryakAraNabhAva kI khoja jar3a jagata taka hI rahI / vahIM taka vaha parimita rahA / kramazaH sthUla ke usa pAra cetana tattva kI zodha-kalpanA hote hI dRzya aura jar3a jagata meM prathama se hI siddha usa kArya kAraNa bhAva kI pariNAminityatArUpa se cetana tattva taka pahu~ca huii| cetana bhI jar3a kI taraha agara pariNAminitya ho to phira donoM meM aMtara hI kyA rahA ? isa prazna ne phira cetana ko kAyama rakhakara usameM kUTastha nityatA mAnane kI ora tathA pariNAminityatA yA kAryakAraNabhAva ko jar3a jagata taka hI parimita rakhane kI ora vicArakoM ko prerita kiyaa| cetana meM mAnI jAnevAlI kUTastha nityatA kA parIkSaNa phira zurU huaa| jisameM se aMtatogatvA kevala kUTastha nityatA hI nahIM balki jar3a jagata kI pariNAminityatA bhI lupta hokara mAtra pariNamana dhArA hI zeSa rhii| isa prakAra eka tarapha prAtyatika vizleSaNa ne mAtra pariNAma yA kSaNikatva vicAra ko janma diyA taba dUsarI ora AtyaMtika samanvaya buddhi ne caitanyamAtra pAramArthika vAda ko janmAyA / samanvaya buddhi ne aMta meM caitanya taka pahu~ca kara socA ki jaba sarvavyApaka caitanya tattva hai taba usase bhinna jar3a tattva kI vAstavikatA kyoM mAnI jAe ? aura jaba koI jar3a tattva alaga nahIM taba vaha dRzyamAna pariNamana-dhArA bhI vAstavika kyoM ? isa vicAra ne sAre bheda aura jar3a jagata ko mAtra kAlpanika manavAkara pAramArthika caitanyamAtravAda kI sthApanA karAI / ukta vicAra krama ke sopAna isa taraha rakhe jA sakate haiM1---jar3amAtra meM pariNAminityatA / 2--jar3a cetana donoM meM prinnaaminitytaa| -

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jaina dharma aura darzana 3 - jar3a meM pariNAmi nityatA aura cetana meM kUTastha nityatA kA viveka / 4 -- (a) kUTastha aura pariNAmi donoM nizyatA kA lopa aura mAtra pariNAmapravAha kI satyatA / (ba) kevala kUTastha caitanya kI hI yA caitanya mAtra kI satyatA aura tadbhinna saba kI kAlpanikatA yA asatyatA / 1 jaina paraMparA dRzya vizva ke alAvA paraspara atyaMta bhinna aise jar3a aura cetana ananta sUkSma tattvoM ko mAnatI hai / vaha sthUla jagata ko sUkSma jar3a tattvoM kA hI kArya yA rUpAntara mAnatIM hai / jaina paraMparA ke sUkSma jar3a tattva paramANu rUpa haiM para ve AraMbhavAda ke paramANu ko apekSA atyaMta sUkSma mAne gae haiM / paramANuvAdI hokara bhI jaina darzana pariNAmavAda kI taraha paramANuoM ko pariNAmI mAnakara sthUla jagata ko unhIM kA rUpAntara yA pariNAma mAnatA hai / vastutaH jaina darzana pariNAmavAdI hai / para sAMkhyayoga tathA prAcIna vedAnta Adi ke pariNAmavAda se jaina pariNAmavAda kA khAsa antara hai / vaha antara yaha hai ki sAMkhyayoga kA pariNAma - vAda cetana tattva se aspRSTa hone ke kAraNa jar3a taka hI parimita hai aura bhartRprapaJca Adi kA pariNAmavAda mAtra cetanatattvasparzI hai / jaba ki jaina pariNAmavAda jar3acetana, sthUla sUkSma samagra vastusparzI hai / ataeva jaina pariNAmavAda ko sarvavyApaka pariNAmavAda samajhanA cAhie / bhartRprapaJca kA pariNAmavAda bhI sarvavyApaka kahA jA sakatA hai phira bhI usake aura jaina ke pariNAmavAda meM antara yaha hai ki bhartRprapaJca kA 'sarva' cetana brahma mAtra hai, tadbhinna aura kucha nahIM jaba ki jaina kA sarva ananta jar3a aura cetana tattvoM kA hai / isa taraha AraMbha aura pariNAma donoM vAdoM kA jaina darzana meM vyApaka rUpa meM pUrA sthAna tathA samanvaya hai / para usameM pratItyasamutpAda tathA vivartavAda kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / vastu mAtra ko pariNAmI nitya aura samAna rUpa se vAstavika satya mAnane ke kAraNa jaina darzana pratItyasamutpAda tathA vivartavAda kA sarvathA virodha hI karatA hai jaisA ki nyAya - vaizeSika sAMkhya-yoga Adi bhI karate haiM / nyAya-vaizeSika sAMkhyayoga Adi kI taraha jaina darzana cetana bahutvavAdI hai sahI, para usake cetana tattva aneka dRSTi se bhinna svarUpa vAle haiM / jainadarzana, nyAya, sAMkhya Adi kI taraha cetana ko na sarvavyApaka dravya mAnatA hai aura na viziSTAdvaita Adi kI taraha aNumAtra hI mAnatA hai aura na bauddha darzana kI taraha jJAna kI nidravyakadhArAmAtra / jainAbhimata samagra cetana tattva madhyama parimANavAle aura saMkoca - vistArazIla hone ke kAraNa isa viSaya meM jar3a dravyoM se atyanta vilakSaNa nahIM / nyAya-vaizeSika aura yoga darzana mAnate haiM ki Atmatva yA cetanatva samAna hone 360

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pramANamImAMsA kA bAhyarUpa 361 para bhI jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke bIca maulika bheda hai arthAt jIvAtmA kabhI 'paramAtmA yA Izvara nahIM aura paramAdhmA sadA se hI paramAtmA yA Izvara hai kabhI jIva-baMdhanavAna nahIM hotA / jaina darzana isase bilakula ulTA mAnatA hai jaisA ki vedAnta Adi mAnate haiM / vaha kahatA hai ki jIvAtmA aura Izvara kA koI sahaja bheda nahIM / saba jIvAtmAoM meM paramAtmazakti eka sI hai jo sAdhana pAkara vyakta - ho sakatI hai aura hotI bhI hai / alabattA jaina aura vedAMta kA isa viSaya meM itanA antara avazya hai ki vedAnta eka paramAtmavAdI hai jaba jainadarzana cetana bahutvavAdI hone ke kAraNa tAttvikarUpa se bahuparamAtmavAdI hai / jaina paraMparA ke tattvapratipAdaka prAcIna, arvAcIna, prAkRta, saMskRta koI bhI graMtha kyoM na hoM para una saba meM nirUpaNa aura vargIkaraNa prakAra bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI pratipAdaka dRSTi aura pratipAdya prameya, pramAtA Adi kA svarUpa vahI hai jo saMkSepa meM Upara spaSTa kiyA gayA / ' pramANa mImAMsA' bhI usI jaina dRSTi se unhIM jaina mAnyatAoM kA hArda apane DhaMga se pragaTa karatI hai / 2. - bAhya svarUpa prastuta 'pramANa mImAMsA' ke bAhyasvarUpa kA paricaya nimnalikhita muddoM ke varNana se ho sakegA - zailI, vibhAga, parimANa aura bhASA / pramANa mImAMsA sUtrazailI kA grantha hai / vaha kaNAda sUtroM yA tattvArtha sUtroM kI taraha na daza adhyAyoM meM hai aura na jaiminIya sUtroM kI taraha bAraha adhyAyoM meM ! bAdarAyaNa sUtroM kI taraha cAra adhyAya bhI nahIM aura pAtaJjala sUtroM kI taraha cArapAda hI nahIM / vaha akSapAda ke sUtroM kI taraha pA~ca adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai aura pratyeka adhyAya karaNAda yA akSapAda ke adhyAya kI taraha do-do zrAhikoM meM vibhakta hai | hemacandra ne apane jude-jude viSaya ke graMthoM meM vibhAga ke jude- jude krama kA avalambana karake apane samaya taka meM prasiddha saMskRta vAGmaya ke pratiSThita sabhI zAkhAoM ke granthoM ke vibhAgakrama ko apane sAhitya meM apanAyA hai / kisI meM unhoMne adhyAya aura pAda kA vibhAga rakhA, kahIM adhyAya mAtra kA aura kahIM parva, sarga, kANDa Adi kA / pramANa mImAMsA tarka graMtha hone ke kAraNa usameM unhoMne akSapAda ke prasiddha nyAyasUtroM ke adhyAya grAhnika kA hI vibhAga rakhA, jo hemacaMdra ke pUrva kalaMka ne jaina vAGmaya meM zurU kiyA thA / pramANa mImAMsA pUrNa upalabdha nhiiN| usake mUla sUtra bhI utane hI milate haiM jitanoM kI vRtti labhya hai / ataeva agara unhoMne saba mUla sUtra race bhI hoM

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362 . jaina dharma aura darzana taba bhI patA nahIM cala sakatA hai ki unakI kula saMkhyA kitanI hogii| upalabdha sUtra sau hI haiM aura utane hI sUtroM kI vRtti bhI hai| aMtima upalabdha 2-135 kI vRtti pUrI hone ke bAda eka nae sUtra kA utthAna unhoMne zurU kiyA hai aura usa adhUre utthAna meM hI khaNDita labhya graMtha pUrNa ho jAtA hai| mAlUma nahIM ki isake Age kitane sUtroM se vaha Ahnika pUrA hotA ? jo kucha ho para upalabdha graMtha do adhyAya tIna Ahnika mAtra hai jo svopajJa vRtti sahita hI hai| yaha kahane kI to jarUrata hI nahIM ki pramANa mImAMsA kisa bhASA meM hai, para usakI bhASA viSayaka yogyatA ke bAre meM thor3A jAna lenA jarUrI hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki jaina vAGmaya meM saMskRta bhASA ke praveza ke bAda uttarottara saMskRta bhASA kA vaizAradya aura prAJjala lekhapATava bar3hatA hI pA rahA thA phira bhI hemacaMdra kA lekha-vaizAradya, kama se kama jaina vAGmaya meM to mUrdhanya sthAna rakhatA hai / vaiyAkaraNa, AlaMkArika, kavi aura koSakAra rUpa se hemacaMdra kA sthAna na kevala samagra jaina paraMparA meM balki bhAratIya vidvatparaMparA meM bhI asAdhAraNa rahA / yahI unakI asAdhAraNatA aura vyavahAradakSatA pramANa-mImAMsA kI bhASA va racanA meM spaSTa hotI hai| bhASA unakI vAcaspati mizra kI taraha napI-tulI aura zabdA- . Dambara zanya sahaja prasanna hai / varNana meM na utanA saMkSepa hai jisase vaktavya aspaSTa rahe aura na itanA vistAra hai jisase graMtha kevala zobhA kI vastu banA rahe / 3-jaina tarka sAhitya meM pramANa mImAMsA kA sthAna jaina tarka sAhitya meM pramANa mImAMsA kA sthAna kyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie jaina sAhitya ke parivartana yA vikAsa saMbaMdhI yugoM kA aitihAsika avalokana karanA jarUrI hai| aise yuga saMkSepa meM tIna haiM-1-zrAgamayuga, 2-saMskRta praveza yA anekAMtasthApana yuga, 3-nyAya-pramANa sthApana yuga / / pahalA yuga bhagavAna mahAvIra yA unake pUrvavartI bhAgavAn pArzvanAtha se lekara Agama saMkalanA-vikramIya paMcama-praSTha zatAbdI taka kA karIba hajAra bAraha sau varSa kA hai| dUsarA yuga karIba do zatAbdiyoM kA hai jo karIba vikramIya chaThI zatAbdI se zurU hokara sAtavIM zatAbdI taka meM pUrNa hotA hai| tIsarA yuga vikramIya AThavIM zatAbdI se lekara aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka karIba eka hajAra varSa kA hai| sAMpradAyika saMgharSa aura dArzanika tathA dUsarI vividha vidyAoM ke vikAsa

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jainasAhitya ke yuga 363 vistAra ke prabhAva ke sababa se jaina paraMparA kI sAhitya kI aMtarmukha yA bahirmukha pravRtti meM kitanA hI yugatira jaisA svarUpa bheda yA parivartana kyoM na huzrA para jaisA hamane pahale sUcita kiyA hai vaisA hI atha se iti taka dekhane para bhI hameM na jaina dRSTi meM parivartana mAlUma hotA hai aura na usake bAhya-AbhyaMtara tAttvika maMtavyoM meN| 1-Agama yuga . isa yuga meM bhASA kI dRSTi se prAkRta yA loka bhASAoM ko hI pratiSThA rahI jisase saMskRta bhASA aura usake vAGmaya ke parizIlana kI aora AtyaMtika upekSA honA sahaja thA jaisA ki bauddha paraMparA meM bhI thA / isa yuga kA prameya nirUpaNa AcAralakSI hone ke kAraNa usameM mukhyatayA svamata pradarzana kA hI bhAva hai| rAjasabhAoM aura itara vAdagoSThiyoM meM vijaya bhAvanA se prerita hokara zAstrArtha karane kI tathA khaNDanapradhAna graMthanirmANa kI pravRtti kA bhI isa yuga meM abhAva sA hai / isa yuga kA pradhAna lakSaNa jar3a-cetana ke bheda-prabhedoM kA vistRta varNana tathA ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa Adi prAcAroM kA nirUpaNa karanA hai| Agamayuga aura saMskRta yuga ke sAhitya kA pArasparika aMtara saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pahile yuga kA jaina sAhitya bauddha sAhitya kI taraha apane mUla uddezya ke anusAra lokabhogya hI rahA hai / jaba ki saMskRta bhASA aura usameM nibaddha tarka sAhitya ke adhyayana kI vyApaka pravRtti ke bAda usakA nirUpaNa sakSama aura vizada hotA gayA hai sahI para sAtha hI sAtha vaha itanA jaTila bhI hotA gayA ki aMta meM saMskRta kAlIna sAhitya lokabhogyatA ke mUla uddezya se cyuta hokara kevala vidvadbhogya hI banatA gayA / 2-saMskRta praveza yA anekAntasthApana yuga saMbhavataH vAcaka umAsvAti yA tatsadRza anya AcAryoM ke dvArA jaina vAGmaya meM saMskRta bhASA kA praveza hote hI dUsare yuga kA parivartanakArI lakSaNa zurU hotA hai jo bauddha paraMparA meM to aneka zatAbdI pahile hI zurU ho gayA thaa| isa yuga meM saMskRta bhASA ke abhyAsa kI tathA usame graMthapraNayana kI pratiSThA sthira hotI hai| isameM rAjasamA praveza, paravAdiyoM ke sAtha vAdagoSThI aura paramata khaMDana kI pradhAna dRSTi se svamatasthApaka graMthoM kI racanA-ye pradhAnatayA najara Ate haiN| isa yuga meM siddhasena jaise eka-Adha zrAcArya ne jaina-nyAya kI vyavasthA darzAne vAlA eka-Adha graMtha bhale hI racA ho para aba taka isa yuga meM

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364 jaina dharma aura darzana jaina nyAya yA pramANazAstroM kI na to pUrI vyavasthA huI jAna par3atI hai aura na tadviSayaka tArkika sAhitya kA nirmANa hI dekhA jAtA hai / isa yuga ke jaina tArkikoM kI pravRtti kI pradhAna dizA dArzanika kSetroM meM eka aise jaina maMtavya kI sthApanA kI ora rahI hai jisake bikhare hue aura kucha spaSTa-aspaSTa bIja Agama meM rahe aura jo maMtavya Age jAkara bhAratayI sabhI darzana paraMparA meM eka mAtra jaina paraMparA kA hI samajhA jAne lagA tathA jisa maMtavya ke nAma para Aja taka sAre jaina darzana kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai, vaha maMtavya hai anekAMtavAda kA / dUsare yuga meM siddhasena ho yA samaMtabhadra, mallavAdI ho yA jinabhadra sabhI ne darzanAMtaroM ke sAmane apane jainamata kI anekAMta dRSTi tArkika zailI se tathA paramata khaMDana ke abhiprAya se isa taraha rakhI hai ki jisase isa yuga ko anekAMtasthApana yuga hI kahanA samucita hogA / hama dekhate haiM ki ukta AcAryoM ke pUrvavartI kisI ke prAkRta yA saMskRta graMtha meM na to vaisI anekAMta kI tArkika sthApanA hai aura na anekAMta mUlaka saptabhaMgI aura nayavAda kA vaisA tArkika vizleSaNa hai, jaisA hama sammati, dvAtriMzatdvAtriMzikA, nyAyAvatAra svayaMbhUstotra, AptamImAMsA, yuktyanuzAsana, nayacakra aura vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM pAte haiN| isa yuga ke tarka-darzananiSNAta jaina AcAryoM ne nayavAda, saptabhaMgI aura anekAMtavAda kI prabala aura spaSTa sthApanA kI ora itanA adhika puruSArtha kiyA ki jisake kAraNa jaina aura jainetara paraMparAoM meM jaina darzana anekAntadarzana ke nAma se hI pratiSThita huA / bauddha tathA brAhmaNa dArzanika paNDitoM kA lakSya anekAMtakhaNDana kI ora gayA tathA ve kisI na kisI prakAra se apane graMthoM meM mAtra anekAMta yA sasabhaMgI kA khaNDana karake hI jaina darzana ke maMtavyoM ke khaNDana kI itizrI samajhane lage / isa yuga kI anekAMta aura tanmUlaka vAdoM kI sthApanA itanI gaharI huI ki jisa para untaravartI aneka jainAcAryoM ne anekadhA pallavana kiyA hai phira bhI usameM naI maulika yuktiyoM kA zAyada hI samAveza huaA hai| do sau varSa ke isa yuga kI sAhityika pravRtti meM jainanyAya aura pramANazAstra kI pUrva bhUmikA to taiyAra huI jAna par3atI hai para isameM usa zAstra kA vyavasthita nirmANa dekhA nahIM jaataa| isa yuga kI paramatoM ke sayuktika khaNDana aura darzanAMtarIya samartha vidvAnoM ke sAmane svamata ke pratiSThita sthApana kI bhAvanA ne jaina paraMparA meM saMskRta bhASA ke tathA saMskRtanibaddha darzanAMtarIya pratiSThita graMthoM ke parizIlana kI prabala jijJAsA paidA kara dI aura usI ne samartha jaina AcAryo kA lakSya apane nijI nyAya tathA pramANazAstra ke nirmANa kI ora khIMcA jisakI kamI bahuta hI akhara rahI thii|

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jainasAhitya ke yuga 365 3-nyAya-pramANa sthApana yuga usI paristhiti meM se akalaMka jaise dhuraMdhara vyavasthApaka kA janma huaa| sambhavataH akalaMka ne hI pahale pahala socA ki jaina paraMparA ke jJAna, joya, jJAtA Adi sabhI padArthoM kA nirUpaNa tArkika zailI se saMskRta bhASA meM vaisA hI zAstrabaddha karanA Avazyaka hai jaisA brAhmaNa aura bauddha paraMparA ke sAhitya meM bahuta pahale se ho gayA hai aura jisakA adhyayana anivArya rUpa se jaina tArkika karane lage haiN| isa vicAra se akalaGka ne dvimukhI pravRtti zurU kii| eka to bauddha aura brAhmaNa paraMparA ke mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA sUkSma parizIlana aura dUsarI ora samasta jaina maMtavyoM kA tArkika vizleSaNa / kevala paramatoM ko nirAsa karane hI se akalaGka kA uddezya siddha nahIM ho sakatA thaa| ataeva darzanAMtarIya zAstroM ke sUkSma parizIlana meM se aura jainamata ke talasparzI jJAna se unhoMne choTe-choTe para samasta jaina tarka pramANa ke zAstra ke AdhArastambhabhUta aneka nyAya-pramANa viSayaka prakaraNa race jo diGnAga aura khAsakara dharmakIrti jaise bauddha tArkikoM ke tathA udyotakara, kumArila Adi jaise brAhmaNa tAkikoM ke prabhAva se bhare hue hone para bhI jaina maMtavyoM kI bilakula nae sire aura svataMtra bhAva se sthApanA karate haiN| akalaMka ne nyAya pramANazAstra kA jaina paraMparA meM jo prAthamika nirmANa kiyA, jo paribhASAe~, jo lakSaNa va parikSaNa kiyA, jo pramANa, prameya Adi kA vargIkaraNa kiyA aura parArthAnumAna tathA vAdakathA Adi paramata-prasiddha vastuoM ke saMbaMdha meM jo jaina-praNAlI sthira kI, saMkSepa meM aba taka meM jaina paraMparA meM nahIM para anya paraMparAoM meM prasiddha aise tarkazAstra ke aneka padArthoM ko jainadRSTi se jaina paraMparA meM jo sAtmIbhAva kiyA tathA prAgamasiddha apane maMtavyoM ko jisa taraha dArzanikoM ke sAmane rakhane yogya banAyA, vaha saba choTe-choTe graMthoM meM vidyamAna unake asAdhAraNa vyaktitva kA tathA nyAya-pramANa sthApana yuga kA dyotaka hai| akalaGka ke dvArA prArabdha isa yuga meM sAkSAt yA paraMparA se akalaGka ke ziSya-praziSyoM ne hI unake sUtra sthAnIya graMthoM ko bar3e-bar3e TIkA graMthoM se vaise hI alaMkRta kiyA jaise dharmakIrti ke graMthoM ko unake ziSyoM ne| anekAMta yuga kI mAtra padyapradhAna racanA ko akalaGka ne gadya-padya meM parivartita kiyA thA para unake uttaravartI anugAmiyoM ne usa racanA ko nAnA rUpoM meM parivartita kiyA, jo rUpa bauddha aura brAhmaNa paraMparA meM pratiSThita ho cuke the| mANikyanaMdI akalaGka ke hI vicAra dohana meM se sUtroM kA nirmANa karate haiN|

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366 jaina dharma aura darzana vidyAnaMda akalaGka ke hI sUktoM para yA to bhASya racate haiM yA padyavArtika banAte haiM yA dUsare choTe 2 aneka prakaraNa banAte haiM / anantavIrya, prabhAcandra aura vAdirAja jaise to akalaGka ke saMkSipta sUktoM para itane bar3e aura vizada tathA jaTila bhASya va vivaraNa kara DAlate haiM ki jisase taba taka meM vikasita darzanAMtarIya vicAra paraMparAoM kA eka taraha se jaina vAGmaya meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| dUsarI tarapha zvetAmbara paraMparA ke prAcAya bhI usI akalaGka sthApita praNAlI kI ora jhukate haiN| haribhadra jaise Agamika aura tArkika granthakAra ne to siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra Adi ke mArga kA pradhAnatayA anekAMtajayapatAkA Adi meM anusaraNa kiyA para dhIre 2 nyAya-pramANa viSayaka svataMtra grantha praNayana kI pravRtti bhI zvetAmbara paraMparA meM zurU huii| zvetAmbara AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra racA thaa| para vaha nirA prArambha mAtra thaa| akalaGka ne jaina nyAya kI sArI vyavasthA sthira kara dii| haribhadra ne darzanAMtarIya saba vArtAoM kA samuccaya bhI kara diyA / isa bhUmikA ko lekara zAMtyAcArya jaise zvetAmbAra tArkika ne tarkavArtika jaisA choTA kintu sAragarbha grantha rcaa| isake bAda to zvetAmbara paraMparA meM nyAya aura pramANa granthoM ke saMgraha kA, parizIlana kA aura nae nae grantha nirmANa kA aisA pUra pAyA ki mAnoM samAja meM taba taka aisA koI pratiSThita vidvAn hI na samajhA jAne lagA jisane saMskRta bhASA meM khAsa kara tarka yA pramANa para mUla yA TIkA rUpa se kucha na kucha likhA na ho| isa bhAvanA meM se hI abhayadeva kA vAdANava taiyAra huA jo saMbhavataH taba taka ke jaina saMskRta granthoM meM saba se bar3A hai| para jaina paraMparA poSaka gujarAta gata sAmAjika-rAjakIya sabhI baloM kA saba se adhika upayoga vAdideva sUri ne kiyaa| unhoMne apane graMtha kA syAdvAdaratnAkara yathArtha hI nAma rakhA / kyoMki unhoMne apane samaya taka meM prasiddha sabhI zvetAmbara-digambaroM ke tArkika vicAroM kA dohana apane graMtha meM rakha diyA jo syAdvAda hI thaa| sAtha hI unhoMne apanI jAnIba se brAhmaNa aura bauddha paraMparA kI kisI bhI zAkhA ke maMtavyoM kI vistRta carcA apane graMtha meM na chor3I / cAhe vistAra ke kAraNa vaha graMtha pAThya rahA na ho para tarka zAstra ke nirmANa meM aura vistRta nirmANa meM pratiSThA mAnanevAle jainamata kI badaulata eka ratnAkara jaisA samagra maMtavyaratnoM kA saMgraha bana gayA jo na kevala tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se hI upayogI hai para aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI bar3e mahattva kA hai| Agamika sAhitya ke prAcIna aura ati vizAla khajAne ke uparAMta tattvArtha se lekara syAdvAdaratnAkara taka ke saMskRta va tArkika jaina sAhitya kI bhI bahuta bar3I rAzi hemacandra ke parizIlana patha meM AI jisase hemacandra kA sarvAGgINa

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pramANamImAMsA 367 sarjaka vyaktitva saMtuSTa hone ke bajAya eka aise nae sarjana kI ora pravRtta huA jo taba taka ke jaina vAGmaya meM pUrva sthAna rakha sake / diGnAga ke nyAyamukha, nyAyapraveza Adi se prerita hokara siddhasena ne jaina paraMparA meM nyAya- parArthAnumAna kA avatAra kara hI diyA thaa| samaMtabhadra ne akSapAda ke prAvAdukoM (adhyAya caturtha ) ke matanirAsa kI taraha prApta kI mImAMsA ke bahAne saptabhaMgI kI sthApanA meM parapravAdiyoM kA nirAsa kara hI diyA thA / tathA unhoMne jainetara zAsanoM se jaina zAsana kI vizeSa sayuktikatA kA anuzAsana bhI yuktyanuzAsana meM kara hI diyA thA / dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika, pramANavinizcaya Adi se bala pAkara tIkSNa dRSTi kalaGka ne jaina nyAya kA vizeSanizcayavyavasthApana tathA jaina pramANoM kA saMgraha arthAt vibhAga, lakSaNa zrAdi dvArA nirUpaNa aneka' taraha se kara diyA thA / akalaGka ne sarvajJatva jIvatva Adi kI siddhi ke dvArA dharmakIrti jaise prAjJa bauddhoM ko jabAba bhI diyA thA / sUkSmaprajJa vidyAnaMda ne kI, patra kI aura pramANoM kI parIkSA dvArA dharmakIrti kI tathA zAMtarakSita kI vividha parIkSAoM kA jaina paraMparA meM sUtrapAta bhI kara hI diyA thA / mANikyanaMdI ne parIkSAmukha ke dvArA nyAyaviMdu ke se sUtragraMtha kI kamI ko dUra kara hI diyA thaa| jaise dharmakIrti ke anugAmI vinItadeva, dharmottara, prajJAkara, rca Adi prakhara tArkikoM ne unake sabhI mUla graMthoM para choTe-bar3e bhASya yA vivaraNa likhakara unake graMthoM ko paThanIya tathA vicAraNIya banAkara bauddha nyAyazAstra ko prakarSa kI bhUmikA para pahu~cAyA thA vaise hI eka tarapha se digambara paraMparA meM kalaGka ke saMkSita para gahana sUktoM para unake anugAmI anaMtavIrya, vidyAnaMda, prabhAcaMdra aura vAdirAja jaise vizArada tathA puruSArthI tArkikoM ne vistRta va gahana bhASya-vivaraNa Adi racakara jaina nyAya zAstra ko atisamRddha banAne kA silasilA bhI jArI kara hI diyA thA aura dUsarI tarapha se zvetAmbara paraMparA meM siddhasena ke saMskRta tathA prAkRta tarka prakaraNoM ko unake anugAmiyoM ne TIkAgraMthoM se bhUSita karake unheM vizeSa sugama tathA pracAraNIya banAne kA bhI prayatna isI yuga meM zurU kiyA thaa| isI silasile meM se prabhAcaMdra ke dvArA prameyoM ke kamala para mArtaNDa kA prakhara prakAza tathA nyAya ke kumudoM para caMdra kA saumya prakAza DAlA hI gayA thA / abhayadeva ke dvArA tattvabodhavidhAyinI TIkA yA vAdArNava racA jAkara tattvasaMgraha tathA pramANavArtikAlaMkAra jaise bar3e graMthoM ke abhAva kI pUrti kI gaI thI / vAdideva ne ratnAkara racakara usameM sabhI pUrvavartI jainagraMtharatnoM kA pUrNatayA saMgraha kara diyA thA / yaha saba hemacaMdra ke sAmane thA / para unheM mAlUma huA ki usa nyAya - pramANa viSayaka sAhitya meM kucha bhAga to aisA hai jo

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168 __ jaina dharma aura darzana ati mahattva kA hote hue bhI eka eka viSaya kI hI carcA karatA hai yA bahuta hI saMkSipta hai| dUsarA bhAga aisA hai ki jo hai to sarva viSaya saMgrAhI para vaha uttarottara itanA adhika vistRta tathA zabda kliSTa hai ki jo sarvasAdhAraNa ke abhyAsa kA viSaya bana nahIM sktaa| isa vicAra se hemacaMdra ne eka aisA pramANa viSayaka graMtha banAnA cAhA jo ki unake samaya taka carcita eka bhI dArzanika viSaya kI carcA se khAlI na rahe aura phira bhI vaha pAThyakrama yogya madhyama kada kA ho| isI dRSTi meM se pramANamImAMsA kA janma huaa| isameM hemacaMdra ne pUrvavartI AgamikatArkika sabhI jaina maMtavyoM ko vicAra va manana se pacAkara apane DhaMga kI vizada va apunarukta sUtrazailI tathA sarvasaMgrAhiNI vizadatama svopajJavRtti meM sanniviSTa kiyaa| yadyapi pUrvavatI aneka jaina graMthoM kA susambaddha dohana isa mImAMsA meM hai jo hindI TippaNiyoM meM kI gaI tulanA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai phira bhI usI adhUrI tulanA ke AdhAra se yahA~ yaha bhI kaha denA samucita hai ki prastuta graMtha ke nirmANa meM hemacaMdra ne pradhAnatayA kina kina graMthoM yA granthakAroM kA Azraya liyA hai| niyukti, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya tathA tattvArtha jaise Agamika grantha tathA siddhasena, samaMtabhadra, akalaGka, mANikyanaMdI aura vidyAnaMda ko prAya; samasta kRtiyA~ isakI upAdana sAmagrI banI haiN| prabhAcaMdra ke mArtaNDa kA bhI isameM pUrA asara hai| agara anaMtavIrya sacamuca hemacaMdra ke pUrvavartI yA samakAlIna vRddha rahe hoMge to yaha bhI sunizcita hai ki isa grantha kI racanA meM unakI choTI sI prameyaratnamAlA kA vizeSa upayoga huA hai| vAdidevasari kI kRti kA bhI upayoga isameM spaSTa hai phira bhI jaina tArkikoM meM se akalaMka aura mANikyanaMdI kA hI mArgAnugamana pradhAnatayA dekhA jAtA hai / upayukta jaina graMthoM meM Ae hue brAhmaNa bauddha graMthoM kA bhI upayoga ho jAnA svAbhAvika hI thaa| phira bhI pramANa mImAMsA ke sakSma avalokana tathA tulanAtmaka abhyAsa se yaha bhI patA cala jAtA hai ki hemacaMdra ne bauddha brAhmaNa paraMparA ke kina kina vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM kA adhyayana va parizIlana vizeSarUpa se kiyA thA jo pramANa mImAMsA meM upayukta huA ho| diGnAga, khAsakara dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa aura zAMtarakSita ye bauddha tArkika inake adhyayana ke viSaya avazya rahe haiM / kaNAda, bhAsarvajJa, vyomaziva, zrIdhara, akSapAda, vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, jayaMta, vAcaspati mizra, zabara, prabhAkara, kumArila Adi judI 2 vaidika paraMparAoM ke prasiddha vidvAnoM kI saba kRtiyA~ prAyaH inake adhyayana kI viSaya rhii| cArvAka ekadezIya jayarAzi bhaTTa kA tattvopaplava bhI inakI dRSTi ke bAhara nahIM thaa| yaha saba hote hue bhI hemacandra kI bhASA tathA nirUpaNa zailI para dharmakIti, dharmottara, aceMTa, bhAsarvajJa, vAtsyAyana, jayaMta, vAcaspati, kumArila

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pramANazAstra ko dena ...366 - Adi kA hI AkarSaka prabhAva par3A huA jAna par3atA hai| ataeva yaha adhUre rUpa meM upalabdha pramANamImAMsA bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se jaina tarka sAhitya meM tathA bhAratIya darzana sAhitya meM eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai| bhAratIya pramANazAstra meM 'pramANa mImAMsA' kA sthAna bhAratIya pramANazAstra meM pramANa mImAMsA kA tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se kyA sthAna hai ise ThIka 2 samajhane ke lie mukhyatayA do praznoM para vicAra karanA hI hogA / jaina tArkikoM kI bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko kyA dena hai jo pramANa mImAMsA meM sanniviSTa huI ho aura jisako ki binA jAne kisI taraha bhAratIya pramANazAstra kA pUrA adhyayana ho hI nahIM sktaa| pUrvAcAryoM kI usa dena meM hemacandra ne apanI ora se bhI kucha vizeSa arpaNa kiyA hai yA nahIM aura kiyA hai to kina muddoM para ? (1) jainAcAryoM kI bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko dena 1-anekAMtavAda -- .. sabase pahalI aura sabase zreSTa saba denoM kI cAbI rUpa jainAcAryoM kI mukhya dena hai anekAMta tathA nayavAda kA zAstrIya nirUpaNa / ' tattva-ciMtana meM anekAMtadRSTi kA vyApaka upayoga karake jaina tArkikoM ne apane Agamika prameyoM tathA sarvasAdhAraNa nyAya ke prameyoM meM se jo-jo maMtavya tArkika dRSTi se sthira kiye aura pramANa zAstra meM jinakA nirUpaNa kiyA unameM se thor3e aise maMtavyoM kA bhI nirdeza udAharaNa ke taura para yahA~ kara denA jarUrI hai jo eka mAtra jaina tArkikoM kI vizeSatA darasAne vAle haiMpramANa vibhAga, pratyakSa kA tattvikatva, indriyajJAna kA vyApArakrama, parokSa ke prakAra, hetu kA rUpa, avayavoM kI prAyogika vyavasthA, kathA kA svarUpa, nigrahasthAna yA jayaparAjaya vyavasthA, prameya aura pramAtA kA svarUpa, sarvajJatvasamarthana Adi / 2-pramANa vibhAga jaina paraMparA kA pramANaviSayaka mukhya vibhAga do dRSTiyoM se anya paraMparAoM 1 'anekAMtavAda' kA isa prasaMga meM jo vistRta UhApoha kiyA gayA hai use anyatra mudrita kiyA gayA hai| dekho pR0 161-173 / ataH yahA~ usakI punarAvRtti nahIM kI gii-sNpaadk| 2-pramANa mImAMsA 1-1-10 tathA TippaNa pR0 16 paM0 26 /

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370 jaina dharma aura darzana kI apekSA vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai| eka to yaha ki aise sarvAnubhavasiddha vailakSaNya para mukhya vibhAga avalaMbita hai jisase eka vibhAga meM AnevAle pramANa dUsare vibhAga se asaMkIrNa rUpa meM alaga ho jAte haiM-jaisA ki itara paraMparAoM ke pramANa vibhAga meM nahIM ho pAtA / dUsarI dRSTi yaha hai ki cAhe kisI darzana kI nyUna yA adhika pramANa saMkhyA kyoM na ho para vaha saba binA khIMcatAna ke isa vibhAga meM samA jAtI hai / koI bhI jJAna yA to sIdhe taura se sAkSAtkArAtmaka, hotA hai yA asAkSAtkArAtmaka, yahI prAkRta-paMDitajana sAdhAraNa anubhava hai| isI anubhava ko sAmane rakhakara jaina cintakoM ne pramANa ke pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do mukhya vibhAga kiye jo eka dUsare se bilakula vilakSaNa haiM / dUsarI isakI yaha khUbI hai ki isameM na to cArvAka kI taraha parokSAnubhava kA apalApa hai, na bauddhadarzana saMmata pratyakSa-anumAna dvaividhya kI taraha aAgama Adi itara pramANa vyApAroM kA apalApa hai yA khIMcAtAnI se anumAna meM samAveza karanA par3atA hai aura na trividha pramANavAdI sAMkhya tathA prAcIna vaizeSika, caturvidha pramANavAdI naiyAyika, paMcavidha pramANavAdI prabhAkara, SaDvidha pramANavAdI mImAMsaka, saptavidha yA aSTavidha pramANavAdI paurANika Adi kI taraha apanI 2 abhimata pramANasaMkhyA ko sthira banAe rakhane ke lie itara saMkhyA kA apalApa yA use tor3a-maror3a karake apane meM samAveza karanA par3atA hai| cAhe jitane pramANa mAna lo para ve sIdhe taura para yA to pratyakSa hoMge yA parokSa / isI sAdI kintu upayogI samajha para jainoM kA mukhya pramANa vibhAga kAyama huA jAna par3atA hai| 3-pratyakSa kA tAttvikatva pratyeka cintaka indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnatA hai| jaina dRSTi kA kahanA hai ki dUsare kisI bhI jJAna se pratyakSa kA hI sthAna U~cA va prAthamika hai / indriyAM jo parimita pradeza meM atisthUla vastuoM se Age jA nahIM sakatIM, unase paidA honevAle jJAna ko parokSa se U~cA sthAna denA indriyoM kA ati mUlya prAMkane ke barAbara hai| indriyAM kitanI hI paTu kyoM na hoM, para ve antataH haiM to paratantra hii| ataeva paratantrajanita jJAna ko sarvazreSTha pratyakSa mAnane ko apekSA svatantrajanita jJAna ko hI pratyakSa mAnanA nyAyasaMgata hai| isI vicAra se jaina cintakoM ne usI jJAna ko vastutaH pratyakSa mAnA hai jo svatantra AtmA ke Azrita hai| yaha jaina vicAra tattvaciMtana meM maulika hai / aisA hote hue bhI lokasiddha pratyakSa ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahakara unhoMne anekAnta dRSTi kA upayoga kara diyA hai|

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pramANazAstra ko dena 371 4-indriya jJAna kA vyApArakrama sarva darzanoM meM eka yA dUsare rUpa meM thor3e yA bahuta parimANa meM jJAna vyApAra kA krama dekhA jAtA hai / isameM aindriyaka jJAna ke vyApAra krama kA bhI sthAna hai| parantu jaina paraMparA meM sannipAtarUpa prAthamika indriya vyApAra se lekara antima indriya vyApAra taka kA jisa vizleSaNa aura jisa spaSTatA ke sAtha anubhava siddha ativistRta varNana hai vaisA dUsare darzanoM meM nahIM dekhA jaataa| yaha jaina varNana hai to ati purAnA aura vijJAna yuga ke pahile kA, phira bhI Adhunika mAnasa zAstra tathA indiya-vyApArazAstra ke vaijJAnika abhyAsiyoM ke vAste yaha bahuta mahattva kA hai| 5-parokSa ke prakAra ___kevala smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura zrAgama ke hI prAmANya-aprAmANya mAnane meM matabhedoM kA jaMgala na thA; balki anumAna taka ke prAmANya-aprAmANya meM vipratipatti rhii| jaina tArkikoM ne dekhA ki pratyeka pakSakAra apane pakSa ko Atyantika khIMcane meM dUsare pakSakAra kA satya dekha nahIM pAtA / isa vicAra meM se unhoMne una saba prakAra ke jJAnoM ko pramANa koTi meM dAkhila kiyA jinake bala para vAstavika vyavahAra calatA hai aura jinameM se kisI eka kA apalApa karane para tulya yukti se dUsare kA apalApa karanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| aise sabhI pramANa prakAroM ko unhoMne parokSa meM DAlakara apanI samanvaya dRSTi kA paricaya karAyA' / 6-hetu kA rUpa hetu ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM matabhedoM ke aneka akhAr3e kAyama ho gae the| isa yuga meM jaina tArkikoM ne yaha socA ki kyA hetu kA eka hI rUpa aisA mila sakatA hai yA nahIM jisa para saba matabhedoM kA samanvaya bhI ho sake aura jo vAstavika bhI ho| isa cintana meM se unhoMne hetu kA eka mAtra anyathAnupapatti rUpa nizcita kiyA jo usakA nirdoSa lakSaNa bhI ho sake aura saba matoM ke samanvaya ke sAtha jo sarvamAnya bhI ho / jahA~ taka dekhA gayA hai hetu ke aise eka mAtra tAttvika rUpa ke nizcita karane kA tathA usake dvArA tIna, cAra, pA~ca aura chaH, pUrva prasiddha hetu rUpoM ke yathAsaMbhava svIkAra kA zreya jaina tArkikoM ko 1 pramANa mImAMsA 1-2-2

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372 jaina dharma aura darzana 7-avayavoM kI prAyogika vyavasthA-- parArthAnumAna ke avayavoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI pratidvandvIbhAva pramANa kSetra meM kAyama ho gayA thA / jaina tArkikoM ne usa viSaya ke pakSabheda kI yathArthatAayathArthatA kA nirNaya zrotA kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA, jo vastutaH saccI kasauTI ho sakatI hai| isa kasauTI meM se unheM avayava prayogakI vyavasthA ThIka 2 sUjha AI jo vastutaH anekAnta dRSTimUlaka hokara sarva saMgrAhiNI hai aura vaisI spaSTa anya paramparAoM meM zAyada hI dekhI jAtI hai| 8-kathA kA svarUpa AdhyAtmikatA mizrita tattvaciMtana meM bhI sAmpradAyika buddhi dAkhila hote hI usameM se AdhyAtmikatA ke sAtha asaMgata aisI carcAe~ joroM se calane lagIM, jinake phalasvarUpa jalpa aura vitaMDA kathA kA calAnA bhI pratiSThita samajhA jAne lagA jo chala, jAti Adi ke asatya dAva-pecoM para nirbhara thaa| jaina tArkika sAmpradAyikatA se mukta to na the, phira bhI unakI paraMparAgata ahiMsA va vItarAgatva kI prakRti ne unheM vaha asaMgati sujhAI jisase prerita hokara unhoMne apane tarkazAstra meM kathA kA eka vAdAtmaka rUpa hI sthira kiyA, jisameM chala Adi kisI bhI cAlabAjI kA prayoga vayaM hai aura jo eka mAtra tattva jijJAsA kI dRSTi se calAI jAtI hai| ahiMsA kI prAtyantika samarthaka jaina paraMparA kI taraha bauddha paraMparA bhI rahI, phira bhI chala Adi ke prayogoM meM hiMsA dekhakara niMdya ThaharAne kA tathA eka mAtra vAda kathA ko hI pratiSThita banAne kA mArga jaina tArkikoM ne prazasta kiyA, jisakI ora tattva-cintakoM kA lakSya jAnA jarUrI hai| 6-nigrahasthAna yA jayaparAjaya vyavasthA vaidika aura bauddha paraMparA ke saMgharSa ne nigraha sthAna ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM vikAsasUcaka bar3I hI bhArI pragati siddha kI thii| phira bhI usa kSetra meM jaina tArkikoM ne praveza karate hI eka aisI naI bAta sujhAI jo nyAyavikAsa ke samagra itihAsa meM bar3e mArke kI aura aba taka sabase antima hai| vaha bAta hai jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA kA nayA nirmANa karane kii| vaha nayA nirmANa satya aura ahiMsA donoM tattvoM para pratiSThita huA jo pahale kI jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA meM na the| 10-prameya aura pramAtA kA svarUpa . prameya jar3a ho yA cetana, para saba kA svarUpa jaina tArkikoM ne anekAnta dRSTi

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pramANazAstra ko dena kA upayoga karake hI sthApita kiyA aura sarvavyApaka rUpa se kaha diyA ki vastu mAtra pariNAmI nitya hai / nityatA ke aikAntika aAgraha kI dhuna meM anubhava siddha anityatA kA inakAra karane kI azakyatA dekhakara kucha tattva-ciMtaka guNa, dharma Adi meM anityatA ghaTAkara usakA jo mela nitya dravya ke sAtha khIMcAtAnI se biThA rahe the aura kucha tattva-ciMtaka anityatA ke aikAntika Agraha kI dhuna meM anubhava siddha nityatA ko bhI jo kalpanA mAtra batalA rahe the una donoM meM jaina tArkikoM ne spaSTatayA anubhava kI AMzika asaMgati dekhI aura pUre vizvAsa ke sAtha balapUrvaka pratipAdana kara diyA ki jaba anubhava na kevala nityatA kA hai aura na kevala anityatA kA, taba kisI eka aMza ko mAnakara dUsare aMza kA . balAt mela baiThAne kI apekSA donoM aMzoM ko tulya satyarUpa meM svIkAra karanA hI nyAyasaMgata hai| isa pratipAdana meM dikhAI denevAle virodha kA parihAra unhoMne dravya aura paryAya yA sAmAnya aura vizeSa grAhiNI do dRSTiyoM ke spaSTa pRthakkaraNa se kara diyaa| dravya paryAya kI vyApaka dRSTi kA yaha vikAsa jaina paramparA kI hI dena hai| jIvAtmA, paramAtmA aura Izvara ke saMbandha meM sadguNa-vikAsa yA AcaraNasAphalya kI dRSTi se asaMgata aisI aneka kalpanAe~ tattva-ciMtana ke pradeza meM praca.' lita thiiN| eka mAtra paramAtmA hI hai yA usase bhinna aneka jIvAtmA cetana bhI haiM, para tattvataH ve sabhI kUTastha nirvikAra aura nirlepa hI haiM / jo kucha doSa yA baMdhana hai vaha yA to nirA bhrAMti mAtra hai yA jar3a prakRti gata hai| isa matalaba kA tattvaciMtana eka ora thA dUsarI ora aisA bhI ciMtana thA jo kahatA ki caitanya to hai, usameM doSa, vAsanA Adi kA lagAva tathA usase alaga hone kI yogyatA bhI hai para usa caitanya kI pravAhabaddha dhArA meM koI sthira tattva nahIM hai| ina donoM prakAra ke tattvaciMtanoM meM sadguNa-vikAsa aura sadAcAra sAphalya kI saMgati saralatA se nahIM baiTha paatii| vayaktika yA sAmUhika jIvana meM sadguNa vikAsa aura sadAcAra ke nirmANa ke sivAya aura kisI prakAra se sAmaMjasya jama nahIM sakatA / yaha socakara jaina ciMtakoM ne AtmA kA svarUpa aisA mAnA jisameM eka hI paramAtmazakti bhI rahe aura jisameM doSa, vAsanA Adi ke nivAraNa dvArA jIvana-zuddhi kI vAstavika javAbadehI bhI rahe / Atma-viSayaka jaina-ciMtana meM vAstavika paramAtma zakti yA Izvara-bhAva kA tulya rUpa se sthAna hai, anubhavasiddha Agantuka doSoM . ke nivAraNArtha tathA sahaja buddhi ke AvirbhAvArtha prayatna kA pUrA avakAza hai| isI vyavahAra-siddha buddhi meM se jIvabhedavAda tathA dehapramANavAda sthApita hue jo sammilita rUpa se ekamAtra jaina paraMparA meM hI haiN|

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374 . jaina dharma aura darzana 11-sarvajJatva samarthana pramANa zAstra meM jaina sarvajJavAda do dRSTiyoM se apanA khAsa sthAna rakhatA hai| eka to yaha ki vaha jIva-sarvajJavAda hai jisameM hara koI adhikArI kI sarvasva pAne kI zakti mAnI gaI hai aura dUsarI dRSTi yaha hai ki jainapakSa nirapavAda rUpa se sarvajJavAdI ho rahA hai jaisA ki na bauddha paraMparA meM huA hai aura na vaidika paraMparA meN| isa kAraNa se kAlpanika, akAlpanika, mizrita yAvat sarvajJatvasamarthaka yuktiyoM kA saMgraha akele jaina pramANazAstra meM hI mila jAtA hai| jo sarvajJatva ke saMbandha meM hue bhUtakAlIna bauddhika vyAyAma ke aitihAsika abhyAsiyoM ke tathA sAMpradAyika bhAvanAvAloM ke kAma kI cIja hai / 2. bhAratIya pramANa zAstra meM hemacandra kA arpaNa . paraMparAprApta uparyukta tathA dUsare aneka choTe-bar3e tattvajJAna ke muddoM para hemacandra ne aisA koI viziSTa ciMtana kiyA hai yA nahIM aura kiyA hai to kisa 2 mudde para kisa prakAra hai jo jaina tarkazAstra ke alAvA bhAratIya pramANazAstra mAtra ko unakI dena kahI jA ske| isakA javAba hama 'pramANamImAMsA' ke hiMdI TippaNoM meM usa 2 sthAna para aitihAsika tathA tulanAtmaka dRSTi dvArA vistAra se de cuke haiN| jise duharAne kI koI jarUrata nhiiN| vizeSa jijJAsu usa usa mudde ke TippaNoM ko dekha leN|

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jJAnabinduparicaya granthakAra prastuta graMtha 'jJAnabindu' ke praNetA ve hI vAcakapuGgava zrImad yazovijayajI haiM jinakI eka kRti 'jainatarkabhASA' itaHpUrva isI 'siMghI jaina graMthamAlA' meM, aSTama maNi ke rUpa meM prakAzita ho cukI hai| usa jainatarkabhASA ke prArambha' meM upAdhyAyajI kA sapramANa paricaya diyA gayA hai| yoM to unake jIvana ke saMbandha meM, khAsa kara unakI nAnA prakAra kI kRtiyoM ke saMbandha meM, bahuta kucha vicAra karane tathA likhane kA avakAza hai, phira bhI isa jagaha sirpha utane hI se santoSa mAna liyA jAtA hai, jitanA ki tarkabhASA ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai| yadyapi graMthakAra ke bAre meM hameM abhI isa jagaha adhika kucha nahIM kahanA hai, tathApi prastuta jJAnabindu nAmaka unakI kRti kA savizeSa paricaya karAnA Avazyaka hai aura iSTa bhii| isake dvArA graMthakAra ke sarvAMgINa pANDitya tathA graMthanirmANakauzala kA bhI thor3A bahuta paricaya pAThakoM ko avazya hI ho jaaegaa| grantha kA bAhya svarUpa graMtha ke bAhya svarUpa kA vicAra karate samaya mukhyatayA tIna bAtoM para kucha vicAra karanA avasaraprApta hai / 1 nAma, 2 viSaya aura 3 racanAzailI / 1. nAma graMthakAra ne svayaM hI graMtha kA 'jJAnabindu' nAma, graMtha racane kI pratijJA karate samaya prArambha meM tathA usakI samApti karate samaya anta meM ullikhita kiyA hai / isa sAmAsika nAma meM 'jJAna' aura 'biMdu' ye do pada haiM / jJAna pada kA sAmAnya artha prasiddha hI hai aura biMdu' kA artha hai bUMda / jo graMtha jJAna kA biMdu mAtra hai arthAt jisameM jJAna kI carcA bUMda jitanI ati alpa hai vaha jJAnabiMdu 1. dekho, jainatarkabhASA gata 'paricaya' pR0 1-4 / 2. 'jJAnabinduH zrutAmbhodheH samyagudhriyate mayA'-pR0 1 / 3. 'svAdAdasya jJAnabindoH'-pR0 46 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana aisA artha jJAnabiMdu zabda kA vivakSita hai / jaba graMthakAra apane isa gaMbhIra, sUkSma aura paripUrNa carcAvAle graMtha ko bhI biMdu kahakara choTA sUcita karate haiM, taba yaha prazna sahaja hI meM hotA hai ki kyA graMthakAra, pUrvAcAryoM kI tathA anya vidvAnoM kI jJAnaviSayaka ati vistRta carcA kI apekSA, apanI prastuta carcA ko choTI kahakara vastusthiti prakaTa karate haiM yA aAtmalAghava prakaTa karate haiM; athavA apanI isI viSaya kI kisI anya bar3I kRti kA bhI sUcana karate haiM ? isa tri-aMzI prazna kA jabAba bhI sabhI aMzoM meM hA~-rUpa hI hai| unhoMne jaba yaha kahA ki maiM zrutasamudra' se 'jJAnabiMdu' kA samyag uddhAra karatA hU~, taba unhoMne apane zrImukha se yaha to kaha hI diyA ki merA yaha graMtha cAhe jaisA kyoM na ho phira bhI vaha zrutasamudra kA to eka biMdumAtra hai / niHsandeha yahA~ zruta zabda se graMthakAra kA abhiprAya pUrvAcAryoM ko kRtiyoM se hai / yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki granthakAra ne apane graMtha meM, pUrvazruta meM sAkSAt nahIM carcI gaI aisI kitanI hI bAteM nihita kyoM na kI hoM, phira bhI ve apane Apako pUrvAcAryoM ke samakSa laghu hI sUcita karate haiN| isa taraha prastuta graMtha prAcIna zrutasamudra kA eka aMza mAtra hone se usakI apekSA to ati alpa hai hI, para sAtha hI jJAnabiMdu nAma rakhane meM graMthakAra kA aura bhI eka abhiprAya hai / vaha abhiprAya yaha hai ki ve isa graMtha kI racanA ke pahale eka jJAnaviSayaka atyanta vistRta carcA karanevAlA bahuta bar3A grantha banA cuke the jisakA yaha jJAnabiMdu eka aMza hai / yadyapi vaha bar3A graMtha, Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi granthakAra ne khuda hI prastuta grantha meM usakA ullekha kiyA hai; aura yaha ullekha bhI mAmUlI nAma se nahIM kintu, 'jJAnArNava'2 jaise viziSTa nAma se / unhoMne amuka carcA karate samaya, vizeSa vistAra ke sAtha jAnane ke lie svaracita 'jJAnArNava' grantha kI ora saMketa kiyA hai / 'jJAnabiMdu' meM kI gaI koI bhI carcA svayaM hI viziSTa aura pUrNa hai| phira bhI usameM adhika gaharAI cAhanevAloM ke vAste jatra upAdhyAyajI 'jJAnArNava' jaisI apanI bar3I kRti kA sUcana karate haiM, taba isameM koI sandeha hI nahIM hai ki ve apanI prastuta kRti ko apanI dUsarI usI viSaya kI bahuta bar3I kRti se bhI choTI sUcita karate haiM / 1 dekho pR0 375 Ti0 2 / 2 'adhika matkRtajJAnArNavAt avaseyam'-pR. 16 / tathA graMthakAra ne zAstravArtAsamuccaya kI TIkA syAdvAdakalpalatA meM bhI svakRta jJAnArNava kA ullekha kiyA hai-'tattvamatratyaM matkRtajJAnArNavAdavaseyam'-pR. 20 / digambarAcArya zubhacandra kA bhI eka jJAnArNava nAmaka graMtha milatA hai|

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jJAnabinduparicaya 377 sabhI dezoM ke vidvAnoM kI yaha paripATI rahI hai aura Aja bhI hai ki ve kisI viSaya para jaba bahuta bar3A graMtha likheM taba usI viSaya para adhikArI vizeSa kI dRSTi se madhyama parimANa kA yA laghu parimANa kA athavA donoM parimANa kA graMtha bhI race / hama bhAratavarSa ke sAhityika itihAsa ko dekheM to pratyeka viSaya ke sAhitya meM usa paripATI ke namUne dekheNge| upAdhyAyajI ne khuda bhI aneka viSayoM para likhate samaya usa paripATI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| unhoMne naya, saptabhaMgI Adi aneka viSayoM para choTe-choTe prakaraNa bhI likhe haiM, aura unhIM viSayoM para bar3e-bar3e graMtha bhI likhe haiN| udAharaNArtha 'nayapradIpa', 'nayarahasya' Adi jaba choTe-choTe prakaraNa haiM, taba 'anekAntavyavasthA', 'nayAmRtataraMgiNI' Adi bar3e yA Akara graMtha bhI haiM / jAna par3atA hai jJAna viSaya para likhate samaya bhI unhoMne 'pahale 'jJAnArNava' nAma kA aAkara graMtha likhA aura pIche jJAnabiMdu nAma kA eka choTA para pravezaka graMtha racA / 'jJAnArNava' upalabdha na hone se usameM kyA-kyA, kitanI-kitanI aura kisa-kisa prakAra kI carcAe~ kI gaI hoMgI, yaha kahanA saMbhava nahIM, phira bhI upAdhyAyajI ke vyaktitvasUcaka sAhityarAzi ko dekhane se itanA to niHsandeha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne usa arNavagraMtha meM jJAna saMbandhI yacca . yAvacca kaha DAlA hogA / Arya logoM kI paraMparA meM, jIvana ko saMskRta banAnevAle jo saMskAra mAne gae haiM unameM eka nAmakaraNa saMskAra bhI hai| yadyapi yaha saMskAra sAmAnya rUpa se mAnavavyaktisparzI hI hai, tathApi usa saMskAra kI mahattA aura anvarthatA kA vicAra AyeM paraMparA meM bahuta vyApaka rahA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa AryagaNa nAmakaraNa karate samaya bahuta kucha soca vicAra karate Ae haiN| isakI vyApti yahA~ taka bar3hI, ki phira to kisI bhI cIja kA jaba nAma rakhanA hotA hai to, usa para khAsa vicAra kara liyA jAtA hai| granthoM ke nAmakaraNa to racayitA vidvAnoM ke dvArA hI hote haiM, ataeva ve anvarthatA ke sAtha-sAtha apane nAmakaraNa meM navInatA aura pUrva paraMparA kA bhI yathAsaMbhava suyoga sAdhate haiN| 'jJAnabindu' nAma anvartha to hai hI, para usameM navInatA tathA pUrva paraMparA kA mela bhI hai| pUrva paraMparA isameM anekamukhI vyakta huI hai / bauddha, brAhmaNa aura jaina paraMparA ke aneka viSayoM / ke aise prAcIna grantha Aja bhI jJAta haiM, jinake anta meM 'bindu' zabda AtA hai| dharmakIrti ke 'hetubindu' aura 'nyAyabindu' jaise grantha na kevala upAdhyAyajI ne nAma mAtra se sune hI the balki unakA una granthoM kA parizIlana bhI rahA / vAcaspati mizra ke 'tattvabindu' aura madhusUdana sarasvatI ke 'siddhAntabindu' Adi grantha suvizruta haiM, jinameM se 'siddhAntabindu' kA to upayoga prastuta 'jJAna

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378 jaina dharma aura darzana bindu' meM upAdhyAyajI ne kiyA' bhI hai / AcArya haribhadra ke bindu antavAle 'yogabindu' aura 'dharmabindu' prasiddha haiN| ina bindu antavAle nAmoM kI suMdara aura sArthaka pUrva paraMparA ko upAdhyAyajI ne prastuta graMtha meM vyakta karake 'jJAnArNava' aura 'jJAnabindu' kI navIna jor3I ke dvArA navInatA bhI arpita kI hai / 2. viSaya granthakAra ne pratipAdya rUpa se jisa viSaya ko pasanda kiyA hai vaha to grantha ke. nAma se hI prasiddha hai| yoM to jJAna kI mahimA mAnavavaMza mAtra meM prasiddha hai, phira bhI Arya jAti kA vaha eka mAtra jIvana-sAdhya rahA hai| jaina paraMparA meM jJAna kI ArAdhanA aura pUjA kI vividha praNAliyA~ itanI pracalita haiM ki kucha bhI nahIM jAnanevAlA jaina bhI itanA to prAyaH jAnatA hai ki jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA hotA hai| kaI aitihAsika pramANoM se aisA mAnanA par3atA hai ki jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra, jo jaina paraMparA meM prasiddha haiM, ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale se pracalita hone cAhie / pUrvazruta jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale kA mAnA jAtA hai aura jo bahuta pahale se naSTa huA samajhA jAtA hai, usameM eka 'jJAnapravAda' nAma kA pUrva thA jisameM zvetAmbara-digambara donoM paraMparA ke anusAra paMcavidha jJAna kA varNana thaa| __ upalabdha zruta meM prAcIna samajhe jAnevAle kucha aMgoM meM bhI unakI spaSTa carcA hai / 'uttarAdhyayana' 2 jaise prAcIna mUla sUtra meM bhI unakA varNana hai| 'nandisUtra meM to kevala pA~ca jJAnoM kA hI varNana hai| 'Avazyakaniyukta' jaise prAcIna vyAkhyA grantha meM pA~ca jJAnoM ko hI maMgala mAnakara zurU meM unakA varNana kiyA hai| 3 karma viSayaka sAhitya ke prAcIna se prAcIna samajhe jAnevAle granthoM meM bhI paJcavidha jJAna ke AdhAra para hI karma-prakRtiyoM kA vibhAjana hai, jo luta. hue 'kamavAda' pUrva kI avaziSTa paraMparA mAtra hai / isa paJcavidha jJAna kA sArA svarUpa digambara-zvetAmbara jaise donoM hI prAcIna saMghoM meM eka-sA rahA hai / yaha saba itanA sUcita karane ke lie paryApta hai ki paJcavidha jJAna vibhAga aura usakA amuka vaNena to bahuta hI prAcIna honA caahie| prAcIna jaina sAhitya kI jo kArmagranthika paraMparA hai tadanusAra mati, zruta, / 1 'ata eva svayamuktaM tapasvinA siddhAntabindau'-pR0 24 / 2 adhyayana 28, gA0 45 / 3 Avazyakaniyukti, gA0 1 se aage| 4 paMcasaMgraha, pR0 108. gA0 3 / prathama karmagrantha, gA0 4 / gommaTasAra jIvakAMDa, gA0 266 /

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376 jJAnabinduparicaya avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala ye pA~ca nAma jJAnavibhAga sUcaka phalita hote haiN| jaba ki Agamika paramparA ke anusAra mati ke sthAna meM 'abhinibodha nAma hai| bAkI ke anya cAroM nAma kArmagranthika paramparA ke samAna hI haiN| isa taraha jaina paramparAgata paJcavidha jJAnadarzaka nAmoM meM kArmagranthika aura Agamika paramparA ke anusAra prathama jJAna ke bodhaka 'mati' aura 'abhinibodha' ye do nAma samAnArthaka yA paryAya rUpa se phalita hote haiN| bAkI ke cAra jJAna ke darzaka zruta, avadhi Adi cAra nAma ukta donoM paramparAtroM ke anusAra eka-eka hI haiN| unake dUsare koI paryAya asalI nahIM haiN| ___ smaraNa rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki jaina paramparA ke sampUrNa sAhitya ne, laukika aura lokottara saba prakAra ke jJAnoM kA samAveza ukta paJcavidha vibhAga meM se kisI na kisI vibhAga meM, kisI na kisI nAma se kiyA hai| samAveza kA yaha prayatna jaina paramparA ke sAre itihAsa meM eka-sA hai| jaba-jaba jainAcAryoM ko apane Apa kisI nae jJAna ke bAre meM, yA kisI nae jJAna ke nAma ke bAre meM prazna paidA huA, athavA darzanAntaravAdiyoM ne unake sAmane vaisA koI prazna upasthita kiyA, taba-taba unhoMne usa jJAna kA yA jJAna ke vizeSa nAma kA samAveza ukta ' paJcavidha vibhAga meM se, yathAsaMbhava kisI eka yA dUsare vibhAga meM, kara diyA hai| aba hameM Age yaha dekhanA hai ki ukta paJcavidha jJAna vibhAga kI prAcIna jaina bhUmikA ke AdhAra para, kramazaH kisa-kisa taraha vicAroM kA vikAsa huA / jAna par3atA hai, jaina paramparA meM jJAna saMbandhI vicAroM kA vikAsa do mArgoM se huA hai / eka mArga to hai svadarzanAbhyAsa kA aura dUsarA hai darzanAntarAbhyAsa kA / donoM mArga bahudhA paraspara saMbaddha dekhe jAte haiM / phira bhI unakA pArasparika bheda spaSTa hai, jisake mukhya lakSaNa ye haiM-svadarzanAbhyAsajanita vikAsa meM darzanAntarIya paribhASAoM ko apanAne kA prayatna nahIM hai| na paramatakhaNDana kA prayatna hai aura na jalpa evaM vitaNDA kathA kA kabhI avalambana hI hai| usameM agara kathA hai to vaha ekamAtra tattvabubhutsu kathA arthAt vAda hI hai| jaba ki darzanAntarAbhyAsa ke dvArA hue jJAna vikAsa meM darzanAntarIya paribhASAoM ko AtmasAt karane kA prayatna avazya hai| usameM paramata khaNDana ke sAtha-sAtha kabhI-kabhI jalpakathA kA bhI avalambana avazya dekhA jAtA hai| ina lakSaNoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara, jJAnasaMbandhI jaina vicAra-vikAsa kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM, 1 nandI sUtra, sU0 1 / Avazyaka niyukti, gA0 1 / SarkhaDAgama, pu0 1. pR0 353 /

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380 jaina dharma aura darzana taba usakI aneka aitihAsika bhUmikAe~ hameM jaina sAhitya meM dekhane ko milatI haiN| jJAnavikAsa kI kisa bhUmikA kA Azraya lekara prastuta jJAnabindu grantha ko upAdhyAyajI ne racA hai ise ThIka-ThIka samajhane ke lie hama yahA~ jJAnavikAsa kI kucha bhUmikAoM kA saMkSepa meM citraNa karate haiN| aisI jJAtavya bhUmikAe~ nIce likhe anusAra sAta kahI jA sakatI haiM-(1) karmazAstrIya tathA Agamika, (2) niyuktigata, (3) anuyogagata, (4)tattvArthagata, (5) siddhasenIya, (6) jinabhadrIya aura (7) akalaMkIya / / (1) karmazAstrIya tathA Agamika bhUmikA vaha hai jisameM paJcavidha jJAna ke mati yA abhinibodha Adi pA~ca nAma milate haiM aura inhIM pA~ca nAmoM ke AsapAsa svadarzanAbhyAsajanita thor3A bahuta gaharA tathA vistRta bheda-prabhedoM kA vicAra bhI pAyA jAtA hai / (2) dUsarI bhUmikA vaha hai jo prAcIna niyukti bhAga meM, karIba vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI taka meM, siddha huI jAna par3atI hai|' isameM darzanAntara ke abhyAsa kA thor3A sA asara avazya jAna par3atA hai| kyoMki prAcIna niyukti meM matijJAna ke vAste mati aura abhinibodha zabda ke uparAnta saMjJA, prajJA, smRti Adi aneka paryAya 2 zabdoM kI jo vRddhi dekhI jAtI hai aura paJcavidha jJAna kA jo pratyakSa tathA parokSa rUpa se vibhAga dekhA jAtA hai vaha darzanAntarIya abhyAsa kA hI sUcaka hai| 1 niyuktisAhitya ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki jitanA bhI niyukti ke nAma se sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai vaha saba na to eka hI prAcArya kI kRti hai aura na vaha eka hI zatAbdI meM banA hai| phira bhI prastuta jJAna kI carcA karanevAlA Avazyaka niyukti kA bhAga prathama bhadrabAhu kRta mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai / ataeva usako yahA~ vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI taka meM siddha huaA kahA gayA hai / 2 Avazyakaniyukti, gA0 12 / / 3 bRhatkalpabhASyAntargata bhadrabAhukRta niyukti-gA0 3, 24, 25 / yadyapi TIkAkAra ne ina gAthAoM ko, bhadrabAhavIya niyuktigata hone kI sUcanA nahIM dI hai, phira bhI pUrvApara ke saMdarbha ko dekhane se, ina gAthAoM ko niyuktigata mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai / TIkAkAra ne niyukti aura bhASya kA viveka sarvatra nahIM dikhAyA hai, yaha bAta to bRhatkalpa ke kisI pAThaka ko turanta hI dhyAna meM A sakatI hai| aura khAsa bAta yaha hai ki nyAyAvatAra TIkA kI TippaNI ke racayitA devabhadra, 25 vIM gAthA ki jisameM spaSTataH pratyakSa aura parokSa kA lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai, usako bhagavAn bhadrabAhu kI hone kA spaSTatayA sUcana karate haiM-nyAyAvatAra, pR0 15 /

Page #731
jJAnabinduparicaya 381 (3) tIsarI bhUmikA vaha hai jo 'anuyogadvAra' nAmaka sUtra meM pAI jAtI hai, jo ki prAyaH vikramIya dUsarI zatAbdI kI kRti hai / isameM akSapAdIya 'nyAyasUtra ke cAra pramANoM kA' tathA usI ke anumAna pramANa saMbandhI bheda-prabhedoM kA saMgraha hai, jo darzanAntarIya abhyAsa kA asandigdha pariNAma hai / isa sUtra meM jaina paJcavidha jJAnavibhAga ko sAmane rakhate hue bhI usake kartA AryarakSita sUri ne zAyada, nyAya darzana meM prasiddha pramANa vibhAga ko tathA usakI paribhASAoM ko jaina vicAra kSetra meM lAne kA sarva prathama prayatna kiyA hai| (4) cauthI bhUmikA vaha hai jo vAcaka umAsvAti ke 'tattvArthasUtra' aura khAsakara unake svopajJa bhASya meM dekhI jAtI hai| yaha prAyaH vikramIya tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda kI kRti hai| isameM niyukti-pratipAdita pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANa kA ullekha karake2 vAcaka ne anuyogadvAra meM svIkRta nyAyadarzanIya caturvidha pramANavibhAga kI ora udAsInatA dikhAte hue niyuktigata dvividha pramANa vibhAga kA samarthana kiyA hai / vAcaka ke isa samarthana kA Age ke jJAna vikAsa para prabhAva yaha par3A hai ki phira kisI jaina tArkika ne apanI jJAna-vicAraNA meM ukta caturvidha pramANavibhAga ko bhUla kara bhI sthAna nahIM diyaa| hA~, itanA to avazya huA ki AryarakSita sUri jaise pratiSThita anuyogadhara ke dvArA, eka bAra jaina zrata meM sthAna pAne ke kAraNa, phira nyAyadarzanIya vaha caturvidha pramANa vibhAga.. hamezA ke vAste bhagavatA 4 Adi parama pramANa bhUta AgamoM meM bhI saMgRhIta ho. gayA hai / vAcaka umAsvAti kA ukta caturvidha pramANavibhAga kI ora udAsIna rahane meM tAtparya yaha jAna par3atA hai ki jaba jaina AcAryoM kA svopajJa pratyakSa-. parokSa pramANavibhAga hai taba usI ko lekara jJAnoM kA vicAra kyoM na kiyA jAe ? aura darzanAntarIya caturvidha pramANavibhAga para kyoM mAra diyA jAe ? isake sivAya vAcaka ne mImAMsA Adi darzanAntara meM prasiddha anumAna, arthApatti Adi pramANoM kA samAveza bhI mati-zruta meM kiyA jo vAcaka ke pahale kisI ke dvArA kiyA huA dekhA nahIM jAtA / vAcaka ke prayatna kI do bAteM khAsa dhyAna khIMcatI. 1 anuyogadvAra sUtra pR0 211 se| 2 tattvArthasUtra 1. 6-13 / 3 'caturvidhamityeke nayavAdAntareNa'-tattvArthabhASya 1-6 / 4 'se kiM taM pamANe ? cauvihe paNNate, taM jahA-paJcakkhe....'jahA aNuaogadAre tahA NeyavvaM // ' bhagavatI, za0 5. u0 3. bhAga 2. pR0 211; sthAnAMgasUtra pR0 46 / 5 tattvArthabhASya 1-12 /

Page #732
382 jaina dharma aura darzana haiM / eka to vaha, jo niyuktisvIkRta pramANa vibhAga kI pratiSThA bar3hAne se saMbandha rakhatI hai; aura dUsarI vaha, jo darzanAntarIya pramANa kI paribhASA ke sAtha mela baiThAtI hai aura prAsaMgika rUpa se darzanAntarIya pramANavibhAga kA nirAkaraNa karatI hai| (5) pA~cavIM bhUmikA, sidsena divAkara ke dvArA kiye gae jJAna ke vicAra. vikAsa kI hai| siddhasena ne jo anumAnataH vikramIya pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke jJAta hote haiM--apanI vibhinna kRtiyoM meM, kucha aisI bAteM jJAna ke vicAra kSetra meM prastuta kI haiM jo jaina paraMparA meM unake pahale na kisI ne upasthita kI thIM aura zAyada na kisI ne socI bhI thiiN| ye bAteM tarka dRSTi se samajhane meM jitanI sarala haiM utanI hI jaina paraMparAgata rUr3ha mAnasa ke lie kevala kaThina hI nahIM balki asamAdhAnakAraka bhI haiN| yahI vajaha hai ki divAkara ke una vicAroM para, karIba hajAra varSa taka, na kisI ne sahAnubhUtipUrvaka UhApoha kiyA aura na unakA samarthana hI kiyA / upAdhyAyajI hI eka aise hue, jinhoMne siddhasena ke navIna prastuta muddoM para sirpha sahAnubhUtipUrvaka vicAra hI nahIM kiyA, balki apanI sUkSma prajJA aura tarka se parimArjita jaina dRSTi kA upayoga karake, una muddoM kA prastuta 'jJAnabindu' grantha meM ati vizada aura anekAnta dRSTi ko zobhA denevAlA samarthana bhI kiyA / ve mudde mukhyatayA cAra haiM 1. mati aura zruta jJAna kA vAstavika aikya' 2. avadhi aura manaHparyAya jJAna kA tattvataH abhedara 3 kevala jJAna aura kevala darzana kA vAstavika abheda' 4. zraddhAnarUpa darzana kA jJAna se abheda ina cAra muddoM ko prastuta karake siddhasena ne, jJAna ke bheda-prabheda kI purAnI rekhA para tArkika vicAra kA nayA prakAza DAlA hai, jinako koI bhI, purAtana rUr3ha saMskAroM tathA zAsroM ke pracalita vyAkhyAna ke kAraNa, pUrI taraha samajha na sakA / jaina vicArakoM meM siddhasena ke vicAroM ke prati pratikriyA zurU huii| aneka vidvAn to unakA prakaTa virodha karane lage, aura kucha vidvAn isa bAre meM udAsIna hI rahe / kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra gaNI ne bar3e joroM se virodha kiyaa| phira bhI hama 1 dekho, nizcayadvAtriMzikA kA0 16, tathA jJAnabindu pR0 16 / 2 dekho, nizcayadvA0 kA0 17 aura jJAnabindu pR0 18 / 3 dekho, sanmati kANDa 2 saMpUrNa; aura jJAnabindu pR0 33 se| 4 dekho, sanmati, 2. 32; aura jJAnabindu pR0 47 / 5 jaise, haribhadra-dekho, dharmasaMgrahaNI, gA0 1352 se tathA naMdIvRtti, pR. 55 /

Page #733
jJAnabinduparicaya 383 dekhate haiM ki yaha virodha sirpha kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke abhedavAle mudde para hI huA hai / bAkI ke muddoM para yA to kisI ne vicAra hI nahIM kiyA yA sabhI ne upekSA dhAraNa kii| para jaba hama prastuta jJAnabindu se unhIM muddoM para upAdhyAyajI kA UhApoha dekhate haiM taba kahanA par3atA hai ki utane prAcIna yuga meM bhI, siddhasena kI vaha tArkikatA aura sUkSma dRSTi jaina sAhitya ko adbhuta dena thii| divAkara ne ina cAra muddoM para ke apane vicAra nizcayadvAtriMzakA' tathA 'sanmatiprakaraNa' meM prakaTa kie haiN| unhoMne jJAna ke vicArakSetra meM eka aura bhI nayA prasthAna zurU kiyaa| saMbhavataH divAkara ke pahale jaina paraMparA meM koI nyAya viSaya kA-arthAt parArthAnumAna aura tatsaMbandhI padArthanirUpaka-viziSTa graMtha na thA / jaba unhoMne abhAva kI pUrti ke lae 'nyAyAvatAra' banAyA taba unhoMne jaina paraMparA meM pramANavibhAga para nae sire se pUrnivicAra prakaTa kiyA / AryarakSitasvIkRta nyAyadarzanIya caturvidha pramANavibhAga ko jaina paraMparA meM gauNa sthAna de kara, niyuktikArasvIkRta dvividha pramANa vibhAga ko pradhAnatA dene vAle vAcaka ke prayatna kA jikra hama Upara kara cuke haiN| siddhasena ne bhI usI dvividha' pramANa vibhAga kI bhUmikA ke Upara 'nyAyAvatAra' kI racanA kI aura usa pratyakSa aura parokSa-pramANadvaya dvArA tIna 2pramANoM ko jaina paraMparA meM sarva prathama sthAna diyA, jo unake pUrva bahuta samaya se, sAMkhya darzana tathA vaizeSika darzana meM suprasiddha the aura aba taka bhI haiN| sAMkhya aura vaizeSika donoM darzana jina pratyakSa, anumAna, Agama-ina tIna pramANoM ko mAnate Ae haiM, unako bhI aba eka taraha se, jaina paramparA meM sthAna milA, jo ki vAdakathA aura parArthAnumAna kI dRSTi se 1 dekho, nyAyAvatAra, zlo0 1 / 2 yadyapi siddhasena ne pramANa kA pratyakSa-parokSa rUpa se dvividha vibhAga kiyA hai kintu pratyakSa, anumAna, aura zabda ina tInoM kA pRthak pRthak lakSaNa kiyA hai / 3 sAMkhyakArikA, kA0 4 / 4 pramANa ke bheda ke viSaya meM sabhI vaizeSika ekamata nhiiN| koI usake do bheda to koI usake tIna bheda mAnate haiM / prazastapAdabhASya meM (pR0 213) zAbda pramANa kA antarbhAva anumAna meM hai / usake TIkAkAra zrIdhara kA bhI vahI mata hai ( kaMdalI, pR0 213) kintu vyomaziva ko vaisA ekAnta rUpa se iSTa nahIM-dekho vyomavatI, pR0 577, 584 / ataH jahA~ kahIM vaizeSikasaMmata tIna, pramANoM kA ullekha ho vaha vyomaziva kA samajhanA cAhie-dekho, nyAyAvatAra TIkATippaNa, pa0 6 tathA pramANamImAMsA bhASATippaNa pR0 23 /

Page #734
: 384 jaina dharma aura darzana bahuta upayukta hai / isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM nyAya, sAMkhya aura vaizeSika tInoM darzana sammata pramANa vibhAga praviSTa huaa| yahAM para siddhasenasvIkRta isa triviSa pramANavibhAga kI jaina paramparA meM, AryarakSitIya caturvidha vibhAga kI taraha, upekSA hI huI yA usakA vizeSa Adara huA ?-yaha prazna avazya hotA hai, jisa para hama Age jAkara kucha kheNge| (6) chaThI bhUmikA, vi0 7 vIM zatAbdI vAle jinabhadra gaNI kI hai| prAcIna samaya se karmazAstra tathA Agama kI paramparA ke anusAra jo mati, zruta Adi pA~ca jJAnoM kA vicAra jaina paramparA meM pracalita thA, aura jisapara niyuktikAra tathA prAcIna anya vyAkhyAkAroM ne evaM naMdI jaise Agama ke praNetAoM ne, apanI apanI dRSTi va zakti ke anusAra, bahuta kucha koTikrama bhI bar3hAyA thA, usI vicArabhUmikA kA Azraya lekara kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra ne apane vizAla grantha 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' meM paJcavidha jJAna kI prAcUDAMta sAGgopAMga mImAMsA kii| aura usI aAgama sammata paJcavidha jJAnoM para tarkadRSTi se aAgama praNAlI kA samartha karanevAlA gaharA prakAza ddaalaa| 'tattvAthesUtra' para vyAkhyA likhate samaya, pUjyapAda devanandI aura bhaTTAraka akalaMka ne bhI paJcavidha jJAna ke samarthana meM, mukhyatayA takapraNAlI kA hI avalaMbana liyA hai / kSamAzramaNa kI isa vikAsa, bhUmikA ko tarkopajIvI bhAgama bhUmikA kahanI cAhie, kyoMki unhoMne kisI bhI jaina tArkika se kama tArkikatA nahIM dikhAI: phira bhI unakA sArA tarka bala zrAgamika sImAoM ke ghere meM hI ghirA rahA--jaisA ki kumArila tathA zaMkarAcArya kA sArA tarkabala zruti kI sImAoM ke ghere meM hI sImita rhaa| kSamAzramaNa ne apane isa viziSTa Avazyaka bhASya meM jJAnoM ke bAre meM utanI adhika vicAra sAmagrI vyavasthita kI hai ki jo Age ke sabhI zvetAmbara grantha praNetAoM ke lie mukhya AdhArabhUta banI huI haiM / upAdhyAyajI to jaba kabhI jisa kisI praNAlI se jJAnoM kA nirU paNa karate haiM taba mAnoM kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko apane mana meM pUrNa rUpeNa pratiSThita kara lete haiM / prastutu jJAnabindu meM bhI upAdhyAyajI ne vahI kiyA hai / 1 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM jJAnapaJcakAdhikAra ne hI 840 gAthAe~ jitanA bar3A bhAga roka rakhA hai| koTyAcArya kI TIkA ke anusAra vizeSAvazyaka kI saba milakara 4346 gAthAe~ haiN| 2 pAThakoM ko isa bAta kI pratIti, upAdhyAyajI kRta jainatarkabhASA ko, usakI TippaNoM ke sAtha dekhane se ho jaaygii| 3 dekho,jJAnabindu kI TippaNI pR0 61,68-73 ityAdi /

Page #735
25 jJAnabinduparicaya 385 (7) sAtavoM bhUmikA bhaTTa akalaMka kI hai, jo vikramIya AThavIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn haiM / jJAna vicAra ke vikAsa kSetra meM bhaTTAraka akalaMka kA prayatna bahumukhI hai| isa bAre meM unake tIna prayatna vizeSa ullekha yogya haiN| pahalA prayatna tatvArthasUtrAvalambI hone se pradhAnatayA parAzrita hai / dUsarA prayatna siddhasenIya nyA. yAvatAra' kA pratibimbagrAhI kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI usameM unakI viziSTa svatantratA spaSTa hai| tIsarA prayatna 'laghIyastraya' aura khAsakara 'pramANasaMgraha' meM hai, jise unakI ekamAtra nijI sUjha kahanA ThIka hai / umAsvAti ne, mImAMsaka Adi sammata aneka pramANoM kA samAveza mati aura zruta meM hotA hai-aisA sAmAnya hI kathana kiyA thA; aura pUjyapAda ne bhI vaisA hI sAmAnya kathana kiyA thA / parantu, akalaMka ne usase Age bar3hakara vizeSa vizleSaNa ke dvArA 'rAjavAttika' meM yaha batalAyA ki darzanAntarIya ve saba pramANa, kisa taraha anakSara aura akSarazrata meM samAviSTa ho sakate haiM / 'rAjavArtika' sUtrAvalambI hone se usameM itanA hI vizadIkaraNa paryApta hai; para unako jaba dharmakIrti ke 'pramANavinizcaya kA anukaraNa karane vAlA svatantra 'nyAyavinizcaya' graMtha banAnA par3A, taba unheM parArthAnumAna tathA vAdagoSTho ko lakSya meM rakha kara vicAra karanA pdd'aa| usa samaya unhoMne siddhasena svIkRta vaizeSika-sAMkhyasammata trividha pramANavibhAga kI praNAlI kA avalambana karake apane sAre vicAra 'nyAyavinizcaya' meM nibaddha kiye / eka taraha se vaha 'nyAyavinizcaya' siddhasenIya nyAyAvatAra' kA svatantra vistRta vizadIkaraNa hI kevala nahIM hai balki aneka aMzo meM pUraka bhI hai| isa taraha jaina paraMparA meM nyAyAvatAra ke sarva prathama samarthaka akalaMka hI haiN| __ itanA hone para bhI, akalaMka ke sAmane kucha prazna aise the jo unase jabAba cAhate the / pahalA prabha yaha thA, ki jaba Apa mImAMsakAdisammata anumAna prabhRti vividha pramANoM kA zruta meM samAveza karate haiM, taba umAsvAti ke isa kathana ke sAtha virodha AtA hai, ki ve pramANa mati aura zruta donoM meM samAviSTa hote haiN| dUsarA prazna unake sAmane yaha thA, ki mati ke paryAya rUpa se jo smRti, saMjJA, 1 dekho, tattvArtha bhASya, 1.12 / 2 dekho, sarvArthasiddhi, 1.10 / 3 dekho, rAjavArtika, 1.20.15 / 4-- nyAyavinizcaya ko akalaMka ne tIna prastAvoM meM vibhakta kiyA---pratyakSa, anumAna aura pravacana / isa se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki una ko pramANa ke ye tIna bheda mukhyatayA nyAyavinizcaya kI racanA ke samaya iSTa hoMge /

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11.: 386 jaina dharma aura darzana cintA jaise zabda niyuktikAla se pracalita haiM aura jina ko umAsvAti ne bhI mUla sUtra meM saMgrahIta kiyA hai, unakA koI viziSTa tAtparya kiMvA upayoga hai yA nahIM ? tadatirikta una ke sAmane khAsa prazna yaha bhI thA, ki jaba sabhI jainAcArya apane prAcIna paJcavidha jJAnavibhAga meM darzanAntarasammata pramANoM kA tathA unake nAmoM kA samAveza karate Ae haiM, taba kyA jaina paraMparA meM bhI pramANoM kI koI dArzanika paribhASAe~ yA dArzanika lakSaNa haiM yA nahIM ?; agara haiM to ve kyA haiM ? aura Apa yaha bhI batalAie ki ve saba pramANalakSaNa yA pramANaparibhASAe~ sirpha darzanAntara se udhAra lI huI haiM yA prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM unakA koI mUla bhI hai ? isake sivAya kalaMka ko eka bar3A bhArI prazna yaha bhI parezAna kara rahA jAna par3atA hai, ki tuma jaina tArkikoM kI sArI pramANapraNAlI koI svatantra sthAna rakhatI hai yA nahIM ? agara vaha svatantra sthAna rakhatI hai to usakA sarvAgINa nirUpaNa kIjie / ina tathA aise hI dUsare praznoM kA javAba kalaMka ne thor3e meM 'laghIyastraya' meM diyA hai, para 'pramANasaMgraha' meM vaha bahuta spaSTa hai / jainatArkikoM ke sAmane darzanAntara kI dRSTi se upasthita hone vAlI saba samasyAtroM kA sulabhAva kalaMka ne sarva prathama svatantra bhAva se kiyA jAna par3atA hai / isalie unakA vaha prayanna bilakula maulika hai / I Upara ke saMkSipta varNana se yaha sApha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI taka meM jaina paraMparA ne jJAna saMbandhI vicAra kSetra meM svadarzanAbhyAsa ke mArga se aura darzanAntarAbhyAsa ke mArga se kisa-kisa prakAra vikAsa prApta kiyA / taka meM darzanAntarIya Avazyaka paribhASAoM kA jaina paraMparA meM zrAtmasAtkaraNa tathA navIna svaparibhASAoM kA nirmANa paryApta rUpa se ho cukA thA / usameM jalpa zrAdi kathA ke dvArA paramatoM kA nirasana bhI ThIka-ThIka ho cukA thA aura pUrvakAla meM nahIM carcita aise aneka navIna prameyoM kI carcA bhI ho cukI thI / isa pakkI dArzanika bhUmikA ke Upara agale hajAra varSoM meM jaina tArkikoM ne bahuta bar3e-bar3e carcAjaTila graMtha race jinakA itihAsa yahA~ prastuta nahIM hai / phira bhI prastuta jJAnabindu viSayaka upAdhyAyajI kA prayatna ThIka-ThIka samajhA jA sake, etadarthabIca ke samaya ke jaina tArkikoM kI pravRtti kI dizA saMkSepa meM jAnanA jarUrI hai| 1 AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI ke bAda jJAna ke pradeza meM mukhyatayA do dizAoM meM prayatna dekhA jAtA hai / eka prayatna aisA hai jo kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra ke dvArA vikasita bhUmikA kA Azraya lekara calatA hai, jo ki AcArya haribhadra kI 'dharmasaMgrahaNI' Adi kRtiyoM meM dekhA jAtA hai / dUsarA prayatna kalaMka ke dvArA

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jJAna binduparicaya 387 vikasita bhUmikA kA avalambana karake zurU huaa| isa prayatna meM na kevala zrakalaMka ke vidyAziSya-praziSya vidyAnanda, mANikyanandI, anantavIrya, prabhAcandra vAdirAja Adi digambara AcArya hI jhuke; kintu abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri, hemacandrAcArya Adi aneka zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI kalaMkIya tArkika bhUmikta ko vistRta kiyA / isa tarkapradhAna jaina yuga ne jaina mAnasa meM eka aisA parivartana paidA kiyA jo pUrvakAlIna rUDhibaddhatA ko dekhate hue Azcaryajanaka kahA jA sakatA hai / saMbhavataH siddhasena divAkara ke bilakula navIna sUcanoM ke kAraNa unake viruddha jo jaina paraMparA meM pUrvagraha thA vaha dasavIM zatAbdI se spaSTa rUpa meM haTane aura ghaTane lagA / hama dekhate haiM ki siddhasena kI kRti rUpa jisa nyAyAvatAra parajo ki sacamuca jaina paraMparA kA eka choTA kintu maulika grantha hai-- karIba cAra zatAbdI taka kisI ne TIkAdi nahIM racI thI, usa nyAyAvatAra kI ora jaina vidvAnoM kA dhyAna va gayA / siddharSi ne dasavIM zatAbdI meM usa para vyAkhyA likha kara usakI pratiSThA bar3hAI aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM vAdivaitAla zAntisUri ne usa ko vaha sthAna diyA jo bhattRhari ne 'vyAkaraNamahAbhASya' ko, kumArila ne 'zAvara bhASya' ko, dharmakIrttine 'pramANasamuccaya' ko aura vidyAnanda ne 'tattvArthasUtra' Adi ko diyA thA / zAntisUri ne nyAyAvatAra kI prathama kArikA para saTIka padyabandha 'vArttika' racA aura sAtha hI usameM unhoMne yatra-tatra kalaMka ke vicAroM kA khaNDana bhI kiyA / isa zAstra-racanA pracura yuga meM nyAyAvatAra ne dUsare bhI eka jaina tArkika kA dhyAna apanI ora khIMcA / gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke jinezvarasUri ne nyAyAvatAra kI prathama hI kArikA ko le kara usa para eka padyabandha 'pramAlakSaNa' nAmaka grantha racA aura usakI vyAkhyA bhI svayaM unhoMne kI / yaha prayatna diGanAga ke 'pramANasamuccaya' kI prathama kArikA ke Upara dharmakIrtti ke dvArA race gae saTIka padyabandha 'pramANavArttika' kA; tathA pUjyapAda 'kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' ke prathama maMgala zloka ke Upara vidyAnanda ke dvArA racI gaI saTIka 'AptaparIkSA' kA anukaraNa hai / aba taka meM tarka aura darzana ke abhyAsa ne jaina vicArakoM ke mAnasa para amuka aMza meM svatantra vicAra prakaTa karane ke bIja ThIka-ThIka bo diye the / yahI kAraNa hai ki eka hI nyAyAvatAra para likhane vAle ukta tInoM vidvAnoM kI vicArapraNAlI aneka jagaha bhinna-bhinna dekhI jAtI hai / 1 - jainatarkavArtika, pR0 prastAvanA pR0 82 / 132; tathA dekho nyAyakumudacaMdra - prathamabhAga,

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jaina dharma aura darzana ___abataka jaina paramparA ne jJAna ke vicArakSetra meM jo anekamukhI vikAsa prAsa kiyA thA aura jo vizAlapramANa grantharAzi paidA kI thI evaM jo mAnasika svAtaMtrya kI ucca tArkika bhUmikA prApta kI thI, vaha saba to upAdhyAya yazovijayaja ko virAsata meM milI hI thI, para sAtha hI meM unheM eka aisI suvidhA bhI prApta huI thI jo unake pahale kisI jaina vidvAn ko na milI thii| yaha suvidhA hai udayana tathA gaMgezapraNIta navya nyAyazAstra ke abhyAsa kA sAkSAt vidyAdhAma 'kAzI meM avasara milanA / isa suvidhA kA upAdhyAyajI kI jijJAsA aura prajJA ne kaisA aura kitanA upayoga kiyA isakA pUrA khayAla to usI ko A sakatA hai jisane unakI saba kRtiyoM kA thor3A sA bhI adhyayana kiyA ho| navya nyAya ke uparAnta upAdhyAyajI ne usa samaya taka ke ati prasiddha aura vikasita pUrvamImAMsA tathA vedAnta Adi vaidika darzanoM ke mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA bhI acchA parizIlana kiyaa| prAgamika aura dArzanika jJAna kI pUrvakAlIna tathA samakAlIna samasta vicAra sAmagrI ko AtmasAt karane ke bAda upAdhyAyajI ne jJAna ke nirUpaNakSetra meM padArpaNa kiyA / ____ upAdhyAyajI kI mukhyatayA jJAnanirUpaka do kRtiyA~ haiN| eka 'jainatakabhASA' aura dUsarI prastuta jJAnabindu' / pahalI kRti kA viSaya yadyapi jJAna hI hai tathApi usameM usake nAmAnusAra tarkapraNAlI yA pramANapaddhati mukhya hai| tarkabhASA kA mukhya upAdAna 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' hai, para vaha akalaMka ke 'laghIyastraya' tathA 'pramANasaMgraha' kA pariSkRta kintu navIna anukaraNa saMskaraNa bhI hai| prastuta jJAnabindu meM pratipAdya rUpase upAdhyAyajI ne paJcavidha jJAna vAlA Agamika viSaya hI cunA hai jisameM unhoMne pUrvakAla meM vikasita pramANapraddhati ko kahIM 1 dekho jainatarkabhASA kI prazista-'pUrva nyAyavizAradatvavirudaM kAzyAM pradattaM budhaiH / 2 laghIyastraya meM tRtIya pravacanapraveza meM kramazaH pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA varNana akalaMka ne kiyA hai| vaise hI pramANasaMgraha ke aMtima navama prastAva meM bhI unhIM tIna viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana hai| laghIyastraya aura pramANasaMgraha meM anyatra pramANa aura naya kA vistRta varNana to hai hI, phira bhI una donoM granthoM ke aMtima prastAva meM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kI eka sAtha saMkSipta carcA unhoMne kara dI hai jisase spaSTatayA una tInoM viSayoM kA pArasparika bheda samajha meM A jaae| yazovijayajI ne apanI tarkabhASA ko, isI kA anukaraNa karake, pramANa, naya, aura nikSepa ina tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai /

Page #739
racanAzailI 386 bhI sthAna nahIM diyaa| phira bhI jisa yuga, jisa virAsata aura jisapratibhA ke ve dhAraka the, vaha saba ati prAcIna paJcavidha jJAna kI carcA karane vAle unake prastuta jJAnabindu grantha meM na Ae yaha asaMbhava hai| ataeva hama Age jAkara dekheMge ki pahale ke karIba do hajAra varSa ke jaina sAhitya meM paJcavidhajJAnasaMbandhI vicAra kSetra meM jo kucha siddha ho cukA thA vaha to karIba-karIba saba, prastuta zAnabindu meM AyA hI hai, para usa ke atirikta jJAnasaMbandhI aneka nae vicAra bhI, isa jJAnabindu meM sanniviSTa hue haiM, jo pahale ke kisI jaina grantha meM nahIM dekhe jAte / eka taraha se prastuta jJAnabindu vizeSAvazyakabhASyagata paJcavidhajJAnavarNana kA nayA pariSkRta aura navIna dRSTi se sampanna saMskaraNa hai / 3. racanAzailI prastuta grantha jJAnabindu kI racanAzailI kisa prakAra kI hai ise spaSTa samajhane ke lie zAstroM kI mukhya-mukhya zailiyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya Avazyaka hai / sAmAnya rUpase dArzanika paraMparA meM cAra zailiyA~ prasiddha haiM-1. sUtra zailI, 2. kArikA zailI 3. vyAkhyA zailI, aura 4. varNana shailii| mUla rUpase sUtra zailI kA udAharaNa hai 'nyAyasUtra' Adi / mUla rUpase kArikA zailI kA udAharaNa hai 'sAMkhyakArikA' aadi| gadya-padya yA ubhaya rUpameM jaba kisI mUla grantha para vyAkhyA racI jAtI hai taba vaha hai vyAkhyA zailI-jaise 'bhASya' vArtikAdi' grantha jisa meM svopajJa yA anyopajJa kisI mUla kA avalambana na ho; kiMtu jisa meM graMthakAra apane pratipAdya viSaya kA svatantra bhAva se sIdhe taura para varNana hI varNana karatA jAtA hai aura prasakAnuprasakta aneka mukhya viSaya saMbaMdhI viSayoM ko uThAkara unake nirUpaNa dvArA mukhya viSaya ke varNana ko hI puSTa karatA hai vaha hai varNana yA prakaraNa shailii| prastuta graMtha kI racanA, isa varNana zailI se kI gaI hai| jaise vidyAnanda ne 'pramANaparIkSA' racI, jaise madhusUdana sarasvatI ne 'vedAntakalpalatikA' aura sadAnanda ne 'vedAntasAe varNana zailI se banAe, vaise hI upAdhyAyajI ne jJAnabindu kI racanA varNana zailI se kI hai / isa meM apane yA kisI anya ke racita gadya yA padya rUpa mUla kA avalambana nahIM hai| ataeva samUce rUpase jJAnabindu kisI mUla grantha kI vyAkhyA nahIM hai| vaha to sIdhe taura se pratipAdya rUpa se pasanda kiye gae jJAna aura usake paJcavidha prakAroM kA nirUpaNa apane DhaMga se karatA hai| isa nirUpaNa meM granthakAra ne apanI yogyatA aura maryAdA ke anusAra mukhya viSaya se saMbaMdha rakhane vAle aneka viSayoM kI carcA chAnabIna ke sAtha kI hai jisameM unhoMne pakSa yA vipakSa rUpa se aneka granthakAroM

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360 jaina dharma aura darzana ke mantavyoM ke avataraNa bhI diye haiM / yadyapi granthakAra ne Age jAkara 'sammati' kI aneka gAthAoM ko lekara ( pR0 33 ) unakA kramazaH svayaM vyAkhyAna bhI kiyA hai, phira bhI vastutaH una gAthAoM ko lenA tathA unakA vyAkhyAna karanA prAsaMgika mAtra hai / jaba kevalajJAna ke nirUpaNa kA prasaMga AyA aura usa saMbaMdha meM AcAryoM ke matabhedoM para kucha likhanA prApta huA, taba unhoMne sanmatigata kucha mahattva kI gAthAoM ko lekara unake vyAkhyAna rUpa se apanA vicAra prakaTa kara diyA hai| khuda upAdhyAyajI ne hI 'etacca tattvaM sayuktikaM sammatigAthAbhireva pradarzayAma:' ( pR0 33 ) kahakara vaha bhAva spaSTa kara diyA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne 'anekAnta vyavasthA' Adi aneka prakaraNa graMtha likhe haiM jo jJAnabiMdu ke samAna varNana zailI ke haiN| isa zailI kA avalambana karane kI preraNA karanevAle vedAntakalpalatikA, vedAntasAra, 'nyAyadIpikA' Adi aneka vaise graMtha the jinakA unhoMne upayoga bhI kiyA hai / 1 grantha kA Abhyantara svarUpa graMtha ke Abhyantara svarUpa kA pUrA paricaya to tabhI saMbhava hai jaba usa kA adhyayana - arthagrahaNa aura jJAta artha kA manana - punaH punaH cintana kiyA jaae| phira bhI isa graMtha ke jo adhikArI haiM una kI buddhi ko pravezayogya tathA rucisampanna banAne kI dRSTi se yahA~ usa ke viSaya kA kucha svarUpavarNana karanA jarUrI hai / graMthakAra ne jJAna ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie jina mukhya mukhya muddoM para carcA kI hai aura pratyeka mukhya mudde kI carcA karate samaya prAsaMgika rUpa se jina dUsare muddoM para bhI vicAra kiyA hai, una muddoM kA yathAsaMbhava digdarzana karAnA isa jagaha iSTa hai / hama aisA digdarzana karAte samaya yathAsambhava tulanAtmaka ra aitihAsika dRSTi kA upayoga kareMge jisase abhyAsIgaNa granthakAra dvArA carcita muddoM ko aura bhI vizAlatA ke sAtha avagAhana kara sakeM tathA graMtha ke aMta meM jo TippaNa diye gae haiM unakA hArda samajhane kI eka kuMjI bhI pA sakeM / prastuta varNana meM kAma meM lAI jAne vAlI tulanAtmaka tathA aitihAsika dRSTi yathAsaMbhava paribhASA, vicAra aura sAhitya ina tIna pradezoM taka hI sImita rahegI / 1. jJAna kI sAmAnya carcA granthakAra ne grantha kI pIThikA racate samaya usa ke viSayabhUta jJAna kI hI sAmAnya rUpa se pahale carcA kI hai, jisameM unhoM ne dUsare aneka muddoM para zAstrIya prakAza DAlA hai / ve mudde ye haiM 1. jJAna sAmAnya kA lakSaNa

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zAna kI sAmAnya carcA 361 ... 2. usakI pUrNa-apUrNa avasthAeM tathA una avasthAoM ke kAraNa aura . pratibandhaka karma kA vizleSaNa 3. jJAnAvAraka karma kA svarUpa 4. eka tattva meM 'zrAvRtAnAvRtatva' ke virodha kA parihAra 5. vedAntamata meM 'zrAvRtAnavRtatva' kI anupapati 6. apUrNajJAnagata tAratamya tathA usakI nivRtti kA kAraNa 7.kSayopazama kI prkriyaa| . 1. [1] granthakAra ne zurU hI meM jJAnasAmAnya kA jainasammata aisA sparUpa batalAyA hai ki jo eka mAtra AtmA kA guNa hai aura jo sva tathA para kA prakAzaka hai vaha jJAna hai| jainasammata isa jJAnasvarUpa kI darzanAntarIya jJAnasvarUpa ke sAtha tulanA karate samaya AryacintakoM kI mukhya do vicAradhArAe~ dhyAna meM AtI haiN| pahalI dhArA hai sAMkhya aura vedAnta meM, aura dUsarI hai bauddha, nyAya Adi darzanoM meM / prathama dhArA ke anusAra, jJAna guNa aura cit zakti ina donoM kA AdhAra eka nahIM hai; kyoMki puruSa aura brahma hI usa meM cetana mAnA gayA hai; jaba ki puruSa aura brahma se atirikta antaHkaraNa ko hI usameM jJAna kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isa taraha prathama dhArA ke anusAra cetanA aura jJAna donoM bhinnabhinna AdhAragata haiN| dUsarI dhArA, caitanya aura jJAna kA AdhAra bhinna-bhinna na mAna kara, una donoM ko eka AdhAragata ataeva kAraNa-kAryarUpa mAnatI hai| bauddhadarzana citta meM, jise vaha nAma bhI kahatA hai, caitanya aura jJAna kA astitva mAnatA hai| jaba ki nyAyAdi darzana kSaNika citta ke bajAya sthira AtmA meM hI caitanya aura jJAna kA astitva mAnate haiN| jaina darzana dUsarI vicAradhArA kA avalambI hai| kyoMki vaha eka hI Atmatattva meM kAraNa rUpa se cetanA ko aura kArya rUpa se usa ke jJAna paryAya ko mAnatA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne usI bhAva jJAna ko AtmaguNa-dharma kaha kara prakaTa kiyA hai / 2. upAdhyAyajI ne phira batalAyA hai ki jJAna pUrNa bhI hotA hai aura apUrNa bhii| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai ki jaba AsmA cetanasvabhAva hai taba usa meM jJAna kI kabhI apUrNatA aura kabhI pUrNatA kyoM ? isakA uttara dete samaya upAdhyAya jI ne karmasvabhAva kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki [2] AtmA para eka aisA bhI AvaraNa hai jo cetanA-zakti ko pUrNarUpa meM kArya karane nahIM ... 1 isa taraha catuSkoNa koSThaka meM diye gae ye aMka jJAnabindu ke mUla grantha kI kaMDikA ke sUcaka haiN|

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jaina dharma aura darzana detaa| yahI AvaraNa pUrNa jJAna kA pratibandhaka hone se kevalajJAnAvaraNa kahalAtA hai| yaha AvaraNa jaise pUrNa jJAna kA pratibandha karatA hai vaise hI apUrNa jJAna kA janaka bhI banatA hai| eka hI kevalajJAnAvaraNa ko pUrNa jJAna kA to pratibandhaka aura usI samaya apUrNa jJAna kA janaka bhI mAnanA caahie| ___ apUrNa jJAna ke mati zruta Adi cAra prakAra haiM / aura una ke matijJAnAvaraNa Adi cAra AvaraNa bhI pRthaka-pRthaka mAne gae haiN| una cAra AvaraNoM ke kSayopazama se hI mati Adi cAra apUrNa jJAnoM kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| taba yahAM, una apUrNa jJAnoM kI utpatti kevalajJAnAvaraNa se kyoM mAnanA ? aisA prazna sahaja hai| usakA uttara upAdhyAyajI ne zAstrasammata [3] kaha kara hI diyA hai, phira bhI vaha uttara una kI spaSTa sUjha kA pariNAma hai; kyoMki isa uttara ke dvArA upAdhyAyajI ne jaina zAstra meM cira pracalita eka pakSAntara kA sayuktika nirAsa kara diyA hai / vaha pakSAntara aisA hai ki-jaba kevalajJAnAvaraNa ke kSaya se mukta zrAtmA meM kevalajJAna prakaTa hotA hai, taba matijJAnAvaraNa Adi cAroM zrAvaraNa ke kSaya se kevalI meM mati Adi cAra jJAna bhI kyoM na mAne jAe~ ? isa prazna ke javAba meM, koI eka pakSa kahatA hai ki-kevalI meM mati Adi cAra jJAna utpanna to hote haiM para ve kevalajJAna se abhibhUta hone ke kAraNa kAryakArI nahIM / isa cirapracalita pakSa ko niyuktika siddha karane ke lie upAdhyAyajI ne eka naI yukti upasthita kI hai ki apUrNa jJAna to kevalajJAnAvaraNa kA hI kArya hai, cAhe usa apUrNa jJAna kA tAratamya yA vaividhya matijJAnAvaraNa Adi zeSa cAra AvaraNoM ke kSayopazama vaividhya kA kArya kyoM na ho, para apUrNa jJAnAvasthA mAtra pUrNa jJAnAvasthA ke pratibandhaka kevalajJAnAvaraNa ke sivAya kabhI sambhava hI nhiiN| ataeva kevalI meM jaba kevalajJAnAvaraNa nahIM hai taba tajanya koI bhI mati Adi apUrNa jJAna kevalI meM ho hI kaise sakate haiM sacamuca upAdhyAyajI kI yaha yukti zAstrAnukUla hone para bhI unake pahale kisI ne isa taraha spaSTa rUpa se sujhAI nahIM hai| 3. [4 ] saghana megha aura sUrya prakAza ke sAtha kevalajJAnAvaraNa aura cetanAzakti kI zAstraprasiddha tulanA ke dvArA upAdhyAyajI ne jJAnAvaraNa karma ke svarUpa ke bAre meM do bAteM khAsa sUcita kI haiN| eka to yaha, ki AvaraNa karma eka prakAra kA dravya hai; aura dUsarI yaha, ki vaha dravya kitanA hI nibiDa-utkaTa kyoM na ho, phira bhI vaha ati svaccha abhra jaisA hone se apane AvArya jJAna guNa ko sarvathA Ata kara nahIM sakatA / karma ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhAratIya cintakoM kI do paramparAe~ haiN| bauddha, nyAya darzana Adi kI eka aura sAMkhya, vedAMta Adi kI dUsarI hai / bauddha darzana

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... zrAvaraNa 363 klezAvaraNa,' zeyAvaraNa Adi aneka karmAvaraNoM ko mAnatA hai / para usake matAnusAra citta kA vaha AvaraNa mAtra saMskArarUpa phalita hotA hai jo ki dravyasvarUpa nahIM hai| nyAya Adi darzanoM ke anusAra bhI jJAnAvaraNa-ajJAna, jJAnaguNa kA prAgabhAva mAtra hone se abhAva rUpa hI phalita hotA hai, dravyarUpa nhiiN| jaba ki sAMkhya, vedAnta ke anusAra AvaraNa jar3a dravyarUpa avazya siddha hotA hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra buddhisattva kA AvAraka tamoguNa hai jo eka sUkSma jar3a dravyAMza mAtra hai| vedAnta ke anusAra bhI AvaraNa-ajJAna nAma se vastutaH eka prakAra kA jar3a dravya hI mAnA gayA hai jise sAMkhya-paribhASA ke anusAra prakRti yA antaHkaraNa kaha sakate haiM / vedAnta ne mUla-ajJAna aura avasthA-ajJAna rUpa se yA mUlAvidyA aura tulAvidyA rUpa se anekavidha AvaraNoM kI kalpanA kI hai jo jar3a dravyarUpa hI haiN| jaina paraMparA to jJAnAvaraNa karma ho yA dUsare karma-saba ko atyanta spaSTa rUpa se eka prakAra kA jar3a dravya batalAtI hai| para isake sAtha hI vaha ajJAna-rAgadveSAtmaka pariNAma, jo Atmagata hai aura jo paudgalika karma-dravya kA kAraNa tathA kArya bhI hai, usako bhAva karma rUpa se bauddha Adi darzanoM kI taraha saMskArAtmaka mAnatI hai / / ____ jainadarzanaprasiddha jJAnAvaraNIya zabda ke sthAna meM nIce likhe zabda darzanAntaroM meM prasiddha haiN| bauddhadarzana meM avidyA aura jJa yAvaraNa / sAMkhya-yogadarzana meM avidyA aura prakAzAvaraNa / nyAya-vaizeSika-vedAnta darzana meM avidyA aura ajnyaan| 4 [ pR0 2. paM0 3 ] zrAvRtatva aura anAvRtatva paraspara viruddha hone se kisI eka vastu meM eka sAtha raha nahIM sakate aura pUrvokta prakriyA ke anusAra to eka hI cetanA eka samaya meM kevalajJAnAvaraNa se AvRta bhI aura anAvRta bhI mAnI gaI hai, so kaise ghaTa sakegA ? isakA javAba upAdhyAyajI ne anekAnta dRSTi se diyA hai / unhoMne kahA hai ki yadyapi cetanA eka hI hai phira bhI pUrNa aura apUrNa prakAzarUpa nAnA jJAna usake paryAya haiM jo ki cetanA se kathaJcit bhinnA 1 dekho, tattvasaMgraha paMjikA, pR0 866 / 2 syAdvAdara0, pR0 1101 / 3 dekho, syAdvAdara0, pR0 1103 / 4 dekho, vivaraNaprameyasaMgraha, pR0 21; tathA nyAyakumudacandra, pR0 806 / 5 vedAntaparibhASA, pR0 72 / / 6 gommaTasAra karmakANDa, gA0 6 /

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224 jaina dharma aura darzana ke samaya hI paryAyoM meM hI 1 bhinna haiM / kevalajJAnAvaraNa ke dvArA pUrNa prakAza ke prAvRta hone usake dvArA apUrNa prakAza anAvRta bhI hai / isa taraha do bhinna zrAvRtatva aura anAvRtatva hai jo ki paryAyArthika dRSTi se sughaTa hai / phira bhI jaba dravyArthika dRSTi kI vivakSA ho, taba dravya kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa, pUrNa aura apUrNajJAna rUpa paryAya, dravyAtmaka cetanA se bhinna nahIM / ataeva usa dRSTi se ukta do paryAyagata zrAvRtatva - anAvRtatva ko eka cetanAyata mAnane aura kahane meM koI virodha nahIM / upAdhyAyajI ne dravyArthika-paryAyArthika dRSTi kA viveka sUcita karake Atmatattva kA jaina darzana sammata pariNAmitva svarUpa prakaTa kiyA hai jo ki kevala nityatva yA kUTasthatvavAda se bhinna hai / 5. [5] upAdhyAyajI ne jaina dRSTi ke anusAra 'zrAvRtAnAvRta' kA samarthana hI nahIM kiyA balki isa viSaya meM vedAnta mata ko ekAntavAdI mAna kara usakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / jaise vedAnta brahma ko ekAnta kUTastha mAnatA hai vaise hI sAMkhya-yoga bhI puruSa ko ekAnta kUTastha ataeva nirlepa, nirvikAra aura niraMza mAnatA hai / isI taraha nyAya Adi darzana bhI AtmA ko ekAnta nitya hI mAnate haiM / taba granthakAra ne ekAntavAda meM 'zrAvRtAnAvRtatva' kI anupapatti sirpha vedAnta mata kI samAlocanA dvArA hI kyoM dikhAI ? arthAt unhoMne sAMkhyayoga Adi matoM kI bhI samAlocanA kyoM nahIM kI ? yaha prazna avazya hotA hai / isakA javAba yaha jAna par3atA hai ki kevala jJAnAvaraNa ke dvArA cetanA kI 'AvRtAnAvRtatva' viSayaka prastuta carcA kA jitanA sAmya ( zabdataH aura arthataH ) vedAnta darzana ke sAtha pAyA jAtA hai utanA sAMkhya Adi darzanoM ke sAtha nahIM / jaina darzana zuddha cetanatattva ko mAna kara usa meM kevalajJAnAvaraNa kI sthiti mAnatA hai aura usa cetana ko usa kevalajJAnAvaraNa kA viSaya bhI mAnatA hai / jainamatAnusAra kevalajJAnAvaraNa cetanatattva meM hI raha kara anya padArthoM kI taraha svAzraya cetana ko bhI pravRta karatA hai jisase ki sva-paraprakAzaka cetanA na to apanA pUrNa prakAza kara pAtI hai aura na anya padArthoM kA hI pUrNa prakAza kara sakatI hai / vedAnta mata kI prakriyA bhI vaisI hI hai / vaha bhI ajJAna ko zuddha cidrUpa brahma meM hI sthita mAna kara, use usakA viSaya batalAkara kahatI hai ki jJAna brahmaniSTha hokara hI use zrAvRta karatA hai jisase ki usakA 'akhaNDatva' Adi rUpa se to prakAza nahIM ho pAtA, taba bhI cidrUpa se prakAza hotA hI hai / jaina prakriyA ke zuddha cetana aura kevalajJAnAvaraNa tathA vedAnta prakriyA ke cidrUpa brahma aura jJAna padArtha meM, jitanA adhika sAmya hai utanA zAbdika aura Arthika sAmya, jaina prakriyA kA anya sAMkhya Adi prakriyA ke sAtha nahIM

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mati Adi kA tAratamya 365. hai| kyoMki sAMkhya yA anya kisI darzana kI prakriyA meM ajJAna ke dvArA cetana yA AsmA ke zrAvRtAnAvRta hone kA vaisA spaSTa aura vistRta vicAra nahIM hai, jaisA vedAnta prakriyA meM hai| isI kAraNa se upAdhyAyajI ne jaina prakriyA kA samarthana karane ke bAda usake sAtha bahuta aMzoM meM milatI-julatI vedAnta prakriyA kA khaNDana kiyA hai para darzanAntarIya prakriyA ke khaNDana kA prayatnaM nahIM kiyA / upAdhyAyajI ne vedAnta mata kA nirAsa karate samaya usake do pakSoM kA pUrvapakSa rUpase ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne pahalA pakSa vivaraNAcArya kA [5] aura dUsarA vAcaspati mizra kA [6] sUcita kiyA hai / vastutaH vedAnta darzana meM ve donoM pakSa bahuta pahale se pracalita haiN| brahma ko hI ajJAna kA Azraya aura viSaya mAnane vAlA prathama pakSa, surezvarAcArya kI 'naiSkarmyasiddhi' aura unake ziSya sarvajJAtmamuni ke 'saMkSepazArIrakavAttika' meM, savistara varNita hai / jIva ko ajJAna kA Azraya aura brahma ko usakA viSaya mAnane vAlA dUsarA pakSa maNDana mizra kA kahA gayA hai| aisA hote hue bhI upAdhyAyajI ne pahale pakSa ko vivaraNAcArya-prakAzAtma yati kA aura dUsare ko vAcaspati mizra kA sUcita kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa khada vedAnta darzana kI vaisI prasiddhi hai| vivaraNAcArya ne surezvara ke mata kA samarthana kiyA aura vAcaspati mizra ne maNDana mizra ke mata kA / isI se ve donoM pakSa kramazaH vivaraNAcArya aura vAcaspati mizra ke prasthAnarUpa se prasiddha hue| upAdhyAyajI ne isI prasiddhi ke anusAra ullekha kiyA hai| samAlocanA ke prastuta mudde ke bAre meM upAdhyAyajI kA kahanA itanA hI hai ki agara vedAMta darzana brahma ko sarvathA niraMza aura kUTastha svaprakAza mAnatA hai, taba vaha usa meM ajJAna ke dvArA kisI bhI taraha se 'zrAvRtAnAvRtatva' ghaTA nahIM sakatA; jaisA ki jaina darzana ghaTA sakatA hai| . 6. [7] jaina dRSTi ke anusAra eka hI cetanA meM 'zrAvRtAnAvRtakha' kI upapatti karane ke bAda bhI upAdhyAyajI ke sAmane eka vicAraNIya prazna AyA / vaha yaha ki kevalajJAnAvaraNa cetanA ke pUrNaprakAza ko AvRta karane ke sAtha hI jaba apUrNa prakAza ko paidA karatA hai, taba vaha apUrNa prakAza, ekamAtra kevalajJAnAvaraNarUpa kAraNa se janya hone ke kAraNa eka hI prakAra kA ho sakatA hai / kyoMki kAraNavaividhya ke sivAya kArya kA vaividhya sambhava nhiiN| parantu jaina zAstra aura anubhava to kahatA hai ki apUrNa jJAna avazya tAratamyayukta hI hai| pUrNatA meM ekarUpatA kA honA saMgata hai para apUrNatA meM to ekarUpatA asaMgata hai / aisI .... 1 dekho, jJAnabindu ke TippaNa pR0 55 paM0 25 se| . ..

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366 jaina dharma aura darzana dazA meM apUrNa jJAna ke tAratamya kA khulAsA kyA hai so zrApa batalAie ? / isa kA jabAba dete hue upAdhyAyajI ne asalI rahasya yahI batalAyA hai ki apUrNa zAna kevalajJAnAvaraNa-janita hone se sAmAnyatayA ekarUpa hI haiN| phira bhI usake avAntara tAratamya kA kAraNa anyAvaraNasaMbandhI kSayopazamoM kA vaividhya hai| ghanameghAvRta sUrya kA apUrNa-manda prakAza bhI vastra, kaTa, bhitti Adi upAdhibheda se nAnArUpa dekhA hI jAtA hai| ataeva matijJAnAvaraNa Adi anya AvaraNoM ke vividha kSayopazamoM se-viralatA se manda prakAza kA tAratamya saMgata hai / jaba ekarUpa manda prakAza bhI upAdhibheda se citra vicitra saMbhava hai, taba yaha arthAt hI 'siddha ho jAtA hai ki una upAdhiyoM ke haTane para vaha vaividhya bhI khatama ho jAtA hai / jaba kevalajJAnAvaraNa kSINa hotA hai taba bArahaveM guNasthAna ke anta meM anya mati Adi cAra zrAvaraNa aura unake kSayopazama bhI nahIM rahate / isI se usa -samaya apUrNa jJAna kI tathA tadgata tAratamya kI nivRtti bhI ho jAtI hai| jaise ki sAndra meghapaTala tathA vastra Adi upAdhiyoM ke na rahane para sUrya kA manda prakAza tathA usakA vaividhya kucha bhI bAkI nahIM rahatA, ekamAtra pUrNa prakAza hI svataH prakaTa hotA hai; vaise hI usa samaya cetanA bhI svataH pUrNatayA prakAzamAna hotI hai jo kaivalyajJAnAvasthA hai| upAdhi kI nivRtti se upAdhikRta avasthAtroM kI nivRtti batalAte samaya upAdhyAyajI ne prAcArya haribhadra ke kathana kA havAlA dekara AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama ke svarUpa para jAnane lAyaka prakAza DAlA hai / unake kathana kA sAra yaha hai ki prAtmA ke aupAdhika paryAya-dharma bhI tIna prakAra ke haiN| jAti gati Adi paryAya mAtra karmodayarUpa-upAdhikRta haiM / ataeva ve apane kAraNabhUta aghAtI ko ke sarvathA haTa jAne para hI mukti ke samaya nivRtta hote haiN| kSamA, santoSa Adi tathA mati jJAna Adi aise paryAya haiM jo kSayopazamajanya haiN| tAttvika dharmasaMnyAsa kI prApti hone para AThaveM zrAdi guNasthAnoM meM jaise jaise karma ke kSayopazama kA sthAna usakA kSaya prApta karatA jAtA hai vaise vaise kSayopazamarUpa upAdhi ke na rahane se una paryAyoM meM se tajanya vaividhya bhI calA jAtA hai / jo paryAya karmakSayajanya hone se kSAyika arthAt pUrNa aura ekarUpa hI haiM una paryAyoM kA astitva agara dehavyApArAdirUpa upAdhisahita haiM, to una pUrNa paryAyoM kA bhI astitva mukti meM ( jaba ki dehAdi upAdhi nahIM hai ) nahIM rahatA / arthAt usa samaya ve pUrNa paryAya hote to haiM, para sopAdhika nahIM; jaise ki sadeha kSAyikacAritra bhI mukti meM nahIM 'mAnA jAtA / upAdhyAyajI ne ukta carcA se yaha batalAyA hai ki AtmaparyAya vaibhAvika-udayajanya ho yA svAbhAvika para agara ve sopAdhika haiM to apanI

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dArzanika paribhASAoM kI tulanA 365 apanI upAdhi haTane para ve nahIM rahate / mukta dazA meM sabhI paryAya sava prakAra kI bAhya upAdhi se mukta hI mAne jAte haiN| dArzanika paribhASAoM kI tulanA - upAdhyAyajI ne jainaprakriyA-anusArI jo bhAva jaina paribhASA meM batalAyA hai vahI bhAva paribhASAbheda se itara bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI yathAvat dekhA jAtA hai / sabhI darzana AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama batalAte hue saMkSepa meM utkaTa mumukSA, jIvanmukti aura videhamukti ina tIna avasthAoM ko samAna rUpa se mAnate haiM, aura ve jIvanmukta sthiti meM, jaba ki kleza aura moha kA sarvathA abhAva rahatA hai tathA pUrNa jJAna pAyA jAtA hai; vipAkArambhI AyuSa aAdi karma kI upAdhi se dehadhAraNa aura jIvana kA astitva mAnate haiM; tathA jaba videha mukti prApta hotI hai taba ukta AyuSa Adi karma kI upAdhi sarvathA na rahane se tajanya dehadhAraNa Adi kArya kA abhAva mAnate haiM / ukta tIna avasthAoM ko spaSTa rUpa se jatAne vAlI dArzanika paribhASAoM kI tulanA isa prakAra hai-- 1 utkaTa mumukSA 2 jIvanmukti 3 videhamukti 1 jaina tAttvika dharmasaMnyAsa, sayogi-ayogi- mukti, siddhatva / kSapaka shrennii| guNasthAna; sarvajJatva, - ahattva / 2 sAMkhya-yoga paravairAgya, prasaMkhyAna, asaMprajJAta, dharmamegha / svarUpapratiSThaciti, . saMprajJAta / kaivly| 3 bauddha klezAvaraNahAni, jJa yAyAvaraNahAni, nirvANa, nirAzrava nairAtmyadarzana / sarvajJatva, arhattva / cittasaMtati / 4 nyAya-vaizeSika yuktayogI viyuktayogI apavarga 5 vedAnta nirvikalpaka samAdhi brahmasAkSAtkAra, svarUpalAbha, brhmnisstthtv| mukti| dArzanika itihAsa se jAna par3atA hai ki hara eka darzana kI apanI-apanI ukta paribhASA bahuta purAnI hai / ataeva unase bodhita hone vAlA vicArastrota to aura bhI purAnA samajhanA caahie| [8] upAdhyAyajI ne jJAna sAmAnya kI carcA kA upasaMhAra karate hue jJAnanirUpaNa meM bAra-bAra Ane vAle kSayopazama zabda kA bhAva batalAyA hai| eka mAtra jaina sAhitya meM pAye jAne vAle kSayopazama zabda kA vivaraNa . unhoMne Arhata mata ke rahasyajJAtAoM kI prakriyA ke anusAra usI kI paribhASA meM kiyA

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38 . jaina dharma aura darzana haiM / unhoMne ati vistRta aura ati vizada varNana ke dvArA jo rahasya prakaTa kiyA haiM vaha digambara- zvetAmbara donoM paraMparAoM ko eka-sA sammata hai / 'pUjyapAda ne apanI lAkSaNika zailI meM kSayopazama kA svarUpa prati saMkSepa meM spaSTa hI kiyA hai / rAjavArttikakAra ne usa para kucha aura vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / parantu isa viSaya para jitanA aura jaisA vistRta tathA vizada varNana zvetAmbarIya granthoM meM khAsakara malayagirIya TIkAtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai utanA aura vaisA vistRta va vizada varNana hamane abhI taka kisI bhI digambarIya prAcIna arvAcIna grantha meM nahIM dekhA / jo kucha ho para zvetAmbara - digambara donoM paraMparAoM kA prastuta viSaya meM vicAra aura paribhASA kA aikya sUcita karatA hai ki kSayopazamaviSayaka prakriyA anya kaI prakriyAoM kI taraha bahuta purAnI hai aura usako jaina tattvajJoM ne hI isa rUpa meM itanA adhika vikasita kiyA hai / kSayopazama kI prakriyA kA mukhya vaktavya itanA hI hai ki adhyavasAya kI vividhatA hI karmagata vividhatA kA kAraNa hai / jaisI jaisI rAgadveSAdika kI tIvratA yA mandatA vaisA-vaisA hI karma kI vipAkajanaka zakti kA rasa kA tIvratva yA mandatva / karma kI zubhAzubhatA ke tAratamya kA AdhAra eka mAtra adhyavasAya kI zuddhi tathA zuddhi kA tAratamya hI hai / jaba adhyavasAya meM saMkleza kI mAtrA tIvra ho taba tajjanya azubha karma meM azubhatA tIvra hotI hai aura tajjanya zubha karma meM zubhatA manda hotI hai / isake viparIta jaba adhyavasAya meM vizuddhi kI mAtrA bar3hane ke kAraNa saMkleza kI mAtrA manda ho jAtI hai taba tajjanya zubha karma meM zubhatA kI mAtrA to tIvra hotI hai aura tajjanya azubha karma meM azubhatA manda ho jAtI hai / adhyavasAya kA aisA bhI bala hai jisase ki kucha tIvratamavipAkI karmAza kA to udaya ke dvArA hI nirmUla nAza ho jAtA hai aura kucha vaise hI karmaza vidyamAna hote hue bhI kiJcitkara bana jAte haiM, tathA mandavipAkI karmAza hI anubhava meM Ate haiM / yahI sthiti kSayopazama kI hai / Upara karmazakti aura usake kAraNa ke saMbandha meM jo jaina siddhAnta batalAyA hai vaha zabdAntara se aura rUpAntara se ( saMkSepa meM hI sahI) sabhI punarjanmavAdI darzanAntaroM meM pAyA jAtA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura bauddha darzanoM meM yaha spaSTa batalAyA hai ki jaisI rAga-dveSa-moharUpa kAraNa kI tIvratA - mandatA vaisI dharmAdharma yA karma saMskAroM kI tIvratA - maMdatA / vedAMta darzana bhI jaina sammata karma kI tIvra-maMda zakti kI taraha ajJAna gata nAnAvidha tIvra-maMda zaktiyoM kA varNana karatA hai, jo tatvajJAna kI utpatti ke pahale se lekara tatvajJAna kI utpatti ke bAda bhI yathA 1. dekho, jJAnabiMdu TippaNa pR0 62, paM0 se /

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V kSayopazama 366 saMbhava kAma karatI rahatI haiM | itara saba darzanoM kI apekSA ukta viSaya meM jaina darzana ke sAtha yoga darzana kA adhika sAmya hai / yoga darzana meM klezoM kI jo prasuta, tanu, vicchinna aura udAra - ye cAra avasthAe~ batalAI haiM be jaina paribhASA ke anusAra karma kI sattAgata, kSAyopazamika aura audayika avasthAe~ haiM / zrataeva khuda upAdhyAyajI ne pAtaJjalayogasUtroM ke Upara kI apanI saMkSipta vRtti meM pataJjali aura usake bhASyakAra kI karma viSayaka vicArasaraNI tathA paribhASAoM ke sAtha jaina prakriyA kI tulanA kI hai, jo vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai / dekhI, yogadarzana, yazo0 2.4 / yaha saba hote hue bhI karma viSayaka jainetara varNana aura jaina varNana meM khAsa aMtara bhI najara AtA hai / pahalA to yaha ki jitanA vistRta, jitanA vizada aura jitanA pRthakkaraNavAlA varNana jaina graMthoM meM hai utanA vistRta, vizada aura pRthakaraNa yukta karma varNana kisI anya jainetara sAhitya meM nahIM hai / dUsarA aMtara yaha hai ki jaina ciMtakoM ne amUrta adhyavasAyoM yA pariNAkoM kI tIvratA - maMdatA tathA zuddhi - azuddhi ke durUha tAratamya ko paudgalika' - mUrta karma racanAoM ke dvArA vyakta karane kA evaM samajhAne kA jo prayatna kiyA hai vaha kisI anya ciMtaka ne nahIM kiyA hai / yahI sababa hai ki jaina vAGmaya meM karma viSayaka eka svataMtra sAhitya rAzi hI cirakAla se vikasita hai / 1 nyAyasUtra ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne dRSTa ke svarUpa ke saMbandha meM pUrva pakSa rUpa se eka mata kA nirdeza kiyA hai / jisameM unhoMne kahA hai ki koI ko paramANuguNa mAnane vAle bhI haiM -- nyAyabhASya 3. 2. 66 / vAcaspati mizra ne usa mata ko spaSTarUpeNa jainamata ( tAtparya0 pR0 584 ) kahA hai / jayanta ne ( nyAyamaM0 pramANa 0 pR0 255 ) bhI paudgalika dRSTavAdI rUpa se jaina mata ko hI batalAyA hai aura phira una sabhI vyAkhyAkAroM ne usa mata kI samAlocanA kI hai / jAna par3atA hai ki nyAyasUtra ke kisI vyAkhyAtA ne dRSTaviSayaka jaina mata ko ThIka ThIka nahIM samajhA hai| jaina darzana mukhya rUpa se dRSTa ko AtmapariNAma ho mAnatA hai / usane pudgaloM ko jo karma zradRSTa kahA hai vaha upacAra hai / jaina zAstroM meM khavajanya yA zrAsravajanaka rUpa se paudgalika karma kA jo vistRta vicAra hai aura karma ke sAtha pudgala zabda kA jo bAra-bAra prayoga dekhA jAtA hai usI se vAtsyAyana Adi sabhI vyAkhyAkAra bhrAnti yA adhUre jJAnavaza khaNDana meM pravRtta hue jAna par3ate haiM / 1

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jaina dharma aura darzana 2 mati zruta jJAna kI carcA zruta jJAna kI sAmAnya rUpa se vicAraNA karane ke bAda granthakAra ne usakI vizeSa vicAraNA karane kI dRSTi se usa ke pA~ca bhedoM meM se prathama mati aura zrutaM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / yadyapi varNanakrama kI dRSTi se mati jJAna kA pUrNarUpeNa nirUpaNa karane ke bAda hI zruta kA nirUpaNa prApa hai, phira bhI mati aura kA svarUpa eka dUsare se itanA vivikta nahIM hai ki eka ke nirUpaNa ke samaya dUsare ke nirUpaNa ko TAlA jA sake isI se donoM kI carcA gaI hai [ pR0 16 paM0 6 ] / isa carcA ke AdhAra se tathA saMgrahIta aneka TippaNoM ke AdhAra se jina khAsa khAsa muddoM para karanA hai, ve mudde ye haiM ( 1 ) mati aura zruta kI bhedarekhA kA prayatna / ( 2 ) zrutanizrita aura zrutanizrita mati kA prazna / (3) caturvidha vAkyArtha jJAna kA itihAsa / ( 4 ) hiMsA ke svarUpa kA vicAra tathA vikAsa / (5) sthAnapatitatva aura pUrvagata gAthA / (6) mati jJAna ke vizeSa nirUpaNa meM nayA UhApoha / 400 ( 1 ) mati aura zruta kI bhedarekhA kA prayatna jaina karmazAstra ke prArambhika samaya se hI jJAnAvaraNa karma ke pA~ca bhedoM meM matijJAnAvaraNa aura zrutajJAnAvaraNa ye donoM uttara prakRtiyA~ bilakula judI mAnI gaI haiN| ataeva yaha bhI siddha hai ki una prakRtiyoM ke zrAvArya rUpase mAne gae mati aura zruta jJAna bhI svarUpa meM eka dUsare se bhinna hI zAstrakAroM ko iSTa haiM / mati aura zruta ke pArasparika bheda ke viSaya meM to purAkAla se hI koI matabheda na thA aura Aja bhI usa meM koI matabheda dekhA nahIM jAtA; para ina donoM kA svarUpa itanA adhika saMmizrita hai yA eka dUsare ke itanA adhika nikaTa hai ki una donoM ke bIca bhedaka rekhA sthira karanA bahuta kaThina kArya hai; aura kabhI-kabhI to vaha kArya asaMbhava sA bana jAtA hai / mati aura zruta ke bIca bheda hai yA nahIM, agara hai to usakI sImA kisa taraha nirdhArita karanA; isa bAre meM vicAra karane vAle tIna prayatna jaina vAGmaya meM dekhe jAte haiN| pahalA prayatna zrAgamAnusArI hai, dUsarA zrAgamamUlaka tArkika hai, aura tIsarA zuddha tArkika hai / 1 [ 46 ] pahale prayatna ke anusAra mati jJAna vaha kahalAtA hai jo indriyamanojanya hai tathA avagraha Adi cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai / aura zruta jJAna vaha sAtha sAtha kara dI usa bhAga para yahA~ vicAra

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26 ___ mati aura bhuta kA bheda kahalAtA hai jo aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAhya rUpa se jaina paraMparA meM lokottara zAstra ke nAma se prasiddha hai, tathA jo jainetara vAGmaya laukika zAstrarUpa se kahA gayA hai| isa prayatna meM mati aura zruta kI bhedarekhA suspaSTa hai, kyoMki isameM zrutapada jaina paraMparA ke prAcIna evaM pavitra mAne jAnevAle zAstra mAtra se pradhAnatayA saMbandha rakhatA hai, jaisA ki usa kA sahodara zruti pada vaidika paraMparA ke prAcIna evaM pavitra mAne jAne vAle zAstroM se mukhyatayA saMbandha rakhatA hai| yaha prayatna Agamika isalie hai ki usameM mukhyatayA AgamaparaMparA kA hI anusaraNa hai| 'anuyogadvAra' tathA 'tattvArthAdhigama sUtra' meM pAyA jAnevAlA zrata kA varNana isI prayatna kA phala hai, jo bahuta purAnA jAna par3atA hai| ( dekho, anuyogadvAra sUtra sU0 3 se aura tattvArtha0 1.20) / [15, 26 se ] dUsare prayatna meM mati aura zruta kI bhedarekhA to mAna hI lI gaI hai; para usa meM jo kaThinAI dekhI jAtI hai vaha hai bhedaka rekhA kA sthAna nizcita karane kii| pahale kI apekSA dUsarA prayatna vizeSa vyApaka hai; kyoMki pahale prayatna ke anusAra zruta jJAna jaba zabda se hI saMbandha rakhatA hai taba dUsare prayatna meM zabdAtIta jJAnavizeSa ko bhI zruta mAna liyA gayA hai| dUsare prayatna ke sAmane jaba prazna huA ki mati jJAna meM bhI koI aMza sazabda aura koI aMza azabda hai, taba sazabda aura zabdAtIta mAne jAnevAle zruta jJAna se usakA bheda kaise samajhanA ? isakA javAba dUsare prayatna ne adhika gaharAI meM jAkara yaha diyA ki asala meM matilabdhi aura zrutalabdhi tathA matyupayoga aura zrutopayoga paraspara bilakula pRthak haiM, bhale hI ve donoM jJAna sazabda tathA azabda rUpa se eka samAna hoN| dUsare prayatna ke anusAra donoM jJAnoM kA pArasparika bheda labdhi aura prayoga ke bheda kI mAnyatA para hI avalambita hai; jo ki jaina tattvajJAna meM cira-pracalita rahI hai| akSara zruta aura anakSara zruta rUpa se jo zruta ke bheda jaina vAGmaya meM haiM - vaha isa dUsare prayatna kA pariNAma hai| 'Avazyakaniyukti' (ga0 16) aura 'nandIsUtra' (sU0 37) meM jo 'akkhara sannI samma' Adi caudaha zrutabheda sarva prathama dekhe jAte haiM aura jo kisI prAcIna digambarIya grantha meM hamAre dekhane meM nahIM Ae, unameM akSara aura anakSara zruta ye do bheda sarva prathama hI Ate haiN| bAkI ke bAraha bheda unhIM do bhedoM ke AdhAra para apekSAvizeSa se ginAye hue haiN| yahA~ taka ki prathama prayatna ke phala svarUpa mAnA jAnevAlA aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya zruta bhI dUsare prayatna ke phalasvarUpa mukhya akSara aura anakSara zruta meM samA jAtA hai / yadyapi akSarazruta Adi caudaha prakAra ke zruta kA nirdeza 'Avazyakaniyukti' tathA 'nandI ke pUrvavartI granthoM meM dekhA nahIM jAtA,

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402 jaina dharma aura darzana phira bhI una caudaha bhedoM ke AdhArabhUta akSarAnakSara zruta kI kalpanA to prAcIna ho jAna par3atI hai| kyoMki 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' ( gA0 117) meM pUrvagatarUpa se jo gAthA lI gaI hai usa meM akSara kA nirdeza spaSTa hai| isI taraha digambara-zvettAmbara donoM paraMparA ke kama-sAhitya meM samAna rUpa se varNita zruta ke bIsa prakAroM meM bhI akSara zruta kA nirdeza hai / akSara aura anakSara zruta kA vistRta varNana tathA donoM kA bhedapradarzana 'niyukti ke AdhAra para zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kiyA hai| bhaTTa akalaMka ne bhI akSarAnakSara zruta kA ullekha evaM nirvacana 'rAjavAtika' 2 meM kiyA hai--jo ki 'sarvArthasiddhi' meM nahIM pAyA jAtA / jinabhadra tathA akalaMka donoM ne akSarAnakSara zruta kA vyAkhyAna to kiyA hai, para donoM kA vyAkhyAna ekarUpa nahIM hai / jo kucha ho para itanA to nizcita hI hai ki mati aura zruta jJAna kI bhedarekhA sthira karanevAle dUsare prayatna ke vicAra meM akSarAnabhara zruta rUpa se sampUrNa mUka-vAcAla jJAna kA pradhAna sthAna rahA hai-jaba ki usa bheda rekhA ko sthira karane vAle prathama prayatna ke vicAra meM kevala zAstrajJAna hI zrutarUpa se rahA hai| dUsare prayatna ko AgamAnusArI tArkika isalie kahA hai ki usameM Agamika paraMparAsammata mati aura zruta ke bheda ko to mAna hI liyA hai; para usa bheda ke samarthana meM tathA usakI rekhA A~kane ke prayatna meM, kyA digambara kyA zvetAmbara sabhI ne bahuta kucha tarka para daur3a lagAI hai / [50 ] tIsarA prayatna zuddha tArkika hai jo sirpha siddhasena divAkara kA hI jAna par3atA hai| unhoMne mati aura zruta ke bheda ko hI mAnya nahIM rakhA / ataeva unhoMne bhedarekhA sthira karane kA prayatna bhI nahIM kiyaa| divAkara kA yaha prayatna AgamanirapekSa tarkAvalambI hai| aisA koI zuddha tArkika prayatna, digambara vA maya meM dekhA nahIM jaataa| mati aura zruta kA abheda darzAnevAlA yaha prayatna siddhasena divAkara kI khAsa vizeSatA sUcita karatA hai| vaha vizeSatA yaha ki unakI dRSTi vizeSatayA abhedagAminI rahI, jo ki usa yuga meM pradhAnatayA pratiSThita advaita bhAvanA kA phala jAna par3atA hai| kyoMki unhoMne na kevala mati aura zruta meM hI Agamasiddha bhedarekhA ke viruddha tarka kiyA, balki avadhi aura 1 dekho, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gA0 464 se / 2 dekho, rAjavArtika 1.20.15 / 3 dekho, nizcayadvAtriMzikA zlo0 16; jJAnabindu pR0 16 / - 4 dekho, nizcayadvA0 17; jJAnabindu pR0 18 /

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mati aura zruta kA bheda 403 manaHparyAya meM tathA 'kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana meM mAne jAnevAle aAgamasiddha bheda ko bhI tarka ke bala para amAnya kiyA hai| upAdhyAyajI ne mati aura zruta kI carcA karate hue unake bheda, bheda kI sImA aura abheda ke bAre meM, apane samaya taka ke jaina vAGamaya meM jo kucha ciMtana pAyA jAtA thA usa saba kA, apanI viziSTa zailI se upayoga karake, uparyukta tInoM prayatnoM kA samarthana sUkSmatApUrvaka kiyA hai / upadhyAyajI kI sUkSma dRSTi pratyeka prayatna ke aAdhArabhUta dRSTibindu taka pahu~ca jAtI hai| isalie ve paraspara virodhI dikhAI dene vAle pakSabhedoM kA bhI samarthana kara pAte haiN| jaina vidvAnoM meM upAdhyAyajI hI eka aise hue jinhoMne mati aura zruta kI Agamasiddha bhedarekhAoM ko ThIka-ThIka batalAte hue bhI siddhasena ke abhedagAmI pakSa ko 'navya' zabda ke [50 ] dvArA zleSa se navIna aura stutya sUcita karate hue, sUkSma aura hRdayaGgama tArkika zailI se samarthana kiyaa| mati aura zruta ko bhedarekhA sthira karanevAle tathA use miTAne vAle aise tIna prayatnoM kA jo Upara varNana kiyA hai, usakI darzanAntarIya jJAnamImAMsA ke sAtha jaba hama tulanA karate haiM, taba bhAratIya tattvajJoM ke cintana kA vikAsakrama tathA usakA eka dUsare para par3A huA asara spaSTa dhyAna meM AtA hai| prAcInatama samaya se bhAratIya dArzanika paraMparAe~ Agama ko svatantra rUpa se alaga hI pramANa mAnatI rhiiN| sabase pahale zAyada tathAgata buddha ne hI Agama ke svatantra prAmANya para Apatti uThAkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha ghoSita kiyA ki-tuma loga mere vacana ko bhI anubhava aura tarka se jA~ca kara hI mAno' / pratyakSAnubhAva aura taka para buddha ke dvArA itanA adhika bhAra die jAne ke phalasvarUpa Agama ke svatantra prAmANya viruddha eka dUsarI bhI vicAradhArA prasphuTita huii| Agama ko svatantra aura atirikta pramANa mAnanevAlI vicAradhArA prAcInatama thI jo mImAMsA, nyAya aura sAMkhya-yoga darzana meM Aja bhI akSuNNa hai, Agama ko atirikta pramANa na mAnane kI preraNA karane vAlI dUsarI vicAradhArA yadyapi apekSAkRta pIche kI hai, phira bhI usakA svIkAra kevala bauddha sampradAya taka hI sImita na rahA / usakA asara Age jAkara vaizeSika darzana ke vyAkhyAkAroM para bhI par3A 1 dekho, sanmati dvitIyakANDa, tathA jJAnabindu pR0 33 / 2 'tApAcchedAcca nikaSAtsuvarNamiva paNDitaiH / parIkSya bhikSavo grAhyaM mA co na tu gauravAt // " -tattvasaM0 kA0 3388 /

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404 jaina dharma aura darzana jisase unhoMne Agama-zrutipramANa kA samAveza bauddhoM kI taraha anumAna' meM hI kiyaa| isa taraha Agama ko atirikta pramANa na mAnane ke viSaya meM bauddha aura vaizeSika donoM darzana mUla meM paraspara viruddha hote hue bhI aviruddha sahodara bana ge| ___ jaina paraMparA kI jJAnamImAMsA meM ukta donoM vicAradhArAe~ maujUda haiN| mati aura zrata kI bhinnatA mAnanevAle tathA usakI rekhA sthira karanevAle Upara varNana kiye gae Agamika tathA AgamAnusArI tArkika-ina donoM prayatnoM ke mUla meM ve hI saMskAra haiM jo Agama ko svataMtra evaM atirikta pramANa mAnanevAlI prAcInatama vicAradhArA ke poSaka rahe haiN| zruta ko mati se alaga na mAnakara use usI kA eka prakAra mAtra sthApita karanevAlA divAkarazrI kA tIsarA prayatna aAgama ko atirikta pramANa na mAnanevAlI dUsarI vicAradhArA ke asara se achUtA nahIM hai / isa taraha hama dekha sakate haiM ki apanI sahodara anya dArzanika paraMparAoM ke bIca meM hI jIvanadhAraNa karanevAlI tathA phalane-phUlanevAlI jaina paraMparA ne kisa taraha ukta donoM vicAradhArAoM kA apane meM kAlakrama se samAveza kara liyaa| (2) zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita mati . [16] mati jJAna kI carcA ke prasaGga meM zrutinizrita aura azrutanizrita bheda kA prazna bhI vicAraNIya hai / zrutanizrita mati jJAna vaha hai jisameM zrutajJAnajanya vAsanA ke udbodha se vizeSatA aAtI hai / azrutanizrita mati jJAna to zrutajJAnajanya vAsanA ke prabodha ke sivAya hI utpanna hotA hai| arthAt jisa viSaya meM zrutanizrita mati jJAna hotA hai vaha viSaya pahale kabhI upalabdha avazya 1 dekho, prazastapAdabhASya pR0 576, vyomavatI pR0 577; kaMdalI pR0213 / 2 yadyapi divAkarazrI ne apanI battIsI (nizcaya0 16.) meM mati aura zruta ke abheda ko sthApita kiyA hai phira bhI unhoMne cira pracalita mati-zruta ke bheda kI sarvathA avagaNanA nahIM kI hai| unhoMne nyAyAvatAra meM Agama pramANa ko svatantra rUpa se nirdiSTa kiyA hai / jAna par3atA hai isa jagaha divAkarazrI ne prAcIna paraMparA kA anusaraNa kiyA aura ukta battIsI meM apanA svatantra mata vyakta kiyaa| isa taraha divAkarazrI ke graMthoM meM Agama pramANa ko svataMtra atirikta mAnane aura na mAnanevAlI donoM darzanAntarIya vicAradhArAe~ dekhI jAtI haiM jina kA svIkAra jJAnabindu meM upAdhyAyajI ne bhI kiyA hai| 3 dekho, jJAnabindu TippaNa pR0 70 /

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zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita mati 405 hotA hai, jaba ki azrutanizrita mati jJAna kA viSaya pahale anupalabdha hotA hai| prabha yaha hai ki 'zAnabindu' meM upadhyAyajI ne matijJAna rUpa se jina zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita do bhedoM kA uparyukta spaSTokaraNa kiyA hai unakA aitihAsika sthAna kyA hai ? isakA khulAsA yaha jAna par3atA hai ki ukta donoM bheda utane prAcIna nahIM jitane prAcIna mati jJAna ke avagraha Adi anya bheda haiN| kyoMki mati jJAna ke avagraha Adi tathA bahu, bahuvidha Adi sabhI prakAra zvetAmbara-digambara vAGmaya me samAna rUpa se varNita haiM, taba zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita kA varNana eka mAtra zvetAmbarIya graMthoM meM hai| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM bhI ina bhedoM kA varNana sarvaprathama 'nandIsUtra meM hI dekhA jAtA hai| 'anuyogadvAra' meM tathA 'niyukti' taka meM zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita ke ullekha kA na honA yaha sUcita karatA hai ki yaha bheda saMbhavataH 'nandI' kI racanA ke samaya se vizeSa prAcIna nahIM / ho sakatA hai ki vaha sUjha khuda nandIkAra kI hI ho / yahA~ para vAcaka umAsvAti ke samaya ke viSaya meM vicAra karanevAloM ke lie dhyAna meM lene yogya eka vastu hai| vaha yaha ki vAcaka zrI ne jaba matijJAna ke anya saba prakAra varNita kiye haiM taba unhoMne zrutanizrita aura azratanizrita kA apane bhASya taka meM ullekha nahIM kiyaa| svayaM vAcaka zrI, jaisA ki AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM, yathArtha meM utkRSTa saMgrAhaka 4 haiN| agara unake sAmane maujUdA 'nandIsUtra' hotA to ve zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita kA kahIM na kahIM saMgraha karane se zAyada hI cUkate / azrutanizrita ke zrautpatti kI vainayikI Adi jina cAra 1 yadyapi azrutanizritarUpa se mAnI jAnevAlI autpattikI Adi cAra buddhiyoM kA nAmanirdeza bhagavatI (12. 5) meM aura Avazyaka niyukti (gA0638) meM hai, jo ki avazya naMdI ke pUrvavartI haiN| phira bhI vahA~ unheM azrutanizrita zabda se nirdiSTa nahIM kiyA hai aura na bhagavatI Adi meM anyatra kahIM zrutanizrita zabda se avagraha Adi matijJAna kA varNana hai / ataeva yaha kalpanA hotI hai ki avagrahAdi rUpa se prasiddha mati jJAna tathA prautpattikI Adi rUpa se prasiddha buddhiyoM kI kramazaH zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita rUpa se matijJAna kI vibhAgavyavasthA nandi-kAra ne hI zAyada kI ho / 2 dekho, nandIsUtra, sU0 26, tathA jJAnabindu TippaNa pR0 70 / 3 dekho, tattvArtha 1.13-16 / 4 dekho, siddhahema 2.2.36 /

Page #756
... jaina dharma aura darzana buddhiyoM kA tathA unake manoraMjaka dRSTAntoM kA varNana' pahale se pAyA jAtA hai, unako apane grantha meM kahIM na kahIM saMgRhIta karane ke lobha kA umAsvAti zAyada hI saMvaraNa karate / eka tarapha se, vAcakazrI ne kahIM bhI akSara-anakSara Adi niyuktinirdiSTa zrutabhedoM kA saMgraha nahIM kiyA hai; aura dUsarI tarapha se, kahIM bhI nandIvarNita zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita matibheda kA saMgraha nahIM kiyA hai| jaba ki uttaravartI vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM donoM prakAra kA saMgraha tathA varNana dekhA jAtA hai / yaha vastusthiti sUcita karatI hai ki zAyada vAcaka umAsvAti kA samaya, niyukti ke usa bhAga kI racanA ke samaya se tathA nandI kI racanA ke samaya se kucha na kucha pUrvavartI ho / astu, jo kucha ho para upAdhyAyajI ne to jJAnabindu meM zruta se mati kA pArthakya batalAte samaya nandI meM varNita tathA vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM vyAkhyAta zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita donoM bhedoM kI tAttvika samIkSA kara dI hai| (3) caturvidha vAkyArtha jJAna kA itihAsa [20-26 ] upAdhyAyajI ne eka dIrgha zrutopayoga kaise mAnanA yaha dikhAne ke lie cAra prakAra ke vAkyArtha jJAna kI manoraMjaka aura bodhaprada carcA kI hai aura use vizeSa rUpa se jAnane ke lie prAcArya haribhadra kRta 'upadezapada' Adi kA havAlA bhI diyA hai| yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki ye cAra prakAra ke vAkyArtha kyA haiM aura unakA vicAra kitanA purAnA hai aura vaha kisa prakAra se jaina vAGmaya meM pracalita rahA hai tathA vikAsa prApta karatA AyA hai| isakA javAba hameM prAcIna aura prAcInatara vAGmaya dekhane se mila jAtA hai| __jaina paraMparA meM 'anugama' zabda prasiddha hai jisakA artha hai vyAkhyAnavidhi / anugama ke chaha prakAra AryarakSita sUri ne anuyogadvAra sUtra ( sUtra0 155 ) meM batalAe haiN| jinameM se do anugama sUtrasparzI aura cAra arthasparzI haiN| anugama zabda kA niyukti zabda ke sAtha sUtrasparzikaniryuktyanugama rUpa se ullekha anuyogadvAra sUtra se prAcIna hai isalie isa bAta meM to koI saMdeha rahatA hI nahIM ki yaha anugamapaddhati yA vyAkhyAna zailI jaina vAGmaya meM anuyogadvAra sUtra se purAnI aura niyukti ke prAcInatama stara kA hI bhAga hai jo saMbhavataH zrutakevalI bhadra1 dRSTAntoM ke lie dekho nandI sUtra kI malayagiri kI TIkA, pR0 144 se / 2 dekho, vizeSA0 gA0 166 se, tathA gA0 454 se| 3 dekho, jJAnabindu TippaNa pR0 73 se / . . ..

Page #757
407 caturvidha vAkyArtha bAhukartRka mAnI jAnevAlI niyukti kA hI bhAga honA cAhie / niyukti meM anugama zabda se jo vyAkhyAnavidhi kA samAveza huA hai vaha vyAkhyAnavidhi bhI vastutaH bahuta purAne samaya kI eka zAstrIya prakriyA rahI hai / hama jaba Arya paraMparA ke upalabdha vividha vAGmaya tathA unakI pAThazailI ko dekhate haiM taba isa anugama kI prAcInatA aura bhI dhyAna meM A jAtI hai / Arya paraMparA kI eka zAkhA jarathosthiyana ko dekhate haiM taba usameM bhI pavitra mAne jAnevAle avestA Adi granthoM kA prathama vizuddha uccAra kaise karanA, kisa taraha pada Adi kA vibhAga karanA ityAdi krama se vyAkhyAvidhi dekhate haiN| bhAratIya Arya paraMparA kI vaidika zAkhA meM jo mantroM kA pATha sikhAyA jAtA hai aura kramazaH jo usakI arthavidhi batalAI gaI hai usakI jaina paraMparA meM prasiddha anugama ke sAtha tulanA kareM to isa bAta meM koI saMdeha hI nahIM rahatA ki yaha anugamavidhi vastutaH vahI hai jo jarathosthiyana dharma meM tathA vaidika dharma meM bhI pracalita thI aura Aja bhI pracalita hai| jaina aura vaidika paraMparA kI pATha tathA arthavidhi viSayaka tulanA1 vaidika 2. jaina 1 saMhitApATha (maMtrapATha) 1 saMhitA ( mUlasUtrapATha ) 1 2 padaccheda ( jisameM pada, krama, jaTA 2 pada 2 zrAdi ATha prakAra kI vividhAnupUrvitroM kA samAveza hai ) 3 padArthajJAna 3 padArtha 3, padavigraha 4 4 vAkyArthajJAna 4 cAlanA 5 5 tAtparyArthanirNaya 5 pratyavasthAna 6 jaise vaidika paraMparA meM zurU meM mUla maMtra ko zuddha tathA askhalita rUpa meM sikhAyA jAtA hai; anantara unake padoM kA vividha vizleSaNa; isake bAda jaba arthavicAraNA-mImAMsA kA samaya AtA hai taba kramazaH pratyeka pada ke artha kA jJAna; phira pUre vAkya kA artha jJAna aura anta meM sAdhaka-bAdhaka carcApUrvaka tAtpArtha kA nirNaya karAyA jAtA hai vaise hI jaina paraMparA meM bhI kama se kama niyukti ke prAcIna samaya meM sUtrapATha se arthanirNaya taka kA vahI krama pracalita thA jo anugama zabda se jaina paraMparA meM vyavahRta huaa| anugama ke chaha vibhAga jo anuyogadvArasUtra' meM haiM unakA paraMparA prApta varNana jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa ne 1 dekho, anuyogadvArasUtra sU0 155 pR0 261 / .

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'300 jaina dharma aura darzana vistAra se kiyA hai / saMghadAsa gaNi ne2 'bRhatkalpabhASya' meM una chaha vibhAgoM ke varNana ke alAvA matAntara se pA~ca vibhAgoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / jo kucha ho; itanA to nizcita hai ki jaina paraMparA meM satra aura artha sikhAne ke saMbaMdha meM eka nizcita vyAkhyAnavidhi cirakAla se pracalita rhii| isI vyAkhyAnavidhi ko AcArya haribhadra ne apane dArzanika jJAna ke nae prakAza meM kucha navIna zabdoM meM navInatA ke sAtha vistAra se varNana kiyA hai / haribhadrasUri kI ukti meM kaI vizeSatAeM haiM jinheM jaina vAGmaya ko sarva prathama unhIM kI dena kahanI caahie| unhoMne upadezapada meM arthAnugama ke cirapracalita cAra bhedoM ko kucha mImAMsA Adi darzanajJAna kA zropa dekara nae cAra nAmoM ke dvArA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| donoM kI tulanA isa prakAra hai1. prAcIna paraMparA 2. haribhadrIya 1 padArtha 1 padArtha 2 padavigraha 2 vAkyArtha 3 cAlanA 3 mahAvAkyAtha 4 pratyavasthAna 4 aidamparyArtha haribhadrIya vizeSatA kevala nae nAma meM hI nahIM hai| unakI dhyAna dene yogya vizeSatA to cAroM prakAra ke arthabodha kA taratama bhAva samajhAne ke lie diye gae laukika tathA zAstrIya udAharaNoM meM hai| jaina paraMparA meM ahiMsA, nigranthatva, dAna aura tapa zrAdi kA dharma rUpa se sarvaprathama sthAna hai, ataeva jaba eka tarapha se una dharmoM ke AcaraNa para prAtyantika bhAra diyA jAtA hai, taba dUsarI tarapha se usameM kucha apavAdoM kA yA chUToM kA rakhanA bhI anivArya rUpa se prApta ho jAtA hai| isa utsarga aura apavAda vidhi kI maryAdA ko lekara AcArya haribhadra ne ukta cAra prakAra ke arthabodhoM kA varNana kiyA hai| jainadharma kI ahiMsA kA svarUpa ahiMsA ke bAre meM jaina dharma kA sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki kisI bhI prANI kA kisI bhI prakAra se ghAta na kiyA jaae| yaha 'padArtha huaa| isa para prazna 1 dekho, vizeSAvazyakabhASya gA0 1002 se / 2 dekho, bRhatkalpabhASya gA0 302 se / 3 dekho, upadezapada gA0 856-885 / . .

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ahiMsA kI mImAMsA 406 hotA hai ki agara sarvathA prANighAta varNya hai to dharmasthAna kA nirmANa tathA ziromuNDana Adi kArya bhI nahIM kiye jA sakate jo ki kartavya samajhe jAte haiM / yaha zaMkAvicAra 'vAkyArtha' hai| avazya kartavya agara zAstravidhipUrvaka kiyA jAe to usameM honevAlA prANighAta doSAvaha nahIM, avidhikRta hI doSAvaha hai / yaha vicAra 'mahAvAkyArtha' hai| anta meM jo jinAjJA hai vahI eka mAtra upAdeya hai aisA tAtparya nikAlanA 'aidamparyArtha' hai / isa prakAra sarva prANihiMsA ke sarvathA niSedharUpa sAmAnya niyama meM jo vidhivihita apavAdoM ko sthAna dilAnevAlA aura utsarga-apavAdarUpa dharmamArga sthira karanevAlA vicAra-pravAha Upara dikhAyA gayA usako prAcArya haribhadra ne laukika dRSTAntoM se samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| - ahiMsA kA prazna unhoMne prathama uThAyA hai jo ki jaina paraMparA kI jar3a hai| yoM to ahiMsA samuccaya Arya paraMparA kA sAmAnya dharma rahA hai| phira bhI dharma, krIDA, bhojana Adi aneka nimittoM se jo vividha hiMsAe~ pracalita rahIM unakA Atyantika virodha jaina paraMparA ne kiyA / isa virodha ke kAraNa hI usake sAmane prativAdiyoM kI tarapha se taraha-taraha ke prazna hone lage ki agara jaina sarvathA hiMsA kA niSedha karate haiM to ve khuda bhI na jIvita raha sakate haiM aura na dharmAcaraNa hI hI kara sakate haiN| ina praznoM kA javAba dene kI dRSTi se hI haribhadra ne jaina samata ahiMsAsvarUpa samajhAne ke lie cAra prakAra ke vAkyArtha bodha ke udAharaNa rUpa se sarvaprathama ahiMsA ke prazna ko hI hAtha meM liyA hai| dUsarA prazna nirgranthatva kA hai| jaina paraMparA meM grantha-vastrAdi parigraha rakhane na rakhane ke bAre meM dalabheda ho gayA thaa| haribhadra ke sAmane yaha prazna khAsakara digambaratvapakSapAtiyoM kI tarapha se hI upasthita huA jAna par3atA hai| haribhadra ne jo dAna kA prazna uThAyA hai vaha karIba-karIba Adhunika terApaMthI saMpradAya kI vicArasaraNI kA pratibimba hai| yadyapi usa samaya terApaMtha yA vaisA hI dUsarA koI spaSTa paMtha na thA; phira bhI jaina paraMparA kI nivRtti pradhAna bhAvanA meM se usa samaya bhI dAna dene ke viruddha kisI-kisI ko vicAra A jAnA svAbhAvika thA jisakA javAba haribhadra ne diyA hai| jainasaMmata tapa kA virodha bauddha paraMparA pahale se hI karatI AI hai / usI kA javAba haribhadra ne diyA hai| isa taraha jaina dharma ke prANabhUta siddhAntoM kA svarUpa unhoMne upadezapada meM cAra prakAra ke vAkyArthabodha kA nirUpaNa karane ke prasaMga meM spaSTa kiyA hai jo. yAjJika vidvAnoM 1 dekho, majjhimanikAya sutta0 14 / /

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jaina dharma aura darzana kI apanI hiMsA-ahiMsA viSayaka mImAMsA kA jaina dRSTi ke anusAra saMzodhita mArga hai| .. bhinna-bhinna samaya ke aneka RSiyoM ke dvArA sarvabhUtadayA kA siddhAnta to Aryavarga meM bahuta pahale hI sthApita ho cukA thA; jisakA pratighoSa hai-'mA hiMsyAt sarvA bhUtAni'--yaha zrutikalpa vAkya / yajJa Adi dharmoM meM prANivadha kA samarthana karanevAle mImAMsaka bhI usa ahiMsApratipAdaka pratighoSa ko pUrNatayA pramANa rUpa se mAnate Ae haiN| ataeva unake sAmane bhI ahiMsA ke kSetra meM yaha prazna to apane Apa hI upasthita ho jAtA thaa| tathA sAMkhya Adi ardhaM vaidika paraMparAoM ke dvArA bhI vaisA prazna upasthita ho jAtA thA ki jaba hiMsA ko niSiddha ataeva aniSThajananI tuma mImAMsaka bhI mAnate ho taba yajJa zrAdi prasaMgoM meM, kI jAnevAlI hiMsA bhI, hiMsA hone ke kAraNa aniSTajanaka kyoM nahIM ? aura jaba hiMsA ke nAte yajJIya hiMsA bhI aniSTajanaka siddha hotI hai taba use dharma kAiSTa kA nimitta mAnakara yajJa Adi karmoM meM kaise kartavya mAnA jA sakatA hai ? isa prazna kA javAba binA die vyavahAra tathA zAstra meM kAma cala hI nahIM sakatA thA / ataeva purAne samaya se yAjJika vidvAn ahiMsA ko pUrNarUpeNa dharma mAnate hue bhI, bahujanasvIkRta aura cirapracalita yajJa Adi karmo meM honevAlI hiMsA kA dharma-kartavya rUpa se samarthana, anivArya apavAda ke nAma para karate A rahe the / mImAMsakoM kI ahiMsA-hiMsA ke utsarga-apavAdabhAvavAlI carcA ke prakAra tathA usakA itihAsa hameM Aja bhI kumArila tathA prabhAkara ke granthoM meM vispaSTa aura manoraMjana rUpa se dekhane ko milatA hai| isa buddhipUrNa carcA ke dvArA mImAMsakoM ne sAMkhya, jaina, bauddha Adi ke sAmane yaha sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki zAstra vihita karma meM kI jAnevAlI hiMsA avazya kartavya hone se aniSTaadharma kA nimitta nahIM ho sktii| mImAMsakoM kA antima tAtparya yahI hai ki zAstra-veda hI mukhya pramANa hai aura yajJa Adi karma vedavihita haiN| ataeva jo yajJa Adi karma ko karanA cAhe yA jo veda ko mAnatA hai usake vAste vedAjJA kA pAlana hI parama dharma hai, cAhe usake pAlana meM jo kucha karanA pdd'e| mImAMsakoM kA yaha tAtparyanirNaya Aja bhI vaidika paraMparA meM eka Thosa siddhAMta hai / sAMkhya Adi jaise yajJIya hiMsA ke virodhI bhI veda kA prAmANya sarvathA na tyAga dene ke kAraNa anta meM mImAMsakoM ke ukta tAtparyArtha nirNaya kA AtyaMtika virodha kara na ske| aisA virodha Akhira taka ve hI karate rahe jinhoMne veda ke prAmANya kA sarvathA inkAra kara diyA / aise virodhiyoM meM jaina paraMparA mukhya hai| jaina paraMparA ne veda ke prAmANya ke sAtha vedavihita hiMsA kI dharmyatA kA bhI sarvatobhAvena

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ahiMsA kI mImAMsA niSedha kiyaa| para jaina paraMparA kA bhI apanA eka uddezya hai jisakI siddhi ke vAste usake anuyAyI gRhastha aura sAdhu kA jIvana Avazyaka hai| isI jIvanadhAraNa meM se jaina paraMparA ke sAmane bhI aise aneka prazna samaya-samaya para Ate rahe jinakA ahiMsA ke AtyaMtika siddhAMta ke sAtha samanvaya karanA use prApta ho jAtA thaa| jaina paraMparA veda ke sthAna meM apane AgamoM ko hI eka mAtra pramANa mAnatI AI hai; aura apane uddezya kI siddhi ke vAste sthApita tathA pracArita vividha prakAra ke gRhastha aura sAdhu jIvanopayogI kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI karatI AI hai| ataeva anta meM usake vAste bhI una svIkRta kartavyoM meM anivArya rUpa se ho jAnevAlI hiMsA kA samarthana bhI eka mAtra prAgama kI AjJA ke pAlana rUpa se hI karanA prApta hai| jaina zrAcArya isI dRSTi se apane ApavAdika hiMsA mArga kA samarthana karate rahe / prAcArya haribhadra ne cAra prakAra ke vAkyArtha bodha ko darzAte samaya ahiMsAhiMsA ke utsarga-apavAdabhAva kA jo sUkSma vivecana kiyA hai vaha apane pUrvAMcAryoM kI paraMparAprApta saMpatti to hai hI para usameM unake samaya taka kI vikasita mImAMsAzailI kA bhI kucha na kucha asara hai| isa taraha eka tarapha se cAra * vAkyArthabodha ke bahAne unhoMne upadezapada meM mImAMsA kI vikasita zailI kA, jaina dRSTi ke anusAra saMgraha kiyA; taba dUsarI tarapha se unhoMne bauddha paribhASA ko bhI 'SoDazaka'' meM apanAne kA sarvaprathama prayatna kiyA / dharmakIrti ke 'pramANavArtika' ke pahale se bhI bauddha paraMparA meM vicAra vikAsa kI krama prApta tIna bhUmikAoM ko dazInevAle zrutamaya, ciMtAmaya aura bhAvanAmaya aise tIna zabda bauddha vAGmaya meM prasiddha rhe| hama jahA~ taka jAna pAe haiM kaha sakate haiM ki prAcArya haribhadra ne hI una tIna bauddhaprasiddha zabdoM ko lekara unakI vyAkhyA meM vAkyArthabodha ke prakAroM ko samAne kA sarvaprathama prayatna kiyaa| unhoMne ghoDazaka meM paribhASAe~ to bauddhoM kI lIM para una kI vyAkhyA apanI dRSTi ke anusAra kI; aura zrutamaya ko vAkyArtha jJAnarUpa se, ciMtAmaya ko mahAvAkyArtha jJAnarUpa se aura bhAvanAmaya ko aidampArtha jJAnarUpa se ghttaayaa| svAmI vidyAnanda ne unhIM bauddha paribhASAoM kA 'tattvArthazlokavArtika' meM khaMDana kiyA, jaba ki haribhadra ne una paribhASAoM ko apane DhaMga se jaina vAGmaya meM apanA liyA / * upAdhyAyajI ne jJAnabindu meM haribhadravarNita cAra prakAra kA vAkyArthabodha, 1 SoDazaka 1.10 / 2 dekho, tattvArthazlokavArtika pR0 21 /

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412 jaina dharma aura darzana jisakA purAnA itihAsa, niyukti ke anugama meM tathA purAnI vaidika paraMparA Adi meM bhI milatA hai; usa para apanI painI naiyAyika dRSTi se bahuta hI mArmika prakAza DAlA hai, aura sthApita kiyA hai ki ye saba vAkyArtha bodha eka dIrgha zrutoyoga rUpa haiM jo mati upayoga se judA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne jJAnabindu meM jo vAkyArtha vicAra saMkSepa meM darasAyA hai vahI unhoMne apanI 'upadeza rahasya' nAmaka dUsarI kRti meM vistAra se kintu 'upadezapada' ke sArarUpa se nirUpita kiyA hai jo jJAnavindu ke saMskRta TippaNa meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / ( dekho jJAnabindu, TippaNa, pR0 74. paM0 27 se)| (4) ahiMsA kA svarUpa aura vikAsa [21] upAdhyAyajI ne caturvidha vAkyArtha kA vicAra karate samaya jJAnabindu meM jaina paraMparA ke eka mAtra aura parama siddhAnta ahiMsA ko lekara, utsargaapavAdabhAva kI jo jaina zAstroM meM parApUrva se calI AnevAlI carcA kI hai aura jisake upapAdana meM unhoMne apane nyAya-mImAMsA Adi darzanAntara ke gaMbhIra abhyAsa kA upayoga kiyA hai, usako yathAsaMbhava vizeSa samajhAne ke lie, jJAnabindu TippaNa meM [pR0 76 paM0 11 se ] jo vistRta avataraNasaMgraha kiyA hai usake AdhAra para, yahA~ ahiMsA saMbaMdhI kucha aitihAsika tathA tAttvika muddoM para prakAza DAlA jAtA hai| __ ahiMsA kA siddhAMta Arya paraMparA meM bahuta hI prAcIna hai| aura usakA Adara sabhI AryazAkhAoM meM eka-sA rahA hai| phira bhI prajAjIvana ke vistAra ke sAtha-sAtha tathA vibhinna dhArmika paraparAtroM ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha, usa siddhAMta ke vicAra tathA vyavahAra meM bhI anekamukhI vikAsa huA dekhA jAtA hai / ahiMsA viSayaka vicAra ke mukhya do srota prAcIna kAla se hI Arya paraMparA meM bahane lage aisA jAna par3atA hai| eka srota to mukhyatayA zramaNa jIvana ke Azraya se bahane lagA, jaba ki dUsarA srota brAhmaNa paraMparA-caturvidha Azrama-ke jIvanavicAra ke sahAre pravAhita huaa| ahiMsA ke tAttvika vicAra meM ukta donoM srotoM meM koI matabheda dekhA nahIM jaataa| para usake vyAvahArika pahalU yA jIvanagata upayoga ke bAre meM ukta do srotoM meM hI nahIM balki pratyeka zramaNa evaM brAhmaNa srota kI choTI-bar3I avAntara zAkhAoM meM bhI, nAnA prakAra ke matabheda tathA ApasI virodha dekhe jAte haiN| tAttvika rUpa se ahiMsA saba ko eka-sI mAnya hone para bhI usa ke vyAvahArika upayoga meM tathA tadanusArI vyAkhyAoM meM jo matabheda aura virodha dekhA jAtA hai usakA pradhAna kAraNa jIvanadRSTi kA

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ahiMsA kI mImAMsA bheda hai / zramaNa paraMparA kI jIvanadRSTi pradhAnatayA vaiyaktika aura AdhyAtmika rahI hai, jaba ki brAhmaNa paraMparA kI jIvanadRSTi pradhAnatayA sAmAjika yA lokasaMgrAhaka rahI hai| pahalI meM lokasaMgraha tabhI taka iSTa hai jaba taka vaha AdhyAtmikatA kA virodhI na ho| jahA~ usakA AdhyAtmikatA se virodha dikhAI diyA vahA~ pahalI dRSTi lokasaMgraha kI ora udAsIna rahegI yA usakA virodha kregii| jaba ki dUsarI dRSTi meM lokasaMgraha itane vizAla paimAne para kiyA gayA hai ki jisase usameM AdhyAtmikatA aura bhautikatA paraspara TakarAne nahIM paatii| zramaNa paraMparA kI ahiMsA saMbaMdhI vicAradhArA kA eka pravAha apane viziSTa rUpa se bahatA thA jo kAlakrama se Age jAkara dIrgha tapasvI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana meM udAtta rUpa meM vyakta huA / hama usa prakaTIkaraNa ko 'AcArAGga', 'sUtrakRtAGga' Adi prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM spaSTa dekhate haiM / ahiMsA dharma kI pratiSThA to prAtmaupamya kI dRSTi meM se hI huI thii| para ukta AgamoM meM usakA nirUpaNa aura vizleSaNa isa prakAra huA hai 1. duHkha aura bhaya kA kAraNa hone se hiMsAmAtra vayaM hai, yaha ahiMsA siddhAnta kI upapatti / / 2. hiMsA kA artha yadyapi prANanAza karanA yA duHkha denA hai tathApi hiMsAjanya doSa kA AdhAra to mAtra pramAda arthAt rAgadveSAdi hI hai| agara pramAda yA Asakti na ho to kevala prANanAza hiMsA koTi meM A nahIM sakatA, yaha ahiMsA kA vizleSaNa / ____3. vadhyajIvoM kA kada, unakI saMkhyA tathA unakI indriya Adi saMpatti ke tAratamya ke Upara hiMsA ke doSa kA tAratamya avalaMbita nahIM hai, kintu hiMsaka ke pariNAma yA vRtti kI tIvratA-maMdatA, sajJAnatA-ajJAnatA yA bala prayoga kI nyUnAdhikatA ke Upara avalaMbita hai, aisA koTikrama / upayukti tInoM bAteM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vicAra tathA prAcAra meM se phalita hokara AgamoM meM grathita huI haiN| koI eka vyakti yA vyaktisamUha kaisA hI. AdhyAtmika kyoM na ho para vaha saMyamalakSI jIvanadhAraNa kA bhI prazna socatA hai taba usameM se uparyukta vizleSaNa tathA koTikrama apane Apa hI phalita ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se dekhA jAe to kahanA par3atA hai ki Age ke jaina vAGmaya meM ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM jo vizeSa UhApoha huA hai usakA mUla AdhAra to prAcIna AgamoM meM prathama se hI rahA / - samUce jaina vAGmaya meM pAe jAnevAle ahiMsA ke UhApoha para jaba hama dRSTipAta karate haiM, taba hameM spaSTa dikhAI detA hai ki jaina vAGmaya kA ahiMsA .

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414 . jaina dharma aura darzana saMbaMdhI UhApoha mukhyatayA cAra baloM para avalaMbita hai| pahalA to yaha ki vaha pradhAnatayA sAdhu jIvana kA hI ataeva navakoTika-pUrNa ahiMsA kA hI vicAra karatA hai / dUsarA yaha ki vaha brAhmaNa paraMparA meM vihita mAnI jAnevAlI aura pratiSThita samajhI jAnevAlI yajJIya Adi anekavidha hiMsAoM kA virodha karatA hai| tIsarA yaha ki vaha anya zramaNa paraMparAoM ke tyAgI jIvana kI apekSA bhI jaina zramaNa kA tyAgI jIvana vizeSa niyaMtrita rakhane kA Agraha rakhatA hai / cauthA yaha ki vaha jaina paraMparA ke hI avAntara phirakoM meM utpanna honevAle pArasparika virodha ke praznoM ke nirAkaraNa kA bhI prayatna karatA hai / navakoTika-pUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana kA Agraha bhI rakhanA aura saMyama yA sadguNavikAsa kI dRSTi se jIvananirvAha kA samarthana bhI karanA-isa virodha meM se hiMsA ke dravya, bhAva Adi bhedoM kA UhApoha phalita huA aura anta meM eka mAtra nizcaya siddhAnta yahI sthApita huA ki Akhira ko pramAda hI hiMsA hai| apratta jIvanavyavahAra dekhane meM hiMsAtmaka ho taba bhI vaha vastutaH ahiMsaka hI hai / jahA~ taka isa AkharI natIje kA saMbaMdha hai vahA~ taka zvetAmbara-digambara Adi kisI bhI jaina phirake kA isameM thor3A bhI matabheda nahIM hai / saba phirakoM kI vicArasaraNI paribhASA aura dalIleM eka-sI haiN| yaha hama jJAnabindu ke TippaNa gata zvetAmbarIya vistRta avataraNoM se bhalI-bhAMti jAna sakate haiN| vaidika paraMparA meM yajJa, atithi zrAddha Adi aneka nimittoM se hone vAlI jo hiMsA dhArmika mAnakara pratiSThita karAra dI jAtI thI usakA virodha sAMkhya, bauddha aura jaina paraMparA ne eka sA kiyA hai phira bhI Age jAkara isa virodha meM mukhya bhAga bauddha aura jaina kA hI rahA hai| jaina vAGmayagata ahiMsA ke UhApoha meM ukta virodha kI gaharI chApa aura pratikriyA bhI hai| pada-pada para jaina sAhitya meM vaidika hiMsA kA khaNDana dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI jaba vaidika loga jainoM ke prati yaha AzaMkA karate haiM ki agara dhArmika hiMsA bhI akartavya hai to tuma jaina loga apanI samAja racanA meM mandiranirmANa, devapUjA zrAdi dhArmika kRtyoM kA samAveza ahiMsaka rUpa se kaise kara sakoge ityAdi / isa prazna kA khulAsA bhI jaina vAGmaya ke ahiMsA saMbaMdhI UhApoha meM savistara pAyA jAtA hai| pramAda-mAnasika doSa hI mukhyatayA hiMsA hai aura usa doSa meM se janita hI prANa-nAza hiMsA hai / yaha vicAra jaina aura bauddha paraMparA meM eka-sA mAnya hai| phira bhI hama dekhate haiM ki purAkAla se jaina aura bauddha paraMparA ke bIca ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana bahuta huA hai / 'sUtrakRtAGga' jaise prAcIna Agama meM bhI ahiMsA saMbaMdhI bauddha mantavya kA khaMDana hai / isI taraha

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hiMsA kI mImAMsA 415 'maminikAya' jaise piTaka graMthoM meM bhI jaina saMmata ahiMsA kA saparihAsa khaNDana pAyA jAtA hai / uttaravartI niyukti Adi jaina graMthoM meM tathA 'abhidharmakoSa' Adi bauddha graMthoM meM bhI vahI purAnA khaNDana-maNDana nae rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai / jaba jaina-bauddha donoM paraMparAe~ vaidika hiMsA kI eka-sI virodhinI haiM aura jaba donoM kI ahiMsA saMbaMdhI vyAkhyA meM koI tAttvika matabheda nahIM taba pahale se hI donoM meM pArasparika khaNDana- maNDana kyoM zurU huA aura cala par3Ayaha eka prazna hai / isakA javAba jaba hama donoM paraMparAoM ke sAhitya ko dhyAna se par3hate haiM, tatra mila jAtA hai / khaNDana- maNDana ke aneka kAraNoM meM se pradhAna kAraNa to yahI hai ki jaina paraMparA ne navakoTika hiMsA kI sUkSma vyAkhyA ko amala meM lAne ke lie jo bAhya pravRtti ko vizeSa niyaMtrita kiyA vaha bauddha paraMparA ne nahIM kiyA / jIvana saMbaMdhI bAhya pravRttiyoM ke prati niyatraNa aura madhyamamArgIya zaithilya ke prabala bheda meM se hI bauddha aura jaina paraMparAe~ Apasa meM khaNDana-maNDana meM pravRtta huiiN| isa khaNDana- maNDana kA bhI jaina vAGmaya ke ahiMsA saMbaMdhI UhApoha meM khAsA hissA hai jisakA kucha namUnA jJAnabindu ke TippaNoM meM die hue jaina aura bauddha avataraNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai / jaba hama donoM paraMparAoM ke khaNDana- maNDana ko taTastha bhAva se dekhate haiM taba niHsaMkoca kahanA par3atA hai ki bahudhA donoM ne eka dUsare ko galata rUpa se hI samajhA hai / isakA eka udAharaNa 'majjhimanikAya' kA upAlisutta aura dUsarA namUnA sUtrakRtAGga ( 1.1.2.24-32; 26. 26-28 ) kA hai / jaise-jaise jaina sAdhusaMgha kA vistAra hotA gayA aura jude-jude deza tathA kAla meM naI-naI paristhiti ke kAraNa nae-nae prazna utpanna hote gae vaise-vaise jaina tattvacintakoM ne hiMsA kI vyAkhyA aura vizleSaNa meM se eka spaSTa nayA vicAra prakaTa kiyA / vaha yaha ki agara apramatta bhAva se koI jIvavirAdhanA -- hiMsA ho jAe yA karanI par3e to vaha mAtra ahiMsAkoTi kI ataeva nirdoSa hI nahIM hai balki vaha guNa (nirjarA ) vardhaka bhI hai / isa vicAra ke anusAra, sAdhu pUrNa hiMsA kA svIkAra kara lene ke bAda bhI, agara saMyata jIvana kI puSTi ke nimitta, vividha prakAra kI hiMsArUpa samajhI jAnevAlI pravRttiyA~ karatA hai to vaha saMyamavikAsa meM eka kadama Age bar3hatA hai / yahI jaina paribhASA ke anusAra nizcaya ahiMsA hai / jo tyAgI bilakula vastra Adi rakhane ke virodhI the ve maryAdita rUpa meM vastra Adi upakaraNa ( sAdhana ) rakhanevAle sAdhutroM ko jaba hiMsA ke nAma para kosane lage taba vastrAdi ke samarthaka tyAgiyoM ne usI nizcaya siddhAnta kA Azraya lekara javAba diyA ki kevala saMyama ke dhAraNa aura nirvAha ke vAste hI, zarIra kI ---

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416 jaina dharma aura darzana taraha maryAdita upakaraNa Adi kA rakhanA hiMsA kA bAdhaka nahIM / jaina sAdhusaMgha kI isa prakAra kI pArasparika AcArabhedamUlaka carcA ke dvArA bhI ahiMsA ke UhApoha meM bahuta kucha vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, jo zroghaniyukti Adi meM spaSTa hai | kabhI-kabhI ahiMsA kI carcA zuSka tarka kI-sI huI jAna par3atI hai / eka vyakti prazna karatA hai ki agara vastra rakhanA hI hai to vaha binA phAr3e akhaNDa hI kyoM na rakhA jAe; kyoMki usake phAr3ane meM jo sUkSma aNu ur3eMge ve jIvaghAtaka jarUra hoMge / isa prazna kA javAba bhI usI DhaMga se diyA gayA hai | jabAba denevAlA kahatA hai, ki agara vastra phAr3ane se phailanevAle sUkSma aNutroM ke dvArA jIvaghAta hotA hai; to tuma jo hameM vastra phAr3ane se rokane ke lie kucha kahate ho usameM bhI to jIvaghAta hotA hai na ? -- ityAdi / astu / jo kucha ho, para hama jinabhadragaNi kI spaSTa vANI meM jainaparaMparAsaMmata ahiMsA kA pUrNa svarUpa pAte haiM / ve kahate haiM ki sthAna sajIva ho yA nirjIva, usameM koI jIva ghAtaka ho jAtA ho yA koI ghAtaka hI dekhA jAtA ho, para itane mAtra se hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA nirNaya nahIM ho sakatA / hiMsA sacamuca pramAda - prayatanA - saMyama meM hI hai phira cAhe kisI jIva kA ghAta na bhI hotA ho / isI taraha agara apramAda yA yatanA-saMyama surakSita haiM to jIvaghAta dikhAI dene para bhI vastutaH ahiMsA hI hai / uparyukta vivecana se hiMsA saMbaMdhI jaina UhApoha kI nIce likhI kramika bhUmikAe~ phalita hotI haiM / (1) prANa kA nAza hiMsArUpa hone se usako rokanA hI hiMsA hai / (2) jIvana dhAraNa kI samasyA meM se phalita huA ki jIvana- khAsakara saMyamI jIvana ke lie anivArya samajhI jAnevAlI pravRttiyA~ karate rahane para gara jIvaghAta ho bhI jAe to bhI yadi pramAda nahIM hai to vaha jIvaghAta hiMsArUpa na hokara hiMsA hI hai / (3) agara pUrNarUpeNa hiMsaka rahanA ho to vastutaH aura sarvaprathama cittagata kleza ( pramAda ) kA hI tyAga karanA cAhie / yaha huA to hiMsA siddha huI / hiMsA kA bAhya pravRttiyoM ke sAtha koI niyata saMbaMdha nahIM hai / usakA niyata saMbaMdha mAnasika pravRttiyoM ke sAtha hai / (4) vaiyaktika yA sAmUhika jIvana meM aise bhI apavAda sthAna Ate haiM jaba ki hiMsA mAtra hiMsA hI nahIM rahatI pratyuta vaha guNavardhaka bhI bana jAtI hai / aise apavAdika sthAnoM meM agara kahI jAnevAlI hiMsA se Darakara use AcaraNa meM na lAyA jAe to ulaTA doSa lagatA hai / Upara hiMsA hiMsA saMbaMdhI jo vicAra saMkSepa meM batalAyA hai usakI pUrI-pUrI

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27 . jaina aura vaidika ahiMsA zAstrIya sAmagrI upAdhyAyajI ko prApta thI ataeva unhoMne 'vAkyArtha vicAra' prasaMga meM jainasammata-khAsakara sAdhujIvanasammata-ahiMsA ko lekara utsarga-apavAdamAva kI carcA kI hai| upAdhyAyajI ne jainazAstra meM pAe jAnevAle apavAdoM kA nirdeza karake spaSTa kahA hai ki ye apavAda dekhane meM kaise hI kyoM na ahiMsAvirodhI hoM, phira bhI unakA mUlya prautsagika ahiMsA ke barAbara hI hai / apavAda aneka batalAe gae haiM, aura deza-kAla ke anusAra nae apavAdoM kI bhI sRSTi ho sakatI hai| phira bhI saba apavAdoM kI AtmA mukhyatayA do tattvoM meM samA jAtI hai| unameM eka to hai gItArthatva yAni pariNatazAstrajJAna kA aura dUsarA hai kRtayogitva arthAt cittasAmya yA sthitaprajJatva kA / upAdhyAyajI ke dvArA batalAI gaI jaina ahiMsA ke utsarga:apavAda kI yaha carcA, ThIka akSarazaH mImAMsA aura smRti ke ahiMsA saMbaMdhI utsarga-apavAda kI vicArasaraNi se milatI hai / antara hai to yahI ki jahA~ jaina vicArasaraNi sAdhu yA pUrNatyAgIke jIvana ko lakSya meM rakhakara pratiSThita huI hai vahA~ mImAMsaka aura smAroM kI vicArasaraNi gRhastha, tyAgI sabhI ke jIvana ko kendra sthAna meM rakhakara pracalita huI hai| donoM kA sAmya isa prakAra hai1 jaina 2 vaidika 1 savve pANA na haMtavvA 1 mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni 2 sAdhujIvana kI azakyatA kA 2 cAroM Azrama ke sabhI prakAra prazna ke adhikAriyoM ke jIvana kI tathA tatsaMbaMdhI kartavyoM kI azakyatA kA prazna 3 zAstravihita pravRttiyoM meM hiMsA doSa 3 zAstravihita pravRttiyoM meM hiMsA kA abhAva arthAt niSiddhAcaraNa doSa kA abhAva arthAt niSiddhAhI hiMsA cAra hI hiMsA hai . yahA~ yaha dhyAna rahe ki jaina tattvajJa 'zAstra' zabda se jaina zAstra ko-khAsakara sAdhu-jIvana ke vidhi-niSedha pratipAdaka zAstra ko hI letA hai; jaba ki vaidika tattvacintaka, zAstra zabda se una sabhI zAstroM ko letA hai jinameM vaiyaktika, kauTumbika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjakIya Adi sabhI kartavyoM kA vidhAna hai| 4 antatogatvA ahiMsA kA marma jinAjJA 4 anantomatvA ahiMsA kA tAtparya veda ke-jaina zAstra ke yathAvat anusaraNa tathA smRtiyoM kI AjJA ke pAlana.. meM hI hai| meM hI hai|

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418 jaina dharma aura darzana upAdhyAyajI ne uparyukta cAra bhUmikAvAlI ahiMsA kA caturvidha vAkyArtha ke dvArA nirUpaNa karake usake upasaMhAra meM jo kucha likhA hai vaha vedAnuyAyI mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika kI ahiMsAviSayaka vicArasaraNi ke sAtha eka taraha kI jaina vicArasaraNi kI tulanA mAtra hai| athavA yoM kahanA cAhie ki vaidika vicArasaraNi ke dvArA jaina vicArasaraNi kA vizleSaNa hI unhoMne kiyA hai| jaise mImAMsakoM ne vedavihita hiMsA ko chor3akara hI hiMsA meM aniSTajanakatva mAnA hai vaise hI upAdhyAyajI ne anta meM svarUpa hiMsA ko chor3a kara hI mAtra hetuAtmapariNAma hiMsA meM hI aniSTajanakatva batalAyA hai| ( 5 ) SaTsthAnapatitatva aura pUrvagata gAthA [27] zrutacarcA ke prasaMga meM ahiMsA ke utsarga-apavAda kI vicAraNA karane ke bAda. upAdhyAyajI ne zruta se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle aneka jJAtavya muddoM para vicAra prakaTa karate hue SaTsthAna' ke mudde kI bhI zAstrIya carcA kI hai jisakA samarthana hamAre jIvanagata anubhava se hI hotA rahatA hai| ___ eka hI adhyApaka se eka graMtha hI par3hanevAle aneka vyaktiyoM meM, zabda evaM artha kA jJAna samAna hone para bhI usake bhAvoM va rahasyoM ke parijJAna kA jo tAratamya dekhA jAtA hai vaha una adhikAriyoM kI aAntarika zakti ke tAratamya kA hI pariNAma hotA hai| isa anubhava ko caturdaza pUrvadharoM meM lAgU karake 'kalpabhASya ke AdhAra para upAdhyAyajI ne batalAyA hai ki caturdazapUrvarUpa zruta ko samAna rUpa se par3he hue aneka vyaktiyoM meM bhI zrutagata bhAvoM ke socane kI zakti kA anekavidha tAratamya hotA hai jo unakI UhApoha zakti ke tAratamya kA hI pariNAma hai| isa tAratamya ko zAstrakAroM ne chaha vibhAgoM meM bA~TA hai jo SaTsthAna kahalAte haiM / bhAvoM ko jo sabase adhika jAna sakatA hai vaha zrutadhara utkRSTa kahalAtA hai| usakI apekSA se hIna, hInatara, hInatama rUpa se chaha kakSAoM kA varNana hai / utkRSTa jJAtA kI apekSA-1 anantabhAgahIna, 2 asaMkhyAtabhAgahIna, 3 saMkhyAtabhAgahIna, 4 saMkhyAtaguNahIna, 5 asaMkhyAtaguNahIna aura 6 anantaguNahIna-ye kramazaH utaratI huI chaha kakSAe~ haiM / isI taraha saba se nyUna bhAvoM ko jAnanevAle kI apekSA-1 anantabhAgaadhika, 2 asaMkhyAtabhAgaadhika, 3 saMkhyAtabhAgaadhika, 4 saMkhyAtaguNaadhika, 5 asaMkhyAtaguNaadhika aura 6 anantaguNaadhika-ye kramazaH car3hatI huI kakSAe~ haiN| 1 dekho, jJAnabindu, TippaNa pR0 66 /

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pUrvagatagAthA 416 zruta kI samAnatA hone para bhI usake bhAvoM ke parijJAnagata tAratamya kA kAraNa jo UhApohasAmarthya hai use upAdhyAyajI ne zrutasAmarthya aura matisAmarthya ubhayarUpa kahA hai-phira bhI unakA vizeSa jhukAva use zrutasAmarthya mAnane kI aora spaSTa hai| ___ Age zruta ke dIrghopayoga viSayaka samarthana meM upadhyAyajI ne eka pUrvagata gAthA kA [jJAnabindu pR0 6. ] ullekha kiyA hai, jo 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' [gA0 117 ] meM pAI jAtI hai| pUrvagata zabda kA artha hai pUrva-prAktana / usa gAthA ko pUrvagAthA rUpa se mAnate thAne kI paraMparA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa jitanI to purAnI avazya jAna par3atI hai; kyoMki koTyAcArya ne bhI apanI vRtti meM usakA pUrvagatagAthA rUpa se hI vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / para yahA~ para yaha bAta jarUra lakSya khIMcatI hai ki pUrvagata mAnI jAnevAlI vaha gAthA digambarIya graMthoM meM kahIM nahIM pAI jAtI aura pA~ca jJAnoM kA varNana karanevAlI 'Avazyakaniyukti' meM bhI vaha gAthA nahIM hai| hama pahale kaha Ae haiM ki akSara-anakSara rUpa se zruta ke do bheda bahuta purAne haiM aura digambarIya-zvetAmbarIya donoM paraMparAoM meM pAe jAte haiN| para anakSara zruta kI donoM paraMparAgata vyAkhyA eka nahIM hai| digambara paraMparA meM anakSarazruta zabda kA artha sabase pahale akalaMka ne hI spaSTa kiyA hai / unhoMne svArthazruta ko anakSarazruta batalAyA hai| jaba ki zvetAmbarIya paraMparA meM niyukti ke samaya se hI anakSarazruta kA dUsarA artha prasiddha hai / niyukti meM anakSarazruta rUpa se ucchrasita, niHzvasita Adi hI zruta liyA gayA hai| isI taraha akSarazruta ke artha meM bhI donoM paraMparAoM kA matabheda hai| akalaMka parArtha vacanAtmaka zruta ko hI akSarazruta kahate haiM jo ki kevala dravyazruta rUpa hai / taba, usa pUrvagata gAthA ke vyAkhyAna meM jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa trividha akSara batalAte hue akSarazruta ko dravya-mAMva rUpa se do prakAra kA batalAte haiM / dravya aura bhAva rUpa se zruta ke do prakAra mAnane kI jaina paraMparA to purAnI hai aura zvetAmbara-digambara zAstroM meM eka sI hI hai para akSarazruta ke vyAkhyAna meM donoM paraMparAoM kA antara ho gayA hai / eka paraMparA ke anusAra dravyazruta hI akSarazruta hai jaba ki dUsarI paraMparA ke anusAra dravya aura bhAva donoM praka.ra kA akSarazruta hai / dravyazruta zabda jaina vAGmaya meM purAnA hai para usake vyaJjanAkSara-saMjJAnara nAma se pAe jAnevAle do prakAra digambara zAstroM meM nahIM hai| dravyazruta aura bhAvabhuta rUpa se zAstrajJAna saMbaMdhI jo vicAra jaina paraMparA meM pAyA jAtA hai| aura jisakA vizeSa rUpa se spaSTIkaraNa upAdhyAyajI

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420 jaina dharma aura darzana pUrvagata gAthA kA vyAkhyAna karate hue kiyA hai, vaha sArA vicAra, zrAgama (zruti) prAmANyavAdI naiyAyikAdi sabhI vaidika darzanoM kI paraMparA meM eka-sA hai aura Rti vistRta pAyA jAtA hai / isakI zAbdika tulanA nIce likhe anusAra hai2. jainetara - nyAyAdi 1. jaina zruta Agama - zabdapramANa dravya bhAva zabda vyaMjanAkSara saMjJAkSara labdhyakSara zabda 1 zakti 1 dekho, vAkyapadIya 1. 114 / 2 dekho, tattvArtha zlo0 pR0 240, 241 / 3 dekho, syAdvAdaratnAkara, pR0 17 / I lipi vyakti - bodha (upayoga ) padArthopasthiti, saMketajJAna, AkAMkSA, yogyatA, Asatti, tAtparyajJAna Adi zAbdabodha ke kAraNa jo naiyAyikAdi paraMparA meM prasiddha haiM, una sabako upAdhyAyajI, ne zAbdabodha - parikara rUpa se zAbdabodha meM hI samAyA hai| isa jagaha eka aitihAsika satya kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna khIMcanA jarUrI hai / vaha yaha ki jaba kabhI, kisI jaina zrAcArya ne, kahIM bhI nayA prameya dekhA to usakA jaina paramparA kI paribhASA meM kyA sthAna hai yaha batalAkara, eka taraha se jaina zruta kI zrutAntara se tulanA kI hai / udAharaNArtha - bhartRharIya ' vAkyapadIya' meM vaikharI, madhyamA, pazyantI aura sUkSmA rUpa se jo cAra prakAra kI bhASAoM kA bahuta hI vistRta aura talasparzI varNana hai, usakA jaina paramparA kI paribhASA meM kisa prakAra samAveza ho sakatA hai, yaha svAmI vidyAnanda ne bahuta hI spaSTatA aura yathArthatA se sabase pahale batalAyA hai, jisase jaina jijJAsutroM ko jainetara vicAra kA aura jainetara jijJAsutroM ko jaina vicAra kA saralatA se bodha ho sake / vidyAnanda kA vahI samanvaya vAdidevasUri ne apane DhaMga se varNita kiyA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne bhI, nyAya Adi darzanoM ke prAcIna aura navIna nyAyAdi graMthoM meM, jo zAbdabodha aura gama pramANa saMbaMdhI vicAra dekhe aura par3he unakA upayoga unhoMne jJAna * zAbdabodha

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matijJAna viSayaka nayA UhApoha 421 biMdu meM jaina zruta kI una vicAroM ke sAtha tulanA karane meM kiyA hai, jo abhyAsI ko khAsa manana karane yogya hai / ( 6 ) matijJAna ke vizeSa nirUpaNa meM nayA UhApoha [ 34 ] prasaMgaprApta zruta kI kucha bAtoM para vicAra karane ke bAda phira graMthakAra ne prastuta matijJAna ke vizeSoM--bhedoM kA nirUpaNa zurU kiyA hai / jaina vAGmaya meM matijJAna ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA - ye cAra bheda tathA unakA paraspara kArya kAraNabhAva prasiddha hai / zrAgama aura tarkayuga meM una bhedoM para bahuta kucha vicAra kiyA gayA hai / para upAdhyAyajI ne jJAnabiMdu meM jo una bhedoM kI tathA unake paraspara kArya kAraNabhAva kI vivecanA kI hai vaha pradhAnatayA vizeSAvazyakabhASyAnugAminI hai ' / isa vivecanA meM upAdhyAyajI ne pUrvavartI jaina sAhitya kA sAra to rakha hI diyA hai; sAtha meM unhoMne kucha nayA UhApoha bhI apanI ora se kiyA hai / yahA~ hama aisI tIna khAsa bAtoM kA nirdeza karate haiM jina para upAdhyAyajI ne nayA UhApoha kiyA hai ( 1 ) pratyakSa jJAna kI prakriyA meM dArzanikoM kA aikamatya ( 2 ) prAmANyanizcaya ke upAya kA prazna ( 3 ) anekAnta dRSTi se prAmANya ke svatastva - paratastva kI vyavasthA ( 1 ) pratyakSa jJAna kI prakriyA meM zabdabheda bhale hI ho para vicArabheda kisI kA nahIM hai / nyAya-vaizeSika Adi sabhI vaidika dArzanika tathA bauddha dArzanika bhI yahI mAnate haiM ki jahA~ iMdriyajanya aura manojanya pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai vahA~ sabase pahale viSaya aura iMdriya kA sannikarSa hotA hai / phira nirvikalpaka jJAna, anantara savikalpaka jJAna utpanna hotA hai jo ki saMskAra dvArA smRti ko bhI paidA karatA hai / kabhI-kabhI savikalpaka jJAna dhArArUpa se punaH-punaH huA karatA hai / pratyakSa jJAna kI prakriyA kA yaha sAmAnya krama hai / isI prakriyA ko jaina tattvajJoM ne apanI vyaJjanAvagraha, arthAvagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA kI khAsa paribhASA meM bahuta purAne samaya se batalAyA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne isa jJAnabiMdu meM, paramparAgata jainaprakriyA meM khAsa karake do viSayoM para prakAza DAlA hai| pahalA hai kArya-kAraNabhAva kA pariSkAra aura dUsarA hai darzanAntarIya paribhASA ke sAtha jaina paribhASA kI tulanA arthAvagraha ke prati vyaJjanAvagraha kI, aura IhA ke prati arthAvagraha 1 dekho, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gA0 266 - 266 / 2 dekho, pramANamImAMsA TippaNa, pR0 45 /

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422 jaina dharma aura darzana kI aura isI krama se Age dhAraNa ke prati avAya kI kAraNatA kA varNana to jaina vAGmaya meM purAnA hI hai, para navyanyAyazAstrIya parizIlana ne upAdhyAyajI se usa kArya-kAraNabhAva kA prastuta jJAnabindu meM sapariSkAra varNana karAyA hai, jo ki anya kisI jaina graMtha meM pAyA nahIM jaataa| nyAya zrAdi darzanoM meM pratyakSa jJAna kI prakriyA cAra aMzoM meM vibhakta hai| [36 ] pahalA kAraNAMza [ pR0 10 paM0 20 ] jo sannikRSTa iMdriya rUpa hai| dUsarA vyApArAMza [ 46 ] jo sannikarSa evaM nirvikalpa jJAnarUpa hai| tIsarA phalAMza [ pR0 15 paM0 16 ] jo savikalpaka jJAna yA nizcayarUpa hai aura cauthA paripAkAMza [ 47 ] jo dhArAvAhI jJAnarUpa tathA saMskAra, smaraNa Adi rUpa hai| upAdhyAyajI ne vyaJjanAvagraha, arthAvagraha Adi purAtana jaina paribhASAtroM ko ukta cAra aMzoM meM vibhAjita karake spaSTa rUpa se sUcanA kI hai ki jainetara darzanoM meM pratyakSa jJAna kI jo prakriyA hai vahI zabdAntara se jainadarzana meM bhI hai| upAdhyAyajI vyaJjanAvagraha ko kAraNAMza, arthAvagraha tathA IhA ko vyApArAMza, avAya ko phalAMza aura dhAraNA ko paripAkAMza kahate haiM, jo bilakula upayukta hai| . bauddha darzana ke mahAyAnIya 'nyAyabindu' Adi jaise saMskRta graMthoM meM pAI jAnevAlI, pratyakSa jJAna kI prakriyAgata paribhASA, to nyAyadarzana jaisI hI hai; para hInayAnIya pAli graMthoM kI paribhASA bhinna hai / yadyapi pAli vAGmaya upAdhyAyajI ko sulabha na thA phira unhoMne jisa tulanA kI sUcanA kI hai, usa tulanA ko, isa samaya sulabha pAlI vAGamaya taka vistRta karake, hama yahA~ sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI ukta paribhASAgata tulanA batalAte haiM1 nyAyavazeSikAdi vaidikadarzana 2 jaina darzana 3 pAli abhidharma' tathA mahAyAnIya bauddhadarzana 1 sannikRSyamANa indriya 1 vyajanAvagraha 1 zrArammaNa kA indriyayA ApAthagamana-indriya'viSayendriyasannikarSa AlambanasaMbaMdha tathA Avajana 2 nirvikalpaka 2 arthAvagraha 2 cakSurAdivijJAna 3 saMzaya tathA saMbhAvanA 3 IhA 3 saMpaTicchana, saMtIraNa The Psychological attitude of early Buddhist Philosophy : By Anagarika B. Govinda : P. 184. abhidhammatthasaMgaho 4.8 /

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423 matijJAna ke vizeSanirUpaNa meM nayA UhApoha 4 savikalpaka nirNaya 4 avAya . 4 voThapana 5 dhArAvAhi jJAna tathA 5 dhAraNA 5 javana tathA javanAnubandha saMskAra-smaraNa tadArammaNapAka (2) 38 prAmANyanizcaya ke upAya ke bAre meM UhApoha karate samaya upAdhyAyajI ne malayagiri sUri ke mata kI khAsa taura se samIkSA kI hai| malayagiri sUri kA' mantavya hai ki avAyagata prAmANya kA nirNaya avAya kI pUrvavartinI IhA se hI hotA hai, cAhe vaha IhA lakSita ho yA na ho| isa mata para upAdhyAyajI ne Apatti uThA kara kahA hai, [36] ki agara IhA se hI avAya ke prAmANya kA nirNaya mAnA jAe to vAdidevasUri kA prAmANyanirNayaviSayaka svatastva-paratastva kA pRthakkaraNa kabhI ghaTa nahIM sakegA / malayagiri ke mata kI samIkSA meM upAdhyAyajI ne bahuta sUkSma koTikrama upasthita kiyA hai| upAdhyAyajI jaisA vyakti, jo malayagiri sUri Adi jaise pUrvAcAryoM ke prati bahuta hI AdarazIla evaM unake anugAmI haiM, ve una pUrvAcAryoM ke mata kI khule dila se samAlocanA karake sUcita karate haiM ki vicAra ke zuddhIkaraNa evaM satyagaveSaNA ke patha meM avicArI anusaraNa bAdhaka hI hotA hai / (3) [40] upAdhyAyajI ko prasaMgavaza anekAnta dRSTi se prAmANya ke svatastva-paratastva nirNaya kI vyavasthA karanI iSTa hai / isa uddezya kI siddhi ke lie unhoMne do ekAntavAdI pakSakAroM ko cunA hai jo paraspara viruddha mantavya vAle haiN| mImAMsaka mAnatA hai ki prAmANya kI siddhi svataH hI hotI hai, taba naiyAyika kahatA hai ki prAmANya kI siddhi parataH hI hotI hai| upAdhyAyajI ne pahale to mImAMsaka ke mukha se svataH prAmANya kA hI sthApana karAyA hai; aura pIche usakA khaNDana naiyAyika ke mukha se karA kara usake dvArA sthApita karAyA hai ki prAmANya kI siddhi parataH hI hotI hai / mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika kI paraspara khaNDana-maNDana vAlI prastuta prAmANyasiddhiviSayaka carcA prAmANya ke khAsa 'tadvati tatprakArakatvarUpa' dArzanikasaMmata prakAra para hI karAI gaI hai| isake pahale upAdhyAyaz2I ne saiddhAntikasaMmata aura tArkikasaMmata aise anekavidha prAmANya ke prakAroM ko eka-eka karake carcA ke lie cunA hai aura anta meM batalAyA hai ki ye saba prakAra prastuta carcA ke lie upayukta nahIM / kevala 'tadvati tatprakArakatvarUpa' usakA prakAra hI prastuta svataH-paratastva kI siddhi kI carcA ke lie upayukta hai / anupayogI kaha kara chor3a die gae jina aura jitane prAmANya ke prakAroM kA, upAdhyAyajI ne 1 dekho, nandIsUtra kI TIkA, pR0 73 /

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- jaina dharma aura darzana vibhinna dRSTi se jaina zAstrAnusAra zAnabindu meM nidarzana kiyA hai, una aura utane prakAroM kA vaisA nidarzana kisI eka jaina grantha meM dekhane meM nahIM aataa| mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika kI jJAnabindugata svataH-parataH prAmANya vAlI carcA navya-nyAya ke pariSkAroM se jaTila bana gaI hai| upAdhyAyajI ne udayana, gaMgeza, raghunAtha, pakSadhara Adi navya naiyAyikoM ke tathA mImAMsakoM ke graMthoM kA jo AkaMTha pAna kiyA thA usI kA udgAra prastuta carcA meM patha-patha para hama pAte haiN| prAmANya kI siddhi svataH mAnanA yA parataH mAnanA yA ubhayarUpa mAnanA yaha prazna jaina paraMparA ke sAmane upasthita huA / taba vidyAnanda' Adi ne bauddha 2 mata ko apanA kara anekAnta dRSTi se yaha kaha diyA ki abhyAsa dazA meM prAmANya kI siddhi svataH hotI hai aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parataH / usake bAda to phira isa mudde para aneka jaina tArkikoM ne saMkSepa aura vistAra se anekamukhI carcA kI hai| para upAdhyAyajI kI carcA una pUrvAcAryoM se nirAlI hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa hai upAdhyAyajI kA navya darzanazAstroM kA sarvAGgINa parizIlana / carcA kA upasaMhAra karate hue [ 42, 43 ] upAdhyAyajI ne mImAMsaka ke pakSa meM aura naiyAyika ke pakSa meM AnevAle doSoM kA anekAnta dRSTi se parihAra karake donoM pakSoM ke samanvaya dvArA jaina mantavya sthApita kiyA hai / 3. avadhi aura manaHparyAya kI carcA mati aura zruta jJAna kI vicAraNA pUrNa karake granthakAra ne kramazaH avadhi [ 51, 52 ] aura manaHparyAya [ 53, 54 ] kI vicAraNA kI hai| Arya tattvaciMtaka do prakAra ke hue haiM, jo bhautika-laukika bhUmikA vAle the unhoMne bhautika sAdhana arthAt indriya-mana ke dvArA hI utpanna hone vAle anubhava mAtra para vicAra kiyA hai| ve AdhyAtmika anubhava se paricita na the| para dUsare aise bhI tattvacintaka hue haiM jo AdhyAtmika bhUmikA vAle the jinako bhUmikA AdhyAtmikalokottara thI una anubhava bhI AdhyAtmika rahA / AdhyAtmika anubhava mukhyatayA aAtmazakti kI jAgRti para nirbhara hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kI sabhI pradhAna zAkhAtroM meM aise AdhyAtmika anubhava kA varNana eka sA hai| AdhyAtmika anubhava kI pahu~ca bhautika jagat ke usa pAra taka hotI hai| vaidika, bauddha aura jaina paraMparA ke prAcIna samajhe jAne vAle graMthoM meM, vaise vividha AdhyAtmika 1 dekho, pramANaparIkSA, pR0 63, tattvArthazloka0, pR0 175; parIkSAmukha 1.13 / 2 dekho, tattvasaMgraha, pR0 811 / 3 dekho, pramANamImAMsA bhASATippaNa, pR0 16 paM0 18 se /

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avadhi aura manaHparyAya kI carcA 425 anubhavoM kA, kahIM-kahIM milate julate zabdoM meM aura kahIM dUsare zabdoM meM varNama milatA hai / jaina vAGmaya meM AdhyAtmika anubhava-sAkSAtkAra ke tIna prakAra varNita haiM-avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / avadhi pratyakSa vaha hai jo indriyoM ke dvArA agamya aise sUkSma, vyavahita aura viprakRSTa mUrta padArthoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara sake / manaHparyAya pratyakSa vaha hai jo mAtra manogata vividha avasthAoM kA sAkSAkAra kare / ina do pratyakSoM kA jaina vAGamaya meM bahuta vistAra aura bheda-prabheda vAlA manoraJjaka varNana hai| ___ vaidika darzana ke aneka granthoM meM-khAsa kara 'pAtaJjalayogasUtra' aura usake bhASya Adi meM-uparyukta donoM prakAra ke pratyakSa kA yogavibhUtirUpa se spaSTa aura AkarSaka varNana hai / 'vaizeSikasUtra' ke 'prazastapAdabhASya' meM bhI thor3A-sA kintu spaSTa varNana hai / bauddha darzana ke 'majjhimanikAya' jaise purAne graMthoM meM bhI vaise AdhyAtmika pratyakSa kA spaSTa varNana hai / jaina paraMparA meM pAyA jAnevAlA 'avadhijJAna' zabda to jainetara paraMparAoM meM dekhA nahIM jAtA para jaina paraMparA kA 'manaHparyAya' zabda to 'paracittajJAna' yA 'paracittavijAnanA5' jaise sadRzarUpa meM anyatra dekhA jAtA hai| ukta do jJAnoM kI darzanAntarIya tulanA isa prakAra hai1. jaina 2. vaidika 3. bauddha vaizeSika pAtaJjala 1 avadhi 1 viyuktayogipratyakSa 1 bhuvanajJAna, athavA tArAvyUhajJAna, yuJjAnayogipratyakSa dhruvagatijJAna Adi 2 manaHparyAya 2 paracittajJAna 2 paracittajJAna, . cetaHparijJAna manaHparyAya jJAna kA viSaya mana ke dvArA cintyamAna vastu hai yA cintanapravRtta 1 dekho, yogasUtra vibhUtipAda, sUtra 16.26 ityAdi / 2 dekho, kaMdalITIkAsahita prazastapAdabhASya, pR0 187 / 3 dekho, majjhimanikAya, sutta 6 / 4 'pratyayasya paracittajJAnam'-yogasUtra. 3.16 / 5 dekho, abhidhammatthasaMgaho, 6.24 /

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426 jaina dharma aura darzana manodravya kI avasthAe~ haiM - isa viSaya meM jaina paraMparA meM aikamatya nahIM / niyukti - aura tattvArthasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtrIya vyAkhyAtroM meM pahalA pakSa varNita hai; jaba ki vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM dUsare pakSa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai / paraMtu yogabhASya tathA majjhimanikAya meM jo paracitta jJAna kA varNana hai usameM kevala dUsarA hI pakSa hai 1. jisakA samarthana jinabhadragaNi-kSamAzramaNa ne kiyA hai| yogabhASyakAra tathA majjhimanikAyakAra spaSTa zabdoM meM yahI kahate haiM ki aise pratyakSa ke dvArA dUsaroM ke citta kA hI sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, citta ke Alambana kA nahIM / yogabhASya meM to citta ke Alambana kA grahaNa ho na sakane ke pakSa meM dalIleM bhI dI gaI haiM / yahA~ vicAraNIya bAteM do haiM - eka to yaha ki manaHparyAya jJAna ke viSaya ke bAre meM jo jaina vAGmaya meM do pakSa dekhe jAte haiM, isakA spaSTa artha kyA yaha nahIM hai ki pichale varNanakArI sAhitya yuga meM granthakAra purAnI zrAdhyAtmika bAtoM kA tArkika varNana to karate the para AdhyAtmika anubhava kA yuga bIta cukA thA / dUsarI bAta vicAraNIya yaha hai ki yogabhASya, majjhimanikAya aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM pAyA jAnevAlA aikamatya svataMtra cintana kA pariNAma hai yA kisI eka kA dUsare para sara bhI hai ? jaina vAGamaya meM avadhi aura manaHparyAya ke saMbandha meM jo kucha varNana hai usa sabakA upayoga karake upAdhyAyajI ne jJAnavindu meM una donoM jJAnoM kA aisA supariSkRta lakSaNa kiyA hai aura lakSaNagata pratyekaM vizeSaNa kA aisA buddhigamya prayojana batalAyA hai jo anya kisI grantha meM pAyA nahIM jAtA / upAdhyAyajI ne lakSaNavicAra to ukta donoM jJAnoM ke bheda ko mAnakara hI kiyA hai, para sAtha hI unhoMne ukta donoM jJAnoM kA bheda na mAnanevAlI siddhasena divAkara kI dRSTi kA samarthana bhI [ 55-56 ] bar3e mArmika DhaMga se kiyA hai / 4. kevala jJAna kI carcA [ 57 ] avadhi aura manaHparyAya jJAna kI carcA samApta karane ke bAda upAdhyAyajI ne kevalajJAna kI carcA zurU kI hai, jo grantha ke anta taka calI jAtI hai aura graMtha kI samApti ke sAtha hI pUrNa hotI hai / prastuta grantha meM anya jJAnoM kI apekSA kevalajJAna kI hI carcA adhika vistRta hai / mati Adi cAra pUrvavartI jJAnoM kI carcA ne graMtha kA jitanA bhAga rokA hai usase kucha kama dUnA graMtha-bhAga ke kevalajJAna kI carcA ne rokA hai / isa carcA meM jina aneka 1 dekho, pramANamImAMsA, bhASATippaNa pR0 37; tathA jJAnabindu, TippaNa pR0 107 /

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kevalajJAna kI carcA . 427 premeyoM para upAdhyAyajI ne vicAra kiyA hai unameM se nIce likhe vicAroM para yahA~ kucha vicAra pradarzita karanA iSTa hai (1) kevala jJAna ke astitva kI sAdhaka yukti / . (2) kevala jJAna ke svarUpa kA pariSkRta lakSaNa / (3) kevala jJAna ke utpAdaka kAraNoM kA prazna / (4) rAgAdi doSoM ke jJAnAvArakatva tathA karmajanyatva kA prazna / (5) nairAtmyabhAvanA kA niraas| .. (6) brahmajJAna kA nirAsa / (7) ati aura smRtiyoM kA jaina matAnukUla vyAkhyAna / (5) kucha jJAtavya jaina mantavyoM kA kathana / (E) kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke krama tathA bhedAbheda ke saMbandha meM pUrvAcAryoM ke pakSabheda / (10) graMthakAra kA tAtparya tathA unakI svopajJa vicAraNA / (1) kevala jJAna ke astitva kI sAdhaka yukti [58] bhAratIya tattvacintakoM meM jo AdhyAtmika-zaktivAdI haiM, unameM bhI AdhyAtmikazaktijanya jJAna ke bAre meM saMpUrNa aikamatya nahIM / AdhyAtmikazaktijanya jJAna saMkSepa meM do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| eka to vaha jo indriyAgamya aise sUkSma mUrta padArthoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara ske| dUsarA vaha jo mUrta-amUrta sabhI traikAlika vastuoM kA eka sAtha sAkSAtkAra kare / inameM se pahale prakAra kA sAkSAtkAra to sabhI AdhyAtmika tattvacintakoM ko mAnya hai, phira cAhe nAma Adi ke saMbandha meM bheda bhale hI ho| pUrva mImAMsaka jo AdhyAtmikazaktijanya pUrNa sAkSAtkAra yA sarvajJatva' kA virodhI hai use bhI pahale prakAra ke AdhyAtmikazaktijanya apUrNa sAkSAtkAra ko mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM ho sktii| matabheda hai to sirpha AdhyAtmikazaktijanya pUrNa sAkSAtkAra ke ho sakane na ho sakane ke viSaya meM / mImAMsaka ke sivAya dUsarA koI AdhyAtmika vAdI nahIM hai jo aise sArvajya-pUrNa sAkSAtkAra ko na mAnatA ho| sabhI sArvajyavAdI paraMparAoM ke zAstroM meM pUrNa sAkSAtkAra ke astitva kA varNana to parApUrva se calA hI AtA hai; para prativAdI ke sAmane usakI samarthaka yuktiyA~ hamezA eka-sI nahIM rahI haiN| 1 sarvajJatvavAda ke tulanAtmaka itihAsa ke lie dekho, pramANamImAMsA bhASATippaNa, pR0 27 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana inameM samaya-samaya para vikAsa hotA rahA hai| upAdhyAyajI ne prastuta grantha meM sarvajJatva kI samarthaka jisa yukti ko upasthita kiyA hai vaha yukti uddezyataH prativAdI mImAMsakoM ke saMmukha hI rakhI gaI hai| mImAMsaka kA kahanA hai ki aisA koI zAstranirapekSa mAtra AdhyAtmikazaktijanya pUrNa jJAna ho nahIM sakatA jo dharmAdharma jaise atIndriya padArthoM kA bhI sAkSAtkAra kara ske| usake sAmane sArvajyavAdiyoM kI eka yukti yaha rahI hai ki jo vastu' sAtizaya-taratamabhAvApanna hotI hai vaha bar3hate-bar3hate kahIM na nahIM pUrNa dazA ko prApta kara letI hai| jaise ki parimANa / parimANa choTA bhI hai aura taratamabhAva se bar3A bhii| ataeva vaha AkAza Adi meM pUrNa kASThA ko prApta dekhA jAtA hai| yahI hAla jJAna kA bhI hai| jJAna kahIM alpa to kahIM adhika-isa taraha taratamavAlA dekhA jAtA hai| ataeva vaha kahIM na kahIM saMpUrNa bhI honA caahie| jahA~ vaha pUrNakalAprApta hogA vahI sarvajJa / isa yukti ke dvArA upAdhyAyajI ne bhI jJAnabindu meM kevala jJAna ke astitva kA samarthana kiyA hai| ___ yahA~ aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha prazna hai ki prastuta yukti kA mUla kahA~ taka pAyA jAtA hai aura vaha jaina paraMparA meM kaba se AI dekhI jAtI hai| abhI taka ke hamAre vAcana-cintana se hameM yahI jAna par3atA hai ki isa yukti kA purANatama ullekha yogasUtra ke alAvA anyatra nahIM hai / hama pAtaMjala yogasUtra ke prathamapAda meM 'tatra niratizayaM sarvajJabIjam' [ 1. 25.] aisA sUtra pAte haiM, jisameM sApha taura se yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki jJAna kA tAratamya hI sarvajJa ke astitva kA bIja hai jo Izvara meM pUrNarUpeNa vikasita hai| isa sUtra ke Upara ke bhASya meM vyAsa ne to mAnoM sUtra ke vidhAna kA Azaya hastAmalakavat prakaTa kiyA hai| nyAyavaizeSika paraMparA jo sarvajJavAdI hai usake sUtra bhASya Adi prAcIna graMthoM meM isa sarvajJAstitva kI sAdhaka yukti kA ullekha nahIM hai, hama prazastapAda kI TIkA vyomavatI [ pR0 560 ] meM usakA ullekha pAte haiN| para aisA kahanA niyuktika nahIM hogA ki vyomavatI kA vaha ullekha yogasUtra tathA usake bhASya ke bAda kA hI hai| kAma kI kisI bhI acchI dalIla kA prayoga jaba eka bAra kisI ke dvArA carcAkSetra meM A jAtA hai taba phira Age vaha sarvasAdhAraNa ho jAtA hai| prastuta yukti ke bAre meM bhI yahI huA jAna par3atA hai| saMbhavataH sAMkhya-yoga paraMparA ne usa yukti kA AviSkAra kiyA phira usane nyAya-vaizeSika tathA bauddha paraMparA ke 1 dekho, jJAnabindu, TippaNa pR0 108. paM016 / 2 dekho, tattvasaMgraha, pR0 825 /

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kevalajJAna kA pariSkRta lakSaNa 426 graMthoM meM bhI pratiSThita sthAna prApta kiyA aura isI taraha vaha jaina paraMparA meM bhI pratiSThita huiiN| jaina paraMparA ke zrAgama, niyukti, bhASya Adi prAcIna aneka grantha sarvajJatva ke varNana se bhare par3e haiM, para hameM uparyukta jJAnatAratamya vAlI sarvajJatvasAdhaka yukti kA sarva prathama prayoga mallavAdI kI kRti meM hI dekhane ko milatA hai' / abhI yaha kahanA saMbhava nahIM ki mallavAdI ne kisa paraMparA se vaha yukti apanAI / para itanA to nizcita hai ki mallavAdI ke bAda ke sabhI digambara zvetAmbara tArkikoM ne isa yukti kA udAratA se upayoga kiyA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne bhI jJAnabindu meM kevalajJAna ke astitva ko siddha karane ke vAste eka mAtra isI yukti kA prayoga tathA pallavana kiyA hai / (2) kevalajJAna kA pariSkRta lakSaNa [ 57 ] prAcIna zrAgama, niyukti Adi granthoM meM tathA pIche ke tArkika graMthoM meM jahA~ kahIM kevalajJAna kA svarUpa jaina vidvAnoM ne batalAyA hai vahA~ sthUla zabdoM meM itanA hI kahA gayA hai ki jo zrAtmamAtrasApekSa yA bAhyasAdhananirapekSa sAzcAkAra, saba padArthoM ko arthAt traikAlika dravya - paryAyoM ko viSaya karatA hai vahI kevalajJAna hai / upAdhyAyajI ne prastuta grantha meM kevalajJAna kA svarUpa to vahI mAnA hai para unhoMne usakA nirUpaNa aisI navIna zailI se kiyA hai jo unake pahale ke kisI jaina grantha meM nahIM dekhI jAtI / upAdhyAyajI ne naiyAyika udayana tathA gaMgeza Adi kI pariSkRta paribhASA meM kevalajJAna ke svarUpa kA lakSaNa savistara spaSTa kiyA hai / isa jagaha inake lakSaNa se saMbandha rakhanevAle do muddoM para dArzanika tulanA karanI prApta hai, jinameM pahalA hai sAkSAtkAratva kA aura dUsarA hai sarvaviSayakatva kA / ina donoM muddoM para mImAMsaka bhinna sabhI dArzanikoM kA aikamatya hai / agara unake kathana meM thor3A antara hai to vaha sirpha paraMparA bheda kA hI hai / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana jaba 'sarva' viSayaka sAkSAtkAra kA varNana karatA hai taba vaha 'sarva' zabda se apanI paraMparA meM prasiddha dravya, guNa Adi sAtoM padArthoM ko saMpUrNa bhAva se letA hai / sAMkhyayoga jaba 'sarva' viSayaka sAkSAtkAra kA citraNa karatA hai taba vaha apanI paraMparA meM prasiddha prakRti, puruSa Adi 25 tattvoM ke pUrNa sAkSAtkAra kI bAta kahatA hai / bauddha darzana 'sarva' zabda se apanI 1 2 dekho, nayacakra, likhita prati, pR0 123 a ! 3 dekho, tattvasaMgraha, kA0 3134; tathA usakI paJjikA /

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jaina dharma aurada rzana paraMparA meM prasiddha paJca skandhoM ko saMpUrNa bhAva se letA hai / vedAnta darzana 'sarda zabda se apanI paraMparA meM pAramArthika rUpa se prasiddha eka mAtra pUrNa brahma ko hI letA hai| jaina darzana bhI 'sarva' zabda se apanI paraMparA meM prasiddha saparyAya SaD dravyoM ko pUrNarUpeNa letA hai| isa taraha uparyukta sabhI * darzana apanI-apanI paraMparA ke anusAra mAne jAnevAle saba padArthoM ko lekara unakA pUrNa sAkSAtkAra mAnate haiM aura tadanusArI lakSaNa bhI karate haiM / , para isa lakSaNagata ukta sarvaviSayakatva tathA sAkSAtkAratva ke viruddha mImAMsaka kI sakhta Apatti hai| mImAMsaka sarvajJavAdiyoM se kahatA hai ki agara sarvajJa kA tuma loga nIce likhe pA~ca arthoM meM se koI bhI artha karo to tumhAre viruddha merI Apatti nhiiN| agara tuma loga yaha kaho ki-sarvajJa kA mAnI hai 'sarva' zabda ko jAnanevAlA (1); yA yaha kaho ki-sarvajJa zabda se hamArA abhiprAya hai tela, pAnI Adi kisI eka cIja ko pUrNa rUpeNa jAnanA (2); yA yaha kaho ki-sarvajJa zabda se hamArA matalaba hai sAre jagata ko mAtra sAmAnyarUpeNa jAnanA (3); yA yaha kaho ki-sarvajJa zabda kA artha hai hamArI apanI-apanI paraMparA meM jo-jo tattva zAstra siddha haiM unakA zAstra dvArA pUrNa jJAna / 4); yA yaha kaho ki - sarvajJa zabda se hamArA tAtparya kevala itanA hI hai ki jo-jo vastu, jisa-jisa pratyakSa, anumAnAdi pramANa gamya hai una saba vastuoM ko unake grAhaka saba pramANoM ke dvArA yathAsaMbhava jAnanA (5); vahI sarvajJatva hai| ina pA~coM meM se to kisI pakSa ke sAmane mImAMsaka kI Apatti nahIM; kyoMki mImAMsaka ukta pA~coM pakSoM ke svIkAra ke dvArA phalita honevAlA sarvajJatva mAnatA hI hai| usakI Apatti hai to isa para ki aisA koI sAkSAtkAra (pratyakSa) ho nahIM sakatA jo jagat ke saMpUrNa padArthoM ko pUrNarUpeNa krama se yA yugapat jAna sake / mImAMsaka ko sAkSAtkAratva mAnya hai, para vaha asarvaviSayaka jJAna meN| use sarvaviSayakatva bhI abhipreta hai, para vaha zAstrajanya parokSa jJAna hI meN| isa taraha kevalajJAna ke svarUpa ke viruddha sabase prabala aura purAnI Apatti uThAnevAlA hai mImAMsaka / usako sabhI sarvajJavAdiyoM ne apane-apane DhaMga se javAba diyA hai| upAdhyAyajI ne bhI kevalajJAna ke svarUpa kA pariSkRta lakSaNa karake, usa viSaya meM mImAMsaka saMmata svarUpa ke viruddha hI jaina mantavya hai, yaha bAta batalAI hai| yahA~ prasaMgavaza eka bAta aura bhI jAna lenI jarUrI hai| vaha yaha ki yadyapi 1 dekho, tattvasaMgraha, kA0 3126 se|

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kevalajJAna ke kAraNa 431 vedAnta darzana bhI anya sarvajJavAdiyoM kI taraha sarva-pUrNa brahmaviSayaka sAkSAtkAra mAnakara apane ko sarvasAkSAtkArAtmaka kevalajJAna kA mAnanevAlA batalAtA hai aura mImAMsaka ke mantavya se judA par3atA hai; phira bhI eka mudde para mImAMsaka aura vedAnta kI ekavAkyatA hai| vaha muddA hai zAstrasApekSatA kaa| mImAMsaka kahatA hai ki sarvaviSayaka parokSa jJAna bhI zAstra ke sivAya ho nahIM sakatA / vedAnta brahmasAkSAtkAra rUpa sarvasAkSAtkAra ko mAnakara bhI usI bAta ko kahatA hai| kyoMki vedAnta kA mata hai ki brahmajJAna bhale hI sAkSAtkAra rUpa ho, para usakA saMbhava vedAntazAstra ke sivAya nahIM hai / isa taraha mUla meM eka hI vedapatha para prasthita mImAMsaka aura vedAnta kA kevala jJAna ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM matabheda hote hue bhI usake utpAdaka kAraNa rUpa se eka mAtra veda zAstra kA svIkAra karane meM koI bhI matabheda nhiiN| (3) kevala jJAna ke utpAdaka kAraNoM kA prazna [56 ] kevala jJAna ke utpAdaka kAraNa aneka haiM, jaise-bhAvanA, adRSTa, viziSTa zabda aura AvaraNakSaya Adi / inameM kisI eka ko prAdhAnya aura bAkI * ko aprAdhAnya dekara vibhinna dArzanikoM ne kevalajJAna kI utpatti ke jude-jude kAraNa sthApita kie haiN| udAharaNArtha-sAMkhya-yoga aura bauddha darzana kevala jJAna ke janaka rUpa se bhAvanA kA pratipAdana karate haiM, jaba ki nyAya-vaizeSika darzana yogaja adRSTa ko kevalajJAnajanaka batalAte haiN| vedAnta 'tattvamasi' jaise mahAvAkya ko kevalajJAna kA janaka mAnatA hai, jaba ki jaina darzana kevalajJAnajanakarUpa se prAvaraNa-karma-kSaya kA hI sthApana karatA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne bhI prastuta graMtha meM karmakSaya ko hI kevalajJAnajanaka sthApita karane ke lie anya pakSoM kA nirAsa kiyA hai| mImAMsA jo mUla meM kevalajJAna ke hI viruddha hai usane sarvajJatva kA asaMbhava dikhAne ke lie bhAvanAmUlaka ' sarvajJatvavAdI ke sAmane yaha dalIla kI hai kibhAvanAjanya jJAna yathArtha ho hI nahIM sakatA; jaisA ki kAmuka vyakti kA bhAvanAmUlaka svApnika kAminIsAkSAtkAra / / 61] dUsare yaha ki bhAvanAjJAna parokSa hone se aparokSa sAkSya kA janaka bhI nahIM ho sktaa| tIsare yaha ki agara bhAvanA ko sArvaDyajanaka mAnA jAe to eka adhika pramANa bhI [ pR0 20 paM0 23 ] mAnanA pdd'egaa| mImAMsA ke dvArA diye gae ukta tInoM doSoM meM se pahale do doSoM kA uddhAra to bauddha, sAMkhya-yoga Adi sabhI bhAvanAkAraNavAdI 1 dekho, jJAnabindu, TippaNa, pR0 108 paM0 23 se /

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462 jaina dharma aura darzana eka-sA karate haiM, jaba ki upAdhyAyajI ukta tInoM doSoM kA uddhAra apanA siddhAnta bheda [ 62 ] batalA kara hI karate haiM / ve jJAnabindu meM karmakSaya pakSa para hI bhAra dekara kahate haiM ki vAstava meM to sArvajJya kA kAraNa hai karmakSaya ho / karmakSaya ko pradhAna mAnane meM unakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vahI kevalajJAna kI utpatti kA zravyavahita kAraNa hai / unhoMne bhAvanA ko kAraNa nahIM mAnA, so prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se / ve spaSTa kahate haiM ki -- bhAvanA jo zukladhyAna kA hI nAmAntara hai vaha kevalajJAna kI utpAdaka avazya hai; para karmakSaya ke dvArA hI / ataeva bhAvanA kevalajJAna kA zravyavahita kAraNa na hone se karmakSaya kI apekSA | pradhAna hI hai / jisa yukti se unhoMne bhAvanAkAraNavAda kA nirAsa kiyA hai| usI yukti se unhoMne zraSTakAraNavAda kA bhI nirAsa / 63 ] kiyA hai / ve kahate haiM ki agara yogajanya dRSTa sArvazya kA kAraNa ho taba bhI vaha karmarUpa pratibandhaka ke nAza ke sivAya sArvajJya paidA nahIM kara sktaa| aisI hAlata meM STa kI apekSA karmakSaya hI kevalajJAna kI utpatti meM pradhAna kAraNa siddha hotA hai / zabdakAraNavAda kA nirAsa upAdhyAyajI ne yahI kahakara kiyA hai kisahakArI kAraNa kaise hI kyoM na hoM, para parokSa jJAna kA janaka zabda kabhI unake sahakAra se aparokSa jJAna kA janaka nahIM bana sakatA / sArvaya kI utpatti kA krama saba darzanoM kA samAna hI hai| paribhASA bheda bhI nahIM - sA hai / isa bAta kI pratIti nIce kI gaI tulanA se ho jAegI--

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1 jaina 4 nyAya-vaizeSika 1 samyagjJAna 1 rAgAdihrAsa kA prAraMbha 5 vedAnta . 1 samyagdarzana 2 rAgAdihAsa kA prAraMbha 1 samyagdarzana 2kSapakazreNIkA- rAgAdi ke hrAsa kA-prAraMbha 3 zukladhyAna ke bala se mohanIya kA- rAgAdidoSa kA prAtyantika kSaya 2 bauddha 1 samyagdRSTi 2 rAgAdi klezoM ke hrAsa kA prAraMbha 3 bhAvanA ke bala se klezAvaraNa kA Atyantika kSaya 3 sAMkhya-yoga 1 viveka khyAti 2 prasaMkhyAnasaMprajJAta samAdhi kA prAraMbha 3 asaMprajJAtadharmamegha samAdhi dvArA rAgAdi klezakarma kI Atyantika nivRtti 4 prakAzAvaraNa ke nAza dvArA . sArvajya 3 bhAvanA-nidi. dhyAsana ke bala se klezoM kA kSaya 3 asaMprajJAta-dharma- megha samAdhi dvArA rAgAdi klezakarma kI prAtyantika nivRtti 4 samAdhijanya dharma dvArA sArvakSya kevala zAna kI utpatti kA krama 4 jJAnAvaraNa ke sarvathA nAza dvArA sarvajJatva '4 bhAvanA ke prakarSa se jJa yAvaraNa ke sarvathA nAza ke / dvArA sarvajJatva 4 brahmasAkSAtkAra ke dvArA ajJAnAdi kA vilaya

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44 jaina dharma aura darzana (4) rAgAdi doSoM kA vicAra [ 65 ] sarvajJa jJAna kI utpatti ke krama ke saMbandha meM jo tulanA Upara kI gaI hai usase spaSTa hai ki rAga, dveSa Adi klezoM ko hI saba dArzanika kevalajJAna kA vAraka mAnate haiN| sabake mata se kevalajJAna kI utpatti tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ki ukta doSoM kA sarvathA nAza ho / isa taraha upAdhyAyajI ne rAgAdi doSoM meM sarvasaMmata kevala - jJAnAvArakatva kA samarthana kiyA hai aura pIche unhoMne rAgAdi doSoM ko karmajanya sthApita kiyA hai / rAga, dveSa Adi jo cittagata yA zrAtmagata doSa haiM unakA mukhya kAraNa karma arthAt janma-janmAntara meM saMcita zrAtmagata doSa hI haiN| aisA sthApana karane meM upAdhyAyajI kA tAtparya punarjanmavAda kA svIkAra karanA hai / upAdhyAyajI grAstikadarzanasammata punarjanmavAda kI prakiyA kA zraya lekara hI kevalajJAna kI prakriyA kA vicAra karate haiM / ataeva isa prasaMga meM unhoMne rAgAdi doSoM ko karmajanya yA punarjanmamUlaka na mAnanevAle matoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai| aise mata tIna haiN| jinameM se eka mata [ 66 ] yaha hai, qi rAga kaphajanya hai, dveSa pittajanya hai aura moha vAtajanya hai / dUsarA mata [ 67 ] yaha hai ki rAga zukropacayajanya hai ityAdi / tIsarA mata [ 68 ] yaha hai ki zarIra meM pRthvI aura jala tattva kI vRddhi se rAga paidA hotA hai, tejo aura vAyu kI vRddhi se dveSa paidA hotA hai, jala aura vAyu kI vRddhi se moha paidA hotA hai / ina tInoM matoM meM rAga, dva eSa aura moha kA kAraNa manogata yA zrAtmagata karma na mAnakara zarIragata vaiSamya hI mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi ukta tInoM matoM ke anusAra rAga, dveSa aura moha ke kAraNa bhinna-bhinna haiM; phira bhI una tInoM mata kI mUla dRSTi eka hI hai aura vaha yaha hai ki punarjanma yA punarjanmasaMbaddha karma mAnakara rAga, dveSa Adi doSoM kI utpatti ghaTAne kI koI jarUrata nahIM hai / zarIragata doSoM ke dvArA yA zarIragata vaiSamya ke dvArA hI rAgAdi kI utpatti ghaTAI sakatI hai / yadyapi ukta tInoM matoM meM se pahale hI ko upAdhyAyajI ne bArhaspatya arthAt cArvAka mata kahA hai, phira bhI vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki ukta tInoM matoM kI AdhArabhUta mUla dRSTi, punarjanma binA mAne hI varttamAna zarIra kA Azraya lekara vicAra karanevAlI hone se, asala meM cArvAka dRSTi hI hai / isI dRSTi kA Azraya lekara cikitsAzAstra prathama mata ko upasthita karatA hai; jaba ki kAmazAstra dUsare mata ko upasthita karatA hai / tIsarA mata saMbhavataH haThayoga kA hai / ukta tInoM kI samAlocanA karake upAdhyAyajI ne yaha batalAyA hai ki rAga, dveSa aura moha ke upazamana tathA kSaya kA saccA va mukhya upAya AdhyAtmika

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nairAtmya Adi bhAvanA 435 arthAt jJAna-dhyAna dvArA zrAtmazuddhi karanA hI hai; na ki ukta tInoM matoM ke dvArA pratipAdana kie jAnevAle mAtra bhautika upAya / prathama mata ke puraskarttAoM ne vAta, pitta, kapha ina tIna dhAtuoM ke sAmya sampAdana ko hI rAgAdi doSoM ke zamana kA upAya mAnA hai / dUsare mata ke sthApakoM ne samucita kAmasevana Adi ko hI rAgAdi doSoM kA zamanopAya mAnA hai / tIsare mata ke samarthakoM ne pRthivI, jala Adi tatvoM ke samIkaraNa ko hI rAgAdi doSoM kA upazamanopAya mAnA hai / upAdhyAyajI ne ukta tInoM matoM kI samAlocanA meM yahI batalAne kI koziza kI hai ki samAlocya tInoM matoM ke dvArA, jo-jo rAgAdi ke zamana kA upAya batalAyA jAtA hai vaha vAstava meM rAga Adi doSoM kA zamana kara hI nahIM sakatA / ve kahate haiM ki vAta Adi dhAtuoM kA kitanA hI sAmya kyoM na sampAdita kiyA jAe, samucita kAmasevana Adi bhI kyoM na kiyA jAe, pRthivI Adi tattvoM kA samIkaraNa bhI kyoM na kiyA jAe, phira bhI jaba taka Atma-zuddhi nahIM hotI taba taka rAga-dveSa Adi doSoM kA pravAha bhI sUkha nahIM sakatA / isa samAlocanA se upAdhyAyajI ne punarjanmavAdisammata AdhyAtmika mArga kA hI samarthana kiyA hai / upAdhyAyajI kI prastuta samAlocanA koI sarvathA nayI vastu nahIM hai / bhArata varSa meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi vAle bhautika dRSTi kA nirAsa hajAroM varSa pahale se karate Ae haiM / vahI upAdhyAyajI ne bhI kiyA hai- para zailI unakI naI hai / 'jJAnabindu' meM upAdhyAyajI ne uparyukta tInoM matoM kI jo samAlocanA kI hai vaha dharmakIrti ke 'pramANavArttika' aura zAntarakSita ke 'tattvasaMgraha' meM bhI pAI jAtI hai'| ( 5 ) nairAtmya Adi bhAvanA [ 66 ] pahale tulanA dvArA yaha dikhAyA jA cukA hai ki sabhI AdhyAtmika darzana bhAvanA - dhyAna dvArA hI jJAna kA sarvathA nAza aura kevalajJAna kI utpatti mAnate haiM / jaba sArvajJya prApti ke lie bhAvanA Avazyaka hai taba yaha bhI . vicAra karanA prApta hai ki vaha bhAvanA kaisI arthAt kiMviSayaka ? bhAvanA ke svarUpa viSayaka prazna kA javAba saba kA eka nahIM hai / dArzanika zAstroM meM pAI jAnevAlI bhAvanA saMkSepa meM tIna prakAra kI hai-- nairAtmyabhAvanA, brahmabhAvanA aura vivekabhAvanA / nairAtmyabhAvanA bauddhoM kI hai / brahmabhAvanA aupaniSad darzana kI hai| bAkI ke saba darzana vivekabhAvanA mAnate haiM / nairAtmya 1 dekho, jJAnabindu TippaNa pR0 106 paM0 26 se / 2 dekho, jJAnabindu TippaNa pR0 106 paM0 30 /

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jaina dharma aura darzana bhAvanA vaha hai jisameM yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki sthira AtmA jaisI yA dravya jaisI koI vastu hai hI nhiiN| jo kucha hai vaha saba kSaNika evaM asthira hI hai| isake viparIta brahmabhAvanA vaha hai jisameM yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki brahma arthAt prAsma-tattva ke sivAya aura koI vastu pAramArthika nahIM hai; tathA Atma-tattva bhI bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| vivekabhAvanA vaha hai jo AtmA aura jar3a donoM dravyoM kA pAramArthika aura svatantra astitva mAnakara calatI hai / vivekabhAvanA ko bhedabhAvanA bhI kaha sakate haiN| kyoMki usameM jar3a aura cetana ke pArasparika bheda kI taraha jar3a tattva meM tathA cetana tattva meM bhI bheda mAnane kA avakAza hai / ukta tInoM bhAvanAe~ svarUpa meM eka dUsare se bilakula viruddha haiM, phira bhI unake dvArA uddezya siddhi meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| nairAtmyabhAvanA ke samarthaka bauddha kahate haiM ki agara aAtmA jaisI koI sthira vastu ho to usa para sneha bhI zAzvata rahegA; jisase tRSNAmUlaka sukha meM rAga aura duHkha meM dveSa hotA hai| jaba taka sukha-rAga aura duHkha-dveSa ho taba taka pravRtti-nivRtti-saMsAra kA cakra bhI ruka nahIM sktaa| ataeva jise saMsAra ko chor3anA ho usake lie sarala va mukhya upAya AtmAbhiniveza chor3anA hI hai / bauddha dRSTi ke anusAra sAre doSoM kI jar3a kevala sthira aAtma-tattva ke svIkAra meM hai| eka bAra usa abhiniveza kA sarvathA parityAga kiyA phira to na rahegA bAMsa aura na bajegI bA~sarIarthAt jar3a ke kaTa jAne se sneha aura tRSNAmUlaka saMsAracakra apane Apa baMdha par3a jaaegaa| brahmabhAvanA ke samarthaka kahate haiM ki ajJAna hI duHkha va saMsAra kI jar3a hai| hama aAtmabhinna vastuoM ko pAramArthika mAnakara una para ahaMtva-mamatva dhAraNa karate haiM aura tabhI rAgadveSamUlaka pravRtti-nivRtti kA cakra calatA hai| agara hama brahmabhinna vastuoM meM pAramArthikatva mAnanA chor3a deM aura eka mAtra brahma kA hI pAramArthikatva mAna leM taba ajJAnamUlaka ahaMtva-mamatva kI buddhi naSTa ho jAne se tanmUlaka rAga-dveSajanya pravRtti-nivRtti kA cakra apane Apa hI ruka jaaegaa| . vivekabhAvanA ke samarthaka kahate haiM ki AtmA aura jar3a donoM meM pAramArthikatva buddhi huI-itane mAtra se ahaMva-mamatva paidA nahIM hotA aura na AtmA ko sthira mAnane mAtra se rAgadveSAdi kI pravRtti hotI hai| unakA mantavya hai ki AtmA ko AtmarUpa na samajhanA aura anAtmA ko anAtmarUpa na samajhanA yaha ajJAna hai / ataeva jar3a meM Atmabuddhi aura AtmA meM jar3atva kI yA zUnyatva kI buddhi karanA yahI ajJAna hai| isa ajJAna ko dUra karane ke lie vivekabhAvanA kI. AvazyakatA hai|

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brahmajJAna kA nirAsa 437 upAdhyAyajI jaina dRSTi ke anusAra vivekabhAvanA ke avalaMbI haiN| yadyapi vivekabhAvanA ke avalaMbI sAMkhya-yoga tathA nyAya-vaizeSika ke sAtha jaina darzana kA thor3A matabheda avazya hai phira bhI upAdhyAyajI ne prastuta grantha meM nairAtmyabhAvanA ora brahmabhAvanA ke Upara hI khAsa taura se prahAra karanA cAhA hai / isakA sababa yaha hai ki sAMkhya-yogAdisaMmata vivekabhAvanA jainasaMmata vivekabhAvanA se utanI dUra yA viruddha nahIM jitanI ki nairAtmyabhAvanA aura brahmabhAvanA hai| nairAmyabhAvanA ke khaNDana meM upAdhyAyajI ne khAsakara bauddhasaMmata kSaNabhaMga vAda kA hI khaNDana kiyA hai| usa khaNDana meM unakI mukhya dalIla yaha rahI hai ki ekAnta kSaNikatva vAda ke sAtha bandha aura mokSa kI vicArasaraNi mela nahIM khAtI hai| yadyapi upAdhyAyajI ne jaisA nairAtmyabhAvanA kA nAmollekhapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai vaisA brahmabhAvanA kA nAmollekhapUrvaka khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne Age jAkara ati vistAra se vedAMtasaMmata sArI prakriyA kA jo khaNDana kiyA hai usameM brahmabhAvanA kA nirAsa apane Apa hI samA jAtA hai / (6) brahmajJAna kA nirAsa [73 ] kSaNabhaMga vAda kA nirAsa karane ke bAda upAdhyAyajI advaitavAdisaMmata brahmajJAna, jo jainadarzanasaMmata kevalajJAna sthAnIya hai, usakA khaNDana zurU karate haiN| mukhyatayA madhusUdana sarasvatI ke graMthoM ko hI sAmane rakhakara unameM pratipAdita brahmajJAna kI prakriyA kA nirAsa karate haiN| madhusUdana sarasvatI zAGkara vedAnta ke asAdhAraNa navya vidvAn haiM; jo IsA kI solahavIM zatAbdI meM hue haiM / advatasiddhi, siddhAntAbandu, vadAntakalpalAtakA Adi aneka gaMbhIra aura vidvanmAnya grantha unake banAe hue haiN| unameM se mukhyatayA vedAntakalpalatikA kA upayoga prastuta graMtha meM upAdhyAyajI ne kiyA hai / madhusUdana sarasvatI ne vedAntakalpalatikA meM jisa vistAra se aura jisa paribhASA meM brahmasAna kA varNana kiyA hai upAdhyAyajI ne ThIka usI vistAra se usI paribhASA meM prastuta jJAnabindu meM khaNDana kiyA hai / zAGkarasaMmata advaita brahmajJAnaprakriyA kA virodha sabhI dvaitavAdI darzana eka sA karate haiM / upAdhyAyajI ne bhI vaisA hI virodha kiyA hai para paryavasAna meM thor3A sA antara hai / vaha yaha ki jaba dUsare dvaitavAdI advaitadarzana ke bAda apanA-apanA abhimata dvaita sthApanA ka.te haiM, taba upAdhyAyajI brahmajJAna ke khaNDana ke dvArA jainadarzanasaMmata dvaita-prakriyA kA hI spaSTatayA sthApanA karate 1 dekho, jJAnabiMdu TippaNa pR0 106, paM0 6 tathA 111. paM. 30 /

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438 jaina dharma aura darzana haiN| ataeva yaha to kahane kI jarUrata hI nahIM ki upAdhyAyajI kI khaNDana yuktiyA~ prAyaH ve hI haiM jo anya dvaitavAdiyoM kI hotI haiM / prastuta khaNDana meM upAdhyAyajI ne mukhyatayA cAra muddoM para Apatti uThAI hai / (1)[73 ] akhaNDa brahma kA astitva / (2) [84 ] brahmAkAra aura brahmaviSayaka nirvikalpaka vRtti / (3) [14] aisI vRtti kA zabdamAtrajanyatva / (4) [76 ] brahmajJAna se ajJAnAdi kI nivRtti / ina cAroM muddoM para taraha-taraha se Apatti uThAkara anta meM yahI batalAyA hai ki advaitasaMmata brahmajJAna tathA usake dvArA ajJAnanivRtti kI prakriyA hI sadoSa aura truTipUrNa hai / isa khaNDana prasaMga meM unhoMne eka vedAntasaMmata ati ramaNIya aura vicAraNIya prakriyA kA bhI savistAra ullekha karake khaNDana kiyA hai| vaha prakriyA isa prakAra hai-[76 ] vedAnta pAramArthika, vyAvahArika aura pratibhAsika aisI tIna sattAe~ mAnatA hai jo ajJAnagata tIna zaktiyoM kA kArya hai / ajJAna ko prathamA zakti brahmabhinna vastuoM meM pAramArthikatva buddhi paidA karatI hai jisake vazIbhUta hokara loga bAhya vastuoM ko pAramArthika mAnate aura kahate haiM / naiyAyikAdi darzana, jo Atmabhinna vastuoM kA bhI pAramArthikatva mAnate haiM, vaha ajJAnagata prathama zakti kA hI pariNAma hai arthAt Atmabhinna bAhya vastuoM ko pAramArthika samajhane vAle sabhI darzana prathamazaktigarbhita ajJAnajanita hai| jaba vedAntavAkya se brahmaviSayaka zravaNAdi kA paripAka hotA hai taba vaha ajJAna kI prathama zakti nivRtta hotI hai jisakA ki kArya thA prapaJca meM pAramArthikatva buddhi karanA / prathama zakti ke nivRtta hote hI usakI dUsarI zakti apanA kArya karatI hai| vaha kArya hai prapaJca meM vyAvahArikatva kI pratIti / jisane zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana siddha kiyA ho vaha prapaJca meM pAramArthikatva kabhI jAna nahIM sakatA para dUsarI zakti dvArA use prapaJca meM vyAvahArikatva kI pratIti avazya hotI hai| brahmasAkSAtkAra se dUsarI zakti kA nAza hote hI tajanya vyAvahArika pratIti kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai / jo brahmasAkSAtkAravAn ho vaha prapaJca ko vyAvahArika rUpa se nahIM jAnatA para tIsarI zakti ke zeSa rahane se usake bala se vaha prapaJca ko prAtibhAsika; rUpa se pratIta karatA hai / vaha tIsarI zakti tathA usakA prAtibhAsika pratItirUpa kArya ye aMtima bodha ke sAtha nivRtta hote haiM aura tabhI bandha-mokSa kI prakriyA bhI samApta hotI hai| upAdhyAyajI ne uparyukta vedAnta prakriyA kA balapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai / kyoMki agara ve usa prakriyA kA khaNDana na kareM to isakA phalitArtha yaha hotA hai ki vedAMta ke kathanAnusAra jaina darzana bhI prathamazaktiyukta ajJAna kA hI

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zruti-smRti kI jainAnukUla vyAkhyA 436. vilAsa hai. ataeva asatya hai / upAdhyAyajI mauke-mauke para jaina darzana ko yathArthatA hI sAbita karanA cAhate haiM / ataeva unhoMne pUrvAcArya haribhadra kI prasiddha ukti, [jJAnabindu pR0 1.26 ] jisameM pRthvI zrAdi bAhya tattvoM kI tathA rAgAdidoSarUpa Antarika vastuoM kI vAstavikatA kA citraNa hai, usakA havAlA dekara vedAnta kI uparyukta ajJAnazakti-prakriyA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| . isa jagaha vedAMta kI uparyukta ajJAnagata trividha zakti kI trividha sRSTi vAlI prakriyA ke sAtha jainadarzana kI trividha aAtmabhAva vAlI prakriyA kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra bahirAtmA, jo mithyAdRSTi hone ke kAraNa tIbratama kaSAya aura tIbratama ajJAna ke udaya se yukta hai ataeva jo anAtmA ko AtmA mAnakara sirpha usI meM pravRtta hotA hai, vaha vedAMtAnusArI Adyazaktiyukta ajJAna ke bala se prapaJca meM pAramArthikatva kI pratIti karanevAle ke sthAna meM hai| jisa ko jaina darzana aMtarAtmA arthAt anya vastuoM ke ahaMtva-mamatva kI ora se udAsIna hokara uttarottara zuddha AtmasvarUpa meM lIna hone kI ora bar3hanevAlA kahatA hai, vaha vedAntAnusArI ajJAnagata dUsarI zakti ke dvArA vyAvahArikasattvapratIti karanevAle vyakti ke sthAna meM hai| kyoMki jainadarzana saMmata aMtarAsmA usI taraha AtmaviSayaka zravaNa-manana nididhyAsana vAlA hotA hai, jisa taraha vedAnta saMmata vyAvahArikasattvapratIti vAlA brahma ke zravaNa-manana nididhyAsana meN| jainadarzanasaMmata paramAtmA jo terahaveM guNasthAna meM vartamAna hone ke kAraNa dravya manoyoga vAlA hai vaha vedAntasaMmata ajJAnagata tRtIyazaktijanya pratibhAsikasattvapratIti vAle vyakti ke sthAna meM hai| kyoMki vaha ajJAna se sarvathA mukta hone para bhI dagdharajjukalpa bhavopagrahikarma ke saMbaMdha se vacana Adi meM pravRtti karatA hai| jaisA ki prAtibhAsikasattvapratIti vAlA vyakti brahmasAkSAtkAra hone para bhI prapaJca kA pratibhAsa mAtra karatA hai / jaina darzana, jisako zailezI avasthAprApta AtmA yA mukta AtmA kahatA hai vaha vedAnta saMmata ajJAnajanya trividha sRSTi se para aMtimabodha vAle vyakti ke sthAna meM hai / kyoMki use aba mana, vacana, kArya kA koI vikalpaprasaMga nahIM rahatA, jaisA ki vedAntasaMmata aMtima brahmabodha vAle ko prapaJca meM kisI bhI prakAra kI sattvapratIti nahIM rhtii| (7) zruti aura smRtiyoM kA jainamatAnukUla vyAkhyAna [88] vedAntaprakriyA kI samAlocanA karate samaya upAdhyAyajI ne vedAntasaMmata vAkyoM meM se hI jainasaMmata prakriyA phalita karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA hai|

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40 jaina dharma aura darzana unhoMne aise aneka zruti smRti gata vAkya uddhRta kiye haiM jo brahmajJAna, evaM usake dvArA ajJAna ke nAMza kA, tathA anta meM brahmabhAva prApti kA varNana karate haiM / unhIM vAkyoM meM se jainaprakriyA phalita karate hue upAdhyAyajI kahate haiM ki ye sabhI zrutismRtiyA~ jainasaMmata karma ke vyavadhAyakatva kA tathA kSINakarmatvarUpa jainasaMta brahmabhAva kA hI varNana karatI haiN| bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI yaha paripATI rahI hai ki pahale apane pakSa ke sayuktika samarthana ke dvArA prativAdI ke pakSa kA nirAsa karanA aura anta meM sambhava ho to prativAdI ke mAnya zAstravAkyoM meM se hI apane pakSa ko phalita karake batalAnA / upAdhyAyajI ne bhI yahI kiyA hai / (=) kucha jJAtavya jainamantavyoM kA kathana brahmajJAna kI prakriyA meM AnevAle jude - jude muddoM kA nirAsa karate samaya upAdhyAyajI ne usa-usa sthAna meM kucha jainadarzanasaMmata muddoM kA bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / kahIM to vaha spaSTIkaraNa unhoMne siddhasena kI sammatigata gAthAoM ke zrAdhAra se kiyA hai aura kahIM yukti aura jainazAstrAbhyAsa ke bala se / jaina prakriyA ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie aise kucha mantavyoM kA nirdeza yahA~ kara denA jarUrI hai / (1) jaina dRSTi se nirvikalpaka bodha kA artha | ( 2 ) brahma kI taraha brahmabhinna meM bhI nirvikalpaka bodha kA saMbhava / (3) nirvikalpaka aura savikalpaka bodha kA anekAnta | (4) nirvikalpaka bodha bhI zAbda nahIM hai kintu mAnasika hai - aisA samarthana | (5) nirvikalpaka bodha bhI avagraha rUpa nahIM kintu apAya rUpa hai - aisA prati pAdana ( 1 ) [ 60 ] vedAntaprakriyA kahatI hai ki jaba brahmaviSayaka nirvikalpa bodha hotA hai taba vaha brahma mAtra ke astitva ko tathA bhinna jagat ke abhAva ko sUcita karatA hai / sAtha hI vedAntaprakriyA yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki aisA nirvikalpaka bodha sirpha brahmaviSayaka hI hotA hai anya kisI viSaya meM nahIM / usakA yaha bhI mata hai ki nirvikalpaka bodha ho jAne para phira kabhI savikalpaka bodha utpanna hI nahIM hotA / ina tInoM mantavyoM ke viruddha upAdhyAyajI jaina mantavya batalAte hue kahate haiM ki nirvikalpaka bodha yoga, jisameM kisI bhI paryAya ke vicAra kI chAyA jJAna samasta paryAyoM ke saMbaMdha kA asaMbhava vicAra kara karatA hai, nahIM ki cintyamAna dravya se bhinna jagat ke prabhASa ko bhI / vahI kA artha hai zuddha dravya kA upataka na ho / arthAt jo kevala dravya ko hI viSaya

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nirvikalpa bodha jJAna nirvikalpaka bodha hai; isako jaina paribhASA meM zuddhadravyanayAdeza bhI kahA jAtA hai| (2) aisA nirvikalpaka bodha kA artha batalA kara unhoMne yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki nirvikalpaka bodha jaise cetana dravya meM pravRtta ho sakatA hai vaise hI ghaTAdi jar3a dravya meM bhI pravRtta ho sakatA hai| yaha niyama nahIM ki vaha cetanadravyaviSayaka hI ho| vicAraka, jisa-jisa jar3a yA cetana dravya meM paryAyoM ke saMbaMdha kA asaMbhava vicAra kara kevala dravya svarUpa kA hI grahaNa karegA, usa-usa jar3a cetana sabhI dravya meM nirvikalpaka bodha ho skegaa|| (3) [62 ] upAdhyAyajI ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki jJAnasvarUpa AtmA kA svabhAva hI aisA hai ki jo eka mAtra nirvikalpaka jJAnasvarUpa nahIM rahatA / vaha jaba zuddha dravya kA vicAra chor3akara paryAyoM kI ora jhukatA hai taba vaha nirvikalpaka jJAna ke bAda bhI paryAyasApekSa savikalpaka jJAna bhI karatA hai| ataeva yaha mAnanA ThIka nahIM ki nirvikalpaka bodha ke bAda savikalpaka bodha kA saMbhava hI nhiiN| (4) vedAnta darzana kahatA hai ki brahma kA nirvikalpaka bodha 'tattvamasi' ityAdi zabdajanya hI haiM / isake viruddha upAdhyAyajI kahate haiM [ pR0 30, paM0 24 ] ki aisA nirvikalpaka bodha paryAyavinirmuktavicArasahakRta mana se hI utpanna hone ke kAraNa manojanya mAnanA cAhie, nahIM ki zabdajanya / unhoMne apane abhimata manojanyatva kA sthApana karane ke pakSa meM kucha anukUla zrutiyoM ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai [ 64,65] / (5) [63 ] sAmAnya rUpa se jainaprakriyA meM prasiddhi aisI hai ki nirvikalpaka bodha to avagraha kA nAmAntara hai / aisI dazA meM yaha prazna hotA hai ki taba upAdhyAyajI ne nirvikalpaka bodha ko mAnasika kaise kahA ? kyoMki avagraha vicAra sahakRtamanojanya nahIM hai; jaba ki zuddha-dravyopayogarUpa nirvikalpaka bodha vicArasahakRtamanojanya hai| isakA uttara unhoMne yaha diyA hai ki jisa vicArasahakRtamanojanya zuddhadravyopayoga ko hamane nirvikalpaka kahA hai vaha IhAtmakavicArajanya apAyarUpa hai aura nAma-jAtyAdikalpanA se rahita bhI hai|' __ina saba jainAbhimata mantavyoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karake anta meM unhoMne yahI sUcita kiyA hai ki sArI vedAntaprakriyA eka taraha se jainasaMmata zuddhadravyanayAdeza kI hI vicArasaraNi hai| phira bhI vedAntavAkyajanya brahmamAtra kA 1 dekho, jJAna bindu TippaNa, pR0 114. paM0 25 se /

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442 jaina dharma aura darzana sAkSAtkAra hI kevalajJAna hai aisA vedAntamantavya to kisI taraha bhI jainasaMmata ho nahIM sktaa| (E) kevalajJAna-darzanopayoga ke bhedAbheda kI carcA [102 ] kevalajJAna kI carcA kA aMta karate hue upAdhyAyajI ne jJAna bindu meM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke saMbaMdha meM tIna pakSabhedoM arthAt vipratiprattiyoM ko navya nyAya kI paribhASA meM upasthita kiyA hai, jo ki jaina paraMparA meM prAcIna samaya se pracalita rahe haiM / ve tIna pakSa isa prakAra haiM (1) kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana donoM upayoga bhinna haiM aura ve eka sAtha utpanna na hokara kramazaH arthAt eka-eka samaya ke aMtara se utpanna hote rahate haiN| (2) ukta donoM upayoga bhinna to haiM para unakI utpatti kramika na hokara yugapat arthAt eka hI sAtha hotI rahatI hai| (3) ukta donoM upayoga vastutaH bhinna nahIM haiN| upayoga to eka hI hai para usake apekSAvizeSakRta kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana aise do nAma haiN| ataeva nAma ke sivAya upayoga meM koI bheda jaisI vastu nahIM hai| ukta tIna pakSoM para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karanA jarUrI hai / vAcaka umAsvAti, jo vikrama kI tIsarI se pA~cavI zatAbdI ke bIca kabhI hue jAna par3ate haiM, unake pUrvavartI upalabdha jaina vAGmaya ko dekhane se jAna par3atA hai ki usameM sirpha eka hI pakSa rahA hai aura vaha kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke kramavartitva kaa| hama sabase pahale umAsvAti ke 'tattvArthabhASya' meM aisA ullekha' pAte haiM jo spaSTarUpeNa yugapat pakSa kA hI bodha karA sakatA hai / yadyapi tattvArthabhASyagata ukta ullekha kI vyAkhyA karate hue vikramIya 8-6 vIM sadI ke vidvAn zve0 siddhasenagaNi ne use kramaparaka hI batalAyA hai aura sAtha hI apanI tattvArtha-bhASya-vyAkhyA meM yugapat tathA abheda pakSa kA khaNDana bhI kiyA haiM; para isa para adhika UhApoha karane se yaha jAna par3atA hai ki siddhasena gaNi ke pahale kisI ne tattvArthabhASya kI vyAkhyA karate hue ukta ullekha ko yugapat paraka bhI 1 matijJAnAdiSu catueM paryAyeNopayogo bhavati, na yugapat / saMbhinnajJAnadarzanasya tu bhagavataH kevalino yugapat sarvabhAvagrAhake nirapekSe kevalajJAne kevaladarzane cAnusamayamupayogo bhavati |-tttvaarthbhaa0 1.31 / 2 dekho, tattvArthabhASyaTIkA, pR0 111-112 /

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kevala jJAna aura darzana 443 batalAyA hogA / agara hamArA yaha anumAna ThIka hai to aisA mAnakara calanA cAhie ki kisI ne tattvArthabhASya ke ukta ullekha kI yugapat paraka bhI vyAkhyA kI thI, jo Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / 'niyamasAra' grantha jo digambara AcArya kundakunda kI kRti samajhA jAtA hai usameM spaSTa rUpa se eka mAtra yaugapadya pakSa kA ( gA0 156 ) hI ullekha hai | pUjyapAda devanandI ne bhI tattvArtha sUtra kI vyAkhyA 'sarvArthasiddhi'' meM eka mAtra yugapat pakSa kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai / zrI kundakunda aura pUjyapAda donoM digambarIya paraMparA ke prAcIna vidvAn haiM aura donoM kI kRtiyoM meM eka mAtra yaugapadya pakSa kA spaSTa ullekha hai / pUjyapAda ke uttaravartI digambarAcArya samaMtabhadra ne bhI apanI 'tamImAMsA' meM ekamAtra yaugapadya pakSa kA ullekha kiyA hai / yahA~ para yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kundakuMda, pUjyapAda aura samaMtabhadraina tInhoM ne apanA abhimata yaugapadya pakSa batalAyA hai; para inameM se kisI ne yaugapadyavirodhI kramika yA abheda pakSa kA khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai / isa taraha hameM zrI kundakunda se samaMtabhadra taka ke kisI bhI digambarAcArya kI koI aisI kRti bhI upalabdha nahIM hai jisameM kramika yA bheda pakSa kA khaNDana ho / aisA khaNDana hama sabase pahale kalaMka kI kRtiyoM meM pAte haiN| bhaTTa kalaMka ne samaMtabhadrIya zrAtamImAMsA kI 'aSTazatI' vyAkhyA meM yaugapadya pakSa kA sthApana karate hue kramika pakSa kA, saMkSepa meM para spaSTa rUpa meM khaNDana kiyA hai aura apane 'rAjavArtika' 4 bhASya meM to krama pakSa mAnanevAloM ko sarvajJanindaka kahakara usa pakSa kI agrAhyatA kI saMketa kiyA hai / tathA usI rAjavArtika meM dUsarI jagaha ( 6. 10. 14-16) unhoMne bheda pakSa kI agrAhyatA kI ora bhI spaSTa izArA kiyA hai / kalaMka ne bheda pakSa ke samarthaka siddhasena divAkara ke sanmatitarka nAmaka graMtha meM pAI jAnevAlI divAkara kI bhedaviSayaka navIna vyAkhyA ( sanmati 2.25 ) kA zabdazaH ullekha karake usakA javAba isa taraha diyA hai ki jisase apane 3 1 'sAkAraM jJAnamanAkAraM darzanamiti / tat chadmastheSu krameNa vartate / nirAvaraNeSu yugapat / '- sarvArtha0, 1. 6 / 2 'tattvajJAnaM pramANaM teM yugapatsarvabhAsanam / kramabhAvi ca yajjJAnaM syAdvAdanayasaMskRtam // ' --AptamI0, kA0 101 / 3 tajjJAnadarzanayoH kramavRttau hi sarvajJatvaM kAdAcitkaM syAt / kutastatsiddhiriti cet sAmAnyavizeSa viSayayorvigatAvaraNayorayugapat pratibhAsAyogAt pratibandhakAntarAbhAvAt' - aSTazatI - aSTasahastrI, pR0 281 / 4 rAjavArtika, 6. 13.8 /

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44 jaina dharma aura darzana abhimata yugapat pakSa para koI doSa na Ave aura usakA samarthana bhI ho / isa taraha hama samUce digambara vAGmaya ko lekara jaba dekhate haiM taba niSkarSa yahI nikalatA. hai ki digambara paraMparA ekamAtra yaugapadya pakSa ko hI mAnatI zrAI hai aura usameM akalaMka ke pahale kisI ne kramika yA abheda pakSa kA khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai kevala apane pakSa kA nirdeza mAtra kiyA hai / aba hama zvetAmbarIya vADmaya kI ora dRSTipAta kreN| hama Upara kaha cuke haiM ki tattvArthabhASya ke pUrvavartI upalabdha Agamika sAhitya meM se to sIdhe taura se kevala kramapakSa hI phalita hotA hai| jabaki tattvArthabhASya ke ullekha se yugapat pakSa kA bodha hotA hai / umAsvAti aura jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa-donoM ke bIca kama se kama do sau varSoM kA antara hai / itane bar3e antara meM racA gayA koI aisA zvetAmbarIya graMtha abhI upalabdha nahIM hai jisameM ki yaugapadya tathA abheda pakSa kI carcA yA paraspara khaNDana-khaNDana ho' / para hama jaba vikramIya sAtavIM sadI meM hue jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa kI upalabdha do kRtiyoM ko dekhate haiM taba aisA avazya mAnanA par3atA hai ki unake pahale zvetAmbara paraMparA meM yogapadya pakSa kI tathA abheda pakSa kI, kevala sthApanA hI nahIM huI thI balki ukta tInoM pakSoM kA paraspara khaNDana-maNDana vAlA sAhitya bhI paryApta mAtrA meM bana cukA thA / jinabhadra gaNi ne apane ati vistRta vizeSAvazyakabhASya' (gA0 3060 se) meM kramika pakSa kA AgamikoM kI ora se jo vistRta satarka sthApana kiyA hai usameM unhoMne yogapadya tathA abheda pakSa kA AgamAnusaraNa karake vistRta khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / taduparAnta unhoMne apane choTe se vizeSaNavatI' nAmaka graMtha (gA0 184 se) meM to, vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI apekSA bhI atyanta vistAra se apane abhimata 1 niyukti meM 'savvassa kevalissa vi ( pAThAntara 'ssA') jugavaM do nasthi upAMgA'-gA. 676-yaha aMza pAyA jAtA hai jo spaSTarUpeNa kevalI meM mAne jAnevAle yaugapadya pakSa kA hI prativAda karatA hai / hamane pahale eka jagaha yaha saMbhAvanA prakaTa kI hai ki niyukti kA amuka bhAga tattvArthabhASya ke bAda kA bhI saMbhava hai / agara vaha saMbhAvanA ThIka hai to niyukti kA ukta aMza jo yaugapadya pakSa kA prativAda karatA hai vaha bhI tattvArthabhASya ke yogapadyapratipAdaka mantavya kA virodha karatA ho aisI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / kucha bhI ho, para itanA to spaSTa hai ki zrI jinabhadragaNi ke pahale yaugapadya pakSakA khaNDana hameM eka mAtra niyukti ke ukta aza ke sivAya anyatra kahIM abhI upalabdha nahIM; aura niyukti meM abheda pakSa ke khaNDana kA to izArA bhI nahIM hai /

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kevala jJAna aura darzana 445 kramapakSa kA sthApana tathA anabhimata yogapadya tathA abheda pakSa kA khaNDana kiyA hai / kSamAzramaNa kI ukta donoM kRtiyoM meM pAe jAnevAle khaNDana-maNDanagata pUrvapakSa-uttarapakSa kI racanA tathA usameM pAI jAne vAlI anukUla-pratikulaM yuktiyoM kA dhyAna se nirIkSaNa karane para kisI ko yaha mAnane meM sandeha nahIM raha sakatA ki kSamAzramaNa ke pUrva lambe arse se zvetAmbara paraMparA meM ukta tInoM pakSoM ke mAnanevAle maujUda the aura ve apane-apane pakSa kA samarthana karate hue virodhI pakSa kA nirAsa bhI karate the| yaha krama kevala maukhika hI na calatA thA balki zAstrabaddha bhI hotA rahA / ve zAstra Aja bhale hI maujUda na hoM para kSamAzramaNa ke ukta donoM graMthoM meM unakA sAra dekhane ko Aja bhI milatA hai| isa para se hama isa natIje para pahu~cate haiM ki jinabhadra ke pahale bhI zvetAmbara paraMparA meM ukta tInoM pakSoM ko mAnanevAle tathA paraspara khaNDana-maNDana karanevAle prAcArya hue haiM / jaba ki kama se kama jinabhadra ke samaya taka meM aisA koI digambara vidvAna nahIM huA jAna par3atA ki jisane krama pakSa yA abheda pakSa kA khaNDana kiyA ho| aura digambara vidvAna kI aisI koI kRti to Aja taka bhI upalabdha nahIM hai jisameM yogapadya pakSa ke alAvA dUsare kisI bhI pakSa kA samarthana ho| jo kucha ho para yahA~ yaha prazna to paidA hotA hI hai ki prAcIna AgamoM ke pATha sIdhe taura se jaba krama pakSa kA hI samarthana karate haiM taba jaina paraMparA meM yaugapadya pakSa aura abheda pakSa kA vicAra kyoM kara dAkhila huaa| isakA jabAba hameM do taraha se sUjhatA hai| eka to yaha ki jaba asarvajJavAdI mImAMsaka ne sabhI sarvajJavAdiyoM ke sAmane yaha AkSepa kiyA ki tumhAre sarvajJa agara krama se saba padArthoM ko jAnate haiM to ve sarvajJa hI kaise ? aura agara eka sAtha sabhI padArthoM ko jAnate haiM to eka sAtha saba jAna lene ke bAda Age ve kyA jAneMge ? kucha bhI to phira ajJAta nahIM hai / aisI dazA meM bhI ve asarvajJa hI siddha hue| isa AkSepa kA javAba dUsare sarvajJavAdiyoM kI taraha jainoM ko bhI denA prApta huaa| isI taraha bauddha Adi sarvajJavAdI bhI jainoM ke prati yaha AkSepa karate rahe hoMge ki tumhAre sarvajJa ahata to krama se jAnate dekhate hai; ataeva ve pUrNa sarvajJa kaise ? isa AkSepa kA jabAba to eka mAtra jainoM ko hI denA prApta thA / isa taraha upayukta tathA anya aise AkSepoM kA javAba dene kI vicAraNA meM se sarva prathama yaugapadya pakSa, krama pakSa ke viruddha jaina paraMparA meM praviSTa huA / dUsarA yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki jaina paraMparA ke tarkazIla vicArakoM ko apane Apa hI krama pakSa meM truTi dikhAI dI aura usa truTi kI pUrti ke vicAra meM se unheM yaugapadya pakSa sarva 1 dekho, tattvasaMgraha kA0 3248 se /

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446 jaina dharma aura darzana / prathama sUjha pdd'aa| jo jaina vidvAn yaugapadya pakSa ko mAna kara usakA samarthana karate the unake sAmane krama pakSa mAnanevAloM kA bar3A zrAgamika dala rahA jo zrAgama ke aneka vAkyoM ko lekara yaha batalAte the ki yaugapadya pakSa kA kabhI jaina gama ke dvArA samarthana kiyA nahIM jA sakatA yadyapi meM yaugapadya pakSa zurU tarkabala ke AdhAra para hI pratiSThita huAA jAna par3atA hai, para sampradAya kI sthiti aisI rahI ki ve jaba taka apane yaugapadya pakSa kA zrAgamika vAkyoM ke dvArA samarthana na kareM aura Agamika vAkyoM se hI krama pakSa mAnanevAloM ko javAba na deM, taba taka unake yaugapadya pakSa kA saMpradAya meM Adara honA saMbhava na thA / aisI sthiti dekha kara yaugapadya pakSa ke samarthaka tArkika vidvAna bhI zrAgamika vAkyoM dhAra apane pakSa ke lie lene lage tathA apanI dalIloM ko grAgamika vAkyoM meM se phalita karane lage isa taraha zvetAmbara paraMparA meM krama pakSa tathA yaugapadya pakSa kA AgamAzrita khaNDana - maNDana calatA hI thA ki bIca meM kisI ko abheda pakSa kI suujhii| aisI sUjha vAlA tArkika yaugapadya pakSa vAloM ko yaha kahane lagA ki agara krama pakSa meM truTi hai to tuma yaugapadya pakSa vAle bhI usa truTi se baca nahIM sakate / aisA kahakara usane yaugapadya pakSa meM bhI sarvajJatva Adi doSa dikhAe aura apane abheda pakSa kA samarthana zurU kiyA / isameM to saMdeha hI nahIM ki eka bAra krama pakSa chor3akara jo yaugapadya pakSa mAnatA hai vaha agara sodhe tarkabala kA Azraya le to use bheda pakSa para anivArya rUpa se AnA hI par3atA hai / abheda pakSa kI sUjha vAle ne sIdhe tarkabala se prabheda pakSa ko upasthita karake krama pakSa tathA yaugapadya pakSa kA nirAsa to kiyA para zurU meM sAMpradAyika loga usakI bAta zrAgamika vAkyoM ke sulabhAva ke sivAya svIkAra kaise karate ? isa kaThinAI ko haTAne ke lie bheda pakSa vAloM ne zrAgamika paribhASAoM kA nayA artha bhI karanA zurU kiyA aura unhoMne apane abheda pakSa ko tarkabala se upapanna karake bhI aMta meM zramika paribhASAtroM ke DhA~ce meM biThA diyA / krama, yaugapadya aura bheda pakSa ke uparyukta vikAsa kI prakriyA kama se kama 150 varSa takazvetAmbara paraMparA meM eka-sI calatI rahI aura pratyeka pakSa ke samartha dhuraMdhara vidvAn hote rahe aura ve grantha bhI racate rahe / cAhe kramavAda ke viruddha jainetara paraMparA kI ora se AkSepa hue hoM yA cAhe jaina paraMparA ke tara cintana meM se hI AkSepa hone lage hoM, para isakA pariNAma aMta meM kramazaH yaugapadya pakSa tathA bheda pakSa kI sthApanA meM hI AyA, jisakI vyavasthita carcA jinabhadra kI upalabdha vizeSaNavatI aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya nAmaka donoM kRtiyoM meM hameM dekhane ko lilatI haiM /

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kevala jJAna aura darzana 447 [102 ] upAdhyAyajI ne jo tIna vipratipattiyA~ dikhAI haiM unakA aitihAsika vikAsa hama Upara dikhA cuke / aba ukta vipratipattiyoM ke puraskartA rUpa se upAdhyAyajI ke dvArA prastuta kie gaye tIna prAcAryoM ke bAre meM kucha vicAra karanA jarUrI hai| upAdhyAyajI ne krama pakSa ke puraskartArUpa se jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa ko, yugapat pakSa ke puraskartArUpa se mallavAdI ko aura abheda pakSa ke puraskartArUpa se siddhasena divAkara ko nirdiSTa kiyA hai| sAtha hI unhoMne malayagiri ke kathana ke sAtha AnevAlI asaMgati kA tArkika dRSTi se parihAra bhI kiyA hai| asaMgati yoM AtI hai ki jaba upAdhyAyajI siddhasena divAkara ko abheda pakSa kA puraskartA batalAte haiM taba zrImalayAgiri siddhasena divAkara ko yugapat pakSa kA purUkartA batalAte haiM / upAdhyAyajI ne asaMgati kA parihAra yaha kahakara kiyA hai ki zrI malayagiri kA kathana abhyupagama vAda kI dRSTi se hai arthAt siddhasena divAkara vastataH abheda pakSa ke puraskartA haiM para thor3I dera ke lie krama pakSa kA khaNDana karane ke lie zurU meM yugapat pakSa kA Azraya kara lete haiM aura phira anta meM apanA abheda pakSa sthApita karate haiM / upAdhyAyajI ne asaMgati kA parihAra kisI bhI taraha kyoM na kiyA ho paraMtu hameM to yahA~ tInoM 'vipratipattiyoM ke pakSakAroM ko dasAnevAle sabhI ullekhoM para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karanA hai| ___ hama yaha Upara batalA cuke haiM ki krama, yugapat aura abheda ina tInoM vAdoM kI carcAvAle sabase purAne do grantha isa samaya hamAre sAmane haiM / ye donoM jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kI hI kRti haiN| unameM se, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM to carcA karate samaya jinabhadra ne pakSakArarUpa se na to kisI kA vizeSa nAma diyA hai aura na 'kecit' 'anye' Adi jaise zabda hI nirdiSTa kiye haiN| paraMtu vizeSaNavatI meM tInoM vAdoM kI carcA zurU karane ke pahale jinabhadra ne 'kecit' zabda se yugapat pakSa prathama rakhA hai, isake bAda 'anye' kahakara krama pakSa rakhA hai aura aMta meM 'anye' kahakara abheda pakSa kA nirdeza kiyA hai| vizeSaNavatI kI . 1 dekho, naMdI TIkA pR0 134 / 2 'keI bhaNaMti jugavaM jANai pAsai ya kevalI niymaa| aNNe egaMtariyaM icchaMti suaovaeseNaM / / 184 // araNe Na va vIsuM dasaNamicchaMti jipravariMdassa / jaM ciya kevalaNANaM taM ciya se darisaNaM biti // 18 // ' -vishessnnvtii|

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jaina dharma aura darzana unakI svopajJa vyAkhyA nahIM hai isase hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki jinabhadra ko 'kecit' aura 'anye' zabda se usa-usa vAda ke puraskartA rUpa se kauna-kauna prAcArya abhipreta the / yadyapi vizeSaNavatI kI svopajJa vyAkhyA nahIM hai phira bhI usameM pAI jAnevAlI prastuta tIna vAda saMbaMdhI kucha gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA sabase pahale hameM vikramIya AThavIM sadI ke AcArya jinadAsa gaNi kI 'nandIcarNi' meM milatI hai| usameM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki jinadAsa gaNi 'kecit' aura 'anye' zabda se kisI prAcArya vizeSa kA nAma sUcita nahIM krte| ve sirpha itanA hI kahate haiM ki kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana upayoga ke bAre meM AcAryoM kI vipratipattiyA~ haiN| jinadAsa gaNi ke thor3e hI samaya bAda prAcArya haribhadra ne usI nandI cUrNi ke AdhAra se 'nandIvRtti' likhI hai| unhoMne bhI apanI isa nandI vRtti meM vizeSaNavatIgata prastuta carcAvAlI kucha gAthAoM ko lekara unakI vyAkhyA kI hai| jinadAsa gaNi ne jaba 'kecit' 'anye' zabda se kisI vizeSa prAcArya kA nAma sUcita nahIM kiyA taba haribhadrasari ne' vizeSaNavatI kI unhIM gAthAoM meM pAe jAnevAle 'kecit' 'anye' zabda se vizeSa-vizeSa prAcAryoM kA nAma bhI sUcita kiyA hai / unhoMne prathama 'kecit' zabda se yugapadvAda ke puraskartA rUpa se prAcArya siddhasena kA nAma sUcita kiyA hai| isake bAda 'anye' zabda se jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa ko kramavAda ke puraskartA rUpa se sacita kiyA hai aura dasare 'anye' zabda se vRddhAcArya ko abhedavAda kA puraskartA batalAyA hai| haribhadrasari ke bAda bArahavIM sadI ke malayagirisUri ne bhI nandIsUtra ke Upara TIkA likhI hai / usa ( pR0 134 ) meM unhoMne vAdoM ke puraskartA ke nAma ke bAre meM haribhadrasUri ke kathana kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki vizeSAvazyaka kI upalabdha donoM TIkAoM meM - jinameM se pahalI AThavI-navIM sadI ke koTyAcArya kI hai aura dUsarI bArahavIM sadI ke maladhArI hemandra kI hai-tInoM 1 "kecana' siddha senAcAryAdayaH 'bhnnNti'| kiM 1 / 'yugapad' ekasmin kAle jAnAti pazyati ca / kaH ? / kevalI, na tvnyH| 'niyamAt' niyamena // 'anye' jinbhdrgnnikssmaashrmnnprbhRtyH| 'ekAntaritam' jAnAti pazyati ca ityevaM 'icchanti' / 'zrutopadezena' yathAzrutAgamAnusAreNa ityarthaH / 'anye' tu vRddhAcAryAH 'na caiva viSvak pRthak tad 'drshnmicchnti'| 'jinavarendrasya' kevalina ityarthaH / kiM tarhi 1 / 'yadeva kevalajJAnaM tadeva' 'se' tasya kevalino 'darzana' . bravate ||"-jndiivRtti hAribhadrI, pR0 52 /

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26 kevala jJAna- darzanopayoga 446. vAdoM ke puraskartA rUpa se kisI AcArya vizeSa kA nAma nirdiSTa nahIM hai ? | kama se kama koTyAcArya ke sAmane to vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI jinabhadrIya svopajJa: vyAkhyA maujUda thI hii| isase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usameM bhI tInoM vAdoM ke puraskartA rUpa se kisI vizeSa AcArya kA nAma rahA na hogA; anyathA koTyAcArya usa jinabhadrIya svopajJa vyAkhyA meM se vizeSa nAma apanI vizeSAvazyaka bhASyavRtti meM jarUra lete| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki jinabhadra kI ekamAtra vizeSaNavatI gata gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA karate samaya sabase pahale zrAcArya haribhadra hI tInoM vAdoM ke puraskartAoM kA vizeSa nAmollekha karate haiM / dUsarI tarapha se hamAre sAmane prastuta tInoM vAdoM kI carcAvAlA dUsarA grantha 'sammatitarka' hai jo nirvivAda siddhasena divAkara kI kRti hai / usameM divAkara zrI kramavAda kA pUrvapakSa rUpa se ullekha karate sayaya 'kecit ' itanA hI kahA hai / kisI vizeSa nAma kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai / yugapat aura abhedavAda ko rakhate samaya to unhoMne 'kecit ' ' zranye' jaise zabda kA prayoga bhI nahIM kiyA hai / para hama jaba vikramI gyArahavIM sadI ke prAcArya abhayadeva kI 'sanmatiTIkA' ko dekhate haiM taba tInoM vAdoM ke puraskartAoM ke nAma usameM spaSTa pAte haiM [pR0 608 ] / abhayadeva haribhadra kI taraha kramavAda kA puraskartA to jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa ko hI batalAte haiM para Age unakA kathana haribhadra ke kathana se judA par3atA hai / haribhadra jaba yugapavAda ke puraskartA rUpa se AcArya siddhasena kA nAma sUcita karate haiM. taba abhayadeva usake puraskartA rUpa se AcArya mallavAdI kA nAma sUcita karate haiM / haribhadra jaba abheda vAda ke puraskartA rUpa se vRddhAcArya kA nAma sUcita karate haiM taba bhayadeva usake puraskartA rUpa se prAcArya siddhasena kA nAma sUcita karate haiM / isa taraha donoM ke kathana meM jo bheda yA virodha hai usa para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / Upara ke varNana se yaha to pAThakagaNa bhalI bhA~ti jAna sake hoMge ki haribhadra tathA abhayadeva ke kathana meM kramavAda ke puraskartA ke nAma ke saMbandha meM koI matabheda nhiiN| unakA matabheda yugapad vAda aura bheda vAda ke puraskartAoM ke 1 maladhArI ne abheda pakSa kA samarthaka ' evaM kalpitabhedamapratihatam' ityAdi padya stutikAra ke nAmase uddhRta kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki vaisA mAnanA yuktiyukta nahIM hai / isase itanA to spaSTa hai ki maladhArI ne stutikAra ko bhedavAdI mAnA hai / dekho, vizeSA0 gA0 3061 kI TIkA / usI padya ko koTyAcArya ne 'ukta ca' kaha karake uddhRta kiyA hai - pR0 877 /

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450 jaina dharma aura darzana nAma ke saMbandha meM hai / aba prazna yaha hai ki haribhadra aura abhayadeva donoM ke jahA~ taka hama jAna puraskartA saMbandhI nAmasUcaka kathana kA kyA AdhAra hai ? sake haiM vahA~ taka kaha sakate haiM ki ukta donoM sUri ke sAmane kramavAda kA samarthaka aura yugapat tathA abheda vAda kA pratipAdaka sAhitya ekamAtra jinabhadra kA hI thA, jisase ve donoM AcArya isa bAta meM ekamata hue ki kramavAda zrI jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa kA hai / paraMtu zrAcArya haribhadra kA ullekha gara saba aMzoM meM abhrAnta hai to yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki unake sAmane yugapadvAda kA samarthaka koI svataMtra grantha rahA hogA jo siddhasena divAkara se bhinna kisI anya siddhasena kA banAyA hogA / tathA unake sAmane abhedavAda kA samarthaka aisA bhI koI grantha rahA hogA jo sanmatitarka se bhinna hogA aura jo vRddhAcArya - racita mAnA jAtA hogA / agara aise koI graMtha unake sAmane na bhI rahe hoM tathApi kama se kama unheM aisI koI sAMpradAyika janazruti yA koI aisA ullekha milA hogA jisameM ki zrAcArya siddhasena ko yugapavAda kA tathA vRddhAcArya ko abhedavAda kA puraskartA mAnA gayA ho / jo kucha ho para hama sahasA yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki haribhadra jaisA bahuzruta prAcArya yoM hI kucha AdhAra ke sivAya yugapavAda tathA bhedavAda ke puraskartAoM ke vizeSa nAma kA ullekha kara deM / samAna nAmavAle aneka AcArya hote Ae haiM / isalie saMbhava nahIM ki siddhasena divAkara se bhinna koI dUsare bhI siddhasena hue hoM jo ki yugapavAda ke samarthaka hue hoM yA mAne jAte hoM / yadyapi sanmatitarka meM siddhasena divAkara ne bheda pakSa kA hI sthApana kiyA hai ataeva isa viSaya meM sanmatitarka ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki abhayadeva sUri kA abhedavAda ke puraskartA rUpa se siddhasena divAkara ke nAma kA kathana bilakula sahI hai aura haribhadra kA kathana vicAraNIya hai / para hama Upara kaha Ae haiM ki krama Adi tInoM vAdoM kI carcA bahuta pahale se zurU huI aura zatAbdiyoM taka calI tathA usameM aneka zrAcAryoM ne eka-eka pakSa lekara samaya-samaya para bhAga liyA / jaba aisI sthiti hai taba yaha bhI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki siddhasena divAkara ke pahale vRddhAcArya nAma ke AcArya bhI bheda vAda ke samarthaka hue hoMge yA paraMparA meM mAne jAte hoNge| siddhasena divAkara ke gurUrUpa se vRddhavAdI kA ullekha bhI kathAnakoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / Azcarya nahIM ki vRddhAcArya hI vRddhavAdI hoM aura guru vRddhavAdI ke dvArA samarthita abheda vAda kA divAkara ne kiyA ho / hI vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa tathA samarthana ziSya siddhasena siddhasena divAkara ke pahale bhI bheda vAda ke samarthaka yaha bAta to siddhasena ne kisI abheda vAda ke samarthaka niHsaMdeha rUpa se hue haiM ekadezIya mata [ sanmati

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kevala jJAna-darzanopayoga 2. 21 ] kI jo samAlocanA kI hai usI se siddha hai| yaha to huI haribhadrIya kayana ke AdhAra kI bAta / ____ aba hama abhayadeva ke kathana ke AdhAra para vicAra karate haiN| abhayadeva sUri ke sAmane jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa kA kramavAdasamarthaka sAhitya rahA jo Aja bhI upalabdha hai| tathA unhoMne siddhasena divAkara ke sanmatitarka para to ativistRta TIkA hI likhI hai ki jisameM divAkara ne abhedavAda kA svayaM mArmika spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| isa taraha abhayadeva ke vAdoM ke puraskartAsaMbaMdhI nAma vAle kathana meM jo kramavAda ke puraskartA rUpa se jinabhadra kA tathA abhedavAda ke puraskartA rUpa se siddhasena divAkara kA ullekha hai vaha to sAdhAra hai hI: para yugapadvAda ke puraskartA rUpa se mallavAdi ko darasAnevAlA jo abhayadeva kA kathana hai usakA AdhAra kyA hai ?-yaha prazna avazya hotA hai / jaina paraMparA meM mallavAdI nAma ke kaI prAcArya hue mAne jAte haiM para yugapad vAda ke puraskartA rUpa se abhayadeva ke dvArA nirdiSTa mallavAdI vahI vAdimukhya saMbhava haiM jinakA racA 'dvAdazAranayacakra' hai aura jinhoMne divAkara ke sanmatitarka para bhI TIkA likhI thI' jo ki upalabdha nahIM hai / yadyapi dvAdazAranayacakra akhaMDa rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hai para vaha siMhagaNI kSamAzramaNa kRta TIkA ke sAtha khaMDita pratIka rUpa meM upalabdha hai / abhI hamane usa sAre saTIka nayacakra kA, avalokana karake dekhA to usameM kahIM bhI kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke saMbaMdha meM pracalita uparyukta vAdoM para thor3I bhI carcA nahIM milI / yadyapi sanmatitarka kI mallavAdikRta TIkA upalabdha nahIM hai para jaba mallavAdi abheda samarthaka divAkara ke grantha para TIkA likheM taba yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne divAkara ke grantha kI vyAkhyA likhate samaya usI meM unake viruddha apanA yugapat pakSa kisI taraha sthApita kiyA ho| isa taraha jaba hama socate haiM taba yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki abhayadeva ke yugapad vAda ke puraskartA rUpa se mallavAdi ke ullekha kA AdhAra nayacakra yA unakI sanmatiTIkA meM se rahA hogaa| agara abhayadeva kA ukta ullekhAMza abhrAnta evaM sAdhAra hai to adhika se adhika hama yahI kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki mallavAdi kA koI anya yugapat pakSa samarthaka choTA bar3A grantha abhayadeva ke sAmane rahA hogA athavA aise mantavya vAlA koI ullekha unheM milA hogA / astu | jo kucha ho para isa samaya hamAre sAmane itanI vastu nizcita 1 'uktaM ca vAdimukhyena zrImallavAdinA sanmatau'-anekAntajayapatAkA TIkA, pR0 116 /

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452 jaina dharma aura darzana hai ki anya vAdoM kA khaNDana karake kramavAda kA samarthana karane vAlA tathA anya vAdoM kA khaNDana karake abhedavAda kA samarthana karane vAlA svataMtra sAhitya maujUda hai jo anukrama se jinabhadragaNi tathA siddhasena divAkara kA racA huA hai| anya vAdoM kA khaNDana karake ekamAtra yugapad vAda kA aMta meM sthApana karane vAlA koI svataMtra grantha agara hai to vaha zvetAmbarIya paraMparA meM nahIM para digambarIya paraMparA meM hai| (10) granthakAra kA tAtparya tathA unakI svopajJa vicAraNA upAdhyAyajI ke dvArA nirdiSTa vipratipattiyoM ke puraskartA ke bAre meM jo kucha kahanA thA use samApta karane ke bAda anta meM do bAteM kahanA hai| (1) ukta tIna vAdoM ke rahasya ko batalAne ke lie upAdhyAyajI ne jinabhadragaNi ke kisI graMtha ko lekara jJAnabindu meM usakI vyAkhyA kyoM nahIM kI aura divAkara ke sanmatitarkagata ukta vAda vAle bhAga ko lekara usakI vyAkhyA kyoM kI ? hameM isa pasaMdagI kA kAraNa yaha jAna par3atA hai ki upAdhyAyajI ko tInoM vAdoM ke rahasya ko apanI dRSTi se prakaTa karanA abhimata thA phira bhI unakI tArkika buddhi kA adhika jhukAva avazya abhedavAda kI ora rahA hai| jJAnabindu meM pahale bhI jahA~ mati-zruta aura avadhi-manaHparyAya ke abheda kA prazna AyA vahA~ unhoMne bar3I khUbI se divAkara ke abhedamata kA samarthana kiyA hai / yaha sUcita karatA hai ki upAdhyAyajI kA mukhya nijI tAtparya abheda pakSa kA hI hai / yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna meM rahe ki sanmati ke jJAnakANDa kI gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA karate samaya upAdhyAyajI ne kaI jagaha pUrva vyAkhyAkAra abhayadeva ke vivaraNa kI samAlocanA kI hai aura usameM truTiyA~ batalAkara usa jagaha khuda nae DhaMga se vyAkhyAna bhI kiyA hai| (2) [ 174 ] dUsarI bAta upAdhyAyajI kI viziSTa sUjha se saMbaMdha rakhatI hai, vaha yaha ki jJAnabindu' ke anta meM upAdhyAyajI ne prastuta tInoM vAdoM kA nayabheda kI apekSA se samanvaya kiyA hai jaisA ki unake pahale kisI ko sUjhA huA jAna nahIM par3atA / isa jagaha isa samanvaya ko batalAne vAle padyoM kA tathA isake bAda diye gae jJAnamahattvasUcaka padya kA sAra dene kA lobha hama saMvaraNa kara nahIM sakate / sabase anta meM upAdhyAyajI ne apanI prazasti dI hai jisameM khuda apanA tathA apanI guru paraMparA kA vahI paricaya hai jo unakI anya kRtiyoM kI prazastiyoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / sUcita padyoM kA sAra isa prakAra hai - 1 dekho jJAnabindu kI kaMDikAe~ 6104,105,106,110,148,165 /

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upAdhyAyajI kA samanvaya 453 1 - jo loga gatAnugatika buddhivAle hone ke kAraNa prAcIna zAstroM kA akSarazaH artha karate haiM aura nayA tarkasaMgata bhI artha karane meM yA usakA svIkAra karane meM hicakicAte haiM unako lakSya meM rakhakara upAdhyAyajI kahate haiM ki - zAstra ke purAne vAkyoM meM se yuktisaMgata nayA artha nikAlane meM ve hI loga Dara sakate haiM jo tarkazAstra se anabhijJa haiM / tarkazAstra ke jAnakAra to apanI prajJA se naenae artha prakAzita karane meM kabhI nahIM hicakicAte / isa bAta kA udAharaNa sanmati kA dUsarA kANDa hI hai / jisameM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke viSaya meM krama, yaugapadya tathA abheda pakSa kA khaNDana - maNDana karanevAlI carcA hai / jisa carcA meM purAne eka hI sUtravAkyoM meM se hara eka pakSakAra ne apane apane abhipreta pakSa ko siddha karane ke lie tarka dvArA jude-jude artha phalita kiye haiM / 2 - mallavAdI jo eka hI samaya meM jJAna darzana do upayoga mAnate haiM unhoMne bhedasparzI vyavahAra naya kA Azraya liyA hai / arthAt mallavAdI kA yaugapadya vAda vyavahAra naya ke abhiprAya se samajhanA cAhie / 'pUjya zrI jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa jo krama vAda ke samarthaka haiM ve kAraNa aura phala kI sImA meM zuddha RjusUtra naya kA pratipAdana karate haiM / arthAt ve kAraNa aura phalarUpa se jJAna-darzana kA bheda to vyavahAranayasiddha mAnate hI haiM para usa bheda se Age bar3ha kara ve RjusUtra naya kI dRSTi se mAtra ekasamayAvacchinna vastu kA astitva mAna kara jJAna aura darzana ko bhinna-bhinna samayabhAvI kAryakAraNarUpa se kramavartI pratipAdita karate haiM / siddhasena sUri jo bheda pakSa ke samarthaka haiM unhoMne saMgraha naya kA Azraya kiyA hai jo ki kArya-kAraNa yA anya viSayaka bhedoM ke uccheda meM hI praNa hai / isalie ye tInoM sUripakSa nayabheda kI apekSA se paraspara viruddha nahIM haiM / 3 - kevala paryAya utpanna hokara kabhI vicchinna nahIM hotA / zrataeva usa sAdi anaMta paryAya ke sAtha usakI upAdAnabhUta caitanyazakti kA abheda mAnakara hI caitanya ko zAstra meM sAdi anaMta kahA hai / aura use jo kramavartI yA sAdimAnta kahA hai, so kevala paryAya ke bhinna-bhinna samayAvacchinna aMzoM ke sAtha caitanya kI bheda vivakSA se / jaba kevalaparyAya eka mAna liyA taba tadgata sUkSma bheda vivakSita nahIM haiM / aura jaba kAlakRta sUkSma aMza vivakSita haiM taba usa kevalaparyAMya kI akhaNDatA gauNa hai / 1 4 - bhinna bhinna kSaNabhAvI ajJAna ke nAza aura jJAnoM kI utpatti ke bheda ke AdhAra para pracalita aise bhinna-bhinna nayAzrita aneka pakSa zAstra meM jaise sune jAte haiM vaise hI agara tInoM zrAcAryoM ke pakSoM meM nayAzrita matabheda ho to kyA

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454 jaina dharma aura darzana Azcarya hai / eka hI viSaya meM jude-jude vicAroM ko samAna rUpa se pradhAnatA jo dUra kI vastu hai vaha kahA~ dRSTigocara hotI hai ? ___ isa jagaha upAdhyAyajI ne zAstraprasiddha una nayAzrita pakSabhedoM kI sUcanA kI hai jo ajJAnanAza aura jJAnotpatti kA samaya judA-judA mAnakara tathA eka mAnakara pracalita haiM / eka pakSa to yahI kahatA hai ki AvaraNa kA nAza aura jJAna kI utpatti ye donoM, haiM to judA para utpanna hote haiM eka hI samaya meN| jaba ki dUsarA pakSa kahatA hai ki donoM kI utpatti samayabheda se hotI hai| prathama ajJAnanAza aura pIche zAnotpatti / tIsarA pakSa kahatA hai ki ajJAna kA nAza aura jJAna kI utpatti ye koI jude-jude bhAva nahIM haiM eka hI vastu ke bodhaka abhAvapradhAna aura bhAvapradhAna do bhinna zabda mAtra haiM / 5--jisa jaina zAstra ne anekAnta ke bala se sattva aura asattva jaise paraspara viruddha dharmoM kA samanvaya kiyA hai aura jisane vizeSya ko kabhI vizeSaNa aura vizeSaNa ko kabhI vizeSya mAnane kA kAmacAra svIkAra kiyA hai, vaha jaina zAstra jJAna ke bAre meM pracalita tInoM pakSoM kI gauNa pradhAna-bhAva se vyavasthA kare to vaha saMgata hI hai| 6-svasamaya meM bhI jo anekAnta jJAna hai vaha pramANa aura naya ubhaya dvArA siddha hai| anekAnta meM usa-usa naya kA apane-apane viSaya meM aAgraha avazya rahatA hai para dUsare naya ke viSaya meM taTasthatA bhI rahatI hI hai| yahI anekAnta kI khUbI hai / aisA anekAnta kabhI sugurutroM kI paraMparA ko mithyA nahIM ThaharAtA / vizAla buddhi vAle vidvAn saddarzana usI ko kahate haiM jisameM sAmaJjasya ko sthAna ho| 7-khala puruSa hatabuddhi hone ke kAraNa nayoM kA rahasya to kucha bhI nahIM jAnate paraMtu ulTA ve vidvAnoM ke vibhinna pakSoM meM virodha batalAte haiM / ye khala sacamuca candra aura sUrya tathA prakRti aura vikRti kA vyatyaya karane vAle haiN| arthAt ve rAta ko dina tathA dina ko rAta evaM kAraNa ko kArya tathA kArya ko kAraNa kahane meM bhI nahIM hicakicAte / duHkha kI bAta hai ki ve khala bhI guNa kI khoja nahIM sakate / ____-prastuta jJAnabindu grantha ke asAdhAraNa svAda ke sAmane kalpavRkSa kA phalasvAda kyA cIz2a hai tathA isa jJAnabindu ke AsvAda ke sAmane drAkSAsvAda, amRtavarSA, aura strIsaMpatti Adi ke AnaMda kI ramaNIyatA bhI kyA cIja hai ? 301940] [jJAnabindu

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'jaina tarkabhASA' pranthakAra ___ prastuta graMtha jaina tarkabhASA ke praNetA upAdhyAya zrImAn - yazovijaya haiN| unake jIvana ke bAre meM satya, ardha satya aneka bAteM pracalita thIM, para jaba se unhIM ke samakAlIna gaNI kAntivijayajI kA banAyA 'sujazavelI bhAsa' pUrA prApta huA, jo bilakula vizvasanIya hai, taba se unake jIvana kI kharI-kharI bAteM bilakula spaSTa ho gii| vaha 'bhAsa' tatkAlIna gujarAtI bhASA meM padya baMdha hai, jisakA aAdhunika gujarAtI meM saTippaNa sAra-vivecana prasiddha lekhaka zrIyuta mohanalAla da0 desAI ne likhA hai| usake AdhAra se yahA~ upAdhyAyajI kA jIvana saMkSepa meM diyA jAtA hai| . upAdhyAyajI kA janmasthAna gujarAta meM kalola [bI. bI. eNDa sI. AI. relave ] ke pAsa 'kanoDu' nAmaka gAMva hai jo abhI maujUda hai| usa gAMva meM nArAyaNa nAma kA vyApArI thA jisakI dharmapatnI sobhAgade thii| usa dampatI ke jasavaMta aura padmasiMha do kumAra the| kabhI akabara pratibodhaka prasiddha jainAcArya hIravijayasUri kI ziSyaparaMparA meM hone vAle paMDitavarya zrInayavijaya pATaNa ke samIpavartI 'kuNagera' nAmaka gAMva se vihAra karate hue usa 'kanoDu' nAmaka gAMva meM pdhaare| unake pratibodha se ukta donoM kumAra apane mAtA-pitA kI sammati se unake sAtha ho liye aura donoM ne pATaNa meM paM0 nayavijayajI ke pAsa hI vi0 saM0 1688 meM dIkSA lI, aura usI sAla zrIvijayadeva sUri ke hAtha se unakI bar3I dIkSA bhI huii| ThIka jAt nahIM ki dIkSA ke samaya unakI umra kyA hogI, para saMbhavataH ve dasa-bAraha varSa se kama umra ke na rahe hoMge | dIkSA ke samaya 'jasavaMta' kA yazovijaya' aura 'padmasiMha' kA 'padmavijaya' nAma rakhA gayA / usI padmavijaya ko upAdhyAyajI apanI kRti ke aMta meM sahodara rUpa se smaraNa karate haiN| . saM0 1666 meM ahamadAbAda zahara meM saMghasamakSa paM0 yazovijayajI ne ATha avadhAna kiye| isase prabhAvita hokara vahA~ ke eka dhanajI sUrA nAmaka prasiddha vyApArI ne guru zrInayavijayajI ko vinati kI ki paNDita yazovijayajI ko

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456 jaina dharma aura darzana kAzI jaise sthAna meM par3hAkara dUsarA hemacandra taiyAra kIjie / usa seTha ne isake vAste do hajAra cAMdI ke dInAra kharca karanA maMjUra kiyA aura huMDI likha dI / guru nayavijayajI ziSya yazovijaya Adi sahita kAzI meM Ae aura unheM vahAM ke prasiddha kisI bhAcArya ke pAsa nyAya Adi darzanoM kA tIna varSa taka dakSiNA-dAna pUrvaka abhyAsa kraayaa| kAzI meM hI bAda meM, kisI vidvAn para vijaya pAne ke bAda paM0 yazovijayajI ko 'nyAyavizArada' kI padavI milii| unheM 'nyaayaa| cArya' pada bhI milA thA, aisI prasid rhii| para isakA nirdeza 'sujazavelI bhAsa' meM nahIM hai| kAzI ke bAda unhoMne AgarA meM rahakara cAra varSa taka nyAyazAstra kA vizeSa abhyAsa va ciMtana kiyaa| isake bAda ve ahamadAbAda pahu~ce, jahA~ unhoMne auraMgajeba ke mahobata khAM nAmaka gujarAta ke sUbe ke adhyakSa ke samakSa aThAraha avadhAna kiye / isa vidvattA aura kuzalatA se AkRSTa hokara sabhI ne paM0 yazovijayajI ko 'upAdhyAya' pada ke yogya samajhA / zrI vijayadeva sUri ke ziSya zrIvijayaprabha sUri ne unheM saM0 1718 meM vAcaka-upAdhyAya pada samarpaNa kiyA / vi0 saM0 1743 meM DamoI gAMva, jo bar3audA sTeTa meM abhI maujUda hai, usameM upAdhyAyajI kA svargavAsa huA, jahA~ unakI pAdukA vi0 saM0 1745 meM pratiSThita kI huI abhI vidyamAna hai / upAdhyAyajI ke ziSya-parivAra kA ullekha 'sujaza velI' meM to nahIM hai, para unake tattva vijaya Adi ziSya-praziSyoM kA patA anya sAdhanoM se calatA hai, jisake vAste 'jaina gurjara kavioM' bhAga 2, pRSTha 27 dekhie / - upAdhyAyajI ke bAhya jIvana kI sthUla ghaTanAoM kA jo saMkSipta varNana Upara kiyA hai, unameM do ghaTanAe~ khAsa mArke kI haiM jinake kAraNa upAdhyAyajI ke prAMtarika jIvana kA srota yahAM taka antarmukha hokara vikasila huA, ki jisake bala para ve bhAratIya sAhitya meM aura khAsakara jaina paraMparA meM amara ho ge| unameM se pahalI ghaTanA abhyAsa ke vAste kAzI jAne kI hai, aura dUsarI nyAya Adi darzanoM kA maulika abhyAsa karane kI hai / upAdhyAyajI kitane hI buddhi yA pratibhAsaMpanna kyoM na hote, unake vAste gujarAta Adi meM adhyayana kI sAmagrI kitanI hI kyoM na juTAI jAtI, para isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki ve agara kAzI meM na Ate, to unakA zAstrIya va dArzanika jJAna, jaisA unake granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, saMbhava na hotA / kAzI meM jAkara bhI ve usa samaya taka vikasita nyAyazAstra-khAsa karake navIna nyAya-zAstra kA pUre bala se adhyayana na karate to unhoMne jaina paraMparA ko

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'jaina tarkabhASA' 457 aura taddvArA bhAratIya sAhitya ko jaina vidvAn kI haisiyata se jo apUrva bheMTa dI hai, vaha kabhI saMbhava na hotii| ____ dasavIM zatAbdI se navIna nyAya ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI samagra vaidika darzanoM meM hI nahIM, balki samagra vaidika sAhitya meM sUkSma vizleSaNa aura tarka kI eka naI dizA prAraMbha huI, aura uttarottara adhika se adhika vikAsa hotA calA jo abhI taka ho hI rahA hai / isa navIna nyAya kRta navya yuga meM upAdhyAyajI ke pahile bhI aneka zvetAmbara digambara vidvAn hue, jo buddhi-pratibhA saMpanna hone ke alAvA jIvana bhara zAstrayogI bhI rahe / phira bhI hama dekhate haiM ki upAdhyAyajI ke pUrvavartI kisI jaina vidvAn ne jaina mantavyoM kA utanA satarka dArzanika vizleSaNa va pratipAdana nahIM kiyA, jitanA upAdhyAyajI ne kiyA hai / isa aMtara kA kAraNa upAdhyAyajI ke kAzIgamana meM aura navya nyAyazAstra ke gaMbhIra adhyayana meM hI hai / navIna nyAyazAstra ke abhyAsa se aura tanmUlaka sabhI tatkAlIna vaidika darzanoM ke abhyAsa se upAdhyAyajI kA sahaja buddhi-pratibhA saMskAra itanA vikasita aura samRddha huA ki phira usameM se aneka zAstroM kA nirmANa hone lgaa| upAdhyAyajI ke graMthoM ke nirmANa kA nizcita sthAna va samaya denA abhI saMbhava nahIM / phira bhI itanA to avazya hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne anya jaina sAdhuoM kI taraha mandira nirmANa, mUrti pratiSThA, saMgha nikAlanA Adi bahirmukha dharma kAryoM meM apanA manoyoga na lagAkara apanA sArA jIvana jahAM ve gaye aura jahAM ve rahe, vahIM eka mAtra zAstroM ke cintana tathA nyAya zAstroM ke nirmANa meM lagA diyA / upAdhyAyajI ke granthoM kI saba pratiyA~ upalabdha nahIM haiN| kucha to upalabdha hai, para adhuurii| kucha bilakula anupalabdha haiN| phira bhI jo pUrNa upalabdha haiM, ve hI kisI prakhara buddhizAlI aura prabala puruSArthI ke AjIvana abhyAsa ke vAste paryAsa haiN| unakI labhya, alabhya aura apUrNa labhya kRtiyoM kI abhI taka kI yAdI dekhane se hI yahAM saMkSepa meM kiyA jAnevAlA una kRtiyoM kA sAmAnya vargIkaraNa va mUlyAMkana pAThakoM ke dhyAna meM pA skegaa| upAdhyAyajI kI kRtiyAM saMskRta, prAkRta, gujarAtI aura hindI-mAravAr3I ina cAra bhASAoM meM gadyabaddha, padyabaddha aura gadya-padyabaddha haiN| dArzanika jJAna kA asalI va vyApaka khajAnA saMskRta bhASA meM hone se tathA usake dvArA hI sakala deza ke sabhI vidvAnoM ke nikaTa apane vicAra upasthita karane kA sambhava hone se upAdhyAyajI ne saMskRta meM to likhA hI para unhoMne apanI jaina paramparA kI mUlabhUta prAkRta bhASA ko gauNa na samajhA / isI se unhoMne prAkRta meM bhI racanAe~ kii| saMskRta-prAkRta nahIM jAnanevAle aura kama jAnane vAloM taka apane vicAra pahu~cA.

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jaina dharma aura darzana ne ke liye unhoMne tatkAlIna gujarAtI bhASA meM bhI vividha racanAyeM kii| maukA pAkara kabhI unhoMne hindI mAravAr3I kA bhI Azraya liyaa| viSayadRSTi se upAdhyAyajI kA sAhitya sAmAnya rUpa se Agamika, tArkika do prakAra kA hone para bhI vizeSa rUpa se aneka viSayAvalaMbI hai| unhoMne karma-tattva, AcAra, caritra Adi aneka Agamika viSayoM para prAgamika zailI se bhI likhA hai aura pramANa, prameya, naya, maMgala, mukti, AtmA, yoga Adi aneka tArkika viSayoM para bhI tArkika zailI meM khAsakara navya tArkika zailI se likhA hai| vyAkaraNa, kAvya, chaMda, alaMkAra, darzana Adi sabhI tatkAla prasiddha zAstrIya viSayoM para unhoMne kucha-na-kucha, ati mahattva kA likhA hai| zailI kI dRSTi se unakI kRtiyA~ khaNDanAtmaka bhI hai, pratipadanAtmaka bhI haiM aura samanvayAtmaka bhii| jaba ve khaMDana karate haiM taba pUrI gaharAI taka pahu~cate haiM / pratipAdana unakA sUkSma aura vizada hai / ve jaba yogazAstra aura gItA Adi ke tattvoM kA jaina mantavya ke sAtha samanvaya karate haiM taba unake gaMbhIra ciMtana kA aura zrAdhyAsmika bhAva kA patA calatA hai / unakI aneka kRtiyAM kisI anya ke grantha kI vyAkhyA na hokara mUla, TIkA yA donoM rUpa se svatantra hI haiM, jaba ki aneka. kRtiyAM prasiddha pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM kI vyAkhyArUpa haiM / upAdhyAyajI the pakke jaina aura zvetAmbara phira bhI vidyAviSayaka unakI dRSTi itanI vizAla thI ki vaha apane saMpradAyamAtra meM samA na sakI, ataeva unhoMne pAtaMjala yogasUtra ke Upara bhI likhA aura apanI tIvra samAlocanA kI lakSya-digambara paraMparA ke sUkSma prajJa tArkika pravara vidyAnanda ke kaThinatara aSTasahasrI nAmaka graMtha ke Upara kaThinatama vyAkhyA bhI likhii| - gujarAtI aura hindI-mAravAr3I meM likhI huI unakI aneka kRtiyoM kA thor3A bahuta vAcana, paThana va pracAra pahile se hI rahA hai, parantu unakI saMskRta prAkRta kRtiyoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kA nAmonizAna bhI unake jIvana kAlaM se lekara 30 varSa pahale taka dekhane meM nahIM AyA / yahI sababa hai ki DhAI sau varSa jitane kama aura khAsa upadravoM se mukta isa surakSita samaya meM bhI unakI saba kRtiyAM surakSita na rhiiN| paThana-pAThana na hone se unakI kRtiyoM ke Upara TIkA TippaNI likhe jAne kA to saMbhava rahA hI nahIM, para unakI nakaleM bhI ThIka-ThIka pramANa meM na hone paaii| kucha kRtiyAM to aisI bhI mila rahI haiM, jinakI sirpha eka-eka prati rhii| saMbhava hai aisI hI eka-eka nakala vAlI aneka kRtiyAM yA to lupta ho gaI yA kisI ajJAta sthAnoM meM titara bitara ho gaI hoN| jo kucha ho, para upAdhyAyajI kA jitanA sAhitya labhya hai, utane mAtra kA ThIka-ThIka pUrI taiyArI ke sAtha adhyayana.

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'jaina tarkabhASA kiyA jAe, to jaina paraMparA ke cAroM anuyoga tathA Agamika, tArkika koI viSaya. ajJAta na rheNge| udayana aura gaMgeza jaise maithila tArkika puMgavoM ke dvArA jo navya tarkazAstra kA bIjAropaNa va vikAsa prAraMbha huA, aura jisakA vyApaka prabhAva vyAkaraNa, sAhitya, chaMda, vividha darzana aura dharmazAstra para par3A, aura khUba phailA usa vikAsa se vaMcita sirpha do sampradAya kA sAhitya rahA / jinameM se bauddha sAhitya kI usa truTi kI pUrti kA to saMbhava hI na rahA thA, kyoMki bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda bhAratavarSa meM bauddha-vidvAnoM kI paraMparA nAmagAtra ko bhI na rahI, isalie vaha truTi itanI nahIM akharatI jitanI jaina sAhitya kI vaha truTi / kyoMki jaina saMpradAya ke saikar3oM hI nahIM, balki hajAroM sAdhana saMpanna tyAgI va kucha gRhastha bhAratavarSa ke prAyaH sabhI bhAgoM meM maujUda rahe, jinakA mukhya va jIvanavyApI dhyeya zAstra ciMtana ke sivAya aura kucha kahA hI nahIM jA sktaa| isa jaina sAhitya kI kamI ko dUra karane aura akele hAtha se dUra karane kA ujjavala va sthAyI yaza agara kisI jaina vidvAn ko hai, to vaha upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ko hI hai| grantha prastuta grantha ke jaina tarkabhASA isa nAmakaraNa kA tathA use racane kI kAmanA utpanna hone kA, usake vibhAga, pratipAdya viSaya kA cunAva Adi kA bodhaprada va manoraJjaka itihAsa hai jo avazya jJAtavya hai / __ jahA~ taka mAlUma hai isase patA calatA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM tarkapradhAna darzana granthoM ke cAhe ve vaidika hoM, bauddha hoM yA jaina hoM- nAma nyAya pada yukta huA karate the| jaise ki nyAyasUtra, nyAyabhASya, nyAyavArtika, nyAyasAra, nyAyamaMjarI, nyAyamukha, nyAyAvatAra Adi / agara pro0 TyUcIkA rakhA huA 'tarkazAstra' yaha nAma asala meM saccA hI hai yA pramANa samuccaya vRtti meM nirdiSTa 'tarkazAstra" nAma sahI hai, to usa prAcIna samaya meM pAye jAne vAle nyAyazabda yukta nAmoM kI paramparA kA yaha eka hI apavAda hai jisameM ki nyAya zabda ke badale tarkazabda ho| aisI pamparA ke hote hue bhI nyAya zabda ke sthAna meM 'tarka' zabda lagAkara tarka bhASA nAma rakhanevAle aura usa nAma se dharmakIrtikRta nyAyavindu ke padArthoM para hI eka prakaraNa likhanevAle bauddha vidvAn mokSAkara haiM jo bArahavIM ; zatAbdI ke mAne jAte haiN| mokSAkara kI isa tarkabhASA kRti kA prabhAva vaidika vidvAn kezava mizra para par3A huA jAna par3atA hai, jisase unhoMne . 1 Pre-Dignaga Budhist logic gata tarkazAstra' nAmaka graMtha / .

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jaina dharma aura darzana vaidika paraMparAnusArI akSapAda ke nyAya-sUtra kA avalaMbana lekara apanA tarkabhASA graMtha terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI meM rcaa| mokSAkara kA jagattala bauddha vihAra kezavamizra kI mithilA se bahuta dUra na hogA aisA jAna par3atA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne bauddha vidvAn kI donoM tarkabhASAoM ko dekhA, taba unakI bhI icchA huI ki eka aisI tarkabhASA likhI jAnI cAhie, jisameM jaina mantavyoM kA varNana ho| isI icchA se prerita hokara unhoMne prastuta grantha racA aura usakA kevala tarka bhASA yaha nAma na rakha kara 'jaina tarkabhASA' aisA nAma rkhaa| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM, ki upAdhyAyajI kI jaina tarkabhASA racane kI kalpanA kA mUla ukta do tarka bhASAoM ke avalokana meM hai| mokSAkarIya tarkabhASA kI prAcIna tAr3apatrIya prati pATaNa ke bhaNDAra meM hai jisase jAnA jA sakatA hai ki mokSAkarIya tarkabhASA kA jaina bhaMDAra meM saMgraha to upAdhyAyajI ke pahile hI huA hogA para kezavamizrIya tarkabhASA ke. jaina bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hone ke viSaya meM kucha bhAra pUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMbhava hai jaina bhaNDAra meM usakA saMgraha saba se pahale upAdhyAyajI ne hI kiyA ho, kyoMki isakI bhI vividha TIkAyukta aneka pratiyA~ pATaNa Adi aneka sthAnoM ke jaina sAhitya saMgraha meM haiN| mokSAkarIya tarka bhASA tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai, jaisA ki usakA AdhAra bhata nyAyabiMdu bhI hai| kezavamizrIya tarka bhASA meM aise pariccheda vibhAga nahIM haiN| ataeva upAdhyAyajI kI jaina tarka bhASA ke tIna pariccheda karane kI kalpanA kA AdhAra mokSAkarIya tarka bhASA hai aisA kahanA asaMgata na hogaa| jaina tarka bhASA ko racane kI, usake nAmakaraNa kI aura usake vibhAga kI kalpanA kA itihAsa thor3A bahuta jJAta huaa| para aba prazna yaha hai ki unhoMne apane grantha kA jo pratipAdya viSaya cunA aura use pratyeka pariccheda meM vibhAjita kiyA, usakA AdhAra koI unake sAmane thA yA unhoMne apane Apa hI viSaya kI pasaMdagI kI aura usakA pariccheda anusAra vibhAjana bhI kiyA ? isa prazna kA uttara hameM bhaTTAraka akalaMka ke laghIyastraya ke avalokana se milatA hai| unakA laghIyastraya jo mUla padyabaddha hai aura svopajJavivaraNayukta hai, usake mukhyatayA pratipAdya viSaya tIna haiM, pramANa, naya aura nikssep| unhIM tIna viSayoM ko lekara nyAya-prasthApaka akalaMka ne tIna vibhAga meM laghIyastraya ko racA jo tIna pravezoM meM vibhAjita hai| bauddha-vaidika do taka bhASAoM ke anukaraNa rUpa se jaina tarkabhASA banAne kI upAdhyAyajI kI icchA huI thI hI, para unheM pratipAdya viSaya kI pasaMdagI tathA usake vibhAga ke vAste akalaMka kI kRti mila gaI jisase unakI grantha nirmANa yojanA ThIka bana gii| upAdhyAyajI ne dekhA ki laghIyastraya meM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA .

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461 'jaina tarkabhASA' varNana hai, para vahaM prAcIna hone se vikasita yuga ke vAste paryApta nahIM hai| isI taraha zAyada unhoMne yaha bhI socA ho ki digambarAcArya kRta laghIyastraya jaisA, para navayuga ke anukUla vizeSoM se yukta zvetAmbara paraMparA kA bhI eka graMtha honA cAhie / isI icchA se prerita hokara nAmakaraNa Adi meM mokSAkara Adi kA anusaraNa karate hue bhI unhoMne viSaya kI pasaMdagI meM tathA usake vibhAjana meM jainAcArya akalaMka kA hI anusaraNa kiyaa| __ upAdhyAyajI ke pUrvavartI zvetAmbara-digambara aneka AcAryoM ke tarka viSayaka sUtra va prakaraNa grantha haiM para akalaMka ke laghIyatraya ke sivAya aisA koI tarka viSa. yaka graMtha nahIM hai, jisameM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa tInoM kA tArkika zailI se ekasAtha nirUpaNa ho / ataeva upAdhyAyajI kI viSaya-pasaMdagI kA aAdhAra laghIyastraya hI hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM rhtaa| isake sivAya upAdhyAyajI kI prastuta kRti meM laghIyastraya ke aneka vAkya jyoM ke tyoM hai jo usake AdhAratva ke anumAna ko aura bhI puSTa karate haiN| bAhyasvarUpa kA thor3AsA itihAsa jAnane ke bAda AMtarika svarUpa kA bhI aitihAsika varNana Avazyaka hai| jaina tarka bhASA ke viSayanirUpaNA ke mukhya 'AdhAra-bhUta do graMtha haiM-saTIka vizeSAvazyaka bhASya aura saTIka pramANanayatatvAloka / isI taraha isake nirUpaNa meM mukhyatayA AdhAra bhUta do nyAya graMtha bhI haiM--kusumAMjali aura ciMtAmaNi / isake alAvA viSaya nirUpaNa meM digambarIya nyAyadIpikA kA bhI thor3A sA sAkSAt upayoga avazya huA hai| jaina tarka bhASA ke naya nirUpaNa Adi ke sAtha laghIyastraya aura tattvArthazlokavArtika Adi kA zabdazaH sAdRzya adhika hone se yaha prazna honA svAbhAvika hai ki isameM laghIyastraya aura tattvArthazlokavArtika kA sAkSAt upayoga kyoM nahIM maante| para isakA jabAba yaha hai ki upAdhyAyajI ne jaina tarka bhASA ke viSaya nirUpaNa meM vastutaH saTIka pramANanayatatvAloka kA tArkika graMtha rUpa se sAkSAt upayoga kiyA hai| laghIyastraya, tattvArthazlokavArtika Adi digambarIya granthoM ke AdhAra se saTIka pramANanayatattvAloka ko racanA kI jAne ke kAraNa jaina tarka bhASA ke sAtha laghIyastraya aura tattvArthazlokavArtika kA zabdasAdRzya saTIka pramANanayatattvAloka ke dvArA hI AyA hai, sAkSAt nhiiN| mokSAkara ne dharmakIrti ke nyAyabiMdu ko AdhArabhUta rakhakara usake katipaya sUtroM kI vyAkhyArUpa meM thor3A bahuta anya anya zAstrArthIya viSaya pUrvavartI bauddha granthoM meM se lekara apanI nAtisaMkSipta nAtivistRta aisI paThanopayogI tarka bhASA likhii| kezavamizrane bhI akSapAda ke prathama sUtra ko AdhAra rakhakara usake nirUpaNa

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jaina dharma aura darzana meM saMkSepa rUpa se naiyAyika sammata solaha padArtha aura vaizeSika sammata sAta padArthoM kA vivecana kiyaa| donoM ne apane-apane maMtavya ko siddha karate hue tatkAlIna virodhI mantavyoM kA bhI jahAM-tahAM khaNDana kiyA hai| upAdhyAyajI ne bhI isI saraNI kA avalaMbana karake jaina tarka bhASA rcii| unhoMne mukhyatayA pramANanayatattvAloka ke sUtroM ko hI jahAM saMbhava hai AdhAra banAkara unakI vyAkhyA apane DhaMga se kI hai / vyAkhyA meM khAsakara paMcajJAna nirUpaNa ke prasaMga meM saTIka vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kA hI avalaMbana hai| bAkI ke pramANa aura nayanirUpaNa meM pramANanayatattvAloka kI vyAkhyA-ratnAkara kA avalaMbana hai athavA yoM kahanA cAhie ki paMcajJAna aura nikSepa kI carcA to vizeSAvazyaka bhASya aura usakI vRtti kA saMkSepamAtra hai aura parokSapramANoM kI tathA nayoM kI carcA pramANanayatattvAloka kI vyAkhyA-ratnAkara kA saMkSepa hai| upAdhyAyajI jaise prAcIna navIna sakala darzana ke bahuzrata vidvAn kI kRti meM kitanA hI saMkSepa kyoM na ho, para usameM pUrvapakSa tathA uttarapakSa rUpa se kiMvA vastu vizleSaNa rUpa se zAstrIya vicAroM ke aneka raMga pUre jAne ke kAraNa yaha saMkSipta grantha bhI eka mahattva kI kRti bana gayA hai| vastutaH jainatarka bhASA kA yaha Agamika tathA tArkika pUrvavartI jaina prameyoM kA kisI hada taka navyanyAya kI paribhASA me vizleSaNa hai tathA unakA eka jagaha saMgraha rUpa se saMkSipta para vizada varNana mAtra hai / pramANa aura neya kI vicAra paraMparA zvetAMbarIya graMthoM meM samAna hai, para nikSepoM kI carcA paramparA utanI samAna nahIM / laghIyastraya meM jo nikSepa nirUpaNa hai aura usakI vistRta vyAkhyA nyAyakumuda candra meM jo varNana hai, vaha vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI nikSepa carcA se itanA bhinna avazya hai jisase yaha kahA jA sake ki tattva meM bheda na hone para bhI nikSepoM kI carcA digambara-zvetAmbara donoM paramparA meM kisI aMza meM bhinna rUpa se puSTa huI jaisA ki jIvakAMDa aura cauthe karmagrantha ke viSaya ke bAre meM kahA jA sakatA hai| upAdhyAyajI ne jaina tarka bhASA ke bAhya rUpa kI racanA meM laghIyastraya kA avalaMbana kiyA jAna par3atA hai, phira bhI unhoMne apanI nikSepa carcA to pUrNatayA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke AdhAra se hI kI hai| I0 1636] [jaina tarkabhASA

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'nyAyakumudacandra' kA prAkkathana yadi zrImAn premIjI kA anurodha na hotA jinheM ki maiM apane ine-gine digambara mitroM meM sabase adhika udAra vicAravAle, sAmpradAyika hote hue bhI sAmpradAyika dRSTivAle tathA saccI lagana se digambarIya sAhitya kA utkarSa cAhane vAle samajhatA hU~, aura yadi nyAya kumudacandra ke prakAzana ke sAtha thor3A bhI merA saMbandha na hotA, to maiM isa vakta zAyada hI kucha likhatA / digambara- paraMparA ke sAtha merA tIsa varSa pahale adhyayana ke samaya se hI saMbandha zurU huA, jo bAhyAbhyantara donoM dRSTi se uttarottara vistRta evaM ghaniSTha hotA gayA hai / itane lambe paricaya meM sAhityika tathA aitihAsika dRSTi se digambara paramparA ke saMbandha meM Adara evaM ati taTasthatA ke sAtha jahA~ taka ho sakA maiMne kucha avalokana evaM ciMtana kiyA hai / mujhako digambarIya paramparA kI madhyakAlIna tathA uttarakAlIna sAhityika pravRtti meM eka virodha naz2ara AyA / namaskaraNIya svAmI samaMtabhadra se lekara vAdirAja taka kI sAhityika pravRtti dekhie aura isake bAda kI sAhityika pravRtti dekhie / donoM kA milAna karane se aneka bicAra Ate haiM / samaMtabhadra, akalaGka Adi vidvadrUpa AcArya cAhe banavAsI rahe hoM, yA nagaravAsI phira bhI una saboM ke sAhitya ko dekhakara eka bAta nirvivAda rUpa se mAnanI par3atI hai ki una satroM kI sAhityika manovRtti bahuta hI udAra evaM saMgrahiNI rahI / aisA na hotA to ve bauddha aura brAhmaNa paramparA kI saba dArzanika zAkhAoM ke sulabha durlabha sAhitya kA na to adhyayana hI karate aura na usake tattvoM para anukUla-pratikUla samAlocanA yogya gambhIra cintana karake apanA sAhitya samRddhatara banA paate| yaha kalpanA karanA nirAdhAra nahIM ki una samartha zrAcAryoM ne apane tyAga va digambaratva ko kAyama rakhane kI ceSTA karate hue bhI apane Asa-pAsa aise pustaka saM ha kiye karAye ki jinameM apane sampradAya ke samagra sAhitya ke alAvA bauddha aura brAhmaNa paramparA ke mahattvapUrNa choTe-bar3e sabhI graMthoM kA saMcaya karane kA bharasaka prayatna huA / ve aise saMcaya mAtra se hI saMtuSTa nahIM rahate the, para unake adhyayana-adhyApana kArya ko apanA jIvana krama banAye hue the / isake

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464 jaina dharma aura darzana binA unake upalabhya graMthoM meM dekhA jAnevAlA vicAra-vaizadya va dArzanika pRthakkaraNa saMbhava nahIM ho sktaa| ve usa vizAlarAzi tatkAlIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke ciMtana, manana rUpa dohana meM se navanIta jaisI apanI kRtiyoM ko binA banAye bhI saMtuSTa na hote the| yaha sthiti madhyakAla kI rhii| isake bAda ke samaya meM hama dUsarI hI manovRtti pAte haiN| karIba bArahavIM zatAbdI se lekara bIsavIM zatAbdI taka ke digambarIya sAhitya kI pravRtti dekhane se jAna par3atA hai ki isa yuga meM vaha manovRtti badala gii| agara aisA na hotA to koI kAraNa na thA ki bArahavIM zatAbdI se lekara aba taka jahA~ nyAya vedAnta mImAMsA, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa Adi viSayaka sAhitya kA bhAratavarSa meM itanA adhika, itanA vyApaka aura itanA sUkSma vicAra va vikAsa huA, vahA~ digambara paramparA isase bilakula achUtI sI rhtii| zrIharSa, gaMgeza, pakSadhara, madhusUdana, appadIkSita, jagannAtha Adi jaise navayuga prasthApaka brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ke sAhitya se bhare hue isa yuga meM digambara sAhitya kA isase bilakula achUtA rahanA apane pUrvAcAryo kI manovRtti ke viruddha manovRtti kA sabUta hai| agara vAdirAja ke bAda bhI digambara paramparA kI sAhityika manovRtti pUrvavat rahatI to usakA sAhitya kucha aura hI hotaa| kAraNa kucha bhI ho para isameM tanika bhI saMdeha nahIM hai ki pichale paNDitoM aura bhaTTArakoM kI manovRtti hI badala gaI aura usakA prabhAva sArI paramparA para par3A jo aba-taka spaSTa dekhA jAtA hai aura jisake cihna upalabhya prAyaH sabhI bhaNDAroM, vartamAna pAThazAlAoM kI adhyayana-adhyApana praNAlI aura paNDita maNDalI kI vicAra va kAryazailI meM dekhe jAte haiN| ___ abhI taka mere dekhane sunane meM aisA eka bhI purAnA digaMbara bhaNDAra yA Adhunika pustakAlaya nahIM AyA jisameM bauddha, brAhmaNa aura zvetAMbara paramparA kA samagra sAhitya yA adhika mahattva kA mukhya sAhitya saMgrahIta ho| maiMne digaMbara paramparA kI eka bhI aisI saMsthA nahIM dekhI yA sunI ki jisameM samagra darzanoM kA AmUla adhyayana-ciMtana hotA ho yA usake prakAzita kiye hue bahumUlya prAcIna graMthoM kA saMskaraNa yA anuvAda aisA koI nahIM dekhA jisase yaha vidita ho ki usake sampAdakoM yA anuvAdakoM ne utanI vizAlatA va taTasthatA se una mala granthoM ke lekhakoM kI bhA~ti nahIM to unakA zatAMza yA sahasrAMza bhI zrama kiyA ho / eka tarapha se paraMparA meM pAI jAne vAlI udAtta zAstra bhakti, Arthika sahaliyata aura buddhizAlI paMDitoM kI bar3I tAdAda ke sAtha jaba aAdhunika yuga ke sabhIte kA vicAra karatA hU~, tathA dUsarI bhAratavarSIya paraMparAoM kI sAhityika

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'nyAyakumudacandra' 465 upAsanA ko dekhatA hU~ aura dUsarI tarapha digambarIya sAhitya kSetra kA vicAra karatA hU~ taba kama se kama mujhako to koI saMdeha hI nahIM rahatA ki yaha saba kucha badalI huI saMkucita yA ekadezIya manovRtti kA hI pariNAma hai| merA yaha bhI cirakAla se manoratha rahA hai ki ho sake itanI tvarA se digambara paramparA kI yaha manovRtti badala jAnI caahie| isake binA vaha na to apanA aitihAsika va sAhityika purAnA anupama sthAna sa~bhAla legI aura na vartamAna yuga meM sabake sAtha barAbarI kA sthAna pA skegii| yaha bhI merA vizvAsa hai ki agara yaha manovRtti badala jAe to usa madhyakAlIna thor3e, para asAdhAraNa mahattva ke, aise grantha use virAsata meM labhya haiM jinake bala para aura jinakI bhUmikA ke Upara uttarakAlIna aura vartamAnayugIna sArA mAnasika vikAsa isa vakta bhI bar3I khUbI se samanvita va saMgRhIta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ isI vizvAsa ne mujhako digambarIya sAhitya ke upAdeya utkarSa ke vAste kartavya rUpa se mukhyatayA tIna bAtoM kI ora vicAra karane ko bAdhita kiyA hai| (1) samaMtabhadra, akalaMka vidyAnaMda Adi ke grantha isa DhaMga se prakAzita kiye jAe~ jisase unheM par3hanevAle vyApaka dRSTi pA sakeM aura jinakA avalokana tathA ' saMgraha dUsarI paraMparA ke vidvAnoM ke vAste anivArya sA ho jaae| (2) zrAptamImAMsA, yuktyanuzAsana aSTazatI, nyAyavinizcaya Adi granthoM ke anuvAda aisI maulikatA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka va aitihAsika paddhati se kiye jAe~, jisase yaha vidita ho ki una granthakAroM ne apane samaya taka kI kitanI vidyAoM kA parizIlana kiyA thA aura kina-kina upAdAnoM ke AdhAra para unhoMne apanI kRtiyA~ racI thIM--tathA unakI kRtiyoM meM sanniSTa vicAra paraMparAoM kA Aja taka kitanA aura kisa taraha vikAsa huA hai / (3) ukta donoM bAtoM kI pUrti kA ekamAtra sAdhana jo sarva saMgrAhI pustakAlayoM kA nirmANa, prAcIna bhANDAroM kI pUrNa va vyavasthita khoja tathA aAdhunika paThanapraNAlI meM AmUla parivartana hai, vaha jaldI se jaldI karanA / ___ maiMne yaha pahale hI soca rakhA thA ki apanI ora se binA kucha kiye auroM ko kahane kA koI vizeSa artha nhiiN| isa dRSTi se kisI samaya prAptamImAMsA kA anuvAda maiMne prArambha bhI kiyA, jo pIche raha gyaa| isa bIca meM sanmatitarka ke sampAdana kAla meM kucha apUrva digambarIya grantha ratna mile, jinameM se siddhivinizcaya TIkA eka hai| nyAyakumudacandra kI likhita prati jo 'zrA0' saMketa se prastuta saMska Na meM upayukta huI hai vaha bhI zrIyuta premIjI ke dvArA milii| jaba maiMne use dekhA tabhI usakA viziSTa saMskaraNa nikAlane kI vRtti balavatI ho gii| udhara

Page #816
466 jaina dharma aura darzana premIjI kA takAjA thA ki madada maiM yathAsaMbhava karU~gA para isakA sanmati jaisA saMskaraNa nikAlo hI / idhara eka sAtha aneka bar3e kAma jimme na lene kI manovRtti / isa dvaMda meM dasa varSa bIta gae / maiMne isa bIca meM do bAra prayatna bhI kiye para ve saphala na hue / eka uddezya merA yaha rahA ki kumudacandra jaise digambarIya granthoM ke saMskaraNa ke samaya yogya digambara paMDitoM ko hI sahacArI banAU~ jisase phira usa paraMparA meM bhI svAvalaMbI cakra calatA rhe| isa dhAraNA se ahamadAbAda meM do bAra alaga-alaga se, do digambara paMDitoM ko bhI, zAyada san 1626-27 ke AsapAsa, maiMne bulAyA para kAmayAbI na huI / vaha prayatna usa samaya vahIM rahA, para premIjI ke takAz2e aura nijI saMkalpa ke vaza usakA paripAka uttarottara bar3hatA hI gayA, jise mUrta karane kA avasara 1633 kI julAI meM kAzI pahu~cate hI dikhAI diyA / paM0 kailAzacandrajI to prathama se hI mere paricita the, paM0 mahendrakumArajI kA paricaya nayA huA / maiMne dekhA ki ye donoM vidvAn 'kumuda' kA kArya kareM to upayukta samaya aura sAmagrI hai| donoM ne bar3e utsAha se kAma ko apanAyA aura udhara se premIjI ne kAryasAdhaka Ayojana bhI kara diyA, jisake phalasvarUpa yaha prathama bhAga sake sAmane upasthita hai / ise taiyAra karane meM paMDita mahAzayoM ne kitanA aura kisa prakAra kA zrama kiyA hai use sabhI abhijJa abhyAsI Apa hI Apa jAna sakeMge / zrataeva maiM usa para kucha na kahakara sirpha prastuta bhAga gata TippaNiyoM ke viSaya meM kucha kahanA upayukta samajhatA hU~ / merI samajha meM prastuta TippaNiyA~ do dRSTi se kI gaI haiM / eka to yaha ki granthakAra ne jisa-jisa mukhya aura gauNa mudde para jainamata darzAte hue anukUla yA pratikUla rUpa se jainetara bauddha brAhmaNa paramparAoM ke matoM kA nirdeza va saMgraha kiyA hai ve mata aura una matoM kI poSaka paramparAe~ unhIM ke mUlabhUta granthoM se batalAI jAe~ tAki abhyAsI granthakAra kI prAmANikatA jAnane ke alAvA yaha bhI savistara jAna sakeM ki amuka mata yA usakI poSaka paraMparA kina mUla graMthoM para avalaMbita hai aura usakA asalI bhAva kyA hai ? isa jAnakArI se abhyAsazIla vidyArthIpaMDita prabhAcandra varNita darzanAntarIya samasta saMkSipta muddoM ko atyanta spaSTatA - pUrvaka samajha sakeMge aura apanA svataMtra mata bhI bA~dha skeNge| dUsarI dRSTi TippaNiyoM ke viSaya meM yaha rahI hai ki pratyeka mantavya ke tAttvika aura sAhityika itihAsa kI sAmagrI upasthita kI jAya jo tattvajJa aura aitihAsika donoM ke saMzodhana kArya meM Avazyaka hai /

Page #817
'nyAyakumudacandra' 467 agara prastuta bhAga ke abhyAsI ukta donoM dRSTiyoM se TippaNiyoM kA upayoga kareMge to ve TippaNiyA~ sabhI digambara - zvetAmbara nyAya pramANa granthoM ke vAste eka sI kArya sAdhaka siddha hoNgii| itanA hI nahIM, balki bauddha brAhmaNa paramparA ke dArzanika sAhitya kI aneka aitihAsika gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne meM bhI kAma deMgI / 1. udAharaNArtha- 'dharma' para kI TippaNiyoM ko liijie| isase yaha vidita ho jAegA ki graMthakAra ne jo jaina sammata dharma ke vividha svarUpa batalAye haiM una sabake mUla AdhAra kyA-kyA haiM / isake sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI mAlUma par3a jAegA ki granthakAra ne dharma ke svarUpa viSayaka jina aneka matAntaroM kA nirdeza va khaNDana kiyA hai ve haraeka matAntara kisa-kisa paramparA ke haiM aura ve usa paramparA ke kinakina granthoM meM kisa taraha pratipAdita haiM / yaha sArI jAnakArI eka saMzodhaka ko bhAratavarSIya dharma viSayaka mantavyoM kA zranakhazikha itihAsa likhane tathA unakI pArasparika tulanA karane kI mahattvapUrNa preraNA kara sakatI hai / yahI bAta aneka choTe-choTe TippaNoM ke viSaya meM kahI jA sakatI hai / prastuta saMskaraNa se digambarIya sAhitya meM nava prakAzana kA jo mArga khulA hotA hai, vaha zrAge ke sAhitya prakAzana meM patha-pradarzaka bhI ho sakatA hai / rAjavArtika, tattvArthazlokavArtika, aSTasahasrI Adi aneka utkRSTatara granthoM kA jo apakRSTatara prakAzana huA hai usake sthAna meM Age kaisA honA cAhie, isakA yaha namUnA hai jo mANikacandra jaina granthamAlA meM digambara paMDitoM ke dvArA hI taiyAra hokara prasiddha ho rahA hai / aise TippaNIpUrNa granthoM ke samucita adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha hI aneka parivartana zurU hoNge| aneka vidyArthI va paMDita vividha sAhitya ke paricaya ke dvArA sarvasaMgrAhI pustakAlaya nirmANa kI preraNA pA sakeMge, aneka viSayoM ke, aneka granthoM ko dekhane kI ruci paidA kara skeNge| aMta meM mahattvapUrNa prAcIna granthoM ke asAdhAraNa yogyatA vAle anuvAdoM kI kamI bhI usI preraNA se dUra hogI / saMkSepa meM yoM kahanA cAhie ki digambarIya sAhitya kI viziSTa aura mahatI Antarika vibhUti sarvopAdeya banAne kA yuga zurU hogA / TippaNiyA~ aura unheM jamAne kA krama ThIka hai phira bhI kahIM-kahIM aisI bAta A gaI hai jo taTastha vidvAnoM ko akhara sakatI hai / udAharaNArtha - 'pramANa' para ke avataraNa saMgraha ko lIjie isake zurU meM likha to yaha diyA gayA hai ki kama-vikasita pramANa-lakSaNa isa prakAra haiN| para phira una pramANa- lakSaNoM kA krama jamAte samaya kramavikAsa aura aitihAsikatA bhulA dI gaI hai / taTastha vicAraka ko aisA dekhakara yaha kalpanA ho jAne kA saMbhava hai ki jaba avataraNoM kA saMgraha 4

Page #818
jaina dharma aura darzana . sampradAyavAra jamAnA iSTa thA taba kramavikAsa zabda ke prayoga kI kyA jarUrata thI ? Upara kI sUcanA maiM isaliye karatA hU~ ki AyaMdA agara aitihAsika dRSTi se aura kramavikAsa dRSTi se kucha bhI nirUpaNa karanA ho to usake mahattva kI ora vizeSa khyAla rhe| paraMtu aisI mAmUlI aura agaNya kamI ke kAraNa prastuta TippaNiyoM kA mahattva kama nahIM hotaa| aMta meM digambara paraMparA ke sabhI niSNAta aura udAra paMDitoM se merA namra nivedana hai ki ve aba viziSTa zAstrIya adhyavasAya meM lagakara sarvasaMgrAhya. hiMdI anuvAdoM kI bar3I bhArI kamI ko jaldI se jaldI dUra karane meM laga jAe~ aura prastuta kumudacandra ko bhI bhulA dene vAle anya mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA saMskaraNa taiyAra kreN| vidyApriya aura zAstrabhakta digaMbara dhanikoM se merA anurodha hai ki ve aise kAryoM meM paMDita-maMDalI ko adhika se adhika sahayoga deN| nyAya kumudacandra ke chape 402 peja, arthAt mUla mAtra pahalA bhAga mere sAmane hai| kevala uso ko dekhakara maiMne apane vicAra likhe haiM / yadyapi jaina paramparA ke sthAnakavAsI aura zvetAmbara phirakoM ke sAhitya tathA taviSayaka manovRtti , ke car3hAva-utAra ke saMbaMdha meM bhI kucha kahane yogya hai / isI taraha brAhmaNa paramparA kI sAhitya viSayaka manovRtti ke jude-jude rUpa bhI jAnane yogya haiN| phira bhI maiMne yahA~ sirpha digambara paramparA ko hI lakSya meM rakhakara likhA hai| kyoMki yahA~ vahI prastuta hai aura aise saMkSipta prAkkathana meM adhika carcA kI koI guMjAiza bhI nhiiN| I0 1638] [ nyAyakumudacandra kA prAkkathana

Page #819
nyAyakumudacandra-2 'kucha aitihAsika praznoM para bhI likhanA Avazyaka hai| pahalA prazna hai akalaMka ke samaya kaa| paM0 mahendrakumArajI ne 'akalaGkagraMthatraya' kI prastAvanA meM dharmakIrti aura unake ziSyoM Adi ke graMthoM kI tulanA ke AdhAra para akalaMka kA samaya nizcita karate samaya jo vikramArkIya zaka saMvat kA artha vikramIya saMvat na lekara zaka saMvat lene kI aora saMketa kiyA hai-vaha mujhako bhI vizeSa sAdhAra mAlUma par3atA hai| isa viSaya meM paMDitajI ne jo dhavalaTIkAgata ullekha tathA pro0 hIrAlAlajI ke kathana kA ullekha prastAvanA (pRSTha 5) meM kiyA hai vaha unakI akalaMkagraMthatraya meM sthApita vicArasaraNI kA hI poSaka hai| isa bAre meM suprasiddha itihAsajJa paM0 jayacandrajI vidyAlaMkAra kA2 vicAra bhI paM0 mahendrakumArajI kI dhAraNA kA poSaka hai / maiM to pahale se hI mAnatA AyA hU~ ki akalaMka kA samaya vikrama kI AThavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha aura navIM zatAbdI pUrvArddha hI ho sakatA hai jaisA ki yAkinIsUnu haribhadra kA hai / merI rAya meM akalaMka, haribhadra, tattvArthabhASya TIkAkAra siddhasena gaNi, ye sabhI thor3e bahuta pramANa meM samasAmayika avazya haiN| Age jo samantabhadra ke samaya ke bAre meM kucha kahanA hai usase bhI isI samaya kI puSTi hotI hai| 1. isakA prAraMbha kA bhAga 'dArzanika mImAMsA' khaNDa meM diyA hai-pRSTha 67 / 2. ve bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA (pR0 824-26) meM likhate haiM"mahamUda gajanavI ke samakAlIna prasiddha vidvAna yAtrI alabarUnI ne apane bhArata viSayaka grantha meM zaka rAjA aura dUsare vikramAditya ke yuddha kI bAta isa prakAra likhI hai-'zaka saMvat athavA zakakAla kA prArambha vikramAditya ke saMvat se 135 varSa pIche par3A hai / prastuta zaka ne una ( hinduoM ) ke deza para sindha nadI aura samudra ke bIca, AryAvarsa ke usa rAjya ko apanA nivAsasthAna banAne ke bAda bahuta atyAcAra kiye| kucha logoM kA kahanA hai, vaha alamansUrA nagarI kA zUdra thA, dUsare kahate haiM, vaha hindU thA hI nahIM aura bhArata meM pazcima se AyA thaa| hinduoM ko usase bahuta kaSTa sahane pdd'e| anta meM unheM pUraba se sahAyatA milI jaba ki vikramAditya ne una para car3hAI kI, use bhagA diyA aura mulatAna tathA lonI ke koTale ke bIca karUra pradeza meM use mAra ddaalaa| taba yaha tithi prasiddha

Page #820
470 jaina dharma aura darzana ___ AcArya prabhAcandra ke samaya ke viSaya meM purAnI navavIM sadI kI mAnyatA kA to nirAsa paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne kara hI diyA hai| aba usake saMbaMdha meM isa samaya do mata haiM, jinakA AdhAra 'bhojadevarAjye' aura 'jayasiMhadevarAjye' vAlI prazastiyoM kA prakSiptatva yA prabhAcandra kartRkatva kI kalpanA hai| agara ukta prazastiyA~ prabhAcandrakartRka nahIM haiM to samaya kI uttarAvadhi I0 sa0 1020, aura agara prabhAcandra kartRka mAnI jAe to uttarAvadhi I0 sa0 1065 hai| yahI do pakSoM kA sAra hai| paM0 mahendrakumArajI ne prastAvanA meM ukta prazastiyoM ko prAmANika siddha karane ke lie jo vicArakrama upasthita kiyA hai, vaha mujhako ThIka mAlUma hotA hai| merI rAya meM bhI ukta prazastiyoM ko prakSipta siddha karane kI koI balavattara dalIla nahIM hai / aisI dazA meM prabhAcandra kA samaya vikrama kI 11 vIM sadI ke uttarArddha se bArahavIM sadI ke prathamapAda taka svIkAra kara lenA sabhI dRSTiyoM se sayuktika hai| maiMne 'akalaGkagraMthatraya' ke prAkkathana meM ye zabda likhe haiM-"adhika saMbhava to yaha hai ki samantabhadra aura akalaMka ke bIca sAkSAt vidyA kA hI saMbha rahA ho gaI, kyoMki loga usa prajApIr3aka kI mauta kI khabara se bahuta khuza hue aura usa tithi meM eka saMvat zurU huA jise jyotiSI vizeSarUpa se bartane lge|" kintu vikramAditya saMvat kahe jAnevAle saMvat ke prArambha aura zaka ke mAre jAne meM bar3A antara hai, isase maiM samajhatA hU~ ki usa saMvat kA nAma jisa vikramAdisya ke nAma se par3A hai, vahI zaka ko mAranevAlA vikramAditya nahIM hai, kevala donoM kA nAma eka hai|'-(pR0824-25 ) / 'isa para eka zaMkA upasthita hotI hai zAlivAhana vAlI anuzruti ke kAraNa / alabarUnI spaSTa kahatA hai ki 78 I0 kA saMvat rAjA vikramAditya (sAtavAhana) ne zaka ko mArane kI yAdagAra meM calAyA / vaisI bAta jyotiSI bhaTTotpala (666 I0 ) aura brahmadatta (628 I0 ) ne bhI likhI hai| yaha saMvat aba bhI paMcAgoM meM zAlivAhana-zaka arthAt zAlivAhanAbda kahalAtA hai|......'-(pR0 836) / " ina do avataraNoM se itanI bAta nirvivAda siddha hai ki vikramAditya ( sAtavAhana ) ne zaka ko mArakara apanI zaka vijaya ke upalakSya meM eka saMvat calAyA thaa| jo sAtavIM zatAbdI ( brahmagupta ) se hI zAlivAhanAbda mAnA jAtA hai| dhavalA TIkA Adi meM jisa 'vikramArkazaka' saMvat kA ullekha AtA hai vaha yahI 'zAlivAhana zaka' honA cAhie / usakA 'vikramAkezaka' nAma zaka vijaya ke upalakSya meM vikramAditya dvArA calAye gae zaka saMvat kA spaSTa sUcana karatA hai|

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samantabhadra kA samaya 471 hai, kyoMki samantabhadra kI kRti ke Upara sarvaprathama akalaMka kI vyAkhyA hai|" ityAdi / Age ke kathana se jaba yahA~ nirvivAda siddha ho jAtA hai ki samantabhadra pUjyapAda ke bAda kabhI hue haiM / aura yaha to siddha hI hai ki samantabhadra ko kRti ke Upara sarvaprathama akalaMka kI vyAkhyA hai, taba itanA mAnanA hogA ki agara samantabhadra aura akalaMka meM sAkSAt guru ziSya kA bhAva na bhI rahA ho taba bhI unake bIca meM samaya kA koI vizeSa antara nahIM ho sktaa| isa dRSTi se samantabhadra kA astitva vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdI kA amuka bhAga ho sakatA hai| __maiMne akalaMkagranthatraya ke hI prAkkathana meM vidyAnaMda kI prAptaparIkSA evaM aSTasahasrI ke spaSTa ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha niHzaMka rUpa se batalAyA hai ki svAmI samantabhadra pUjyapAda ke prAptastotra ke mImAMsAkAra haiM ataeva unake uttaravartI hI haiN| merA yaha vicAra to bahuta dinoM ke pahile sthira huA thA, para prasaMga Ane para use saMkSepa meM akalaMkagranthatraya ke prAkkathana meM niviSTa kiyA thaa| paM0 mahendrakumArajI ne mere saMkSipta lekha kA vizada aura sabala bhASya karake prastuta bhAga kI prastAvanA (pR0 25 ) meM yaha abhrAntarUpa se sthira kiyA hai ki svAmI samantabhadra pUjyapAda ke uttaravartI haiN| alabattA unhoMne merI saptabhaMgI vAlI dalIla ko nirNAyaka na mAnakara vicAraNIya kahA hai| para isa viSaya meM paMDitajI tathA 1. 'zrImattatvArthazAstrAdbhutasalilanidheH' vAlA jo zloka AptaparIkSA meM hai usameM 'iddharatnodbhavasya' aisA sAmAsika pada hai| zloka kA artha yA anuvAda karate samaya usa sAmAsika pada ko 'ambunidhi' kA samAnAdhikaraNa vizeSaNa mAnakara vicAra karanA caahie| cAhe usameM samAsa 'iddharatnoM kA udbhava-prabhavasthAna' aisA tatpuruSa kiyA jAya, cAhe 'iddharatnoM kA udbhava-utpatti huA hai jisameM se' aisA bahuvrIhi kiyA jaae| ubhaya dazA meM vaha ambunidhi kA samAnAdhikaraNa. vizeSaNa hI hai / aisA karane se 'protthAnArambhakAle' yaha pada ThIka ambunidhi ke sAtha apunarukta rUpa se saMbaddha ho jAtA hai / aura phalitArthe yaha nikalatA hai ki tattvArthazAstrarUpa samudra kI protthAna-bhUmikA bA~dhate samaya jo stotra kiyA gayA hai| isa vAkyArtha meM dhyAna dene kI mukhya vastu yaha hai ki tattvArtha kA protthAna bA~dhane pAlA arthAt usakI utpatti kA nimitta batalAnevAlA aura stotra kA racayitA ye donoM eka haiM / jisane tattvArthazAstra kI utpatti kA nimitta batalAyA usI ne usa nimitta ko batalAne ke pahile 'mokSamArgasya netAram' yaha stotra bhI racA / isa vicAra ke prakAza meM sarvArthasiddhi kI bhUmikA jo par3hegA use yaha sandeha hI nahIM ho sakatA ki 'vaha stotra khuda pUjyapAda kA hai yA nhiiN|'

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472 jaina dharma aura darzana anya sajjanoM se merA itanA hI kahanA hai ki merI yaha dalIla vidyAnanda ke spaSTa ullekha ke AdhAra para kiye gae nirNaya kI poSaka hai aura use maiMne vahA~ svataMtra pramANa rUpa se peza nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi mere mana meM to vaha dalIla eka svataMtra pramANa rUpa se bhI rahI hai / para maiMne usakA upayoga usa taraha se vahA~ nahIM kiyA / jo jaina-paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA ke praveza, tarkazAstra ke adhyayana aura pUrvavartI prAcAryoM kI choTI-sI bhI mahattvapUrNa kRti kA uttaravartI prAcAryoM ke dvArA upayoga kiyA jAnA ityAdi jaina mAnasa ko jo jAnatA hai use to kabhI saMdeha ho hI nahIM sakatA ki pUjyapAda, diGnAga ke padya ko to nirdiSTa kareM para apane pUrvavartI yA samakAlIna samantabhadra kI asAdhAraNa kRtiyoM kA kisI aMza meM sparza bhI na kareM / kyA vajaha hai ki umAsvAti ke bhASya kI taraha sarvArthasiddhi meM bhI saptabhaMgI kA vizada nirUpaNa na ho ? jo ki samantabhadra kI jaina paramparA ko usa samaya kI naI dena rhii| astu / isake sivAya maiM aura bhI kucha bAteM vicArArtha upasthita karatA hU~ jo mujhe svAmI samantabhadra ko dharmakIrti ke samakAlIna mAnane kI ora jhukAtI haiM mudde kI bAta yaha hai ki abhI taka aisA koI jaina AcArya yA usakA graMtha nahIM dekhA gayA jisakA anukaraNa brAhmaNoM yA bauddhoM ne kiyA ho| isake viparIta 1300 varSa kA to jaina saMskRta evaM tarka vAGmaya kA aisA itihAsa hai jisameM brAhmaNa evaM bauddha paramparA kI kRtiyoM kA pratibimba hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI to akSarazaH anukaraNa hai| aisI sAmAnya vyApti bA~dhane ke jo kAraNa haiM unakI carcA yahA~ aprastuta hai / para agara sAmAnya vyApti kI yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta nahIM hai to dharmakIrti tathA samantabhadra ke bIca jo kucha mahattva kA sAmya hai usa para aitihAsikoM ko vicAra karanA hI par3egA / nyAyAvatAra meM dharmakIrti ke dvArA prayukta eka mAtra abhrAnta pada ke bala para sUkSmadarzI pro0 yAkobI ne siddhasena divAkara ke samaya ke bAre meM sUcana kiyA thA, usa para vicAra karanevAle hama logoM ko samantabhadra kI kRti meM pAye jAnevAle dharmakIrti ke sAmya para bhI vicAra karanA hI hogA / pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki diGnAga ke pramANa-samuccayagata maMgala zloka ke Upara hI usake vyAkhyAna rUpa se dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika kA pahalA pariccheda racA hai| jisameM dharmakIrti ne pramANa rUpa se sugata ko hI sthApita kiyA hai| ThIka usI taraha se samantabhadra ne bhI pUjyapAda ke 'mokSamArgasya netAram' vAle maMgala padya ko lekara usake Upara prAptamImAMsA racI hai aura usake dvArA jaina tIrthaMkara ko hI Asa-pramANa sthApita kiyA hai| asala bAta yaha hai ki kumArila ne

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'samantabhadra kA samaya 473 zlokavArtika meM codanA-veda ko hI aMtima pramANa sthApita kiyA, aura 'pramANabhUtAya jagaddhitaiSiNe' isa maMgala padya ke dvArA diGnAga pratipAdita buddhi prAmANya ko khaNDita kiyaa| isake javAba meM dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika ke prathama pariccheda meM buddha kA prAmANya anyayogavyavaccheda rUpa se apane DhaMga se savistara sthApita kiyA / jAna par3atA hai isI saraNI kA anusaraNa prabalaprajJa samantabhadra ne bhI kiyA / pUjyapAda kA 'mokSamArgasya netAram' vAlA suprasanna padya unheM milA phira to unakI pratibhA aura jaga utthii| pramANavArtika ke sugata prAmANya ke sthAna meM samantabhadra ne apanI naI saptabhaMgI saraNI ke dvArA anyayogavyavaccheda rUpa se hI arhat-jina ko hI prApta-pramANa sthApita kiyA / yaha to vicArasaraNI kA sAmya huA / para zabda kA sAdRzya bhI bar3e mArke kA hai| dharmakIrti ne sugata ko 'yuktyAgamAbhyAM vimRzan' (pramANa vArtika 11135) 'vaiphalyAd vakti nAnRtam' (pra. vA0 11147 ) kaha aviruddhabhASI kahA hai / samantabhadra ne bhI 'yuktizAstrAvirodhavAka' ( prAptamI0 kA06) kahakara jaina tIrthaMkara ko sarvajJa sthApita kiyA hai| ___dharmakIrti ne caturAryasatya ke upadezaka rUpa se hI buddha ko sugata yathArtharUpa sAbita kiyA hai, svAmI samantabhadra ne caturAryasatya ke sthAna meM syAdvAda nyAya yA anekAnta ke upadezaka rUpa se hI jaina tIrthaMkara ko yathArtha rUpa siddha kiyA hai / samantabhadra ne syAdvAda nyAya kI yathArthatA sthApita karane kI dRSTi se usake viSaya rUpa se aneka dArzanika maddoM ko lekara carcA kI hai, siddhasena ne bhI sanmati ke tIsare kANDa meM anekAnta ke viSaya rUpa se aneka dArzanika maddoM ko lekara carcA kI hai| siddhasena aura samantabhadra kI carcA meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki siddhasena pratyeka mudde kI carcA meM jaba kevala anekAnta dRSTi kI sthApanA karate haiM taba svAmI samantabhadra pratyeka mudde para sayuktika saptabhaMgI praNAlI ke dvArA anekAnta dRSTi kI sthApanA karate haiN| isa taraha dharmakIrti, samantabhadra aura siddhasena ke bIca kA sAmya-vaiSamya eka khAsa abhyAsa kI vastu hai| _svAmI samantabhadra ko dharmakIrti-samakAlIna yA unase anantarottarakAlIna hone kI jo merI dhAraNA huI hai, usakI poSaka eka aura bhI dalIla vicArArtha peza karatA huuN| samantabhadra ke 'dravyaparyAyayoraikyam' tathA 'saMjJAsaMkhyAvizeSAcca' (A0 mI0 71,72) ina do padyoM ke pratyeka zabda kA khaMDana dharmakIrti ke TIkAkAra arcaTa ne kiyA hai, jise paM0 mahendrakumArajI ne navIM zatAbdI kA likhA hai / arcaTa ne hetubindu TIkA meM prathama samantabhadrokta kArikA ke aMzoM ko lekara gadya meM khaNDana kiyA hai aura phira 'Aha ca' kahakara khaNDanaparaka 45

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474 jaina,dharma aura darzana kArikAe~ dI haiM / paM0 mahendrakumArajI ne apanI suvistRta prastAvanA meM (pR0 27) yaha sambhAvanA kI hai ki arcaToddhRta hetubinduTIkAgata kArikAe~ dharmakIrti kRta hoNgii| paNDitajI kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki dharmakIrti ne hI apane kisI grantha meM samantabhadra kI kArikAzrIM kA khaNDana padya meM kiyA hogA jisakA avataraNa dharmakIrti kA TIkAkAra arcaTa kara rahA hai| para isa viSaya meM nirNAyaka prakAza DAlanevAlA eka aura graMtha prApta huA hai jo arcaTIya hetubindu TIkA kI anuTIkA hai| isa anuTIkA kA praNetA hai durveka mizra, jo 11 vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kA brAhmaNa vidvAn hai / durveka mizra bauddha zAstroM kA khAsakara dharmakIrti ke graMthoM kA, tathA usake TIkAkAroM kA gaharA abhyAsI thaa| usane aneka bauddha graMthoM para vyAkhyAe~ likhI haiN| jAna par3atA hai ki vaha usa samaya kisI vidyA saMpanna bauddha vihAra meM adhyApaka rahA hogaa| vaha bauddha zAstroM ke bAre meM bahuta mArmikatA se aura pramANa rUpa se likhanevAlA hai| usakI ukta anuTIkA nepAla ke graMtha saMgraha meM se kaoNpI hokara bhikSu rAhula jI ke dvArA mujhe milI hai| usameM durveka mizra ne spaSTa rUpa se ukta 45 kArikAoM ke bAre meM likhA hai ki-ye kArikAe~ arcaTa kI haiN| aba vicAranA yaha hai ki samantabhadra kI ukta do kArikAoM kA zabdazaH khaNDana dharmakIrti ke TIkAkAra acaTa ne kiyA hai na ki dharmakIrti ne / agara dharmakIrti ke sAmane samantabhadra kI koI kRti hotI to usakI usake dvArA samAlocanA hone kI vizeSa saMbhAvanA thii| para aisA huA jAna par3atA hai ki jaba samantabhadra ne pramANavArtika meM sthApita sugataprAmANya ke viruddha prAptamImAMsA meM jaina tIrthaMkara kA prAmANya sthApita kiyA aura bauddhamata kA joroM se nirAsa kiyA, taba isakA javAba dharmakIrti ke ziSyoM ne denA zurU kiyA / karNagomI ne bhI, jo dharmakIrti kA TIkAkAra hai, samantabhadra kI kArikA lekara jaina mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai / ThIka isI taraha arcaTa ne bhI samantabhadra kI ukta do kArikAoM kA savistara khaNDana kiyA hai| aisI avasthA meM maiM abhI to isI natIje para pahu~cA hU~ ki kama se kama samantabhadra dharmakIrti ke samakAlIna to ho hI nahIM skte| aisI hAlata meM vidyAnanda kI prAptaparIkSA tathA aSTasahasrIvAlI uktiyoM kI aitihAsikatA meM kisI bhI prakAra ke sandeha kA avakAza hI nahIM hai / paMDitajI ne prastAvanA ( pR0 37 ) meM tattvArthabhASya ke umAsvAti praNIta hone ke bAre meM bhI anyadIya sandeha kA ullekha kiyA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki saMdeha kA koI bhI AdhAra nahIM hai / aitihAsika satya kI gaveSaNA meM sAMpradAyika saMskAra ke vaza hokara agara saMdeha prakaTa karanA ho to zAyada nirNaya kisI bhI

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'nyAyakumudacandra' 475 vastu kA kabhI bhI nahIM ho sakegA, cAhe usake balavattara kitane hI pramANa kyoM na hoM / astu / ___ anta meM maiM paMDitajI kI prastuta gaveSaNApUrNa aura zramasAdhita satkRti kA sacce hRdaya se abhinandana karatA hU~, aura sAtha hI jaina samAja, khAsakara digambara samAja ke vidvAnoM aura zrImAnoM se bhI abhinandana karane kA anurodha karatA huuN| vidvAn to paMDitajI kI sabhI kRtiyoM kA udArabhAva se adhyayana adhyApana karake abhinandana kara sakate haiM aura zrImAn paMDitajI kI sAhityapravaNa zaktiyoM kA apane sAhityotkarSa tathA bhaNDAroddhAra Adi kAryoM meM viniyoga karAkara abhinandana kara sakate haiN| ... maiM paMDitajI se bhI eka apanA namra vicAra kahe detA huuN| yaha vaha hai ki Age aba ve dArzanika prameyoM ko, khAsakara jaina prameyoM ko kendra meM rakhakara una para tAttvika dRSTi se aisA vivecana kareM jo pratyeka yA mukhya-mukhya prameya ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karane ke sAtha hI sAtha usake saMbandha meM saba dRSTiyoM se pakAza DAla ske| I0 1641] [nyAyakumudacandra bhAga 2 kA prAkathana

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'akalaMkagranthatraya' prAkRtayuga aura saMskRtayuga kA antara jaina paramparA meM prAkRtayuga vaha hai jisameM ekamAtra prAkRta bhASAoM meM hI sAhitya racane kI pravRtti thii| saMskRta yuga vaha hai jisameM saMskRta bhASA meM bhI sAhityanirmANa kI pravRtti va pratiSThA sthira huii| prAkRtayuga ke sAhitya ko dekhane se yaha to spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki usa samaya bhI jaina vidvAn saMskRta bhASA, tathA saMskRta dArzanika sAhitya se paricita avazya the| phira bhI saMskRtayuga meM saMskRta bhASA meM hI zAstra racane kI ora jhukAva hone ke kAraNa yaha anivArya thA ki saMskRta bhASA tathA dArzanika sAhitya kA anuzIlana adhika gaharA tathA adhika vyApaka ho / vAcaka umAsvAti ke pahile kI saMskRta-jaina racanA kA hameM pramANa nahIM miltaa| phira bhI saMbhava hai unake pahale bhI vaisI koI racanA jaina sAhitya meM huI ho / kucha bhI ho saMskRta jaina sAhitya nIce likhI kramika bhUmikAoM meM vikasita tathA puSTa huA jAna par3atA hai| 1-tattvajJAna tathA prAcAra ke padArthoM kA sirpha zrAgamika zailI meM saMskRta bhASA meM rUpAntara, jaise ki tattvArthabhASya, prazamarati Adi / 2- usI zailI ke saMskRta rUpAntara meM kucha dArzanika chAyA kA praveza, jaise sarvArthasiddhi / 3-ine gine Agamika padArtha (khAsakara jJAnasaMbandhI ) ko lekara usa para mukhyatayA tArkikadRSTi se anekAntavAda kI hI sthApanA, jaise samantabhadra aura siddhasena kI kRtiyaaN| 4 - jJAna aura tatsaMbandhI Agamika padArthoM kA darzanAntarIya pramANa zAstra kI taraha tarkabaddha zAstrIkaraNa, tathA darzanAntarIya cintanoM kA jaina vAGmaya meM adhikAdhika saMgatIkaraNa, jaise akalaMka aura haribhadra Adi kI kRtiyaaN| 5-pUrvAcAryoM kI tathA nijI kRtiyoM ke Upara vistRta-vistRtara TIkAe~ likhanA aura unameM dArzanikavAdoM kA adhikAdhika samAveza karanA, jaise vidyAnanda, anantavIrya, prabhAcandra, abhayadeva, vAdideva Adi kI kRtiyA~ /

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siddhasena aura samantabhadra 477 6-zvetAmbarIya-digambarIya donoM prAcIna-kRtiyoM kI vyAkhyAtroM meM tathA nijI maulika kRtiyoM meM navyanyAya kI pariSkRta zailI kA saMcAra tathA usI zailI kI aparimita kalpanAoM ke dvArA purAne hI jaina-tattvajJAna tathA AcArasaMbandhI padArthoM kA abhUtapUrva vizadIkaraNa, jaise upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kI kRtiyA~ / ____uparyukta prakAra se jaina-sAhitya kA vikAsa va parivarddhana huA hai, phira bhI usa prabala tarkayuga meM kucha jaina padArtha aise hI rahe haiM jaise ve prAkRta tathA Agamika yuga meM rahe / una para tarkazailI yA darzanAntarIya cintana kA koI prabhAva Aja taka nahIM par3A hai| udAharaNArtha-sampUrNa karmazAstra, guNasthAnavicAra, SaDadravyavicAraNA, khAsakara loka tathA jIva vibhAga zrAdi / sArAMza yaha hai ki saMskRta bhASA kI vizeSa upAsanA tathA dArzanika granthoM ke vizeSa parizIlana ke dvArA jaina AcAryoM ne jaina tattvacintana meM jo aura jitanA vikAsa kiyA hai, vaha saba mukhyatayA jJAna aura tatsaMbandhI naya, anekAnta Adi padArthoM ke viSaya meM hI kiyA hai| dUsare prameyoM meM jo kucha naI carcA huI bhI hai vaha bahuta hI thor3I hai aura prAsaMgika mAtra hai| nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-mImAMsaka bauddha Adi darzanoM ke pramANazAstroM kA avagAhana jaise-jaise jaina paramparA meM bar3hatA gayA vaise-vaise jaina AcAryoM kI nijI pramANazAstra racane kI cintA bhI tIvra hotI calI aura isI cintA meM se purAtana paMcavidha jJAna vibhAga kI bhUmikA ke Upara nae pramANazAstra kA mahala khar3A huaa| siddhasena aura samantabhadra - jaina paramparA meM tarkayuga kI yA nyAya pramANa vicAraNA kI nIMva DAlanevAle ye hI do AcArya haiN| inameM se kauna pahale yA kauna pIche hai ityAdi abhI sunizcita nahIM hai| phira bhI isameM to sandeha hI nahIM hai ki ukta donoM prAcArya IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI ke anantara hI hue haiN| nae sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para siddhasena divAkara kA samaya chaThI zatAbdI kA anta bhI saMbhavita hai| jo kucha ho para svAmI samantabhadra ke bAre meM anekavidha UhApoha ke bAda mujhako aba ati spaSTa ho gayA hai ki-ve "pUjyapAda devanandI ke pUrva to hue hI nhiiN| pUjyapAda ke dArA stuta prApta ke samarthana meM hI unhoMne AsamImAMsA likhI hai, yaha bAta vidyAnanda ne prAptaparIkSA tathA aSTasahasrI meM sarvathA spaSTa rUpa se likhI hai| svAmI samantabhadra kI saba kRtiyoM kI bhASA, unameM pratipAdita darzanAntarIya mata, unakI yuktiyA~ unake nirUpaNa kA DhaMga aura unameM vidyamAna vicAra vikAsa, yaha saba vastu pU.yapAda ke pahale to jaina paraMparA meM na AI hai na pAne kA saMbhava hI

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478 jaina dharma aura darzana thA / jo diGnAga, bhartRhari, kumArila aura dharmakIrti ke granthoM ke sAtha samantabhadra kI kRtiyoM kI bAhyAntara tulanA karegA aura jaina saMskRta sAhitya ke vikAsakrama kI ora dhyAna degA vaha merA uparyukta vicAra bar3I saralatA se samajha legaa| adhika saMbhava to yaha hai ki samantabhadra aura akalaMka ke bIca sAkSAt vidyA kA saMbandha ho; kyoMki samantabhadra kI kRti ke Upara sarvaprathama akalaMka kI vyAkhyA hai| yaha ho nahIM sakatA ki anekAnta dRSTi ko asAdhAraNa rUpa se spaSTa karanevAlI samantabhadra kI vividha kRtiyoM meM ativistAra se aura AkarSaka rUpa se pratipAdita saptabhaMgiyoM ko tatvArtha kI vyAkhyA meM akalaMka to sarvathA apanAe~, jaba ki pUjyapAda apanI vyAkhyA meM use chue~ taka nhiiN| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki-zAntarakSita ke tattvasaMgraha-gata pAtrasvAmI zabda svAmI samantabhadra kA hI sUcaka ho| kucha bhI ho para itanA nizcita hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM siddhasena ke bAda turanta jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa hue aura digambara paramparA meM svAmI samantabhadra ke bAda turanta hI akalaMka aae| jinabhadra aura akalaMka___yadyapi zvetAmbara digambara donoM paramparA meM saMskRta kI pratiSThA bar3hatI clii| phira bhI donoM meM eka antara spaSTa dekhA jAtA hai, vaha yaha ki digambara paramparA saMskRta kI ora jhukane ke bAda dArzanika kSetra meM apane prAcAryoM ko kevala saMskRta meM hI likhane ko pravRtta karatI hai jaba ki zvetAmbara paramparA apane vidvAnoM ko usI viSaya meM prAkRta racanAe~ karane ko bhI pravRtta karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbarIya sAhitya meM siddhasena se yazovijayajI taka kI dArzanika cintanavAlI prAkRta kRtiyA~ bhI milatI hai / jaba ki digambarIya sAhitya meM mAtra saMskRtanibaddha hI vaisI kRtiyA~ milatI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kA saMskRta yuga meM bhI prAkRta bhASA ke sAtha jo nikaTa aura gaMbhIra paricaya rahA hai, vaha digambarIya sAhitya meM virala hotA gayA hai / kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra ne apanI kRtiyA~ prAkRta meM racI jo tarkazailI kI hokara bhI Agamika hI haiN| bhaTTAraka akalaMka ne apanI vizAla aura anupama kRti rAjavArtika saMskRta meM likhI, jo vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI taraha tarkazailI kI hokara bhI Agamika hI hai| parantu jinabhadra kI kRtiyoM meM aisI koI svatantra saMskRta kRti nahIM hai jaisI akalaMka kI hai| akalaMka ne Agamika grantha rAjavArtika likhakara digambara sAhitya meM eka prakAra se vizeSAvazyaka ke sthAna kI pUrti to kI, para unakA dhyAna zIghra hI aise prazna para gayA jo jaina paramparA ke sAmane joroM se upasthita thA / bauddha aura brAhmaNa pramANazAstroM kI kakSA meM khar3A raha sake

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476 jinabhadra, akalaMka, haribhadra aisA nyAya-pramANa kI samagra vyavasthA vAlA koI jaina pramANa grantha Avazyaka thaa| akalaMka, jinabhadra kI taraha pA~ca jJAna, naya Adi Agamika vastuoM kI kevala tArkika carcA karake hI cupa na rahe, unhoMne usI paMcajJAna saptanaya Adi Agamika vastu kA nyAya aura pramANa-zAstra rUpa se aisA vibhAjana kiyA, aisA lakSaNa praNayana kiyA, jisase jaina nyAya aura pramANa granthoM ke svatantra prakaraNoM kI mA~ga pUrI huii| unake sAmane vastu to Agamika thI hI, dRSTi aura taka kA mArga bhI siddhasena tathA samantabhadra ke dvArA pariSkRta huA hI thA, phira bhI prabala darzanAntaroM ke vikasita vicAroM ke sAtha prAcIna jaina nirUpaNa kA tArkika zailI meM mela biThAne kA kAma jaisA-taisA na thA jo ki akalaMka ne kiyaa| yahI sababa hai ki akalaMka kI maulika kRtiyA~ bahuta hI saMkSipta haiM, phira bhI ve itanI arthadhana tathA suvicArita haiM ki Age ke jaina nyAya kA ve AdhAra bana gaI haiN| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki bhaTTAraka akalaMka kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra kI mahattvapUrNa kRtiyoM se paricita hoNge| pratyeka mudde para anekAnta dRSTi kA upayoga karane kI rAjavArtika gata vyApaka zailI ThIka vaisI hI hai jaisI vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM pratyeka carcA meM anekAnta dRSTi lAgU karane kI zailI vyApaka hai / akalaMka aura haribhadra zrAdi- . - tattvArtha bhASya ke vRttikAra siddhasenagaNi jo gandhahastI rUpa se sunizcita haiM, unake aura yAkinIsUnu haribhadra ke samakAlInatva ke saMbandha meM apanI saMbhAvanA tattvArtha ke hindI vivecana ke paricaya meM batalA cukA huuN| haribhadra kI kRtiyoM meM abhI taka aisA koI ullekha nahIM pAyA gayA jo nirvivAda rUpa se haribhadra ke dvArA akalaMka kI kRtiyoM ke avagAhana kA sUcaka ho / siddhasenagaNi kI tattvArtha bhASya vRtti meM pAyA jAnevAlA siddhivinizcaya kA ullekha agara akalaMka ke siddhivinizcaya kA hI bodhaka ho to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki gandhahasti siddhasena kama se kama akalaMka ke siddhivinizcaya se to paricita the hii| haribhadra aura gandhahastI akalaMka kI kRtiyoM se paricita hoM yA nahIM phira bhI adhika saMbhAvanA isa bAta kI hai ki akalaMka aura gandhahastI tathA haribhadra ye apane dIrgha jIvana meM thor3e samaya taka bhI samakAlIna rahe hoNge| agara yaha saMbhAvanA ThIka ho to vikrama kI AThavIM aura' navIM zatAbdI kA amuka samaya akalaMka kA jIvana tathA kAryakAla honA caahie| " merI dhAraNa hai ki vidyAnanda aura anantavIrya jo akalaMka kI kRtiyoM ke sarvaprathama vyAkhyAkAra haiM ve akalaMka ke sAkSAt vidyA ziSya nahIM to anantaravartI

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480 jaina dharma aura darzana avazya haiM, kyoMki inake pahile akalaMka kI kRtiyoM ke Upara kisI ke vyAkhyAna kA patA nahIM calatA / isa dhAraNA ke anusAra donoM vyAkhyAkAroM kA kAryakAla vikrama kI navamIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha to avazya honA cAhie, jo abhI taka ke unake granthoM ke Antarika avalokana ke sAtha mela khAtA hai / gandhahasti bhASya digambara paramparA meM samantabhadra ke gandhahasti. mahAbhASya hone kI carcA kabhI cala par3I thii| isa bAre meM merA asaMdigdha nirNaya yaha hai ki tattvArtha sUtra ke Upara yA usakI kisI vyAkhyA ke Upara svAmI samantabhadra ne prAptamImAMsA ke atirikta kucha bhI likhA hI nahIM hai / yaha kabhI saMbhava nahIM ki samantabhadra kI aisI viziSTa kati kA eka bhI ullekha yA avataraNa akalaMka aura vidyAnanda jaise unake padAnuvartI apanI katiyoM meM binA kiye raha ske| bezaka akalaMka kA rAjavArtika guNa aura vistAra kI dRSTi se aisA hai ki jise koI bhASya hI nahIM mahAbhASya bhI kaha sakatA hai| zvetAmbara paraMparA meM gandhahastI kI vRtti jaba gandhahasti mahAbhASya nAma se prasiddha huI taba karIba gandhahastI ke hI samAnakAlIna akalaMka kI usI tattvArtha para banI huI viziSTa vyAkhyA agara digambara paramparA meM gandhahasti bhASya yA gandhahasti mahAbhASya rUpa se prasiddha yA vyavahRta hone lage to yaha krama donoM phirakoM kI sAhityika paramparA ke anukUla hI hai| parantu hama rAjavArtika ke viSaya meM gandhahasti mahAbhASya vizeSaNa kA ullekha kahIM nahIM paate| terahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda aisA virala ullekha milatA hai jo samantabhadra ke gandhahasti mahAbhASya kA sUcana karatA ho| merI dRSTi meM pIche ke saba ullekha nirAdhAra aura kiMvadantImUlaka haiN| tathya yaha hI ho sakatA hai ki agara tattvArtha-mahAbhASya yA tatvArtha-gandhahasti mahAbhASya nAma kA digambara sAhitya meM mela baiThAnA ho to vaha akalaMkIya rAjavArtika ke sAtha hI baiTha sakatA hai| prastuta saMskaraNa prastuta pustaka meM akalaMkIya tIna maulika kRtiyA~ eka sAtha sarvaprathama saMpAdita huI haiN| ina kRtiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM tAttvika tathA aitihAsika dRSTi se jitanA sAdhana upalabdha hai use vidvAn saMpAdaka ne TippaNa tathA aneka upayogI pariziSToM ke dvArA prastuta pustaka meM sanniviSTa kiyA hai, jo jaina, bauddha, brAhmaNa sabhI paraMparA ke vidvAnoM ke lie mAtra upayogI nahIM balki mArgadarzaka bhI hai| bezaka akalaMka kI prastuta kRtiyA~ abhI taka kisI pAThyakrama meM nahIM haiM tathApi unakA mahattva aura upayogitva dUsarI dRSTi se aura bhI adhika hai|

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'akalaMkamanyatraya 481 ' akalaMkagranthatraya ke saMpAdaka paM. mahendrakumArajI ke sAtha merA paricaya chaha sAla kA hai| itanA hI nahIM balki itane arase ke dArzanika cintana ke akhAr3e meM hamaloga samazIla sAdhaka haiN| isase maiM pUrA tATasthya rakhakara bhI niHsaMkoca kaha sakatA hU~ ki paM0 mahendrakumArajIkA vidyAvyAyAma kama se kama jaina paraMparA ke lie to satkArAspada hI nahIM anukaraNIya bhI hai| prastuta graMtha kA bahuzrutasaMpAdana ukta kathana kA sAkSI hai / prastAvanA meM vidvAn saMpAdaka ne akalaMka deva ke samaya ke bAre meM jo vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai merI samajha meM anya samartha pramANoM ke abhAva meM vahI vicAra aAntarika yathArtha tulanAmUlaka hone se satya ke vizeSa nikaTa hai| samayavicAra meM saMpAdaka ne jo sUkSma aura vistRta tulanA kI hai vaha tattvajJAna tathA itihAsa ke rasikoM ke lie bahumUlya bhojana hai| grantha ke paricaya meM saMpAdaka ne una sabhI padArthoM kA hindI meM varNana kiyA hai jo akalaMkIya prastuta granthatraya meM grathita haiN| yaha varNana saMpAdaka ke jaina aura jainetara zAstroM ke AkaMThapAna kA udgAra mAtra hai| saMpAdaka kI dRSTi yaha hai ki jo abhyAsI jaina pramANa zAstra meM AnevAle padArthoM ko unake asalI rUpa meM hindI bhASA ke dvArA hI alpazrama meM jAnanA cAheM unheM vaha varNana upayogI ho| para use sAdyanta suna lene ke bAda mere dhyAna meM to yaha bAta AI hai ki saMskRta ke dvArA hI jinhoMne jaina nyAya-pramANa zAstra kA parizIlana kiyA hai vaise jijJAsu adhyApaka bhI agara usa varNana ko paTa jAya~ge to saMskRta mUla granthoM ke dvArA bhI spaSTa evaM vAstavika rUpa meM ajJAta kaI prameyoM ko ve sujJAta kara skeNge| udAharaNArtha kucha prameyoM kA nirdeza bhI kara detA hU~-pramANasaMplava, dravya aura santAna kI tulanA aadi| sarvajJatva bhI unameM se eka hai, jisake bAre meM saMpAdaka ne aisA aitihAsika prakAza DAlA hai jo sabhI dArzanikoM ke lie jJAtavya hai| vizeSajJoM ke dhyAna meM yaha bAta binA pAe nahIM raha sakatI ki kama se kama jaina nyAyapramANa ke vidyArthiyoM ke vAste to sabhI jaina saMsthAoM meM yaha hindI vibhAga vAcanIya rUpa se avazya siphAriza karane yogya hai / prastuta graMtha usa pramANamImAMsA kI eka taraha se pUrti karatA hai jo thor3e hI dinoM pahale siMghI jaina sirIja meM prakAzita huI hai| pramANamImAMsA ke hindI TippaNoM meM tathA prastAvanA meM nahIM pAe aise prameyoM kA bhI prastuta graMtha ke hindI varNana meM samAveza hai| aura usameM Ae hue aneka padArthoM kA sirpha dUsarI bhASA tathA zailI meM hI nahIM balki dUsarI dRSTi tathA dUsarI sAmagrI ke sAtha samAveza hai| ataeva koI bhI jaina tattvajJAna kA evaM nyAya-pramANazAstra kA gambhIra abhyAsI siMghI jaina sirIja ke ina donoM graMthoM se bahuta kucha jAna skegaa|

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jaina dharma aura darzana prasaMgavaza maiM apane pUrva lekha kI sudhAraNA bhI kara letA huuN| maiMne apane pahale lekhoM meM anekAnta kI vyApti batalAte hue yaha bhAva sUcita kiyA hai ki pradhAnatayA anekAnta tAttvika prameyoM kI hI carcA karatA hai| alabattA sa samaya merA vaha bhAva tarkapradhAna graMthoM ko lekara hI thA / para isake sthAna meM yaha kahanA adhika upayukta hai ki tarkayuga meM anekAnta kI vicAraNA bhale hI pradhAnatathA tattvika prameyoM ko lekara huI ho phira bhI anekAnta dRSTi kA upayoga to AcAra ke pradeza meM AgamoM meM utanA hI huA hai jitanA ki tattvajJAna ke pradeza meM / tarkayugIna sAhitya meM bhI aneka aise graMtha bane haiM jinameM pradhAnatayA AcAra ke viSayoM ko lekara hI anekAnta dRSTi kA upayoga huA hai / ataeva samuccaya rUpa se yahI kahanA cAhie ki anekAnta dRSTi AcAra aura vicAra ke pradeza meM eka sI lAgU kI gaI hai / * 482 siMghI jaina sirIja ke lie yaha suyoga hI hai ki jisameM prasiddha digaMbarAcArya kI kRtiyoM kA eka viziSTa digaMbara vidvAn ke dvArA hI sampAdana huA hai / yaha bhI eka Akasmika suyoga nahIM hai ki digaMbarAcArya kI anyatra alabhya paraMtu zvetAmbarIya bhANDAra se hI prApta aisI virala kRti kA prakAzana zvetAmbara paraMparA ke prasiddha bAbU zrI bahAdurasiMha jI siMghI ke dvArA sthApita aura prasiddha aitihAsika muni zrI jina vijaya jI ke dvArA saMcAlita siMghI jaina sirIja meM ho rahA hai / jaba mujhako vidvAn muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ke dvArA pramANasaMgraha upalabdha huA taba yaha patA na thA ki vaha apane dUsare do sahodaroM ke sAtha itanA adhika susajita hokara prasiddha hogA / 30 1636 ] [ 'akalaMkamanthatraya' kA prAkkathana

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jaina sAhitya kI pragati samAnazIla mitragaNa ! . maiM AbhAravidhi va lAcArI pradarzana ke upacAra se prAraMbha meM hI chuTTI pA letA huuN| isase hama sabhI kA samaya baca jaaegaa| - Apako yaha jAna kara duHkha hogA ki isI lakhanaU zahara ke zrI ajita prasAda jI jaina aba hamAre bIca nahIM rhe| unhoMne gommaTasAra jaise kaThina granthoM kA aMgrejI meM anuvAda kiyaa| aura ve jaina gajaTa ke ameka varSoM taka saMpAdaka rahe / unakA adamya utsAha hama saba meM ho aisI bhAvanA ke sAtha unakI AtmA ko zAnti mile yahI prArthanA hai| suprasiddha jaina vidvAn zrI sAgarAnaMda sUri kA isI varSa svargavAsa ho gayA hai| unhoMne apanI sArI jindagI anekavidha pustaka prakAzana meM lagAI / unhIM kI ekAgratA tathA kAryaparAyaNatA se Aja vidvAnoM ko jaina sAhitya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga sulabha hai / ve apanI dhuna meM itane pakke the ki prAraMbha kiyA kAma akele hAtha se pUrA karane meM bhI kabhI nahIM hicke| unakI cira-sAhityopAsanA hamAre bIca vidyamAna hai / hama sabhI sAhitya-saMzodhana premI unake kArya kA mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiN| hama unakI samAhita AtmA ke prati apanA hArdika Adara prakaTa kreN| - jaina vibhAga se sambaddha viSayoM para san 1941 se abhI taka cAra pramukhoM ke bhASaNa hue haiN| DaoN. e. en. upAdhye kA bhASaNa jitanA vistRta hai utanA hI aneka muddoM para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlane vAlA hai| unhoMne prAkRta bhASA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ko dRSTi se tathA zuddha bhASAtattva ke abhyAsa kI dRSTi se kyA sthAna hai isakI gaMbhIra va vistRta carcA kI hai| maiM isa viSaya meM adhika na kaha kara kevala isase saMbaddha eka mudde para carcA kruuNgaa| vaha hai bhASA kI pavitrApavitratA kI mithyA bhaavnaa| zAstrIya bhASAoM ke abhyAsa ke viSaya meM maiM zurU meM purAnI prathA ke anusAra kAzI meM tathA anyatra jaba ucca kakSA ke -sAhisthika va AlaMkArika vidvAnoM ke pAsa par3hatA thA taba alaMkAra nATaka Adi meM

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484 jaina dharma aura darzana AnevAle prAkRta gadya-padya kA unake mu~ha se vAcana suna kara vismita sA ho jAtA thA, yaha soca kara ki itane bar3e saMskRta ke diggaja paMDita prAkRta ko yathAvat par3ha bhI kyoM nahIM sakate ? vizeSa acaraja to taba hotA thA jaba ve prAkRta gadya-padya kA saMskRta chAyA ke sivAya artha hI nahIM kara sakate the| aisA hI anubhava mujhako prAkRta va pAli ke pAradarzI para ekAMgI zramaNoM ke nikaTa bhI huA hai, jaba ki unheM saMskRta bhASA meM likhe hue apane paricita viSaya ko hI par3hane kA avasara AtA / dhIre-dhIre usa acaraja kA samAdhAna yaha huA ki ve purAnI ekAMgI prathA se par3he hue haiN| para yaha truTi jaba yUnivarsiTI ke adhyApakoM meM bhI dekhI taba merA acaraja dviguNita ho gyaa| hama bhAratIya jina pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA anukaraNa karate haiM unameM yaha truTi nahIM dekhI jAtI / ataeva maiM isa vaiSamya ke mUla kAraNa kI khoja karane lagA to usa kAraNa kA kucha patA cala gayA jisakA sUcana karanA bhAvI sudhAra kI dRSTi se anupayukta nhiiN| ___ jaina zrAgama bhagavatI meM kahA gayA hai ki ardhamAgadhI devoM kI bhASA hai|' bauddha piTaka meM bhI buddha ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai ki buddhabacana ko pratyeka deza ke loga apanI-apanI bhASA meM kaheM 2, use saMskRtabaddha karake sImita karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| isI taraha pataMjali ne mahAbhASya meM saMskRta zabdAnuzAsana ke prayojanoM ko dikhAte hue kahA ki 'na mlecchitavai nApabhASitavai arthAt brAhmaNa apabhraMza kA prayoga na kare / ina sabhI kathanoM se ApAtataH aisA jAna par3atA hai ki mAnoM jaina va bauddha prAkRtabhASA ko devavANI mAna kara saMskRta kA tiraskAra karate haiM yA mahAbhASyakAra saMskRtetara bhASA ko apabhASA kaha kara tiraskRta karate haiN| para jaba Age pIche ke saMdarbha va vivaraNa tathA tatkAlIna prathA ke AdhAra para una kathanoM kI gaharI jA~ca kI to spaSTa pratIta huA ki usa jamAne meM bhASAdveSa kA prazna nahIM thA kintu apane zAstra kI bhASA kI saMskAra zuddhi kI rakSA karanA, isI uddezya se zAstrakAra carcA karate the / isa satya kI pratIti taba hotI hai jaba hama bhartRhari ko 'vAkyapadIya' meM sAdhu-asAdhu zabdoM ke prayoga kI carcA-prasaMga meM apabhraMza va asAdhu kahe jAnevAle " sadA 9 / 1. bhagavatI za0 5, u. 4 / prajJApanA-prathamapada meM mAgadhI ko Arya bhASA kahA hai| 2. cullavagga-khudda ka-vatthukhandha-buddhavacananirutti / 3. mahAbhASya pR0 46 /

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4. zAstrIya bhASAoM kA abhyAsa 485 isI prakAra jaba zabdoM ko bhI apane vartula meM sAdhu batalAte hue pAte haiN| zrAcArya rakSita 'anuyogadvAra meM saMskRta-prAkRta donoM uktiyoM ko prazasta batalAte haiM, va vAcaka umAsvAti zrAryabhASA rUpa se kisI eka bhASA kA nirdeza na karake kevala itanA hI kahate haiM ki jo bhASA spaSTa aura zuddha rUpa se uccArita ho aura loka saMvyavahAra sAdha sake vaha Arya bhASA, taba hameM koI saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki apane-apane zAstra kI mukhya bhASA kI zuddhi kI rakSA kI ora hI tAtkAlika paraMparAgata vidvAnoM kA lakSya thA / 3 para usa sAMpradAyika ekAMgI AtmarakSA kI dRSTi meM dhIre-dhIre U~ca-nIca bhAva ke abhimAna kA viSa dAkhila ho rahA thA / hama isakI pratIti sAtavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa ke granthoM meM spaSTa pAte haiM / phira to bhojana, vivAha, vyavasAya Adi vyavahAra kSetra meM jaise U~ca-nIca bhAva kA viSa phailA vaise hI zAstrIya bhASAoM ke vartula meM bhI phailA / alaMkAra, kAvya, nATaka Adi ke abhyAsI vidyArthI va paMDita unameM Ane vAle prAkRta bhAgoM ko chor3a to sakate na the, para ve vidhivat AdarapUrvaka adhyayana karane ke saMskAra se bhI vaMcita the / isakA phala yaha huA ki bar3e bar3e prakANDa gine jAne vAle saMskRta ke dArzanika va sAhityika vidvAnoM ne apane viSaya se saMbaddha prAkRta va pAli sAhitya ko chuA taka nahIM / yahI sthiti pAli . piTaka ke ekAMgI abhyAsiyoM kI bhI rahI / unhoMne bhI apane-apane viSaya se saMbaddha mahatvapUrNa saMskRta sAhitya kI yahA~ taka upekSA kI ki apanI hI paraMparA meM bane hue saMskRta vAGmaya se bhI ve bilakula anajAna rahe / isa viSaya meM jaina paraMparA kI sthiti udAra rahI hai, kyoMki zra0 zrAryarakSita ne to saMskRta - prAkRta donoM kA samAna rUpa se mUlya kA hai / pariNAma yaha hai ki vAcaka umAsvAti ke samaya se Aja taka ke lagabhaga 1500 varSa ke jaina vidvAna saMskRta aura prAkRta vAGmaya kA tulya Adara karate Ae haiM / aura satra viSaya ke sAhitya kA nirmANa bhI donoM bhASAoM meM karate Ae haiM / isa ekAMgI abhyAsa kA pariNAma tIna rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane hai / pahalA 1. vAkyapadIya prathama kANDa, kA0 248-256 / 2. anuyogadvAra pR0 131 / 3. tattvArthabhASya 3. 15 / 4. 'asAdhuzabdabhUyiSThAH zAkya jainAgamAdayaH' ityAdi, taMtravArtika pR0 237 5. udAharaNArtha- sIlona, barmA Adi ke bhikkhU mahAyAna ke saMskRta granthoM se achUte haiM /

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486 jaina dharma aura darzana to yaha ki ekAMgI abhyAsI apane sAMpradAyika mantavya kA kabhI-kabhI yathAvata nirUpaNa hI nahIM kara paataa| dUsarA yaha ki vaha anya mata kI samIkSA aneka bAra galata dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para karatA hai / tIsarA rUpa yaha hai ki ekAMgI abhyAsa ke kAraNa saMbaddha viSayoM va granthoM ke jJAna se granthagata pATha hI aneka bAra galata ho jAte haiM / isI tIsare prakAra kI ora pro0 vidhuzekhara zAstrI ne dhyAna khIMcate hue kahA hai ki 'prAkRta bhASAoM ke ajJAna tathA unakI upekSA ke kAraNa 'veNI saMhAra' meM kitane hI pAThoM kI avyavasthA huI hai ' / ' paMDita becaradAsajI ne 'gujarAtI bhASAnI utkrAnti' meM ( pR0 100 Ti0 62 meM) zivarAma ma0 prAMjape saMpAdita 'pratimA nATaka' kA udAharaNa dekara vahI bAta kahI hai / rAjazekhara kI 'karpUra maMjarI' ke TIkAkAra ne zuddha pATha ko ThIka samajha kara hI usakI TIkA kI hai / DA0 e. ena. upAdhye ne bhI apane vaktavya meM prAkRta bhASAoM ke yathAvat jJAna na hone ke kAraNa saMpAdakoM va TIkAkAroM ke dvArA huI anekavidha bhrAntiyoM kA nidarzana kiyA hai / vizvavidyAlaya ke nae yuga ke sAtha hI bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM bhI saMzodhana kI tathA vyApaka adhyayana kI mahattvAkAMkSA va ruci jagI / ve bhI apane purogAmI pAzcAtya gurutroM kI dRSTi kA anusaraNa karane kI ora jhuke va apane deza kI prAcIna prathA ko ekAMgitA ke doSa se mukta karane kA manoratha va prayatna karane lage / para adhikatara aisA dekhA jAtA hai ki unakA manoratha va prayatna abhI taka siddha nahIM huA / kAraNa spaSTa hai / kaoNleja va yUnivarsiTI kI upAdhi lekara naI se kAma karane ke nimitta Ae hue vizvavidyAlaya ke adhikAMza zradhyApakoM meM vahI purAnA ekAMgI saMskAra kAma kara rahA hai / ataeva aise adhyApaka mu~ha se to sAMpradAyika va vyApaka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI bAta karate haiM para unakA hRdaya utanA udAra nahIM hai / isase hama vizvavidyAlaya ke vartula meM eka visaMvAdI citra pAte haiM / phalataH vidyArthiyoM kA nayA jagat bhI samIcIna dRSTilAbha na hone se duvidhA meM hI apane abhyAsa ko ekAMgI va vikRta banA rahA hai / hamane vizvavidyAlaya ke dvArA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI taTastha samAlocanA mUlaka pratiSThA prApta karanI cAhI para hama bhAratIya abhI taka adhikAMza meM usase vaMcita hI rahe haiM / vebara, meksamUlara, gAyagara, loyamana, pizala, jekobI, oolDanabarga, zArpenTara, silvana levI Adi gata yuga ke tathA DaoN0 thaoNmasa, beIlI, baro saDorpha, renu Adi vartamAna yuga ke saMzodhaka vidvAn Aja bhI 1 zubiMga, 1. 'pAli prakAza' pravezaka pR0 188, Ti0 42 /

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pw' zAstrIya bhASAoM kA abhyAsa saMzodhanakSetra meM bhAratIyoM kI apekSA U~cA sthAna rakhate haiN| isakA kAraNa kyA hai isa para hameM yathArtha vicAra karanA cAhie / pAzcAtya vizvavidyAlaya kA pAThyakrama satyazodhaka vaijJAnika dRSTi ke AdhAra para rakhA jAtA hai| isase vahA~ ke vidvAn sarvAMgINa dRSTi se bhASAoM tathA itara viSayoM kA adhyayana karate karAte haiM / ve hamAre deza kI rUr3haprathA ke anusAra kevala sAMpradAyika va saMkucita dAyare meM baddha hokara na to bhASAoM kA ekAMgI adhyayana karate haiM aura na itara viSayoM kA hii| ataeva ve kAryakAla meM kisI eka hI kSetra ko kyoM na apanAe~ para unakI dRSTi va kAryapaddhati sarvAMgINa hotI hai| ve apane saMzodhana kSetra meM satyalakSI hI raha kara prayatna karate haiM / hama bhAratIya saMskRti kI akhaNDatA va mahattA kI DIMga hA~keM aura hamArA adhyayana-adhyApana va saMzodhana viSayaka dRSTikoNa khaMDita va ekAMgI ho to sacamuca hama apane Apa hI apanI saMskRti ko khaMDita va vikRta kara rahe haiN| ema0 e0, DaoNkTareTa jaisI ucca upAdhi lekara saMskRta sAhitya par3hAne vAle aneka adhyApakoM ko Apa dekheMge ki ve purAne ekAMgI paMDitoM kI taraha hI prAkRta kA na to sIdhA artha kara sakate haiM, na usakI zuddhi-azuddhi pahacAnate haiM, aura na chAyA ke sivAya prAkRta kA artha bhI samajha sakate haiN| yahI dazA prAkRta ke ucca upAdhidhArakoM kI hai| ve pAThyakrama meM niyata prAkRtasAhitya ko par3hAte haiM taba adhikAMza meM aMgrejI bhASAntara kA Azraya lete haiM, yA apekSita va pUraka saskRta jJAna ke abhAva ke kAraNa kisI taraha kakSA kI gAr3I khIMcate haiN| isase bhI adhika durdazA to 'enzyanTa inDiyana hisTrI enDa kalcara' ke kSetra meM kArya karane vAloM kI hai| isa kSetra meM kAma karanevAle adhikAMza adhyApaka bhI prAkRta-zilAlekha, sikke Adi purAtattvIya sAmagrI kA upayoga aMgrejI bhASAntara dvArA hI karate haiM ! ve sIdhe taura se prAkRta bhASAoM ke na to marma ko pakar3ate haiM aura na unheM yathAvat par3ha hI pAte haiN| isI taraha ve saMskRta bhASA ke Avazyaka bodha se bhI vaMcita hone ke kAraNa aMgrejI bhASAntara para nirbhara rahate haiN| yaha kitane duHkha va lajA kI bAta hai ki pAzcAtya saMzodhaka vidvAn apane isa viSaya ke saMzodhana va prakAzana ke lie apekSita sabhI bhASaoM kA prAmANika jJAna prApta karane kI pUrI ceSTA karate haiM taba hama bhAratIya ghara kI nijI sulabha sAmagrI kA bhI pUrA upayoga nahIM kara paate| . 'isa sthiti meM tatkAla parivartana karane kI dRSTi se akhila bhAratIya prAcya vidvatpariSad ko vicAra karanA cAhie / merI rAya meM usakA kartavya isa viSaya meM

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488 jaina dharma aura darzana vizeSa mahattva kA hai / vaha sabhI bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM ko eka prastAva ke dvArA apanA sujhAva peza kara sakatI hai jo isa matalaba kA ho "koI bhI saMskRta bhASA kA adhyApaka aisA niyukta na kiyA jAe jisane prAkRta bhASAoM kA kama se kama bhASAdRSTi se adhyayana na kiyA ho| isI taraha koI bhI prAkRta va pAli bhASA kA adhyApaka aisA niyukta na ho jisane saMskRta bhASA kA apekSita prAmANika adhyayana na kiyA ho|" isI taraha prastAva meM pAThyakrama saMbandhI bhI sUcanA ho vaha isa matalaba kI ki "kaoNleja ke snAtaka taka ke bhASA viSayaka abhyAsa krama meM saMskRta va prAkRta donoM kA sAtha-sAtha tulya sthAna rahe, jisase eka bhASA kA jJAna dUsarI bhASA ke jJAna ke binA adhUrA na rhe| snAtaka ke viziSTa (Anarsa) abhyAsa krama meM to saMskRta, prAkRta va pAli bhASAoM ke saha adhyayana kI pUrI vyavasthA karanI cAhie / jisase vidyArthI Age ke kisI kAryakSetra meM parAvalambI na bne|" ukta tInoM bhASAoM evaM unake sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka va kAryakSama adhyayana hone se svayaM adhyetA va adhyApaka donoM kA lAbha hai / bhAratIya saMskRti kA yathArtha nirUpaNa bhI saMbhava hai aura Adhunika saMskRta-prAkRta mUlaka sabhI bhASAoM ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI vaisA adhyayana bahuta upakAraka hai| ullekha yogya do pravRttiyA~___DaoN0 upAdhye ne Agamika sAhitya ke saMzodhita saMpAdana kI ora adhikAriyoM kA dhyAna khIMcate hue kahA hai ki "It is high time now for the Jaina Community and the orientalists to collaborate in order to bring forth a standard edition of the entire Ardhamagadhi canon with the available Nijjuttis and Curnis on an uniform plan. It would be a solid foundation for all further studies. Pischel did think of a Jaina Text Society at the beginning of this century, in 1914, on the eve of his departure from India, Jacobi apnounced that an edition of the Siddhanta, the text of which can lay a claim to finality, would only be possible by using the old palm-leaf Mss. from the Patan Bhandaras, and only four years back Dr. Schubring also stressed this very point."

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muni zrI puNyavijaya jI kA kArya 486 niHsaMdeha Agamika sAhitya ke prakAzana ke vAste bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM meM aneka varSoM se Aja taka aneka prayatna hue haiN| ve prayatna kaI dRSTi se upayogI bhI siddha hue haiM to bhI pro0 jekobI aura DaoN0 zubiMga ne jaisA kahA hai vaise hI saMzodhita saMpAdana kI dRSTi se eka akhaNDa prayatna ko AvazyakatA Aja taka banI huI hai / DaoN. pizala ne isa zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM hI socA thA ki 'pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI jaisI eka 'jaina TeksTa sosAyaTI' kI AvazyakatA hai| hama sabhI prAcyavidyA ke abhyAsI aura saMzodhana meM rasa lenevAle bhI aneka varSoM se aise hI zrAgamika sAhitya tathA itara jaina sAhitya ke saMzodhita saMskaraNa ke nimitta hone vAle susaMvAdI prayatna kA manoratha kara rahe the / harSa kI bAta hai ki pizala Adi kI sUcanA aura hamalogoM kA manoratha aba siddha hone jA rahA hai| isa dizA meM bhagIratha prayatna karane vAle ve hI muni zrI puNyavijayajI haiM jinake viSaya meM DaoN. upAdhye ne daza varSa pahile kahA thA "He ( late Muni Shri Chaturavijayaji ) has left behind a worthy and well trained pupil in Shri Punyavijayaji who is silently carrying out the great traditions of learning of his worthy teacher." maiM muni zrI puNyavijayajI ke nikaTa paricaya meM 36 varSa se satata rahatA AyA huuN| unhoMne limbar3I, pATana, bar3audA Adi aneka sthAnoM ke aneka bhaMDAroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA hai aura surakSita banAyA hai| aneka vidvAnoM ke lie saMpAdanasaMzodhana meM upayogI hastalikhita pratiyoM ko sulabha banAyA hai / unhoMne svayaM aneka mahattva ke saMskRta prAkRta granthoM kA saMpAdana bhI kiyA hai| itane lambe aura pakka anubhava ke bAda I0 sa0 1645 meM 'jaina Agama saMsada' kI sthApanA karake ve aba jainAgamoM ke saMzodhana meM upayogI deza videza meM prApya samagra sAmagrI ko juTAne meM laga gae haiN| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki unake isa kArya se jainAgamoM kI antima rUpa meM prAmANika zrAvRtti hameM prApta hogii| AgamoM ke saMzodhana kI dRSTi se hI ve aba apanA vihArakrama aura kAryakrama banAte haiN| isI dRSTi se ve pichale varSoM meM bar3audA, khaMbhAta, ahamadAbAda Adi sthAnoM meM rahe aura vahA~ ke bhaMDAroM ko yathAsaMbhava suvyasthita karane ke sAtha hI AgamoM ke saMzodhana meM upayogI bahuta kucha sAmagrI ekatra kI hai / pATana, limbar3I, bhAvanagara Adi ke bhaMDAroM meM jo kucha hai vaha to unake pAsa saMgRhIta thA hii| usameM bar3audA Adi ke bhaMDAroM se jo milA usase paryApta mAtrA meM vRddhi huI hai| itane se bhI ve saMtuSTa na hue aura -svayaM jaisalamera ke bhaMDAroM kA nirIkSaNa karane ke lie apane dalabala ke sAtha

Page #840
460 . jaina dharma aura darzana ... I0 1650 ke prAraMbha meM pahu~ca ge| jaisalamera meM jAkara zAstroddhAra aura bhaMDAroM kA uddhAra karane ke lie unhoMne jo kiyA hai usakA varNana yahA~ karanA saMbhava nhiiN| maiMne apane vyAkhyAna ke aMta meM use pariziSTa rUpa se jor3a diyA hai| usa sAmagrI kA mahattva aneka dRSTi se hai| 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya', 'kukalayamAlA', 'zrodhaniyukti vRtti' Adi aneka tAr3apatrIya aura kAgajI grantha 600 varSa taka ke purAne aura zuddhaprAyaH haiN| isameM jaina paraMparA ke uparAnta bauddha aura brAhmaNa paramparA kI bhI aneka mahattvapUrNa pothiyA~ haiN| jinakA viSaya kAvya, nATaka, alaMkAra, darzana Adi hai| jaise- 'khaNDana-khaNDa-khAdyaziSyahitaiSiNI vRtti'-TippaNyAdi se yukta, nyAyamaMjarI-granthibhaMga', 'bhASyavArtika-vivaraNa', paMjikAsaha 'tattvasaMgraha' ityAdi / kucha graMtha to aise haiM jo apUrva haiM-jaise 'nyAyaTippaNaka'-zrIkaMThIya, 'kalpalatAviveka ( kalpapallavazeSa ), bauddhAcAryakRta 'dharmottarIya TippaNa' Adi / solaha mAsa jitane kama samaya meM muni zrI ne rAta aura dina, garamI aura saradI kA jarA bhI khyAla binA kie jaisalamera durga ke durgama sthAna ke bhaMDAra ke anekAMgI jIrNoddhAra ke vizAlatama kArya ke vAste jo ugra tapasyA kI hai use dUra baiThe zAyada hI koI pUre taura se samajha sake / jaiselamera ke nivAsa daramiyAna muni , zrI ke kAma ko dekhane tathA apanI apanI abhipreta sAhityika kRtitroM kI prApti ke nimitta isa deza ke aneka vidvAn to vahA~ gae hI para videzI vidvAn bhI vahA~ ge| hembarga yUnivarsiTI ke prasiddha prAcyavidyAvizArada DaoN0 aAlsaDorpha bhI unake kArya se AkRSTa hokara vahA~ gae aura unhoMne vahA~ kI prAcya vastu va prAcya sAhitya ke saikar3oM phoTo bhI lie / ___muni zrI ke isa kArya meM unake cirakAlIna aneka sAthiyoM aura karmacAriyoM ne jisa prema va nirIhatA se satata kArya kiyA hai aura jaina saMgha ne jisa udAratA se isa kArya meM yatheSTa sahAyatA kI hai vaha sarAhanIya hone ke sAtha sAtha muni zrI kI sAdhutA, sahRdayatA va zakti kA dyotaka hai / muni zrI puNyavijaya jI kA abhI taka kA kAma na kevala jaina paramparA se saMbandha rakhatA hai aura na kevala bhAratIya saMskRti se hI saMbandha rakhatA hai, balki mAnava saMskRti kI dRSTi se bhI vaha upayogI hai| jaba maiM yaha socatA hU~ ki unakA yaha kArya aneka saMzodhaka vidvAnoM ke lie anekamukhI sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai aura aneka vidvAnoM ke zrama ko bacAtA hai taba unake prati kRtajJatA se hRdaya bhara AtA hai| . saMzodhanarasika vidvAnoM ke lie sphUrtidAyaka eka anya pravRtti kA ullekha

Page #841
naye prakAzana 461 I prApya haiM / sadbhAgya / jaba taka ina bhASA bhI maiM yahA~ ucita samajhatA hU~ / zrAcArya mallavAdI ne vikrama chaThI zatAbdI meM 'nayacakra' grantha likhA hai / usake mUla kI koI prati labdha nahIM hai / sirpha usakI siMhagaNi-kSamAzramaNa kRta TIkA kI prati upalabdha hotI hai / TIkA kI bhI jitanI pratiyA~ upalabdha haiM ve prAyaH azuddha hI milI haiM / isa prakAra mUla aura TIkA donoM kA uddhAra apekSita hai / ukta TIkA meM vaidika, bauddha aura jaina granthoM ke avataraNa vipula mAtrA meM haiM / kintu unameM se bahuta grantha se bauddha graMthoM kA tibbatI aura cInI bhASAntara upalabdha hai ntaroM kI sahAyatA na lI jAe taba taka yaha grantha zuddha ho hI nahIM sakatA, yaha usa grantha ke bar3audA gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a se prakAzita honevAle aura zrI labdhisUri grantha mAlA se prakAzita hue saMskaraNoM ke avalokana se spaSTa ho gayA hai / isa vastusthiti kA vicAra karake muni zrI jambUvijaya jI ne isI grantha ke uddhAra nimitta tibbatI bhASA sIkhI hai aura ukta grantha meM upayukta bauddha granthoM ke mUla avataraNa khoja nikAlane kA kArya prArambha kiyA hai / merI rAya meM prAmANika saMzodhana kI dRSTi se muni zrI jambUvijaya jI kA kArya vizeSa mUlya rakhatA hai / AzA hai vaha grantha thor3e hI samaya meM aneka nae jJAtavya tathyoM ke sAtha prakAza meM AegA / ullekha yogya prakAzana kArya- pichale varSoM meM jo upayogI sAhitya prakAzita huA hai kintu jinakA nirdeza isa vibhAgIya pramukha ke dvArA nahIM huA hai, tathA jo pustakeM abhI prakAzita nahIM huI haiM para zIghra hI prakAzita hone vAlI haiM una sabakA nahIM parantu unameM se cunI huI pustakoM kA nAma nirdeza anta meM maiMne pariziSTa meM hI karanA ucita samajhA hai / yahA~ to maiM unameM se kucha granthoM ke bAre meM apanA vicAra prakaTa karU~gA / jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, zolApura dvArA prakAzita do graMtha khAsa mahattva ke haiM / pahalA hai 'yazastilaka eNDa inDiyan kalcar' / isake lekhaka haiM * prophesara ke0 ke0 hArADIkI / zrI hANDIkI ne aise saMskRta granthoM kA kisa prakAra adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai usakA eka rAstA batAyA hai / yazastilaka ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke sAmAjika, dhArmika, dArzanika Adi pahaluoM se saMskRti kA citra khIMcA hai / lekhaka kA yaha kArya bahuta samaya taka bahutoM ko naI preraNA dene vAlA hai / dUsarA grantha hai 'tiloyapaNNatti' dvitIya bhaag| isake saMpAdaka haiM khyAtanAmA pro0 hIrAlAla jaina aura pro0 e. ena. CID

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jaina dharma aura darzana upAdhye / donoM saMpAdakoM ne hindI aura aMgrejI prastAvanA meM mUlasambaddha aneka jJAtavya viSayoM kI suvizada carcA kI hai| bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, apane kaI prakAzanoM se suvidita hai / maiM isake nae prakAzanoM ke viSaya meM khuuNgaa| pahalA hai 'nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa' prathama bhaag| isake saMpAdaka haiM prasiddha paM0 mahendrakumArajI nyAyAcArya / akalaMka ke mUla aura vAdirAja ke vivaraNa ko anya darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA karake saMpAdaka ne grantha kA mahattva bar3hA diyA hai / grantha kI prastAvanA meM saMpAdaka ne syAdvAdasaMbandhI vidvAnoM ke bhramoM kA nirasana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / unhIM kA dUsarA saMpAdana hai tattvArtha kI 'zrutasAgarI ttiikaa'| usakI prastAvanA meM aneka jJAtavya viSayoM kI carcA suvizada rUpa se kI gaI hai| khAsa kara 'loka varNana aura bhUgola' saMbandhI bhAga bar3e mahattva kA hai| usameM unhoMne jaina, bauddha, vaidika paraMparA ke mantavyoM kI tulanA kI hai / jJAnapITha kA tIsarA prakAzana hai---'samayasAra' kA aMgrejI anuvAda / isake saMpAdaka haiM vayovRddha vidvAn pro0 e. cakravartI / isa grantha kI bhUmikA jaina darzana ke mahattvapUrNa viSayoM se paripUrNa hai / para unhoMne zaMkarAcArya para kundakunda aura amRtacandra ke prabhAva kI jo saMbhAvanA kI hai vaha cintya hai| isake alAvA 'mahApurANa' kA nayA saMskaraNa hindI anuvAda ke sAtha bhI prakAzita huA hai / anuvAdaka haiM zrI paM0 pannAlAla, sAhityAcArya / saMskRtaprAkRta chandaHzAstra ke suvidvAn pro0 eca0 DI0 velaNakara ne sabhASya 'ratnamaMjUSA' kA saMpAdana kiyA hai / isa grantha meM unhoMne TippaNa bhI likhA hai| zrAcArya zrI muni jinavijaya jI ke mukhya saMpAdakatva meM prakAzita hone vAlI 'siMghI jaina grantha mAlA' se zAyada hI koI vidvAn aparicita ho| pichale varSoM meM jo pustake prasiddha huI haiM unameM se kucha kA paricaya denA Avazyaka hai| 'nyAyAvatAra vArtika-vRtti' yaha jaina nyAya viSayaka grantha hai| isameM mUla kArikAe~ siddhasena kRta haiN| unake Upara padyabaddha vArtika aura usakI gadya vRtti zAntyAcArya kRta haiN| isakA saMpAdana paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne kiyA hai / saMpAdaka ne jo vistRta bhUmikA likhI hai usameM Agama kAla se lekara eka hajAra varSa taka ke jaina darzana ke pramANa, prameya viSayaka cintana kA aitihAsika va tulanAtmaka nirUpaNa hai / grantha ke anta meM sampAdaka ne aneka viSayoM para TippaNa likhe haiM jo bhAratIya darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane vAloM ke lie jJAtavya haiN| 1. dekho, pro0 vimaladAsa kRta samAlocanA; jJAnodaya-sitambara 1651 /

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naye prakAzana 463 pro0 dAmodara dharmAnanda kosaMbI saMpAdiva 'zatakatrayAdi', pro. amRtalAla gopANI saMpAdita 'bhadrabAhu saMhitA', AcArya jinavijayajI saMpAdita 'kathAkoSaprakaraNa', muni zrI puNyavijaya jI saMpAdita "dharmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya' ina cAra granthoM ke prAstAvika va paricaya meM sAhitya, itihAsa tathA saMzodhana meM rasa lene vAloM ke lie bahuta kImatI sAmagrI hai| 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI 'dhavalA' TIkA ke nava bhAga prasiddha ho gae haiN| yaha acchI pragati hai| kintu 'jayadhavalA' TIkA ke abhI taka do hI bhAga prakAzita hue haiN| AzA kI jAtI hai ki aise mahattvapUrNa grantha ke prakAzana meM zIghratA hogii| bhAratIya jJAnapITha ne 'mahAbaMdha' kA eka bhAga prakAzita kiyA kintu isako bhI pragati rukI huI hai / yaha bhI zIghratA se prakAzita honA jarUrI hai| ___ 'yazovijaya jainagraMtha mAlA' pahale kAzI se prakAzita hotI thii| usakA punarjanma bhAvanagara meM sva0 muni zrI jayantavijaya jI ke sahakAra se huA hai| usa graMthamAlA meM sva0 muni zrI jayantavijaya jI ke kucha grantha prakAzita hue haiM unakA nirdeza karanA Avazyaka hai| 'tIrtharAja Abu' yaha 'bAbu' nAma se prathama prakAzita pustaka kA tRtIya saMskaraNa hai| isameM 80 citra haiN| aura saMpUrNa zrAbu kA pUrA paricaya hai| isa pustaka kI yaha bhI eka vizeSatA hai ki Abu ke prasiddha maMdira vimala sahI aura lUNiga vasahI meM utkINa kathA-prasaMgoM kA pahalI bAra yathArtha paricaya karAyA gayA hai| 'abudAcala prAcIna jaina lekha saMdoha' yaha bhI ukta muni jI kA hI saMpAdana hai| isameM Abu meM prApta samasta jaina zilAlekha sAnuvAda diye gae haiN| isake alAvA isameM aneka upayogI pariziSTa bhI haiN| unhIM kI eka anya pustaka 'acalagar3ha' hai jisakI dvitIya zrAvRtti hAla meM hI huI. hai / unhIM kA eka aura grantha 'arbudAcala pradakSiNA' bhI prakAzita huA hai| isameM bAbu pahAr3a ke aura usake AsapAsa ke 67 gA~voM kA varNana hai, citra haiM aura nakzA bhI diyA huA hai| isI kA sahacArI eka aura graMtha bhI muni jI ne 'arbudAcala pradakSiNA jaina lekha saMdoha' nAma se saMpAdita kiyA hai| isameM pradakSiNA gata gA~voM ke zilAlekha sAnuvAda haiN| ye sabhI graMtha aitihAsikoM ke lie acchI khoja kI sAmagrI upasthita karate haiN| vIrasevA maMdira, sarasAvA ke prakAzanoM meM se 'purAtana jaina vAkya sUcI' prathama ullekha yogya hai| isake saMgrAhaka-saMpAdaka haiM vayovRddha karmaTha paMDita zrI jugalakizora jI mukhtAra / isameM mukhtAra jI ne digambara prAcIna prAkRta graMthoM kI kArikAtroM kI akArAdikrama se sUcI dI hai / saMzodhaka vidvAnoM ke lie bahumUlya pustaka hai / unhIM mukhtAra jI ne 'svayaMbhUstotra' aura 'yuktyanuzAsana' kA bhI anu

Page #844
464 jaina dharma aura darzana vAda prakAzita kiyA hai| saMskRta nahIM jAnanevAloM ke lie zrI mukhtAra jI ne yaha acchA saMskaraNa upasthita kiyA hai| isI prakAra maMdira kI ora se paM0 zrI darabArI lAla koThiyA kRta 'prAptaparIkSA' kA hindI anuvAda bhI prasiddha huA hai| vaha bhI jijJAsuoM ke lie acchI sAmagrI upasthita karatA hai| ___'zrI digambara jaina kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI' yaha eka tIrtha rakSaka saMsthA hai kintu usake saMcAlakoM ke utsAha ke kAraNa usane jaina sAhitya ke prakAzana ke kArya meM bhI rasa liyA hai aura dUsarI vaisI saMsthAoM ke lie bhI vaha preraNAdAyI siddha huI hai / usa saMsthA kI ora se prasiddha Amera ( jayapura ) bhaMDAra kI sUcI prakAzita huI hai| aura 'prazastisaMgraha' nAma se una hastalikhita pratiyoM ke aMta meM dI gaI prazastitroM kA saMgraha bhI prakAzita huA hai| ukta sUcI se pratIta hotA hai ki kaI apabhraMza grantha abhI prakAzana ko rAha dekha rahe haiN| usI saMsthA kI ora se jainadharma ke jijJAsuoM ke lie choTI-choTI pustikAe~ bhI prakAzita huI haiM / 'sarvArtha siddhi' nAmaka 'tattvArthasUtra' kI vyAkhyA kA saMkSipta saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita huA hai| ___ mANikacandra di0 jaina-grantha mAlA, baMbaI kI ora se kavi hastimalla ke zeSa do nATaka 'aMjanA-pavanaMjaya nATaka and subhadrA nATika' ke nAma se prasiddha hue haiN| unakA saMpAdana pro0 ema. vI. paTavardhana ne eka vidvAn ko zobhA dene vAlA kiyA hai / grantha kI prastAvanA se pratIta hotA hai ki saMpAdaka saMskRta sAhitya ke marmajJa paMDita haiN| vIra zAsana saMgha, kalakattA kI ora se The Jaina Monuments and Places of First class Importance' yaha grantha zrI TI0 en0 rAmacandra dvArA saMgRhIta hokara prakAzita huzrA hai| zrI rAmacandra isI viSaya ke marmajJa paMDita haiM ataeva unhoMne apane viSaya ko sucArurUpa se upasthita kiyA hai| lekhaka ne pUrvabaMgAla meM jainadharma-isa viSaya para ukta pustaka meM jo likhA hai vaha vizeSatayA dhyAna dene yogya hai / ___ DaoN0 mahANDale ne 'Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits' ( pUnA 1948) meM pramukha prAkRta zilAlekhoM kI bhASA kA acchA 'vizleSaNa kiyA hai| aura abhI abhI Dr. Bloch ne 'Les Inscriptions d' Asoka' (Paris 1950) meM azoka kI zilAlekhoM kI bhASA kA acchA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| .. bhAratIya purAtattva ke suprasiddha vidvAn DaoN0 vimalAcaraNa laoN ne kucha jaina sUtroM ke viSaya meM lekha likhe the| unakA saMgraha 'sam jaina kenonikala sUtrAja'

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465 naye prakAzana isa nAma se raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI kI bambaI zAkhA kI ora se prasiddha huzrA hai| jaina sUtroM ke adhyayana kI dizA ina lekhoM se prApta hotI hai| lekhaka ne isa pustaka meM kaI bAteM aisI bhI likhI haiM jinase sahamata honA saMbhava nhiiN| pro0 kApar3iyA ne gujarAtI bhASA meM 'pAiya bhASAzro ane sAhitya' nAmaka eka choTI sI pustikA likhI hai| isameM jJAtavya sabhI bAtoM ke samAveza kA prayatna hone se pustikA upayogI siddha huI hai| kintu isameM bhI kaI bAteM aisI likhI haiM jinakI jA~ca honA jarUrI hai| unhoMne jo kucha likhA hai usameM bahuta sA aisA bhI hai jo unake purogAmI likha cuke haiM kintu pro0 kApaDiyA ne unakA nirdeza nahIM kiyA / .: jaina mUrtiyoM para utkIrNa lekhoM kA eka saMgraha 'jaina dhAtu pratimA lekha' nAma se muni zrI kAntisAgara jI ke dvArA saMpAdita hokara sUrata se prakAzita huA hai| isameM terahavIM zatAbdI se lekara unnIsavIM zatAbdI taka ke lekha haiN| jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, ahamadAbAda bhI eka purAnI prakAzaka saMsthA hai| yadyapi isake prakAzana kevala purAnI zailI se hI hote rahate haiM tathApi usake dvArA prakAzita prAcIna aura navanirmita aneka granthoM kA prakAzana abhyAsI ke lie upekSaNIya nahIM hai| jaina kalcarala risarca sosAyaTI, banArasa ko sthApita hue sAta varSa hue haiM / usane itane alpa kAla meM tathA atiparimita sAdhanoM kI hAlata meM saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi se likhI gaI jo aneka patrikAe~ tathA kaI pustakeM hindI va aMgrejI meM prasiddha kI haiM evaM bhinna-bhinna viSaya ke ucca uccatara abhyAsiyoM ko taiyAra karane kA prayatna kiyA hai vaha AzAspada hai| DaoN. nathamala TATiyA kA D. Litt. upAdhi kA mahAnibandha 'sTaDIj ina jaina philaoNsaoNphI' chapakara taiyAra hai| isa nibandha meM DaoN0 TATiyA ne jaina darzana se sambaddha tattva, jJAna, karma, yoga jaise viSayoM para vivecanAtmaka va tulanAtmaka viziSTa prakAza DAlA hai| zAyada aMgrejI meM isa DhaMga kI yaha pahalI pustaka hai| prAcArya hemacandra kRta 'pramANa-mImAMsA' mUla aura hindI TippaNiyoM ke sAtha prathama siMghI sirIja meM prakAzita ho cukI hai| para usakA prAmANika a~grejI anuvAda na thaa| isa abhAva kI pUrti DaoN0 sAtakoDI mukharjI aura DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA ne kI hai| 'pramANa-mImAMsA' ke prastuta anuvAda dvArA jaina darzana va pramANa zAstra kI paribhASAoM ke lie aMgrejI samucita rUpAntara kI sAmagrI upasthita kI gaI hai, jo aMgrejI dvArA zikSA dene aura pAne vAloM kI dRSTi se bahuta upakAraka hai|

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466 jaina dharma aura darzana pro0 bhogIlAla sAMDesarA kA Ph. D. kA mahAnibandha 'kanTrIbyUzana Tu saMskRta liTarecara oNpha vastupAla eNDa hija liTarerI sarkala' presa meM hai aura zIghra hI siMghI sirIz2a se prakAzita hone vAlA hai / yaha nibandha sAhityika evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se jitanA gaveSANApUrNa hai utanA hI mahattva kA bhI hai / pro0 vilAsa AdinAtha saMghave ne Ph. D. ke lie jo mahAnibandha likhA hai usakA nAma hai 'Jaina Community - A Social Survey ' -- isa mahAnibandha meM pro0 saMghave ne pichalI janagaNanAtroM ke AdhAra para jaina saMgha kI sAmAjika paristhiti kA vivecana kiyA hai / sAtha hI jainoM ke siddhAntoM kA bhI saMkSepa meM sundara vivecana kiyA hai / yaha grantha 'jaina kalcarala risarca sosAiTI' kI ora se prakAzita hogA / usI sosAiTI kI ora se DaoN0 bAgacI kI pustaka Jain Epistemology chapa rahI hai / DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina Ph. D. kI pustaka 'lAIpha ina inzyanTa iNDiyA ez2a DipikTeD ina jaina kenans', baMbaI kI nyU buka kampanI ne prakAzita kI hai / na kevala jaina paramparA ke balki bhAratIya paramparA ke abhyAsiyoM evaM saMzodhakoM ke sammukha bahuta upayogI sAmagrI ukta pustaka meM hai / unhIM kI eka hindI pustaka 'bhArata ke prAcIna jaina tIrtha' zIghra hI 'jaina kalcarala risarca sosAyaTI" se prakAzita ho rahI hai / pATha gujarAta vidyAsabhA ( bho0 je0 vidyAbhavana ) ahamadAbAda kI ora se tIna pustakeM yathAsabhava zIghra prakAzita hone vAlI haiM jinameM se pahalI hai - 'gaNadharavAda' - gujarAtI bhASAntara / zranuvAdaka paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne isakA mUla jaisalamera sthita sabase adhika purAnI prati ke AdhAra se taiyAra kiyA hai aura bhASAntara ke sAtha mahattvapUrNa prastAvanA bhI jor3I hai / 'jaina zrAgamamAM gujarAta' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' kA pUrvArdha - anuvAda, ye do pustakeM DaoN0 bhogIlAla sAMDesarA ne likhI hai / prathama meM jaina zrAgamika sAhityaka meM pAye jAne vAle gujarAta saMbaMdhI ullekhoM kA saMgraha va nirUpaNa hai aura dUsarI meM uttarAdhyayana mUla kI zuddha vAcanA ke sAtha usakA prAmANika bhASAntara hai / zrI sArAbhAI navAba ahamadAbAda ke dvArA prakAzita nimnalikhita pustakeM dRSTiyoM se mahattva kI haiM- 'kAlakAcArya kathAsaMgraha' saMpAdaka paM. aMbAlAla premacandra zAha / isameM prAcIna kAla se lekara madhyakAla taka likhI gaI kAlakAcArya kI kathAoM kA saMgraha hai aura unakA sAra bhI diyA huA hai / aitihAsika gaveSakoM ke lie yaha pustaka mahattva kI hai / DaoN0 motIcandra kI pustaka - 'jaina miniyecara peinTiMgja phraoNma vesTarna iNDiyA' yaha jaina hastalikhita pratoM meM citrita

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32 ye prakAzana 427 citroM ke viSaya meM abhyAsapUrNa hai / usI prakAzaka kI ora se 'kalpasUtra' zIghra hI prakAzita hone vAlA hai| isakA saMpAdana zrI muni puNyavijaya jI ne kiyA hai| aura gujarAtI anuvAda paM0 becaradAsa jI ne / mUlarUpa meM purAnA, para isa yuga meM nae rUpa se punarujjIvita eka sAhitya saMrakSaka mArga kA nirdeza karanA upayukta hogA / yaha mArga hai zilA va dhAtu ke Upara sAhitya ko utkIrNa karake cirajIvita rakhane kA / isameM sabase pahale pAlItAnA ke zrAgamamaMdira kA nirdeza karanA caahie| usakA nirmANa jaina sAhitya ke uddhAraka, samasta AgamoM aura zrAgametara saikar3oM pustakoM ke saMpAdaka AcArya sAgarAnanda sUri jI ke prayatna se huA hai| unhoMne aisA hI eka dUsarA maMdira sUrata meM banavAyA hai| prathama meM zilAoM ke Upara aura dUsare meM tAmrapaToM ke Upara prAkRta jaina AgamoM ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai / hama logoM ke durbhAgya se ye sAhityasevI sUri aba hamAre bIca nahIM haiN| aisA hI prayatna SaTkhaMDAgama kI surakSA kA ho rahA hai / vaha bhI tAmrapaTa para utkIrNa ho rahA hai / Adhunika vaijJAnika tarIke kA upayoga to muni zrI puNya vijaya jI ne hI kiyA hai / unhoMne jaisalamera ke bhaMDAra kI kaI pratiyoM kA surakSA aura sarva sulabha karane kI dRSTi se mAikrophilmiMga karAyA hai / 1 saMzodhakoM va aitihAsikoM kA dhyAna khIMcane vAlI eka naI saMsthA kA bhI prAraMbha huA hai / rAjasthAna sarakAra ne muni zrI jina vijaya jI ko adhyakSatA meM 'rAjasthAna purAtattva maMdira' kI sthApanA kI hai| rAjasthAna meM sAMskRtika va aitihAsika anekavidha sAmagrI bikharI par3I hai| isa saMsthA dvArA vaha sAmagrI prakAza meM AegI to saMzodhana kSetra kA bar3A upakAra hogA / pro0 eca0 DI0 belaNakara ne haritoSamAlA nAmaka granthamAlA meM 'jayadAman ' nAma se chandaHzAstra ke cAra prAcIna grantha saMpAdita kiye haiM / 'jayadeva chandas', jayakIrti kRta 'chandonuzAsana', kedAra kA 'vRttaratnAkara', aura A0 hemacandra kA 'chandonuzAsana' ina cAra granthoM kA usameM samAveza huA hai / "Studien zum Mahanisiha' nAma se hemabarga se abhI eka grantha prakAzita huA hai / isameM mahAnizItha nAmaka jaina chedagrantha ke chaThe se AThaveM adhyayana taka kA vizeSarUpa se adhyayana Frank Richard Hamn aura DaoN0 zukriMga ne karake apane adhyayana kA jo pariNAma huA use lipibaddha kara diyA hai /

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468 jaina dharma aura darzana jaina darzana jaina darzana se saMbaMdha rakhane vAle kucha hI muddoM para saMkSepa meM vicAra karanA yahA~ iSTa hai / nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya jaina paramparA meM prasiddha haiM, vidvAn loga jAnate haiM ki isI naya vibhAga kI AdhArabhUta dRSTi kA svIkAra itara darzanoM meM bhI hai| bauddha darzana bahuta purAne samaya se paramArtha aura saMvRti ina do dRSTiyoM se nirUpaNa karatA AyA hai / ' zAMkara vedAnta kI pAramArthika tathA vyAvahArika yA mAyika dRSTi prasiddha hai| isa taraha jaina-jenetara darzanoM meM paramArtha yA nizcaya aura saMhati yA vyavahAra dRSTi kA svIkAra to hai, para una darzanoM meM ukta donoM dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAne vAlA tattvanirUpaNa bilakula judA-judA hai / yadyapi jainetara sabhI darzanoM meM nizcaya dRSTi sammata tattvanirUpaNa eka nahIM hai, tathApi sabhI mokSalakSI darzanoM meM nizcaya dRSTi sammata prAcAra va cAritra eka hI hai, bhale hI paribhASA vargIkaraNa Adi bhinna hoM / 2 yahA~ to yaha dikhAnA hai ki jaina paramparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM ve tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gaI haiN| itara sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI taraha jainadarzana meM bhI tattvajJAna aura prAcAra donoM kA samAveza hai / jaba nizcaya-vyavahAra naya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura prAcAra donoM . meM hotA hai tana, sAmAnya rUpa se zAstra cintana karane vAlA yaha antara jAna nahIM pAtA ki tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM kiyA jAne vAlA nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA prayoga AcAra ke kSetra meM kiye jAne vAle vaise prayoga se bhinna hai aura bhinna pariNAma kA sUcaka bhI hai / tattvajJAna kI nizcaya dRSTi aura prAcAra viSayaka nizcaya dRSTi ye donoM eka nahIM ! isI taraha ubhaya viSayaka vyavahAra dRSTi ke bAre meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / isakA spaSTIkaraNa yoM hai___jaba nizcaya dRSTi se tattva kA svarUpa pratipAdana karanA ho to usakI sImA meM kevala yahI bAta AnI cAhie ki jagata ke mUla tattva kyA haiM ? kitane haiM ? aura unakA kSetra-kAla Adi nirapekSa svarUpa kyA hai ? aura jaba vyavahAra dRSTi se tattva nirUpaNa iSTa ho taba unhIM mUla tattvoM kA dravya-kSetra-kAla Adi se sApekSa svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai| isa taraha hama nizcaya dRSTi kA upayoga karake jaina darzana sammata tattvoM kA svarUpa kahanA cAheM to saMkSepa meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki cetana acetana aise paraspara atyanta vijAtIya do tattva haiN| donoM 1. kathAvatthu, mAdhyamaka kArikA Adi / 2. catuHsatya, catuvyUha, va prAsraba-baMdhAdi catuSka /

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nizcaya aura vyavahAra 466 eka dUsare para asara DAlane kI zakti bhI dhAraNa karate haiN| cetana kA saMkoca vistAra yaha dravya-kSetra-kAla aAdi sApekSa hone se vyavahAradRSTi siddha hai| acetana pudgala kA paramANurUpatva yA eka pradezAvagAhyatva yaha nizcayadRSTi kA viSaya hai, jaba ki usakA skandhapariNamana yA apane kSetra meM anya ananta paramANu aura skandhoM ko avakAza denA yaha vyavahAradRSTi kA nirUpaNa hai| parantu AcAralakSI nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTi kA nirUpaNa jude prakAra se hotA hai| jainadarzana mokSa ko parama puruSArtha mAnakara usI kI dRSTi se prAcAra kI vyavasthA karatA hai| ataeva jo aAcAra sIdhe taura se mokSalakSI hai vahI naizcayika AcAra hai isa AcAra meM dRSTibhrama aura kASAyika vRttiyoM ke nirmUlIkaraNa mAtra kA samAveza hotA hai| para vyAvahArika AcAra aisA ekarUpa nhiiN| naizcayika AcAra kI bhUmikA se niSpanna aise bhinna-bhinna deza kAla-jAti-svabhAva-ruci Adi ke anusAra kabhIkabhI paraspara viruddha dikhAI dene vAle bhI AcAra vyAvahArika prAcAra koTi meM gine jAte haiN| naizcayika prAcAra kI bhUmikA para vartamAna eka hI vyakti anekavidha vyAvahArika prAcAroM meM se gujaratA hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki AcAragAmI naizcayika dRSTi yA vyAvahArika dRSTi mukhyatayA mokSa puruSArtha kI dRSTi se hI vicAra karatI hai| jaba ki tattvanirUpaka nizcaya yA vyavahAra dRSTi kevala jagata ke svarUpa ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI pravRtta hotI hai| tattvajJAna aura AcAra lakSI ukta donoM nayoM meM eka dUsarA bhI mahattva kA antara hai, jo dhyAna dene yogya hai| naizcayika dRSTi sammata tattvoM kA svarUpa hama sabhI sAdhAraNa jijJAsu kabhI pratyakSa kara nahIM paate| hama aise kisI vyakti ke kathana para zraddhA rakhakara hI vaisA svarUpa mAnate haiM ki jisa vyakti ne tattvasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA ho| para prAcAra ke bAre meM aisA nahIM hai| koI bhI jAgarUka sAdhaka apanI Antarika sat-asat vRttiyoM ko va unakI tIvratA-mandatA ke tAratamya ko sIdhA adhika pratyakSa jAna sakatA hai| jaba ki anya vyakti ke lie pahale vyakti kI vRttiyA~ sarvathA parokSa haiN| naizcayika ho yA vyAvahArika, tattvajJAna kA svarUpa usa-usa darzana ke sabhI anuyAyiyoM ke lie eka sA hai tathA samAna paribhASAbaddha hai| para naizcayika va vyAvahArika AcAra kA svarUpa aisA nhiiN| haraeka vyakti kA naizcayika AcAra usake lie pratyakSa hai| isa alpa vivecana se maiM kevala itanA hI sUcita karanA cAhatA hU~ ki nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya ye do zabda bhale hI samAna hoM / para tattvajJAna aura prAcAra ke kSetra meM bhinna-bhinna abhiprAya se lAgU hote haiM, aura hameM vibhinna pariNAmoM para pahuMcAte haiM /

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jaina dharma aura darzana nizcayadRSTi se jaina tattvajJAna kI bhUmikA zrapaniSad tattvajJAna se bilakula bhinna haiM / prAcIna mAne jAne vAle sabhI upaniSad sat, asat zrAtmA, brahma, avyakta, AkAza, Adi bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se jagata ke mUla kA nirUpaNa karate hue kevala eka hI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jagat jar3a-cetana Adi rUpa meM kaisA hI nAnArUpa kyoM na ho, para usake mUla meM asalI tattva to kevala eka hI hai / jaba ki jainadarzana jagat ke mUla meM kisI eka hI tattva kA svIkAra nahIM karatA, pratyuta paraspara vijAtIya aise svatantra do tattvoM kA svIkAra karake usake AdhAra para vizva ke vaizvarUpya kI vyavasthA karatA hai / caubIsa tattva mAnane vAle sAMkhya darzana ko aura zAMkara Adi vedAnta zAkhAoM ko chor3a kara - bhAratIya darzanoM meM aisA koI darzana nahIM jo jagata ke mUlarUpa se kevala eka tattva svIkAra karatA ho / nyAya-vaizeSika ho yA sAMkhyayoga ho, yA pUrva mImAMsA ho sabha apane-apane DhaMga se jagat ke mUla meM aneka tattvoM kA svIkAra karate haiM / isase spaSTa hai ki jaina tattvacintana kI prakRti aupaniSad tatvacintana kI prakRti se sarvathA bhinna hai / aisA hote hue bhI jaba DaoN0 rAnaDe jaise sUkSma tattvacintaka upaniSadoM meM jaina tattvacintana kA udgama dikhAte haiM taba vicAra karane se aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha kevala upaniSada bhakti kI AtyantikatA hai / ' isa taraha unhoMne jo bauddhadarzana yA nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kA saMbandha upaniSadoM se jor3A hai vaha bhI merI rAya meM bhrAnta hai / isa viSaya meM meksamUlara aura DaoN0 dhruva Adi kI dRSTi jaisI spaSTa hai vaisI bahuta kama bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI hogii| DaoN0 rAnaDe kI apekSA pro0 hariyannA va DaoN0 esa0 ena0 dAsagupta kA nirUpaNa mUlyavAna hai / jAna par3atA hai ki unhoMne anyAnya darzanoM ke mUlagranthoM ko vizeSa sahAnubhUti gaharAI se par3hA hai / 2 anekAntavAda 4 hama sabhI jAnate haiM ki buddha apane ko vibhajyavAdI kahate haiM / jaina AgamoM meM mahAvIra ko bhI vibhajyavAdI sUcita kiyA hai / 5 vibhajyavAda kA matalaba pRthakkaraNa pUrvaka satya-asatya kA nirUpaNa va satyoM kA yathAvat samanvaya karanA 500 1. kansTrakTiva sarve oNpha upaniSadik philaoNsaoNphI pR0 176 2. di siksa sisTamsa oNpha iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI 3. pramANamImAMsA bhASATippaNa pR0 61 4. majjhimanikAya sutta 66 5. sUtrakRtAMga 1. 14. 22.

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anekAntavAda 501 hai / vibhajyavAda ke garbha meM hI kisI bhI ekAnta kA parityAga sUcita hai| eka lambI vastu ke do chora hI usake do anta haiN| antoM kA sthAna nizcita hai| para una do antoM ke bIca kA antara yA bIca kA vistAra-antoM kI taraha sthira nhiiN| ataeva do antoM kA parityAga karake bIca ke mArga para calane vAle sabhI eka jaise ho hI nahIM sakate yahI kAraNa hai ki vibhajyavAdI hone para bhI buddha aura mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM kaI bAtoM meM bahuta antara rahA hai / eka vyakti amuka vivakSA se madhyamamArga yA vibhajyavAda ghaTAtA hai to dUsarA vyakti anya vivakSA se ghaTAtA hai| para hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki aisI bhinnatA hote hue bhI bauddha aura jainadarzana kI AtmA to vibhajyavAda hI hai / vibhajyavAda kA hI dUsarA nAma anekAnta hai, kyoMki vibhajyavAda meM ekAntadRSTikoNa kA tyAga hai| bauddha paramparA meM vibhajyavAda ke sthAna meM madhyama mArga zabda vizeSa rUr3ha hai| hamane Upara dekhA ki antoM kA parityAga karane para bhI anekAnta ke avalambana meM bhinna-bhinna vicArakoM kA bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa sambhava hai| ataeva hama nyAya, sAMkhya-yoga aura mImAMsaka jaise darzanoM meM bhI vibhajyavAda tathA anekAnta zabda ke vyavahAra se nirUpaNa pAte haiN| akSapAda kRta 'nyAyasUtra' ke prasiddha bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne 2-1-15, 16 ke bhASya meM jo nirUpaNa kiyA hai vaha anekAnta kA spaSTa dyotaka hai aura 'yathA darzanaM vibhAgavacana' kahakara to unhoMne vibhajyavAda ke bhAva ko hI dhvanita kiyA hai| hama sAMkhyadarzana kI sArI tattvacintana prakriyA ko dhyAna se dekheMge to mAlUma par3egA ki vaha anekAnta dRSTi se nirUpita hai| 'yogadarzana' ke 3-13 sUtra ke bhASya tathA tattvavaizAradI vivaraNa ko dhyAna se par3hane vAlA sAMkhya-yoga darzana kI anekAnta dRSTi ko yathAvat samajha sakatA hai| kumArila ne bhI 'zloka vArtika aura anyatra apanI tattvavyavasthA meM anekAntadRSTi kA upayoga kiyA hai, ' upaniSadoM ke samAna AdhAra para kevalAdvaita, viziSTAdvaita, dvaitAdvaita, zuddhAdvaita Adi jo aneka vAda sthApita hue haiM ve vastutaH anekAnta vicAra saraNI ke bhinna-bhinna prakAra haiN| tattvacintana kI bAta chor3akara hama mAnavayUthoM ke jude-jude AcAra vyavahAroM para dhyAna deMge to bhI unameM anekAnta dRSTi pAyeMge / vastutaH jIvana kA svarUpa hI aisA hai ki jo ekAntadRSTi meM pUrA prakaTa ho hI nahIM sktaa| mAnavIya vyavahAra bhI aisA hai ki jo anekAnta dRSTi kA antima avalambana binA liye nibha nahIM sktaa| isa saMkSipta pratipAdana se kevala itanA hI sUcita karanA hai ki hama saMzodhaka abhyA 1. zloka vArtika, zrAtmavAda 26-30 aadi| -

Page #852
502 jaina dharma aura darzana siyoM ko hara eka prakAra kI anekAntadRSTi ko, usake nirUpaka kI bhUmikA para rahakara hI samajhane kA prayatna karanA caahie| aisA karane para hama na kevala bhAratIya saMskRti ke kintu mAnavIya saMskRti ke hara eka vartula meM bhI eka vyApaka samanvaya kA sUtra paayeNge| anekAnta dRSTi meM se hI nayavAda tathA saptabhaMgI vicAra kA janma huA hai| ataeva maiM nayavAda tathA saptabhaMgI bicAra ke viSaya meM kucha prakIrNa vicAra upasthita karatA huuN| naya sAta mAne jAte haiN| unameM pahale cAra arthanaya aura pichale tIna zabda naya haiN| mahattva ke bhinna-bhinna dArzanika mantavyoM ko usa-usa darzana ke dRSTikoNa kI bhUmikA para hI nayavAda ke dvArA samajhAne kA tathA vyavasthita karane kA tatkAlIna jaina AcAryoM kA uddezya rahA hai / dArzanika vicAroM ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI jaina AcAryoM meM saMbhavita adhyayana ke AdhAra para naya vicAra meM bhI usa vikAsa kA samAveza kiyA hai| yaha bAta itihAsa siddha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zuddhilakSI jIvana kA tathA tatkAlIna zAsana kA vicAra karane se jAna par3atA hai ki nayavAda mUla meM arthanaya taka hI sImita hogA / jaba zAsana ke pracAra ke sAtha-sAtha vyAkaraNa, nirukta, nighaMTu, koSa jaise zAstrAntaroM kA adhyayama bar3hatA gayA taba vicakSaNa prAcAryoM ne nayavAda meM zabdasparzI vicAroM ko bhI zabdanaya rUpa se sthAna diyA / saMbhava hai zurU meM zabdanayoM meM eka zabdanaya hI rahA ho| isakI puSTi meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki niyukti meM nayoM kI pA~ca saMkhyA kA bhI eka vikalpa hai|' kramazaH zabda naya ke tIna bheda hue jisake udAharaNa vyAkaraNa, nirukta, koSa Adi ke zabda pradhAna vicAroM se hI liye gae haiN| prAcIna samaya meM vedAnta ke sthAna meM sAMkhya-darzana hI pradhAna thA isI se prAcAryoM ne saMgraha naya ke udAharaNa rUpa se sAMkhyadarzana ko liyA hai| para zaMkarAcArya ke bAda brahmavAda kI pratiSThA bar3hI, taba jaina vidvAnoM ne saMgraha naya ke udAharaNa rUpa se brahmavAda ko hI liyA hai| isI taraha zurU meM RjusUtra kA udAharaNa sAmAnya bauddha darzana thA / para jaba upAdhyAya yazovijayajI jaisoM ne dekhA ki bauddha darzana ke to vaibhASika zrAdi cAra bheda haiM taba unhoMne una cAroM zAkhAoM kA RjusUtra naya meM samAveza kiyA / isa carcA se sUcita yaha hotA hai ki nayavAda mUla meM bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM kA saMgrAhaka hai| ataeva usakI saMgrAhaka sImA adhyayana va cintana kI vRddhi ke 1. zrAvazyaka niyukti gA0 756

Page #853
nae prakAzana 503 sAtha hI bar3hatI rahI hai / aisI hAlata meM jainadarzana ke abhyAsI evaM saMzodhakoM kA kartavya ho jAtA hai ki ve Adhunika vizAla jJAna sAmagrI kA upayoga kareM aura na vicAra kA kSetra sarvAMgINa yathArtha adhyayana se vistRta kareM, kevala ekadezIyatA se saMtuSTa na raheM / . 'naigama' zabda kI 'naika + gama,' naiga ( aneka ) + ma tathA 'nigame bhavaH' jaisI tIna vyutpattiyA~ niyukti Adi granthoM meM pAI jAtI haiM / ' para vastusthiti ke sAtha milAna karane se jAna par3atA hai ki tIsarI vyutpatti hI vizeSa grAhya hai, usake anusAra artha hotA hai ki jo vicAra yA vyavahAra nigama meM - vyApAra vyavasAya karanevAle mahAjanoM ke sthAna meM hotA hai vaha naigama / jaise mahAjanoM ke vyavahAra meM bhinna-bhinna matoM kA samAveza hotA hai, vaise hI isa naya meM bhinnabhinna tAttvika mantavyoM kA samAveza vivakSita hai / pahalI do vyutpattiyA~ vaisI hI kalpanA prasUta haiM, jaisI ki 'indra' kI 'iM drAtIti indraH' yaha mATharavRtti gata vyutpatti hai / saptabhaMgI gata sAta bhaMgoM meM zurU ke cAra hI mahattva ke haiM kyoMki veda, upaniSad Adi granthoM meM tathA 'dI nikAya' ke brahmajAla sUtra meM aise cAra vikalpa chUTe -chUTe rUpa meM yA eka sAtha nirdiSTa pAye jAte haiM / sAta bhaMgoM meM jo pichale tIna bhaMga hai unakA nirdeza kisI ke pakSarUpa meM kahIM dekhane meM nahIM AyA / isase zurU ke cAra bhaMga hI apanI aitihAsika bhUmikA rakhate haiM aisA phalita hotA hai / zurU ke cAra bhaMgoM meM eka 'avaktavya' nAma kA bhaMga bhI hai| / usake artha ke bAre meM kucha vicAraNIya bAta hai zragama yuga ke prArambha se vaktavya bhaMga kA artha aisA kiyA jAtA hai ki sat sat yA nitya-anitya Adi do aMzoM ko eka sAtha pratipAdana karanevAlA koI zabda hI nahIM, zrataeva aise pratipAdana kI vivakSA hone para vastu vaktavya hai / parantu vaktavya zabda ke itihAsa ko dekhate hue kahanA par3atA hai ki usakI dUsarI va aitihAsika vyAkhyA purAne zAstroM meM hai / 3 upaniSadoM meM 'yato vAco nivartante, aprApya manasA saha 3 isa ukti ke dvArA brahma ke svarUpa ko anirvacanIya athavA vacanAgocara sUcita kiyA hai / isI 1 1. zrAvazyaka niryukti gA0755, tattvArthabhASya 1.35; sthAnAMgaTIkA sthA0 7 2. bhagavatI zataka 1. uddezA 10 3. taittirIya upaniSad 2 4. /

Page #854
504 jaina dharma aura darzana taraha 'zrAcArAMga' meM bhI 'savve sarA niaTaMti, tattha jhuNI na vijjai" Adi dvArA AtmA ke svarUpa ko vacanAgocara kahA hai| buddha ne bhI aneka vastuoM ko avyAkRta' zabda ke dvArA vacanAgocara hI sUcita kiyA hai| ___ jaina paramparA meM to anabhilApya bhAva prasiddha haiM jo kabhI vacanAgocara nahIM hote / maiM samajhatA hU~ ki saptabhaMgI meM avaktavya kA jo artha liyA jAtA hai vaha purAnI vyAkhyA kA vAdAzrita va tarkagamya dUsarA rUpa hai|| saptabhaMgI ke vicAra prasaMga meM eka bAta kA nirdeza karanA jarUrI hai| zrIzaMkarAcArya ke 'brahmasUtra' 2-2-33 ke bhASya meM saptabhaMgI ko saMzayAtmaka jJAna rUpa se nirdiSTa kiyA hai| zrIrAmanujAcArya ne bhI unhIM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| yaha huI purAne khaNDana maNDana pradhAna sAmpradAyika yuga kI bAta / para tulanAtmaka aura vyApaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para pravRtta hue nae yuga ke vidvAnoM kA vicAra isa viSaya meM jAnanA cAhie / DaoN0 e0 bI0 dhruva, jo bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya tattvajJAna kI saba zakhAtroM ke pAradarzI vidvAn rahe khAsa kara zAMkara vedAnta ke vizeSa pakSapAtI bhI rahe-unhoMne apane 'jaina ane brAhmaNa' 4 bhASaNa meM spaSTa kahA hai ki saptabhaMgI yaha koI saMzayajJAna nahIM hai| vaha to satya ke nAnAvidha svarUpoM kI nidarzaka eka vicArasaraNI hai| zrInarmadAzaMkara mehatA, jo bhAratIya samagra tattvajJAna kI paramparAoM aura khAsakara veda-vedAnta kI paramparA ke asAdhAraNa maulika vidvAna the; aura jinhoMne 'hinda tattvajJAna no itihAsa'5 zrAdi aneka abhyAsapUrNa pustaka likhI haiM, unhoMne bhI saptabhaMgI kA nirUpaNa bilakula asAmpradAyika dRSTi se kiyA hai, jo paThanIya hai / sara rAdhAkRSNana, DaoN. dAsagupta Adi tattva cintakoM ne bhI saptabhaMgI kA nirUpaNa jaina dRSTikoNa ko barAbara samajha kara hI kiyA hai| yaha bAta maiM isalie likha rahA hU~ ki sAmpradAyika aura asAmpradAyika adhyayana kA antara dhyAna meM A jAya / cAritra ke do aMga haiM, jIvanagata Agantuka doSoM kI dUra karanA yaha pahalA, 1. AcArAMga sU0 170 / 2. majjhimanikAyasutta 63 / / 3. vizeSA0 bhA0 141, 488 / 4. ApaNo dharma pR0 673 / 5. pR0 213-216 / 6. rAdhAkRSNana-iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI vaoNlyUma 1, pR0 302 / dAsaguptA-e hisTrI oNpha inDiyana philaoNsaoNphI vaoNlyUma 1, pR0 176 /

Page #855
zrAvazyaka kArya pU05 aura AtmA kI svAbhAvika zaktiyoM va sadguNoM kA utkarSa karanA yaha dUsarA aMga hai| donoM aMgoM ke lie kie jAne vAle samyak puruSArtha meM hI vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana kI kRtArthatA hai| ukta donoM aMga paraspara ese sambandha haiM ki pahale ke binA dUsarA saMbhava hI nahIM, aura dUsare ke binA pahalA dhyeyazUnya hone se zUnyavat hai| ___isI dRSTi se mahAvIra jaise anubhaviyoM ne hiMsA Adi klezoM se virata hone kA upadeza diyA va sAdhakoM ke lie prANAtipAtaviramaNa Adi vratoM kI yojanA kI, parantu sthUlamati va alasa prakRti vAle logoM ne una nivRtti pradhAna vratoM meM hI cAritra kI pUrNatA mAnakara usake uttarArdha yA sAdhyabhUta dUsare aMga kI upekSA kI / isakA pariNAma atIta kI taraha vartamAna kAla meM bhI aneka vikRtiyoM meM najara AtA hai| sAmAjika tathA dhArmika sabhI kSetroM meM jIvana gatizUnya va visaMvAdI bana gayA hai| ataeva saMzodhaka vicArakoM kA kartavya hai ki viratipradhAna bratoM kA tAtparya logoM ke sAmane rakheM / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tAtparya yahI rahA hai ki svAbhAvika sadguNoM ke vikAsa kI pahalI zarta yaha hai ki Agantuka maloM ko dUra krnaa| isa zarta kI anivAryatA samajha kara hI sabhI saMtoM ne pahale klezanivRtti para hI bhAra diyA hai| aura ve apane jIvana ke udAharaNa se samajhA gae haiM ki klezanivRtti ke bAda vaiyaktika tathA sAmudAyika jIvana meM sadguNoM kI vRddhi va puSTi kA kaise samyak puruSArtha karanA / turanta karane yogya kAma - kaI bhANDAroM kI sUciyA~ vyavasthita banI haiM, para chapI nahIM haiM to kaI sUciyA~ chapI bhI haiN| aura kaI bhANDAroM kI banI hI nahIM hai, kaI kI haiM to vyavasthita nahIM haiN| merI rAya meM eka mahattva kA kAma yaha hai ki eka aisI mahAsUcI taiyAra karanI cAhie, jisameM pro0 belaNakara kI jinaratnakoSa nAmaka sUcI ke samAveza ke sAtha saba bhANDAroM kI sUciyA~ A jaaeN| jo na banI hoM taiyAra karAI jAe~, avyavasthita vyavasthita karAI jaaeN| aisI eka mahAsUcI hone se dezavideza meM vartamAna yAvat jaina sAhitya kI jAnakArI kisI bhI jijJAsu ko ghara baiThe sukara ho sakegI aura kAma meM saralatA bhI hogii| madrAsa meM zrI rAghavana saMskRta granthoM kI aisI hI sUcI taiyAra kara rahe haiN| barlina menyuskripTa kI eka bar3I vistRta sUcI abhI hI prasiddha huI hai| aisI hI vastusthiti anya purAtattvIya sAmagrI ke viSaya meM bhI hai| usakA bhI saMkalana eka sUcI dvArA jarUrI hai /

Page #856
506 ___ jaina dharma aura darzana apabhraMza bhASA ke sAhitya ke vizeSa prakAzanoM kI AvazyakatA para pahale ke pramukhoM ne kahA hai, parantu usake uccatara adhyayana kA viziSTa prabandha honA atyanta jarUrI hai| isake sivAya gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, hindI, marAThI, baMgAlI zrAdi bhASAoM ke kar3IbaMdha itihAsa lekhana kA kArya saMbhava hI nhiiN| isI taraha ucca zikSA ke lie prAMtIya bhASAoM ko mAdhyama banAne kA jo vicAra cAroM ora vikasita ho rahA hai, usakI pUrI saphalatA tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ukta bhASAoM kI zabda samRddhi va vividha arthoM ko vahana karane kI kSamatA bar3hAI jAya / isa kArya meM apabhraMza bhASAoM kA adhyayana anivArya rUpa se apekSita hai|| prAkRta vizeSa nAmoM ke koSa kI upayogitA tathA jaina pAribhASika zabda koSa kI upayogitA ke bAre meM ataH pUrva kahA gayA hai| maiM isa viSaya meM adhika carcA na karake eka aisA sUcana karatA hU~ jo merI rAya meM zrAja kI sthiti meM sabase prathama kartavya hai aura jisake dvArA nae yuga kI mA~ga ko hama loga vizeSa saralatA va eka sucAru paddhati se pUrA kara sakeMge / vaha sUcana yaha hai navayugIna sAhityika maryAdAoM ko samajhane vAloM kI tathA unameM rasa lene vAloM kI saMkhyA aneka prakAra se bar3ha rahI hai / nava zikSA prAsa adhyApaka vidyArthI Adi to milate hI haiM, para purAne DhaMga se par3he hue paNDitoM va brahmacArI evaM bhittuoM kI kAphI tAdAda bhI isa nae yuga kA bala jAnane lagI hai / vyavasAyI para vidyApriya dhanavAnoM kA dhyAna bhI isa ora gayA hai| jude-jude jaina phirakoM meM aisI choTI bar3I saMsthAe~ bhI cala rahI haiM tathA nikalatI jA rahI haiM jo nae yuga kI sAhityika AvazyakatA ko thor3A bahuta pahacAnatI haiM aura yogya mArgadarzana milane para vizeSa vikAsa karane kI udAravRtti bhI dhAraNa karatI haiN| yaha saba sAmagrI mAmUlI nahIM hai, phira bhI hama jo kAma jitanI tvarA se aura jitanI pUrNatA se karanA cAhate haiM vaha ho nahIM pAtA / kAraNa eka hI hai ki uktaH saba sAmagrI bikharI huI kar3iyoM kI taraha ekasUtratA vihIna hai / ___ hama saba jAnate haiM ki pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke tIrtha kA jo aura jaisA kucha astitva zeSa hai usakA kAraNa kevala saMgha racanA va saMgha vyavasthA hai| yaha vastu hameM hajAroM varSa se anAyAsa virAsata meM milI hai, gA~va-gA~va, zahara-zahara meM jahA~ bhI jaina haiM, apane unakA DhaMga kA saMgha hai| hara eka phirake ke sAdhu-jati-bhaTTArakoM kA bhI saMgha hai / usa usa phirake ke tIrtha-mandira-dharmasthAna bhaNDAra Adi vizeSa hitoM kI rakSA tathA vRddhi karane vAlI kameTiyA~-per3hiyA~ va kAnpharenseM tathA pariSadeM bhI haiN| yaha saba saMghazakti kA hI nidarzana hai| jaba itanI bar3I saMgha zakti hai taba kyA kAraNA

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507. Avazyaka kArya hai ki hama mana cAhe sarvasammata sAhityika kAma ko hAtha meM lene se hicakicAte haiM ? mujhako lagatA hai ki hamArI cirakAlIna saMghazakti isalie kAryakSama sAbita nahIM hotI ki usameM nava dRSTi kA prANaspandana nahIM hai| ataeva hameM eka aise saMgha kI sthApanA karanI cAhie ki jisameM jaina jainetara, dezI videzI gRhastha tyAgI paNDita adhyApaka Adi saba AkRSTa hokara sammilita ho sakeM aura saMgha dvArA socI gaI Avazyaka sAhityika pravRttiyoM meM apane-apane sthAna meM rahakara bhI apanI apanI yogyatA va ruci ke anusAra bhAga le sake, niHsaMdeha isa nae saMgha kI nIMva koI sAmpradAyika yA pAnthika na hogii| kevala jaina paraMparA se sambaddha saba prakAra ke sAhitya ko naI jarUratoM ke anusAra taiyAra va prakAzita karanA aura bikhare hue yogya adhikAriyoM se vibhAjana pUrvaka kAma lenA evaM maujUdA tathA naI sthApita hone vAlI sAhityika saMsthAoM ko nayI dRSTi kA paricaya karAnA ityAdi isa saMgha kA kAma rahegA / jisameM kisI kA visaMvAda nahIM aura jisake binA nae yuga kI mA~ga ko hama kabhI pUrA hI kara nahIM skte| purAnI vastuoM kI rakSA karanA iSTa hai, para isI ko itizrI mAna lenA bhUla hai| ataeva hameM naI evaM sphUrti dene vAlI AvazyakatAoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara aise saMgha ko racanA karanI hogii| isake vidhAna, padAdhikArI, kAryavibhAjana, Arthika bAjU Adi kA vicAra maiM yahA~ nahIM krtaa| isake lie hameM punaH milanA hogaa| I0 1651] 1 orienTala kaoNnphrensa ke lakhanau adhivezana meM 'prAkRta aura jainadharma' vibhAga ke adhyakSapada se diyA gayA vyAkhyAna / isake anta meM munizrI puNyavijayajI dvArA kiye gae kArya kI rUparekhA aura nae prakAzanoM kI sUcI hai| use yahA~ nahIM diyA gayA /

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vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana aura jaina paramparA bhUmikA mi0 horesa alekjenDara pramukha kucha vyaktiyoM ne 1946 meM gA~dhIjI ke sAmane prastAva rakkhA thA ki satya aura ahiMsA meM pUrA vizvAsa rakhanevAle vizva bhara ke gine zAntivAdI Apake sAtha eka saptAha kahIM zAnta sthAna meM bitAveM / anantara sevAgrAma meM DA0 rAjendraprasAdajI ke pramukhatva meM vicArArtha janavarI 1949 meM milI huI baiThaka meM jaisA taya huA thA tadanusAra disambara 1946 meM vizvabhara ke 75 ekaniSTha zAntivAdiyoM kA sammelana milane jA rahA hai / isa sammelana ke AmaMtraNadAtAoM meM prasiddha jaina gRhastha bhI zAmila haiM / jaina paramparA apane janmakAla se hI ahiMsAvAdI aura jude-jude kSetroM meM hiMsA kA vividha prayoga karanevAlI rahI hai / sammelana ke AyojakoM ne anya pariNAmoM ke sAtha eka isa pariNAma kI bhI AzA rakkhI hai ki sAmAjika aura -rAjakIya praznoM ko hiMsA ke dvArA hala karane kA prayatna karanevAle vizva bhara ke strI-puruSoM kA eka saMgha bane / ataeva hama jainoM ke lie Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki pahale hama soceM ki zAntivAdI sammelana ke prati ahiMsAvAdI rUpa se jaina paramparA kA kyA karttavya hai ? krizciyana zAntivAda ho, jaina ahiMsAvAda ho ho, sabakI sAmAnya mUmikA yaha hai ki khuda hiMsA se - lokahita kI vidhAyaka pravRtti karanA / parantu isa paramparAoM meM kucha aMzoM meM jude- jude rUpa se huA hai zAntivAda 1 yA gA~dhIjI kA hisA mArga bacanA aura yathAsambhava hiMsA tattva kA vikAsa saba "Thou shalt not kill' ityAdi bAIbala ke upadezoM ke AdhAra para krAIsTa ke pakke anuyAyiyoM ne jo hiMsAmUlaka vividha pravRttiyoM kA vikAsa kiyA hai usakA mukhya kSetra mAnava samAja rahA hai / mAnava samAja kI nAnAvidha sevAoM kI saccI bhAvanA meM se kisI bhI prakAra ke yuddha meM, anya saba taraha kI sAmAjika hita kI javAbadehI ko zradA karate hue bhI, sazastra bhAga na lene kI vRttikA bhI udaya aneka zatAbdiyoM se huA hai / jaise-jaise krizciyAniTi kA 1

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jaina ahiMsA vistAra hotA gayA, bhinna-bhinna dezoM ke sAtha nikaTa aura dUra kA sambandha jur3atA gayA, sAmAjika aura rAjakIya javAbadehI ke bar3hate jAne se usameM se phalita honevAlI samasyAoM ko hala karane kA savAla pecIdA hotA gayA, vaise-vaise zAMtivAdI manovRtti bhI vikasita hotI clii| zurU meM jahA~ varga-yuddha (Class War), nAgarika yuddha (Civil War ) arthAt svadeza ke antargata kisI bhI lar3AIjhagar3e meM sazastra bhAga na lene kI manovRtti thI vahA~ kramazaH antarrASTrIya yuddha taka meM kisI bhI taraha se sazastra bhAga na lene kI manovRtti sthira huI / itanA hI nahIM balki yaha bhI bhAva sthira huA ki sambhavita sabhI zAntipUrNa upAyoM se yuddha ko TAlane kA prayatna kiyA jAya aura sAmAjika, rAjakIya va Arthika kSetroM meM bhI vaiSamya nivAraka zAntivAdI prayatna kiye jAe~ / usI antima vikasita manovRtti kA sUcaka Pacifism ( zAMtivAda) zabda lagabhaga 1605 se prasiddha rUpa meM astitva meM AyA / ' gA~dhIjI ke ahiMsaka puruSArtha ke bAda to Pacifism zabda kA artha aura bhI vyApaka va unnata huA hai| Aja to Pacifism zabda ke dvArA hama 'hareka prakAra ke anyAya kA nivAraNa karane ke lie bar3I se bar3I kisI bhI zakti kA sAmanA karane kA sakriya adamya Atmabala' yaha artha samajhate haiM, jo vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana (World Pacifist Meeting) kI bhUmikA hai| jaina ahiMsA jaina paramparA ke janma ke sAtha hI ahiMsA kI aura tanmUlaka aparigraha kI bhAvanA jur3I huI hai| jaise-jaise isa paramparA kA vikAsa tathA vistAra hotA gayA vaise-vaise usa bhAvanA kA bhI bhinna-bhinna kSetroM meM nAnA prakAra kA upayoga va prayoga huA hai| parantu jaina paramparA kI ahiMsaka bhAvanA, anya katipaya mAratIya dharma paramparAoM kI taraha, yAvat prANimAtra kI ahiMsA va rakSA meM caritArtha hotI AyI hai, kevala mAnava samAja taka kabhI sImita nahIM rahI hai| krizciyana gRhasthoM meM aneka vyakti yA aneka choTe-moTe dala samaya-samaya para aise hue haiM jinhoMne yuddha ko ugratama paristhiti meM bhI usameM bhAga lene kA virodha maraNAnta kaSTa sahana karake bhI kiyA hai jabaki jaina gRhasthoM kI sthiti isase nirAlI rahI hai / hameM jaina itihAsa meM aisA koI spaSTa udAharaNa nahIM milatA jisameM deza rakSA ke saMkaTapUrNa kSaNoM meM AnevAlI sazastra yuddha taka kI javAbadehI TAlane kA yA usakA virodha karane kA prayatna kisI bhI samajhadAra javAbadeha jaina gRhastha ne kiyA ho| 1. Encyclopaedia of Religion (Ed. V. Ferm, 1945,) p. 555.

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jaina dharma aura darzana gA~dhIjI kI ahiMsA . gA~dhIjI janma se hI bhAratIya ahiMsaka saMskAra vAle hI rahe haiN| prANimAtra ke prati unakI ahiMsA va anukaMpA vRtti kA srota sadA bahatA rahA hai, jisake aneka udAharaNa unake jIvana meM bhare par3e haiN| gorakSA aura anya pazu-pakSiyoM kI rakSA kI unakI himAyata to itanI prakaTa hai ki jo kisI se chipI nahIM hai / parantu sabakA dhyAna khIMcanevAlA unakA ahiMsA kA prayoga duniyA meM ajor3a ginI jAnevAlI rAjasattA ke sAmane bar3e paimAne para azastra pratikAra yA satyAgraha kA hai / isa prayoga ne purAnI sabhI prAcya-pAzcAtya ahiMsaka paramparAtroM meM jAna DAla dI hai, kyoMki isameM prAtmazuddhipUrvaka sabake prati nyAyya vyavahAra karane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa hai aura dUsarI tarapha se anya ke anyAya ke prati na jhukate hue usakA azastra pratikAra karane kA prabala va sarvakSemaMkara puruSArtha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kA koI bhI saccA ahiMsAvAdI yA zAMtivAdI gA~dhIjI kI preraNA kI avagaNanA kara nahIM sktaa| isI se hama vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana ke pIche bhI gA~dhIjI kA anokhA vyaktitva pAte haiN| nivRtti-pravRtti jaina kula meM janma lenevAle baccoM meM kucha aise susaMskAra mAtR-stanyapAna ke sAtha bIjarUpa meM Ate haiM jo pIche se aneka prayatnoM ke dvArA bhI durlabha haiN| udAharaNArtha-nirmAsa bhojana, madya jaisI nasIlI cIjoM ke prati ghRNA, kisI ko na satAne kI tathA kisI ke prANa na lene kI manovRtti tathA kevala asahAya manuSya ko hI nahIM balki prANimAtra ko saMbhavita sahAyatA pahu~cAne kI vRtti / janmajAta jaina vyakti meM ukta saMskAra svataHsiddha hote hue bhI unakI pracchanna zakti kA bhAna sAmAnya rUpa se khuda jainoM meM bhI kama pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki aise hI saMskAroM kI bhitti para mahAvIra, buddha, krAIsTa aura gA~dhIjI jaisoM ke lokakalyANakArI jIvana kA vikAsa huA dekhA jAtA hai| isaliye hama jainoM ko apane virAsatI susaMskAroM ko pahicAnane kI dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA sabase pahale Avazyaka hai jo aise sammelana ke avasara para anAyAsa sambhava hai| aneka loga saMnyAsa-pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jaina paramparA ko kevala nivRtti-mArgI samajhate haiM aura kama samajhadAra khuda jaina bhI apanI dharma paramparA ko nivRttimArgI mAnane manavAne meM gaurava lete haiN| isase pratyeka naI jaina pIr3hI ke mana meM eka aisA akarmaNyatA kA saMskAra jAne anajAne par3atA hai jo usake janmasiddha aneka susaMskAroM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka banatA hai| isalie prastuta mauke para yaha

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nivRtti-pravRtti vicAra karanA jarUrI hai ki vAstava meM jaina paramparA nivRttagAmI hI hai yA pravRttigAmI bhI hai, aura jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se nivRtti tathA pravRtti kA saccA mAne kyA hai| . ukta praznoM kA uttara hameM jaina siddhAnta meM se bhI milatA hai aura jaina paramparA ke aitihAsika vikAsa meM se bhii| saiddhAntika dRSTi jaina siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhaka yA dharma kA ummedavAra prathama apanA doSa dUra kare, apane Apako zuddha kare-taba usakI sat pravRtti sArthaka bana sakatI hai| doSa dUra karane kA artha hai doSa se nivRtta honA / sAdhaka kA pahalA dhArmika prayatna doSa yA doSoM se nivRtta hone kA hI rahatA hai / guru bhI pahale usI para bhAra dete haiM / ataeva jitanI dharma pratijJAyeM yA dhArmika vrata haiM ve mukhyatayA nivRtti kI bhASA meM haiM / gRhastha ho yA sAdhu, usakI choTI-moTI sabhI pratijJAyeM, sabhI mukhya vrata doSa nivRtti se zurU hote haiM / gRhastha sthUla prANahiMsA, sthUla mUSAvAda, sthUla 'parigraha Adi doSoM se nivRtta hone kI pratijJA letA hai aura aisI pratijJA nibAhane kA prayatna bhI karatA hai / jabaki sAdhu saba prakAra kI prANahiMsA zrAdi doSoM se nivRtta hone kI pratijJA lekara use nibAhane kA bharasaka prayatna karatA hai| gRhastha aura sAdhuoM kI mukhya pratijJAe~ nivRttisUcaka zabdoM meM hone se tathA doSa se nivRtta hone kA unakA prathama prayatna hone se sAmAnya samajhavAloM kA yaha khayAla bana jAnA svAbhAvika hai ki jaina dharma mAtra nivRttigAmI hai / nivRtti ke nAma para avazyakarttavyoM kI upekSA kA bhAva bhI dharma saMghoM meM A jAtA hai / isake aura bhI do mukhya kAraNa haiM / eka to mAnava-prakRti meM pramAda yA paropajIvitA rUpa vikRti kA honA aura dUsarA binA parizrama se yA alpa parizrama se jIvana kI jarUratoM kI pUrti ho sake aisI paristhiti meM rahanA / para jaina siddhAnta itane meM hI sImita nahIM hai / vaha to spaSTatayA yaha kahatA hai ki pravRtti kare para Asakti se nahIM athavA anAsakti se-doSa tyAga pUrvaka pravRtti kare / dUsare zabdoM meM vaha yaha kahatA hai ki jo kucha kiyA jAya vaha yatanA pUrvaka kiyA jAya / yatanA ke binA kucha na kiyA jAya / yatanA kA artha hai viveka aura anAsakti / hama ina zAstrAzAoM meM spaSTatayA yaha dekha sakate haiM ki inameM niSedha, tyAga yA nivRtti kA jo vidhAna hai vaha doSa ke niSedha kA, nahIM ki pravRtti mAtra ke niSedha kaa| yadi pravRttimAtra ke tyAga kA vidhAna hotA to yatanA-pUrvaka jIvana pravRtti karane ke

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512 jaina dharma aura darzana Adeza kA koI bhI artha nahIM rahatA aura pravRtti na karanA itanA mAtra kahA jAtA dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki zAstra meM gupti aura samiti-aise dharma ke do mArga haiN| donoM mArgoM para binA cale dharma kI pUrNatA kabhI siddha nahIM ho sakatI / gupti kA matalaba hai doSoM se mana, vacana, kAyA ko virata rakhanA aura samiti kA matalaba hai viveka se svaparahitAvaha satpravRtti ko karate rahanA / satpravRtti banAe rakhane kI dRSTi se jo asatpravRtti yA doSa ke tyAga para atyadhika bhAra diyA gayA hai usIko kama samajhavAle logoM ne pUrNa mAnakara aisA samajha liyA ki doSa nivRtti se Age phira vizeSa karttavya nahIM rhtaa| jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra to saca bAta yaha phalita hotI hai ki jaise-jaise sAdhanA meM doSa nivRtti hotI aura bar3hatI jAe vaise-vaise satpavRtti kI bAjU vikasita hotI jAnI cAhie / jaise doSa nivRtti ke sivAya satpravRtti asambhava hai vaise hI satpravRtti kI gati ke sivAya doSa nivRtti kI sthiratA TikanA bhI asambhava hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina paramparA meM jitane Adarza puruSa tIrthaMkara rUpa se mAne gaye haiM una sabhI ne apanA samagra puruSArtha Atmazuddhi karane ke bAda satpravRtti meM ho lagAyA hai / isaliye hama jaina apane ko jaba nivRttigAmI kaheM taba itanA hI artha samajha lenA cAhie ki nivRtti yaha to hamArI yathArtha pravRttigAmI dhArmika jIvana kI prAthamika taiyArI mAtra hai| mAnasa-zAstra kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bhI Upara kI bAta kA hI samarthana hotA hai| zarIra se bhI mana aura mana se bhI cetanA vizeSa zaktizAlI yA gatizIla hai| aba hama dekheM ki agara zarIra aura mana kI gati doSoM se rukI, cetanA kA sAmartha doSoM kI aora gati karane se rukA, to unakI gati-dizA kauna sI rahegI? vaha sAmarthya kabhI niSkriya yA gati-zUnya to rahegA hI nhiiN| agara usa sadAsphurat sAmarthya ko kisI mahAn uddezya kI sAdhanA meM lagAyA na jAe to phira * yadyapi zAstrIya zabdoM kA sthUla artha sAdhu-jIvana kA AhAra, vihAra, nihAra sambandhI caryA taka hI sImita jAna par3atA hai para isakA tAtparya jIvana ke saba kSetroM kI saba pravRttiyoM meM yatanA lAgU karane kA hai| agara aisA tAtparya na ho, to yatanA kI vyApti itanI kama ho jAtI hai ki phira vaha yatanA ahiMsA siddhAnta kI samartha bAjU bana nahIM sktii| samiti zabda kA tAtparya bhI jIvana kI saba pravRttiyoM se hai, na ki zabdoM meM ginAI huI kevala AhAra vihAra nihAra jaisI pravRttiyoM meM /

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pravRtti-nivRtti vaha UrdhvagAmI yogya dizA na pAkara purAne vAsanAmaya adhogAmI jIvana kI ora hI gati kregaa| yaha sarvasAdhAraNa anubhava hai ki jaba hama zubha bhAvanA rakhate hue bhI kucha nahIM karate taba anta meM azubha mArga para hI A par3ate haiN| bauddha, sAMkhya-yoga Adi sabhI nivRttimArgI kahI jAnevAlI dharma paramparAoM kA bhI vahI bhAva hai jo jaina dharma-paramparA kaa| jaba gItA ne karmayoga yA pravRtti mArga para bhAra diyA taba vastutaH anAsakta bhAva para hI bhAra diyA hai| nivRtti pravRtti kI pUraka hai aura pravRtti nivRtti kii| ye jIvana ke sikke kI do bAjue~ haiN| pUraka kA yaha bhI artha nahIM hai ki eka ke bAda dUsarI ho, donoM sAtha na hoM, jaise jAgRti va nidrA / para usakA yathArtha bhAva yaha hai ki nivRtti aura pravRtti eka sAtha calatI rahatI hai bhale hI koI eka aMza pradhAna dikhAI de / manameM doSoM kI pravRtti calatI rahane para bhI aneka bAra sthUla jIvana meM nivRtti dikhAI detI hai jo vAstava meM nivRtti nahIM hai| isI taraha aneka vAra mana meM vAsanAoM kA vizeSa dabAva na hone para bhI sthUla jIvana meM kalyANAvaha pravRtti kA abhAva bhI dekhA jAtA hai jo vAstava meM nivRtti kA hI ghAtaka siddha hotA hai / ataeva hameM samajha lenA cAhie ki doSa nivRtti aura sadguyA pravRtti kA koI virodha nahIM pratyuta donoM kA sAhacarya hI dhArmika jIvana kI Avazyaka zarta hai| virodha hai to doSoM se hI nivatta hone kA aura doSoM meM hI pravRtta hone kA / isI taraha sadguNoM meM hI pravRtti karanA aura unhIM se nivRtta bhI honA yaha bhI virodha hai / ___ asat-nivRtti aura sat-pravRtti kA paraspara kaisA poSya-poSaka sambandha hai yaha bhI vicArane kI vastu hai / jo hiMsA evaM mRSAvAda se thor3A yA bahuta aMzoM meM nivRtta ho para maukA par3ane para prANihita kI vidhAyaka pravRtti se udAsIna rahatA hai yA satya bhASaNa kI pratyakSa javAbadehI kI upekSA karatA hai vaha dhIre-dhIre hiMsA evaM mRSAvAda kI nivRtti se saMcita bala bhI ga~vA baiThatA hai / hiMsA evaM mRSAvAda kI nivRtti kI saccI parIkSA tabhI hotI hai jaba anukampA kI evaM satya bhASaNa kI vidhAyaka pravRtti kA prazna sAmane AtA hai| agara maiM kisI prANI yA manuSya ko takalIpha nahIM detA para mere sAmane koI aisA prANI yA manuSya upasthita hai jo anya kAraNo se saMkaTagrasta hai aura usakA saMkaTa mere prayatna ke dvArA dUra ho sakatA hai yA kucha halakA ho sakatA hai, yA merI pratyakSa paricaryA evaM sahAnubhUti se use AzvAsana mila sakatA hai, phira bhI maiM kevala nivRtti kI bAjU ko hI pUrNa ahiMsA mAna lU~ to maiM khuda apanI sadguNAbhimukha vikAsazIla cetanA-zakti kA galA ghoTatA huuN| mujhameM jo Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA aura jokhima uThAkara '

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jaina dharma aura darzana bhI satya bhASaNa ke dvArA anyAya kA sAmanA karane kI tejasvitA hai use kAma meM naM lAkara kuNThita banA denA aura pUrNa AdhyAtmikatA ke vikAsa ke bhrama meM par3anA hai| isI prakAra brahmacarya kI do bAjue~ haiM jinase brahmacarya pUrNa hotA hai| maithuna viramaNa yaha zaktisaMgrAhaka nivRtta kI bAjU hai| para usake dvArA saMgRhIta zakti aura teja kA vidhAyaka upayoga karanA yahI pravRtti kI bAjU hai| jo maithunavirata vyakti apanI saMcita vIrya zakti kA adhikArAnurUpa laukika lokottara bhalAI meM upayoga nahIM karatA hai vaha anta meM apanI usa saMcita vIrya-zakti ke dvArA hI yA to tAmasavRtti bana jAtA hai yA anya akRtya kI aura jhuka jAtA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki maithunavirata aise lAkhoM bAvA saMnyAsI aba bhI milate haiM jo paropajIvI krodhamUtti aura vividha bahamoM ke ghara hai| aitihAsika dRSTi aba hama aitihAsika dRSTi se nivRtti aura pravRtti ke bAre meM jaina paramparA kA jhukAva kyA rahA hai so dekheM / hama pahile kaha cuke haiM ki jaina kula meM mAMsa madya Adi vyasana tyAga, nirarthaka pApakarma se virati jaise niSedhAtmaka susaMskAra aura anukampA mUlaka bhUtahita karane kI vRtti jaise bhAvAtmaka susaMskAra virAsatI haiN| aba dekhanA hogA ki aise saMskAroM kA nirmANa kaise zurU huA, unakI puSTi kaise-kaise hotI gaI aura unake dvArA itihAsa kAla meM kyA-kyA ghaTanAe~ ghttii| jaina paramparA ke Adi pravartaka mAne jAnevAle RSabhadeva ke samaya jitane andhakAra yuga ko hama chor3a deM to bhI hamAre sAmane neminAtha kA udAharaNa spaSTa hai, jise vizvasanIya mAnane meM koI Apatti nhiiN| neminAtha devakIputra kRSNa ke cacere bhAI aura yaduvaMza ke tejasvI taruNa the| unhoMne ThIka lama ke mauke para mAMsa ke nimitta ekatra kie gaye saikar3oM pazupakSiyoM ko lagna meM asahayoga ke dvArA jo abhayadAna dilAne kA mahAn sAhasa kiyA, usakA prabhAva sAmAjika samArambha meM pracalita cirakAlIna mAMsa bhojana kI prathA para aisA par3A ki usa prathA kI jaDa hila-sI gaI / eka tarapha se aisI prathA zithila hone se mAMsa-bhojana tyAga kA saMskAra par3A aura dUsarI tarapha se pazu-pakSiyoM ko mArane se bacAne kI vidhAyaka pravRtti bhI dhamya ginI jAne lagI / jaina paramparA ke Age ke itihAsa meM hama jo aneka ahiMsApoSaka aura prANirakSaka prayatna dekhate haiM unake mUla meM neminAtha kI tyAga-ghaTanA kA saMskAra kAma kara rahA hai| pArzvanAtha ke jIvana meM eka prasaGga aisA hai jo Upara se sAdhAraNa lagatA hai para nivRtti-pravRtti ke vicAra se vaha asAdhAraNa hai| pArzvanAtha ne dekhA ki

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... pravRtti-nivRtti 515 eka tApasa jo paMcAgni tapa kara rahA hai usake Asa-pAsa jalane vAlI bar3I-baDI lakar3iyoM meM sA~pa bhI jala rahA hai| usa samaya pArzvanAtha ne cupakI na pakar3a kara tAtkAlika prathA ke viruddha aura lokamata ke viruddha AvAja uThAI aura apane para Ane vAlI jokhima kI paravAha nahIM kii| unhoMne logoM se spaSTa kahA ki aisA tapa adharma hai jisameM niraparAdha prANI marate hoM / isa prasaGga para pArzvanAtha mauna rahate to unheM koI hiMsAbhAgI yA mRSAvAdI na khtaa| phira bhI unhoMne satya bhASaNa kA pravRtti-mArga isaliye apanAyA ki svIkRta dharma kI pUrNatA kabhI kevala mauna yA nivRtti se siddha nahIM ho sktii| caturyAma ke puraskartA aitihAsika pArzvanAtha ke bAda paMcayAma ke samarthaka bhagavAn mahAvIra pAte haiN| unake jIvana kI kucha ghaTanAe~ pravRttimArga kI dRSTi se bahuta sUcaka haiN| mahAvIra ne samatA ke AdhyAtmika siddhAnta ko mAtra vyaktigata na rakhakara usakA dharma dRSTi se sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI prayoga kiyA hai| mahAvIra janma se kisI manuSya ko U~cA yA nIcA mAnate na the / sabhI ko sadguNa-vikAsa aura dharmAcaraNa kA samAna adhikAra eka-sA hai-aisA unakA dRr3ha siddhAnta thaa| isa siddhAnta ko tatkAlIna samAja-kSetra meM lAgU karane kA prayatna unakI * dharmamUlaka pravRtti kI bAjU hai| agara ve kevala nivRtti meM hI pUrNa dharma samajhate to apane vyaktigata jIvana meM aspRzyatA kA nivAraNa karake saMtuSTa rahate / para unhoMne aisA na kiyaa| tatkAlIna prabala bahumata kI anyAyya mAnyatA ke viruddha sakriya kadama uThAyA aura metArya tathA harikeza jaise sabase nikRSTa gine jAnevAle aspRzyoM ko apane dharma saMgha meM samAna sthAna dilAne kA dvAra khola diyaa| itanA hI nahIM balki harikeza jaise tapasvI AdhyAtmika caNDAla ko chuAchUta meM pAnakhazikha DUbe hue jAtyabhimAnI brAhmaNoM ke dharmavAToM meM bhejakara gA~dhIjI ke dvArA samarthita mandira meM aspRzya praveza jaise vicAra ke dharma bIja bone kA samarthana bhI mahAvIrAnuyAyI jaina paramparA ne kiyA hai / yajJa yAgAdi meM anivArya mAnI jAnevAlI pazu Adi prANI hiMsA se kevala svayaM pUrNatayA virata rahate to bhI koI mahAvIra yA mahAvIra ke anuyAyI tyAgI ko hiMsAbhAgI nahIM khtaa| para ve dharma ke marma ko pUrNatayA samajhate the| isIse jayaghoSa jaise vIra sAdhu yajJa ke mahAn sabhAraMbha para virodha kI va saMkaTa kI paravAha binA kie apane ahiMsA siddhAnta ko kriyAzIla va jIvita banAne jAte haiN| aura anta meM usa yajJa meM mAre jAnevAle pazu ko prANa se tathA mAranevAle yAjJika ko hiMsAvRtti se bacA lete haiN| yaha ahiMsA kI pravRtti bAjU, nahIM to aura kyA hai ? khuda mahAvIra ke samakSa unakA pUrva sahacArI gozAlaka aAyA aura apane Apako vAstavika svarUpa se chipAne kA

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516 jaina dharma aura darzana bharasaka prayatna kiyaa| mahAvIra usa samaya cupa rahate to koI unheM mRSAvAdaH viriti ke mahAvrata se cyuta na ginatA / para unhoMne svayaM satya dekhA aura socA ki asatya na bolanA itanA hI usa vrata ke lie paryAsa nahIM hai balki asatyavAda kA sAkSI honA yaha bhI bhayamUlaka asatyavAda ke barAbara hI hai| isI vicAra se gozAlaka kI atyugra roSaprakRti ko jAnate hue bhI bhAvI saMkaTa kI paravAha na kara usake sAmane vIratA se satya prakaTa kiyA aura durvAsA jaise gozAlaka ke roSAgni ke duHsaha tApa ke kaTuka anubhava se bhI kabhI satyasaMbhASaNa kA anutApa na kiyA / aba hama suvidita aitihAsika ghaTanAoM para Ate haiM / neminAtha kI hI prANirakSaNa kI paramparA ko sajIva karanevAle azoka ne apane dharmazAsanoM meM jo Adeza die haiM, ye kisI se bhI chipe nahIM haiM / aisA eka dharmazAsana to khada neminAtha kI hI sAdhanA-bhUmi meM Aja bhI neminAtha kI paraMparA ko yAda dilAtA hai / azoka ke pautra samprati ne prANiyoM kI hiMsA rokane va unheM abhayadAna dilAne kA rAjocita pravRtti mArga kA pAlana kiyA hai| ___ bauddha kavi va santa mAtRceTa kA kaNikAlekha itihAsa meM prasiddha hai / kaniSka ke AmaMtraNa para ati bur3hApe ke kAraNa jaba mAtRceTa bhitu unake darabAra meM na jA sake to unhoMne eka padyabaddha lekha ke dvArA AmaMtraNadAtA kaniSka jaise zaka nRpati se pazu-pakSI Adi prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dilAne kI bhikSA maaNgii| harSavardhana, jo eka parAkramI dharmavIra samrATa thA, usane pravRci mArga ko kaise vikasita kiyA yaha sarvavidita hai / vaha hara pA~caveM sAla apane sAre khajAne ko bhalAI meM kharca karatA thaa| isase bar3hakara aparigraha kI pravRtti bAjU kA rAjocita udAharaNa zAyada hI itihAsa meM ho| gurjara samrATa zaiva siddharAja ko kauna nahIM jAnatA ? usane maladhArI prAcArya abhayadeva tathA hemacandrasUri ke upadezAnusAra pazu, pakSI Adi prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dekara ahiMsA kI pravRtti bAjU kA vikAsa kiyA hai| usakA uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla to paramAta hI thaa| usane kalikAla sarvajJa prAcArya hemacandra ke upadezoM ko jIvana meM itanA adhika apanAyA ki virodhI loga usakI prANirakSA kI bhAvanA kA parihAsa taka karate rhe| jo kartavya pAlana kI dRSTi se yuddhoM meM bhAga bhI letA thA vahI kumArapAla amAri-ghoSaNA ke lie prakhyAta hai| akabara, jahA~ gira jaise mAMsabhojI va zikArazokhI musalima bAdazAhoM se hIravijaya, zAnticandra, bhAnucandra Adi sAdhuoM ne jo kAma karAyA vaha ahisA dharma kI pravRtti bAjU kA prakAzamAna udAharaNa hai / ye sAdhu tathA unake anugAmI

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pravRtti-nivRtti gRhasthaloga apane dharmasthAnoM meM hiMsA se virata rahakara ahiMsA ke AcaraNa kA saMtoSa dhAraNa kara sakate the| para unakI sahajasiddha zrAtmaupamyakI vRtti niSkriya na rhii| usa vRtti ne unako vibhinnadharmI zaktizAlI bAdazAhoM taka sAhasa pUrvaka apanA dhyeya lekara jAne kI preraNA kI aura anta meM ve saphala bhI hue| una bAdazAhoMke zAsanAdeza Aja bhI hamAre sAmane haiM, jo ahiMsA dharma kI gatizIlatA ke sAkSI haiN| gujarAta ke mahAmAnya vastupAla kA nAma kauna nahIM jAnatA ? vaha apanI dhanarAzi kA upayoga kevala apane dharmapaMtha yA sAdhusamAja ke lie hI karake santuSTa na rhaa| usane sArvajanika kalyANa ke lie aneka kAmoM meM ati udAratA se dhana kA sadupayoga karake dAna mArga kI vyApakatA siddha kI / jagaDu zAha jo eka kaccha kA vyApArI thA aura jisake pAsa anna ghAsa Adi kA bahuta bar3A saMgraha thA usane usa sAre saMgraha ko kaccha, kAThiyAvAr3a aura gujarAta vyApI tIna varSa ke durbhikSa meM yathoyogya bA~Ta diyA va pazu tathA manuSya kI anukaraNIya sevA dvArA apane saMgraha kI saphalatA siddha kii| neminAtha ne jo pazu pakSI Adi kI rakSA kA choTA sA dharmabIjavapana kiyA thA, aura jo mAMsabhojana tyAga kI nIMva DAlI thI usakA vikAsa unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne aneka prakAra se kiyA hai, jise hama Upara saMkSepa meM dekha cuke / para yahA~ para eka do bAteM khAsa ullekhanIya haiN| hama yaha kabUla karate haiM ki piMjarApola kI saMsthA meM samayAnusAra vikAsa karane kI bahuta guMjAiza hai aura usameM aneka sudhArane yogya truTiyAM bhI haiN| para piMjarApola kI saMsthA kA sArA itihAsa isa bAta kI sAkSI de rahA hai ki piMjarApola ke pIche eka mAtra prANirakSA aura jIvadayA kI bhAvanA hI sajIva rUpa meM vartamAna hai| jina lAcAra pazu-pakSI Adi prANiyoM ko unake mAlika taka chor3a dete haiM, jinheM koI pAnI taka nahIM pilAtA una prANiyoM kI niSkAma bhAva se AjIvana paricaryA karanA, isake lie lAkhoM rupae kharca karanA, yaha koI sAdhAraNa dharma saMskAra kA pariNAma nahIM hai / gujarAta va rAjasthAna kA aisA zAyada hI koI sthAna ho jahA~ piMjarApola kA koI na koI svarUpa vartamAna na ho| vAstava meM neminAtha ne piMjarabaddha prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dilAne kA jo tejasvI puruSArtha kiyA thA, jAna par3atA hai, usI kI yaha cirakAlIna dharmasmRti unhIM ke janmasthAna gujarAta meM cirakAla se vyApaka rUpa se calI AtI hai, aura jisameM Ama janatA kA bhI pUrA sahayoga hai| piMjarApola kI saMsthAe~ kevala lUle laMgar3e lAcAra prANiyoM kI rakSA ke kArya taka hI sImita nahIM haiM / ve ativRSTi duSkAla Adi saMkaTapUrNa samaya meM dUsarI bhI anekavidha sambhavita prANirakSaNa-pravRttiyA~ karatI haiN|

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518 jaina dharma aura darzana ahiMsA va dayA ke vikAsa kA purAnA itihAsa dekhakara tathA nirmAsa bhojana kI vyApaka prathA aura jIva dayA kI vyApaka pravRtti dekhakara hI lokamAnya tilaka ne eka bAra kahA thA ki gujarAta meM jo ahiMsA hai, vaha jaina paramparA kA prabhAva hai / yaha dhyAna meM rahe ki yadi jaina paramparA kevala nivRtti bAjU kA poSaNa karane meM kRtArthatA mAnatI to itihAsa kA aisA bhavya rUpa na hotA jisase tilaka jaisoM kA dhyAna khiMcatA / hama "jIva dayA maNDalI' kI pravati ko bhala nahIM sakate / vaha karIba 40 varSoM se apane satata prayatna ke dvArA itane adhika jIva dayA ke kArya karAne meM saphala huI hai ki jinakA itihAsa jAnakara santoSa hotA hai / aneka prAntoM meM va rAjyoM meM dhArmika mAnI jAne vAlI prANihiMsA ko tathA sAmAjika va vaiyaktika mAMsa bhojana kI prathA ko usane banda karAyA hai va lAkhoM prANiyoM ko jIvita dAna dilAne ke sAtha-sAtha lAkhoM strI puruSoM meM eka prAtmaupamya ke susaMskAra kA samartha bIjavapana kiyA hai| vartamAna meM santabAlakA nAma upekSya nahIM hai| vaha eka sthAnakavAsI jaina muni hai / vaha apane gurU yA anya dharma-sahacArI muniyoM kI taraha ahiMsA kI kevala niSkriya bAjU kA Azraya lekara jIvana vyatIta kara sakatA thA, para gAMdhIjI ke vyaktitva ne usakI AtmA meM ahiMsA kI bhAvAtmaka premajyoti ko sakriya bnaayaa| ataeva vaha rUr3ha lokApavAda kI binA paravAha kie apanI premavRtti ko katArtha karane ke lie paMca mahAvrata kI vidhAyaka bAjU ke anusAra nAnAvidha mAnavahita kI pravRtiyoM meM niSkAma bhAva se kUda par3A jisakA kAma Aja jaina jainetara saba logoM kA dhyAna khIMca rahA hai| jaina jJAna-bhANDAra, mandira, sthApatya va kalA aba hama jaina paramparA kI dhArmika pravRtti bAjU kA eka aura bhI hissA dekheM jo ki khAsa mahattva kA hai aura jisake kAraNa jaina paraMparA Aja jIvita va tejasvI hai| isa hisse meM jJAnabhaNDAra, mandira aura kalA kA samAveza hotA hai| saikar3oM varSoM se jagaha-jagaha sthApita bar3e-bar3e jJAna-bhANDAroM meM kevala jaina zAstra kA yA adhyAtmazAstra kA hI saMgraha rakSaNa nahIM huA hai balki usake dvArA anekavidha laukika zAstroM kA asAmpradAyika dRSTi se saMgraha saMrakSaNa huA hai / kyA vaidyaka, kyA jyotiSa, kyA mantra tantra, kyA saMgIta, kyA sAmudrika, kyA bhASAzAstra, kAvya, nATaka, purANa, alaMkAra va kathA graMtha aura kyA sarva darzana saMbandhI mahatva ke zAstra-ina saboM kA jJAnabhANDAroM meM saMgraha saMrakSaNa hI nahIM huA hai balki inake adhyayana va adhyApana ke dvArA kucha viziSTa vidvAnoM ne aisI pratibhA

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lokahita kI dRSTi 516 mUlaka nava kRtiyA~ bhI racI haiM jo anyatra durlabha haiM aura maulika ginI jAne lAyaka haiM tathA jo vizvasAhitya ke saMgraha meM sthAna pAne yogya haiN| jJAnabhANDAroM meM se aise graMtha mile haiM jo bauddha Adi anya paraMparA ke haiM aura Aja duniyA~ ke kisI bhI bhAga meM mUlasvarUpa meM abhI taka upalabdha bhI nahIM haiN| jJAnabhANDAroM kA yaha jIvanadAyI kArya kevala dharma kI nivRtti bAjU se siddha ho nahIM sktaa| yoM to bhArata meM aneka kalApUrNa dharmasthAna hai, para cAmuNDarAya pratiSThita gomaTezvara kI mUrti kI bhavyatA va vimala zAha tathA vastupAla Adi ke mandiroM ke zilpa sthApatya aise anokhe haiM ki jina para hara koI mugdha ho jAtA hai| jinake hRdaya meM dhArmika bhAvanA kI vidhAyaka saundarya kI bAjU kA zrAdarapUrNa sthAna na ho, jo sAhitya va kalA kA dharmapoSaka marma na jAnate hoM ve apane dhana ke khajAne isa bAjU meM kharca kara nahIM sakate / byApaka lokahita kI dRSTi __ pahale se Aja taka meM aneka jaina gRhasthoM ne kevala apane dharma samAja ke hita ke lie hI nahIM balki sAdhAraNa jana samAja ke hita kI dRSTi se prAdhyAtmika aise kArya kie haiM, jo vyAvahArika dharma ke samarthaka aura AdhyAsmikatA ke poSaka hokara sAmAjikatA ke sUcaka bhI haiM / aArogyAlaya, bhojanAlaya, zikSaNAlaya, vAcanAlaya, anAthAlaya jaisI saMsthAe~ aise kAryoM meM gine jAne yogya haiM / __ Upara jo hamane pravartaka dharma kI bAjU kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA hai, vaha kevala itanA hI sUcana karane ke lie ki jaina dharma jo eka AdhyAtmika dharma va mokSavAdI dharma hai vaha yadi dhArmika pravRttiyoM kA vistAra na karatA aura aisI pravRttiyoM se udAsIna rahatA to na sAmAjika dharma bana sakatA, na sAmAjika dharma rUpa se jIvita raha sakatA aura na kriyAzIla loka samAja ke bIca gaurava kA sthAna pA sktaa| Upara ke varNana kA yaha bilakula uddezya nahIM hai ki atIta gaurava kI gAthA gAkara AtmaprazaMsA ke mithyA bhrama kA hama poSaNa kareM aura dezakAlAnu. rUpa nae-nae Avazyaka karttavyoM se mu~ha modd'eN| hamArA spaSTa uddezya to yahI hai ki purAnI va naI pIr3hI ko hajAroM varSa ke virAsatI susaMskAra kI yAda dilAkara unameM karttavya kI bhAvanA pradIpta kareM tathA mahAtmAjI ke sevAkAryoM kI ora AkRSTa kreN| gAMdhIjI kI sUjha jaina paramparA pahale hI se ahiMsA dharma kA atyanta Agraha rakhatI AI hai| para sAmAjika dharma ke nAte deza tathA sAmAja ke nAnAvidha utthAna-patanoM meM jabajaba zastra dhAraNa karane kA prasaMga AyA taba-taba usane usase bhI mu~ha na modd'aa|

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520 jaina dharma aura darzana yadyapi zastra dhAraNa ke dvArA sAmAjika hita ke rakSAkArya kA hiMsA ke Ayantika samarthana ke sAtha mela biThAnA sarala na thA para gAMdhIjI ke pahile aisA koI zastra yuddha kA mArga khulA bhI na thA / ataeva jisa rAste zranya janatA jAtI rahI usI rAste jaina janatA bhI calI / parantu gAMdhIjI ke bAda to yuddha kA karmakSetra saccA dharmakSetra bana gyaa| gAMdhIjI ne apanI pUrva sUjha se aisA mArga logoM ke sAmane rakhA jisameM vIratA kI parAkASThA jarUrI hai aura so bhI zastra dhAraNa binA kie hI / jaba aise zastra pratikAra kA hiMsaka mArga sAmane AyA tatra vaha jaina paramparA ke mUlagata ahiMsaka saMskAroM ke sAtha savizeSa saMgata dikhAI diyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki gAMdhIjI kI hiMsAmUlaka sabhI pravRttiyoM meM jaina strIpuruSoM ne apanI saMkhyA ke anupAta se tulanA meM adhika hI bhAga liyA aura Aja bhI deza ke kone-kone meM bhAga le rahe haiN| gAMdhIjI kI hiMsA kI racanAtmaka zramalI sUjha ne ahiMsA ke dizAzUnya upAsakoM ke sAmane itanA bar3A Adarza aura kAryakSetra rakhA hai jo jIvana kI isI loka meM svarga aura mokSa kI AkAMkSA ko siddha karane vAlA hai| aparigraha va parigraha - parimANa vrata prastuta zAntivAdI sammelana jo zAntiniketana meM gAMdhIjI ke satya hiMsA ke siddhAnta ko vartamAna prati saMgharSapradhAna yuga meM amalI banAne ke lie vizeSa UhApoha karane ko mila rahA hai, usameM hiMsA ke virAsatI saMskAra dhAraNa karane vAle hama jainoM kA mukhya kartavya yaha hai ki hiMsA kI sAdhanA kI haraeka bAjU meM bhAga leN| aura usake navIna vikAsa ko apanAkara hiMsaka saMskAra ke stara ko U~cA uThAveM / parantu yaha kAma kevala carcA yA maukhika sahAnubhUti se kabhI siddha nahIM ho sakatA / isake lie jisa eka tattva kA vikAsa karanA jarUrI hai vaha hai aparigraha yA parigraha - parimANa vrata / ukta vrata para jaina paramparA itanA adhika bhAra detI AI hai ki isake binA hiMsA ke pAlana ko sarvathA asambhava taka mAnA hai / tyAgivarga svIkRta aparigraha kI pratijJA ko sacce artha meM taba taka kabhI pAlana nahIM kara sakate jaba taka ve apane jIvana ke aMga pratyaMga ko svAvalambI aura sAdA na banAve | purAnI rUr3hiyoM ke cakra meM par3akara jo tyAga tathA sAdagI ke nAma para dUsaroM ke zrama kA adhikAdhika phala bhogane kI prathA rUr3ha ho gaI hai use gAMdhIjI ke jIvita udAharaNa dvArA haTAne meM va mahAvIra kI svAvalambI saccI jIvana prathA ko apanAne meM Aja koI saMkoca honA na cAhie / yahI aparigraha vrata kA tAtparya hai / jaina paramparA meM gRhasthavarga parigraha - parimANa vrata para arthAt svatantra icchA 4

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aparigraha 521 pUrvaka parigraha kI maryAdA ko saMkucita banAne ke saMkalpa para hamezA bhAra detA AyA hai| para usa vrata kI yathArtha AvazyakatA aura usakA mUlya jitanA Aja hai, utanA zAyada hI bhUtakAla meM rahA ho| Aja kA vizvavyApI saMgharSa kevala parigrahamUlaka hai / parigraha ke mUla meM lobhavRtti hI kAma karatI hai| isa vRtti para aicchika aMkuza yA niyantraNa binA rakhe na to vyakti kA uddhAra hai na samAja kA aura na rASTra kA / lobha vRtti ke aniyantrita hone ke kAraNa hI deza ke andara tathA antararASTriIya kSetra meM khIMcAtAnI va yuddha kI AzaMkA hai, jisake nivAraNa kA upAya socane ke lie prastuta sammelana ho rahA hai| isalie jaina paramparA kA prathama aura sarvaprathama karttavya to yahI hai ki vaha parigraha-parimANa vrata kA aAdhunika dRSTi se vikAsa kare / sAmAjika, rAjakIya tathA Arthika samasyAoM ke nipaTAre kA agara koI kAryasAdhaka ahiMsaka ilAja hai to vaha aicchika aparigraha vrata yA parigraha-parimANa vrata hI hai| ahiMsA ko parama dharma mAnanevAle aura vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana ke prati apanA kucha-na-kucha karttavya samajhakara use adA karane kI vRttivAle jainoM ko purAne parigraha-parimANa vrata kA nIce likhe mAne meM nayA artha phalita karanA hogA aura usake anusAra jIvana vyavasthA karanI hogii| (1) jisa samAja yA rASTra ke hama aMga yA ghaTaka ho usa sAre samAja yA rASTra ke sarvasAmAnya jIvana dhoraNa ke samAna hI jIvana dhoraNa rakhakara tadanusAra jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kA ghaTanA yA bddh'naa| (2) jIvana ke lie anivArya jarUrI vastuoM ke utpAdana ke nimitta kisIna-kisI prakAra kA utpAdaka zrama kie binA hI dUsare ke vaise zramapara, zakti rahate hue bhI, jIvana jIne ko parigraha-parimANa vrata kA bAdhaka mAnanA / (3) vyakti kI bacI huI yA saMcita saba prakAra kI sampatti kA uttarAdhikAra usake kuTumba yA parivAra kA utanA hI honA cAhie jitanA samAja yA rASTra kA / arthAt parigraha-parimANa vrata ke nae artha ke anusAra samAja tathA rASTra se pRthak kuTumba parivAra kA sthAna nahIM hai| ye tathA anya aise jo jo niyama samaya-samaya kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra rASTrIya tathA antarrASTrIya hita kI dRSTi se phalita hote hoM, unako jIvana meM lAgU karake gAMdhIjI ke rAha ke anusAra auroM ke sAmane sabaka upasthita karanA yahI hamArA vizva zAntivAdI sammelana ke prati mukhya kartavya hai aisI hamArI spaSTa samajha hai| I0 1646]

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( 1 ) prazna - parameSThI kyA vastu hai ? uttara vaha jIva hai / ( 2 ) prazna - kyA sabhI jIva parameSThI kahalAte haiM / u0 na u0 ( 3 ) pra0 jIva aura paJca parameSThI kA svarUpa - nahIM / tatra kauna kahalAte haiM ? - jo jIva parama meM arthAt utkRSTa svarUpa meM - samabhAva meM SThin arthAt sthita haiM, ve hI parameSThI kahalAte haiM / ( 4 ) pra0 - parameSThI aura unase bhinna jIvoM meM kyA antara hai ? 1 - antara, AdhyAtmika vikAsa hone na hone kA hai / arthAt jo AdhyAtmika vikAsa vAle va nirmala Atmazakti vAle haiM, ve parameSThI aura jo malina Atmazakti vAle haiM ve unase bhinna haiM / u0 u0 ( 5 ) pra0. -jo isa samaya parameSThI nahIM haiM, kyA ve bhI sAdhanoM dvArA AtmA ko nirmala banAkara vaise bana sakate haiM ? - - avazya / ( 6 ) pra0 - tatra to jo parameSThI nahIM haiM aura jo haiM unameM zakti kI apekSA se bheda kyA huA ? - kucha bhI nahIM / antara sirpha zaktiyoM ke prakaTa hone na hone kA hai / eka meM Atma zaktiyoM kA vizuddha rUpa prakaTa ho gayA hai, dUsaroM meM nahIM / ( 7 ) pra0 - jaba asaliyata meM satra jIva samAna hI haiM tatra una sabakA sAmAnya svarUpa ( lakSaNa kyA hai ? u0 - rUpa rasa gandha sparza Adi paudgalika guNoM kA na honA aura cetanA kA honA yaha saba jIvoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa ' hai / u0 -- 1 " arasamarUvamagaMdhaM, avvattaM cedaNAguNamasaddaM jANa liMgaggahaNaM, jIvapariNasiMThANa ||" pravacanasAra jJeyatattvAdhikAra, gAthA 80 / arthAt -- jo rasa, rUpa, gandha aura zabda se rahita haiM jo avyakta - sparza rahita hai, ataeva jo liGgoM-indriyoM se grAhya hai jisake koI saMsthAna AkRti nahIM hai /

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jIva kA svarUpa 523 (8)pra0-ukta lakSaNa to atIndriya-indriyoM se jAnA nahIM jA sakane vAlA hai| phira usake dvArA jIvoM kI pahicAna kaise ho sakatI hai? u.-nizcaya-dRSTi se jIva atIndriya haiM isaliye unakA lakSaNa atIndriya honA hI cAhie, kyoMki lakSaNa lakSya se bhinna nahIM hotaa| jaba lakSya arthAt jIva indriyoM se nahIM jAne jA sakate, taba inakA lakSaNa indriyoM se na jAnA jA sake, yaha svAbhAvika hI hai| (6) pra0 - jIva to A~kha Adi indriyoM se jAne jA sakate haiN| manuSya, pazu, pakSI kIr3e Adi jIvoM ko dekhakara va chakara hama jAna sakate haiM ki yaha koI jIvadhArI hai / tathA kisI kI AkRti Adi dekhakara yA bhASA sunakara hama yaha bhI jAna sakate haiM ki amuka jIva sukhI, duHkhI, mUda, vidvAn , prasanna yA nArAja hai / phira jIva atIndriya kaise ? u0---zuddha rUpa arthAt svabhAva kI apekSA se jIva atIndriya hai| azuddha rUpa arthAt vibhAva kI apekSA se vaha indriyagocara bhI hai| amUrtatva-rUpa, rasa Adi kA abhAva yA cetanAzakti, yaha jIva kA svabhAva hai, aura bhASA, prAkRti, sukha, duHkha, rAga, dveSa Adi jIva ke vibhAva arthAt kamajanya paryAya hai| svabhAva pudgala-nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa atIndriya hai aura vibhAva, pudgala-sApekSa hone ke kAraNa indriyagrAhya haiN| isaliye svAbhAvika lakSaNa kI apekSA se jIva ko atIndriya samajhanA caadie| (10) pra0-agara vibhAva kA saMbandha jIva se hai to usako lekara bhI jIva kA lakSaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie ? u.-kiyA hI hai / para vaha lakSaNa saba jIvoM kA nahIM hogA, sirpha saMsArI jIvoM kA hogA / jaise jinameM sukha duHkha, rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva hoM yA jo' karma ke kartA aura karma-phala ke bhoktA aura zarIradhArI hoM ve jIva haiN| (11) pra0-ukta donoM lakSaNoM ko spaSTatApUrvaka samajhAiye / u.-prathama lakSaNa svabhAvasparzI hai, isalie usako nizcaya naya kI apekSA se tathA pUrNa va sthAyI samajhanA caahiye| dUsarA lakSaNa vibhAvaspI hai, isalie 1 "yaH karttA karmabhedAnAM bhoktA karmaphalasya ca / saMsmartA parinirvAtA, sa hyAtmA nAnyalakSaNaH // " arthAt --jo karmoM kA karanevAlA hai, unake phala kA bhogane vAlA hai, saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai aura mokSa ko bhI pA sakatA hai, vahI jIva hai / usakA anya lakSaNa nahIM hai|

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mU4 jaina dharma aura darzana usako vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se tathA apUrNa va asthAyI samajhanA cAhie / sArAMza yaha hai ki pahalA lakSaNa nizcaya-dRSTi ke anusAra hai, ataeva tInoM kAla meM ghaTanevAlA hai aura dUsarA lakSaNa vyavahAra-dRSTi ke anusAra hai, ataeva tInoM kAla meM nahIM ghaTanevAlA' hai| arthAt saMsAra dazA meM pAyA jAnevAlA aura mokSa dazA meM nahIM pAyA jAne vAlA hai| (12) pra0-ukta do dRSTi se do lakSaNa jaise jainadarzana meM kiye gae haiM, kyA vaise jainetara-darzanoM meM bhI haiM ? u0-hA~, 2sAGkhya, yoga, vedAnta zrAdi darzanoM meM AtmA ko cetanarUpa yA saccidAnandarUpa kahA hai so nizcaya naya5 kI apekSA se, aura nyAya, 1 'athAsya' jIvasya sahajavijambhitAnantazaktihetuke trisamayAvasthAyitva lakSaNe vastusvarUpabhUtatayA sarvadAnapAyini nizcayajIvatve satyapi saMsArAvasthAyAmanAdipravAhapravattapudgalasaMzleSadUSitAtmatayA prANacatuSkAbhisaMbaddhatvaM vyavahArajIvatvaheturvibhaktavyo'sti / ' -pravacanasAra, amRtacandra-kRta TIkA, gAthA 53 / sArAMza-jIvatva nizcaya aura vyavahAra isa taraha do prakAra kA hai| nizcaya jIvatva ananta-jJAna-zaktisvarUpa hone se trikAla-sthAyI hai aura vyavahAra-jIvatva paudgalika-prANasaMsarga rUpa hone se saMsArAvasthA taka hI rahane vAlA hai| 2 'puruSastu puSkarapalAzavanirlepaH kintu cetnH|' -muktAvali pR0 36 / arthAt-zrAtmA kamalapatra ke samAna nirlepa kintu cetana hai| 3 tasmAca sattvAtpariNAmino'tyantavidharmA vizuddho'nyazcitimAtrarUpaH puruSaH' pAtaJjala sUtra, pa.da 3, sUtra 35 bhASya / arthAt-puruSa-AtmA-cinmAtrarUpa hai aura pariNAmI sattva se atyanta vilakSaNa tathA vizuddha hai| 4 "vijJAnamAnandaM brahma"-bRhadAraNyaka 3 / / 28 arthAt-brahma-AtmA-Ananda tathA jJAnarUpa hai| 6 "nizcayamiha bhUtArtha, vyavahAraM varNayantyabhUtArtham / " -puruSArthasiddhyupAya zloka 5 arthAt-tAttvika dRSTi ko nizcaya-dRSTi aura upacAra-dRSTi ko vyavahAra dRSTi kahate haiN| 5 "icchAdveSaprayatnasukhaduHkhajJAnAnyAtmano liGgamiti / " -nyAyadarzana 21 / 10 arthAt-1 icchA, 2 dveSa, 3 prayatna, 4 sukha, 5 duHkha aura jJAna, ye AtmA ke lakSaNa haiN|

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jIva aura AtmA 525 prazaSika Adi darzanoM meM sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa, Adi AtmA ke lakSaNa batalAe haiM so vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se / (13) pra0-kyA jIva aura AtmA ina donoM zabdoM kA matalaba eka hai ? u.-hA~, jainazAstra meM to saMsArI asaMsArI sabhI cetanoM ke viSaya meM 'jIva aura AtmA', ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, para vedAnta' Adi darzanoM meM jIva kA matalaba saMsAra-avasthA vAle hI cetana se hai, muktacetana se nahIM, aura AtmA zabda to sAdhAraNa hai| (14)pra0-Apane to jIva kA svarUpa kahA, para kucha vidvAnoM ko yaha kahate sunA hai ki AtmA kA svarUpa anirvacanIya arthAt vacanoM se nahIM kahe jA sakane yogya hai, so isameM satya kyA hai ? u0-unakA bhI kathana yukta hai kyoMki zabdoM ke dvArA parimita bhAva pragaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi jIva kA vAstavika svarUpa pUrNatayA jAnanA ho to vaha aparimita hone ke kAraNa zabdoM ke dvArA kisI taraha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| isalie isa apekSA se jIva kA svarUpa anirvacanIya hai / isa bAta ko jaise anya darzanoM meM nirvikalpa'4 zabda se yA 1 'jIvo hi nAma cetanaH zarIrAdhyakSa prANAnAM dhArayitA / ' .- brahmasUtra bhASya, pRSTha 106, a0 1, pAda 1, a0 5, sU0 6 / arthAta-jIva vaha cetana hai jo zarIra kA svAmI hai aura prANoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA hai| 2 jaise-'AtmA vA are zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyaH' ityAdika -bRhadAraNyaka 2 / 4 / 5 / 3 'yato vAco nivartante, na yatra manaso gtiH| zuddhAnubhavasaMvedyaM, tadrapaM paramAtmanaH // ' dvitIya, zloka 4 // 4 "nirAlambaM nirAkAra, nirvikalpaM niraamym| AtmanaH paramaM jyoti-nirupAdhi niraJjanam // " prathama, 1 / 'dhAvanto'pi nayA naike, tatsvarUpaM spRzanti na / samudrA iva kallolaiH, kRtprtinivRttyH|| dvi0,8|| 'shbdoprkttdruupbodhknnypddhtiH| nirvikalpaM tu tadrUpaM gamyaM nAnubhavaM vinA // ' dvi0, 6 //

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526 jaina dharma aura darzana 'neti' zabda kahA hai vaise hI jainadarzana meM 'sarA tattha nivattaMte takkA tattha na vijaI' [ AcArAGga 5 6 ] ityAdi zabda se kahA hai| yaha anirvacanIyatva kA kathana parama nizcaya naya se yA parama zuddha dravyAthika naya se samajhanA caahie| aura hamane jo jIva kA cetanA yA amUrtatva lakSaNa kahA hai so nizcaya dRSTi se yA zuddha paryAyArthika naya se| (15) pra0 -- kucha to jIva kA svarUpa dhyAna meM prAyA, aba yaha kahie ki vaha kina tattvoM kA banA hai ? u0 -- vaha svayaM anAdi svataMtra tattva hai, anya tattvoM se nahIM banA hai| (16) pra0-sunane va par3hane meM AtA hai ki jIva eka rAsAyanika vastu hai, arthAt bhautika mizraNoM kA pariNAma hai, vaha koI svayaM siddha vastu nahIM hai, vaha utpanna hotA hai aura naSTa bhI / isameM kyA satya hai ? u.--jo sUkSma vicAra nahIM karate, jinakA mana vizuddha nahIM hotA aura jo bhrAnta haiM, ve aisA kahate haiM / para unakA aisA kathana bhrAntimUlaka hai| (17) pra0-bhrAntimUlaka kyoM ? u.---isalie ki jJAna, sukha, duHkha, harSa, zoka, Adi vRttiyA~, jo mana se saMbandha rakhatI haiM; ve sthUla yA sUkSma bhautika vastuoM ke Alambana se hotI haiM, 'atadvyAvRttito bhinnaM, siddhAntAH kathayanti tam / vastutastu na nirvAcyaM, tasya rUpaM kathaMcana // ' dvi0, 16 // -zrI yazovijaya-upAdhyAya-kRta paramajyotiH paJcaviMzatikA / 'aprApyaiva nivartante, vaco dhIbhiH sahaiva tu / nirguNatvAtkribhAvAdvizeSANAmabhAvataH // ' -zrIzaGkarAcAryakRta-upadezasAhasrI nAnyadanyatprakaraNa zloka 31 / arthAt - zuddha jIva nirguNa, akriya aura avizeSa hone se na buddhigrAhya hai aura na vacana-pratipAdya hai| 1 sa eSa neti netyAtmA'grAhyo na hi gRhyate'zIyoM na hi zIryate'saGgo na hi sajyate'sito na vyathate na riSyatyabhayaM vai janaka prAsosIti hovAca yAjJavalkyaH / ' -bRhadAraNyaka, adhyAya 4, brAhmaNa 2, sUtra 4 / 2 dekho-cArvAka darzana [ sarvadarzanasaMgraha pR0 1] tathA aAdhunika bhautikavAdI 'hegala Adi vidvAnoM ke vicAra pro0 dhruva-racita ApaNo dharma pRSTha 325 se praage| .

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jIva kA astitva 5.27. bhautika vastue~ una vRttiyoM ke hone meM sAdhanamAtra arthAt nimittakAraNa' haiM, upAdAnakAraNa nahIM / unakA upAdAnakAraNa AtmA tattva alaga hI hai / isa lie bhautika vastutroM ko ukta vRttiyoM kA upAdAnakAraNa mAnanA bhrAnti hai / 2 (18) pra0 aisA kyoM mAnA jAya ? u0- aisA na mAnane meM aneka doSa Ate haiN| jaise sukha, duHkha, rAja-raMka bhAva, choTI-bar3I zrAyu, satkAra - tiraskAra, jJAna-ajJAna Adi aneka viruddha bhAva eka hI mAtA-pitA kI do santAnoM meM pAe jAte haiM, so jIva ko svatantra tattva binA mAne kisI taraha asandigdha rIti se ghaTa nahIM sakatA / ( 16 ) pra0 - isa samaya vijJAna prabala pramANa samajhA jAtA hai, isalie yaha batalAveM ki kyA koI aise bhI vaijJAnika haiN| jo vijJAna ke AdhAra para jIva ko svatantra tattva mAnate hoM ? 3 - hA~ udAharaNArtha ' sara 'olIvaralAja' jo yUropa ke eka prasiddha vaijJAnika haiM aura kalakatte ke 'jagadIzandra vasu, jo ki saMsAra bhara meM prasiddha vaijJAnika haiM / unake prayoga va kathanoM se svatantra cetana tattva tathA punarjanma zrAdi kI siddhi meM sandeha nahIM rahatA / amerikA Adi meM aura bhI aise aneka vidvAn haiM, jinhoMne paralokagata AtmAoM ke saMmbandha meM bahuta kucha jAnane lAyaka khoja kI hai / u0 (20) pra0 - - jIva ke astitva ke viSaya meM apane ko kisa sabUta para bharosA karanA cAhie ? atyanta ekAgratApUrvaka cirakAla taka AtmA kA hI manana karane vAle niHsvArtha RSiyoM ke vacana para, tathA svAnubhava para / (21) pra0 --- aisA anubhava kisa taraha prApta ho sakatA hai ? u0-- citta ko zuddha karake ekAgratApUrvaka vicAra va manana karane se ! u0 1 jo kArya se bhinna hokara usakA kAraNa banatA hai vaha nimittakAraNa kahalAtA hai / jaise kapar3e kA nimittakAraNa putalIghara / 1 2 jo svayaM hI kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai vaha usa kArya kA upAdAnakAraNa kahalAtA hai / jaise kapar3e kA upAdAnakAraNa sUta / 1 3 dekho -- grAtmAnanda-jaina-pustaka- pracAraka- maNDala AgarA dvArA prakAzita - hindI prathama 'karmagrantha' kI prastAvanA pR0 38 // 4 dekho-- hindIgraMtharatnAkara kAryAlaya, baMbaI dvArA prakAzita 'chAyAdarzana' /

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528 jaina dharma aura darzana (22)pra0-jIva tathA parameSThI kA sAmAnya svarUpa to kucha suna liyaa| aba kahie ki kyA saba parameSThI eka hI prakAra ke haiM yA unameM kucha antara bhI hai ? u0--saba eka prakAra ke nahIM hote| sthUla dRSTi se unake pA~ca prakAra haiM arthAt unameM Apasa meM kucha antara hotA hai / (23) pra0-ve pA~ca prakAra kauna haiM ? aura unameM antara kyA hai ? u0-arihanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ye pA~ca prakAra haiN| sthUlarUpa se inakA antara jAnane ke lie inake do vibhAga karane caahie| pahale vibhAga meM prathama do aura dUsare vibhAga meM pichale tIna parameSThI sammilita haiN| kyoMki arihanta siddha ye do to jJAna darzana-cAritra-vIryAdi zaktiyoM ko zuddha rUpa meM pUre taura se vikasita kiye hue hote haiN| para prAcAryAdi tIna ukta zaktiyoM ko pUrNatayA prakaTa kie hue nahIM hote kintu unako prakaTa karane ke lie prayatnazIla hote haiN| arihaMta siddha ye dohI kevala pUjya avasthA ko prAsa haiM, pUjaka avasthA ko nhiiN| isIse ye devatattva mAne jAte haiM / isake viparIta prAcArya Adi tIna pUjya, pUjaka, ina donoM avasthAoM ko prApta haiN| ve apane se nIce kI zreNi vAloM ke pUjya aura Upara kI zreNivAloM ke pUjaka haiN| isI se 'guru' tattva mAne jAte haiN| (24) pra0-arihanta tathA siddha kA Apasa meM kyA antara hai ? isI taraha prAcArya Adi tInoM kA bhI Apasa meM kyA antara hai ? ___u0-siddha, zarIrarahita ataeva paudgalika saba paryAyoM se pare hote haiM / para arihanta aise nahIM hote| unake zarIra hotA hai, isalie moha, ajJAna Adi naSTa ho jAne para bhI ye calane, phirane, bolane Adi zArIrika, vAcika tathA mAnasika kriyAe~ karate rahate haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki jJAna-caritra Adi zaktiyoM ke vikAsa kI pUrNatA arihanta siddha donoM meM barAbara hotI hai| para siddha, yoga ( zArIrika Adi kriyA) rahita aura arihanta yogasahita hote haiN| jo pahile arihanta hote haiM ve hI zarIra tyAgane ke bAda siddha kahalAte haiN| isI taraha prAcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhuoM meM sAdhu ke guNa sAmAnya rIti se samAna hone para bhI sAdhu kI apekSA upAdhyAya aura AcArya meM vizeSatA hotI hai| vaha yaha ki upAdhyAyapada ke lie sUtra tathA artha kA vAstavika jJAna, par3hAne kI zakti, vacana-madhuratA aura carcA karane kA sAmarthya Adi kucha khAsa guNa prApta karanA jarUrI hai, para sAdhupada ke lie ina guNoM kI koI khAsa jarUrata nahIM hai| isI taraha prAcAryapada ke lie zAsana

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34 arihanta 526 calAne kI zakti, gaccha ke hitAhita kI javAbadehI, ati gambhIratA aura dezakAla kA vizeSa jJAna Adi guNa cAhie / sAdhupada ke lie ina guNoM ko prApta karanA koI khAsa jarUrI nahIM hai / sAdhupada ke liye jo satAIsa guNa jarUrI haiM ve to AcArya aura upAdhyAya meM bhI hote haiM, para inake alAvA upAdhyAya meM paccIsa aura AcArya meM chattIsa guNa hone cAhie arthAt sAdhupada kI apekSA upAdhyAyapada kA mahattva adhika aura upAdhyAyapada kI apekSA AcAryapada kA mahattva adhika hai / (35) siddha to parokSa haiM, para arihanta zarIradhArI hone ke kAraNa pratyakSa haiM isalie yaha jAnanA jarUrI hai ki jaise hama logoM kI apekSA arihanta kI jJAna Adi zrAntarika zaktiyA~ alaukika hotI haiM vaise hI unakI bAhya avasthA meM bhI kyA hama se kucha vizeSatA ho jAtI hai ? u0- avazya / bhItarI zaktiyA~ paripUrNa ho jAne ke kAraNa arihanta kA prabhAva itanA alaukika bana jAtA hai ki sAdhAraNa loga isa para vizvAsa bhI nahIM kara sakate / arihanta kA sArA vyavahAra lokottara' hotA hai / manuSya, pazu pakSI Adi bhinna-bhinna jAti ke jIva arihanta ke upadeza ko apanI-apanI bhASA meM samajha lete haiM / sA~pa, nyaulA, cUhA, billI, gAya, bAgha Adi janmazatru prANI bhI samavasaraNa meM vaira dveSa vRtti chor3akara bhrAtRbhAva dhAraNa karate haiM / arihanta ke vacana meM jo paiMtIsa guNa hote haiM ve auroM ke vacana meM nahIM hote / jahA~ arihanta virAjamAna hote haiM vahA~ manuSya Adi kI kauna kahe, karor3oM deva hAjira hote, hAtha jor3e khar3e rahate, bhakti karate aura azokavRkSa Adi ATha 1 'lokottara camatkArakarI tava bhavasthitiH / yato nAhAranIArau, gocarau carmacakSuSAm // ' - vItarAgastotra, dvitIya prakAza, zloka 8 / arthAt he bhagavan ! tumhArI rahana-sahana AzcaryakAraka ataeva lokottara hai, kyoMki na to ApakA AhAra dekhane meM AtA aura na nIhAra ( pAkhAnA ) | 2 'teSAmeva svasvabhASApariNAmamanoharam / rUpaM vacanaM yatte dharmAvabodhakRt / ' - vItarAga stotra, tRtIya prakAza, zloka 3 / 3 'ahiMsApratiSThAyAM tatsannidhau vairatyAgaH / - pAtaJjala yogasUtra 35 - 36 // 4 dekho - 'jainatattvAdarza' pR0 2 /

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530 jaina dharma aura darzana prAtihAryau' kI racanA karate haiM / yaha saba arihanta ke parama yoga kI vibhUti hai | (26) arihanta ke nikaTa devoM kA AnA, unake dvArA samavasaraNa kA racA jAnA, janma-zatru jantunoM kA Apasa meM vaira-virodha tyAga kara samavasaraNa meM upasthita honA, cauMtIsa atizayoM kA honA, ityAdi jo arihanta kI vibhUti kahI jAtI hai, usa para yakAyaka vizvAsa kaise karanA ? aisA mAnane meM kyA yukti hai ? u0- apane ko jo bAteM sambhava sI mAlUma hotI haiM ve paramayogiyoM ke lie sAdhAraNa haiM / eka jaMgalI bhIla ko cakravartI kI sampatti kA thor3A bhI khyAla nahIM A sakatA / hamArI aura yogiyoM kI yogyatA meM hI bar3A pharka hai / hama viSaya ke dAsa, lAlaca ke putale aura asthiratA ke kendra haiM / isake viparIta yogiyoM ke sAmane viSayoM kA zrAkarSaNa koI cIja nahIM; lAlaca unako chUtA taka nahIM; ve sthiratA meM sumeru ke samAna hote haiM / hama thor3I dera ke lie bhI mana ko sarvathA sthira nahIM rakha sakate; kisI ke kaThora vAkya ko suna kara marane-mArane ko taiyAra ho jAte haiM; mAmUlI cIja guma ho jAne para hamAre prANa nikalane laga jAte haiM; svArthAndhatA se auroM kI kauna kahe bhAI aura pitA taka bhI hamAre liye zatru bana jAte haiM / parama yogI ina saba doSoM se sarvathA alaga hote haiM / jaba unakI Antarika dazA itanI ucca ho taba ukta prakAra kI lokottara sthiti hone meM koI acaraja nahIM / sAdhAraNa yogasamAdhi karane vAle mahAtmAoM kI aura ucca caritra vAle sAdhAraNa logoM ko bhI mahimA jitanI dekhI jAtI hai usa para vicAra karane se arihanta jaise parama yogI kI lokottara vibhUti meM saMdeha nahIM rahatA / (27) pra0. - vyavahAra ( bAhya ) tathA nizcaya ( zrAbhyantara ) donoM dRSTi se arihanta aura siddha kA svarUpa kisa-kisa prakAra kA hai ? - u0- ukta donoM dRSTi se siddha ke svarUpa meM koI antara nahIM hai / unake liye jo nizcaya hai vahI vyavahAra hai, kyoMki siddha avasthA meM nizcaya vyavahAra kI ekatA ho jAtI hai / para arihanta ke saMbandha meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / arihanta sazarIra hote haiM isalie unakA vyAvahArika svarUpa to bAhya vibhUtiyoM se saMbandha rakhatA hai aura naizcayika svarUpa Antarika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa se / isalie nizcaya dRSTi se rihanta aura siddha kA svarUpa samAna samajhanA cAhie / (28 pra0 - ukta donoM dRSTi se zrAcArya, upAdhyAya tathA sAdhu kA svarUpa kisa-kisa prakAra kA hai ? 1 ' azokavRkSaH surapuSpavRSTirdivyadhvanizcAmaramAsanaM ca / bhAmaNDalaM dundubhirAtapatraM satprAtihAryANi jinezvarANAm // ' 2 dekho - 'vItarAgastotra' evaM pAtaJjalayogasUtra kA vibhUtipAda / '

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prAcAryAdi kA svarUpa 531 - u.--nizcaya dRSTi se tInoM kA svarUpa eka-sA hotA hai| tInoM meM mokSamArga ke aArAdhana kI tatparatA aura bAhya-zrAbhyantara-nirgranthatA Adi naizcayika aura pAramArthika svarUpa samAna hotA hai| para byAvahArika svarUpa tInoM kA thor3A-bahuta bhinna hotA hai| prAcArya kI vyAvahArika yogyatA sabase adhika hotI hai| kyoMki unheM gaccha para zAsana karane tathA jaina zAsana kI mahimA ko samhAlane kI javAbadehI lenI par3atI hai| upAdhyAya ko AcAryapada ke yogya banane ke liye kucha vizeSa guNa prApta karane par3ate haiM jo sAmAnya sAdhuoM meM nahIM bhI hote| (26) parameSThiyoM kA vicAra to huaa| aba yaha batalAie ki unako namasAra kisalie kiyA jAtA hai ? u.--guNaprApti ke lie| ve guNavAn haiM, guNavAnoM ko namaskAra karane se guNa kI prApti avazya hotI hai kyoMki jaisA dhyeya ho dhyAtA vaisA hI bana jAtA hai| dina-rAta cora aura corI kI bhAvanA karane vAlA manuSya kabhI prAmANika ( sAhUkAra ) nahIM bana sktaa| isI taraha vidyA aura vidvAn kI bhAvanA karane vAlA avazya kucha-na-kucha vidyA prApta kara letA hai| (30) namaskAra kyA cIja hai ? / u0--var3oM ke prati aisA bartAva karanA ki jisase unake prati apanI laghutA tathA unakA bahumAna prakaTa ho, vahI namaskAra hai| (31) kyA saba avasthA meM namaskAra kA svarUpa eka-sA hI hotA hai ? u0 -nahIM / isake dvaita aura adarata, aise do bheda haiN| viziSTa sthiratA prApta na hone se jisa namaskAra meM aisA bhAva ho ki maiM upAsanA karanevAlA hU~ aura amuka merI upAsanA kA pAtra hai, vaha dvaitanamaskAra hai| rAgadveSa ke vikalpa naSTa ho jAne para citta kI itanI adhika sthiratA ho jAtI hai ki jisameM prAtmA apane ko hI apanA upAsya samajhatA hai aura kevala svarUpa kA hI dhyAna karatA hai, vaha advaita-namaskAra hai| (32) pra0-ukta donoM meM se kauna sA namaskAra zreSTha hai ? u.-advaita / kyoMki dvaita namaskAra to advaita kA sAdhanamAtra hai / (33) pra0 --manuSya kI bAhya-pravRtti, kisI antaraGga bhAva se prerI huI hotI hai| to phira isa namaskAra kA preraka, manuSya kA antaraGga bhAva kyA hai ? u.-bhakti / pra0 -usake kitane bheda haiM ? u.--do / eka siddha-bhakti aura dUsarI yogi-bhakti / siddhoM ke ananta guNoM

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53.2.. jaina dharma aura darzana. kI bhAvanA bhAnA siddha-bhakti hai aura yogiyoM ( muniyoM) ke guNoM kI bhAvanA bhAnA yogi-bhakti / .., (35) pra0--pahile arihantoM ko aura pIche siddhAdikoM ko namaskAra karane kA kyA sababa hai ? .. u0-vastu ko pratipAdana karane ke krama do hote haiM / eka pUrvAnupUrvI aura dUsarA pazcAnupUrvI / pradhAna ke bAda apradhAna kA kathana karanA pUrvAnupUrvI hai aura apradhAna ke bAda pradhAna kA kathana karanA pazcAnupUrvI hai / pA~coM parameSThiyoM meM 'siddha' sabase pradhAna haiM aura 'sAdhu' sabase apradhAna, kyoMki siddha-avasthA caitanya. zakti ke vikAsa kI AkhirI hadda hai aura sAdhu-avasthA usake sAdhana karane kI prathama bhUmikA hai| isalie yahA~ pUrvAnupUrvI kama se namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| (36) pra0- agara pA~ca parameSThiyoM kI namaskAra pUrvAnupUrvI krama se kiyA gayA hai to pahile siddhoM ko namaskAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, arihantoM ko kaise ? u0-yadyapi karma vinAza ' kI apekSA se 'arihantoM' se siddha' zreSTha haiN| to bhI kRtakRsyatA kI apekSA se donoM samAna hI haiM aura vyavahAra kI apekSA se to 'siddha' se 'arihanta' hI zreSTha haiM / kyoMki 'siddhoM' ke parokSa svarUpa ko batalAne vAle 'arihanta' hI to haiN| isalie vyavahAra-apekSayA 'arihantoM ko zreSTha ginakara pahile unako namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| I0 1621] [paMcapratikramaNa

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'saMthArA' aura ahiMsA' . hiMsA kA matalaba hai-pramAda yA rAgadveSa yA Asakti / usakA tyAga hI ahiMsA hai| jaina granthoM meM prAcIna kAla se calI Ane vAlI aAtmaghAta kI prathAoM kA niSedha kiyA hai| pahAr3a se girakara, pAnI meM DUbakara, jahara khAkara Adi prathAe~ marane kI thIM aura haiM-dharma ke nAma para bhI aura dunayabI kAraNoM se bhI / jaise pazu Adi kI bali dharma rUpa meM pracalita hai vaise hI Atmabali bhI pracalita rahI / aura kahIM-kahIM aba bhI hai; khAsakara ziva yA zakti ke sAmane / eka tarapha se aisI prathAoM kA niSedha aura dUsarI tarapha se prANAnta anazana yA saMthAre kA vidhAna / yaha virodha jarUra ulajhana meM DAlane vAlA hai para bhAva samajhane para koI bhI virodha nahIM hotaa| jaina dharma ne jisa prANanAza kA niSedha kiyA hai vaha pramAda yA zrAsakti pUrvaka kiye jAne vAle prANanAza kA hii| kisI aihika yA pAralaukika saMpatti kI icchA se, kAminI kI kAmanA se aura anya abhyudaya kI vAMcchAM se dharmabudhyA taraha-taraha ke zrAtmavadha hote rahe haiN| jaina dharma kahatA hai vaha yAtmavadha hiMsA hai| kyoMki usakA preraka tattva koI na koI Asakta bhAva hai ! prANAnta anazana aura saMthArA bhI yadi usI bhAva se yA Dara se yA lobha se kiyA jAya to vaha hiMsA hI hai| use jaina dharma karane kI AjJA nahIM detaa| jisa prANAnta anazana kA vidhAna hai, vaha hai samAdhimaraNa / jaba deha aura AdhyAtmika sadguNa-saMyama- inameM se eka hI kI pasaMdagI karane kA viSama samaya A gayA taba yadi sacamuca saMyamaprANa vyakti ho to vaha deha rakSA kI paravAha nahIM kregaa| 1 jaina zAstroM meM jise saMthArA yA samAdhimaraNa kahA gayA hai, usake saMbandha meM likhate hue hamAre deza ke suprasiddha dArzanika vidvAn DA. esa. rAdhAkRSNana ne apane 'iMDiyana philAsaphI' nAmaka grantha meM 'Suicide' (jisakA pracalita artha 'AtmaghAta' kiyA jAtA hai) zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| san 1643 meM jaba zrI bha~varamala siMdhI ne jela meM yaha pustaka par3hI to isa viSaya para vAstavika zAstrIya dRSTi jAnane ko utsukatA huI aura unhoMne prajJAcakSu paM0 sukhalAlajI ko eka patra likhakara apanI jijJAsA prakaTa kI; usake uttara meM yaha patra hai|

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534 jaina dharma aura darzana mAtra deha kI bali dekara bhI apanI vizuddha AdhyAtmika sthiti ko bacA legA; jaise koI saccI satI dUsarA rAstA na dekhakara deha-nAza ke dvArA bhI satItva bacA letI hai / para usa avasthA meM bhI vaha vyakti na kisI para ruSTa hogA, na kisI taraha bhayabhIta aura na kisI suvidhA para tuSTa | usakA dhyAna ekamAtra saMyata jIvana ko bacA lene aura samabhAva kI rakSA meM hI rahegA / jaba taka deha aura saMyama donoM kI samAna bhAva se rakSA ho, tabataka donoM kI rakSA karttavya hai| para eka kI hI pasaMdagI karane kA savAla aAve taba hamAre jaise deharakSA pasaMda kareMge aura AdhyAtmika saMyama kI upekSA kareMge, jaba ki samAdhimaraNa kA adhikArI ulTA kregaa| jIvana to donoM hI haiM-daihika aura AdhyAtmika / jo jisakA adhikArI hotA hai, vaha kasauTI ke samaya para usI ko pasaMda karatA hai / aura aise hI AdhyAtmika jIvana vAle vyakti ke lie prANAnta anazana kI ijAjata hai; pAmaroM, bhayabhItoM yA lAlaciyoM ke lie nhiiN| aba Apa dekheMge ki prANAnta anazana deha rUpa ghara kA nAza karake bhI divya jIvana rUpa apanI AtmA ko girane se bacA letA hai / isalie vaha khare artha meM tAttvika dRSTi se ahiMsaka hI hai| jo lekhaka AtmaghAta rUpa meM aise saMthAre kA varNana karate haiM ve marma taka nahIM socate; parantu yadi kisI ati ucca udezya se kisI para rAgadveSa binA kie saMpUrNa maitrIbhAvapUrvaka nirbhaya aura prasanna hRdaya se bApU jaisA prANAnta anazana kareM to phira ve hI lekhaka usa maraNa ko sarAheMge, kabhI aAtmaghAta na kaheMge, kyoMki aise vyakti kA uddezya aura jIvanakrama una lekhakoM kI A~khoM ke sAmane haiM, jaba ki jaina paraMparA meM saMthArA karane vAle cAhe zubhAzayI hI kyoM na hoM, para unakA uddezya aura jIvana krama isa taraha suvidita nhiiN| parantu zAstra kA vidhAna to usI dRSTi se hai aura usakA ahiMsA ke sAtha pUrA mela bhI hai / isa artha meM eka upamA hai / yadi koI vyakti apanA sArA ghara jalatA dekhakara koziza se bhI use jalane se bacA na sake to vaha kyA karegA ? Akhira meM sabako jalatA chor3akara apane ko bacA legaa| yahI sthiti AdhyAtmika jIvanecchu kI rahatI hai| vaha khAmakhvAha deha kA nAza kabhI na karegA / zAstra meM usakA niSedha hai| pratyuta deharakSA kartavya mAnI gaI hai para vaha saMyama ke nimitta / AkhirI lAcArI meM hI nirdiSTa zartoM ke sAtha dehanAza samAdhimaraNa hai aura ahiMsA bhI / anyathA bAlamaraNa aura hiMsA / / / bhayaGkara duSkAla Adi taGgI meM deha-rakSA ke nimitta saMyama se patana hone kA avasara Ave yA anivArya rUpase maraNa lAne vAlI bimAriyoM ke kAraNa khuda ko aura dUsaroM ko nirarthaka parezAnI hotI ho aura phira bhI saMyama yA sadguNa kI rakSA sambhava na ho taba mAtra saMyama aura samabhAva kI dRSTi se saMthAre kA vidhAna hai

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535 saMthArA aura ahiMsA jisameM eka mAtra sUkSma AdhyAtmika jIvana ko hI bacAne kA lakSya hai| jaba bApUjI Adi prANAnta anazana kI bAta karate haiM aura mazarUvAlA Adi samarthana karate haiM taba usake pIche yahI dRSTibindu mukhya hai| yaha patra to kaba kA likhA hai| derI bhejane meM isaliye huI hai ki rAdhAkRSNana ke lekhana kI jA~ca karanI thii| zrI dalasukhabhAI ne isa viSaya ke khAsa grantha 'maraNa vibhakti prakIrNaka' Adi dekhe jinameM usa grantha kA bhI samAveza hai jisake AdhAra para rAdhAkRSNana ne likhA hai| vaha grantha hai, aAcArAMga sUtra kA aMgrejI bhASAntara adhyayana-sAta / rAdhAkRSNana ne likhA hai so zabdazaH ThIka hai| para mUlasaMdarbha se choTA sA Tukar3A alaga ho jAne ke kAraNa tathA vyavahAra meM prAsmavadha artha meM pracalita 'syusAIDa' zabda kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa par3hane vAloM ko mUlamaMtavya ke bAre meM bhrama ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| bAkI usa viSaya kA sArA adhyayana aura paraspara parAmarza kara lene ke bAda hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha prakaraNa saMlekhanA aura saMthAre se saMbandha rakhatA hai| isameM hiMsA kI koI yU taka nahIM hai| yaha to usa vyakti ke lie vidhAna hai jo ekamAtra AdhyAtmika jIvana kA ummedavAra aura tadartha kI huI satpratijJAtroM ke pAlana meM rata hoN| isa jIvana ke adhikArI bhI aneka prakAra ke hote rahe haiN| eka to vaha jisane jinakalma svIkAra kiyA ho jo aAja vicchinna hai| jinakalpI mAtra akelA rahatA hai aura kisI taraha kisI kI sevA nahIM letaa| usake vAste antima jIvana kI ghar3iyoM meM kisI kI sevA lene kA prasaMga na Ave, isaliye anivArya hotA hai ki vaha sAvadha aura zakta avasthA meM hI dhyAna aura tapasyA Adi dvArA aisI taiyArI kare ki na maraNa se DaranA par3e aura na kisI kI sevA lenI pdd'e| vahI saba javAbadehiyoM ko adA karane ke bAda bAraha varSa taka akelA dhyAna tapa karake apane jIvana kA utsarga karatA hai| para yaha kalpa mAtra jinakalpI ke liye hI hai / bAkI ke vidhAna jude-jude adhikAriyoM ke lie haiN| sabakA sAra yaha hai ki yadi kI huI satpratijJAoM ke bhaGga kA avasara prAve aura vaha bhaGga jo sahana kara nahIM sakatA usake lie pratijJAbhaMga kI apekSA pratijJApAlanapUrvaka maraNa lenA hI zreya hai / Apa dekheMge ki isameM prAdhyAtmika vIratA hai| sthUla jIvana ke lobha se, AdhyAtmika guNoM se cyuta hokara mRtyu se bhAgane kI kAyaratA nahIM hai / aura na to sthUla jIvana kI nirAzA se Ubakara mRtyu mukha meM par3ane kI Atmavadha kahalAne vAlI vAlizatA hai| aisA vyakti mRtyu se jitanA hI nirbhaya, utanA hI usake lie taiyAra bhI rahatA hai| vaha jIvana-priya hotA hai, jIvana-mohI nahIM / saMlekhanA

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536 jaina dharma aura darzana maraNa ko AmaMtrita karane kI vidhi nahIM hai para apane Apa Ane vAlI mRtyu ke lie nirbhaya taiyArI mAtra hai| usI ke bAda saMthAre kA bhI avasara pA sakatA hai| isa taraha yaha sArA vicAra ahiMsA aura tanmUlaka sadguNoM ko tanmayatA meM se hI AyA hai / jo Aja bhI aneka rUpa se ziSTasaMmata hai / rAdhAkRSNana ne jo likhA hai ki bauddha-dharma 'syasAiDa' ko nahIM mAnatA so ThIka nahIM hai / khuda buddha ke samaya bhikSu channa aura bhikSu valkalI ne aise hI asAdhya roga ke kAraNa Atmavadha kiyA thA jise tathAgata ne mAnya rakhA / donoM bhittu apramatta the / unake Atmavadha meM pharka yaha hai ki ve upavAsa Adi ke dvArA dhIre-dhIre mRtyu kI taiyArI nahIM karate kintu eka bAragI zastravadha se svanAza karate haiM jise 'harIkarI' kahanA caahie| yadyapi aise zastravadha kI saMmati jaina granthoM meM nahIM hai para usake samAna dUsare prakAra ke vadhoM kI saMmati hai| donoM paramparAoM meM bhUla bhUmikA sampUrNa rUpa se eka hI hai| aura vaha mAtra samAdhijIvana kI rakSA / 'syusAIDa' zabda kucha niMdya sA hai| zAstra kA zabda samAdhimaraNa aura paMDita maraNa hai, jo upayukta hai / ukta channa aura valkalI kI kathA anukrama se majjhimanikAya aura saMyukta nikAya meM hai| laMbA patra isalie bhI upayogI hogA ki usa ekAkI jIvana meM kucha rocaka sAmagrI mila jAya / maiM AzA karatA hU~ yadi saMbhava ho to pahuMca deN| punazca namUne ke lie kucha prAkRta padya aura unakA anuvAda detA hUM 'maraNapaDiyArabhUyA esA evaM ca Na maraNa NimittA jaha gaMDaccheakiriyA No prAyavirAhaNArUpA / ' samAdhimaraNa kI kriyA maraNa ke nimitta nahIM kintu usake pratikAra ke lie hai / jaise phor3e ko nastara lagAnA, AtmavirAdhanA ke lie nahIM hotA / 'jIviyaM nAbhikakhejjA maraNaM nAvi patthae / ' use na to jIvana kI abhilASA hai aura na maraNa ke lie vaha prArthanA hI karatA hai| 'appA khalu saMthAro havaI visuddhcrittmbhi|' caritra meM sthita vizuddha AtmA hI saMthArA hai| tA0 5.2-43

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'vedasAmya-vaiSamya' zrImAn pro0 hIrAlAlajI kI sevA meM sapraNAma nivedana ! Aja maiMne 'siddhAnta - samIkSA' pUrI kara lI / abhI jitanA saMbhava thA utanI hI ekAgratA se sunatA rahA / yatra tatra prazna vicAra aura samAlocaka bhAva uThatA thA ataH cihna bhI karatA gayA, para una uThe hue praznoM, vicAroM aura samAlocaka bhAvoM ko punaH saMkalita karake likhane mere lie saMbhava nahIM / usameM jo samaya aura zakti Avazyaka hai vaha yadi mila bhI jAya tathApi usakA upayoga karane kA bhI to koI utsAha nahIM hai / aura khAsa bAta to yaha hai ki merA mana mukhyatayA va mAnavatA ke utkarSa kA hI vicAra karatA hai / 1 to bhI samIkSA ke bAre meM mere mana para par3I huI chApa ko saMkSepa meM likha denA isalie jarUrI hai ki maiM Apake Agraha ko mAna cukA hU~ / sAmAnyatayAH Apa aura paM0 phUlacandajI donoM aise samakakSa vicAraka jAna par3hate haiM jinakA carcAyoga virala aura puNyalabhya kahA jA sakatA hai / jitanI gaharI, marmasparzI aura parizramasAdhya carcA Apa donoM ne kI hai vaha eka khAsA zAstra hI bana gayA hai / isa carcA meM eka ora paMDita mAnasa dUsarI ora prophesara mAnasa - ye donoM paraspara viruddha kakSA vAle hone para bhI prAyaH samatva, ziSTatA, aura AdhunikatA kI bhUmikA ke Upara kAMma karate hue dekhe jAte haiM / jaisA ki bahuta kama anyatra saMbhava hai / isalie vaha carcA zAstrapada ko prApta huI hai / Age jaba kabhI koI vicAra karegA taba ise anivArya rUpa se dekhanA hI par3hegA / itanA isa carcA kA tAttvika aura aitihAsika mahatva mujhako spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai / yadyapi maiM saba paNDitoM ko nahIM jAnatA tathApi jitanoM ko jAnatA hU~ unakI apekSA se kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa viSaya meM paM0 phUlacandajI kA sthAna anyoM se U~cA hai / dUsare graMthapAThI hoMge para itane adhika artha-sparzI zAyada hI hoM / kitanA acchA hotA yadi aise paNDita ko koI acchA pada, acchA sthAna dekara kAma liyA jAtA / yadi aise paNDita ko pUrNa svatantratA ke sAtha pUrA arthasAdhana * diyA jAya to bahuta kucha zAstrIya pragati ho sakatI hai| paNDita aura gRhastha aise suyogya paNDitoM ko ayogya rUpa se nicor3ate haiM / merA vaza cale to maiM aisoM kA sthAna bahuta svAdhIna kara dU~ / astu yaha to prAsaGgika bAta huI / abhI to arthapradhAna

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538 jaina dharma aura darzana maiM Apako likhatA hU~ aura Apake bAre meM kucha likhU to koI zAyada cATu vAkya samajhe; para maiM to kabhI cATukAra nahIM aura badaprakRti bhI nhiiN| isalie jaisA samajhatA hU~ likha detA huuN| jainetara vidvAnoM meM to karmazAstra viSayaka gahare jJAna kI apekSA hI nahIM rakhI jA sakatI; para jaina aura unameM bhI prophesara meM aise gahare jJAna ko DhU~DhanA nirAza honA hai jitanA Apake lekhoM meM vyakta hotA hai| niHsaMdeha Apane karmatattva kA AkaNTha pAna hI nahIM manana bhI kiyA jAna par3atA hai| anyathA paM0 phUlacaMdajI ke zAstrIya aura sopapatnika lekhoM kA javAba denA aura so bhI atyanta gaharAI aura pRthakkaraNa ke sAtha saMbhava nhiiN| sthiti aisI jAna par3atI hai ki karmazAstra viSayaka jitanA pANDitya paNDita meM ho utanA hI vizada pANDitya eka prophesara ke lekha vyakta karate haiM / donoM kI vicAra saraNiyA~ aura dalIleM dekhatA hU~ to yaha nizcayapUrvaka antimarUpa se kahanA to abhI kaThina hai ki kauna eka vizeSa grAhya hai ? khAsa karake jaba yaha carcA eka yA dUsare rUpa se sAmpradAyikatA ke sAtha jur3a jAtI hai taba mauna hI acchA jAna par3atA hai| to bhI taTasthabhAva se dekhane para mujhe apane vicAra meM parivartana karanA par3A hai jo maiMne karma grantha ke eka pariziSTa meM likhe haiM / mujhako jAna par3atA hai ki Apako vicAra saraNI vastugAminI hai cAhe jitane zAbdika pramANa virodhI kyoM na hoN| maiM kisI zAstravAkya kA vaisA kAyala nahIM jaisA vastutattva kaa| hajAroM ke dvArA sarvathA pramANa bhUta mAne jAne vAle vAkyoM aura zAstroM ko maiM kSaNabhara meM chor3a sakatA hU~ yadi unase merI buddhi aura tarka ko saMtoSa na ho / para Apane to tarka aura buddhi svAtantrya ke alAvA zAstrIya pramANa bhI diye haiM jo bahuta mahattva ke haiN| isa dRSTi se mere para ApakI vicArasaraNI kA asara hI mukhya par3A hai| ____ jo maiMne alpa svalpa karmazAstra viSayaka ciMtana manana kiyA hai, jo mujha meM dUsarI sahAyaka alpa svalpa dArzanika zaktiyA~ haiM, una sabako yadi maiM ekAgra karU~ aura usameM apanA asAmpradAyika saMskAra milA kara Apa donoM kI pratyeka dalIla kI gaharI chAnavIna karU~ to saMbhava hai maiM pUrA nyAya karake ekatara nirNaya bA~dha sakU~ / para saMbhava ho taba bhI aba isa ora merI ruci nahIM hai| eka to yaha viSaya itanA adhika sampradAyagata ho gayA hai ki use koI jainapakSa taTasthabhAva se kabhI nahIM dekhegA / dUsare yaha viSaya jIvanasparzI bhI nhiiN| na to kisI puruSa yA strI kA mokSa honA hai aura na vaisA mokSa iSTa bhI hai| hama jisa nivRttipradhAna jaina paramparA ko sarvAGgINa aura sadA ke lie abhrAnta samajhate haiM usa paramparA ke mUla meM eka yA dUsare kAraNa se dUsarI paramparAoM kI taraha truTiyA~ bhrAntiyA~

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536 vedasAmya-vaiSamya aura ekadezIyatA bhI raha gaI hai jo tAttvika aura aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhane para spaSTa mAlUma hotI haiN| hama janma-saMskAra aura dRSTi saMkoca ke kAraNa kucha bhI kaha aura mAna nahIM sakate haiN| para sAmpradAyika mokSa kA svarUpa aura nivRtti kI kalpanA na kevala adhUrI haiM; kiMtu mAnavatA ke utkarSa meM AtmIya sadguNoM ke vyApaka vikAsa meM bahuta kucha bAdhaka bhI hai / hamArI cirakAlIna sAmpradAyika jar3atA aura akarmaNyatA ne kevala bAhya khokhe meM aura kalpanArAzi meM jainatva bAMdha rakhA hai| aura jaina prasthAna meM jo kucha tattvataH sArabhAga hai use bhI DhAMka diyA hai| khAsa bAta to yaha hai ki hamArI nirmaryAda socane kI zakti hI sAmpradAyika jar3atA ke kAraNa bhoThI ho gaI hai / aisI sthiti meM eka avyavahArya viSaya para zakti kharca karane kA utsAha kaise ho ? tathApi Apane isa viSaya para jo itanI ekAgratA se svatantra ciMtana kiyA hai usakA maiM avazya kAyala huuN| kyoMki merA mAnasa vidyApakSapAtI to hai hii| khAsa kara jaba koI kisI viSaya meM svatantra ciMtana kareM taba merA Adara aura bhI bar3hatA hai| isalie ApakI dalIloM aura vicAroM ne merA pUrvagraha chuDAyA hai| . strI zarIra meM puruSa vAsanA aura puruSa zarIra meM strItvayogya vAsanA ke jo kisse aura lakSaNa dekhe sune jAte haiM unakA khulAsA dUsarI taraha se ho jAtA hai jo Apake pakSa kA poSaka hai| para isa nae vicAra ko yahA~ citrita nahIM kara sakatA / bhogabhUmi meM garbha meM strIpuruSayugala yogya upAdAna haiM aura karma bhUmi meM nahIM ityAdi vicAra nire bAlIza haiN| jo anubhava hamAre pratyakSa hoM, jinheM hama dekha saka, jAMca sake, una para yadi karmazAstra ke niyama sughaTita ho nahIM sakate aura unheM ghaTAne ke lie hameM svarga, naraka yA kalpita bhogabhUmi meM jAnA par3e to acchA hogA ki hama usa karmazAstra ko hI chor3a deN| hamAre mAnya pUrvajoM ne jisa kisI kAraNa se vaisA vicAra kiyA, para hama utane mAtra meM baddha raha nahIM skte| hama unake vicAra kI bhI parIkSA kara sakate haiM / isalie dravya aura bhAvaveda ke sAmya ke samarthana meM dI gaI yuktiyA~ mujhako AkRSTa karatI haiM aura jo eka AkRti meM vijAtIya vedodaya kI kalpanA ke poSaka vicAra aura bAhya lakSaNa dekhe jAte haiM unakA khulAsA dUsarI taraha se karane ko ve yuktiyA~ bAdhita karatI haiM / koI puruSa strItva kI abhilASA kare itane mAtra se strIvedAnubhavI nahIM ho sktaa| garbhagrahaNa-dhAraNa-poSaNa kI yogyatA hI strIveda hai na ki mAtra strIyogya bhogAbhilASA | maiM yadi aisA socU~ ki kAna se dekhatA to andha na rahatA yA aisA socU~ ki sira se calatA aura daur3atA to pagu na rahatA to kyA itane socane mAtra se caturjJAnAvaraNIyakarma ke kSayopazama kA yA pAdakarmendriya kA

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540 jaina dharma aura darzana phala majha meM prakaTa hogA ? jaise jJAnIya kSayopazama vastutaH eka haiM tathApi mithyAdarzana Adi ke sambandha se usake samyak viparyAsa Adi phala vividha hote haiM, vaise hI veda eka rahane para bhI aura usakA sAmAnya kAryapradeza ekarUpa hone para bhI anya kASAyika baloM se aura anya saMsarga se usa veda ke viparIta lakSaNa bhI ho sakate haiM / puruSa veda ke udayavAlA puruSaliGgI bhI strItva yogya abhilASA kare to use strIveda kA lakSaNa nahIM parantu puruSaveda kA viparIta lakSaNa mAtra kahanA caahie| sapheda ko pIlA dekhane mAtra se netra kA kSayopazama badala nahIM jAtA / vastutaH kisI eka hI veda meM nAnAvidha abhilASA kI jananazakti mAnanA caahie| cAhe sAmAnya niyatarUpa usake abhilASA ko loka amuka hI kyoM na mAne / vIryAdhAyakazakti, viryagrahaNa zakti ye hI krama se puMveda strIveda haiM jo dravyAkAra se niyata haiN| bakarA dUdha detA hai to bhI use strIveda kA udaya mAnA nahIM jA sakatA, niyata lakSaNa kA Agantuka kAraNavaza viparyAsa mAtra hai| jaise sAmAnyataH strI ko DAr3hI mUMcha nahIM hote para kisI ko khAsa hote haiN| yaha to lambA ho gayA / sArAMza itanA hI hai ki mujhako vedasAmya vicArasaMgata jAna par3atA hai| punazca proprezana ke dvArA eka dRzya dravyaliGga kA anya dravyaliGga meM parivartana Ajakala bahuta dekhe sune jAte haiN| ise vicArakoTi meM lenA hogaa| napuMsaka zAyada tIsarA svatantra veda hI nhiiN| jahA~ amuka niyata lakSaNa nahIM dekhe vahA~ napuMsaka svatantra veda mAna liyA para aisA kyoM na mAnA jAya ki vahA~ veda strI puruSa meM se koI eka hI hai, para lakSaNa viparIta ho rahe haiN| dravya AkAra bhI puruSa yA strI kA vividha tAratamya yukta hotA hI hai /

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gAMdhIjI kI jaina dharma ko dena dharma ke do rUpa hote haiN| sampradAya koI bhI ho usakA dharma bAharI aura bhItarI do rUpoM meM calatA rahatA hai| bAhya rUpa ko hama 'dharma kalevara' kaheM to bhItarI rUpa ko 'dharma cetanA' kahanA caahie| dharma kA prArambha, vikAsa aura pracAra manuSya jAti meM hI huA hai| manuSya khuda na kevala cetana hai aura na kevala deha / vaha jaise sacetana deharUpa hai vaise hI usakA dharma bhI cetanAyukta kalevararUpa hotA hai / cetanA kI gati, pragati aura avagati kalevara ke sahAre ke binA asaMbhava hai / dharma cetanA bhI bAharI prAcAra rIti-rasma, rUr3hi-praNAlI Adi kalevara ke dvArA hI gati, pragati aura avagati ko prApta hotI rahatI hai / ___ dharma jitanA purAnA utane hI usake kalevara nAnArUpa se adhikAdhika badalate Ate haiM / agara koI dharma jIvita ho to usakA artha yaha bhI hai ki usake kaise bhI bhadde yA acche kalevara meM thor3A-bahuta cetanA kA aMza kisI na kisI rUpa meM maujUda hai| niSprANa deha sar3a-gala kara astitva ga~vA baiThatI hai| cetanAhIna sampradAya kalevara kI bhI vahI gati hotI hai| jaina paramparA kA prAcIna nAma-rUpa kucha bhI kyoM na rahA ho; para vaha usa samaya se abhI taka jIvita hai| jaba-jaba usakA kalevara dikhAvaTI aura rogagrasta huA hai taba-taba usakI dharmacetanA kA kisI vyakti meM vizeSarUpa se spandana prakaTa huA hai / pAzvanAtha ke bAda mahAvIra meM spandana tIvra rUpa se prakaTa huA jisakA itihAsa sAkSI hai| ____dharmacetanA ke mukhya do lakSaNa haiM jo sabhI dharma-sampradAyoM meM vyakta hote haiN| bhale hI usa AvirbhAva meM tAratamya ho| pahalA lakSaNa hai, anya kA bhalA karanA aura dUsarA lakSaNa hai anya kA burA na karanA / ye vidhi-niSedharUpa yA hakAra-nakAra rUpa sAtha hI sAtha calate haiM / eka ke sivAya dUsare kA saMbhava nhiiN| jaise-jaise dharmacetanA kA vizeSa aura utkaTa spandana vaise-vaise ye donoM vidhi niSedha rUpa bhI adhikAdhika sakriya hote haiN| jaina-paramparA kI aitihAsika bhUmikA ko hama dekhate haiM to mAlUma par3atA hai ki usake itihAsa kAla se hI dharmacetanA ke ukta donoM lakSaNa asAdhAraNa rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| jaina-paramparA kA aiti

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542 jaina dharma aura darzana hAsika purAvA kahatA hai ki saba kA arthAt prANImAtra kA jisameM manuSya, pazupakSI ke alAvA sUkSma kITa jaMtu taka kA samAveza ho jAtA hai-- saba taraha se bhalA kro| isI taraha prANImAtra ko kisI bhI prakAra se takalIpha na do / yaha purAvA kahatA hai ki jaina paraMparAgata dharmacetanA kI bhUmikA prAthamika nahIM hai / manuSya jAti ke dvArA dharmacetanA kA jo kramika vikAsa huA hai usakA paripakka rUpa usa bhUmikA meM dekhA jAtA hai| aise paripakva vicAra kA zreya aitihAsika dRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra ko to avazya hai hI / koI bhI satpuruSArthI aura sUkSmadarzI dharmapuruSa apane jIvana meM dharmacetanA kA kitanA hI spaMdana kyoM na kare para vaha prakaTa hotA hai sAmayika aura dezakAlika zrAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke dvArA / hama itihAsa se jAnate haiM ki mahAvIra ne sabakA bhalA karanA aura kisI ko takalIpha na denA ina do dharmacetanA ke rUpoM ko apane jIvana meM ThIka-ThIka prakaTa kiyA / prakaTIkaraNa sAmayika jarUratoM ke anusAra maryAdita rahA / manuSya jAti kI usa samaya aura usa deza kI nirbalatA, jAtibheda meM, chUAchUta meM, strI kI lAcArI meM aura yajJIya hiMsA meM thI / mahAbIra ne inhIM nirbalatAoM kA sAmanA kiyaa| kyoMki unakI dharmacetanA apane Asa-pAsa pravRtta nyAya ko saha na sakatI thI / isI karuNAvRtti ne unheM parigrahI banAyA / aparigraha bhI aisA ki jisameM na ghara-bAra aura na vastrapAtra / isI karuNAvRtti ne unheM dalita patita kA uddhAra karane ko prerita kiyA / yaha to huA mahAvIra kI dharmacetanA kA spaMdana | 4 para unake bAda yaha spaMdana jarUra maMda huA aura dharmacetanA kA poSaka dharma kalevara bahuta bar3hate-bar3hate usa kalevara kA kada aura vajana itanA bar3hA ki kalevara kI puSTi aura vRddhi ke sAtha hI cetanA kA spaMdana maMda hone lagA / jaise pAnI sukhate hI yA kama hote hI nIce kI miTTI meM darAreM par3atI haiM aura miTTI ekarUpa na raha kara vibhakta ho jAtI hai vaise hI jaina paramparA kA dharmakalevara bhI aneka Tukar3oM meM vibhakta huA aura ve Tukar3e spaMdana ke mithyA abhimAna se prerita hokara Apasa meM hI lar3ane-jhagar3ane lage / jo dharmacetanA ke spaMdana kA mukhya kAma thA vaha gauNa ho gayA aura dharmacetanA kI rakSA ke nAma para ve mukhyatayA gujArA karane lage / dharma-kalevara ke phirakoM meM dharmacetanA kama hote hI AsapAsa ke virodhI daloM ne unake Upara burA asara DAlA / sabhI phirake mukhya uddezya ke bAre meM itane nirbala sAbita hue ki koI apane pUjya puruSa mahAvIra kI pravRtti ko yogya rUpameM Age na bar3hA sake / strI uddhAra kI bAta karate hue bhI ve strI ke abalApana 1

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gAMdhIjI kI jaina dharma ko dena 543 ke poSaka hI rahe / ucca-nIca bhAva aura chUAchUta ko dUra karane kI bAta karate hue bhI ke jAtivAdI brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva se baca na sake aura vyavahAra tathA dharmakSetra meM ucca-nIca bhAva aura chUAchUtapane ke zikAra bana gaye / yajJIya hiMsA ke prabhAva se ve jarUra baca gaye aura pazu pakSI kI rakSA meM unhoMne hAtha ThIka ThIka baTAyA; para ve aparigraha ke prANa mUrchA tyAga ko ga~vA baitthe| dekhane meM to sabhI phirake parigrahI mAlUma hote rahe; para aparigraha kA prANa unameM kama se kama rahA / isalie sabhI phirakoM ke tyAgI aparigraha vrata kI duhAI dekara naGge pAMva se calate dekhe jAte haiM, lucana rUpa se bAla taka hAtha se khIMca DAlate haiM, nirvasana bhAva bhI dhAraNa karate dekhe jAte haiM, sUkSma-jantu kI rakSA ke nimitta mu~ha para kapar3A taka rakha lete haiM; para ve aparigraha ke pAlana meM anivArya rUpa se Avazyaka aisA svAvalaMbI jIvana karIba-karIba ga~vA baiThe haiM / unheM aparigraha kA pAlana gRhasthoM kI madada ke sivAya sambhava nahIM dIkhatA / phalataH, ve adhikAdhika paraparizramAvalambI ho gae haiM 1 bezaka, pichale DhAI hajAra varSoM meM deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM aise ine-gine anagAra tyAgI aura sAgAra gRhastha avazya hue haiM jinhoMne jaina paramparA kI mUrcchita-sI dharmacetanA meM spandana ke prANa phU~ke / para eka to vaha spandana sAmpradAyika DhaMga kA thA jaisA ki anya sampradAyoM meM huA hai aura dUsare vaha spandana aisA koI dRr3ha nIMva para na thA jisase cirakAla taka Tika sake / isalie bIcabIca meM prakaTa hue dharmacetanA ke spandana arthAt prabhAvanAkArya satata cAlU raha na sake / pichalI zatAbdI meM to jaina samAja ke tyAgI aura gRhastha donoM kI manodazA vilakSaNa-sI ho gaI thI / ve paramparAprApta satya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke Adarza saMskAra kI mahimA ko chor3a bhI na sakate the aura jIvanaparyanta ve hiMsA, satya aura parigraha ke saMskAroM kA hI samarthana karate jAte the / aisA mAnA jAne lagA thA ki kuTumba, samAja, grAma rASTra Adi se saMbandha rakhanevAlI pravRttiyA~ sAMsArika haiM, duniyAvI haiM, vyAvahArika haiM / isalie aisI Arthika praudyogika aura rAjakIya pravRttiyoM meM na to satya sAtha de sakatA hai, na ahiMsA kAma kara sakatI hai aura na parigraha vrata hI kAryasAdhaka bana sakatA hai / ye dharma siddhAnta sacce haiM sahI, para inakA zuddha pAlana duniyA ke bIca saMbhava nahIM / isake lie to ekAnta vanavAsa aura saMsAra tyAga hI cAhiye / isa vicAra ne nagAra tyAgiyoM ke mana para bhI aisA prabhAva jamAyA thA ki ve rAta-dina satya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA upadeza karate hue bhI duniyAvI - jIvana meM una upadezoM ke

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544 jaina dharma aura darzana sacce pAlana kA koI rAstA dikhA na sakate the / ve thaka kara yahI kahate the ki agara saccA dharma pAlana karanA ho to tuma loga ghara chor3o, kuTumba samAja aura rASTra kI javAbadehI chor3o, aisI jabAvadehI aura satya-ahiMsA aparigraha kA zuddha pAlanadonoM eka sAtha saMbhava nahIM / aisI manodazA ke kAraNa tyAgI gaNa dekhane meM avazya anagAra thA; para usakA jIvana tattvadRSTi se kisI bhI prakAra gRhasthoM kI apekSA vizeSa unnata yA vizeSa zuddha banane na pAyA thaa| isalie jaina samAja kI sthiti aisI ho gaI thI ki hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke satata hote rahane para bhI samAja ke utthAna kA koI saccA kAma hone na pAtA thA aura anuyAyI gRhasthavarga to sAdhu sAdhviyoM ke bharose rahane kA itanA AdI ho gayA thA ki vaha haraeka bAta meM nikammI prathA kA tyAga, sudhAra, parivartana vagairaha karane meM apanI buddhi aura sAhasa hI gavA~ baiThA thaa| tyAgI varga kahatA thA ki hama kyA kareM? yaha kAma to gRhasthoM kA hai| gRhastha kahate the ki hamAre siramaura guru haiN| ve mahAvIra ke pratinidhi haiM, zAstrajJa haiM, ve hamase adhika jAna sakate haiM, unake sujhAva aura unakI sammati ke binA hama kara hI kyA sakate haiM ? gRhasthoM kA asara hI kyA par3egA ? sAdhuoM ke kathana ko saba loga mAna sakate haiM ityAdi / isa taraha anya dharma samAjoM kI taraha jaina samAja kI naiyA bhI hara eka kSetra meM ulajhanoM kI bha~vara meM phaMsI thii| . sAre rASTra para pichalI sahasrAbdI ne jo AphateM DhAI thIM aura pazcima ke samparka ke bAda videzI rAjya ne pichalI do zatAbdiyoM meM gulAmI, zoSaNa aura ApasI phUTa kI jo Aphata bar3hAI thI usakA zikAra to jaina samAja zatapratizata thA hI, para usake alAvA jainasamAja ke: apane nijI zrI.prazna the| jo ulajhanoM se pUrNa the / Apasa meM phirakAbandI, dharma ke nimitta adharma poSaka jhagar3e, nivRtti ke nAma para niSkriyatA aura aidIpana kI bAr3ha, naI pIr3hI meM purAnI cetanA kA virodha aura naI cetanA kA avarodha, satya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha jaise zAzvata mUlya vAle siddhAntoM ke prati saba kI dekhA dekhI bar3hatI huI azraddhA-ye jaina samAja kI samasyAe~ thiiN|| isa andhakAra pradhAna rAtri meM aphrikA se eka karmavIra kI halacala ne logoM kI A~kheM kholii| vahI karmavIra phira apanI janma-bhUmi bhArata meM pIche lauttaa| Ate hI satya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI nirbhaya aura gaganabhedI vANI zAntasvara se aura jIvana-vyavahAra se sunAne lgaa| pahale to jaina samAja apanI saMskAra-cyuti ke kAraNa cauMkA / use bhaya mAlUma huA ki duniyA kI pravRtti yA sAMsArika rAjakIya pravRtti ke sAtha satya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA mela kaise

Page #895
gAMdhIjI kI jaina dharma ko dena 545 baiTha sakatA hai ? aisA ho to phira tyAga mArga aura anagAra dharma jo hajAroM varSa se calA AtA hai vaha naSTa hI ho jaaegaa| para jaise-jaise kamavIra gAMdhI eka ke bAda eka nae-nae sAmAjika aura rAjakIya kSetra ko sara karate gae aura deza ke ucca se ucca mastiSka bhI unake sAmane jhukAne lage; kavIndra ravIndra, lAlA lAjapatarAya, dezabandhu dAsa, motIlAla neharU Adi mukhya rASTrIya puruSoM ne gAMdhIjI kA netRtva mAna liyaa| vaise-vaise jaina samAja kI bhI suSupta aura mUcchitasI dharma cetanA meM spandana zurU huaa| spandana kI lahara kramazaH aisI bar3hatI aura phailatI gaI ki jisane 35 varSa ke pahale kI jaina samAja kI kAyA palaTa hI dii| jisane 35 varSa ke pahale kI jaina-samAja kI bAharI aura bhItarI dazA A~khoM dekhI hai aura jisane pichale 35 varSoM meM gAMdhIjI ke kAraNa jaina-samAja meM satvara prakaTa honevAle sAtvika dharma-spandanoM ko dekhA hai vaha yaha binA kahe nahIM raha sakatA ki jaina samAja kI dharma cetanA-jo gAMdhIjI kI dena hai-vaha itihAsa kAla meM abhatapUrva hai| aba hama saMkSepa meM yaha dekheM ki gAMdhIjI kI yaha dena kisa rUpa meM hai| jaina-samAja meM jo satya aura ahiMsA kI sArvatrika kAryakSamatA ke bAre meM avizvAsa kI jar3a jamI thI, gAMdhIjI ne deza meM Ate hI sabase prathama usa para kuThArAghAta kiyA / jaina logoM ke dila meM satya aura ahiMsA ke prati janmasiddha Adara to thA hii| ve sirpha prayoga karanA jAnate na the aura na koI unheM prayoga ke dvArA una siddhAntoM kI zakti dikhAne vAlA thaa| gAMdhIjI ke ahiMsA aura satya ke saphala prayogoM ne aura kisI samAja kI apekSA sabase pahale jaina-samAja kA dhyAna khiiNcaa| aneka bUr3he taruNa aura anya zurU meM kutUhalavaza aura pIche lagana se gAMdhIjI ke AsapAsa ikaTThe hone lge| jaise-jaise gAMdhIjI ke ahiMsA aura satya ke prayoga adhikAdhika samAja aura rASTravyApI hote gae vaise-vaise janasamAja ko virAsata meM milI ahiMsAvRtti para adhikAdhika bharosA hone lagA aura phira to vaha unnata-mastaka aura prasanna-badana se kahane lagA ki 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' yaha jo jaina paramparA kA mudrAlekha hai usI kI yaha vijaya hai| jaina paramparA strI kI samAnatA aura mukti kA dAvA to karatI hI A rahI thI; para vyavahAra meM use usake abalApana ke sivAya kucha najara AtA na thaa| usane mAna liyA thA ki tyaktA, vidhavA aura lAcAra kumArI ke lie eka mAtra balaprada muktimArga sAdhvI banane kA hai| para gAMdhIjI ke jAdU ne yaha sAbita kara diyA ki agara strI kisI apekSA se abalA hai to puruSa bhI abala hI hai| agara puruSa ko sabala mAna liyA jAe to strI ke abalA rahate vaha sabala bana

Page #896
jaina dharma aura darzana nahIM sktaa| kaI aMzoM meM to puruSa kI apekSA strI kA bala bahata hai| yaha bAta gAMdhIjI ne kevala dalIloM se samajhAI na thI para unake jAdU se strIzakti itanI adhika prakaTa huI ki aba to puruSa use abalA kahane meM sakucAne lgaa| jaina striyoM ke dila meM bhI aisA kucha camatkArika parivartana huA ki ve aba apane ko zaktizAlI samajhakara javAbadehI ke choTe-moTe aneka kAma karane lagI aura Amataura se jaina-samAja meM yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki jo strI aihika bandhanoM se mukti pAne meM samartha hai vaha sAdhvI banakara bhI pAralaukika mukti pA nahIM sktii| isa mAnyatA se jaina bahanoM ke sUkhe aura pIle cehare para sukhI zrA gaI aura be deza ke kone-kone meM javAbadehI ke aneka kAma saphalatApUrvaka karane lagIM / aba unheM tyaktApana, vidhavApana yA lAcAra kumArIpana kA koI daHkha nahIM satAtA / yaha strI-zakti kA kAyApalaTa hai| yoM to jaina loga siddhAnta rUpa se jAtibheda aura chuAchUta ko bilakula mAnate na the aura isI meM apanI paramparA kA gaurava bhI samajhate the; para isa siddhAnta ko vyApaka taura se ve amala meM lAne meM asamartha the| gAMdhIjI kI prAyogika aMjanazalAkA ne jaina samajhadAroM ke netra khola die aura unameM sAhasa bhara diyA phira to ve harijana yA anya dalitavarga ko samAna bhAva se apanAne lge| aneka bUr3he aura yuvaka strI-puruSoM kA khAsa eka varga deza bhara ke jaina samAja meM aisA taiyAra ho gayA hai ki vaha aba rUr3hicusta mAnasa kI bilakula paravAha binA kiye harijana aura dalita varga kI sevA meM thA to par3a gayA hai, yA usake lie adhikAdhika sahAnubhatipUrvaka sahAyatA karatA hai| jaina-samAja meM mahimA eka mAtra tyAga kI rahI; para koI tyAgI nivRtti aura pravRtti kA sumela sAdha na sakatA thaa| vaha pravRtti mAtra ko nivRtti virodhI samajhakara anivArya rUpa se Avazyaka aisI pravRtti kA bojha bhI dUsaroM ke kandhe para DAlakara nivRtti kA santoSa anubhava karatA thaa| gAMdhIjI ke jIvana ne dikhA diyA ki nivRtti aura pravRtti vastutaH paraspara viruddha nahIM hai| jarUrata hai to donoM ke rahasya pAne kii| samaya pravRtti kI mA~ga kara rahA thA aura nivRtti kI bhii| sumela ke binA donoM nirarthaka hI nahIM balki samAja aura rASTra-ghAtaka siddha ho rahe the| gAMdhIjI ke jIvana meM nivRtti aura pravRtti kA aisA sumela jaina samAja ne dekhA jaisA gulAba ke phUla aura suvAsa kaa| phira to mAtra gRhasthoM kI hI nahIM, balki tyAgI anagAroM taka kI A~kheM khula gii| unheM aba jaina zAstroM kA asalI marma dikhAI diyA yA ve zAstroM ko nae artha meM nae sire se dekhane lge| kaI tyAgI apanA bhikSuveSa rakhakara bhI yA chor3akara bhI nivRtti pravRtti ke gaMgA-yamunA saMgama

Page #897
547 gAMdhIjI kI jaina dharma ko dena meM snAna karane Ae aura ve aba bhinna-bhinna sevA kSetroM meM par3akara apanA anagArapanA sacce artha meM sAbita kara rahe haiN| jaina gRhastha kI manodazA meM bhI niSkriya nivRtti kA jo ghuna lagA thA vaha haTA aura aneka bUr3he javAna nivRttipriya jaina strI-puruSa niSkAma pravRtti kA kSetra pasanda kara apanI nivRtti-priyatA ko saphala kara rahe haiN| pahale bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke lie eka hI rAstA thA ki yA to ve veSa dhAraNa karane ke bAda niSkriya banakara dUsaroM kI sevA lete raheM, yA dUsaroM kI sevA karanA cAheM to veSa chor3akara apratiSTita bana samAjabAhya ho jaaeN| gAMdhIjI ke nae jIvana ke nae artha ne niSprANa se tyAgI varga meM bhI dharmacetanA kA prANa spandana kiyaa| aba use na to jarUrata rahI bhikSuveSa pheMka dene kI aura na Dara rahA apratiSThita rUpa se samAjabAhya hone kA / aba niSkAma sevApriya jaina bhikSugaNa ke lie gAMdhIjI ke jIvana ne aisA vizAla kArya pradeza cuna diyA hai, jisameM koI bhI tyAgI nirdambha bhAva se tyAga kA AsvAda letA huA samAja aura rASTra ke lie Adarza bana sakatA hai| jaina paramparA ko apane tattvajJAna ke anekAnta siddhAnta kA bahuta bar3A garva thA vaha samajhatI thI ki aisA siddhAnta anya kisI dharma paramparA ko nasIba nahIM hai; para khuda jaina paramparA usa siddhAnta kA sarvalokahitakAraka rUpa se prayoga karana to dUra rahA, para apane hita meM bhI usakA prayoga karanA jAnatI na thii| vaha jAnatI thI itanA hI ki usa vAda ke nAma para bhaMgajAla kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai aura vivAda meM vijaya kaise pAyA jA sakatA hai ? anekAntavAda ke himAyatI kyA gRhastha kyA tyAgI sabhI phirakebandI aura gaccha gaNa ke aikAntika kadAgraha aura jhagar3e meM pha~se the| unheM yaha patA hI na thA ki anekAnta kA yathArtha prayoga samAja aura rASTra kI saba pravRttiyoM meM kaise saphalatApUrvaka kiyA jA sakatA hai ? gAMdhIjI takhte para Ae aura kuTumba, samAja, rASTra kI saba pravRttiyoM meM anekAnta dRSTi kA aisA sajIva aura saphala prayoga karane lage ki jisase AkRSTa hokara samajhadAra jainavarga yaha antaHkaraNa se mahasUsa karane lagA ki bhaGgajAla aura vAdavijaya meM to anekAnta kA kalevara hI hai| usakI jAna nahIM ! jAna to vyavahAra ke saba kSetroM meM anekAnta dRSTi kA prayoga karake virodhI dikhAI dene vAle baloM kA saMgharSa miTAne meM hI hai / . jaina-paramparA meM vijaya seTha aura vijayA seThAnI ina dampatI yugala ke brahmacarya kI bAta hai| jisameM donoM kA sAhacArya aura sahajIvana hote hue bhI zuddha brahmacarya pAlana kA bhAva hai| isI taraha sthUlibhadra muni ke brahmacarya kI bhI kahAnI hai jisase eka muni ne apanI pUrvaparicita vezyA ke sahavAsa meM raha

Page #898
jaina dharma aura darzana kara bhI vizuddha brahmacarya pAlana kiyA hai| abhI taka aisI kahAniyA~ lokottara samajhI jAtI rhiiN| sAmAnya janatA yahI samajhatI rahI ki koI dampatI yA strI-puruSa sAtha rahakara vizuddha brahmacarya pAlana kare to vaha daivI camatkAra jaisA hai| para gAMdhIjI ke brahmacaryavAsa ne isa ati kaThina aura lokottara samajhane jAnevAlI bAta ko prayatnasAdhya para itanI lokagamya sAvita kara diyA ki Aja aneka dampatI aura strI-puruSa sAtha rahakara vizuddha brahmacarya pAlana karane kA nirdambha prayatna karate haiN| jaina samAja meM bhI aise aneka yugala maujUda haiN| aba unheM koI sthalibhadra kI koTi meM nahIM gintaa| hAlAki unakA brahmacaryapuruSArtha vaisA hI hai| rAtri-bhojana tyAga zrIra upabhogaparibhogaparimANa tathA upavAsa, AyaMbila, jaise brata-niyama nae yuga meM kevala upahAsa kI dRSTi se dekhe jAne lage the aura zraddhAlu loga ina vratoM kA AcaraNa karate hue bhI koI tejasvitA prakaTa kara na sakate the| una logoM kA vrata-pAlana kevala rUr3hidharma-sA dIkhatA thaa| mAnoM unameM bhAvaprANa rahA hI na ho / gAMdhIjI ne inhIM vratoM meM aisA prANa phUMkA ki Aja koI inake makhaula kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA / gAMdhIjI ke upavAsa ke prati duniyA bhara kA Adara hai unake rAtri bhojana tyAga aura ine-gine khAdya peya ke niyama ko Arogya aura subhIte kI dRSTi se bhI loga upAdeya samajhate haiN| hama isa taraha kI aneka bAteM dekha sakate haiM jo paramparA se jaina samAja meM cirakAla se calI AtI rahane para bhI tejohIna-sI dIkhatI thI;. para aba gAMdhIjI ke jIvana ne unheM AdarAspada banA diyA hai| jaina paramparA ke eka nahIM aneka susaMskAra jo supta yA mUchita par3e the unako gAMdhIjI kI dharma cetanA ne spandita kiyA, gatizIla kiyA aura vikasita bhI kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki apekSAkRta isa choTe se samAja ne bhI anya samAjoM kI apekSA adhikasaMkhyaka sevAbhAvI strI-puruSoM ko rASTra ke caraNoM para arpita kiyA hai / jisameM bUr3he-javAna strI-puruSa, honahAra taruNa-taruNI aura bhikSu varga kA bhI samAveza hotA hai| ____ mAnavatA ke vizAla artha meM to jaina samAja anya samAjoM se alaga nhiiN| phira bhI usake paramparAgata saMskAra amuka aMza meM itara samAjoM se jude bhI haiN| ye saMskAra mAtra dharmakalevara the; dharmacetanA kI bhUmikA ko chor3a baiThe the / yoM to gAMdhIjI ne vizva bhara ke samasta sampradAyoM kI dharma cetanA ko utprANita kiyA hai ; para sAmpradAyika dRSTi se dekheM to jaina samAja ko mAnanA cAhie ki unake prati gAMdhIjI kI bahuta aura anekavidha dena hai| kyoMki gAMdhIjI kI dena ke kAraNA hI aba jaina samAja ahiMsA, strI-samAnatA, varga samAnatA, nivRtti aura

Page #899
gAMdhIjI kI jaina dharma ko dena 546 anekAnta dRSTi ityAdi apane virAsatagata purAne siddhAntoM ko kriyAzIla aura "sArthaka sAbita kara sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai' jaise sarvadharmasamanvayakArI aneka udgAra maujUda the / para Amataura se usakI dharmavidhi aura prArthanA bilakula sAmpradAyika bana gaI thii| usakA caukA itanA choTA bana gayA thA ki usameM ukta udgAra ke anurUpa saba sampradAyoM kA samAveza duHsaMbhava ho gayA thA / para gAMdhIjI kI dharmacetanA aisI jAgarita huI ki dharmoM kI bAr3Aba~dI kA sthAna rahA hI nhiiN| gAMdhIjI kI prArthanA jisa jaina ne dekhI sunI ho vaha kRtajJatApUrvaka binA kabUla kiye raha nahIM sakatA ki 'brahmA vA viSNA kI udAtta bhAvanA yA rAma kaho rahimAna kaho' kI abheda bhAvanA jo jaina paramparA meM mAtra sAhityika vastu bana gaI thI; use gAMdhIjI ne aura vikasita rUpa meM sajIva aura zAzvata kiyA / __hama gAMdhIjI kI dena ko eka-eka karake na to ginA sakate haiM aura na aisA bhI kara sakate haiM ki gAMdhIjI kI amuka dena to mAtra jaina samAja ke prati hI hai aura anya samAja ke prati nhiiN| varSA hotI hai taba kSetrabheda nahIM dekhtii| sUrya candra prakAza pheMkate haiM taba bhI sthAna yA vyakti kA bheda nahIM krte| to bhI jisake ghar3e meM pAnI AyA ora jisane prakAza kA sukha anubhava kiyA, vaha to laukika bhASA meM yahI kahegA ki varSA yA candra sUrya ne mere para itanA upakAra kiyaa| isI nyAya se isa jagaha gAMdhIjI kI dena kA ullekha hai, na ki usa dena kI maryAdA kaa| gAMdhIjI ke prati apane RNa ko aMza se bhI tabhI adA kara sakate haiM jaba unake nirdiSTa mArga para calane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa kareM aura cleN|

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sarvajJatva aura usakA artha hetuvAda-ahetuvAda ... prastuta lekha kA Azaya samajhane ke lie prArambha meM thor3A prAstAvika vicAra darzAnA jarUrI hai, jisase pAThaka vaktavya kA bhalIbhA~ti vizleSaNa kara sake / jIvana ke zraddhA aura buddhi ye do mukhya aMza haiN| ve paraspara vibhakta nahIM haiM; phira bhI donoM ke pravRtti kSetra yA viSaya thor3e bahuta parimANa meM jude bhI haiN| buddhi, tarka, anumAna yA vijJAna se jo vastu siddha hotI hai usameM zraddhA kA praveza sarala hai, parantu zraddhA ke samI viSayoM meM anumAna yA vijJAna kA prayoga saMbhava nhiiN| atIndriya aneka tattva aise haiM jo jude-jude sampradAya meM zraddhA ke viSaya bane dekhe jAte haiM, para una tattvoM kA nirvivAda samarthana anumAna yA vijJAna kI sImA se pare hai / udAharaNArtha, jo zraddhAlu Izvara ko vizva ke kartA-dhartA rUpa se mAnate haiM yA jo zraddhAlu kisI meM traikAlika sarvazatva mAnate haiM, ve cAhate to haiM ki unakI mAnyatA anumAna yA vijJAna se samarthita ho, para aisI mAnyatA ke samarthana meM jaba tarka yA vijJAna prayatna karane lagatA hai taba kaI bAra balavattara virodhI anumAna usa mAnyatA ko ulaTa bhI dete haiN| aisI vastusthiti dekhakara tattvaciMtakoM ne vastu ke svarUpAnusAra usake samarthana ke lie do upAya alagaalaMga batalAe-eka upAya hai hetuvAda, jisakA prayogavartula deza-kAla kI sImA se pare nhiiN| dUsarA upAya hai ahetuvAda, jo dezakAla kI sImA se yA indriya aura mana kI pahu~ca se para aise viSayoM meM upayogI hai| isa bAta ko jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se prAcIna bahuzruta AcAryoM ne spaSTa bhI kiyA hai / jaba unake sAmane dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya tathA bhavyatva 1. duviho dhammAvAzro aheuvAzro ya heuvAzro ya / tattha u aheuvAo bhaviyA'bhaviyAdo bhAvA / bhavizro smmiNsnn-nnaann-crittpddivttisNpnnoN| NiyamA dukkhaMtakaDo tti lakkhaNaM heuvAyassa | jo heuvAyapakkhammi heuzro Agame ya aagmitro| so sasamayapaNNavo siddhantavirAho anno // -sanmati prakaraNa 3. 43-5 tathA ina gAthAoM kA gujarAtI vivecana /

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sarvazatva aura usakA artha 551 bhavyatva ke vibhAga jaise sAmpradAyika mAnyatA ke prazna tarka ke dvArA samarthana ke lie upasthita hue taba unhoMne kaha diyA ki aise atIndriya viSaya hetuvAda se siddha ho nahIM sakate / unako zrahetuvAda se hI mAnakara calanA hogA / hetuvAda kA artha hai paramparAgata zrAgama para yA RSipratibhA para athavA AdhyAtmika prajJA para vizvAsa rakhanA / yaha nahIM ki mAtra jaina paramparA ne hI aise hetuvAda kA Azraya liyA ho / sabhI dhArmika paramparAoM ko apanI kisI na kisI atIndriya mAnyatAoM ke bAre meM apanI-apanI dRSTi se hetuvAda kA Azraya lenA par3A hai| jaba vedAnta ko pratIndriya paramabrahma kI sthApanA meM tarka bAdhaka dikhAI die taba usane zruti kA antima zrAzraya lene kI bAta kahI aura tarkApratiSThAnAt ' kaha diyA / isI taraha jaba nAgArjuna jaise prabala tArkika ko svabhAvanairAtmyarUpa zUnya tattva ke sthApana meM tarkavAda adhUrA yA bAdhaka dikhAI diyA taba usane prajJA kA zrAzraya liyA / keNTa jaise tattvajJa ne bhI deza-kAla se para aise tattva ko buddhi yA vijJAna kI sImA se para batalAkara mAtra zraddhA kA viSaya sUcita kiyA / spensara kI AlocanA karate hue vila DurAM ne svaSTa kaha diyA ki IzvaravAdI vijJAna ke kSetra meM praveza karanA chor3a deM aura vaijJAnika loga Izvara tattva yA dharma ke viSaya meM praveza karanA chor3a deM / yaha eka prakAra kA vibhAjana hI to hai ! hetu zrahetuvAda ke vartula kA sarvajJatva jaina paramparA kI cirazraddheya aura upAsya vastu hai / prazna to itanA hI hai ki usakA artha kyA ? aura vaha hetuvAda kA viSaya hai yA zrahetuvAda kA ? isakA uttara zatAbdiyoM se hetuvAda ke dvArA diyA gayA hai / parantu bIca-bIca meM kucha zrAcArya aise bhI hue haiM jinako isa viSaya meM hetuvAda kA upayoga karanA ThIka U~cA nahIM jAna par3atA / eka tarapha se sAre sampradAya meM sthira aisI pracalita siddhaM ceddhetutaH sarva na pratyakSAdito gatiH / siMddha cedAgamAtsarva viruddhArthamatAnyapi // virodhAnnobhayaikAramyaM syAdvAdanyAyavidviSAm / zrAvAcyataikAnte'pyuktirnAvAcyamiti yujyate // vaktaryanApte yaddhetoH sAdhyaM taddhetusAdhitam / zrApte vaktari tadvAkyAt sAdhyamAgamasAdhitam // - AptamImAMsA zlo. 76-80 1. tarkApratiSThAnAdapyanyathAnumeyamiti cedevamapyavimokSaprasaMga: / - brahmasUtra 2.1.11

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552 jaina dharma aura darzana mAnyatA kA virodha karane kI kaThinAI aura dUsarI tarapha se sarvajJatva jaise atIndriya tatva meM alpajJatva ke kAraNa antima uttara dene kI kaThinAI-ye donoM kaThinAiyA~ unake sAmane bhI avazya thI; phira bhI unake taTastha tattvacintana aura nirbhayatva ne unheM cupa na rkhaa| aise zrAcAryoM meM prathama haiM kundakunda aura dUsare haiM yAkinIsUnu haribhadra / kundakunda AdhyAtmika va gambhIra vicAraka rhe| unake sAmane sarvajJatva kA paramparAgata artha to thA hI, para jAna par3atA hai ki unheM mAtra paramparAvalambita bhAva meM santoSa na huzrA / ataeva pravacanasAra Adi granthoM meM jahA~ eka ora unhoMne paramparAgata traikAlika sarvajJatva kA lakSaNa nirUpaNa kiyA vahA~ niyamasAra meM unhoMne vyavahAra nizcaya kA vizleSaNa karake sarvajJatva kA aura bhI bhAva sujhaayaa| unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki lokAloka jaisI Atmetara vastuoM ko jAnane kI bAta kahanA yaha vyavahAranaya hai aura svAtmasvarUpa ko jAnanA va usameM nimagna honA yaha nizcayanaya hai / yaha dhyAna meM rahe ki samayasAra meM unhoMne khuda hI vyavahAranaya ko asadbhata-apAramArthika kahA hai / kundakunda ke vizleSaNa kA Azaya yaha jAna par3atA hai ki unakI dRSTi meM AtmasvarUpa kA jJAna hI mukhya va antima dhyeya rahA hai| isalie unhoMne usI ko pAramArthika yA nizcayanayasammata kahA / eka hI upayoga meM eka hI samaya jaba AtmA aura Atmetara vastuoM kA tulya pratibhAsa hotA ho taba usameM yaha vibhAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki lokAloka kA bhAsa vyavahAranaya hai aura aura zrAtmatattva kA bhAsa nizcayanaya hai| donoM bhAsa yA to pAramArthika haiM yA donoM vyAvahArika haiM-aisA hI kahanA pdd'egaa| phira bhI jaba kundakunda jaise 1. pariNamado khalu NANaM paccakkhA savvadavvapajAyA / so Neva te vijANadi zroggaha puvvAhi kiriyAhiM // Nasthi parokkhaM kiMcivi samaMta savvakkhaguNasamiddhassa / akkhAtIdassa sadA sayameva hi NANajAdassa / / -pravacanasAra 1.21-2. 2. appasarUvaM pecchadi loyAloyaM Na kevalI bhagavaM / jai koi bhaNai evaM tassa ya kiM dUsaNaM hoi / / -niyamasAra gA. 166. 3. vavahAro'bhUyatyo bhUyatyo desido du suddhaNazro / - bhUyatthamassido khalu sammAiTThI havaha jIvo // '-samayasAra gA. 11.

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553 sarvajJatva aura usakA artha adhyAtmavedI ne nizcaya vyavahAra kA vizleSaNa kiyA taba yaha samajhanA kaThina nahIM ki paramparAgata mAnyatA ko cAlU rakhane ke uparAnta bhI unake mana meM eka nayA artha avazya sUjhA jo unhoMne apane priya nayavAda se vizleSaNa ke dvArA sUcita kiyA jisase zraddhAlu varga kI zraddhA bhI banI rahe aura vizeSa jijJAsu vyakti ke lie eka naI bAta bhI sujhAI jAya / / asala meM kundakunda kA yaha nizcayavAda upaniSadoM, bauddhapiTakoM aura prAcIna jaina ullekhoM meM bhI jude-jude rUpa se nihita thA, para sacamuca kundakunda ne use jaina paribhASA meM nae rUpa se pragaTa kiyaa| aise hI dUsare zrAcArya hue haiM yAkinIsUnu haribhadra / ve bhI aneka tarkagranthoM meM traikAlika sarvajJatva kA hetuvAda se samarthana kara cuke the, para jaba unako usa hetuvAda meM truTi va virodha dikhAI diyA taba unhoMne sarvajJatva kA sarvasampradAya-aviruddha artha kiyA va apanA yogasulabha mAdhyasthya sUcita kiyaa| maiMne prastuta lekha meM koI naI bAta to kahI nahIM hai, para kahI hai to vaha itanI hI hai ki agara sarvajJatva ko tarka se, dalIla se yA aitihAsika krama se samajhanA yA samajhAnA ho to purAne jaina granthoM ke kucha ullekhoM ke AdhAra para va upaniSadoM tathA piTakoM ke sAtha tulanA karake maiMne jo artha samajhAyA hai vaha zAyada satya ke nikaTa adhika hai| traikAlika sarvajJatva ko mAnanA ho to zraddhApuSTi va caritrazuddhi ke dhyeya se usako mAnane meM koI nukasAna nhiiN| hA~, itanA samajha rakhanA cAhie ki vaisA sarvajJatva hetuvAda kA viSaya nahIM; vaha to dharmAstikAya Adi kI taraha ahetuvAda kA hI viSaya ho sakatA hai| aise sarvajJatva ke samarthana meM hetuvAda kA prayoga kiyA jAya to usase use samarthita hone ke bajAya aneka anivArya virodhoM kA hI sAmanA karanA pdd'egaa| zraddhA kA viSaya mAnane ke do kAraNa haiN| eka to purAtana anubhavI yoginoM ke kathana kI vartamAna ajJAna sthiti meM avahelanA na karanA / aura dUsarA vartamAna vaijJAnika khoja ke vikAsa para dhyAna denA / abhI taka ke prAyogika vijJAna ne TelIpathI, klevoyansa aura prIkognIzana kI sthApanA se itanA to siddha kara hI diyA hai ki deza-kAla kI maryAdA kA anikramaNa karake bhI zAna saMbhava hai / yaha saMbhava koTi yoga paraMparA ke RtaMbharA aura jaina zrAdi paraMparA kI sarvajJa dazA kI ora saMketa karatI hai| sarvajJatva kA itihAsa bhArata meM hara eka sampradAya kisI na kisI rUpa se sarvazatva ke Upara adhika . bhAra detA A rahA hai| hama Rgveda Adi vedoM ke purAne bhAgoM meM dekhate haiM ki

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jaina dharma aura darzana sUrya, varuNa, indra zrAdi kisI deva kI stuti meM sIdhe tAre se yA garmita rUpa se sarvazatva kA bhAva sUcita karane vAle sarvacetasa sahasracakSu zrAdi vizeSaNa prayukta haiM / upaniSadoM meM khAsakara purAne upaniSadoM meM bhI sarvajJatva ke sUcaka aura pratipAdaka vizeSaNa evaM varNana kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| yaha vastu itanA sAbita karane ke lie paryApta hai ki bhAratIya mAnasa apane sammAnya deva yA pUjya vyakti meM sarvajJatva kA bhAva zrAropita binA kiye saMtuSTa hotA na thaa| isIse hara eka sampradAya apane puraskartA yA mUla pravartaka mAne jAne vAle vyakti ko sarvajJa mAnatA thA / sAmpradAyika bAr3oM ke bAjAra meM sarvajJatva ke dvArA apane pradhAna puruSa kA mUlya zraoNkane aura a~kavAne kI itanI adhika hor3a lagI thI ki koI puruSa jise usake anuyAyI sarvajJa kahate aura mAnate the vaha khuda apane ko usa mAne meM sarvajJa na hone kI bAta kahe to anuyAyiyoM kI tapti hotI na thii| aisI paristhiti meM hara eka pravartaka yA tIrthakara kA usa-usa sampradAya ke dvArA sarvajJarUpa se mAnA jAnA aura usa rUpa meM usakI pratiSThA nirmANa karanA yaha anivArya bana jAya to koI Azcarya nhiiN| hama itihAsa kAla meM Akara dekhate haiM ki khuda buddha ne apane ko usa artha meM sarvaza mAnane kA inakAra kiyA hai ki jisa artha meM IzvaravAdI Izvara ko aura jaina loga mahAvIra Adi tIrthaGkaroM ko sarvajJa mAnate-manAte the| aisA hote hue bhI Age jAkara sarvazatva mAnane manAne kI hor3a ne buddha ke kucha ziSyoM ko aisA bAdhita kiyA ki ve IzvaravAdI aura puruSasarvajJatvavAdI kI taraha hI buddha kA sarvazatva yukti prayukti se sthApita kreN| isase spaSTa hai ki hara eka sAmpradAyika prAcArya aura dUsare anuyAyI apane sampradAya kI nIva sarvajJatva mAnanemanAne aura yukti se usakA sthApana karane meM dekhate the| isa tArkika hor3a kA pariNAma yaha AyA ki koI sampradAya apane mAnya puruSa yA deva ke sivAya dUsare sampradAya ke mAnya puruSa yA deva meM vaisA sarvajJatva mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM jaisA ki ve apane iSTatama puruSa yA deva meM saralatA se mAnate Ate the / isase pratyeka sampradAya ke bIca isa mAnyatA para lambe arase se bAda-vivAda hotA A rahA hai / aura sarvajJatva zraddhA kI vastu miTakara tarka kI vastu bana gyaa| jaba usakA sthApana taka ke dvArA honA zurU huA taba hara eka tArkika apane buddhi-bala kA upayoga naye-naye tarkoM ke udbhAvana meM karane lgaa| 1. Rgveda 1.23.3, 10.81.3 / 2. majjhimanikAya-cUlamAlukyaputtasutta pramANavArtika 2.32-33 / 3. tattvasaMgrahapaMjikA pR0863 /

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sarvazatva aura usakA artha 55 isake kAraNa eka tarapha se jaise sarvazatva ke aneka arthoM kI sRSTi huii| vaise hI usake samarthana kI aneka yuktiyA~ bhI vyavahAra meM zrAI / jainasaMmata artha: jahA~ taka jaina paramparA kA sambandha hai usameM sarvajJatva kA eka hI artha mAnA jAtA rahA hai aura vaha yaha ki eka hI samaya meM traikAlika samagra bhAvoM ko sAkSAt jaannaa| isameM zaka nahIM ki Aja jo purAne se purAnA jaina zrAgamoM kA bhAga upalabdha hai usameM bhI sarvajJatva ke ukta artha ke poSaka vAkya mila jAte haiM parantu sarvajJatva ke usa artha para tathA usake poSaka vAkyoM para svatantra buddhi se vicAra karane para tathA unhIM ati purANa Agamika bhAgoM meM pAye jAne vAle dUsare vAkyoM ke sAtha vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki mUla meM sarvajJasva kA vaha artha jaina paramparA ko bhI mAnya na thA jisa artha ko Aja vaha mAna rahI he aura jisakA samarthana saikar3oM varSa se hotA A rahA hai| prazna hogA ki taba jaina paramparA meM sarvajJatva kA asalI artha kyA thA? isakA uttara zrAcarAMga, bhagavatI Adi ke kucha purAne ullekhoM se mila jAtA hai| zrAcArAMga meM kahA hai ki jo eka ko jAnatA hai vaha sarva ko jAnatA hai| aura jo sabako jAnatA vaha eka ko jAnatA hai|' isa vAkya kA tAtparya TIkAkAroM aura tArkikoM ne eka samaya meM traikAlika samagra bhAvoM ke sAkSAtkArarUpa se phalita kiyA hai| parantu usa sthAna ke Age-pIche kA sambandha tathA Age pIche, ke vAkyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hama sIdhe taura se soceM to usa vAkya kA tAtparya dUsarA hI jAna par3atA hai| vaha tAtparya merI dRSTi se yaha hai ki jo eka mamatva, pramAda yA kaSAya ko jAnatA hai vaha usake krodhAdi sabhI AvirbhAvoM, paryAyoM yA prakAroM ko jAnatA hai aura jo krodha, mAna Adi saba AvirbhAvoM ko yA paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai vaha una saba paryAyoM ke mUla aura unameM anugata eka mamatva yA bandhana ko jAnatA hai| jisa prakaraNa meM ukta vAkya AyA hai vaha prakaraNa mumukSa ke lie kaSAyatyAga ke upadeza kA aura eka hI jar3a meM se jude-jude kaSAya rUpa pariNAma dikhAne kA hai| yaha bAta granthakAra ne pUrvokta vAkya se turaMta hI Age dUsare vAkya ke dvArA spaSTa kI hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'jo eka ko namAtA hai dabAtA hai yA vaza karatA hai vaha bahutoM ko namAtA dabAtA yA vaza karatA hai aura jo bahu ko namAtA hai vaha eka ko namAtA hai|' 1. tattvasaMgraha pR0 846. 2. AcA0 pR. 362 (dvi0 shraavRtti)| 3. je egaM jANaha se savvaM jANa je savvaM jANai se egaM jANa 3-4

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"556 jaina dharma aura darzana namAnA, dabAnA yA vaza karanA mumukSu ke lie kaSAya ke sivAya anya vastu meM lAgU ho nahIM sktaa| jisase isakA tAtparya yaha nikalatA hai ki jo mumukSu eka arthAt pramAda ko vaza karatA hai vaha bahuta kaSAyoM ko vaza karatA hai aura jo bahuta kaSAyoM ko vaza karatA hai vaha eka arthAt pramAda ko vaza "karatA hI hai| spaSTa hai ki namAne kI aura vaza karane kI vastu jaba kaSAya hai taba ThIka usake pahale Aye hue vAkya meM jAnane kI vastu bhI kaSAya hI 'prakaraNaprApta hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura jIvana zuddhi ke krama meM jaina tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se prAsrava ke jJAna kA aura usake nirodha kA hI mahattva hai / jisameM ki kAlika samagra bhAvoM ke sAkSAtkAra kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| usameM prazna uThatA hai to mUla doSa aura usake vividha AvirbhAvoM ke jAnane kA aura nivAraNa karane kaa| granthakAra ne vahA~ yahI bAta batalAI hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki usa prakaraNa ko khatama karate samaya unhoMne vaha bhAva 'je kohadaMsI se mANadaMsI, je mANadaMsI se mAyAdaMsI, je mAyAdaMsI se lobhadaMsI, je lobhadaMsI se pijjadaMsI, je pijjadaMsI se dosadaMsI, je dosadaMsI se mohadaMsI, je mohadaMsI se gabbhadaMsI, je gambhadaMsI se jammadaMsI, je jammadaMsI se mAradaMsI, je mAradaMsI se narayadaMsI, je narayadaMsI se niriyadaMsI, je niriyadaMsI se duksdNsii|' ityAdi zabdoM meM spaSTa rUpa meM prakaTa bhI kiyA hai| isalie 'je egaM jANaI' ityAdi vAkyoM kA jo tAtparya maiMne Upara batalAyA vahI vahA~ pUrNatayA saMgata hai aura dUsarA nhiiN| isalie merI rAya meM jaina paramparA meM sarvajJatva kA asalI artha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM upayogI saba tatvoM kA jJAna yahI honA cAhie; nahIM ki traikAlika samagra bhAvoM kA saakssaatkaar| ukta vAkyoM ko Age ke tArkikoM ne eka samaya meM kAlika bhAvoM ke sAkSAtkAra artha meM ghaTAne kI jo koziza kI hai| vaha sarvazatva sthApana kI sAmpradAyika hor3a kA natIjA mAtra hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM mahAbIra ke mukhya ziSya indrabhUti aura jamAlI kA eka saMvAda hai jo sarvajJatva ke artha para prakAza DAlatA hai| jamAlI mahAbIra kA pratidvaMdvI hai| use usake anuyAyI sarvajJa mAnate hoMge / isalie jaba vaha eka bAra indrabhUti se milA to indrabhUti ne usase prazna kiyA ki kaho jamAlI! tuma yadi sarvajJa ho to javAba do ki loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata 1 jamAlI cupa rahA tisa para mahAvIra ne kahA ki tuma kaise sarvajJa ? dekho isakA uttara mere asarvaza ziSya de sakate haiM to bhI maiM uttara detA hU~ ki 1. syAdvAdamaMjarI kA0 1. / 2. bhagavatI 1.6 /

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sarvazatva aura usakA artha 557.. dravyArthika dRSTi se loka zAzvata hai aura paryAyArthika dRSTi se azAzvata / mahAvIra ke isa uttara se sarvazatva ke jainAbhipreta artha ke asalI stara kA patA cala jAtA hai ki jo dravya-paryAya ubhaya dRSTi se pratipAdana karatA hai vahI sarvajJa hai| mahAvIra ne jamAlI ke sammukha eka samaya meM traikAlika bhAvoM ko sAkSAt jAnanevAle rUpa se apane ko varNita nahIM kiyA hai| jisa rUpa meM unhoMne apane ko sarvajJa varNita kiyA vaha rUpa sArI jaina paramparA ke mUla gata srota se mela bhI khAtA hai aura AcArAMga ke uparyukta ati purAne ullekhoM se bhI mela khAtA hai| usameM na to atyukti hai, na alpokti; kiMtu vAstavika sthiti nirUpita huI hai| isalie merI rAya meM jaina paramparA meM mAne-jAnevAle sarvajJatva kA asalI artha vahI honA cAhie na ki pichalA tarka se siddha kiyA jAnevAlA-eka samaya meM sarva bhAvoM kA sAkSAtkAra rUpa artha / maiM apane vicAra kI puSTi meM kucha aise bhI saMvAdi pramANa kA nirdeza karanA ucita samajhatA hU~ jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pUrvakAlIna evaM samakAlIna haiN| hama purAne upaniSadoM meM dekhate haiM ki eka brahmatattva ke jAna lene para anya saba avijJAta vijJAta ho jAtA hai aisA spaSTa varNana hai aura isake samarthana meM vahIM dRSTAnta rUpa se mRttikA kA nirdeza karake batalAyA hai ki jaise eka hI mRttikA satya hai, dUsare ghaTa-zarAva Adi vikAra usI ke nAmarUpa mAtra haiM, vaise hI eka hI brahma pAramArthika satya hai bAkI kA vizva prapaMca usI kA vilAsamAtra hai (jaina paribhASA meM kaheM to bAkI kA sArA jagata brahma kA paryAyamAtra hai|) usakI parabrahma se alaga sattA nahIM / upaniSad ke RSi kA bhAra brahmajJAna para hai, isalie vaha brahma ko hI mUla meM pAramArthika kahakara bAkI ke prapaMca ko usase bhinna mAnane para jora nahIM detA / yaha mAno huI sarvasammata bAta hai ki jo jisa tattva kA mukhyatayA jJeya, upAdeya yA heya rUpa se pratipAdana karanA cAhatA hai vaha usI para adhika se adhika bhAra detA hai| upaniSadoM kA pratipAdya Atmatattva yA parabrahma hai| isIlie usI ke jJAna para bhAra dete hue RSiyoM ne kahA ki prAtmatattva ke jAna lene para saba kucha jAna liyA jAtA hai| isa sthala para mRttikA kA dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai, vaha bhI itanA hI sUcita karatA hai ki jude-jude vikAroM aura paryAyoM meM mRttikA anugata hai, vaha vikAroM kI taraha asthAyI nahIM, jaisA ki vizva ke prapaMca meM brahma asthAyI nhiiN| hama upaniSadagata 1. aAtmano vA are darzanena zravaNena matyA vijJAnenedaM sarva viditaM. bhavati--bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2. 4.5 /

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558 * jaina dharma aura darzana isa varNana meM yaha spaSTa dekhate haiM ki isameM dravya zrIra paryAya donoM kA varNana hai| para bhAra adhika dravya para hai| isameM kArya-kAraNa donoM kA varNana hai; para bhAra to adhika mUla kAraNa-dravya para hI hai| aisA hone kA sababa yahI hai ki upaniSada ke RSi mukhyatayA zrAtmasvarUpa ke nirUpaNa meM hI dattacitta haiM aura dUsarA saba varNana usI ke samarthana meM hai / yaha aupaniSadika bhAva dhyAna meM rakhakara zrAcArAMga ke 'je egaM jANai se savvaM jANai' isa vAkya kA artha aura prakaraNa saMgati soceM to spaSTa dhyAna meM A jAyagA ki AcArAMga kA ukta vAkya dravya paryAyaparaka mAtra hai| jaina paramparA upaniSadoM kI taraha eka mAtra brahma yA Atma dravya ke akhaNDa jJAna para bhAra nahIM detI, vaha AtmA kI yA dravyamAtra kI bhinnabhinna paryAya rUpa avasthAoM ke jJAna para bhI utanA hI bhAra pahale se detI AI hai| isIlie AcArAMga meM dUsarA vAkya aisA hai ki jo sabako-paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai vaha eka ko--dravya ko jAnatA hai| isa artha kI jamAlI-indrabhUti saMvAda se tulanA kI jAya to isameM sandeha hI nahIM rahatA ki jaina-paramparA kA sarvajJatva saMbaMdhI dRSTikoNa mUla meM kevala itanA hI thA ki dravya aura paryAya ubhaya ko samAna bhAva se jAnanA hI jJAna kI pUrNatA hai| baddha jaba mAlukya putra nAmaka apane ziSya se kahate haiM ki maiM cAra Arya satyoM ke jJAna kA hI dAvA karatA hU~ aura dUsare agamya evaM kAlpanika tattvoM ke jJAna kA nahIM, taba vaha vAstavika bhUmikA para hai / usI bhUmikA ke sAtha mahAvIra ke sarvajJatva kI tulanA karane para bhI phalita yahI hotA hai ki atyukti yA alpokti nahIM karane vAle saMtaprakRti ke mahAvIra dravyaparyAyavAda kI purAnI nirgrantha paramparA ke jJAna ko hI sarvajJatvarUpa mAnate hoMge / jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM itanA pharka avazya rahA hai ki aneka tArkika bauddha vidvAnoM ne buddha ko traikAlikajJAna ke dvArA sarvajJa sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai tathApi aneka asAdhAraNa bauddha vidvAnoM ne unako sIdhe sAde artha meM hI sarvajJa ghaTAyA hai| jaba ki jaina paramparA meM sarvajJa kA sIdhA sAdA artha bhulA diyA jAkara usake sthAna meM tarkasiddha artha hI pracalita aura pratiSThita ho gayA hai aura usI artha ke saMskAra meM palane vAle jaina tArkika prAcAryoM ko bhI yaha socanA ati muzkila ho gayA hai ki eka samaya meM sarva bhAvoM ke sAkSAtkArarUpa sarvajJatva kaise asaMgata hai ? isalie ve jisa taraha ho, mAmUlI gairamAmUlI saba yuktiyoM se apanA abhipreta sarvajJatva siddha karane ke lie hI utArU rahe haiM / 1. cUlamAlukya sutta /

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1e sarvazatva aura usakA artha - karIba DhAI hajAra varSa kI zAstrIya jaina-paramparA meM hama eka hI apavAda pAte haiM jo sarvazatva ke artha kI dUsarI bAjU kI ora saMketa karatA hai| vikrama kI AThavIM zatAbdI meM yAkinIsUnu haribhadra nAmaka AcArya hue haiN| unhoMne apane aneka tarkagranthoM meM sarvajJatva kA samarthana usI artha meM kiyA hai jisa artha meM apane pUrvavartI zvetAmbara digambara aneka vidvAn karate Aye haiN| phira bhI unakI tArkika tathA samabhAvazIla satyagrAhI buddhi meM vaha samarthana akharA jAna par3atA hai| haribhadra jaba yoga jaise adhyAtmika aura satyagAmI viSaya para likhane lage to unheM yaha bAta bahuta khaTakI ki mahAvIra ko to sarvajJa kahA jAya aura sugata, kapila Adi jo vaise hI AdhyAtmika hue haiM unheM sarvajJa kahA yA mAnA na jAya / yadyapi ve apane tarkapradhAna granthoM meM sugata, kapila zrAdi ke sarvajJatva kA niSedha kara cuke the; para yoga ke viSaya ne unakI dRSTi badala dI aura unhoMne apane suprasiddha grantha yogadRSTisamuccaya meM sugata, kapila Adi sabhI AdhyAtmika aura sadguNI puruSoM ke sarvazatva ko nirvivAda rUpa se mAna liyA aura usakA samarthana bhI kiyA ( kA0 102-108) / samarthana karanA isalie anivArya ho gayA thA ki ve eka bAra sugata kapila Adi ke sarvajJatva kA niSedha kara cuke the. para aba unheM vaha tarkajAla mAtra lagatI thI ( kA0 140-147) / haribhadra kA upajIvana aura anugamana karanevAle aMtima prabalatama jaina tArkika yazovijayajI ne bhI apanI kutarkagrahanivRtti dvAtriMzikA meM haribhadra kI bAta kA hI nirbhayatA se aura spaSTatA se samarthana kiyA hai| hAlAMki yazovijayayI ne bhI anya aneka granthoM meM sugata Adi ke sarvajJatva kA Atyantika khaNDana kiyA hai| hamAre yahA~ bhArata meM eka yaha bhI praNAlI rahI hai ki prabala se prabala ciMtaka aura tArkika bhI purAnI mAnyatAoM kA samarthana karate rahe aura nayA satya prakaTa karane meM kabhI-kabhI hicakAe bhii| yadi haribhadra ne vaha satya yogadRSTisamuccaya meM jAhira kiyA na hotA to upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kitane hI bahuta tArkika vidvAna kyoM na hoM para zAyada hI sarvajJatva ke isa maulika bhAva kA samarthana karate / isalie 1. dharmavAda ke kSetra meM zraddhAgamya vastu ko kevala tarkabala se sthApita karane kA zrAgraha hI kutarkagraha hai / isakI carcA meM upAdhyAyajI ne battIsI meM mukhyatayA sarvajJaviSayaka prazna hI liyA hai| aura zrA0 haribhadra ke bhAva ko samagra battIsI meM itanA vistAra aura vaizadya ke sAtha prakaTa kiyA hai ki jise par3hakara taTastha cintaka ke mana meM nizcaya hotA hai ki sarvajJatva eka mAtra zraddhAgamya hai, aura tarkagamya nhiiN|

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560 jaina dharma aura darzana sabhI gaNavAn sarvajJa haiM--isa udAra aura nirvyAja asAmpradAyika kathana kA zreya jaina paramparA meM prAcArya haribhadra ke sivAya dUsare kisI ke nAma para nahIM jAtA / haribhadra kI yogadRSTigAminI vaha ukti bhI mAtra usa grantha meM suSupta rUpa se nihita hai| usakI ora jaina-paramparA ke vidvAn yA cintaka na to dhyAna dete haiM aura na saba logoM ke sAmane usakA bhAva hI prakAzita karate haiN| ve jAnate hae bhI isa Dara se anajAna bana jAte haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kA sthAna phira itanA U~cA na rahegA, ve sAdhAraNa anya yogI jaise hI ho jaayNge| isa Dara aura satya kI ora A~kha mUMdane ke kAraNa sarvajJatva kI cAlU mAnyatA meM kitanI bezumAra asaMgatiyA~ paidA huI haiM aura nayA vicAraka jagata kisa taraha sarvajJatva ke cAlU artha se sakAraNa Uba gayA hai, isa bAta para paNDita yA tyAgI vidvAn vicAra hI nahIM krte| ve kevala unhIM sarvajJatva samarthaka dalIloM kA nirjIva aura niHsAra punarAvartana karate rahate haiM jinakA vicArajagata meM aba koI vizeSa mUlya nahIM rahA hai| sarvajJavicAra kI bhUmikAe~ Upara ke varNana se yaha bhalI bhA~ti mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki sarvajJatva viSayaka bicAradhArA kI mukhya cAra bhUmikAe~ haiM / pahalI bhUnikA meM sUkta ke praNetA / RSi apane-apane stutya aura mAnya devoM kI sarvajJatva ke sUcaka vizeSaNoM ke dvArA kevala mahattA bhara gAte haiM, unakI prazaMsA bhara karate haiM, arthAt apaneapane iSTatama deva kI asAdhAraNatA darzita karate haiN| vahA~ unakA tAtparya vaha nahIM hai jo Age jAkara una vizeSaNoM se nikAlA jAtA hai| dUsarI bhUmikA vaha hai jisameM RSiyoM aura vidvAnoM ko prAcIna bhASA samRddhi ke sAtha ukta vizeSaNarUpa zabda bhI virAsata meM mile haiM, para ve RSi yA saMta una vizeSaNoM kA artha apane DhaMga se sUcita karate haiN| jisa RSi ko purAne devoM ke sthAna meM eka mAtra brahmatattva yA zrAtmatatva hI pratipAdya tathA stutya a~catA hai vaha RSi usa tattva ke jJAna mAtra meM sarvajJatva dekhatA hai aura jo saMta Atmatatva ke bajAya usake sthAna meM heya aura upAdeya rUpa se prAcAra mArga kA prAdhAnya sthApita karanA cAhatA hai vaha usI AcAramArgAntargata caturvidha Arya satya ke darzana meM hI sarvajJatva kI itizrI mAnatA hai aura jo saMta ahiMsApradhAna zrAcAra para tathA dravya-pardAtha dRSTirUpa vibhajyavAda ke svIkAra para adhika bhAra denA cAhatA hai vaha usI ke jJAna meM sarvazatva samajhatA hai / tIsarI bhUmikA vaha hai jisameM dUsarI bhUmikA kI vAstavikatA aura anubhavagamyatA ke sthAna meM tarkamUlaka sarvajJatva ke

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sarvajJatva aura usakA artha 561 artha kI aura usakI sthApaka yuktiyoM kI kalpanAsRSTi vikasita hotI hai| jisameM anubhava aura samabhAva kI avagaNanA hokara apane-apane mAnya devoM yA puruSoM kI mahattA gAne kI dhuna meM dUsaroM kI vAstavika mahattA kA bhI tiraskAra kiyA jAtA hai yA vaha bhUlA dI jAtI hai / cauthI bhUmikA vaha hai jisameM phiraH anubhava aura mAdhyasthya kA tattva jAgarita hokara dUsarI bhUmikA kI vAstavikatA aura buddhigamyatA ko apanAyA jAtA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki yaha cauthI bhUmikA hI satya ke nikaTa hai, kyoMki vaha dUsarI bhUmikA se tatvataH mela khAtI hai. aura mithyA kalpanAoM ko tathA sAmpradAyikatA kI hor3a ko sthAna nahIM detii| I0 1646 ] aprakAzita ]

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'nyAyAvatAravArtikavRtti' siMghI jaina granthamAlA kA prastuta grantharatna aneka dRSTi se mahattvavAlA evaM upayogI hai| isa grantha meM tIna kartAoM kI kRttiyA~ sammilita haiN| siddhasena divAkara jo jaina tarkazAstra ke zrAdya praNetA haiM unakI 'nyAyAvatAra' choTI-sI padyabaddha kRti isa grantha kA mUla AdhAra hai / zAntyAcArya ke padyabaddha vArtika aura gadyamaya vRtti ye donoM 'nyAyAvatAra' kI vyAkhyAe~ haiN| mUla tathA vyAkhyA meM Aye hue mantavyoM meM se aneka mahattvapUrNa mantavyoM ko lekara una para aitihAsika evaM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se likhe hue sAragarbhita tathA bahuzrutatApUrNa TippaNa, ativistRta prastAvanA aura anta ke teraha pariziSTa-yaha saba prastuta grantha ke sampAdaka zrIyuta paMDita mAlavaNiyA ko kRti hai| ina tInoM kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya, viSayAnukrama evaM prastAvanA ke dvArA acchI taraha ho jAtA hai / ataeva isa bAre meM yahA~ adhika likhanA anAvazyaka hai| prastuta grantha ke saMpAdana kI viziSTatA yadi samabhAva aura viveka kI maryAdA kA atikramaNa na ho to kisI atiparicita vyakti ke viSaya meM likhate samaya pakSapAta evaM anaucitya doSa se bacanA bahuta sarala hai| zrIyuta dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA mere vidyArthI, sahasampAdaka, sahAdhyApaka aura mitrarUpa se ciraparicita haiN| inhoMne isa grantha ke sampAdana kA bhAra jaba se hAtha meM liyA taba se isakI pUrNAhuti taka kA maiM nikaTa sAkSI huuN| inhoMne TippaNa, prastAvanA Adi jo kucha bhI likhA hai usako maiM pahale hI se yathAmati dekhatA tathA usa para vicAra karatA AyA hU~, isase maiM yaha to niHsaMkoca kaha sakatA hU~ ki bhAratIya darzanazAstra ke-khAsakara pramANazAstra ke-abhyAsiyoM ke lie zrIyuta mAlavaNiyA ne apanI kRti meM jo sAmagrI saMcita va vyavasthita kI hai tathA vizleSaNapUrvaka usa para jo apanA vicAra pragaTa kiyA hai, vaha saba anyatra kisI eka jagaha durlabha hI nahIM alabhya-prAya hai| yadyapi TippaNa, prastAvanA Adi saba kucha jaina paramparA ko kendrasthAna meM rakhakara likhA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI saMbhava sthaloM meM tulanA karate samaya, karIba-karIba samagra bhAratIya darzanoM kA taTastha avalokanapUrvaka aisA UhApoha kiyA hai ki vaha carcA kisI bhI darzana ke abhyAsI ke lie lAbhaprada siddha ho ske|

Page #913
nyAyAvatAra vArtika vRtti 563 prastuta grantha ke chupate samaya TippaNa, prastAvanA Adi ke phArma ( Forms) kaI bhinna-bhinna darzana ke paMDita evaM prophesara par3hane ke lie le gae, aura unhoMne par3hakara binA hI pUche, ekamata se jo abhiprAya prakaTa kiyA hai vaha mere uparyukta kathana kA nitAnta samarthaka hai| maiM bhAratIya pramANazAstra ke adhyApaka, paMDita evaM prophesaroM se itanA hI kahanA Avazyaka samajhatA hU~ ki ve yadi prastuta TippaNa, prastAvanA va pariziSTa dhyAnapUrvaka par3ha jAe~ge to unheM apane adhyApana, lekhana Adi kArya meM bahumUlya madada milegI / merI rAya meM kama se kama jaina pramANazAstra ke ucca abhyAsiyoM ke lie, TippaNoM kA amuka bhAga tathA prastAvanA pAThya grantha meM sarvathA rakhane yogya hai; jisase ki jJAna kI sImA, evaM dRSTikoNa vizAla bana sake aura darzana ke mukhyaprANa saMpradAyika bhAva kA vikAsa ho sake / 1 TippaNa aura prastAvanAgata carcA, bhinna-bhinna kAlakhaNDa ko lekara kI gaI hai| TippaNoM meM kI gaI carcA mukhyatayA vikrama kI paMcama zatAbdI se lekara 17 vIM zatAbdI taka ke dArzanika vicAra kA sarza karatI hai; jabaki prastAvanA meM kI huI carcA mukhyatayA lagabhaga vikramapUrva sahasrAbdI se lekara vikrama ko paMcama zatA-bdI taka ke pramANa prameya saMbaMdhI dArzanika vicArasaraNI ke vikAsa kA sparza karatI hai / isa taraha prastuta grantha meM eka taraha se lagabhaga DhAI hajAra varSa kI dArzanika vicAradhArAtroM ke vikAsa kA vyApaka nirUpaNa hai; jo eka tarapha se jaina- paramparA ko aura dUsarI tarapha se samAnakAlIna yA bhinnakAlIna jainetara paramparAoM ko vyAsa karatA hai / isameM jo teraha pariziSTa haiM ve mUla vyAkhyA yA TippaNa ke pravezadvAra yA unake avalokanArtha netrasthAnIya haiM / zrIyuta mAlavaNiyA kI kRti kI vizeSatA kA saMkSepa meM sUcana karanA ho, to inakI bahuzrutatA, taTasthatA aura kisI bhI prazna ke mUla ke khojane kI ora jhukanevAlI dArzanika dRSTi kI satafar dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai / isakA mUla granthakAra divAkara kI kRti ke sAtha vikAsakAlIna sAmaMjasya hai / jaina granthoM ke prakAzana saMbaMdha meM do bAteM neka vyaktiyoM ke tathA saMsthAnoM ke dvArA, jaina paramparA ke choTe-bar3e sabhI phirakoM meM prAcIna arvAcIna granthoM ke prakAzana kA kArya bahuta joroM se hotA dekhA jAtA hai, parantu adhikatara prakAzana sAMpradAyika saMkucita bhAvanA aura svAgrahI manovRtti ke dyotaka hote haiM / unameM jitanA dhyAna saMkucita, svamatAviSTa vRtti kA rakhA jAtA hai utanA jainatva ke prANabhUta samabhAva va anekAnta dRSTimUlaka satyasparzI ataeva nirbhaya jJAnopAsanA kA nahIM rakhA jAtA / bahudhA yaha

Page #914
564 jaina dharma aura darzana bhalA diyA jAtA hai ki anekAnta ke nAma se kahA~ taka anekAnta dRSTi kI upAsanA hotI hai / prastuta grantha ke saMpAdaka ne, jahA~ taka maiM samajha pAyA hU~, aisI koI svAgrahI manovRtti se kahIM socane likhane kA jAna-bUjhakara prayatna nahIM kiyA hai / yaha dhyeya 'siMghI jaina granthamAlA' ke saMpAdaka aura pradhAna saMpAdaka kI manovRtti ke bahuta anurUpa hai aura vartamAnayugIna vyApaka jJAna khoja kI dizA kA hI eka viziSTa saMketa hai| maiM yahA~ para eka kaTuka satya kA nirdeza kara dene kI apanI naitika javAbadehI samajhatA huuN| jainadharma ke prabhAvaka mAne manAe jAnevAle jJAnopAsanAmUlaka sAhitya prakAzana jaise pavitra kArya meM bhI pratiSThAlolupatAmUlaka cauryavRtti kA duSkalaMka kabhI-kabhI dekhA jAtA hai / sAMsArika kAmoM meM cauyavRtti kA bacAva aneka loga aneka taraha se kara lete haiM, para dharmAbhimukha jJAna ke kSetra meM usakA bacAva kisI bhI taraha kSantavya nahIM hai / yaha ThIka hai ki prAcIna kAla meM bhI jJAna corI hoto thI jisake dyotaka 'vaiyAkaraNazcauraH' 'kavizcauraH' jaise vAkyoddharaNa hamAre sAhitya meM Aja bhI milate haiM; parantu satyalakSI darzana aura dharma kA dAvA karane vAle pahale aura Aja bhI isa vRtti se apane vicAra va lekhana ko dUSita hone nahIM dete aura aisI cauryavRtti ko anya corI kI taraha pUrNatayA ghRNita samajhate haiN| pAThaka dekheMge ki prastuta grantha ke saMpAdaka ne aisI ghRNita vRtti se nakha-zikha bacane kA samAna prayatna kiyA hai| TippaNa hoM yA prastAvanA-jahA~-jahA~ nae purAne granthakAroM evaM lekhakoM se thor3A bhI aMza liyA ho vahA~ una saba kA yA unake granthoM kA spaSTa nAma nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| saMpAdaka ne anekoM ke pUrva prayatna kA avazya upayoga kiyA hai aura usase aneka guNa lAbha bhI uThAyA hai para kahIM bhI anya ke prayatna ke yaza ko apanA banAne kI prakaTa yA aprakaTa ceSTA nahIM kI hai| merI dRSTi meM sacce saMpAdaka kI pratiSThA kA yaha eka mukhya AdhAra hai jo dUsarI aneka truTiyoM ko bhI kSantavya banA detA hai| merI taraha paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA kI bhI mAtRbhASA gujarAtI hai / grantharUpa meM hindI meM itanA vistRta likhane kA inakA zAyada yaha prathama hI prayatna hai| isalie koI aisI AzA to nahIM rakha sakatA ki mAtRbhASA jaisI inakI hindI bhASA ho; parantu rASTrIya bhASA kA pada hindI ko isalie milA hai ki vaha haraeka prAnta vAle ke lie apane-apane DhaMga se sugama ho jAtI hai| prastuta hindI lekhana koI sAhityika lekharUpa nahIM hai| isameM to dArzanika vicAraviveka hI mukhya hai | jo darzana ke aura pramANazAstra ke jijJAsu evaM adhikArI haiM unhIM ke upayoga kI prastuta kRti hai| vaise jijJAsu aura adhikArI ke lie bhASAtatva

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565 nyAyAvatAra vArtika vRtti gauNa hai aura vicAratattva hI mukhya hai| isa dRSTi se dekheM to kahanA hogA ki mAtRbhASA na hote hue bhI rASTrIya bhASA meM saMpAdaka ne jo sAmagrI rakhI hai vaha rASTrIya bhASA ke nAte vyApaka upayoga kI vastu bana gaI hai| jaina pramANazAstra kA naI dRSTi se sAMgopAMga adhyayana karanevAle ke lie isake pahale bhI kaI mahattva ke prakAzana hue haiM jinameM 'sanmatitarka', 'pramANamImAMsA', 'jJAnabiMdu', 'akalaMkagranthatraya', 'nyAyakumudacandra' Adi mukhya haiM / prastuta grantha unhIM granthoM ke anusaMdhAna meM par3hA jAya to bhAratIya pramANazAstroM meM jaina pramANazAstra kA kyA sthAna hai isakA jJAna bhalIbhA~ti ho sakatA hai, aura sAtha hI jainetara aneka paramparAoM ke dArzanika mantavyoM kA rahasya bhI sphuTa ho sakatA hai| siMghI jaina granthamAlA kA kAryavaiziSTya siMghI jaina granthamAlA ke sthApaka sva. bAbU bahAdura siMhajI svayaM zraddhAzIla jaina the para unakA dRSTikoNa sAmpradAyika na hokara udAra va satyalakSI thaa| bAbUjI ke dRSTikoNa ko vizada aura mUrtimAn banAnevAle granthamAlA ke mukhya saMpAdaka haiN| AcArya zrIjinavijayajI kI vividha vidyopAsanA pantha kI saMkucita manovRtti se sarvathA mukta hai| jinhoMne granthamAlA ke abhI taka ke prakAzanoM ko dekhA hogA, unheM mere kathana kI yathArthatA meM zAyada hI saMdeha hogaa| granthamAlA kI prANapratiSThA aisI hI bhAvanA meM hai jisakA asara granthamAlA ke haraeka saMpAdaka kI manovRtti para jAne anajAne par3atA hai| jo-jo saMpAdaka vicArasvAtanya evaM nirbhayasatya ke upAsaka hote haiM unheM apane cintana lekhana kArya meM granthamAlA kI ukta bhUmikA bahuta kucha suavasara pradAna karatI hai aura sAtha hI granthamAlA bhI aise satyAnveSI saMpAdakoM ke sahakAra se uttarottara projasvI evaM samayAnurUpa banatI jAtI hai| isI kI vizeSa pratIti prastuta kRti bhI karAnevAlI siddha hogii| I0 1646 ] [ nyAyAvatAra vArtika vRtti kA 'Adi vAkya'

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Page #917
aMguttara 4, 5, 47, 57, 76, 94, 101-105, 106, 112, 114, 219 akabara 77, 455 akalaMka 365 - 366, 367, 384, 385, 487, 402, 41, 443, 460, 463, 465, 470 ke samaya kI carcA 466, 476 aura haribhadra 479 - 480, 481 akalaMka prathatraya 466 * kA prAkkathana 470, 476 akSapAda 367, 368 akhaNDa 168, 171 17 205 pravAha rUpa se 205 aGka aGga vidyA sUcI acela 12, 47 acela - sacelatva 13, 88 pArzva- mahAvIra kI paraMparA ma ajAtazatru ( kuNika) kI mahAvIra se mulAkAta 97 ajitakesakambalI 32 ajita prasAda 483 ajJAna-darzanamoha zravidyA 125 : hiMsA kA mUla 126 228 mUla aura avasthA 313 kI tona zaktiyA~ 438 -kI tIna zaktiyA~ aura jaina sammata trividha AramabhAva ko tulanA 439. zrajJAnanAza 454 ajJAnI 276 aticArasaMzodhana 186 atIndriya 428 adRSTa 225 paramANuguNa 396 paudgalika 366, 431 zradvaitagAmI 163 zradvaitamAtra 162 advaitavAda 437 zradvaitavAdI 127 advaitasiddhi 437 adhyAtma 20, 291, 263 adhyAtmamataparIkSA 277 adhyAtmazAstra 223 anakSarazruta 419 anagAra kA AcAra 74 anantavIrya 366, 387, 476, 476 anabhilApya 504 anAgAmI 294 anAtmavAda 134 anAhAraka 318 chadmastha aura vItarAga 318 vakragati kI apekSA svakA kAlamAna vyavahAra nizcaya dRSTile 318 318 318.

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anAhArakatva 341 anindriya 353 nindriyAdhipatya 352, 353 270 anirvacanIya 163, 168 nivRttikaraNa 269, anugama 406, -chaH vibhAga 407 anuttarovavAI 61, anumAna 372, 383 ke avayavoM kI prAyogika vyavasthA 372 anuyoga 380, anuyogadvAra 381, 401, 405 406, 407, 485 anuzAsana parva 84 anekAnta nirvikalpaka savikalpaka 441, 454 kI vyApti 482 anekAntajayapatAkA 366 [ 568 ] TIkA 451 anekAntadRSTi 131, 423 anekAntavAda 123 vibhajyavAda aura madhyama mArga kI maryAdA 148, 123 jainadharmakI mUla dRSTikA vikAsamImAMsaka, jaina, sAMkhya ke mUla tattva 151 kI khoja kA uddezya aura usakA prakAzana 151 viSayaka sAhitya se phalitavAda nayavAda, saptabhaMgIvAda kA asara 102 154 154 155 ke samAlocaka 155 vyavahAra meM prayoga 156, 161 bhedAbhedAdi vAdoM kA samanvaya 164 165 samudra kA dRSTAnta vRkSa vana kA dRSTAnta 166, 167 kaTakakuMDala kA dRSTAnta 161 apekSA yA naya makAna kA dRSTAnta darzanAntara meM sthAna 172,364, 369, 476, 500 500 502 350 377 363 350 436 aura vibhajyavAda nayavAda saptabhaMgI anekAntavAdI anekAntavyavasthA anekAntasthApanayuga zrapAya nevavAdI antarAtmA antardRSTi anyathAnupapatti avaya aparigraha aparyApta do bheda zve0 diga0 mata punarAvRttisthAna punarbandhaka punarbandhakadvAtriMzikA pUrva pUrvakaraNa pUrvAvayavavAda apekSA appayadIkSita 170 170 516, 520, 540 303 303 304 441 275 261 290 176-160 371 171 260, 225 266, 270 169 170 464

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426 . . 0 0 0 [ 566 ] 503 apramattasaMyata , 272 | pravaktavya abhayakumAra 107 avagraha abhayadeva 14,61,80,366, 387, avadhAna 449,451, 452, 476, 517 avadhi 382, 103, 452 manaHabhayarAjasutta 107 yAyakA akya 383, 403 424, abhAvarUpatA abhijAti darzanAntarase tulenA 425 gozAlaka aura pUraNa kassapa 112 | avadhidarzana 321, 341 jaina 112, -bauddha 112 __ke guNa sthAnoM meM matabheda 321 abhijJA 295 avAstavavAdI 350 abhidhammatthasaMgaho avidyA 225, 228, 280 abhidharma 422 avestA 407 abhidharma koSa 415 avyavahAra rAzi 281 abhedagAminI azoka 51, 56, 516 abhedavAda 162 azratanizrita 104 autpattikI prAdi abhyAsa abhrAnta pada azvamedhIya parva 84, 85 amArighoSaNA 77 aSTazatI 443, 465 zraSTasahastrI 443, 458, 471 474, arahA 294 477 arihaMta 528 asatkAryavAda 163 aura siddha 528 asadvAda 163, 163 ke atizaya asamAnatA 161 nizcaya vyavahAra dRSTi se 530 asaMprajJAta 290, 292, 293 ko prathama namaskAra 530 aspRzyatA 45 arghaTa 367, 473 | ahamadAbAda 455, 466 arjuna ahiMsA 75, 6, 123, 125, arthAnugama 125, 157, 408,412, 416, cAra prakAra, prAcIna aura haribhadra 417,506, 510,518, 533, ke anusAra 544. kI bhAvanA kA pracAra va vikAsa 75 ardhamAgadhI 484 alaMkAra 464 advaita 76 .. . .... alabarUnI kA AdhAra zrAsmasamAnatA 124 alamansUrA .... . ... 466 / dvaita aura adveta dvArA samarthana 125 0 122

Page #920
* WM [ 570 ] dvaita aura advaita dRSTi se 125 / zrAtmavidyA 123, 124 jainadharma ke anusAra 408 utkrAntivAda 124 svarUpa aura vikAsa 412 AtmasamAnatA 124 vicAra kI kramika bhUmikA 416 ke AdhAra para ahiMsA 124 jaina bicAra va vaidika vicAra ko zrAtmasvarUpa 127 tulanA 417 dArzanikoM ke mata 127 jaina raSTi se 406 zrAtmA 218, 223, 226, 232, gAMdhIjI kI dRSTi se 510 248;276,278,436,595, 527 ahiMsAvAdI 504 svataMtra 226 ahetuvAda 163, 550 astitva meM pramANa 226 pAgama 64, 70, 72, 153, ke viSaya meM vijJAna 232 256, 371,383, 403, 420 kA tyAga digambara dvArA tIna avasthAeM, (bahirAsma, anta 64 kI prAcInatA rAtma va paramAtma) 276 prAmANya vicAra darzanAntara se tulanA 278 jaina netara tulanA aura jIva 525 420 astitva 527 AgamaprAmANya 36 zrAgamayuga 363 zrAtmAdvaitavAdI 124 AgamavAda 166 __ ahiMsA kA samarthana 124 AgamAdhipatya 352, 353 Atmaupamya 413 prAgamika 55, 380 AdityapurANa 85 sAhityakA aitihAsika sthAna 55 | AdhyAtmika utkrAnti 128 AgarA 456 zrApaNo dharma 504 AgrAyaNIya pUrva 211 Apastamba 44 zrAcAra (pAzrvakA) prAptaparIkSA 367, 471, 474, 477 vicAra bauddha dRSTi se 16 prAptamImAMsA 364, 443, 465, AcArAMga 5, 13, 38, 36, 40, 474, 474, 477, 551 47, 51, 61, 68, 66, 74, | Ayu 343 88,86,66,67,121, 122, prAyojikAkaraNa 321 124,413, 504,504, 555 | prAraMbhavAda 355, 356, 356, AcArAMga niyukti 302 kA svarUpa 356 AcArAMga vRtti 301 Adi vAdoM kA krama 356 prAjIvaka 12, 50 Arya uposatha 102, 103 AtmaghAta 533 bhAryarakSita 381, 106, 485

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[ 571 ] AryasamAja 83 TIkA grantha 166 AvaraNa 362, 363 AbRtAnAvRtatva 393, 364 klezAbaraNa jJeyAvaraNa 363 virodhaparihAra 393 saMskAra rUpa 363 vedAnta meM anupapatti 364 abhAvarUpa 363 Azaya 125 jaDadravyarUpa 363 pAsava 6 mUla avidyA 363 pAnavabandha 498 jJAnAvaraNake paryAya 363 AhAra 60, 340 zrAvaraNakSaya 431 sAmiSa nirAmiSa 60 zrAvarjitakaraNa 326 zrAvazyaka 174, 175, 176, 177, | AhAraka 323 160, 194, 200, kevalI ke AhAra kA vicAra 323 kI anya dharma se tulanA 174 / itihAsa 62 digambara aura zvetAmbara 174 kA aMgulI nirdeza 62 sthAnakavAsImeM 175 idamitthaMvAdI 349 kA artha 176 inDiyana philosophI ( rAdhAkRSNana) ke paryAya 177 indra 503 kA itihAsa 160 164 indramUti 31, 37, 38, 40 ke viSaya meM zve. diga0 200 indrabhUti gautama 6, 10 AvazyakakaraNa 326 indriya 222, 300 Avazyaka kriyA 174, 177, 180, dravyabhAva 300 182 indriyajJAna 371 / / sAmAyikAdikA svarUpa 107 sAmAyikAdike krama kI upa- indriyAdhipatya 355 kA vyApAra krama 371 patti 180 | Izvara 212, 213, 218, 353, kI AdhyAtmikatA 182 373, 428, 554 Avazyaka niyukti 177, 294, 306, IzvarabhAva 223 378, 401, 405, 502 utkrAntimArga 246 AvazyakavRtti 175, 200, 268 | utkrAntivAda 124 306, 326, ( ziSyahitA ) / ke mUla meM prAtmasAmya 124 20. 298, 301 uttarAdhyayana 5, 45, 46, 47, 58, Avazyaka sUtra 194, 195,197,166 86,64, 65, 18, 108, aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra 165 110, 112, 122, 263, 266 mUla kitanA 197, 'utthAna' (mahAvIrAMka) 18 ImaARADAS

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[ 572 ] udakapeDhAlaputta hai ekatva 171 udayana- 388, 424, 456 ekazATaka 12, 28 udAyI 31 . ekazATakaghara 47 udAra . 364 ekendriya 308 meM zratajJAna 308 udyotakara 365, 368, enasAyaklopIDiyA opha rIlIjIyana upadezapada 406, 408, upayoga 306, 317,340 evaMvAdI 346 kA sahakramabhAva 306 e hIsTorIkala sTaDI zropha dI Tarsa ke tIna pakSa 306 hInayAna anDa mahAyAna 47 upavasatha 105, 106, e hIsTrI opha inDIyana phIlosophI upazama 315 ( dAsaguptA ) 504 upazamaka 335 aitihAsika dRSTi 35, 42, 53 upazama zreNi 274 kA mUlyAMkana 53 upAdhi 266 aidamparyArtha 408 upAdhye zre. ana. 483, 486, zrodhaniyukti 416 upAlisutta 47 zroghasaMjJA 302 upAsakadazAMga 56, 67, 101, 106 / |zrolivara laoNja 222, 527 uposatha 6 zrosavAla-poravAla 77 pauSadha 100, 102, 103, 105 zrautpattikI 405 uposatha ke tIna bheda 102, 103, | audayika 338 kI utpatti kA mUla 105 aupaniSada 435, 500 . ubhayAdhipatya 352, 353 aupazamika 338, 336 umAsvAti 60, 61, 381, 385, | aupazamika samyaktva 343 405, 442, 475 auraMgajheba 456 uvAsaga 6, 7 kaMdalI 383, 404 UhApohasAmarthya 416 kaNAda 368 zratamati-ubhaya rUpa 416 kaNikAlekha 516 Rgveda 218, 554 kathA . 372 kA svarUpa 372 RjusUtra 453, 502 RSabha 120, 143 kathAvatthu 468 RSabhadatta 37 kaniSka 516 RSabhadeva 512 kanoDu 455 kansTrakaTiva sarve oNpha upaniSadika ekatA 161 philosaoNphI 500 eka

Page #923
214 [ 573 ] kapila 120 paralokavAdI dvArA svIkRta 207 kapilavastu 5 cArvAka dvArA asvIkRta 207 . kammapayaDI 316 vAdI ke do dala 207 karpUramArI 486 kI paribhASAoM kA sAmya 210 karaNaaparyApta 303, 342, dArzanikoM ke matabheda 211 digambara mata 304, karmaprakRti 240 karaNaparyApta 303 karmapravAda 211, 378 karma 106, 126, 128, 212, karmavAda 40, 213,214,216,218, 224, 225, 225, 227, 228, 226, 236, 36, ke tIna prayojana 218 para AkSepa samAdhAna 213 trividha 102, kA vyavahAra, paramArtha meM upayoga jaina jainetara dRSTi se vicAra 126 ke samutthAna kA kAla aura sAdhya zrAtmA kA saMbaMdha 128 zabda kA artha 224 karmavidyA 125 zabda ke paryAya 225 karmavipAka 238, 240 kA svarUpa 225 kA paricaya 238 kA anAditva 227 gargarSikRta 240 bandha ke kAraNa 228 karmazAstra 216, 220 22.1 se chUTane kA upAya 226 222, 223 jainadarzana kI vizeSatA 236 kA paricaya 216 kriyamANa saMcitAdi 236, saMpradAya bheda 220 zakti, darzanoM ke mata 398 saMkalanA 220 viSayaka paraMparA 362 bhASA 221 dravyabhAva 363 zarIra, bhASA, indriyAdikA vicAra . karmakANDI 208 222 karmagrantha 334, 341, 342, 344, adhyAtmazAstra 223 345, 527 karmazAstrAnuyogadhara 210 viSayakI paJcasaMgraha se tulanA 344 | karmazAstrIya 380 cauthe ke vizeSa sthala 345 karmasiddhAnta 210 karmagranthika 344 karmastava 245, 246 aura saiddhAntikoM ke matabheda 344 kA paricaya 245 karmatattva 205, 207, 210, 211 prAcIna 246 ____ kA atihAsika dRSTi se vicAra 206 / kalpabhASya 418

Page #924
[ 574 ] - - kalpasUtra 20, 48 astitva sAdhaka yukti 427 . kaSAya 228, 246 svarUpa 429,550 ke cAra bheda 246 utpAdaka kAraNa 431 kAtyAyana zrautasUtra 44, 106 utpAdaka kAraNoM kI tulanA 431 kAmazAkha 434 meM bAdhaka rAgAdi 434 kAyakleza 63, 15 sAdhaka nairAmyAdi kA nirAsa 435 kAyayoga 310 brahmajJAna kA nirAsa 437 kAyotsarga 176 zruti Adi kA jainAnukaraNa 437 kAraNakArya 166 jJAnatva kA jaina mantavya 440 kAla 331, 332, 333, darzana ke bhedAbheda aura krama kI 334, 343, jaina aura vaidika carcA 442 mAnyatA 331 yazovijaya kA abhimata 452 zve0 diga0 331 kevalajJAnadarzana 306, 403, 442, aNu 332, 333 kA abheda 403, tIna pakSa 442 nizcaya dRSTi se 333 carcA kA itihAsa 442 vijJAna dRSTi se 334 / / | kevalajJAnadarzanaikya 382 kAlAsavesI 8, 11 kevalajJAnI 340,341 kAliyaputta 10 kevalAdvaita 501 kAlI 17 kevalisamudghAta 321 dvArA 11 aMga kA paThana 17 kA vivaraNa 326 kAvyamImAMsA 324 kevalI 322, 341 kAzI AhAra kA vicAra 322 446, 466 kA dravyamana 341 kAsava 10 kuNagera (gA~va) 455 kezavamizra 456 kundakunda 326, 443, 552 kezI 5, 9, 13, 86, 96 kumArapAla 77 gautama saMvAda 6, 13 kumArila 365, 368, 384, kailAzacandra 466 387, 472, 478, 501, koTyAcArya 416, 448, 446 kusumAJjali 461 koNika 31, 46 kUTasthatA 163 vajI licchavI ke sAtha yuddha 47 kRSNa 41, 514 kausAmbI 60 kevalajJAna 350, 426, 427, 426, | krAiSTa 510 431, 431, 434, 435,437, | kriyAyoga 111 437, 440, 442, 452 | krizciyana 51 mamam

Page #925
- [ 575 ] kleza 361 mArgaNA se antara 252 kI cAra avasthA 311 vaidika darzana meM 256 kSaNikatvavAda 167 kA vizeSa svarUpa 263 kSatriyakuNDa 27 dUsarA aura tIsarA 275, 276 kSatriyakuNDa-vAsukuNDa 5 jaina jainetara darzana kI tulanA kSapaka 335 278, 282 kSapakazreNi 274 aura yoga 288 kSayopazama 313, 314, 327 meM yogAvatAra 291, 337,340 kA svarUpa 313 guNasthAnakrama 245 kina karmoM kA 314 gupti 512 kA vizeSa svarUpa 367 gurdAvalI 241, 242 kSAyika 338, 339 gopAlaka uposatha 102, 103 kSAyika samyaktva 341 gommaTasAra 243, 247, 248 kSAyoyazamika 337, 338 ke sAtha karmagrantha kI tulanA 255 256 khaNDa 168, 170 | gommaTasAra 318,321, 322, 323, khandaka 31 328, 326,336, 338, 343 khAdyAkhAdyaviveka 60 378, 393 khoradeha avastA 113 gombhaTasAra jIvakANDa 304, 305, gaMgeza 388, 424, 459, 464 gandhahasti bhASya 480 govindAcArya 347 garga RSi 240, 243 gozAlaka 47, 104, 105, 112, garbhaja manuSya kI saMkhyA 341 . saMmata abhijAtiyA~ 112 garbha saMkramaNa 38 gautama 5, 6, 32, 86, 66 104 garbhApaharaNa 38 ke sAtha saMvAda gAMgeya 8 . gautamadharma sUtra 20 gAMdhIMjI 77, 112, 508, 515, gautama sUtra 212 157, 519, 543 kI ahiMsA viSayaka sUjha 511 granthibheda 265, 281 jaina dharma ko dena 541 glejanap 206 girinadIpASANanyAya 268 ghAtikarma 273 gItA 121, 230, 235, 459 | cakSurdazana ke sAtha yoga 328 gujarAtI bhASAnI utkrAnti 486 | catuyU~ha 498 guNasthAna kA svarUpa 248 | catuHsatya 468

Page #926
[ 576 ] candanabAlA 31 | jagadIzacandra basu 233, 300 caMdraguptamaurya 87 jagannAtha 464 caraka 351 jamAli 114, 556 cANDAla 46 jayaMta 368, 391 cAturyAma 12, 14, 46, 17, 18, | jayaghoSa 515 100, 525 jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra 466 kA paMcayAma mahAvIra dvArA 12 jayanta bhaTTa 205 bauddha varNana 17 jayantI 32 pArzva paramparA ke haiM 8 jayaparAjaya vyavasthA 372 kA galata artha 100 jayarAzi bhaTTa 354, 368 cAturyAmika 8 jayasomasUri 317 caritra 127, 335, 504 jarathosta 51 . upazamaka aura kSapaka 335 jarathosthiyana 207, 407 . ke do aMga 504 jalpa 153 cArvAka 349, 352, 353, 354, jasavaMta 455 368, 434 jahA~gIra 77 akadezIya 368 jAtibheda 40 cAlanA 407, 408 jAtivAda 46 ciMtAmaNi 461 kA jainoM ke dvArA khaNDana 46 citAmaya 411 jina 120 cikitsAzAstra 434 jinakalpI 535 citta 353 jinadAsa 444 cunda 76 jinabhadra 121, 200, 305, 306, buddha ko aMtima bhikSA denevAlA 325, 364,384,386, 426, 444, 446,447,451,452, cullavagga 484 cUrNikAra 61 kA vizeSAvazyaka bhApya 200 ceTaka 5,31 aura akalaMka chacha 536 jinabhadrIya 380 chAnasthika upayoga 340 jinezvara sUri 387 chAyAdarzana 527 jIva 337, 340, 522, 525, 527 jaMbUvijayajI 461 meM zraudayikAdi bhAva 337 jagaDuzAha 517 aura paMcaparameSThIkA svarUpa 522 jagatcandra sUri 241, 243 kA lakSaNa 529

Page #927
[ 577 ] .. aura prAsmA 527 jainagurjara kavipro 456 jIvanmukti 317 jainatattvAdarza 529 dArzanika matoM kI tulanA 39. jainatarkabhASA 384, 388,455, 459 jIvabhedavAda 373 kA paricaya 459 jIvasthAna 261 jainatakavArtika 387 jIvAtmA 373 jaina tarkasAhitya 363 jugalakizora mukhtAra 15 ke yuga 363 jekobI 488, 489 jainadarzana 212, 354, 360, 468 jaina 50, 132, 133, 140 ubhayAdhipatya pakSa meM 354 143, 147, 157, 156,349, 350,366, 433,472, 504, kA pariNAmavAda 360 514,518,516 jainadharma 54, 116, 123, 126, 'saMskRti kA hRdaya' 132 130, 149, 206, 541 saMskRti kA srota 132 aura bauddha dharma 54 saMskRti ke do rUpa 132 kA prANa 116 saMskRti kA bAhyarUpa 133 kI cAra vidyA 123 saMskRti kA hRdaya, nivRtti 133 aura Izvara 130 saMskRti kA prabhAva 141, 142 kA mUla anekAntavAda 149 bauddha donoM dharma nivartaka 140 . ko gAMdhIjI kI dena 541 paraMparA ke zrAdarza 147 jainaprakAza 'utthAna' mahAvIrAMka 11 saMpradAyoM ke parasparamatabheda 157 / jainazramaNa kA matsyamAMsagrahaNa 60 pravRtti mArga yA nivRtti mArga 156 jainasAhitya prAkRta-saMskRta yuga kA dRSTi kA svarUpa 349 antara 476 dRSTi kI aparivartiSNutA 350 kI pragati 483 zrAcAryoM kI bhAratIya pramANa | jainAgama zAstra meM dena 366 saMsada 489 AcAryoM ke granthoM kA anukaraNa | aura bauddhAgama 55 : nahIM 472 jainAcArya kA zAsana bheda 15 prAcAryoM ke granthoM kA anukaraNa jainAmAsa 87 472 ane brAhmaNa 504 | jainismasa 206 jJAnabhaMDAra, maMdira, sthApatya va | jJAna 229, 379, 380, 3910 kalA 518 393, 395 vyApaka lokahita kI dRSTi 516 / ke pA~ca bheda 376

Page #928
[ 578 ] vicAra kA vikAsa do mArga se | tasvArthabhASya 381, 385, 442, 379 vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ 380 TIkAkAra 466 sAmAnya carcA 361 taravArthAdhigama sUtra 401 kI avasthAe~ 391 tattvArthazlokavArtika 411, 420, 424, 461 AvAraka kama 392 tattvArthasUtra 60, 426 zrAvRtAnAvRtatva 393 tattvopaplava 354, 368 apUrNa jJAna kA tAratamya 395 tattvopaplavavAdI 354 jJAnapravAda 378 tathAgata buddha 107 jJAnabindu 307, 375, 381, 454 tanu 366 kA paricaya 375 tapa 60-62, 15, 111,408, 401 racanA zailI 386 bauddha dvArA jaina tapa kA nirdeza 10 jJAnasAra 184, 275, 276,284, jaina zramaNoM kA vizeSa mArga 1 285, 286 mahAvIra ke pahale bhI 62 jJAnArNava 276, 377 bAhya aura Abhyantara jJAnAvaraNa 363 kevala jaina mAnya nahIM 111 jJAnotpatti 454 buddha dvArA nayA artha 111 DabhoI 456 tapasvI 206 Dictionary of Pali Proper | tapAgaccha 243 names & tarka 230 DhaMka 31 tarkabhASA 315, 456 taMtravArtika 85 - mokSAkara 456 tattvacintaka 424 kezavamizra 456 bhautika va AdhyAtmika dRSTi vAle / tarkazAstra 456 424 tarkasaMgraha dIpikA 172 tattvabindu 377 tAtparya TIkA 366 tattvavijaya 456 tilaka (lokamAnya) 76, 518 tattvasaMgraha 150, 363, 403, 424, | tIrthakara 512 428-430, 435, 445, 478 tugiyA 6, 10 paJjikA 363, 426 tRSNA 280 tattvArtha 115, 277, 278, 282, teMgalai 85 . 301,303,317,318,320, tejAkAya 342 324,335, 380,381, 384 vaikriya viSayaka zve0 diga0 matatattvArtha TIkA (siddhasena )307 bheda 342

Page #929
[ 576. ] terApaMtha 406 | The Psychological attitutaittirIya 83, 503.... . / de of early Buddhist zAMkarabhASya 117 Philosophy By. Anaga rika. B. Govinda. 422. taittirIyopaniSad 218 The six Systems of Indian tridaNDa 104 Philosophy 500 ... jaina bauddha mantavya 106 dIghanikAya 16, 46, 56, 56, 76, meM kisakI pradhAnatA 106 80, 17, 100, 112, 264, trilokasAra 342 503 trizalA 37, 30 dIrghakAlopadeziko 302 thera 8 durvekamizra 474 daNDa 106 dRzya 280 aura karma 106 dRSTivAda 323 dayAnanda 83 strI ke adhikAra dayAnanda siddhAnta bhAskara 83 darzana 316 | dRSTivAdopadezikI 302 cakSurdarzana mArgaNAnI meM 316 / dRSTisRSTivAda 351 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA 11, 535 / / devakI , 40 . dazabhUmi vibhASA 86 devanAga 247 dazavakAlika 6, 68, 13, 17, 108 devabhadra 300... dAna 408, 406 devasRSTi 42 dAsaguptA esa. ena. 500,504 digambara 40, 307, 406, 463 devAnandA 31, 37, 38 devendrasUri 241, 244 sAhityika pravRtti 463 digambara zvetAmbara 304,387,368, - kA paricaya 241 ke grantha 244 402, 443, 444 dezavirati 271 kSayopazama prakriyA 398 kevalajJAnadarzana 443, 444 dehadamana 63, 15 digambarIya 465 dehapramANavAda 373 sAhitya ke utkarSa ke lio zrAva- daiva 166, 225 zyaka tIta bAteM 465 daivAdhIna 164 diGnAga 155, 365, 367, 472, dravya 162, 171, 173, 436,481 473, 478 dravyasaMgraha 308 The Geographical Diction ary of Ancient and | dravyArthikanaya 306 Mediaval India-De. 5. | draupadI 17

Page #930
[ 580 ] womers dvArA 11 aMga kA paThana 17 / dhyAnazataka 278 dvAdazAranayacakra TIkA 451 dhruva 500, 504 dvAdazAMgI 17 nakulAkhyAna 84 dveSa 434 naMdI 378, 401, 405, 447,448 dvaitagAmI 163 cUrNI 448 dvaitavAda 437 TIkA 303, 305, 324, 378, dvaitavAdI 124 401, 423, 447 kA jaina ke sAtha akamatya 124 vRtti haribhadra 307,316, 382, 448 dvaitAdvaita 501 namaskAra 531 dhanajI sUrA 455 kA svarUpa 531 dhammapada 110 dvaita-advaita 531 dharma 134, 466, 541 naya 170-172, 306, 316, ke do rUpa 541 __ cetanA ke do lakSaNa 541 naigamanaya 170 dharmakathA 248 dharmakIrti 155, 365, 367, 385, zabdanaya arthanaya 171 vyavahAranaya 170 387, 411, 435, 456, 473, 478 saMgrahanaya 170 RjusUtranaya 171 dharmakIrti (jaina) 244 dharmaghoSa 244 samabhirUDha avaMbhUta 171 dharmabindu 378 dravyArthika paryAyArthika 171,306 dharmasaMgraha 187 jJAna-kriyAnaya 172 dharmasaMgrahaNI 332, 382 vyavahAra-nizcaya 316 dharmasaMnyAsa 261 nayacakra 364, 426, 461 tAvika atAttvika 261 nayapradIpa 377 dharmAdharma 225 nayarahasya 377 dharmAnusArI 264 nayavAda 123, 154, 364, 368, dharmAnaMda kauzAmbI 7, 13, 80 502 dharmottara 267 meM bhAratIya darzanoM kA samAveza 154 dhavalA 18, 16, 466, 470 dhArAvAhI 422 meM sAta naya 502 dhyAna 277 nayavijaya 455 zubhAzubha 277, 260-263 nayAmRtataraMgiNI 377 cAra bheda 277 | nAgArjuna 86, 351, 352 - -

Page #931
[ 581 ] nAtaputta niggaMTha 510 nirvacanIyatva 160 nArakoM kI saMkhyA 343 nirvacanIyavAda 163 nArAyaNa 455 nirvikalpaka 525 nAlaMdA 9 nirvikalpaka jJAna 425 nikSepa 461, 462 nirvikalpaka bodha 440, 441, 445 nigaMTha uposatha 102, 103 jaina dRSTi se 440 nigaMTha nAtaputto kama brahmabhinna meM bhI 441 nigaMThA akasATakA 88 savikalpaka kA anekAnta 441 nigrahasthAna 372 zAbda nahIM 441 nityakarma 177 apAyarUpa 445 nityatvavAdI 167 nirvRtyaparyApta 342 niyamasAra 307, 443 nivartakadharma 133, 135, 137,136 nimrantha 46, 47, 51,52, 66, 73 / 206 nivRtti 146 101, 110 pravacana 52 lakSI pravRtti 146 zabda kevala jaina ke lio 52 ! nivRtti pravRtti 510, 511, 514 prAcArakA bauddha para prabhAva 66 kA siddhAnta 511 ke utsarga aura apavAda 73 kA itihAsa 514 daNDa, virati, tapa dvArA nirjarA nizcaya 340 aura saMvara kI mAnyatA kA bauddha | nizcaya dRSTi 333, 523 nirdeza 109, 110 nizcayadvAtriMzikA 382 nimranthatva 408, 406 nizcaya vyavahAra 498, 530 nigraMtha dharma 201 vizeSa vicAra 498 nigrantha saMgha 66 arihaMta siddha 530 kI nirmANa prakriyA 66 niSedhamukha 160,350 nigrantha saMpradAya-50,58, 56, 136 nihanava 87 kA buddha para prabhAva 58 nemikumAra 144 prAcIna zrAcAra vicAra 56 nemicandra siddhAnta cakravarti 243,318 ke mantavya aura prAcAra 136 | neminAtha 75, 120, 514, 516, ke tInapakSa 206 vyaktigAmI 137 ke dvArA pazurakSA 75 prabhAva va vikAsa 137 naigama 503 niyukti 15, 380, 426, 444 naiyAyika 169, 225, 423, 438. nirlepatA 226 gautama 153

Page #932
[ 582 ] vaizeSika 228 paJcamahAvata 8 nairAtmya bhAvanA 436 paJcasaMgraha 240, 256,305, 316 naiSkarmya siddhi 395 . 321,328,326,334,335 nyAya 172, 403, 412, 464. 479, 501 paJcendriya 300 nyAyakumudacandra 46, 387, 393, pataJjali 111, 484 462, 463, 469 patraparIkSA 367 kA prAkkathana 463 padArtha 408 kI TippaNI 469 padamavijaya 455 nyAyadarzana 212, 334, 391-2- | padamasiMha 455 paramajyoti nyAyadIpikA 461 paJcaviMzatikA 526 nyAya pramANa sthApana yuga 365 paramANu 126, 161, 162, 357 nyAyapraveza 367 dArzanikoM ke matabheda 126 nyAyabiMdu 367, 377, 422, 459 paramANupuJjavAda 166 nyAyabhASya 172, 399, 459 paramANuvAdI 206 nyAyamukha 367, 456 paramAtmA 209, 274, 373, 436 . nyAyamaMjarI 399, 459 parameSThI 522, 528, 531 nyAyavArtika 385, 365 kA svarUpa 522 / pAMca 528 nyAyavaizeSika 126, 127, 210, 225, .349, 351, 353, ko namaskAra kyoM ? 531 359,397,398, 428, 426, parigrahaparimANavrata 521 431, 433, 437, 500 . pariNAmavAda 355, 356 nyAyasAra 459 kA svarUpa 356 nyAyasUtra 381, 666, 460, 501 / pariNAmI nitya 372 nyAyAvatAra 364, 367,480,383, | paribhASA 385, 387,404, 459, 472 / kI tulanA 397 vArtika vRtti 562 parivrAjaka 206 paumacariyaM 41 parihAravizuddhi 340 paesI 5 parokSAmukha 367, 424 paMcayAma 515.. parokSa ke prakAra 371 pakudhakaccAyana 32 pakkhiyasutta 202 paryApta 303 pakSadhara mizra 464 do bheda 303 SAR

Page #933
paryApti 305 kA svarUpa 305 ke bheda 305 paryAya 172, 373, 453 pazyantI 420 pAMcayama 257 viSayaka matabheda 257 pATaNa 455 pATaliputra 87 pAtaladarzana 288, 261, 264 pAtaJjalayogadarzana 253, 266, 330 pAtaJjalayogazAstra 16 pAtaJjalayogasUtra 425 pAtaJjalasUtra 384, 524, 526 vRttiM ( yazo ) 263 pAramArthika 438 pArasI 193 kI Avazyaka kriyA 193 pAraskarIya gRhyasUtra 83 pAriNAmika 338, 336 [ 583 ] pAribhASika zabda 297 pArzvanAtha 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14, 17, 46, 48, 51, 58, 76 86, 65, 17, 18, 120, 145, 514, 541 kI virAsata 3 kA vihArakSetra 4 kA cAturyAma dharma 7, 13, 46 kA saMdha 8 kA AcAra 11 68 ke cAra yAma 14, kI paraMparA 46 banArasa meM janma 48 vihAra kSetra 48 tAmasa tapasyA nivAraNa 7. kI paramparA meM tapasyA 65 kI paraMparA kA zrAcAra 67 pArzvapatyika 4, 5, 8, 57, piMjarApola 517 86 puggala 6 puNyapApa -- kI kasauTI 226 puNyavijayajI 482, 48 kA kArya 486 pudgalaparAvarta 286 carama aura acarama 286 punarjanma 133, 134 punarjanmavAda 434 saMmata abhijAti 112 puruSa 161 puruSArthasiddhi upAya 524. puSTimArga 156 pUjyapAda 64, 318, 385, 398, 471, 472, 477, 478 pUjyapAda devanandI 60, 61, 442, 447 pUraNa kassapa 12, 112, 114 pUrNakazyapa 32 pUrva 17, 18, 108 caudaha 17 zabda kA artha 18 gata 18 mahAvIra pahale kA zruta 108 pUrvagatagAthA 418 pUrvamImAMsaka 353, 356 pUrva sevA 291, 262 pUrva sevAdvAtriMzikA 261 poggala 6

Page #934
[ 584 ) poggalI 6 pratyabhijJAna 371 paurANika 225, 370 pratyavasthAna 407, 408 pauruSavAda 169 pratyAkhyAna 180 pauruSavAdI 164 do bheda 180 pauSadha 100, 101, 103, 105 kI zuddhiyA~ 18. pratyekayAna 86 vrata kA itihAsa 101 pradhAna 209 bauddha grantha kI sAkSI 101, 103 pradhAnapariNAmavAdI 356 kI utpatti kA mUla 105 pradhAnavAdI 206, 211 prakaraNaratnAkara 257 prabhAkara 368 prakAzanasUcI 49 prabhAcandra 366, 387, 470, 476 I. sa. 1949 ke 411 samaya kI carcA 470 prakAzAtmayati 365 pramANa 352, 370, 371, 385, prakRti 161, 225, 260 386, 461, 462, 467, 479 nivRtta, anivRtta adhikArA 260 zakti kI maryAdA 352 prajJAkara 367 vibhAga meM dArzanikoM ke matabheda prajJApanA 301,306,322, 324, 484; TIkA 424 kA svarUpa 372 prajJAmAhAtmya 284 matizruta meM umAsvAti kRta pratikramaNa 16, 178, 176, 144, saMgraha 385 185, 188 anyadIya saMgraha 385 ke paryAya 178 pUjyapAdakRta saMgraha 385 ke do bheda 176 pramANanayatattvAloka 461 kisakA ? 179 kI rUdi 184 | pramANaparIkSA 367, 389, 424 pramANabheda 382 ke adhikArI aura rIti 185 vaizeSikoM meM 382 para AkSepa samAdhAna 188 | pramANamImAMsA 172, 205, 346, pratimAnATaka 486 pratItyasamutpAdavAda 355, 357 361, 362, 367,368, 421, pratyakSa 370, 383, 421, 422 424, 427, 481, 500 kA vAstavikatva 370 kA paricaya 349 sAMvyavahArika 370 bAhyasvarUpa 361 dArzanikoM kA akamatya 421 jaina tarka sAhitya meM sthAna 362 nyAyadarzana kI prakriyA 421 kI racanA kI pUrva bhUmikA 367, prakriyA kI tulanA 422 *55" MARRIERESILAMPA

Page #935
pramANavArtika 387, 411, 435, 472, 473 pramANavidyA 130 pramANa vinizcaya 367, 385 pramANavibhAga 369, 370, 381 pratyakSa parokSa 370 caturvidha 381 pramANazAstra 478 pramANasamuccaya 387, 472 pramANasaMgraha 384, 385, 486 pramANa saMplava 481 pramANopaplava 352, 354 pramAlakSaNa 387 pramAda 272, 414 prameya 354, 372 kA svarUpa 372 ke pradeza kA vistAra 354 pravacanasAra 522 [585] pravartaka dharma 134, 136, 207-201 samAjagAmI 136 tripuruSArthavAdI 208 prazastapAda 428 prazastapAdabhASya 212, 383, 404, 425 prasupta 366 prAtibhAsika 438 prAmANyanizcaya 423 kA upAya 423 svataH parataH meM anekAnta 423 prAvAduka 367 pri diGnAga buddhisTa lojika 456 premI 463, 465, 466 "phUlacandrajI 537 - bandhamokSa 126 jaina jainetara dRSTi se 126 bandhasvAmitva 252 kA paricaya 252 dhahetu 342, 464 vivaraNa meM matabheda 364 bahAdura siMhajI siMghI 482 bahiddhAdANa 14 bahirAtmabhAva 224, 265 bahirAtmA 279, 439 bahirdRSTi 176 bahukAya nirmANakriyA 330 bArhaspatya 434 bAlamaraNa 534 bAhubalI 122 buddha 6, 42, 45, 54, 57, 58, 79, 61-63, 6, 151, 231, 234, 327, 510, 536 dvArA pArzvaparaMparA kA svIkAra 6 tapa kI avahelanA 6 aura mahAvIra 54, 57 nirgrantha paramparAkA prabhAva 58 kI antima bhikSA meM mAMsa 76 kI tapasyA ke dvArA jaina tapasyA kA AcaraNa 62 sAranAtha meM dharmacakrapravartana 92 dvArA nirmantha tapasyA kA khaNDana 63 dvArA dhyAnasamAdhi 96 strI sanyAsa kA virodha 327 buddhaghoSa 80, 81 buddhacarita ( kauzAmbI ) 58, 60 buddha nirvANa 47 buddhavacana 484

Page #936
[ 586 ] bRhatkalpabhASya 380, 404 | brahma 125, 365, 456 bRhatsaMgrahiNI 305, 320 ajJAna kA prAzraya aura viSaya 365 bRhadAraNyaka 524, 525, 526 pakSabheda 365 bRhannAradIya 85 brahmagupta 470 becaradAsajI 486 brahmacarya 122 bodhicittotpAdanazAstra 7 brahmacaryavrata bodhisattva 265 mahAvIra dvArA pArthakya 98 bauddha 50, 76, 106, 124, 127, brahmajJAna 437, 438 / __ yazovijayakRta khaNDana 438 140, 166, 172,210,211, 218, 216, 278,346,450, brahmapariNAmavAda 356, 357 351, 356,363, 365,370, brahmapurANa 85 372, 377,361,362,393, brahmabhAvanA 435, 436 368, 409, 415, 422, 424, 425, 428, 426,441,432, brahmavAda 502 435, 436,459,463, 472, brahmavihAra 122 474, 484, 501, 502 brahmasAkSAtkAra 431 kama kI mAnyatA 109 brahmasUtra bhASya 212, 230 tapa sAdhana nahIM 109 | brahmAdvaita 162 paraMparA aura mAMsAzana brahmakatvavAdI 165 bauddhadarzana 209, 225, 264, 295, brAhmaNa 377, 463, 472 500 brAhmaNaparaMparA 45 ke anusAra kramika vikAsa 294 brAhmaNamArga 208 - jaina kramika vikAsa se tulanA 265 brAhmaNavarga 122 bauddhadharma brAhmaNazramaNa 116 aura jainadharma 54 kI tulanA 116 bauddha paraMparA 81 paraspara prabhAva aura samanvaya 116 ' meM mAMsa ke viSaya meM pakSabheda 81 | brAhmI-sundarI 144 . bauddhapiTaka 46, 47, 51,56 bhakti 226, 531 bauddhabhikSu 78 / siddha aura yogabhakti 531 kA mAMsAzana 78 | bhagavatI 17, 37, 38, 36, 46, bauddhasaMghano paricaya 66 52, 57, 68, 80, 90, 13, bauddhAgama .. 95, 101, 104, 105, 112 115,302,306,321,4055 ___ aura jainAgama 55 baudhAyanadharmasUtra 20 - bhagavadgItA 330 ..

Page #937
[ 587 ] bhaTTAcArya 156 | maNDana mizra 365 bhadrabAhu 15, 407 mati-zrutanizrita, anizrita 404 bharata-bAhubalI 112, 114 matijJAna, 301,350,405,421 bhatR prapaJca 356 .. nayA UhApoha . 421 bhata hari 387, 478, 484 - avagrahAdi ... 421 bhavopagrahikarma 439 matizruta 382,400,402,404,405 bhAgavata 84, 121 kA vAstavika aikya 382 bhAgya 225 . kI carcA 400 bhAratIya kA bheda 400 darzanoM meM prAdhyAtmika vikAsa 128 kA abheda 402 itihAsa kI rUparekhA 466 matsyapurANa 84 bhAratIya vidyA 47, 50 matsyamAMsa 66, 81, 82 bhAva 261, 337 aura bauddha bhikSu 66 jIva meM aMka samaya 337 bauddha paramparA meM matabheda 81 aneka jIvoM meM 337 / / bauddha paramparA meM matabheda 82 bhAvanA 260, 261, 263, 431, | madhupratIkA 253 ke tIna prakAra 435 madhumatI 253 bhAvanAmaya 411 madhusUdana 377, 384, 437, 464 bhAvarUpatA 168 / ' madhyamapratipadA 146 bhASA 222, 420 madhyamamArga 123, 501 ke cAra prakAra 420 madhyamA 420 bhASAvicAra 107 mana 126,281,311,343,353 bhASAsamiti 108 dravya mana 311 bhAsarvajJa 368 diga0 zve. 311 bhUtAtmavAdI 216 . dravya mana kA zrAkAra 343 bhUmikA 282 manusmRti 85, 218 bheda 172 .. mano dravya 426 bhedagAminI 165 manoyoga 301 bhedabhAva 162 manaHparyAya 328, 343, 424, 425. bhaMvaramala siMghI 533 paracitta jJAna 425 maMkhalI gozAlaka 32, 266 majjhima nikAya 6,47,56,57,58, darzanAntara se tulanA 425 76,8,61,107, 106, 115, kA viSaya 425 264,406, 415, 425, 500, meM yoga 328, 343 504, 536 | marIci 40 .

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mahAdeva 4 [ 588 ] maladhArI (hemacandra) 446 / janma samaya kI paristhiti 26 malayagirI 243, 303, 321,368, jAti aura vaMza 27 423, 447, 448 ke vibhinna nAma 27 mallavAdI 306, 364, 426, 447, kA gRha jIvana 27 446, 451, 453 sAdhaka jIvana 28 mahatAraja 31 upadezaka jIvana 30 mahamUda gajanI 469 kA saMgha 31 mahAtmA 232 upadeza kA rahasya 32 vipakSI 33 mahAbhArata 84, 85, 111, 296 aitihAsika dRSTipAta 34 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 228 mAtA-pitA 36,41 mahAbhASya 118, 494 meru kampana 36, 41, 42 mahAyAna 48,81 garbhApaharaNa 38, 41 dvArA mAMsa kA virodha 81 devAgamana 42,48 mahAyAnAvatArakazAstra 67 jIvana sAmagrI 43 mahAvagga 172 jIvana ke do aMza 43 mahAvastu 42, 48 vaidika sAhitya meM nirdeza nahIM 44 . mahAvAkyArtha 408 pazuvadhavirodha 45 mahAvideha 40 aura pArzvanAtha 46 mahAvIra 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, aspRzyatA virodha 45 26-46, 54-59, 80, 88, kI nagnatA 47 86, 97, 98, 104, 107, ke sAdhu acela aura sacela 47, 108, 10, 112, 114, 121, 145, 150-152, jJAtRkula 47 205, 217, 218,234, 327, nigrantha 47 350, 413,500,502,505, dIrgha tapasyA 47,61 510, 515, 541, 542 vihAra kSetra 47, 61 ke mAtA-pitA pArvApatyika 5 gozAlaka 47 ko prApta pArzva paraMparA 6 nirvANa samaya 47 dvArA pArzva paraMparA kA ullekha 8 | kalpasUtragata jIvana 48 apane ko kevalI kahanA 8 caudaha spapna 48 dvArA cAturyAma ke sthAna meM paJca vihAra caryA 48 yAma 12, 46, 18 zrAcAra-vicAra 46 kA acelatva 13 aura buddha 54-58

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[ 586 ] pAparva kA anusaraNa samanvaya 58 | arthabheda kI mImAMsA 66 nAthaputra niggaMTha 56, 88 bhojana kI ApavAdika sthiti 66 revatI dvArA dAna 80 ahiMsA saMyamatapa kA siddhAMta 68 aika vastra dhAraNa aura acelatA 45 ke tyAga meM bauddha aura vaidika. dvArA anusaraNa 66 pArzva paraMparA kA prAcAra 17 virodhI prazna aura samAdhAna 69 niMka dvArA prazaMsA 18 mATharavRtti 503 sAmAyika kA prazna 104 mANikyanaMdI 365, 387 abhayakumAra ko buddha ke pAsa mAtRceTa 516 bhejate haiM 107 mAdhyamika kArikA 468 mahAvIrapUrva zrata 108 daNDAdi kI mahAvIrapUrva paraMparA mAdhvavedAnta 346 mAnavasvabhAva 63 varNa viSayaka mAnyatA ke do virodhI pahalU 63 mAyA 225 kI sarvajJatA 114 mArgaNA 253, 340 kI sAmAyika 121 guNasthAna se antara 253 anekAnta ke pracAraka 146, 152 ] mArgaNAsthAna 261, 340 karmazAstra se saMbaMdha 205 mArgAnusArI 264 se karmavAda kA AvirbhAva 217 mithyAjJAna 228 ke samaya ke dharma 218 mithyAtva 228 strI-dIkSA ke samarthaka 327 mithyAdRSTi 276 aura gozAlaka 515 guNasthAna 264 mahAvrata 18 pA~ca mahAvIra ke 98 mizrasamyagdRSTi 341 cAra pAvaM ke 18 mImAMsaka 83,150,208,225,351, . jaina bauddha kA antara 66 353, 385, 403,410,410, 423,427,426, 431, 445,. mahAsAMghika 86 464, 501 mahendrakumAra 466, 469-474, 480 | mImAMsA 412 mAMsabhakSaNa 81 mujaphpharapura 5 mAMsa-matsya 61-66,68,69 muktyadveSaprAdhAnya dvAtriMzikA 289 Adi kI akhAdyatA 61 municaMdra 325 Adi zabdoM ke arthabheda 62 mumuttA bauddha vaidika aAdi meM 64 dArzanika matoM kI tulanA 317 - sthAnakavAsI meM 65 / mulatAna 466 ava - -

Page #940
[ 560. ]. mUrtipUjA 71, 72 . ke apAya 261 viSayaka pAThoM kA arthabheda 72 . aura guNasthAna 261 mUlAcAra 15, 201, 203, 204 / janyavibhUtiyA~ 264 aura Avazyaka niyukti 201- aka kAya yoga hI kyoM nahIM 310 204 yogadarzana 212, 228, 334,366 meksamUlara 215, 500 yogabindu 265, 378 meghakumAra 31 yogabhedadvAtriMzikA 260, 261,263 metArya 515 yogamArga 209 .. mehila 10 yogamArgaNA 309 mainyupaniSad 227 yogavAsiSTha 253, 276, 281-283 mokSAkara 456, 460 meM 14 cittabhUmi 253 moha 264, 280, 434 yogavibhUti 425 kI do zakti 264 yogalakSaNa dvAtriMzikA 288, 286 yajJa 44, 84, 106 yogazAstra 68, 113, 276, 294, 456 yatanA 511, 512 | yogasatra 117, 428 yathApravRttikaraNa 266, 270 - bhASya 17 yama yogAvatAra dvAtriMzikA 267, 268, / mahAvrata 16, 18 277 yazovijaya 263, 307, 350, yaMga 375, 398, 477, 478, 526 raghunAtha jJAnadarzana ke vivAda meM samanvaya ratnAkara 452 jIvana-paricaya 455 rAgadveSa ke granthoM kI bhASA 457 utpatti ke kAraNoM meM pakSabheda 434 ke granthoM kA viSaya 454 rAjagira-rAjagRha 5-6 kI zailI 458 rAjavArtika 278, 276, 310, yahUdI 51 / 318, 320, 385,443, 478, / 480 yAkobI 2, 18, 20, 47, 54, 472 rAjavArtikakAra 368 yuktyanuzAsana 364, 367, 465 rAjazekhara 324, 486 yoga 124, 226, 343, 524 rAjendra prasAda 508 aura guNasthAna 288 svarUpa rAdhAkRSNan 504, 533, 535 288 kA prAraMbha kaba 256 rAnaDe 500 ke bheda 260 rAmAnuja

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WW " m . m M. .. [ 561 ] kI anekAnta dRSTi 156 / lokavidyA rAmAyaNa 4. __ jaina jainetara matabheda 126 rAyapaseNaiya lomAhAra 316 rAhulajI lokAzAha 71 rUpa vakragati 318,316, 341 revatI 32 ___ kA kAla 310, 316 rohiNI 40 meM anAhArakatva 318 vacana laMkAvatAra 64, 81,82 dravyavacana 311 laghIyastraya 384, 385, 460 yoga 306 laghupATha 161 labdhi vaTTakera 15, 201,202 labdhiparyApta vaDagaccha 243 labdhisAra 326 vaDagalai 85 labdhyaparyApta vappa 5 lalitavistara 325 varNa 111, 112 municandra kRta paJjikA 325 valkalI 536 lAsena 54 vallabha 156 liMgazarIra 126 vallabhAcArya 356 kArmaNa zarIra kI tulanA 126 vasanta 233 lezyA 111-113,297-266,343 vasudeva 40 ke bheda 297 vasubandhu 87, 155 ke viSaya meM matabheda, 267 vastupAla 243, 547 chaH puruSoM kA dRSTAnta 267 vAkyapadIya 420, 485 digambara mata 297 vAkyArtha 408 maMkhalI gozAlakakA mata 261 vAkyArthajJAna 406 caturvidha 406 mahAbhArata 266 vAcanA 87 pAtaJjala yogadarzana 299 vAcaspati 368,377, 365, 366 gozAlaka saMmata 112 vANijya grAma (baniyA) 5 pUraNa kassapa 112 nirgrantha paraMparA 112 vAtsyAyana 153, 368 bauddha paraMparA 113 vAdakathA 153 lokaprakAza 267, 268, 271, | vAdamahArNava 366 268, 301-305,311, 316, vAdideva 366, 687, 420, 320 423, 476

Page #942
[ 562. ] vAdirAja 366, 387, 463 vivaraNaprameyasaMgraha 363 vAyukAya 340 vivaraNAcArya 365 vAsanA 225 vivartavAda 355, 358 vAstavavAdI 346 kA svarUpa 358 vikAsakrama 246 nityabrahma ke vivarta aura kSaNika vikramAditya 466, 470 vijJAna vivarta 358 saMvat 470 vivekabhAvanA 435, 436 vikramArkIyazaka 466, 470 vizAkhA 102, 103 vigraha 318 viziSTAdvaita 156, 501 vakragati meM 318 zve0-di0 matabheda 318 se anekAntavAda kI tulanA 156 vicchinna 366 vizeSa 166, 172 vijayacaMdra sUri 241 vizeSagAminI dRSTi 161 vijayadeva sUri 456 vizeSaNavatI 444-446 vijayaprabha 456 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 121, 200, vijJAnavAda 353 266, 300,301, 303,307vijJAnavAdI 350, 351, 356 306,311,325, 326, 364, 368, 384,388, 402,406, vitaNDA 153 421, 426, 444, 408, 416, videhamukti 367 446,447,448, 449, 461, dArzanika mata kI tulanA 367 vidyAnaMda 241, 244, 366, 367, svopajJa vyAkhyA 446 387, 420,424,465,471, | vizokA 253 472, 476, 476 vizvavicAra 161 vidhimukha 168, 346 kI do maulika dRSTiyA~ 161 vidhuzekhara zAstrI 486 vizvazAnti vinayapiTaka 66, 79 sammelana aura jaina paraMparA 508 vinayavijayajI 304 vizleSaNa 161, 351 vinItadeva 367 vItarAgastotra 529 vinTaranits 11 vIramitrodaya 85 vibhaGgajJAna 322 vIrasena 18 vibhajyavAda 123, 500 vIrasaMvat vimudravyavAda 162 aura jainakAlagaNanA 58 vibhUtiyA~ 264 vRtti saMkSepa 260, 261 263 viliyama rovana hemilTa 234 / | vRddhAcArya 446, 450

Page #943
[ 563 ] 172.386 veNIsaMhAra 486 | vaizeSika 163, 211, 334, 383, vedaprAmANya 411 385, 403, 425 vaiSamya vedasAmyavaiSamya 537 116 vaiSNava vedAnta 126, 172, 225, 351 50, 66, 76, 83, 85 361-394,367, 368, 430, para jaina paraMparA kA ahiMsA viSa433, 437-436, 464, 502, yaka prabhAva 76 mAdhva ora rAmAnuja 85 vedAntakalpataru 385 vaMdana 177 vedAntakalpalatikA 437 vyavahAra 340 vedAntadarzana 206 naya 307, 453; nizcaya 468 vedAntaparibhASA 363 rAzi 281 vedAntasAra vyAkaraNa 387, 464 vebara 54 mahAbhASya 387 vaikharI 420 vyAkhyAvidhi 407, 408 vaijJAnika dRSTi 35 .. vyAvahArika 438 vaidika 50, 82,172, 278, 407, / vyAvRtti 172 413-415, 424, 425, 456 vyAsa 111 zAstroM meM mAMsAzanake pakSabheda 82 vyomavatI 383, 404, 428 strI-zUdradvArA vedAdhyayananiSiddha vyomaziva 363, 368 . 327 zaka 77 pATha aura arthavidhiko jaina se | zaMkarAcArya 151, 155, 212, 234, tulanA 407 351, 352, 384, 502 hiMsA kA virodha 414, 415 zaMkha zrAvaka 101 vaidikadarzana zakaDAla 31 vaidika dharma 218 zakarAjA 466 vaidika saMdhyA 193 zakasaMvat 466 vainayiko 405 zatapatha 44, 83 vaibhASika 353, 502 zabara 368 vaiyAkaraNa zabda 431 vairAgya 291 do bheda-para apara 261 zarIra 311 vaizAlI zAMkara vedAnta 350, 353, 437, vaizAlIabhinaMdanagrantha 5 vaizAlI-basADha zAMkara vedAntI 356 . zabdanaya 502

Page #944
zAkta 66 zAkya putra (buddha) dvArA pArzva paramparAkA vikAsa 17 zAntarakSita 150, 155, 435, 478 zAntideva 81, 82 zAntivAdI 508 zAntisUrI 67, 387 zAntyAcArya 366 zAbarabhASya 387 zAbdabodha 420 zAlibhadra 37 zAlivAhana 470 zAstra 232,453 kA artha 453 zAstravArtAsamuccaya 324, 324 zAstrIya bhASAoM kA adhyayana zikSAsamuccaya meM mAMsa kI carcA 81 483 zivagItA 251 "zivarAma ma. prAMjape 486 "zukladhyAna zuddhadravyanayA deza zuddhAdvaita 156, 507 275, 432 441 meM anekAnta dRSTi 156 zubiMga zubhacandra 376 zUdra 45 zUnyavAda 353 zUnyavAdI 350, 351, 351 zailezI 436 zaiva zraddhAna 382 -zraddhAnusArI 294 488, 486 50, 69 [ 564 ] zramaNa 11-121, 206 zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra 5, 6 zramaNasaMpradAya 50 sAMkhya, jaina, bauddha, zrAjIvaka 50 paricaya 51 zrAmaNika sAhitya kI prAcInatA 111 zrAvakayAna 86 zrAvastI 5 zrIdhara 368, 383 zrIharSa 464 zruta 17, 371, 400, 401, 420 laukika lokottara 371 mati aura zruta kI bhedarekhA 400 akSara akSara 401 laukika lokottara 401 jaina jainetara tulanA 420 ekendriya meM 308 bhAvazruta 306 zrutanizrita - azrutanizrita 404, kevala zve0 meM 405 umAsvAtI meM nahIM 405 sarvaprathama nandI meM 405 411 130 zrutamaya zrutavidyA zrutAvarNavAda 61, 87 436 zruti smRti kI jainAnukUla vyAkhyA 436 zreNika 31 zreNI 273, 274 405 upazama, kSapaka 274 zlokavArtika 120, 473, 501 zvetAmbara - digambara 15-16, 32, 62, 87, 104, 156, 200, 201, 205, 247, 256, 302, 3,11,

Page #945
265 [ 565 ] 324, 326-331, 340, 366, | saMthArA aura ahiMsA 533 378, 318,405, 416, 461, | saMprajJAta 260-263 462, 468, 477, 470 saMprati karmazAstra 205 saMyuttanikAya 17, 98, 536 matabheda kA samanvaya 156 saMyojanA Avazyaka ke viSaya meM 200 saMlekhanA mana ke viSaya meM 311 saMvara dIkSA aura adhyayana 324 saMskAra prAyojikA karaNa ke viSaya meM 326 | saMskArayuga kAla ke viSaya meM 331 | saMskArazeSA 253 samAna-asamAna mantavya 340 | saMskRtikA uddezya 145 zrutanizrita azratanizrita 405 | sakadAgAmI 264 anakSara zruta vyAkhyA 416 | satkAryavAda 162, 163 zvetAzvataropaniSad 320 sattA 438. SaTakhaNDAgama 17, 116, 376 . vedAMta saMmata tIna 138 SaTpAhuDa 327 satya 544 SaTsthAnapatitatva 418 satyArthaprakAza 83 SaDazItika 257 sadadvaita 166 SaDdarzanasamuccaya 130 sadAnaMda 386 saMkSepazArIrakavArtika 395 sadRSTi ke cAra bheda 268 saMkhyA 261 sadvaita 166 saMgIti 86, 87 sadvAda . 163, 382, 403, 443, saMgrahanaya 307, 453, 502 444, 450 pArzvakA 8 sanmatiTIkA 46,446 saMghadAsagaNi 408 sanmatitarka 383, 465 saMjayabelaTThI 32 saptabhaMgI 154, 155, 172, saMjJA 301-303 503, 504 jJAna aura anubhava 301 kA prAdhAra nayavAda 172 matyAdi, AhArAdi 302 bhaMgo kA vicAra . zrodhAdi aura zaMkarAcArya 503 zve0-digambara 303 aura rAmAnuja 504 saMjJI asaMjJI sapratikramaNa dharma 8, 12 zve0-diga0 matabheda 342 | samatA 290-292 saMgha 503

Page #946
[ 566 ] samantabhad 364,366, 367,446, mAnane kI prAcIna paraMparA 115 463, 465, 469-473, 476, se buddha kA inkAra 115 480 kA samarthana 374 aura akalaMka 471 dekho kevalajJAna 481 ke samaya kI carcA 470 sarvajJatvavAda 427 . aura dharmakIrti 473 sarvavirati 271 siddhasena 473 sarvajJAtmamuni 365 samanvaya 161, 351 samaya 334 sarvArthasiddhi 60, 61, 268, 318, samAdhimaraNa 533, 534 320, 335, 385, 443, 471, 476 samAnatA 161 savikalpa jJAna 421, 440, 441 samiti 512 sAMkhya 50, 120, 124,130, 162, sammati 364 334,383, 385, 361-363, samyakajJAna 282 410, 468, 502, 524 samyaktva 271, 311-313, 340, sAMkhyakArikA 383 343 sAMkhyatattvakaumudI 117 svarUpa vivaraNa / 311 sAMkhyapravacanabhASya 172 sahetuka nirhetuka 311 sAMkhya-yoga 111,121, 126, 127, ke bhedoM kA AdhAra 312 dravya bhAva 313 351, 353, 356, 394, 367, 368, 403,428, 429, 431, mohanIya 313 433, 437, 501 kSAyopazamika, aupazamika 313 sAMpradAyika dRSTi 36, 42 sahita marakara strI bananA na sAgarAnaMda sUri 483 bananA, isa viSaya meM zve-diga. sAtavAhana 470 matabheda 343 sAmajhaphalasutta 46, 47 samyakadRSTi dvAtriMzikA 266 sAmAnya 165, 171 samyagjJAna 226 sAmAnyagAminI dRSTi 161 samyagdarzana 226, 282 sarvajJa 428, 430, 445 sAmAyika 121, 174, 177 sAmyadRSTi 116, 12, 122 zabda kA artha 430 ke viSaya meM gItA-gAMdhajI aura sarvajJatva 114, 115,374, 427, 481 jainadharma 121 kA artha 550 aura anekAnta 122 mahAvIra kA 114 : | sAvaga 6, 7 WM

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[ 567 ] siMdhI jaina sirIja 482 / 415, 500 siMhagaNi 151 seyaviyA-setavyA 5 siddha 528, 530 saiddhAntika 321 _aura arihaMta 528 / sotApanna 254 nizcayavyavahAra dRSTi se 530 | somayAga siddhAntasamIkSA 537 sobhAgade siddharAja 77, 516 somIla siddharSi 387 sautrAntika 346, 355 siddhasena 156,364,366,367, / stuti 177 385, 387, 402, 440, strI-puruSa 32, 324, 327 473, 476 samAnatA 323 siddhasenagaNi 318 442, 468 strI mokSa 324 siddhasena divAkara 306, 382, 426, . strI ko kevalajJAna 324 443, 447 446 450, 451, kundakundadvArA strIdIkSA kA virodha 453 siddhasena-samantabhadra kA paricaya 477 sthaviravAda 81, 86 siddhasenIya 380 sthAnakavAsI 66, 468 siddha haima 116, 405 sthAnAMga 14, 109, 381, 503 siddhAntabindu 172, 377, 437 TIkA 503 siddhArtha 37, 38 sthiramati 87 siddhiyA~ 264 smAta 225 siddhivinizcaya 465, 476 smRti 371 TIkA 465 smRticandrikA 85 sImaMdhara 40 syAdvAda 123, 150 sujazavelIbhAsa 456 syAdvAdaratnAkara 363,420 suttanipAta 112, 216 syUsAiDa 533, 535 sumedha 231 svayaMbhUstotra 364 sumaMgalAvilAsinI 47, 100 svasaMvedana 226 svAminArAyaNa 83 surezvara * 315 haThayoga 434 sulasA 32 hanumAna 41 sukara mahava 80 ke vividha artha 80 harikezI 31, 512 sUcamA 420 haribhadra 61, 116, 196, 297, sUtrakRtAMga 88, 67, 100, 413- 366, 382, 386, 396, 406,

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. [ 568. ] 408, 439, 448450, 468, .. rIkA 473 - anuTIkA 474 . aura akalaMka 479 | hetuvAda 163, 166, 550 harivaMza 41 hetuvAdopadezikI 302 harIkarI 536 hiMsA 508, 533, 534 harSavardhana 516 hiMsA ahiMsA 6,82. hindatattvajJAnano itihAsa 504 kI vaidika dRSTi 82 hiriyannA 500 hemacandra 38, 36, 77, 205, hInayAna mahAyAna 86 346,368, 374,387. 405, meM virodha 86 hIravijaya sUri 77, 455 hemacandra maladhArI 200 hIrAlAlajI (pro0) 466, 537 kA Avazyaka TippaNa 200 hetu 371 . hemacandrAcArya 234 kA rUpa 371 hemAdri 84 hetubinduH 377, 473, 454 / horesa alaikajhenDara 500

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A VERSATILE SCHOLAR He is really a versatile scholar, and his versatility is all the more astounding, because of the thoroughness and depth of knowledge of the specialist in each branch. India ought to be proud of such a man with such a capacious intellect....... As a man he is unique. I feel puzzled when I try to compare his intellectual greatness with his moral elevation. -Dr. Satkari Mookerjee Director, Nalanda Pali Institute, Panditji bas dominated the world of Indian philosophy and religion for the last forty years and more by his deep scholarship and noble personality. His philosophical writings on various topics and the scores of learned and critical introductions and notes to philosophical classics will stand as abiding monument to his peculiar genius and scholarship. -Dr. T. R. V. Murti, Banares Hindu University paMDitajIe pitAnI paMDitAI ne temaja pitAnA niSNAtapaNAne jIvananI sAthe sAce sumeLa sALe che; eTale emanI paMDitAI vadhAre tejasvI banI che ane emanuM bhAratIya tattvajJAnanA pradezamAM niSNAtapaNuM hajI Aje paNa ApaNane jIvatuM lAge che...vidattA, sAdAI ane nirbhayatAne A subhaga sumeLa ghaNAM ochAM mANasomAM jovA maLe che. paMDitajIne kadAca AvAM mANasamAM mokhare mukAya. -zrI nAnAbhAI bhaTTa maiM pichale bIsa-paccIsa varSoM se paNDitajIke samparkameM rahA huuN| unake sarala aura madhura vyaktitvane aura bhI mujhe adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai|...ve AcAra-vicArameM atyanta udAra haiN| sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatA unase kosoM dUra rahI hai| ...unakI vidvattA unheM pUrNa bhAratIya banAtI hai| -zI rAdura rAvana For Private & Personal use only

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FOR Personal dise Onlys LAW