Bharatiya Achar Darshan Part 02

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003608/1

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma ke sandarbha meM: bhAratIya AcAra-darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga do (vyAvahArika pakSa) lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura Ram sesiden DaoN.sAgaramala jainapAramArthika zikSaNanyAsadvArAsana 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI rASTrIya rAjamArga para sthita hai / isa saMsthAna kA mukhya uddezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiThita krnaahai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 15,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirika 700 hasta likhita pANDulipiyA~ hai / yahA~ 40 patra-patrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai| isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhIuttamavyavasthA hai| zodhakAryoM ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajIjainakAsatatsAnidhyaprApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kIgaI hai| prAkRta bhAratI : jayapura prAkRta bhAratI akAdamIjayapura kI sthApanA kA svapna Aja se lagabhaga 30 varSapUrva padma bhUSaNa zrI devendrarAjajI mehatAne dekhA thaa| isa saMsthA meM vigata 30 varSoM meM bhAratIya vidyAoM aura vizeSa rupa se jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya kArya kiyA hai| jahA~ eka aura isake sundara bhavana aura vizAla granthAgAra kA nirmANa huaa|vhiiN dUsarI ora prakAzana ke kSetra meM bhI isane mahatvapUrNa kAma kiyA hai| bhAratIya vidyA ke vibhinna pakSoM para lagabhaga 200 se adhika grantha isake mAdhyama se prakAzita ho cuke hai| bhAratIya vidhAoM ke kSetra meM kisI saMsthA ke dvArA 200 se adhika mAnaka granthoM ke prakAzana apane Apa meM eka itihAsa hai| isa prakAra Aja yaha saMsthAna ko adhyayana, adhyApana, zodha aura prakAzaka ke kSetra meM eka agraNIsaMsthAna ke rUpa meM mAnAjAsAtinal Use Only

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prAkRta bhAratI puSSa-272 prAcya vidyApITha puSpa - 28 jaina, bauddha aura hindUdharma ke sandarbha meM: bhAratIya AcAra-darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga 2 (vyAvahArika pakSa) lekhaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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2 LS.B.N. No.978-81-89698-78-2 (c)lekhakaprakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A ror3a, zAjApura (ma.pra.) prAptisthAna1. prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A ror3a, zAjApura (ma.pra.) 2. prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 13-e, mena roDa,mAlavIya nagara, jayapura-302017 prakAzana varSa san 2010 vIra nirvANa saM. 2536 mUlya : cAra sau rupae Rs. 400.00 mudrakaAkRti oNphaseTa 5, naIpeTha, ujjaina (ma.pra.) phona-0734-2561720

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-3.. prakAzakIya prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAjasthAna) ke dvArA jaina, bauddha aura hindUdharma ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, dvitIya bhAga (vyavahArapakSa)' nAmaka pustaka prakAzita karate hue hameM atIva prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| Aja ke yuga meM jisa sAmAjika-cetanA, sahiSNutA aura saha-astitva kI AvazyakatA hai, usake lie dharmoM kA samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai, tAki dharmoM ke bIca bar3hatI huI khAI ko pATA jA sake aura pratyeka dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha ho ske| isa dRSTibinduko lakSya meM rakhakara pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pUrva nidezaka evaM bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke pramukha vidvAn DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM para eka bRhadkAya zodha-prabandha Aja se lagabhaga 40 varSa pUrva likhaathaa| usI ke vyAvahArika-pakSa se sambandhita adhyAyoM se prastuta granthakI sAmagrIkA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| isa bhAga meM samatvayoga, trividha sAdhanA mArga, sAmAjika-naitikatA, gRhastha-dharma, zramaNa-dharma, AdhyAtmika vikAsa-yAtrA Adi viSayoM para vidvAn lekhaka ne tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| lekhaka kI dRSTi niSpakSa, udAra, saMtulita evaM samanvayAtmaka hai| AzA hai, vidvatjana unake isa vyApaka adhyayana se lAbhAnvita hoNge| prAkRta bhAratI dvArA isake pUrva bhI bhAratIya dharma, AcArazAstra evaM prAkRta bhASA ke aneka granthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai, usI krama meM yaha usakA agrima prakAzana hai| isake prakAzana meM hameM vibhinna logoM kA vividha rUpoM meM jo sahayoga milA hai, usake lie hama una sabake AbhArI haiN| AkRti oNphaseTa, ujjaina ne isake mudraNa-kArya ko sundara evaM kalApUrNa DhaMga se pUrNa kiyA, etadartha hama unake bhI AbhArI haiN| devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura (rAjasthAna) narendra jaina saciva prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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purovAk yugoM se mAnava-mastiSka isa prazna kA samAdhAna khojatA rahA hai ki usake jIvana kA parama zreya kyA hai ? mAnavIya-cintana ne isasandarbha meM jo-jo uttarasujhAe, unhIM se samagra pUrva evaM pazcima ke AcAra-darzanoM kA nirmANa huA hai, kintu deza, kAla, paristhiti evaM vyaktigata vibhinnatAoM ke kAraNa jo bhinna-bhinna uttara mAnava-mastiSka meM prakaTita hue, unase alaga-alaga AcAra-darzanoM kA janma huaa| AcAra ke sambandha meM ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kI upasthiti ne cintanazIla mAnava-mastiSka ke sAmane eka naI samasyA prastuta kI ki AcAra sambandhI ina vibhinna vicAra-paramparAoM meM satya ke adhika nikaTa kauna hai? phalasvarUpa, una sabakA suvyavasthita rUpa meM tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana Avazyaka huA, tAki unake guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA kI jA sake aura mAnavIya jIvanapraNAlI kI dRSTi se unakA samucita mUlyAMkana kiyA jA ske| bhArata meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI sthiti ___pAzcAtya naitika-vicAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM aisA prayAsa bahuta pahale se hotA rahA hai aura vartamAna yuga taka vaha kAphI vyavasthita aura vikasita ho gayA hai, lekina jahA~ taka bhAratIya naitika vicAra-paramparA kA prazna hai, yaha pArasparika tulanAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka adhyayana adhika gaharAI se nahIM ho pAyA hai| jo kucha thor3A-bahuta huA, vaha mAtra dArzanika AlocanAoM athavA pArasparika chIMTAkazI kI dRSTi se huaa| pratyeka naitika-paramparA kI AlocanA apanI zreSThatA ke pratipAdana evaM vipakSa kI hInatA ke pradarzana ke nimitta kI gaI, jisameM vAstavikatA ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM hokara mAtra matAgraha aura durAgraha hI adhika thaa| isI kAraNa, kabhI-kabhI apane vipakSa ke siddhAnta ko itane bhrAntarUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA ki jo usakI saiddhAntika-mAnyatAoM se phalita hI nahIM hotA hai| siddhAntoM kI mUlAtmA ko samajhane kA prayAsa hI nahIM kiyA gayA, varan usake bAhya kalevara kA hInatApUrNa vizleSaNa-mAtra kiyA gyaa| jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bauddha-dRSTikoNa ko aura bauddhAgama aMguttaranikAya evaM majjhimanikAya meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha isa bAta kA paryApta pramANa hai| yaha to hamArA sabase bar3A durbhAgya hI kahanA cAhie ki sAmpradAyika-vyAmoha ke kAraNa hamane vibhinna sAmpradAyika naitika mAnyatAoM ke madhya rahI huI ekarUpatA ko prakaTa karane kA kabhI prayAsa hI nahIM kiyaa| saMgIta saba vahI gA rahe the, phira bhI apanI-apanI DhapalI aura apanA-apanA rAga thA, jo saba milakara itanA besurA ho gayA thA ki sAmAnya evaM vidvata-jana saMgIta ke usa sama-svara kI madhuratA kA rasAsvAdana nahIM kara ske| kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra Adi mahApuruSoM evaM bhAratIya RSi

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- 5 maharSiyoM ke naitika-upadezoM kI vaha pavitra dharohara, jise unhoMne apanI bauddhika-pratibhA evaM satata sAdhanA ke anubhavoM se prApta kiyA thA, jo mAnava jAti ke lie cira-saukhya evaM zAzvata zAMti kA saMdeza lekara avatarita huI thI, mAnava usakA sahI mUlyAMkana nahIM kara skaa| mAnava ne yadyapi unake isa mahAn varadAna ko dharmavANI yA bhagavadvANI ke rUpa meM zraddhA se dekhA, usakI pUjA-pratiSThA kI, use sunahale vastroM meM Abaddha kara bhavya maMdiroM aura maThoM meM surakSita rkhaa| kucha ne zraddhAvaza usakA nitya pATha kiyA, lekina haribhadrasUrI aura gAMdhI jaise birale hI the, jinhoMne usake samasvaroM ko sunA, usake marma taka pahu~cane kI koziza kI aura usakI ekarUpatA kA darzana kara, use jIvana meM utArA, kintu adhikAMza ne use sAmpradAyikatA kA jAmA pahanAyA aura pariNAma yaha huA ki mAnavajAti ke prati die gae ve sArvabhauma naitika-saMdeza eka saMkucita kSetra meM Abaddha ho ge| sAtha hI apane vicAroM ke zreSThatva ke pratipAdana ke vyAmoha meM usa para aisI sAMpradAyikavyAkhyAe~ likhI gaIM, jinake pariNAmasvarUpa vizeSa AcAra ke niyama itane ubhara Ae ki unameM naitikatA kI mUlAtmA pUrNatayA daba - sI gaI / sadbhAgya se pAzcAtya vicAra - paramparA kI jijJAsu vRtti ke kAraNa varttamAna yuga meM asAmpradAyika AdhAroM para bhAratIya dharmoM kA adhyayana prArambha huaa| yaha prayAsa bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya - donoM prakAra ke vidvAnoM dvArA kiyA gyaa| jina pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhAratIya AcAra- darzana kA samagra rUpa meM tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA, unameM mekenjI aura hApakinsa pramukha haiN| mekenjI ne 'hindU ethiksa' tathA hApakinsa ne 'di ethiksa Apha iNDiyA' nAmaka grantha likhe| ina granthakAroM ke dRSTikoNa meM bhAratIya sampradAyoM sAmpradAyika vyAmoha kA to abhAva thA, lekina eka dUsare prakAra kA vyAmoha thA aura vaha thA IsAI dharma evaM pAzcAtya vicAra - paramparA kI zreSThatA kaa| dUsare, uparokta vicAraka bhAratIya AcAra-paramparA ke srota granthoM ke itane nikaTa nahIM the, jitanA unakA adhyetA eka bhAratIya ho sakatA thA / jina bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa sandarbha meM likhA, unameM zrI ziva svAmI ayyara kA 'di ivholyUzana Apha hindU mArala AiDiyalsa' nAmaka vyAkhyAna graMtha hai, jisameM bhAratIya naitika cintana ke AcAra-niyamoM kA sAmAnya rUpa meM vivecana hai, kintu jaina aura bauddha - dRSTikoNoM kA isameM abhAva - sA hI hai| bhAratIya AcAra - darzana ke anya granthoM meM suzrI sUramAdAsa guptA kA 'di DevhalapamenTa Apha mArala philAsaphI ina iNDiyA' nAmaka zodhaprabandha ullekhanIya hai / isameM vibhinna darzanoM ke naitika siddhAntoM kA vivaraNAtmaka saMkSipta prastutikaraNa hai| lekhikA kI dRSTi meM samAlocanAtmaka aura tulanAtmaka vivecana adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM rahA hai| eka anya mahatvapUrNa graMtha zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA kA 'ethiksa Apha di

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hindUja' hai, isa graMtha meM vivecana-zailI kI kAphI navInatA hai aura tulanAtmaka aura samAlocanAtmaka-dRSTikoNa kA nirvAha bhI santoSaprada rUpa meM huA hai| AdaraNIya tilakajI kA gItA rahasya yadyapi gItA para eka TIkA hai, lekina usake pUrva bhAga meM unhoMne bhAratIya naitikatA kI jo vyAkhyAe~ prastuta kI haiM, ve vastutaH sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa haiN| hindI samiti uttarapradeza se prakAzita padmabhUSaNa DaoN. bhIkhanalAlajI Atreya kA bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa' nAmaka vizAlakAya graMthabhI isa dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa prayAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi isameM bhI vidvAn lekhaka ne tulanAtmaka evaM samAlocanAtmaka-dRSTi evaM saiddhAntika vivecanA ko adhika mahatva nahIM diyA hai| graMtha ke adhikAMza bhAga meM vibhinna bhAratIya vicArakoM ke naitika-upadezoM kA saMkalana hai, phira bhI grantha ke antima bhAga meM vidvAn lekhaka dvArA jo kucha likhA gayA hai, vahayugIna sandarbha meM bhAratIya naitikatA ko samajhane kA eka mahatvapUrNa sAdhana avazya hai| isI prakAra, landana se prakAzita (1965) zrI Izvaracandra kA ithikala philAsaphI Apha iNDiyA' nAmaka grantha bhI bhAratIya nItizAstra ke adhyayana kA eka prAmANika grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, lekina uparyukta donoM granthoM meM bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi kA adhika vikAsa nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka jainAcAra ke vivecana kA prazna hai, use ina samasta graMthoM meM sAmAnyatayA 15-20 pRSThoM se adhika kA sthAna upalabdha honA sambhavahI nahIM thaa| dUsare, jaina-AcAradarzana aura bauddha-AcAradarzana meM nihita samAnatAoM kA jaina aura bauddha-paramparA se kitanA sAmya hai, yaha viSaya bhI achUtA hI rahA hai| jahA~ taka jaina AcAra-darzana ke svataMtra evaM vyApaka adhyayana kA prazna hai, kucha prArambhika prayAsoM ko chor3akara yaha kSetra bhI achUtA hI rahA hai| jaina-darzana kI tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA para AdaraNIya sAtakADI mukarjI, DaoN. TATiyA, DaoN. padmarAje, DaoN. harisatyabhaTTAcArya ke grantha upalabdha haiN| jaina-manovijJAna para bhI DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA aura DaoN. kalaghATagI ke grantha upalabdha haiM, jabaki jaina AcAra-darzana para svataMtra rUpase kisI bhI granthakA abhAva hI thaa| yadyapi DaoN. zAntArAma bhAlacandra deva kA jaina muniyoM ke AcAra para eka vizAlakAya zodha-prabandha avazya upalabdha thA, lekina usameM bhI AcAra-darzana kI saiddhAntika-samIkSAoM kA abhAva hI hai| saMyoga se, jaba ki yaha prabandha apanI pUrNatA kI orathA, taba hI DaoN. mehatA kA jaina AcAra' nAmaka grantha bhI prakAza meM AyA, yadyapi isameM bhI AcAra-darzana kI saiddhAntika-samasyAoM para vizeSa vicAra nahIM huA hai| granthakAra ne apane ko AcAra ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI vivecanA taka hI sImita rakhA hai| yadyapi yaha prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki isa prabandha ke antima TaMkaNa ke pUrva hI DaoN. sogAnI kA ethikala DAkTina ina jainijma (1967) evaM DaoN. bhArgava kA jaina ethiksa' (1968) nAmaka zodhaprabandha prakAzita ho gae haiM / yadyapi unameM bhI naitikatA kI saiddhAntika-samasyAoM para

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-7. vistRta rUpa se koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, sAtha hI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhI kucha vizeSa vicAra upalabdha nahIM hote| jo kucha tulanA huI hai, vaha adhikAMza rUpa se tAttvikapraznoM ke sandarbha meM hI hai, tulanAtmaka samIkSA kA to abhAvahI hai| vidvAn lekhakoM ne tulanA kI dRSTi se kevala dizA-saMketa mAtra hI die haiN| pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana kI adhikAMza naitika samasyAoM kA ina granthoM meM koI vizeSa vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI ye grantha jaina AcAra-darzana ke kSetra meM abhI taka jo zodha-sAhitya kA abhAva thA, usakI pUrti avazya karate haiN| dUsarI mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki pAzcAtya-vicAraNA meM naitika-pramApaka ke prazna ko lekara jisa DhaMga se vibhinna naitika-dhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai, usI DhaMga para hamAre yahA~ kI naitika-dhAraNAoM kA adhyayana nahIM huA hai, mAtra zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA ne apane grantha ke pariziSTa meM isa DhaMga se eka prayAsa avazya kiyA hai| isa prakAra, tulanAtmaka evaM samanvayAtmaka-pariprekSya meM bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA abhI bhI banI huI hai| prastuta grantha usI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai| samanvayAtmaka pariprekSya meM tulanAtmakakI AvazyakatA ___ bhAratIya-cintakoM ne jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM ko kAphI sUkSma dRSTi se parakhA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA ke vibhinna naitika-siddhAnta, jo Aja apanI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM bikhare hue par3e haiN| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI nahIM hai ki kisI nae naitika-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI jAe, varan AvazyakatA yaha hai ki ina bikhare hue vicArakaNoM ko ekatrita kara samanvita rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAe, jisase vartamAna mAnava AcaraNa ke kSetra meM samyak dizA-nirdeza prApta kara ske| isa prakAra, samanvayAtmaka-dRSTi se bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM kA pArasparika tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura pAzcAtya samIkSAtmakapraNAlI ke AdhAra para unakA niSpakSa samAlocana apekSita hai| praur3ha adhyayana kI dRSTi se abhI taka yaha kSetra upekSita hI rahA hai| prastuta gaveSaNA meM hamane isa dizA meM yathAzakya prayAsa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| prastuta prabandha meM jaina AcAra-darzana meM adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha usakI nikaTavartI do AcAra-praNAliyoM se tulanA karane kA bhI yathAsambhava prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH, samanvayAtmaka bhUmikA hI eka aisI bhUmikA hai, jo satya ke adhika nikaTa ho sakatI hai| eka adhyetA jisa satya ko pAnA cAhatA hai, vaha use kisI vAdavizeSa ke Agraha meM nahIM milasakatA hai|sty apane adhika pUrNarUpa meM AgrahameM nahIM,anAgraha meM prakaTa hotA hai, virodha meM nahIM, samanvaya meM prakaTa hotA hai| jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM, vibhinna dRSTikoNa, jo apane alaga-alaga rUpoM meM asatya (mithyA) kahe jAte haiM, hI samanvita hone

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-8 para satya ho jAte haiN| ' ekAMgI vicAra-kaNa jaba samanvaya ke sUtra meM grathita ho jAte haiM, to satya kA prakaTana kara dete haiN| apane-apane pakSa meM hI pratibaddha sabhI dRSTikoNa asamyak (asatya) hote haiM, parantu paraspara sApekSa hokara samanvita rUpa meM ve hI samyak ( satya) bana jAte haiN| vartamAna yuga meM adhyayana kI jisa dizAkI AvazyakatA hai, use isa samanvayAtmakabhUmikA para ArUr3ha honA cAhie aura yaha kArya usa tulanAtmaka adhyayana-praNAlI ke dvArA hIsambhava ho sakatA hai, jo niSpakSa evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ko Age rakhakara isa kSetra meM praviSTa hotI hai| prastuta gaveSaNA kI adhyayana-dRSTi prastuta gaveSaNA meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se hamane jisa dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA hai, use adhika spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai| tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM pratipakSa kI asaMgatiyoM ko spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai, pakSa se usakI bhinnatA prakaTa kI jAtI hai aura anta meM pakSa kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA dUsarA svarUpa vaha hai, jisameM tulanIya-paramparAoM meM nihita sAmya ko prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai, pArasparika-virodha meM bhI nihita samanvaya ke sUtra khojane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| prastuta gaveSaNA meM hamane mukhyatayA isa dUsare rUpa ko hI apanAyA hai| hamAre isa samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko apanAne kA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki tulanIya AcAra-darzanoM meM bhinnatA yA virodha ke sUtra nahIM haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki paraspara virodha khojane aura pratipakSa kI asaMgatiyoM kA nirdezana karane ke prayAsa to bahuta hue haiN| svapakSa ke maNDana aura parapakSa ke khaNDana meM hamAre pUrvaja vidvAnoM ne bahuta hI zakti evaM zrama kA vyaya kiyA hai, pArasparika-virodha aura asaMgatiyoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie hamAre pAsa vipula sAhitya hai, cAhe vaha saMskRtabhASA meM hI kyoM na ho, lekina samanvaya kI bhUmikA ko taiyAra karane ke lie kucha bhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta bhASA meM bhI haribhadra ke 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' jaise ekAdha apavAda ko chor3akara aise sAhitya kA abhAva hI hai| ataH, yaha Avazyaka hai ki samanvayAtmaka-dRSTikoNa se adhyayana karane kI paramparA ko apanAkara unameM parilakSita hone vAlI ekatAko prakaTa kiyA jAe, tAki mAnava-jAti ke TUTe hue sUtroM ko punaH jor3A jA sake aura vibhinna paramparAoM ko eka-dUsare ke nikaTa lAyA jA ske| sambhavataH, vidvat-varga kA yaha AkSepa ho sakatA hai ki paraspara bhinna dArzanika bhittiyoM para khar3e ina AcAra-darzanoM meM nihita virodha kI upekSA kara unake sAmya para bala denA eka prakAra kA pUrvAgraha hI kahA jAegA, jabaki zodha-vidyArthI kA kArya to yaha hai ki binA kisI pUrvAgrahake tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM, virodha yA sAmya jobhI use mile, prakaTa kara

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de| virodha kI upekSA kara sAmya para bala dene meM merA koI pUrvAgraha nahIM hai| prazna pUrvAgraha kA nahIM, adhyayana kI dRSTi ke cayana kA hai| hama to mAtra yahI cAhate haiM ki virodhoM aura vibhinnatAoM meM bhI sAmyatA ke jo sUtra rahe hue haiM, unheM prastuta adhyayana ke dvArA prakaTa kara diyaajaae|hmne virodhoM kI upekSAkara sAmyako abhiprakaTa karane ke lie josamanvayAtmakaprayAsa prastuta gaveSaNA meM kiyA hai, usakA kAraNa pUrvAgraha nahIM, varan hamAre adhyayana kI dizA kA nirdhAraNa hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM, hamAre samanvayAtmaka-dRSTi se kie gae isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA pramukha dRSTikoNa, jaina AcAra-darzana kI, gItAaura bauddha AcAradarzana se jo sannikaTatA aura sAmyatA hai, use abhivyakta karanA hai| adhyayana kI isa samanvayAtmaka-dRSTi ke kAraNa hI pratilakSita hone vAle mUlabhUta dArzanika virodha vivecanA kI dRSTi se upekSita se rahe haiM / yadyapi samAlocya paramparAoM meM dArzanika dRSTi-bheda haiM, phira bhI una vibhinna AdhAroM para nikAle gae naitika-niSkarSa itane samAna haiM ki ve adhyetA kA dhyAna apanI ora AkarSita kie binA nahIM rahate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki samanvayAtmakadRSTi se adhyayana karane ke lie hamane inakI tattvamImAMsA ke sthAna para AcAramImAMsA kA cayana kiyA hai, kyoMki yaha eka aisA pakSa hai, jahA~ tInoM dhArAe~ eka-dUsare se milakara usa pavitra triveNI-saMgama kA nirmANa karatI haiM, jisameM avagAhana kara Aja bhI mAnava-jAti apane cira-saMtApoM se parinivRtta ho zAnti-lAbha kara sakatI hai| adhyayana-dRSTi ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura bhIkaha denA Avazyaka hai, vaha yaha ki samagra adhyayana meM jaina AcAra-darzana ko mukhya bhUmikA meM evaM gItA aura bauddha AcAra-darzana ko paripArzva meM rakhA gayA hai, ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA vivecana utanI gaharAI aura vistAra se na ho pAyA hai, jitanI ki unake bAre meM svatantra adhyayana kI dRSTi se apekSA kI jA sakatI hai, lekina isakA kAraNa bhI hamArI upekSAvRtti nahIM hokara adhyayana kI dRSTi hI hai| adhyayana ke viSaya ke cayana ke sambandha meM sambhavataH yaha prazna uThatA hai ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM ko hI kyoM cunA gayA ? isa cayana ke pIche mukhya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki bhArata ke sAMskRtika-pariveza ke nirmANa meM jina paramparAoM kA maulika yogadAna rahA ho tathA jo Aja bhI jIvanta paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhAratIya evaM anya dezoM ke jana-jIvana para apanA prabhAva banAe hue haiM, unheM hI adhyayana kA viSaya banAyA jAe, tAki tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke mAdhyama se unakI AcAra-niSTha ekarUpatAko abhivyakta kiyA jA sake, jo unheM ekadUsare ke nikaTa lAne meM sahAyaka ho| prAcIna kAla kI nivRttipradhAna zramaNa aura pravRtti

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-10 pradhAna vaidika-paramparAe~ hI bhAratIya sAMskRtika pariveza kA nirmANa karane vAlI pramukha paramparAe~ haiN| ina donoM ke pArasparika-prabhAva evaM samanvaya se hI vartamAna bhAratIya-saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| inake pArasparika-samanvaya ne nimna tIna dizAe~ grahaNa kI thIM ____ 1. samanvaya kA eka rUpathA, jisameM nivRtti pradhAna aura pravRtti gauNa thii| yaha 'nivRtyAtmaka-pravRtti kA mArga thaa| jIvanta AcAra-darzanoM ke rUpa meM isakA pratinidhitva jaina-paramparA karatI hai| 2. samanvayakA dUsarA rUpathA, jisameM pravRtti pradhAna aura nivRtti gaunnthii| yaha 'pravRtyAtmaka-nivRtti kA mArga thA, jisakA pratinidhitva gItA se prabhAvita AcAra-darzana kI vartamAna hindU-paramparA karatI hai| 3. samanvaya kA tIsarA rUpa thA, pravRtti aura nivRtti kI atiyoM se bacakara madhyamamArga para calanA, isakA dizA-nirdezabhagavAn buddha ne kiyaa| unake AcAra-darzana meM pravRtti aura nivRtti-donoM kA samAna sthaanthaa| usameM parivAra ke tyAga ke artha meM nivRtti kA sthAna thA, to sAmAjika-kalyANa ke artha meM pravRtti kaa| sAtha hI, madhyama mArga ke rUpa meM saMnyAsa kI sArI kaThoratA samApta ho gaI thii| vastutaH, uparokta tInoM vicAraNAe~ apane samanvita rUpa meM samagra bhAratIya AcAraparamparA kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karatI haiN| vartamAna yuga taka inake bAhya-rUpa meM aneka parivartana hote rahe, phira bhI inakI pRSThabhUmi bahuta kucha vahI banI rahI hai| Aja bhI yaha tInoM paramparAe~ bhAratIya naitika-cintana ke eka pUrNa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karane meM samartha haiN| yahI nahIM, tInoM paramparAe~ apane Antarika rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke itanI nikaTa haiM ki apane adhyetA ko tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se adhyayana karane ko prarita kara detI haiN| adhyayana-sAmagrIevaM kSetra uparyukta tInoM pamparAoM meM se jaina-paramparA meM AcAra-darzana kI dRSTi se bhI saiddhAntika-rUpa meM koI ullekhanIya parivartana nahIM huA hai| yadyapi AgamoM kI apekSA pazcakAlIna granthoM meM AcAra sambandhI niyamoM meM thor3e-bahuta vyAvahArika parivartana avazya parilakSita hote haiM, phira bhI jaina-paramparA kI yaha viziSTatA hai ki itanI lambI samayAvadhi meM vaha apane mUla kendra se adhika dUra nahIM ho paayii| Aja bhI vaha nivRtyAtmaka-pravRtti ke apane mUla svarUpa se idhara-udhara kahIM nahIM bhaTakI hai| pazcakAlIna granthoM meM bhI Agama ke vicAroM kAhI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, ataH adhyayana kI dRSTi se mUla AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha paravartI AcAryoM ke granthoM evaM dRSTikoNoM kA upayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad evaM gItA kI mUlabhUta dhAraNA para jisa hindU AcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa huA, usameM saiddhAntika aura vyAvahArika-dRSTi se vartamAna kAla taka aneka

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parivartana hue aura pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna mAnyatAe~ barnI, jo eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I rahIM, ataH prastuta gaveSaNA meM una sabako sammilita karanA na to ucita thA, na sambhava hI, isalie hindU AcAra- paramparA ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM gItA kA cayana karanA hI ucita pratIta huA, kyoMki hindU paramparA ke AdhArabhUta granthoM meM upaniSad, brahmasUtra evaM gItA kI prasthAnatrayI hI pramANabhUta hai| cAhe hindU paramparA meM kitane hI pArasparika virodha hoM, cAhe hindU - AcAra kI paridhiyAM aneka hoM, phira bhI kendra sabakA eka hI hai| sabhI apane pakSa kA samarthana prasthAnatrayI ke AdhAra para karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| isa prakAra, gItA Aja bhI sabhI kI zraddheya hai aura hindU AcAra- darzana kA pratinidhitva karane meM samartha hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, 'yaha (gItA) hindU kA pratinidhatva karatI hai / ' ataH, tulanAtmaka dRSTi se gItA IT adhika upayoga kiyA gayA hai aura phira bhI gItA ke saMkSipta grantha hone ke kAraNa tulanAtmaka-sAmyatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie yathAvasara upaniSadoM, smRtigranthoM tathA mahAbhArata kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| -11 bauddhAcAra - paramparA ne jisa madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA thA, vaha ucita samAdhAna to thA, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM nivRtti aura pravRtti ke madhya usa samataula ko banAe rakhanA sahaja nahIM thaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda vaha samataula vicalita ho gyaa| eka pakSa kA jhukAva nivRtti kI ora adhika huA aura vaha hInayAna (choTA vAhana) kahalAyA hai, kyoMki nivRtyAtmaka-sAdhanA meM adhika logoM ko lagA pAnA saMbhava nahIM thaa| dUsarI ora, jo pakSa pravRtti kI ora jhukA evaM jisane jana-kalyANa ke mArga ko apanAyA, vaha mahAyAna (bar3A vAhana) khlaayaa| eka bAra isa samataula kA vicalana hone ke bAda bauddha paramparA apanI madhyasthiti ko punaH nahIM lauTa pAyI, varan vibhinna avAntara-sampradAyoM (nikAyoM) meM vibhAjita hotI calI gii| prastuta tulanAtmaka - gaveSaNA bauddha darzanako vistRta samagra rUpa se sameTa pAnA asambhava hai| dUsare, una nikAyoM kI pArasparika - dUrI itanI adhika hai ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se ve adhika upayogI nahIM raha jAtIM; ataH prastuta gaveSaNA meM bauddha darzana se tAtparya prArambhika bauddha darzana se hI hai| prAcIna bauddha pAli sAhitya meM varNita AcAra-paramparAoM se Aja kA bauddhada- samAja cAhe kitanA hI dUra kyoM nahIM ho, phira bhI AcAra - darzana sambandhI samasyAoM ke hala khojane - Aja bhI usakI dRSTi usa ora jAtI avazya hai| dUsare, vaha sAhitya jainAcAra - darzana sambandhI prAcIna Agama-sAhitya se kAlika-sAmyatA bhI rakhatA hai, ataH prastuta gaveSaNA - se hI bauddha paramparA ke adhyayana kA mukhya AdhAra banAyA hai, yadyapi vizuddhimagga jaise sthaviravAdI aura bodhicaryAvatAra tathA laMkAvatAra jaise mahAyAnI granthoM kI tulanA kI dRSTi se yathAsambhava upayoga kiyA gayA hai|

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- 12 - prastuta gaveSaNA meM jina mahApuruSoM, vicArakoM, lekhakoM, gurujanoM evaM mitroM kA sahayoga rahA hai, una sabake prati AbhAra pradarzita karanA maiM apanA punIta kartavya samajhatA huuN| sarvaprathama maiM una mahApuruSoM ke prati vinayavat hU~, jinhoMne mAnava-jIvana kI mUlabhUta samasyAoM ko gaharAI se parakhA aura unake nirAkaraNa ke lie mAnava komArga-darzana pradAna kiyaa| kRSNa, buddha aura mahAvIra evaM anekAneka RSi-maharSiyoM ke upadezoM kI yaha pavitra dharohara, jise unhoMne apanI prajJA evaM sAdhanA ke dvArA prApta kara mAnava-kalyANa ke lie jana-jana meM prasArita kiyA thA, Aja bhI hamAre lie mArgadarzaka hai aura hama unake prati zraddhAvana haiN| lekina, mahApuruSoM ke ye upadeza Aja devavANI saMskRta, pAli evaM prAkRta meM jisa rUpa meM hameM saMkalita milate haiM, hama inake saMkalanakartAoM ke prati AbhArI haiM, jinake parizrama ke phalasvarUpa vaha pavitra thAtI surakSita rahakara Aja hameM upalabdha ho sakI hai| samprati yuga ke una prabuddha vicArakoM ke pratibhIAbhAra prakaTa karanA Avazyaka hai, jinhoMne buddha, mahAvIra aura kRSNa ke mantavyoM ko yugIna sandarbha meM vistArapUrvaka vivecita evaM vizleSita kiyA hai| isa rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke marmajJa paM. sukhalAlajI upAdhyAya, amaramunijI, muni nathamalajI, pro. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, bauddha-darzana ke adhikArI vidvAn dharmAnanda kausambI evaM anya aneka vidvAnoM evaM lekhakoM kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~, jinake sAhitya ne mere cintana ko dizA-nirdeza diyA hai| maiM jaina-darzana para zodha karane vAle DaoN. TATiyA, DaoN. padma rAje, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, DaoN. kalaghaTagI, DaoN. kamalacanda sogAnI evaM DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava Adi una sabhI vidvAnoM kA bhIAbhArI hU~, jinake zodha-granthoM ne mujhe na kevala viSaya aura zailI ke samajhane meM mArgadarzana diyA, varana jaina-granthoM ke anekamahatvapUrNasandarbho ko binA prayAsa ke mere lie upalabdha bhI karAyA hai| isI prakAra, maiM abhidhAnarAjendrakoza jaise koza-nirmAtAoM aura sUkti triveNI evaM mahAvIra vANI jaise kucha prAmANika sUkti-saMgrAhakoM ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~, jinake kAraNa aneka sandarbha alpa prayAsa meM hI upalabdha ho sake haiN| ina sabake atirikta, maiM vibhinna patra-patrikAoM ke una lekhakoM ke prati bhI AbhArI hU~, jinake vicAroM se prastuta gaveSaNA meM lAbhAnvita huA huuN| una gurujanoM ke prati, jinake vyaktigata sneha, protsAhana evaM mArgadarzana ne mujhe isa kArya meM sahayoga diyA hai, zraddhA prakaTa karanA bhI merA anivArya karttavya hai| sarvaprathama, maiM sauhArdra, saujanya evaM saMyama kI mUrti zraddheya guruvarya DaoN. sI.pI. brahmoM kA atyanta hI abhArI hU~, jinhoMnenirdezaka ke nAma se vilaga rahakara bhI isa zodha ke nirdezana kA sampUrNa bhAra apanI vRddhAvasthA meM bhI vahana kiyA hai| apane svAsthya kI cintA nahIM karate hue bhI unhoMne prastuta gaveSaNA ke aneka aMzoM ko dhyAnapUrvaka par3hA yAsunA evaM yathAvasara usameM sudhAra evaM saMzodhana

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ke lie nirdeza bhI kiyaa| maiM nahIM samajhatA hU~ ki kevala zAbdika AbhAra prakaTa karane mAtra se maiM unake prati apane dAyitva se uRNa ho sakatA huuN| jinake caraNoM meM baiThakara darzana aura AcAra-vijJAna kA jJAna arjita kara sakA aura jinakI preraNA evaM jinake sahayoga se yaha mahat kArya sampanna kara sakA, unake prati kaise AbhAra prakaTa karUM, yaha maiM nahIM samajha pA rahA huuN| maiM to mAtra unake guruRNa ke sUda kI yaha aMzikA, vinayavat ho, unheM prastuta kara rahA huuN| prastuta gaveSaNA ke nirdezaka DaoN. sadAziva banarjI kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinakI AtmIyatA, sahayoga evaM nirdezana se maiM lAbhAnvita huA hU~ aura jinakA mRdu, nizchala evaM sarala svabhAva sadaiva hI unake prati merI zraddhA kA kendra rahA hai| vidvatvarya DaoN. indracandra zAstrI, dehalI vizvavidyAlaya kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne prastuta zodhakArya ke kucha aMzoM ko sunakara evaM mArganirdeza dekara mujhe lAbhAnvita kiyA hai| prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna ke saciva zrI devendrarAja mehatA evaM zrI vinayasAgarajI kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinake sahayoga se prathama evaM isa dvitIya saMskaraNa kA prakAzana sambhava ho sakA hai| AkRti oNphaseTa, ujjaina ne jisa tatparatA aura sundaratA se yaha kArya sampanna kiyA hai, usake lie unake prati AbhAra vyakta karanA bhI merA karttavya hai / mitravara zrI jamanAlAlajI jaina ne isakI presa kApI taiyAra karane meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai, ataH unake prati bhI hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ / maiM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama parivAra ke DaoN. harihara siMha, zrI mohanalAlajI, zrI bhikhArIrAma yAdava aura zrI vijayakumAra jaina kA AbhArI hU~, jinase vividha rUpoM meM sahAyatA prApta hotI rahI hai| isI prakAra isa dvitIya saMskaraNa kA prupharIDiMga kA kArya zrI caitanyajI sonI ne kiyA ata: unakA bhI aabhaar| anta meM, patnI zrImatI kamalA jaina kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jisake tyAga evaM sevAbhAva ne mujhe pArivArikaulajhanoM se mukta rakhakara vidyA kI upAsanA kA avasara diyaa| - 13 - isa sampUrNa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai, sabhI kucha gurujanoM kA diyA huA hai, isameM maiM apanI maulikatA kA bhI kyA dAvA karU~ ? maiMne to anekAneka mahApuruSoM, RSiyoM, santoM, vicArakoM evaM lekhakoM ke zabda evaM vicAra - sumanoM kA saMcaya kara mA~ sarasvatI ke samarpaNa ke hetu isa mAlA kA grathana kiyA hai, isameM jo kucha mAnava ke lie uttama hitakAraka evaM kalyANakAraka tattva haiM, ve saba unake haiN| hA~, yaha saMbhava hai ki merI alpamati evaM malinatA ke kAraNa isameM doSa A gae hoM, una doSoM kA uttaradAyitva merA apanA hai| yadatra sauSThavaM kiMcittadguvoreva me na hi / yadatrAsauSThavaM kiMcittanmamaiva tayorna hi // vIra nirvANa divasa - dIpAvalI 15 navambara, 1982 sAgaramala jaina

Page #16
-14 viSaya-sUcI adhyAya : 1 samatva-yoga 25-46 naitika-sAdhanA kA kendrIyatattva samatva-yoga (1); jainaAcAra-darzana meM samatva-yoga (3); jaina-darzana meM viSamatA (duHkha) kA kAraNa (4); jainadharma meM samatva-yogakA mahatva (5); jaina-dharma meM samatva-yoga kA artha (6); jaina-AgamoM meM samatva-yoga kA nirdeza (7); bauddha AcAra-darzana meM samatvayoga (7); gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM samatva-yoga (9); gItA meM samatva kA artha (14); gItA meM samatvayoga kI zikSA (14); samatvayoga kA vyavahArapakSa (16); samatvayoga kA vyavahAra-pakSa aura jaina-dRSTi (19); samatvayoga ke niSThAsUtra (19); samatvayoga ke kriyAnvayana ke cAra sUtra-vRtti meM anAsakti (19); vicAra meM anAgraha (20); vaiyaktika-jIvana meM asaMgraha (anAsakti) (20); sAmAjika-AcaraNa meM ahiMsA (20) / adhyAya : 2 trividha sAdhanA-mArga 47-62 trividha sAdhanA-mArga hI kyoM ? (21); bauddha-darzana meM trividha sAdhanA-mArga (21); gItA kA trividha sAdhanAmArga (22); pAzcAtya-cintana meM trividha sAdhanApatha (22); sAdhana-traya kA paraspara sambandha (23); samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA pUrvApara sambandha (23); bauddha-vicAraNA meM jJAna aura zraddhA kA sambandha (25); gItA meM zraddhA aura jJAna kA sambandha (27); samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha (27); bauddhadarzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa (28); samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kI pUrvAparatA (28); sAdhana-traya meM jJAna kA sthAna (29); samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kA pUrvApara sambandhabhI ekAMtika nahIM (30); jJAna aura kriyA ke sahayoga se mukti (31); vaidika paramparA meM jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya se mukti (33); bauddha-vicAraNA meM prajJA aura zIla kA sambandha (33); tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra (34); mAnavIya-prakRti aura trividha sAdhanApatha (35) / adhyAya : 3 avidyA (mithyAtva) 63-72 mithyAtva kA artha (38); jaina-darzana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra-ekAnta (38); viparIta (39); vainayika (39); saMzaya (39); ajJAna (40);

Page #17
- 15 mithyAtva ke 25 bheda (40); bauddha darzana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra ( 41 ) ; gItA meM ajJAna (41); pAzcAtya - darzana meM mithyAtva kA pratyaya - jAtigata mithyA dhAraNAe~, vyaktigata mithyA vizvAsa, bAjArU mithyA vizvAsa, raMgamaMca kI bhrAnti (42) ; jaina-darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa (42) ; bauddha darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa (43); bauddha darzana kI avidyA kI samIkSA ( 44 ); gItA evaM vedAnta meM avidyA kA svarUpa ( 45 ); vedAnta kI mAyA kI samIkSA (46); upasaMhAra (46) / adhyAya : 4 samyagdarzana - samyaktva kA artha (47); darzana kA artha (48) ; samyagdarzana ke vibhinna artha (48); jaina AcAra - darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna ( 51 ); bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna ( 52 ); vaidika paramparA evaM gItA meM samyagdarzana (zraddhA) kA sthAna ( 53 ); jainadharma meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa evaM samyagdarzana ke dasabheda (54-55); samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa - (a) kAraka samyaktva, rocaka samyaktva, dIpaka samyaktva ( 55 ); (ba) aupazamika - samyaktva, kSAyikasamyaktva, kSAyopazamika- samyaktva ( 56 ); samyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa(a) dravya - samyaktva aura bhAva- samyaktva ( 57 ); (ba) nizcaya samyaktva aura vyavahAra-samyaktva (57); (sa) nisargaja - samyaktva aura adhigamaja - samyaktva (57); samyaktva ke pAMca aMga-sama, saMvega, nirveda, anukampA, Astikya (58) ; samyaktva ke dUSaNa (aticAra) - zaMkA, AkAMkSA, vicikitsA, mithyAdRSTiyoM kI prazaMsA, mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ati paricaya (59) ; samyagdarzana ke ATha darzanAcAra - nizzaMkatA, niSkAMkSatA, nirvicikitsA, amUDhadRSTi, upabRMhaNa, sthirIkaraNa, vAtsalya, prabhAvanA, ( 60-64); samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke chaha sthAna (64) ; bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa (64); gItA meM zraddhA kA svarUpa evaM vargIkaraNa (66); upasaMhAra (68) / samyagjJAna ( jJAnayoga) adhyAya : 5 jaina naitika-sAdhanA meM jJAna kA sthAna ( 70 ) ; bauddha darzana meM jJAna kA sthAna (71); gItA meM jJAna kA sthAna (71) ; samyagjJAna kA svarUpa (71) ; jJAna ke stara (72) ; bauddhika-jJAna (73); AdhyAtmika jJAna (74) ; naitika jIvana kA lakSya AtmajJAna (75); AtmajJAna kI samasyA (76) ; AtmajJAna kI prAthamika vidhi bhedavijJAna (77) ; jaina-darzana meM bheda - vijJAna (78) ; bauddha - 73-94 95-108

Page #18
-16 darzana meM bhedAbhyAsa (78); gItA meM Atma-anAtma viveka (bheda-vijJAna) (80); niSkarSa (82) / adhyAya : 6 samyak-cAritra (zIla) 109-122 samyagdarzana se samyakcAritra kI ora (83); samyakcAritra kA svarUpa (84); cAritra ke do rUpa, (85); nizcayadRSTi se cAritra (85); vyavahAracAritra (85); vyavahAracAritra ke prakAra (86); cAritra kA caturvidha vargIkaraNa (86); cAritra kA paMcavidha vargIkaraNa-sAmAyika-cAritra, yathAkhyAta-cAritra (87); cAritra kA trividha vargIkaraNa (87); bauddha-darzana aura samyakucAritra (87); zIla kA artha (86); zIla ke prakAra-dvividha vargIkaraNa (88); trividha vargIkaraNa (89); zIla kA pratyupasthAna (90); zIla kA padasthAna (90); zIla ke guNa (90); aSTAMga sAdhanApatha aura zIla (91); vaidikaparamparA ke zIla yA sadAcAra (92); zIla (92); sAmayAcArika (92); ziSTAcAra (93); sadAcAra (93); upasaMhAra (94) / adhyAya :7 samyak tapa tathA yoga-mArga 123-146 naitika-jIvana evaM tapa (96); jaina sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna (98); hindU sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna (99); bauddha sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna (99); tapa ke svarUpa kA vikAsa (101); jaina-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana (102); vaidika-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana (103); bauddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana (103); jaina-sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa (104); zArIrika yA bAhya-tapa ke bheda-anazana, UnodarI, rasa-parityAga, bhikSAcaryA, kAmakleza, saMlInatA (104-105); AbhyAntara-tapa ke bheda-prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga, dhyAna-dharmadhyAna, zukladhyAna, (105108); gItA meM tapakA vargIkaraNa (109); bauddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa (110) aSTAMga yoga aura jainadarzana (112); tapa kA sAmAnya svarUpa : eka mUlyAMkana (114) / adhyAya : 8 nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 147-170 ___ nivRtti-mArga evaM pravRtti-mArga kA vikAsa (120); nivRtti-pravRtti ke vibhinna artha (120); pravRtti aura nivRtti-sakriyatA evaM niSkriyatA ke artha meM -jaina-dRSTikoNa (121); bauddha-dRSTikoNa (122); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (122); gRhastha-dharma banAma saMnyAsa-dharma-jaina aura bauddha-dRSTikoNa

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- 17 (123); sainyAsa-mArga para adhika bala (124); jaina aura bauddha-darzana meM sainyAsa nirApada mArga (124); kyA sainyAsa palAyana hai ? (125); gRhastha aura saMnyAsa-jIvana kI zreSThatA (126); gItA kA dRSTikoNa zaMkara kA saiMnyAsamArgIya dRSTikoNa (128), tilakakA karmamArgIya dRSTikoNa (128); gItA kA dRSTikoNa samanvayAtmaka (129); niSkarSa (130); bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda (131); jaina-dRSTikoNa (132); bauddha-dRSTikoNa (134); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (135); vidheyAtmaka banAma niSedhAtmaka-naitikatA (135); jaina-dRSTikoNa (135); bauddha-dRSTikoNa (137); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (137); vyaktiparaka banAma samAjaparaka nItizAstra (137); pravRtti aura nivRtti-donoM Avazyaka (139); donoM kI sImAe~ evaM kSetra (140); jainadRSTikoNa (140); bauddha-dRSTikoNa (141); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (141); upasaMhAra (141) / adhyAya:9 bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 171-188 __ bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA kA vikAsa (145); vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM sAmAjika-cetanA (146); gItA meM sAmAjika-cetanA (148); jaina evaM bauddha-dharma meM sAmAjika-cetanA (150); rAgAtmakatA aura samAja (152); sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra, rAga yA viveka ? (154); sAmAjika jIvana meM bAdhaka tattva, ahaMkAra aura kaSAya (155); saMnyAsa aura samAja (156); puruSArtha catuSTaya evaM samAja (157) / adhyAya : 10 svahita banAma lokahita 189-204 jainAcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArtha (162); jaina-sAdhanA meM lokahita (162); tIrthaMkara (163); gaNadhara (164); sAmAnya kevalI (164); Atmahita svArtha nahIM hai (165); dravya-lokahita (166); bhAva-lokahita (166); pAramArthika-lokahita (166); bauddha-darzana kI lokahitakAriNI dRSTi (166); svahita ora lokahita ke sambandha meM gItA kA mantavya (173) / adhyAya : 11 varNAzrama-vyavasthA 205-216 varNa-vyavasthA (176); jainadharma aura varNa-vyavasthA (176); bauddha AcAra-darzana meM varNa-vyavasthA (178); brahmaja kahanA jhUTha hai (179); varNa-parivartana sambhava hai (180); sabhI jAti samAna haiM (180); AcaraNa hI zreSTha hai (180); gItA tathA varNa-vyavasthA (180); Azrama-dharma (184);

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-18 - jaina-paramparA aura Azrama-siddhAnta (185); bauddha-paramparA aura AzramasiddhAnta (186) / adhyAya : 12 svadharma kI avadhAraNA 217-224 gItA meM svadharma (187); jainadharma meM svadharma (188); tulanA (189); svadharma kA AdhyAtmika-artha (190); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (192); breDale kA svasthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta tathA svadharma (193) / adhyAya : 13 sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya tattva 225-274 ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha ahiMsA (195), jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna (195); bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna (196); hindU-dharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna (197); ahiMsA kA AdhAra (198); bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra (200); gItA meM ahiMsA ke AdhAra (200); jainAgoM meM ahiMsA kI vyApakatA (201); ahiMsA kyA hai ? (201); davya evaM bhAva-ahiMsA (202); hiMsA ke prakAra (202); mAtra zArIrika-hiMsA (202); mAtra vaicArika-hiMsA (202); vaicArika evaM zArIrika-hiMsA (202); zAbdika-hiMsA (202); hiMsA kI vibhinna sthitiyoM (203); hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa (204); saMkalpajA (saMkalpIhiMsA) (204); virodhajA (204); udyogajA (204); ArambhajA (204); hiMsA ke kAraNa (204); hiMsA ke sAdhana (204); hiMsA aura ahiMsA manodazA para nirbhara (204); ahiMsA ke bAhya-pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM (206); pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI dizA meM (208); pUrNa ahiMsA sAmAjika-sandarbha meM (212); ahiMsA ke siddhAMta para tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra (213); yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma-dharma meM ahiMsA kA artha-vistAra (215); bhAratIya cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha-vistAra (215); ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka rUpa (219); bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparA meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka-pakSa (220); hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA vicAra (221); anAgraha (vaicArika-sahiSNutA) (223); jainadharma meM anAgraha (223); bauddha AcAra-darzana meM vaicArika-anAgraha (226); gItA meM anAgraha (227); vaicArika-sahiSNutA kA AdhAra-anAgraha (anekAnta-dRSTi) (228); dhArmikasahiSNutA (229); dharma eka yA aneka (229); sampradAyabheda-anucita kAraNa (230); ucita kAraNa (230); rAjanItika-sahiSNutA (232); sAmAjika evaM pArivArika-sahiSNutA

Page #21
- -19 (233); anAgraha kI avadhAraNA ke phalita (233); anAsakti (aparigraha) (234); jaina-dharma meM anAsakti (234); bauddhadharma meM anAsakti (236); gItA meM anAsakti (237); anAsakti ke prazna para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra (238) / adhyAya : 14 sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 275-290 sAmAjika-dharma (242); grAma-dharma (242); nagara-dharma (242); rASTra-dharma (243); pAkhaNDa-dharma (243); kula-dharma (244); gaNa-dharma (244); saMgha-dharma (244); zruta-dharma (245); cAritra-dharma (245); astikAya-dharma (245); jainadharma aura sAmAjika-dAyitva (245); jainamuni ke sAmAjika-dAyitva (246); nIti aura dharma kA prakAzana (246); dharma kI prabhAvanA evaM saMgha kI pratiSThA kI rakSA (246); bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA (246); bhikSuNI-saMgha kA rakSaNa (247); saMgha ke AdezoM kA paripAlana (247); gRhastha-varga ke sAmAjika dAyitva (247); bhikSubhikSuNiyoM kI sevA (247); parivAra kI sevA (247); vivAha evaM santAnaprApti (248); jaina-dharma meM sAmAjika-jIvana ke niSThA-sUtra (250); jainadharma meM sAmAjika-jIvana ke vyavahAra-sUtra (250); bauddha-paramparA meM sAmAjika-dharma (252); bauddha-dharma meM sAmAjika-dAyitva (253); putra ke mAtA-pitA ke prati karttavya (254); mAtA-pitA kA putra para pratyupakAra (254); AcArya (zikSaka) ke prati karttavya (254); ziSya ke prati AcArya kA pratyupakAra (254); patnI ke prati pati ke kartavya (254); pati ke prati patnI kA pratyupakAra (254); mitra ke prati karttavya (254); mitra kA pratyupakAra (255); sevaka ke prati svAmI ke karttavya (255); sevaka kA svAmI ke prati pratyupakAra (255): zramaNabrAhmaNoM ke prati karttavya (255): zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA pratyupakAra (255); vaidika-paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma (255) / adhyAya : 15 gRhasthadharma jaina-sAdhanA meM dharma ke do rUpa (257); jaina-dharma meM gRhastha-sAdhanA kA sthAna (259); bauddha AcAra-darzana meM gRhastha jIvana kA sthAna (260); gItA kI dRSTi meM gRhastha-dharma kA sthAna (261); zramaNa aura gRhastha-sAdhanA meM antara (262); gRhastha-dharma kI vivecana-zailI (264); gRhastha-sAdhakoM ke do prakAra 1. avirata (avratI) samyagdRSTi, 2. dezavirata (dezavratI) samyagdRSTi (264); gRhastha-upAsakoM ke tIna bheda 1. pAkSika, 2. naiSThika 3, sAdhaka 291-360

Page #22
- 20 - (265); gRhasthadharma meM praviSTi yA samyaktva grahaNa (265) ; samyaktva grahaNa para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra (266); deva, guru aura dharma kA svarUpa 1. deva 2. guru 3. dharma (267); jaina - sAdhanA meM gRhastha - AcAra ke prAthamika niyama (mUlaguNa) (268) ; paMca audumbara phala - tyAga (268) ; saptavyasana-tyAga (268) ; gRhastha - jIvana kI vyAvahArika - nIti (269); aNuvratasAdhanA (272); zrAvaka kI vrata - vivecanA meM zvetAmbara tathA digambara- paramparAoM kA matabheda (274); pA~ca aNuvrata (274) ; ahiMsA - aNuvrata (274) ; satya-aNuvrata (278) ; acaurya - aNuvrata (280) ; brahmacaryANuvrata (svadAra santoSa vrata) (281) ; parigrahaparimANa - vrata (283); usake pA~ca aticAra (284) ; tIna guNavrata (284); dizA - parimANa - vrata (284) ; upabhogaparibhoga- parimANavrata (285) ; niSiddha vyavasAya (287) ; bauddha paramparA meM niSiddha vyavasAya (289); anarthadaNDa - parityAga ( 289 ); cAra zikSA-vrata (291) ; sAmAyika - vrata (291) ; dezAvakAzika - vrata ( 296 ) ; proSadhopavAsa- vrata (297); bauddha-vicAraNA meM uposatha (proSadha) (298) ; bauddha-vicAraNA meM nirgrantha uposatha kI AlocanA aura usakA uttara (298) ; atithi - saMvibhAga- vrata (300); bauddha vicAraNA meM gRhastha-dharma (301) ; aSTazIla (303) ; paMca sAmAnya - zIla (1) ahiMsA - zIla (2) acauryazIla (3) brahmacarya yA svapatnI santoSa (4) amRSAvAda - zIla (5) madyapAnaviramaNa - zIla (303) ; tIna uposatha zIla (1) vikAla bhojana-parityAga (2) mAlya-gandha - viramaNa (3) ucca zayyA-vimaraNa (303); bhikSusaMghasaMvibhAga (303); niSiddha vyApAra - parityAga (304); tulanA (304) hindU AcAra - darzana meM gRhastha-dharma (306) ; gAndhIjI kI vrata-vyavasthA aura jainaparamparA (308); ahiMsA (309); satya (310) ; asteya ( 311 ); brahmacarya (311); aparigraha ( 311 ); zarIra-zrama (312) ; asvAda (312) ; abhaya (313) ; sarva-dharmasamAnatva (313) ; sparzabhAvanA ( 314 ) ; svadezI (svAvalambana ) ( 314 ); zrAvaka ke dainika SaTkarma (316) ; hindU-dharma ke gRhastha ke SaTkarma (316); zrAvaka kI dinacaryA (317) ; gRhastha (upAsaka) jIvana meM naitika-vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ (317); gyAraha pratimAoM kA svarUpa (319) ; darzana - pratimA (319) ; vrata - pratimA (320); sAmAyika - pratimA (320); proSadhopavAsa- pratimA (320); niyata - pratimA (321); brahmacarya - pratimA (321); sacitta- AhAravarjana pratimA (321); ArambhatyAga-pratimA (322); parigraha - virata- pratimA (322) ; anumativirati - pratimA (322);

Page #23
- 21 - uddiSTabhakta - varjana - pratimA (322); zramaNabhUta- pratimA (323) ; kSullaka (323); ailaka (323) / adhyAya : 16 zramaNadharma jaina - darzana meM zramaNa - jIvana kA sthAna (325) ; bauddha dharma meM zramaNajIvana kA sthAna (325); vaidika - paramparA meM zramaNa -- jIvana kA sthAna (325); jaina-dharma meM zramaNa kA tAtparya (325) ; bauddha paramparA meM zramaNa kA tAtparya (327); vaidika-paramparA meM saMnyAsa - jIvana kA tAtparya (327) ; jaina-dharma - zramaNa - jIvana ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~ (327); bauddha - paramparA meM zramaNajIvana ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~ (329); vaidika - paramparA meM saMnyAsa ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~ (329); jaina zramaNoM ke prakAra (329); vaidikaparamparA meM saMnyAsiyoM ke prakAra (330); jaina zramaNa ke mUlaguNa (330); paMcamahAvrata (331); ahiMsA-mahAvrata (332); ahiMsA - mahAvrata ke apavAda (333); satya - mahAvrata (333); satya- mahAvrata ke apavAda (335) ; asteya -mahAvrata (336); asteya - mahAvrata ke apavAda (337) ; brahmacaryamahAvrata (337); brahmacaryavrata ke apavAda (339) ; aparigraha - mahAvrata (340) ; aparigraha - mahAvrata ke apavAda (342) rAtri - bhojana- parityAga (343) ; bauddha-pa da- paramparA aura paMca mahAvrata (343) prANAtipAta - viramaNa (344) ; adattAdAna- viramaNa (344); abrahmacarya - viramaNa (344); mRSAvAdaviramaNa (345) ; surAmeraya - madyaviramaNa (346) ; vikAlabhojanaviramaNa (346) ; nRtya-gAna - vAditra - viramaNa (346) ; mAlyagaMdha - dhAraNavilepanaviramaNa (347); uccazayyA - mahA - zayyAviramaNa (347) ; jAtaruparajataviramaNa (347); paMca yama aura paMcamahAvrata (349); gupti evaM samiti (350), tIna guptiyA~ - manogupti, vacanagupti, kAyagupti ( 350 -351 ); bauddha - paramparA aura gupta (351) ; vaidika paramparA aura gupti ( 352 ) ; pA~ca samitiyA~ (352); IryA-samiti (353) ; bhASA - samiti (354); eSaNA-samiti (354); bhikSA ke niSiddha sthAna ( 355 ); bhikSA ke hetu jAne kA niSiddha (355) ; bhikSA kI gamanavidhi ( 355 ); AdAna- bhANDa - nikSepaNasamiti (355); malamUtrAdi-pratisthApanA samiti (356) ; parihAra ke hetu niSiddha sthAna (356); bauddha paramparA aura pA~ca samitiyA~ (356), vaidikaparamparA aura pA~ca samitiyA~ (357) ; indriya- saMyama (358); bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparA meM indriyanigraha (359) ; parISaha (359); bauddha paramparA - 361-430

Page #24
-22 aura parISaha (362); vaidika-paramparA aura parISaha(362); kalpa (363); bauddha-paramparA aura kalpavidhAna (365); vaidika-paramparA aura kalpavidhAna (366); jaina-paramparA meM bhikSu-jIvana ke sAmAnya niyama (367); zabaladoSa (367); anAcIrNa (368); samAcArI ke niyama (369); dinacaryA sambandhI niyama (370); AhAra sambandhI niyama (370); AhAra grahaNa karane ke cha: kAraNa (370-371); AhAra-tyAga ke cha: kAraNa (371); AhAra sambandhI doSa (371); udgama ke solaha doSa (371); utpAdana ke solaha doSa (371);grahaNaiSaNA ke dasadoSa (372); grAsaiSaNA ke pAMca doSa (372); vastra-maryAdA (372); AvAsa sambandhI niyama (373); jaina bhikSujIvana ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI bauddha-niyamoM se tulanA (373); saMgha-vyavasthA (374) bauddha evaM jaina saMgha-vyavasthA meM antara (375); bhikSuoM ke pArasparika-sambandha (376); jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM zramaNI-saMghavyavasthA (377); bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI ke pArasparika-saMbaMdha (378); bhikSuNIsaMgha ke padAdhikArI (379); prAyazcitta-vidhAna (daNDa-vyavasthA) (379); laghumAsikakeyogya aparAdha (380); gurumAsikakeyogya aparAdha (380); laghucAturmAsika ke yogya aparAdha (380); gurucAturmAsika ke yogya aparAdha (381); bauddha-paramparA meM prAyazcitta-vidhAna (382); Adarza jaina-zramaNa, kA svarUpa (384); bauddha-paramparA meM Adarza zramaNa kA svarUpa jaina-zramaNAcAra para AkSepa aura unakA uttara (387) / adhyAya 17 jaina-AcAra ke niyama SaT Avazyaka karma (392); sAmAyika ramatA) (392); stava, (bhakti) (394); vandana (397); pratikramaNa (319) pratikramaNa kisakA (400); pratikramaNa aura mahAvIra (401); bauddha-paramparA aura pratikramaNa (402); vaidika tathA anya dharma-paramparAe~ aura pratikramaNa (403); kAyotsarga (404); kAyotsarga ke prakAra (405); kAyotsarga ke doSa (405); bauddha-paramparA meM kAyotsarga (405); gItA meM kAyotsarga (406); kAyotsarga ke lAbha (406); kAyotsarga ke lAbha ke sandarbha-zarIra meM zAstrIya-dRSTikoNa (406); pratyAkhyAna (407); gItA meM tyAga (408); dazavidhadharma-sadguNa (409); kSamA (410); bauddha-paramparA meM kSamA (410); vaidika-paramparA meM kSamA (411); mArdava (411); bauddha-paramparA meM ahaMkAra kI nindA (412); gItA meM ahaMkAra-vRtti kI nindA (413); Arjava (413); bauddha-dRSTikoNa

Page #25
- 23 - (414); mahAbhArata aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa (414); zauca (pavitratA) (414); satya (415); saMyama (415);saMyama aura bauddha-dRSTikoNa (416); gItA meM saMyama (416); tapa (416); tyAga (416); akiMcanatA (417); akiMcanatA aura buddha (417); mahAbhArata meM akiMcanatA (417); brahmacarya (418); bauddha-paramparA meM brahmacarya (418); gItA meM brahmacarya (418); vaidika-paramparA meM daza dharma (sadguNa) (419); bauddha-dharma aura daza sadguNa (419); dharma ke cAra caraNa (420); dAna (420); dAna ke prakAra (425); zIla (423); tapa (423); bhAvanA (anuprekSA) (423), anitya-bhAvanA (423); bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparAoM meM anitya-bhAvanA (425); ekatvabhAvanA (424); bauddha-paramparA meM ekatva-bhAvanA (425); gItA evaM mahAbhArata meM ekatva-bhAvanA (425); anyatva-bhAvanA (425); gItA evaM mahAbhArata meM anyatva-bhAvanA (426); azuci-bhAvanA (426); bauddhaparamparA meM azuci-bhAvanA (426); mahAbhArata meM azuci-bhAvanA (427); azaraNa-bhAvanA bauddha-paramparA meM azaraNa-bhAvanA (427); mahAbhArata meM azaraNa-bhAvanA (427),saMsAra-bhAvanA (428); bauddha-paramparA meM saMsArabhAvanA (428); mahAbhArata meM saMsAra-bhAvanA (428) Asrava-bhAvanA (429); bauddha-paramparA meM Asrava-bhAvanA (429); saMvara-bhAvanA (429); bauddha-paramparA meM saMvara-bhAvanA (430); nirjarA-bhAvanA (430); dharmabhAvanA (430); bauddha-paramparA meM dharma bhAvanA (431); mahAbhArata meM dharmabhAvanA (431); loka-bhAvanA (431); bodhidurlabha-bhAvanA (431)bauddhaparamparA meM bodhi-durlabha-bhAvanA (432); cAra bhAvanAe~ - 1. maitrI-bhAvanA 2. pramoda 3. karuNA 4. mAdhyastha (upekSA) (433-434); bauddha-paramparA meM cAra bhAvanAe~ (434), vaidika-paramparA meM cAra bhAvanAe~ (435); samAdhimaraNa (saMlekhanA) (435); samAdhi-maraNa ke bheda (436); samAdhi-maraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi (437); bauddha-paramparA meM mRtyuvaraNa (437); vaidikaparamparA meM mRtyuvaraNa (438); samAdhi-maraNa ke doSa (439); samAdhi-maraNa aura AtmahatyA (440); samAdhi-maraNa kA mUlyAMkana (441) / adhyAya : 18 AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 487-534 AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ (446); bahirAtmA (447); antarAtmA (447) paramAtmA (448); AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI prakriyA aura granthi-bheda (450); yathApravRttikaraNa (450); apUrvakaraNa (452); anAvRttikaraNa;

Page #26
- 24 - (453); granthibheda kI prakriyA kA dvividha rUpa (454); guNasthAna kA siddhAnta (454); mithyAtva - guNasthAna (455) ; sAsvAdana- guNasthAna (456) ; samyak - mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna yA mizra guNasthAna (457); aviratasamyagdRSTiguNasthAna (459) ; dezaviratasamyagdRSTi- guNasthAna (461) ; pramatta- sarvaviratasamyagdRSTi - guNasthAna (462) ; apramata - saMyata - guNasthAna (463) ; apUrvakaraNa (464); anAvRttikaraNa - bAdarasamparAya - guNasthAna (466) ; sUkSma samparAya (466); upazAntamoha - guNasthAna (467) ; kSINamohaguNasthAna (468) ; sayogI - kevalI - guNasthAna (469); ayogIkevalIguNasthAna (470); bauddha-sAdhanA meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ (471) ; hInayAna aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ( 471 ); srotApanna bhUmi (472) ; sakRdAgAmI bhUmi (473); dIprAdRSTi aura prANAyAma (490); sthirAdRSTi aura pratyAhAra (490); kAntAdRSTi aura dhAraNA (491); prabhAdRSTi aura dhyAna (491); parAdRSTi aura samAdhi (491); yogabindu meM AdhyAtmikavikAsa (491) / upasaMhAra adhyAya : 19 mahAvIra - yuga kI AcAra - darzana sambandhI samasyAe~ aura jaina- dRSTikoNa (492); naitikatA kI vibhinna dhAraNAoM kA samanvaya (492) ; naitikatA ke bahirmukhI evaM antarmukhI dRSTikoNoM kA samanvaya (493) ; mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa (494); IzvaravAda se mukti (494) ; rUr3hivAda se mukti (494); yajJa kA nayA artha (495) ; tatkAlIna anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ke prati nayA dRSTikoNa (497); samakAlIna paristhitiyoM meM jaina AcAra - darzana kA mUlyAMkana (498) ; sAmAjika viSamatA (498) ; Arthika-vaiSamya (500); vaicArika - vaiSamya (502) ; mAnasika-vaiSamya (502) ; mAnasika vaiSamya - nirAkaraNa ke sUtra (503) ; varttamAna yuga meM naitikatA kI jIvana-dRSTi (504) ; anAsakta jIvana - dRSTi kA nirmANa (507) 1 535-549

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samatvayoga 25 samatvayoga 1. naitika-sAdhanA kA kendrIya-tattva samatva-yoga samatva kI sAdhanA hI sampUrNa AcAra-darzana kA sAra hai| AcAragata saba vidhiniSedha aura prayAsa isI ke lie haiM / jahA~-jahA~ jIvana hai, cetanA hai, vahA~-vahA~ samatva banAe rakhane ke prayAsa dRSTigocara hote haiN| caitasika-jIvana kA mUla svabhAva yaha hai ki vaha bAhya evaM Antarika uttejanAoM evaM saMvedanAoM se utpanna vikSobhoM ko samApta kara sAmyAvasthA banAe rakhane kI koziza karatA hai / phrAyaDa likhate haiM ki caitasika-jIvana aura sambhavatayA snAyavika-jIvana kI bhI pramukha pravRtti hai-Antarika uddIpakoM ke tanAva ko samApta karanA evaM sAmyAvasthA ko banAe rakhane ke lie sadaiva prayAsazIla rhnaa| eka laghu kITa bhI apane ko vAtAvaraNa se samAyojita karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| cetana kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha sadaiva samatva kendra kI ora bar3hanA cAhatA hai| samatva ke hetu prayAsa karanA hI jIvana kA sAratattva hai| satata zArIrika evaM prANamaya jIvana ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa cetana bAhya-uttejanAoM evaM saMvedanAoM se prabhAvita hone kI pravRtti vikasita kara letA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, cetana jIvanopayogIanya padArthoM meM mamatvakAAropaNa kara apane sahajasamatva kendrakA parityAga karatA hai| satata abhyAsa evaM sva-svarUpa kA ajJAna hI use samatva ke kendra se cyuta karake bAhya-padArthoM meM Asakta banA detA hai| cetana apane zuddha draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIpana ko bhUlakara bAhya vAtAvaraNajanya parivartanoM se apane ko prabhAvita samajhane lagatA hai| vaha zarIra, parivAra evaM saMsAra ke anya padArthoM ke prati mamatva rakhatA hai aura ina para padArthoM kI prApti-aprApti yAsaMyoga-viyoga meM apane ko sukhI yA duHkhI mAnatA hai| usameM 'para' ke prati AkarSaNa yA vikarSaNa kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| vaha para' ke sAtha rAgAtmaka-sambandha sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| isI rAgAtmaka-sambandha se vaha bandhana yA duHkha ko prApta hotA hai| 'para' meM Atma-buddhi se prANI meM asaMkhya icchAoM, vAsanAoM, kAmanAoM evaM udvegoM kA janma hotA hai| prANI inake vazIbhUta hokara inakI pUrti va tRpti ke lie sadaiva Akula banA rahatA hai| yaha AkulatA hI usake duHkha kA mUla kAraNa hai| yadyapi vaha icchAoM kI pUrti ke dvArA unheM zAnta karanA cAhatA hai, parantu naI-naI kAmanAoM ke utpanna hote rahane se vaha sadaiva hI Akula yA azAnta banA rahatA hai aura bAhya-jagat meM unakI pUrti ke lie mArA-mArA phiratA hai| yaha Asakti yA rAga na kevala use samatva ke svakendra se cyuta karatA hai, varan use

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26 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bAhya-padArthoM ke AkarSaNa-kSetra meM khIMcakara usameM eka tanAva bhI utpanna kara detA hai aura isase cetanA do kendroM meM ba~Ta jAtI hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai, yaha manuSya anekacitta hai, arthAt anekAneka kAmanAoM ke kAraNa manuSya kA mana bikharA huA rahatA hai| vaha apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti kyA karanA cAhatA hai, eka taraha se chalanI ko jala se bharanA cAhatA hai| ina do staroM para cetanA meM doharA saMgharSa utpanna ho jAtA hai -- 1. cetanA ke AdarzAtmaka aura vAsanAtmaka-pakSoM meM (ise manovijJAna meM IDa' aura 'supara igo' kA saMgharSa kahA hai) tathA 2. hamAre vAsanAtmaka pakSa kA usa bAhya-pariveza ke sAtha, jisameM vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti cAhatA hai| isa vikendrIkaraNa aura tajanita saMgharSa meM AtmA kI sArI zaktiyA~ bikhara jAtI haiM, kuNThita ho jAtI haiN| naitika-sAdhanA kA kArya isI saMgharSa ko samApta kara cetana-samatva ko yathAvat kara denA hai, tAki usa kendrIkaraNa dvArA vaha apanI UrjAoM ko jor3akara Atmazakti kA yathArtha prakaTana kara ske| eka anya dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to hama bAhya-jagat meM rasa lene ke lie jaise hI usameM apanA AropaNa karate haiM, vaise hI eka prakArakAdvaita prakaTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM hama apanepana kA AropaNa karate haiM, Asakti rakhate haiM, vaha hamAre lie sva' bana jAtA hai aura usase bhinna yA virodhI para' bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI samatva ke kendra se cyuti hI use ina 'sva' aura 'para' ke do vibhAgoM meM bA~Ta detI hai| naitika-cintana meM inheM hama kramazaH rAga aura dveSa kahate haiN| rAga AkarSaNa kA siddhAnta hai aura dveSa vikarSaNa kA / apanA-parAyA, rAga-dveSa athavA AkarSaNa-vikarSaNa ke kAraNa hamArI cetanA meM sadaiva hI tanAva, saMgharSa athavA dvandva banA rahatA hai| yadyapi cetanA yA AtmA apanI svAbhAvika-zakti ke dvArA sadaiva sAmyAvasthA yA santulana banAne kA prayAsa karatI rahatI hai, lekina rAga evaM dveSa-kisI bhI sthAyI santulana kI avasthA ko sambhava nahIM hone dete| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya-naitikatA meM rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA samyak jIvana kI anivArya zarta mAnI gaI hai| __bhAratIya naitika-cintana sadaiva hI isa dRSTi se jAgarUka rahA hai| jaina-naitikatA kA vItarAgatA yA samatvayoga (samabhAva) kA Adarza aura bauddha-naitikatA kA samyak-samAdhi yA vItatRSNatA kA Adarza rAga-dveSa ke isa dvandva se Upara uThakara samatva (sAmyAvasthA) meM sthAI avasthiti hI hai| gItA kA naitika Adarza bhI isa dvandvAtIta sAmyAvasthA kI upalabdhi hai, kyoMki vahI abandhana kI avasthA hai| gItA ke anusAra icchA (rAga) evaM dveSa se samutpanna yaha dvandva hI ajJAna hai, moha hai| isa dvandva se Upara uThakara hI paramAtmA kI ArAdhanA sambhava hotI hai| jo isa dvandva se vimukta ho jAtA hai, vaha paramapada mokSa yA nirvANa ko prApta

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samatvayoga ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra, rAga-dveSAtIta samatva-prApti kI dizA meM prayatna hI samAlocya AcAra - darzanoM kI naitika-sAdhanA kA kendrIya tattva hai / 2. 27 jaina - AcAradarzana meM samatva-yoga 1 jaina- vicAra meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke mArga ko samatva-yoga kaha sakate haiN| ise jaina- paribhASita zabdAvalI meM sAmAyika kahA jAtA hai| samagra jaina naitika tathA AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA ko eka hI zabda meM samatva kI sAdhanA kaha sakate haiM / sAmAyika zabda sam upasargapUrvaka ay dhAtu se banA hai / ay dhAtu ke tIna artha haiM - jJAna, gamana aura prApaNa / jJAna zabda viveka-buddhi kA, gamana zabda AcaraNa yA kriyA kA aura prApaNa zabda prAptiyA upalabdhi kA dyotaka hai| sam upasarga unakI samyak yA ucitatA kA bodha karAtA hai| samyak kI prApti hI samyaktva yA samyakdarzana hai| kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra samyakkriyA vidhi - pakSa meM samyakcAritra aura bhAvapakSa meM samyagdarzana (zraddhA) hai| dUsare kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM samyak - jJAna zabda meM darzana bhI antarnihita hai| sam kA eka artha rAgadveSa se atIta avasthA bhI hai aura ayu dhAtu kA prApaNa yA prAptiparaka artha lene para usakA artha hogA-rAga-dveSa se atIta avasthA kI prApti, jo prakArAntara se mukti kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra, sAmAyika (samatvayoga) zabda eka ora samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritrarUpa trividha sAdhanA-patha ko apane meM samAhita kie hue hai, to dUsarI ora isa trividha sAdhanA-patha ke sAdhya (mukti) se bhI samanvita hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne Avazyakaniryukti meM sAmAyika ke tIna prakAra batAe haiM - 1. samyaktva - sAmAyika, 2. zruta-sAmAyika aura 3. cAritra - sAmAyika | cAritra - sAmAyika zrama aura gRhastha-sAdhakoM ke AcAra ke AdhAra para do bheda kie haiN|' samyaktva - sAmAyika kA artha samyagdarzana, zruta-sAmAyika kA artha samyagjJAna aura cAritra - sAmAyika kA artha samyakcAritra hai| inheM Adhunika manovaijJAnika bhASA meM cittavRtti kA samatva, buddhi kA samatva aura AcaraNa kA samatva kaha sakate haiM / isa prakAra, jaina- vicAra kA sAdhanA-patha vastutaH samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hI hai, jo mAnava-cetanA ke tIna pakSa-bhAva, jJAna aura saMkalpa ke AdhAra para trividha bana gayA hai| bhAva, jJAna aura saMkalpa ko sama banAne kA prayAsa hI samatva-yoga kI sAdhanA hai / jaina darzana meM viSamatA (duHkha) kA kAraNa yadi hama yaha kaheM ki jainadharma ke anusAra jIvana kA sAdhya samatva kA saMsthApana hai, samatva-yoga kI sAdhanA hai, to sabase pahale hameM yaha jAna lenA hai ki samatva se cyuti kA kAraNa kyA hai ? jaina-darzana meM mohajanita Asakti hI AtmA ke apane svakendra se cyuti kA

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28 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAraNa hai| AcArya kundakunda kA kathana hai ki moha-kSobha se rahita AtmA kI avasthA sama hai', arthAt moha aura kSobha se yukta cetanA yA AtmA kI avasthA hI viSamatA hai| paMDita sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki zArIrika evaM prANamaya jIvana ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa cetana apane sahaja samatva-kendra kA parityAga karatA hai| vaha jaise-jaise anya padArthoM meM rasa letA hai, vaise-vaise jIvanopayogIanya padArthoM meM apane astitva (mamatva) kA AropaNa karane lagatA hai| yaha usakA svayaM apane bAre meM moha yA ajJAna hai| yaha ajJAna hI use samatva kendra meM se cyuta karake itara parimita vastuoM meM rasa lene vAlA banA detA hai| yaha rasa (Asakti) hI rAgadveSa jaise klezoM kA preraka tattva hai| isa taraha, citta kA vRtticakra ajJAna evaM klezoM ke AvaraNa se itanA adhika AvRtta evaM avaruddha ho jAtA hai ki usake kAraNa jIvana pravAhapatita hI banA rahatA hai -- ajJAna, avidyA athavA moha, jise jJeyAvaraNa bhI kahate haiM, cetanagata samatva kendra ko hI AvRtta karatA hai, jabaki usameM paidA hone vAlA kleza-cakra, (rAgAdi bhAva) bAhya vastuoM meM hI pravRtta rahatA hai| sArI viSamatAe~ karma-janita haiM aura karma rAga-dveSajanita hai| isa prakAra, AtmA kA rAga-dveSa se yukta honA hI viSamatA hai, duHkha hai, vedanA hai aura yahIduHkha viSamatA kA kAraNa bhI hai| samatva yA rAga-dveSa se atIta avasthA AtmA kI svabhAva-dazA hai| rAga-dveSa se yukta honA vibhAva-dazA hai, parapariNati hai| isa prakAra parapariNati, vibhAva yA viSayabhAva kA kAraNa rAgAtmakatA yA Asakti hai| Asakti se prANI sva se bAhara cetanA se bhinna padArthoM yA parapadArthoM kI prApti yA aprApti meM sukha kI kalpanA karane lagatA hai| isa prakAra, cetana bAhya-kAraNoM se apane bhItara vicalana utpanna karatA hai, padArthoM ke saMyoga-viyoga yA lAbha-alAbha meM sukha-duHkha kI kalpanA karane lagatA hai| cittavRtti bahirmukha ho jAtI hai, sukha kI khoja meM bAhara bhaTakatI rahatI hai| yaha bahirmukha cittavRtti, cintA, AkulatA, vikSobha Adi utpanna karatI hai aura cetanA yA AtmA kA santulana bhaMga kara detI hai| yahI citta yA AtmA kI viSamAvasthA samagra doSoM evaM anaitika AcaraNoM kI janma bhUmi hai| viSaya-bhAva yA rAga-dveSa hone se kAmanA, vAsanA, mUrchA, ahaMkAra, parAzrayatA, AkulatA, nirdayatA, saMkIrNatA, svArthaparatA, sukha-lolupatA AdidoSoM kI vRddhi hotIrahatI hai, jo vyakti, parivAra, samAja evaM vizva ke lie viSamatAoM kA kAraNa banatI hai| saMkIrNatA, svArthaparatA evaM sukhalolupatA ke kAraNa vyakti anya vyaktiyoM se yena-kena-prakAreNa apanA svArtha sAdhanA cAhatA hai| usake ina kRtyoM evaM pravRttiyoM se parijana, samAja, deza va vizva kA ahita hotA hai| pratikriyAsvarUpa, doharA saMgharSa paidA hotA hai| eka ora usakI vAsanAoM ke madhya Antarika saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai, to dUsarI ora usakA bAhya-vAtAvaraNa se, arthAt samAja, deza aura vizva se saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai|

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samatvayoga isI saMgharSa kI samApti ke lie aura viSamatAoM se Upara uThane ke lie samatvayoga kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| samatva-yoga rAga-dveSa-janya cetanA kI sabhI vikRtiyA~ dUra kara AtmA ko apanI svabhAva-dazA meM athavA usake apane sva-svarUpa meM pratiSThita karatA hai| jainadharma meM samatva-yogakAmahatva samatva-yoga ke mahatva kA pratipAdana karate hue jainAgamoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe digambara ho yA zvetAmbara, bauddha ho athavA anya kisI mata kA, jo bhI samabhAva meM sthita hogA, vaha nissaMdeha mokSa prApta kregaa| eka AdamI pratidina lAkha svarNa-mudrAoM kA dAna karatA hai aura dUsarA samatva-yoga kI sAdhanA karatA hai, kintu vaha svarNa-mudrAoM kA dAnI vyakti samatva-yoga ke sAdhaka kI samAnatA nahIM kara sktaa|10 karor3oM janma taka nirantara ugra tapazcaraNa karane vAlA sAdhaka jina karmoM ko naSTa nahIM kara sakatA, unako samabhAva kA sAdhaka mAtra Adhe hI kSaNa meM naSTa kara DAlatA hai|11 cAhe koI kitanAhI tIvra, tapa tape, japa jape athavA muni-veza dhAraNa kara sthUla kriyAkANDa-rUpa cAritra kA pAlana kare, parantu samatAbhAva ke binA na kisI ko mokSa huA hai aura na hogaa| jo bhI sAdhaka atItakAla meM mokSa gae haiM, vartamAna meM jArahe haiM aura bhaviSya meM jAeMge, yaha sabasamatvayoga kA prabhAva hai| AcArya hemacandra samabhAva kI sAdhanA ko rAga-vijaya kA mArga batAte hue kahate haiM ki tIvra Ananda ko utpanna karane vAle samabhAvarUpI jala meM avagAhana karane vAle puruSoM kA rAga-dveSarUpI mala sahaja naSTa ho jAtA hai| samatAbhAva ke avalambana seantarmuhUrta meM manuSya jina karmoM kA nAza kara DAlatA hai, ve tIvra tapazcaryA se karor3oM janmoM meM bhI nahIM naSTa ho skte| jaise Apasa meM cipakI huI vastue~ bAMsaAdikI salAI se pRthak kI jAtI haiM, usI prakAra paraspara baddha-karma aura jIva ko sAdhu samatvabhAvakI zalAkAse pRthak kara dete haiN| samabhAvarUpa sUrya ke dvArA rAga-dveSa aura moha kA aMdhakAra naSTa kara dene para yogI apanI AtmA meM paramAtmA kA svarUpa dekhane lagate haiN| jainadharma meM samatvayoga kA artha samatvayoga kA prayoga hama jisa artha meM kara rahe haiM, usake prAkRta-paryAyavAcI zabda haiM - sAmAiya kayA smaahi| jaina-AcAryoM ne ina zabdoM kI jo aneka vyAkhyAe~ kI haiM. unake AdhAra para samatva-yoga kA spaSTa arthabodha ho sakatA hai| __ 1. sama, arthAt rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM se rahita manaHsthiti prApta karanA samatvayoga (sAmAyika) hai| 2. zama (jisakA prAkRta rUpa bhI sama hai), arthAt krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko zamita (zAMta) karanA samatvayoga hai|

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. sabhI prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva rakhanA samatvayoga hai| sama kA artha ekIbhAva hai aura aya kA artha gamana hai, arthAt ekIbhAva ke dvArA bahirmukhatA (parapariNati) kA tyAga kara antarmukha honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, AtmA kA svasvarUpa meM ramaNa karanA yA svabhAva-dazA meM sthita honA hI samatvayoga hai| 5. sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi rakhAnA samatvayoga hai| 6. sama zabda kA artha acchA hai aura ayana zabda kA artha AcaraNa hai, ataH acchA yA zubha AcaraNa bhI samatvayoga (sAmAyika) hai|18 niyamasAra aura anuyogadvArasUtra20 meM AcAryoM ne isa samatva kI sAdhanA ke svarUpa kA bahuta hI spaSTa varNana kiyA hai| sarva pApakarmoM se nivRtti, samasta indriyoM kA susamAhita honA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva evaM Atmavat dRSTi, tapa, saMyama aura niyamoM ke rUpa meM sadaiva hI AtmA kA sAnnidhya, samasta rAga aura dveSajanya vikRtiyoM kA abhAva, Arta evaM raudra cintana, hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, ghRNA, bhaya evaM kAmavAsanA Adi manovikAroM kI anupasthiti aura prazasta vicAra hI Arhat-darzana meM samatva kA svarUpa haiN| jaina-AgamoM meM samatvayogakA nirdeza jainAgamoM meM samatvayoga sambandhI aneka nirdeza yatra-tatra bikhare hue haiM, jinameM se kucha yahA~ prastuta haiN| Arya mahApuruSoM ne samabhAva meM dharma kahA hai| sAdhaka na jIne kI AkAMkSA kare aura na marane kI kAmanA kre| vaha jIvana aura maraNa-donoM meM kisI taraha kI Asakti narakhe, samabhAva se rhe| zarIra aura indriyoM ke klAnta hone para bhI sAdhaka samabhAva rkhe| idhara-udhara gati evaM halacala karatA huA bhI sAdhaka niMdya nahIM hai, yadi vaha antaraMga meM avicala evaM samAhita hai, ataH sAdhaka mana ko U~cA-nIcA (DAMvADola) na kare / 24 sAdhaka ko andara aura bAhara sabhI granthiyoM (bandhanarUpa gA~ThoM) se mukta hokara jIvana-yAtrA pUrI karanI caahie| jo samasta prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI zramaNa hai| samatA sehI zramaNa kahalAtA hai|27 taNaaura kanaka (svarNa) meM jaba samAna buddhi (samabhAva) rahatI hai, tabhI use pravrajyA kahA jAtA hai| jo na rAga karatA hai, na dveSa, vahI vastutaH madhyastha (sama) hai, zeSa saba amadhyastha haiM, ataH sAdhaka sadaiva vicAra kare ki saba prANiyoM ke prati merA samabhAva hai, kisI se merA vaira nahIM hai, kyoMki cetanA (AtmA) cAhe vaha hAthI ke zarIra meM ho, manuSya ke zarIra meM ho yA kunthuA ke zarIra meM ho, cetana-tattva kI dRSTi se samAna hI hai|" isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana kA nirdeza yahI hai ki Antarika-vRttiyoM meM tathA sukha-duHkha, lAbha-alAbha, jIvana-maraNa AdiparisthitiyoM meM sadaiva samabhAva rakhanA cAhie aura jagat

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samatvayoga 31 ke sabhI prANiyoM ko Atmavat samajhakara vyavahAra karanA caahie| saMkSepa meM, vicAroM ke kSetra meM samabhAva kA artha hai-tRSNA, Asakti tathA rAga-dveSa ke pratyayoM se Upara uThanA aura AcaraNa ke kSetra meM samabhAva kA artha hai-jagat ke sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna mAnakara unake prati Atmavat vyavahAra karanA; yahI jaina-naitikatA kI samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hai| 3. bauddha AcAra-darzana meM samatva-yoga bauddha AcAra-darzana meM sAdhanA kA jo aSTAMgika-mArga hai, usameM pratyeka sAdhanapakSa kA sama yA samyak honA Avazyaka hai| bauddha-darzana meM samatva pratyeka sAdhana-pakSa kA anivArya aMga hai| pAli bhASA kA sammA' zabdasamaura samyak-donoM arthoM kI avadhAraNA karatA hai| yadi samyak zabda kA artha 'acchA' grahaNa karate haiM, to prazna yaha hogA ki acche se kyA tAtparya hai ? vastutaH, bauddha-darzana meM inake samyak hone kA tAtparya yahI ho sakatA hai kiyesAdhana vyakti ko rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThane kI dizA meM kitane sahAyaka haiN| inakA samyaktva rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ke kama karane meM hai, athavA samyak hone kA artha hairAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita honaa| rAga-dveSa kA prahANa hI samatva-yoga kI sAdhanA kA prayAsa hai| bauddha aSTAMga Arya-mArga meM antima samyak samAdhi hai| yadi hama samAdhiko vyApaka artha meM grahaNa kareM, to nizcita hI vaha mAtra dhyAna kI eka avasthA na hokara cittavRtti kA 'samatva' hai, citta kA rAga-dveSa se zUnya honA hai aura isa artha meM vaha jaina-paramparA kI 'samAhi' (samAdhi-sAmAyika) se bhI adhika dUra nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki rAga-dveSa kA parityAga samAdhi hai| vastutaH, jaba taka cittavRttiyAM sama nahIM hotI, taba taka samAdhi-lAbha saMbhava nhiiN| bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai, jinhoMne dharmo ko ThIka prakAra se jAna liyA hai, jo kisI mata, pakSa yA vAda meM nahIM haiM, ve sambuddha haiM, samadraSTA haiM aura viSayasthiti meM bhI unakA AcaraNa sama rahatA hai| buddhi, dRSTi aura AcaraNa ke sAtha lagA huA sam pratyaya bauddha darzana meM samatvayoga kA pratIka hai, jo buddhi, mana aura AcaraNa-tInoM ko sama batAne kA nirdeza detA hai| saMyuttanikAya meM kahA hai, AryoM kA mArga sama hai, Arya viSamasthiti meM bhIsama kA AcaraNa karate haiM 41 dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM, jo samatva-buddhi se AcaraNa karatA hai tathA jisakI vAsanAe~ zAnta ho gaI haiM - jo jitendriya hai, saMyama evaM brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati daNDa kA tyAga kara cukA hai, arthAt sabhI ke prati maitrIbhAva rakhatA hai, kisI ko kaSTa nahIM detA hai, aisA vyakti, cAhe vaha AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA gRhastha hI kyoM na ho, vastutaH zramaNa hai, bhikSuka hai / jaina-vicAraNA meM 'sama' kA artha kaSAyoM kA upazama hai| isa artha meM bhI bauddha-vicAraNA samatvayoga kA samarthana

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karatI hai / majjhimanikAya meM kahA gayA hai - rAga-dveSa evaM moha kA upazama hI parama Aryaupazama hai 361 bauddha paramparA meM bhI jaina- paramparA ke samAna hI yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki samatA kA AcaraNa karane vAlA hI zramaNa hai " / samatva kA artha Atmavat dRSTi svIkAra karane para bhI bauddha-vicAraNA meM usakA sthAna nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hotA hai / suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki jaisA maiM hU~, vaise hI jagat ke sabhI prANI haiM, isalie sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhakara AcaraNa kreN| 38 samatva kA artha rAga-dveSa kA prahANa yA rAga-dveSa kI zUnyatA karane para bhI bauddha-vicAraNA meM samatvayoga kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai / udAna meM kahA gayA hai ki rAga-dveSa aura moha kA kSaya hone se nirvANa prApta hotA hai / " bauddha darzana meM varNita cAra brahmavihAra athavA bhAvanAoM meM bhI samatvayoga kA cintana parilakSita hotA hai| maitrI, karuNA aura muditA (pramoda) bhAvanAoM kA mukhya AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hai, isI prakAra mAdhyastha-bhAvanA yA upekSA ke lie sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya, lauha-kAMcana meM samabhAva honA Avazyaka hai| vastutaH, bauddha - vicAraNA jisa mAdhyasthavRtti para bala detI hai, vaha samatvayoga hI hai / 4. gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM samatvayoga 32 40 gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA mUla svara bhI samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hai| gItA ko yogazAstra kahA gayA hai| yoga zabda yuj dhAtu se banA hai, yuj dhAtu do arthoM meM AtA hai| usakA eka artha hai- jor3anA, saMyojita karanA aura dUsarA artha hai - saMtulita karanA, manaH sthiratA / gItA donoM arthoM meM use svIkAra karatI hai| pahale artha meM jo jor3atA hai, vaha yoga hai, athavA jisake dvArA jur3A jAtA hai yA jo jur3atA hai, vaha yoga hai, 4deg arthAt jo AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3atA hai, vaha yoga hai| dUsare artha meM, yoga vaha avasthA hai, jisameM manaH sthiratA hotI hai| 41 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ke zabdoM meM yoga kA artha hai - apanI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM ko eka jagaha ikaTThA karanA, unheM saMtulita karanA aura bddh'aanaa| 12 gItA sarvAMgapUrNa yoga - zAstra prastuta karatI hai, lekina prazna uThatA hai ki gItA kA yaha yoga kyA hai ? gItA yoga zabda kA prayoga jJAna ke sAtha, kabhI karma ke sAtha aura kabhI bhakti athavA dhyAna ke artha meM karatI hai, ataH yaha nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai ki gItA meM yoga kA kauna-sA rUpa mAnya hai / yadi gItA eka yoga - zAstra hai, to jJAnayoga kA zAstra hai, yA karmayoga kA zAstra hai, athavA bhaktiyoga kA zAstra hai ? yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| AcArya zaMkara ke anusAra, gItA jJAnayogakA pratipAdana karatI hai| 43 tilaka use karmayogaga- zAstra kahate haiM / ve likhate haiM ki yaha nirvivAda siddha hai ki gItA meM yoga zabda pravRtti-mArga arthAt karmayoga ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| 14 zrI rAmAnujAcArya, nimbArka aura zrI vallabhAcArya ke anusAra, gItA kA

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samatvayoga pratipAdya viSaya bhaktiyoga hai| gAMdhIjI use anAsaktiyoga kahakara karma aura bhakti kA samanvaya karate haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan usameM pratipAdita jJAna, bhakti aura karmayoga ko ekadUsare kA pUraka mAnate haiM / 46 lekina, gItA meM yoga kA yathArtha svarUpa kyA hai, isakA uttara gItA ke gambhIra adhyayana se mila jAtA hai| gItAkAra jJAnayoga, karmayoga, aura bhaktiyoga zabdoM kA upayoga karatA hai, lekina samasta gItAzAstra meM yoga kI do hI vyAkhyAe~ milatI haiM - 1. samatvaM yoga ucyate (2/48) aura 2. yoga: karmasu kauzalam (2/50), ataH ina donoM vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para hI yaha nizcita karanA hogA ki gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yoga zabda kA yathArtha svarUpa kyA hai ? gItA kI puSpikA se prakaTa hai ki gItA eka yogazAstra hai, arthAt vaha yathArtha ko Adarza se jor3ane kI kalA hai, Adarza aura yathArtha meM santulana lAtI hai| hamAre bhItara kA asantulana do staroM para hai, jIvana meM doharA saMgharSa cala rahA hai| eka cetanA kI zubha aura azubha pakSoM meM aura dUsarA hamAre bahirmukhI sva aura bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke madhya / gItA yoga kI ina do vyAkhyAoM ke dvArA ina donoM saMgharSoM meM vijayazrI prApta karane kA saMdeza detI hai| saMgharSa ke usa rUpa kI, jo hamArI cetanA ke hI zubha yA azubha pakSa meM yA hamArI AdarzAtmaka aura vAsanAtmaka-AtmA ke madhya cala rahA hai, pUrNataH samApti ke lie mAnasika - samatva kI AvazyakatA hogii| yahA~ yoga kA artha hai 'samatvayoga', kyoMki isa stara para karma kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / yahA~ yoga hamArI vAsanAtmaka AtmA ko pariSkRta kara use AdarzAtmA yA paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA hai| yaha yoga AdhyAtmika yoga hai, mana kI sthiratA hai, vikalpoM evaM vikAroM kI zUnyatA hai| yahA~ para yoga kA lakSya hamAre apane hI andara hai| yaha eka Antarika samAyojana hai, vaicArika evaM mAnasika-samatva hai, lekina saMgharSa kI samApti ke lie, jo ki vyakti aura usake vAtAvaraNa ke madhya hai, karmayoga kI AvazyakatA hogii| yahA~ yoga kI vyAkhyA hogI 'yogaH karmasu kauzalam', yahA~ yoga yukti hai, upAya hai, jisake dvArA vyakti vAtAvaraNa meM nihita apane bhautika lakSya prApta karatA hai / yaha yoga kA vyAvahArika pakSa hai, jisameM jIvana ke vyAvahArikastara para samAyojana kiyA jAtA hai / - 33 - - vastutaH, manuSya na nirI AdhyAtmika sattA hai aura na nirI bhautika-sattA hai, usameM zarIra ke rUpa meM bhautikatA hai aura cetanA ke rUpa meM AdhyAtmikatA hai / yaha bhI sahI hai ki manuSya hI jagat meM eka aisA prANI hai, jisameM jar3a para cetana ke zAsana kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai| phira bhI, mAnavIya cetanA ko jisa bhautika AvaraNa meM rahanA par3a rahA hai, vaha usakI nitAMta avahelanA nahIM kara sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavIya cetanA ko do staroM

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34 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana para samAyojana karanA hotA hai- 1. caitasika (AdhyAtmika) stara para aura 2. bhautika stara pr| gItAkAra dvArA prastuta yoga kI uparyukta do vyAkhyAe~ kramazaH ina do staroM ke sandarbha meM hai| vaicArika yA caitasika-stara para jisa yoga kI sAdhanA vyaktiko karanI hai, vaha samatvayoga hai| bhautika-stara para jisa yoga kI sAdhanA kA upadezagItA meM hai, vaha karma-kauzala kA yoga hai| tilaka ne gItA aura anya granthoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki yoga zabda kA artha yukti, upAya aura sAdhana bhI hai| cAhe hama yogazabda kA artha jor3ane vAle svIkAreM yA tilaka ke anusAra yuktiyA upAya mAne, donoM hI sthitiyoM meM yogazabdasAdhana ke artha meM hI prayukta kiyA jAtA hai, lekina yogazabda kevala sAdhana ke artha meM prayukta nahIM huA hai| jaba hama yoga zabda kA artha manaHsthiratA karate haiM, to vaha sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM hotA hai, varan vaha svataH sAdhya hI hotA hai| yaha mAnanA bhramapUrNa hogA ki gItA meM citta-samAdhi yA samatvake artha meM yoga zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| svayaM tilakajI hI likhate haiM ki gItA meM yoga, yogI, athavA yoga zabda se bane hue sAmAsika-zabda lagabhaga assI bAra Ae haiM, parantu cAra pA~casthAnoM ke sivA (6/12-23) yoga zabda se pAtaMjala yoga' (yogazcittavRtti nirodhaH) artha kahIM bhI abhipreta nahIM hai- sirpha yukti, sAdhana, kuzalatA, upAya, jor3a, mela, yahI artha kucha hera-phera se samUcI gItA meM pAe jAte haiN| isase itanA to siddha ho hI jAtA hai ki gItA meM yoga zabda mana kI sthiratA yA samatva ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI siddha ho jAtA hai ki gItA do arthoM meM yoga zabda kA upayoga karatI hai, eka sAdhana ke artha meM, dUsare, sAdhya ke artha meN| jaba gItA yogazabda kI vyAkhyA 'yogaH karmasu kauzalam' ke artha meM karatI hai, to yaha sAdhana-yoga kI vyAkhyA hai| vastutaH, hamAre bhautika-stara para athavA cetanA aura bhautika jagat (vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa) ke madhya jisa samAyojana kI AvazyakatA hai, vahA~ para yogazabdakA yahI artha vivakSita hai| tilaka bhI likhate haiM, eka hI karma ko karane ke aneka yoga yA upAya ho sakate haiM, parantu unameM se jo upAya yA sAdhana uttama ho, usI ko yoga kahate haiN| yogaH karmasu kauzalam kI vyAkhyA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki karma meM kuzalatA yoga hai| kisI kriyA yA karma ko kuzalatApUrvaka sampAdita karanA yoga hai| isa vyAkhyA se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki isameM yoga karma kA eka sAdhana hai, jo usakI kuzalatA meM nihita hai, arthAt yoga karma ke lie hai| gItA kI yoga zabda kI dUsarI vyAkhyA samatvaM yoga ucyate' kA sIdhA artha yahI hai ki 'samatva ko yoga kahate haiN|' yahA~ para yoga sAdhana nahIM, sAdhya hai| isa prakAra, gItA yoga zabda kI dvividha vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai, eka sAdhana-yoga kI aura dUsarI sAdhya-yoga kii| isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki yoga do prakAra kA hai- 1. sAdhana-yoga aura 2. saadhy-yog| gItA jaba jJAnayoga, karmayoga yA bhaktiyoga kA vivecana karatI hai, to ye usakI sAdhana-yoga kI vyAkhyAe~ haiN| sAdhana aneka ho sakate haiM, jJAna, karma aura bhakti

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sabhI sAdhana yoga hai, sAdhya-yoga nahIM, lekina samatvayoga sAdhya yoga hai| yaha prazna phira bhI uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki samatva-yoga ko hI sAdhya-yoga kyoM mAnA jAe, vaha bhI sAdhanayoga kyoM nahIM ho sakatA hai ? isake lie hamAre tarka isa prakAra haiM 1. jJAna, karma, bhakti aura dhyAna sabhI samatva' ke lie hote haiM, kyoMki yadijJAna, karma, bhakti yA dhyAna svayaM sAdhya hote, to inakI yathArthatA yA zubhatva svayaM inameM hI nihita hotA, lekina gItA yaha batAtI hai ki binA samatva ke jJAna, yathArtha jJAna nahIM banatA, jo samatvadRSTi rakhatA hai, vahI jJAnI hai 3, binA samatva ke karma akarma nahIM bntaa| samatva ke abhAvameM karma kA bandhakatva banA rahatA hai, lekina jo siddhi aura asiddhi meM samatva se yukta hotA hai, usake lie karma bandhaka nahIM bnte"| isI prakAra, vaha bhakta bhI saccA bhakta nahIM hai, jisameM samatva kA abhAva hai, samatvabhAva se yathArtha bhakti kI upalabdhi hotI hai| samatva ke Adarza se yukta hone para hI jJAna, karma aura bhakti apanI yathArthatA ko pAte haiN| samatva vaha 'sAra' hai, jisakI upasthiti meM jJAna, karma aura bhakti kA koI mUlya yA artha hai| vastutaH, jJAna, karma aura bhakti jaba taka samatva se yukta nahIM hote haiM, unameM samatva kI avadhAraNA nahIM hotI hai, taba taka jJAna mAtra jJAna rahatA hai, vaha jJAnayoga nahIM hotA, karma mAtra karma rahatA hai, karmayoga nahIM banatA aura bhakti bhI mAtra zraddhA yA bhakti hI rahatI hai, vaha bhaktiyoga nahIM banatI hai, kyoMki ina sabameM hamameM nihita paramAtmA se jor3ane kI sAmarthya nahIM aatii| 'samatva' hI vaha zakti hai, jisase jJAna jJAnayoga ke rUpa meM, bhakti bhaktiyoga ke rUpa meM aura karma karmayoga ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| jaina-paramparA meM bhI jJAna, darzana (zraddhA) aura cAritra (karma) jaba taka samatva se yukta nahIM hote, samyak nahIM banate aura jaba taka ye samyak nahIM banate, taba taka mokSamArga ke aMga nahIM hote haiN| __2. gItA ke anusAra, mAnava kA sAdhya paramAtmA kI prApti hai aura gItA kA paramAtmAyA brahma 'sama' hai jinakA mana 'samabhAva' meM sthita hai, ve to saMsAra meM rahate huebhI mukta haiM, kyoMki brahma bhI nirdoSa evaM sama hai| ve usI samatva meM sthita haiM, jo brahma hai aura isalie ve brahma meM hI haiN|" ise spaSTa rUpa meM yoM kaha sakate haiM ki jo 'samatva meM sthita haiM, ve brahma meM sthita haiM, kyoMki 'sama' hI brahma hai| gItA meM Izvara ke isa samatva-rUpa kA pratipAdana hai| nauveM adhyAya meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki maiM sabhI prANiyoM meM 'sama' ke rUpa meM sthita huuN| terahaveM adhyAya meM kahA hai ki sama-rUpa paramezvara sabhI prANiyoM meM sthita hai, prANiyoM ke vinAza se bhI usakA nAza nahIM hotA hai, jo isa samatva ke rUpa meM usako dekhatA hai, vahI vAstavika jJAnI hai, kyoMki sabhI meM samarUpa meM sthita paramezvara ko samabhAva se dekhatA huA vaha apane dvArA apanA hI ghAta nahIM karatA, arthAt apane samatvamaya yA vItarAga svabhAga ko naSTa nahIM hone detA aura mukti prApta kara letA hai|"

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. gItA ke chaThaveM adhyAya meM paramayogI ke svarUpa ke varNana meM yaha dhAraNA aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai| gItAkAra jaba kabhI jJAna, karma yA bhaktiyoga meM tulanA karatA hai, to vaha unakI tulanAtmaka zreSThatA yA kaniSThatA kA pratipAdana karatA hai, jaise karma-saMnyAsa se karmayoga zreSTha hai", bhaktoM meM jJAnI-bhakta mujhe priya haiM " " | lekina, vaha na to jJAnayogI ko paramayogI kahatA hai, na karmayogI ko paramayogI hai aura bhakta ko hI paramayogI kahatA hai, varan usakI dRSTi meM paramayogI to vaha hai, jo sarvatra samatva kA darzana karatA hai | gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yogI kI pahacAna to samatva hI hai| vaha kahatA hai, "yoga se yukta AtmA vahI hai, jo samadarzI hai| 63 samatva kI sAdhanA karanevAlA yogI hI saccA yogI hai| cAhe sAdhana ke rUpa meM jJAna, karma yA bhakti ho, yadi unase samatva nahIM AtA, to ve yoga nahIM haiN| 4. gItA kA yathArtha yoga samatva-yoga hai, isa bAta kI siddhi kA eka anya pramANa bhI hai| gItA ke chaThaveM adhyAya meM arjuna svayaM hI yaha kaThinAI upasthita karatA hai ki hai kRSNa! Apane yaha samatvabhAva (mana kI samatA) rUpa yoga kahA hai, mujhe mana kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa isa samatvayoga kA koI sthira AdhAra dikhalAI nahIM detA hai, arthAt mana kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa isa samatva ko pAnA sambhava nahIM hai / isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki gItakAra kA mUla upadeza to isI samatva -- va-yoga kA hai, lekina yaha samatva mana kI caMcalatA kAraNa sahaja nahIM hotA hai, ataH mana kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane ke lie jJAna, karma, tapa, dhyAna aura bhakti ke sAdhana batAe gae haiN| Age zrIkRSNa jaba yaha kahate haiM ki he arjuna ! tapasvI, jJAnI, karmakANDI sabhI se yogI adhika hai, ataH tU yogI ho jA', to yaha aura bhI adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gItAkAra kA uddezya jJAna, karma, bhakti athavA tapa kI sAdhanA kA upadeza denA mAtra nahIM hai| yadi jJAna, karma, bhakti yA tapa- rUpa sAdhanA kA pratipAdana karanA hI gItAkAra kA antima lakSya hotA, to arjuna ko jJAnI, tapasvI, karmayogI yA bhakta banane kA upadeza diyA jAtA, na ki yogI banane kaa| dUsare, yadi gItAkAra kA yoga se tAtparya karmakauzala yA karmayoga, jJAnayoga, tapa (dhyAna) yoga athavA bhaktiyoga hI hotA, to inameM pArasparika tulanA honI cAhie thI, lekina ina sabase bhinna evaM zreSTha yaha yoga kaunasA hai, jisake zreSThatva kA pratipAdana gItAkAra karatA hai evaM jise aMgIkAra karane kA arjuna ko upadeza detA hai ? vaha yoga samatva-yoga hI hai, jisake zreSThatva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| samatva - yoga meM yoga zabda kA artha 'jor3anA' nahIM hai, kyoMki aisI avasthA meM samatva - yoga bhI sAdhana - yoga hogA, sAdhya-yoga nhiiN| dhyAna yA samAdhi bhI samatva - yoga kA sAdhana hai 16 36

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samatvayoga 37 gItA meM samatva kA artha ____ gItA ke samatva-yoga ko samajhane ke lie yaha dekhanA hogA ki samatva kA gItA meM kyAartha hai ? AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM kisamatvakAarthatulyatA hai, Atmavat-dRSTi hai, jaise mujhe sukha priya evaM anukUla hai aura duHkha apriya evaM pratikUla hai| isa prakAra, jo saba prANiyoM meM apane hI samAna sukha evaM duHkha ko tulyabhAva se anukUla evaM pratikUla rUpa meM dekhatA hai, kisI ke bhI pratikUla AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vahI samadarzI hai| sabhI prANiyoM ke pratiAtmavat-dRSTi rakhanA samatva hai, lekina samatvana kevala tulyadRSTi yAAtmavat-dRSTi hai, varan madhyasthadRSTi, vItarAga-dRSTi evaM anAsakta-dRSTi bhI hai| sukha-duHkha Adi jIvana ke sabhI anukUla aura pratikUla saMyogoM meM samabhAva rakhanA, mAna aura apamAna, siddhi aura asiddhi meM mana kA vicalita nahIM honA, zatru aura mitra-donoM meM mAdhyasthavRtti, Asakti aura rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hI samatvayoga hai| vaicArika-dRSTi se pakSAgraha evaM saMkalpa-vikalpoM se mAnasa kA mukta honA hI samatva hai| gItA meM samatva-yoga kI zikSA gItA meM aneka sthaloM para samatva-yoga kI zikSA dI gaI hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, he arjuna ! jo sukha-duHkha meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, usa dhIra (samabhAvI) vyakti ko indriyoM ke sukha-duHkhAdi viSaya vyAkula nahIM karate, vaha mokSa yA amRtatva kA adhikArI hotA hai| sukha-duHkha, lAbha-hAni, jaya-parAjaya Adi meM samatvabhAva dhAraNa kara, phira yadi tU yuddha karegA, to pApa nahIM lagegA, kyoMki jo samatva se yukta hotA hai, usase koI pApa hI nahIM hotA hai| he arjuna! Asakti kA tyAga kara, siddhi evaM asiddhi meM samabhAva rakhakara, samatva se yukta ho, tU karmoM kA AcaraNa kara, kyoMki yaha samatvahI yoga hai| samatva-buddhiyogase sakAma-karma ati tuccha hai, isalie he arjuna!, samatva-buddhiyoga kA Azraya le, kyoMki phala kI vAsanA, arthAt Asakti rakhanevAle atyanta dIna hai| samatva-buddhi se yukta puruSa pApa aura puNya-donoM se alipta rahatA hai (arthAt samabhAva hone para karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hote), isalie samatva-buddhiyoga ke lie hI ceSTA kara, samatvabuddhirUpa yoga hI karma-bandhana se chUTane kA upAya hai, pApa-puNya se bacakara anAsakta evaM sAmyabuddhi se karma karane kI kuzalatAhI yoga hai| jo svAbhAvika upalabdhiyoM meM santuSTa hai, rAga-dveSa evaM IrSyA se rahita nirdvandva evaM siddhi-asiddhi meM samabhAva se yukta hai, vaha jIvana ke sAmAnya vyApAroM ko karate hue bhI bandhana meM nahIM AtA hai| he arjuna! aneka prakAra ke siddhAntoM se vicalita terI buddhi jaba samAdhiyukta ho nizcala evaM sthira ho jAegI, taba tU samatvayoga ko prApta ho jaaegaa| jo bhI prANI apanI vAsanAtmaka-AtmA ko jItakara zIta aura uSNa, mAna aura apamAna,

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38 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sukha aura duHkha jaisI virodhI sthitiyoM meM bhI sadaiva prazAnta rahatA hai, arthAt samabhAvarakhatA hai, vaha paramAtmA meM sthita hai| jisakI AtmA tattvajJAna evaM AtmajJAna se tRpta hai, jo anAsakta evaM saMyamI hai, jo lauha evaM kAMcana-donoM meM samAnabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI yogI yoga (samatva-yoga) se yukta hai, aisA kahA jAtA hai| jo vyakti suhRdaya, mitra, zatru, taTastha, madhyastha, dveSI evaM bandhu meM tathAdharmAtmA evaM pApiyoM meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahIatizreSTha hai, athavA vahI mukti ko prApta karatA hai| jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA meM evaM apanI AtmAko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, arthAt sabhI ko samabhAva se dekhatA hai, vahI yuktAtmA hai| jo sukha-duHkhAdi avasthAoM meM sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna samabhAva se dekhatA hai, vahI paramayogI hai| 9 jo apanI indriyoM ke samUha ko bhalIbhAMti saMyamita karake sarvatra samatvabuddhi se sabhI prANiyoM ke kalyANa meM nirata hai, vaha paramAtmA ko hI prApta kara letA hai| 0 jo na kabhI harSita hotA hai, na dveSa karatA hai, na zoka karatA hai, na kAmanA karatA hai tathAjo zubha aura azubha sampUrNa karmoM meM phala kA tyAgI hai, vaha bhaktiyukta puruSa mujhe priya hai| jo puruSa zatru-mitra meM auramAna-apamAna meM sama hai tathA sadI-garmI aura sukha-duHkhAdi dvandroM meM sama hai aura saba saMsAra meM Asakti se rahita hai tathA jo nindA-stuti ko samAna samajhane vAlA aura mananazIla hai, arthAt Izvara ke svarUpa kA nirantaramanana karane vAlA hai evaM jisa kisa prakAra se bhI mAtra zarIra kA nirvAha hone meM sadA hI santuSTa hai aura rahane ke sthAna meM mamatA se rahita hai, vaha sthira--buddhivAlA, bhaktimAn puruSa mujhe priya hai| isa prakAra jAnakara, jo puruSa naSTa hote hue saba carAcara bhUtoM meM nAzarahita paramezvara ko, samabhAva se sthita dekhatA hai, vaha vahI dekhatA hai, kyoMki vaha puruSa sabameM samabhAvase sthita hue paramezvara ko dekhatA huAapane dvArA Apako naSTa nahIM karatA hai, arthAt zarIra kA nAza hone se apanI / AtmA kA nAza nahIM mAnatA hai, isase vaha paramagati ko prApta hotA hai| samatvake abhAva meM jJAna yathArtha jJAna nahIM hai, cAhe vaha jJAna kitanA hI vizAla kyoM na ho| vaha jJAna yoga nahIM hai| samatva-darzana yathArtha jJAna kA anivArya aMga hai| samadarzI hI saccA paNDita yA jJAnI hai| jJAna kI sArthakatA aura jJAna kA antima lakSya samatva-darzana hai| samatvamaya brahma yA Izvara, jo hama saba meM nihita hai, usakA bodha karAnA hI jJAna aura darzana kI saarthktaahai| isI prakAra, samatva-bhAvanAke udaya se bhakti kA saccA svarUpa prakaTa hotA hai| jo samadarzI hotA hai, vaha parama bhakti ko prApta karatA hai| gItA ke aThArahaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa ne spaSTa kahA hai ki jo samatva-bhAva meM sthita hotA hai, vaha merI paramabhakti ko prApta karatA hai| bArahaveM adhyAya meM sacce bhakta kA lakSaNa bhI samatva-vRtti kA udaya mAnA gayA hai| jaba samatvabhAva kA udaya hotA hai, tabhI vyakti kA karma akarma banatA hai| samatva-vRtti se yukta hokara kiyA gayA koI bhI AcaraNa bandhanakArI nahIM hotA, usa AcaraNa se vyakti

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samatvayoga 39 pApa ko prApta nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, dhyAna-yoga kA paramasAdhya bhI vaicArika-samatva hai| samAdhi kI eka paribhASA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki jisake dvArA citta kA samatva prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha samAdhi hai| jJAna, karma,bhakti aura dhyAna, sabhIsamatvako prApta karane ke lie haiN| jaba vesamatva ye yukta ho jAte haiM, taba apane sacce svarUpa ko prakaTa karate haiN| jJAna yathArtha jJAna bana jAtA hai, bhakti paramabhakti ho jAtI hai, karma akarma ho jAtA hai aura dhyAna nirvikalpa samAdhi kA lAbha kara letA hai| 5.samatvayogakA vyavahAra-pakSa samatvayoga kA tAtparya cetanA kA saMgharSa yAdvandva se Upara uTha jAnA hai| vaha nirAkula, nirdvandva aura nirvikalpa dazA kA sUcaka hai| samatva-yoga jIvana ke vividha pakSoM meM eka aisA sAMga-santulana hai, jisameM na kevala caitasika evaM vaiyaktika-jIvana ke saMgharSa samApta hote haiM, varan sAmAjika-jIvana ke saMgharSa bhI samApta ho jAte haiM, zarta yaha hai ki samAja ke sabhI sadasya usakI sAdhanA meM prayatnazIla hoN| samatvayogameM indriyoM apanA kArya to karatI haiM, lekina unameM bhogAsakti nahIM hotI hai aura na indriyoM ke viSayoM kI anubhUti cetanA meM rAga aura dveSa ko janma detI hai| cintana to hotA hai, kintu usase pakSavAda aura vaicArika-durAgrahoM kA nirmANa nahIM hotaa| mana apanA kArya to karatA hai, lekina vaha cetanA ke sammukha jise prastuta karatA hai, use raMgIna nahIM banAtA hai| AtmA vizuddhadraSTA hotA hai| jIvana ke sabhI pakSaapanA-apanA kArya vizuddha rUpa meM binA kisI saMgharSa ke karate haiN| manuSya kA apane pariveza ke sAtha jo saMgharSa hai, usake kAraNa ke rUpa meM jaivikaAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti itanI pramukha nahIM hai, jitanI kI vyakti kI bhogaaskti| saMgharSa kI tIvratA Asakti kI tIvratA ke sAtha bar3hatI jAtI hai| prakRta-jIvana jInA na to itanA jaTila hai aura na itanA saMgharSapUrNa hI / vyakti kA Antarika-saMgharSa, jo usakI vibhinna AkAMkSAoM aura vAsanAoM ke kAraNa hotA hai, usake pIche bhI vyakti kI tRSNA yA Asakti hI pramukha hai| isI prakAra, vaicArika-jagat kA sArA saMgharSa Agraha, pakSa yA dRSTi ke kAraNa hai| vAda, pakSa yA dRSTi eka ora satya ko sImita karatI hai, dUsarI ora Agraha se satya ke anya ananta pahalU AvRtta raha jAte haiM / bhogAsakti svArthoM kI saMkIrNatA ko janma detI hai aura AgrahavRtti vaicArika-saMkIrNatA ko janma detI hai| saMkIrNatA, cAhe vaha hitoM kI ho yA vicAroM kI, saMgharSa ko janma detI hai| samasta sAmAjika-saMgharSoM ke mUla meM yahI hitoM kI yA vicAroM kI saMkIrNatA kAma kara rahI hai|

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40 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaba Asakti, lobha yA rAga ke rUpa meM pakSa upasthita hotA hai, to dveSa yA ghRNA ke rUpa meM pratipakSa bhI upasthita ho jAtA hai| pakSa aura pratipakSa kI yaha upasthiti AtaMrikasaMgharSa kA kAraNa hotI hai| samatvayoga rAga aura dveSa ke dvandva se Upara uThAkara vItarAgatA kI ora le jAtA hai| vaha Antarika-santulana hai| vyakti ke lie yaha Antarikasantulana hI pramukha hai| Antarika-santulana kI upasthiti meM bAhya jAgatika-vikSobha vicalita nahIM kara sakate haiN| jaba vyakti Antarika-santulana se yukta hotA hai, to usake AcAra-vicAra aura vyavahAra meM bhI vaha santulana prakaTa ho jAtA hai| usakA koI bhI vyavahAra yA AcAra bAhya asantulana kA kAraNa nahIM banatA hai| AcAra aura vicAra hamAre mana ke bAhya prakaTana haiM, vyakti ke mAnasa kA bAhya-jagat meM pratibimba haiN| jisameM Antarika-santulana yA samatva hai, usake AcAra aura vicAra bhI samatvapUrNa hote haiN| itanA hI nahIM, vaha vizva vyavahAra meM eka sAMga-santulana sthApita karane ke lie bhI prayatnazIla hotA hai, usakA santulita vyaktitva vizva-vyavahAra ko prabhAvita bhI karatA hai evaM usake dvArA sAmAjika-jIvana kA nirmANa bhI ho sakatA hai| phira bhI, sAmAjika-jIvana meM aisA vyaktitva ekamAtra kAraka nahIM hotA, ataH usake prayAsa sadaiva hI saphala hoM, yaha anivArya nahIM hai| sAmAjika-samatva kI saMsthApanA samatvayoga kA sAdhya to hai, lekina usakI siddhi vaiyaktika-samatva para nahIM, varan samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ke sAmUhika prayatnoM para nirbhara hai| phira bhI, samatva yogI ke vyavahAra se na to sAmAjika-saMgharSa utpanna hotA hai aura na bAhya-saMgharSo, kSubdhatAoM aura kaThinAiyoM se vaha apane mAnasako vicalita hone detA hai| samatvayoga kA mUla kendra Antarika-saMtulana yA samatva hai, jo ki rAga aura dveSa ke prahANa se upalabdha hotA hai| samatva-yoga bhAratIya-sAdhanA kA kendrIya-tattva hai, lekina isa samatva kI upalabdhi kaise ho sakatI hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| sarvaprathama to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana samatva kI upalabdhi ke lie trividha sAdhanA-patha kA pratipAdana karate haiM / cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa-pakSa ko samatva se yukta yA samyak banAne hetu jahA~ jaina-darzana samyakjJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak-cAritra kA pratipAdana karatA hai, vahIM bauddha-darzana prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi kA aura gItA jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kA pratipAdana karatI hai| kevala itanA hI nahIM, apitu ina AcAra-darzanoM ne hamAre vyAvahArika aura sAmAjikajIvana kI samatA ke lie bhI kucha dizA-nirdezaka sUtra prastuta kie haiN| hamAre vyAvahArika -jIvana kI viSamatAe~ tIna haiM - 1. Asakti 2. Agraha aura 3. adhikaar-bhaavnaa| yahI vaiyaktika jIvana kI viSamatAe~ sAmAjika-jIvana meM varga-vidveSa zoSakavRtti aura dhArmika evaM rAjanItika-matAndhatA ko janma detI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa hiMsA, yuddha aura varga-saMgharSa

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samatvayoga 41 panapate haiN| ina viSamatAoM ke kAraNa udbhUta saMgharSoM ko hama cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate (1) vyakti kA Antarika-saMgharSa - jo Adarza aura vAsanA ke madhya hai, yaha icchAoM kA saMgharSa hai| ise caitasika-viSamatA kahA jA sakatA hai| isakA sambandha vyakti svayaM se hai| (2) vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa kA saMgharSa-vyakti apanI zArIrika-AvazyakatAoM aura anya icchAoM kI pUrti bAhya-jagat meM karatA hai| ananta icchA aura sImita pUrti ke sAdhana isa saMgharSa ko janma dete haiM, yaha Arthika-saMgharSa athavA manobhautika-saMgharSa hai| (3) vyakti aura samAja kA saMgharSa - vyakti apane ahaMkAra kI tuSTi samAja meM karatA hai, usa ahaMkAra ko poSaNa dene ke lie aneka mithyA vizvAsoM kA samAja meM sRjana karatA hai| yahIM vaicArika-saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai| U~ca-nIca kA bhAva, dhArmika-matAndhatA aura vibhinna vAda usI ke pariNAma haiN| (4) samAja aura samAja kA saMgharSa - jaba vyakti sAmAnya hitoM aura sAmAnya vaicArika-vizvAsoM ke AdhAra para samUha yA guTa banAtA hai, to sAmAjika-saMgharSoM kA udaya hotA hai| isakA AdhAra Arthika aura vaicArika-donoM hI ho sakatA hai| samatvayogakA vyavahAra-pakSa aura jaina-dRSTi jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM dekhA ki ina samagra saMgharSoM kA mUla hetu Asakti, Agraha aura saMgrahavRtti meM nihita hai, ataH jaina-dArzanikoM ne unake nirAkaraNa ke hetu anAsakti, anAgraha, ahiMsA tathA asaMgraha ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| vastutaH, vyAvahArikadRSTi se cittavRtti kA samatva anAsakti yA vItarAgatA meM, buddhi kA samatva anAgraha yA anekAnta meM aura AcaraNa kA samatva ahiMsA evaM aparigraha meM nihita hai| anAsakti, anekAnta , ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta hI jainadarzana meM samatvayoga kI sAdhanA ke cAra AdhAra-stambha haiN| jaina-darzana ke samatvayoga kI sAdhanA ko vyAvahArika-dRSTi se nimna prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA haisamatvayoga ke niSThAsUtra (a) saMgharSa ke nirAkaraNa kA prayalahI jIvana ke vikAsa kA saccA arthasamatva-yoga kA pahalA sUtra hai-saMgharSa nahIM , saMgharSa yA tanAva ko samApta karanA hI vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-jIvana kI pragati kA saccA svarUpa hai| astitva ke lie saMgharSa ke sthAna para jaina-darzana saMgharSa ke nirAkaraNa meM astitva kA sUtra prastuta karatA hai| jIvana saMgharSa meM nahIM, varan usake nirAkaraNa meM hai| jaina-darzana na to isa siddhAnta meM AsthA rakhatA hai ki jIvana ke

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lie saMgharSa Avazyaka hai aura na yaha mAnatA hai ki jIo aura jIne do' kA nArA hI paryApta hai| usakA siddhAnta hai-jIvana ke lie jIvana kA vinAza nahIM, varan jIvana ke dvArA jIvana kA vikAsa yA kalyANa (parasparopagra ho jIvAnAm - tattvArthasUtra) jIvana kA niyama saMgharSa kA niyama nahIM, varan sahakAra kA niyama hai| (ba) sabhI manuSyoM kI maulika samAnatA para AsthA-AtmAkI dRSTi se sabhI prANI samAna haiM, yaha jainadarzana kI pramukha mAnyatA hai| isake sAtha hI jaina-AcAryoM ne mAnavajAti kI ekatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| varNa, jAti, sampradAya aura Arthika-AdhAroM para manuSyoM meM bheda karanA manuSyoM kI maulika-samatA ko dRSTi se ojhala karanA hai| sabhI manuSya, manuSya-samAja meM samAna adhikAroM se yukta haiN| yaha niSThA sAmyayoga ke sAmAjikasandarbhakA Avazyaka aNghai| isake mUla meM sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna adhikAra se yukta samajhane kI dhAraNA rahI huI hai| yaha sAmAjika-nyAya kA AdhAra hai, jo sAmAjika-saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| samatvayoga ke kriyAnvayana ke cAra sUtra (1) vRtti meM anAsakti-anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa-yahasamatvayoga kI sAdhanA kA prathama sUtra hai| ahaMkAra, mamatva aura tRSNA kA visarjana samatva ke sarjana ke lie Avazyaka hai| anAsakta-vRtti meM mamatva aura ahaMkAra-donoM kA pUrNa samarpaNa Avazyaka hai| jaba taka aham aura mamatva banA rahegA, samatva kI upalabdhi saMbhava nahIM hogI, kyoMki rAga ke sAtha dveSa aparihArya rUpa se jur3A huA hai| jitanA aham aura mamatva kA visarjana hogA, utanA hI samatva kA sarjana hogaa| anAsakti caitasika-saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa karatI hai evaM caitasika-samatvakA AdhAra hai| binA caitasika-samatva ke sAmAjika-jIvana meM sAmya kI udbhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| (2) vicAra meM anAgraha - jainadarzana ke anusAra Agraha ekAMta hai aura isalie mithyAtva bhI hai| vaicArika-anAgraha samatvayoga kI eka anivaarytaahai| Agraha vaicArikahiMsA bhI hai, vaha dUsare ke satya ko asvIkAra karatA hai tathA samagra vaicArika-sampradAyoM evaM vAdoM kA nirmANa kara vaicArika-saMgharSa kI bhUmikA taiyAra karatA hai, ataH vaicArika-samanvaya aura vaicArika-anAgraha samatvayoga kA eka aparihArya aMga hai| yaha vaicArika-saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| jainadarzana ise anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| (3) vaiyaktika-jIvana meM asaMgraha-anAsakta-vRtti ko vyAvahArika-jIvana meM utArane ke lie asaMgraha Avazyaka hai| yaha vaiyaktika-anAsakti kA samAja-jIvana meM vyakti ke dvArA diyA gayA pramANa hai aura sAmAjika-samatA ke nirmANa kI Avazyaka kar3I

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samatvayoga bhI hai| sAmAjika-jIvana meM Arthika-viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa asaMgraha kI vaiyaktikasAdhanA ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hai| (4) sAmAjika-AcaraNa meM ahiMsA-jaba pArasparika-vyavahAra ahiMsA para adhiSThita hogA, tabhI sAmAjika-jIvana meM zAMti aura sAmya sambhava hoNge| jainadarzana ke anusAra, ahiMsA kA mUla AdhAra Atmavat- dRSTi hai aura ahiMsA kI vyavahAryatAanAsakti para nirbhara hai| vRtti meM jitanI anAsakti hogI, vyavahAra meM utanI hI ahiMsA prakaTa hogii| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA kevala niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai, varan vaha vidhAyaka bhI hai| maitrI aura karuNA usake vidhAyaka pahalU haiM / ahiMsA sAmAjika-saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa karatI hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana ke anusAra vRtti meM anAsakti, vicAra ke anekAnta, anAgraha, vaiyaktika-jIvana meM asaMgraha aura sAmAjika-jIvana meM ahiMsA, yahI samatvayoga kI sAdhanA kA vyavahArika-pakSa hai| sandarbha grantha1. Beyond thePleasure Principle-S.Freud, uddhRta-adhyAtmayoga aura citta-vikalana, pR. 246 2. AcArAMga, 1/3/2/114 gItA 4/12 vahI, 7/27-28 vahI. 15/5 Avazyakaniyukti 796 7. pravacanasAra, 1/5 samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, pR. 86 9. seyambaro vA Asambaro vA buddho vA tahevaanno vA samabhAvabhAviyappA lahai mukkhaM na sNdeho||-hribhdr 10-13.sAmAyika sUtra (amaramuni) pR. 63 para uddhRta 14-15.yogazAstra, 4/50-53 16-17. yogazAstra, 4/50-53 18. (a) sAmAyikasUtra (amaramunijI), pR. 27-28 (ba) vizeSAvazyakabhASya - 3477-3483

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 19. 20. 21. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. niyamasAra, 122-133 anuyogadvAra, 127-128 AcArAMga, 1/8/3/2 vahI, 1/8/8/4 vahI, 1/8/8/14 vahI, 2/3/1 vahI, 1/8/8/11 praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/4 uttarAdhyayana 25/32 bodhapAhuDa, 47 Avazyakaniyukti, 804 niyamasAra, 104 bhagavatIsUtra,7/8 sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, 1/2/2 saMyuttanikAya,1/1/8 vahI. 1/2/6 dhammapada, 142 majjhimanikAya, 3/40/2 dhammapada 388 tulanA kIjie- uttarAdhyayana, 25/32 suttanipAta, 3/37/7 udAna, 8/6 yujyate etaditi yogaH, yujyate anena iti yogaH, tasmin iti yoga: yogasUtra, 1/2 bhagavadgItA (rA.) pR. 55 gItA (zAM.), 2/11 gItArahasya, pR. 60 gItA (rAmA.), 1/1 pUrva kathana 33. 34. . 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

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samatvayoga 45 46. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 82 47. amarakoza, 3/3/22, gItArahasya, pR. 56-59 48. yogasUtra, 1/2 49-50. gItA (zAM.) 10/7 51-52. gItArahasya, pR.-57 53. gItA, 5/18 54. vahI, 4/22 55. vahI, 8/54 vahI, 5/19, gItA (zAM) 5/18 57. gItA, 5/19 gItA, 9/29 59. vahI, 13/27-28 vahI, 5/2 vahI, 7/17 vahI. 6/32 vahI, 6/29 64. vahI, 6/32 vahI, 6/46 66. gItA 2/43 67. gItA (zAM.), 6/32 68. gItA 2/15 69. vahI. 2/38, tulanA kIjie - AcArAMga, 1/3/2 70. gItA 2/48 71. vahI, 2/49 72. vahI, 2/50 73. vahI, 4/23 74. vahI, 2/53

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 76. 77. 82. 83. gIta vahI, 6/7 vahI, 6/8 vahI, 6/9 (pAThAntara-vimucyate) vahI, 6/29 vahI, 6/32 vahI, 12/4 vahI, 12/17 vahI 6/7 gItA 12/19 vahI, 13/27 vahI, 13/28 vahI, 5/18 vahI, 13/27-28 vahI, 18/54 vahI, 12/17-19 vahI, 2/38 vahI, 2/53 84. 85 87. 90. 91.

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trividha sAdhanA - mArga Pleas 2 RS+32 jaina - darzana mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanA-mArga prastuta karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra prArambha meM hI kahA hai - samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra mokSa kA mArga hai / ' uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra aura samyak - tapa, aise caturvidha mokSa - mArga kA bhI vidhAna hai| 2 jaina AcAryoM ne tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM kiyA hai aura isalie paravartI sAhitya meM isI trividha sAdhanA - mArga kA vidhAna milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha sAdhanA - patha kA vidhAna hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra evaM niyamasAra meM, AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM, AcArya hemacandra yogazAstra meM trividha sAdhanA-patha kA vidhAna kiyA hai| - trividha sAdhanA-mArga - trividha sAdhanA - mArga hI kyoM ? - yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki trividha sAdhanAmArga kA hI vidhAna kyoM kiyA gayA hai ? vastutaH, trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke vidhAna meM pUrvavartI RSiyoM evaM AcAryoM kI gahana manovaijJAnika sUjha rahI hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnavIyacetanA ke tIna pakSa mAne gae haiM- jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa / naitika jIvana kA sAdhya cetanA ina tInoM pakSoM kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai, ataH yaha Avazyaka hI thA ki ina tInoM pakSoM vikAsa ke lie trividha sAdhanA-patha kA vidhAna kiyA jaae| cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko samyak banAne ke lie evaM usake sahI vikAsa ke lie samyagdarzana yA zraddhA kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra, jJAnAtmaka pakSa ke lie jJAna kA aura saMkalpAtmakapakSa ke lie samyakcAritra kA vidhAna hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki trividha sAdhanA-patha vidhAna ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi rahI hai / bauddha darzana meM trividha sAdhanA- -mArga - bauddha darzana meM bhI trividha sAdhanA-mArga 47 kA vidhAna hai / prAcIna bauddha-graMthoM meM isI kA vidhAna adhika hai| vaise, buddha ne aSTAMga mArga kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai, lekina yaha aSTAMga mArga bhI trividha sAdhanA - mArga meM hI antarbhUta hai| bauddha darzana meM trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA vidhAna hai| kahIM-kahIM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke sthAna para vIrya, zraddhA aura prajJA kA bhI vidhAna hai| vastutaH, vIrya zIla kA aura zraddhA samAdhi kA pratIka hai| zraddhA aura samAdhi- donoM samAna isalie haiM ki donoM meM citta - vikalpa nahIM hote haiN| samAdhi yA zraddhA ko samyak darzana se aura prajJA ko samyak - jJAna se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai / bauddhadarzana kA aSTAMgamArga samyak dRSTi, samyak - saMkalpa, samyak - vANI, samyak - karmAnta, samyak - AjIva, samyak-vyAyAma, samyak-- smRti aura samyak -samAdhi hai| inameM samyak - vAcA, samyak - 1 -

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48 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karmAnta aura samyak-AjIva-ina tInoM kA antarbhAvazIla meM samyak vyAyAma, samyaksmRti aura samyak-samAdhi-ina tInoM kA antarbhAva prajJA meM hotA hai| isa prakAra, bauddhadarzana meM bhI maulika rUpa se trividha sAdhanA-mArga hI prarUpita hai| gItA kA trividha sAdhanA-mArga-gItA meM bhI jJAna, karma aura bhakti ke rUpa meM trividha sAdhanAmArga kA ullekha hai| inheM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi gItA meM dhyAnayoga kA bhI ullekha hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM tapa kA svatantra vivecana hote hue bhI use samyak-cAritra ke antarbhUta liyA gayA hai, usI prakAra gItA meM bhI dhyAnayoga ko karmayoga ke adhIna mAnA jA sakatA hai| gItA meM prasaMgAntara se mokSa kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM praNipAta, pariprazna aura sevA kA bhI ullekha hai|' inameM praNipAta zraddhA yA bhakti kA, pariprazna jJAna aura sevA-karma kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| yoga-darzana meM bhI jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura kriyAyoga ke rUpa meM isI trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA prastutikaraNa huA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM isa trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke prastutikaraNa ke pIche eka dArzanika-dRSTi rahI hai| usameM paramasattA yA brahma ke tIna pakSa satya, sundara aura ziva mAne gae haiM / brahma, jo ki naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai, ina tIna pakSoM se yukta hai aura ina tInoM kI upalabdhi ke lie hI trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| satya kI upalabdhi ke lie jJAna, sundara kI upalabdhi ke lie bhAva yA zraddhA aura ziva kI upalabdhi ke lie sevA yA karma mAne gae haiM / upaniSadoM meM zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ke rUpa meM bhI trividha sAdhanA-mArga nirUpita hai| gaharAI se dekheM, to zravaNa zraddhA, manana jJAna aura nididhyAsana karma ke antargata A jAte haiN| isa prakAra, vaidika-paramparA meM bhI trividhasAdhanA-mArga kA vidhAna hai| pAzcAtya-cintana meM trividha sAdhanA-patha-pAzcAtya-paramparA meM tIna naitika Adeza upalabdha hote haiM- 1. svayaM ko jAno (Know Thyself), 2. svayaM ko svIkAra karo (Accept Thyself) aura 3. svayaM hI bana jAo (Be Thyself)| pAzcAtya-cintana ke tInaAdezajJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke samakakSahI haiN| AtmajJAna meM jJAnakA tattva, AtmasvIkRti meM zraddhA kA tattva aura Atma-nirmANa meM cAritra kA tattva svIkRta hI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke vidhAna meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAeM hI nahIM, pAzcAtya-vicAraka bhI ekamata haiN| tulanAtmaka rUpa meM unheM nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA haijaina-darzana bauddha-darzana gItA upaniSad pAzcAtya-darzana samyagjJAna prajJA jJAna, pariprazna manana Know Thyself samyagdarzana zraddhA, citta, samAdhi zraddhA, pratipAta zravaNa Accept Thyself samyakcAritra zIla, vIrya karma, sevA nididhyAsana BeThyself

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trividha sAdhanA-mArga 49 sAdhana-trayakA paraspara sambandha-jaina-AcAryoM ne naitika-sAdhanA ke lie ina tInoM sAdhanA-mArgoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra, naitika-sAdhanA kI pUrNatA trividha-sAdhanApatha ke samagra paripAlana meM hI sambhava hai| jaina-vicAraka tInoM ke samaveta se hI muktimAnate haiN| unake anusAra, na akelA jJAna, na akelA karma aura na akelI bhakti mukti dene meM samartha hai, jabaki kucha bhAratIya-vicArakoM ne inameM se kisI eka ko hI mokSa-prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zaMkara kevala jJAna se aura rAmAnuja kevala bhakti se mukti kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jaina-dArzanika aisI kisI ekAntavAditA meM nahIM par3ate haiN| unake anusAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta sAdhanA meM hImokSa-siddhi saMbhava hai| inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM mokSa yA naitika-sAdhya kI prApti sambhava nhiiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jisameM jJAna nahIM hai, usakA AcaraNa samyaka nahIM hotA aura samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva meM Asakti se mukta nahIM huA jAtA hai aura jo Asakti se mukta nahIM, usakA nirvANa yA mokSa nahIM hotA / isa prakAra, zAstrakAra yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki nirvANa yA naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM jisa pUrNatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha cetanA ke kisI eka pakSa kI pUrNatA nahIM, varan tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA hai aura isake lie sAdhanA ke tInoM pakSa Avazyaka haiN| __ yadyapinaitika-sAdhanA ke lie samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritrayAzIla, samAdhi aura prajJA, athavA zraddhA, jJAna aura karma-tInoM Avazyaka haiM, lekina inameM sAdhanA kI dRSTi se eka pUrvAparatA kA krama bhI hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAnakA pUrvAparasambandha-jJAna aura darzana kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara jaina-vicAraNA meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai| kucha AcArya darzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM, to kucha jJAna ko, kucha ne donoM kA yogapadya (samAnAntaratA) svIkAra kiyA hai, yadyapi AcAra-mImAMsA kI dRSTi se darzana kI prAthamikatAhI prabala rahI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, jJAna kI apekSA darzana ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne bhI apane grantha meM darzana ko jJAna aura cAritra ke pahale sthAna diyA hai| AcArya kundakunda darzanapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki dharma (sAdhanAmArga) darzanapradhAna hai| lekina, dUsarI ora kucha sandarbha aise bhI hai, jinameM jJAna ko prathama mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM, usI adhyAya meM mokSa-mArga kI vivecanA meM jo krama hai, usameM jJAna kA sthAna prathama hai| vastutaH, sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana kI dRSTi se bhI jJAna aura darzana meM kise prAthamika mAnA jAe, yaha nirNaya karanA sahaja nahIM hai| isa vivAda ke mUla meM yaha tathya hai ki zraddhAvAdI-dRSTikoNa samyagdarzana ko prathama sthAna detA hai, jabaki jJAnavAdI-dRSTikoNa zraddhA ke samyak hone ke lie jJAna kI prAthamikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vastutaH, isa vivAda meM

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50 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana koI ekAntika nirNaya lenA anucita hI hogaa| yahA~ samanvayavAdI-dRSTikoNa hI saMgata hogaa| navatattvaprakaraNa meM aisA hI samanvayavAdI-dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai, jahA~ donoM ko eka-dUsare kA pUrvApara batAyA hai| kahA hai ki jo jIvAdi nava padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, use samyaktva hotA hai| isa prakAra, jJAna ko darzana ke pUrva batAyA gayA hai, lekina agalI paMkti meM hI jJAnAbhAva meM kevala zraddhA se hI samyaktva kI prApti mAna lI gaI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vastutattva ko svataH nahIM jAnatA huA bhI usake prati bhAva se zraddhA karatA hai, use samyaktva ho jAtA hai| 11 hama apane dRSTikoNa se inameM se kise prathama sthAna deM, isakA nirNaya karane ke pUrva darzana zabda ke artha kA nizcaya kara lenA jarUrI hai| darzana zabda ke doartha haiM - 1. yathArtha dRSTikoNa aura 2. zraddhA / yadi hama darzana kA yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha lete haiM, to hameM sAdhanA-mArga kI dRSTi se use prathama sthAna denA cAhie, kyoMki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa hI mithyA hai, ayathArtha hai, to na to usakA jJAna samyak ( yathArtha) hogA aura na cAritra hii| yathArtha dRSTi ke abhAva meM yadi jJAna aura cAritra samyak pratIta bhI hoM, to bhI ve samyak nahIM kahe jA sakate / vaha to saMyogika-prasaMga mAtra hai| aisA sAdhaka digbhrAMta bhI ho sakatA hai, jisakI dRSTi hI dUSita hai, vaha kyA satya ko jAnegA aura usakA AcaraNa karegA ? dUsarI ora, yadi hama samyagdarzana kA zraddhAparaka artha lete haiM, to usakA sthAna jJAna ke pazcAt hI hogA, kyoMki avicala zraddhA to jJAna ke bAda hI utpanna ho sakatI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha karate samaya use jJAna ke bAda hI sthAna diyA gayA hai| granthakAra kahate haiM ki jJAnase padArtha (tattva) svarUpa ko jAneM aura darzana ke dvArA usa para zraddhA kreN|12 vyakti ke svAnubhava (jJAna) ke pazcAt hI jo zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, usameM jo sthAyitva hotA hai, vaha jJAnabhAva meM prApta huI zraddhA se nahIM ho sktaa| jJAnabhAva meM jo zraddhA hotI hai, usameM saMzaya hone kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| aisI zraddhA yathArtha zraddhA nahIM, varan andha zraddhA hI ho sakatI hai| jina-praNIta tattvoM meM bhI yathArtha zraddhA to unake svAnubhava evaM tArkika-parIkSaNa ke pazcAt hI ho sakatI hai| yadyapi sAdhanA ke lie, AcaraNa ke lie, zraddhA anivArya tattva hai, lekina vaha jJAna-prasUta honI caahie| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki dharma kI samIkSA prajJA ke dvArA kareM, tarka se tattva kA vizleSaNa kreN| isa prakAra, yathArthadRSTiparaka artha meM samyagdarzana ko jJAna ke pUrva lenA cAhie, jaba ki zraddhAparaka artha meM use jJAna ke pazcAt sthAna denA caahie| bauddha-vicAraNAmeM jJAna aura zraddhA kAsambandha-bauddha-vicAraNA ne samyagdarzana yA samyagdRSTi zabda kA yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha svIkArA hai aura aSTAMgika sAdhanA-mArga meM use prathama sthAna diyA hai| yadyapi aSTAMga sAdhanA-mArga meM jJAna kA koI svatantra sthAna nahIM hai, tathApi vaha samyagdRSTi meM hI samAhita hai| AMzika rUpa meM use samyak-smRti ke adhIna bhI

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trividha sAdhanA-mArga mAnA jA sakatA hai, tathApi bauddhasAdhanA ke trividha mArga zIla, samAdhi, prajJA meM jJAna ko svatantra sthAna bhI pradAna karate haiN| cAhe buddha ne AtmadIpa evaM AtmazaraNa ke svarNima sUtra kA udghoSa kara zraddhA kI apekSA svAvalambana kA pATha par3hAyA ho, phira bhI bauddha AcAra-darzana meM zraddhA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna sabhI yugoM meM rahA hai| suttanipAta meM Alavaka yakSa ke prati buddha svayaM kahate haiM ki manuSya kA zreSTha dhana zraddhA hai| manuSya zraddhA se isa saMsArarUpa bAr3ha ko pAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jJAna kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM zraddhA ko svIkAra karake buddha gItA kI vicAraNA ke atyadhika nikaTa A jAte haiN| gItA ke samAna hI buddha suttanipAta meM Alavaka yakSase kahate haiM, "nirvANa kI ora le jAne vAle arhatoM ke dharma meM zraddhA rakhane vAlA apramatta aura vicakSaNa puruSa prajJA prApta karatA hai|"16 'zraddhAvAMllabhate jJAnaM' aura 'sadahAno labhate paJca' kAzabda-sAmya donoM AcAra-darzanoM meM nikaTatA dekhane vAle vidvAnoM ke lie vizeSa rUpase draSTavya hai| lekina, yadi hama zraddhA ko AsthA ke artha meM grahaNa karate haiM, to buddha kI dRSTi meM prajJA prathama hai aura zraddhA dvitIya sthAna pr| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate hai ki zraddhA puruSa kI sAthI hai, prajJA usa para niyantraNa karatI hai| isa prakAra, zraddhA para viveka kA sthAna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM, zraddhA se jJAna bar3A hai| isa prakAra, buddha kI dRSTi meM jJAna kA mahatva adhika siddha hotA hai| yadyapibuddha zraddhA ke mahatvako aura jJAna-prApti ke lie usakI AvazyakatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, tathApi jahA~ zraddhA aura jJAna meM kisI kI zreSThatA kA prazna AtA hai, vejJAna(prajJA) kI zreSThatAko svIkAra karate haiN| bauddha-sAhitya meM bahucarcita kAlAmasutta bhI isakA pramANa hai| kAlAmoM ko upadeza dete hue buddha svaviveka ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna dete haiN| ve kahate haiM, he kAlAmoM! tuma kisI bAta ko isalie svIkAra mata karo ki yaha bAta anuzruta hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha bAta paramparAgata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha bAta isI prakAra kahI gaI hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha hamAre dharma-graMtha (piTaka) ke anukUla hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha tarka-sammata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha nyAya (zAstra) sammata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki isakA AkAra-prakAra (kathana kA DhaMga) sundara hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha hamAre mata ke anukUla hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki kahane vAle kA vyaktitva AkarSaka hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki kahane vAlA zramaNa hamArApUjya hai| he kAlAmoM! (yadi) tuma jaba AtmAnubhavase apane ApahI yaha jAno ki ye bAteM akuzala haiM, ye bAteM sadoSa haiM, ye bAteM vijJa puruSoM dvArA niMdita haiM, ina bAtoM ke anusAra calane se ahita hotA hai, duHkha hotA hai- to he kAlAmoM ! tuma una bAtoM ko chor3a do| buddha kA uparyukta kathana zraddhA ke Upara mAnavIya-viveka kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdaka hai|

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lekina, isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki buddha mAnavIya prajJA ko zraddhA se pUrNatayA nirmukta kara dete haiM / buddha kI dRSTi meM jJAnavihIna zraddhA manuSya ke svavivekarUpI cakSu ko samApta kara use andhA banA detI hai aura zraddhA-vihIna jJAna manuSya ko saMzaya aura tarka ke marUsthala meM bhaTakA detA hai| isa mAnavIya-prakRti kA vizleSaNa karate hue visuddhimagga meM kahA hai ki balavAn zraddhAvAlA, kintu manda prajJAvAlA vyakti binA soce-samajhe hara kahIM vizvAsa kara letA hai aura balavAn prajJAvAlA, kintu manda zraddhAvAlA vyakti kutArkika (dhUrtta) ho jAtA hai, vaha auSadhi se utpanna hone vAle roga ke samAna hI asAdhya hotA hai| 20 isa prakAra, buddha zraddhA aura viveka ke madhya eka samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM jJAna se yukta zraddhA aura zraddhA se yukta jJAna hI sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sacce dizA-nirdezaka ho sakate haiN| gItA meM zraddhA aura jJAna kA sambandha - gItA ke anusAra zraddhA ko hI prathama sthAna denA hogA, gItAkAra kahatA hai ki zraddhAvAn hI jJAna prApta karatA hai| 21 yadyapi gItA meM jJAna kI mahimA gAyI gaI hai, lekina jJAna zraddhA ke Upara apanA sthAna nahIM banA pAyA hai, vaha zraddhA prApti kA eka sAdhana hI hai| zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki nirantara mere dhyAna meM lIna aura prItipUrvaka bhajane vAle logoM ko maiM buddhiyoga pradAna karatA hU~, jisase ve mujhe prApta ho jAte 22 yahA~ jJAna ko zraddhA kA pariNAma mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, gItA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki yadi sAdhaka mAtra zraddhA yA bhakti kA sambala lekara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3he, to jJAna use IzvarIya- anukampA ke rUpa meM prApta ho jAtA hai| kRSNa kahate haiM ki zraddhAyukta bhaktajanoM para anugraha karane ke lie maiM svayaM unake antaHkaraNa meM sthita hokara ajJAnajanya andhakAra ko jJAnarUpI prakAza se naSTa kara detA huuN| 23 isa prakAra, gItA meM jJAna ke sthAna para sAdhanA kI dRSTi se zraddhA hI prAthamika siddha hotI hai| lekina, jaina- vicAraNA meM yaha sthiti nahIM hai / yadyapi usameM zraddhA kA kAphI mAhAtmya nirUpita hai aura kabhI to vaha gItA ke ati nikaTa Akara yaha bhI kaha detI hai ki darzana (zraddhA) kI vizuddhi se jJAna kI vizuddhi ho hI jAtI hai, arthAt zraddhA ke samyak hone para samyak jJAna upalabdha ho hI jAtA hai, phira bhI usameM zraddhA jJAna aura svAnubhava ke Upara pratiSThita nahIM ho sktii| isake pIche jo kAraNa hai, vaha yaha ki gItA meM zraddheya itanA samartha mAnA gayA hai ki vaha apane upAsaka ke hRdaya meM jJAna kI AbhA ko prakAzita kara sakatA hai, jabaki jaina- vicAraNA meM zraddheya (upAsya) upAsaka ko apanI ora se kucha bhI dene meM asamartha hai, sAdhaka ko svayaM hI jJAna upalabdha karanA hotA hai| I samyagdarzana aura samyak cAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha - cAritra aura jJAna-darzana pUrvApara sambandha ko lekara jaina- vicAraNA meM koI vivAda nahIM hai / cAritra kI apekSA jJAna aura darzana ko prAthamikatA pradAna kI gaI hai| cAritra sAdhanA-mArga meM gati hai, jaba jJAna sAdhanA patha kA bodha hai aura darzana yaha vizvAsa jAgrata karatA hai ki yaha patha use apane lakSya 52

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vividha sAdhanA-mArga 53 kI ora le jAne vAlA hai| sAmAnya pathika bhI yadi patha ke jJAna evaM isa dRr3ha vizvAsa ke abhAva meM ki vaha patha usake vAMchita lakSya ko jAtA hai, apane lakSya ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, to phira AdhyAtmika sAdhanA-mArga kA pathika binA jJAna aura AsthA (zraddhA) ke kaise Age bar3ha sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAna se (yathArtha sAdhanA-mArga ko) jAne, darzana ke dvArA usa para vizvAsa kare aura cAritra se usa sAdhanA-mArga para, AcaraNa karatA huA tapa se apanI AtmA kA parizodhana kre| yadyapi lakSya ke pAne ke lie cAritrarUpa prayAsa Avazyaka hai, lekina prayAsa ko lakSyonmukha aura samyak honA caahie| mAtra andhe prayAso se lakSya prApta nahIM hotaa| yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahIM hai. to jJAna yathArtha nahIM hogA aura jJAna ke yathArtha nahIM hone para caritra yA AcaraNa bhI yathArtha nahIM hogA, isalie jaina-AgamoM meM cAritra se darzana (zraddhA) kI prAthamikatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM samyakcAritra nahIM hotaa| 25 bhaktaparijJA meM kahA gayA hai ki darzana se bhraSTa (patita) hI vAstavikabhraSTa hai, cAritrasebhraSTa bhraSTa nahIM hai, kyoMki jo darzana se yukta hai, vaha saMsAra meM adhika paribhramaNa nahIM karatA, jabaki darzana se bhraSTa vyakti saMsAra se mukta nahIM hotaa| kadAcit cAritra se rahita siddha bhI ho jAe, lekina darzana se rahita kabhI bhI mukta nahIM hotaa| vastutaH, dRSTikoNa yA zraddhA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo vyakti ke jJAna aura AcaraNa kA sahI dizA-nirdeza karatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu AcArAMganiyukti meM kahate haiM ki samyakdRSTi se hI tapa, jJAna aura sadAcaraNa saphala hote haiN| saMta Anandaghana darzana kI mahattA ko siddha karate hue anantajina ke stavana meM kahate haiM zuddha zraddhA binA sarva kiriyA karI, chAra (rAkha) para lIpaNu teha jANo re| bauddha-darzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa-jaina-darzana ke samAna bauddha-darzana aura gItA meM bhI zraddhA ko AcaraNa kA pUrvavartI mAnA gayA hai| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki zraddhApUrvaka diyA huA dAna hI prazaMsanIya hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu aura Anandaghana tathA bhagavAn buddha ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna! binA zraddhA ke kiyA huA havana, diyA huA dAna, tapA huA tapa aura jo kucha bhI kiyA huA karma hai, vaha sabhI asat (asamyak) kahA jAtA hai, vaha na to isa loka meM lAbhadAyaka hai, na paraloka meN| taittirIya-upaniSad meM bhI yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo bhI dAnAdi karma karanA cAhie, unheM zraddhApUrvaka hI karanA cAhie, azraddhApUrvaka nhiiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ AcaraNa ke pUrva zraddhA ko sthAna detI haiM / vastutaH, zraddhAAcaraNa ke antas meM nihita eka aisA tattva hai, jo karma ko ucitatA pradAna karatA hai| naitika-jIvana ke kSetra meM vaha eka Antarika aMkuza ke rUpa meM kArya karatI hai aura isalie vaha karma se prathama hai|

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54 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritrakIpUrvAparatA-jaina-vicArakoM ne cAritra ko jJAna ke bAda hI rakhA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo jIva aura ajIva ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA, aisA jIva aura ajIva ke viSaya meM ajJAnI sAdhaka kyA dharma (saMyama) kA AcaraNa karegA? 31 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM sadAcaraNa nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana jJAna ko cAritra ke pUrva mAnatA hai| jaina-dArzanika yaha to svIkAra karate haiM ki samyak AcaraNa ke pUrva samyakjJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai, phira bhI ve yaha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki akelA jJAna hI mukti kA sAdhana hai| jJAna AcaraNa kA pUrvavartI avazya hai, yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM cAritra samyak nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA jJAna hI mokSa kA mUla hetu hai ? | sAdhana-traya meM jJAna kA sthAna-jainAcArya amRtacandrasUri jJAna kI cAritra se pUrvatA ko siddha karate hue eka carama sImA sparza kara lete haiN| ve apanI samayasAra TIkA meM likhate haiM ki jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai, kyoMki jJAna kA abhAva hone se ajJAniyoM meM aMtaraMga vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa aura tapasyA Adi kI upasthiti hote hue bhI mokSa kA abhAva hai, kyoMki ajJAna to bandha kA hetu hai, jabaki jJAnI meM jJAna kA sadbhAva hone se bAhya-vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa, tapa Adi kI anupasthiti hone para bhI mokSa kA sadbhAva hai| AcArya zaMkara bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki eka hI kArya jJAna ke abhAva meM bandhana kA hetu aura jJAna kI upasthiti meM mokSa kA hetu hotA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki karma nahIM, jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai| AcArya amRtacandrabhI jJAnako trividha sAdhanoM meM pramukha mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra bhI jJAna ke hI rUpa haiM / ve likhate haiM ki mokSa ke kAraNa samyagdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra haiN| jIvAdi tattvoM ke yathArtha zraddhAna rUpa se to jo jJAna hai, vaha tosamyagdarzana hai aura unakA jJAna-svabhAva se jJAna honA samyagjJAna hai tathA rAgAdi ke tyAgasvabhAva se jJAna kA honA samyakcAritra hai| isa prakAra, jJAna hI paramArthataH mokSa kA kAraNa hai| yahAM para AcArya darzana aura cAritra ko jJAna ke anya do pakSoM ke rUpa meM siddha karamAtra jJAna ko hI mokSa kA hetu siddha karate haiN| unake dRSTikoNa ke anusAra darzana aura cAritra bhI jJAnAtmaka hai, jJAna kIhI paryAyeM haiN| yadyapi yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AcArya mAtra jJAna kI upasthiti meM mokSa ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA karate haiM, phira bhI ve antaraMga-cAritra kI upasthiti se inakAra nahIM karate haiN| antaraMga-cAritra to kaSAya Adi ke kSaya ke rUpa meM sabhI sAdhakoM meM upasthita hotA hai| sAdhaka aura sAdhya-vivacena meM hama dekhate haiM ki sAdhaka-AtmA pAramArthika-dRSTi se jJAnamaya hI hai aura vahI jJAnamaya AtmA usakA sAdhya hai| isa prakAra, jJAnasvabhAvamaya AtmA hI mokSakA upAdAna-kAraNa hai| kyoMki jo jJAna hai, vaha AtmA hai aura jo AtmA hai, vaha jJAna hai, ataH mokSa kA hetu jJAna hI siddha hotA hai|

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trividha sAdhanA-mArga isa prakAra, jaina AcAryoM ne sAdhana-traya meM jJAna ko atyadhika mahatva diyA hai / AcArya amRtacandra kA uparyukta dRSTikoNa to jaina-darzana ko zaMkara ke nikaTa khar3A kara detA hai, phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki jaina- dRSTi meM jJAna hI mAtra mukti kA sAdhana hai, jaina- vicAraNA ke maulika mantavya se dUra honA hai| yadyapi jaina-sAdhanA meM jJAna mokSa-prApti kA prAthamika evaM anivArya kAraNa hai, phira bhI vaha ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jJAnAbhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai, kintu mAtra jJAna se bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jJAna ko mukti kA anivArya kAraNa svIkAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki zraddhA aura cAritra ke Adarzonmukha evaM samyak hone ke lie jJAna mahatvapUrNa tathya hai, samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM zraddhA andhazraddhA hogI aura cAritra yA sadAcaraNa eka aisI kAgajI mudrA ke samAna hogA, jisakA cAhe bAhya mUlya ho, lekina Antarika mUlya zUnya hI hai| AcArya kundakunda, jo jJAnavAdIparamparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, ve bhI spaSTa kahate haiM ki kore jJAna se nirvANa nahIM hotA, yadi zraddhA na ho aura kevala zraddhA se bhI nirvANa nahIM hotA, yadi saMyama (sadAcaraNa) na ho | 39 jaina- dArzanika zaMkara ke samAna na to yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mAtra jJAna se mukti ho sakatI hai, na rAmAnuja prabhRti bhaktimArga ke AcAryoM ke samAna yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mAtra bhakti se mukti hotI hai| unheM mImAMsA darzana kI yaha mAnyatA bhI grAhya nahIM hai ki mAtra karma mukta ho sakatI hai / ve to zraddhAsamanvita jJAna aura karma donoM se mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra karate haiM / 55 samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha bhI ekAMtika nahIM - jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra sAdhana-traya meM eka krama to mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi isa krama bhI ekAntika rUpa meM svIkAra karanA usakI syAdvAda kI dhAraNA kA atikramaNa hI hogA, kyoMki jahA~ AcaraNa ke samyak hone ke lie samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana Avazyaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora samyagjJAna evaM darzana kI upalabdhi ke pUrva bhI AcaraNa kA samyak honA Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra jaba taka tIvratama (anantAnubandhI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha - cAra kaSAyeM samApta nahIM hotI, taba taka samyak - darzana aura jJAna bhI prApta nahIM hotA / AcArya zaMkara ne bhI jJAna kI prApti ke pUrva vairAgya kA honA Avazyaka mAnA hai| isa prakAra, sadAcaraNa aura saMyama ke tattva samyak - darzana aura jJAna kI upalabdhi ke pUrvavartI bhI siddha hote haiN| dUsare, isa krama yA pUrvAparatA ke AdhAra para bhI sAdhana-traya meM kisI eka ko zreSTha mAnanA aura dUsare ko gauNa mAnanA jainadarzana ko svIkRta nahIM hai / vastutaH, sAdhana-traya mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSoM ke rUpa meM hI sAdhanA-mArga kA nirmANa karate haiM / cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM meM jaisI pArasparika-prabhAvakatA aura aviyojya - sambandha rahA hai, vaisI hI pArasparika prabhAvakatA aura aviyojya-sambandha ina tInoM pakSoM meM bhI hai| jJAna aura kriyA ke sahayoga se mukti-sAdhanA-mArga meM jJAna aura kriyA (vihita

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56 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcaraNa) ke zreSThatvako lekara vivAda calAArahA hai| vaidika-yuga meM jahA~ vihita AcaraNa kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vahA~ aupaniSadika-yuga meM jJAna para bala diyA jAne lgaa| bhAratIyacintakoM ke samakSa prAcIna samaya se hI yaha samasyA rahI hai ki jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca sAdhanA kA yarthAtha tattva kyA hai ? jaina-paramparA ne prArambha se hI sAdhanAmArga meM jJAna aura kriyA kA samanvaya kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI yuga meM jaba zramaNa-paramparA dehadaNDanaparaka tapa-sAdhanA meM aura vaidika-paramparA yajJayAgaparaka-kriyAkANDoM meM hI sAdhanA kI itizrI mAnakara sAdhanA ke mAtra AcaraNAtmaka-pakSa para bala dene lagI thI, to unhoMne use jJAna se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| mahAvIra aura unake bAda jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI jJAna aura AcaraNa-donoM se samanvita sAdhanA-patha kA upadeza diyaa| jaina-vicArakoM kA yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki muktina to mAtra jJAna se prApta ho sakatI hai aura na kevala sadAcaraNa se| jJAnamArgI aupaniSadika evaM sAMkhya-paramparAoM kI samIkSA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA ki kucha vicAraka mAnate haiM ki pApa kA tyAga kie binA hI, mAtra Aryatattva (yathArthatA) ko jAnakarahI, AtmA sabhI duHkhoM se chUTa jAtI hai, lekina bandhana aura mukti ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane vAle ye vicAraka saMyama kA AcaraNa nahIM karate hue kevala vacanoM se hI AtmAko AzvAsana dete haiN| 40 sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki manuSya, cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, bhikSuka ho, aneka zAstroM kA jAnakAra ho, athavA apane ko dhArmika prakaTa karatA ho, yadi usakA AcaraNa acchA nahIM hai, to vaha apane karmoM ke kAraNa duHkhI hI hogaa|" aneka bhASAoM evaM zAstroM kA jJAna AtmA ko zaraNabhUta nahIM hotA / mantrAdi vidyAbhI use kaise bacA sakatI hai? asada AcaraNa meM anuraktaapane-Apako paMDita mAnane vAle loga vastutaH mUrkha hI haiN|42 Avazyakaniyukti meM jJAna aura cAritra ke pArasparikasambandha kA vivecana vistRta rUpa meM hai| usake kucha aMza isa samasyA kA hala khojane meM hamAre sahAyaka ho skeNge| niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki AcaraNavihIna aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA bhI saMsAra-samudra se pAra nahIM hote| mAtra zAstrIya jJAna se, binA AcaraNa ke koI mukti prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jisa prakAra nipuNa cAlaka bhI vAyu yA gati kI kriyA ke abhAva meM jahAja ko icchita kinAre para nahIM pahu~cA sakatA, vaise hI jJAnI AtmA bhI tapa-saMyamarUpa sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM mokSa prApta nahIM kara sktaa| mAtra jAna lene se kAryasiddhi nahIM hotii| tairanA jAnate hue bhI koI kAyaceSTA nahIM kare, to DUba jAtA hai, vaise hI zAstroM ko jAnate hue bhI jo dharma kA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha DUba jAtA hai| jaise candana Dhone vAlA candana se lAbhAnvita nahIM hotA, mAtra bhAra-vAhaka hI banA rahatA hai, vaise hI AcaraNa se hIna jJAnI jJAna ke bhAra kA vAhaka mAtra hai, isase use koI lAbha nahIM hotaa| jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika-sambandha ko loka-prasiddha aMdha-paMgu-nyAya ke AdhAra para spaSTa karate hue AcArya likhate haiM ki jaise vana meM dAvAnala lagane para paMgu use dekhate hue bhI

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trividha sAdhanA-mArga 57 gati ke abhAva meM jala maratA hai aura andhA samyak mArga nakhoja pAne ke kAraNa jala maratA hai, vaise hI AcaraNavihIna jJAna paMgu ke samAna hai aura jJAnacakSuvihIna AcaraNa andhe ke samAna hai| AcaraNavihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna AcaraNa-donoM nirarthaka haiM aura saMsArarUpI dAvAnala se sAdhaka ko bacAne meM asamartha haiN| jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha nahIM calatA, akelAandhA, akelApaMgu icchita sAdhya taka nahIM pahu~cate, vaise hI mAtra jJAna athavA mAtra kriyA se mukti nahIM hotI, varan donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai|46 bhagavatIsUtra meM jJAna aura kriyA meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karane kI vicAraNA ko mithyA vicAraNA kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ne sAdhaka kI dRSTi se jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha kI eka caturbhaMgI kA kathana isI saMdarbha meM kiyA hai 1. kucha vyakti jJAnasampanna haiM, lekina cAritra-sampanna nahIM haiN| 2. kucha vyakti cAritrasampanna haiM, lekina jJAna-sampanna nahIM haiN| 3. kucha vyakti na jJAnasampanna haiM, na cAritrasampanna haiN| 4.kucha vyakti jJAnasampanna bhI haiM aura cAritra-sampanna bhI haiN| mahAvIra ne inameM se saccA sAdhaka use hI kahA, jo jJAna aura kriyA, zruta aura zIla-donoM se sampanna hai| isI ko spaSTa karane ke lie eka nimna rUpaka bhI diyA jAtA hai1. kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM, jinameM dhAtu bhI khoTI hai, mudrAMkana bhI ThIka nahIM hai| 2. kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM, jinameM dhAtu to zuddha hai, lekina mudrAMkana ThIka nahIM hai| 3. kucha mudrAe~ aisI haiM, jinameM dhAtu azuddha hai, lekina mudrAMkana ThIka hai| 4. kucha mudrAe~ aisI haiM, jinameM dhAtu bhI zuddha hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hai| bAjAra meM vahI mudrA grAhya hotI hai, jisameM dhAtu bhI zuddha hotI hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hotA hai| isI prakAra, saccA sAdhaka vahI hotA hai, jo jJAna-sampanna bhI ho aura cAritra-sampanna bhI ho| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki jJAna aura kriyAdonoM hI naitika-sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka haiN| jJAna aura cAritra-donoM kI samaveta sAdhanA se hI duHkha kA kSaya hotA hai| kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA-donoM hI ekAnta haiM aura ekAnta hone ke kAraNa jaina-darzana kI anekAntavAdI-vicAraNA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| vaidika-paramparA meM jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya se mukti-jaina-paramparA ke samAna vaidika paramparA meM bhI jJAna aura kriyA-donoM ke samanvaya meM hI mukti kI sambhAvanA mAnI gaI hai| nRsiMhapurANa meM bhI Avazyakaniyukti ke samAna sundara rUpakoM ke dvArA ise siddha kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jaise rathahIna azva aura azvahIna ratha anupayogI hai, vaise hI vidyA-vihIna tapa aura tapa-vihIna vidyA nirarthaka hai| jaise do paMkhoM ke kAraNa pakSI kI gati hotI hai, vaise hI jJAna aura karma-donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai| 48 kriyAvihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna kriyA-donoM nirarthaka haiM, yadyapi gItA jJAnaniSThA aura karmaniSThA-donoM

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hI svatantra rUpa se mukti kA mArga batAtI hai| gItA ke anusAra vyakti jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga-tInoM meM se kisI eka ke dvArA bhI mukti prApta kara sakatA hai, jabaki jainaparamparA meM inake samaveta meM hI mukti mAnI gaI hai| bauddha-vicAraNA meM prajJA aura zIla kA sambandha - jaina- darzana ke samAna bauddhadarzana bhI na kevala jJAna (prajJA) kI upAdeyatA svIkAra karatA hai aura na kevala AcaraNa kI / usakI dRSTi meM bhI jJAnazUnya AcaraNa aura kriyAzUnya jJAna nirvANa - mArga meM sahAyaka nahIM haiN| usane samyagdRSTi aura samyaksmRti ke sAtha hI samyak - vAcA, samyak - AjIva aura samyak - - karmAnta ko svIkAra kara isI tathya kI puSTi kI hai ki prajJA aura zIla ke samanvaya mukti hai / buddha ne kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA- donoM ko apUrNa mAnA hai / jAtaka meM kahA gayA hai ki AcaraNarahita zruta se koI artha siddha nahIM hotA / deg dUsarI ora, buddha kI dRSTi meM naitika AcaraNa athavA karma citta kI ekAgratA ke lie haiM / ve eka sAdhana haiM aura isalie paramasAdhya nahIM ho skte| mAtra zIlavrata - parAmarza athavA jJAnazUnya kriyAe~ bauddha-sAdhanA kA lakSya nahIM haiM, prajJA kI prApti hI eka aisA tathya hai, jisase naitikaAcaraNa banatA hai| DaoN. TI. Ara. vhI. mUrti ne zAntideva kI bodhicaryAvatAra kI paMjikA evaM aSTasahasrikA se bhI isa kathana kI puSTi ke lie pramANa upasthita kie haiN| 1 bauddhavicAraNA meM zIla aura prajJA- donoM kA samAna rUpa se mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| suttapiTaka ke grantha theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai - saMsAra meM zIla hI zreSTha hai, prajJA hI uttama hai| manuSyoM aura devoM meM zIla aura prajJA se hI vAstavika vijaya hotI hai| 52 bhagavAn buddha ne zIla aura prajJA meM eka sundara samanvaya prastuta kiyA hai| dIghanikAya meM kahA hai ki zIla prajJA prakSAlita hotI hai aura prajJA (jJAna) se zIla (cAritra) prakSAlita hotA hai| jahA~ zIla hai, vahA~ prajJA hai aura jahA~ prajJA hai, vahA~ zIla hai| isa prakAra, buddha kI dRSTi meM zIlavihIna prajJA aura prajJAvihIna zIla- donoM hI asamyak haiM / jo jJAna aura AcaraNa-donoM se samanvita hai, vahI saba devatAoM aura manuSyoM meM zreSTha hai| 54 AcaraNa ke dvArA prajJA kI zobhA bar3hatI hai| isa prakAra, buddha bhI prajJA aura zIla ke samanvaya meM nirvANa kI upalabdhi saMbhava mAnate haiM, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki prArambhika bauddhadarzana zIla para aura paravartI bauddhadarzana prajJA para adhika bala detA rahA hai / - tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra- jaina- paramparA meM sAdhana-traya ke samaveta meM hI mokSa niSpatti mAnI gaI hai| vaidika paramparA meM jJAna - niSThA, karmaniSThA aura bhaktimArga- ye tInoM alaga-alaga mokSa ke sAdhana mAne jAte rahe haiM aura ina AdhAroM para vaidika paramparA meM svatantra sampradAyoM kA udaya bhI huA hai| vaidika paramparA meM prArambha se hI karma-mArga aura jJAna-mArga kI dhArAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| bhAgavata - sampradAya ke udaya ke sAtha bhaktimArga eka naI niSThA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huA / isa prakAra, vedoM kA 58 - -

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trividha sAdhanA-mArga karmamArga, upaniSadoM kA jJAnamArga aura bhAgavata-sampradAya kA bhaktimArga tathA inake sAthasAtha hI yogasampradAya kA dhyAna-mArga, sabhI eka-dUsare se svatantra rUpa meM mokSamArga samajhe jAte rahe haiN| sambhavataH, gItA eka aisI racanA avazya hai, jo ina sabhI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| yadyapi gItAkAra ne ina vibhinna dhArAoM ko sameTane kA prayatna to kiyA, lekina vaha unako samanvita nahIM kara pAyA, yahI kAraNa thA ki paravartI TIkAkAroM ne apane pUrva-saMskAroM ke kAraNa gItA ko inameM se kisI eka sAdhanA-mArga kA pratipAdaka batAne kA prayAsa kiyA aura gItA meM nirdezita sAdhanA ke dUsare mArgoM ko gauNa btaayaa| zaMkarane jJAna ko, rAmAnuja ne bhakti ko, tilaka ne karma ko gItA kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya maanaa| lekina, jaina-vicArakoM ne isa trividha sAdhanA-pathako samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSakA kAraNa mAnA aura yaha batAyA ki ye tInoM eka-dUsare se alaga hokara nahIM, varan samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa ko prApta karAsakate haiN| usane tInoM ko samAna mAnA aura unameM se kisI ko bhI eka ke adhIna banAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| hameM isa bhrAMti se bacanA hogA ki zraddhA, jJAna aura AcaraNa-ye svatantra rUpa meM naitika-pUrNatA ke mArga ho sakate haiN| mAnavIya-vyaktitva aura naitika-sAdhya eka pUrNatA hai aura use samaveta rUpa meM hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha-paramparA aura jaina-paramparA-donoM hI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa nahIM rakhate haiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA prajJA, zraddhA aura vIrya ko samaveta rUpa meM hI nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, bauddha aura jaina-paramparAeM na kevala apane sAdhanA-mArga ke pratipAdana meM, varan sAdhana-traya ke balAbala ke viSaya meM bhI samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiN| vastutaH, naitika-sAdhya kAsvarUpa auramAnavIya prakRti-donoM hI yaha batAte haiM ki trividha sAdhanA-mArga apane samaveta rUpa meM hI naitika-pUrNatA kI prApti karA sakatA hai| yahA~ isa trividha sAdhanA-patha kA mAnavIya-prakRti aura naitika-sAdhya se kyA sambandha hai, ise spaSTa kara lenA upayukta hogaa| mAnavIya-prakRti aura trividha sAdhanA-patha-mAnavIya-cetanA ke tIna kArya haiM- 1. jAnanA 2. anubhava karanA aura 3. saMkalpa krnaa| hamArI cetanA kA jJAnAtmakapakSana kevala jAnanA cAhatA hai, varan vaha satya ko hI jAnanA cAhatA hai| jJAnAtmaka-cetanA nirantara satya kI khoja meM rahatI hai, ataH jisa vidhi se hamArI jJAnAtmaka-cetanA satya ko upalabdha kara sake, use hI samyak-jJAna kahA gayA hai| samyak-jJAna cetanA ke jJAnAtmakapakSako satya kI upalabdhi kI dizA meM le jAtA hai| cetanA kA dUsarA pakSa anubhUti ke rUpa meM Ananda kI khoja karatA hai| samyagdarzanacetanA meM rAga-dveSAtmaka jo tanAva hai, unheM samApta kara use Ananda pradAna karatA hai| cetanA kA tIsarA saMkalpanAtmaka-pakSa zakti kI upalabdhi aura kalyANa kI kriyAnviti cAhatA hai| samyakcAritra saMkalpa ko kalyANa ke mArga meM

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niyojita kara ziva kI upalabdhi karatA hai| isa prakAra, samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA yaha trividha sAdhanA-patha cetanA ke tInoM pakSoM ko sahI dizA meM nirdezita kara unake vAMchita lakSya sat, sundara aura ziva athavA ananta jJAna, Ananda aura zakti kI upalabdhi karAtA hai| vastutaH, jIvana ke sAdhya ko upalabdha karA denA hI isa trividha sAdhanA-pathakA kArya hai / jIvana kA sAdhya ananta evaM pUrNa jJAna, akSaya Ananda aura ananta zakti kI upalabdhi hai, jise trividha sAdhanA-patha ke tInoM aMgoM ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa ko samyakjJAna kI dizA meM niyojita kara jJAna kI pUrNatA kI, cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko samyagdarzana meM niyojita kara akSaya Ananda kI aura cetanA ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko samyakcAritra meM niyojita kara ananta zakti kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH, jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha, tInoM meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpamaya cetanA sAdhaka hai aura yahI cetanA ke tInoM pakSa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA-patha kahalAte haiM aura ina tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA hI sAdhya hai| sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanA-patha bhinna-bhinna nahIM, varan cetanA kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiM / unameM abheda mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM aura AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM isa abheda ko atyanta mArmika zabdoM meM spaSTa kiyA hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai| 56 AcArya hemacandra isI abheda ko spaSTa karate hue yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki AtmA hI samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra hai, kyoMki AtmA isI rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai 157 AcArya ne yaha kahakara ki AtmA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai, mAnavIya manovaijJAnika-prakRti ko hI spaSTa kiyA hai| jJAna, cetanA aura saMkalpa- tInoM samyak hokara sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa kara dete haiM aura yahI pUrNa hokara sAdhya bana jAte haiM / isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhaka, sAdhanA - patha aura sAdhya meM abheda hai| 1 60 mAnavIya cetanA ke uparyukta tInoM pakSa jaba samyak dizA meM niyojita hote haiM, to ve sAdhanA-mArga kahe jAte haiM aura jaba ve asamyak dizA meM yA galata dizA meM niyojita hote haiM, to bandhana yA patana ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| ina tInoM pakSoM kI galata dizA meM gati hI mithyAtva aura sahI dizA meM gati samyaktva kahI jAtI hai| vastutaH, samyaktva kI prApti ke lie mithyAtva (avidyA) kA visarjana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki mithyAtva hI anaitikatA yA durAcAra kA mUla hai / mithyAtva kA AvaraNa haTane para samyaktvarUpI sUrya kA prakAza hotA hai /

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trividha sAdhanA - mArga sandarbha grantha tatvArthasUtra 1 / 1 1. 2. 3. - uttarAdhyayana 28/2 (a) (ba) atthi saddhA tato viriyaM paJJA ca mama vijjati / - suttanipAta 28 / 8 savvadA sIla sampanno ( iti bhagavA) paJJavA susamAhito / ajjhatacintI satimA oghaM tarati duttaraM // - suttanipAta 9/22 gItA 4/34, 4/39 sAikolAjI enDa mAralsa, pR. 180 4. 5. 6. uttarAdhyayana, 28/30 7. uttarAdhyayana 28/30 8. tattvArthasUtra, 1/1 9. darzanapAhuDa, 2 10. uttarAdhyayana, 28/2 11. navatattvaprakaraNa, 1 uddhRta - AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR. 151 uttarAdhyayana, 28/35 12. 13. vahI, 23/25 14. suttanipAta 10/2 15. vahI, 10 / 4 16. vahI, 10/6 17. saMyuttanikAya, 1/1/59 18. vahI, 4/41/8 19. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 65 20. gItA, 4/39 21. gItA, 10/10 22. vahI, 10/21 23. visuddhimagga, 4/47 24. uttarAdhyayana, 28/35 25. uttarAdhyayana, 28/29 26. bhaktaparijJA, 65-66 27. AcArAMganiryukti, 221 28. saMyuttanikAya 1/1/33 29. gItA, 17 / 28 61

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62 30. taittirIya upaniSad zikSAvallI 31. dazavaikAlika 4 / 12 32. uttarAdhyayana 28/30 33. vyavahArabhASya, 7/217 34. samayasAraTIkA, 153 35. gItA (zAM.), a. 5 pIThikA 36. samayasAraTIkA, 155 37. samayasAra, 10 38. 39. bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samayasAraTIkA, 151 pravacanasAra, cAritrAdhikAra, 3 40. uttarAdhyayana, 6/9-10 41. sUtrakRtAMga 2/1/7 42. uttarAdhyayana, 6/11 43. Avazyaka niryukti, 95-97 44. vahI, 1151-54 45. vahI, 100 46. vahI 101-102 47. bhagavatIsUtra 8/10/41 48. nRsiMhapurANa, 61/9/11 49. uddhRta dI kvesTa AphTara paraphekzana, pR. 63 50. jAtaka, 5/373/127 51. dI senTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma, pR. 30-31 52. theragAthA, 1/70 53. dIghanikAya, 1/4/4 54. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/5 55. aMguttaranikAya tIsarA nipAta, pR. 104 56. samayasAra, 277 57. yogazAstra, 4/1

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avidyA ( mithyAtva) 26+22 3 avidyA ( mithyAtva ) jainAgamoM meM ajJAna aura ayathArtha jJAna- donoM ke lie 'mithyAtva' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| yahI nahIM, kucha sandarbhoM meM ajJAna, ayathArtha jJAna, mithyAtva aura moha samAna artha meM bhI prayukta hue haiN| yahA~ ajJAna zabda kA prayoga eka vistRta artha meM kiyA jA rahA hai, jisameM ukta zabdoM kA artha bhI nihita hai| naitika dRSTi se ajJAna naitika Adarza ke yathArtha jJAna ke abhAva aura zubhAzubha viveka kI kamI ko vyakta karatA hai| jaba taka manuSya ko sva-svarUpa yathArtha jJAna nahIM hotA, arthAt maiM kyA hU~, merA Adarza kyA hai, yA mujhe kyA prApta karanA hai ? taba taka vaha naitika jIvana meM praviSTa nahIM ho sktaa| jaina- vicAraka kahate haiM ki jo AtmA ko nahIM jAnatA, jar3a padArthoM ko nahIM jAnatA, vaha saMyama kA kaisA pAlana (naitikasAdhanA) karegA ? 1 2622 RSibhASitasUtra meM taruNa sAdhaka arhat RSi gAthApatiputra kahate haiM - ajJAna hI bahuta bar3A duHkha hai / ajJAna se hI bhaya (duHkha) kA janma hotA hai, samasta dehadhAriyoM ke lie bhava - paramparA kA mUla vividha rUpoM meM vyApta ajJAna hI hai| janma, jarA aura mRtyu, zoka, mAna aura apamAna, sabhI jIvAtmA ke ajJAna se utpanna hue haiN| saMsAra kA pravAha (saMtati) ajJAnamUlaka hai| 2 63 bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM mAtra karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA para hI vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA, varan zubhAzubha karmoM kA kAraNa jAnane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| kyoM eka vyakti azubha kRtyoM kI ora prerita hotA hai aura kyoM dUsarA vyakti zubhakRtyoM kI ora prerita hotA hai ? gItA meM arjuna yaha prazna uThAtA hai ki he kRSNa ! nahIM cAhate hue bhI kisakI preraNA se prerita ho yaha puruSa pApa-karma meM niyojita hotA hai / jaina-darzana ke anusAra isakA uttara yaha hai ki mithyAtva hI azubha kI ora pravRtti karane kA kAraNa hai / ' buddha kA bhI kahanA hai ki mithyAtva hI azubhAcaraNa aura samyak-dRSTi sadAcaraNa kA kAraNa hai / ' gItA kahatI hai ki rajoguNa se samudbhava kAma hI jJAna ko AvRtta kara vyakti ko balAt pApa-karma kI ora prerita karatA hai| isa prakAra, bauddha, jaina aura gItA ke tInoM AcAra - darzana isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti kA kAraNa mithyA dRSTikoNa hai / mithyAtva kA artha - jaina- vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM vastutattva kA apane yathArtha svarUpa bodha honA hI mithyAtva hai| mithyAtva lakSya - vimukhatA hai, tattvaruci kA abhAva hai, athavA satya ke prati jijJAsA yA abhIpsA kA abhAva hai / buddha ne avidyA ko vaha sthiti mAnA hai, jisake kAraNa vyakti paramArtha ko samyak rUpa meM nahIM jAna pAtA / buddha kahate haiM, -

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AsvAda doSa aura mokSa ko yathArthataH nahIM jAnatA hai, yahI avidyA hai| mithyA svabhAva ko spaSTa karate hue buddha kahate haiM, jo mithyAdRSTi hai-mithyAsamAdhi hai - isI ko mithyA svabhAva kahate haiN| mithyAtva eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jo satya kI dizA se vimukha hai| saMkSepa meM, mithyAtva asatyAbhiruci hai, rAga aura dveSa ke kAraNa dRSTikoNa kA vikRta ho jAnA hai| jaina-darzana meM mithyAtvake prakAra-AcArya pUjyapAdane mithyAtvako utpatti kI dRSTi se do prakAra kA batAyA hai-1. naisargika (anarjita), arthAt mohakarma ke udaya se hone vAlA tathA 2. parodezapUrvaka, arthAt mithyA dhAraNA vAle logoM ke upadeza se svIkAra kiyA jAne vaalaa| yaha arjita mithyAtvacAra prakAra kA hai- (a) kriyAvAdI-AtmAko karttA mAnanA, (ba) akriyAvAdI-AtmA ko akartA mAnanA, (sa) ajJAnI-satya kI prApti ko saMbhava nahIM mAnanA, (da) vainayika-rUr3ha paramparAoM ko svIkAra krnaa| svarUpa kI dRSTi se jainAgamoM meM mithyAtva ke pA~ca prakAra bhI varNita haiM - 1. ekAnta-jaina-tattvajJAna meM vastutattvaanantadharmAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| usameM mAtra ananta guNa hI nahIM hote haiM, varan guNoM ke virodhI yugala bhI hote haiM, ataH vastutattva kA ekAMgI jJAna pUrNa satya ko prakaTa nahIM krtaa| vaha AMzika satya hotA hai, pUrNa satya nhiiN| AMzika satya jaba pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAtA hai, to vaha mithyAtva ho jAtA hai| na kevala jaina-vicAraNA, varan bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI ekAntika jJAna ko mithyA kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM- bhAradvAja! satyAnurakSaka vijJa puruSa ko ekAMzase yaha niSThA karanA yogya nahIM hai ki yahI satya hai aura bAkI saba mithyA haiN| buddha isa sAre kathana meM isI bAta para jora dete haiM ki sApekSa kathana ke rUpa meM hI satyAnurakSaNa hotA hai, anya prakAra se nhiiN|' udAna meM bhI kahA hai ki jo ekAMtadarzI haiM, ve hI vivAda karate haiN|10 2. viparIta-vastutattva ko svarUpa meM grahaNa na kara viparIta rUpa meM grahaNa karanA bhI mithyAtva hai| prazna ho sakatA hai ki jaba vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai aura usameM virodhIdharma bhI hai, to sAmAnya vyakti, jisakA jJAna aMzagrAhI hai, isa viparIta grahaNa ke doSa se kaise baca sakatA hai, kyoMki usane vastutattva ke jisa pakSa ko grahaNa kiyA, usakA virodhI dharma bhI usameM upasthita hai, ataH usakA samasta grahaNa viparIta hI hogaa| isa vicAra meM bhrAnti yaha hai ki yadyapi vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai, lekina yaha to sAmAnya kathana hai| eka apekSA se vastu meM do virodhI dharma nahIM hote, eka hI apekSA se AtmA ko nitya aura anitya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| AtmA dravyArthika-dRSTi se nitya hai, to paryAyArthika-dRSTi se anitya hai, ataH AtmAko paryAyArthika-dRSTi se bhI nitya mAnanA viparIta grahaNa-rUpa mithyAtva hai| buddha ne bhI viparIta grahaNa ko mithyAdRSTitva mAnA hai aura vibhinna prakAra ke viparIta grahaNoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| gItA meM bhI viparIta grahaNako ajJAna kahA gayA hai| adharma ko dharma aura dharma ko adharma ke rUpa meM mAnane vAlI buddhi ko gItA meM tAmasa kahA gayA hai| (gItA, 18/32)

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avidyA ( mithyAtva ) 3. vainayika - binA bauddhika-gaveSaNA ke paramparAgata tathyoM, dhAraNAoM, niyamoM paniyamoM ko svIkAra kara lenA vainayika-mithyAtva hai| yaha eka prakAra kI rUr3hivAditA hai / vainayika- mithyAtva ko bauddha-dRSTi se zIlavrata - parAmarza bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| ise hama karmakANDI - manovRtti bhI kaha sakate haiN| gItA meM isa prakAra ke rUr3ha-vyavahAra kI nindA kI gaI hai| gItA kahatI hai, aisI kriyAe~ janma-maraNa ko bar3hAne vAlI aura triguNAtmaka hotI haiM / 12 4. saMzaya - saMzayAvasthA ko bhI jaina- vicAraNA meM mithyAtva yA ayathArthatA mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina-dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM saMzaya ko naitika-vikAsa kI dRSTi se anupAdeya mAnA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina- vicArakoM ne saMzaya ko isa koTi meM rakhakara usake mUlya ko bhulA diyA hai| jaina- vicAraka bhI Aja ke vaijJAnikoM kI taraha saMzaya jJAna kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, jo saMzaya ko jAnatA hai, vahI saMsAra ke svarUpa kA parijJAtA hotA hai, jo saMzaya ko nahIM jAnatA, vaha saMsAra ke svarUpa kA bhI parijJAtA nahIM ho sakatA hai, 13 lekina sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM saMzaya ke Upara uThanA hotA hai| AcArya AtmArAmajI AcArAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM likhate haiM, saMzaya jJAna karAne meM sahAyaka hai, parantu yadi vaha jijJAsA kI sarala bhAvanA kA parityAga karake kevala saMdeha karane kI kuTila vRtti apanAtA hai, to vaha patana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai / 14 saMzaya vaha sthiti hai, jisameM prANI sat aura asat kI koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM rakhatA / yaha anirNaya kI avasthA hai| sAMzayika jJAna satya hote hue bhI mithyA hai| naitika dRSTi se aisA sAdhaka kaba patha-bhraSTa ho sakatA hai, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| vaha to lakSyonmukhatA aura lakSyavimukhatA ke madhya hiMDole kI bhAMti jhUlatA huA apanA samaya vyartha vAtA hai| gItA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki saMzaya kI avasthA meM lakSya prApta nahIM hotA / saMzayI AtmA vinAza ko hI prApta hotA hai| 15 65 - 5. ajJAna - jaina- vicArakoM ne ajJAna ko pUrvAgraha, viparIta - grahaNa, saMzaya aura ekAntika jJAna se pRthak mAnA hai| uparyukta cAroM mithyAtva ke vidhAyaka pakSa kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki inameM jJAna to upasthita hai, lekina vaha ayathArtha hai| inameM jJAnAbhAva nahIM, varan jJAna kI ayathArthatA hai, jabaki ajJAna jJAnAbhAva hai, ataH vaha mithyAtva kA niSedhAtmakapakSa prastuta karatA hai / ajJAna naitika-sAdhanA kA sabase adhika bAdhaka tattva hai, kyoMki jJAnAbhAva meM vyakti ko apane lakSya kA bhAna nahIM ho sakatA hai, na vaha kartavyAkartavya kA vicAra kara sakatA hai| zubhAzubha meM viveka karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva ajJAna hI hai| aise ajJAna kI avasthA meM naitika AcaraNa saMbhava nahIM hotaa| mithyAtva ke 25 bheda - mithyAtva ke 25 bhedoM kA ullekha pratikramaNasUtra meM hai, jisameM se 10 bhedoM kA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra meM hai, zeSa mithyAtva ke bhedoM kA varNana mUlAgama

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana granthoM meM yatra-tatra bikharA huA milatA hai| ye 25 bheda isa prakAra haiM (1)dharmakoadharma samajhanA, (2) adharma ko dharma samajhanA, (3) saMsAra (baMdhana) ke mArga ko mukti kA mArga samajhanA, (4) mukti ke mArga ko bandhana kA mArga samajhanA, (5) jar3a padArthoM ko cetana (jIva) samajhanA, (6) Atmatattva (jIva) ko jar3a padArtha (ajIva) samajhanA, (7) asamyak AcaraNa karane vAloM ko sAdhu samajhanA, (8) samyak AcaraNa karane vAle ko asAdhu samajhanA, (9) muktAtmA ko baddha mAnanA, (10) rAga-dveSa se yukta ko mukta smjhnaa|16 (11) Abhigrahika-mithyAtva-paramparAgata rUpa meM prApta dhAraNAoM ko binAsamIkSA ke apanA lenAathavA usase jakar3e rhnaa| (12) anAbhigrahika-mithyAtvasatya ko jAnate hue bhI use svIkAra nahIM karanA, athavA sabhI matoM ko samAna mUlya kA smjhnaa| (13) Abhinivezika-mithyAtva-abhimAna kI rakSA ke nimitta asatya mAnyatA ko haThapUrvaka pakar3e rhnaa| (14) sAMzayika-mithyAtva-saMzayagrasta bane rahakara satya kA nizcaya nahIM kara paanaa| (15) anAbhoga-mithyAtva-viveka athavA jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva / (16) laukika-mithyAtva-loka-rUr3hi meM avicArapUrvaka baMdhe rhnaa| (17) lokottara mithyAtva-pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke nimitta svArthavaza dharma-sAdhanA karanA / (18) kupravacana-mithyAtva-mithyA dArzanika-vicAraNAoM ko grahaNa karanA (19) nyUna mithyAtva-pUrNa satya ko AMzika satya athavA tattvasvarUpa ko aMzataH athavA nyUna maannaa| (20) adhika mithyAtva-AMzika satya ko usase adhika athavA pUrNa satya samajha lenaa| (21) viparIta mithyAtva-vastutattva ko usake viparIta rUpa meM smjhnaa| (22) akriyAmithyAtva-AtmA ko ekAntika rUpa se akriya mAnanA, athavA jJAna ko mahatva dekara AcaraNa ke prati upekSA rkhnaa| (23) ajJAna-mithyAtva-jJAna athavA viveka kA abhaav| (24) avinaya-mithyAtva- pUjya-varga ke prati samucita sammAna prakaTa na karanA, athavA unakI AjJAoM kA paripAlana na krnaa| (25) AzAtanA-mithyAtva- pUjya-varga kI nindA aura AlocanA krnaa| avinaya aura AzAtanAko mithyAtva isalie kahA gayA ki inakI upasthiti se vyaktigurujanoM kA yathocita sammAna nahIM karatA hai aura phalasvarUpa unase milane vAle yathArtha bodha se vaMcita rahatA hai| bauddha-darzana meM mithyAtva ke prakAra-bhagavAn buddha ne saddharma kI vinAzaka kucha dhAraNAoM kA vivecana aMguttaranikAya" meM kiyA hai, jo ki jaina-vicAraNA ke mithyAtva kI dhAraNA ke bahuta nikaTa hai| tulanA ke lie yahA~ unakI saMkSipta sUcI prastuta kI jA rahI hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha jAnA jA sake ki donoM vicAra-paramparAoM meM kitanA adhika sAmya hai| 1.dharma ko adharma batAnA, 2. adharma ko dharma batAnA, 3. bhikSu aniyama (avinaya)

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avidyA (mithyAtva) ko bhikSuniyama (vinaya) batAnA, 4. bhikSuniyama ko aniyama batAnA, 5. tathAgata (buddha) dvArA abhASita ko tathAgata-bhASita kahanA, 6. tathAgata dvArA bhASita ko abhASita kahanA, 7. tathAgata dvArA anAcarita ko Acarita kahanA, 8. tathAgata dvArA Acarita ko anAcarita kahanA, 9. tathAgata dvArA nahIM banAe hue (aprajJapta) niyama ko prajJapta kahanA, 10. tathAgata dvArA prajJapta (banAe hue niyama) ko aprajJapta batAnA, 11. anaparAdha ko aparAdha kahanA, 12. aparAdha ko anaparAdha kahanA, 13. laghu aparAdha ko guru aparAdha kahanA, 14. guru aparAdhako laghu aparAdha kahanA, 15. gambhIra aparAdhako agambhIra kahanA, 16. agambhIra aparAdha ko nirvizeSakahanA, 19. prAyazcitta yogya (sapratikarma) Apatti ko prAyazcitta ke ayogya kahanA, 20. prAyazcitta ke ayogya (apratikarma) Apatti ko prAyazcitta ke yogya (sapratikarma) khnaa| __ gItA meM ajJAna- gItA ke moha, ajJAna yA tAmasa-jJAna hI mithyAtva kahe jA sakate haiM / isa AdhAra para gItA meM mithyAtva kA nimna svarUpa upalabdha hotA hai - 1. paramAtmA loka kA sarjana karane vAlA, karma kA kartA evaM karmoM ke phala kA saMyoga karane vAlA hai, athavA vaha kisI ke pApa-puNya ko grahaNa karatA hai, yaha mAnanA ajJAna hai (514-15)12. pramAda, Alasya aura nidrA ajJAna haiM (14-8)13.dhana, parivAra eva dAna kA ahaMkAra karanA ajJAna hai (16-15) / 4. viparIta jJAna ke dvArA kSaNabhaMgura yA nAzavAn zarIra meM Atmabuddhi rakhanA tAmasika-jJAna hai (18-22) / isI prakAra, asad kA grahaNa, azubha AcaraNa (16-10) aura saMzayAtmakatA ko bhI gItA meM ajJAna kahA gayA hai| ___ pAzcAtya-darzana meM mithyAtva kA pratyaya- mithyAtva yathArthatA ke bodha meM bAdhaka tattva hai| vaha eka aisAraMgIna cazmA hai, jo vastutattvakA ayathArtha athavAbhrAnta rUpahI prakaTa karatA hai| bhArata ke hI nahIM, pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ne bhI satya ke jijJAsu ko mithyA dhAraNAoM se pare rahane kA saMketa kiyA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana ke navayuga ke pratinidhiphrAMsisa bekana zuddha aura nirdoSa jJAna kI prApti ke lie mAnasa ko nimna cAra mithyA dhAraNAoM se mukta rakhane kA nirdeza karate haiN| cAra mithyA dhAraNAe~ ye haiM - 1. jAtigata mithyAdhAraNAe~ (Idola Trbius)-sAmAjika-saMskAroM se prApta mithyA dhaarnnaaeN| 2. vyaktigata mithyA vizvAsa (Idola Specus)-vyakti ke dvArA banAI gaI ___ mithyA dhAraNAe~ (puurvaagrh)| 3. bAjArU mithyA vizvAsa (Idola Fori)-asaMgata artha aadi| + raMgamaMca kI bhrAnti (Idola Theatri)-mithyA siddhAMta yA maanytaaeN| ve kahate haiM, ina mithyA vizvAsoM (pUrvAgrahoM) se mAnasa ko mukta kara hI jJAna ko yathArtha aura nirdoSa rUpa meM grahaNa karanA caahie|

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-darzana meM avidyA kA svarUpa - jaina-darzana meM avidyA kA paryAyavAcI zabda 'moha' bhI hai| moha sat ke saMbaMdha meM yathArtha - dRSTi ko vikRta kara galata mArga-darzana karatA hai aura asamyak AcaraNa ke lie prerita karatA hai| paramArtha aura satya ke saMbaMdha meM jo aneka bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ banatI haiM aura pariNAmataH jo durAcaraNa hotA hai, usakA AdhAra moha hI hai / mithyAtva, moha yA avidyA ke kAraNa vyakti kI dRSTi dUSita hotI hai aura parama-mUlyoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ bana jAtI haiN| vaha unheM hI paramamUlya mAna letA hai, jo ki vastutaH paramamUlya yA sarvocca mUlya nahIM hote haiN| avidyA aura vidyA kA antara karate hue samayasAra meM AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki jo puruSa apane se anya para - dravya ( sacitta - strIputrAdi, acitta-svarNarajatAdi, mizra - grAmanagarAdi) ko aisA samajhe ki 'mere haiM, ye mere pUrva meM the, inakA maiM bhI pahale thA tathA ye mere AgAmI hoMge, maiM bhI inakA AgAmI hoU~gA', aisA jhUThA Atmavikalpa karatA hai, vaha mUr3ha aura jo puruSa paramArtha ko jAnatA huA aisA jhUThA vikalpa nahI karatA, vaha mUr3ha nahIM hai, jJAnI hai| 19 - jaina - darzana meM avidyA yA mithyAtva kevala AtmaniSThA (Subjective) hI nahIM haiM, varan vaha vastuniSTha bhI hai| jaina-darzana meM mithyAtva kA artha hai- jJAna kA abhAva yA viparIta jJAna / usameM ekAMta yA nirapekSa dRSTi ko bhI mithyAtva kahA gayA hai| tattva kA sApekSa jJAna hI samyak jJAna hai aura ekAMtika dRSTikoNa mithyAjJAna hai| dUsare, jaina-darzana meM akelA mithyAtva hI bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai / bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hote hue bhI vaha sarvasva nahIM hai / mithyAdarzana ke kAraNa jJAna dUSita hotA hai aura jJAna ke dUSita hone se cAritra dUSita hotA hai| isa prakAra, mithyAtva anaitika jIvana kA prArambhika bindu hai aura anaitika AcaraNa usakI antima pariNati hai| naitika jIvana ke lie mithyAtva se mukta honA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki jaba taka dRSTi dUSita hai, jJAna bhI dUSita hogA aura jaba taka jJAna dUSita hai, taba taka AcaraNa bhI samyak yA naitika nahIM ho sakatA / naitika jIvana kI pragati ke lie prathama zarta hai - mithyAtva se mukta honA / jaina- dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM mithyAtva kI pUrva-koTi kA patA nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA, yadyapi vaha anAdi hai, kintu vaha ananta nahIM / jaina darzana kI pAribhASikazabdAvalI meM kaheM, to bhavya jIvoM kI apekSA se mithyAtva anAdi aura sAnta hai aura abhavya jIvoM kI apekSA se vaha anAdi aura ananta hai| AtmA para avidyA yA mithyAtva kA AvaraNa kaba se hai, isakA patA nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA, yadyapi avidyA yA mithyAtva se mukti pAI jA sakatI hai| jaina-darzana meM mithyAtva kA mUla 'karma' aura karma kA mUla mithyAtva hai| eka ora, mithyAtva kA kAraNa anaitikatA hai, to dUsarI ora anaitikatA kA kAraNa mithyAtva hai| isI prakAra, samyaktva kA kAraNa naitikatA aura naitikatA kA kAraNa samyaktva hai| naitika 68

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avidyA (mithyAtva) AcaraNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa samyaktva yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA udbhava hotA hai| samyaktva yA yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa naitika-AcaraNa hotA hai| bauddha-darzana meM avidyAkAsvarUpa-bauddha-darzana meM pratItyasamutpAda kI prathama kar3I avidyA hI mAnI gaI hai| avidyA se utpanna vyaktitva hI jIvana kA mUlabhUta pApa hai| janma-maraNa kI paramparA aura duHkha kA mUla avidyA hai| jaise jaina-darzana meM mithyAtva kI pUrvakoTi nahIM jAnI jA sakatI, vaise hI bauddha darzana meM bhI avidyA kI pUrvakoTi nahIM jAnI jA sktii| yaha eka aisI sattA hai, jise samajhanA kaThina hai| hameM binA adhika gaharAI meM gae isake astitva ko svIkAra kara lenA hogaa| usameM avidyA vartamAna jIvana kI anivArya pUrvavartI avasthA hai, isake pUrva kucha nahIM, kyoMki janma-maraNa kI prakriyA kA kahIM Arambha nahIM khojA jA sakatA, lekina dUsarI ora, isake astitva se inakAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| svayaM jIvana yA janma-maraNa kI paramparA isakA pramANa hai ki avidyA upasthita hai| avidyA kA udbhava kaise hotA hai, yaha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| azvaghoSa ke anusAra, 'tathatA' se hI avidyA kA janma hotA hai|20 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kI dRSTi meM, bauddha-darzana meM avidyA usa paramasattA, jise AlayavijJAna, tathAgatagarbha, zUnyatA, dharmadhAtu evaM tathatA kahA gayA hai, kI vaha zakti hai, jo vizva ke bhItara se vyaktigata jIvanoM kI zrRMkhalA ko utpanna karatI hai| yaha yathArtha sattA ke hI andara vidyamAna niSedhAtmaka-tattva hai| hamArI sImita buddhi isakI taha meM isase adhika aura praveza nahIM kara sktii| 21 ___sAmAnyatayA, avidyA kA artha cAra AryasatyoM kA jJAnAbhAva hai| mAdhyamika evaM vijJAnavAdI-vicArakoM ke anusAra indriyAnubhUti ke viSaya-isa jagat kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai, yaha parataMtra evaM sApekSa hai, ise yathArtha mAna lenA hI avidyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, ayathArtha anekatA ko yathArtha mAna lenA hI avidyA kA kArya hai| isI meM vaiyaktika ahaM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura yahIM tRSNA kA janma hotA hai| bauddha-darzana ke anusAra bhI vidyA aura tRSNA (anaitikatA) meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha hai| avidyA ke kAraNa tRSNA aura tRSNA ke kAraNa avidyA utpanna hotI hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM moha ke do rUpa darzanamoha aura cAritra-moha haiM, usI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM avidyA ke do kArya-jJeyAvaraNa evaM klezAvaraNa haiN| jJeyAvaraNa kI tulanA darzana-moha se aura klezAvaraNa kI tulanA cAritramoha se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra vaidika-paramparA meM mAyA ko anirvacanIya kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM bhI avidyA sat aura asat-donoM hI koTiyoM se pare hai| vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke sampradAyoM kI dRSTi meM nAnArUpAtmaka jagat ko paramArtha mAna lenA avidyA hai| metraiyanAtha ne abhUtaparikalpa (anekatA kA jJAna) kA vivecana karate hue kahA ki use sat aura asat-donoM hI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha sat isalie nahIM hai, kyoMki paramArtha meM anekatA yA dvaita kA koI astitva nahIM hai aura vaha asat isalie nahIM hai ki

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10 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana usake prahANa se nirvANa kA lAbha hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha darzana ke paravartI sampradAyoM meM avidyA kA svarUpa bahuta-kucha vedAntika-mAyA ke samAna bana gayA hai| bauddha-darzanakI avidyAkI samIkSA-bauddha-darzana ke vijJAnavAdI aurazUnyavAdI sampradAyoM meM avidyA kA jo svarUpa nirdiSTa hai, vaha AlocanA kA viSaya hI rahA hai| vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI-vicAraka apane nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para indriyAnubhUti ke viSayoM ko avidyA yA vAsanA ke kAlpanika-pratyaya mAnate haiM / dUsare, unake anusAra avidyAAtmaniSTha (Subjective) hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne unakI isa mAnyatAko anucita hI mAnA hai, kyoMki prathamataH, anubhava ke viSayoM ko anAdi-avidyA ke kAlpanika-pratyaya mAnakara indriyAnubhUti ke jJAna ko asatya batAyA gayA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM indriyAnubhUti ke viSayoM ko asat nahIM mAnA jA sakatA; kyoMki ve tarka aura anubhava-donoM ko hI yathArtha mAnakara calate haiN| unake anusAra, tArkika-jJAna (bauddhika-jJAna) aura anubhUtyAtmaka jJAna-donoM hI yathArthatA kA bodha karA sakate haiN| bauddha-dArzanikoM kI yaha dhAraNA ki avidyA kevala Atmagata hai, jaina dArzanikoM ko svIkAra nahIM hai| ve avidyA kA vastugata AdhAra bhI mAnate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM bauddha-dRSTikoNa ekAMgI hai| bauddha-darzana kI avidyA kI vistRta samIkSA DaoN. nathamala TAMTiyA ne apanI pustaka 'sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI' meM kI hai|23 gItA evaM vedAnta meM avidyA kA svarUpa-gItA meM avidyA, ajJAna aura mAyA zabda kA prayoga huA hai| gItA meM ajJAna aura mAyA kA sAmAnyatayA do bhinna arthoM meM hI prayoga huA hai| ajJAna vaiyaktika hai aura mAyA IzvarIya-zakti hai| gItA meM ajJAna kA artha paramAtmA ke usa vAstavika svarUpa ke jJAna kA abhAva hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha jagat meM vyApta hote hue bhI usase pare hai| gItA meM ajJAnazabda viparIta jJAna, moha, anekatA ko yathArtha mAna lenA Adi aneka arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| jJAna ke sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa prakAroM kA vivecana karate hue gItA meM spaSTa batAyA gayA hai ki anekatA ko yathArtha mAnane vAlA dRSTikoNa yA jJAna rAjasa hai, isI prakAra yaha mAnanA ki paramatattva mAtra itanA hI hai, yaha jJAna tAmasa hai| 24 gItA meM mAyA ko vyakti ke duHkha evaM bandhanakA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kyoMki yaha eka bhrAnta AMzika cetanA kA poSaNa karatI hai aura usa rUpa meM pUrNa yathArthatA kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hotaa| phira bhI, mAyA Izvara kI eka aisI kAryakArI zakti bhI hai, jisake mAdhyama se paramAtmA isa nAnArUpAtmaka jagat meM apane ko abhivyakta karatA hai| vaiyaktikadRSTi se mAyA paramArtha kA AvaraNa kara vyakti ko usake yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita karatI hai, jabaki paramasattA kI apekSA se vaha usakI eka zakti hI siddha hotI hai| vedAnta-darzana meM avidyA kA artha advaya paramArtha meM anekatA kI kalpanA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki jo advaya meM anekatA kA darzana karatA hai, vaha mRtyu

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avidyA (mithyAtva) 11 ko prApta hotA hai| isake viparIta, anekatA meM ekatA kA darzana saccA jJAna hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sabhI ko paramAtmA meM aura paramAtmA meM sabhI ko sthita dekhatA hai, usa ekatvadarzI ko na vijugupsA hotI hai aura na use koI moha yA zoka hotA hai| vedAnta-paramparA meM avidyA jagat ke prati Asakti evaM mithyA dRSTikoNa hai aura mAyA eka aisI zakti hai, jisase yaha anekatAmaya jagat astitvavAn pratIta hotA hai| mAyA isa nAnArUpAtmaka jagat kA AdhAra hai aura avidyA hameM usase bA~dhe rakhatI hai| vedAntadarzana meM mAyA advaya-avikArya paramasattA kI jagat ke rUpa meM pratIti hai| vedAnta meM mAyA na to sat hai aura na asat hai, use catuSkoTi vinirmukta kahA gayA hai| vaha sat isalie nahIM hai ki usakA nirasana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha asat isalie nahIM hai ki usake AdhAra para vyavahAra hotA hai| vedAnta-darzana meM mAyA jagat kI vyAkhyA aura usakI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai aura avidyA vaiyaktika-Asakti hai| vedAnta kI mAyA kI samIkSA-vedAnta-darzana meM mAyA eka arddhasatya hai, jabaki tArkika-dRSTi se mAyA yA to satya ho sakatI hai, yA asty| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra. satya sApekSa avazya hosakatA hai, lekina arddhasatya (Quasi-Real) aisI koI avasthA nahIM ho sktii| yadi advaya paramArtha ko nAnArUpAtmaka mAnanA avidyA hai, to jainadArzanikoM ko yaha dRSTikoNa svIkAra nahIM hai| yadyapi jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ avidyA kI isa vyAkhyA meM ekamata haiM ki avidyA yA moha kA artha hai-anAtma yA 'para' meM aatm-buddhi| upasaMhAra-ajJAna, avidyA yA moha hI samyak pragati meM sabase bar3A avarodha hai, hamAre kSudra vyaktitva aura paramAtmatvake bIca sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| usake haTate hI hama apane ko apane meM hI upasthita paramAtmA ke nikaTa khar3A pAte haiN| phira bhI, prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA yA mithyAtva se mukti kaise ho ? vastutaH, avidyA se mukti ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki hama avidyA yA ajJAna ko haTAne kA prayatna kareM, kyoMki usake haTAne ke sAre prayAsa vaise hI nirarthaka hoMge, jaise koI aMdhakAra ko haTAne kA prayatna kre| jaise prakAza ke hote hI aMdhakAra samAptaho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnarUpa prakAza yA samyagdRSTi ke utpanna hote hI ajJAna yA avidyA kA aMdhakAra samApta ho jAtA hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI nahIM ki hama avidyA yA mithyAtva ko haTAne kA prayatna kareM, varan AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kI jyoti ko prajvalita kareM, tAki avidyA yA ajJAna kA tAmina (andhakAra) samApta ho jaae|

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72 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sandarbha grantha1. dazavaikAlika, 4/12 2. isibhAsiyAiMsutta, gahAvaijjaM nAmajjhayaNaM 3. gItA, 3/36 4. isibhAsiyAiMsutta, 21/3 5. aMguttaranikAya, 1/17 6. saMyuttanikAya, 21/3/3/8 7. vahI, 43/3/1 8. tattvArthasUtra, sarvArthasiddhiTIkA (pUjyapAda), 8/1 9. majjhimanikAya caMkisutta 2/5/5, pR. 400 10. udAna, 6/4 11. aMguttaranikAya, 1/11 12. gItA, 2/42-45 13. AcArAMga, 1/5/1/144 14. AcArAMga-hindI TIkA, prathama bhAga, pR. 409 15. gItA 4/40 16. sthAnAMga 10, tulanA kIjie - aMguttaranikAya, 1/10-12 17. aMguttaranikAya, 1/10-12 18. hisTrI Apha philAsaphI (thilI), pR. 287 19. samayasAra, 20, 21, 22, tu. gItA 16/13 20. uddhRta-jaina sTaDIja, pR. 133 21. bhAratIya darzana, pR. 382-383 22. jaina sTaDIja, pR. 132-133 para uddhRt| 23. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie, jaina sTaDIja, pR.126-137 evaM 201-215 24. gItA 18/21-22 25. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4/4/19 26. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6-7 27. vivekacUr3AmaNi, mAyA-nirUpaNa, 111

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samyak - darzana 4 Rs.22 samyak-darzana jaina- paramparA meM samyak - darzana, samyaktva evaM samyak dRSTi zabdoM kA prayoga samAna artha meM huA hai, yadyapi AcArya jinabhadra ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM samyaktva aura samyak - darzana ke bhinna-bhinna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai|' samyaktva vaha hai, jisake kAraNa zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra samyak banate haiM / samyaktva kA artha-vistAra samyak - darzana se adhika vyApaka hai, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA samyak - darzana aura samyaktva zabda eka hI artha meM prayukta kie gae haiN| vaise, samyagdarzana zabda meM samyaktva nihita hI hai| 73 samyaktva kA artha - sAmAnya rUpa meM samyak yA samyaktva zabda satyatA yA yathArthatA kA paricAyaka hai, jise 'ucitatA' bhI kaha sakate haiN| samyaktva kA artha tattva-ruci hai / 2 isa artha meM samyaktva satyAbhiruci yA satya kI abhIpsA hai| uparyukta donoM arthoM meM samyak - darzana yA samyaktva naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaina-naitikatA kA carama Adarza AtmA yathArtha svarUpa kI upalabdhi hai, lekina yathArtha kI upalabdhi bhI to yathArtha se sambhava hotI hai | yadi hamArA sAdhya 'yathArthatA' kI upalabdhi hai, to usakA sAdhana bhI yathArtha hI cAhie | jaina- vicAraNA sAdhya aura sAdhana kI ekarUpatA meM vizvAsa karatI hai| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki anucita sAdhana se prApta kiyA gayA lakSya bhI anucita hI hai| samyak ko samyak se prApta karanA hotA hai, asamyak se jo bhI milatA hai, yA prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bhI asamyak hI hotA hai, ataH AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa kI prApti ke lie jina sAdhanoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA, unakA samyak honA Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| vastutaH, jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA naitika mUlya unake samyak hone meM hai aura tabhI ve mukti yA nirvANa ke sAdhana banate haiN| yadi jJAna, darzana aura cAritra mithyA hote haiM, to bandhana kA kAraNa banate haiM / bandhana - mukti jJAna, darzana aura cAritra para nirbhara nahIM, varan unake samyak aura mithyApana para AdhArita hai / AcArya jinabhadra ke anusAra yadi samyaktva kA artha tattvaruci yA satyAbhIpsA lete haiM, to samyaktva kA naitika-sAdhanA meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai| naitikatA kI sAdhanA Adarzonmukha gati hai, lekina jisake kAraNa vaha gati hai, sAdhanA hai, vaha to satyAbhIpsA hI hai| sAdhaka meM jaba taka satyAbhIpsA yA tattva-ruci jAgrata nahIM hotI, taba taka vaha naitikapragati kI ora agrasara hI nahIM ho sktaa| satya kI pyAsa hI aisA tattva hai, jo sAdhaka ko sAdhanA- -mArga meM prerita karatA hai, pyAsA hI pAnI kI khoja karatA hai, tattva - ruci yA satyAbhIpsA se yukta vyakti hI Adarza kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyaktva ke donoM arthoM ko samanvita kara diyA gayA hai| graMthakartA kI dRSTi meM yadyapi samyaktva yathArthatA kI

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana abhivyakti karatA hai, lekina yathArthatA kI jisase upalabdhi hotI hai, usake lie satyAbhIpsA yA ruci Avazyaka hai / 74 darzana kA artha- darzana zabda bhI jainAgamoM meM aneka arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| jIvAdi padArthoM ke svarUpa dekhanA, jAnanA, zraddhA karanA 'darzana' hai| sAmAnyatayA, darzana zabda dekhane artha meM vyavahRta hotA hai, lekina yahA~ darzana zabda kA artha mAtra netrajanya bodha nahIM hai| usameM indriya-bodha, mana-bodha aura Atma-bodha, sabhI sammilita haiN| darzana zabda ke artha ke sambandha meM jaina- paramparA meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai| darzana ko jJAna se alaga karate hue vicArakoM ne darzana ko antarbodha yA prajJA aura jJAna ko bauddhika- jJAna kahA hai| naitikajIvana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para darzana zabda kA dRSTikoNaparaka artha kiyA gayA hai| 'darzana zabda ke sthAna para 'dRSTi' zabda kA prayoga, usake dRSTikoNaparaka artha kA dyotaka hai| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM darzana zabda ke sthAna para dRSTi zabda kA prayoga adhika milatA hai| tattvArthasUtra' aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM darzana zabda kA artha 'tattvazraddhA' hai| paravartI jaina-sAhitya meM darzana zabda deva, guru aura dharma ke prati zraddhA yA bhakti ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| isa prakAra, jaina - paramparA meM samyak - darzana apane meM tattva - sAkSAtkAra, Atma-sAkSAtkAra, antarbodha, dRSTikoNa, zraddhA aura bhakti Adi arthoM ko sameTe hue hai| ina para thor3I gaharAI se vicAra karanA apekSita hai| - samyak - darzana ke vibhinna artha - samyak-darzana zabda ke vibhinna arthoM para vicAra karane se pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki inameM se kauna-sA artha aitihAsika dRSTi se prathama thA aura usake pazcAt kina-kina aitihAsika-paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa yahI zabda apane dUsare artha meM prayukta huaa| prathamataH, hama dekhate haiM ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM pratyeka dharma-pravartaka apane siddhAnta ko samyak -- dRSTi aura dUsare ke siddhAnta ko mithyAdRSTi kahatA thA / bauddhAgamoM meM 62 mithyAdRSTiyoM evaM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM 363 mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai, lekina vahA~ para mithyAdRSTi zabda azraddhA athavA mithyA zraddhA ke artha meM nahIM, varanU galata dRSTikoNa ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| bAda meM, jaba yaha prazna uThA ki galata dRSTikoNa ko kisa sandarbha meM mAnA jAe, to kahA gayA ki jIva (Atmatattva) aura jagat ke sambandha meM jo galata dRSTikoNa hai, vahI mithyAdarzana yA mithyAdRSTi hai| isa prakAra, mithyAdRSTi se tAtparya huA AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya meM galata dRssttikonn| usa yuga meM pratyeka dharma-pravartaka AtmA aura jagat ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM apane dRSTikoNa ko samyak - dRSTi athavA samyagdarzana tathA virodhI ke dRSTikoNa ko mithyAdRSTi athavA mithyAdarzana kahatA thA / bAda meM pratyeka sampradAya jIvana aura jagat sambandhI apane dRSTikoNa para vizvAsa karane ko samyagdRSTi kahane lagA aura jo loga viparIta mAnyatA rakhate the, unako mithyAdRSTi kahane lagA / isa prakAra, samyakdarzana zabda tattvArtha -

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samyak-darzana 75 (jIva aura jagat ke svarUpa ke) zraddhAna ke artha meM rUr3ha huA, lekina tattvArthazraddhAna ke artha meM bhI samyak-darzana zabda apane mUla artha se adhika dUra nahIM huA thA, yadyapi usakI bhAvanAgata dizA badala cukI thii| usameM zraddhA kA tattva praviSTa ho gayAthA; lekina vaha zraddhA thI-tattva-svarUpa ke prati / vaiyaktika-zraddhA kA vikAsa bAda kI bAta thii| zramaNa-paramparA meM lambe samaya taka samyagdarzana kA dRSTikoNaparaka artha hI grAhya rahA thA, jo bAda meM tattvArthazraddhAna ke rUpa meM vikasita huaa| yahA~ taka to zraddhA meM bauddhika-pakSa nihita thA, zraddhA jJAnAtmaka thI, lekina jaise-jaise bhAgavata-sampradAya kA vikAsa huA, usakA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha zramaNa-paramparAoM para bhI pdd'aa| tattvArtha kI zraddhA buddha aura jina para kendrita hone lagI aura vaha jJAnAtmakasebhAvAtmaka aura nirvaiyaktikase vaiyaktika bana gii| isane jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM bhakti ke tattva kA vapana kiyaa| Agama va piTaka-grathoM ke saMkalana evaM lipibaddha hone taka yaha saba-kucha ho cukA thA, ataH Agama aura piTaka graMthoM meM samyakdarzana ke ye sabhI artha upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH, samyak darzana kA bhASA-zAstrIya vivecana para AdhArita yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha hI usakA prathama evaM mUla artha hai, lekina yathArtha dRSTikoNa to mAtra vItarAga puruSa kAhIho sakatA hai| jahA~ taka vyakti rAga aura dveSa se yukta hai, usakA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra kA samyak-darzana yA yathArtha dRSTikoNatosAdhanAvasthA meM sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sAdhanA kIavasthA sarAga avasthA hai| sAdhaka-AtmA meM rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hotI hai, sAdhaka to sAdhanA hI isalie kara rahA hai ki vaha ina donoM se mukta ho| isa prakAra, yathArtha dRSTikoNa to mAtra siddhAvasthA meM hogA, lekina yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA to sAdhaka ke lie hai, siddha ko to vaha svAbhAvika rUpa meM prApta hai| yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke abhAva meM vyakti kA vyavahAra tathA sAdhanA samyak nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki ayathArtha dRSTikoNa jJAna aura jIvana ke vyavahAra ko samyak nahIM banA sktaa| yahA~ eka samasyA utpanna hotI hai ki yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM abhAva hotA hai aura binA yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke sAdhanA ho nahIM sktii| yaha samasyA eka aisI sthiti meM DAla detI hai, jahA~ hameM sAdhanA-mArga kI sambhAvanA ko hI asvIkRta karanA hotA hai| yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke binA sAdhanA sambhava nahIM aura yathArtha dRSTikoNa sAdhanA-kAla meM ho nahIM sktaa| lekina, isa dhAraNA meM bhrAnti hai| sAdhanA-mArga ke lie yA dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA ke lie dRSTi kA rAga-dveSa se pUrNa vimukta honA Avazyaka nahIM hai ; mAtra itanA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ayathArthatA aura usake kAraNa ko jaane| aisA sAdhaka yathArthatA ko na jAnate hue bhI samyagdRSTi hI hai, kyoMki vaha asatya ko asatya mAnatA hai aura usake kAraNa ko jAnatA hai, ataH vaha bhrAnta nahIM hai| asatya ke kAraNa ko jAnane se vaha usakA nirAkaraNa kara satya ko pA skegaa| yadyapi pUrNa yathArtha dRSTi to eka sAdhaka meM sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI usakI

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAgadveSAtmaka-vattiyoM meM jaba svAbhAvika rUpa se kamI ho jAtI hai, to isa svAbhAvika parivartana ke kAraNa use pUrvAnubhUti aura pazcAnubhUti meM antara jJAta hotA hai aura isa antara ke kAraNa ke cintana meM use do bAteM mila jAtI haiM, eka to yaha ki usakA dRSTikoNa dUSita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki usakI dRSTi kI dUSitatA kA amuka kAraNa hai| yadyapi yahA~ satya to prApta nahIM hotA, lekina apanI asatyatA aura usake kAraNa kA bodha ho jAtA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa usameM satyAbhIpsA jAgrata ho jAtI hai| yahI satyAbhIpsA usa satya yA yathArthatA ke nikaTa pahu~cAtI hai aura jitane aMza meM vaha yathArthatA ke nikaTa pahu~catA hai, utane hI aMza meM usakA jJAna aura cAritrazuddha hotA jAtA hai| jJAna aura cAritra kI zuddhatA se punaH rAga aura dveSa meM kramazaH kamI hotI hai aura usake phalasvarUpa usake dRSTikoNa meM aura adhika yathArthatA A jAtI hai| isa prakAra, kramaza: vyakti svataH hI sAdhanA kI carama sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM kahA hai ki jala jaise-jaise svaccha hotA jAtA hai , tyoM-tyoM draSTA usameM pratibimbita rUpoM ko spaSTatayA dekhane lagatA hai, usI prakAra antara meM jyoM-jyoM malinatA samApta hotI hai; tattva-ruci jAgrata hotI hai, tyoM-tyoM tattvajJAna prApta hotA jAtA hai|10 ise jaina-paribhASA meM pratyeka buddha (svataH hI yathArthatA ko jAnanevAle) kA sAdhanAmArga kahate haiN| lekina, pratyeka sAmAnya sAdhaka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ko isa prakAra prApta nahIM karatA hai, na usake lie yaha sambhava hI hai; satya kI svAnubhUti kA mArga kaThina hai| satya ko svayaM jAnane kI vidhi kI apekSA dUsarA sahaja mArga yaha hai ki jinhoMne svAnubhUti se satya ko jAnakara usakA jo bhI svarUpa batAyA hai, usako svIkAra kara lenaa| ise hI jaina-zAstrakAroM ne tattvArthazraddhAna kahA hai, arthAt yathArtha dRSTikoNa se yukta vItarAga ne sattA kA jo svarUpa prakaTa kiyA hai, use svIkAra krnaa| mAna lIjie, koI vyakti pitta-vikAra se pIr3ita hai| aisI sthiti meM vaha kisI zveta vastu ke yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita hogaa| usake lie vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prApta karane ke mArga ho sakate haiM / pahalA mArga yaha ki usakI bImArI meM svAbhAvika rUpa se jaba kucha kamI ho jAe aura vaha apanI pUrva aura pazcAt kI anubhUti meM antara pAkara apane roga ko jAne aura prayAsa se roga ko zAnta kara vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa kA bodha prApta kre| dUsarI sthiti meM kisI cikitsaka dvArA yaha batAyA jAe ki vaha pittavikAroM ke kAraNa zveta vas ko pIta varNa kI dekha rahA hai| yahA~ cikitsaka kI bAta ko svIkAra kara lene para bhI u apanI rugNAvasthA, arthAt apanI dRSTi kI duSitatA kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura sAtha hI vA usake vacanoM para zraddhA karake vastutattva ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAna bhI letA hai| samyagdarzana ko cAhe yathArtha dRSTi kaheM yA tattvArthazraddhAna, unameM vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se antara nahIM hai, antara hai unakI upalabdhi kI vidhi meM / eka vaijJAnika svataH prayoga ke

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samyaka da AdhAra para kisI satya kA udghATana karatA hai aura vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| dUsarA vaijJAnika ke kathanoM para vizvAsa karake bhI vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| donoM dazAoM meM vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha hI kahA jAegA, yadyapi donoM kI upalabdhividhi meM antara hai / eka ne use tattvasAkSAtkAra yA svataH kI anubhUti meM pAyA, to dUsare ne zraddhA ke mAdhyama se / 77 vastutattva ke prati dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA jina mAdhyamoM se prApta kI jA sakatI hai, vedo haiM- yA to vyakti svayaM tattva - sAkSAtkAra kare, athavA una RSiyoM ke kathanoM para zraddhA kare, jinhoMne tattva - sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai / tattva- zraddhA to mAtra usa samaya taka ke lie eka anivArya vikalpa hai, jaba taka sAdhaka tattvasAkSAtkAra nahIM kara letaa| antima sthiti to tattvasAkSAtkAra kI hI hai| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM, tattvazraddhA hI samyak dRSTi ho, to bhI vaha artha antima nahIM hai, antima artha to tattvasAkSAtkAra hai / tattva- zraddhA to tattva - sAkSAtkAra kA eka sopAna - mAtra hai, vaha sopAna dRr3ha ho, tabhI yathocita puruSArtha se tattva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / " jaina AcAra - darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna- samyagdarzana jaina AcAra-vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai / nandisUtra meM samyagdarzana ko saMgharUpI sumeru parvata kI atyanta sudRr3ha aura gahana bhUpIThikA (AdhAra - zilA) kahA gayA hai, jisa para jJAna aura cAritrarUpI uttama dharma kI mekhalA, arthAt parvatamAlA sthira hai| 12 jaina AcAra meM samyagdarzana ko mukti kA adhikArapatra kahA jA sakatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki samyagdarzana ke binA samyakjJAna nahIM hotA aura samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM sadAcAra nahIM AtA aura sadAcAra ke abhAva karmAvaraNa se mukti sambhava nahIM aura karmAvaraNa se jakar3e hue prANI kA nirvANa nahIM hotaa| " AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai ki samyagdRSTi pApAcaraNa nahIM karatA / 14 jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra, AcaraNa kA sat athavA asat honA karttA ke dRSTikoNa (darzana) para nirbhara hai, samyak - dRSTi se niSpanna AcaraNa sadaiva sat hogA aura mithyA-dRSTi se niSpanna AcaraNa sadaiva asat hogaa| isI AdhAra para sUtrAkRtAMgasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vyakti vidvAn hai, bhAgyavAn hai aura parAkramI bhI hai; lekina yadi usakA dRSTikoNa asamyak hai, to usakA dAna, tapa Adi samasta puruSArtha phalAkAMkSA se hone ke kAraNa azuddha hI hogaa| vaha use mukti ora jAkara badhana kI ora hI le jAegA, kyoMki asamyakdarzI hone ke kAraNa vaha sarAga- - dRSTi vAlA hogA aura Asakti yA phalAzA se niSpanna hone ke kAraNa usake sabhI kArya sakAma hoMge aura sakAma hone se usake bandhana kA kAraNa hogeM, ataH asamyagdRSTi kA sArA puruSArtha azuddha hI kahA jAegA, kyoMki vaha usakI mukti meM bAdhaka hogA, lekina isake viparIta, samyagdRSTi yA vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti ke sabhI kArya phalAzA se rahita hone se zuddha hoNge| isa prakAra, jaina- vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki samyagdarzana ke abhAva se vicAra

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78 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pravAha sarAga, sakAma yA phalAkAMkSA se yukta hotA hai aura yahI karmoM ke prati rahI huI phalAkAMkSA bandhana kA kAraNa hone se puruSArtha ko azuddha banA detI hai, jabaki samyakdarzana kI upasthiti se vicAra-pravAha vItarAgatA, niSkAmatA aura anAsakti kI ora bar3hatA hai, phalAkAMkSA samApta ho jAtI hai, ataH samyagdRSTi kA sArA puruSArtha parizuddha hotA hai| bauddha-darzana meM samyagdarzana kA sthAna-bauddha-darzana meM samyagdarzanakA kyA sthAna hai, yaha buddha ke nimna kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki bhikSuoM! maiM dUsarI koI bhI eka bAta aisI nahIM jAnatA, jisase anutpanna akuzaladharma utpanna hote hoM tathA utpanna akuzala-dharmoM meM vRddhi hotI ho, vipulatA hotI ho, jaise bhikSuoM! mithyA dRsstti| bhikSuoM! mithyA-dRSTi vAle meM anutpanna akuzala-dharma paidA ho jAte haiN| utpanna akuzala-dharma vRddhi ko, vipulatA ko prApta ho jAte haiN| . bhikSuoM! maiM dUsarI koI bhI eka bAta aisI nahIM jAnatA, jisase anutpanna kuzaladharmoM meM vRddhi hotI ho, vipulatA hotI ho, jaise bhikSuoM! samyak dRsstti| bhikSuoM! samyak-dRSTivAle meM anutpanna kuzala-dharma utpanna ho jAte haiN| utpanna kuzala-dharma vRddhi ko, vilaputA ko prApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra, buddha samyak dRSTi ko naitika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM mithyA dRSTikoNa saMsAra kA kinArA hai aura samyak dRSTikoNa nirvANa kA kinArA hai|" buddha ke ye vacana yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki bauddha-darzana meM samyak-dRSTi kA kitanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| vaidika-paramparAevaM gItAmeM samyak-darzana (zraddhA) kAsthAna-vaidika-paramparA meM bhI samyak-darzana ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki samyakdRSTi-sampanna vyakti ko karma kA baMdhana nahIM hotA hai, lekina samyak darzana se vihIna vyakti saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai|18 gItA meM yadyapisamyak-darzanazabdakA abhAva hai, tathApisamyak darzana ko zraddhAparaka artha meM lene para gItA meM usakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna siddha ho jAtA hai| zraddhA gItA ke AcAradarzana ke kendrIya tattvoM meM se eka hai| zraddhAvAMllabhate jJAnaM' kahakara gItA ne usakA mahatva spaSTa kara diyA hai| gItA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti kI jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, usakA jIvana ke prati jaisA-jaisA dRSTikoNa hotA hai, vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai| 19 gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne yaha kahakara samyak-darzana yA zraddhA ke mahatva ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki yadi durAcArI vyakti bhI mujhe bhajatA hai, arthAt mere prati zraddhA rakhatA hai, to use sAdhuhI samajho, kyoMki vaha zIghra hI dharmAtmA hokara cira zAMti ko prApta ho jAtA hai|20 gItA kA yaha kathana AcArAMga ke usa kathana se ki samyak-darzI koI pApa nahIM karatA, kAphI adhika mAga rakhatA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya meM bhI samyakdarzana ke mahatva ko spaSTa karate hue

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samyak-darzana 79 likhA hai ki samyak-darzananiSTha puruSa saMsAra ke bIjarUpa avidyA Adi doSoM kA unmUlana nahIM kara sake, aisA kadApi saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA, arthAt samyagdarzanayukta puruSa nizcita rUpa se nirvANa-lAbha karatA hai| AcArya zaMkara ke anusAra, jaba taka samyagdarzana nahIM hotA , taba taka rAga (viSayAsakti) kA uccheda nahIM hotA aura jaba taka rAga kA uccheda nahIM hotA, mukti saMbhava nhiiN| samyakdarzana AdhyAtmika-jIvana kA prANa hai| jisa prakAra cetanArahita zarIra zava hai, usI prakAra samyagdarzana se rahita vyakti calatA-phiratAzava hai| jaise zava loka meM tyAjya hotA hai, vaise hI AdhyAtmika-jagat meM yaha calazava tyAjya hai| vastutaH, samyakdarzana eka jIvana-dRSTi hai| binA jIvana-dRSTi ke jIvana kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi jaisI hotI hai, usI rUpa meM usake caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai| gItA meM kahA hai ki vyakti zraddhAmaya hai, jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai| asamyak jIvanadRSTi patana kI ora aura samyak jIvanadRSTi utthAna kI ora le jAtI hai, isalie yathArtha jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai| ise hI bhAratIya-paramparA meM samyagdarzana yA zraddhA kahA gayA hai| yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi kyA hai ? yadi isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM, to jJAta hotA hai ki samAlocya sabhI AcAra-darzanoM meM anAsakta evaM vItarAga jIvana-dRSTi ko hI yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi mAnA gayA hai| jainadharma meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa samyaktvakA dazavidhavargIkaraNa ___ uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagdarzana ke, usakI utpatti ke AdhAra para dasa bheda kie gae haiM, jo nimnalikhita haiM 1. nisarga (svabhAva) ruci-jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa vyakti meM svataH hI utpanna ho jAtA hai, vaha nisargaruci-samyaktva hai| 2. upadezaruci-vItarAga kI vANI (upadeza) ko sunakara jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa __yA zraddhAna hotA hai, vaha upadezaruci-samyaktva hai| 3. AjJAruci-vItarAga ke naitika-AdezoM ko mAnakara jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa utpanna hotA hai, athavA tattva-zraddhAna hotA hai, vaha AjJAruci-samyaktva hai| 4. sUtraruci-aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAhya graMthoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa yA tattva-zraddhAna hotA hai, vaha sUtraruci-samyaktva hai| 5. bIjaruci-yathArthatA ke svalpa bodha ko svacintana ke dvArA vikasita karanA bIjaruci-samyaktva hai| 6. abhigamaruci-aMgasAhitya evaM anya graMthoM kA artha evaM vyAkhyA sahita

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80 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana adhyayana karane se jo tattvabodha evaM tattva - zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, vaha abhigamarucisamyaktva hai| 7. vistAraruci - vastutattva (SadravyoM) ke aneka pakSoM kA vibhinna apekSAoM (dRSTikoNoM) evaM pramANoM se avabodha kara unakI yathArthatA para zraddhA karanA vistAra - ruci - samyaktva hai / 8. kriyAruci - prArambhika rUpa meM sAdhaka jIvana kI vibhinna kriyAoM ke AcaraNa ruci ho aura usa sAdhanAtmaka anuSThAna ke phalasvarUpa yathArthatA kA bodha ho, yaha kriyAruci- samyaktva hai| 9. saMkSeparuci - jo vastutattva kA yathArtha svarUpa nahIM jAnatA hai aura jo arhatpravacana (jJAna) meM pravINa bhI nahIM hai, lekina jisane ayathArtha ( mithyA-dRSTikoNa) ko aMgIkRta bhI nahIM kiyA, jisameM yathArtha jJAna kI alpatA hote hue bhI mithyA (asatya) dhAraNA nahIM hai, vaha saMkSeparuci samyaktva hai| Q dharmaruci - tIrthaMkara praNIta sat ke svarUpa, Agama-sAhitya evaM naitika-niyamoM para Astikya-bhAva yA zraddhA rakhanA, unheM yathArtha mAnanA dharmaruci - samyaktva hai | 24 samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa - apekSAbheda se samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai, jaise kAraka, rocaka aura dIpaka 125 1. kAraka - samyaktva - jisa yathArtha dRSTikoNa (samyaktva) ke hone para vyakti sadAcaraNa yA samyak cAritra kI sAdhanA meM agrasara hotA hai, vaha kAraka- samyaktva hai / kAraka - samyaktva aisA yathArtha dRSTikoNa hai, jisameM vyakti Adarza kI upalabdhi ke hetu sakriya evaM prayAsazIla bana jAtA hai| naitika dRSTi se kaheM, to kAraka - samyaktva zubhAzubha viveka kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM vyakti jisa zubha kA nizcaya karatA hai, usakA AcaraNa bhI karatA hai| yahA~ jJAna aura kriyA meM abheda hotA hai| sukarAta kA yaha vacana ki 'jJAna hI sadguNa hai', isa avasthA meM lAgU hotA hai| 2. rocaka - samyaktva - rocaka - samyaktva satya-bodha kI avasthA hai, jisameM vyakti zubha ko zubha aura azubha ko azubha ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai aura zubha-prApti kI icchA bhI karatA hai, lekina usake lie prayAsa nahIM krtaa| satyAsatya viveka hone para bhI satya kA AcaraNa nahIM kara pAnA rocaka samyaktva hai| jaise koI rogI apanI rugNAvasthA evaM usake kAraNa ko jAnatA hai, roga kI auSadhi bhI jAnatA hai aura roga se mukta honA bhI cAhatA hai, lekina auSadhi grahaNa nahIM karatA, vaise hI rocaka - samyaktva vAlA vyakti saMsAra ke duHkhamaya yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, usase mukta honA bhI cAhatA hai, use mokSa-mArga kA bhI jJAna hotA hai, phira bhI vaha samyak cAritra kA pAlana ( cAritramohanIya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa) - - taling -

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samyak-darzana 81 nahIM kara paataa| yaha avasthA mahAbhArata meM duyAdhana ke usa vacana ke tulya hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai kidharma ko jAnate hue bhI merI usameM pravRtti nahIM hotI aura adharma ko jAnate hue bhI merI usase nivRtti nahIM hotI hai|26 / 3. dIpaka-samyaktva- yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM vyakti apane upadezase dUsaroM meM tattvajijJAsA utpanna kara detA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa hone vAle unake yathArtha-bodha kA kAraNa banatA hai| dIpaka-samyaktva vAlA vyakti vaha hai, jo dUsaroM ko sanmArga para lagA dene kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai, lekina svayaM kumArga kA hI pathika banA rahatA hai, jaise koI nadI ke tIra para khar3A vyakti kisI madhya nadI meM thake hue tairAka kA utsAhavarddhana kara use pAra lagane kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai, yadyapi na to svayaM tairanA jAnatA hai aura na pAra hI hotA hai| samyaktva kA trividha vargIkaraNa eka anya prakAra se bhI kiyA gayA hai, jisakA AdhAra karma-prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM anantAnubaMdhI (tIvratama) krodha, mAna, mAyA (kapaTa), lobha tathA mithyAtva-moha, mizra-moha aura samyaktva-moha, sAta karma- prakRtiyA~ samyaktva (yathArtha-bodha) kI virodhI haiN| isameM samyaktva-mohanIya ko chor3a zeSa chaha karma-prakRtiyA~ udaya meM hotI haiM, to samyaktva kA prakaTana nahIM ho paataa| samyaktva-moha mAtra samyaktva kI nirmalatA aura vizuddhi meM bAdhaka hai| karma-prakRtiyoM kI tIna sthitiyA~ haiM- 1. kSaya 2. upazama aura 3.kssyopshm| isIAdhAra para samyaktvakA yaha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai - 1. aupazamika-samyaktva 2. kSAyika-samyaktva aura 3. kssaayopshmik-smyktv| ___ 1. aupazamika-samyaktva-uparyukta (kriyamANa) karma-prakRtiyoM ke upazamita (dabAI huI) hone para jo samyaktva guNa prakaTa hotA hai, vaha aupazamika-samyaktva hai| isameM sthAyitva kA abhAva hotA hai| zAstrIya-dRSTi se yaha antarmuhUrta (48 minaTa) se adhika nahIM ttiktaa| upazamita karma-prakRtiyA~ (vAsanAe~) punaH jAgrata hokara ise vinaSTa kara detI haiN| 2. kSAyika-samyaktva- uparyukta sAtoM karma-prakRtiyoM ke kSaya ho jAne para jo samyaktvarUpa yathArtha-bodha prakaTa hotA hai; vaha kSAyika-samyaktva hai| yaha yathArtha-bodha sthAyI hotA hai aura eka bAra prakaTa hone para kabhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| zAstrIya-bhASA meM yaha sAdi evaM ananta hotA hai| 3. kSAyopazamika-samyaktva - mithyAtvajanaka udayagata (kriyamANa) karmaprakRtiyoM ke kSaya ho jAne para aura anudita (sattAvAna yA saMcita) karma-prakRtiyoM kA upazama ho jAne para jo samyaktva prakaTa hotA hai, vaha kSAyopazamika-samyaktva hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se yaha asthAI hI hai ; phira bhI eka lambI samayAvadhi (chAchaTha sAgaropama se kucha adhika ) taka avasthita raha sakatA hai| aupazamika aura kSAyopazamika-samyaktvakI bhUmikA meM samyaktva ke rasa kA pAna

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01. bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane ke pazcAt jaba sAdhaka punaH mithyAtva kI ora lauTatA hai, to lauTane kI isa kSaNika avadhi meM vAnta samyaktva kA kiMcit saMskAra avaziSTa rahatA hai, jaise vamana karate samaya vamita padArthoM kA kucha svAda AtA hai, vaise hI samyaktva ko vAnta karane samaya samyaktva kA bhI kucha AsvAda rahatA hai| jIva kI aisI sthiti sAsvAdana samyaktva-kahalAtI hai| ___ sAthahI, jaba jIva kSAyopazamika-samyaktvakI bhUmikA se kSAyika-samyaktvakI prazasta bhUmikA para Age bar3hatA hai aura isa vikAsa-krama meM jaba vaha samyaktvamohanIyakarma-prakRti ke karma-dalikoM kA anubhava kara rahA hotA hai, to samyaktva kI yaha avasthA 'vedaka-samyaktva' kahalAtI hai| vedaka-samyaktvake anantara jIva kSAyika-samyaktvako prApta kara letA hai| vastutaH, sAsvAdana aura vedaka-samyaktvasamyaktva kI madhyAntara-avasthAe~ haiMpahalI samyaktva se mithyAtva kI ora girate samaya aura dUsarI, kSAyopazimaka-samyaktva se kSAyika-samyaktva kI ora bar3hate samaya hotI hai| samyaktvakA dvividha vargIkaraNa-samyaktva kA vizleSaNa aneka apekSAoM se kiyA gayA hai, tAki usake vividha pahaluoM para samucita prakAza DAlA jA ske| samyaktva kA dvividha vargIkaraNa cAra prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| (a) dravya-samyaktva aura bhAva-samyaktvA (1) dravya-samyaktva- vizuddha rUpa meM pariNata kie hue mithyAtva ke karma paramANu dravya-samyaktva haiN| (2) bhAva-samyaktva- uparyukta vizuddha pugala-vargaNA ke nimitta se hone vAlI tattva-zraddhAbhAva-samyaktva hai| (ba) nizcaya-samyaktva aura vyavahAra-samyaktva28 (1) nizcaya-samyaktva-rAga, dveSa aura moha kA atyalpa ho jAnA, para-padArthoM se bheda-jJAna evaM svasvarUpa meM ramaNa, deha meM rahate hue dehAdhyAsa kA chUTa jAnA, nizcayasamyaktvake lakSaNa haiN| merAzuddha svarUpa anantajJAna, ananta darzana aura ananta Anandamaya hai| para-bhAva yAAsakti hI baMdhana kA kAraNa hai aura svasvabhAva meM ramaNa karanA hI mokSa kA hetu hai| maiM svayaM hI apanA Adarza hU~, deva, guru aura dharma merA AtmA hI hai, aisI dRr3hazraddhA kA honA hI nizcaya-samyaktva hai| Atma-kendrita honA-yahI nizcaya-samyaktva hai| (2) vyavahAra-samyaktva-vItarAga meM deva-buddhi (Adarza buddhi), pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlana karane vAne muniyoM meM guru-buddhi aura jinapraNIta dharma meM siddhAnta-buddhi rakhanA vyavahAra-samyaktva hai| (sa) nisargaja-samyaktva aura adhigamaja-samyaktva (1) nisargaja-samyaktva-jisa prakAra nadI ke pravAha meM par3A huA patthara binA

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samyak-darzana prayAsa ke hI svAbhAvika rUpase gola ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra saMsAra meM bhaTakate hue prANI ko anAyAsa hI jaba karmAvaraNa ke alpa hone para yathArthatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai, to aisA satyabodha nisargaja (prAkRtika) hotA hai| binA kisI guru Adi ke upadeza ke, svAbhAvika rUpa meM svataH utpanna hone vAlA, satya-bodha nisargaja-samyaktva kahalAtA hai| (2) adhigamaja-samyaktva - guru Adi ke upadezarUpa nimitta se hone vAlA satyabodhayA samyaktva adhigamaja-samyaktvakahalAtA hai| ___ isa prakAra, jaina-dArzanika na to vedAnta aura mImAMsaka-darzana ke anusAra satyapatha ke nitya prakaTana ko svIkAra karate haiM aura na nyAya-vaizeSika aura yoga-darzana ke samAna yaha mAnate haiM ki satya-patha kA prakaTana Izvara ke dvArA hotA hai| ve to yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvAtmA meM satya-bodha ko prApta karane kI svAbhAvika zakti hai aura vaha binA kisI dUsare kI sahAyatA ke bhI satya-patha kA bodha prApta kara sakatA hai, yadyapi kinhIM viziSTa AtmAoM (sarvajJa tIrthaMkara) dvArA satya-patha kA prakaTana evaM upadeza bhI kiyA jAtA hai| samyaktvake pA~ca aMga-samyaktva yathArthatA hai, satya hai| isa satya kI sAdhanA ke lie jaina-vicArakoM ne pA~ca aMgoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| jaba taka sAdhaka inheM nahIM apanA letA hai, vaha yathArtha yAsatya kI ArAdhanA evaM upalabdhi meM samartha nahIM ho pAtA / samyaktva ke ve pA~ca aMga isa prakAra haiM 1. sama-samyaktva kA pahalA lakSaNa hai-sm| prAkRta bhASA ke 'sama' zabda ke saMskRta bhASA meM tIna rUpa hote haiM-1 sama, 2. zama, 3. shrm| ina tInoM zabdoM ke aneka artha hote haiM / 'sama' zabda ke hI do artha hote haiM - pahale artha meM yaha samAnubhUti yA tulyatAbodha hai, arthAt sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna smjhnaa| isa artha meM yaha Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai, jo ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| dUsare artha meM, ise cittavRtti kA samabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai, arthAt sukha-duHkha, hAni-lAbha evaM anukUla-pratikUla, donoM sthitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhanA, citta ko vicalita nahIM hone denA / sama citta-vRtti saMtulana hai| saMskRta zam' ke rUpake AdhAra para isakA artha hotA hai-zAMta karanA, arthAt kaSAyAgni yA vAsanAoM ko zAMta krnaa| saMskRta ke tIsare rUpa zrama' ke AdhAra para isakA nirvacana hogA- 'samyak prayAsa' yA purussaarth| 2.saMvega-saMvega zabdakA zAbdika-vizleSaNa karane para usakA nimna artha dhvanita hotA hai, sam + vega, sam-samyak, ucita, vega-gati; arthAt samyak gati / sam zabda AtmA ke artha meM bhI A sakatA hai| isa prakAra, isakA artha hogA-AtmA kI ora gti| sAmAnya artha meM saMvega zabda anubhUti ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai| yahA~ isakA tAtparya hogAsvAnubhUti, AtmAnubhUti athavA AtmA ke Anandamaya svarUpa kI anubhuuti| manovijJAna meM AkAkSA kI tIvratama avasthA ko bhI saMvega kahA jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM isakA artha hogA

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana satyAbhIpsA, arthAt satya ko jAnane kI tIvratama AkAMkSA, kyoMki jisameM satyAbhIpsA hogI, vahI satya ko pA skegaa| satyAbhIpsA se hI ajJAna se jJAna kI ora pragati hotI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM saMvega kA pratiphala batAte hue mahAvIra kahate haiM ki saMvega se mithyAtva (ayathArthatA) kI vizuddhi hokara yathArtha darzana kI upalabdhi (ArAdhanA) hotI 137 84 3. nirveda - nirveda zabda kA artha hai - udAsInatA, vairAgya, anAsakti / sAMsArikapravRttiyoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva rakhanA, kyoMki isake abhAva meM sAdhanA ke mArga para calanA sambhava nahIM hotA / vastutaH, nirveda niSkAma bhAvanA yA anAsakta - dRSTi ke vikAsa kA Avazyaka aMga hai| 4. anukampA - isa zabda kA zAbdika - nirvacana isa prakAra hai - anu + kampa | anu kA artha hai tadanusAra, kampa kA artha hai - kampita honA, arthAt kisI ke anusAra kampita honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, dUsare vyakti ke duHkha se pIr3ita hone para tadanukUla anubhUti utpanna honA hI anukampA hai| vastutaH, dUsare ke sukha-duHkha samajhanA hI anukampA hai| paropakAra ke naitika siddhAnta kA AdhAra hI anukampA hai| ise sahAnubhUti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / 5. Astikya - Astikya zabda AstikatA kA dyotaka hai| isake mUla meM asti zabda hai, jo sattA kA vAcaka hai| Astika kise kahA jAe, isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA gayA hai| kucha ne kahA, jo Izvara ke astitva yA sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, vaha Astika hai, dUsaroM ne kahA, jo vedoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai, vaha Astika hai, lekina jainavicAraNA meM Astika aura nAstika ke vibheda kA AdhAra bhinna hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, jo puNya-pApa, punarjanma, karma - siddhAnta aura AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai, vaha Astika hai / - samyaktva ke dUSaNa (aticAra ) - jaina- vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM yathArthatA yA samyaktva ke pA~ca dUSaNa (aticAra) mAne gae haiM, jo satya yA yathArthatA ko apane vizuddha svarUpa se jAnane athavA anubhUta karane meM bAdhaka haiN| aticAra vaha doSa hai, jisase vrata-bhaMga to nahIM hotA, lekina usakI samyaktA prabhAvita hotI hai| samyak dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA prabhAvita karane vAle tIna haiM- 1. cala, 2. mala aura 3. agAr3ha / cala-doSa se tAtparya yaha hai ki vyakti antaHkaraNa se to yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke prati dRr3ha rahatA hai, lekina kabhIkabhI kSaNika rUpa meM bAhya - AvegoM se prabhAvita ho jAtA hai / mala ve doSa haiM, jo yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI nirmalatA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| mala pA~ca haiM 1. zaMkA - vItarAga yA arhat ke kathanoM para zaMkA karanA, usakI yathArthatA ke prati saMdehAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhanA / 2. AkAMkSA - svadharma ko chor3akara para-dharma kI icchA karanA yA AkAMkSA

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samyak - darzana karanA / naitika evaM dhArmika AcaraNa ke phala kI kAmanA karanA / naitika-karmoM kI phalAsakti bhI sAdhanA-mArga meM bAdhaka tattva mAnI gaI hai| 3. vicikitsA - naitika athavA dhArmika- AcaraNa ke phala ke prati saMzaya karanA, arthAt sadAcaraNa kA pratiphala milegA yA nahIM, aisA saMzaya karanA / jaina - vicAraNA meM naitika-karmoM kI phalAkAMkSA evaM phala-saMzaya, donoM ko hI anucita mAnA gayA hai| kucha jainAcAryoM ke anusAra isakA artha ghRNA bhI hai, 32 rogI evaM glAna vyaktiyoM ke prati ghRNA rakhanA / ghRNAbhAva vyakti ko sevApatha se vimukha banAtA hai / 4. mithyAdRSTiyoM kI prazaMsA - jina logoM kA dRSTikoNa samyak nahIM hai, aise ayathArtha dRSTikoNavAle vyaktiyoM athavA saMgaThanoM kI prazaMsA karanA / 5. mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ati paricaya - sAdhanAtmaka athavA naitika jIvana ke prati jinakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha hai, aise vyaktiyoM se ghaniSTha sambandha rakhanA / saMgati kA asara vyakti ke jIvana para kAphI adhika hotA hai / caritra ke nirmANa evaM patana- donoM para hI saMgati kA prabhAva par3atA hai, ataH sadAcArI puruSa kA anaitika AcaraNa karane vAle logoM se ati paricaya yA ghaniSTha sambandha rakhanA ucita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 85 kavivara banArasIdAsajI ne nATaka samayasAra meM samyaktva ke aticAroM kI eka bhinna sUcI prastuta kI hai / unake anusAra, samyak - darzana ke nimna pA~ca aticAra haiM 1. lokabhaya, 2. sAMsArika sukhoM ke prati Asakti, 3. bhAvI jIvana meM sAMsArika sukhoM ke prApta karane kI icchA, 4. mithyAzAstroM kI prazaMsA evaM 5. mithyA-matiyoM kI sevA | 33 agAr3ha-doSa vaha doSa hai, jisameM asthiratA rahatI hai / jisa prakAra hilate hue darpaNa yathArtha rUpa to dikhatA hai, lekina vaha asthira hotA hai, isI prakAra asthira citta meM satya prakaTa to hotA hai, lekina asthira rUpa meN| jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra, uparyukta doSoM kI sambhAvanA kSAyopazamika-samyaktva meM hotI hai, upazama-samyaktva aura kSAyika- samyaktva meM nahIM hotI, kyoMki upazama- samyaktva kI samayAvadhi hI itanI kSaNika hotI hai ki doSa hone kA samaya nahIM rahatA aura kSAyika - samyaktva pUrNa zuddha hotA hai, ataH vahA~ bhI doSoM kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / samyagdarzana ke ATha darzanAcAra - uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke ATha aMgoM kA varNana hai| darzana - vizuddhi evaM usake saMvarddhana aura saMrakSaNa ke lie inakA pAlana Avazyaka hai| ATha aMga isa prakAra haiM (1) nizzaMkita, (2) niHkAMkSita, (3) nirvicikitsA, (4) amUr3hadRSTi, (5) upabRMhaNa, (6) sthirIkaraNa, (7) vAtsalya aura (8) prabhAvanA 1 34 ( 1 ) nizzaMkatA - saMzayazIlatA kA abhAva hI nizzaMkatA hai / jina-praNIta tattva-darzana meM zaMkA nahIM karanA, use yathArtha evaM satya mAnanA hI nizzaMkatA hai| 35

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86 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMzayazIlatA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vighAtaka-tattva hai| jisa sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti saMzaya ke hiMDole meM jhUla rahI ho, vaha isa saMsAra meM jhUlatA rahatA hai (paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai) aura apane lakSya ko nahIM pA sakatA / sAdhanA ke lakSya kI prApti ke lie sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha, tInoM para avicala zraddhA honI caahie| sAdhaka meM jisa kSaNa bhI ina tInoM meM se eka ke prati bhI saMdeha utpanna hotA hai, vaha sAdhanA se cyuta ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-sAdhanA nizzaMkatAko Avazyaka mAnatI hai| nizzaMkatA kI isa dhAraNA ko prajJA aura tarka kI virodhI nahIM mAnanA caahie| saMzaya jJAna ke vikAsa meM sAdhana ho sakatA hai, lekina use sAdhya mAna lenA, athavA saMzaya meM hI ruka jAnA sAdhaka ke lie upayukta nahIM hai| mUlAcAra meM nizzaMkatA ko nirbhayatA mAnA gayA hai| naitikatA ke lie pUrNa nirbhaya jIvana Avazyaka hai| bhaya para sthita naitikatA saccI naitikatA nahIM hai| (2) niSkAMkSatA-svakIya Anandamaya paramAtmA-svarUpa meM niSThAvAn rahanA aura kisI bhI para-bhAva kI AkAMkSA yA icchA nahIM karanA niSkAMkSatA hai| sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana meM bhautika-vaibhava, aihika tathA pAralaukika-sukhako lakSya banAnA hI jaina-darzana ke anusAra 'kAMkSA' hai| kisI bhI laukika aura pAralaukika-kAmanA ko lekara sAdhanAtmakajIvana meM praviSTa honA jaina-vicAraNA ko mAnya nahIM hai| vaha aisI sAdhanA ko vAstavika sAdhanA nahIM kahatI hai, kyoMki vaha Atma-kendrita nahIM hai| bhautika-sukhoM aura upalabdhiyoM ke pIche bhAganevAlA sAdhaka camatkAra aura pralobhana ke pIche kisI bhI kSaNa lakSyacyuta ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra, jaina sAdhanA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ko sAdhanA ke kSetra meM praviSTa hone ke lie niSkAMkSita athavA niSkAmabhAvase yukta honA caahie| AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM niSkAMkSatA kA artha- 'ekAntika-mAnyatAoM se dUra rahanA' kiyA hai| isa AdhAra para anAgrahayukta dRSTikoNa samyaktva ke lie Avazyaka hai| (3) nirvicikitsA-vicikitsA ke do artha haiM - (a) maiM jo dharma-kriyA yA sAdhanA kara rahA hU~, isakA phala mujhe milegA yA nahIM, merI yaha sAdhanA vyartha to nahIM calI jAegI, aisI AzaMkA rakhanA vicikitsA' kahalAtI hai| isa prakAra, sAdhanA athavA naitika-kriyA ke phala ke pratizaMkAkula bane rahanA vicikitsA hai|shNkaalu hRdayasAdhaka meM sthiratA aura dhairya kA abhAva hotA hai aura usakI sAdhanA saphala nahIM ho pAtI, ataH sAdhaka ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha isa pratIti ke sAtha naitika AcaraNa kA prArambha kare ki kriyA aura phala kA avinAbhAvI sambandha hai aura yadi naitika AcaraNa kiyA jAegA, to nizcita rUpa se usakA phala hogaahii| isa prakAra, kriyA ke phala ke prati sandeha na honA hI nirvicikitsA hai| (ba) kucha jainAcAryoM ke anusAra, tapasvI evaM saMyamaparAyaNa muniyoM ke durbala, jarjara zarIra athavA malina vezabhUSA ko dekhakara mana meM glAni lAnA vicikitsA hai, ataH sAdhaka

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samyak-darzana 87 kI vezabhUSA evaM zarIrAdi bAhya-rUpa para dhyAna na dekara usake sAdhanAtmaka-guNoM para vicAra karanA caahie| vezabhUSA evaM zarIra Adi bAhya-saundarya para dRSTi ko kendrita na karake use Atma-saundarya para kendrita karanA hI saccI nirvicikitsA hai| AcArya samantabhadra kA kathana hai, zarIra to svabhAva se hI apavitra hai, usakI pavitratA to samyak-jJAna-darzana-cAritrarUpa ratnatraya ke sadAcaraNase hI hai, ataeva guNIjanoM ke zarIra se ghRNA na kara usake guNoM se prema karanA nirvicikitsA hai| 4. amUDhadRSTi-mUr3hatA, arthAt ajnyaan| heya aura upAdeya, yogya aura ayogya ke madhya nirNAyaka-kSamatA kA abhAva hI mUr3hatA hai| mUr3hatAe~ tIna prakAra kI haiM- 1. devamUr3hatA, 2. lokamUr3hatA, 3. smymuuddh'taa| (a) devamUr3hatA-sAdhanA kA Adarza kauna hai ? upAsya banane kI kSamatA kisameM hai? aise nirNAyaka-jJAna kA abhAva hI devamUr3hatA hai, isake kAraNa sAdhaka galata Adarza aura upAsya kA cayana kara letA hai| jisameM upAsya athavA sAdhanA kA Adarza banane kI yogyatA nahIM hai, use upAsya banA lenA devamUr3hatA hai| kAma-krodhAdiAtma-vikAroM ke pUrNa vijetA, vItarAga evaM avikala jJAna aura darzana se yukta paramAtmA ko hI apanA upAsya aura Adarza banAnA hI deva ke prati amUDhadRSTi hai| (ba) lokamUr3hatA-loka-pravAha aura rUr3hiyoM kA andhAnukaraNa hI lokamUr3hatA hai| AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM ki nadiyoM evaM sAgara meM snAna karane se AtmA kI zuddhi mAnanA, pattharoM kA Dhera kara usase mukti samajhanA, athavA parvata se girakara yAagni meM jalakara prANa-visarjana karanA Adi lokamUr3hatAe~ haiN| (sa) samayamUr3hatA-samayakAarthasiddhAnta yAzAstra bhI hai| isa artha meM saiddhAntika jJAna yA zAstrIya-jJAna kA abhAva samaya-mUr3hatA hai| 5. upabRMhaNa-'bRhi' dhAtu ke sAtha 'upa' upasarga lagAne se upabRMhaNazabda niSpanna huA hai, jisakA artha hai-vRddhi karanA, poSaNa krnaa| apane AdhyAtmika-guNoM kA vikAsa karanA hI upabRMhaNa hai|" samyak AcaraNa karane vAle guNIjanoM kI prazaMsA Adi karake unake samyak AcaraNa meM yoga denA upabRMhaNa hai| (6) sthirIkaraNa-kabhI-kabhI aise avasara upasthita ho jAte haiM, jaba sAdhaka bhautika-pralobhana evaM sAdhanAsambandhI kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa pathacyuta ho jAtA hai, ataH aise avasaroM para svayaM ko pathacyuta hone se bacAnA aura pathacyuta sAdhakoM ko dharma-mArga meM sthira karanA sthirIkaraNa hai| samyagdRSTisampanna sAdhakoM ko na kevala apane vikAsa kI cintA karanI hotI hai, varan unakA yaha bhI kartavya hai ki vaha aise sAdhakoM ko, jodharma-mArga se vicalita yA patita ho gae haiM, unheM dharma-mArga meM sthira kreN| jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti yA samAja kI bhautika sevA saccI sevA nahIM hai, saccI sevA to hai-use dharma mArga meM

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sthira karanA / jainAcAryoM kA kathana hai ki vyakti apane zarIra ke camar3e ke jUte banAkara apane mAtA-pitA ko pahanAe, arthAt unake prati itanA adhika Atmotsarga kA bhAva rakhe, to bhI vaha unake RNa se uRNa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha mAtA-pitA ke RNa se uRNa tabhI mAnA jAtA hai, jaba vaha unheM mArga meM sthira karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, unakI sAdhanA meM sahayoga detA hai, ataH dharma-mArga se cyuta hone vAle vyaktiyoM ko dharma-mArga meM punaH sthira karanA sAdhaka kA karttavya mAnA gayA hai / patana do prakAra kA hai - 1. darzana - vikRti, arthAt dRSTikoNa kI vikRti aura 2. cAritra - vikRti, arthAt dharma-mArga se cyuta honA / donoM hI sthitiyoM meM use yathocita bodha dekara sthira karanA caahie|142 88 (7) vAtsalya - dharma kA AcaraNa karane vAle samAna guNa-zIla sAthiyoM ke prati premabhAva rakhanA vAtsalya hai| AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM, svadharmiyoM evaM guNiyoM ke prati niSkapaTa bhAva se prIti rakhanA aura unakI yathocita sevA-zuzrUSA karanA vAtsalya hai / 43 vAtsalya meM mAtra samarpaNa aura prapatti kA bhAva hotA hai| vAtsalya dharma-zAsana ke prati anurAga hai / vAtsalya kA pratIka gAya aura govatsa (bachar3A) kA prema hai| jisa prakAra gAya binA kisI pratiphala kI apekSA ke bachar3e ko saMkaTa meM dekhakara apane prANoM ko bhI jokhima meM DAla detI hai, isI prakAra samyagdRSTi sAdhaka kA bhI yaha kartavya hai ki vaha dhArmikajanoM ke sahayoga aura sahakAra lie kucha bhI uThA rakhe / vAtsalya saMgha-dharma yA sAmAjika bhAvanA kA kendrIya tattva hai / ( 8 ) prabhAvanA - sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sva-para kalyANa kI bhAvanA hotI hai| jaise puSpa apanI suvAsa se svayaM bhI suvAsita hotA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI suvAsita karatA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka sadAcaraNa aura jJAna kI saurabha se svayaM bhI surabhita hotA hai aura jagat ko bhI surabhita karatA hai / sAdhanA, sadAcaraNa aura jJAna kI surabhi dvArA jagat ke anya prANiyoM ko dharma-mArga kI ora AkarSita karanA hI prabhAvanA hai| 44 prabhAvanA ATha prakAra kI hai - ( 1 ) pravacana, (2) dharma-kathA, (3) vAda, (4) naimittika, (5) tapa, (6) vidyA, (7) prasiddha vrata grahaNa karanA aura (8) kavitvazakti / samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke chaha sthAna - jisa prakAra bauddha-sAdhanA ke anusAra duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa hai, duHkha se nivRtti ho sakatI hai aura duHkhanivRtti kA mArga hai-ina cAra Arya satyoM kI svIkRti samyagdRSTi hai, usI prakAra jaina-sAdhanA ke anusAra SaTsthAnakoM (chaha bAtoM) kI svIkRti samyagdRSTi hai - (1) AtmA hai, (2) AtmA nitya hai, (3) AtmA apane karmoM kA kartA hai, (4) AtmA kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, (5) AtmA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai aura (6) mukti kA upAya (mArga) hai| jaina tattva - vicAraNA ke anusAra, ina SaTsthAnakoM para dRr3ha pratIti samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai / dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA evaM sadAcAra - donoM hI ina para nirbhara haiM; ye SaTsthAnaka jaina-naitikatA ke kendra-bindu haiM /

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samyak - darzana bauddha darzana meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa bauddha - paramparA meM samyagdarzana ke samAnArthI samyagdRSTi, samyagsamAdhi, zraddhA evaM citta zabda milate haiN| buddha ne apane trividha sAdhanA - mArga meM kahIM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA, kahIM zIla, citta aura prajJA aura kahIM zIla, zraddhA aura prajJA kA vivecana kiyA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM samAdhi, citta aura zraddhA kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA eka hI artha meM huA hai| vastutaH, zraddhA citta - vikalpa kI zUnyatA kI ora hI le jAtI hai, zraddhA ke utpanna ho jAne para vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra samAdhi kI avasthA meM bhI citta-vikalpoM kI zUnyatA hotI hai, ataH donoM ko eka hI mAnA sakatA hai| zraddhA aura samAdhi- donoM hI citta kI avasthAe~ haiM, ataH unake sthAna para citta kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki citta kI ekAgratA hI samAdhi hai aura citta kI bhAvapUrNa avasthA hI zraddhA hai, ataH citta, samAdhi aura zraddhA eka hI artha kI abhivyakti karate haiM, yadyapi apekSA-bheda se inake arthoM meM bhinnatA bhI hai| zraddhA buddha, saMgha aura dharma ke prati ananya niSThA hai, to samAdhi citta kI zAnta avasthA hai| 89 bauddha-pa - paramparA meM samyagdarzana kA artha -sAmya bahuta kucha samyagdRSTi se hai| ji prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana tattva - zraddhA hai, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM samyagdRSTi cAra Arya satyoM ke prati zraddhA hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana kA artha deva, guru aura dharma ke prati niSThA mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM zraddhA kA artha buddha, saMgha aura dharma ke prati niSThA hai / jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM deva ke rUpa meM arahaMta ko sAdhanA kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM buddha aura buddhatva mAnya haiM / sAdhanA - mArga ke rUpa meM donoM hI dharma ke prati niSThA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM / jahA~ taka sAdhanA ke patha-pradarzaka kA prazna hai, jaina- paramparA meM patha-pradarzaka ke rUpa meM guru ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki bauddha paramparA usake sthAna para saMgha ko svIkAra karatI hai| jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana ke dRSTikoNaparaka aura zraddhAparaka - aise do artha svIkRta rahe haiM, jabaki bauddha-paramparA meM zraddhA aura samyagdRSTi- ye do bhinna tathya mAne gae haiM, phira bhI donoM samaveta rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke samyagdarzana ke artha kI avadhAraNA ko bauddha-darzana meM bhI prastuta kara dete haiN| bauddha-paramparA meM samyagdRSTi kA artha duHkha, duHkha ke kAraNa, duHkha - nivRtti kA mArga aura duHkha - vimukti- ina cAra Arya satyoM kI svIkRti hai / jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM vaha jIvAdi nau tattvoM kA zraddhAna hai, usI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM vaha cAra Arya satyoM kA zraddhAna hai / yadi hama samyagdarzana ko tattvadRSTi yA tattva- zraddhAna se bhinna zraddhAparaka artha meM lete haiM, to bauddha paramparA meM usakI tulanA zraddhA se kI jA sakatI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM zraddhA pA~ca indriyoM meM prathama indriya, pA~ca baloM meM antima bala aura srotApanna avasthA kA prathama aMga mAnI gaI hai| bauddha paramparA meM zraddhA kA artha citta kI prasAdamayI avasthA hai / jaba zraddhA

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana citta meM utpanna hotI hai, to vaha citta ko prIti aura pramoda se bhara detI hai aura cittamaloM ko naSTa kara detI hai| bauddha paramparA meM zraddhA andhavizvAsa nahIM, varan eka buddhi--sammata anubhava hai| yaha vizvAsa karanA nahIM, varanU sAkSAtkAra ke pazcAt utpanna tattva-niSThA hai| buddha eka ora yaha mAnate haiM ki dharma kA grahaNa svayaM ke dvArA jAnakara hI karanA caahie| samagra kAlAmasutta meM unhoMne ise savistAra spaSTa kiyA hai| dUsarI ora, ve yaha bhI Avazyaka samajhate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke prati niSThAvAn rahe / buddha zraddhA ko prajJA se samanvita karake calate haiM / majjhimanikAya meM buddha yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki samIkSA ke dvArA hI ucita pratIta hone para dharma ko grahaNa karanA cAhie / " viveka aura samIkSA sadaiva hI buddha ko svIkRta rahe haiM / buddha kahate the ki bhikSuoM ! kyA tuma zAstA ke gaurava se to 'hA~' nahIM kaha rahe ho ? bhikSuoM ! jo tumhArA apanA dekhA huA, apanA anubhava kiyA huA hai, kyA usI ko tuma kaha rahe ho ?47 isa prakAra, buddha zraddhA ko prajJA se samanvita karate haiN| sAmAnyatayA, bauddha darzana meM zraddhA ko prathama aura prajJA ko antima sthAna diyA gayA hai| sAdhanAmArga kI dRSTi se zraddhA pahale AtI hai aura prajJA usake pazcAt utpanna hotI hai| zraddhA ke kAraNa hI dharma kA zravaNa, grahaNa, parIkSaNa aura vIryArambha hotA hai| naitika-jIvana ke lie zraddhA kaise Avazyaka hotI hai, isakA sundara citraNa bauddha paramparA ke saundarananda nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| usameM buddha nanda ke prati kahate haiM ki pRthvI ke bhItara jala hai, yaha zraddhA jaba manuSya ko hotI hai, taba prayojana hone para pRthvI ko prayatnapUrvaka khodatA hai / bhUmi anna kI utpatti hotI hai, yadi yaha zraddhA kRSaka meM na ho, to vaha bhUmi meM bIja hI nahIM DAlegA / dharma kI utpatti meM yahI zraddhA uttama kAraNa hai| jaba taka manuSya tatva ko dekha yA suna nahIM letA, taba taka usakI zraddhA sthira nahIM hotI / sAdhanA ke kSetra meM prathama avasthA meM zraddhA eka parikalpanA ke rupa meM grahaNa hotI hai aura vahI anta meM tattva - sAkSAtkAra bana jAtI hai / buddha ne zraddhA aura prajJA, athavA dUsare zabdoM meM, jIvana ke bauddhika aura bhAvAtmaka pakSa meM samanvaya kiyA hai| yaha aisA samanvaya hai, jisameM na to zraddhA andhazraddhA banatI hai aura na prajJA kevala ddhA tarkAtmaka jJAna bana kara raha jAtI hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyagdarzana ke zaMkA, AkAMkSA, vicikitsA Adi doSa haiM, usI prakAra bauddha - paramparA meM bhI pA~ca nIvaraNa mAne gae haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. kAmacchanda (kAmabhogoM kI cAha ), 2. avyApAda (avihiMsA), 3. styAnagRddha (mAnasika aura caitasika Alasya), 4. auddhatya - kaukRtya ( citta kI caMcalatA) aura 5. vicikitsA(zaMkA) 148 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM, to bauddha - paramparA kA kAmacchanda jaina- paramparA ke kAMkSA nAmaka aticAra ke samAna hai| isI prakAra, vicikitsA bhI donoM darzanoM meM svIkRta hai| jaina - paramparA meM saMzaya aura cikitsA- donoM alaga-alaga mAne gae haiM, lekina bauddhaparamparA donoM kA antarabhAva eka meM hI kara detI hai| isa prakAra, kucha sAmAnya matabhedoM ko chor3akara jaina aura bauddha - dRSTikoNa eka-dUsare ke nikaTa hI Ate haiN| 90

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samyak-darzana 91 gItAmeM zraddhAkAsvarUpa evaM vargIkaraNa-gItA meM samyagdarzana ke sthAna para zraddhA kA pratyaya grAhya hai| jaina-paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA samyagdarzana dRSTiparaka-artha meM svIkAra huA hai aura adhika se adhika usameM yadi zraddhA kA tattva samAhita hai, to vaha tattva-zraddhA hI hai, lekina gItA meM zraddhA zabda kA artha pramukha rUpase Izvara ke prati ananya niSThAhI mAnA gayA hai, ataH gItA meM zraddhA ke svarUpa para vicAra karate samaya yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jainadarzana meM zraddhA kA jo artha hai, vaha gItA meM nahIM hai| yadyapi, gItA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika-jIvana ke lie saMzayarahita honA Avazyaka hai| zraddhArahita yajJa, tapa, dAna Adi sabhI naitika-karma nirarthaka mAne gae haiN|" gItA meM zraddhA tIna prakAra kI varNita hai-1.sAtvika, 2. rAjasa aura 3. taams| sAtvikazraddhA satvaguNa se utpanna hokara devatAoM ke prati hotI hai| rAjasa-zraddhA yajJa aura rAkSasoM ke prati hotI hai, isameM rajoguNa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| tAmasa-zraddhA bhUta-preta Adi ke prati hotI hai|50 jaise jaina-darzana meM saMdeha samyagdarzana kA doSa hai, vaise hI gItA meM bhI saMzayAtmakatA doSa hai| 51 jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM phalAkAMkSA samyagdarzana kA aticAra (doSa) mAnI gaI hai, usI prakAra gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA ko naitika-jIvana kA doSa mAnA gayA hai| gItA ke anusAra, jo phalAkAMkSA se yukta hokara zraddhA rakhatA hai, athavA bhakti karatA hai, vaha sAdhaka nimna koTi kA hI hai| phalAkAMkSAyukta zraddhA vyakti ko AdhyAtmika-pragati kI dRSTi se Age nahIM le jaatii| gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki jo loga vivekajJAna se rahita hokara tathA bhogoM kI prApti-viSayaka kAmanAoM se yukta ho mujha paramAtmA ko chor3a devatAoM kI zaraNa grahaNa karate haiM, maiM una logoM kI zraddhA unameM sthira kara detA hU~ aura usa zraddhA se yukta hokara ve una devatAoM kI ArAdhanA ke dvArA apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti karate haiM, lekina una alpabuddhi logoM kA vaha phala nAzavAn hotA hai| devatAoM kA pUjana karane vAle devatAoM ko prApta hote haiM, lekina mujha paramAtmA kI bhakti karane vAlA mujhe hI prApta hotA hai| 52 gItA meM zraddhA yA bhakti cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai- (1) jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt hone vAlI zraddhA yA bhakti-paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kara lene ke pazcAt unake prati jo niSThA hotI hai, vaha eka jJAnI kI niSThA mAnI gaI hai| (2) jijJAsA kI dRSTi se paramAtmA para zraddhA rakhanA, zraddhA yA bhakti kA dUsarA rUpa hai| isameM zraddhA to hotI hai, lekina vaha pUrNatayA saMzayarahita nahIM hotI, jabaki prathama sthiti meM hone vAlI zraddhA pUrNatayA saMzayarahita hotI hai, saMzayarahita zraddhA to sAkSAtkAra ke pazcAt hI sambhava hai| jijJAsA kI avasthA meM saMzaya banA hI rahatA hai, ataH zraddhA kA yaha stara prathama kI apekSA nimna hI mAnA gayA hai| (3) tIsare stara kI zraddhAArta vyakti kI hotI hai| kaThinAI meM pha~sA vyakti jaba svayaM apane ko usase ubArane meM asamartha pAtA hai aura isI dainyabhAva se kisI uddhAraka ke prati apanI

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92 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niSThA ko sthira karatA hai, to usakI yaha zraddhA yA bhakti eka duHkhI yAArta vyakti kI bhakti hI hotI hai| zraddhA yA bhakti kA yaha stara pUrvokta donoM staroM se nimna hotA hai| (4) zraddhA yA bhakti kA cauthA stara vaha hai, jisameM zraddhA kA udaya svArtha ke vazIbhUta hokara hotA hai| yahA~ zraddhA kucha pAne ke lie kI jAtI hai| yaha phalAkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie kI jAne vAlI zraddhA atyanta nimna stara kI mAnI gaI hai| vastutaH, ise zraddhA kevala upacAra se hI kahA jAtA hai| apanI mUla bhAvanAoM meM to yaha eka vyApAra athavA Izvara ko Thagane kA eka prayatna hai| aisI zraddhA yA bhakti naitika-pragati meM kisI bhI artha meM sahAyaka nahIM hotii| naitika-dRSTi se kevala jJAna ke dvArA athavA jijJAsA ke lie kI gaI zraddhA kA hI koI artha aura mUlya ho sakatA hai| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki gItA meM svayaM bhagavAna ke dvArA aneka bAra yaha AzvAsana diyA gayA hai ki jo mere prati zraddhA rakhegA, vaha bandhanoM se chUTakara anta meM mujhe hI prApta hogaa| gItA meM bhakta ke yogakSema kI jimmedArI svayaM bhagavAnhI vahana karate haiM, jabaki jaina aura bauddha-darzanoM meM aise AzvAsanoM kA abhAva hai| gItA meM vaiyaktika-Izvara ke prati jisa niSThA kA udbodhana hai, vaha sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM anupalabdha hI hai| upasaMhAra-samyagdarzana athavA zraddhA kAjIvana meM kyA mUlya hai ? isa para bhI vicAra karanA apekSita hai| yadi hama samyagdarzana ko dRSTiparaka-artha meM svIkAra karate haiM, jaise ki sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha-vicAraNAoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, to usakA hamAre jIvana meM eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna siddha hotA hai| samyagdarzana jIvana ke prati eka dRSTikoNa hai| vaha anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA kA kendrIya-tattva hai| hamAre caritra yA vyaktitva kA nirmANa isI jIvanadRSTi ke AdhAra para hotA hai| gItA meM isI ko yaha kahakara batAyA hai ki yaha puruSa zraddhAmaya hai aura jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai| hama apane ko jo aura jaisA banAnA cAhate haiM, vaha isI bAta para nirbhara hai ki hama apanI jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa bhI usI ke anurUpa kreN| kyoMki vyakti kI jaisI dRSTi hotI hai, vaisA hI usakA jIvana jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai aura jaisA usakA jIne kA DhaMga hotA hai, vaisA hI usakA caritra bana jAtA hai, ataH eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA nirmANa jIvana kI sabase prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| ___ yadi hama gItA ke anusAra samyagdarzana athavA zraddhA ko Astika-buddhi ke artha meM lete haiM aura use samarpaNa kI vRtti mAnate haiM, to bhI usakA mahatva nirvivAda rUpa se bahuta adhika hai| jIvana duHkha, pIr3A aura bAdhAoM se bharA hai| yadi vyakti isake bIca rahate hue kisI aise kendra ko nahIM khoja nikAlatA, jo ki use ina bAdhAoM aura pIr3AoM se ubAre, to usakA jIvana sukha aura zAntimaya nahIM ho sakatA hai| jisa prakAra parivAra meM bAlaka apane yogakSema kI sampUrNa jimmedArI mAtA-pitA para chor3akara cintAoM se mukta evaM

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samyak-darzana tanAvoM se rahita sukha aura zAntipUrNa jIvana jItA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka vyakti bhI apane yogakSema kI samasta jimmedAriyoM ko paramAtmA para chor3akara eka nizcinta, tanAvarahita, zAnta aura sukhada jIvana jI sakatA hai| isa prakAra, tanAvarahita, zAnta aura samatvapUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie samyagdarzana se yA zraddhAyukta honA Avazyaka hai| usI se vaha dRSTi milatI hai, jisake AdhAra para hama apane jJAna ko bhI sahI dizA meM niyojita kara use yathArtha banA lete haiN| 7. sandarbha grantha1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1787-90 2. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 5, pRSTha 2425 abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR. 2425 sama prAblems ina jaina sAikolAjI, pR. 32 abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 8, pR. 2525 tattvArthasUtra 1/2 uttarAdhyayana, 28/35 sAmAyikasUtra-samyaktva-pATha dekhie, sthAnAMga 5/2 Avazyakaniyukti, 1163 jainadharma kA prANa, pR. 24 nandisUtra, 1/12 13. uttarAdhyayana, 28/30 AcArAMga, 1/3/2 15. sUtrakRtAMga 1/8/22-23 16. aMguttaranikAya, 1/17 17. vahI 10/12 18. manusmRti, 6/74 19. gItA, 17/3 20. vahI, 9/20-31 21. gItA (zAM.,) 18/12 22. bhAvapAhuDa, 143 23. gItA, 17/3 24. uttarAdhyayana, 28/16

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94 25. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2675 26. uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 360 27.-28. pravacanasAroddhAra ( TIkA ), 149 / 942 29. sthAnAMgasUtra, 2/1/70 30. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 268 31. uttarAdhyayana, 29/1 32. dekhie - gommaTasAra- jIvakANDa gAthA 29 kI aMgrejI TIkA, je. ela. jainI, pRSTha 22 33. nATaka samayasAra, 13/38 34. uttarAdhyayana, 28/31 35. AcArAMga, 1/5/5/163 36. mUlAcAra, 2/52-53 37. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 12 38. puruSArthasiddhayupAya 23 39. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 13 40. vahI, 22 41. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 27 42. vahI, 28 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 43. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 17 44. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 30 45. AtmA che, te nitya che, che kartA nijakarma / bhakta vANI mokSa, mokSa upAya sudharma // - AtmasiddhizAstra, pRSTha 43 46. majjhimanikAya, 1 /5/7 47. vahI, 1/4 / 8 48. visuddhimagga, bhAga 1, pR. 51 ( hindI anuvAda) 49. gItA, 17 / 13 50. vahI, 4/ 40 51. vahI, 17 / 2-4 52. vahI, 7/20-23 53. gItA, 7/16 54. vahI, 18 / 65-66

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samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) 95 CEN 5. samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) jaina naitika-sAdhanA meM jJAna kA sthAna- ajJAna-dazA meM viveka-zakti kA abhAva hotA hai aura jaba taka vivekAbhAva hai, taba taka ucita aura anucita kA antara jJAta nahIM hotA, isIlie dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA hai, bhalA, ajJAnI manuSya kyA (sAdhanA) karegA? vaha zreya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) ko kaise jAna sakegA?' jaina sAdhanA mArga meM praviSTa hone kI pahalI zarta yahI hai ki vyakti apane ajJAna athavA ayathArtha jJAna kA nirAkaraNa kara samyak (yathArtha) jJAna ko prApta kare / sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke lie jainaRSiyoM kA cira-sandeza hai ki prathama jJAna aura tatpazcAt ahiMsA kA AcaraNa; saMyamI sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kA yahI krama hai| sAdhaka ke lie sva-parasvarUpa kA bhAna, heya aura upAdeya kA jJAna aura zubhAzubha kA viveka sAdhanA ke rAjamArga para bar3hane ke lie Avazyaka hai| uparyukta jJAna kI sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana ke lie kyA AvazyakatA hai, isakA kramika aura sundara vivecana dazavaikAlikasUtra meM milatA hai| usameM AcArya likhate haiM ki jo AtmA aura anAtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, aisA jJAnavAn sAdhaka sAdhanA (saMyama) ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhA~ti jAna letA hai, kyoMki jo AtmasvarUpa aura jar3asvarUpa ko yathArtharUpeNa jAnatA hai. vaha sabhI jIvAtmAoM ke saMsAra-paribhramaNa-rUpa vividha (mAnava-pazu-Adi) gatiyoM ko jAna bhI letA hai aura jo ina vividha gatiyoM ko jAnatA hai, vaha (isa paribhramaNa ke kAraNa-rUpa) puNya, pApa, bandhana tathA mokSa ke svarUpa ko bhI jAna letA hai| puNya, pApa, baMdhana aura mokSa ke svarUpa ko jAnane para sAdhaka bhogoM se virakta hone para bAhya aura Antarika sAMsArika-saMyogoM ko chor3akara municaryA dhAraNa kara letA hai| tatpazcAt, utkRSTa saMvara (vAsanAoM ke niyantraNa) se anuttara dharma kA AsvAdana karatA hai, jisase vaha ajJAnakAlimA-janya karma-mala ko jhAr3a detA hai aura kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ko prApta kara tadanantara mukti-lAbha kara letA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM jJAna kA mahatva batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAna ajJAna evaM mohajanya andhakAra ko naSTa kara sarva tathyoM (yathArthatA) ko prakAzita karatA hai| satya ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA ekameva sAdhana jJAna hI hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, jJAna hI manuSya-jIvana kA sAra hai| vyakti Asrava, azuci, vibhAva aura duHkha ke kAraNoM ko jAnakara hI unase nivRtta ho sakatA hai| bauddha-darzana meM jJAna kA sthAna-jaina-sAdhanA ke samAna bauddha-sAdhanA meM bhI

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96 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ajJAna ko baMdhana kA aura jJAna ko mukti kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM, avidyA ke kAraNa hI (loga) bArambAra janma-mRtyurUpI saMsAra meM Ate haiM, eka gati se dUsarI gati (ko prApta hote hai)| yaha avidyA mahAmoha hai, jisake Azrita ho (loga) saMsAra meM Ate haiN| jo loga vidyA se yukta haiM, ve punarjanma ko prApta nahIM hote|' jisa vyakti meM jJAna aura prajJA hotI hai, vahI nirvANa ke samIpa hotA hai| bauddha-darzana ke trividha sAdhanA-mArga meM prajJA anivArya aMga hai| gItA meM jJAna kA sthAna-gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM bhI jJAna kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| zaMkaraprabhRti vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM to gItA jJAna ke dvArA hI mukti kA pratipAdana karatI hai|' AcArya zaMkara kI yaha dhAraNA kahA~ taka samucita hai, yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai, phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki gItA kI dRSTi meM jJAna mukti kA sAdhana hai aura ajJAna vinAza kaa| gItAkAra kA kathana hai ki ajJAnI, azraddhAlu aura saMzayayukta vyakti vinAza ko prApta hote haiN|0, jabaki jJAnarUpI naukA kA Azraya lekara pApI se pApI vyakti pAparUpI samudra se pAra ho jAtA hai| jJAna-agni samasta karmoM ko bhasma kara detI hai| isa jagata meM jJAna ke samAna pavitra karane vAlA anya kucha nahIM hai| samyagjJAna kAsvarUpa-jJAna mukti kA sAdhana hai, lekina kaunasA jJAna sAdhana ke lie Avazyaka hai ? yaha vicAraNIya hai| AcArya yazovijayajI jJAnasAra meM likhate haiM ki mokSa ke hetubhUta eka pada kA jJAna bhI zreSTha hai, jabaki mokSa kI sAdhanA meM anupayogI vistRta jJAna bhI vyartha hai| aise vizAlakAya granthoM kA adhyayana naitika-jIvana ke lie anupayogI hI hai, jisase Atma-vikAsa sambhava na ho| jaina-naitikatA yaha batAtI hai ki jisa jJAna se svarUpa kA bodha nahIM hotA, vaha jJAna sAdhanA meM upayogI nahIM hai, alpatama samyakjJAna bhI sAdhanA ke lie zreSTha hai| jaina-sAdhanA meM samyagjJAna ko hI sAdhanatraya meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| jaina-cintakoM kI dRSTi meM jJAna do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai, eka, samyak aura dUsarA, mithyaa| sAmAnya zabdAvalI meM inheM yathArthajJAna aura ayathArthajJAna kaha sakate haiN| ataH, yaha vicAra apekSita hai ki kaunasA jJAna samyak hai aura kaunasA jJAna mithyA hai ? sAmAnya sAdhakoM ke lie jainAcAryoM ne jJAna kI samyaktA aura asamyaktA kA jo AdhAra prastuta kiyA, vaha yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ke upadezarUpa gaNadharapraNIta jainAgama yathArthajJAna haiM aura zeSa mithyAjJAna hai| yahA~ jJAna ke samyak yA mithyA hone kI kasauTI Aptavacana haiN| jainadRSTi meM Apta vaha hai, jo rAgadveSa se rahita vItarAga yA arhat hai| nandIsUtra meM isI AdhAra para samyak-zruta aura mithyA-zruta kA vivecana huA hai, lekina jainAgama hI samyagjJAna haiM aura zeSa mithyAjJAna hai, yaha kasauTI jainAcAryoM ne mAnya nahIM rkhii| unhoMne spaSTa

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samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) 97 kahA hai ki Agama yA grantha, jo zabdoM ke saMyoga se nirmita hue haiM, ve apane-Apa meM na to samyak haiM aura na mithyA, unakA samyak yA mithyA honA to adhyetA ke dRSTikoNa para nirbhara hai| eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa vAle (samyak-dRSTi) ke lie mithyA-zruta (jainetara Agama grantha)bhI samyakzruta hai jabaki eka mithyAdRSTi ke lie samyak-zruta bhI mithyAzruta hai| isa prakAra, adhyetA ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA ko bhI jJAna ke samyak athavA mithyA hone kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM ne yaha dhAraNA prastuta kI ki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa zuddha hai, satyAnveSI hai, to usako jo bhI jJAna prApta hogA; vaha bhI samyak hogaa| isake viparIta, jisakA dRSTikoNa durAgraha durabhiniveza se yukta hai, jisameM yathArtha lakSyonmukhatA aura AdhyAtmika-jijJAsA kA abhAva hai, usakA jJAna mithyAjJAna hai| jJAna ke stara-'sva' ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA jJAna kA kArya hai, lekina kaunasA jJAna sva yAAtmA ko jAna sakatA hai, yaha prazna adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya-cintana meM isa para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM eka ora buddhi, jJAna aura asammoha ke nAma se jJAna kI tIna kakSAoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai," to dUsarI ora sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa-isa prakAra se jJAna ke tIna staroM kA bhI nirdeza hai| jainaparamparA meM mati, zruti, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala-isa prakAra se jJAna ke pA~ca staroM kA vivecana upalabdha hai| dUsarI ora, apekSAbheda se laukika-pratyakSa (indriyapratyakSa), parokSa (bauddhikajJAna aura Agama) aura alaukika pratyakSa (Atma-pratyakSa)-aise tIna stara bhI mAne jA sakate haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne jaina-dRSTi aura gItA kA samanvaya karate hue indriyajanya jJAna ko buddhi, AgamajJAna ko jJAna aura sadanuSThAna (apramattatA) ko asammoha kahA hai| itanA hI nahIM, AcArya ne unameM buddhi (indriyajJAna) evaM bauddhika -jJAna kI apekSA jJAna (Agama) aura jJAna kI apekSA asammoha (apramattatA) kI kakSA U~cI mAnI hai| bauddhadarzana meM bhI indriyajJAna, bauddhika-jJAna aura lokottara-jJAna-aise tIna stara mAne jA sakate haiN| triMzikA meM lokottara-jJAna kA nirdeza hai| pAzcAtya-dArzanika spInojA ne bhI jJAna ke tIna stara mAne haiM 2 -1. indriyajanya-jJAna, 2. tArkika-jJAna aura 3. antarbodhAtmakajJAna / yahI nahIM, spInojA ne bhI inameM indriya-jJAna kI apekSA tArkika-jJAna ko aura tArkika-jJAna kI apekSA antarbodhAtmaka-jJAna ko zreSTha aura adhika prAmANika mAnA hai| unakI dRSTi meM indriyajanya-jJAna aparyApta evaM aprAmANika hai, jabaki tArkika evaM antarbodhAtmaka-jJAna prAmANika hai| isameM bhI pahale kI apekSA dUsarA adhika pUrNa hai| jJAna kA prathama stara indriyajanya-jJAna hai| yaha padArthoM ko yA indriyoM ke viSayoM ko jAnatA hai| jJAna ke isa stara para na to 'sva' yA AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai aura na

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana naitika jIvana hI / AtmA yA sva kA jJAna isa stara para isalie asambhava hai ki eka to AtmA amUrta evaM atIndriya hai| dUsare, indriyA~ bahirdRSTA haiM, ve Antarika 'sva' ko nahIM jAna sakartI / tIsare, indriyoM kI jJAna-zakti 'sva' para Azrita hai, ve 'sva' ke dvArA jAnatI haiM, ataH 'sva' ko nahIM jAna sktii| jaise A~kha svayaM ko nahIM dekha sakatI, usI prakAra jAnane vAlI indriyA~ jisake dvArA jAnatI haiM, use nahIM jAna sktiiN| 98 jJAna kA yaha stara naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se isalie mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai ki isa stara para AtmA pUrI taraha parAzrita hotI hai| vaha jo kucha karatA hai, vaha kinhIM bAhyatattvoM para AdhArita hokara karatA hai; ataH jJAna ke isa stara meM AtmA paratantra hai| jaina- vicArakoM ne AtmA kI dRSTi se ise parokSajJAna hI mAnA hai, kyoMki isameM indriyAdi nimitta kI apekSA hai| bauddhika jJAna - jJAna kA dUsarA stara bauddhika jJAna yA Agama-jJAna kA hai| jJAna bauddhika stara bhI Atma-sAkSAtkAra yA sva-bodha kI avasthA to nahIM hai, kevala parokSa rUpa meM isa stara para AtmA yaha jAna pAtA hai ki vaha kyA nahIM hai| yadyapi isa stara para jJAna ke viSaya Antarika hote haiM, tathApi isa stara para vicAraka aura vicAra kA dvaita rahatA hai / jJAyaka AtmA Atmakendrita na hokara para - kendrita hotA hai / yadyapi yaha para (anya ) bAhya vastu nahIM, svayaM usake hI vicAra hote haiM, lekina jaba taka para - kendritatA hai, taba taka saccI apramattatA kA udaya nahIM hotA aura jaba taka apramattatA nahIM AtI, AtmasAkSAtkAra yA paramArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| jaba taka vicAra hai, vicAraka vicAra sthita hotA hai aura 'sva' meM sthita nahIM hotA aura 'sva' meM sthita hue binA AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotA / yadyapi isa stara para 'sva' kA grahaNa nahIM hotA, lekina para (anya ) para ke rUpa meM bodha aura para kA nirAkaraNa avazya hotA hai| isa avasthA meM jo prakriyA hotI hai, vaha jaina- vicAraNA meM bheda - vijJAna kahI jAtI hai| Agama-jJAna bhI pratyakSa rUpa se tattva yA AtmA kA bodha nahIM karatA hai, phira bhI jaise citra athavA nakzA mUla vastu kA nirdeza karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai, vaise hI Agama bhI tattvopalabdhi yA AtmajJAna kA nirdeza karate haiN| vAstavika tattva-bodha to aparokSAnubhUti se hI sambhava hai / jisa prakAra nakzA yA citra mUlavastu se bhinna hote hue bhI usakA saMketa karatA hai, vaise hI bauddhika jJAna yA Agama bhI mAtra saMketa karate haiM - lakSyate na tu ucyate / - AdhyAtmika jJAna - jJAna kA tIsarA stara AdhyAtmika jJAna hai| isI stara para Atma-bodha, sva kA sAkSAtkAra athavA paramArtha kI upalabdhi hotI hai| yaha nirvicAra yA vicArazUnyatA kI avasthA hai| isa stara para jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda miTa jAtA hai / jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya, sabhI 'AtmA' hotA hai| jJAna kI yaha nirvicAra, nirvikalpa, nirAzrita

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samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) avasthA hI jJAnAtmaka-sAdhanA kI pUrNatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA sAdhya jJAna kI isI pUrNatA ko prApta karanA hai| jaina-dRSTi se yahI kevalajJAna hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki jo sarvanayoM (vicAra-vikalpoM) se zUnya hai, vahI AtmA (samayasAra) hai aura vahI kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana kahA jAtA hai| AcArya amRtacandra bhI likhate haiM -vicAra kI vidhAoM se rahita, nirvikalpa, sva-svabhAva meM sthita-aisA jo AtmA kA sAra tattva (samayasAra) hai, jo apramatta puruSoM ke dvArA anubhUta hai, vahI vijJAna hai, vahI pavitrapurANapuruSa hai| use jJAna (AdhyAtmika-jJAna) kahA jAe, yA darzana (AtmAnubhUti) kahA jAe, yA anya kisI nAma se kahA jAe, vaha eka hI hai aura aneka nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai|24 bauddha-AcArya bhI isI rUpa meM isa lokottara AdhyAtmika-jJAna kI vivecanA karate haiN| vaha kisI bhI bAhya padArtha kA grAhaka nahIM hone se acitta' hai, bAhya-padArthoM ke Azraya kA abhAva hone se anupalabdha hai, vahI lokottara-jJAna hai| klezAvaraNaaura jJeyAvaraNa ke naSTa ho jAne se vaha Azrita-citta (AlayavijJAna) nivRtta (parAvRtta) hotA hai, pravRtta nahIM hotA hai| vahI anAsravadhAtu (AvaraNarahita), atarkagamya, kuzala, dhruva, Anandamaya, vimuktikAya aura dharmakAya kahA jAtA hai| 25 gItA meM bhI kahA hai ki jo sarva-saMkalpoM kA tyAga kara detA hai, vaha yoga-mArga meM ArUr3ha kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki samAdhi kI avasthA meM vikalpa yA vyavasAyAtmikA-buddhi nahIM hotii| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhI AdhyAtmika-jJAna ke sambandha meM likhate haiM ki (jaba) vAsanAe~ mara jAtI haiM, taba mana meM eka aisI zAnti utpanna hotI hai, jisase AntarikaniHzabdatA paidA hotI hai| isa niHzabdatA meM antardRSTi (AdhyAtmika-jJAna) utpanna hotI hai aura manuSya vaha bana jAtA hai, jo ki vaha tattvataH hai|28| isa prakAra, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana jJAna ke isa AdhyAtmika-stara para hI jJAna kI pUrNatA mAnate haiM, lekina prazna yaha hai ki isa jJAna kI pUrNatA ko kaise prApta kiyA jAe ? bhAratIya AcAra-darzana isa sandarbha meM jo mArga prastuta karate haiM, use bhedavijJAna yA Atma-anAtma-viveka kahA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ bheda-vijJAna kI prakriyA para kiMcit vicAra kara lenA ucita hogaa| naitika-jIvana kA lakSya AtmajJAna-bhAratIya naitika cintana Atma-jijJAsA se prArambha hotA hai| jaba taka Atma-jijJAsA utpanna nahIM hotI, taba taka naitika-vikAsa kI ora agrasara hI nahIM huA jA sktaa| jaba taka bAhya-dRSTi hai aura Atma-jijJAsA nahIM hai, taba taka jaina-darzana ke anusAra naitika-vikAsa sambhava nhiiN| AtmA ke sacce svarUpa kI pratIti honA hI nitAMta Avazyaka hai, yahI samyagjJAna hai| RgvedakA RSi isIAtmajijJAsA

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI utkaTa vedanA se pukAra kara kahatA hai, "yaha maiM kauna hU~ athavA kaisA hU~, isako maiM nahIM jaantaa|"29 pramukha jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra kA prArambha bhI Atma-jijJAsA se hotA hai| usameM kahA hai ki aneka manuSya yaha nahIM jAnate ki maiM kahA~ se AyA hU~ ? merA bhavAntara hogA yA nahIM ? maiM kauna hU~ ? yahA~ se kahA~ jAU~gA ?30 jaina-darzana kA naitika Adarza AtmA ko apane zuddha svarUpa meM upalabdha karanA hai / 100 31 naitikatA Atmopalabdhi kA prayAsa hai aura Atma-jJAna naitika-Adarza ke rUpa meM sva-svarUpa (paramArtha) kA hI jJAna hai, jo apane-Apako jAna letA hai, use sarvavijJAta ho jAtA hai| mahAvIra kahate haiM ki eka (AtmA) ko jAnane para saba jAnA jAtA hai| " upaniSad kA RSi bhI yahI kahatA hai ki usa eka ( Atman) ko vijJAta kara lene para saba vijJAta ho jAtA hai / 32 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNAe~ isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki anAtma meM Atmabuddhi, mamatvabuddhi yA merApana hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai| vastutaH, jo hamArA svarUpa nahIM hai, use apanA mAna lenA hI bandhana hai, isIlie naitika jIvana meM svarUpabodha Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| svarUpa-ba - bodha jisa kriyA se upalabdha hotA hai, use jaina-darzana meM bheda - vijJAna kahA gayA hai| AcArya amRtacandrasUri kahate haiM ki jo siddha hue haiM, ve bheda-vijJAna se hI hue haiM aura jo karma se baMdhe haiM, ve bheda-vijJAna ke abhAva meM baMdhe hue haiN| " bheda-vijJAna kA prayojana Atmatattva ko jAnanA hai| naitika jIvana ke lie Atmatattva kA bodha anivArya hai / prAcya evaM pAzcAtya sabhI vicAraka Atmabodha para bala dete haiN| upaniSad ke RSiyoM kA saMdeza hai- AtmA ko jAno / pAzcAtya vicAraNA bhI naitika jIvana ke lie AtmajJAna, AtmasvIkaraNa (zraddhA) aura Atmasthiti ko svIkAra karatI hai / 33 - AtmajJAna kI samasyA - sva ko jAnanA apane Apa meM eka dArzanika samasyA hai, kyoMki jo bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha 'sva' kaise hogA ? vaha to 'para' hI hogA / 'sva' to vaha hai, jo jAnatA hai / sva ko jJeya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / jJAna to zreya kA hotA hai, jJAtA kA jJAna kaise ho sakatA hai ? kyoMki jJAna kI pratyeka avasthA meM jJAtA jJAna ke pUrva upasthita hogA aura isa prakAra jJAna ke hara prayAsa meM vaha ajJeya hI banA rahegA / jJAtA ko jAnane kI ceSTA to A~kha ko usI A~kha se dekhane kI ceSTA jaisI bAta hai| jaise naTa apane kaMdhe para car3ha nahIM sakatA, vaise hI jJAtA jJAna ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| jJAtA jise bhI jAnegA, vaha jJAna kA viSaya hogA aura vaha jJAtA se bhinna hogaa| dUsare, AtmA yA jJAtA svataH ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakegA, kyoMki usake jJAna ke lie anya jJAtA kI AvazyakatA hogI aura yaha sthiti hameM anavasthA - doSa kI ora le jaaegii| isIlie, upaniSad ke RSiyoM ko kahanA par3A ki are ! vijJAtA ko kaise --

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samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) 101 jAnA jaae| kenopaniSad meM kahA hai ki vahA~ taka na netrendriya jAtI hai, na vANI jAtI hai, na mana hI jAtA hai, ataH kisa prakAra usakA kathana kiyA jAe ? vaha hama nahIM jAnate / vaha hamArI samajha meM nahIM aataa| vaha vidita se anya hI hai tathA avidita se bhI pare hai,5 jo vANI se prakAzita nahIM hai, kintu vANI hI jisase prakAzita hotI hai, 6 jo mana se manana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, balki mana hI jisase manana kiyA huA kahA jAtA hai, jise koI netra dvArA dekha nahIM sakatA, varan jisakI sahAyatA se netra dekhate haiM, " jo kAna se nahIM sunA jA sakatA, varan zrotroM meM hI jisase sunane kI zakti AtI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AtmA samagra jJAna kA AdhAra hai, vaha apane dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| jo samagra jJAna ke AdhAra meM rahA hai, use usa rUpa se to nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, jisa rUpa meM hama sAmAnya vastuoM ko jAnate haiN| jaina-vicAraka kahate haiM ki jaise sAmAnya vastue~ indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jAnI jAtI haiM, vaise AtmA ko nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA hai ki AtmA indriyagrAhya nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha amUrta hai| pAzcAtya-vicArakoM meM kA~Ta bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki AtmA kA jJAna jJAtA aura zreya ke AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki AtmA ke jJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda nahIM raha sakatA, anyathA jJAtA ke rUpa meM vaha sadA hI ajJeya banA rhegaa| vahA~ to jo jJAtA hai, vahI jJeya hai, yahI AtmajJAna kI kaThinAI hai| buddhi asti aura nAsti kI vidhAoM se sImita hai, vaha vikalpoM se pare nahIM jA sakatI, jabaki AtmA yA sva to buddhi kI vidhAoM se pare hai| AcArya kundakunda ne use nayapakSAtikrAnta kahA hai| buddhi kI vidhAe~ yA nayapakSa jJAyaka-AtmA ke AdhAra para hI sthita haiM / ve AtmA ke samagra svarUpa kA grahaNa nahIM kara skte| use tarka aura buddhi se ajJeya kahA gayA hai| maiM sabako jAna sakatA hU~, lekina usI bhA~ti svayaM ko nahIM jAna sktaa| zAyada isIlie AtmajJAna jaisI ghaTanA bhI durUha banI huI hai, isIlie sambhavata: AcArya kundakunda ko bhI kahanA par3A, AtmA bar3I kaThinatA se jAnA jAtA hai| 41 nizcaya hI AtmajJAna vaha jJAna nahIM hai, jisase hama paricita haiM / AtmajJAna meM jJAtA-jJeya kA bheda nahIM hai, isIlie use paramajJAna kahA gayA hai, kyoMki use jAna lene para kucha bhI jAnanA zeSa nahIM rahatA, phira bhI usakA jJAna padArtha-jJAna kI prakriyA se nitAnta bhinna rUpa meM hotA hai| padArtha-jJAna meM viSaya-viSayI kA sambandha hai, AtmajJAna meM viSaya-viSayI kA abhaav| padArtha-jJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya hote haiM, lekina AtmajJAna meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda nahIM rhtaa| vahA~ to mAtra jJAna hotA hai| vaha zuddha jJAna hai, kyoMki usameM jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeyatInoM alaga-alaga nahIM rhte| isa jJAna kI pUrNa zuddhAvasthA kA nAma hI AtmajJAna hai,

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yahI paramArthajJAna hai, lekina prazna to yaha hai ki aisA viSaya aura viSayI se athavA jJAtA aura jJeya se rahita jJAna upalabdha kaise ho ? AtmajJAna kI prAthamika vidhi bheda - vijJAna - yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki Atmatattva jJAtA jJeyarUpa jJAna ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, lekina anAtma-tattva to aisA hai, jise jJAtA - jJeyarUpa jJAna kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya vyakti bhI isa sAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA itanA to jAna sakatA hai ki anAtma yA usake jJAna ke viSaya kyA haiM / anAtma ke svarUpa ko jAnakara usase vibheda sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isa prakAra parokSa vidhi mAdhyama se AtmajJAna kI dizA meM bar3hA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya buddhi cAhe hameM yaha na batA sake ki paramArtha kA svarUpa kyA hai, lekina vaha yaha to sahaja rUpa meM batA sakatI hai ki yaha paramArtha nahIM hai / yaha niSedhAtmaka vidhi hI paramArtha - bodha kI ekamAtra paddhati hai, jisake dvArA sAmAnya sAdhaka paramArthabodha kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM isa vidhi kA bahulatA se nirdeza huA hai| ise hI bheda - vijJAna yA AtmaanAtmaviveka kahA jAtA hai| agalI paMktiyoM meM hama isI bheda-vijJAna kA jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AdhAra para varNana kara rahe haiN| 102 jaina- darzana meM bheda - vijJAna - AcArya kundakunda ne bheda - vijJAna kA vivecana isa prakAra kiyA hai - rUpa AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ataH rUpa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai / varNa AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ataH varNa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai | gandha AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ataH gandha anya hai aura AtmA anya hai| rasa AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ataH rasa anya hai aura AtmA anya hai / sparza AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha kucha nahIM jAnatA, ata: sparza anya hai aura AtmA anya hai| karma AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki karma kucha nahIM jAnate, ataH karma anya haiM, AtmA anya hai / adhyavasAya AtmA nahIM haiM, kyoMki adhyavasAya kucha nahIM jAnate (manobhAva bhI kisI jJAyaka ke dvArA jAne jAte haiM, ataH ve svataH kucha nahIM jAnate - krodha ke bhAva ko jAnane vAlA jJAyaka usase bhinna hai ), ataH adhyavasAya anya haiM aura AtmA anya hai / 42 AtmA na nAraka hai, na tiryaMca hai, na manuSya hai, na deva hai, na bAlaka hai, na vRddha hai, na taruNa hai, rAga hai, na dveSa hai, na moha hai, na krodha hai, na mAna hai, na mAyA hai, na lobha hai| vaha isakA kAraNa bhI nahIM hai aura karttA bhI nahIM hai ( niyamasAra 78-81 ) / isa prakAra, anAtma-dharmoM (guNoM) cintana ke dvArA AtmA kA anAtma se pArthakya kiyA jAtA hai| yahI prajJApUrvaka AtmaanAtma meM kiyA huA vibheda bheda-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| isI bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA anAtma svarUpako jAnakara usameM Atma- buddhi kA tyAga karanA hI samyagjJAna kI sAdhanA hai /

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samyagjJAna ( jJAnayoga) bauddha darzana meM bhedAbhyAsa- jisa prakAra jainana-sAdhanA meM samyagjJAna yA. prajJA kA vAstavika upayoga bhedAbhyAsa mAnA gayA, usI prakAra bauddha-sAdhanA meM bhI prajJA kA vAstavika upayoga anAtma kI bhAvanA meM mAnA gayA hai| bhedAbhyAsa kI sAdhanA meM jaina-sAdhaka vastutaH svabhAva ke yathArthajJAna ke AdhAra para svasvarUpa (Atma) aura parasvarUpa (anAtma) meM bheda sthApita karatA hai aura anAtma meM rahI huI Atma- buddhi kA parityAga kara anta meM apane sAdhanA ke lakSya nirvANa kI prApti karatA hai| bauddha-sAdhanA meM bhI sAdhaka prajJA ke sahAre jAgatika - upAdAnoM (dharma) ke svabhAva kA jJAna kara unake anAtma-svarUpa meM Atma - buddhi kA parityAga kara nirvANa kA lAbha karatA hai| anAtma ke svarUpa kA jJAna aura usameM Atmabuddhi kA parityAga donoM darzanoM meM sAdhanA ke anivArya tattva haiN| jisa prakAra jaina- vicArakoM rUpa, rasa, varNa, deha, indriya, mana, adhyavasAya Adi ko anAtma kahA, usI prakAra bauddhaAgamoM meM bhI deha, indriyA~, unake viSaya zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza tathA mana Adi ko nAma kahA gayA hai aura donoM ne sAdhaka ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza kiyA ki vaha unameM Atma- buddhiM na rkhe| lagabhaga samAna zabdoM aura zailI meM donoM hI anAtma-bhAvanA yA bhedavijJAna kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM, jo tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayanakartA ke lie atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / isa sandarbha meM buddha vANI hai| "bhikSuoM! cakSu anitya hai, jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai, jo duHkha hai, vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merA AtmA hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA cAhie / " 103 "bhikSuoM ! ghrANa anitya hai, jihvA anitya hai, kAyA anitya hai, mana anitya hai, jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai, jo duHkha hai, vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merA AtmA hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie|" "bhikSuoM ! rUpa anitya hai, jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai, vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merI AtmA hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie|" "bhikSuo ! zabda anitya hai. / gaMdha .... / rasa.... / sparza.... / dharma anitya hai, jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai, vaha anAtma hai, jo anAtma hai, vaha na merA hai, na maiM hU~, na merI AtmA hai, ise yathArthataH prajJApUrvaka jAna lenA caahie|" "bhikSuoM ! ise jAna paNDita AryazrAvaka cakSu meM vairAgya karatA hai, zrotra meM, ghrANa meM, jihvA meM, kAyA meM, mana meM vairAgya karatA hai / vairAgya karane se, rAgarahita hone se vimukta ho jAtA hai / vimukta hone se, vimukta ho gayA - aisA jJAna hotA hai| jAti kSINa huI, brahmacarya pUrA ho gayA, jo karanA thA, so kara liyA, punaH janma nahIM hogA - mAna letA hai / '

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104 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana "bhikSuoM! atIta aura anAgata-rUpa anAtma haiM, vartamAna kA kyA kahanA ? zabda ..... / gandha .... / rasa ...... / sparza ..... / dharma ...... / " "bhikSuoM ! ise jAnakara paNDita AryazrAvaka atIta-rUpa meM bhI anapekSa hotA hai, anAgata-rUpa kA abhinandana nahIM karatA aura vartamAna rUpa ke nirveda, virAga aura virodha ke lie yatnazIla hotA hai| zabda ...... / gandha ...... / rasa ...... / sparza ...... / dharma ...... 143 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki donoM vicAraNAe~ bhedAbhyAsa yA anAtma-bhAvanA ke cintana meM eka-dUsare ke atyanta nikaTa haiN| bauddha-vicAraNA meM samasta jAgatika-upAdAnoM ko 'anAtma' siddha karane kA AdhAra hai-unakI anityatA evaM tajjanita duHkhmytaa| jaina-vicAraNA ne apane bhedAbhyAsa kI sAdhanA meM jAgatika-upAdAnoM meM anyatva-bhAvanA kA AdhAra unakI sAMyogika-upalabdhi ko mAnA hai, kyoMki yadi sabhI saMyogajanya haiM, to nizcaya hI saMyoga kAlika hogA aura isa AdhAra para vaha anitya bhI hogaa| buddha aura mahAvIra-donoM ne jJAna ke samasta viSayoM meM 'sva' yA AtmA kA abhAva dekhA aura unameM mamatva-buddhi ke niSedha kI bAta kahI, lekina buddha ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se yahIM vizrAnti lenA ucita smjhaa| unhoMne sAdhaka ko yahI kahA ki tujhe yaha jAna lenA hai ki 'para' yA anAtma kyA hai, 'sva' ko jAnane kA prayAsa karanA vyartha hai| isa prakAra, buddha ne mAtra niSedhAtmaka-rUpa meM anAtma kA pratibodha karAyA, kyoMki Atma ke pratyaya meM unheM ahaM, mamatva yA Asakti kI dhvani pratIta huI / mahAvIra kI paramparA ne anAtma ke nirAkaraNa ke sAtha AtmA ke svIkaraNa ko bhI Avazyaka mAnA / para yA anAtma kA parityAga aura sva yA AtmakA grahaNa-yaha donoM pratyaya jaina-vicAraNA meM svIkRtarahe haiM / AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM , yaha zuddhAtmA jisa taraha pahale prajJA se bhinna kiyA thA, usI taraha prajJA ke dvArA grahaNa karanA, lekina jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM kA yaha vivAda isalie adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM rahatA hai ki bauddha-paramparA ne Atma zabda se merA'-yaha artha grahaNa kiyA, jabaki jaina-paramparA ne AtmA ko paramArtha ke artha meM grahaNa kiyaa| vastutaH, rAga kA prahANa ho jAne para 'merA' to zeSa rahatA hI nahIM, rahatA hai mAtra paramArtha / cAhe use AtmA kaheM, cAhe zUnyatA, vijJAna yA paramArtha kaheM, antara zabdoM meM ho sakatA hai, mUla bhAvanA meM nhiiN| . gItA meM Atma-anAtma viveka (bheda-vijJAna)-gItA kA AcAra-darzana bhI anAsakta-dRSTi se udaya aura ahaM ke vigalana ko naitika-sAdhanA kA mahatvapUrNa tathya mAnatA hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM, hameM uddhAra kI utanI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, jitanI apanI

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samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) 105 vAstavika prakRti ko pahacAnane kI hai| 45 apanI vAstavika prakRti ko kaise pahacAneM ? isake sAdhana ke rUpa meM gItA bhI bheda-vijJAna ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA kA terahavA~ adhyAya hameM bheda-vijJAna sikhAtA hai, jise gItAkAra ne 'kSetra-kSetrajJa-jJAna' kahA hai| gItAkAra jJAna kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahatA hai ki kSetra aura kSetrajJa ko jAnane vAlA jJAna hI vAstavika jJAna hai| 46 gItA ke anusAra yaha zarIra kSetra hai aura isako jAnane vAlA jJAyaka svabhAva-yukta AtmA hI kSetrajJa hai| vastutaH, samasta jagat, jo jJAna kA viSaya hai, vaha kSetra hai aura paramAtmasvarUpa vizuddha Atma-tattva jo jJAtA hai, kSetrajJa hai| inheM kramazaH prakRti aura puruSa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, kSetra-kSetrajJa, prakRti aura puruSa yA anAtma aura Atma kA yathArtha viveka yA bhinnatA kA bodha hI jJAna hai| gItA meM sAMkhya zabda Atma-anAtma ke jJAna ke artha meM prayukta huA hai aura usakI vyAkhyA meM AcArya zaMkara ne yahI dRSTi apanAyI hai| ve likhate haiM ki yaha triguNAtmaka jagat yA prakRti jJAna kA viSaya hai, maiM unase bhinna hU~ (kyoMki jJAtA aura jJeya, draSTA aura dRzya eka nahIM ho sakate haiM),unake vyApAroM kA draSTA yA sAkSImAtra hU~, unase vilakSaNa huuN| isa prakAra, AtmasvarUpa kA cintana karanA hI samyagjJAna hai| jJAyakasvarUpa AtmA ko apane yathArtha svarUpa ke bodha ke lie jina anAtma tathyoM se vibheda sthApita karanA hotA hai, ve haiM - paMcamahAbhUta, ahaMbhAva, viSayayukta buddhi, sUkSma prakRti , pAMcajJAnendriyA~, pA~ca karmendriyA~, mana , rUpa, rasa, gandha, zabda aura sparza-pA~coM indriyoM ke pA~ca viSaya, icchA, dveSa, sukha-duHkha, sthUla deha kA piNDa (zarIra) sukhaduHkhAdibhAvoM kI cetanA aura dhaarnnaa| ye sabhI kSetra haiM, arthAt jJAna ke viSaya haiM aura isalie jJAyaka-AtmA isase bhinna hai| gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki AtmA ko anAtma se apanI bhinnatA kA bodha na honA hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai| jaba yaha puruSa prakRti se utpanna hue triguNAtmaka padArthoM ko prakRti meM sthita hokara bhogatA hai, to anAtma prakRti meM Atmabuddhi ke kAraNa hI vaha aneka acchI-burI yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| 50 dUsare zabdoM meM, anAtma meM Atma-buddhi karake jaba usakA bhoga kiyA jAtA hai, to usa Atmabuddhi ke kAraNa hI AtmA bandhana meM A jAtA hai| vastutaH, isa zarIra meM sthita hotA huAbhI AtmA isase bhinna hI hai, yahI paramAtmA hai| yaha paramAtmasvarUpa AtmA zarIra Adi viSayoM meM Atmabuddhi karake hI bandhana meM hai| jaba bhI ise bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA apane yathArtha svarUpa kA bodha ho jAtA hai, vaha mukta ho jAtA hai| anAtma ke prati Atma-buddhi ko samApta karanA-yahI bhedavijJAna hai aura yahI kSetra-kSetrajJa-jJAna hai| isI ke dvArA anAtma evaM Atma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai| yahI mukti kA mArga hai| gItA kahatI hai, jo vyakti anAtma triguNAtmakaprakRti aura paramAtmasvarUpa jJAyaka-AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko tattvadRSTi se jAna letA hai,

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaha isa saMsAra meM rahatA huA bhI tattva - rUpa se isa saMsAra se Upara uTha gayA hai, vaha punarjanma ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| 52 106 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana ke samAna gItA bhI isI Atma-anAtmaviveka para jora detI hai| donoM ke niSkarSa samAna haiN| zarIrastha jJAyaka svarUpa AtmA kA bodha hI donoM AcAra - darzanoM ko svIkAra hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa jJAna asi ke dvArA anAtma meM AtmabuddhirUpa ajJAna ke chedana kA nirdeza karate haiM, 53 to AcArya kundakunda prajJA - chenI se isa Atma aura anAtma (jar3a) ko alaga karane kI bAta kahate haiM / 54 niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM yaha bheda - vijJAna anAtma-viveka yA kSetra-kSetrajJa - jJAna hI jJAnAtmaka-sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| yahI mukti yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi kA Avazyaka aMga hai| jaba taka anAtma meM Atma- buddhi kA parityAga nahIM hogA, taba taka Asakti samApta nahIM hotI aura Asakti ke samApta na hone se nirvANa yA mukti kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai, jo 'sva' se anyatra dRSTi nahIM rakhatA, vaha 'sva' se anya ramatA bhI nahIM hai aura jo 'sva' se anyatra ramatA nahIM hai, vaha 'sva' se anyatra buddhi bhI nahIM rakhatA hai / SS isa Atma-dRSTi yA tattva-svarUpa- dRSTi kA udaya bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA hI hotA hai aura isa bheda - vijJAna kI kalA se nirvANa yA paramapada kI prApti hotI hai / bheda-vijJAna vaha kalA hai, jo jJAna ke vyAvahArika stara se prArambha hokara sAdhaka ko usa AdhyAtmika-stara para pahu~cA detI hai, jahA~ vaha vikalpAtmaka-buddhi se Upara uThakara Atma-lAbha karatA hai| niSkarSa - bhAratIya paramparA meM samyagjJAna, vidyA athavA prajJA ke jisa rUpa ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, vaha mAtra bauddhika jJAna nahIM hai| vaha tArkika vizleSaNa nahIM, varan eka aparokSAnubhUti hai / bauddhika vizleSaNa paramArtha kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM karA sakatA, isalie yaha mAnA gayA ki bauddhika- vivecanAoM se Upara uThakara hI tattva kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika- tInoM paramparAe~ samAna rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki kevala zAstrIya jJAna se tattva kI upalabdhi nahIM hotii| jahA~ taka bauddhika- jJAna kA prazna hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se naitika- jIvana ke sAtha jur3A huA nahIM hai| yaha sambhava hai ki eka vyakti vipula zAstrIya jJAna evaM tarka-zakti ke hote hue bhI sadAcArI na ho / bauddhika stara para jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita banA rahatA hai, / lekina AdhyAtmika-stara para yaha dvaita nahIM rhtaa| vahA~ sadAcaraNa aura jJAna sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM / sukarAta kA yaha kathana ki 'jJAna hI sadguNa hai', jJAna ke AdhyAtmika-stara kA paricAyaka hai| jJAna ke AdhyAtmika-stara para jJAna aura AcaraNa - ye do alaga-alaga bhI - -

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samyagjJAna (jJAnayoga) 107 nahIM rhte| jJAna kA yahI svarUpa naitika-jIvana kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai| isameM jJAna aura AcaraNa-donoM eka-dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| sandarbha grantha1. annANI kiM kAhI kiM vA nAhii cheya-pAvagaM ? dazavaikAlika, 4/10 (uttarArddha) 2. par3hamaM nANaM tao dayA evaM ciTaThi svvsNje| vahI, 4/10 (pUrvArddha) 3. vahI, 4/14-27 4. uttarAdhyayana, 32/2 5. darzanapAhuDa, 31 6. samayasAra, 72 7. suttanipAta, 38/6-7 8. dhammapada, 372 9. gItA (zAM.), 2/10 10. gItA, 4/40 11. vahI, 4/36 12. vahI, 4/37 13. vahI, 4/38 14. jJAnasAra 5/2 15. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR. 515 16. vahI, pR. 514 17. gItA, 10/4 18. vahI, 18/19 19. tattvArthasUtra, 1/9 20. yogadRSTisamuccaya 119 21. triMzikA 29, uddhRta mahAyAna, pR. 72 22. spInojA aura usakA darzana, pR. 86-87 23. samayasAra, 144 24. sayayasAraTIkA, 93 25. triMzikA 29-30 uddhRta mahAyAna, pR. 70-71 26. gItA, 6/4 27. gItA, 2/44

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108 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 28. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 58 29. Rgveda, 1/164/37 30. AcArAMga, 1/1/1 31. vahI, 1/3/4 32. chAndogyopaniSad, 6/1/3 33. samayasAra TIkA, 131 34. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 2/4/14 35. kenopaniSad, 1/4 36. vahI 1/5 37. vahI, 1/7 38. vahI, 1/7 39. uttarAdhyayana, 14/19 40. AcArAMga, 1/5/6 41. mokkhapAhuDa, 65 42. samayasAra, 392-403 43. saMyuttanikAya, 34/1/1/1;, 34/1/1/4; 34/1/1/12 44. samayasAra, 296 45. bhagavadgItA (rA.) pR. 54 46. gItA, 13/2 47. vahI, 13/1 48. gItA (zA) 13/24 49. gItA, 13/5-6 50. vahI, 13/21 51. vahI, 13/31 52. vahI, 13/23 53. vahI, 4/42 54. samayasAra 294 55. AcArAMga, 1/2/6

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samyakcAritra (zIla) 109 samyakacAritra (zIla) samyagdarzana se samyakcAritra kI ora AdhyAtmika-jIvana kI pUrNatA ke lie zraddhA aura jJAna se kAma nahIM cltaa| usake lie AcaraNa jarUrI hai| yadyapi samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA samyakcAritra ke pUrva honA Avazyaka hai, phira bhI ve binA samyakcAritra ke pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM hote| darzana apane antima artha tattva-sAkSAtkAra ke rUpa meM tathA jJAna apane AdhyAtmika-stara para cAritra se bhinna nahIM raha paataa| yadi hama samyagdarzana ko zraddhA ke artha meM aura samyagjJAna ko bauddhika-jJAna ke artha meM grahaNa kareM, to samyak-cAritra kA sthAna spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vastutaH, isa rUpa meM samyakcAritra AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI dizA meM uThAyA gayA antima caraNa hai| AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI dizA meM bar3hane ke lie sabase pahale yaha Avazyaka hai ki jaba taka hama apane meM sthita usa AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA yA paramAtmA kA anubhava na karaleM, taba taka hameM una logoM ke prati, jinhoMne usa AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA yA paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kara liyA hai, AsthAvAn rahanA cAhie evaM unake kathanoM para vizvAsa karanA cAhie, lekina deva, guru, zAstra aura dharma para zraddhA yA AsthA kA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki buddhi ke daravAje banda kara lie jaae| mAnava meM cintana-zakti hai, yadi usakI isa cintana-zakti ko vikAsa kA yathocita avasara nahIM diyA gayA hai, to na kevala usakA vikAsa hI apUrNa hogA, varan mAnavIya-AtmA usaAsthA ke prati vidrohabhI kara utthegii| jIvana ke tArkikapakSa ko santuSTa kiyA jAnA cAhie, isIlie zraddhA ke sAtha jJAna kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai, anyathA zraddhA andhI hogii| zraddhA jaba taka jJAna evaM svAnubhUti se samanvita nahIM hotI, vaha paripuSTa nahIM hotii| aisI apUrNa, asthAyI aura bAhya-zraddhA sAdhaka-jIvana kA aMga nahIM bana pAtI hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa vyakti ne svayaM ke cintana dvArA jJAna upalabdha nahIM kiyA, varan kevala bahuta-sI bAtoM ko sunAbhara hai, vaha zAstra ko samyak rUpa se nahIM jAnatA ; jaise camacA dAla ke svAda ko nahIM jaantaa|| isalie, jaina-vicAraNA meM kahA gayA hai ki prajJAse dharma kI samIkSA karanA cAhie; tarka se tattva kA vizleSaNa karanA cAhie, lekina tArkika yA bauddhika-jJAna bhI antima nahIM hai| tArkika-jJAna jaba taka anubhUti se pramANita nahIM hotA, vaha pUrNatA taka nahIM

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110 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pahu~catA hai| tarka yA buddhi ko anubhUti kA sambala caahie| darzana parikalpanA hai, jJAna prayoga-vidhi hai aura cAritra prayoga hai| tInoM ke saMyoga se satya kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| jJAna kA sAra AcaraNa hai aura AcaraNa kA sAra nirvANa yA paramArtha kI upalabdhi hai| satya jaba taka svayaM ke anubhavoM meM prayoga-siddha nahIM bana jAtA, taba taka vaha satya nahIM hotaa| satya tabhI pUrNa satya hotA hai, jaba vaha anubhUta ho, isIlie uttarAdhyayana-sUtra meM kahA hai ki jJAna ke dvArA paramArtha kA svarUpa jAneM, zraddhA ke dvArA svIkAra kareM aura AcaraNa ke dvArA usakA sAkSAtkAra kreN| yahA~ sAkSAtkAra kA artha hai-satya, paramArtha yA sattA ke sAtha ekarasa ho jAnA / zAstrakAra ne parigrahaNa zabda kI jo yojanA kI hai, vaha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| bauddhika-jJAna to hamAre sAmane citra ke samAna paramArtha kA nirdeza kara detA hai, lekina jisa prakAra se citra aura yathArtha vastu meM mahAn antara hotA hai, usI prakAra paramArtha ke jJAna dvArA nirdezita svarUpa meM aura tattvataH paramArtha meM bhI mahAn antara hotA hai| jJAna to dizA-nirdeza karatA hai, sAkSAtkAra to svayaM karanA hotA hai| sAkSAtkAra kI yahI prakriyA AcaraNa yA cAritra hai| satya, paramArtha, Atma yA tattva, jisakA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAtA hai, vaha to hamAre bhItara sadaiva hI upasthita hai, lekina jisa prakAra malina, gaMdale evaM asthira jala meM kucha bhI pratibimbita nahIM hotA, usI prakAra vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM aura rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se malina evaM asthira banI huI cetanA meM satya yA paramArtha pratibimbita nahIM hotaa| prayAsa yA AcaraNa satya ko pAne ke lie nahIM, varan vAsanAoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se janita isa malinatA yA asthiratAko samApta karane ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaba vAsanAoM kI malinatA samApta ho jAtI hai, rAga aura dveSa ke prahANa se citta sthira ho jAtA hai, to satya pratibimbita ho jAtA hai aura sAdhaka ko parama zAnti, nirvANa yA brahma-bhAva kA lAbha ho jAtA hai| hama vaha ho jAte haiM, jo ki tattvataH hama haiN| samyakcAritra kA svarUpa-samyakcAritra kA artha hai-citta athavA AtmA kI vAsanAoM kI malinatA aura asthiratA ko samApta krnaa| yaha asthiratA yA malinatA svAbhAvika nahIM, varan vaibhAvika hai, bAhyabhautika evaM tajjanita Antarika-kAraNoM se hai| jaina,bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ isa tathya ko svIkAra karatI haiN| samayasAra meM kahA hai ki tattva-dRSTi se AtmA zuddha hai| bhagavAn buddha bhI kahate haiM ki bhikSuoM! yaha citta svAbhAvika rUpa se zuddha hai| gItA bhI use avikArI kahatI hai| AtmA yA citta kI jo azuddhatA hai, malinatA hai, asthiratA yA caMcalatA hai, vaha bAhya hai, asvAbhAvika hai| jaina-darzana usa malinatA ke kAraNa ko karmamala mAnatA hai, gItA use triguNa kahatI hai aura bauddha-darzana meM

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samyakcAritra (zIla) 111 use bAhyamala kahA gayA hai| svabhAvataH, nIce kI ora bahane vAlA pAnI dabAva se Upara car3hane lagatA hai, svabhAva se zItala jala agni ke saMyoga se uSNatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, AtmA yA citta svabhAva se zuddha hote hue bhI triguNoM, karmoM yA bAhyamaloM se azuddha bana jAtA hai, lekina jaise hI dabAva samApta hotA hai, pAnI svabhAvataH nIce kI ora bahane lagatA hai, agni kA saMyoga dUra hone para jala zItala hone lagatA hai| ThIka isI prakAra, bAhyasaMyogoM se alaga hone para yaha AtmA yA citta punaH apanI svAbhAvika samatvapUrNa avasthAko prApta ho jAtA hai| samyak-AcaraNa yA cAritra kA kArya ina saMyogoM se AtmA yA citta ko alaga rakhakara svAbhAvika samatva kI dizA meM le jAnA hai| jaina AcAra-darzana meM samyakcAritra kA kArya AtmA ke samatva kA saMsthApana mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki cAritra hI vAstava meM dharma hai, jo dharma hai, vaha samatva hai aura moha evaM kSobha se rahita AtmA kI zuddha dazA ko prApta karanA samatva hai|' paMcAstikAyasAra meM ise adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki samabhAva hI cAritra hai| cAritra ke do rUpa-jaina-paramparA meM cAritra do prakAra nirUpita hai-1. vyavahAracAritra aura 2. nizcaya-cAritra / AcaraNa kA bAhya-pakSa yA AcaraNa ke vividha vidhAna vyavahAracAritra hai aura AcaraNa kA bhAvapakSa yA antarAtmA nizcayacAritra hai| jahA~ taka naitikatA ke vaiyaktika-dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai, athavA vyakti ke AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA prazna hai, nizcayacAritra hI usakA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai, lekina jahA~ taka sAmAjika-jIvana kA prazna hai, cAritra kA yaha bAhyapakSa hI pramukha hai| nizcayadRSTisecAritra-cAritra kA saccAsvarUpa samatvakI upalabdhi hai| cAritra kA yaha pakSa AtmaramaNa hI hai| nizcayacAritra kA prAdurbhAva kevala apramatta-avasthA meM hI hotA hai| apramatta-cetanA kI avasthA meM hone vAle sabhI kArya zuddha hI mAne gae haiN| cetanA meM jaba rAga, dveSa, kaSAya aura vAsanAoM kI agni pUrI taraha zAnta ho jAtI hai, tabhI sacce naitika evaM dhArmika-jIvana kA udbhava hotA hai aura aisA hI sadAcAra mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| apramatta-cetanA, jo ki nizcaya-cAritra kA AdhAra hai, rAga, dveSa, kaSAya, viSayavAsanA, Alasya aura nidrA se rahita avasthA hai| sAdhaka jaba jIvana kI pratyeka kriyA ke sampAdana meM jAgrata hotA hai, usakA AcaraNa bAhya-AvegoM aura vAsanAoM se cAlita nahIM hotA hai. tabhI vaha sacce arthoM meM nizcayacAritra kA pAlanakartA mAnA jAtA hai| yahI nizcaya-cAritra mukti kA sopAna hai| vyavahAracAritra-vyavahAracAstri kA sambandha hamAre mana, vacana aura karma kI zuddhi

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112 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana tathA usa zuddhi ke kAraNabhUta niyamoM se hai| sAmAnyatayA, vyavahAracAritra meM paMca mahAvratoM, tIna guptiyoM, paMca samitiyoM Adi kA samAveza hai| vyavahAracAritra bhI do prakAra kA hai-1. samyaktvAcaraNa aura 2. sNymaacrnn| vyavahAracAritra ke prakAra-cAritra ko dezavratIcAritra aura sarvavratIcAritra-aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| dezavratIcAritra kA sambandha gRhastha-upAsakoM se aura sarvavratIcAritra kA sambandha zramaNa-varga se hai| jaina-paramparA meM gRhasthAcAra ke antargata aSTa mUlaguNa, SaTkarma, bAraha vrata aura gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana AtA hai| zvetAmbara - paramparA meM aSTamUlaguNoM ke sthAna para saptavyasana-tyAga evaM 35 mArgAnusArI guNoM kA vidhAna milatA hai| isI prakAra, usameM SaTkarma ko SaDAvazyaka kahA gayA hai| zramaNAcAra ke antargata paMca mahAvrata, rAtribhojana-niSedha, paMca samiti, tIna gupti, dasa yatidharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~, bAIsa parISaha, aTThAisa mUla guNa, bAvana anAcAra Adi kA vivecana upalabdha hai| isake atirikta, bhojana, vastra, AvAsa-sambandhI vidhi-niSedha haiN| ina sabakA vivecana gRhasthAcAra aura zramaNAcAra ke prasaMgoM meM huA hai| cAritra kA vargIkaraNa gRhastha aura zramaNa-dharma ke atirikta anya apekSAoM se bhI huA hai| cAritra kA caturvidha vargIkaraNa-sthAnAMgasUtra meM nirdoSa AcaraNa kI apekSA se cAritra kA caturvidha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaise ghaTa cAra prakAra ke hote haiM, vaise hI cAritra bhI cAra prakAra kA hotA hai| ghaTa ke cAra prakAra haiM - 1. bhinna (phUTA huA), 2. jarjarita, 3. parisrAvI aura 4. aprisraavii| isI prakAra, cAritra bhI cAra prakAra kA hotA hai -1. phUTe hue ghar3e ke samAna-arthAt, jaba sAdhaka aMgIkRta mahAvratoM ko sarvathA bhaMga kara detA hai, to usakA cAritra phUTe ghar3e ke samAna hotA hai| naitika-dRSTi se usakA mUlya samApta ho jAtA hai| 2. jarjarita ghaTa ke samAna-sadoSacAritra jarjarita ghaTa ke samAna hotA hai| jaba koI muni aisA aparAdha karatA hai, jisake kAraNa usakI dIkSA-paryAya kA cheda kiyA jAtA hai, to aise muni kA cAritra jarjarita ghaTa ke samAna hotA hai| 3. parisrAvI-jisa cAritra meM sUkSma doSa hote haiM, vaha cAritraparisrAvI kahA jAtA hai| 4.aparisrAvI-nirdoSa evaM niraticAra cAritra aparisrAvI kahA jAtA hai|' ___ cAritra kA paMcavidhavargIkaraNa-tattvArthasUtra (9/18) ke anusAra cAritra pA~ca prakAra kA hai- 1. sAmAyika-cAritra, 2. chedopasthApanIya-cAritra, 3. parihAravizuddhi cAritra, 4. sUkSmasamparAya-cAritra aura 5. ythaakhyaat-caaritr| ___ 1. sAmAyika-cAritra-vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se nivRtti

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samyakcAritra (zIla) 113 tathA samabhAva kI prApti sAmAyika-cAritra hai| vyAvahArika-dRSTi se hiMsAdi bAhya-pApoM se virati bhI sAmAyika-cAritra hai| sAmAyika-cAritra do prakAra kA hai(a) itvarakAlika-jo thor3e samaya ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura (ba) yAvatkathitajo sampUrNa jIvana ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| 2. chedopasthApanIya-cAritra-jisa cAritra ke AdhAra para zramaNa-jIvana meM variSThatA aura kaniSThatA kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai, vaha chedopasthApanIya-cAritra hai| yaha sadAcaraNa kA bAhya rUpa hai, isameM AcAra ke pratipAdita niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hotA hai aura niyama ke pratikUla AcaraNa para daNDa dene kI vyavasthA hotI hai| ___3. parihAravizuddhi-cAritra-jisa AcaraNa ke dvArA karmoM kA athavA doSoM kA parihAra hokara nirjarA ke dvArA vizuddhi ho, vaha parihAravizuddhi-cAritra hai| 4.sUkSmasamparAya-cAritra-jisa avasthA meM kaSAya-vRttiyA~ kSINa hokara kiMcit rUpa meM hI avaziSTa rahI hoM, vaha sUkSmasamparAya-cAritra hai| 5. yathAkhyAta-cAritra-kaSAya Adi sabhI prakAra ke doSoM se rahita nirmala evaM vizuddha cAritra yathAkhyAta-cAritra hai| yathAkhyAta-cAritra nizcaya-cAritra hai| cAritra kA trividha vargIkaraNa vAsanAoM ke kSaya, upazama aura kSayopazama ke AdhAra para cAritra ke tIna bheda haiM / 1. kSAyika, 2.aupazamika aura 3. kssaayopshmik|kssaayik-caaritr hamAre AtmasvabhAva se pratiphalita hotA hai| isakA srota hamArI AtmA hI hai, jabaki aupazamika-cAritra meM yadyapi AcaraNa samyak hotA hai, lekina AtmasvabhAva se pratiphalita nahIM hotaa| vaha karmoM ke upazama se prakaTa hotA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kSAyikacAritra meM vAsanAoM kA nirasana ho jAtA hai, jabaki aupazamikacAritra meM mAtra vAsanAoM kA damana hotA hai| vAsanAoM kA damana aura vAsanAoM ke nirasana meM jo antara hai, vahIantara aupazamika aura kSAyika-cAritra meM hai| naitika-sAdhanA kA lakSya vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, varan unakA nirasana yA pariSkAra hai, ataH cAritra kA kSAyika prakAra hI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa siddha hotA hai| cAritra ke uparyukta sabhI prakAra Atmazodhana kI prakriyAe~ haiN| jo prakriyA jitanI adhika mAtrA meM AtmA ko rAga, dveSa aura moha se nirmala banAtI hai, vAsanAoM kI Aga se tapta mAnasa ko zItala karatI hai aura saMkalpoM aura vikalpoM ke caMcala jhaMjhAvAta se bacAkara citta ko zAnti evaM sthiratA pradAna karatI hai aura sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika-jIvana meM samatva

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. 114 bhAratIya AdhAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI saMsthApanA rakhatI hai, vaha utanI hI adhikamAtrA meM cAritra ke ujjvalatama pakSa ko prastuta karatI hai| bauddha darzana aura samyakcAritra bauddha-darzana meM samyakcAritra ke sthAna parazIla zabda kA prayoga huA hai| bauddhaparamparA meM nirvANa kI prApti ke lie zIla ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| zIla aura zruta yA AcaraNa aura jJAna-donoM hI bhikSu-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka haiN| usameM bhI zIla adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| vizuddhimArga meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu alpazruta bhI hotA hai, kintu zIlavAn hai, to zIla hI usakI prazaMsA kA kAraNa hai| usake lie zruta apane-Apa pUrNa ho jAtA hai, isake viparIta, yadi bhikSu bahuzruta bhI hai, kintu duHzIla hai, to duHzIlatA usakI nindA kA kAraNa hai aura usake lie zruta bhI sukhadAyaka nahIM hotA hai| zIlakAartha-bauddha-AcAryoM ke anusAra, jisase kuzaladharmoM kAdhAraNa hotA hai yA jo kuzala dharmoM kA AdhAra hai, vaha zIla hai| sadguNoM ke kAraNa yAzIlana ke kAraNa hI use zIla kahate haiN| kucha AcAryoM kI dRSTi se zirArtha zIlArtha hai, arthAt jisa prakAra sira ke kaTa jAne para manuSya mara jAtA hai, vaise hI zIla ke bhaMga ho jAne para sArA guNarUpIzarIra hI vinaSTa ho jAtA hai, isalie zIla ko zirArtha kahA jAtA hai| vizuddhimArga meM zIla ke cAra rUpa varNita haiN|2 - 1. cetanA-zIla, 2. caitasikazIla 3. saMvara-zIla aura 4. anullNghn-shiil| 1. cetanA-zIla-jIva-hiMsA Adi se virata rahane vAle yAvrata-pratipatti (vratAcAra) pUrNa karane vAlI cetanA hI cetanA-zIla hai| jIva-hiMsA Adi chor3anevAle vyakti kA kuzala-karmoM ke karane kA vicAra cetanA-zIla hai| 2. caitasika-zIla-jIva-hiMsA Adise virata rahane vAle kI virati caitasikazIla hai, jaise vaha lobharahita citta se viharatA hai| 3. saMvara-zIla-saMvara-zIla pA~ca prakAra kA hai-1. pratimokSasaMvara, 2. smRtisaMvara, 3. jJAnasaMvara, 4. kSAMtisaMvara aura 5. viirysNvr| 4. anullaMghana-zIla-grahaNa kie hue vrata-niyama AdikA ullaMghana na karanAyaha anullaMghana-zIla hai| zIla ke prakAra visuddhimaga meM zIla kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai, yahA~ unameM se kucha rUpa prastuta haiN|

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samyakcAritra (zIla) 115 zIla kA dvividha vargIkaraNa 1. cAritra-vAritra ke anusAra zIla do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAn ke dvArA nirdiSTa yaha karanA cAhie'-isa prakAra vidhi-rUpa meM kahe gae zikSA-padoM yA niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAritra-zIla' hai| isake viparIta, 'yaha nahIM karanA cAhie-isa prakAra niSiddha karma na karanA 'vAritra-zIla' hai| cAritra-zIla vidheyAtmaka hai, vAritra-zIla niSedhAtmaka hai| 2. nizrita aura anizrita ke anusAra zIla do prakAra kA hai| nizraya do prakAra ke hote haiM - tRSNA-nizraya aura dRsstti-nishry| bhava-saMpatta ko cAhate hue phalAkAMkSA se pAlA gayAzIla tRSNA-nizrita hai| mAtrazIla se hI vizuddhi hotI hai-isa prakAra kI dRSTi se pAlA gayA zIla dRSTi-nizrita hai| tRSNA-nizrita aura dRSTi-nizrita-donoM prakAra ke zIla nimna koTi ke haiN| tRSNA-nizraya aura dRSTi-nizraya se rahita zIla anizrita-zIla hai / yahI anizrita-zIla nirvANa-mArga kA sAdhaka hai| 3.kAlika-AdhAra para zIla do prakAra kA hai| kisI nizcita samaya taka ke lie grahaNa kiyA gayA zIla kAlaparyanta-zIla kahA jAtA hai, jabaki jIvana-paryanta ke lie grahaNa kiyA gayA zIla AprANakoTika-zIla kahA jAtA hai| jaina-paramparA meM inheM kramazaH itvarakAlika aura yAvatkathita kahA gayA hai| 4. saparyanta aura aparyanta ke AdhAra para zIla do prakAra kA hai| lAbha, yaza, jAti athavA zarIra ke kisI aMga evaM jIvana kI rakSA ke lie jisa zIla kA ullaMghana kara diyA jAtA hai, vaha saparyantazIla hai| udAharaNArtha, kisI vizeSazIla-niyama kA pAlana karate hue jAti-zarIra ke kisI aMga athavA jIvana kI hAni kI sambhAvanA ko dekhakara usa zIla kA tyAga kara denaa| isake viparIta, jisa zIla kA ullaMghana kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM kiyA jAtA, vaha aparyanta-zIla hai| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se ye naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa-pakSa haiN| jaina-paramparA meM inheM apavAda aura utsarga-mArga kahA gayA hai| 5.laukika aura alaukika ke AdhAra para zIlado prakAra kA hai| jisazIla kA pAlana sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie hotA hai aura jo sAmrava hai, vaha laukika-zIla hai| jisa zIla kA pAlana nirveda, virAga aura vimukti ke lie hotA hai aura jo anAsava hai, vaha lokottara-zIla hai / jaina-paramparA meM inheM kramazaH vyavahAra-cAritra aura nizcaya-cAritra

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116 bhAratIya AdhAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zIla kA vividha vargIkaraNa" . zIla kA trividha vargIkaraNa pA~ca trikoM meM kiyA gayA hai 1. hIna, madhyama aura praNIta ke anusAra zIla tIna prakAra kA hai| dUsaroM kI nindA kI dRSTi se athavA unheM hIna batAne ke lie pAlA gayA zIla hIna hai| laukika-zIla yA sAmAjika niyama-maryAdAoM kA pAlana madhyama-zIla hai aura lokottara-zIla praNIta hai| eka dUsarIapekSAse, phalAkAMkSAse pAlAgayAzIlahIna hai,apanI mukti ke lie pAlA gayAzIla madhyama hai aura sabhI prANiyoM kI mukti ke lie pAlA gayA pAramitA-zIla praNIta hai| 2. AtmAdhipatya, lokAdhipatya aura dharmAdhipatya kI dRSTi se bhIzIla tIna prakAra kaahai|aatm-gaurv yA Atma-sammAna ke lie pAlA gayAzIlaAtmAdhipatya hai| lokanindA se bacane ke lie athavA loka meM sammAna arjita karane ke lie pAlA gayA zIla lokAdhipatya hai| dharma ke mahatva, dharma ke gaurava aura dharma ke sammAna ke lie pAlA gayAzIla dharmAdhipatya hai| 3. parAmRSTa, aparAmRSTa aura pratiprazrabdhi ke anusAra zIla tIna prakAra kA hai| mithyAdRSTi logoM kA AcaraNaparAmRSTa-zIla hai| mithyAdRSTi logoM meM bhI jo kalyANakara yA zubha karmoM meM lage hue haiM, unakA zIla aparAmRSTa hai, jabaki samyakdRSTi ke dvArA pAlA gayA zIla pratiprazrabdhi-zIla hai| 4. vizuddha, azuddha aura vaimatika ke anusAra zIla tIna prakAra kA hai| Apatti yA doSa se rahita zIla vizuddhazIla hai|aaptti yA doSayukta zIla avizuddha-zIla hai| doSa yA ullaMghana sambandhI bAtoM ke bAre meM jo saMdeha meM par3a gayA hai, usakAzIla vaimatika-zIla hai| 5.zaikSya, azaikSya aura na-zaikSya-na-azaikSya ke anusArazIla tIna prakAra kA hai / mithyAdRSTi kAzIlana-zaikSya-naazaikSya hai, samyakdRSTi kAzIla zaikSya hai aura arhat kA zIla azaikSya hai| vizuddhimagNa meM zIla kA caturvidha aurapaMcavidha vargIkaraNabhIanekarUpoM meM varNita hai, lekina vistAra-bhaya evaM punarAvRtti ke kAraNa yahA~ unakA ullekha karanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| zIla kA pratyupasthAna - kAyA kI pavitratA, vANI kI pavitratA aura mana kI vitratA-ye tIna prakAra kI pavitratAe~ zIla ke jAnane kA AkAra (pratyupasthAna) haiM, arthAt koI vyakti zIlavAn hai yA duHzIla hai, yaha usake mana, vacana aura karma kI pavitratA ke AdhAra para hI jAnA jAtA hai| zIla kApadasthAna-jina AdhAroM para zIla ThaharatA hai, unheM zIla kA padasthAna

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samyak cAritra (zIla) kahA jAtA hai| lajjA aura saMkoca isake padasthAna haiN| lajjA aura saMkoca ke hone para hI zIla utpanna hotA hai aura sthita rahatA hai, unake na hone para na to utpanna hotA aura na sthira rahatA hai| zIla ke guNa - zIla ke pA~ca guNa haiM - 1. zIlavAn vyakti apramAdI hotA hai aura apramAdI hone se vaha vipula dhana-sampatti prApta karatA hai| 2. zIla ke pAlana se vyakti kI khyAti yA pratiSThA bar3hatI hai| 3. saccaritra vyakti ko kahIM bhI bhaya aura saMkoca nahIM hotA / 4. zIlavAn sadaiva hI apramatta cetanAvAlA hotA hai aura isalie usake jIvana kA anta bhI jAgrata-cetanA kI avasthA meM hotA hai| 5. zIla ke pAlana se sugati yA svarga kI prApti hai / aSTAMga sAdhanApatha aura zIla- buddha ke aSTAMga sAdhanA - patha meM samyak - vAcA, samyak - karmAnta aura samyak - AjIva- ye tIna zIla- skandha haiM / yadyapi majjhimanikAya aura abhidharmakoza- vyAkhyA ke anusAra zIla- skandha meM uparyukta tInoM aMgoM kA hI samAveza kiyA gayA hai", lekina yadi hama zIla ko na kevala daihika, varan mAnasika bhI mAnate haiM, to hameM samAdhi-skandha meM se samyak vyAyAma ko aura prajJA-skandha meM se samyak saMkalpa ko hI zIla -skandha meM samAhita karanA par3egA kyoMki saMkalpa AcaraNa kA caittasika AdhAra hai aura vyAyAma usakI vRddhi kA prayatna, ataH unheM zIla- skandha meM hI lenA cAhie / yadi hama zIla- skandha ke tInoM aMga tathA samAdhi - skandha ke samyak vyAyAma aura prajJA-skandha ke samyak saMkalpa ko lekara bauddha darzana meM zIla ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna kareM, to usakA citra isa prakAra se hogA - samyakU - vAcA 1. mRSAvAda - viramaNa 2. pizunavacana- viramaNa 3. puruSavacana- viramaNa 4. vyarthasaMlApa - viramaNa samyak karmAnta 1. adattAdAna - viramaNa 2. prANAtipAta - viramaNa 3. kAmeSu mithyAcAra - viramaNa 4. abrahmacarya - viramaNa samyak-AjIva (a) bhikSu niyamoM ke anusAra bhikSA prApta karanA (ba) gRhastha - niyamoM ke anusAra AjIvikA arjita karanA 117

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118 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samyak-vyAyAma 1. anutpanna akuzala ke utpanna nahIM hone dene ke lie prayatna 2. utpanna akuzala ke prahANa ke lie prayatna 3. anutpanna kuzala ke utpAdana ke lie prayatna 4. utpanna kuzala ke vaipulya ke lie prayatna samyak - saMkalpa 1. naiSkarmya - saMkalpa 2. avyApAda-saMkalpa 3. avihiMsA - saMkalpa - yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bauddha darzana ke zIla ke svarUpa para vicAra kareM, to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha jaina-darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke nikaTa hI hai / yadyapi donoM paramparAoM meM nAma aura vargIkaraNa kI paddhatiyoM kA antara hai, lekina donoM kA Antarika svarUpa samAna hI hai / samyak-AcaraNa ke lie jo apekSAeM bauddha jIvana-paddhati meM kI gaI haiM, ve hI apekSAeM jaina AcAra-darzana meM bhI svIkRta rahI haiN| samyak - vAcA, samyak karmAnta aura samyak-AjIva ke rUpa meM pratipAdita ye vicAra jaina darzana meM bhI upalabdha haiN| ataH, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki donoM paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa rahI haiN| vaidika - paramparA meM zIla yA sadAcAra - samyak cAritra ko hindU dharmasUtroM meM zIla, sAmayAcArika, sadAcAra yA ziSTAcAra kahA gayA hai| gItA kI niSkAma karma aura sevA kI avadhAraNAoM ko bhI samyakcAritra kA paryAyavAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai| gItA jisa niSkAma karmayoga kA pratipAdana karatI hai, vastutaH vaha mAtra karttavya - buddhi se evaM karttAbhAva kA abhimAna tyAgakara kiyA gayA- - aisA karma hai, jisameM phalAkAMkSA nahIM hotii| kyoMki isa prakAra kA karma (AcaraNa) karmabandhana kAraka nahIM hotA hai, ataH ise akarma bhI kahate haiN| usa AcaraNa ko, jo bandhana - banakara mukti kA hetu hotA hai, jaina- paramparA meM samyakcAritra aura gItA meM niSkAma karma yA akarma kahA gayA hai| gItA ke anusAra, niSkAma karma yA karmayoga ke antargata daivIyaguNa, arthAt ahiMsA, Arjava, svAdhyAya, dAna, saMyama, nirlobhatA, zauca Adi sadguNoM kA sampAdana, svadharma arthAt apane varNa aura Azrama ke kartavyoM kA pAlana aura lokasaMgraha (loka-kalyANakArI kAryoM kA sampAdana) AtA hai| isake atirikta, bhagavadbhakti evaM atithi - sevA bhI usakI cAritrika sAdhanA kA eka aMga hai| zIla - manusmRti meM zIla, sAdhujanoM kA AcaraNa (sadAcaraNa) aura mana kI prasannatA (icchA, AkAMkSA Adi mAnasika - vikSobhoM se rahita mana kI prazAnta avasthA ) ko dharma

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samyakcAritra (zIla) 119 kA mUla batAyA gayA hai| vaidika AcArya govindarAja ne zIla kI vyAkhyA rAgadveSa ke parityAga ke rUpameM kI hai (zIlaM rAgadveSaparityAga ityAha' )|haariit ke anusAra brahmaNyatA, devapitRbhaktitA, saumyatA, aparopatApitA, anasUyatA, mRdutA, apAruSya, maitratA, priyavAditA, kRtajJatA, zaraNyatA, kAruNya aura prazAntatA- ye teraha prakAra kA guNa-samUha zIla hai| sAmayAcArika-Apastamba-dharmasUtra ke bhASya meM sAmayAcArikazabda kI vyAkhyA nimna prakAra kI gaI hai-AdhyAtmika vyavasthA ko 'samaya' (dharmajJasamayaH) kahate haiN| vaha tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-vidhi, pratiSedha aura niym| AcAroM kA mUla 'samaya' (siddhAMta) meM hotA hai| samaya se utpanna hone ke kAraNa ve sAmayAcArika kahalAte haiN| abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa ke hetu apUrva nAmaka AtmA ke guNa ko dharma kahate haiM / vaidika-paramparA kA yaha sAmayAcArika zabda jaina-paramparA ke sAmAcArI (samayAcArI) aura sAmayika ke adhika nikaTa hai|aacaaraaNg meM 'samaya' zabdasamatA ke artha meM aura sUtrakRtAMga meM 'siddhAMta' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| jaina-paramparA meM samatA se yukta AcAra ko sAmAyika' aura siddhAnta (zAstra) se niHsRta AcAra-niyamoM ko sAmAcArI' kahA gayA hai| gItA bhI zAstravidhAna ke anusAra AcaraNa kA nirdeza kara sAmayAcArika yA sAmAcArI ke pAlana kI dhAraNA ko puSTa karatI hai| ziSTAcAra-ziSTa AcAra ziSTAcAra kahA jAtA hai| ziSTa zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue vaziSThadharmasUtra meM kahA hai ki jo svArthamaya kAmanAoM se rahita hai, vaha ziSTa hai' (ziSTaH punarakAmAtmA), isa AdhAra para ziSTAcAra kA artha hogA-niSkAma bhAva se kiyA jAne vAlA AcAra ziSTAcAra hai, athavA niHsvArtha vyakti kA AcaraNa ziSTAcAra hai / aisA AcAra dharma kA kAraNabhUta hone se pramANabhUta mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, yahA~ ziSTAcAra kA artha, sAmAnyatayA ziSTAcAra se hama jo artha grahaNa karate haiM, usase bhinna hai| ziSTAcAra niHsvArtha yA niSkAma karma hai| niSkAma karma yA sevA kI avadhAraNA gItA meM svIkRta hai hI aura use jaina tathA bauddha-paramparAoM ne bhI pUrI taraha mAnya kiyA hai| sadAcAra - manu ke anusAra, brahmAvarta meM nivAsa karane vAle cAroM vargoM kA jo paramparAgata AcAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai|2 sadAcAra ke tIna bheda haiM - 1- dezAcAra 2jAtyAcAra aura 3- kulAcAra / vibhinna pradezoM meM paramparAgata rUpa se cale Ate AcAraniyama dezAcAra' kahe jAte haiN| pratyeka deza meM vibhinna jAtiyoM ke bhI apane-apane viziSTa AcAra-niyama hote haiM, ye 'jAtyAcAra' kahe jAte haiN| pratyeka jAti ke vibhinna kuloM meM bhI

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcAragata bhinnatAe~ hotI haiM - pratyeka kula kI apanI AcAra-paramparAe~ hotI haiM, jinheM 'kulAcAra' kahA jAtA hai| dezAcAra, kulAcAra aura jAtyAcAra zruti aura smRtiyoM se pratipAdita AcAra-niyamoM ke atirikta hote haiM / sAmAnyatayA, hindUdharma - zAstrakAroM ne isake pAlana kI anuzaMsA kI hai| yahI nahIM, kucha smRtikAroM ke dvArA to aise AcAraniyama zruti, smRti Adi ke viruddha hone para bhI pAlanIya kahe gae haiM / bRhaspati kA to kahanA hai - bahujana aura cirakAlamAnita deza, jAti aura kula ke AcAra (zruti- viruddha hone para bhI pAlanIya haiM, anyathA prajA meM kSobha utpanna hotA hai aura rAjya kI zakti aura 6. kSINa ho jAtA hai| 23 yAjJavalkya ne AcAra ke antargata nimnalikhita viSaya sammilita kie haiM - 1. saMskAra, 2. vedapAThI brahmacAriyoM ke cAritrika - niyama, 3. vivAha ( pati-patnI ke kartavya ), 4. cAra varNoM evaM varNazaMkaroM ke karttavya, 5. brAhmaNa gRhapati ke karttavya, vidyArthI jIvana kI samApti para pAlanIya - niyama, 7. bhojana ke niyama, 8. dhArmika pavitratA, 9. zrAddha, 10. gaNapati-pUjA, 11. gRhazAnti ke niyama, 12. rAjA ke kartavya Adi 124 yadyapi sadAcAra ke uparyukta vivecana se aisA lagatA hai ki sadAcAra kA sambandha naitikatA yA sAdhanAparaka - AcAra se na hokara loka-vyavahAra (loka - rUr3hi ) yA bAhyAcAra 120 vidhi - niSedhoM se adhika hai, jabaki jaina- paramparA ke samyak cAritra kA sambandha sAdhanAtmaka evaM naitika jIvana se hai| jainadharma loka-vyavahAra kI upekSA nahIM karatA hai, phira bhI usakI apanI maryAdAe~ haiM. - (1) usake anusAra, vahI loka-vyavahAra pAlanIya hai, jisake kAraNa samyakdarzana aura samyakcAritra (gRhIta vrata, niyama Adi) meM koI doSa nahIM lagatA ho, ataH nirdoSa loka-vyavahAra hI pAlanIya hai, sadoSa nahIM / (2) dUsare, yadi koI AcAra ( bAhyAcAra) nirdoSa hai, kintu loka - vyavahAra ke viruddha hai, to usakA AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie (yadapi zuddhaM tadapi lokavirUddhaM na samAcaret), kintu isakA viloma sahI nahIM hai, arthAt sadoSa AcAra lokamAnya hone para bhI AcaraNIya nahIM hai| upasaMhAra sAmAnyatayA; jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM samyakcAritra, zIla evaM sadAcAra kA tAtparya rAga-dveSa, tRSNA yA Asakti kA uccheda rahA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM inheM granthiyA hRdayagranthi kahA gayA hai| granthi kA artha gA~Tha hotA hai, gA~Tha bA~dhane kA kArya karatI hai, cU~ki ye tattva vyakti ko saMsAra se bA~dhate haiM aura paramasattA se pRthak rakhate haiM, isIlie inheM granthi

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samyakcAritra (zIla) kahA gayA hai| isa gA~Tha kA kholanA hI sAdhanA hai, cAritra hai yA zIla hai| saccA nirgrantha vahI hai, isa grantha kA mocana kara detA hai| AcAra ke samagra vidhi-niSedha isI ke lie haiM / 121 vastutaH, samyak cAritra yA zIla kA artha kAma, krodha, lobha, chala-kapaTa Adi zubha pravRttiyoM se dUra rahanA hai| tInoM hI AcAradarzana sAdhaka ko inase bacane kA nirdeza dete haiN| jaina - paramparA ke anusAra, vyakti jitanA krodha, mAna, mAyA ( kapaTa) aura lobha kI vRttiyoM kA zamana evaM vilayana karegA, utanA hI vaha sAdhanA yA saccaritratA ke kSetra meM Age bddh'egaa| gItA kahatI hai, jaba vyakti kAma, krodha, lobha Adi AsurI pravRttiyoM se Upara uThakara ahiMsA, kSamA Adi daivI sadguNoM kA sampAdana karegA, to vaha apane ko paramAtmA nikaTa paaegaa| 'sadguNoM kA sampAdana aura durguNoM se bacAva' eka aisA tattva hai, jahA~ na kevala sabhI bhAratIya, apitu adhikAMza pAzcAtya - AcAradarzana bhI samasvara ho uThate haiM, cAhe inake vistAra kSetra evaM prAthamikatA ke prazna ko lekara unameM matabheda hoN| unameM vivAda isa bAta para nahIM hai ki kauna sadguNa hai aura kauna durguNa hai, apitu vivAda isa bAta para hai ki kisa sadguNa kA kisa sImA taka pAlana kiyA jAe aura do sadguNoM ke pAlana meM virodha upasthita hone para kise prAthamikatA dI jAe, udAharaNArtha 'ahiMsA sadguNa hai', yaha sabhI mAnate haiM, kintu ahiMsA kA pAlana kisa sImA taka kiyA jAe, isa prazna para matabheda rakhate haiN| isI prakAra, nyAya (jasTisa ) aura dayAlutA - donoM ko sabhI ne sadguNoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai, kintu jaba nyAya aura dayAlutA meM virodha ho, arthAt donoM kA eka sAtha sampAdana sambhava na ho, to kise pradhAnatA dI jAe, isa prazna para matabheda ho sakatA hai, phira bhI, sadguNoM kA yathAzakti sampAdana kiyA jAe ise sabhI svIkAra karate haiM / vastutaH, samyak cAritra yA zIla mana, vacana aura karma ke mAdhyama se vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika - jIvana meM samatva ke saMsthApana kA prayAsa hai, vaha vyakti ke jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM meM eka sAMga-santulana sthApita kara usake Antarika saMgharSa ko samApta karane kI dizA meM uThAyA gayA kadama hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha vyakti ke sAmAjika-pakSa kA bhI saMsparza karatA hai / vyakti aura samAja ke madhya tathA samAja aura samAja ke madhya hone vAle saMgharSoM kI sambhAvanAoM ke avasaroM ko kama kara sAmAjika samatva kI saMsthApanA bhI samyakcAritra kA lakSya hai| inhIM lakSyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM gRhastha aura zramaNa ke AcAraviSayaka aneka sAmAnya aura viziSTa niyamoM yA vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai|

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122 sandarbha grantha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. mahAbhArata, 2/55/1 uttarAdhyayana, 23/25 AcArAMganiryukti, 244 samayasAra, 151 aMguttaranikAya, 1/5/9 gItA, 2/25 pravacanasAra, 1/7 paMcAstikAyasAra, 107 8. 9. sthAnAMga, 4/595 10. vizuddhimArga, bhAga 1, pR. 49 11. vahI, pR. 9 12. vahI, pR. 8 13. vahI, pR. 13-14 14. fafsurf, q. 15-16 15. vizuddhimArga (bhUmikA), pR. 21 16. dekhie - arlI monAsTika buddhijma, pR. 142-43 17. manusmRti 2/6 18. (a) manusmRti TIkA 2/6 19. vahI 20. 21. vaziSTha - dharmasUtra 1 /6 22. manusmRti 2/17-18 hindU dharmakoza, pR. 625 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana Apastamba dharmasUtra-bhASya (haradatta) 1/1/1-3 23. 24. vahI, pR. 74-75 (ba) hindU dharmakoza, pR. 631

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 123 CEN samyaka-tapatayAyoga-mArga sAmAnya rUpa meM jaina AgamoM meM sAdhanA kA trividha mArga pratipAdita hai, lekina prAcIna AgamoM meM eka caturvidha-mArga kA bhI varNana miltaahai| uttarAdhyayana aura darzanapAhuDa meM caturvidha-mArga kA varNana hai| sAdhanA kA cauthA aMga 'samyaka-tapa' kahA gayA hai| jaise gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga, bhaktiyoga ke sAtha-sAtha dhyAnayoga kA bhI nirUpaNa hai, vaise hI jaina-paramparA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke sAtha-sAtha samyak-tapa kA bhI ullekha hai| paravartI paramparAoM meM dhyAnayoga kAantarbhAva karmayoga meM aura samyak tapa kA antarbhAva samyakcAstri meM ho gayA, lekina prAcIna yuga meM jaina-paramparA meM samyak-tapa kA, bauddha-paramparA meM samAdhi-mArga kA tathA gItA meM dhyAnayoga kA svataMtra sthAna rahA hai, ataH tulanAtmaka-adhyayana kI dRSTi se yahA~ samyak-tapa kA vivecana svataMtra rUpa meM kiyA jA rahA hai| sAdhAraNataH, yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM dhyAnamArga yA samAdhimArga kA vidhAna nahIM hai, lekina yaha dhAraNAbhrAnta hI hai| jisa prakAra yoga-paramparA meM aSTAMgayoga kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparA meM isa yogamArga kA vidhAna dvAdazAMga-rUpa meM huA hai| ise hI samyaktapa kA mArga kahA jAtA hai| jaina-paramparA ke samyak-tapa kI gItA ke dhyAnayoga tathA bauddha-paramparA ke samAdhimArga se bahuta kucha samAnatA hai, jisa para hama agale pRSThoM meM vicAra kreNge| naitika-jIvana evaM tapa-tapasyAmaya jIvana evaM naitika-jIvana paraspara sApekSa pada haiN| tyAga yA tapasyA ke binA naitika-jIvana kI kalpanA apUrNa hai| tapa naitika-jIvana kA oja hai, zakti hai| tapa-zUnya naitikatA khokhalI hai, tapanaitikatA kI AtmA hai| naitikatA kA vizAla prAsAda tapasyA kI Thosa buniyAda para sthira hai| naitika-jIvana kI sAdhanA-praNAlI, cAhe usakA vikAsa pUrva meM huA ho yA pazcima meM, hamezA tapase otaprota rahI hai| naitikatA kI saiddhAntika-vyAkhyA cAhe tapa' ke abhAva meM sambhava ho, lekina naitika-jIvana tapa ke abhAva meM sambhava nhiiN| naitika-vyAkhyA kA nimnatama siddhAnta bhI, jo vaiyaktika-sukhoM kI upalabdhi meM hI naitika-sAdhanA kI itizrI mAna letA hai, tapa-zUnya nahIM ho sktaa| yaha siddhAnta usa manovaijJAnika-tathya ko svIkAra karake calatA hai ki vaiyaktika-jIvana meM bhI icchAoM kA saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai aura buddhi unameM se kisI eka ko cunatI hai, jisakI santuSTi kI jAnI hai aura yaha santuSTi hI sukha-upalabdhi kA sAdhana banatI hai, lekina vicArapUrvaka dekheM, to yahA~ bhI tyAgabhAvanA maujUda hai, cAhe apanI alpatama mAtrA meM hI kyoM na ho, kyoMki yahA~ bhI buddhi kI bAta mAnakara hameM saMgharSazIla vAsanAoM meM eka samaya ke lie eka kA tyAga karanA

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124 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hI hotA hai| tyAga kI bhAvanA hI tapa hai| dUsare, tapa kA eka artha hotA hai-prayatna, prayAsa aura isa artha meM bhI vahA~ tapa' hai, kyoMki vAsanA kI pUrti bhI binA prayAsa ke sambhava nahIM hai, lekina yaha saba to tapa kA nimnatamarUpa hai, yaha upAdeya nahIM hai| hamArA prayojana to yahA~ mAtra itanA dikhAnA thA ki koI bhI naitika-praNAlI tapaHzUnya nahIM ho sktii| jahA~ taka bhAratIya naitika-vicAradhArAoM kI, AcAra-darzanoM kI bAta hai, unameM se lagabhaga sabhI kA janma tapasyA' kI goda meM huA, sabhI usI meM pale evaM vikasita hue haiN| yahA~ to ghora bhautikavAdI ajita-kesakambalin aura niyativAdI gozAlaka bhI tapasAdhanA meM pravRtta rahate haiM, phira dUsarI vicAra-saraNiyoM meM nihita tapa ke mahatva para to zaMkA karane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| hA~, vibhinna vicAra-saraNiyoM meM tapasyA ke lakSya ke sambandha meM mata-bhinnatA ho sakatI hai, tapa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra-bhedaho sakatA hai, lekina tapasyA ke tathya se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| tapa-sAdhanA bhAratIya naitika-jIvana evaM saMskRti kA prANa hai| zrI bhAratasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM bhAratIya-saMskRti meM jo kucha bhI zAzvata hai, jo kucha bhI udAtta evaM mahatvapUrNa tattva hai, vaha saba tapasyA se hI sambhUta hai, tapasyA se hI isa rASTra kA bala yAoja utpanna huA hai.... tapasyA bhAratIya-darzanazAstra kI hI nahIM, kintu usake samasta itihAsa kI prastAvanA hai ... pratyeka cintanazIla praNAlI, cAhe vaha AdhyAtmika ho, cAhe Adhibhautika , sabhI tapasyA kI bhAvanA se anuprANita haiM ... usake veda, vedAMga, darzana, purANa, dharmazAstra Adi sabhI vidyA ke kSetra jIvana kI sAdhanArUpa tapasyA ke ekaniSTha upAsaka haiN| bhAratIya naitika-jIvana yA AcAra-darzana meM tapa ke mahatva ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kAkA kAlelakara likhate haiM, 'buddhakAlIna bhikSuoM kI tapazcaryA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI azoka ke sAmrAjya kA aura maurya (kAlIna) saMskRti kA vistAra ho paayaa| zaMkarAcArya kI tapazcaryA se hindU-dharma kA saMskaraNa huaa| mahAvIra kI tapasyA se ahiMsA-dharma kA pracAra huaa|.....bNgaal ke caitanya mahAprabhu (jo) mukhazuddhi ke hetu eka harra bhI nahIM rakhate the, unhIM se baMgAla kI vaiSNava-saMskRti vikasita huii| yaha saba tobhUtakAla ke tathya haiM, lekina vartamAna yuga kA jIvanta tathya hai-gAMdhI aura anya bhAratIya-netAoM kA tapomaya jIvana, jisane ahiMsaka-krAnti ke AdhAra para dezako svatantratA pradAna kii| vastutaH, tapomaya jIvana-praNAlI hI bhAratIya-naitikatA kA ujjvalatama pakSa hai aura usake binA bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ko, cAhe vaha jaina, bauddha yA hindUAcAradarzana ho, samucita rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| nIce tapa ke mahatva, lakSya, prayojana evaM svarUpake sambandha meM vibhinna bhAratIya sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko dekhane evaM unakA samIkSAtmaka-dRSTi se mUlyAMkana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai|

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga jaina sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna - jaina tIrthaMkaroM evaM vizeSakara mahAvIra kA jIvana hI, jaina-sAdhanA meM tapa ke sthAna kA nirdhAraNa karane ke hetu eka sabalatama sAkSya hai| mahAvIra ke sAdhanAkAla (sAr3he bAraha varSa ) meM lagabhaga gyAraha varSa to nirAhAra gine jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra kA yaha sArA sAdhanA-kAla svAdhyAya, Atma-cintana, dhyAna aura 125 sarga se bharA hai / jisa AcAra - darzana kA zAstA apane jAgrata jIvana meM tapa kA aisA ujjvalatama udAharaNa prastuta karatA ho, usakI sAdhanA-paddhati tapaH zUnya kaise ho sakatI hai ? usa zAstA kA tapomaya jIvana atIta se varttamAna taka jaina-sAdhakoM ko tapa-sAdhanA kI preraNA detA rahA hai| Aja bhI saikar3oM jaina-sAdhaka aise mileMge, jo 8-10 dina hI nahIM, varan eka aura do-do mAha taka kevala uSNa jala para rahakara tapa sAdhanA karate haiM, aise aneka hoMge jinake bhojana ke dinoM kA yoga varSa meM do-tIna mAha se adhika nahIM baiThatA, zeSa sArA samaya upavAsa Adi tapasyA meM vyatIta hotA hai / - jaina - sAdhanA, samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hai aura yahI samatvayoga AcaraNa ke vyAvahArika kSetra meM ahiMsA bana jAtA hai aura yahI ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka sAdhanA- kSetra meM saMyama kahI jAtI hai aura saMyama hI kriyAtmaka rUpa meM tapa hai| ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa apanI gahana vivecanA meM eka-dUsare ke paryAyavAcI hI pratIta hote haiN| abhivyaMjanA kI dRSTi se cAheM, to hama inheM alaga rakha sakate haiM aura usI apekSA meM alaga-alaga artha bhI dhvanita karate haiN| ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa milakara hI dharma ke samagra svarUpa ko upasthita karate haiN| saMyama aura tapa ahiMsA kI do pAMkheM haiM, jinake binA ahiMsA kI gati evaM vikAsa avaruddha ho jAtA hai| aura saMyama se yukta ahiMsA-dharma kI maMgalamayatA kA udghoSa karate hue jainAcArya kahate haiM - dharma maMgalamaya hai, kaunasA dharma ? ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapamaya dharma hI sarvotkRSTa tathA maMgalamaya hai / jo isa dharma ke pAlana meM dattacitta hai, use manuSya to kyA, devatA bhI namana karate haiM / ' jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya mokSa yA zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hai aura jo kevala tapa-sAdhanA (avipAka-nirjarA) se hI sambhava hai| jaina sAdhanA meM tapa kA kyA sthAna hai, isa tathya ke sAkSI jainAgama hI nahIM haiM, varan bauddha aura hindU-AgamoM meM bhI jaina-sAdhanA ke tapomaya svarUpa kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / ' hindU sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapa kA sthAna- vaidika-sAdhanA cAhe prArambhika kAla meM tapa-pradhAna ( nivRttiparaka) na rahI ho, lekina vikAsacaraNa meM zramaNa-paramparA meM prabhAvita ho, samanvita ho, tapomaya sAdhanA se yukta ho gaI, vaidika RSi tapa kI mahattA kA sabalatama zabdoM meM udghoSa karate haiN| ve kahate haiM, tapasyA se hI Rta aura satya utpanna hue, ' ' tapasyA se hI veda utpanna hue', tapasyA se hI brahma khojA jAtA hai ', tapasyA se hI mRtyu para vijaya pAI jAtI hai aura brahmaloka prApta kiyA jAtA hai / ' tapasyA ke dvArA hI tapasvI-jana loka

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126 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kalyANa kA vicAra karate haiM 10 aura tapasyA se hI loka meM vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai| 11. itanAhI nahIM, ve to tapa-rUpa sAdhana ko sAdhya ke tulya mAnate hue kahate haiM - "tapa hI brahma hai|" jaina sAdhanA meM bhI tapa ko Atma-guNa mAnakara use sAdhya aura sAdhana-donoM rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|12 AcArya manu kahate haiM ki tapasyA se RSigaNa trailokya ke carAcara prANiyoM ko dekhate haiM, jo kucha bhI durlabha aura dustara isa saMsAra meM hai, vaha saba tapasyA se sAdhya hai| tapasyA kI zakti dUratikrama hai|14 mahApAtakI aura nimna AcaraNa karane vAle bhI tapasyA se tapta hokara kilviSI-yoni se mukta ho jAte haiN| tapa kI mahattA ke sambandha meM aura bhI saikar3oM sAkSya hindU Agama-granthoM se prastuta kie jA sakate haiM, lekina vistAra-bhaya se kevala gosvAmI tulasIdAsajI ke do caraNa prastuta karanA paryApta hogA-ve kahate haiM, 'tapasukhaprada saba doSa nasAvA' tathA 'karaujAi tapa isa jiya jaanii|' bauddha sAdhanA-paddhati meMtapakAsthAna-yaha spaSTa tathya hai ki tapa' zabda AcAra ke jisa kaThora artha meM jaina aura hindU-paramparA meM prayukta huA hai, vaha bauddha-sAdhanA meM usakI madhyamamArgI sAdhanA ke kAraNa utane kaThora artha meM prayukta nahIM huA hai| bauddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA artha hai-citta-zuddhi kA satata prayAsa / bauddha-sAdhanA tapa ko prayatna yA prayAsa ke artha meM hI grahaNa karatI hai aura isI artha meM bauddha-sAdhanA tapa kA mahatva svIkAra karake calatI hai| bhagavAn buddha mahAmaMgalasutta meM kahate haiM ki tapa, brahmacarya, AryasatyoM kA darzana aura nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra-ye uttama maMgala haiN| isI prakAra, kAsibhAradvAjasutta meM bhI tathAgata kahate haiM, maiM zraddhA kA bIja botA hU~, usa para tapazcaryA kI vRSTi hotI hai- zarIra, vANI se saMyama rakhatA hU~ aura AhAra se niyamita rahakara satya dvArA maiM (mana-doSoM kI) gor3AI karatA huuN|" diTThivajjasutta meM zAstA kahate haiM, "kisI tapa yA vrata ke karane se kisI ke kuzaladharma bar3hate haiM, akuzala dharma ghaTate haiM, to use avazya karanA caahie|"18 buddha svayaM apane ko tapasvI kahate haiM - "brAhmaNa! yahI kAraNa hai ki jisase maiM, tapasvI huuN|" buddha kA jIvana to kaThinatama tapasyAoM se bharA huA hai| unake apane sAdhanAkAla evaM pUrvajanmoM kA itihAsa evaM varNana, jo hameM bauddhAgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai, unake tapomaya jIvana kA sAkSI hai| majjhimanikAya mahAsIhanAdasutta meM buddha sAriputta se apanI kaThina tapazcaryA kA vistRta varNana karate haiN| 19 itanA hI nahIM, suttanipAta ke pavajjAsutta meM buddha biMbisAra (rAjA zreNika) se kahate haiM ki aba maiM tapazcaryA ke lie jA rahA hU~, usa mArga meM merA mana ramatA hai| yadyapi uparyukta tathya buddha ke jIvana kI tapa- sAdhanA ke mahatvapUrNa sAkSya haiM, phira

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 127 bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki buddha ne tapazcaryA ke dvArA deha-daNDana kI prakriyA ko nirvANa-prApti meM upayogI nahIM maanaa| usakA artha itanA hI hai ki buddha ajJAnamUlaka deha-daNDana ko nirvANa ke lie upayogI nahIM mAnate the, jJAna-yukta tapa-sAdhanA to unheM bhI mAnya thii| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM, bhagavAn buddha kI tapasyA meM mAtra zArIrika-yantraNA kA bhAva bilakula nahIM thA, kintu vaha sarvathA sukha-sAdhya bhara nahIM thii|1 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA kathana hai, yadyapi buddha ne kaThora tapazcaryA kI AlocanA kI, phira bhI yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki bauddha-zramaNoM kA anuzAsana kisI bhI brAhmaNa-grantha meM varNita anuzAsana (tapazcaryA) se kama kaThora nahIM hai| yadyapi buddha saiddhAntika dRSTi se tapazcaryA ke abhAva meM bhI nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava mAnate haiM, tathApi vyavahAra meM tapa unake anusAra Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| buddha ke parinirvANa ke uparAnta bhI bauddha bhikSuoM meM dhutaMga (jaMgala meM rahakara vividha prakAra kI tapazcaryA karane vAle) bhikSuoM kA kAphI mhtvthaa| visuddhimagga evaM milindaprazna meM aise dhutaMgoM kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| dIpavaMza meM kazyapake viSaya meM likhA hai ki vedhutavAdiyoM ke aguaathe| (dhutavAdAnaM aggo so kassapo jin-saasne)| ye saba tathya bauddha-darzana evaM AcAra meM tapa kA mahatva batAne ke lie paryApta haiN| tapake svarUpa kA vikAsa-jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM hamane tapake mahatva ko dekhA, lekina tapa ke svarUpa ko lekara ina paramparAoM meM saiddhAntika-antara bhI hai| paurANika-granthoM tathA jaina evaM bauddha-AgamoM meM tapasyA ke svarUpa kA kramika aitihAsika-vikAsa upalabdha hotA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI tapa ke svarUpa ke aitihAsikavikAsa ke sambandha meM likhate haiM, aisA jJAta hotA hai ki tapa kA svarUpa sthUla meM se sUkSma kI ora kramazaH vikasita hotA gayA hai- tapomArga kA vikAsa hotA gayA aura usake sthUlasUkSma aneka prakAra sAdhakoM ne apnaae| tapomArga apane vikAsa meM cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai-1. avadhUta-sAdhanA, 2. tApasa-sAdhanA, 3. tapasvI-sAdhanA aura 4. yogasAdhanA, jinameM kramazaH tapa ke sUkSma prakAroM kA upayoga hotA gayA, tapakA svarUpa bAhya se Abhyantara banatA gayA, sAdhanA deha-damana se cittavRtti ke nirodha kI ora bar3hatI gii|23 jaina-sAdhanA tapasvI evaM yoga-sAdhanA kA samanvita rUpa meM pratinidhitva karatI hai, jabaki bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzana yoga-sAdhanA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, phira bhI ve sabhI apane vikAsa ke mUla kendra se pUrNa alaga nahIM haiN| jaina-Agama AcArAMgasUtra kA dhUtaadhyayana, bauddha-grantha visuddhimagga kAdhUtaMganiddesa aura hindU-sAdhanA kI avadhUta-gItA ina AcAra-darzanoM ke kisI eka hI mUla kendra kI ora iMgita karate haiM / jaina sAdhanA kA tapasvI-mArga tApasa-mArga kA hI ahiMsaka-saMskaraNa hai| bauddha aura jaina-vicAraNA meM jo vicAra-bheda hai, usake pIche eka aitihAsika-kAraNa hai| yadimajjhimanikAya ke buddha ke

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana usa kathana ko aitihAsika mUlya kA samajhA jAe, to yaha pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane prArambhika sAdhaka - jIvana meM bar3e kaThora tapa kie the| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki usa nirdeza ko dekhate hue aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki avadhUta-mArga (mata kA atyanta sthUla rUpa ) meM jisa prakAra ke tapomArga kA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA thA, buddha ne vaise hI ugra tapa kie the / gozAlaka aura mahAvIra tapasvI to the hI, parantu unakI tapazcaryA meM na to avadhUtoM kI aura na tApasoM kI tapazcaryA kA aMza thaa| unhoMne buddha jaise tapa-vratoM kA AcaraNa nahIM kiyaa| buddha tapa kI utkaTa koTi para pahu~ce the, parantu jaba usakA pariNAma unake lie santoSaprada nahIM AyA, taba ve dhyAnamArga kI ora abhimukha hue aura tapa ko nirarthaka mAnane aura manavAne lage, zAyada yaha unake utkaTa deha-damana kI pratikriyA ho 125 128 gItA meM bhI tapa ke yogAtmaka-svarUpa para hI adhika bala diyA gayA hai| gItA meM tapa kI mahimA to bahuta gAyI gaI hai, 26 lekina gItAkAra kA jhukAva deha daNDana para nahIM hai, varan usane to aise tapa ko nimna stara kA mAnA hai| 27 gItAkAra ne 'tapasvibhyo'dhikoyogI 28 kahakara isI tathya ko aura adhika spaSTa kara diyA hai| bauddha paramparA aura gItA tapa ke yoga - pakSa para hI adhika bala detI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM usake pUrva rUpa bhI svIkRta rahe haiM / jaina darzana kA virodha tapa ke usa rUpa se rahA hai, jo ahiMsaka dRSTikoNa ke viparIta jAtA hai / buddha yadyapi yogamArga para adhika bala diyA aura dhyAna kI paddhati ko vikasita kiyA hai, tathApi tapasyA - mArga kA unhoMne spaSTa virodha bhI nahIM kiyaa| unake bhikSuka dhutaMga- vrata ke rUpa meM isa tapasyA-mArga kA AcaraNa karate the / 1 jaina-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana-tapa yadi naitika jIvana kI eka anivArya prakriyA hai, to use kisI lakSya ke nimitta honA cAhie, ataH yaha nizcaya kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki tapa kA uddezya aura prayojana kyA hai ? jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hai, AtmA kA zuddhikaraNa hai, lekina yaha zuddhikaraNa kyA hai ? jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki prANI kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se karmavargaNAoM ke pudgaloM (Karmic Matter) ko apanI ora AkarSita karatA hai aura ye AkarSita karma-vargaNAoM ke pudgala rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyavRtti ke kAraNa Atmatattva se ekIbhUta ho, usakI zuddha sattA, zakti evaM jJAna - jyoti ko Avarita kara dete haiM / yaha jar3a tattva evaM cetana tatva kA saMyoga hI vikRti hai / 1 -- ataH, zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi ke lie AtmA kI svazakti ko Avarita karane vAle karmapudgaloM kA vilagAva Avazyaka hai| pRthak karane kI isa kriyA ko nirjarA kahate haiM, jo do rUpoM meM sampanna hotI hai| jaba karma - pudgala apanI nizcita avadhi ke pazcAt apanA phala dekara svataH alaga ho jAte haiM, vaha savipAka - nirjarA hai, lekina yaha naitika-sa -sAdhanA kA mArga nahIM hai| naitika-sAdhanA to saprayAsa hai| prayAsapUrvaka karma-pudgaloM

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samyak - tapa tathA yoga-mArga AtmA se alaga karane kI kriyA ko avipAka-nirjarA kahate haiM aura tapa hI vaha prakriyA hai, jisake dvArA avipAka - nirjarA hotI hai| isa prakAra, tapa kA prayojana hai - prayAsapUrvaka karma - pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga kara AtmA kI svazakti ko prakaTa karanA aura yahI zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hai / yahI AtmA kA vizuddhikaraNa hai, yahI tapa- sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra tapa ke viSaya meM kahate haiM ki tapa AtmA ke parizodhana kI prakriyA hai| 29 Abaddha karmoM ke kSaya karane kI paddhati hai / tapa ke dvArA hI maharSigaNa pUrva pApakarmoM ko naSTa karate haiN| 1 tapa kA mArga rAga-dveSa - janya pApa-karmoM ke baMdhana ko kSINa karane kA mArga hai, jise mere dvArA suno | 32 isa taraha, jaina - sAdhanA meM tapa kA uddezya yA prayojana Atma-parizodhana, pUrvabaddha karmapudgaloM kA Atma-tattva se pRthakkaraNa aura zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hI siddha hotA hai| vaidika-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana - vaidika-sAdhanA, mukhyataH aupaniSadikasAdhanA kA lakSya Atman yA brahman kI upalabdhi rahA hai| aupaniSadika-vicAradhArA spaSTa udghoSaNA karatI hai, tapa se brahma khojA jAtA hai, 33 tapasyA se hI brahma ko jAno / 34 itanA hI nahIM, aupaniSadika vicAradhArA meM bhI jaina- vicAra ke samAna tapa ko zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| muNDakopaniSad ke tIsare muNDaka meM kahA hai, yaha AtmA (jo jyotirmaya aura zuddha hai) tapasyA aura satya ke dvArA hI pAyA jAtA hai| 35 aupaniSadika-paramparA eka anya artha meM bhI jaina - paramparA se sAmya rakhate hue kahatI hai ki tapa ke dvArA karma-raja dUra kara mokSa prApta kiyA jAtA hai | muNDakopaniSad ke dvitIya muNDakakA gyArahavA~ zloka isa sandarbha meM vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| kahA hai - " jo zAnta vidvAnjana vana meM rahakara bhikSAcaryA karate hue tapa aura zraddhA kA sevana karate haiM, ve viraja ho ( karma - raja ko dUra kara) sUrya dvAra (Urdhva mArgoM) se vahA~ pahu~ca jAte haiM, jahAM vaha puruSa (AtmA) amRtya evaM avyaya - AtmA ke rUpa meM nivAsa karatA hai|' 99 936 vaidika-pa - paramparA meM jahA~ tapa AdhyAtmika-zuddhi athavA Atma-zuddhi kA sAdhana hai, vahIM usake dvArA hone vAlI zarIra aura indriyoM kI zuddhi ke mahatva kA bhI aMkana kiyA gayA hai| usakA AdhyAtmika jIvana ke sAtha hI sAtha bhautika - jIvana se bhI sambandha jor3A gayA hai aura jIvana ke sAmAnya vyavahAra ke kSetra meM tapa kA kyA prayojana hai, yaha spaSTa darzAyA gayA hai| maharSi pataMjali kahate haiM, tapa se azuddhi kA kSaya hone se zarIra aura indriyoM kI zuddhi (siddhi) hotI hai| 37 129 bauddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana - bauddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA prayojana pApakAraka akuzala dharmoM ko tapA DAlanA hai| isa sandarbha meM buddha aura nirgrantha upAsaka siMha senApati kA

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMvAda paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai / buddha kahate haiM " he siMha! eka paryAya aisA hai, jisase satyavAdI manuSya mujhe tapasvI kaha ske| vaha paryAya kaunasA hai ? he siMha! maiM kahatA hU~ ki pApakAraka akuzala dharmoM ko tapA DAlA jaae| jisake pApakAraka akuzala dharma gala gae, naSTa ho gae, phira utpanna nahIM hote, use maiM tapasvI kahatA hU~ / " " isa prakAra, bauddha-sAdhanA jaina-sAdhanA ke samAna AtmA kI akuzala cittavRttiyoM yA pApa - vAsanAoM ke kSINa karane ke lie tapa svIkRta rahA hai / jaina - sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa 130 jaina AcAra-praNAlI meM tapa ke bAhya (zArIrika) aura Abhyantara (mAnasika) - aise do bheda haiM / " ina donoM ke bhI chaha-chaha bheda haiN| 39 (1) bAhya-tapa- 1. anazana, 2. UnodarI, 3. bhikSAcaryA, 4. rasa- parityAga 5. kAyakleza aura 6. saMlInatA / (2) Abhyantara - tapa - 1. prAyazcitta, 2. vinaya, 3. vaiyAvRtya, 4. svAdhyAya 5. dhyAna aura 6. vyutsarga | bheda " zArIrika yA bAhya - tapa ke 1. anazana - AhAra ke tyAga ko anazana kahate haiM / yaha do prakAra kA hai - eka, nizcita samayAvadhi ke lie kiyA huA AhAra- tyAga, jo eka dina se lagAkara chaha mAsa taka kA hotA hai| dUsarA, jIvana - paryanta ke lie kiyA huA AhAra - tyAga / jIvana - paryanta I lie AhAra - tyAga kI anirvAya zarta yaha hai ki usa avadhi meM mRtyu kI AkAMkSA nahIM honI cAhie / AcArya pUjyapAda ke anusAra, AhAra-tyAga kA uddezya Atma-saMyama, Asakti meM kamI karanA, dhyAna, jJAnArjana aura karmoM kI nirjarA hai, na ki sAMsArika - uddezyoM kI pUrti 141 anazana meM mAtra deha - daNDa nahIM hai, varan AdhyAtmika - guNoM kI upalabdhi kA uddezya nihita hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM AhAra grahaNa karane ke aura AhAra-tyAga ke chaha-chaha kAraNa batAe gae haiM / usameM bhUkha kI pIr3A kI nivRtti, sevA, IryApatha, saMyamanirvAhArtha, dharmacintanArtha aura prANarakSArtha hI AhAra 'grahaNa' karane kI anumati hai / (2) UnodarI (avamaudarya) - isa tapa meM AhAra - viSayaka kucha sthitiyA~ yA zarteM nizcita kI jAtI haiN| isake cAra prakAra haiM- 1. AhAra kI mAtrA se kucha kama khAnA, yaha dravya - UnodarI - tapa hai| 2. bhikSA ke lie, AhAra ke lie koI sthAna nizcita kara vahIM se milI bhikSA lenA, yaha kSetraUnodarI - tapa hai 13. kisI nizcita samaya para AhAra lenA, yaha kAla - UnodarI - tapa hai / 4. bhikSA - prApti ke lie yA AhAra ke lie kisI zarta (abhigraha) kA nizcaya kara lenA, yaha bhAva - UnodarItapa hai| saMkSepa meM, UnodarI-tapa vaha hai, jisameM kisI vizeSa samaya evaM sthAna para, vizeSa prakAra se upalabdha AhAra ko apanI AhAra kI mAtrA se kama mAtrA meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| mUlAcAra ke anusAra, UnodarI- tapa

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 131 kI AvazyakatA nidrA evaM indriyoM ke saMyama ke lie tathA tapa evaM SaT AvazyakoM ke pAlana ke lie hai| ___3. rasa-parityAga-bhojana meM dUdha, dahI, ghRta, tela, miSThAnna Adi sabakA yA unameM se kisI eka kA grahaNa na karanA rasa-parityAga-tapa hai / rasa-parityAga svAda-jaya hai| naitika-jIvana kI sAdhanA ke lie svAda-jaya Avazyaka hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne gyAraha vratoM kAvidhAna kiyA, usameM asvAdabhI eka vrata hai| rasa-parityAga kA tAtparya yaha hai ki sAdhaka svAda ke lie nahIM, varan zarIra-nirvAha athavA sAdhanA ke lie AhAra karatA hai| 4. bhikSAcaryA - bhikSA-viSayaka vibhinna vidhi-niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue bhikSAnna para jIvana-yApana karanA bhikSAcaryA-tapa hai| ise vRttiparisaMkhyAna bhI kahA gayA hai| isakA bahuta kucha sambandha bhikSuka-jIvana se hai| bhikSA ke sambandha meM pUrva nizcaya kara lenA aura tadanukUla hI bhikSA grahaNa karanA vRttiparisaMkhyAna hai| ise abhigraha-tapa bhI kahA gayA hai| 5. kAyakleza-vIrAsana, goduhAsanaAdi vibhinna Asana karanA, zIta yA uSNatA sahana karane kA abhyAsa karanA kAyakleza-tapa hai| kAyakleza-tapa cAra prakAra kA hai- 1. Asana, 2. AtApanA - sUrya kI razmiyoM kA tApa lenA, zIla ko sahana karanA evaM alpavastra athavA nirvastra rhnaa| 3. vibhUSA kA tyAga, 4. parikarma-zarIra kI sAja-sajjA kA tyaag| 6.saMlInatA-saMlInatA cAra prakAra kI hai-1. indriya-saMlInatA- indriyoM ke viSayoM se bacanA, 2. kaSAya-saMlInatA-krodha, mAna, mAyAaura lobhase bacanA, 3. yogasaMlInatA-mana, vANI aura zarIra kI pravRttiyoM se bacanA, 4. vivikta-zayanAsana-ekAMta sthAna para sonaa-baitthnaa| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki kaSAya evaM rAga-dveSa ke bAhyanimittoM se bacane ke lie sAdhaka ko zmazAna, zUnyAgAra aura vana ke ekAnta sthAnoM meM rahanA caahie| Abhyantara-tapake bheda Abhyantara-tapa ko sAmAnya janatA tapa ke rUpa meM nahIM jAnatI hai, phira bhI usameM tapa kA eka mahatvapUrNa aura ucca pakSa nihita hai| bAhya-tapasthUla hai, jabaki antaraMga-tapasUkSma hai| Abhyantara-tapa ke bhI chaha bheda haiN| 1. prAyazcitta - apane azubha AcaraNa ke prati glAni prakaTa karanA, usakA pazcAtApa karanA, AlocanA karanA, use variSTha gurujana ke samakSa prakaTa kara usake lie yogya daNDa kI yAcanA kara, unake dvArA die gae daNDa ko svIkAra karanA, prAyazcitta-tapa hai| prAyazcitta ke abhAva meM sadAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki galatI yA doSa honA sAmAnya mAnava-prakRti hai, lekina yadi usakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jAtA, to usa galatI kA

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132 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sudhAra sambhava nhiiN| prAyazcitta isa prakAra kA hai 44 1. AlocanA - galatI yA asadAcaraNa ke lie pazcAtApa karanA / 2. pratikramaNa - cAritrika patana se punaH lauTa jAnA / apanI galatI ko sudhAra lenaa| 3. tadubhaya - AlocanA aura pratikramaNa- donoM ko svIkAra karanA / 4. viveka - galatI yA asadAcaraNa ko asadAcaraNa ke rUpa meM jAna lenA / 5. kAyotsarga - prAyazcittasvarUpa kAyotsarga karanA, athavA asadAcaraNa kA parityAga karanA / 6. tapasyA - aparAdha yA galatI ke hone para Atmazuddhi ke nimitta upavAsa Adi tapa svIkAra karanA / 7. cheda - muni-jIvana meM dIkSAparyAya kA kama kara denA cheda hai, arthAt aparAdhI bhikSu kI zramaNa - jIvana kI varIyatA ko kama karanA / 8. mUla - pUrva ke zramaNa - jIvana yA dIkSA paryAya ko samApta kara punaH dIkSA denA, athavA punaH nae sire se zramaNa- jIvana kA prArambha karanA / 9. parihAra - aparAdhI zramaNa ko zramaNa saMsthA se bahiSkRta karanA / 10. zraddhAna- mithyA dRSTikoNa ke utpanna ho jAne para usakA parityAga kara samyak darzana ko punaH prApta karanA / 2. vinaya - prAyazcitta binA vinaya ke sambhava nahIM hai| vinayazIla hI Atmazuddhi ke lie prAyazcitta grahaNa karatA hai / vinaya kA vAstavika artha variSTha evaM gurujanoM kA sammAna karate hue tathA unakI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate hue anuzAsita jIvana jInA hai / vinaya ke sAta bheda haiM- 1. jJAna - vinaya, 2. darzana - vinaya, 3. cAritra - vinaya, 4. manovinaya, 5. vacana - vinaya, 6. kAya-vinaya aura 7. lokopacAra- vinaya / ziSTAcAra ke rUpa meM kie gae bAhya upacAra ko lokopacAra- vinaya kahA jAtA hai| 3. vaiyAvRtya - vaiyAvRtya kA artha sevA-zuzrUSA karanA hai / bhikSu saMgha meM dasa prakAra Share sevA karanA bhikSu kA kartavya hai - 1. AcArya, 2. upAdhyAya, 3. tapasvI, 4. guru, 5. rogI, 6. vRddha muni, 7. sahapAThI, 8. apane bhikSu saMgha kA sadasya, 9. dIkSA sthavira aura 10. loka - sammAnita bhikSu / ina dasa kI sevA karanA vaiyAvRtya - tapa hai| isake atirikta, saMgha (samAja) kI sevA bhI bhikSu kA kartavya hai / 4. svAdhyAya - svAdhyAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha AdhyAtmika-sAhitya kA paThana pAThana evaM manana Adi hai| svAdhyAya ke pA~ca bheda haiM - 1. vAcanA : sadgranthoM kA paThana evaM adhyayana karanA /

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samyak - tapa tathA yoga-mArga 2. pRcchanA : utpanna zaMkAoM ke nirasana ke lie evaM navIna jJAna kI prApti ke nimitta vidvajjanoM se praznottara evaM vArtAlApa karanA / 133 3. anuprekSA : ': jJAna kI smRti ko banAe rakhane ke lie usakA cintana karanA evaM usa cintana ke dvArA arjita jJAna ko vizAla karanA anuprekSA hai / 4. AmnAya (parAvartana) : AmnAya yA parAvartana kA artha doharAnA hai| arjita jJAna sthAyitva ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai| 5. dharmakathA : dhArmika-upadeza karanA dharmakathA hai| 5. vyutsarga- vyutsarga kA artha tyAganA yA chor3anA hai / vyutsarga ke Abhyantara aura bAhya-do bheda haiM / bAhya- vyutsarga ke cAra bheda haiM - 1. kAyotsarga : kucha samaya ke lie zarIra se mamatva ko haTA lenA / 2. gaNa - vyutsarga : sAdhanA ke nimitta sAmUhika- jIvana ko chor3akara ekAMta meM akele sAdhanA karanA / 3. upadhi-vyutsarga : vastra, pAtra Adi muni - jIvana ke lie Avazyaka vastuoM tyAga karanA yA unameM kamI karanA / 4. bhaktapAna- vyutsarga : bhojana kA parityAga / yaha anazana kA hI rUpa hai| Abhyantara - vyutsarga tIna prakAra kA hai -- 1. kaSAya- vyutsarga : krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina cAra kaSAryo kA parityAga karanA / 2. gaNa - vyutsarga : sAdhanA ke nimitta sAmUhika jIvana ko chor3akara ekAMta meM akele sAdhanA karanA / 3. upadhi - vyutsarga: vastra, pAtra Adi muni - jIvana ke lie Avazyaka vastuoM kA tyAga karanA yA unameM kamI krnaa| 4. bhaktapAna- - vyutsarga : bhojana kA parityAga / yaha anazana kA hI rUpa hai| Abhyantara - vyutsarga tIna prakAra kA hai 1. kaSAya - vyutsarga: krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina cAra kaSAyoM kA parityAga karanA / 2. saMsAra - vyutsarga: prANImAtra ke prati rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyoM ko chor3akara sabake prati samatvabhAva rkhnaa| 3. karma - vyutsarga : AtmA kI malinatA mana, vacana aura zarIra kI vividha pravRttiyoM janma detI hai / isa malinatA ke parityAga ke dvArA zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika - pravRttiyoM kA nirodha karanA / 6. dhyAna - citta kI avasthAoM kA kisI viSaya para kendrita honA dhyAna hai|

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1 jaina - paramparA meM dhyAna ke cAra prakAra haiM- 1. Artta-dhyAna, 2. raudra-dhyAna, 3. dharmadhyAna aura 4. zukladhyAna / ArttadhyAna aura raudradhyAna citta kI dUSita pravRttiyA~ haiM, ataH sAdhanA evaM tapa kI dRSTi se unakA koI mUlya nahIM hai, ye donoM dhyAna tyAjya haiN| AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna- ye donoM mahatvapUrNa haiM, ataH ina para thor3I vistRta carcA karanA Avazyaka hai / 134 dharma-dhyAna- isakA artha hai citta-vizuddhi kA prArambhika abhyAsa | dharma- dhyAna ke lie ye cAra bAteM Avazyaka haiM- 1. Agama-jJAna, 2. anAsakti, 3. AtmasaMyama aura mumukSubhAva | dharma- dhyAna ke cAra prakAra haiM - 1. AjJA-vicaya: Agama ke anusAra tattva-svarUpa evaM kartavyoM kA cintana karanA / 2. apAya - vicaya : heya kyA hai, isakA vicAra karanA / 3. vipAka-vicaya : heya ke pariNAmoM kA vicAra karanA / 4. saMsthAna -vicaya : loka yA padArthoM kI AkRtiyoM, svarUpoM kA cintana krnaa| saMsthAna-vicayadharma-dhyAna punaH cAra upavibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai - (a) piNDastha - dhyAna - yaha kisI tattva-vizeSa ke svarUpa ke cintana para AdhArita hai| isakI pArthivI, AgneyI, mArutI, vAruNI aura tatvabhU-ye pA~ca dhAraNAe~ mAnI gaI haiN| ( ba ) padastha - dhyAna - yaha dhyAna pavitra maMtrAkSara Adi padoM kA avalambana karake kiyA jAtA hai| (sa) rUpastha - dhyAna - rAga, dveSa, moha Adi vikAroM se rahita arhanta kA dhyAna karanA hai| (da) rUpAtIta dhyAnanirAkAra, caitanya-svarUpa siddha paramAtmA kA dhyAna karanA / zukla - dhyAna - yaha dharma- dhyAna ke bAda kI sthiti hai| zukladhyAna ke dvArA mana ko zAnta aura niSprakampa kiyA jAtA hai| isakI antima pariNati mana kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha hai / zukla - dhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai - ( 1 ) pRthaktva - vitarka - savicAra - isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA kabhI artha kA cintana karate-karate zabda kA aura zabda kA cintana karatekara artha kA cintana karane lagatA hai| isa dhyAna meM artha, vyaMjana aura yoga kA saMkramaNa hote rahane para bhI dhyeya-dravya eka hI rahatA hai| (2) ekatva - vitarka - avicArI - artha, vyaMjana aura yoga-saMkramaNa se rahita, eka paryAya-viSayaka dhyAna ekatva - zruta- avicAra dhyAna kahalAtA hai / (3) sUkSmakriyA - apratipAtI - mana, vacana aura zarIra - vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAne evaM kevala zvAsocchvAsa kI sUkSma kriyA ke zeSa rahane para dhyAna kI yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| (4) samucchinna-kriyA - nivRtti - jaba mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA nirodha ho jAtA hai aura koI bhI sUkSma kriyA zeSa nahIM rahatI, usa avasthA ko samucchinna-kriyA - zukladhyAna kahate haiN| isa prakAra, zukladhyAna kI prathama avasthA se kramazaH Age bar3hate hue antima avasthA meM sAdhaka kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika, sabhI pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha kara anta meM siddhAvasthA prApta kara letA hai, jo ki naitika-sAdhanA aura yogasAdhanA kA antima lakSya hai| 45

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 135 gItA meM tapakA vargIkaraNa -vaidika-sAdhanA meM tapa kA sarvAMga vargIkaraNa gItA meM pratipAdita hai| gItA meM tapa kA doharA vargIkaraNa hai| eka, tapa ke svarUpa kA vargIkaraNa hai, to dUsarA, tapa kI upAdeyatA evaM zuddhatA kaa| __prathama svarUpa kI dRSTi se gItAkAra tapa ke tIna prakAra batAte haiM 46 - (1) zArIrika, (2) vAcika aura (3) maansik| 1. zArIrika-tapa - gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM zArIrika-tapa haiM - 1. deva, dvija, gurujanoM aura jJAnIjanoM kA pUjana (satkAra evaM sevA), 2. pavitratA (zarIra kI pavitratA evaM AcaraNa kI pavitratA), 3. saralatA (akapaTa), 4. brahmacarya aura 5. ahiMsA kA paaln| 2.vAcika-vAcika-tapake antargata krodhajAgrata nahIM karane vAlA,zAntiprada, priya evaM hitakAraka yathArtha bhASaNa, svAdhyAya evaM adhyayana-ye tIna prakAra Ate haiN| 3. mAnasika-tapa-mana kI prasannatA, zAnta-bhAva, mauna, manonigraha aura bhaavsNshuddhi| tapa kI zuddhatA evaM naitika-jIvana meM usakI upAdeyatA kI dRSTi se tapa ke tIna stara yA vibhAga gItA meM varNita haiM- 1. sAtvika-tapa, 2. rAjasa-tapa aura 3. taams-tp| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki uparyukta tInoM prakAra kA tapa zraddhApUrvaka, phala kI AkAMkSA se rahita evaM niSkAma-bhAva se kiyA jAtA hai, taba vaha sAtvika-tapa kahA jAtA hai, lekina jo tapa satkAra, mAna-pratiSThA athavA dikhAve ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha rAjasa-tapa kahA jAtA hai| 48 isI prakAra, jisa tapa meM mUr3hatApUrvaka apane ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA aura dUsare ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA hai aura dUsare kA aniSTa karane ke uddezya se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasatapa kahA jAtA hai| ___ vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se gItA aura jaina-vicAraNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki gItA ahiMsA, satya, brahmacarya evaM indriyanigraha, Arjava Adiko bhI tapakI koTi meM rakhatI hai, jabaki jaina-vicAraNA una para pA~ca mahAvratoM evaMdasa yatidharmoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra karatI hai| isI prakAra, gItA meM jaina-vicAraNA ke bAhya-tapoM para vizeSa vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke Abhyantara-tapoM para gItA meM tapa ke rUpa meM nahIM, varan alaga se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, kevala svAdhyAya para tapa ke rUpa meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dhyAna aura kAyotsarga kA yoga ke rUpa meM, vaiyAvRtya kAloka-saMgraha ke rUpa meM evaM vinaya para guNa ke rUpa meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prAyazcitta gItA meM zaraNAgati bana jAtA hai|| vaise, yadi samagra vaidika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se jaina-vargIkaraNa para vicAra kiyA jAe, to tapake lagabhaga ve sabhI prakAra vaidika-sAdhanA meM mAnya haiN| dharmasUtroM, vizeSakara vaikhAnasa-sUtra tathA anya smRti-granthoM ke AdhAra para ise siddha

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136 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAnArAyaNopaniSad meM to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki anazana se bar3hakara koI tapa nahIM hai / yadyapi gItA meM anazana (upavAsa) kI apekSA UnodarI-tapa ko hI adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| gItA yahA~ para madhyamamArgaapanAtI hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai, yoga naadhika khAne vAle logoM ke lie sambhava hai, na bilakula hI nakhAnevAle ke lie sambhava hai| yuktAhAravihAra vAlA hI yoga kI sAdhanA saralatApUrvaka kara sakatA hai| maharSi pataMjali ne tapa, svAdhyAya evaM Izvara-praNidhAna-ina tInoM ko kriyA-yoga kahA hai| bauddha-sAdhanA meM tapa kA vargIkaraNa-bauddha-sAhitya meM tapa kA koI samucita vargIkaraNa dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| majjhimanikAya' ke kandarakasutta meM eka vargIkaraNa hai, jisameM gItA ke samAna tapa kI zreSThatA evaM nikRSTatA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ buddha kahate haiM ki cAra prakAra ke manuSya hote haiM-(1) eka ve, jo Atmantapa haiM, parantu parantapa nahIM haiN| isa varga ke andara kaThora tapazcaryA karane vAle tapasvIgaNa Ate haiM, jo svayaM ko kaSTa dete haiM, lekina dUsare ko nhiiN| (2) dUsare ve, jo parantapa haiM,Atmantapa nhiiN| isa varga meM badhika tathA pazubali dene vAle Ate haiM, jodUsaro ko hI kaSTa dete haiN| (3) tIsare ve, jo Atmantapa bhI haiM aura parantapa bhI, arthAt ve loga jo svayaM bhI kaSTa uThAte haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI kaSTa dete haiM, jaise-tapazcaryA sahita yajJayAga karane vaale| (4) cautheve, jo Atmantapa bhI nahIM haiM aura parantapa bhI nahIM haiM, arthAt ve loga, jo na to svayaM ko kaSTa dete haiM aura na auroM ko hI kaSTa dete haiN| buddha bhI gItA ke samAna yaha kahate haiM ki jisa tapa meM svayaM ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA hai aura dUsare ko bhI kaSTa diyA jAtA hai, vaha nikRSTa hai / gItA aise tapa ko tAmasa kahatI hai| buddha apane zrAvakoM ko cauthe prakAra ke tapake sambandha meM upadeza dete haiM aura madhyamamArga ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para aise hI tapa ko zreSTha batAte haiM, jinameM na to svapIr3ana hai. na pr-piidd'n| jaina-vicAraNA uparyukta vargIkaraNa meM pahale aura cauthe ko svIkAra karatI hai aura kahatI hai ki yadi svayaM ke kaSTa uThAne se dUsaroM kA hita hotA hai aura hamArI mAnasika-zuddhi hotI hai, to pahalAhI varga sarvazreSTha hai aura cauthA varga madhyamamArga hai| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki vaha dUsare aura tIsare varga ke logoM ko kisI rUpa meM naitika yA tapasvI svIkAra nahIM krtii| ___ yadi hama jaina-paramparA aura gItA meM varNita tapa ke vibhinna prabhedoM para vicAra karake dekheM, to hameM unameM se adhikAMza bauddha-paramparA meM mAnya pratIta hote haiM (1) bauddha-bhikSuoM ke lie ati bhojana varjita hai, sAtha hI eka samaya bhojana karane kA Adeza hai, jo jaina-vicAraNA ke UnodarI-tapa se milatA hai| gItA meM bhI yogasAdhanA ke lie ati bhojana varjita hai| (2) bauddha-bhikSuoM ke lie rasAsakti kA niSedha hai| (3) bauddha-sAdhanA meM bhI vibhinna sukhAsanoM kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna milatA hai| yadyapi

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 137 AsanoM kI sAdhanA evaM zIta evaM tApa sahana karane kI dhAraNA bauddha-vicAraNA meM utanI kaThora nahIM hai, jitanI jaina-vicAraNA meN| (4) bhikSAcaryA jaina aura bauddha-donoM AcArapraNAliyoM meM svIkRta hai, yadyapi bhikSA-niyamoM kI kaThoratA jaina-sAdhanA meM adhika hai| (5) vivikta-zayanAsana-tapa bhI bauddha-vicAraNA meM svIkRta hai| bauddha-AgamoM meM araNyanivAsa, vRkSamUla-nivAsa, zmazAna-nivAsa karane vAle (jaina-paribhASA ke anusAra vivikta-zayanAsana-tapa karane vAle) dhutaMga-bhikSuoM kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai|aabhyntriktp ke chaha bheda bhI bauddha-paramparA meM svIkRta rahe haiM / (6) prAyazcitta bauddha-paramparA aura vaidika-paramparA meM svIkRta rahA hai| bauddha-AgamoM meM prAyazcitta ke lie pravAraNA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| (7) vinaya ke sambandha meM donoM hI vicAra-paramparAe~ ekamata haiN| (8) bauddhaparamparA meM bhI buddha, dharma, saMgha, rogI, vRddha evaM zikSArthI-bhikSuka kI sevA kA vidhAna hai| (9) isI prakAra, svAdhyAya evaM usameM vibhinna aMgoM kA vivecana bhI bauddha-paramparA meM upalabdha hai| buddha ne bhI vAcanA, pRcchanA, parAvartanA evaM cintana ko samAna mahatva diyA hai| (10)vyutsarga ke sambandha meM yadyapi buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyamamArgI hai, tathApive ise asvIkAra nahIM karate haiN| vyutsarga ke Antarika-prakAra to bauddha-paramparA meM bhI usI prakAra svIkRta rahe haiM, jisa prakAra ve jaina-darzana meM haiN| (11) dhyAna ke sambandha meM bauddha-dRSTikoNa bhI jainaparamparA ke nikaTa hI AtA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM cAra prakAra ke dhyAna mAne gae haiM 1. savitarka-savicAra-vivekajanya-prItisukhAtmaka prathama dhyaan| 2. vitarka-vicAra-rahita-samAdhija-prItisukhAtmaka dvitIya dhyaan| 3. prIti aura virAga se upekSaka ho smRti aura samprajanya se yukta upekSA-smRti sukhavihArI tRtIya dhyaan| 4.sukha-duHkha evaM saumanasya-daurmanasya se rahita asukha-aduHkhAtmaka upekSA evaM parizuddhi se yukta caturtha dhyaan| isa prakAra, cAroM dhyAna jaina-paramparA meM bhI thor3e zAbdika-antara ke sAtha upasthita haiM / yoga-paramparA meM bhI samApatti ke cAra prakAra batalAe haiM, jo ki jaina-paramparA ke samAna hI lagate haiN| samApatti ke cAra prakAra nimnAnusAra haiM- 1. savitarkA, 2. nirvitarkA, 3. savicArA, 4. nirvicaaraa| isa vivecanA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM jisa samyak tapa kA vidhAna hai, vaha anya bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bhI sAmAnyatayA svIkRta rahA hai| ____ jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAraNA meM jisa sambandha meM matabhinnatA hai, vaha haianazana yA upvaas-tp|bauddh aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana upavAsoM kI lambI tapasyA ko itanAmahatva nahIM dete, jitanA ki jaina-vicAraNA detI hai| isakA mUlakAraNa yaha hai ki bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana tapakI apekSAyogako adhika mahatva dete haiM, yadyapi yaha smaraNa

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138 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rakhane kI bAta hai ki jaina-darzana kI tapa sAdhanA yoga-sAdhanA se bhinna nahIM hai| pataMjali ne jisa aSTAMga-yogamArga kA upadeza diyA, vaha kucha tathyoM ko chor3akara jaina-vicAraNA meM bhI upalabdha hai| aSTAMga-yogaaura jaina-darzana-yoga-darzana meM yoga ke ATha aMga mAne gae haiM1. yama, 2. niyama, 3. Asana, 4. prANAyAma, 5. pratyAhAra, 6. dhAraNA, 7. dhyAna aura 8. smaadhi| inakA jaina-vicAraNA se kitanA sAmya hai, isa para vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogaa| __ 1. yama-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-ye paMca yama haiN| jainadarzana meM ye pAMcoM yamapaMca mahAvrata kahe gae haiN| jaina-darzana aura yoga-darzana meM inakI vyAkhyAe~ samAna haiN| 2.niyama-niyama bhI pA~ca hai-1.zauca, 2. santoSa, 3. tapa, 4. svAdhyAya aura 5. iishvrprnnidhaan| jaina-darzana meM ye pA~coM niyamaprasaMgAntarase mAnya haiN| jaina-darzana meM niyama ke sthAna para yoga-saMgrahakA vivecana upalabdha hai| jaina-AgamasamavAyAMga meM 32 yoga-saMgraha mAne haiM, yathA-1. apane kie hue pApoM kI gurujanoM ke pAsa AlocanA krnaa| 2. kisI kI AlocanA sunakara kisI aura ke pAsa na khnaa| 3. kaSTa Ane para dharma meM dRr3ha rhnaa| 4. kisI kI sahAyatA kI apekSA na karate hue tapa krnaa| 5. grahaNa-zikSA aura AsevanazikSA kA pAlana krnaa| 6. zarIra kI nissprtikrmtaa| 7. pUjA Adi kI AzA se rahita hokara ajJAna tapa krnaa| 8. lobhprityaag| 9. titikSA sahana krnaa| 10. RjutA (srltaa)| 11. zuci (sty-sNym)| 12. samyagdRSTi honaa| 13. samAdhistha honaa| 14. AcAra kA pAlana krnaa| 15. vinayazIla honaa| 16. dhRtipUrvaka matimAna honaa| 17. saMvegayukta honaa| 18. pranidhi- mAyA (kapaTa) na karanA / 19. suvidhisadanuSThAna / 20. saMvarayukta honaa| 21. apane doSoM kA nirodha karanA / 22. saba kAmoM (viSayoM) se virakta rhnaa| 23. mUlaguNoM kA zuddha pAlana krnaa| 24. uttaraguNoM kA zuddha pAlana krnaa| 25. vyutsarga krnaa| 26. pramAda na krnaa| 27. kSaNa-kSaNa meM sAmAcArIanuSThAna krnaa| 28. dhyAna-saMvarayoga krnaa| 29. mAraNAntika-kaSTa Ane para bhI apane dhyeya se vicalita na honaa| 30. saMga kA parityAga krnaa| 31. prAyazcitta grahaNa krnaa| 32. maraNakAla meM ArAdhaka bnnaa| 3. Asana-sthira evaM baiThane ke sukhada prakAra-vizeSa ko Asana kahA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM bAhya-tapa ke pAMcaveM kAyA-kleza meM AsanoM kA bhI samAveza hai| aupapAtika-sUtra evaM dazAzrutaskaMdhasUtra meM vIrAsana, bhadrAsana, goduhAsana aura sukhAsana Adi aneka AsanoM kA vivecana hai| 4. prANAyAma-prANa, apAna, samAna, udAna aura vyAna-ye pA~ca prANavAyu haiN| ina

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samyak - tapa tathA yoga-mArga prANavAyuoM para vijaya prApta karanA hI prANAyAma hai| isake recaka, pUraka aura kumbhaka - ye tIna bheda haiM / yadyapi jaina-dharma ke mUla AgamoM meM prANAyAma-sambandhI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi AcArya zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava aura AcArya hemacandra ke yogazAstra meM prANAyAma kA vistRta vivecana hai / 5. pratyAhAra - indriyoM kI bahirmukhatA ko samApta kara unheM antarmukhI karanA pratyAhAra hai| jaina darzana meM pratyAhAra ke sthAna para pratisaMlInatA zabda kA prayoga huA hai, vaha cAra prakAra kI hai 1. indriya- pratisaMlInatA, 2. kaSAya- pratisaMlInatA, 3. yogapratisaMlInatA aura 4. vivikta - zayanAsana - sevntaa| isa prakAra, yoga-darzana ke pratyAhAra kA samAveza jaina-darzana kI pratisaMlInatA meM ho jAtA hai / - 139 6. dhAraNA - citta kI ekAgratA ke lie use kisI sthAna - vizeSa para kendrita karanA dhAraNA hai / dhAraNA kA viSaya prathama sthUla hotA hai, to kramazaH sUkSma aura sUkSmatara hotA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM meM dhAraNA kA varNana svataMtra rUpa meM nahIM milatA, yadyapi usakA ullekha dhyAna ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM avazya huA hai| jaina - paramparA meM dhyAna kI avasthA meM nAsikAgra para dRSTi kendrita karane kA vidhAna hai / dazAzrutaskaMdhasUtra meM bhikSupratimAoM kA vivecana karate hue eka - pudgalanividRSTi kA ullekha hai| 7. dhyAna - jaina na-paramparA meM yoga-sAdhanA ke rUpa meM dhyAna kA vizeSa vivecana upalabdha hai / 8. samAdhi - cittavRtti kA sthira ho jAnA athavA usakA kSaya ho jAnA samAdhi hai| jaina-paramparA meM samAdhi zabda kA prayoga to kAphI huA hai, lekina samAdhi ko dhyAna se pRthak nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina- paramparA meM dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi- tInoM dhyAna meM hI samAviSTa hai| zukladhyAna kI avasthAe~ samAdhi ke tulya haiN| samAdhi ke do vibhAga kie gae haiM - 1. saMprajJAta -samAdhi aura 2. asaMprajJAta -samAdhi / saMprajJAta-samAdhi kA antarbhAva meM prathama do prakAra pRthaktvavitarka-savicAra aura ekatvavitarka- avicAra meM aura asaMprajJAta -samAdhi kA antarbhAva zukla - dhyAna ke antima do prakAra sUkSmakriyA- apratipAtI aura samucchinnakriyAnivRtti meM ho jAtA hai / 53 isa prakAra, aSTAMga yoga meM prANAyAma ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kA vivecana jainaAgamoM meM upalabdha hai| yahI nahIM, paravartI jainAcAryoM ne prANAyAma kA vivecana bhI kiyA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne to paMcAMga-yoga kA vivecana bhI kiyA hai, jisameM yoga ke nimna pA~ca aMga batAe haiM - 1. adhyAtma, 2. bhAvanA, 3. dhyAna, 4. samatA aura 5. vRttisaMkSaya / AcArya haribhadra ne yogadRSTisamuccaya, yoga- bindu aura yogaviMzikA; AcArya zubhacandra ne jJAnArNava tathA AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra kI racanA kara jaina- - paramparA meM yoga-vidyA kA vikAsa kiyA hai I

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana tapa kA sAmAnya svarUpa, eka mUlyAMkana - tapa zabda aneka arthoM meM bhAratIya AcAra-darzana meM prayukta huA hai aura jaba taka usakI sImAe~ nirdhArita nahIM kara lI jAta, usakA mUlyAMkana karanA kaThina hai| 'tapa' zabda eka artha meM tyAga-bhAvanA ko vyakta karatA hai| tyAga, cAhe vaha vaiyaktika svArtha evaM hitoM kA ho, cAhe vaiyaktika- sukhopalabdhiyoM kA ho, tapa kahA jA sakatA hai| sambhavataH, yaha tapa kI vistRta paribhASA hogI, lekina yaha tapa 140 niSedhAtmaka pakSa ko hI prastuta karatI hai| yahA~ tapa saMyama, indriya-nigraha aura dehadaNDana banakara raha jAtA hai| tapa mAtra tyAganA hI nahIM hai, upalabdha karanA bhI hai| tapa kA kevala visarjanAtmaka mUlya mAnanA bhrama hogaa| bhAratIya AcAra- darzanoM ne jahA~ tapa ke visarjanAtmaka mUlyoM kI guNa - gAthA gAyI hai, vahIM usake sRjAnAtmaka mUlya ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM tapa ko loka-kalyANa kA vidhAna karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| gItA kI loka-saMgraha kI aura jaina - paramparA kI vaiyAvRtya yA saMgha-sevA kI avadhAraNAe~ tapa ke vidhAyaka arthAt loka-kalyANakArI pakSa ko hI to abhivyakta karatI hai| bauddhaparamparA jaba 'bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya' kA udghoSa detI hai, taba vaha bhI tapa ke vidhAyaka - mUlya kA hI vidhAna karatI hai / sRjanAtmaka-pakSa meM tapa Atmopalabdhi hI hai, lekina yahA~ sva-Atman itanA vyApaka hotA hai ki usameM sva yA para kA bheda hI nahIM Tika pAtA hai aura isIlie eka tapasvI kA Atma-kalyANa aura loka-kalyANa paraspara virodhI nahIM hokara ekarUpa hote haiN| eka tapasvI ke AtmakalyANa meM lokaka-kalyANa samAviSTa rahatA hai aura usakA loka-kalyANa Atma-kalyANa hI hotA hai / tapa, cAhe vaha indriya-saMyama ho, citta nirodha ho, athavA loka-kalyANa yA bahujana hita ho, usake mahatva se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usakA vaiyaktika jIvana ke lie evaM samAja ke lie mahatva hai| DaoN. gapha Adi kucha pAzcAtya - vicArakoM ne tathA kisI sImA taka svayaM buddha ne bhI tapasyA ko Atma-niryAtana (Self Torture) yA svapIr3ana ke rUpa meM dekhA aura isI AdhAra para usakI AlocanA bhI kI hai| yadi tapasyA kA artha kevala Atma-niryAta yA svapIr3ana hI hai aura yadi isa AdhAra para usakI AlocanA kI gaI hai, to samucita kahI jA sakatI hai| jaina- vicAraNA aura gItA kI dhAraNA bhI isase sahamata hI hogI / lekina, yadi hamArI sukhopalabdhi ke lie parapIr3ana anivArya ho, to aisI sukhopalabdhi samAlocya bhAratIya AcAra - darzanoM dvArA tyAjya hI hogii| isI prakAra, yadi svapIr3ana yA parapIr3ana-donoM meM se kisI eka kA cunAva karanA ho, to svapIr3ana hI cunanA hogaa| naitikatA kA yahI takAjA hai| uparyukta donoM sthitiyoM meM svapIr3ana yA Atma-niryAtana ko kSamya mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| bhagavAna buddha svayaM aisI sthiti meM

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samyak - tapa tathA yoga-mArga svapIr3ana yA Atma-niryAtana ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadi cittavRtti yA vAsanAoM ke nirodha ke lie Atma-niryAtana Avazyaka ho, to ise svIkAra karanA hogaa| - bhAratIya AcAra-paramparAoM evaM vizeSakara jaina AcAra-paramparA meM tapa ke sAtha zArIrika kaSTa sahane yA Atma-niryAtana kA jo adhyAya jur3A hai, usake pIche bhI kucha tarkoM to hai hI / deha-daNDana kI praNAlI ke pIche nimnalikhirka die jA sakate haiM 1. sAmAnya niyama hai ki sukha kI upalabdhi ke nimitta kucha na kucha duHkha to uThAnA hI hotA hai, phira Atma-sukhopalabdhi ke lie koI kaSTa na uThAnA par3e, yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? 2. tapa svayaM ko svecchApUrvaka kaSTaprada sthiti meM DAlakara apane vaicArika-samatva kA parIkSaNa karanA evaM abhyAsa karanA hai / 'sukha duHkhe samaM kRtvA' kahanA sahaja ho sakatA hai, lekina Thosa abhyAsa ke binA yaha AdhyAtmika jIvana kA aMga nahIM bana sakatA aura yadi vaiyaktika - jIvana meM aise sahaja avasara upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, to svayaM ko kaSTaprada sthiti meM DAlakara apane vaicArika-samatva kA abhyAsa yA parIkSaNa karanA hogaa| 3. yaha kahanA sahaja hai ki 'maiM caitanya hU~, deha jar3a hai,' lekina zarIra aura AtmA ke bIca, jar3a aura cetana ke bIca, puruSa aura prakRti ke bIca, sat brahma aura mithyA jagat ke jasa anubhavAtmaka bheda - vijJAnarUpa samyagjJAna kI AvazyakatA hai, usakI saccI kasauTI to yahI Atma-niryAtana kI prakriyA hai / deha - daNDana yA kAya - kleza vaha agniparIkSA hai, jisameM vyakti apane bhedajJAna kI niSThA kA saccA parIkSaNa kara sakatA hai| uparyukta AdhAra para hamane jisa deha - daNDana yA Atma-niryAtanarUpa tapasyA kA samarthana kiyA hai, vaha jJAna - samanvita tapa hai / jisa tapa meM samatva kI sAdhanA nahIM, bhedavijJAna kA jJAna nahIM, aisA deha - daNDanarUpa tapa jaina-sAdhanA ko bilakula mAnya nahIM hai / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura tApasa kamaTha ke bIca tapa kA yahI svarUpa to vivAda kA viSaya thA aura jisameM pArzvanAtha ne ajJAnajanita deha-daNDana kI praNAlI kI nindA kI thI / svAdhyAya tapa kA jJAnAtmaka svarUpa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM ne svAdhyAya ko tapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara tapa ke jJAna samanvita svarUpa para hI jora diyA hai| gItAkAra jJAna aura tapa ko sAtha-sAtha dekhatA hai| 54 bhagavAn buddha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ajJAnayukta tapa kI nindA samAna rUpa se kI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM ki jo ajJAnIjana mAsa-mAsa kI tapasyA karate haiM, usakI samApti para kevala kuzAgra jitanA anna grahaNa karate haiM, ve jJAnI kI solahavIM kalA ke barAbara dharma kA AcaraNa nahIM karate / " yahI bAta inhIM zabdoM meM buddha ne bhI kahI hai| 56 donoM kathanoM meM zabda - sAmya vizeSa draSTavya hai / isa prakAra, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- -darzana ajJAnayukta tapa ko heya samajhate haiN| deha - daNDana ko yadi kucha DhIle artha meM liyA jAe, to usakI vyAvahArika - 141

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana upAdeyatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| jaise vyAyAma ke rUpa meM kiyA huA deha - daNDana (zArIrikakaSTa) svAsthya-rakSA evaM zakti-saMcaya kA kAraNa hokara jIvana ke vyAvahArika kSetra meM bhI lAbhaprada hotA hai, vaise hI tapasyA ke rUpa meM deha-daNDana kA abhyAsa karane vAlA apane zarIra meM kaSTa-sahiSNu zakti vikasita kara letA hai, jo vAsanAoM ke saMgharSa meM hI nahIM, jIvana kI sAmAnya sthitiyoM meM bhI sahAyaka hotI hai| eka upavAsa kA abhyAsI vyakti yadi kisI paristhiti meM bhojana prApta nahIM kara pAtA, to itanA vyAkula nahIM hotA, jitanA anabhyasta vyakti / kaSTa-sahiSNutA kA abhyAsa AdhyAtmika pragati ke lie Avazyaka hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke binA zArIrika- yantraNA apane-Apa meM koI tapa nahIM hai, usameM bhI yadi isa zArIrika - yantraNA ke pIche laukika yA pAralaukika- svArtha hai, to phira use tapasyA kahanA mahAn mUrkhatA hogii| jaina- dArzanika bhASA meM, tapasyA meM deha - daNDana kiyA nahIM jAtA, ho jAtA hai| tapasyA kA prayojana Atma-parizodhana hai, na ki dehaus | ghRta kI zuddhi ke lie ghRta ko tapAnA hotA hai, na ki pAtra ko, usI prakAra Atmama-zuddhi ke lie Atma-1 ma-vikAroM ko tapAyA jAtA hai, na ki zarIra ko / zarIra to AtmA kA bhAjana (pAtra) hone se tapa jAtA hai, tapAyA nahIM jaataa| jisa tapa meM mAnasikakaSTa ho, vedanA ho, pIr3A ho, vaha tapa nahIM hai| pIr3A kA honA eka bAta hai aura pIr3A kI vyAkulatA kI anubhUti karanA dUsarI bAta hai / tapa meM pIr3A ho sakatI hai, lekina pIr3A kI vyAkulatA kI anubhUti nhiiN| pIr3A zarIra kA dharma hai, vyAkulatA kI anubhUti AtmA kaa| aise aneka udAharaNa haiM, jinameM ina donoM ko alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina-bAlaka jaba upavAsa karatA hai, to use bhUkha kI pIr3A avazya hogI, lekina vaha pIr3A kI vyAkulatA kI anubhUti nahIM krtaa| vaha upavAsa tapa ke rUpa meM karatA hai aura tapa to AtmA kA Ananda hai| vaha jIvana ke sauSThava ko naSTa nahIM karatA, varan jIvana ke Ananda ko pariSkRta karatA hai / 142 punaH, tapa ko kevala deha - daNDana mAnanA bahuta bar3A bhrama hai| deha - daNDana tapa kA eka choTA-sA prakAra - mAtra hai / 'tapa' zabda apane-Apa meM vyApaka hai| vibhinna sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM ne tapa kI vibhinna paribhASAe~ kI hai aura una sabakA samanvita svarUpa hI tapa kI eka pUrNa paribhASA ko vyAkhyAyita kara sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM, jIvana ke zodhana evaM pariSkAra ke lie kie gae samagra prayAsa tapa haiM / yaha tapa kI nirvivAda paribhASA hai, jisake mUlyAMkana ke prayAsa kI AvazyakatA hI pratIta nahIM hotI hai / jIvana - pariSkAra ke prayAsa kA mUlya sarvagrAhya hai, sarvasvIkRta hai| isa para na kisI pUrva vAle ko Apatti ho sakatI hai, na pazcimavAle ko / yahA~ AtmavAdI aura bhautikavAdI- sabhI samabhUmi para sthita haiM aura yadi hama tapa kI uparyukta paribhASA ko svIkRta karake calate haiM, to niSedhAtmaka dRSTi se tRSNA, rAga, dveSa Adi citta kI samasta akuzala wy

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 143 (azubha) vRttiyoM kA nivAraNa evaM vidheyAtmaka-dRSTi se sabhI kuzala (zubha) vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM kA sampAdana tapa' kahA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya-RSiyoM ne hamezA tapa ko virAT artha meM hI dekhA hai| yahA~ zraddhA, jJAna, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, Arjava, mArdava, kSamA, saMyama, samAdhi, satya, svAdhyAya, adhyayana, sevAsatkAra Adi sabhI zubha guNoM ko tapa mAna liyA gayA hai|57 ___aba jaina-paramparA meM svIkRta tapa ke bhedoM ke mUlyAMkana kA kiMcit prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| anazana meM kitanI zakti ho sakatI hai, ise Aja gA~dhI-yuga kA hara vyakti jAnatA hai| hama to usake pratyakSa prayoga dekha cuke haiM / sarvodaya samAja-racanA to upavAsa ke mUlya ko svIkAra karatI hI hai, deza meM utpanna anna-saMkaTa kI samasyA ne bhI isa ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| ina sabake sAtha Aja cikitsaka evaM vaijJAnika bhI inakI upAdeyatA ko siddha kara cuke haiM / prAkRtika cikitsA-praNAlI kA to mUla AdhAra hI upavAsa hai| isI prakAra, UnodarI yA bhUkha se kama bhojana, niyamita bhojana tathArasa-parityAga kA bhI svAsthya kI dRSTi se paryApta mUlya hai, sAtha hI yaha saMyama evaM indriyajaya meM bhI sahAyaka hai| gAMdhIjI ne to isI se prabhAvita ho gyAraha vratoM meM asvAda-vrata kA vidhAna kiyA thaa| yadyapi vartamAna yuga bhikSA-vRtti ko ucita nahIM mAnatA hai, tathApi samAja-vyavasthA kI dRSTi se isakA dUsarA pahalU bhI hai| jaina AcAra-vyavasthA meM bhikSAvRtti ke jo niyama pratipAdita haiM, ve apane-Apa meM itane sabala haiM ki bhikSAvRtti ke sambhAvita doSoM kA nirAkaraNa svataH ho jAtA hai| bhikSAvRtti ke lie ahaM kA tyAga Avazyaka hai aura naitikadRSTi se usakA kama mUlya nahIM hai|| isI prakAra, Asana-sAdhanA aura ekAMtavAsa kA yoga-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se mUlya hai| Asana yoga-sAdhanA kA eka anivArya aMga hai| tapa ke Abhyantara-bhedoM meM dhyAna aura kAyotsarga kA bhI sAdhanAtmaka-mUlya hai| punaH; svAdhyAya, vaiyAvRtya (sevA) evaM vinaya (anuzAsana) kA tosAmAjika evaM vaiyaktikadonoM dRSTiyoM se bar3A mahatva hai| sevAbhAva aura anuzAsita jIvana-ye donoM sabhya samAja ke Avazyaka guNa haiN| IsAI-dharma meM to isa sevAbhAva ko kAphI adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| Aja usake vyApaka pracAra kA ekamAtra kAraNa usakI sevA-bhAvanA hI to hai| manuSya ke lie sevAbhAva eka Avazyaka tattva hai, jo apane prArambhika-kSetra meM parivAra se prArambha hokara 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' taka kA vizAla Adarza prastuta karatA hai| svAdhyAya kA mahatva AdhyAtmika-vikAsa aura jJAnAtmaka-vikAsa-donoM dRSTiyoM

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana se hai| eka ora, vaha sva kA adhyayana hai, to dUsarI ora, jJAna kA anushiiln| jJAna aura vijJAna kI sArI pragati ke mUla meM to svAdhyAya hI hai / 144 prAyazcitta eka prakAra se aparAdhI dvArA svayAcita daNDa hai| yadi vyakti meM prAyazcitta kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho jAtI hai, to usakA jIvana hI badala jAtA hai| jisa samAja meM aise loga hoM, vaha samAja to Adarza hI hogaa| vAstava meM to tapa ke ina vibhinna aMgoM ke itane adhika pahalU haiM ki jinakA samucita mUlyAMkana sahaja nahIM / tapa AcaraNa meM vyakta hotA hai| vaha AcaraNa hI hai| use zabdoM meM vyakta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| tapa AtmA kI uSA hai, jise zabdoM meM bA~dhA nahIM jA sktaa| yaha kisI eka AcAra-darzana kI bapautI nahIM, vaha to pratyeka jAgrata AtmA kI anubhUti hai| usakI anubhUti se hI mana ke kaluSa dhulane lagate haiM, vAsanAe~ zithila ho jAtI haiM, ahaM galane lagatA hai| tRSNA aura kaSAryo kI agni tapa kI uSmA ke prakaTa hote hI niHzeSa jAtI hai| jar3atA kSINa ho jAtI hai| cetanA aura Ananda kA eka nayA AyAma khula jAtA hai, eka navIna anubhUti hotI hai| zabda aura bhASA mauna ho jAtI hai, AcaraNa kI vANI mukharita hone lagatI hai| tapa kA yahI jIvanta aura jAgrata zAzvata svarUpa hai, jo sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika hai| sabhI sAdhanA-paddhatiyA~ ise mAnakara calatI haiM aura deza-kAla ke anusAra isake kisI eka dvAra se sAdhakoM ko tapa ke isa bhavya mahala meM lAne kA prayAsa karatI haiM, jahA~ sAdhaka apane paramAtmasvarUpa kA darzana karatA hai, Atman brahma yA Izvara kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| tapa eka aisA prazasta - yoga hai, jo AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3a detA hai, AtmA kA pariSkAra kara use paramAtma-svarUpa banA detA hai| sandarbha grantha - 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28/2, 3, 35, darzanapAhuDa, 32 2. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 71-72 3. jIvanasAhitya, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 197-198 . dazavaikAlika, 1/1 5. dekhie - zrImadbhAgavata, 5/2, majjhimanikAya - cUla dukkhakkhandha su 4. 6. Rgveda, 10/190/1 7. manusmRti, 11/243 8. muNDakopaniSad, 1/1/8 9. atharvaveda, 11/3/5/19

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samyak-tapa tathA yoga-mArga 145 10. vahI, 19/5/41 11. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 3/4/4/27 12. uttarAdhyayana, 28/11, taittirIya-upaniSad, 3/2/3/4 13. manusmRti, 11/237 14. vahI, 11/238 15. vahI, 11/239 16. suttanipAta, 16/10 17. vahI, 4/2 18. aMguttaranikAya, diTThivajasutta 19. majjhimanikAya-mahAsIhanAdasutta 20. suttanipAta, 27/20 21. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIyadarzana, pR. 4 22. iNDiyana philAsaphI, bhAga 1, pR. 436 23. samadarzI haribhadra, pR. 67 24. vahI. pR. 67 25. samadarzI haribhadra, pR. 37-38 26. gItA, 18/5 27. vahI, 17/6, 19 28. vahI, 6/46 29. uttarAdhyayana, 28/35 30. vahI, 29/27 31. vahI, 28/36, 30/6 32. vahI, 30/1 33. muNDakopaniSad, 1/1/8 34. taittirIya upaniSad, 3/2/3/4 35. muNDakopaniSad, 1/3/5 36. vahI, 2/11 37. yogasUtra, sAdhanapAda, 43 38. buddhalIlAsArasaMgraha, pR. 280-281 39. uttarAdhyayana 30/7 40. vahI, 20/8-28 41. sarvArthasiddhi, 9/19

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146 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 42. mUlAcAra, 5/153 43. uttarAdhyayana, 30 /29-36 44. tattvArthasUtra, 9/22 45. vizeSa vivecana ke lie dekhie - yogazAstra - prakAza 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 46. gItA, 17 / 14-16 47. vahI, 17/17-19 48. tulanA kIjie - sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8 /24 49. mahAnArAyaNopaniSad, 21 / 2 50. gItA, 6/16-17- tulanA kIjie - sUtrakRtAMga 1/8/25 51. majjhimanikAya kandarakasutta, pR. 207-210 52. samavAyAMga 32 53. vistRta evaM sapramANa tulanA ke lie dekhie - jainAgamoM meM aSTAMga yoga / 54. dekhie - gItA 16 / 1, 17, 15, 4 / 10, 4/28 55. mAse mAse tu jo bAlo kusaggeNaM tu bhuNje| na so sukkhAyadhammassakalaM agghai solasiM // - uttarAdhyayana, 9/44 56. mAse mAse kusaggena bAlo bhuMjetha bhojanaM / so saMkhadhammAnaM kalaM agghati solasiM // - dhammapada, 70 57. gItA, 17 / 14-19

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 8 622 147 nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga nivRttimArga evaM pravRttimArga kA vikAsa I AcAra - darzana ke kSetra meM pravRtti aura nivRtti kA prazna sadaiva hI gambhIra vicAra kA viSaya rahA hai| AcaraNa ke kSetra meM hI anaitikatA kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai, kriyA meM hI bandhana kI kSamatA hotI hai, isalie kahA gayA ki karma se bandhana hotA hai| prazna uThatA hai ki yadi karma athavA AcaraNa hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, to phira kyoM na ise tyAgakara niSkriyatA kA jIvana apanAyA jaae| basa, isI vicAra ke mUla meM nivRttivAdI athavA naiSkarmyavAdI saMnyAsamArga kA bIja hai / niSpApa jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM hI nivRttivAdI paramparA manuSya ko karmakSetra se dUra nirjana vanakhaNDa evaM giriguphAoM meM le gaI, jahA~ yathAsambhava niSkarma jIvana sulabhatApUrvaka bitAyA jA ske| dUsarI ora, jina logoM ne karmakSetra se bhAganA to nahIM cAhA, lekina pApa ke bhaya evaM bhAvI sukhada jIvana kI kalpanA se apane ko mukta nahIM rakha sake, unhoMne pApa - nivRtti evaM jIvana kI maMgalakAmanA ke lie kisI aisI adRzya sattA meM vizvAsa kiyA, jo unheM Acarita pApa se mukta kara sake aura jIvana meM sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdha kraae| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne usa sattA ko prasanna karane ke lie aneka vidhi-vidhAnoM kA nirmANa kara liyA aura yahIM se pravRtti-mArga yA karmakANDa kI paramparA kA udbhava huaa| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ke itihAsa kA pUrvArddha pramukhataH ina donoM nivartaka evaM pravarttaka dharmoM ke udbhava, vikAsa aura saMgharSa kA itihAsa hai, jabaki uttarArddha inake samanvaya kA itihAsa hai / jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA vikAsa ina donoM paramparAoM saMgharSa - antima caraNa meM huA hai| inhoMne isa saMgharSa ko miTAne ke hetu samanvaya kI naI dizA dI / jaina evaM bauddha vicAra - paramparAe~ yadyapi nivartaka-dharma kI hI zAkhAe thIM, tathApi unhoMne apane andara pravarttaka-dharma ke kucha tattvoM kA samAveza kiyA aura unheM naI paribhASAeM pradAna kI, lekina gItA to samanvaya ke vicAra ko lekara hI Age AI thii| gItA anAsaktiyoga ke dvArA pravRtti aura nivRtti kA sumela karAne kA prayAsa hai| nivRtti - pravRtti ke vibhinna artha - nivRtti evaM pravRtti zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hote rahe haiN| sAdhAraNatayA, nivRtti kA artha hai- alaga honA aura pravRtti kA artha hai-pravRtta honA yA laganA, lekina ina arthoM ko lAkSaNika rUpa meM lete hue pravRtti aura nivRtti ke aneka artha kie gae / yahA~ vibhinna arthoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vicAra kreNge|

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148 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pravRtti aura nivRtti sakriyatA evaM niSkriyatA ke artha meM nivRttizabda niH + vRtti-ina dozabdoM ke yoga se banA hai| vRtti se tAtparya kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAeM haiN| vRtti ke sAtha lagA huA nis upasarga niSedha kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra, nivRtti zabda kA artha hotA hai-kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika-kriyAoM kA abhAva / nivRttiparakatA kA yaha artha lagAyA jAtA hai ki kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAoM ke abhAva kI ora bar3hanA, unako chor3anA yA kama karate jAnA, jise hama karma-saMnyAsa kaha sakate haiN| isa prakAra, samajhA yaha jAtA hai ki nivRtti kA artha jIvana se palAyana hai, mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika-karmoM kI niSkriyatA hai, lekina bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM meM se koI bhI nivRtti ko niSkriyatA ke artha meM svIkAra nahIM karatA, kyoMki karma-kSetra meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAoM kI pUrNa niSkriyatA sambhava hI nahIM hai| jaina-dRSTikoNa - yadyapi jainadharma meM mukti ke lie mana, vANI aura zarIra kI vattiyoM kA nirodha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI usameM vizuddha cetanA evaM zuddha jJAna kI avasthA pUrNa niSkriyAvasthA nahIM hai| jainadharma to muktadazA meM bhI AtmA meM jJAna kI apekSA se pariNamanazIlatA (sakriyatA) ko svIkAra kara pUrNa niSkriyatA kI avadhAraNA ko asvIkAra kara detA hai| jahA~ taka daihika evaM laukika-jIvana kI bAta hai, jaina-darzana pUrNa niSkriya avasthA kI sambhAvanA ko hI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| karma-kSetra meM kSaNamAtra ke lie bhI aisI avasthA nahIM hotI, jaba prANI kI mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samagra kriyAeM pUrNataH niruddha ho jaaeN| usake anusAra, anAsakta jIvanmukta arhat meM bhI ina kriyAoM kA abhAva nahIM hotaa| samasta vRttiyoM ke nirodha kA kAla aise mahApuruSoM ke jIvana meM bhI eka kSaNamAtra kA hI hotA hai, jabaki ve apane parinirvANa kI taiyArI meM hote haiN| mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samasta kriyAoM ke pUrNa nirodha kI avasthA (jise jaina pAribhASika-zabdoM meM ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai) kI kAlAvadhi pA~ca hrasva svaroM ke uccAraNa meM lagane vAle samaya ke barAbara hotI hai| isa prakAra, jIvanamukta avasthA meM bhI ina kSaNoM ke atirikta pUrNa niSkriyatA ke lie koI avasara hI nahIM hotA, phira sAmAnya prANI kI bAta hI kyA ?jaba AtmA kRtakArya ho jAtI hai, taba bhI vaha arhatAvasthA yA tIrthaMkara-dazA meM niSkriya nahIM hotI, varan saMgha-sevA aura prANiyoM ke AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke lie satata prayatnazIla rahatI hai| tIrthaMkaratva athavAarhatAvasthA prApta karane ke bAda saMgha-sthApanA aura dharma-cakrapravartana kI sArI kriyAeM lokahita kI dRSTi se kI jAtI haiM, jo yahI batAtI haiM ki jainavicAraNA na kevala sAdhanA ke pUrvAMga ke rUpa meM kriyAzIlatA ko Avazyaka mAnatI hai, varan

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 149 sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt bhI sakriya jIvana ko Avazyaka mAnatI hai, ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-darzana meM nivRtti ko niSkriyatA ke artha meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya zuddha AdhyAtmika-jJAnadazA ke atirikta samasta zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika-karmoM kI pUrNa nivRtti hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM aisI niSkriyatA kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM hai| vaha mAnatI hai ki jaba taka zarIra hai, taba taka zarIra-dharmoM kI nivRtti sambhava nahIM hai| jIvana ke lie pravRtti nitAnta Avazyaka hai, lekina mana, vacana aura tana ko azubha pravRtti meM na lagAkarazuddha pravRtti meM lagAnA naitika-sAdhanAkA saccA mArga hai| mana, vacana evaM tana kA ayukta AcaraNa hI doSapUrNa hai, yukta AcaraNa to guNavarddhaka hai| bauddha-dRSTikoNa-bauddha AcAra-darzana meM bhI pUrNa niSkriyatAkI sambhAvanA svIkAra nahIM kI gaI hai| yahI nahIM, aise aneka prasaMga haiM, jinake AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha-sAdhanA niSkriyatA kA upadeza nahIM detii| vinayapiTaka ke cUlavagga meM arhat darbha vicAra karate haiM ki maiMne apane bhikSu-jIvana ke sAtaveM varSa meM hI arhatva prApta kara liyA, maiMne vaha saba jJAna bhI prApta kara liyA, jo kiyA jA sakatA hai, aba mere lie koI bhI karttavya zeSa nahIM hai, phira bhI mere dvArA saMgha kI kyA sevA ho sakatI hai ? yaha mere lie acchA kArya hogA ki maiM saMgha ke AvAsa aura bhojana kA prabandha kruuN|ve apane vicAra buddha ke samakSa rakhate haiM aura bhagavAn buddha unheM isa kArya ke lie niyukta karate haiM ?' itanAhI nahIM, mahAyAna-zAkhA meM to bodhisatva kAAdarza apanI mukti kI icchA nahIM rakhatA huA sadaiva hI mana, vacana aura tana se prANiyoM ke duHkha dUra karane kI bhAvanA karatA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke dvArA bodhilAbhake pazcAt kie gae saMgha-pravartana evaM lokamaMgala ke kArya spaSTa batAte haiM ki lakSya-viddha ho jAne para bhI naiSkarmyatA kA jIvana jInA apekSita nahIM hai| bodhilAbha ke pazcAt svayaM buddha bhI upadeza karane meM anutsuka hue the, lekina bAda meM unhoMne apane isa vicAra ko chor3akara lokamaMgala ke lie pravRtti prArambha kii| gItA kA dRSTikoNa-- gItA kA AcAra-darzana bhI yahI kahatA hai ki koI bhI prANI kisI bhI kAla meM kSaNamAtra ke lie bhI binA karma kie nahIM rhtaa| sabhI prANI prakRti se utpanna guNoM ke dvArA paravaza hue karma karate hI rahate haiN| gItA kA AcAra-darzana to sAdhaka aura siddha-donoM ke lie karmamArga kA upadeza detA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna! jo puruSa mana se indriyoM ko vaza meM karake anAsakta huA karmendriyoM se karmayoga kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha zreSTha hai, isalie tUzAstravidhi se niyata kie hue svadharmarUpa karma ko kara, kyoMki karma na karane kI apekSA karma karanA zreSTha hai tathA karma na karane se to zarIranirvAha bhI siddha nahIM hogaa| bandhana ke bhaya se bhI karmoM kA tyAga karanA yogya nahIM hai| he

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150 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana arjuna! yadyapi mujhe tInoM lokoM meM kucha bhI karttavya nahIM hai tathA kiMcit bhI prApta hone yogya vastu aprApta nahIM hai, to bhI maiM karma meM hI bartatA hU~, isalie he bhArata ! karma meM Asakta hue ajJAnIjana jaise karma karate haiM, vaise hI anAsakta huA vidvAn bhI lokazikSA ko cAhatA huA karma kre| gItA kI bhaktimArgIya-vyAkhyAe~ to mokSa kI avasthA meM bhI niSkriyatA ko svIkAra na kara mukta AtmA ko sadaiva hI Izvara kI sevA meM tatpara banAe rakhatI haiN| isa prakAra, spaSTa hai ki jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM nivRtti kA artha niSkriyatA nahIM hai| unake anusAra, nivRtti kA yaha tAtparya kadApi nahIM hai ki jIvana meM niSkriyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jaae| na to sAdhanA-kAla meM hI niSkriyatA kA koI sthAna hai aura na naitika-Adarza (arhat-avasthA yA jIvanmukti) kI upalabdhi ke pazcAt hI niSkriyatA apekSita hai| kRtakRtya hone para bhI tIrthaMkara, samyak sambuddha aura puruSottama kA jIvana satata rUpa se kRtyAtmakatA kA hI paricaya detA hai aura batAtA hai ki lakSya kI siddhi ke pazcAt bhI lokahita ke lie prayAsa karate rahanA caahie| gRhastha-dharma banAma saMnyAsa-dharma jaina aura bauddha-dRSTikoNa- yaha bhI samajhA jAtA hai ki nivRtti kA artha saMnyAsamArga hai, arthAt gRhastha jIvana ke karmakSetra se plaayn| yadi isa artha ke sandarbha meM nivRtti kA vicAra kareM, to svIkAra karanA hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma nirvataka-dharma haiM, kyoMki donoM AcAra-paramparAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se saMnyAsa-dharma kI pradhAnatA evaM zreSThatA svIkRta hai| jainAgama dazaivakAlikasatra meM kahA gayA hai - gRhastha-jIvana klezayukta hai - saMnyAsa klezazUnya hai, gRhasthavAsa bandhanakAraka hai, saMnyAsa muktipradAtA hai| gRhastha-jIvana pApakArI hai, saMnyAsa niSpApa hai|', bauddha-graMtha suttanipAta meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha gRhavAsa kaMTakoM se pUrNa hai, vAsanAoM kA ghara hai, pravrajyA khule AkAza jaisI nirmala hai| pravRtti aura nivRtti ke ukta artha ke AdhAra para jaina evaM bauddha-paramparAe~ nivRttilakSI hI ThaharatI haiN| donoM AcAra-darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki paramazreya kI upalabdhi ke lie jisa Atma-santoSa. anAsaktavRtti, mAdhyasthabhAva yA samatvabhAva kI apekSA hai, vaha gRhastha-jIvana meM cAhe asAdhya nahIM ho, to bhI susAdhya to nahIM hI hai| isake lie jisa ekAnta, nirmohI evaMzAnta jIvana kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha gRhastha-avasthA meM sulabha nahIM hai, ataH saMnyAsamArga hI eka aisA mArga hai, jisameM sAdhanA ke lie vighna-bAdhAoM kI sambhAvanAe~ kama hotI haiN| saMnyAsa-mArga para adhika bala-jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ke anusAra gRhIjIvana naitika-paramazreya kI alabdhi kA eka aisA mArga hai, jo sarala hote hue bhI bhaya se pUrNa hai, jabaki saMnyAsa aisA mArga hai, jo kaThora hone para bhI bhayapUrNa nahIM hai| gRhIjIvana meM sAdhanA

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga - - ke mUla tattva, arthAt manaHsthiratA ko prApta karanA duSkara hai| saMnyAsa - mArga sAdhanA kI vyAvahArika dRSTi se kaThora pratIta hote hue bhI vastutaH susAdhya hai, jabaki gRhastha - mArga vyAvahArika dRSTi se susAdhya pratIta hote hue bhI duHsAdhya hai, kyoMki naitika-vikAsa ke lie jisa mano-santulana kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha saMnyAsa meM sahaja prApta hai, usameM cittavicalana ke avasara ati nyUna haiM, jabaki gRhastha jIvana vana- khaNDa kI taraha bAdhAoM se bharA hai| jaise girikandarAoM meM surakSita rahane ke lie vizeSa sAhasa evaM yogyatA apekSita hai, vaise hI gRhastha-jIvana meM naitika- pUrNatA prApta karanA vizeSa yogyatA kA hI paricAyaka hai| gRhI - jIvana meM sAdhanA ke mUla tattva, arthAt manaH sthiratA ko surakSita rakhate hue lakSya taka pahuMca pAnA kaThina hotA hai| rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM kI upasthiti kI sambhAvanA gRha-jIvana meM adhika hotI hai, ataH una prasaMgoM meM rAga-dveSa nahIM karanA yA anAsakti rakhanA eka duHsAdhya sthiti hai, jabaki saMnyAsamArga meM ina prasaMgoM kI upasthiti ke avasara alpa hote haiM, ataH isameM naitikatA kI samatvarUpI sAdhanA sarala hotI hai| gRhastha jIvana meM sAdhanA kI ora jAne vAlA rAstA phisalana bharA hai, jisameM kadama-kadama para satarkatA kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi sAdhaka eka kSaNa ke lie bhI AvegoM ke pravAha meM nahIM saMbhalA, to phira baca pAnA kaThina hotA hai / vAsanAoM ke bavaMDara ke madhya rahate hue bhI unase aprabhAvita rahanA sahaja kArya nahIM hai| mahAvIra aura buddha ne mAnava kI ina durbalatAoM ko samajhakara hI saMnyAsamArga para jora diyaa| jaina aura bauddha darzana meM saMnyAsa nirApada mArga - mahAvIra yA buddha kI dRSTi meM saMnyAsa yA gRhastha-dharma naitika jIvana ke lakSya nahIM haiM, varan sAdhana haiN| naitikatA saMnyAsadharma yA gRhasthadharma kI prakriyA meM nahIM hai, varanU citta kI samatvavRtti meM hai, rAga-dveSa ke prahANa meM hai, mAdhyasthabhAva meM hai| naitika mUlya to mAnasika-samatva yA anAsakti kA hai| mahAvIra yA buddha kA Agraha kabhI bhI sAdhanoM ke lie nahIM rhaa| unakA Agraha to sAdhya ke lie hai / hA~, ve yaha avazya mAnate haiM ki naitikatA ke isa Adarza kI upalabdhi kA nirApada mArga saMnyAsadharma hai, jabaki gRhasthadharma bAdhAoM se paripUrNa hai, nirApada mArga nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, jisameM marudevI jaisI nizchalatA aura bharata jaisI jAgarUkatA evaM anAsakti ho, vahI gRhastha jIvana meM bhI naitika paramalakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke nirvANa ko prApta karane vAle sau putroM meM yaha kevala bharata kI hI vizeSatA thI, jisane gRhasthajIvana meM rahate hue bhI pUrNatA ko prApta kiyA, zeSa 99 putroM ne to paramasAdhya ko prApti ke lie saMnyAsa kA sukara mArga hI cunaa| vastutaH, gRhastha - jIvana meM naitika-sAdhya ko prApta kara lenA duHsAdhya kArya hai / vaha to Aga se khelate hue bhI hAtha ko nahIM jalane dene ke samAna hai| gItA 151

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI jaba yaha kahatI hai ki karma-saMnyAsa se karmayogI zreSTha hai, to usakA yahI tAtparya hai ki saMnyAsa kI apekSA gRhastha jIvana meM rahate hue jo naitika- pUrNatA prApta kI jAtI hai, vaha vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai,' lekina usakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki gRhastha-jIvana saMnyAsamArga kI apekSA zreSTha hai| yadi do mArga eka hI lakSya kI ora jAte hoM, lekina unameM se eka bAdhAoM meM pUrNa ho, lambA ho aura dUsarA mArga nirApada ho, kama lambA ho, to koI bhI pahale mArga ko zreSTha nahIM kahegA / zreSTha mArga to dUsarA hI khlaaegaa| hA~, bAdhAoM se paripUrNa mArga se hokara jo sAdhaka lakSya taka pahu~catA hai, vaha avazya hI vizeSa yogya kahA jaaegaa| 10 jaina aura bauddha AcAra-darzana yadyapi saMnyAsamArga para adhika jora dete haiM aura isa artha meM nivRtyAtmaka hI haiM, tathApi isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki gRhastha-jIvana meM rahakara naitika-sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isakA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki saMnyAsamArga ke dvArA naitika-sAdhanA yA AdhyAtmika-samatva kI upalabdhi karanA adhika sulabha hai| 152 kyA saMnyAsa palAyana hai ? - jo loga nivRttimArga yA saMnyAsamArga ko palAyanavAditA kahate haiM, ve bhI kisI artha meM ThIka haiN| saMnyAsa isa artha meM palAyana hai ki vaha hameM usa surakSita sthAna kI ora bhAga jAne ko kahatA hai, jisameM rahakara naitika-vikAsa sulabha hotA hai| vaha naitika-vikAsa yA AdhyAtmika-samatva kI upalabdhi ke mArga meM vAsanAoM ke madhya rahakara unase saMgharSa karane kI bAta nahIM kahatA, varan vAsanAoM ke kSetra se baca nikalane kI bAta kahatA hai| saMnyAsamArga meM sAdhaka vAsanAoM ke madhya rahate hue unase Upara nahIM uThatA, varan vaha unase bacane kA hI prayAsa karatA hai| vaha una saba prasaMgoM se, jahA~ isa AdhyAtmika samatva yA naitika jIvana se vicalana kI sambhAvanAoM kA bhaya hotA hai, dUra rahane kA hI prayAsa karatA hai / vaha vAsanAoM se saMgharSa kA patha nahIM cunatA, varan vAsanAoM se nirApada mArga ko hI cunatA hai / vaha vAsanAoM se saMgharSa ke avasaroM ko kama karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / vaha saMgharSa ke prasaMgoM se dUra rahanA yA bacanA cAhatA hai| ina saba arthoM meM nizcaya hI saMnyAsamArga palAyana hai, lekina aisI palAyanavAditA anucita to nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| kyA nirApada mArga cunanA anucita hai ? kyA patana ke bhaya se bacane kA prayAsa karanA anucita hai ? kyA una saMgharSoM ke avasaroM ko, jinameM patana kI sambhAvanA ho, TAlanA anucita hai ? saMnyAsa palAyana to hai, lekina vaha anucita nahIM hai; varan mAnavIya buddhi kA hI paricAyaka hai| samatva ke bhaMga hone ke avasara yA rAga-dveSa ke prasaMga gRhastha jIvana meM adhika hote haiM aura yadi koI sAdhaka usa avasthA meM samatva - dRSTi rakha pAne meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai, to usake lie yahI ucita hai ki vaha saMnyAsa ke surakSita kSetra meM hI vicaraNa kre| jaise coroM se dhana kI surakSA ke lie vyakti ke sAmane do vikalpa ho sakate haiM - eka to yaha ki vyakti

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 153 apane meM itanI yogyatA evaM sAhasa vikasita kara le ki vaha kabhIbhI coroM se saMgharSa meM parAbhUta na ho, kintu yadi vaha apane meM itanA sAhasa nahIM pAtA hai, to ucita yahI hai ki vaha kisI surakSita evaM nirApada sthAna kI ora calA jaae| isI prakAra, saMnyAsa AtmA ke samatvarUpa dhana kI surakSA ke lie nirApada sthAna meM rahanA hai, jise bauddhika-dRSTi se asaMgata nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina dharma saMnyAsamArga para jo bala detA hai, usake pIche mAtra yahI dRSTi hai ki adhikAMza vyaktiyoM meM itanI yogyatA kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA ki ve gRhI-jIvana meM, jo ki rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM kA kendra hai, anAsakta yA samatvapUrNa manaHsthiti banAe rakha sakeM, ataH unake lie saMnyAsa hI nirApada kSetra hai| saMnyAsa kA mahatva yA Agraha sAdhana-mArga kI sulabhatA kI dRSTi se hai| sAdhya se pare sAdhana kA mUlya nahIM hotaa| jaina evaM bauddha-dRSTi meM saMnyAsa kA jo bhI mUlya hai, sAdhana kI dRSTi se hai| samatvarUpa sAdhya kI upalabdhi kI dRSTi se to jahA~ bhI samabhAva kI upasthiti hai, vaha sthAna samAna mUlya kA hai, cAhe vaha gRhastha-dharma ho yaasNnyaas-dhrm| gRhastha aura saMnyasta-jIvanakI zreSThatA? gRhastha aura saMnyAsa-jIvana meM kauna zreSTha hai ? isakA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM vicAra huA hai| usI prasaMga ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM, yaha jIvana kA kSetra hai, yahA~ zreSThatA aura nimnatA kA mApataula Atma-pariNati para AdhArita hai| kisI-kisI gRhastha kA jIvana santa ke jIvana se bhI zreSTha hotA hai, yadi vaha apane karttavya-patha para pUrI ImAnadArI ke sAtha cala rahA hai|.....kaun choTA hai aura kauna bar3A? isakI nApataula sAdhu aura gRhastha ke bhedabhAva se nahIM kI jA sktii| sAdhu aura zrAvaka, jo bhI apane dAyitvoM ko bhalI prakAra nibhArahA hai, jindagI ke morce para sAvadhAnI ke sAtha khar3A huA hai, vahI zreSTha aura mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha anekAnta-dRSTi hai| yahA~ veza ko mahattA nahIM dI jAtI, bAhyajIvana ko nahIM dekhA jAtA, kintu antarAtmA ke vicAroM ko TaTolA jAtA hai| kauna kitanA kara rahA hai, (mAtra) yaha nahIM dekhA jAtA, para kauna kaisA kara rahA hai, isI para dhyAna diyA jAtA hai| vastutaH, jaina-darzana ke anusAra gRhastha aura saMnyAsI ke jIvana meM zreSThatA aura azreSThatA kA mApa sAmAnya-dRSTi aura vaiyaktika-dRSTi, aise do AdhAroM para kiyA jAtA hai| sAmAnyataH, saMnyAsadharma zreSTha hai, kyoMki yaha naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA sulabha mArga hai, usameM patana kI sambhAvanAoM kI alpatA hai; jabakivyaktigata AdhAra paragRhasthadharma bhI zreSTha ho sakatA hai| jo vyakti gRhastha-jIvana meM bhI anAsakta-bhAva se rahatA hai, kIcar3a meM rahakara bhI usase alipta rahatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI sAdhAraNa sAdhuoM kI apekSA zreSTha hai| gRhastha ke varga se sAdhuoM kA varga zreSTha hotA hai, lekina kucha sAdhuoM kI apekSA kucha gRhastha

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154 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI zreSTha hote haiM / " gRhastha ke pravRtyAtmaka-jIvana aura sAdhu ke nivRtyAtmaka-jIvana ke prati jaina-dRSTi kA yahI sAra hai| use na gRhasthajIvana kI pravRtti kA Agraha hai aura na saMnyAsa-mArga kI nivRtti kA Agraha hai| use yadi Agraha hai, to vaha anAgraha kA hI Agraha hai, anAsakti kA hI Agraha hai| pravRtti aura nivRtti-donoM hI use svIkAra haiM - yadi ve isa anAgraha yA anAsakti ke lakSya kI yAtrA meM sahAyaka haiN| gRhastha-jIvana aura saMnyAsa ke yaha bAhya-bheda usakI dRSTi meM utane mahatvapUrNa nahIM haiM, jitanI sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti evaM unakI anAsaktabhAvanA hai| vezavizeSa yAAzrama-vizeSa kA grahaNasAdhanA kA sahI artha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa nirdeza hai, cIvara, mRgacarma, nagnatva, jaTA, jIrNa vastra aura muNDana, arthAt saMnyAsa-jIvana ke bAhya-lakSaNaduHzIla kI durgati se rakSA nahIM kara skte| bhikSubhI yadidurAcArI ho, to naraka se baca nahIM sktaa| gRhastha ho athavA bhikSu, samyak AcaraNa karanevAlA divya lokoM ko hI jAtA hai| gRhasthaho athavA bhikSu, jo bhI kaSAyoM evaM Asakti se nivRtta hai evaM saMyama evaM tapase parivata hai, vaha divya sthAnoM ko hI prApta karatA hai|13| gItAkA dRSTikoNa-vaidika AcAra-darzana meM bhI pravRttikramazaH gRhastha-dharma aura saMnyAsa-dharma ke artha meM gRhIta hai| isa artha-vivakSA ke AdhAra para vaidika-paramparA meM pravRtti aura nivRtti kA yathArtha svarUpasamajhane kA prayAsa karane parajJAta hotA hai ki vaidika-paramparA mUla rUpa meM cAhe pravRttiparaka rahI ho, lekina gItA ke yuga taka usameM pravRtti aura nivRtti ke tattva samAna rUpa se pratiSThita ho cuke the| paramasAdhya kI prApti ke lie donoM ko hI sAdhanA kA mArga mAna liyA gayA thaa| mahAbhArata zAntiparva meM spaSTa likhA hai ki pravRttilakSaNa-dharma (gRhastha-dharma) aura nivRttilakSaNa-dharma (saMnyAsa-dharma)-yaha donoM hI mArga vedoM meM samAna rUpa se pratiSThita haiN| 14 gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, he niSpApa arjuna! pUrva meM hI mere dvArA jIvanazodhana kI ina donoM praNAliyoM kA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| unameM jJAnI yA cintanazIla vyaktiyoM ke lie jJAnamArga yA saMnyAsamArga 15 kA aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ke lie karmamArga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, yadyapi gItA ke TIkAkAra una donoM meM se kisI eka kI mahattA ko sthApita karane kA prayAsa karate rahe haiN| zaMkara kA saMnyAsamArgIya-dRSTikoNa-AcArya zaMkara gItA-bhASya meM gItA ke una samasta prasaMgoM kI, jinameM karmayoga aura karmasaMnyAsa-donoM ko samAna bala vAlA mAnA gayA hai, athavA karmayoga kI vizeSatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vyAkhyA isa prakAra prastuta karane kI koziza karate haiM ki saMnyAsamArga kI zreSThatA pratiSThApita ho| ve likhate haiM, pravRttirUpa-karmayoga kI nivRttirUpa-paramArtha yA saMnyAsa ke sAtha jo samAnatA svIkAra kI gaI hai, vaha kisI apekSA se hI hai| paramArtha (saMnyAsa) ke sAtha karmayoga kI kartR-viSayaka

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 155 samAnatA hai, kyoMki jo paramArtha saMnyAsI hai, vaha saba karma-sAdhanoM kA tyAga kara cukatA hai, isalie saba karmoM kA aura unake phalaviSayaka saMkalpoM kA, jo ki pravRtti hetuka kAma ke kAraNa haiM, tyAga karatA hai aura isa prakAra paramArtha saMnyAsa kI aura karmayoga kI kartA ke bhAvaviSayaka tyAga kI apekSA se samAnatA hai| gItA ke eka anya prasaMga kI, jisameM karmasaMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga kI vizeSatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, AcArya zaMkara vyAkhyA karate haiM ki jJAnarahita kevala saMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga vizeSa hai| isa prakAra, AcArya zaMkara yahI siddha karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki gItA meM jJAnasahita saMnyAsa to nizcaya hI karmayoga se zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| unake anusAra, karmayoga to jJAna-prApti kA sAdhana hai,20 lekina mokSa to jJAnayoga se hI hotA hai aura jJAnaniSThA ke anuSThAna kA adhikAra saMnyAsiyoM kA hI hai| tilaka kA karmamArgIya-dRSTikoNa-tilaka ke anusAra, gItA karmamArga kI pratipAdaka hai| unakA dRSTikoNa zaMkara ke dRSTikoNa se viparIta hai| ve likhate haiM ki isa prakAra yaha prakaTa ho gayA ki karma-saMnyAsa aura niSkAma karma-donoM vaidika-dharma ke svatantra mArga haiM aura unake viSaya meM gItA kA yaha nizcita siddhAnta hai ki ve vaikalpika nahIM haiM, kintu saMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga kI yogyatA vizeSa hai| ve gItA ke isa kathana para ki 'karma-saMnyAsa se karmayoga vizeSa hai '(karma saMnyAsAt karmayogo viziSyate) atyadhika bhAra dete haiM aura unako hI mUla-kendra mAnakara samagra gItA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karanA cAhate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki gItA spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI saMketa karatI hai ki binA saMnyAsa grahaNa kie hue bhI vyakti parama-siddhi prApta kara sakatA hai| gItAkAra ne janakAdi kA udAharaNa dekara apanI isa mAnyatA ko paripuSTa kiyA hai, 2 ataH gItA ko gRhasthadharma yA pravRttimArga kAhI pratipAdaka mAnanA caahie| ___ gItA kA dRSTikoNa samanvayAtmaka - gItA meM pravRttipradhAna gRhasthadharma aura nivRtti-pradhAna saMnyAsadharma-donoM svIkRta haiN| gItA ke adhikAMza TIkAkAra bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki gItA meM donoM prakAra kI niSThAe~ svIkRta haiN| donoM se hI paramasAdhya kI prApti saMbhava hai| lokamAnya tilakalikhate haiM,ye donoM mArga athavA niSThAe~ brahmavidyAmUlaka haiN| donoM meM mana kI niSkAmAvasthA aura zAnti (samatvavRtti) eka hI prakAra kI hai| isa kAraNa, donoM mArgoM se anta meM mokSa prApta hotA hai| jJAna ke pazcAt karma ko (arthAt gRhastha-dharma ko ) chor3a baiThanA aura kAmya (Asaktiyukta) karma chor3akara niSkAma karma (anAsaktipUrvaka vyavahAra) karate rahanA, yahI ina donoM meM bheda hai| dUsarI ora, AcArya zaMkara ne bhI yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki saMnyAsa kA vAstavika artha vizeSa paridhAna ko dhAraNa kara lenA athavA gRhastha-karma

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156 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA parityAga kara denA mAtra nahIM hai| vAstavika saMnyAsa to karma-phala, saMkalpa, Asakti yA vAsanAoM kA parityAga karane meM nahIM mAnanA caahie| karma-phala ke saMkalpa kA tyAga hone se hI saMnyAsitva hai-4, na kevala agnirahita aura kriyArahita (vyakti) saMnyAsI yA yogI hotA hai, kintu jo koI karma karane vAlA (gRhastha) bhI karmaphala aura Asaktiko chor3akara antaHkaraNa kI zuddhipUrvaka karmayoga meM sthita hai, vaha bhI saMnyAsI aura yogI hai| vastutaH, gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM saMnyAsamArga aura karmamArga-donoM hI paramalakSya kI ora le jAne vAle haiM, jo eka kA bhI samyakpa se pAlana karatA hai, vaha donoM ke phala ko prApta kara letA hai| jisa sthAna kI prApti eka saMnyAsI karatA hai, usI sthAna kI prApti eka anAsakta-gRhastha (karmayogI) bhI karatA hai| 7 gItAkAra kA mUla upadeza na to karma karane kA hai aura na karma chor3ane kA hai| usakA mukhya upadeza to Asakti yA kAmanA ke tyAga kA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM naitika-jIvana kA sAra to Asakti yA phalAkAMkSA kA tyAga hai| jo vicAraka gItA kI isa mUla bhAvanA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra kareMge, unheM karma-saMnyAsa aura karmayoga meM avirodha hI dikhAI degaa| gItA kI dRSTi meM karmasaMnyAsa aura karmayoga-donoM naitika-jIvana ke bAhya-zarIra haiM, naitikatA kI mUlAtmA samatva yA niSkAmatA hai| yadi niSkAmatA hai, samatvayoga kI sAdhanA hai, vItarAgadRSTi hai, to karmasaMnyAsa kI avasthA ho yA karmayoga kI-donoM hI samAna rUpa se naitika-Adarza kI upalabdhi karAte haiN| isake viparIta, yadi unakA abhAva hai, to karmayoga aura karmasaMnyAsa-donoM hI arthazUnya haiM, naitikatA kI dRSTi se unakA kucha bhI mUlya nahIM hai| gItAkAra kA kahanA hai ki yadi sAdhaka apanI paristhiti yA yogyatA ke AdhAra para saMnyAsamArga (karmasaMnyAsa) ko apanAtA hai, to use yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaba taka karmAsakti yA phalAkAMkSA samApta nahIM hotI, taba taka kevala karmasaMnyAsa se mukti nahIM mila sktii| dUsarI ora, yadi sAdhaka apanI paristhiti yA yogyatA ke AdhAra para karmayoga ke mArga ko cunatA hai, to bhI yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki phalAkAMkSA yA Asakti kA tyAga to anivArya hai| saMkSepa meM, gItAkAra kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yadi karma karanA hai, to use anAsaktipUrvaka karo aura yadi karma chor3anA hai, to kevala bAhya-karma kA parityAga hI paryApta nahIM hai, karma kI Antarika-vAsanAoM kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| gItA meM bAhya-karma karane aura chor3ane kA jo vidhi-niSedha hai, vaha aupacArika hai, karttavyatA kA pratipAdaka nahIM hai| vAstavika karttavyatA kA pratipAdaka vidhi-niSedha to Asakti, tRSNA, samatva Adi ke sambandha meM hai| gItA kA pratipAdya viSaya to samatvapUrNa vItA TekI prApti aura

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga Asakti kA parityAga hI hai| yaha mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai ki manuSya pravRtti - lakSaNa - rUpa gRhasthadharma kA AcaraNa kara rahA hai yA nivRtti - lakSaNarUpa saMnyAsadharma kA pAlana kara rahA hai / mahatvapUrNa yaha hai ki vaha vAsanAoM se kitanA Upara uThA hai, Asakti kI mAtrA kitane aMza meM nirmUla huI hai aura samatvadRSTi kI upalabdhi meM usane kitanA vikAsa kiyA hai| - - niSkarSa - yadi hama isa gahana vivecanA ke AdhArarUpa nivRtti kA artha rAga-dveSa se alipta rahanA mAneM, to tInoM AcAra-darzana nivRttiparaka hI siddha hote haiN| jaina darzana kA mUla kendra anekAntavAda jisa samanvaya kI bhUmikA para vikasita hotA hai, vaha madhyastha-bhAva hai aura vahI rAga-dveSa se aliptatA hai| yahI jaina- dRSTi meM yathArtha nivRtti hai| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM, anekAntavAda jaina tattvajJAna kI mUla nIMva hai aura rAga-dveSa ke choTe-bar3e prasaMgoM se alipta rahanA (nivRtti) samagra AcAra kA mUla AdhAra hai / anekAntavAda kA kendra madhyasthatA meM hai aura nivRtti bhI madhyasthatA se hI paidA hotI hai, ataeva anekAntavAda aura nivRtti - ye donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka evaM poSaka haiM / . jaina-dharma kA jhukAva nivRtti kI ora hai / nivRtti yAnI pravRtti kA virodhI dUsarA pahalU / pravRtti kA artha hai, rAgadveSa ke prasaMgoM meM rata honaa| jIvana meM gRhasthAzrama rAgadveSa ke prasaMgoM ke vidhAna kA kendra hai, ataH jisa dharma meM gRhasthAzrama (rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM se yukta avasthA) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho, vaha pravRtti-dharma aura jisa dharma meM (aise) gRhasthAzrama kA nahIM, parantu kevala tyAga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho, vaha nivRtti-dharma hai| jaina-dharma nivRtti-dharma hone para bhI usake pAlana karane vAloM meM jo gRhasthAzrama kA vibhAga hai, vaha nivRtti kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa hai| sarvAMza nivRtti prApta karane meM asamartha vyakti jitane aMzoM meM nivRtti kA sevana na kara sake, una aMzoM meM apanI paristhiti ke anusAra vivekadRSTi se pravRtti kI maryAdA kara sakate haiM, parantu usa pravRtti kA vidhAna jainazAstra nahIM karatA, usakA vidhAna to mAtra nivRtti kA hai / 28 isa prakAra, isa saMdarbha meM jahA~ gItA pravRttiparaka - nivRtti kA vidhAna karatI hai, vahA~ bauddha aura jaina- darzana nivRttiparaka pravRtti kA vidhAna karate haiM, yadyapi rAga-dveSa se nivRtti tInoM AcAradarzanoM ko mAnya hai / bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda - pravRtti aura nivRtti kA tAtparya yaha bhI liyA jAtA hai ki pravRtti kA artha hai - bandhana rUpa bhoga-mArga aura nivRtti kA artha hai - mokSa ke heturUpa vairAgya-mArga 129 bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda naitika jIvana kI do vidhAe~ haiM / inhIM ko bhAratIya aupaniSadika - cintana meM preyomArga aura zreyomArga bhI kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai, jIvana meM zreya aura preya- donoM ke hI avasara Ate rahate haiN| vivekI puruSa preya kI apekSA zreya kA hI varaNa 157

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158 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karatA hai, jabaki mandabuddhi avivekIjana zreya ko chor3akara zArIrika yoga-kSema ke nimitta preya (bhogavAda) kA varaNa karatA hai| 30 bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda bhAratIya naitika-cintana kI AdhArabhUta dhAraNAe~ haiN| vairAgyavAda zarIra aura AtmA athavA vAsanA aura buddhi ke dvaita para AdhArita dhAraNA hai| vaha yahamAnatA hai ki AtmalAbha yA cintanamaya jIvana ke lie vAsanAoM kA parityAgaAvazyaka hai| vAsanAe~ hI bandhana kA kAraNa haiM, samasta duHkhoM kI mUla haiN| vAsanAe~ indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hI apanI mAMgoM ko prastuta karatI haiM aura unake dvArA hI apanI pUrti cAhatI hai, ataH zarIra aura indriyoM kI mAMgoM ko ThukarAnA zreyaskara hai| bainthama vairAgyavAda ke sambandha meM likhate haiM ki una (vairAgyavAdiyoM) ke anusAra koI bhI cIja, jo indriyoM ko tuSTa karatI hai, ghRNita hai aura indriyoM ko tuSTa karanA aparAdha hai| 1 isake viparIta, bhogavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki jo zarIra hai, vahI AtmA hai, ataH zarIra kI mA~goM kI pUrti karanA ucita evaM naitika hai| bhogavAda buddhi se Upara vAsanA kA zAsana svIkAra karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM buddhi vAsanAoM kI dAsI hai| use vahI karanA cAhie, jisase vAsanAoM kI pUrti ho| aupaniSadika-cintana aura jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM ke vikAsa ke pUrva hI bhAratIya-cintana meM ye donoM vidhAe~ upasthita rthI / bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM cArvAka aura kisI sImA taka vaidika-paramparA bhogavAda kA aura jaina-bauddha evaM kisI sImA taka sAMkhya-yoga kI paramparA saMnyAsamArga kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| bhogavAda pravRttimArga hai aura vairAgyavAda yA saMnyAsamArga nivRttimArga hai| vairAgyavAdI vicAra-paramparA kA sAdhya citta-zAnti, AdhyAtmika-paritoSa, Atma-lAbha evaM Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai, jise dUsare zabdoM meM mokSa, nirvANa yA IzvarasAkSAtkAra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| isa sAdhya ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM ve jJAna ko svIkAra karate haiM aura karma kA niSedha karate haiN| vivecya AcAra-darzanoM meM bauddha evaM jaina-paramparAoM ko nizcaya hI vairAgyavAdI-paramparAe~ kahA jA sakatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, yadi hama bhogavAda kA artha vAsanAtmaka-jIvana lete haiM, to gItA kI AcAra-paramparA ko bhI vairAgyavAdI-paramparA hI mAnanA hogA, lekina gaharAI se vicAra karane para vivecya AcAra-darzanoM ko vairAgyavAda ke usa kaThora artha meM nahIM liyA jA sakatA, jaisA ki Amataura para samajhA jAtA hai| vairAgyavAda ke samAlocaka vairAgyavAda kA artha deha-daNDana, indriya-nirodha aura zarIra kI mA~goM kA ThukarAnA mAtra karate haiM ; lekina jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM vairAgyavAda ko deha-daNDana yA zarIra-yaMtraNA ke artha meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai|

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga vastutaH, samAlocya AcAra- darzanoM kA vikAsa bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda ke ekAntika - doSoM ko dUra karane meM hI huA hai| inakA naitika-darzana vairAgyavAda evaM bhogavAda kI samanvaya - bhUmikA meM hI nikharatA hai| sabhI kA prayAsa yahI rahA ki vairAgyavAda ke doSoM ko dUra kara use kisI rUpa meM santulita banAyA jA ske| ekAntika - vairAgyavAda jJAnazUnya deha - daNDanamAtra banakara raha jAtA hai, jabaki ekAntika - bhogavAda svArtha- sukhavAda kI ora jAtA hai, jisameM samasta sAmAjika evaM naitika mUlya samApta ho jAte haiN| bhoga evaM tyAga ke madhya yathArtha samanvaya Avazyaka hai aura bhAratIya-cintana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane bhoga va tyAga meM vAstavika samanvaya khojA hai| IzAvAsya upaniSad kA RSi yaha samanvaya kA sUtra detA hai / vaha kahatA hai - 'tyAgapUrvaka bhoga karo, Asakti mata rkho|' 32 jaina - dRSTikoNa - jaina- darzana vairAgyavAdI vicAradhArA ke sarvAdhika nikaTa hai, isameM atyukti nahIM hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhogavAda kI samAlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kAma - bhoga zalyarUpa haiM, viSarUpa haiM aura AziviSa sarpa ke samAna haiN| kAma- pa-bhoga kI abhilASA karane vAle kAma-bhogoM kA sevana nahIM karate hue bhI durgati meM jAte haiN| 33 samasta gIta vilAparUpa haiM, sabhI nRtya viDambanA hai, sabhI AbhUSaNa bhArarUpa haiM aura sabhI kAma - bhoga duHkha-pradAtA haiM / ajJAniyoM ke lie priya, kintu anta meM duHkha pradAtA kAma-1 -bhogoM meM vaha sukha nahIM hai, jo zIla- guNa meM rata rahane vAle tapodhanI bhikSuoM ko hotA hai / 34 - sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai, 'jaba taka manuSya kAminI aura kAMcana Adi jar3acetana padArthoM meM Asakti rakhatA hai, vaha duHkhoM se mukta nahIM ho sakatA / '35' anta meM pachatAnA na par3e, isalie AtmA ko bhogoM se chur3Akara abhI se hI anuzAsita karo, kyoMki kAmI manuSya anta meM bahuta pachatAte haiM aura vilApa karate haiM / '36 'jinhoMne kAma bhoga aura pUjAsatkAra (ahaMkAra - tuSTi ke prayAsoM) kA tyAga kara diyA hai, unhoMne saba kucha tyAga diyA hai| aise hI loga mokSamArga meM sthira raha sake haiM / '37 'buddhimAn puruSoM se maine sunA hai ki sukha-zIlatA kA tyAga karake, kAmanAoM ko zAnta karake niSkAma honA hI vIra kA vIratva hai / ' 38 'isalie sAdhaka zabda - sparza Adi viSayoM meM anAsakta rahe aura nindita karma kA AcaraNa nahIM kare, yahI dharma - siddhAnta kA sAra hai, zeSa sabhI bAteM dharma- siddhAnta ke bAhara haiN| 39 159 phira bhI, uparyukta vairAgyavAdI tathyoM kA artha deha-daNDana yA Atma-pIr3ana nahIM hai / jaina-vairAgyavAdI deha - daNDana kI una saba praNAliyoM ko, jo vairAgya ke sahI arthoM se dUra haiM, kataI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhanA kA sahI artha vAsanA - kSaya hai, anAsakta dRSTi kA vikAsa hai, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA hai| usakI dRSTi meM vairAgya antara kI vastu hai, use antara meM jAgrata honA caahie| kevala zarIra - yaMtraNA yA deha - daNDana kA jaina -

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAdhanA meM koI mUlya nahIM hai / sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki koI bhale hI nagnAvasthA meM phire yA mAsa ke anta meM eka bAra bhojana kare, lekina yadi vaha mAyA se yukta hai, to bAra-bAra garbhavAsa ko prApta hogA, arthAt vaha bandhana se mukta nahIM hogA 140 jo ajJAnI mAsa-pAsa ke anta meM kuzAgra jitanA AhAra grahaNa karatA hai, vaha vAstavika dharma kI solahavIM kalA ke barAbara bhI nahIM hai| 41 jaina- dRSTi spaSTa kahatI hai ki bandhana yA patana kA kAraNa rAga-dveSayukta dRSTi hai, mUrcchA yA Asakti hai, na ki kAma-bhoga / vikRti ke kAraNa to kAma-bhoga ke pIche nihita rAga yA Asakti ke bhAva hI haiM, kAma-bhoga svayaM nahIM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai, 'kAma-bhoga kisI ko na to santuSTa kara sakate haiM, na kisI meM vikAra paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo kAma - bhogoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI usa rAgadveSati moha se vikRta ho jAtA hai| 42 jaina -dRSTi naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra meM jisakA niSedha karatI hai, vaha to Asakti yA rAga-dveSa ke bhAva haiM / yadi pUrNa anAsakta-avasthA meM bhoga sambhava ho, to usakA una bhogoM se virodha nahI hai, lekina vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki bhogoM ke bIca rahakara, bhogoM ko bhogate hue unameM anAsakta-bhAva rakhanA asambhava cAhe na ho, lekina 'susAdhya bhI nahIM hai, ataH kAma-bhogoM ke niSedha kA sAdhanAtmaka mUlya avazya mAnanA hogaa| sAdhanA kA lakSya pUrNa anAsakti yA vItarAgAvasthA hai| kAma-bhogoM kA parityAga usakI upalabdhi kA sAdhana hai| yadi yaha sAdhana sAdhya se saMyojita hai, sAdhya kI dizA meM prayukta kiyA jA rahA hai, taba to vaha grAhya hai, anyathA agrAhya hai| 1 bauddha - dRSTikoNa - bauddha- paramparA meM vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda meM samanvaya khojA gayA hai / buddha madhyamamArga ke dvArA isI samanvaya ke sUtra ko prastuta karate haiM / aMguttaranikAya meM kahA hai, bhikSuoM ! tIna mArga haiM - 1 zithila mArga, 2. kaThora mArga aura 3 madhyama mArga / bhikSuoM ! kisI-kisI kA aisA mata hotA hai, aisI dRSTi hotI haiha-kAma-1 pra-bhogoM meM doSa nahIM hai / vaha kAma-bhogoM meM jA par3atA hai| bhikSuoM! yaha zithila mArga kahalAtA hai| bhikSuoM ! kaThora mArga kaunasA hai ? bhikSuoM ! koI-koI nagna hotA hai, vaha na machalI khAtA hai, na mAMsa khAtA hai, na surA pItA hai, na meraya pItA hai, na cAvala kA pAnI pItA hai| vaha yA to eka hI ghara se lekara khAnevAlA hotA hai yA eka hI kora khAne vAlA; do gharoM se lekara khAne vAlA hotA hai yA do hI kaura khAne vAlA .... . sAta gharoM se lekara khAne vAlA hotA hai yA sAta kaura khAne vaalaa| vaha dina meM eka bAra bhI khAne vAlA hotA hai, do dina meM eka bAra bhI khAne vAlA hotA hai. . sAta dina meM eka bAra bhI khAne vAlA hotA hai, isa prakAra vaha pandraha dina meM eka bAra khAkara bhI rahatA hai| bhAta khAne vAlA bhI hotA hai, AcAma khAne vAlA bhI hotA hai, khalI khAnevAlA bhI hotA hai, tinake (ghAsa) khAnevAlA bhI hotA hai, gobara khAnevAlA bhI 160

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 161 hotA hai, jaMgala ke per3oM se gire phala-mUla khAne vAlA bhI hotA hai| vaha sana ke kapar3e bhI dhAraNa karatA hai, kuza kA banA vastra bhI pahanatA hai, chAla kA vastra bhI pahanatA hai, phalaka (chAla) kA vastra bhI pahanatA hai, ullU ke paroM kA banA vastra bhI pahanatA hai| vaha keza-dAr3hI kA luMcana karane vAlA bhI hotA hai| vaha baiThane kA tyAga kara nirantara khar3A hI rahane vAlA bhI hotA hai| vaha ukaDUM baiThakara prayatna karane vAlA bhI hotA hai, vaha kA~ToM kI zaiyyA para sonevAlA bhI hotA hai| prAtaH, madhyAhna, sAyaM dina meM tIna bAra pAnI meM jAnevAlA hotA hai| isa taraha vaha nAnA prakAra se zarIra ko kaSTa yA pIr3A pahu~cAtA huA vihAra karatA hai| bhikSuoM! yaha kaThora mArga kahalAtA hai| bhikSuoM! madhyamamArga kaunasA hai ? bhikSuoM! bhikSu zarIra ke prati jAgaruka rahakara vicaratA hai| vaha prayatnazIla, jJAnayukta smRtimAn ho, loka meM jo lobha, vaira, daurmanasya haiM, use haTAkara viharatA hai, vedanAoM ke prati.... citta ke prati .... dharmoM ke prati jAgarUka rahakara vicaratA hai| vaha prayatna-zIla, jJAna-yukta, smRti-mAn ho, loka meM jo lobha aura daurmanasya hai, use haTAkara viharatA hai| bhikSuoM! yaha madhyamamArga kahalAtA hai| bhikSuoM! ye tIna mArga haiN| buddha kaThoramArga (deha-daNDana) aura zithilamArga (bhogavAda)-donoM ko hI asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha ke anusAra yathArtha naitika-jIvana kA mArga madhyama-mArga hai| udAna meM bhI buddha apane isI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM, 'brahmacarya (saMnyAsa) ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai-yaha eka anta hai| kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM prakAra ke antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura mithyA dhAraNA bar3hatI hai| 44 isa prakAra, buddha apane madhyamamArgIya-dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vairAgyavAdaaura bhogavAda meM yathArtha samanvaya sthApita karate haiN| ___ gItA kA dRSTikoNa - gItA kA anAsaktimUlaka karmayoga bhI bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda (deha-daNDana) kI samasyA kA yathArtha samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| gItA bhI vairAgya kI samarthaka hai| gItA meM aneka sthaloM para vairAgyabhAva kA upadeza hai, 45 lekina gItA vairAgya ke nAma para hone vAle deha-daNDana kI prakriyA kI virodhI hai| gItA meM kahA hai ki AgrahapUrvaka zarIra ko pIr3A dene ke lie jo tapa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasa-tapa hai| 46 isa prakAra, bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda ke sandarbha meM gItA bhI samanvayAtmaka evaM santulita dRSTikoNa prastuta karatI hai| vidheyAtmaka banAma niSedhAtmaka-naitikatA nivRtti aura pravRtti kA vicAra niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka-naitikatA kI dRSTi se bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo AcAra-darzana niSedhAtmaka-naitikatA ko prakaTa karate haiM, ve WW

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162 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM nivRttiparaka haiM aura jo AcAra-darzana vidheyAtmaka-naitikatA ko prakaTa karate haiM, ve pravRttiparaka haiN| isa artha meM vivecya AcAra-darzanoM meM koI bhI AcAra-darzana ekAnta rUpa se na to nivRttiparaka hai, na pravRttiparaka / pratyeka niSedha kA eka vidheyAtmaka-pakSa hotA hai aura pratyeka vidheya kA eka niSedha-pakSa hotA hai| jahA~ taka jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kI bAta hai, sabhI meM naitika-AcaraNa ke vidhi-niSedha ke sUtra tAne-bAne ke rUpa meM eka-dUsare se mile hue haiN| jaina-dRSTikoNa-yadi hama jaina AcAra-darzana ke naitika-DhA~ce ko sAdhAraNa dRSTi se dekheM, to hameM hara kahIM niSedhakA svarahI sunAI detA hai, jaise-hiMsA na karo, jhUTha na bolo, corI na karo, vyabhicAra na karo, saMgraha na karo, krodha na karo, lobha na karo, abhimAna na kro| isa prakAra, sabhI dizAoM meM niSedha kI dIvAreM khar3I huI haiN| vaha mAtra nahIM karane ke lie kahatA hai, karane ke lie kucha nahIM khtaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAmAnya jana use nivRttiparaka kaha detA hai, lekina yadi gaharAI se vicAra kareM, to jJAta hogA ki yaha dhAraNA sarvAMza satya nahIM hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI jaina AcAra-darzana ke niSedhaka-sUtroM kA hArda prakaTa karate hue likhate haiM ki yaha satya hai ki jaina-darzana ne nivRtti kA uccatama Adarza prastuta kiyA hai, usake pratyeka citra meM nivRtti kA raMga bharA huA hai, kintu dRSTi jarA sApha ho, svaccha aura tIkSNa ho, to usake raMgoM kA vizleSaNa karane para yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki niSedhaka-sUtroM kI kahA~, kyA upayogitA hai, nivRtti ke svara meM kyA mUla bhAvanAe~ dhvanita haiM? jaina-darzana eka bAta kahatA hai ki yaha dekho ki tumhArI pravRtti nivRttimUlaka hai yA nhiiN| tuma dAna kara rahe ho, dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA ke nAma para kucha paisA luTA rahe ho, kintu dUsarI ora yadizoSaNa kA kucakra bhI cala rahA hai, to isa dAna aura sevA kA kyA artha hai ? sausau ghAva karake eka-do ghAvoM kI marahama-paTTI karanA sevA kA kaunasA Adarza hai ?47 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AcaraNa ke mUla meM yadi nivRtti nahIM hai, to pravRttikA bhI koI artha nahIM rahatA hai| pravRtti ke mUla meM nivRtti Avazyaka hai| sevA, paropakAra, dAna Adi sabhI naitika-vidhAnoM ke pIche anAsakti evaM svahita ke parityAga ke niSedhAtmaka-svaroM kA honA Avazyaka hai, anyathA naitika-jIvana kI sumadhuratA evaM samasvaratA naSTa ho jaaegii| niSedha ke abhAva meM vidheya bhI arthahIna hai| vidhAna ke pUrva prastuta niSedha hI usa vidhAna ko saccI yathArthatA pradAna karatA hai / sevA, paropakAra, dAna ke sabhI naitika vidhi-AdezoM ke pIche jhaMkRta ho rahe niSedhaka-svara ke abhAva meM una vidhi-AdezoM kA mUlya zUnya ho jAegA, naitikatA kI dRSTi se unakA koI artha hI nahIM rhegaa| jaina AcAra-darzana meM yatratatra sarvatra jo niSedha ke svara sunAI dete haiM, unake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai| usake anusAra,

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 163 niSedha ke AdhAra para kiyA huA vidhAna hI AcaraNa ko samujjvala banA sakatA hai| niSedhAtmaka naitika-Adeza naitika-jIvana ke sundara citra-nirmANa ke lie eka sundara, svaccha evaM samapArzvabhUmi pradAna karate haiM, jisa para vidhimUlaka naitika-AdezoM kI tUlikA usa sundara citra kA nirmANa kara pAtI hai| niSedha ke dvArA prastuta svaccha evaM samapArzvabhUmihI vidhi ke citra ko saundarya pradAna kara sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM, jaina AcAra-darzana kI naitikatA apane bAhya-rUpa meM niSedhAtmaka pratIta hotI hai, lekina isa niSedha meM bhI vidheyakatA chipI hai| yahI nahIM, jainAgamoM meM aneka vidhiparaka Adeza bhI milate haiN| . jaina AcAra-darzana meM vidhi-niSedhakA yathArtha svarUpa kyA hai ? ise paM. sukhalAlajI ne ina zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai-jainadharma prathama to doSa-viramaNa (niSedhayA tyAga) rUpazIlavidhAna karatA hai (arthAt niSedhAtmaka-naitikatA prastuta karatA hai), parantu cetanA aura puruSArtha aise nahIM haiM ki ve mAtra amuka dizA meM niSkriya hokara par3e rheN| ve to apane vikAsa kI bhUkha dUra karane ke lie gati kI dizA DhU~Dhate hI rahate haiM, isalie jainadharma ne nivRtti ke sAtha hI zuddha pravRtti (vihita AcaraNarUpa cAritra) ke vidhAna bhI kie haiM / usane kahA hai ki malina vRtti se AtmA kA ghAta na hone denAaura usake rakSaNa meM hI (svadayA meM hI) buddhi aura puruSArtha kA upayoga karanA caahie| pravRtti ke isa vidhAna meM se hI satya-bhASaNa, brahmacarya, santoSa Adi vividha mArga niSpanna hote haiN| bauddha-dRSTikoNa-bauddha AcAra-darzana meM niSedhAtmaka-naitikatA kA svara mukhara huA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna bhagavAn buddha ne bhI naitika-jIvana ke lie aneka niSedhAtmaka-niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, lekina kevala isa AdhAra para bauddha AcAra-- darzana ko niSedhAtmaka-nItizAstra nahIM kaha skte| buddha ne AcaraNa ke kSetra meM niSedha ke niyamoM para bala avazya diyA hai, phira bhI bauddha AcAra-darzanako niSedhAtmaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| buddha ne gRhastha-upAsakoM aura bhikSuoM-donoM ke lie aneka vidheyAtmaka-karttavyoM kA vidhAna bhI kiyA hai, jinameM pArasparika-sahayoga, loka-maMgala ke karttavya sammilita haiN| loka-maMgala kI sAdhanA kA svara buddha kA mUlasvara hai| ___ gItAkA dRSTikoNa-gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM to niSedha kI apekSA vidhAna kA svara hI adhika prabala hai| gItA kA mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa vidheyAtmaka-naitikatA kA hai| zrIkRSNa yaha spaSTa kara denA cAhate haiM ki yadyapi mAnasika-zAnti aura mana kI sAmyAvasthA ke lie viSaya-vAsanAoM se nivRtta honA Avazyaka hai, tathApi isakA artha karttavyamArga se bacanA nahIM hai| sAmAjika-kSetra meM hamAre jo bhI uttaradAyitva haiM, unakA hameM apane varNAzramadharma ke rUpa meM paripAlana avazya hI karanA caahie| gItA ke samagra upadeza kA sAra to yahI hai ki arjuna apane kSAtradharma ke karttavyoM kA pAlana kare / samAjasevA ke rUpa meM yajJa aura

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164 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lokasaMgraha gItA ke anivArya tattva haiM, ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki gItA vidheyAtmakanaitikatA kI samarthaka hai, yadyapi vaha vidhAna ke lie anAsaktirUpI niSedhaka-tattva ko bhI Avazyaka mAnatI hai| vyaktiparaka banAma samAjaparaka-nItizAstra nivRtti aura pravRtti ke viSaya meM eka vicAra-dRSTi yaha bhI hai ki jo AcAra-darzana vyaktiparaka-nItizAstra kA pratipAdana karate haiM, ve nivRttiparaka haiM aura jo AcAra-darzana samAjaparaka-nItizAstra kA pratipAdana karate haiM, ve pravRttiparaka haiM, kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki jo AcAra-darzana bhogavAda meM vyaktiparaka (svArtha-sukhavAdI) dRSTi rakhate haiM, ve nivRttiparaka nahIM mAne jA skte| saMkSepa meM, jo loka-kalyANa ko pramukhatA dete haiM, ve pravRttimArgI kahe jAte haiM tathA jo AcAra-darzana vaiyaktika-AtmakalyANa ko pramukhatA dete haiM, ve nivRttimArgI kahe jAte haiN| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM, pravartaka-dharma kA saMkSepa sAra yaha hai ki jo aura jaisI samAja-vyavasthA ho, use isa taraha niyama aura karttavyabaddha banAnA ki jisase samAja kA pratyeka sadasya apanI-apanI sthiti aura kakSA meM sukhalAbha kare / pravartaka-dharma kA uddezya samAja-vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha janmAntara kA sudhAra karanA hai| pravartaka-dharma samAjagAmI thA, isakA matalaba yaha thA ki pratyeka vyakti samAja meM rahakara hI sAmAjikakarttavya (jo aihika-jIvana se sambandha rakhate haiM) aura dhArmika-karttavya (jo pAralaukikajIvana se sambandha rakhate haiM) kA pAlana kare / vyakti ko sAmAjika aura dhArmika-kartavyoM kA pAlana karake apanI kRpaNa icchA kA saMzodhana karanA iSTa hai, para usa (sukha kI icchA) kA nirmUla nAza karanA na zakya hai aura na iSTa / pravartaka-dharma ke anusAra, pratyeka vyakti ke lie gRhasthAzrama jarUrI hai| use lA~ghakara koI vikAsa nahIM kara sktaa| nivartaka-dharma vyaktigAmI hai| vaha AtmasAkSAtkAra kI utkRSTa vRtti se utpanna hone ke kAraNa jijJAsuko - Atmatattva hai yA nahIM ? hai to kaisA hai ? kyA usakA sAkSAtkAra saMbhava hai ? aura hai, to kina upAyoM se saMbhava hai ? - ina praznoM kI ora prerita karatA hai| ye prazna aise nahIM haiM ki jo ekAnta, cintana, dhyAna, tapa aura asaMgatApUrNa jIvana ke sivAya sulajha skeN| aisA saccA jIvana khAsa vyaktiyoM ke lie hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| unakA samAjamAgI honA sambhava nhiiN|..... ataeva nivartaka-dharma samasta sAmAjika aura dhArmika-karttavyoM se baddha hone kI bAta nahIM maantaa| usake anusAra, vyakti ke lie mukhya karttavya eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki jisa taraha ho, Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA aura usameM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kre| bhAratIya-cintana meM naitika-darzana kI samAjagAmI evaM vyaktigAmI-yaha do vidhAe~ to avazya rahI haiM, parantu inameM kabhI bhI Atyantika-vibheda svIkAra kiyA gayA ho-aisA

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 165 pratIta nahIM hotaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAra-darzanoM meM prArambha meM vaiyaktika-kalyANa kA svara hI pramukha thA, lekina vahA~ para bhI hameM sAmAjika-bhAvanA yA lokahita se parAGmukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kI saMgha-vyavasthA svayaM hI ina AcAra-darzanoM kI sAmAjika-bhAvanA kA prabalatama sAkSya hai| dUsarI ora, gItA kA AcAra-darzana, jo loka-saMgraha athavA samAja kalyANa kI dRSTi ko lekara hI Age AyA thA, usameM bhI vaiyaktika-nivRtti kA abhAva nahIM hai| tInoM AcAra-darzana loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM, lekina usake lie vaiyaktika-jIvana meM nivRtti Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vaiyaktika-jIvana meM nivRtti kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA, taba taka loka-kalyANa kI sAdhanA sambhava nahIM hai| Atmahita, arthAt vaiyaktika-jIvana meM naitika-stara kA vikAsa lokahita kA pahalA caraNa hai| saccA loka-kalyANa tabhI sambhava hai, jaba vyakti nivRtti ke dvArA apanA naitika-vikAsa kara le| vaiyaktika naitika-vikAsa evaM Atma-kalyANa ke abhAva meM lokahita kI sAdhanA pAkhaNDa hai, dikhAvA hai| jisane Atma-vikAsa nahIM kiyA hai, jo apane vaiyaktika-jIvana ko naitika-vikAsa kI bhUmikA para sthita nahIM kara pAyA hai, usase loka-maMgala kI kAmanA sabase bar3Abhrama hai, chalanA hai| yadi vyakti ke jIvana meM vAsanA kA abhAva nahIM hai, usakI lobha kI jvAlA zAnta nahIM huI hai, to usake dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA lokahita bhI inase hI udbhUta hogaa| usake lokahita meM bhI svArtha evaM vAsanA chipI hogI aura aisA lokahita, jo vaiyaktika-vAsanA evaM svArtha kI pUrti ke lie kiyA jA rahA hai, lokahita hI nahIM hogaa| upAdhyAya amaramunijI jaina-dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM, vyaktigata jIvana meM jaba taka nivRtti nahIM A jAtI, taba taka samAja sevA kI pravRtti vizuddha nahIM ho sktii| apane vyaktigata jIvana meM maryAdAhIna bhoga aura AkAMkSAoM se nivRtti lekara samAjakalyANa ke lie pravRtta honA jaina-darzana kA pahalA nItidharma hai| vyaktigata jIvana kA zodhana karane ke lie asatkarmoM se pahale nivRtti karanI hotI hai| jaba nivRtti AegI, to jIvana pavitra aura nirmala hogA, antaHkaraNa vizuddha hogAaura taba jo bhI pravRtti hogI, vaha loka-hitAya evaM loka-sukhAya hogii| jaina darzana kI nivRtti kA hArda vyaktigata jIvana meM nivRtti aura sAmAjika-jIvana meM pravRtti hai| lokasevaka yA janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArtha evaM dvandvoM se dUra rahe, yaha jaina-darzana kI AcAra saMhitA kA pahalA pATha hai| ___Atmahita (vaiyaktika-naitikatA) aura lokahita (sAmAjika-naitikatA) paramparAvirodhI nahIM haiM, ve naitika-pUrNatA ke do pahalU haiN| Atmahita meM parahita aura parahita meM Atmahita samAhita hai| AtmakalyANa aura lokakalyANa eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiM, jinheM alaga dekhA to jA sakatA hai, alaga kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| jaina, bauddha evaM gItA kI

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAradhArAe~ AtmakalyANa (nivRtti) aura loka-kalyANa (pravRtti) ko alaga-alaga dekhatI to haiM, lekina unheM eka-dUsare se pRthak-pRthak karane kA prayAsa nahIM karatIM / pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM Avazyaka - nivRtti aura pravRtti kA samagra vivecana hameM isa niSkarSa para pahu~cAtA hai ki hama nivRtti yA pravRtti kA cAhe jo artha grahaNa kareM, hara sthiti meM, ekAnta rUpa se nivRtti yA pravRtti ke siddhAnta ko lekara kisI bhI AcArara-darzana kA sarvAMga vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| jaise, jIvana meM AhAra aura nihAra- donoM Avazyaka haiM, itanA hI nahIM, unake madhya samucita santulana bhI Avazyaka hai, vaise hI pravRtti aura nivRttidonoM Avazyaka haiN| paM. sukhalAlajI kA vicAra hai ki samAja koI bhI ho, vaha mAtra nivRtti kI bhUla-bhulaiyA para jIvita nahIM raha sakatA aura na nitAMta pravRtti hI sAdha sakatA hai| yadi pravRtti- -cakra kA mahatva mAnane vAle Akhira meM pravRtti ke tUphAna aura A~dhI meM phaMsakara mara sakate haiM, to yaha bhI saca hai ki pravRtti kA Azraya lie binA mAtra nivRtti havAI - kilA bana jAtI hai| aitihAsika aura dArzanika satya yaha hai ki pravRtti aura nivRtti mAnava-kalyANarUpI sikke ke do pahalU haiM / doSa, galatI, burAI aura akalyANa se taba taka koI baca nahIM sakatA, jaba taka ki doSa-nivRtti ke sAtha-sAtha sadguNa preraka aura kalyANamaya pravRtti meM pravRtta na huA jaae| bImAra vyakti kevala kupathya ke sevana se nivRtta hokara hI jIvita nahIM raha sakatA, use roga nivAraNa ke lie pathya kA sevana bhI karanA hogaa| zarIra se dUSita rakta ko nikAla DAlanA jIvana ke lie agara jarUrI hai, to usameM nae rakta kA saMcAra karanA bhI utanA hI jarUrI hai | Si - 166 -vyavasthA pravRtti aura nivRtti kI sImAe~ evaM kSetra - jaina-darzana kI anekAMtavAdI va yaha mAnatI hai ki na pravRttimArga hI zubha hai aura na ekAMtarUpa se nivRttimArga hI zubha hai| pravRtti aura nivRtti - donoM meM zubhatva - azubhatva ke tattva haiN| pravRtti zubha bhI hai aura azubha bhI / isI prakAra, nivRtti zubha bhI hai aura azubha bhI / pravRtti aura nivRtti ke apane-apane kSetra haiM, svasthAna haiM aura apane-apane svasthAnoM meM ve zubha haiM, lekina parasthAnoM yA kSetroM meM ve azubha haiM / kevala AhAra se jIvana-yAtrA sambhava hai aura na kevala nihAra se / jIvana-yAtrA lie donoM Avazyaka haiM, lekina samyak jIvana-yAtrA ke lie donoM kA apane-apane kSetroM meM kAryarata honA bhI Avazyaka hai| yadi AhAra ke aMga nihAra kA aura nihAra ke aMga AhAra kA kArya karane lage, athavA AhAra yogya padArthoM kA nihAra hone lage aura nihAra ke padArthoM kA AhAra kiyA jAne lage, to vyakti kA svAsthya caupaTa ho jaaegaa| ve hI tattva, jo apane svasthAna evaM dezakAla se zubha haiM, parasthAna meM azubha rUpa meM pariNata ho jaaeNge| jaina- dRSTikoNa - bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pravRtti aura nivRtti- donoM ko naitikavikAsa ke lie Avazyaka kahA hai| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne pravRtti aura nivRtti ke

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga 167 apane-apane kSetroM kI vyavasthA bhI kI aura yaha batAyA ki ve svakSetroM meM kArya karate hue hI naitika-vikAsa kI ora le jA sakatI hai| vyakti ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha pravRtti aura nivRtti ke svakSetroM evaM sImAoM ko jAne aura unakA apane-apane kSetroM meM hI upayoga kre| jisa prakAra moTara ke lie gatidAyaka yaMtra (eksIleTara) aura gatinirodhaka yaMtra (breka) donoM hI Avazyaka haiM, lekina sAtha hI moTara-cAlaka ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki donoM ke upayoga ke avasaroM yA sthAnoM ko samajhe aura yathAvasara evaM yathAsthAna hI unakA upayoga kre| donoM ke apane-apane kSetra haiM aura una kSetroM meM hI unakA samucita upayoga yAtrA kI saphalatA kA AdhAra hai| yadi cAlaka utAra para breka na lagAe aura car3hAva para eksIleTara na dabAe, athavA utAra para eksIleTara dabAe aura car3hAva para breka lagAe, to moTara naSTa-bhraSTa ho jaaegii| mahAvIrane jIvana kI vyAvahArikatA ko gaharAI se samajhA thaa| sAdhu aura gRhastha-donoM ke lie hI pravRtti aura nivRtti ko Avazyaka mAnA, lekina sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI kahA ki donoM ke alaga-alaga kSetra haiN| eka prabuddha vicAraka ke rUpa meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- "eka ora se virata hoo|" 52 yaha kathana unakI painI dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| isameM pravRtti aura nivRtti ke kSetroM ko alaga-alaga karate hue saphala niyaMtA ke rUpa meM unhoMne kahA, asaMyama, arthAt vAsanAoM kA jIvana samatva se vicalana kA, patana kA mArga hai| yaha jIvana kA utAra hai, ataH yahA~ breka lagAo, niyaMtraNa kro| isa dizA meM nivRtti ko apnaao| saMyama, arthAt AdarzamUlaka jIvana vikAsa kA mArga hai, vaha jIvana kA car3hAva hai, usameM gati dene kI AvazyakatA hai, ataH usa kSetra meM pravRtti ko apnaao| bauddha-dRSTikoNa-bhagavAn buddha ne bhI pravRtti-nivRtti meM samanvaya sAdhate hue kahA hai ki zIlavrata-parAmarza, arthAt saMnyAsa kA bAhya-rUpa se pAlana karanA hI sAra hai, yaha eka anta hai; kAma-bhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA anta hai, antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, ataH sAdhaka ko pravRtti aura nivRtti ke sandarbha meM ativAdI yA ekAMtika-dRSTi na apanAkara eka samanvayavAdI-dRSTi apanAnA caahie| ___ gItAkA dRSTikoNa-gItA kA AcAra-darzana ekAMta rUpa se pravRtti yA nivRtti kA samarthana nahIM krtaa| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI samyak AcaraNa ke lie pravRtti aura nivRtti-donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| itanA hI nahIM, manuSya meM isa bAta kA jJAna honA bhI Avazyaka hai ki kauna-se kAryoM meM pravRtti Avazyaka hai aura kauna-se kAryoM meM nivRtti| gItAkAra kA kahanA hai ki jisa vyakti ko pravRtti aura nivRtti kI samyak dizA kA jJAna nahIM hai, arthAt jo yaha nahIM jAnatA ki puruSArtha ke sAdhanarUpa kisa kArya meM pravRta honA ucita hai aura usake viparIta, anartha ke hetu kisa kArya se nivRtta honA ucita hai, vaha AsurI

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168 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sampadA se yukta hai| jisameM pravRtti aura nivRtti ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM hai, aise AsurI-prakRti ke vyakti meM na to zuddhi hotI hai,na sadAcAra hotA hai aura na satya hotA hai| 54 upasaMhAra- isa prakAra vivecya AcAra-darzanoM meM pravRtti aura nivRtti-donoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI jaina-darzana kA dRSTikoNa nivRttipradhAna pravRtti kA hai| vaha nivRtti ke lie pravRtti kA vidhAna karatA hai| bauddha-darzana meM nivRtti aura pravRtti-donoM kA samAna mahatva hai, yadyapi prAraMbhika bauddha-darzana nivRtyAtmaka-pravRtti kA hI samarthaka thaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa pravRttipradhAna-nivRtti kA hai| vaha pravRtti ke lie nivRtti kA vidhAna karatI hai| jahAM sAmAnya vyAvahArika-jIvana kI bAta hai, hameM pravRtti aura nivatti-donoM ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| donoM kI apanI-apanI sImAe~ evaM kSetra haiM, jinakA atikramaNa karane para unakA lokamaMgalakArI svarUpa naSTa ho jAtA hai| nivRtti kA kSetra Antarika evaM AdhyAtmika-jIvana hai aura pravRtti kA kSetra bAhya evaM sAmAjika-jIvana hai| donoM ko ekadUsare ke kSetra kA atikramaNa nahIM karanA caahie| nivRtti usI sthiti meM upAdeya ho sakatI hai, jabaki vaha nimna sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhe 1. nivRtti ko lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA se vimukha nahIM honA caahie| 2. nivRtti kA uddezya mAtra azubha se nivRtti honA caahie| 3. nivRtyAtmaka-jIvana meM sAdhaka kI satata jAgarUkatA honA cAhie, nivRtti mAtra AtmapIr3ana banakara na raha jAe, varan vyakti ke AdhyAtmika-vikAsa meM sahAyaka bhI ho| isI prakAra, pravRtti bhI usI sthiti meM upAdeya hai, jabaki vaha nimna sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhe 1. yadi nivRtti aura pravRtti apanI-apanI sImAoM meM rahate hue paraspara avirodhI hoM, to aisI sthiti meM pravRtti tyAjya nahIM hai| 2. pravRtti kA uddezya hamezA zubha honA caahie| 3. pravRtti meM kriyAoM kA sampAdana vivekapUrvaka honA caahie| 4. pravRtti rAga-dveSa athavA mAnasika-vikAroM (kaSAyoM) ke vazIbhUta hokara nahIM kI jAnI caahie| isa prakAra, nivRtti aura pravRtti apanI maryAdAoM meM rahatI haiM, to ve jahA~ eka ora sAmAjika-vikAsa evaM lokahita meM sahAyaka ho sakatI haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora, vyakti ko AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI ora bhI le jAtI haiN| azubha se nivRtti aura zubha meM pravRtti hI naitika-AcaraNa kA saccA mArga hai|

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nivRttimArga aura pravRttimArga sandarbha grantha - - 1. vinayapiTaka cUlavagga, 4/2/1 2. bodhicaryAvatAra, 3/6 3. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga 1 / 1 /5 4. gItA 3/5 5. gItA, 3/7-9 6. vahI, 3 / 22, 25 7. dazavaikAlika cUlikA, 1 / 11, 12, 13 8. suttanipAta 27/2 9. gItA, 5/2 10. sthUlabhadra kA kozA vezyA ke yahA~ cAturmAsa karane kA sampUrNa kathAnaka isa tathya ko aura adhika spaSTa kara detA hai / 11. amarabhAratI, maI 1965, pR. 10 12. uttarAdhyayana, 5/20 13. vahI, 5/20 -23, 28 14. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 240/60 15. gItA (zAM.), 3 / 3 16. gItA, 3/3 17. vahI, 3/3 18. gItA (zAM.) 6/2 19. vahI, 5/2 20. vahI, 3/3 21. gItA - rahasya, pR. 320 22. gItA, 3/20 23. gItArahasya, pR. 358 24. gItA (zAM.), 6/1 25. vahI, 6 pUrvabhUmikA 26. vahI, 5/4 27. vahI, 5/5 28. jainadharma kA prANa, pR. 126 169

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170 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 29. gItA (zAM.), 18/30 30. kaThopaniSad 1/2/2 31. nItipravezikA, pR. 198 para uddhRta 32. IzAvAsyopaniSad 1 33. uttarAdhyayana 9/53 34. vahI, 13/16-17 35. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/2 36. vahI 1/3/4/7 37. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/17 38. vahI, 1/8/18 39. vahI, 1/9/35 40. vahI, 1/2/1/9 41. uttarAdhyayana, 9/44 42. vahI, 32/101 43. aMguttaranikAya, 3/151 44. udAna, 6/8 45. gItA, 6/35, 13/8, 18/52 46. vahI, 17/5, 17/19 47. zrI amarabhAratI, apraila 1966, pR. 20-21 48. jainadharma kA prANa, pR. 126-127 49. jainadharma kA prANa, pR. 56,58,59 50. zrI amara bhAratI (apraila 1966), pR. 21 51. dekhie-jainadharma kA prANa; pR. 68 / 52. uttarAdhyayana, 31/2 53. udAna, 6/8 54. gItA (zA.), 16/7 55. uddhRta-trilokazatAbdI abhinandana graMtha, lekha-khaNDa, pR. 43

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 171 CERY bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA kA vikAsa bhAratIya dArzanika-cintana meM upasthita sAmAjika-sandarbho ko samajhane ke lie sarvaprathama hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki kevala kucha dArzanika-prasthAna hI sampUrNa bhAratIyaprajJA evaM bhAratIya-cintana kA pratinidhitva nahIM karate haiM, ina dArzanika-prasthAnoM se haTakara bhI bhArata meM dArzanika-cintana huA hai aura usameM anekAneka sAmAjika-saMdarbha upasthita haiN| dUsare yaha ki bhAratIya-darzana mAtra bauddhika evaM saiddhAntika hI nahIM hai, vaha anubhUtyAtmaka evaM vyAvahArika bhI hai; koI bhI bhAratIya-darzana aisA nahIM hai, jo mAtra tattvamImAMsIya (Metaphysical) evaM jJAna-mImAMsIya (Epistomological) cintana se hI saMtoSa dhAraNa kara letA ho| usameM jJAna jJAna ke lie nahIM, apitu jIvana ke saphala saMcAlana ke lie hai| usakA mUla duHkha hI samasyA meM hai| duHkha aura duHkha-mukti-yahI bhAratIya-darzana kA 'artha' aura 'iti' hai| yadyapi tattva-mImAMsAaura jJAna-mImAMsA pratyeka bhAratIya-dArzanikaprasthAna ke mahatvapUrNa aMga rahe haiM, kintu ve samyak jIvanadRSTi ke nirmANa aura sAmAjikavyavahAra kI zuddhi ke lie haiN| bhAratIya-cintana meM darzana kI dharma aura nIti se aviyojyatA usake sAmAjika-sandarbhako aura bhI spaSTa kara detI hai| yahA~ darzana jAnane kI nahIM, apitu jIne kI vastu rahA hai ; vaha mAtra jJAna nahIM, anubhUti hai aura isIlie vaha philAsaphI nahIM, darzana hai, jIvana jIne kA eka samyak dRSTikoNa hai| yadyapi hamArA durbhAgya to yaha rahA ki madhya yuga meM darzana sAdhakoM aura RSi-muniyoM ke hAthoM se nikalakara tathAkathita buddhijIviyoM ke hAthoM meM calA gyaa| phalataH, usameM tArkika-pakSa pradhAna tathA anubhUtimUlaka-sAdhanA evaM AcAra-pakSa gauNa ho gayA aura hamArI jIvana-zailI se usakA riztA dhIre-dhIre TUTatA gyaa| sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya-cintana ke prAcIna yuga ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM 1. vaidika-yuga, 2. aupaniSadika-yuga, evaM 3. jaina-bauddha-yuga

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172 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaidika-yuga meM janamAnasa meM sAmAjika-cetanA ko jAgrata karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, jabaki aupaniSadika-yuga meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke lie dArzanika-AdhAra para prastutikaraNa kiyA gayA aura jaina-bauddha-yuga meM sAmAjika-sambandhoM ke zuddhikaraNa para bala diyA gyaa| vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA-donoM hI mAnavIya 'sva' ke anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya-vicAraka DraDale kA kathana hai ki manuSya nahIM hai, yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM, kintu yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjikahI hai, to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA-donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai| vastuta:, manuSya eka hI sAtha sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika-donoM hI hai, kyoMki mAnava-vyaktitva meM rAga-dveSa ke tattva anivArya rUpa se upasthita haiN| rAga kA tattva usameM sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa karatA hai, to dveSa kA tattva usameM vaiyaktikatA yA sva-hitavAdI-dRSTi kA vikAsa karatA hai| jaba rAga kA sImAkSetra saMkucita hotA hai aura dveSa kA adhika vistarita hotA hai, to vyakti ko svArthI kahA jAtA hai, usameM vaiyaktikatA pramukha hotI hai, kintu jaba rAga kA sImA kSetra vistarita hotA hai aura dveSa kA kSetra kama hotA hai, taba vyakti paropakArI yA sAmAjika kahA jAtA hai, kintu jaba vaha vItarAga aura vItadveSa hotA hai, taba vaha atisAmAjika hotA hai, kintu apane aura parAe bhAva kA yaha atikramaNa asAmAjika nahIM hai| vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA meM anivArya rUpa se 'sva' kI saMkucitasImAko tor3anA hotA hai, ataH aisI sAdhanA anivArya rUpase asAmAjika to nahIM ho sakatI hai| sAtha hI, manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, vaha vItarAga nahIM huA hai, to svabhAvataH hI eka sAmAjika-prANI hai| ataH, koI bhI dharma sAmAjika-cetanA se vimukha hokara jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM sAmAjika-cetanA bhAratIya-cintana kI pravartaka vaidika-dhArA meM sAmAjikatA kA tattva usake prArambhika-kAla se hI upasthita hai| vedoM meM sAmAjika-jIvana kI saMkalpanA ke vyApaka sandarbha haiN| vaidika-RSi saphala evaM sahayogapUrNa sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie abhyarthanA karate hue kahatA hai ki saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaMsaM vo manAMsi jAnatAm' - tuma milakara calo, milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM; arthAt tumhAre jIvana-vyavahAra meM sahayoga, tumhArI vANI meM samasvaratA aura tumhAre vicAroM meM samAnatA ho|' Age punaH vaha kahatA hai samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH shcittmessaam|

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 173 samAnI va AkUti : samAnA hRdayAni vaH / samAnamastu vo mano yathA vaH sushaasti|| arthAt, Apa sabake nirNaya samAna hoM , Apa sabakI sabhA bhI sabake lie samAna ho, arthAt sabake prati samAna vyavahAra kreN| ApakA mana bhI samAna ho aura ApakI cittavRtti bhI samAna ho, Apake saMkalpa eka hoM, Apake hRdaya eka hoM, ApakA mana bhI ekarUpaho, tAki Apa milajulakara acchI taraha se kArya kara skeN| sambhavataH,sAmAjikajIvana evaM samAja-niSThA ke pariprekSya meM vaidika-yuga ke bhAratIya-cintaka ke ye sabase mahatvapUrNa udgAra haiM / vaidika-RSiyoM kA kRNvaMto vizvamAryam' ke rUpa meM eka susabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava-samAja kI racanA kA mizana tabhI saphala ho sakatA thA, jabaki ve janajana meM samAja-niSThA ke bIja kA vapana karate / sahayogapUrNa jIvana-zailI unakA mUla maMtavya thaa| pratyeka avasara para zAMti-pATha ke mAdhyama se ve jana-jana meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa kA prayAsa karate the| ve apane zAMti-pATha meM kahate the OM sahanA bhavatu sahanau bhunaktu saha vIryaM karavAvahai, tejasvinAvadhItamastu mA vidvissaavhai|' hama saba sAtha-sAtha rakSita hoM , sAtha-sAtha poSita hoM, sAtha-sAtha sAmarthya ko prApta hoM, hamArA adhyayana tejasvI ho, hama Apasa meM vidveSa na kreN| vaidika samAja-darzana kA Adarza thA- 'zata-hastaH samAhara, sahasrahastaH sIkara' saikar3oM hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura hajAra hAthoM se bA~To, kintu yaha bA~Tane kI bAta dayA yA kRpA nahIM hai, apitu sAmAjikadAyitva kA bodha hai, kyoMki bhAratIya-ciMtana meM dAna ke lie saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai, isameM sama vitaraNa yA sAmAjika-dAyitva kA bodha hI pramukha hai, kRpA, dayA, karuNA-ye saba gauNa haiN| AcArya zaMkara ne dAna kI vyAkhyA kI hai 'dAnaM saMvibhAgaM' / jainadarzana meM to atithi-saMvibhAga ke rUpa meM eka svatantra vrata kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| saMvibhAga zabda karuNA kA pratIka na hokara sAmAjika-adhikAra kA pratIka hai| vaidika-RSiyoM kA niSkarSa thA ki jo akelAkhAtA hai, vaha pApI hai (kevalAdo bhavati kevlaadii)| jainadArzanika bhI kahate the asaMvibhAgI nahu tassa mokkho,' jo sama-vibhAgI nahIM hai, usakI mukti nahIM hogii| isa prakAra, hama vaidika-yuga meM sahayoga evaM sahajIvana kA saMkalpa upasthita pAte haiM, kintu usake lie dArzanika-AdhAra kA prastutikaraNa aupaniSadika-cintana meM hI huA hai / aupaniSadika RSi 'ekastathA sarvabhUtAntarAtmA' 'sarva khalvidaM brahma' tathA 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam' ke rUpa meM ekatva kI anubhUti karane lgaa| aupaniSadika-cintana meM

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174 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaiyaktikatA se Upara uThakara sAmAjika-ekatA ke lie abhedaniSThA kA sarvotkRSTa tAttvikaAdhAra prastuta kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra, jahA~ vedoM kI samAja-niSThA bahirmukhI thI, vahIM upaniSadoM meM Akara antarmukhI ho gii| bhAratIya-darzana meM yaha abheda-niSThA hI sAmAjikaekatva kI cetanA evaM sAmAjika-samatA kA AdhAra banI hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad kA RSi kahatA thA yastu sarvANi bhuutaanyaatmnyevaanupshyti| sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupste|| jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha apanI isa ekAtmatA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| sAmAjika-jIvana ke vikAsa kA AdhAra ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hai aura jaba ekAtmatA kI dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svataH samApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra, jahA~ eka ora aupaniSadika-RSiyoM ne ekAtmatA kI cetanA ko jAgrata kara sAmAjika-jIvana ke vinAzaka ghRNA evaM vidveSa ke tattvoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora, unhoMne sampatti ke vaiyaktika-adhikAra kA nirasana kara IzvarI-sampadA arthAt sAmUhikasampadA kA vicAra bhI prastuta kiyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad ke prArambha meM hI RSi kahatA hai: IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiJca jagatyAM jgt| tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH kasyasviddhanam / / arthAt, isa jaga meM jo kucha bhI hai, vaha sabhI IzvarIya hai, aisA kucha nahIM hai, jise vaiyaktika kahA jA ske| isa prakAra, zloka ke pUrvArddha meM vaiyaktika-adhikAra kA nirasana karake samaSTi ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| zloka ke uttarArddha meM vyakti ke upabhoga evaM saMgraha ke adhikAra ko maryAdita karate hue kahA gayA ki prakRti kI jo bhI upalabdhiyA~ haiM, unameM dUsaroM (arthAt samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM) kA bhI bhAga hai, ataH unake bhAga ko chor3akara hI unakA upayoga karo, saMgraha yA lAlaca mata karo, kyoMki sampatti kisI eka kI nahIM hai| sambhavataH, sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie isase adhika mahatvapUrNa dUsarA kathana nahIM ho sakatA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki gAMdhIjI ne isa zloka ke sandarbha meM kahA thA ki bhAratIyasaMskRti kA sabhI kucha naSTa ho jAe, kintu yaha zloka banA rahe, to yaha akelA hI usakI abhivyakti meM samartha hai| tena tyaktena bhuMjIthAH' meM samagra sAmAjika-cetanA kendrita dikhAI detI hai|

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 175 gItA meM sAmAjika-cetanA ___yadihama upaniSadoM se mahAbhArata aura usake hI eka aMza gItA kI ora Ate haiM, to yahA~ bhI hameM sAmAjika-cetanAkA spaSTa darzana hotA hai| mahAbhArata to itanA vyApaka grantha hai ki usameM upasthita samAja-darzana para eka svatantra mahAnibandha likhA jA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama mahAbhArata meM hameM samAja kI AMgika-saMkalpanA kA vaha siddhAnta parilakSita hotA hai, jisa para pAzcAtya-cintana meM sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| gItA bhI isa ekAtmatA kI anubhUti para bala detI hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki 'Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjun| sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI prmomtH|| arthAt, jo sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM sabhI ko apane samAna samajhatA hai, vahI saccA yogI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha to isase Age yaha bhI kahatA hai ki saccA darzana yA jJAna vahI hai, jo hameM ekAtmatA kI anubhUti karAtA hai - 'avibhavataM vibhavateSu tajjJAnaM viddhi sAtvikam / ' vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM meM bhI ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hI jJAna kI sAtvikatA aura hamArI samAja-niSThA kA ekamAtra AdhAra hai| sAmAjika-dRSTi se gItA 'sarvabhUta-hite ratAH' kA sAmAjika-Adarza bhI prastuta karatI hai| anAsakta-bhAva se yukta hokara loka-kalyANa ke lie kArya karate rahanA hI gItA ke samAja-darzana kA mUla mantavya hai| zrIkRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM - 'te prApnuvanti mAmeva srvbhuuthitertaaH| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, gItA meM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM ke nirvahana para bhI pUrA-pUrA bala diyA gayA hai| jo apane sAmAjika-dAyitvoM ko pUrNa kie binA bhoga karatA hai, vahagItAkAra kI dRSTi meM cora hai (stena eva saH, 3/12), sAtha hI jo mAtra apane lie pakAtA hai, vaha pApa kA hI arjana karatA hai| (bhuMjate te tvaghaM pApA ye pacantyAtmakAraNAt, 3/13) / gItA hameM samAja meM rahakara hI jIvana jIne kI zikSA detI hai, isalie usane saMnyAsa kI navIna paribhASA bhI prastuta kI hai| vaha kahatI hai ki 'kAmyAnAM karmaNAMnyAsaM saMnyAsaM kavayo viduH'' kAmya, arthAt svArthayukta karmoM kA tyAga hI saMnyAsa hai, kevala niragni aura nizriya ho jAnA saMnyAsa nahIM hai| sacce saMnyAsI kA lakSaNa hai-samAja meM rahakara lokakalyANa ke lie anAsakta-bhAva se karma karatA rhe| anAzritaH karmaphalaM kArya karoti yH| sa saMnyAsa ca yogI ca na niragnirna caakriyH||'

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki loka-zikSA ko cAhate hue karma karatA rahe (kuryAt vidvAn tathA asaktaH cikIrSuH lokasaMgraham) / ' gItA meM guNAzrita karma ke AdhAra para varNavyavasthA kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA thA, vaha bhI sAmAjika dRSTi se kartavyoM evaM dAyitvoM ke vibhAjana kA eka mahatvapUrNa kArya thA, yadyapi bhAratIya - samAja kA yaha durbhAgya thA ki guNa arthAt vaiyaktika- yogyatA ke AdhAra para karma evaM varNa kA yaha vibhAjana kinhIM nihita svArthoM ke kAraNa janmanA banA diyA gayA / vastutaH, vedoM meM evaM svayaM gItA meM bhI jo virAT puruSa ke vibhinna aMgoM se utpatti ke rUpa meM varNoM kI avadhAraNA hai, vaha anya kucha nahIM, apitu samAja - puruSa ke vibhinna aMgoM kI avadhAraNA hai aura kisI sImA taka samAja ke AMgikatA-siddhAMta kA hI prastutikaraNa hai| sAmAjika - jIvana meM viSamatA evaM saMgharSa kA eka mahatvapUrNa kAraNa sampatti kA adhikAra hai| zrImadbhAgavata bhI IzAvAsyopaniSad ke samAna hI sampatti para vyakti ke adhikAra ko asvIkAra karatI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai - yAvat bhriyeta jaTharaM tAvat svatvaM dehinAm / adhiko yo'bhimanyeta, sa steno daNDamarhati // " arthAt, apanI daihika- AvazyakatA se adhika sampadA para apanA svatva mAnanA sAmAjika dRSTi se corI hai, anadhikRta ceSTA hai| Aja kA samAjavAda evaM sAmyavAda bhI isI Adarza para khar3A hai, 'yogyatA ke anusAra kArya aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra vetana' kI usakI dhAraNA yahA~ pUrI taraha upasthita hai| bhAratIya - cintana meM puNya aura pApa kA jo vargIkaraNa hai, usameM bhI sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai| pApa ke rUpa meM jina durguNoM kA aura puNya ke rUpa meM jina sadguNoM kA ullekha hai, unakA sambandha vaiyaktika jIvana kI apekSA sAmAjika-jIvana se adhika hai| puNya aura pApa kI ekamAtra kasauTI hai - kisI karma kA loka-maMgala meM upayogI yA anupayogI honaa| kahA bhI gayA hai - 'paropakArAya puNyAya pApAya parapIDanam' loka ke lie hitakara hai, kalyANakara hai, vaha puNya hai aura isake viparIta, jo bhI dUsaroM ke lie pIr3A - janaka hai, amaMgalakara hai, vaha pApa hai / isa prakAra, bhAratIya cintana meM puNyapApa kI vyAkhyAe~ bhI sAmAjika dRSTi para hI AdhArita haiM / jaina evaM bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA 176 yadi hama nivartaka- dhArA ke samarthaka jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma kI ora dRSTipAta karate haiM, to prathama dRSTi meM aisA lagatA hai ki inameM samAja kI dRSTi kI upekSA kI gaI hai| sAmAnyatayA,

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 177 yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki nivRtti-pradhAna darzana vyakti-paraka aura pravRtti-pradhAna darzana samAjaparaka hote haiM, kintu yaha mAna lenA ki bhAratIya-cintana kI nivartaka-dhArA ke samarthaka jaina, bauddha Adi darzana asAmAjika haiM yA ina darzanoM meM sAmAjika-saMdarbha kA abhAva hai, nitAnta bhrama hogaa| inameM bhI sAmAjika-bhAvanA se parAGmukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| ye darzana itanA to avazya mAnate haiM ki cAhe vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ekAMkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho sakatA hai, kintu usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika-kalyANa kI dizA meM hI honA caahie| mahAvIra aura buddha kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki ve jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt jIvana-paryanta loka-maMgala ke lie kArya karate rhe| yadyapi ina nivRttipradhAnadarzanoM meM jo sAmAjika-sandarbha upasthita haiM, ve thor3e bhinna prakAra ke avazya haiM / inameM mUlataH sAmAjika-sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai| sAmAjika-sandarbha kI dRSTi se inameM samAja-racanA evaM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kI nirvahaNa kI apekSA samAja-jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala diyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke paMca mahAvrata, bauddhadarzana ke paMcazIla aura yogadarzana ke paMca yamoM kA sambandha anivAryatayA hamAre sAmAjikajIvana se hI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra nAmaka jaina-Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| pAMcoM mahAvrata sarvaprakAra se lokahita ke lie haiN| 12 hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra, saMgraha (parigraha)-ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika-jIvana kI dRSpravRttiyA~ haiN| ye saba dUsaroM ke prati hamAre vyavahAra se saMbaMdhita haiN| hiMsA kA artha hai-kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai-kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai-kisI dUsare kI sampatti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai-sAmAjika-mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita karanA, isI prakAra, saMgraha yAparigrahakAartha hai-samAja meM Arthika-viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyAsamAja-jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha yA saMdarbharaha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI jo maryAdAeM ina darzanoM ne dIM, ve hamAre sAmAjika-sambandhoM kI zuddhi ke lie hI haiN| isI prakAra; jaina, bauddha aura yoga-darzanoM kI sAdhanA-paddhati meM samAna rUpa se prastuta maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura mAdhyastha-bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para bhI sAmAjika-saMdarbha ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAcArya amitagati ina bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti nimna zabdoM meM karate haiM satveSu maitrI guNISu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaaprtvm| madhyasthabhAvaM viparItavRttau sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu dev||"

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'he prabhu! hamAre manoM meM prANiyoM ke prati mitratA, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda, duHkhiyoM ke prati karuNA tathA duSTa janoM ke prati madhyastha-bhAva sadA vidyamAna rhe|' isa prakAra, ina bhAvanAoM mAdhyama se samAja ke vibhinna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM se hamAre sambandha kisa prakAra ke hoM, yahI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| samAja meM dUsare logoM ke sAtha hama kisa prakAra jIvana jieM, yaha hamArI sAmAjikatA ke lie ati Avazyaka hai aura ina darzanoM meM isa prakAra se vyakti ko samAja - jIvana se jor3ane kA hI prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| ina darzanoM kA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai| inameM prema aura karuNA ke lie aTUTa dhArA baha rahI hai| tIrthaMkara kI vANI kA prasphuTana hI loka karuNA ke lie hotA hai ( samecca loye kheyanne pavvaiye), isIlie to AcArya samantabhadra likhate haiM- 'sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva', he prabho ! ApakA anuzAsana sabhI duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karane vAlA hai|' jainaAgamoM meM prastuta kula-dharma, grAma- dharma, nagara-dharma, rASTra-dharma evaM gaNa-dharma bhI usakI samAja - sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiM / tripiTaka meM bhI aneka saMdarbhoM meM vyakti ke vividha sAmAjika sambandhoM ke AdarzoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| pArivArika aura sAmAjikajIvana meM hamAre pArasparika-sambandhoM ko sumadhura evaM samAyojanapUrNa banAne tathA sAmAjikaTakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM dUra karane ke lie ina darzanoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| 178 vastutaH, ina darzanoM meM AcAra-zuddhi para bala dekara vyakti-sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA / inhoMne vyakti ko samAja kA kendra mAnA aura isalie usake caritra ke nirmANa para bala diyA / vastutaH, ina darzanoM ke yuga taka samAjaracanA kA kArya pUrA ho cukA thA, ataH inhoMne mukhya rUpa se sAmAjika burAiyoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para bala diyA / rAgAtmakatA aura samAja sambhavataH, ina darzanoM ko jina AdhAroM para sAmAjika-jIvana se kaTA huA mAnA jAtA hai, unameM pramukha haiM - rAga yA Asakti kA prahANa, saMnyAsa yA nivRttimArga kI pradhAnatA tathA mokSa kA pratyaya / ye hI aise tattva haiM, jo vyakti ko sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karate haiM, ataH bhAratIya- saMdarbha meM ina pratyayoM kI sAmAjika dRSTi se samIkSA Avazyaka hai| - sarvaprathama, bhAratIya-darzana Asakti, rAga yA tRSNA kI samApti para bala detA hai, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA Asakti yA rAga se Upara uThane kI bAta sAmAjika - jIvana se alaga karatI hai| sAmAjika-jIvana kA AdhAra pArasparika sambandha hai aura sAmAnyatayA -

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 179 yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga se mukti yA Asakti kI samApti tabhI sambhava hai, jabaki vyakti apane ko sAmAjika-jIvana se yA pArivArika-jIvana se alaga kara le, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai / na to sambandha tor3a dene mAtra se rAga samApta ho jAtA hai, na rAga ke abhAva-mAtra se sambandha TUTa jAte haiM / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAga yA Asakti kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika-saMbaMdha hI nahIM bana pAte / sAmAjika-jIvana aura sAmAjika-saMbaMdhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI hai / sAmAnyatayA, rAga dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambandha rAga-dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3e hote haiM, to ina saMbaMdhoM se TakarAhaTa evaM viSamatA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni caiv| sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa // AtmAnamaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na shkyte| yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM nshkyte|" saMsArake sabhI duHkha aura bhaya evaM tajanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hote haiM / jaba taka mamatva-buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka ina duHkhoM kI samApti sambhava nahIM hai, jaise agni kA parityAga kie binA tajjanya dAha se bacanA asambhava hai| rAga hameM sAmAjikajIvana se jor3atA nahIM hai, apitu tor3atA hI hai| rAga ke kAraNa merA yA mamatva-bhAva utpanna hotA hai| mere saMbaMdhI, merI jAti, merAdharma, merA rASTra-ye vicAra vikasita hote haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai| Aja mAnava-jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika-sambandhoM meM ye hI sabase adhika bAdhaka tattva haiN| ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane dete haiN| ve hI Aja kI viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiN| bhAratIya-darzana ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikatA kI eka yathArtha dRSTi hI pradAna kI hai| prathama to yaha ki rAga kisI para hotA hai aura jo kisI para hotA hai, vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH rAga se Upara uThe binA yA Asakti ko chor3e binA sAmAjikatA kI saccI bhUmikA prApta nahIM kI jA sktii| sAmAjika-jIvana kI viSamatAoM kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hI hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai| sAmAjika-jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kie jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN|

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai ki hama apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kara sakeM, kintu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka vijarsana kie binA apekSita sAmAjika-jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vyakti kA mamatva, cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana, pArivArika jIvana yA rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detA / svahita kI vRtti, cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue saccA sAmAjikajIvana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| jisa prakAra parivAra ke prati mamatva kA saghana rUpa hamameM rASTrIyacetanA kA vikAsa nahIM kara sakatA, usI prakAra rASTrIyatA ke prati bhI mamatva saccI mAnavIyaekatA meM sahAyaka siddha nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti jaba taka rAga yA Asakti se Upara nahIM uThatA, taba taka sAmAjikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, ataH vItarAga yA anAsakta - dRSTi hI sAmAjika jIvana ke lie vAstavika AdhAra prastuta kara sakatI hai aura sampUrNa mAnavajAti meM sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM kA nirmANa kara sakatI hai| yadi hama sAmAjikasambandhoM meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA evaM TakarAhaTa ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM, to usake mUla meM hamArI Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA hI pramukha hai| Asakti, mamatva-bhAva yA rAga ke kAraNa hI manuSya meM 14 saMgraha, Aveza aura kapaTAcAra ke tattva janma lete haiM, ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki ina darzanoM ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikaviSamatAoM ko samApta karane evaM sAmAjika samatva kI sthApanA karane meM mahatvapUrNa sahayoga diyA hai| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa para khar3A hotA hai, jItA hai aura vikasita hotA hai - yaha bhAratIya cintana kA mahatvapUrNa niSkarSa hai / vastutaH, Asakti yA rAga-tattva kI upasthiti saccI sArvabhauma sAmAjikatA phalita nahIM hotI hai| sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra rAga yA viveka ? sambhavataH, yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika sambandhoM ko jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA ? rAga ke abhAva se to sAre sAmAjikasambandha caramarA kara TUTa jaaeNge| rAgAtmakatA hI to hameM eka-dUsare se jor3atI hai, ataH rAga sAmAjika-jIvana kA eka Avazyaka tattva hai, kintu merI apanI vinamra dhAraNA meM jo tattva vyakti ko vyakti se yA samAja se jor3atA hai, vaha rAga nahIM, viveka hai| tattvArthasUtra meM isa bAta kI carcA upasthita kI gaI hai ki vibhinna dravya eka-dUsare kA sahayoga kisa prakAra karate haiN| usameM jahA~ pudgala - dravya ko jIva- dravya kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai, vahIM eka jIva ko 180 --

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 181 dUsare jIvoM kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai parasparopagraho jIvAnAm'15 | cetana sattA yadi kisI kA upakAra yA hita kara sakatI hai, to cetana sattA kA hI kara sakatI hai| isa prakAra, pArasparika hita-sAdhana, yaha jIva kA svabhAva hai aura yaha pArasparika hita-sAdhanA kI svAbhAvika-vRtti hI manuSya kI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai / isa svAbhAvika-vRtti ke vikAsa ke do AdhAra haiM - eka, rAgAtmaka aura dUsarA, viveka / rAgAtmakatA hameM kahIM se jor3atI hai, to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai| isa prakAra, rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para jaba hama kisI ko apanA mAnate haiM, to usake virodhI ke prati 'para' kA bhAva bhI A jAtA hai| rAga dveSa ke sAtha hI jItA hai| ve aise jur3avAM zizu haiM, jo ekasAtha utpanna hote haiM, eka sAtha jIte haiM aura eka sAtha marate bhI haiN| rAga jor3atA hai, to dveSa tor3atA hai| rAga ke AdhAra para jo bhI samAja khar3A hogA, to usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda rahegA hii| saccI sAmAjikacetanAkA AdhArarAga nahIM, viveka hogaa| viveka ke AdhAra para dAyitva-bodha evaM karttavyabodha kI cetanA jAgrata hogii| rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA kartavya kI bhASA hai| jahA~ kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai, vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hotI hai| svastha sAmAjikatA adhikAra kA nahIM, kartavya kA bodha karAtI hai aura aisI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra 'viveka' hotA hai, kartavya-bodha hotA hai| jaina dharma aisI hI sAmAjika-cetanA ko nirmita karanA cAhatA hai| jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjikacetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, to mere aura tere kI, apane aura parAe kI cetanA samApta ho jAtI hai, sabhI Atmavat hote haiN| jaina-dharma ne ahiMsA ko jo apane dharma kA AdhAramAnA hai, usakA AdhAra yahI Atmavat-dRSTi hai| sAmAjika-jIvana ke bAdhaka tattva-ahaMkAra aura kaSAya sAmAjika-sambandha meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI bahuta kama mahatvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva haiM, inake kAraNa bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| zAsaka aura zAsita, athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA-nimnatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apane prabhAvakakSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi kA prayatna hai| svatantratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM hotA hai| jaba vyakti ke mana meM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA ubuddha hotI hai, to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, apaharaNa karatA hai| jaina-darzana ahaMkAra (mAna) pratyaya ke vigalana ke dvArA sAmAjika-paratantratA ko samApta karatA hai| dUsarI ora, jaina-darzana kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna

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182 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana adhikAroM ko svIkAra karatA hai| adhikAroM kA hanana bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai, ataH ahiMsA kA siddhAnta svatantratAke siddhAnta ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| jaina evaM bauddha-darzana eka ora ahiMsA-siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svatantratA kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora samatA ke AdhAra para vargabheda, jAtibheda evaM U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko samApta karate haiN| sAmAjika-jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hone ke cAra mUlabhUta kAraNa haiM - 1. saMgraha (lobha), 2. Aveza (krodha), 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipanA), jinheM jaina-dharma meM cAra kaSAya kahA jAtA hai| ye cAroM alaga-alaga rUpa meM sAmAjika-jIvana meM viSamatA, saMgharSa evaM azAnti ke kAraNa banate haiN| 1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi vikasita hote haiN| 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa, yuddha, AkramaNa evaM hatyAe~ Adi hote haiN| 3. garva kI manovRtti ke kAraNa ghRNA aura krUra vyavahAra hotA hai| 4. mAyA kI manovRtti ke kAraNa avizvAsa evaM maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM jinheM cAra kaSAya kahA jAtA hai, unhIM ke kAraNa sAmAjika-jIvana dUSita hotA hai| jainadarzana inhIM kaSAyoM ke nirodha ko apanI naitika-sAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai, ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki jaina-darzana apane sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM sAmAjika-viSamatAoM ko samApta kara, sAmAjika-samatva kI sthApanA kA prayatna karatA hai| yadi hama jaina dharma meM svIkRta pA~ca mahAvratoM ko dekheM, to spaSTa rUpa se unakA pUrA sandarbha sAmAjika-jIvana hai| hiMsA, mRSAvacana, corI, maithuna sevana (vyabhicAra) evaM saMgrahavRtti sAmAjika-jIvana kI burAiyA~ haiN| inase bacane ke lie pA~ca mahAvratoM ke rUpa meM jina naitika sadguNoM kI sthApanA kI gaI, ve pUrNataH sAmAjika-jIvana se sambandhita haiM, ataH bhAratIya-darzana ne anAsakti evaM vItarAgatA ke pratyaya para jo kucha bala diyA hai, vaha sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsa aura samAja sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIya-darzana ke saMnyAsa ke pratyaya ko samAja-nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu kyA saMnyAsa kI dhAraNA samAja-nirapekSa hai ? nizcaya hI saMnyAsI pArivArikajIvana kA tyAga karatA hai, kintu isase kyA vaha asAmAjika ho jAtA hai ? saMnyAsa ke saMkalpa meM vaha kahatA hai ki 'vitteSaNA puDheSaNA lokeSaNA mayA parityaktA', arthAt maiM artha-kAmanA, santAna-kAmanA aura yaza-kAmanA kA parityAga karatA hU~, kintu kyA dhana-sampadA, santAna tathA yaza-kIrti kI kAmanA kA parityAga samAja kA parityAga hai ?

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA 183 vastutaH, samasta eSaNAoM kA tyAga svArtha kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai, saMnyAsa kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja-vimukha nahIM banAtA hai, apitu samAja kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA para adhiSThita karatA hai, kyoMki saccA lokahita niHsvArthatA evaM virAga kI bhUmi para sthita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya-cintana saMnyAsa ko samAja-nirapekSa nahIM mAnatA / bhagavAn buddha kA yaha Adeza 'carattha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya deva manussAna' (vinayapiTaka-sahavAgga) isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki saMnyAsa lokamaMgala ke lie hotA hai| saccA saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai, jo samAja se alpatama lekara use adhikatama detA hai| vastutaH, vaha kuTumba, parivAra Adi kA tyAga isalie karatA hai ki samaSTi kA hokara rahe, kyoMki jo kisI kA hai, vaha sabakA nahIM ho sakatA, jo sabakA hai, vaha kisI kA nahIM hai| saMnyAsI niHsvArtha aura niSkAma rUpa se loka-maMgala kA sAdhaka hotA hai| saMnyAsa zabda sampUrvaka nyAsa hai, nyAsa zabda kA eka artha dekharekha karanA bhI hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai, jo samyak rUpa se eka nyAsI (TrasTI) kI bhUmikA adA karatA hai auranyAsI vaha hai, jomamatva-bhAva aura svAmitva kA tyAga karake kisI TrasTa (sampadA) kA rakSaNa evaM vikAsa karatA hai| saMnyAsI sacce artha meM eka TrasTI hai| TrasTI yadi TrasTa kA upayoga apane hita meM karatA hai, apane ko usakA svAmI samajhatA hai, to vaha samyak TrasTI nahIM ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra, yadi vaha TrasTa ke rakSaNa evaM vikAsa kA prayatna na kare, to bhI sacce artha meM TrasTI nahIM hai| isI prakAra, yadi saMnyAsI nahIM hai aura yadi loka kI upekSA karatA hai, lokamaMgala ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatA hai, to vaha bhI saMnyAsI nahIM hai| usake jIvana kA mizana to sarvabhUta-hite rataH' kA hai| saMnyAsa meM rAga se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai, kiMtu isakA tAtparya samAja kI upekSA nahIM hai| saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA meM svatva evaM mamatva ke lie nizcaya hI koI sthAna nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha palAyana nahIM, apitu samarpaNa hai| mamatva kA parityAga karttavya kI upekSA nahIM hai, apitu kartavya kA sahI bodha hai| saMnyAsI usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai, jahA~ vyakti apane meM samaSTiko aura samaSTimeM apane ko dekhatA hai| usakI cetanA apane aura parAekebhedase Upara U jAtI hai| yaha apane aura parAe ke vicAra se Upara ho jAnAsamAja-vimukhatA nahIM hai, apitu yaha to usake hRdaya kI vyApakatA hai, mahAnatA hai, isalie bhAratIya-cintakoM ne kahA hai ayaM nijaH paro veti gaNanA laghucetamAs / udAracaritAnAM tu vasudhaiva kuTumbakam //

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184 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA kii| usakI vAstavika sthiti 'dhAya' (narsa) ke samAna mamatvarahita karttavya-bhAva kI hotI hai| jaina-dharma meM kahA bhI gayA hai sama dRSTi jIvar3A kare kuTumba prtipaal| antara sUMnyArA rahe jUdhAya khilAve baal|| vastutaH, nirmamatva evaM niHsvArtha bhAva se tathA vaiyaktikatA aura svArtha se Upara uThakara kartavya kA pAlana hI saMnyAsa kI saccI bhUmikA hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai, jo loka-maMgala ke lie apane vyaktitva evaM apane zarIra ko samarpita kara detA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI tyAga karatA hai, vaha samAja ke lie eka Adarza banatA hai| samAja meM naitika-cetanA ko jAgrata karanA tathA sAmAjika-jIvana meM Ane vAlI duHpravRttiyoM se vyakti ko bacAkara lokamaMgala ke lie use dizA-nirdeza denA saMnyAsI kA sarvoparikartavya mAnA gayA hai, ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya-darzana meM saMnyAsa kI jo bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsI kSudra svArtha se Upara uThakara khar3A huA vyakti hotA hai, jo Adarza samAja-racanA ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aba hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-upAdeyatA para carcA karanA cAheMge / puruSArthacatuSTaya evaM samAja ___ bhAratIya-darzana mAnava-jIvana ke lie artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa-ina puruSArthoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| yadi hama sAmAjika-jIvana ke sandarbha meM ina para vicAra karate haiM, to inameM se artha, kAma aura dharma kA sAmAjika-jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| sAmAjikajIvana meM hI ina tInoM puruSArthoM kI upalabdhi sambhava hai| arthopArjana aura kAma kA sevana to sAmAjika-jIvana se jur3A huA hI hotA hai, kintu bhAratIya-cintana meM dharma bhI sAmAjikavyavasthA aura zAnti ke lie hI hai, kyoMki dharma ko 'dharmoM dhArayate prajAH' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kara usakA sambandha bhI hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana se jor3A gayA hai| vaha lokamaryAdAaura loka-vyavasthA kAhIsUcaka hai| ataH, puruSArtha-catuSTaya meM kevala mokSa hI eka aisA puruSArtha hai, jisakI sAmAjika-sArthakatA vicAraNIya hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA mokSa kI dhAraNA sAmAjika-dRSTi se upAdeya ho sakatI hai ? jahA~ taka mokSa kI maraNottara avasthA yA tattva-mImAMsIya-dhAraNA kA prazna hai, usa sambandha meM na to bhAratIya-darzanoM meM hI ekarUpatA hai aura na usakI koI sAmAjika-sArthakatA hI khojI jA sakatI hai, kintu isI AdhAra para mokSa ko anupAdeya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya-dArzanika

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 185 isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki mokSa kA sambandhamukhyataH manuSya kI manovRtti se hai|bndhn aura mukti- donoM hI manuSya ke manovegoM se sambandhita haiN| rAga, dveSa, Asakti, tRSNA, mamatva, aham Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hI bandhana haiM aura inase mukta honA hI mukti hai| mukti kI vyAkhyA karate hue jaina-dArzanikoM ne kahA thA ki moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kI avasthA hI mukti hai| AcArya zaMkara kahate haiM ___ 'vAsanAprakSayo mokSaH'17 vastutaH, moha aura kSobha hamAre jIvana se jur3e hue haiM aura isalie mukti kA sambandha bhI hamAre jIvana se hI hai| merI dRSTi meM mokSa mAnasika-tanAvoM se mukti hai| yadi hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-sArthakatA ke sambandha se vicAra karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM inhIM manovRttiyoM evaM mAnasika-vikSobhoM ke sandarbha meM usa para vicAra karanA hogaa| sambhavataH, isa sambandha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM rakhegA ki rAga, dveSa, tRSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IrSyA, vaimasya Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie adhika bAdhaka haiN| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA hArda hai, to mukti kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| mokSa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai, apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se sambandhita hai| mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana meM prAptavya hai| jo loga mokSa ko eka maraNottara-avasthA mAnate haiM, ve mokSa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiN| AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM dehasya mokSono mokSo na daNDasya kmnnddloH| avidyAhRdayagranthimokSo mokSo ytsttH||18 maraNottara-mokSa yA videha-mukti sAdhya nahIM hai| usake lie koI sAdhanA apekSita nahIM hai| jisa prakAra mRtyu janma lene kA anivArya pariNAma hai, usI prakAra videha-mukti to jIvana-mukti kA anivArya pariNAma hai, ataH jo prAptavya hai, jo puruSArtha hai aura jo sAdhya hai vaha to jIvana-mukti hI hai| jIvana-mukti ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-sArthakatA se hama inkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki jIvana-mukta eka aisA vyaktitva hai, jo sadaiva loka kalyANa ke lie prastuta rahatA hai| jaina-darzana meM tIrthaMkara, bauddha-darzana meM arhat evaM bodhisatva aura vaidika-darzana meM sthita-prajJa kI jodhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, usase hama nizcaya hI usa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-upAdeyatA bhI hai| vaha loka-maMgala aura mAnava-kalyANa kA eka mahAn Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jana-jana kA duHkhoM se mukta honA hI mukti hai, mAtra

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186 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana itanA hI nahIM, bhAratIya-cintana meM vaiyaktika-mukti kI apekSAbhI loka-kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| bauddha-darzana meM bodhisatva kA aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika-mukti ko prApta kara lenAhIantima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva to lokamaMgala ke lie apane bandhana aura duHkha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai bahunAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigcchti| utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena praatmno| mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te prmodysaagraaH| taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kim||" yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai, vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? vaiyaktika-mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke lie apane saMkalpa ko spaSTa karate hue bhAgavata ke saptama skandha meM prahalAdane spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki prAyeNa devamunayaH svvimuktikaamaaH| . maunaM caranti vijane na parArthaniSThA : // naitAn vihAya kRpaNAn vimumukSurekaH / 'he prabhu! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura muni to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM, jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhana kiyA karate the, kintu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thii| maiM to akelA ina saba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa| yaha bhAratIyadarzana aura sAhitya kA sarvazreSTha udgAra hai| isI prakAra, bodhisatva bhI sadaiva hI dIna aura duHkhI janoM ko duHkha se mukta karAne ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI abhilASA karatA hai aura sabako mukta karAne ke pazcAt hI mukta honA cAhatA hai| bhaveyamupajIvyo'haM yAvatsarvena nirvRtaaH|20 vastutaH, mokSa akelA pAne kI vastu hI nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM vinobA bhAve ke udgAra vicAraNIya haiM jo samajhatA hai ki mokSa akele hathiyAne kI vastu hai, vaha usake hAtha se nikala jAtA hai, 'maiM' ke Ate hI mokSa bhAga jAtA hai, merA mokSa-yaha vAkya hI galata hai| merA miTane para hI mokSa milatA hai| isI prakAra, vAstavika mukti ahaMkAra se mukti hI hai| maiM' athavA ahaM-bhAva se ' mukta hone ke lie hameM apane-Apako samaSTi meM, samAja meM lIna kara denA hotA hai| mukti vahI

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bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA 187 vyakti prApta kara sakatA hai, jo ki apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM, samAja meM vilIna kara de| AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArthicame mnH| tyaktavyaM cenmayA sarva varaM sattveSu diiytaam||2 isa prakAra, yaha dhAraNA ki mokSa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, galata hai| mokSa vastutaH dukhoM se mukti hai aura manuSya-jIvana ke adhikAMzaduHkha, mAnavIya-saMvargoM ke kAraNa hI haiM, ataH mukti IrSyA, dveSa, krodha, ghRNA Adi ke saMvargoM se mukti pAne meM hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-donoM hI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai| duHkha, ahaMkAra evaM mAnasikaklezoM se mukti-rUpa meM mokSa-upAdeyatA aura sArthakatA ko asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| anta meM, hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya jIvana-darzana kI dRSTi pUrNatayA sAmAjika aura lokamaMgala ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI hai| usakI ekamAtra maMgala-kAmanA hai sarve'tra sukhinaH santu / sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu / mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAt / sandarbha grantha1. Rgveda 10/191/2 2. vahI, 10/192/3-4 3. taittirIya AraNyaka 8/2 4. Iza6 5. Iza 1 6. gItA 6/32 7. gItA 12/4 8. vahI, 18/2 9. vahI, 6/1 10. vahI, 3/25 11. zrImadbhAgavata 7/14/8 12. praznavyAkaraNa 1/1/21-22 13. sAmAyika-pATha (amitagati)

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188 14. bodhicaryAvatAra 8 / 134-135 15. tattvArtha 5/21 16. lekhaka isa vyAkhyA ke lie mahendra munijI kA AbhArI hai| 17. vivekacUr3AmaNi 318 18. vahI, 559 19. bodhicaryAvatAra 8 / 105, 108 20. vahI, 3/21 21. AtmajJAna aura vijJAna, pR. 71 22. bodhicaryAvatAra 3/11 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana

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svahita banAma lokahita 189 10 svahita banAma lokahita naitika-cintana ke prArambha-kAla se hI svahita aura lokahita kA prazna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM eka ora cANakya kA kathana hai ki strI, dhana Adi sabase bar3hakara apanI rakSA kA prayatna karanA caahie| vidura ne bhI kahA hai ki jo svArtha ko chor3akara parArtha karatA hai, jo mitra (dUsare logoM) ke lie zrama karatA hai vaha mUrkha hI hai| dUsarI ora, yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki svahita ke lie to sabhI jIte haiM, jo lokahita ke lie jItA hai, usI kA jInA saccA hai| jisake jIne meM lokahita na ho, usase to maraNa hI acchA hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka harabarTa spensara ne to isa prazna ko naitika-siddhAntoM ke cintana kI vAstavika samasyA kahA hai| yahA~ taka ki pAzcAtya AcAra-zAstrIya vicAradhArA meM to svArtha aura parArtha kI dhAraNA ko lekara do pakSa bana ge| svahitavAdI-vicAraka, jinameM hAbsa, nItze Adi pramukha haiM, yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya prakRtyA kevala svahita yA apane lAbha se prerita hokara kArya karatA hai, ataH naitikatA kA vahI siddhAnta samucita hai, jo mAnavaprakRti kI isa dhAraNA ke anukUla ho| inake anusAra, apane hita ke lie kArya karane meM hI manuSya kA zreya hai| dUsarI ora; benthama, mila prabhRti vicAraka mAnava kI svasukhavAdI manovaijJAnika-prakRti ko svIkAra karate hue bhI bauddhika-AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki parahita kI bhAvanA hI naitika-dRSTi se nyAyapUrNa hai, athavA naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai| mila parArtha ko svArtha ke bauddhika-AdhAra para siddha karake hI santuSTa nahIM ho jAte, varan AMtarika-aMkuza (Intemal Sanction) ke dvArA use svAbhAvikabhI siddha karate haiN| unake anusAra, yaha Antarika-aMkuza sajAtIyatA kI bhAvanA hai| yadyapi yaha janmajAta nahIM hai, tathApi asvAbhAvika yA anaisargika bhI nahIM hai| dUsare anya vicAraka bhI, jinameM baTalara, zApenahAvara evaM TAlasTAya Adi pramukha haiM, mAnava kI manovaijJAnika-prakRti meM sahAnubhUti, prema Adi kI upasthiti dikhAkara parArthavAdI yA lokamaMgalakArI AcAradarzana kA samarthana karate haiM / harabarTa spensara se lekara breDale, grIna, arabala Adi aneka samakAlIna vicArakoM ne bhI mAnava jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko ubhArate hue sAmAnya zubha (kAmana guDa) kI avadhAraNA ke dvArA svArthavAda aura parArthavAda ke bIca samanvaya sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mAnava-prakRti meM vividhatAe~ haiM, usameM svArtha aura parArtha ke tattva Avazyaka

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190 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rUpa se upasthita haiN| AcAra-darzana kA kArya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha svArthavAda yA parArthavAda meM se kisI eka siddhAnta kA samarthana yA virodha kre| usakA kArya to yaha hai ki apane aura 'parAe ke madhya santulana baiThAne kA prayAsa kare, athavA AcAra ke lakSya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kare ki jisameM 'sva' aura 'para' ke bIca saMgharSoM kI sambhAvanA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA ske| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kahA~ taka aura kisa rUpa meM sva aura para ke saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA ko samApta karate haiM, isa bAta kI vivecanA ke pUrva hameM svArthavAda aura parArthavAda kI paribhASA para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| saMkSepa meM, svArthavAda AtmarakSaNa hai aura parArthavAda AtmatyAga hai| maikenjI likhate haiM ki jaba hama kevala apane vyaktigata sAdhya kI siddhi cAhate haiM, taba ise svArthavAda kahA jAtA hai, parArthavAda hai-dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa krnaa|' jainAcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArtha- yadi svArtha aura parArtha kI uparyukta paribhASA svIkAra kI jAe, to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM kisI ko pUrNatayA na svArthavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai aura na praarthvaadii| jaina AcAra-darzana AtmA ke svaguNoM ke rakSaNa kI bAta kahatA hai| isa artha meM vaha svArthavAdI hai| vaha sadaiva hI AtmarakSaNa yA sva-dayA kA samarthana karatA hai, lekina sAtha hI vaha kaSAyAtmA yA vAsanAtmaka AtmA ke visarjana, balidAna yA tyAga ko bhI Avazyaka mAnatA hai aura isa artha meM vaha parArthavAdI bhI hai| yadi hama maikenjI kI paribhASA ko svIkAra kareM aura yaha mAneM ki vyaktigata sAdhya kI siddhi svArthavAda aura dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa parArthavAda hai, to bhI jaina-darzana svArthavAdI aura parArthavAdI-donoM hI siddha hotA hai| vaha vyaktigata AtmA ke mokSa yA siddhi kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa svArthavAdI to hogA hI, lekina dUsare kI mukti ke hetu prayAsazIla hone ke kAraNa parArthavAdI bhI kahA jaaegaa|aatm-klyaann, vaiyaktika-bandhana evaM duHkha se nivRtti kI dRSTi se to jaina-sAdhanA kA prANa Atmahita hI hai, lekina loka-karuNA evaM lokahita kI jisa ucca bhAvanA se arhat - pravacana prasphuTita hotA hai, use bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sktaa| jaina-sAdhanA meM loka-hita-jainAcArya samantabhadra vIra-jina-stuti meM kahate haiM, 'he bhagavAna! ApakI yaha saMgha (samAja) vyavasthA sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlI aura sabakA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karane vAlI hai|'' isase U~cI lokamaMgala kI kAmanA kyA ho sakatI hai ? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| jaina-sAdhanA loka-maMgala kI

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svahita banAma lokahita dhAraNA ko lekara hI Age bar3hatI hai| usI sUtra meM Age kahA hai ki jaina-sAdhanA ke pA~coM mahAvrata sarva prakAra se lokahita ke lie hI haiN|" ahiMsA kI mahattA batAte hue kahA gayA hai| ki sAdhanA ke prathama sthAna para sthita yaha ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| yaha bhagavatI-ahiMsA bhayabhItoM ke lie zaraNa ke samAna hai, pakSiyoM ke AkAza-gamana samAna nirbAdha rUpa se hitakAriNI hai| pyAsoM ko pAnI ke samAna, bhUkhoM ko bhojana ke samAna, samudra meM jahAja ke samAna, rogiyoM ke lie auSadhi ke samAna aura aTavI meM sahAyaka ke samAna hai / " tIrthaGkara - namaskArasUtra (namotthuNaM) meM tIrthaGkara ke lie lokanAtha, lokahitakara, lokapradIpa, abhaya ke dAtA Adi jina vizeSaNoM kA upayoga huA hai, ve bhI dRSTi kI lokamaMgalakArI bhAvanA ko spaSTa karate haiN| tIrthakaroM kA pravacana evaM dharmapravarttana prANiyoM ke anugraha ke lie hotA hai, na ki pUjA yA satkAra ke lie| 14 yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki jaina-sAdhanA kevala Atmahita, AtmakalyANa kI bAta kahatI hai, to phira tIrthaMkara ke dvArA tIrthapravartana yA saMgha-saMcAlana kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki har kI upalabdhi ke bAda unheM apane kalyANa ke lie kucha karanA zeSa hI nahIM rahatA, ataH mAnanA par3egA ki jaina-sAdhanA kA Adarza AtmakalyANa hI nahIM, varan lokakalyANa bhI hai| jaina- dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita ko sadaiva hI adhika mahatva diyA hai| jaina- darzana ke anusAra, sAdhanA kI sarvocca U~cAI para sthita sabhI jIvanmukta AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dRSTi se samAna hI hote haiM, phira bhI AtmahitakAriNI aura lokahitakAriNI -dRSTi ke AdhAra para unameM uccAvacca avasthA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| eka sAmAnya-kevalI (jIvanmukta) aura tIrthaMkara meM AdhyAtmika- pUrNatAe~ samAna hI hotI haiM, phira bhI apanI lokahitakArI - dRSTi ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sAmAnya- kevalI kI apekSA zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra, jIvanmuktAvasthA ko prApta kara lene vAloM meM bhI unake lokopakAritA ke AdhAra para tIna varga hote haiM - 1. tIrthaMkara, 2. gaNadhara, 3. sAmAnya-ve - kevalI / 1. tIrthaMkara - tIrthaMkara vaha hai, jo sarvahita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA-mArga meM AtA hai aura AdhyAtmika- pUrNatA prApta kara lene ke pazcAt bhI lokahita meM lagA rahatA hai| sarvahita, sarvodaya aura loka-kalyANa hI unake jIvana kA dhyeya bana jAtA hai| 15 2. gaNadhara - sahavargIya hita meM saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA - kSetra meM praviSTa hone vAlA aura apanI AdhyAtmika- pUrNatA ko prApta kara lene para bhI sahavargiyoM ke hita evaM kalyANa 191

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192 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie prayatnazIla sAdhaka gaNadhara hai| samUha-hita yA gaNa-kalyANa gaNadhara ke jIvana kA dhyeya hotA hai| 16 3. sAmAnya-kevalI-Atma-kalyANa ko hI jisane apanI sAdhanA kA dhyeya banAyA hai aura jo isI AdhAra para sAdhanA-mArga meM pravRtta hotA huA AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI upalabdhi karatA hai, vaha sAmAnya-kevalI kahalAtA hai / sAmAnya-kevalI ko pAribhASika-zabdAvalI meM muNDa-kevalI bhI kahate haiM / jainadharma meM vizvakalyANa, vargakalyANa aura vaiyaktika-kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM ko lekara tadanukUla pravRtti karane ke kAraNa hI sAdhakoM kI ye vibhinna kakSAe~ nirdhArita kI gaI haiM, jinase vizva-kalyANa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sarvocca sthAna diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bauddha-vicAraNA meM bodhisatva aura arhat ke AdarzoM meM bhinnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-vicAraNA meM tIrthaMkara aura sAmAnya-kevalI ke AdarzoM meM taratamatA hai| dUsare, jaina-sAdhanA meM saMgha (samAja) ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| saMghahita samasta vaiyaktika-sAdhanAoM se Upara hai, saMgha ke kalyANa ke lie vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kA parityAga karanA bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kAlaka kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM jina dasa dharmoM (kartavyoM)1' kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, unameM saMghadharma, rASTradharma, nagaradharma, grAmadharma aura kuladharma kA ullekha isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki jainadRSTi na kevala Atmahita yA vaiyaktika-vikAsa taka sImita hai, varan usameM lokahita yA lokakalyANa kA ajasra pravAha bhI pravAhita hai| yadyapi jaina-darzana lokahita, lokamaMgala kI bAta kahatA hai, parantu usakI eka zarta hai ki parArtha ke lie svArtha kA visarjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AtmArtha kA nhiiN| usake anusAra, vaiyaktika bhautika-upalabdhiyoM ko lokakalyANa ke lie samarpita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura kiyA bhI jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ve hameM jagat se hI milI haiM, ve saMsAra kI hI haiM, hamArI nhiiN| sAMsArika-upalabdhiyA~ saMsAra ke lie hai, ataH unakA lokahita ke lie visarjana kiyA jAnA cAhie, lekina AdhyAtmika-vikAsa yA vaiyaktika-naitikatA ko lokahita ke nAma para kuMThita kiyA jAnA use svIkAra nahIM / aisAlokahita, jo vyakti ke caritra-patana athavA AdhyAtmika-kuNThana se phalita hotA ho, use svIkAra nahIM hai| lokahita aura Atmahita ke sandarbha meM usakA svarNima sUtra hai-Atmahita karo aura yathAzakya lokahita bhI karo, lekina jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM dvandva ho aura Atmahita ke kuNThana para hI lokahita phalita hotA ho, vahA~ AtmakalyANa hI zreSTha hai|30 Atmahita svArtha nahIM hai - Atmahita svArthavAda nahIM hai| AtmakAma vastutaH

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svahita banAma lokahita niSkAma hotA hai, kyoMki usakI koI kAmanA nahIM hotI, isalie usakA koI svArtha bhI nahIM hotaa| svArthI to vaha hotA hai, jo yaha cAhatA hai ki sabhI loga usake hita ke lie kArya kareM / AtmArthI svArthI nahIM hai, usakI dRSTi to yaha hotI hai ki sabhI apane hita ke lie kArya kreN| svArtha aura AtmakalyANa meM maulika antara yaha hai ki svArtha kI sAdhanA meM rAga 1 193 dveSa kI vRttiyA~ kAma karatI haiM, jabaki Atmahita yA AtmakalyANa kA prArambha hI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kI kSINatA se hotA hai| svArtha aura parArtha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA bhI tabhI hai, jaba unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti nihita ho / rAga-bhAva yA svahita kI vRtti se kiyA jAne vAlA parArtha bhI saccA lokahita nahIM hai, vaha to svArtha hI hai| zAsana dvArA niyukta evaM prerita samAjakalyANa adhikArI vastutaH lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai, vaha to vetana ke lie kAma karatA hai / isI taraha, rAga se prerita hokara lokahita karane vAlA bhI sacce arthoM meM lokahitakA kartA nahIM hai| usake lokahita ke prayatna rAga kI abhivyakti, pratiSThA kI rakSA, yaza-arjana kI bhAvanA yA bhAvI lAbha kI prApti ke hetu hI hote haiM / aisA parArtha svArtha hotA hai| saccA Atmahita aura saccA lokahita rAga-dveSa se rahita anAsakti kI bhUmi para prasphuTita hotA hai, lekina usa avasthA meM na to 'sva' rahatA hai na 'para'; kyoMki jahA~ rAga hai vahIM 'sva' hai aura jahA~ 'sva' hai vahIM 'para' hai / rAga ke abhAva meM sva aura para kA vibheda hI samApta ho jAtA hai| aisI rAga - vihIna bhUmikA se kiyA jAne vAlA Atmahita bhI lokahita hotA hai aura lokahita Atmahita hotA hai| donoM meM koI saMgharSa nahIM, koI dvaita nahIM hai| usa dazA meM to sarvatra AtmadRSTi hotI hai, jisameM na koI apanA, na koI parAyA / svArtha- parArtha kI samasyA yahA~ rahatI hI nahIM / jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, svArtha aura parArtha ke madhya sabhI avasthAoM meM saMgharSa rahe, yaha Avazyaka nahIM / vyakti jaise-jaise bhautika jIvana se AdhyAtmika - jIvana kI ora Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise svArtha- parArtha kA saMgharSa bhI samApta hotA jAtA hai| jainavicArakoM ne parArtha yA lokahita ke tIna stara mAne haiM. 1. dravya - lokahita, 2. bhAva - lokahita aura 3. pAramArthika - lokahita / 1. dravya-lokahita'" - yaha lokahita kA bhautika-stara hai| bhautika- upAdAnoM, jaise bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi tathA zArIrika-sevA ke dvArA lokahita karanA lokahita kA bhautika-stara hai / yahA~ para lokahita ke sAdhana bhautika hote haiM / dravya-lokahita ekAnta / rUpa se AcaraNIya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha apavAdAtmaka evaM sApekSa- naitikatA kA kSetra hai / bhautika-stara para svahita kI upekSA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| yahA~ to svahita aura parahita meM ucita samanvaya-sAdhanA hI apekSita hai| pAzcAtya naitika- vicAraNA ke pariSkRta

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana svArthavAda, bauddhika - parArthavAda aura sAmAnya zubhatAvAda kA vicArakSetra lokahita kA bhautika svarUpa hI hai / 22 2. bhAva - lokahita' - lokahita kA yaha stara bhautika-stara se Upara kA hai| yahA~ lokahita ke sAdhana jJAnAtmaka yA caittasika hote haiM / isa stara para parArtha aura svArthasaMgharSa kI sambhAvanA alpatama hotI hai| 194 3. pAramArthika- lokahita - yaha lokahita kA sarvocca stara hai| yahA~ Atmahita aura parahita meM koI saMgharSa yA dvaita nahIM rhtaa| yahAM para lokahita kA rUpa hotA hai - yathArtha dRSTi ke sambandha meM mArgadarzana karanA / bauddhadarzana kI lokahitakAriNI dRSTi bauddha-dharma meM loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA kA srota prArambha se hI pravAhita rahA hai / bhagavAn buddha kI dharmadezanA bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma-dezanA ke samAna lokamaMgala ke lie hI prasphuTita huI thI / itivRttaka meM buddha kahate haiM, he bhikSuoM ! do saMkalpa tathAgata bhagavAn samyaka sambuddha ko huA karate haiM - 1. ekAnta dhyAna kA saMkalpa aura 2. prANiyoM ke hita kA saMkalpa 24 / bodhi prApta kara lene para buddha ne advitIya samAdhisukha meM vihAra karane ke nizcaya kA parityAga kara lokahitArtha evaM lokamaMgala ke lie paricAraNa karanA hI svIkAra kiyA / yaha unakI lokamaMgalakArI- dRSTi kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| 25 yahI nahIM, buddha ne apane bhikSuoM ko lokahita kA hI sandeza diyA aura kahA ki he bhikSuoM ! bahujanoM ke hita lie, bahujanoM ke sukha ke lie, loka kI anukampA ke lie, deva aura manuSyoM ke sukha aura hita ke lie paricAraNa karate raho / 26 jAtaka-nidAna kathA meM bhI bodhisatva ko yaha kahate hue dikhAyA gayA hai ki mujha zaktizAlI puruSa ke lie akele tara jAne se kyA lAbha ? maiM to sarvajJatA prApta kara devatAoM sahita isa sAre loka ko tArU~gA / 27 bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA prANa maanaa| vahA~ to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza kI sAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika- nirvANa meM koI ruci nahIM rahatI hai| mahAyAnIsAdhaka kahatA hai - dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM jo Ananda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenA-denA | 28 laMkAvatArasUtra meM bodhisatva se yahA~ taka kahalavA diyA gayA ki maiM taba taka parinirvANa meM praveza nahIM karU~gA, jaba taka ki vizva ke sabhI prANI vimukti prApta na kara leN| 29 sAdhaka para - duHkha - vimukti se milane vAle Ananda ko sva ke nirvANa ke Ananda se bhI

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svahita banAma lokahita 195 mahatvapUrNa mAnatA hai aura usake lie apane nirvANa-sukha ko ThukarA detA hai| para-duHkhakAtaratA aura sevA ke Adarza kA isase bar3A saMkalpa aura kyA ho sakatA hai ? bauddha-darzana kI lokahitakArI-dRSTi kA rasa-paripAka to hameM AcArya zAntideva ke grantha zikSA samuccaya aura bodhicaryAvatAra meM milatA hai| lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko prastuta karate hue ve likhate haiM, 'apane sukha ko alaga rakha aura dUsaroM ke duHkha (dUra karane) meM lg'| dUsaroM kA sevaka banakara isa zarIra meM jo kucha vastu dekha, usase dUsaroM kA hita kr|"duusre ke duHkha se apane sukha ko binA badale buddhatva kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| phira saMsAra meM sukha hai hI kahA~ ? 32 yadi eka ke duHkha uThAne se bahuta kA duHkha calA jAe, to apane-parAe para kRpA karake vaha duHkha uThAnA hI caahie| bodhisatva kI lokasevA kI bhAvanA kA citra prastuta karate hue AcArya likhate haiM, maiM anAthoM kA nAtha banU~gA, yAtriyoM kA sArthavAha banUMgA, pAra jAne kI icchAvAloM ke lie maiM nAva banU~gA, maiM unake lie setu banUMgA, dharaniyA~ bnuuNgaa| dIpaka cAhane vAloM ke lie dIpaka banU~gA, jinheM zayyA kI AvazyakatA hai, unake lie maiM zayyA banU~gA, jinheM dAsa kI AvazyakatA hai, unake lie dAsa banUMgA, isa prakAra maiM jagatI ke sabhI prANiyoM kI sevA kruuNgaa| 34 jisa prakAra pRthvI, agni Adi bhautika-vastue~ sampUrNa AkAza (vizvamaNDala) meM base prANiyoM ke sukha kA kAraNa hotI haiM, usI prakAra maiM AkAza ke nIce rahane vAle sabhI prANiyoM kA upajIvya banakara rahanA cAhatA hU~, jaba taka ki sabhI prANI mukti prApta na kara leN| sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA sundara samanvaya hai| lokasevA, lokakalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hameM barabasa hI zrI bharatasiMhajI upAdhyAya ke svara meM kahanA par3atA hai, kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai| vizva-cetanA ke sAtha apane ko AtmasAt karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai| AcArya zAntideva bhI kevala paropakAra yA lokakalyANa kA sandeza nahIM dete, varan usaloka kalyANa ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAma-bhAvaparabhI bala dete haiN| niSkAma-bhAva se lokakalyANa kaise kiyA jAe, isake lie zAntideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kie haiM, ve unake maulika cintana kA pariNAma haiM / gItA ke anusAra, vyakti IzvarIyapreraNA ko mAnakara niSkAma-bhAva se karma karatA rahe, athavA svayaM ko aura sabhI sAthI prANiyoM ko usI para brahma kA hIaMzamAnakara sabhI meM AtmabhAva jAgrata kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA rahe, lekina nirIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI-bauddhadarzana meM to yaha sambhava nahIM thA / yaha to AcArya kI bauddhika-pratibhA hI hai, jisane manovaijJAnika-AdhAroM para

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196 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niSkAmabhAvase lokahita kI avadhAraNA ko sambhava bnaayaa| samAja ke sAvayavatA ke jisa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya-vicAraka lokahita aura svahita meM samanvaya sAdhate haiM aura una vicAroM kI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, ve vicAra AcArya zAntideva ke graMthoM meM bar3e spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa hue haiM aura unake AdhAra para unhoMne niHsvArtha karma-yoga kI avadhAraNA ko bhI saphala banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra nirAtmaka (apanepana ke bhAvarahita) nija zarIra meM abhyAsavazaapanepana kA bodha hotA hai, vaise hI dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM abhyAsa se kyA apanApana utpanna na hogA ? "arthAt dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM abhyAsase samatvabhAva avazya hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki jaise hAtha Adi aMgazarIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hote haiM, vaise hI sabhI dehadhArI jagata ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya kyoM nahIM hoMge, arthAt ve bhI usI jagat ke, jisakA maiM avayavahU~, avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hoMge, unameM bhI AtmabhAva hogA aura yadi sabameM priyatA evaM AtmabhAva utpanna ho gayA, to phira dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra kie binA nahIM rahA jA sakegA, kyoMki jisakA jo duHkha ho, vaha usase apane ko bacAne kA prayatna to karatA hai| yadi dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha hotA hai, to hamako usase kyA ? aisA mAno, to hAtha ko paira kA duHkha nahIM hotA, phira kyoM hAtha se pairakA kaMTaka nikAlakara duHkha se usakI rakSA karate ho? 39 jaise hAtha paira kA duHkha dUra kie binA nahIM raha sakatA, vaise hI samAja kA koI bhI prajJAyukta sadasya dUsare prANI kA duHkha dUra kie binA nahIM raha sktaa| isa prakAra, AcArya samAja kI sAvayavatA ko siddha kara usake AdhAra para lokamaMgala kA sandeza dete hue Age yaha bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM niSkAmatA honI caahie| ve likhate haiM, "jisa prakAra apane-Apako bhojana karAkara phala kI AzA nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra parArtha karake bhI phala kI AzA, garva yA vismaya nahIM hotA hai',40 (kyoMki parArtha dvArA hama apane hI samAjarUpI zarIra kI yA usake avayavoM kI santuSTi karate haiM) isalie ekamAtra paropakAra ke lie hI paropakAra karake na garva karanA aura na vismaya aura na vipAkaphala kI icchA hii|" bauddha-darzana bhI AtmArtha aura parArtha meM koI bheda nahIM dekhtaa| itanA hI nahIM, vaha AtmArtha ko parArtha ke lie samarpita karane ke lie bhI tatpara hai, lekina usakI eka sImA hai, jise vaha bhI usI rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, jisa rUpa meM jaina-vicArakoM ne use prastuta kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki lokamaMgala ke lie saba kucha nyauchAvara kiyA jA sakatA hai, yahA~ taka ki apane samasta saMcita puNya aura nirvANa kA sukha bhI, lekina vaha usake lie apanI naitikatA ko, apane sadAcAra ko samarpita karane ke lie tatpara nahIM hai| naitikatA aura

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svahita banAma lokahita sadAcaraNa kI kImata para kiyA gayA loka-kalyANa use svIkAra nahIM hai| eka bauddha sAdhaka vigalita zarIravAlI vezyA kI sevA-zuzrUSA to kara sakatA hai, lekina usakI kAmavAsanA kI pUrti nahIM kara sakatA / bauddhadarzana meM lokahita kA vahI rUpa AcaraNIya hai, jo naitikajIvana ke sImAkSetra meM ho| lokahita naitika jIvana se Upara nahIM ho sakatA / naitikatA ke samasta phaloM ko lokahita ke lie samarpita kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina svayaM naitikatA ko nahIM / bauddha-vicAraNA meM lokahita ke pavitra sAdhya ke lie bhraSTa yA anaitika-sAdhana kathamapi svIkAra nahIM haiN| lokahita vahIM taka AcaraNIya hai, jahA~ taka usakA naitikajIvana se avirodha ho / yadi koI lokahita aisA ho, jo vyakti ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmikamUlyoM ke balidAna para hI sambhava ho, to aisI dazA meM vaha bahujana hita AcaraNIya nahIM hai, varan svayaM ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hI AcaraNIya hai| dhammapada meM kahA hai, vyakti apane azubhAcaraNa se hI azuddha hotA hai aura azubha AcaraNa kA sevana nahIM karane para hI zuddha hotA hai | zuddhi aura azuddhi pratyeka vyakti kI bhinna-bhinna hai| dUsarA vyakti dUsare vyakti ko zuddha nahIM kara sakatA, isalie dUsare vyaktiyoM ke bahuta hita ke lie bhI apanI naitika-zuddhi rUpI hita kI hAni nahIM kare aura apane sacce hita aura kalyANa ko jAkara usakI prApti meM lgeN| 42 saMkSepa meM, bauddha AcAra-darzana meM aisA lokahita hI svIkArya hai, jisakA vyakti ke AdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa se avirodha hai / lokahita kA virodha hamArI bhautika upalabdhiyoM se ho sakatA hai, lekina hamAre AdhyAtmika vikAsa se usakA virodha nahIM rhtaa| saccA lokahita to vyakti kI AdhyAtmika yA naitika pragati - 197 sUcaka hai| isa prakAra, vyakti kI naitika tathA AdhyAtmika pragati meM sahAyaka lokahita bauddha sAdhanA kA prANa hai| usa avasthA meM AtmArtha aura parArtha alaga-alaga nahIM rahate haiN| AtmArtha hI parArtha bana jAtA hai aura parArtha hI AtmArtha bana jAtA hai, vaha niSkAma hotA hai| yadyapi bauddhadarzana kI hInayAna - zAkhA svahitavAdI aura mahAyAna - zAkhA parahitavAdI - AdarzoM ke AdhAra para vikasita huI hai, tathApi buddha ke maulika upadezoM meM hameM kahIM bhI svahita aura lokahita meM ekAntavAditA nahIM dikhAI detI / tathAgata to madhyamamArga kI pratiSThApanA ke hetu hI utpanna hue, ve bhalA ekAntadRSTi ko kaise svIkAra karate / madhyamamArga ke upadezaka bhagavAn buddha ne apanI dezanA meM to lokahita aura Atmahita ke bIca sadaiva hI. eka sAMga-saMtulana rakhA hai, eka avirodha dekhA hai| lokahita aura Atmahita jaba taka naitikatA kI sImA meM haiM, taba taka na unameM virodha rahatA hai aura na koI saMgharSa hI hotA hai|

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198 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana tarkazAstra kI bhASA meM ve donoM hI naitikatA kI mahAjAti kI do upajAtiyoM ke rUpa hote haiM, jinameM viparItatA to hai, lekina vyAghAtakatA nahIM hai| lokahita aura Atmahita meM virodha aura saMgharSa to taba hotA hai, jaba unameM se koI bhI naitikatA kA atikramaNa karatA hai| bhagavAna buddha kA kahanA yahI thA ki yadi Atmahita karanA hai, to naitikatA kI sImA meM karo aura yadi parahita karanA hai, to vaha bhI naitikatA kI sImA meM, dharma kI maryAdA meM rahakara hI kro| naitikatA aura dharma se dUra hokara kiyA jAne vAlA Atmahita svArtha sAdhana' hai aura lokahita sevA kA nirA DhoMga hai / buddha ne Atmahita aura lokahita-donoM ko hI naitikatA ke kSetra meM lAkara parakhAaura unameM avirodha paayaa| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM, buddha ke maulika upadezoM meM AtmakalyANa aura parakalyANa ,AtmArtha aura parArtha, dhyAna aura sevA-donoM kA ucita saMyoga hai| AtmakalyANa aura parakalyANa meM vahA~ koI vibhAjakarekhA nahIM thii| buddha AtmArtha aura parArtha ke samyak rUpa ko jAnane para bala dete haiM / unake anusAra, yathArtha dRSTi se AtmArtha aura parArtha meM avirodha hai| AtmArtha aura parArtha meM virodha to usI sthiti meM dikhAI detA hai, jaba hamArI dRSTi rAga, dveSa tathA moha se yukta hotI hai| rAga, dveSa aura moha kA prahANa hone para unase koI virodha dikhAI hI nahIM detA, sva aura para kA virodha to rAga aura dveSa meM hI hai| jahA~ rAga-dveSa nahIM hai, vahA~ kauna apanA aura kauna parAyA? jaba manuSya rAga-dveSa se Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba vahA~ na AtmArtha rahatA hai, na parArtha, vahA~ to kevala paramArtha rahatA hai| isameM yathArtha AtmArtha aura yathArtha parArtha-donoM hI ekarUpa haiN| tathAgata ke antevAsI ziSya Ananda kahate haiM, "AyuSmAn ! jo rAga se anurakta hai, jo rAga ke vazIbhUta hai, jo dveSa se duSTa hai, dveSa ke vazIbhUta hai, jo moha se mUr3ha hai, moha ke vazIbhUta hai, vaha yathArtha AtmArtha ko bhI nahIM pahacAnatA hai, yathArtha parArtha ko bhI nahIM pahacAnatA hai, yathArtha ubhayArtha ko bhI nahIM pahacAnatA hai| rAga kA nAza hone para, dveSa kA nAza hone para..... moha kA nAza hone para-vaha yathArtha AtmArtha bhI pahacAnatA hai, yathArtha parArtha bhI pahacAnatA hai, yathArtha ubhayArtha bhI pahacAnatA hai|"44 rAga, dveSa aura moha kA prahANa hone para hI manuSya apane vAstavika hita ko, dUsaroM ke vAstavika hita ko tathA apane aura dUsaroM ke vAstavika sAmUhika yA sAmAjika-hita ko jAna sakatA hai| buddha ke anusAra, pahale yaha jAno ki apanA aura dUsaroM kA athavA samAja kA vAstavika kalyANa kisameM hai| jo vyakti apane, dUsaroM ke aura samAja ke vAstavika hita ko samajhe binA hI lokahita, parahita evaM Atmahita kA prayAsa karatA hai, vaha vastutaH kisI kA bhI hita nahIM karatA hai|

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svahita banAma lokahita 199 lekina; rAga, dveSa aura moha ke prahANa ke binA apanA aura dUsaroM kA vAstavika hita kisameM hai, yaha nahIM jAnA jA sakatA ? sambhavataH, socA yaha gayA ki citta ke rAgAdi se yukta hone para bhI buddhi ke dvArA Atmahita yA parahita kisameM hai, ise jAnA jA sakatA hai, lekina buddha ko yaha svIkAra nahIM thaa| buddha kI dRSTi meM to rAga-dveSa, mohAdi citta ke mala haiM aura inamaloM ke hote hue kabhI bhI yathArtha Atmahita aura parahita ko jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| buddhi to jala ke samAna hai, yadi jala meM gaMdagI hai, vikAra hai, caMcalatA hai, to vaha yathArtha pratibimba dene meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hotA, ThIka isI prakAra, rAga-dveSa se yukta buddhi bhI yathArtha svahita aura lokahita ko batAne meM samartha nahIM hotI hai| buddha eka sundara rUpaka dvArA yahI bAta kahate haiM, bhikSuoM! jaise pAnI kA tAlAba gaMdalAho, caMcala ho aura kIcar3a-yukta ho, vahA~ kinAre para khar3e A~khavAle AdamI ko nasIpI dikhAI de, na zaMkha, na kaMkara , na patthara, nacalatI huI yA sthira machaliyA~ dikhAI de, yaha aisA kyoM ? bhikSuoM! pAnI ke gaMdalA hone ke kaarnn| isI prakAra, bhikSuoM! isakI sambhAvanA nahIM hai ki vaha bhikSu maila (rAgadveSAdi ye yukta) citta se Atmahita jAna sakegA, parahita jAna sakegA, ubhayahita jAna sakegA aura sAmAnya manuSya-dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa Arya-jJAna-darzana ko jAna skegaa| isakI sambhAvanA hai ki bhikSu nirmala citta se Atmahita ko jAna sakegA, parahita ko jAna sakegA, ubhayahita ko jAna sakegA, sAmAnya manuSya-dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa Arya-darzana ko jAna skegaa| buddha ke isa kathana kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM jaba taka rAga-dveSa aura moha kI vRttiyA~ sakriya haiM, taba taka Atmahita aura lokahita kI yathArthadRSTi utpanna nahIM hotI hai| rAga aura dveSa kA prahANa hone para hI saccI dRSTi kA udaya hotA hai aura jaba yaha yathArthadRSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai tabasvArtha (Egoism), parArtha (Altruis) aura ubhayArtha (Common Good) meM koI virodha hI nahIM rhtaa| hInayAna yA sthaviravAda meM jo svahitavAda arthAt AtmakalyANa ke dRSTikoNa kA prAdhAnya hai, usakA mUla kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiM ; phira bhI hInayAna kA usa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA se mUlataH koI virodha nahIM hai, jo vaiyaktika naitika-vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho| jisaavasthA taka vaiyaktika naitikavikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM avirodha hai, usa avasthA taka lokamaMgala use bhI svIkAra hai| mAtra vaha lokamaMgala ke lie Antarika aura naitika-vizuddhi ko adhika mahatva detA hai| Antarika-pavitratA evaM naitika-vizuddhise zUnya hokara phalAkAMkSA se yukta lokasevA ke Adarza ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usakI samagra AlocanAe~ aise hI lokahita ke prati hai| bhikSu pArApariya ne, buddha ke paravartI bhikSuoM meM lokasevA kA jo thothA Adarza jora

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200 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pakar3a gayA thA, usakI samAlocanA meM nimna vicAra prastuta kie haiM - logoM kI sevA kAya se karate haiM, dharma se nahIM / dUsaroM ko dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, (apane) lAbha ke lie, na ki (unake) artha ke lie||46 sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM kA virodha lokasevA ke usa rUpa se hai, jisakA sevArUpI zarIra to hai, lekina jisakI naitika-cetanArUpI AtmA mara cukI hai| vaha lokasevA sevA nahIM, sevA kA pradarzana hai, dikhAvA hai, DhoMga hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra, ekAMtatA kI sAdhanA kI prArambhika bauddha-dharma meM pramukhatA avazya thI, parantu sArthaka tathya yaha hai ki use lokasevA ke yA janakalyANa ke viparIta vahA~ kabhI nahIM mAnA gayA, balki yaha to usake lie eka taiyArI thii| dUsarI ora, yadi hama mahAyAnI-sAhitya kA gaharAI se adhyayana kareM, to hameM bodhicaryAvatAra, zikSAsamuccaya, laMkAvatArasUtra jaise granthoM meM bhI kabhI aisI sevAbhAvanA kA samarthana nahIM milatA, jo naitika-jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlyoM ke virodha meM khar3I ho / loka-maMgala kA jo Adarza mahAyAna-paramparA ne prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhI aise kisI lokahita kA samarthana nahIM karatA, jisake lie vaiyaktika-naitikatA ko samApta kara diyA jaae| isa prakAra, saiddhAMtika-dRSTi se lokahita aura Atmahita kI avadhAraNA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM koI maulika virodha nahIM raha jAtA / yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM yaha tathya sahI hai ki jahA~ eka ora hInayAna ne ekAMgI sAdhanA aura vyaktiniSTha AcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA aura sAdhanA ko adhikAMza rUpeNaAntarika evaM vaiyaktika banA diyA, vahA~ dUsarI ora mahAyAna ne usI kI pratikriyA meM sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika-pakSa kI upekSA kara use sAmAjika aura bahirmukhI banA diyaa| isa taraha, lokasevA aura lokAnukampA ko adhika mahatva diyaa| yahA~ hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne jisa sImA taka apane meM isa ekAntika ko prazraya diyA hai, ve usI sImA taka buddha kI madhyama-mArgIya dezanA se pIche bhI haTe haiN| ___ svahita aura lokahita ke sambandha meM gItA kA mantavya- gItA meM sadaiva hI svahita ke Upara lokahita kI pratiSThA huI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM, jo apane lie hI pakAtA hai aura khAtA hai, vaha pApa hI khAtA hai| svahita ke lie jIne vAlA vyakti gItA kI dRSTi meM adhArmika aura nIca hai| gItAkAra ke anusAra, jo vyakti prApta bhogoM ko dene vAle devoM ko die binA, unakA RNa cukAe binA khAtA hai, vaha cora hai 49 / sAmAjikadAyitvoM kA nirvAha na karanA gItA kI dRSTi meM bhArI aparAdha hai|

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svahita banAma lokahita 1 gItA ke anusAra, lokahita karanA manuSya kA kartavya hai / sarva prANiyoM ke hitasampAdana lagA huA puruSa hI paramAtmA ko prApta karatA hai / vaha brahma-nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai| 50 jise karma karane se koI prayojana nahIM raha gayA hai, arthAt jo jIvanmukta ho gayA hai, jise saMsAra ke prANiyoM se koI matalaba nahIM, use bhI loka-hitArtha karma karate rahanA caahie|'' zrIkRSNa arjuna se yahI kahate haiM ki lokasaMgraha (lokahita ) ke lie tujhe kartavya karanA ucita hai / 52 gItA meM bhagavAn ke avatAra dhAraNa karane kA uddezya sAdhujanoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA nAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA hai / 3 201 1 ke isa prakAra, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ina tInoM paramparAoM meM tIrthaMkara, buddha aura Izvara kA kArya lokahita yA lokamaMgala hI mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi jaina va bauddha - vicAraNAoM meM tIrthaMkara evaM buddha kA kArya mAtra dharma-saMsthApanA aura loka-kalyANa hai / ve gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna dharma-saMsthApanA ke sAtha-sAtha na to sAdhujanoM kI rakSA kA dAvA karate haiM aura na duSTa prANa kI bAta kahate haiN| duSToM ke prahANa kI bAta unakI vizuddha ahiMsaka vANI se mela nahIM khAtI hai / yadyapi aMguttaranikAya meM buddha ne zikSApadoM kI prajJapti ke jo kAraNa die haiM, ve gItA ke samAna hI haiM, 54 tathApi loka-maMgala ke Adarza ko lekara tInoM vicAraNAoM meM mahatvapUrNa sAmya hai / ina AcAra - darzanoM kA kendrIya yA pradhAna tattva paropakAra hI hai, yadyapi use adhyAtma yA paramArtha kA virodhI nahIM honA caahie| gItA meM bhI jina-jina sthAnoM para lokahita kA nirdeza hai, vahA~ niSkAmatA kI zarta hai hI / niSkAma aura AdhyAtmika yA naitika-tattvoM ke avirodha meM rahA huA parArtha hI gItA ko mAnya hai| gItA meM bhI svArtha aura parArtha kI samasyA kA saccA hala Atmavat sarvabhUteSu kI bhAvanA meM khojA gayA hai| jaba sabhI meM AtmadRSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai, to na svArtha rahatA hai, na parArtha; kyoMki jahA~ 'sva' ho, vahA~ svArtha rahatA hai, jahA~ para ho, vahA~ parArtha rahatA hai, lekina sarvAtmabhAva meM 'sva' aura 'para' nahIM hote haiM, ataH usa dazA meM svArtha aura parArtha bhI nahIM hotA hai| vahA~ hotA hai kevala, paramArtha / bhautika-svArthoM se Upara parArtha kA sthAna sabhI ko mAnya hai| svArtha aura parArtha ke sambandha meM bhAratIya AcAra-va - darzanoM ke dRSTikoNa ko bhartRhari ke isa kathana se bhalIbhA~ti samajhA jA sakatA hai - prathama, jo svArtha kA parityAga kara parArtha ke lie kArya karate haiM, ve mahAn haiM; dUsare, jo svArtha ke avirodha meM parArtha karate haiM, arthAt apane hitoM kA hanana nahIM karate hue lokahita karate haiM, ve sAmAnya jana haiM ; tIsare, jo svahita ke lie parahita kA hanana karate haiM, ve adhama (rAkSasa) kahe jAte haiM; lekina cauthe, jo nirarthaka parahita kA hanana karate haiM, unheM kyA kahA jAe, ve to adhamAdhama haiN| 55 phira bhI, hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki

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202 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAratIya-cintana meM parArtha yA lokahita antima tattva nahIM hai, antima tattva hai-paramArtha yA AtmArtha / pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArtha kI samasyA kA antima hala sAmAnya zubha meM khojA gayA, jabaki vizeSa rUpa se jaina-darzana meM aura sAmAnya rUpase samagra bhAratIya-cintana meM isa samasyA kA hala paramArtha yA AtmArtha meM khojA gyaa| naitika-cetanA ke vikAsa ke sAtha lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA bhAratIya-cintana kA mUlabhUta sAdhya rahA hai| aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM AcArya zAntideva ke zikSAsamuccaya nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyA~ mananIya haiM isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM ; jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiN| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna haiM, ve mukta hoM, nijabandha se, svacchanda hoM, saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phandase, ho aisA jaga meM , duHkha se vicale na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa-karma kare na koI, asanmArgadharena koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAradharmavratI, sabakA hI parama kalyANa, sabakA hI parama kalyANa 156 sandarbha grantha1. cANakyanIti, 1/6, paMcataMtra 1/387 2. viduranIti, 36 3. subhASita-uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 208 4. vahI, pR. 205 5. nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 137 6. yUTiliTeriyanijma, adhyAya 2, uddhRta nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 144 7. nIti-pravezikA, maikenjI (hindI anuvAda), pR. 234 8. AcArAMga 1/4/1/127-129 9. sarvodaya darzana, Amukha, pR. 6 para uddhRt|

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svahita banAma lokahita 203 10. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/2 11. vahI, 2/1/21 12. vahI, 2/1/3 13. vahI, 2/1/22 14. sUtrakRtAMga (TI.) 1/6/4 15. yogabindu, 285/288 16. vahI, 289 17. vahI, 290 18. nizIthacUrNi, gA. 2860 19. sthAnAMga, 10/760 20, uddhRta AtmasAdhanA-saMgraha, pR. 441 21-23. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 5, pR. 697 24. itivRttaka, 2/2/9 25. majjhimanikAya, 1/3/60 26. vinayapiTaka, mahAvaga, 1/10/32 27. jAtakaaTThakathA-nidAna kathA 28. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/108 29. laMkAvatArasUtra, 66/6 30. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/161 31. vahI, 8/159 32. vahI, 8/131 33. vahI, 8/105 34. vahI, 3/17-18 35. vahI, 3/20-21 36. bauddha-darzana aura anya bhAratIya-darzana, 37. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/115 38. vahI, 8/114 39. vahI, 8/99 40. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/116 41. vahI, 8/109

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204 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 42. dhammapada, 165-166 43. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609-610 44. aMguttaranikAya, 3/71 45. vahI, 1/5 46. theragAthA, 941-942 47. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609 48. gItA 3/13 49. vahI, 3/12 50. vahI, 5/25, 12/4 51. vahI, 3/18 52. vahI, 3/20 53. vahI, 4/8 54. tulanA kIjie, gItA 4 / 8 tathA aMguttaranikAya, 2/16 55. tulanA kIjie - aMguttaranikAya bhAga 1, pR. 1017, nItizataka (bhartRhari), 74 56. zikSAsamuccaya - pR. 10, anUdita dharmadUta, maI 1941

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varNAzrama vyavasthA Gers 11 205 varNAzrama vyavasthA varNa-vyavasthA - bhAratIya naitika-cintana ke sAmAjika praznoM meM varNa-vyavasthA kabhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| sAmAjika naitikatA kA prazna varga-vyavasthA se nikaTa rUpa sambandhita hai, ataH yahA~ varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| jainadharma aura varNa-vyavasthA - jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhanA-mArga kA pravezadvAra binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI ke lie khulA hai| usameM dhanI athavA nirdhana, ucca athavA kA koI vibheda nahIM hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai ki sAdhanA-mArga kA upadeza sabhI ke lie samAna hai| jo upadeza eka dhanavAn yA ucca kula ke vyakti ke lie hai, vahI upadeza garIba yA nimnakulotpanna vyakti ke lie hai / ' usake sAdhanA - tapa meM harikezI bala jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise ghora hiMsaka aura puniyA jaise atyanta nirdhana vyakti kA bhI vahI sthAna hai, jo sthAna indrabhUti jaise vedapAThI brAhmaNaputra athavA dazArNabhadra aura zreNika jaise narezoM aura dhannA tathA zAlibhadra jaise zreSThiratnoM kA hai| jainAgamoM meM varNita harikezI bala aura anAthI muni ke kathAnaka jAti-bheda tathA dhana ke ahaMkAra para karArI coTa karate haiM / dharmasAdhanA kA upadeza to usa varSA ke samAna hai, jo U~ce parvatoM para, nIce kheta-khalihAnoM para, sundara mahala-aTAriyoM para aura jhopar3iyoM para samAna rUpa se hotI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki usa varSA ke jala ko kauna kitanA grahaNa karatA hai / sAdhanA kA rAjamArga to usakA hai, jo usa para calatA hai, phira vaha calane vAlA pUrva meM durAcArI rahA ho yA sadAcArI, dhanI rahA ho yA nirdhana, uccakulotpanna rahA ho yA nimnakulotpanna / jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, kSatriyoM kI bAhu se, vaizyoM kI jA~gha se tathA zUdroM kI pairoM se hotI hai| 2 janma ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdrai-pradhAna varNa-vyavasthA jainadharma ko svIkAra nahIM hai| jainAcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya yoni se hI utpanna hote haiM, ataH brahmA ke vibhinna aMgoM se unakI utpatti batAkara zArIrika aMgoM kI uttamatA yA nikRSTatA ke AdhAra para varNa-vyavasthA kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / zArIrika-vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA jAne vAlA vargIkaraNa mAtra sthAvara, pazu-pakSI ityAdi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sambandha meM nahIM / janmanA sabhI manuSya samAna haiN| manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai / ' janma ke AdhAra para jAti kA nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| matsyagaMdhA (mallAha kI kanyA) ke garbha meM maharSi pArAzara 1 3

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206 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA utpanna mahAmuni vyAsa apane uttama karmoM ke kAraNa brAhmaNa khlaae| matalaba yaha ki karma yA AcaraNa ke AdhAra para hI cAturvarNya-vyavasthA kA nirNaya karanA ucita hai| jisa prakAra zilpa-kalA kA vyavasAyI zilpI kahalAtA hai, usI prakAra brahmacarya kA pAlana karane vAlA brAhmaNa kahalAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kA nirasana karatI hai| karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA se usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki manuSya karma se hI brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se hI kSatriya hotA hai aura karma se hI vaizya aura zUdra hotA hai| muni cauthamalajI nirgrantha-pravacanabhASya meM kahate haiM ki eka vyakti duHzIla, ajJAnI aura prakRti se tamoguNI hone para bhI amuka varNavAle ke ghara meM janma lene ke kAraNa samAja meM pUjya, AdaraNIya, pratiSThita aura U~cA samajhA jAe aura dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI aura satoguNI hone para bhI kevala amuka kula meM janma lene ke kAraNa nIca aura tiraskaraNIya mAnA jAe, yaha vyavasthA samAjaghAtaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, aisA mAnane se na kevala samAja ke eka bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna hotA hai, pratyuta yaha sadguNa aura sadAcAra kA bhI ghora apamAna hotA hai| isa vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karane se durAcArI sadAcArI se U~cA uTha jAtA hai, ajJAna jJAna para vijayI hotA hai aura tamoguNa satoguNa ke sAmane AdarAspada bana jAtA hai| yaha aisI sthiti hai jo guNagrAhaka vivekIjanoM ko sahya nahIM ho sakatI, arthAt jAti kI apane-Apa meM koI vizeSatA nahIM hai, mahatva naitikasadAcaraNa (tapa) kA hai| jaina-vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra karatI hai ki loka vyavahAra yA AjIvikA ke hetu kie gae karma (vyavasAya) ke AdhAra para samAja kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina isa vyAvasAyika yA sAmAjika-vyavasthA ke kSetra meM kie jAne vAle vibhinna karmoM ke vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para kisI varga kI zreSThatA yA hInatA kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA yA hInatA kA AdhAra vyAvasAyika-karma nahIM haiM, varan vyakti kI naitika-yogyatA yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai| uttarAdhyayana meM nirdeza hai ki sAkSAt tapa kA hI mAhAtmya dikhAI detA hai, jAti kI kucha bhI vizeSatA nahIM dikhAI detii| cANDAlaputra harikezI muni ko dekho, jinakI mahAprabhAvazAlI Rddhi hai|' ___ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-vicAraNA kA varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM nimna dRSTikoNa hai- 1. varNa-vyavasthA janma ke AdhAra para svIkAra nahIM kI gaI, varan usakA AdhAra karma hai| 2. varNa parivartanIya haiN| 3. zreSThatva kA AdhAra varNa yA vyavasAya nahIM, varan naitika-vikAsa hai| 4. naitika-sAdhanA kA dvAra sabhI ke lie samAna rUpa se khulA hai| cAroM hI varNa zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza pAne ke adhikArI haiN| yadyapi prAcIna samaya meM zramaNa-saMsthA

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varNAzrama-vyavasthA 207 meM cAroM hI varNa praveza ke adhikArI the, yaha Agamika-pramANoM se siddha hai; lekina paravartI jaina AcAryoM ne mAtaGga, machuA Adi jAti-juGgita aura naTa, pAradhI Adi karma-juGgita logoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza ke ayogya mAnA, lekina yaha jaina-vicAradhArA kA maulika mantavya nahIM hai, varan brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hai| isa vyavasthA kA vidhAna karane vAle AcArya ne isake lie mAtra lokApavAda kA hI tarka diyA hai, jo apane-Apa meM koI Thosa tarka nahIM, varan anya paramparA ke prabhAva kAhI dyotaka hai| isI prakAra, dakSiNa meM vikasita jainadharma kI digambara-paramparA meM jo zUdra ke annajala grahaNa kA niSedha tathA zUdra kI muktiniSedha kI avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve bhI brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva haiN| bauddha-AcAra-darzana meM varNa-vyavasthA- bauddha-AcAra-darzana bhI varNa-dharma kA niSedha nahIM karatA hai, lekina vaha unako janmagata AdhAra para sthita nahIM mAnatA hai| bauddha dharma ke anusAra bhI varNavyavasthA janmanA nahIM, karmaNA hai| karmoM se hI manuSya brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yAzUdra banatA hai, naki una kuloM meM janmalene mAtra se| bauddhAgamoM meM jAtivAda ke khaNDana ke aneka prasaMga milate haiM, lekina una sabakA mUlAzaya yahI hai ki jAti yA varNa AcaraNa ke AdhAra para banatA hai, na ki janma ke AdhAra pr| bhagavAn buddha ne jahA~ kahIM jAtivAda kA nirasana kiyA hai, vahA~ jAti se unakA tAtparya zarIra-racanA sambandhI vibheda se nahIM, janmanA jAtivAda se hI hai| buddha ke anusAra, janma ke AdhAra para kisI prakAra ke jAtivAda kI sthApanA nahIM kI jA sktii| suttanipAta ke nimna prasaMga meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| vasiSTha evaM bharadvAja jAtivAda sambandhI vivAda ko lekara buddha ke sammukha upasthita hote haiM / vasiSTha buddha se kahate haiM, "gautama! jAti-bheda ke viSaya meM hamArA vivAda hai, bharaddhAz2a kahatA hai ki brAhmaNa janma se hotA hai, maiM to karma se batAtA huuN| hama loga eka-dUsare ko avagata nahIM kara sakate haiM, isalie sambuddha (nAma se) vikhyAta Apase (isa viSayameM) pUchane Ae haiN|" buddha kahate haiM, "he vasiSTha ! maiM kramazaH yathArtharUpa se prANiyoM ke jAtibheda ko batAtA hU~, jinase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyA~ hotI haiN| tRNa, vRkSoM ko jaano| yadyapi ve isa bAta kA dAvA hI nahIM karate, phira bhI unameM jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, jisase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyA~ hotI haiN| kIToM, pataMgoM aura cITiyoM taka meM jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, jisase unameM bhinna-bhinna jAtiyA~ hotI haiN| choTe-bar3e jAnavaroM ko bhI jAno, unameM bhI jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, jisase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyA~ hotI haiN| jisa prakAra ina jAtiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, usa prakAra manuSyoM meM bhinna-bhinna jAtimaya lakSaNa nahIM haiN|"

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 66 'brAhmaNa mAtA kI kokha se utpanna hone se hI maiM kisI ko brAhmaNa nahIM khtaa| jo sampatizAlI hai, (vaha) dhanI kahalAtA hai; jo akiMcana hai, tRSNArahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa huuN| koI janma se brAhmaNa hotA hai aura na janma se abrAhmaNa / brAhmaNa karma se hotA hai aura abrAhmaNa bhI karma se / kRSaka karma se hotA hai, zilpI karma se hotA hai, vaNik karma se hotA hai aura sevaka bhI karma se hotA hai, cora bhI karma se hotA hai, yoddhA bhI karma se hotA hai, yAcaka bhI karma se hotA hai aura rAjA bhI karma se hotA hai| 208 zz isa prakAra, buddha janmanA jAtivAda ke sthAna para karmaNA jAtivAda kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina karmaNA jAtivAda kI mAnyatA meM bhI buddha na to yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vaiyaktika- dRSTi se jAtivAda koI sthAyI tattva hai, jisameM janma lene para yA usa vyavasAya ke cayana ke bAda parivartana nahIM kara sakatA aura na yaha ki vyavasAyoM kI dRSTi se koI ucca aura koI nIca hai| buddha brAhmaNoM ke zreSThatva ko bhI svIkAra nahIM krte| unakA kahanA hai ki koI bhI manuSya AcaraNa (naitika-vikAsa) ke AdhAra para zreSTha yA nikRSTa hotA hai, na ki jAti yA vyavasAya ke AdhAra pr| bhagavAn buddha kI uparyukta dhAraNA kA spaSTIkaraNa majjhimanikAya ke assalAyanasutta meM milatA hai, jisameM bhagavAn buddha ne jAti-bheda sambandhI mithyA dhAraNAoM kA nirasana kara cAroM vargoM ke mokSa yA naitika-zuddhi kI dhAraNA kI pratisthApanA kI hai| ukta sutta ke kucha mahatvapUrNa aMza nimna prakAra haiM he gautama! brAhmaNa aisA kahate haiM - brAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa haiM, dUsare varNa choTe haiN| brAhmaNa zukla varNa haiM, dUsare varNa kRSNa haiN| brAhmaNa hI zuddha haiM, abrAhmaNa nahIM / brAhmaNa hI brahmA ke aurasa putra haiM, unake mukha se utpanna haiM, brahmanirmita haiM, brahmA ke dAyAda (uttarAdhikArI) haiN| isa viSaya meM Apa kyA kahate haiM ?10 buddha ne isakA prativAda karate hue varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM apane dRSTikoNa ko nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA hai - 66 brahmaja kahanA jhUTha hai 'AzvalAyana brAhmaNoM kI brAhmaNiyA~ RtumatI evaM garbhiNI hotI, prasava karatI, dUdha pilAtI dekhI jAtI haiN| yoni se utpanna hote hue bhI ve aisA kahate haiM ki brAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa haiM / " isa prakAra, buddha brAhmaNa ke brahmA ke mukha se utpanna hone kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate haiN| varNa-parivartana sambhava hai - "to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! tumane sunA hai ki yavana, kamboja aura dUsare bhI sImAnta dezoM meM do hI varNa hote haiM-Arya aura dAsa (gulAma), Arya bhI dAsa ho sakatA hai aura dAsa bhI Arya ho sakatA hai|' """

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varNAzrama vyavasthA 209 "hA~, maiMne sunA hai ki yavana aura kamboja meM aisA hotA hai|" isa AdhAra para buddha varNa-parivartana ko sambhava mAnate haiN| sabhIjAti samAna haiM- to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana! kSatriya prANIhiMsaka, cora, durAcArI, jhUThA, cugalakhora, kaTubhASI, bakavAdI, lobhI, dveSI, jhUThIdhAraNA vAlA ho, to zarIra chor3a marane ke bAda naraka meM utpanna hogA yA nahIM ? brAhmaNa, vaizya, zUdra, prANIhiMsaka ho, to naraka meM utpanna hoMge yA nahIM? "he gautama! kSatriya bhI prANI-hiMsaka ho, to naraka meM utpanna hogA aura brAhmaNa, vaizya, zUdra bhii|" "to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! kyA brAhmaNa hI prANI-hiMsA se virata ho, to acchI gati prApta kara svargaloka meM utpanna ho sakatA hai aura kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra-varNa nhiiN|" "nahIM, he gautama! kSatriya bhI yadi prANIhiMsA se virata ho, to acchI gati prApta kara svargaloka meM utpanna ho sakatA hai aura brAhmaNa, vaizya, zUdra-varNa bhii|" "to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! kyA brAhmaNa hI vairarahita, dveSarahita maitrI-citta kI bhAvanA kara sakatA hai , kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra nhiiN|" isa prakAra, buddha svayaM AzvalAyana ke prati uttaroM se hI sabhI jAtiyoM kI samAnatA kA pratipAdana karate haiM aura yaha batAte haiM ki sabhI naitika-vikAsa kara sakate haiN| AcaraNa hI zreSTha hai- "to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! yadi yahA~ do mANavaka jur3avebhAI hoM, eka adhyayana karane vAlA, upanIta, kintu duHzIla, pApI ho; dUsarAadhyayana na karane vAlA, anupanIta, kintu zIlavAn, puNyAtmA ho, inameM brAhmaNa zrAddha, yajJa yA pahunAI meM pahale kisako bhoja kraaeNge|" "he gautama! vaha mANavaka, joadhyayana na karane vAlA, anupanIta, kintu zIlavAn, kalyANadharmA hai, usI ko brAhmaNa pahale bhojana kraaeNge| duHzIla, pApadharmA ko dAna dene se kyA mahAphala hogA?" "AzvalAyana! pahale tU jAti para pahu~cA, jAti se maMtroM para pahu~cA, maMtroM se aba tu cAturvarNI-zuddhi para A gayA, jisakA maiM upadeza karatA huuN|"12 gItA tathA varNa-vyavasthA-vAstava meM hindUAcAra-darzana meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA janma para nahIM, varan karma para hI AdhArita hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki cAturvarNyavyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai| 13 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, yahA~ jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nhiiN| hama kisa varNa ke haiM, yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahIM hai| svabhAva aura vyavasAya dvArA nirdhArita jAti

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana niyata hotI hai / 14 yudhiSThira kahate haiM, "tattvajJAniyoM kI dRSTi meM kevala AcaraNa (sadAcAra) hI jAti kA nirdhAraka tattva hai| "15 vanaparva meM kahA gayA hai, "brAhmaNa na janma se hotA hai, na saMskAra se, na kula se aura na veda ke adhyayana se, brAhmaNa kevala vrata (AcaraNa) se hotA hai / "1" bauddhAgama suttanipAta ke samAna maharSi atri bhI kahate haiM, jo brAhmaNa dhanuSa-bANa aura astra-zastra lekara yuddha meM vijaya pAtA hai, vaha kSatriya kahalAtA hai| jo brAhmaNa khetIbar3I aura gopAlana karatA hai, jisakA vyavasAya vANijya hai, vaha vaizya kahalAtA hai| jo brAhmaNa lAkha, lavana, kesara, dUdha, makkhana, zahada aura mAMsa becatA hai, vaha zUdra kahalAtA hai / jo brAhmaNa cora, taskara, naTa kA karma karane vAlA, mAMsa kATane vAlA aura mAMsa-matsyabhogI hai, vaha niSAda kahalAtA hai / kriyAhIna, mUrkha sarva dharma vivarjita, saba prANiyoM ke prati nirdaya brAhmaNa cANDAla kahalAtA hai| 17 210 18 - DaoN. bhikhanAla Atreya ne bhI guNa-karma para AdhArita varNa-vyavasthA kA samarthana kiyA hai" - (a) prAcIna varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, lacIlI thii| varNa- parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA, kyoMki AcaraNa ke kAraNa varNa parivartita ho jAtA thA / upaniSadoM meM varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai / 19 satyakAma jAbAla kI satyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI use brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA thA / (ba) manusmRti meM bhI varNa - parivartana kA vidhAna hai ; likhA hai ki sadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura durAcAra ke kAraNa brAhmaNa zUdra ho jAtA hai| yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaizya ke sambandha meM bhI hai 120 naitika dRSTi se gItA ke AcAra-da -darzana ke anusAra bhI koI eka varNa dUsare varNa se zreSTha nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika vikAsa varNa para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai| vyakti svabhAvAnukUla kisI bhI varNa ke niyama-karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue naitika- pUrNatA yA siddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai / 21 varNa-vyavasthA ke dvArA nihita karma naitika dRSTi se acche yA bure nahIM hote, sahaja karma sadoSa hone para tyAjya nahIM hote, 23 kyoMki ve naitika-vikAsa ko avarUddha nahIM karate / vastutaH, gItA meM varNa-vyavasthA ke pIche jo guNa-karma kI dhAraNA hai, use kiMcit gaharAI se samajhanA hogA / guNa aura karma meM bhI, varNa-nirdhAraNa meM guNa prAthamika hai, karma kA cayana to svayaM hI guNa para nirbhara hai| gItA kA mukhya upadeza apanI yogyatA yA guNa ke AdhAra para karma karane kA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki yogyatA, svabhAva athavA guNa ke AdhAra para hI vyakti kI sAmAjika jIvana praNAlI kA nirdhAraNa honA caahie| 24 samAja-vyavasthA meM apane kartavya - nirvAha aura AjIvikA ke upArjana ke hetu vyakti ko kaunasA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie, yaha bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara hai| yadi vyakti 22 1 -

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varNAzrama vyavasthA 211 apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika-karttavya ko cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se jahA~ usake jIvana kI saphalatAdhUmila hotI hai, vahIM samAja-vyavasthA me bhI astavyastatA AtI hai| gItA meM varNa-vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika-AdhAra rahA hai, jisakA samarthana DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan aura pAzcAtya-vicAraka zrI gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai| mAnavIyasvabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA jijJAsAvRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva-vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone kI pravRtti yA sevA-bhAvanA pAI jAtI hai| sAmAnyataH, manuSyoM meM ina vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka manuSya meM inameM se kisI eka kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| dUsarI ora, sAmAjika-dRSTi se samAja-vyavasthA meM cAra pramukha kArya haiM-1. zikSaNu, 2. rakSaNu, 3. upArjana aura 4. sevA, ataH yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti, apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA prAdhAnya ho, usake anusAra sAmAjika-vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cune| jisameM buddhi-nairmalya aura jijJAsA-vRtti ho, vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM sAhasa aura netRtva-vRtti ho, vaha rakSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-vRtti ho, vaha upArjana kA kArya kare aura jisameM dainyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho, vaha sevAkArya kre| isa prakAra, jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa, upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika-kAryoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI AdhAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra-ye varNa bne| isa svabhAva ke anusAra vyavasAya yA vRtti meM vibhAjana meM zreSThatva aura hInatva kA koI prazna nahIM utthtaa| gItA to spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki jijJAsA, netRtva, saMgrahavatti aura dainya Adi sabhI vRttiyA~ triguNAtmaka haiM, ataH sabhI doSapUrNa haiN|25 gItA kI dRSTi meM naitikazreSThatva isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA hai, yA kina sAmAjikakartavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varan isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara rahA hai| gItA ke anusAra, yadi eka zUdra apane kartavyoM kA pAlana pUrNa niSThA aura kuzalatA se karatA hai, to vaha anaiSThika aura akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA naitika-dRSTi se zreSTha hai| gItA ke AcAra-darzana kI bhI yaha viziSTatA hai ki vaha bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna sAdhanA-patha kA dvAra sabhI ke lie khola detA hai| gItA yadyapi varNAzrama-dharma ko svIkRta karatI hai, lekina usakA varNAzrama-dharma to sAmAjikamaryAdA ke sandarbha meM hI hai| AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA sAmAjika-maryAdAoM ke paripAlana se koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai| gItA spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika

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212 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnastarIya karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue bhI AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI dRSTi se U~cAIyoM para pahuMca sakatA hai| zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki vyakti cAhe atyanta durAcArI rahA ho, athavA strI, zUdra yA vaizya ho, athavA brAhmaNa yA rAjarSi ho, yadi vaha samyakrarUpeNa merI upAsanA karatA hai, to vaha zreSTha gati ko hI prApta karatA hai| 26 isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gItA ke anusAra AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA dvAra sabhI ke lie samAna rUpa se khulA huA hai| jo loga naitika yA AdhyAtmika-vikAsako AcaraNa ke bAhya-toM yA vaiyaktika-jIvana ke pUrvarUpa yA vyakti ke sAmAjika-svasthAna se bAMdhane kI koziza karate haiM, ve bhrAnti meM haiN| gItA ke AcAra-darzana ke anusAra sAmAjika-svasthAna ke karttavyoM ke paripAlana aura naitika yA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke karttavyoM meM koI saMgharSa nahIM, kyoMki donoM ke kSetra bhinna-bhinna haiN| isa prakAra, gItA ke anusAra varNa-vyavasthA kA sambandha sAmAjika-karttavyoM ke paripAlana se hai, lekina viziSTa sAmAjika-kartavyoM ke paripAlana se vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, usakI zreSThatA aura hInatAkA sambandha to usake naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa se hai| isa prakAra; jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM samAna dRSTikoNa rakhate haiN| unake dRSTikoNa ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai - 1. varNa kA AdhAra janma nahIM, varan guNa (svabhAva) aura karma hai| 2. varNa aparivartanIya nahIM hai| vyakti apane svabhAva, AcaraNa aura karma meM parivartana kara varNa parivartita kara sakatA hai| 3. varNa kA sambandha sAmAjika-kartavyoM se hai, lekina koI bhI sAmAjika karttavya yA vyavasAya apane-Apa meMna zreSTha hai, nahIna hai| vyakti kI zreSThatA aura hInatA usake sAmAjika-karttavya para nahIM, varan usakI naitika-niSThA para nirbhara hai| 4. naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA adhikAra sabhI varNa ke logoM ko prApta hai| Azrama-dharma 'Azrama' zabda zrama se banA hai| zrama kA artha hai-prayAsa yA prytn| jIvana ke vibhinna sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie pratyeka Azrama meM eka vizeSa prayatna hotA hai| jisa prakAra jIvana ke cAra sAdhya yA mUlya-dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa mAne gae haiM, usI prakAra jIvana ke ina cAra sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie, ina cAra AzramoM kA vidhAna hai| brahmacaryAzrama vidyArjana

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varNAzrama-vyavasthA 213 ke lie hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha cAroM hI AzragoM kI eka pUrva taiyArI-rUpa hai| gRhasthAzrama meM artha aura kAma-puruSArthoM kI siddhi ke lie vizeSa prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki dharmapuruSArtha kI sAdhanA vAnaprasthAzrama meM aura mokSa-puruSArtha kI sAdhanA saMnyAsa-Azrama meM kI jAtI hai| yaha smaraNIya hai ki varNa kA siddhAnta sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie hai, kintu Azrama kA siddhAnta vaiyaktika hai| Azrama-siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki vyakti kA AdhyAtmikalakSya kyA hai, use apane ko kisa prakAra le calanA hai tathA antima lakSya kI prApti ke lie use kaisI taiyArI karanI hai| DaoN. kANe ke anusAra, Azrama-siddhAnta eka utkRSTa dhAraNA thii| bhale hI ise bhalIbhA~ti kriyAnvita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, parantu isake lakSya yA uddezya bar3e hI mahAn aura viziSTa the| Azrama-saMsthA kA vikAsa kaba huA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM ke granthoM meM Azrama-siddhAnta sambandhI vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai| chAndogya-upaniSad ke kAla taka hameM tIna AzramoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| usa yuga taka saMnyAsa-Azrama kI vizeSa carcA sunAI detI hai| saMnyAsa aura vAnaprastha sAmAnyatayA eka hI mAne gae the, lekina paravartI sAhitya meM cAroM hI AzramoM kA vidhAna aura usake vidhi-niSedha ke niyama vistAra se upalabdha haiN| vaidika-paramparA meM cAroM AzramoM ke sambandha meM tIna vikalpoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai-1. samuccaya, 2. vikalpa evaM 3. bAdha / manu ne ina cAroM AzramoM meM samuccaya kA siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra, pratyeka manuSya ko kramaza: cAroM hI AzramoM kA anusaraNa karanA caahie| dUsare mata ke anusAra, AzramoM kI isa avasthA meM vikalpa ho sakatA hai, arthAt manuSya icchAnusAra inameM se kisI eka Azrama ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai| bAdha ke siddhAnta ke anusAra, gRhasthAzrama hI ekamAtra vAstavika Azrama hai aura anya Azrama apekSAkRta usase kama mUlya vAle haiN| Azrama-vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM vikalpa-siddhAnta yaha mAnatA hai ki brahmacarya-Azrama ke pazcAt gRhastha, vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa meM se kisI bhI Azrama ko grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jAbAlopaniSad evaM AcArya zaMkara ne isa mata kA samarthana kiyA hai| unake anusAra, jaba bhI vairAgya utpanna ho jAe, tabhI pravrajyA grahaNa kara lenA caahie| 28 bAdha-siddhAnta ko mAnane vAle gautama evaM baudhAyana haiM / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra, gRhasthAzrama hI sarvotkRSTa hai| isa mata ke kucha vicArakoM ne vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa ko kaliyuga meM vaya' mAna liyA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM Azrama-siddhAnta jIvana ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara unameM se pratyeka bhAga meM eka-eka Azrama ke anusAra jIvana vyatIta karane kA nirdeza detA hai| prathama

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga meM brahmacarya, dUsare meM gRhastha, tIsare meM vAnaprastha aura cauthe meM saMnyAsa Azrama grahaNa karanA cAhie / jaina - paramparA aura Azrama - siddhAnta - zramaNa - paramparAoM meM Ayu ke AdhAra para AzramoM ke vibhAjana kA siddhAnta upalabdha nahIM hotaa| yadi hama vaidika-vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se tulanAtmaka vicAra kareM, to yaha pAte haiM ki zramaNa paramparAe~ Azrama - siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM vikalpa ke niyama ko hI mahatva detI hai| unake anusAra, saMnyAsa Azrama hI sarvocca aura vyakti ko jaba bhI vairAgya utpanna ho jAe, tabhI ise grahaNa kara lenA caahie| unakA mata jAbAlopaniSad aura zaMkara ke adhika nikaTa hai| bhramaNa - paramparAoM meM brahmacaryAzrama kA bhI vizeSa vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA / cU~ki zramaNa- paramparAoM ne AdhyAtmikajIvana para hI adhika jora diyA, ataH unameM brahmacaryAzrama ke laukika-zikSAkAla aura gRhasthAzrama ke laukika-vidhAnoM ke sandarbha meM koI vizeSa dizA-nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA / laukika-jIvana kI zikSA grahaNa karane ke lie sAmAnyatayA vyAvasAyika brAhmaNa zikSakoM ke pAsa hI vidyArthI jAte the, kyoMki zramaNa-varga sAmAnyatayA AdhyAtmika-zikSA hI pradAna karatA thA / gRhasthAzrama ke sandarbha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa evaM sAmAjikavyavasthA kI dRSTi se yadyapi zramaNa paramparAoM meM niyama upalabdha haiM, lekina vivAha evaM pArivArika jIvana ke sandarbha meM sAmAnyatayA niyamoM kA abhAva hI hai| 214 yadyapi paravartI jainAcAryoM ne hindU-dharma kI isa Azrama - vyavasthA ko dhIre-dhIre svIkAra kara liyA aura use jaina - paramparA ke anurUpa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA / AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura bhikSuye cAroM Azrama jainadharma ke anusAra uttarottara zuddhi ke paricAyaka haiN| 30 jaina- paramparA meM ye cAroM Azrama svIkRta rahe haiN| brahmacaryAzrama ko laukika jIvana kI zikSAkAla ke rUpa meM tathA gRhasthAzrama ko gRhastha-dharma ke rUpa meM evaM vAnaprastha Azrama ko brahmacarya - pratimA se lekara uddiSTavirata yA zramaNabhUta- pratimA kI sAdhanA ke rUpa meM athavA sAmAyika - cAritra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMnyAsa Azrama to zramaNa- jIvana ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai hI / isa prakAra, cAroM hI Azrama jaina- paramparA meM bhI svIkRta haiM / bauddha-paramparA aura jaina-paramparA donoM meM Azrama - siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa hI svIkRta rahA hai| bauddha paramparA aura Azrama - siddhAnta - bauddha paramparA bhI jaina- paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI Azrama - siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM vikalpa ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatI hai| usake anusAra, saMnyAsa - Azrama ( zramaNa - jIvana) hI sarvocca hai aura vyakti jaba

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varNAzrama-vyavasthA 215 bhI vairAgya-bhAvanA se yukta ho jAe, use pravrajyA grahaNa kara lenI caahie| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI brahmacaryAzrama zikSaNa-kAla ke rUpa meM, gRhasthAzrama gRhastha dharma ke rUpa meM, vAnaprasthaAzrama zrAmaNera ke rUpa meM aura saMnyAsa-Azrama zramaNa-jIvana ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM kA Azrama-vicAra nimna tAlikA se spaSTa haivaidika-paramparA jaina-paramparA bauddha-paramparA 1. brahmacaryAzrama zikSaNa-kAla zikSaNa-kAla 2. gRhasthAzrama gRhastha-dharma gRhastha-dharma 3. vAnaprasthAzrama pratimAyukta gRhastha-jIvana zrAmaNera-dIkSA yA sAmAyikacAritra 4. saMnyAsAzrama chedopasthApanIyacAritra upasampadA sAmAnyataH, Azrama-siddhAnta kA nirdeza yahI hai ki manuSya kramazaH naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-pragati karatA huA tathA vAsanAmaya jIvana se Upara vijaya prApta karatA huA mokSa ke sarvocca sAdhya ko prApta kara ske| sandarbha grantha1. AcArAMga 1/2/6/102 2. yajurveda, 31/10, Rgveda puruSasUkta 10/90/12 3. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR. 1441 4. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR. 1441 5. uttarAdhyayana, 25/33 6. nirgrantha-pravacana-bhASya, pR. 289 7. uttarAdhyayana, 12/37 8. pravacana-sAroddhAra 107 9. suttanipAta, 35/3-37, 57-59 10. majjhimanikAya 2/5/3-uddhRta-jAtibheda aura buddha, pR. 7 11. majjhimanikAya 2/5/3-uddhRta jAtibheda aura buddha, pR. 8 12. majjhimanikAya, 2/5/3 13. gItA 4/13, 18/41 14. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 163

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216 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 15. uddhRta-bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 163 16. mahAbhArata vanaparva 313/108 17. avismRti, 1/374/380 18. bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 625 19. chAndogya. 4/4 20. manusmRti, 10/65 21. gItA, 18/45-46 22. vahI, 18/47 23. vahI, 18/48 24. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 353 25. gItA, 18/48, gItA (zAM.) 18/41, 48 26. gItA, 9/30, 32, 23 27. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga, pR. 264-267 28. jAbAlopaniSad 3/1 29. dekhie - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 267 30. AdipurANa 39/152

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svadharma kI avadhAraNA 217 12 svadharma kI avadhAraNA gItA meM svadharma gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki svadharma kA pAlana karate hue maranA bhI zreyaskara hai, kyoMki paradharma bhayAvaha hai, to hamAre sAmane yaha prazna AtA hai ki isa svadharma aura paradharma kA artha kyA hai ? yadi naitikatA kI dRSTi se svadharma meM honA hI kartavya hai, to hameM yaha jAna lenA hogA ki yaha svadharma kyA hai| ___ yadi gItA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA jAe, to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gItA ke anusAra svadharma kA artha vyakti ke varNAzrama ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana se hai| gItA ke dUsare adhyAya meM hI yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki svadharma vyakti kA varNa-dharma hai| lokamAnya tilakasvadharma kA artha varNAzrama-dharma hI karate haiN| ve likhate haiM ki svadharma vaha vyavasAya hai ki jo smRtikAroM kI cAturvarNya-vyavasthA ke anusAra pratyeka manuSya ke lie usake svabhAva ke AdhAra para niyata kara diyA gayA hai, svadharma kA artha mokSadharma nahIM hai| gItA ke aThArahaveM adhyAya meM yaha bAta adhika spaSTa kara dI gaI hai ki pratyeka varNa ke svAbhAvika karttavya kyA haiN| gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki vyakti ke varNa kA nirdhAraNa usakI prakRti, guNa yA svabhAva ke AdhAra para hotA hai aura usa svabhAva ke anusAra usake lie kucha kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa kara diyA gayA hai, jisakA paripAlana karanA usakA naitika-karttavya hai| isa prakAra, gItA vyakti ke svabhAva yA guNa ke AdhAra para kartavyoM kA nirdeza karatI hai| una karttavyoM kA paripAlana karanA hI vyakti kA svadharma hai| gItA kA yaha nizcita abhimata hai ki vyakti apane svadharma yA apane svabhAva ke AdhAra para niHsRta svakarttavya kA paripAlana karate hue siddhi yA mukti prApta kara letA hai| gItA kahatI hai ki vyakti apane svAbhAvika kartavyoM meM lagakara una svakarmoM ke dvArA hI usa paramatattva kI upAsanA karatA huA siddhi prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra, gItA vyakti ke svasthAna ke AdhAra para karttavya karane kA nirdeza karatI hai| samAja meM vyakti ke svasthAna kA nirdhAraNa usake apane svabhAva (guNa, karma) ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai| vaiyaktika-svabhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa aura tadanusAra kartavyoM kA AropaNa gItA meM kisa prakAra kiyA gayA hai, isakI vyavasthA varNa-dharma ke prasaMga meM kI gaI hai|

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218 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jainadharma meM svadharma jaina-darzana meM bhI svasthAna ke anusAra karttavya karane kA nirdeza hai| pratikramaNasUtra meM pratikramaNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki yadi sAdhaka pramAdavaza svasthAna ke kartavyoM se cyuta hokara parasthAna ke kartavyoM ko apanA letA hai, to punaH AlocanApUrvaka parasthAna ke AcaraNa ko chor3akara svasthAna ke karttavyoM para sthita ho jAnA hI pratikramaNa (punaH svasthAna yA svadharma kI ora lauTa AnA) hai| isa prakAra, jaina-naitikatA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki sAdhaka ko svasthAna ke kartavyoM kA hI AcaraNa karanA caahie| bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA meM kahA gayA hai ki svasthAna meM svasthAna ke karttavya kA AcaraNa hI zreyaskara aura sabala hai| isake viparIta, svasthAna meM parasthAna ke karttavya kA AcaraNa azreyaskara evaM niSphala hai|' jaina AcAra-darzana yahI kahatA hai ki sAdhaka ko apane balAbala kA nizcaya kara svasthAna cunanA cAhie aura svasthAna ke kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA caahie| jainasAdhanA kA Adarza yahI hai ki sAdhaka prathama apane deza, kAla, svabhAva aurazakti ke AdhAra para svasthAna kA nizcaya kare, arthAt gRhastha-dharma yA sAdhu-dharma yA sAdhanA ke anya staroM meM vaha kisakA paripAlana kara sakatA hai| svasthAna kA nizcaya karane ke bAda hI usa sthAna ke nirdiSTa karttavyoM ke anusAra naitika-AcaraNa kare / dazavakAlikasUtra meM kahA hai ki sAdhaka apane bala, parAkrama, zraddhA evaM Arogya ko acchI prakAra dekhabhAla kara tathA deza aura kAla kA samyak parijJAna kara tadanurUpa karttavya-patha meM apane ko niyojita kre| bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA ke uparyukta zloka ke saMdarbha meM TippaNI karate hue upAdhyAya amaramunijI kahate haiM, pratyeka jIvana-kSetra meM svasthAna kA bar3A mahatva hai, svasthAna meM jo gurutva hai, vaha parasthAna meM khaaN| jala meM magara jitanA balazAlI hai, kyA utanA sthala meM bhI hai ? nahIM / yadyapi svasthAna ke karttavya ke paripAlana kA siddhAnta jaina aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM samAna rUpa se svIkAra huA hai, lekina donoM meM thor3A antara bhI hai- gItA aura jaina-darzana isa bAta meM to ekamata haiM ki vyakti ke svasthAna kA nizcaya usakI prakRti arthAt guNa aura kSamatA ke AdhAra para karanA cAhie, lekina gItA isake AdhAra para vyakti ke sAmAjika-sthAna kA nirdhAraNa kara usa sAmAjika-sthAna ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana kA nirdeza karatI hai, jabaki jaina-dharma yaha batAtA hai vyakti ko sAdhanA ke uccatama se nimnatara vibhinna staroM meM kisa sthAna para rahakara usa sthAna ke lie nizcita AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA paripAlana karanA caahie| svasthAna aura parasthAna kA vicAra yaha kahatA hai ki sAdhanA ke

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svadharma kI avadhAraNA vibhinna staroM meM se kisI sthAna para rahakara usa sthAna ke nizcita AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA paripAlana karanA cAhie / tulanA - jaina- vicAraNA meM svasthAna aura parasthAna kA vicAra sAdhanA ke staroM dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki gItA meM svasthAna aura parasthAna yA svadharma aura paradharma kA vicAra sAmAjika-karttavyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| jaina-sAdhanA kI dRSTi pramukha rUpa se vaiyaktika hai, jabaki gItA kI dRSTi pramukha rUpa se sAmAjika; yadyapi donoM vicAradhArAe~ dUsare pakSoM kI nitAnta avahelanA bhI nahIM krtii| isa sambandha meM jaina- vicAraNA yaha kahatI hai ki sAmAnya gRhastha-sAdhaka, viziSTa gRhastha-sAdhaka, sAmAnya zramaNa athavA jinakalpI - zramaNa ke, athavA sAdhanA-kAla kI sAmAnya dazA ke athavA vizeSa paristhitiyoM ke utpanna hone kI dazA ke AcaraNa ke Adarza kyA haiM ? 1deg yA AcaraNa ke niyama kyA haiM aura gItA samAja ke brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra- ina cAroM varNoM ke karttavya kA nirdeza karatI hai| gItA Azrama - vyavasthA ko svIkAra to karatI hai, phira bhI pratyeka Azrama ke vizeSa karttavya kyA haiM, isakA samucita vivecana gItA meM upalabdha nahIM hotA / jaina - paramparA meM Azrama-dharma ke karttavyoM kA hI vizeSa vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| usameM varNa-vyavasthA ko guNa, karma ke AdhAra para svIkAra kiyA to gayA hai, phira bhI brAhmaNa ke vizeSa karttavyoM ke nirdeza ke atirikta anya vargoM ke karttavyoM kA koI vivecana vistAra se upalabdha nahIM hotA / vastutaH, gItA kI dRSTi pramukhataH pravRtti - pradhAna hone se usameM varNa-vyavasthA para jora diyA gayA hai, jabaki jaina evaM bauddha-dRSTi pramukhataH nivRttiparaka hone se unameM nivRtyAtmaka DhaMga para Azrama - dharmoM kI vivecanA hI huI hai / janmanA varNa-vyavasthA kA to jainoM aura bauddhoM ne virodha kiyA hI thA, ataH apanI nivRttiparaka dRSTi ke anukUla mAtra brAhmaNa-varNa ke karttavyoM kA nirdeza karake saMtoSa mAnA / 219 yadyapi gItA aura jaina AcAra-darzana- donoM yahI kahate haiM ki sAdhaka ko apanI avasthA yA svabhAva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usI karttavya - patha kA cayana karanA cAhie, jisakA paripAlana karane kI kSamatA usameM hai / sva-kSamatA yA sthiti ke AdhAra para sAdhanA ke nimna stara kA cayana bhI adhika lAbhakArI hai, apekSAkRta usa ucca starIya cayana ke, jo sva-svabhAva, kSamatA aura sthiti kA binA vicAra kie kiyA jAtA hai / samagra jainaAgama - sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvana kA eka bhI aisA prasaMga dekhane ko nahIM milatA, jaba unhoMne sAdhaka kI zakti evaM svecchA ke viparIta use sAdhanA ke uccatama staroM meM praviSTa hone

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana I ke lie kahA ho / mahAvIra pratyeka sAdhaka se, cAhe vaha sAdhanA ke ucca staroM (zramaNa-dharma kI sAdhanA ) meM praviSTa hone kA prastAva lekara unake sammukha upasthita huA ho, yA sAdhanA ke nimna stara (gRhastha-dharma kI sAdhanA ) meM praviSTa hone kA prastAva lekara upasthita huA ho, yahI kahate haiM - he devAnupriya ! tumheM jaisA sukha ho, vaisA karo, parantu pramAda mata kro| 10 ve sAdhanA meM isa bAta para jora nahIM dete hai ki tuma sAdhanA meM vikAsa ke kisa bindu para sthita ho rahe ho, sAdhanA ke rAjamArga para kisa sthAna para khar3e ho, varan isa bAta para jora dete haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jisa sthAna para tuma khar3e ho, usa sthAna ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana meM kitane satarka, niSThAvAn yA jAgarUka ho / jaina-vicAradhArA yaha mAnatI hai ki naitikatA ke kSetra meM yaha bAta prAthamika mahatva kI nahIM hai ki sAdhaka kitanI kaThora sAdhanA kara rahA hai, varan prAthamika mahatva isa bAta kA hai ki vaha jo kucha kara rahA hai, usameM kitanI saccAI aura niSThA hai| yadi eka sAdhu, jo sAdhanA kI uccatama bhUmikA meM sthita hote hue bhI apane karttavyoM ke prati sartaka nahIM hai, niSThAvAn nahIM hai, ImAnadAra nahIM hai, to vaha usa gRhasthasAdhaka kI apekSA, jo sAdhanA kI nimna bhUmikA meM sthita hote hue bhI apane sthAna ke karttavyoM ke prati niSThAvAn hai, jAgarUka hai aura ImAnadAra hai, nIcA hI hai| naitika-zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karatI ki naitika-sopAna meM kauna kahA~ para khar3A hai, varan isa bAta para nirbhara karatI hai ki vaha svasthAna ke kartavyoM ke prati kitanA niSThAvAn hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki sAdhaka jisa bhAvanA yA zraddhA se sAdhanA patha para abhiniSkramaNa kare, usakA prAmANikatApUrvaka pAlana kare / " gItA isI bAta ko atyanta saMkSepa meM isa prakAra prastuta karatI hai ki sva-kSamatA evaM sva-svabhAva ke pratikUla aise suAcarita pratIta hone vAle usa paradharma se, sva-svabhAva ke anukUla nimnastarIya hote hue bhI svadharma zreSTha hai / paradharma, arthAt apane svasvabhAva evaM kSamatAoM ke pratikUla AcaraNa sadaiva hI bhayaprada hotA hai aura isalie svadharma kA paripAlana karate hue mRtyu kA varaNa kara lenA bhI kalyANakArI hai| 12 prastuta zloka meM 'paradharmAtsvanuniSThatAt' kA sAmAnya artha susamAcarita paradharma se lagAyA jAtA hai, lekina paradharma vastutaH suanuSThita yA susamAcarita hotA hI nahIM hai, kyoMki prakRti katA hai, vahI suAcarita ho sakatA hai| yahA~ suAcarita kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki bAhara se dekhane para acchI taraha Acarita hotA dikhAI detA hai, yadyapi mUlataH vaisA nahIM hai| hRdaya meM vAsanAoM ke prabala Avega ke hone para bhI DhoMgI sAdhu jIvana kI bAhya kriyAoM kA ThIka rUpa se AcaraNa karatA hai, kabhI-kabhI to vaha acche sAdhu kI - 220

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svadharma kI avadhAraNA apekSA bhI dikhAve ke rUpa meM unakA adhika acche DhaMga se pAlana karatA hai, lekina usakA vaha AcaraNa mAtra bAhya - dikhAvA hotA hai, usameM sAra nahIM hotA, usI prakAra susamAcarita para-dharma meM suAcaraNa mAtra dikhAvA yA DhoMga hotA hai, suAcarita yA suanuSThita kA yahA~ mAtra yahI artha hai / 13 svadharma kA AdhyAtmika- artha - gItAkAra niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahatA hai ki he pArtha / tU saba dharmoM kA parityAga kara merI zaraNa meM A, maiM tujhe saba pApoM se mukta kara dU~gA, to hamAre sAmane eka samasyA punaH upasthita hotI hai ki saba dharmoM ke parityAga kI dhAraNA kA svadharma ke paripAlana kI dhAraNA se kaise mela baiThAyA jAe ? yadi vicArapUrvaka dekheM, to yahA~ gItakAra kI dRSTi meM jina samasta dharmoM kA parityAga iSTa hai, ve vidhi-niSedharUpa sAmAjika karttavya tathA bAhyAcaraNarUpa dharmAdharma ke niyama haiN| vastutaH, kartavya ke kSetra meM kabhI-kabhI aisA avasara upasthita ho jAtA hai ki jahA~ dharma-dharma kA nirNaya yA svadharma aura paradharma kA nirNaya karane meM manuSya apane ko asamartha pAtA hai / prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yadi vyakti apane svadharma yA paradharma kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAtA, to vaha kyA kare ? gItAkAra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki aisI anizcaya kI avasthA meM dharma-adharma ke vicAra se Upara uThakara apaneApako bhagavAn ke sammukha nagna aura nizchala rUpa meM prastuta kara denA cAhie aura usakI icchA kA yantra banakara yA mAtra nimitta banakara AcaraNa karanA caahie| yahA~ gItA spaSTa hI Atma-samarpaNa para jora detI hai, lekina jaina- dRSTi, jo kisI aise kRpA karane vAle saMsAra ke niyantA Izvara para vizvAsa nahIM karatI, isa kartavyAkartavya yA svadharma aura paradharma ke anizcaya kI avasthA meM vyakti ko yahI sujhAva detI hai ki use rAga-dveSa ke bhAvoM se dUra hokara upasthita karttavya kA AcaraNa karanA caahie| vastutaH, isa zloka ke mAdhyama se gItakAra sacce svadharma ke grahaNa kI bAta kahatA hai, paramAtmA ke prati saccA samarpaNa paradharma kA tyAga aura svadharma kA grahaNa hI hai, kyoMki hamArA vAstavika svarUpa rAga-dveSa se rahita avasthA hai aura use grahaNa karanA sacce AdhyAtmika-svadharma kA grahaNa hai| 221 vastutaH, svadharma aura paradharma kA yaha vyAvahArika karttavya-patha naitika - sAdhanA kI itizrI nahIM hai, vyakti ko isase Upara uThanA hotA hai| vidhi-niSedha kA kartavya mArga naitika-sa - sAdhanA kA mAtra bAhya zarIra hai, usakI AtmA nahIM / vidhi-niSedha ke isa vyavahAramArga meM karttavyoM kA saMgharSa sambhAvya hai, jo vyakti ko karttavya - vimUr3hatA meM DAla detA hai, ataH gItAkAra ne sampUrNa vivecana ke pazcAt yahI zikSA dI kI manuSya ahaM ke riktikaraNa ke dvArA apane ko bhagavAn ke sammukha samarpita kara de aura isa prakAra sabhI dharmAdharmoM ke vyavahAra -

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222 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mArga se Upara uThakara usa kSetra meM avasthita ho jAe, jahA~ karttavyoM ke madhya saMgharSa kI samasyA hI nahIM rhe| jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI kartavyoM ke saMgharSa kI isa samasyA se evaM karttavya ke nizcaya kara pAne meM utpanna kaThinAI se bacane ke lie svadharma aura paradharma kI eka AdhyAtmika-vyAkhyA prastuta kI, jisameM vyakti kA kartavya hai-svarUpa meM avasthita honaa| unake anusAra, pratyeka tattva ke apane-apane svAbhAvika guNa-dharma haiM / svAbhAvika guNadharma se tAtparya una guNa-dharmoM se hai, jo binA kisI dUsare tattva kI apekSA ke hI usa tattva meM rahate haiM, arthAt paratattva se nirapekSa rUpa meM rahane vAle svAbhAvika guNa-dharma svadharma haiN| isake viparIta, ve guNa-dharma, jo dUsare tattva kI apekSA rakhate haiM, yA usake kAraNa utpanna hote haiM, vaibhAvika guNa-dharma haiM, isalie paradharma haiN| ekIbhAva se apane guNa-paryAyoM meM pariNamana karanA hI svasamaya hai, svadharma hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, vastu kA nija svabhAva hI usakA svadharma hai, vaibhAvika guNa-dharma svadharma nahIM haiM; kyoMki vaibhAvika guNadharma parApekSI haiM, para ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM, ataH nirapekSa nahIM haiN| Asakti yA rAga caitanya kA svadharma nahIM hai, kyoMki Asakti yA rAga nija se bhinna paratattva kI bhI apekSA karatA hai| binA kisI dvaita ke Asakti sambhava hI nhiiN| jIva yA AtmA ke lie ajJAna paradharma hai, kyoMki AtmA to jJAnamaya hai, Asakti vaibhAvika-dharma yA paradharma hai, kyoMki parApekSI hai| jainAcAra-darzana ke anusAra, vizuddha caitanya tattva ke lie rAga, dveSa, moha, kartRtva, bhoktRtva Adi paradharma haiM, jabaki jJAna, darzana, cAritra Adi svadharma haiN| jainadharma ke anusAra, gItA ke 'svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH paradharmo bhayAvahaH' kA saccA artha yaha hai ki jJAna-darzana rUpa Atmika-svaguNoM meM sthita rahakara maraNa bhI vareNya hai| svAbhAvika svaguNoM kA parityAga evaM rAga-dveSa mohAdi se yukta vaibhAvika-dazA (paradharma) kA grahaNa AtmA ke lie sadaiva bhayaprada hai, kyoMki vaha usake patana kA yA baMdhana kA mArga hai| ____ AcArya kundakunda svadharma aura paradharma kI vivecanA atyanta mArmika rUpa meM prastuta karate hue kahate haiM - 'jo jIva svakIya guNaparyAyarUpa samyak-jJAna, darzana aura cAritra meM ramaNa kara rahA hai, use hI paramArtha-dRSTi se sva-samaya yA svadharma meM sthita jAno aura jo jIva pudgala yA karma-pradezoM meM sthita hai, arthAt para-padArthoM se prabhAvita hokara una para rAga-dveSa AdibhAva karake, una para tattvoM ke Azraya se sva-svarUpa ko vikArI banA rahA hai, use parasamaya yA paradharma meM sthita jaano| rAga, dveSa aura moha kA pariNamana para ke kAraNa hI hotA hai, ataH vaha para-svabhAva yA para-dharma hI hai| AcArya Age kahate haiM ki svasvarUpa yA svadharma se cyuta hokara para-dharma, para-svabhAva yA para-samaya meM sthita honA bandhana hai aura yaha dUsare ke

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svadharma kI avadhAraNA 223 sAtha bandhana meM hone kI avasthA visaMvAdinI athavA nindA kI pAtra hai| AtmA to svabhAva yA svadharma meM sthita hokara apane ekatva kI avasthA meM hI zobhA pAtA hai| gItA kA dRSTikoNa- yadyapi gItA ke zlokoM meM svadharma aura paradharma ke AdhyAtmika-artha kI isa vivecanA kA abhAva hai, lekina AcArya zaMkara ne gItAbhASya meM AcArya kundakunda se milatI huI svadharma aura paradharma kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| zaMkara kahate haiM ki jaba manuSya kI prakRti rAga-dveSa kA anusaraNa kara use apane kAma meM niyojita karatI hai, taba svadharma kA parityAga aura paradharma kA anuSThAna hotA hai, arthAt AcArya zaMkara ke anusArabhI rAga-dveSa ke vazIbhUta honA hI paradharma hai aura rAga-dveSa se vimukta honA hI svadharma hai|15 breDale kA svasthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta tathAsvadharma-bhAratIyaparamparA ke svadharma ke siddhAnta ke samAna hI pAzcAtya-paramparA meM breDale ne svasthAna aura usake karttavya' kA siddhAnta sthApita kiyaa| breDale kA kahanA hai ki hama usa samaya apane ko prApta karate haiM, jaba hama apane sthAna aura kartavyoM ko eka samAjarUpIzarIra ke aMga ke rUpa meM prApta kara lete haiN| 16 breDale ne apanI prasiddha pustaka ethikala sTaDIja meM isa sambandha meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| yahA~ to hama kevala usake siddhAnta kA sArAMza hI prastuta kara rahe haiN| breDale ke uparyukta kathana kA artha yaha hai ki hameM apanI yogyatAoM aura kSamatAoM ko parakha kara sAmAjika-jIvana ke kSetra meM apane karttavya kA nirdhAraNa kara lenA caahie| vastutaH, hamArA karttavya vahI ho sakatA hai, jo hamArI prakRti ho| apanI prakRti ke anurUpa sAmAjika-jIvana meM apane sthAna kA nirdhAraNa evaM usake kartavyoM kA cayana aura unakA pAlanahI breDale ke dRSTikoNa kA Azaya hai, yadyapi yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki svasthAna ke anurUpa karttavya-pAlana naitikatA kI antima pariNati nahIM hai| hameM usase bhI Upara uThanA hogaa| sandarbha grantha1. gItA, 3/35 2. gItA rahasya, pR. 673 3. gItA 18/41-48 4. vahI, 4/13 5. vahI, 18/45

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224 6. uddhRta jainadharma kA prANa, pR. 142 7. bRhadkalpabhASya-pIThikA 323 8. dazavaikAlika 8/35 9. zrIamara bhAratI mArca 1965, pR. 30 10. upAsakadazAMgasUtra, 1 / 12 11. AcArAMga, 1/1/1/3/20 12. gItA, 3/35 13. vahI, 18/66 14. samayasAra, 273 15. gItA (zAM.), 3/34 16. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 163 17. ethikala sTaDIja, adhyAya 5 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhya

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 225 13 sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-samatA ke vicalana ke do kAraNa haiM - eka moha aura dUsarA kssobh| moha (Asakti) vicalana kA eka Antarika-kAraNa hai, jo rAga, dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha (tRSNA) Adi ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai / hiMsA, zoSaNa, tiraskAra yA anyAyaye kSobha ke kAraNa haiM, jo antara-mAnasa ko pIr3ita karate haiM / yadyapi moha aura kSobha aise tattva nahIM haiM, jo eka-dUsare se alaga aura aprabhAvita hoM, tathApi moha ke kAraNa Antarika aura usakA prakaTana bAhya hai, jabaki kSobha ke kAraNa bAhya haiM aura usakA prakaTana Antarika hai / moha vaiyaktika-burAI hai, jo samAja-jIvana ko dUSita karatI hai, jabaki 'kSobha' sAmAjika-burAI hai, jo vaiyaktika-jIvana ko dUSita karatI hai / moha kA kendrIya-tattva Asakti (rAga yA tRSNA) hai, jabaki kSobha kA kendrIya-tattva hiMsA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-AcAra meM samyak-cAritra kI dRSTi se ahiMsA aura anAsaktiye do kendrIya-siddhAnta haiN| eka bAhya-jagat yA sAmAjika-jIvana meM samatva kA saMsthApana karatA hai, to dUsarA caitasika yA Antarika-samatva ko banAe rakhatA hai| vaicArika-kSetra meM ahiMsA aura anAsakti milakara anAgraha yA anekAntavAda ko janma dete haiM / Agraha vaicArika-Asakti hai aura ekAnta vaicaarik-hiNsaa| anAsakti kA siddhAnta hI ahiMsA se samanvita ho sAmAjika-jIvana meM aparigraha kA Adezaprastuta karatA hai / saMgraha vaiyaktikajIvana ke sandarbha meM Asakti aura sAmAjika-jIvana ke sandarbha meM hiMsA hai / isa prakAra, jaina-darzana sAmAjika-naitikatA ke tIna kendrIya-siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai - 1. ahiMsA, 2. anAgraha (vaicArika-sahiSNutA) aura 3. aparigraha (asNgrh)| ___aba eka dUsarI dRSTi se vicAra kareM / manuSya ke pAsa mana, vANI aura zarIra-aise tIna sAdhana haiM, jinake mAdhyama se vaha sadAcaraNa yA durAcaraNa meM pravRtta hotA hai| zarIra kA durAcaraNa hiMsA aura sadAcaraNa ahiMsA kahA jAtA hai| vANI kA durAcaraNa Agraha (vaicArikaasahiSNutA) aura sadAcaraNaanAgraha (vaicArika-sahiSNutA) hai, jabaki mana kA durAcaraNa Asakti (mamatva) aura sadAcaraNa anAsakti (aparigraha) hai, jaise-yadi ahiMsA ko hI kendrIya-tattva mAnA jAe, to anekAnta ko vaicArika-ahiMsA aura anAsakti ko mAnasika-ahiMsA (svadayA) kahA jA sakatA hai, sAtha hI anAsakti se pratiphalita hone vAlA aparigraha kA siddhAnta sAmAjika evaM Arthika-ahiMsA kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi sAdhanA ke tIna aMga-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ke

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226 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vyAvahArika-pakSoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to anAsakti samyagdarzana kA, anekAnta (anAgraha) samyagjJAna kA aura ahiMsA samyakacAritra kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| darzana kA sambandhavRtti se hai, jJAna kA sambandha vicAra se hai aura cAritra kA karma se hai, ata: vRtti meM anAsakti, vicAra meM anAgraha aura AcaraNa meM ahiMsA, yahI jaina AcAra-darzana ke ratnatraya kA vyAvahArika-svarUpa hai, jinheM hama sAmAjikatA ke sandarbha meM kramaza: aparigraha, anekAnta (anAgraha) aura ahiMsA ke nAma se jAnate haiN| ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha jaba sAmAjika-jIvana se sambandhita hote haiM, taba vesamyaka-AcaraNa ke hI aMga kahe jAte haiN| dUsare, jaba AcaraNa se hamArA tAtparya kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-tInoM prakAra ke karmoM se ho, to ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha kA samAveza samyak AcaraNa meM ho jAtA hai / samyak AcaraNa eka prakAra se jIvana-zuddhi kA prayAsa hai, ata: mAnasika-karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie anAsakti (aparigraha), vAcika-karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie anekAnta (anAgraha) aura kAyika-karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie ahiMsA ke pAlana kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, jaina jIvana-darzana kA sAra inhIM tIna siddhAntoM meM nihita hai| jainadharma kI paribhASA karane vAlA yaha zloka sarvAdhika pracalita hI hai - syAdvAdo vartate'smin pakSapAto na vidyte| nAstyanyaM pIr3anaM kiMcit jainadharmaH sa ucyte|| saccA jaina vahI hai, jo pakSapAta (samatva) se rahita hai, anAgrahI aura ahiMsaka hai| yahA~ hameM isa sambandha meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki jisa prakAra AtmAyA cetanA ke tIna pakSa-jJAna, darzana aura cAritra AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI dizA meM eka-dUsare se alagaalaga nahIM rahate haiM, usI prakAra ahiMsA, anAgraha (anekAnta) aura aparigraha bhI sAmAjika-samatA kI sthApanA ke prayAsa ke rUpa meM eka-dUsare se alaga nahIM rahate / jaisejaise ve pUrNatA kI ora bar3hate haiM, vaise-vaise eka-dUsare ke sAtha samanvita hote jAte haiN| ahiMsA jainadharma meM ahiMsA kAsthAna ___ ahiMsA jaina AcAra-darzana kA prANa hai| ahiMsA vaha dhurI hai, jisa para samagra jaina AcAra-vidhighUmatI hai| jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA ko bhagavatI kahA gayA hai| praznavyAkaraNa-sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, tRSitoM ko jaise jala, bhUkhoM ko jaise sArthavAha kA sAtha AdhArabhUta hai, vaise hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMsA cara evaM acara, sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| vaha zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza tIrthaMkara karate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai - bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha ke sabhI arhat yaha upadeza karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANa, pUta, jIva aura satva ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA cAhie / yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai / samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara arhatoM ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 2 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke anusAra, jJAnI hone kA sAra yaha hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kareM / ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM ke hita-sAdhana meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone se mahAvIra ne isako prathama sthAna diyA hai / ' ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai / ' AcArya amRtacandrasUri ke anusAra to jaina AcAra - vidhi kA sampUrNa kSetra ahiMsA vyApta hai, usake bAhara usameM kucha hai hI nhiiN| sabhI naitika-niyama aura maryAdAe~ isake antargata haiM / AcAra-niyamoM ke dUsare rUpa, jaise-asatya bhASaNa nahIM karanA, corI nahIM karanA Adi to janasAdhAraNa ko sulabha rUpa se samajhAne ke lie bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se kahe jAte haiM, vastutaH, ve sabhI ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna pakSa haiM / " jaina darzana meM ahiMsA vaha AdhAra - vAkya hai, jisameM AcAra ke sabhI niyama nirgamita hote haiM / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai - ahiMsA saba AzramoM kA hRdaya hai, saba zAstroM kA garbha (utpatti-sthAna) hai / ' bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna - bauddha-darzana ke dasa zIloM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna prathama hai| catuHzataka meM kahA hai ki tathAgata ne saMkSepa meM kevala 'ahiMsA' - ina akSaroM meM dharma varNana kiyA hai / buddha ne hiMsA ko anArya karma kahA hai / ve kahate haiM, jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha Arya nahIM hotA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA Arya kahA jAtA hai / " 8 buddha hiMsA evaM yuddha ke nItizAstra ke ghora virodhI haiN| dhammapada meM kahA gayA haivijaya se vaira utpanna hotA hai, parAjita duHkhI hotA hai| jo jaya-parAjaya ko chor3a cukA hai, use hI sukha hai, use hI zAnti hai / 10 227 aMguttaranikAya meM yaha bAta aura adhika spaSTa kara dI gaI hai| hiMsaka vyakti jagat meM nArakIya-jIvana kA aura ahiMsaka vyakti svargIya jIvana kA sRjana karatA hai / ve kahate haiM"bhikSuoM ! tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hotA hai, jaise lAkara naraka meM DAla diyA gayA ho / kauna-se tIna ? svayaM prANI hiMsA karatA hai, dUsare prANI ko hiMsA kI ora ghasITatA hai aura prANI-hiMsA kA samarthana karatA hai| bhikSuoM ! tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hI hotA hai, jaise lAkara naraka meM DAla diyA gayA ho| " "bhikSuoM ! tIna dharmo se yukta prANI aisA hotA hai, jaise lAkara svarga meM DAla diyA gayA ho| kauna-se tIna ?"

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 911 " svayaM prANI hiMsA se virata rahatA hai, dUsare ko prANI-hiMsA kI ora nahIM ghasITatA aura prANI-hiMsA kA samarthana nahIM karatA / bauddhadharma ke mahAyAna sampradAya meM karuNA aura maitrI kI bhAvanA kA jo carama utkarSa dekhA jAtA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM yahI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta rahA hai| 12 - hindU dharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna - gItA meM ahiMsA kA mahatva svIkRta karate hue use bhagavAn kA hI bhAva kahA gayA hai| use daivI- sampadA evaM sAtvika tapa bhI kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM to jaina- vicAraNA ke samAna hI ahiMsA meM sabhI dharmoM ko antarbhUta mAna liyA gayA hai / " yahI nahIM, usameM dharma ke upadeza kA uddezya bhI prANiyoM ko hiMsA se virata karanA hai | ahiMsA hI dharma kA sAra hai| mahAbhAratakAra kA kathana hai- 'prANiyoM kI hiMsA na ho, isalie dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, ataH jo ahiMsA se yukta hai, vahI dharma hai / ' 14 lekina, yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki gItA meM bAra-bAra arjuna ko yuddha karane ke lie kahA gayA, usakA yuddha se uparata hone kA kArya nindanIya tathA kAyaratApUrNa mAnA gayA hai, phira gItA ko ahiMsA kI samarthaka kaise mAnA jAe ? isa sambandha meM gItA ke vyAkhyAkAroM ke dRSTikoNoM ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| Adya TIkAkAra AcArya zaMkara 'yudhyasva' (yuddha kara) zabda kI TIkA meM likhate haiM- yahA~ (uparyukta kathana se) yuddha kI karttavyatA kA vidhAna nahIM hai / '' itanA hI nahIM, AcArya 'Atmopamyena sarvatra' ke AdhAra para gItA meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI puSTi karate haiM - 'jaise mujhe sukha priya hai, vaise hI sabhI prANiyoM ko sukha anukUla hai aura jaise duHkha mujhe apriya yA pratikUla hai, vaise hI saba prANiyoM ko apriya, pratikUla hai, isa prakAra, jo saba prANiyoM meM apane samAna hI sukha aura duHkha ko tulya bhAva se anukUla aura pratikUla dekhatA hai, kisI ke bhI pratikUla AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vahI ahiMsaka hai| isa prakAra kA ahiMsaka puruSa pUrNa jJAna meM sthita hai, vaha saba yogiyoM meM parama utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai / ' 16 - 228 gAMdhI bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kA pratipAdaka grantha mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai - gItA kI mukhya zikSA hiMsA nahIM, ahiMsA hai| hiMsA binA krodha, Asakti evaM ghRNA ke nahIM hotI aura gItA hameM satva, raja aura tamas- guNoM ke rUpa meM ghRNA, krodha Adi avasthAoM se Upara uThane ko kahatI hai| (phira vaha hiMsA kI samarthaka kaise ho sakatI hai) / 17 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kA pratipAdaka grantha mAnate haiM / ve likhate haiM - kRSNa arjuna ko yuddha karane kA parAmarza detA hai, to isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha yuddha kI vaidhatA kA samarthana kara rahA hai| yuddha to eka aisA avasara A par3A hai; jisakA upayoga guru usa bhAvanA kI ora saMketa karane ke lie karatA hai, jisa bhAvanA ke sAtha saba kArya, jinameM yuddha bhI sammilita

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha hai, kie jAne caahie| yaha hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA prazna nahIM hai, apitu apane una mitroM ke viruddha hiMsA ke prayoga kA prazna hai, jo aba zatru bana gae haiN| yuddha ke prati usakI hicaka AdhyAtmika-vikAsa yA satvaguNa kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, apitu ajJAna aura vAsanA kI upaja hai| arjuna isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki vaha durbalatA aura ajJAna ke vazIbhUta ho gayA hai| gItA hamAre sammukha jo Adarza upasthita karatI hai, vaha ahiMsA kA hai aura yaha bAta sAtaveM adhyAya meM mana, vacana aura karma kI pUrNa dazA ke aura bArahaveM adhyAya meM bhakta kI manodazA ke varNana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kRSNa arjuna ko Aveza yA durbhAvanA ke binA, rAga va dveSa ke binA yuddha karane ko kahatA hai aura yadi hama apane mana ko aisI sthiti meM le jA sakeM, to hiMsA asambhava ho jAtI hai| 18 isa prakAra spaSTa hai, gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka nahIM hai| mAtra anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie adveSabuddhipUrvaka vivazatA meM hiMsA karane kA jo samarthana gItA meM dikhAI par3atA hai, usase yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka hai| apavAda ke rUpa meM hiMsA kA * samarthana niyama nahIM bana jaataa| aisA samarthana to hameM jaina aura bauddha-AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtA hai| 229 ahiMsA kA AdhAra - ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke mUlAdhAra ke sambandha meM vicArakoM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAoM ko prazraya milA hai, ataH usa para samyakrUpeNa vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| mekenjI ne apane grantha hindU ethiksa" meM isa bhrAnta vicAraNA ko prastuta kiyA hai ki hiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhaya ke AdhAra para huA hai| ve likhate haiM 'asabhya manuSya jIva ke vibhinna rUpoM ko bhaya kI dRSTi se dekhate the aura bhaya kI yaha dhAraNA hI ahiMsA kA mUla hai', lekina koI bhI prabuddha vicAraka mekenjI kI isa dhAraNA se sahamata nahIM hogA / -- AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| usameM ahiMsA ko Arhata-pravacana kA sAra aura zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma batAyA gayA hai / sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jAe ? sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai; vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai| 20 ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna - yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai| astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya-svabhAva hai, jaina- vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthApita kiyA hai| ahiMsA kA AdhAra 'bhaya' mAnanA galata hai, kyoMki bhaya ke siddhAnta ko yadi ahiMsA kA AdhAra banAyA jAegA, to vyakti kevala sabala kI hiMsA se virata hogA, nirbala kI hiMsA - -

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230 bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana se nahIM, jisase bhaya hogA, usI ke prati ahiMsaka buddhi banegI, jabaki jainadharma to sabhI prANiyoM ke prati, yahA~ taka ki vanaspati, jala aura pRthvIkAyika- jIvoM ke prati bhI hiMsaka hone kI bAta kahatA hai, ataH ahiMsA ko bhaya ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu jijIviSA aura sukhAkAMkSA ke manovaijJAnika - satyoM ke AdhAra para adhiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai / punaH, jainadharma meM ina manovaijJAnika satyoM ke sAtha hI ahiMsA ko tulyatA-bodha bauddhika- AdhAra bhI diyA gayA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki jo apanI pIr3A ko jAna pAtA hai, vahI tulyatA - bodha ke AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko bhI samajha sakatA hai| 21 prANIyapIr3A kI tulyatA ke bodha ke AdhAra para hone vAlA AtmasaMvedana hI ahiMsA kI nIMva hai| vastutaH, ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai / samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| ahiMsA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM, jIvana ke prati sammAna se vikasita hotI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM cAhatA, ataH nirgrantha prANavadha (hiMsA) kA niSedha karate haiN| 22 vastutaH, prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke karttavya ko janma detA hai| jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samatva ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka, jIvana ke prati prema rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke samAna jAnakara unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kare | 23 yaha mekenjI kI isa dhAraNA kA ki ahiMsA bhaya para adhiSThita hai, sacoTa uttara hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM to AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsA - siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA kI gaI hai| usameM likhA hai - jo loka (anya jIva samUha) kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha svayaM apanI AtmA kA bhI apalApa karatA hai| 24 Age pUrNa AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ko paripuSTa karate hue mahAvIra kahate haiM - jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU zAsita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai 1 25 bhaktaparijJA meM bhI likhA hai - kisI bhI anya prANI kI hatyA vastutaH apanI hI hatyA hai aura anya jIvoM kI dayA apanI hI dayA hai| 26 isa prakAra, jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra Atmavat dRSTihI hai| - bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra - bhagavAn buddha ne bhI ahiMsA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM isI 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA ko grahaNa kiyA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM'jaisA maiM hU~, vaise hI ye saba prANI haiM aura jaise ye saba prANI haiM, vaisA hI maiM hU~ - isa prakAra, Apane mamAna saba prANiyoM ko samajhakara na svayaM kisI kA vadha kare aura na dUsaroM se kraae| ' 27

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 231 gItA meM ahiMsA ke AdhAra-gItAkAra bhI ahiMsA ke siddhAMta ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI udAtta bhAvanA ko lekara calatA hai| yadi hama gItA ko advaitavAda kI samarthaka mAneM, to ahiMsA ke AdhAra kI dRSTi se jaina-darzana aura advaitavAda meM yaha antara hai ki jahA~ jaina-paramparA meM sabhI AtmAoM kI tAttvika-samAnatA ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai, vahA~ advaitavAda meM tAttvika-abheda ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| vAda koI bhI ho, para ahiMsA kI dRSTi se mahatva kI bAta eka hI hai ki anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA, jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna aura abheda kI vAstavika saMvedanA yA AtmIyatA kI anubhUti hI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA udgama hai| jaba manuSya meM isa saMvedanazIlatA kA sacce rUpa meM udaya ho jAtA hai, taba hiMsA kA vicAra eka asaMbhAvanA bana jAtA hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa sadaiva para' ke prati hotAhai, 'sva' yA AtmIya ke prati kabhI nahIM, ataH Atmavat dRSTi kA vikAsa hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA kI vyApakatA jaina-vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai, isakA bodha hameM praznavyAkaraNasUtra se ho sakatA hai| usameM ahiMsA ke sATha paryAyavAcI nAma varNita haiM 29 - 1. nirvANa, 2. nivRtti, 3. samAdhi, 4. zAnti, 5. kIrti, 6. kAnti, 7. prema, 8. vairAgya, 9. zrutAMga, 10. tRpti, 11. dayA, 12. vimukti, 13. kSAnti, 14. samyak ArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16. bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, 19. samRddhi, 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22. sthiti (dhAraka), 23. puSTi (poSaka), 24. nanda (Ananda), 25. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi, 27. labdhi, 28. vizeSa dRSTi, 29. kalyANa, 30. maMgala, 31. pramoda, 32. vibhUti, 33. rakSA, 34. siddhAvAsa, 35. anAsrava, 36.kaivalyasthAna, 37. ziva, 38. samiti, 39.zIla, 40. saMyama, 41.zIla-parigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44. vyavasAya, 45. utsava, 46. yajJa, 47. Ayatana, 48. yatana, 49. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52. abhaya, 53. sarva amAghAta (kisI ko na mAranA), 54 cokSa (svaccha), 55.pavitra, 56.zuci, 57.pUtA yA pUjA, 58.vimala, 59.prabhAta aura 60.nirmltr| isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana meM ahiMsAzabda ekavyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| usake anusAra, sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA meM nihita haiM aura ahiMsAhI ekamAtra sadguNa hai| ahiMsA sadguNa-samUha kI sUcaka hai| ahiMsA kyA hai ? hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kI eka niSedhAtmaka-paribhASA hai, lekina hiMsA kA tyAga mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka-ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM ko

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232 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sparza nahIM krtii| vaha AdhyAtmika-upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sktii| niSedhAtmaka-ahiMsA mAtra bAhya-hiMsA nahIM karanA hai, yaha ahiMsA kA zarIra ho sakatA hai, ahiMsA kI AtmA nhiiN| kisI ko nahIM mAranA-yaha ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai, lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki jainadharma ahiMsA kI yaha sthUla evaM bahirmukhI-dRSTi taba sImita rahI hai| jaina-darzana kA kendrIya-siddhAnta ahiMsA zAbdika-dRSTi se cAhe nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| sarvatra AtmabhAvamUlaka karuNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka-anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| ahiMsA kriyA nahIM, sattA hai, vaha AtmA kI eka avasthA hai| AtmA kI pramatta avasthA hI hiMsA hai aura apramatta avasthAhI ahiMsA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhuoghaniyukti meM likhate haiM ki pAramArthika-dRSTi se AtmA hI hiMsA hai aura AtmA ahiMsA hai| pramatta AtmA hiMsaka hai aura apramatta AtmA ahiMsaka hai| AtmA kI pramatta-dazA hiMsA kI avasthA hai aura apramatta-dazA ahiMsA kI avasthA hai| __dravya evaMbhAva-ahiMsA-ahiMsA ko samyak rUpa se samajhane ke lie pahale yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra hiMsA kyA hai ? jaina-vicAraNA hiMsA kA do pakSoM se vicAra karatI hai| eka hiMsA kA bAhya-pakSa hai, jise jaina pAribhASikazabdAvalI meM dravya-hiMsA kahA gayA hai| dravya-hiMsA sthUla evaM bAhya-ghaTanA hai| yaha eka kriyA hai, jise prANAtipAta, prANavadha, prANahanana Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| jainavicAraNA AtmA ko sApekSa rUpa meM nitya mAnatI hai, ataH hiMsA ke dvArA jisakA hanana hotA hai, vaha AtmA nahIM, varanprANa hai-prANajaivika-zakti hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM prANa dasamAne gae haiN| pA~ca indriyoM kI zakti, mana, vANI aura zarIra kA trividha bala, zvasana-kriyA evaM AyuSya-ye dasa prANa haiN| ina prANa-zaktiyoM kA viyojIkaraNa hI dravya-dRSTi se hiMsA hai|" yaha hiMsA kI yaha paribhASA usake bAhya-pakSa para bala detI hai| dravya-hiMsA kA tAtparya prANazaktiyoM kA kuNThana, hanana tathA vilagAva karanA hai| bhAva-hiMsA hiMsA kA vicAra hai, yaha mAnasika avasthA hai, jo pramAdajanya hai| AcArya amRtacandra hiMsA ke bhAvAtmaka-pakSa para bala dete hue hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA karate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki rAgAdi kaSAyoM kA abhAva ahiMsA hai aura unakA utpanna honA hI hiMsA hai| yahI jaina-AgamoM kI vicAra-dRSTi kA sAra hai| hiMsA kI pUrNa paribhASA tattvArthasUtra meM milatI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra rAga, dveSa Adi pramAdoM se yukta hokara kiyA jAne vAlA prANa-vadha hiMsA hai|

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 233 hiMsA ke prakAra jaina-vicArakoM ne dravya aura bhAva-ina do rUpoM ke AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra vibhAga kie haiM - 1. mAtra zArIrika-hiMsA, 2. mAtra vaicArika-hiMsA, 3. zArIrika evaM vaicArikahiMsA, aura 4. zAbdika-hiMsA / mAtra zArIrika-hiMsA yA dravya-hiMsA vaha hai, jisameM hiMsaka-kriyA to sampanna huI ho, lekina hiMsaka-vicAra kA abhAva ho| udAharaNasvarUpa, sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calate hue bhI dRSTidoSa yAjantu kI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa usake nahIM dikhAI dene para hiMsA ho jaanaa| mAtra vaicArika-hiMsAyAbhAva-hiMsA vaha hai, jisameM hiMsA kI kriyA to anupasthita ho, lekina hiMsA kA saMkalpa upasthita ho| isameM kartA hiMsA ke saMkalpa se yukta hotA hai, lekina bAhya-paristhitivaza use kriyAnvita karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtA hai, jaise-kaidI kA nyAyAdhIza kI hatyA karane kA vicAra (jaina-paramparA meM isa sambandha meM taMdulamaccha evaM kAlasaukarika kasAI ke udAharaNa prastuta kie jAte haiM ) vaicArika evaM zArIrika-hiMsA-jisameM hiMsA kA vicAra aura hiMsA kI kriyA- donoM hI upasthita hoM, jaise-saMkalpapUrvaka kI gaI htyaa|shaabdik-hiNsaa- jisameM na to hiMsA kA vicAra ho, na hiMsA kI kriyA, mAtra hiMsaka-zabdoM kA uccAraNa ho, jaise-sudhAra kI bhAvanA se mAtApitA kA bAlakoM para yA guru kA ziSya para kRtrima rUpa se kupita honaa| naitikatA kI yA bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se hiMsA ke ina cAra rUpoM meM kramazaH zAbdika-hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpa rahita-zArIrika-hiMsA, saMkalparahita zArIrika-hiMsA kI apekSA mAtra vaicArikahiMsA aura mAtra vaicArika-hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpayukta zArIrika-hiMsA adhika nikRSTa mAnI gaI hai| hiMsAkI vibhinna sthitiyA~ - vastutaH, hiMsakakarma kI tIna avasthAe~ ho sakatI haiM- 1. hiMsA kI gaI ho, 2. hiMsA karanI par3I ho aura 3. hiMsA ho gaI ho| pahalI sthiti meM yadi hiMsA cetanarUpase kI gaI hai, to vaha saMkalpayukta hai, yadi acetanarUpa se kI gaI hai, to vaha pramAdayukta hai| hiMsaka-kriyA, cAhe saMkalpa se utpanna huI ho, yA pramAda ke kAraNa huI ho, kartA doSI mAnA jAtA hai| dUsarI sthiti meM hiMsA cetanarUpa se kintu vivazatAvaza karanI par3atI hai, yaha bAdhyatA zArIrika ho sakatI hai athavA bAhya-paristhitigata, yahA~ bhI kartA doSI hai| vaha karma kA bandhana bhI karatA hai, lekina pazcAttApa yA glAni ke dvArA vaha usase zuddha ho jAtA hai| bAdhyatA kI avasthA meM kI gaI hiMsA ke lie kartA ko doSI mAnane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki samagra bAdhyatAe~ svayaM ke dvArA Aropita haiN| bAdhyatA yA bandhana ke lie kartA svayaM uttaradAyI hai| bAdhyatAoM kI svIkRti kAyaratA kA pratIka hai| bandhana meM honA aura bandhana ko mAnanA-donoM hI kartA kI vikRtiyA~ haiM - kartA svayaM doSI hai hii| naitika

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234 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jIvana kA sAdhya to inase Upara uThane meM hI hai| tIsarI sthiti meM hiMsAna to pramAda ke kAraNa hotI hai aura na vivazatAvaza hI, varan sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI ho jAtI hai| jainavicAraNA ke anusAra, hiMsA kI yaha tIsarI sthiti kartA kI dRSTi se nirdoSa mAnI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita rahatA hai; mAtra yahI nahIM, hiMsA se bacane kI pUrI sAvadhAnI bhI rakhI jAtI hai, hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI yadi hiMsA ho jAtI hai, to vaha hiMsA ke sImAkSetra meM nahIM AtI hai| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hogA ki kisI anya saMkalpa kI pUrti ke lie kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke daurAna yadi sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda koI hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, jaise-gRhasthaupAsaka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue kisI trasa-prANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA, athavA kisI muni ke dvArA padayAtrA karate hue trasaprANI kI hiMsA ho jAnA, to kartA ko usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai. kyoMki usake mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa hI nahIM hai, ataH aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai| hiMsA kI una sthitiyoM meM, jinameM hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI ho, hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhitigata dabAva ke svataMtrarUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate haiM aura dUsare meM hameM vivazatA meM saMkalpa karanA hotA hai| phira bhI pahalI adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hai, kyoMki AkramaNAtmaka hai| hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa-hiMsaka-karma kI uparyukta tIna avasthAoM meM yadi hiMsA ho jAne kI tIsarI avasthA ko chor3a diyA jAe, to hamAre samakSa hiMsA ke do rUpa bacate haiM1. hiMsA kI gaI ho aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3I ho| ve dazAe~, jinameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, do prakAra kI haiM- 1. rakSaNAtmaka aura 2. AjIvikAtmaka, isameM do bAteM sammilita haiMjIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM kA arjana aura unakA upbhog| jaina-darzana meM isI AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra rUpa mAne gae haiM 35 1.saMkalpajA (saMkalpI-hiMsA)-saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hiMsA krnaa| yaha AkramaNAtmaka-hiMsA hai| 2. virodhajA-svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM (adhikAroM) ke rakSaNa ke lie vivazatAvaza hiMsA krnaa| yaha surakSAtmaka-hiMsA hai| 3. udyogajA-AjIvikA-upArjana, arthAt udyoga evaM vyavasAya ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA / yaha upArjanAtmaka-hiMsA hai| 4. ArambhajA- jIvana-nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA, jaise-bhojana kA pakAnA / yaha nirvAhAtmaka-hiMsA hai|

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sAmAjika- naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha hiMsA ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsA ke cAra kAraNa mAne haiN| 1. rAga, 2. dveSa, 3. kaSAya arthAt krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTa evaM lobhavRtti aura 4. pramAda / hiMsA ke sAdhana 235 taka hiMsA ke mUlasAdhanoM kA prazna hai, ve tIna haiM - mana, vacana aura zarIra / sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA inhIM tIna sAdhanoM dvArA hotI yA kI jAtI hai / hiMsA aura ahiMsA manodazA para nirbhara jaina- vicAradhArA ke anusAra na kevala pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu, agni evaM vanaspatijagat hI jIvanayukta hai, varan samagra loka sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta hai, ataH prazna hotA hai ki kyA aisI sthiti meM koI pUrNa ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai ? mahAbhArata meM bhI jagat ko sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta mAnakara yahI prazna uThAyA hai| jala meM bahutere jIva haiM, pRthvI para tathA vRkSoM ke phaloM meM bhI aneka jIva (prANa) hote haiN| aisA koI bhI manuSya nahIM hai, jo inameM se kisI ko kabhI nahIM mAratA ho, phira kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo indriyoM se nahIM, mAtra anumAna se hI jAte haiM - manuSya kI palakoM ke girane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM, arthAt mara te haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIvoM kI hiMsA se nahIM bacA jA sakatA hai| 36 prAcIna yuga se hI jaina- vicArakoM kI dRSTi bhI isa prazna kI ora hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu isa sandarbha meM jaina- dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM- trikAladarzI jinezvara bhagavAn kA kathana hai ki anekAneka jIva-samUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antara meM adhyAtma-vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai, bAhya-hiMsA yA ahiMsA kI dRSTi se nahIM hai| jaina - vicAradhArA ke anusAra bhI bAhya-hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca pAnA sambhava nahIM / 37 hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA pratyaya bAhya ghaTanAoM para utanA nirbhara nahIM hai, jitanA vaha sAdhaka kI manodazA para AdhArita hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra pramukha rUpa se Antarika hai / hiMsA meM saMkalpa kI pramukhatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM eka saMvAda ke dvArA ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / gaNadhara gautama mahAvIra se prazna karate haiM - he bhagavan! kisI zramaNopAsaka ne kisI sa prANI kA vadha na karane kI pratijJA lI ho, lekina pRthvIkAya kI hiMsA kI pratijJA nahIM grahaNa kI ho, yadi bhUmi khodate hue usase kisI prANI kA vadha ho jAe, to kyA usakI pratijJA bhaMga huI ? mahAvIra kahate haiM ki yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM - usakI pratijJA bhaMga nahIM huii| isa prakAra, saMkalpa kI upasthiti athavA sAdhaka kI mAnasika sthiti hI hiMsA ahiMsA ke vicAra meM pramukha tattva hai| paravartI jaina- sAhitya meM yahI dhAraNA puSTa hotI rahI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calane vAle sAdhu ke paira ke nIce bhI kabhI 38

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236 kabhI kITa, pataMga Adi kSudra prANI A jAte haiM aura dabakara mara bhI jAte haiM, lekina ukta hiMsA ke nimitta se use sUkSma karmabaMdha bhI nahIM batAyA gayA hai, kyoki yaha antara meM sarvatobhAvena usa hiMsA - vyApAra se nirlipta hone ke kAraNa niSpApa hai 39 | jo vivekasampanna apramatta-sAdhaka Antarika - vizuddhi se yukta hai aura Agamavidhi ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, usake dvArA ho jAne vAlI hiMsA bhI karma-nirjarA kA kAraNa hai 40, lekina jo vyakti pramatta hai, usakI kisI bhI ceSTA se jo-jo prANI mara jAte haiM, vaha nizcita rUpa se una sabakA hiMsaka hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM, varan jo prANI nahIM mAre gae haiM, pramatta manuSya unakA bhI hiMsaka hai, kyoMki vaha antara meM sarvatobhAvena pApAtmA hai| " isa prakAra, AcArya kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki kevala dRzyamAn pAparUpa hiMsA se hI koI hiMsaka nahIM ho jaataa| 42 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcArya kundakunda pravacanasAra meM kahate haiM ki bAhara meM prANI mare yA jie, asaMyatAcArI (pramatta) ko hiMsA kA doSa nizcita rUpa se lagatA hai, parantu jo ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie prayatnazIla hai, samitivAn yA saMyatAcArI hai, usako bAhara se hone vAlI hiMsA ke kAraNa karma - bandhana nahIM hotA / " AcArya amRtacandrasUri likhate haiM ki sagAdi kaSAyoM se Upara uThakara niyamapUrvaka AcaraNa karate hue bhI yadi prANaghAta ho jAe, to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai | nizIthacUrNi meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki prANAtipAta (hiMsA) hone para bhI apramatta-sAdhaka ahiMsaka hai aura prANAtipAta na hone para bhI pramatta-vyakti hiMsaka hai / 15 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se Antarika rahA hai / isa dRSTikoNa ke pIche pramukha vicAra yaha hai ki eka ora vyAvahArika rUpa meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana aura dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA ke lie jIvana ko banAe rakhane kA prayAsa, yaha do aisI sthitiyA~ haiM, jinako sAtha-sAtha calAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai, ataH jaina- vicArakoM ko anta meM yahI svIkAra karanA par3A ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kA sambandha bAharI ghaTanAoM kI apekSA Antarika - vRttiyoM se hai 146 - isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM gItA aura dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai| gItA kahatI hai, jo ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se mukta hai, jisakI buddhi malina nahIM hai, vaha ina saba manuSyoM ko mAratA huA bhI nahIM mAratA hai aura vaha (apane isa karma ke kAraNa) bandhana meM nahIM par3atA / 47 dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki (naiSkarmya-sthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajA - sahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI, niSpApa hokara jAtA hai (kyoMki vaha pApa-puNya se Upara uTha jAtA hai) 148 yahA~ gItA aura dhammapada meM prayukta 'mArakara' zabda para Apatti ho sakatI hai| jainameM sAmAnyatayA isa prakAra ke prayoga nahIM haiM, phira bhI jainAgamoM meM aise apavAda paramparA

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 237 sthAnoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai, jabaki hiMsAanivArya ho jAtI hai| aise avasaroM para agara kI jAne vAlI hiMsA se Darakara koI usakA AcaraNa nahIM karatA (vaha hiMsA nahIM karatA) to ulaTe doSa kA bhAgI banatA hai| yadi gItA meM varNita yuddha ke avasara ko eka apavAdAtmakasthiti ke rUpa meM dekheM, to sambhavataH jaina-vicAraNA gItA se adhika dUra nahIM raha jAtI hai| donoM hI aisI sthiti meM vyakti ke citta sAmya (kRtayogitva) aura pariNata zAstrajJAna (gItArtha) para bala detI haiN| ___ ahiMsA ke bAhya-pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM -hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM jisa bhAvAtmaka Antarika-pakSa para jaina-AcArya itanA adhika bala dete rahe haiM, usakA mahatva nirvivAda rUpa se sabhI ko svIkArya hai| yahI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM jainadarzana, gItA aura bauddha darzana meM vicAra-sAmya hai, jisa para hama vicAra kara cuke haiM / yaha nizcita hai ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bhAvAtmaka yA Antarika-pahalU hI mUla kendra hai, lekina dUsare bAhya-pakSa kI avahelanA bhI kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AdhyAtmika evaM Antarika-pakSa kA hI sarvAdhika mUlya hai; lekina jahA~ sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika-jIvana kA prazna hai, hiMsA-ahiMsAkI vivakSA meM bAhya-pahalUko bhI jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vyAvahArika-jIvana aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jisa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha to AcaraNa kA bAhya-pakSa hI hai| gItA aura bauddha AcAra-darzana kI apekSA bhI jaina darzana ne isa bAhya-pakSa para gahanatApUrvaka samucita vicAra kiyA hai| jaina-paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki kinhIM apavAda kI avasthAoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA jo vicAra meM hai, vahI vyavahAra meM prakaTa hotA hai| antaraMga aura bAhya athavA vicAra aura AcAra ke sambandha meM dvaita-dRSTi use svIkArya nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM antaraMga meM ahiMsaka-vRtti ke hote hue bAhya hiMsaka-AcaraNa kara pAnA, yaha eka prakAra kI bhrAnti hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi hRdaya pApamukta ho, to (hiMsAdi) kriyA karane para bhI nirvANa avazya milatA hai, yaha eka mithyAdhAraNA hai| yadi gItA kA yaha mantavya ho ki antara meM ahiMsaka-vRtti ke hote hue bhI hiMsAtmaka-kriyA kI jA sakatI hai, to jaina-darzana kA usase spaSTa virodha hai| jainadharma kahatA hai ki antara meM ahiMsaka-vRtti ke hote hue hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI, yadyapi hiMsA ho sakatI hai| hiMsA karanA sadaiva hI saMkalpAtmaka hogA aura Antarika-vizuddhi ke hote hue hiMsAtmaka-karma kA saMkalpa sambhava hI nhiiN| 50 vastutaH, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM jaina-dRSTi kA sAra yaha hai ki hiMsA, cAhe vaha bAhya ho yA Antarika, vaha AcAra kA niyama nahIM ho sktii|

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238 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dUsare, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya-pakSa kI avahelanA bhI mAtra katipaya apavAdAtmaka-avasthAoM meM hI kSamya hai| hiMsA kA hetu mAnasika-pravRttiyA~, kaSAyeM haiM,yaha mAnanA to ThIka hai, lekina yaha mAnanA ki mAnasika-vRtti yA kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM hone vAlI dravyahiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, ucita nhiiN| yaha ThIka hai ki saMkalpajanya-hiMsA adhika nikaSTa aura nikAzcita karma-baMdhakaratI hai, lekina saMkalpa ke abhAva meM hone vAlI hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM hai yA usase karma-Asrava nahIM hotA hai, yaha jainakarma-siddhAnta ke anukUla nahIM hai| vyAvahArika-jIvana meM hameM isako hiMsA mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra ke dRSTikoNa ko nimna kAraNoM se ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA - (1) jaina-darzana meM Asrava kA kAraNa tIna yoga haiM- (a) manayoga (ba) vacanayoga aura (sa) kAyayoga / inameM se kisI bhI yoga ke kAraNa karmoM kA Agamana (Asrava) hotA avazya hai| dravyahiMsA meM kAyA kI pravRtti hai, ataH usake kAraNa Asrava hotA hai| jahA~ Amrava hai, vahA~ hiMsA hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM Amrava ke pA~cadvAra (1. hiMsA, 2. asatya, 3. steya, 4. abrahmacarya, 5. parigraha) mAne gae haiM, jisameM prathama AmravadvAra hiMsA hai| aisA kRtya, jisameM prANa-viyojana hotA hai, hiMsA hai aura dUSita hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM usase nikAzcita karma-baMdha nahIM hotA hai, lekina kriyA-doSa to lagatA hai| (2) jaina-zAstroM meM varNita paccIsa kriyAoM meM IryApathika' kriyA bhI hai| jainatIrthaMkara rAga-dveSa Adi kaSAyoM se mukta hote haiM, lekina kAyayoga ke kAraNa unheM IryApathikakriyA lagatI hai aura IryApathika-ba~dha bhI hotA hai| yadi dravya-hiMsA mAnasika-kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM hiMsA nahIM hai, to kAyika-vyApAra ke kAraNa unheM IryApathika-kriyA kyoM lagatI? isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dravyahiMsA hiMsA hai / (3) dravyahiMsA yadi mAnasika-pravRttiyoM ke abhAva meM hiMsA hI nahIM hai, to phira yaha do bheda-bhAvahiMsA aura dravyahiMsA nahIM raha skte| (4) vRtti aura AcaraNa kA antara koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM hai| sAmAnya rUpa se vyakti kI jaisI vRttiyA~ hotI haiM, vaisA hI usakA AcaraNa hotA hai, ataH yaha mAnanA ki AcaraNa kA bAhya-pakSa vRttiyoM se alaga hokara kArya kara sakatA hai, eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI dizA meM - yadyapiAntarika aura bAhya-rUpa se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI upalabdhi jaina-darzana kA sAdhya hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM isa Adarza kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hai| ahiMsA eka AdhyAtmika-Adarza hai aura AdhyAtmika stara para hI isakI pUrNa upalabdhi sambhava hai, lekina vyakti kA vartamAna jIvana adhyAtma aura bhautikatA kA eka sammizraNa hai| jIvana ke AdhyAtmika-stara para pUrNa ahiMsA sambhava hai,

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 239 lekina bhautika-stara para pUrNa ahiMsA kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM hai| ahiMsaka-jIvana kI sambhAvanAe~bhautika-stara ke Upara uThane para vikasita hotI haiM- vyakti jaise-jaise bhautikatA ke stara se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise ahiMsaka-jIvana kI pUrNatA kI dizA meM bar3hatA jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para jaina-dharma meM ahiMsA kI dizA meM bar3hane ke lie kucha stara nirdhArita hiMsA kA vaha rUpa, jise saMkalpajA-hiMsA kahA jAtA hai, sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai| saMkalpajA-hiMsA hamAre vaicArika yA mAnasika-jagat para nirbhara hai| mAnasika-saMkalpa ke kartA ke rUpa meM vyakti meM svatantratA kI sambhAvanAe~ sarvAdhika vikasita haiN| apane manojagat meM vyakti apekSAkRta adhika svatantra hai| isa stara para pUrI taraha se ahiMsA kA pAlana adhika sahaja evaM sambhava hai| bAhya-sthitiyA~ isa stara para hameM prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, lekina zAsita nahIM kara sktii| vyakti svayaM apane vicAroM kA svAmI hotA hai, ata: isa stara para ahiMsaka honA sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| vyAvahArika-dRSTi se saMkalpajA-hiMsA AkramaNakArI hiMsA hai| yaha na to jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie hai aura na jIvana-nirvAha ke lie hai, ataH yaha sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai| hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa virodhajA hai| yaha pratyAkramaNa yA surakSAtmaka hai| sva evaM para ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie yaha hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| isameM bAhya-paristhitigata tattvoM kA prabhAva pramukha hotA hai| bAhya-sthitiyA~ vyakti ko bAdhya karatI haiM ki vaha apane evaM apane sAthiyoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie pratyAkramaNa ke rUpa meM hiMsA kre| jo bhI manuSya zarIra evaM anya bhautika-saMsthAnoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM, athavA jo apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke adhikAroM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ve isa virodhajA-hiMsA ko chor3a nahIM skte| gRhastha yA zrAvaka hiMsA ke isa rUpa ko pUrI taraha chor3a pAne meM asamartha hote haiM, kyoMki ve zarIra evaM anya bhautika-vastuoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiN| isI prakAra, zAsaka-varga evaM rAjanItika-netA, jo mAnavIya-adhikAroM meM evaM rASTrIya-hitoM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ise pUrI taraha chor3ane meM asamartha haiN| yadyapi Adhunika yuga meM gAMdhI eka aise vicAraka avazya hue haiM, jinhoMne virodha kA ahiMsaka-tarIkA prastuta kiyA aura usameM saphalatA bhI prApta kI, tathApi ahiMsaka-rUpa se virodha karanA aura usameM saphalatA prApta karanA hara kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| ahiMsakaprakriyA se adhikAroM kA sarakSaNa karane meM vahI saphala ho sakatA hai, jise zarIra kA mohana ho, padArthoM meM Asakti na ho aura vidveSa-bhAva na ho| itanA hI nahIM, ahiMsaka-tarIke se adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa kI kalpanA eka sabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava-samAja meM hI sambhava ho

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sakatI hai| yadi virodhI pakSa mAnavIya stara para ho, taba to ahiMsaka virodha saphala ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi virodhI pakSa pAzavika stara para ho, to ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA sandehAspada bana jAtI hai| mAnava meM mAnavIya guNoM kI sambhAvanA kI AsthA hI ahiMsaka - virodha kA kendrIya tattva hai| mAnavIya guNoM meM hamArI AsthA jitanI balazAlI hogI aura virodhI meM mAnavIya guNoM kA jitanA adhika prakaTana hogA, ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA bhI utanI hI adhika hogii| -- - 240 jahA~ taka udyogajA aura ArambhajA - hiMsA kI bAta hai, eka gRhastha usase nahIM baca sakatA, kyoMki jaba taka zarIra kA moha hai, taba taka AjIvikA kA arjana aura zArIrikaAvazyakatA kI pUrti - donoM hI Avazyaka haiM, yadyapi isa stara para manuSya apane ko sa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacA sakatA hai| jaina-dharma meM udyoga-vyavasAya evaM bharaNapoSaNa ke lie bhI jIvoM kI hiMsA karane kA niSedha hai / lekina, jaba vyakti zarIra aura sampatti ke moha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, to vaha pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai / jahA~ taka zramaNa-sAdhaka yA saMnyAsI kI bAta hai, vaha aparigrahI hotA hai, use apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM hotA, ataH vaha sarvatobhAvena hiMsA se virata hone kA vrata letA hai| zarIra dhAraNa mAtra ke lie kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara vaha saMkalpapUrvaka aura vivazatAvaza donoM hI paristhitiyoM meM trasa aura sthAvara - hiMsA se virata ho jAtA hai / muni nathamalajI ke zabdoM meM, koI bhI vyakti eka hI Daga meM coTI taka nahIM pahu~ca sakatA / vahadhIme-dhIme Age bar3hatA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kI pahu~ca ke kucha stara nirdhArita kie the, jo vastusthiti para AdhArita haiN| unhoMne hiMsA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA - (1) saMkalpajA (2) virodhajA aura (3) ArambhajA / saMkalpajA-hiMsA AkramaNAtmaka - hiMsA hai / vaha sabake lie sarvathA parihArya hai / virodhajA - hiMsA pratyAkramaNAtmaka-hiMsA hai| use chor3ane meM vaha asamartha hotA hai, jo bhautika-saMsthAnoM para apanA astitva rakhanA cAhatA hai| ArambhajA - hiMsA AjIvikAtmaka - hiMsA hai / use chor3ane meM ve saba asamartha hote haiM, jo bhautika sAdhanoM ke arjana-saMrakSaNa dvArA apanA jIvana calAnA cAhate haiM / 51 1 prathama stara para hama Asakti, tRSNA Adi ke vazIbhUta hokara kI jAne vAlI anAvazyaka AkramaNAtmaka - hiMsA se baceM, phira dUsare stara para jIvanayApana evaM AjIvikopArjana ke nimitta hone vAlI trasa hiMsA se virata hoM, tIsare stara para virodha ke ahiMsaka tarIke ko apanAkara pratyAkramaNAtmaka - hiMsA se virata hoM / isa prakAra, jIvana . . ke lie Avazyaka jaisI hiMsA se bhI kramazaH Upara uThate hue cauthe stara para zarIra aura parigraha

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 241 kI Asakti kA parityAga kara sarvatobhAvena pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bddh'eN| isa prakAra, pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza pUrNatayA avyAvahArika bhI nahIM rahatA hai| manuSya jaise-jaise sampatti aura zarIra ke moha se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, ahiMsA kA Adarza usake lie vyavahArya banatA jAtA hai| pUrNa anAsakta jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA vyavahArya bana jAtI hai| yadyapi zarIradhArI rahate hue pUrNa ahiMsA eka Adarza hI rahegI, vaha yathArtha nahIM bana paaegii| jaba zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA moha samApta hogA, tabhI vaha Adarza yathArtha kI bhUmi para avatarita hogA, phira bhI eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI hogI, vaha yaha ki jaba taka zarIra hai aura zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI vRtti hai, cAhe vaha sAdhanA ke lie hI kyoM na ho, yaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai ki vyakti pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko pUrNarUpeNa sAkAra kara ske| zarIra ke lie AhAra Avazyaka hai, koI bhI AhAra binA hiMsA ke sambhava nahIM hogaa| cAhe hamArA munivarga yaha kahatAbhI ho ki hama auddezika-AhAra nahIM lete haiM, kintu kyA unakI vihArayAtrA meM sAtha calane vAlA pUrAlavAjimA, sevA meM rahane ke nAma para laganevAle cauke auddezika nahIM haiM ? jaba samAja meM rAtribhojana sAmAnya ho gayA ho, kyA sandhyAkAlIna gocarI meM anauddezika-AhAra mila pAnA sambhava hai, kyA kazmIra se kanyAkumArI taka aura mumbaI se kalakattA taka kI sArI yAtrAe~ auddezika-AhAra ke abhAva meM nirvighna sambhava ho sakatI haiM ? kyA Aheta-pravacana kI prabhAvanA ke lie mandiroM kA nirmANa, pUjA aura pratiSThA ke samAroha, saMsthAoM kA saMcAlana, munijanoM ke svAgata aura vidAI-samAroha tathA saMsthAoM ke adhivezana SaTkAya kI navakoTiyukta ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke sAtha koI saMgati rakha sakate haiM ? hameM apanI antarAtmA se yaha saba pUchanA hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki kucha viralasanta aura sAdhaka hoM, jo ina kasauTiyoM para khare utarate hoM, maiM unakI bAta nahIM kahatA, ve zatazaH vandanIya haiM, kintu sAmAnya sthiti kyA hai ? phira bhikSAcaryA, pAda-vihAra, zarIra-saMcAlana, zvAsochvAsa, kisameM hiMsA nahIM hai| pRthvI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi sabhI meM jIva haiM, aisA koI manuSya nahIM, jo inheM nahIM mAratA ho, punaH kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo indriyoM se nahIM, anumAna se jAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke jhapakane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM, ataH jIva-hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| eka ora, SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAra aura dUsarI ora, navakoTiyuktapUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza, jIvita rahakara ina donoM meM saMgati : 'ThA pAnAazakya hai, ataH jaina-AcAryoM ko bhI yaha kahanA par3A ki anekAneka :-samUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antara meM AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai' (odhaniyukti, 747), lekina isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki hama

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ahiMsA ko avyavahArya mAnakara tilAMjali de deN| yadyapi eka zarIradhArI ke nAte yaha hamArI vivazatA hai ki hama dravya aura bhAva- -donoM apekSA se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha nahIM kara sakate haiM, kintu usa dizA meM kramazaH Age bar3ha sakate haiM aura jIvana kI pUrNatA ke sAtha hI pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko bhI upalabdha kara sakate haiN| kama se kama hiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3hate hue sAdhaka ke lie jIvana kA antima kSaNa avazya hI aisA hai, jaba vaha pUrNa ahiMsA Adarza ko sAkAra kara sakatA hai| jainadharma kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM, to pAdopagamana-saMthArA evaM caudahaveM ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna kI avasthAe~ aisI haiM, jinameM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra ho jAtA hai| pUrNa ahiMsA sAmAjika - sandarbha meM 242 - punaH, ahiMsA kI sambhAvanA para hameM na kevala vaiyaktika dRSTi se vicAra karanA hai, apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA hai| cAhe yaha sambhava bhI ho, vyakti zarIra, sampatti, saMgha aura samAja se nirapekSa hokara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakatA hai; phira bhI aisI nirapekSatA kinhIM virala sAdhakoM ke lie hI sambhava hogI, sarvasAmAnya ke lie to sambhava nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai, ataH mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA sAmAjika - jIvana pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza para khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka - samAja kI racanA sambhava hai ? isa prazna kA uttara dene ke pUrva maiM Apase samAja racanA ke svarUpa para kucha bAteM karanA caahuuNgaa| eka to yaha ki ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM samAja kI kalpanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai, AtmIyatA, prema aura sahayoga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, arthAt ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai - ghRNA, vidveSa, AkrAmakatA aura jahA~ bhI ye vRttiyA~ balavatI hoMgI, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta ho jAegI, samAja Dhaha jAegA, ataH samAja aura ahiMsA sahagAmI haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAmAjika-prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ahiMsA usake lie svAbhAvika hI hai| jaba bhI koI samAja khar3A hogA aura TikegA, to vaha ahiMsA kI bhitti para hI khar3A hogA aura TikegA, kiMtu eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai, vaha yaha ki samAja ke lie bhI apane astitva aura apane sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahA~ astitva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hai, vahA~ hiMsA aparihArya hai| hitoM meM TakarAva svAbhAvika hai, aneka bAra to eka kA hita dUsare ke ahita para, eka kA astitva dUsare ke vinAza para khar3A hotA hai, aisI sthiti meM samAja - jIvana meM bhI hiMsA aparihArya hogI / punaH, samAja kA hita aura sadasya - vyakti kA hita bhI paraspara virodha meM ho sakatA hai| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM ke saMgharSa kI sthiti ho, to

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 243 bahujana hitArtha hiMsA aparihArya bhI ho sakatI hai| jaba samAja yA rASTra kA koI sadasya yA varga,athavA dUsarA rASTra apane hitoM ke lie hiMsA para athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAe, to nizcaya hI ahiMsA kI duhAI dene se kAma na clegaa| jaba taka jaina-AcAryoM dvArA udghoSita 'mAnava jAti eka hai' kI kalpanA sAkAra nahIM ho pAtI, jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava-samAja ImAnadArI ke sAtha ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA, taba taka ahiMsakasamAja kI bAta karanA kapolakalpanA hI kahA jaaegaa| jainAgama jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karate haiM, usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI yA saMgha ke kisI sadasya kI surakSA yA nyAya kA prazna AyA, to hiMsA ko svIkAra karanA par3A, gaNAdhipati ceTaka aura AcArya kAlaka ke udAharaNa isake pramANa haiM / yahI nahIM, nizIthacUrNi meM to yahA~ taka svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki saMgha kI surakSA ke lie muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM pazu-hiMsA to kyA, manuSya kI hiMsA bhI ucita mAna lI gaI hai| jaba taka mAnava-samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika-pravRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA hai, yaha socanA vyartha hI hai ki sAmudAyika-jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana sakegA / nizIthacUrNi meM ahiMsA ke apavAdoM ko lekara jo kucha kahA gayA hai, use cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya karanA na cAhate hoM; kiMtu kyA yaha napuMsakatA nahIM hogI, jaba kisI munisaMghake sAmane kisI taruNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho, yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve ahiMsA kI duhAI dete hue mauna darzaka bane raheM ? kyA unakA koI dAyitva nahIM hai ? yaha bAta cAhe hAsyAspada lagatI ho ki ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka hai, kintu vyAvahArika-jIvana meM aneka bAra aisI paristhitiyA~ A sakatI haiM, jinameM ahiMsakasaMskRti kI rakSA ke lie hiMsaka-vRtti apanAnI pdd'e| yadi hiMsA meM AsthA rakhanevAlA koI samAja kisI ahiMsaka-samAja ko pUrI taraha miTA dene ko tatpara ho jAe, kyA usa ahiMsaka-samAja ko apane astitva ke lie koI saMgharSa nahIM karanA cAhie ? hiMsAahiMsA kA prazna nirA vaiyaktika-prazna nahIM hai| jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava-samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA kahI jAnevAlI ahiMsA ke Adarza kI bAta koI artha nahIM rakhatI hai| saMrakSaNAtmaka aura surakSAtmaka-hiMsA samAja-jIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| samAja-jIvana meM ise pAnya bhI karanA hI hogaa| isI prakAra, udyoga-vyavasAya aura kRSi-kAryoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA bhI samAja-jIvana meM banI hI rhegii| mAnava-samAja meM mAMsAhAra evaM tajanya hiMsA ko samApta karane kI dizA meM socA to jA sakatA hai, kintu usake lie kRSi ke kSetra meM evaM ahiMsakaAhAra kI pracura upalabdhi ke sambandha meM vyApaka anusaMdhAna evaM takanIkI-vikAsa kI

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AvazyakatA hogii| yadyapi hameM yaha samajha bhI lenA hogA ki jaba taka manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA ko pazujagat taka vikasita nahIM kiyA jAegA aura mAnavIya AhAra ko sAtvika nahIM banAyA jAegA, manuSya kI AparAdhika pravRttiyoM para pUrA niyantraNa nahIM hogaa| Adarza ahiMsaka - samAja kI racanA hetu hameM samAja se AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ko samApta karanA hogA aura AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke niyamana ke lie hameM mAnava-jAti meM saMvedanazIlatA, saMyama evaM viveka ke tatvoM ko vikasita karanA hogaa| 244 - - ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra- ahiMsA ke Adarza ko jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAe~ samAna rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiM, lekina jahA~ taka ahiMsA ke pUrNa Adarza ko vyAvahArika jIvana meM utArane kI bAta hai, tInoM hI paramparAe~ kucha apavAdoM ko svIkAra kara jIvana ke dhAraNa aura rakSaNa ke nimitta ho jAne vAle jIvaghAta (hiMsA) ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnatI haiN| yadyapi ina apavAdAtmaka sthitiyoM meM bhI sAdhaka kA rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThakara apramatta cetA honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, tInoM paramparAe~ isa sambandha meM bhI ekamata ho jAtI haiM ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se Antarika hai ; bAhya-rUpa meM hiMsA ke hone para bhI rAga-dveSa-vRtiyoM se Upara uThA huA apramatta manuSya ahiMsaka hai, jabaki bAhya-rUpa meM hiMsA nahIM hone para bhI pramatta manuSya hiMsaka hai / tInoM paramparAe~ isa sambandha meM bhI ekamata haiM ki apane-apane zAstroM kI AjJAnusAra AcaraNa karane para hone vAlI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai 152 ataH, ahiMsA sambandhI saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM meM sabhI AcAradarzana eka-dUsare ke paryApta nikaTa A jAte haiM, lekina ina AdhAroM para yaha mAna lenA bhrAMti hai ki vyAvahArikajIvana meM ahiMsA ke pratyaya kA vikAsa sabhI AcAradarzanoM meM samAna rUpa se huA hai| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sArvabhauma svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI ahiMsA ke artha ko lekara saba dharmoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca khIMcI gaI bheda - rekhA sabhI alaga-alaga hai| kahIM pazuvadha ko hI nahIM, narabali ko bhI hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai, to kahIM vAnaspatika hiMsA, arthAt per3a-paudhe ko pIr3A denA bhI hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai| cAhe ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA una sabameM samAna rUpa se upasthita ho, kintu ahiMsaka - cetanA kA vikAsa una sabameM samAna rUpa se nahIM huA hai| kyA mUsA ke Thou shalt not kill ke Adeza kA vahI artha hai, jo mahAvIra kI 'savvesattA na haMtavvA' kI zikSA kA hai ? yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ahiMsA ke arthavikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI kAlakrama hokara mAnavajAti kI sAmAjika cetanA tathA mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai| jo vyakti yA samAja jIvana ke prati jitanA adhika

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 245 saMvedanazIla banA, usane ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko utanA hI adhika vyApaka artha pradAna kiyaa| ahiMsA ke arthakA yaha vistAra bhI tInoM rUpoM meM huA hai- eka ora ahiMsA ke arthako vyApakatA dI gaI, to dUsarI ora, ahiMsA kA vicAra adhika gahana hotA calA gayA hai| eka ora, svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya kI hatyA ke niSedha se prAraMbha hokara SaTjIvanikAya kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka isane arthavistAra pAyA hai, to dUsarI ora, prANaviyojana ke bAhya-rUpa se dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asAvadhAnI (pramAda) ke Antarika-rUpa taka, isane gaharAiyoM meM praveza kiyA hai| punaH, ahiMsA ne 'hiMsA mata karo' ke niSedhAtmaka-artha se lekara dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke vidhAyaka-artha taka bhI apanI yAtrA kI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA kA arthavikAsa tri-AyAmI (thrI DAImensanala) hai, ataH jaba bhI hama ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko lekara koI carcA karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM usake sabhI pahaluoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogaa| jainAgamoM ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA ke artha kI vyAptiko lekara koI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki ahiMsA kI isa avadhAraNA ne kahA~ kitanA artha pAyA hai| yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma-dharma meM ahiMsAkA arthavistAra mUsA ne dhArmika-jIvana ke lie jo dasa Adeza prasArita kie the, unameM eka hai 'tuma hatyA mata karo, kintu isa Adeza kA artha yahUdI-samAja ke lie vyaktigata svArtha ke lie apanI jAtIya-bhAI kI hiMsA nahIM karane se adhika nahIM rhaa| dharma ke nAma para to hama svayaM pitA ko apane putra kI bali detA huA dekhate haiN| islAmane cAhe allAha ko rahamAnurrahIma'karuNAzIla kahakara sambodhita kiyA ho aura cAhe yaha bhI mAna liyA ho ki sabhI jIvadhAriyoM ko jIvana utanA hI priya hai, jitanA tumheM apanA hai, kintu usameM allAha kI isa karuNA kA artha svadharmiyoM taka hI sImita rhaa| idhara, manuSyoM ke prati islAma Aja taka saMvedanazIla nahIM bana sakA hai| punaH, yahUdI aura islAma-donoM hI dharmoM meM dharma ke nAma para pazubali ko sAmAnya rUpa se Aja taka svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, ina dharmoM meM manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA svajAti aura svadharmI, arthAt apanoM se adhika arthavistAra nahIM pA sakI hai| isa saMvadenazIlatA kA adhika vikAsa hameM IsAI-dharma meM dikhAI detA hai| IsA zatru ke prati bhI karuNAzIla hone kI bAta kahate haiM / ve ahiMsA, karuNA aura sevA ke kSetra meM apane aura parAe, svadharmI aura vidharmI, zatru aura mitra ke bheda se Upara uTha jAte haiN| isa prakAra, unakI karuNA sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati barasI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki madhyayuga meM IsAiyoM nedharma ke nAma para khUna kI holI khelIho aura Izvara-putra ke AdezoM kI avahelanA kI ho, kintu aisA to hama sabhI karate haiN| dharma ke nAma para pazubali kI svIkRti bhI IsAI-dharma meM

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246 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| isa prakAra, usameM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA adhika vyApaka banI hai| usakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM sevA tathA sahayoga ke mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se ahiMsA ko eka vidhAyaka-dizA bhI pradAna kI hai, phira bhI sAmAnya jIvana meM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ke niSedha kI bAta vahA~ nahIM uThAI gaI hai, ataH usakI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA mAnavatA taka hI sImita mAnI jA sakatI hai, vaha bhI samasta prANI-jagat kI pIr3A ke prati saMvedanazIla nahIM bana skaa| bhAratIya-cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha - vistAra cAhe vedoM meM 'pumAn pumAMsaM vizvataH' (Rgveda, 6.75.14) ke rUpa meM eka-dUsare kI surakSA kI bAta kahI gaI ho, athavA 'mitrAsyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samokSe' (yajurveda, 36.18) ke rUpa meM sarvaprANiyoM ke prati mitra-bhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho, kiMtu vedoM kI yaha ahiMsaka-cetanA bhI mAnavajAti taka hI sImita rahI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vedoM meM aneka aise prasaMga haiM, jisameM zatru-varga ke vinAza ke lie prArthanAe~ bhI kI gaI haiN| yajJoM meM pazubali svIkRta rahI, veda-vihita hiMsA ko hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra, unameM dharma ke nAma para kI jAne vAlI hiMsA ko samarthana hI diyA gyaa| vedoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA arthavistAra utanA hI hai, jitanA kI yahUdI aura islAma-dharma meM / vaidika-dharma kI pUrva-paramparA meM bhI ahiMsA kA sambandha mAnava-jAti taka hI sImita rhaa| 'mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni' kA udghoSa to huA, lekina vyAvahArika-jIvana meM yaha mAnavaprANI se adhika Upara nahIM uTha skaa| itanA hI nahIM, eka ora, pUrNa ahiMsA ke bauddhikaAdarza kI bAta aura dUsarI ora, mAMsAhAra kI lAlasA evaM rUr3ha paramparAoM ke prati aMdha AsthA ne apavAda kA eka nayA AyAma khar3A kiyA aura kahA gayA ki 'vedavihita hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|'53 zramaNa-paramparAe~ isa prANI-jagat taka Age AIM aura unhoMne ahiMsA kI vyAvahArikatA kA vikAsa samagra prANI-jagat taka karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura isI AdhAra para vaidika-hiMsA kI khulakara AlocanA kI gii| kahA gayA ki yadi yUpa ke chedana karane se aura pazuoM kI hatyA karane se aura khUna kA kIcar3a macAne se hI svarga milatA ho, to phira narka meM kaise jAyA jaaegaa| yadi hanana kiyA gayA pazu svarga ko jAtA hai, to phira yajamAna apane mAtA-pitA kI bali hI kyoM nahIM de detA? ahiMsaka-cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai zramaNa-paramparA meN| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki gRhastha-jIvana meM rahakara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| jIvana-yApana, arthAt AhAra, surakSA Adi ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka to hai hI, ataH una sabhI dharma-paramparAoM meM, jo mUlataH nivRttiparaka yA saMnyAsamArgIya nahIM thIM, ahiMsA ko utanA arthavistAra prApta nahIM

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 247 ho sakA, jitanA zramaNadhArA yA saMnyAsamArgIya-paraMparA meM sambhava thaa| yadyapi zramaNaparaMparAoM ke dvArA hiMsAparaka yajJa-yAgoM kI AlocanA aura mAnavIya-viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa kA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika-paramparA meM bhI eka ora vedoM ke pazuhiMsAparaka padoM kA artha ahiMsaka rIti se kiyA jAne lagA (mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM rAjA vasu kA AkhyAna- adhyAya 337-338 isakA pramANa hai), to dUsarI ora, dhArmika-jIvana ke lie karmakANDa ko anupayukta mAnakara aupaniSadika-dhArA ke rUpa meM jJAna mArga kA aura bhAgavata-dharma ke rUpa meM bhakti - mArga kA vikAsa huaa| isameM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra sampUrNa prANIjagat arthAt trasa cIjoM kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka huA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM saMnyAsI ko kandamUla evaM phala kA upabhoga karane kI svatantratA hai, isa prakAra, vahA~ vAnaspatika-hiMsA kA vicAra upasthita nahIM hai, phira bhI yaha to satya hai ki ahiMsaka-cetanA ko sarvAdhika vikasita karane kA zreya zramaNa-paramparAoM ko hI hai| bhArata meM I. pU. 6ThIM zatAbdI kA jo bhI itivRtta hameM prApta hotA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne meM zramaNa-sampradAyoM meM hor3a lagI huI thii| kama se kama hiMsA hI zrAmaNya-jIvana kI zreSThatA kA pratimAna thaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM Ardraka kumAra kI vibhinna matoM ke zramaNoM se jo carcA hai, usameM mUla prazna yahI hai ki kauna sabase adhika ahiMsaka hai (dekhie sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6) trasa prANiyoM (pazu, pakSI, kITa, pataMga Adi) kI hiMsA to hiMsA thI hI, kintu vAnaspatika aura sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA thaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, manasA, vAcA, karmaNA aura kRta, kArita aura anumodita ke prakArabhedoM se navakoTika ahiMsA kA vicAra praviSTa huA, arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se hiMsA karanA nahIM, karavAnA nahIM aura karanevAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM krnaa| bauddha aura AjIvaka-paramparA ke zramaNoM ne bhI isa navakoTika ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kara usake artha ko gahanatA aura vyApakatA pradAna kI, phira bhI bauddha-paramparA meM SaTjIvanikAya kA vicAra upasthita nahIM thaa| bauddha-bhikSu nadI-nAloM ke jala ko chAnakara upayoga karate the| dUsare, unake yahA~ navakoTi ahiMsA kI yaha avadhAraNA bhI svayaM kI apekSA se thI- dUsarA hamAre nimitta kyA karatA hai, isakA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA, jabaki jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa ke nimitta se kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA bhI vicAra kiyA gyaa| nirgrantha-paramparA kA kahanA thA ki kevala itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai ki hama manasA, vAcA, karmaNA, hiMsA na kareM, na karAeM aura na use anumodana deM, apitu yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki dUsaroM ko hamAre nimitta hiMsA karane kA avasara bhI nahIM deM aura unake dvArA kI gaI hiMsA meM bhAgIdAra na baneM / yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ buddha aura bauddha-bhikSu nimantrita bhojana ko

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248 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana svIkAra karate the, vahA~ nirgrantha-paramparA meM auddezika-AhAra bhI agrAhya mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki usameM naimittika-hiMsA ke doSa kI sambhAvanA thii| yadyapi piTakagranthoM meM bauddha-bhikSu ke lie aisA bhojana niSiddha mAnA gayA hai, jisameM usake lie prANIhiMsA kI gaI ho aura vaha isa bAta ko jAnatA ho, yA usane aisA sunA ho, phira bhI yaha atizayokti nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ko jitanA vyApaka artha jaina-paramparA meM diyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra anupalabdha hI jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM ahiMsA sambandhI jo khaNDana-maNDana huA, usake pIche saiddhAntika-matabheda na hokara usakI vyAvahArikatA kA prazna hI pramukha rahA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM, donoM kI ahiMsA sambandhI vyAkhyA meM koI tAttvika-matabheda nahIM jaina-paramparA ne navakoTika ahiMsA kI sUkSma vyavasthA ko amala meM lAne ke lie jo bAhya-pravRttiko vizeSa niyantrita kiyA, vaha bauddha-paramparA ne nahIM kiyaa| jIvana sambandhI bAhya-pravRttiyoM ke ati niyantraNa aura madhyavargIya-zaithilya ke prabalabhedameM se hI bauddha aura jaina-paramparAe~ Apasa meM khaNDana-maNDana meM pravRtta huii| jaba hama donoM paramparAoM ke khaNDanamaNDanako taTastha bhAva se dekhate haiM, taba niHsaMkoca kahanA par3atA hai ki bahudhA donoM ne ekadUsare ko galata rUpa se hI samajhA hai| isakA eka udAharaNa majjhimanikAya kA upAlisutta aura dUsarA sUtrakRtAMga kA hai| yadyapi jaina-paramparA ne navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana para bala diyA, lekina navakoTika ahiMsA ke pAlana meM jaba sAdhu-jIvana ke vyavahAroM kA sampAdana evaM saMyamI jIvana kA rakSaNa bhI asambhava pratIta huA, to yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA ki zAstravihita pravRttiyoM meM hiMsA-doSa kA abhAva hotA hai| isI prakAra, mandira nirmANa, pratimApUjana, tIrthayAtrA Adi ke prasaMga para honevAlI hiMsA vihita mAna lI gii| pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika-hiMsA hiMsA nahI hai. isa siddhAnta ke prati kI gaI unakI AlocanA svayaM nirbala raha gii| vaidika-pakSa kI ora se kahA jAne lagA ki yadi tuma kahate ho ki zAstravihita hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, to phira hamArI AlocanA kaise kara sakate ho? 57 isa prakAra, AlocanAoM aura pratyAlocanAoM kA eka vizAla sAhitya nirmita ho gayA, jisakA samucita mUlyAMkana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa samagra vAda-vivAda meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM maulika rUpase saiddhAntika-matabheda alpa hI haiN| pramukha prazna vyavahAra kA hai| vyAvahArika-dRSTi se jaina aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM nimna antara khojA jA sakatA hai (1) jaina-paramparA pUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana sambandhI vicAra ko kevala unhIM sthitiyoM

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha meM zithila karatI hai, jinameM mAtra saMyamamUlaka muni-jIvana kA anurakSaNa ho sake, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM ahiMsA ke pAlana meM una sabhI sthitiyoM meM zithilatA kI gaI hai, jinameM sabhI Azrama aura sabhI prakAra ke logoM ke jIvana jIne aura apane karttavyoM ke pAlana kA anurakSaNa ho ske| (2) yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne saMyamamUlaka jIvana ke anurakSaNa ke lie kI gaI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA hai, tathApi paramparA ke AgrahI aneka jaina AcAryoM ne usa hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue kevala apavAda rUpa meM usakA sevana karane kI chUTa dI aura usake prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI kiyaa| unakI dRSTi meM hiMsA, cAhe vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM ho, hiMsA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI jaina - sampradAyoM meM saMyama evaM zarIra-rakSaNa ke nimitta bhikSAcaryA Adi dainika - vyavahAra meM hone vAlI sUkSma hiMsA ke lie bhI prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| - (3) vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA dhArmika anuSThAnoM kA eka aMga mAna lI gaI aura unameM hone vAlI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM mAnI gaI / yadyapi jaina - paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne dhArmika anuSThAnoM, mandira nirmANa Adi kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA kA samarthana alpahiMsA aura bahu - nirjarA ke nAma para kiyA, lekina jaina- paramparA meM sadaiva hI aisI mAnyatA kA virodha kiyA jAtA rahA aura jisakI tIvra pratikriyAoM ke rUpa meM digambara - sampradAya meM terApaMtha aura tAraNapaMtha tathA zvetAmbara - sampradAya meM lokagaccha, sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha (zvetAmbara - AmnAya) Adi avAntara sampradAyoM kA janma huA, jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para hone vAlI hiMsA kA tIvra virodha kiyaa| (4) vaidika - paramparA meM jisa dhArmika - hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA gayA, usakA bahuta-kucha sambandha pazuoM kI hiMsA se hai, jabaki jaina- paramparA meM mandira nirmANa Adi ke nimitta se bhI jisa hiMsA kA samarthana kiyA gayA, usakA sambandha mAtra ekendriya athavA sthAvara jIvoM se hai| 249 (5) jaina - paramparA meM hiMsA ke kisI bhI rUpa ko apavAda mAnakara hI svIkAra kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA AcaraNa kA niyama hI bana gaI / jIvana ke sAmAnya karttavyoM, jaise-yajJa, zrAddha, deva, guru, atithi-pUjana Adi ke nimitta se bhI hiMsA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi paravartI vaiSNava sampradAyoM ne isakA virodha kiyA / - (6) prAcIna jaina mUla AgamoM meM saMyamI jIvana ke anurakSaNa ke lie hI mAtra atyalpa sthAvara - hiMsA kA samarthana apavAda-rUpa meM upalabdha hai, jabaki vaidika - paramparA meM hiMsA kA samarthana sAMsArika jIvana kI pUrti taka ke lie kiyA gayA hai| jaina - paramparA bhikSu ke

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250 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jIvana-nirvAha kI dRSTi se apavAdoM kA vicAra karatI hai, jabaki vaidika-paramparA sAmAnya gRhastha ke jIvana ke nirvAha kI dRSTi se bhI apavAda kA vicAra karatI hai| ahiMsAkA vidhAyaka rUpa-jaina-dharma nivRttAnulakSI hone se usameM ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka-svarUpa hI adhika milatA hai| zvetAmbara-terApaMthI jaina-samAja to kevala ahiMsA ke niSedha rUpa ko hI mAnatA hai| ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka-pakSa meM usakI AsthA nahIM hai| pUrvakAla ke jaina santa ahiMsA ke isa niSedha-pakSa ko hI adhika prastuta karate the, isa tathya se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, phira bhI jaina-sUtroM meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka-pakSa milatA hai| ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka-pakSa prANiyoM ke hita-sAdhana meM hI nihita hai| jaina-dharma kI ahiMsA isa rUpa meM vidhAyaka hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM tIrthasthApanA kA uddezya samasta jagat ke prANiyoM kA kalyANa batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, ahiMsA meM jIvoM ke kalyANa-sAdhana kA tathya nihita hai, jo vidhAyaka-ahiMsA kA mUla hai, itanA hI nahIM, AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta tIrthaMkaroM ne ahiMsA-dharma' kA pravartana samasta loka ke kheda ko jAnakara hI kiyA hai| 'kheyannehi' zabda ke mUla meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka rUpa spaSTa bola rahA hai| isameM ahiMsA kA uddezya manuSya kA apanA kalyANa na hokara loka-kalyANa hI spaSTa hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM, tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kA vivAhaprasaMga tathA zAntinAtha ke pUrva-bhava meM kabUtara kI rakSA kA prasaMga , aise aneka prasaMga jaina kathA-sAhitya meM haiM, jinameM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka-svarUpa spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina saMghoM dvArA saMcAlita auSadhAlaya, gozAlAe~, pAMjarApola (pazu-rakSA gRha) Adi saMsthAe~ bhI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki jainavicAraka ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka-pakSako bhUle nahIM haiN| puNya ke nau bhedoM meM annadAna, vastradAna, sthAna (Azraya) dAna Adi isI vidhAyaka-pakSa kI puSTi karate haiN| vidhAyaka-pakSa kA eka aura pramANa jaina-tIrthaMkaroM kI gRhasthAvasthA meM milatA hai| sabhI tIrthaMkara saMnyAsa lene ke pUrva eka varSa taka pratidina svarNamudrAe~ yAcakoM ko dAna karate haiN| isa prakAra, jaina-dharma ahiMsA ke donoM pakSa svIkAra karatA hai| bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparA meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka-pakSa yaha nissandeha satya hai ki bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM ahiMsA ko adhika vidhAyaka-svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kA samanvaya karane meM bhAratIya-dharmoM meM vizeSa rUpa se unakI mahAyAna-zAkhA agraNI rahI hai| yadyapi jaina-dharma meM bhI glAna, vRddha, rogI, zaikSya Adi kI sevA kA nirdeza hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, muniyoM kI sevA ko gRhastha-dharma kA anivArya aMga mAna liyA gayA hai, phira bhI mAnavatA ke lie sevA aura karuNA kA jo

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha rAgAtmaka visphoTa jaina-dharma meM honA cAhie thA, vaha na ho skaa| ahiMsA aura anAsakti kI jo sUkSma vyAkhyAe~ kI gaIM, ve hI isa mArga meM sabase bAdhaka bana giiN| asaMyatI kI sevA ko aura 5- sevA ko anaitika mAnA gyaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ hama bauddha bhikSuoM aura IsAI pAdariyoM ko sevA ke prati jitanA tatpara pAte haiM, utanA jaina bhikSu saMgha ko nahIM / jaina- bhikSu apane sahavargI ke atirikta anya kI sevA nahIM kara sakatA, jabaki bauddha bhikSu prAcInakAla se hI pIr3ita evaM duHkhita varga kI sevA karatA rahA hai| - - hindU-paramparA meM sevA, atithisatkAra, devaRNa, pitRRNa, guruRNa tathA lokasaMgraha kI avadhAraNAe~ ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSa ko spaSTa kara detI haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM honA cAhie ki saiddhAntika rUpa meM jaina munivarga kI ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka adhika rahI, kintu jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna hai, jaina- gRhastha samAja evaM lokasevA ke kAryoM se kisI bhI yuga meM pIche nahIM rahA hai| Aja bhI bhArata meM jaina-samAja dvArA jitanI lokakalyANakArI pravRttiyA~ cala rahI haiM, ve AnupAtikadRSTi se kisI bhI anya samAja se kama nahIM haiN| yahI usakI ahiMsA kI vidhAyaka -dRSTi kA pramANa hai / hiMsA ke alpa - bahutva kA vicAra - hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA vicAra hamAre sAmane eka samasyA yaha bhI prastuta karatA hai ki kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM jaba eka kI rakSA ke lie dUsare kI hiMsA anivArya ho, athavA do anivArya hiMsAoM meM se eka kA cayana Avazyaka ho, to manuSya kyA kare ? isa prazna ko lekara terApaMthI jaina-sampradAya kA jainoM ke dUsare sampradAyoM se matabheda hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki aisI sthiti meM manuSya ko taTastha rahanA caahie| dUsare sampradAya aisI sthiti meM hiMsA ke alpa - bahutva kA vicAra karate haiN| mAna lIjie, eka AdamI pyAsA hai, yadi use pAnI nahIM pilAyA jAe, to usakA prANAnta ho jAegA; dUsarI ora, use pAnI pilAne meM pAnI ke jIvoM (apakAya - jIvoM) kI hiMsA hotI hai| isI prakAra, eka vyakti ke zarIra meM kIr3e par3a gae haiM, aba yadi DAkTara use bacAtA hai, to kIr3oM kI hiMsA hotI hai aura kIr3oM ko bacAtA hai, to AdamI kI mRtyu hotI hai, athavA prasUti kI avasthA meM mA~ aura zizu meM se kisI eka ke jIvana kI hI rakSA kI jA sakatI ho, to aisI sthitiyoM meM kyA kiyA jAe ? ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aisI sthiti meM kyA nirdeza karatA hai ? paMDita sukhalAlajI ne yaha mAnA hai ki vadhya jIvoM kA kada, unakI saMkhyA tathA unakI indriya Adi ke tAratamya para hiMsA ke doSa kA tAratamya avalambita nahIM hai; kintu hiMsaka ke pariNAma yA vRtti kI tIvratA - maMdatA, sajJAnatA - ajJAnatA yA balaprayoga kI nyUnAdhikatA para avalaMbita hai / " yadyapi hiMsA ke doSa kI tIvratA yA maMdatA hiMsaka kI 251

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252 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAnasika-vRtti para nirbhara hai, tathApi isa AdhAra para praznoM kA ThIka samAdhAna nahIM miltaa| ina praznoM ke hala ke lie hameM hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA koI bAhya-AdhAra DhU~DhanA hogaa| jaina-paramparA meM paramparAgata rUpa se yaha vicAra svIkRta rahA hai ki aisI sthitiyoM meM hameM prANa-zaktiyoM yA indriyoM kI saMkhyA evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke AdhAra para hI hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA nirNaya karanA caahie| isa sArI vivakSA meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ko sadaiva hI gauNa mAnA gayA hai| mahatva jIvoM kI saMkhyA kA nahIM, unakI aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa-kSamatA kA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM hastitApasoM kA varNana hai, jo eka hAthI kI hatyA karake usake mA~sa se eka varSa taka nirvAha karate the| unakA dRSTikoNa yaha thA ki aneka sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA eka trasa jIva kI hiMsA se nirvAha kara lenA alpa pApa hai, lekina vicArakoM ne isa dhAraNA ko anucita hI maanaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi sabhI jIvoM meM AtmAe~ samAna haiM, tathApi prANiyoM kI aindrika-kSamatA evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke AdhAra para hiMsAdoSa kI tIvratA AdhArita hotI hai| eka trasa jIva kI hiMsA karatA huA manuSya tatsambandhIta aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai| 64 eka ahiMsaka-RSi kI hatyA karane vAlA eka prakAra se ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA karane vAlA hotA hai| isa prakAra, yaha siddha hotA hai ki sthAvara jIvoM kI apekSA trasajIvoM kI aura trasa jIvoM meM paMcendriya kI, paMcendriyoM meM bhI manuSya kI aura manuSyoM meM bhI RSi kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hai / itanA hI nahIM, basa jIva kI hiMsA karane vAle ko aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA kA aura RSi kI hiMsA karane vAle ko ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA kA karanevAlA batAkara zAstrakAra ne yaha spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM saMkhyA kA prazna adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, mahatvapUrNa hai-prANI kI aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikaas-kssmtaa| ___jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM kisI ko cunanA anivArya ho, to hameM alpa-hiMsA ko cunanA hogA, kintu kauna-sI hiMsA alpa-hiMsA hogI, yaha nirNaya deza, kAla, paristhiti Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara kregaa| yahA~ hameM jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI A~kanA hogaa| jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para nirbhara karatI hai - (1) prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa aura (2) usakI saamaajik-upyogitaa| sAmAnyatayA, manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAn hai aura manuSyoM meM bhI eka santa kA, kintu kisI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAn ho sakatA hai| saMbhavataH, hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rahA, yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cIMTiyoM ke prati to saMvedanazIla bana sake, kintu

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 253 manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mor3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke prati ahiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai| yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aparihArya hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karuNA kA srota sUkha jaaegaa| vivazatA meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake prati AtmaglAni aura hiMsita ke prati karuNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAe, anyathA vaha hiMsA hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAegI, jaise- kasAI bAlaka meN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgrata rahe, hRdaya meM dayA aura karuNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA ko hRdaya-zUnya nahIM banAnA hai, kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgrata banI rahI, to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA kI mAtrA ko alpatama karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kareMge, sAtha hI vaha hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka banakara mAnava-samAja meM sevA kI gaMgA bhI bahA skegii| anAgraha (vaicArika-sahiSNutA) jaina-dharma meM anAgraha jaina-darzana ke anekAMtavAda kA pariNAma sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kSetra meM vaicArikasahiSNutA hai| anAgraha kA siddhAnta sAmAjika-dRSTi se vaicArika-ahiMsA hai| anAgraha apane vicAroM kI taraha dUsare vicAroM kA sammAna karanA sikhAtA hai| vaha usa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai ki satya mere hI pAsa hai, dUsare ke pAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha hameM yaha batAtA hai ki satya hamAre pAsa bhI ho sakatA hai aura dUsare ke pAsa bhii| satya kA bodha hameM hI ho sakatA hai, kintu dUsaroM ko satya kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA- yaha kahane kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai| satya kA sUrya na kevala hamAre ghara ko prakAzita karatA hai, varan dUsaroM ke gharoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| vastutaH, vaha sarvatra prakAzita hai| jo bhI unmukta dRSTi se use dekha pAtA hai, vaha use pA jAtA hai| satya kevala satya hai, vaha na merA hai aura na dUsare kA hai| jisa prakAra ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki jIvana jahA~ kahIM ho, usakA sammAna karanA cAhie, usI prakAra anAgraha kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki jo svArtha-vRtti se Upara uTha gayA hai, jo lokahita meM nirata hai, jo vizva svarUpa kA jJAtA hai aura jisakA caritra nirmala aura advitIya hai, vaha cAhe brahmA ho, viSNu ho, hari ho, zaMkara ho, maiM use praNAma karatA huuN| mujhe na jina ke vacanoM kA pakSAgraha hai aura na kapila Adi ke vacanoM ke prati dveSa, yuktipUrNa vacana jo bhI hoM, vaha mujhe grAhya haiN| vastutaH, pakSAgraha kI dhAraNA se vivAda kA janma hotA hai| vyakti jaba sva-mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI nindA karatA hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika-jIvana meM saMgharSa kA

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| vaicArika Agraha na kevala vaiyaktika naitika - vikAsa ko kuNThita karatA hai, varan sAmAjika - jIvana meM vigraha, viSAda aura vaimanasya ke bIja bo detA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jo apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare mata kI nindA karane apanA pANDitya dikhAte haiM aura loka ko satya se bhaTakAte haiM, ve ekAntavAdI svayaM saMsAracakra meM bhaTakate rahate haiN| 67 vaicArika Agraha matavAda yA pakSa ko janma detA hai aura usase rAga-dveSa kI vRddhi hotI hai| AcArAMgacUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka 'vAda' rAga-dveSa kI vRddhi karane vAlA hai" aura jaba taka rAga-dveSa haiM, taba taka mukti bhI sambhava nahIM / isa prakAra, jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM naitika- pUrNatA ko prApta karane ke lie vaicArika Agraha kA parityAga kara jIvanadRSTi ko anAgrahamaya banAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| - jaina - darzana ke anusAra, ekAnta aura Agraha mithyAtva haiM, kyoMki ve satya ke ananta pakSoM kA apalApa karate haiM / jaina tattvajJAna meM pratyeka sattA ananta guNoM kA samUha mAnI gaI hai- anantadharmAtmakaM vastuH / ekAnta usameM se eka kA hI grahaNa karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha eka ke grahaNa ke sAtha anya kA niSedha bhI karatA hai, usakI bhASA meM satya 'itanA' hI hai, mAtra yahI satya hai / isa prakAra, eka ora, vaha ananta satya ke anekAneka pakSoM kA apalApa karatA hai, dUsarI ora, vaha manuSya ke jJAna ko kuNThita evaM sImita karatA hai / Agraha kI upasthiti meM ananta satya ko jAnane kI jijJAsA hI nahIM hotI, to phira satya yA paramArtha kA sAkSAtkAra to bahuta dUra kI bAta hai| yadi kue~ kA meMDhaka kue~ ko hI samudra samajhane laga to na to koI use usake mithyAjJAna se ubAra sakatA hai aura na use athAha jalarAzi kA darzana karA sakatA hai| yahI sthiti ekAnta yA Agraha - buddhi kI hai, jisameM na to tattva kA yathArthajJAna hotA hai aura na tattva - sAkSAtkAra hI hotA hai / jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, mithyAjJAna kisI asat yA anastitvavAn tattva kA jJAna nahIM hai, kyoMki jo asat hai, mithyA hai, usakA jJAna kaise hogA ? jaina darzana ke anusAra, sArA jJAna satya hai, zarta yahI hai ki usameM ekAntavAditA yA Agraha na ho / ekAnta satya ke ananta pahaluoM ko AvRtta kara aMza ko hI pUrNa ke rUpa meM prakaTa karatA hai aura isa prakAra aMza ko pUrNa batAkara vyakti ke jJAna ko mithyA banA detA hai, sAtha hI anAgraha apane meM nihita chadma rAga se satya ko raMgIna kara detA hai| isa prakAra, ekAnta yA Agraha tattvasAkSAtkAra yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhaka hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, tattva paramArtha yA AtmA pakSAtikrAnta hai, ataH pakSa yA Agraha ke mAdhyama se use nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| vaha to paramasatya hai, Agrahabuddhi use nahIM dekha sktii| vicAra yA dRSTi jaba taka pakSa, mata yA vAdoM se anAvarita nahIM hotI, satya bhI usake lie anAvRta nahIM hotaa| jaba taka A~khoM para rAga - 254 - --- -

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha / dveSa, Asakti yA Agraha kA raMgIna cazmA hai, anAvRta satya kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava nahIM / dUsare, Agraha svayaM eka bandhana hai| vaha vaicArika Asakti hai, vicAroM kA parigraha hai| Asakti yA parigraha, cAhe padArthoM kA ho yA vicAroM kA, vaha nizcita hI bandhana hai / Agraha vicAroM kA baMdhana hai aura anAgraha vaicArika mukti / vicAra meM jaba taka Agraha hai, taba taka pakSa rahegA / yadi pakSa rahegA, to usakA pratipakSa bhI hogaa| pakSa - pratipakSa, yahI vicAroM kA saMsAra hai, isameM hI vaicArika saMgharSa, sAmpradAyikatA aura vaicArika-manomAlinya panapate haiN| jainAcAryoM ne kahA hai ki vacana ke jitane vikalpa haiM, utane hI nayavAda (dRSTikoNa) haiM aura jitane nayavAda, dRSTikoNa yA abhivyakti ke DhaMga haiM, utane hI mata-matAntara (parasamaya) haiN| vyakti jaba taka para - samaya ( mata-matAntaroM) meM hotA hai, taba taka sva-samaya ( pakSAtikrAnta vizuddha Atmatattva) kI prApti nahIM hotI hai| tAtparya yahI hai ki binA Agraha kA parityAga kie mukti nahIM hotI / mukti pakSa kA Azraya lene meM nahIM, varan pakSAtikrAnta avasthA ko prApta karane meM hai| vastutaH, jahA~ bhI Agrahabuddhi hogI, vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana sambhava nahIM hogA aura jo vipakSa meM nihita satya nahIM dekhegA, vaha sampUrNa satya kA dRSTA nahIM hogA / . 255 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne batAyA ki Agraha hI satya kA bAdhaka tattva hai| Agraha rAga hai aura jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ sampUrNa satya kA darzana saMbhava nahIM / sampUrNa satya kA jJAna yA kevalajJAna kevala anAgraha ko hI ho sakatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya evaM antevAsI gautama ke jIvana kI ghaTanA isakI pratyakSa sAkSya hai| gautama ko mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM kaivalya kI upalabdhi nahIM ho skii| gautama ke kevalajJAna meM Akhira kauna-sA tathya bAdhaka bana rahA thA ? mahAvIra ne svayaM isakA samAdhAna diyA thA / unhoMne gautama se kahA thA, "gautama! terA mere prati jo mamatva hai, rAgAtmakatA hai, vahI tere kevala jJAna (pUrNajJAna) kA bAdhaka hai|" mahAvIra kI spaSTa ghoSaNA thI ki satya kA sampUrNa darzana Agraha ke ghere meM khar3e hokara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / satya to sarvatra upasthita hai, kevala hamArI Agrahayukta yA matAM dRSTi use dekha nahIM pAtI hai aura yadi dekhatI hai, to use apane dRSTirAga se dUSita karake hI Agraha yA dRSTirAga se vahI satya asatya bana jAtA hai| anAgraha yA samadRSTitva se vahI satya rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai, ataH mahAvIra ne kahA, yadi satya ko pAnA hai, to anAgrahoM yA matavAdoM ke ghere se Upara uTho, doSadarzana kI dRSTi ko chor3akara satyAnveSI bano / satya kabhI merA yA parAyA nahIM hotA hai| satya to svayaM bhagavAn hai ( sacvaM khalu bhagavaM) / vaha to sarvatra hai / dUsaroM ke satyoM ko jhuThalAkara hama satya ko nahIM pA sakate haiN| satya vivAda se nahIM, se prakaTa hotA hai / samanvaya

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256 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana satya kA darzana kevala anAgrahI kohI ho sakatA hai| jaina-dharma ke anusAra, satya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha meM hotA hai| satya kA sAdhaka vItarAga aura anAgrahI hotA hai| jaina-dharma apane anekAnta ke siddhAnta ke dvArA eka anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmakadRSTi prastuta karatA hai, tAki vaicArika-asahiSNutA ko samApta kiyA jA ske| bauddha AcAra-darzana meM vaicArika-anAgraha bauddha-AcAradarzana meM madhyama-mArga kI dhAraNA anekAntavAda kI vicArasaraNI kA hI eka rUpa hai| isI madhyama-mArga se vaicArika-kSetra meM anAgraha kIdhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| bauddha-vicArakoM ne bhI satya ko aneka pahaluoM se yukta dekhA aura yaha mAnA ki satya ko aneka pahaluoM ke sAtha dekhanA hI vidvattA hai| theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo satya kA eka hI pahalU dekhatA hai, vaha mUrkha hai| paNDita to satya ko sau (aneka) pahaluoM se dekhatA hai| vaicArika-Agraha aura vivAda kA janma ekAMgI-dRSTikoNa se hotA hai, ekAMgadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiM aura vivAda meM ulajhate haiN| bauddha-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, Agraha, pakSa yA ekAMgI-dRSTi rAga ke hI rUpa haiN| jo isa prakAra ke dRSTi-rAga meM rata hotA hai, vaha jagat meM kalaha aura vivAda kA sRjana karatA hai aura svayaM bhI Asakti ke kAraNa bandhana meM par3A rahatA hai| isake viparIta, jo manuSya dRSTi, pakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai aura na bandhana meN| buddha ke nimnazabda bar3e marmasparzI haiM, jo apanI dRSTi se dRr3hAgrahI ho, dUsare ko mUrkha batAtA hai, dUsare dharma ko mUrkha aura azuddha batAne vAlA vaha svayaM kalaha kA AhvAna karatA hai| kisI dhAraNA para sthita ho, usake dvArA vaha saMsAra meM vivAda utpanna karatA hai| jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai, vaha manuSya saMsAra meM kalaha nahIM krtaa| ___ maiM vivAda ke do phala batAtA huuN| eka, yaha apUrNa yA ekAMgI hotA hai; dUsare, vaha vigraha yA azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhanevAle yaha bhI dekhakara vivAda na kreN| sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyA~ haiM, paNDita ina saba meM nahIM pdd'taa| dRSTi aura zruti ko grahaNa na karane vAlA, Asaktirahita vaha kyA grahaNa kre| (loga) apane dharma ko paripUrNa batAte haiM aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiN| isa prakAra, bhinna mata vAle hI vivAda karate haiM aura apanI dhAraNA ko satya batAte haiN| yadi koI dUsare kI avajJA (nindA) se hIna ho jAe, to dharmoM meM zreSTha nahIM hotA, jo kisI vAda meM Asakta hai, vahazuddhi ko prApta nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha kisI dRSTi ko mAnatA hai| vivekI brAhmaNa tRSNA-dRSTi meM nahIM pdd'taa| vaha tRSNA-dRSTi kA anusaraNa nahIM krtaa| muni isa saMsAra meM granthiyoM ko chor3akara vAdiyoM meM pakSapAtI nahIM hotaa| azAnti meM zAnta vaha, jise anya loga grahaNa karate

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 257 haiM, usakI upekSA karatA hai| vAda meM anAsakta, dRSTiyoM se pUrNa rUpa se mukta vaha dhIra saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotaa| jo kucha dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra haiM, una saba para vaha vijayI hai| pUrNa rUpa se mukta, bhAra-tyakta vaha saMskAra, uparati tathA tRSNA-rahita hai|" ___ itanA hI nahIM, buddha sadAcaraNa aura AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke kSetra meM isa prakAra ke vAda-vivAda yA vAgvilAsa yA Agraha-vRtti ko anupayukta samajhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM yaha pakSAgrahayA vAda-vivAda nirvANa-mArga ke pathika kA kArya nahIM hai| yaha to mallavidyA hairAjabhojana se puSTa pahalavAna kI taraha (prativAdI ke lie) lalakArane vAle vAdI ko usa jaise vAdI ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie, kyoMki mukta puruSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM rhaa| jo kisI dRSTi ko grahaNa kara vivAda karate haiM aura apane mata ko hI satya batAte haiM, unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre sAtha bahasa karane ko yahA~ koI nahIM hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-darzana vaicArika-anAgraha para jaina-darzana ke samAna hI jora detA hai| buddha ne bhI mahAvIra ke samAna hI dRSTirAga ko anupayukta mAnA hai aura batAyA ki satya kA sampUrNa prakaTana vahIM hotA hai, jahA~ sArI dRSTiyA~ zUnya ho jAtI haiN| yaha bhI eka vicitra saMyoga hai ki mahAvIra ke antevAsI indrabhUti ke samAna hI buddha ke antevAsI Ananda ko bhI buddha ke jIvana-kAla meM arhat-pada prApta nahIM ho skaa| sambhavataH, yahA~ bhI yahI mAnanA hogA ki zAstra ke prati Ananda kA jo dRSTirAga thA, vahI usake arhat hone meM bAdhA thaa| isa sambandha meM donoM dharmoM ke niSkarSa samAna pratIta hote haiN| gItA meM anAgraha vaidika-paramparA meM bhI anAgraha kA samucita mahatva aura sthAna hai| gItA ke anusAra, Agraha kI vRttiAsurI-vRtti hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki AsurI-svabhAva ke loga dambha, mAna aura mada se yukta hokara kisI prakAra bhI pUrNa na hone vAlI kAmanAoM kA Azraya le ajJAna se mithyA siddhAntoM ko grahaNa karake bhraSTa AcaraNoM se yukta ho saMsAra meM pravRtti karate rahate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, Agraha kA pratyaya tapa, jJAna aura dhAraNA sabhI ko vikRta kara detA hai| gItA meM Agrahayukta tapa ko tAmasa-tapa aura Agrahayukta dhAraNA ko tAmasa-dhAraNA kahA hai| AcArya zaMkara to jaina-paramparA ke samAna vaicArika-Agraha ko mukti meM bAdhaka mAnate haiN| vivekacUDAmaNi meM ve kahate haiM ki vidvAnoM kI vANI kI kuzalatA, zabdoM kIdhArAvAhitA, zAstra ra khyAna kI paTutA aura vidvattA-yaha saba bhoga kA hI kAraNa ho sakate haiM, mokSa kA nhiiN|" zabdajAla citta ko bhaTakAne vAlA eka mahAn vana hai| vaha cittabhrAnti kA hI kAraNa hai| AcArya vibhinna mata-matAntaroM se yukta zAstrAdhyayana ko bhI nirarthaka mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki yadi paramatattva kA anabhava nahIM kiyA, to zAstrAdhyayana niSphala haiM aura

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258 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yadi paramatattva kA jJAna ho gayA, to zAstrAdhyayana anAvazyaka hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya zaMkara kI dRSTi meM vaicArika-Agraha yA dArzanika-mAnyatAe~ AdhyAtmikasAdhanA kI dRSTi se adhika mUlya nahIM rakhatIM / vaidika nIti-vettA zukrAcArya Agraha ko anucita aura mUrkhatA kA kAraNa mAnate hue kahate haiM ki atyanta AgrahaM nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki ati saba jagaha nAza kA kAraNa hai| atyanta dAna se daridratA, atyanta lobha se tiraskAra aura atyanta Agraha se manuSya kI mUrkhatA parilakSita hotI hai| vartamAna yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI vaicArika-Agraha ko anaitika mAnA aura sarvadharma samabhAva ke rUpa meM vaicArika-anAgraha para jora diyaa| vastutaH, Agraha satya kA honA cAhie, vicAroM kA nhiiN| satya kA Agraha tabhI ho sakatA hai, jaba hama apane vaicArika-AgrahoM se Upara utthe| mahAtmAjI ne satya ke Agraha ko to svIkAra kiyA, lekina vaicArika-AgrahoM ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unakA sarvadharma samabhAva kA siddhAnta isakA jvalanta pramANa hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM hI paramparAoM meM anAgraha ko sAmAjika-jIvana kI dRSTi se sadaiva mahatva diyA jAtA rahA hai, kyoMki vaicArika-saMgharSoM se samAja ko bacAne kA ekamAtra mArga anAgraha hI hai| vaicArika-sahiSNutA kA AdhAra -anAgraha (anekAnta-dRSTi) jisa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ke kAla meM vaicArika-saMgharSa upasthita the aura pratyeka matavAdI apane ko samyakdRSTi aura dUsare ko mithyAdRSTi kaha rahA thA, usI prakAra vartamAna yuga meM bhI vaicArika-saMgharSaapanI carama sImA para hai| siddhAntoM ke nAma para manuSya-manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khIMcI jA rahI haiN| kahIM dharma ke nAma para, to kahIM rAjanItika-vAda ke nAma para eka-dUsare ke viruddha viSavamana kiyA jA rahA hai| dhArmika evaM rAjanItika-sAmpradAyikatA janatA ke mAnasa ko unmAdI banA rahI hai| pratyeka dharmavAda yA rAjanItika-vAda apanI satyatA kA dAvA kara rahA hai aura dUsare ko bhrAnta batA rahA hai| isa dhArmika evaM rAjanItika-unmAda evaM asahiSNutA ke kAraNa mAnava mAnava ke rakta kA pyAsA banA huA hai| Aja pratyeka rASTra kA evaM vizva kA vAtAvaraNa tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha hai| eka ora, pratyeka rASTra kI rAjanItika pArTiyA~ yAdhArmika-sampradAya usake AntarikavAtAvaraNa ko vikSubdha evaM janatA ke pArasparika-sambandhoM ko tanAvapUrNa banAe hue haiM, to dUsarI ora, rASTra svayaM bhI apane ko kisI eka niSThA se sambandhita kara guTa banA rahe haiM aura isa prakAra vizva ke vAtAvaraNa ko tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha banA rahe haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, yaha vaicArika asahiSNutA, sAmAjika evaM pArivArika-jIvana ko viSAkta banA rahI hai| purAnI aura naI pIr3hI ke vaicArika-virodha ke kAraNa Aja samAja aura parivAra kA vAtAvaraNa bhI

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 259 azAnta aura kalahapUrNa ho rahA hai| vaicArika-Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jo logoM ko Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie dizA-nirdeza de ske| bhagavAn buddha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra-do aise mahApuruSa haiM, jinhoMne isa vaicArika-asahiSNutA kI vidhvaMsakArI zakti ko samajhA thA aura usase bacane kA nirdeza diyA thaa| vartamAna meM bhI dhArmika, rAjanItika aura sAmAjika-jIvana meM jo vaicArikasaMgharSa aura tanAva upasthita haiM, unakA samyak samAdhAna inhIM mahApuruSoM kI vicAra-saraNI ke dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai| Aja hameM vicAra karanA hogA ki buddha aura mahAvIra kI anAgraha-dRSTi ke dvArA kisa prakAra dhArmika, rAjanItika aura sAmAjika-sahiSNutA ko vikasita kiyA jA sakatA hai| dhArmika-sahiSNutA sabhI dharma-sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA mukhya lakSya rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA kI samApti rahA hai| jaina-dharma kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItarAgatA hai, to bauddha-dharma kA sAdhanAlakSya vItatRSNa honA mAnA gayA hai| vahIM vedAnta meM ahaM aura Asakti se Upara uThanAhI mAnava kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai, lekina kyA Agraha vaicArika-rAga, vaicArika-Asakti, vaicArikatRSNA athavA vaicArika-ahaM kA hI rUpa nahIM hai ? aura jaba taka vaha upasthita hai, dhArmikasAdhanA ke kSetra meM lakSya kI siddhi kaise hogI? punaH, jina sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM meM ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA gayA, unake lie Agraha yA ekAnta vaicArika-hiMsA kA pratIka bhI bana jAtA hai| eka ora, sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika-pahalU kI dRSTi se matAgraha vaicArikaAsakti yA rAga kA hI rUpa hai, to dUsarI ora, sAdhanA ke sAmAjika-pahalU kI dRSTi se vaha vaicArika-hiMsA hai| vaicArika-Asakti aura vaicArika-hiMsA se mukti ke lie dhArmikakSetra meM anAgraha aura anekAnta kI sAdhanAapekSita hai| vastutaH, dharmakA AvirbhAvamAnavajAti meM zAnti aura sahayoga ke vistAra ke lie huaathaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie thA, lekina Aja vahIdharma manuSya manuSya meM vibheda kI dIvArekhIcarahA hai| dhArmikamatAndhatA meM hiMsA, saMgharSa, chala, chadma, anyAya, atyAcAra kyA nahIM ho rahA hai ? kyA vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma ho sakatA hai ? isakA uttara nizcita rUpase 'hA~' meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yathArtha meM 'dharma' nahIM, kintu dharma kA AvaraNa DAlakara mAnava kI mahatvAkAMkSA, usakA OM kAra hI yaha saba karavAtA rahA hai| yaha dharma kA nakAba or3he adharma hai| dha eka yAaneka-mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dharma aneka haiM yA ho sakate haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara anekAntika-zailI se yaha hogA ki dharma eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI, sAdhyAtmaka-dharma yA dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai, jabaki sAdhanAtmaka-dharma aneka haiN| sAdhya-rUpa

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260 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM dharmoM kI ekatA aura sAdhana-rUpa se anekatA ko hI yathArtha dRSTikoNa kahA jA sakatA hai| sabhI dharmoM kA sAdhya hai-samatva lAbha (samAdhi), arthAt Antarika tathA bAhya-zAnti kI sthApanA tathA usake lie vikSobha ke janaka rAga-dveSa aura asmitA (ahaMkAra) kA nirAkaraNa, lekina rAga-dveSa aura asmitA ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya kyA hoM ? yahIM vicArabheda prArambha hotA hai, lekina yaha vicArabheda virodha kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| eka hI sAdhya kI ora unmukha hone se paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA skte| eka hI kendra se yojita hone vAlI paridhi se khiMcI huI vibhinna rekhAoM meM pArasparika-virodha pratIta avazya hotA hai, kintu vaha yathArtha meM hotA nahIM hai, kyoMki kendra se saMyukta pratyeka rekhA meM eka-dUsare ko kATane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai, kintu jaise hI vaha kendra kA parityAga karatI hai, vaha dUsarI rekhAoM ko avazya hI kATatI hai| sAdhya-rUpI ekatA meM hI sAdhanarUpI dharmoM kI anekatA sthita hai, ataH yadidharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai, to unameM virodha kaisA ? anekAnta yA anAgraha dharmoM kI sAdhyaparaka mUlabhUta ekatA aura sAdhanaparaka-anekatA ko iMgita karatA hai| vizva ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM ne apane yuga kI tAtkAlika-paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara apane siddhAntoM evaM sAdhanA ke bAhya-niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM aura sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kI kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma-sAdhanA ke bAhya-rUpoM meM bhinnatAoM kA AjAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura aisA huA bhI, kintu manuSya kI apane dharmAcAryoM ke prati mamatA (rAgAtmakatA) aura usake mana meM apane vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ne use apane dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati ko hI ekamAtra evaM antima satya mAnane ko bAdhya kiyaa| phalasvarUpa, vibhinna dhArmika-sampradAyoM aura unake bIca sAmpradAyikavaimanasya kA prArambha huaa| manuSya-svabhAva bar3A vicitra hai| usake ahaM ko jarA-sI coTa lagate hI vaha apanA akhAr3A alaga banAne ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| yadyapi vaiyaktika ahaM sampradAyoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa avazya hai, lekina vahI ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM hai| bauddhika-bhinnatA aura deza-kAlagata tathya bhI isake kAraNa rahe haiM aura isake atirikta pUrvapracalita paramparAoM meM AI huI vikRtiyoM ke saMzodhana ke lie bhI sampradAya bane / dhArmika-sampradAya banane ke kAraNoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai- 1. anucita kAraNa aura 2. ucita kAraNa / anucita kAraNa - (1) IrSyA ke kAraNa, (2) kisI vyakti kI prasiddhi kI lipsA ke kAraNa, (3) pUrvasampradAya se anabana ke kAraNa ; 2. ucita kAraNa-(4) kisIAcAra-sambandhI niyamopaniyama meM bheda ke kAraNa, (5) kisI vizeSa satya ko prApta karane kI dRSTi se evaM (6) kisI sAmpradAyika-paramparA yA kriyA meM dravya, kSetra evaM kAla ke anusAra saMzodhana yA parivartana karane kI dRSTi se| uparyukta kAraNoM meM

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 261 antima tIna ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kAraNoM se utpanna sampradAya Agraha, dhArmika-asahiSNutA aura sAmpradAyika-kaTutA ko janma dete haiN| vizva-itihAsa kA adhyetA ise bhalIbhA~ti mAnatA hai ki dhArmika-asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya dRSkRtya karAe haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki isa damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura raktaplAvana ko dharma kA bAnA pahanAyA gyaa|shaanti-prdaataa dharma hI azAnti kA kAraNa bnaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika-yuga meM dhArmika-anAsthA kA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI hai| yadyapi vibhinna matoM, paMthoM aura vAdoM meM bAhya-bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, kintu yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka aura anAgrahI ho, to isameM bhI ekatA aura samanvaya ke sUtra parilakSita ho sakate haiN| __ anekAnta vicAra-dRSTi vibhinna dharma-sampradAyoM kI samApti ke dvArA ekatA kA prayAsa nahIM karatI hai, kyoMki vaiyaktika-rucibheda evaM kSamatAbheda tathA dezakAlagata bhinnatAoM ke hote hue vibhinna dharma evaM vicAra-sampradAyoM kI upasthiti aparihArya hai| ekadharma yA eka sampradAya kA nArA asaMgata evaM avyAvahArika hI nahIM, apitu azAnti aura saMgharSa kA kAraNabhI hai| anekAnta, vibhinna dharma-sampradAyoM kI samApti kA prayAsa nahIM hokara unheM eka vyApaka pUrNatA meM susaMgata rUpa se saMyojita karane kA prayAsa ho sakatA hai, lekina isake lie prAthamika AvazyakatA hai-dhArmika sahiSNutA aura sarvadharma-samabhAva kii| __ anekAnta ke samarthaka jainAcAryoM ne sadaiva dhArmika-sahiSNutA kA paricaya diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA to sarvavidita hI hai| apane grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM unhoMne buddha ke anAtmavAda aura nyAyadarzana ke IzvarakartRtvavAda, vedAnta ke sarvAtmavAda (brahmavAda) meM bhI saMgati dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| unakI samanvayavAdI-dRSTi kA saMketa hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa prakAra, AcArya hemacandra ne bhI ziva-pratimA ko praNAma karate samaya sarvadevasamabhAva kA paricaya dete hue kahA thA bhavabIjAMkura jananA, rAgAdyAkSayamupAgatA yasya / brahmA vA viSNurvA haro, jino vA nmstsmai| saMsAra-paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rAgAdi jisake kSaya ho cuke haiM, use maiM praNAma karatA hU~, cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, ziva ho yA jina ho| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI likhate haiM - saccA anekAntavAdI kisI darzana se dveSa nahIM krtaa| vaha sampUrNa dRSTikoNa (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAtsalya-dRSTi se dekhatA hai, jaise koI pitA apane putroM ko, kyoMki anekAntavAdI kI nyUnAdhika buddhi nahIM ho sktii|vaastv meM, saccA zAstrajJa kahe jAne kA

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bhAratIya AcAra- -darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana adhikArI vahI hai, jo syAdvAda kA Alambana lekara sampUrNa darzanoM meM samAna bhAva rakhatA hai| mAdhyastha-bhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai, yahI dharmavAda hai| mAdhyasya-bhAva rahane para zAstra ke eka pada kA jJAna bhI saphala hai, anyathA karor3oM zAstroM kA jJAna bhI vRthA hai / '10 eka saccA jaina sabhI dharmoM evaM darzanoM ke prati sahiSNu hotA hai| vaha sabhI meM satya kA darzana karatA hai| paramayogI jaina santa AnandaghanajI likhate haiM --- 262 SaT darasaNa jina aMga bhaNIje, nyAya SaDaMga jo sAdhe re, nami jinavaranA caraNa upAsaka, SaTadarzana ArAdhe re / 81 rAjanItika sahiSNutA Aja kA rAjanItika-jagat bhI vaicArika-saMkulatA se paripUrNa hai / pU~jIvAda, samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, phAsisTavAda, nAjIvAda Adi aneka rAjanItika vicAradhArAe~ tathA rAjatantra, prajAtantra, kulatantra, adhinAyakatantra Adi anekAneka zAsana-praNAliyA~ varttamAna meM pracalita haiM / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unameM se pratyeka eka-dUsare kI samApti ke lie prayatnazIla haiN| vizva ke rASTra khemoM meM ba~Te hue haiM aura pratyeka kheme kA agraNI rASTra apanA prabhAva - kSetra bar3hAne ke hetu dUsare ke vinAza meM tatpara hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki Aja kA rAjanItika saMgharSa Arthika hitoM kA saMgharSa na hokara vaicArikatA kA saMgharSa hai / Aja amerikA aura rUsa apanI vaicArika- pramukhatA ke prabhAva - kSetra ko bar3hAne ke lie hI pratispardhA meM lage hue haiN| eka-dUsare ko nAmazeSa karane kI unakI yaha mahatvAkAMkSA kahIM mAnava-jAti kohI nAmazeSa na kara de| Aja ke rAjanItika- jIvana meM anekAnta ke do vyAvahArika phalita-vaicArikasahiSNutA aura samanvaya atyanta upAdeya haiM / mAnava-jAti ne rAjanItika jagat meM rAjatantra se prajAtantra taka kI jo lambI yAtrA taya kI hai, usakI sArthakatA anekAnta - dRSTi ko apanAne meM hI hai| virodhI pakSa ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI AlocanA ke prati sahiSNu hokara, usake dvArA apane doSoM ko samajhanA aura unheM dUra karane kA prayAsa karanA, Aja ke rAjanItika jIvana kI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vipakSa kI dhAraNAoM meM bhI satyatA ho sakatI hai aura sabala virodhI dala kI upasthiti se hameM apane doSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA acchA avasara milatA hai - isa vicAra - dRSTi aura sahiSNu- - bhAvanA meM hI prajAtantra kA bhaviSya ujjvala raha sakatA hai| rAjanItika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra ( pArliyAmenTarI DemokresI) vastutaH rAjanItika-anekAntavAda hai| isa paramparA meM bahumata dala dvArA gaThita sarakAra alpamata dala ko apane vicAra prastuta karane kA adhikAra mAnya karatI hai aura yathAsambhava usase lAbha bhI uThAtI hai| dArzanika kSetra meM jahA~ bhArata anekAntavAda kA sarjaka hai, vahIM

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 263 vaha rAjanItika-kSetra meM saMsadIya-prajAtantra kA samarthaka bhI hai, ataH Aja anekAnta kA vyAvahArika-kSetra meM upayoga karane kA dAyitva bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM para hai| sAmAjika evaM pArivArika-sahiSNutA kauTumbika-kSetra meM isa paddhati kA upayoga paraspara kuTumboM meM aura kuTumba ke sadasyoM meM saMgharSa ko TAlakara zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa kregaa| sAmAnyatayA, pArivArika jIvana meM saMgharSa ke do kendra hote haiM - pitA-putra tathA saas-bhuu| ina donoM ke vivAdoM meM mUla kAraNa donoM kA dRSTi-bheda hai| pitA jisa pariveza meM palA hai, unhIM saMskAroM ke AdhAra para putra kA jIvana DhAlanA cAhatA hai| jisa mAnyatA ko svayaM mAnakara baiThA hai, unhIM mAnyatAoM ko dUsare se manavAnA cAhatA hai| pitA kI dRSTi anubhavapradhAna hotI hai, jabaki putra kI dRSTi trkprdhaan| eka prAcIna saMskAroM se grasta hotA hai, to dUsarA unheM samApta kara denA cAhatA hai| yahI sthiti sAsa-bahU meM hotI hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai ki bahu aisA jIvana jie, jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM jiyA thA, jabaki bahU apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtRpakSa ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usakI apekSA yaha bhI hotI hai ki vaha utanA hI svatantra jIvana jIe, jaisA vaha apane mAtApitA ke pAsa jItI thii| isake viparIta, zvasura-pakSa usase eka anuzAsita jIvana kI apekSA karatA hai| yahI saba vivAda ke kAraNa banate haiM / isameM jaba taka sahiSNu-dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka saMgharSa samApta nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH, isake mUla meM jo dRSTi-bheda hai, use anekAnta-paddhati se samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hama jaba dUsare ke sambandha meM koI vicAra kareM,koI nirNaya leM, to hameM svayaM apane ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kara socanA caahie| dUsare kI bhUmikA meM svayaM ko khar3A karake hI use samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| pitA putra se jisa bAta kI apekSA karatA hai, usake pahale apane ko putra kI bhUmikA meM khar3A kara vicAra kara le| adhikArI karmacArI se jisa DhaMga se kAma lenA cAhatA hai, usake pahale svayaM ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kare, phira nirNaya le| yahI eka dRSTi hai, jisake dvArA eka sahiSNumAnasa kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura mAnava jAti ko vaicArika-saMgharSoM se bacAyA jA sakatA hai| ___ anAgraha kI avadhAraNA ke phalita - sat ananta pahaluoM se yukta hai tathA mAnavIya-jJAna ke sAdhana sImita evaM sApekSa haiM, ataH sAmAnya vyakti kA jJAna sImita (AMzika) aura sApekSa hotA hai| dUsare, Agraha jo vastutaH vaicArika-rAga hI hai, satya ko raMgIna banA detA hai| rAgAtmikA-buddhi bhI satya ko vikRta kara detI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa,

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264 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAmAnya vyakti ko jo bhI jJAna hotA hai, vaha apUrNa to hotA hI hai, azuddha bhI hotA hai, ataH satyAnveSaNa evaM vicArazuddhi kI Avazyaka zarte nimna haiM 1. sampUrNa satya kA jJAna sAmAnya mAnava ke lie sambhava nahIM hai. satya ke aneka pahalU hamAre lie AvRtta bane rahate haiM, ataH dUsaroM ke vicAra evaM jJAna meM bhI satyatA sambhava hai, yaha bAta svIkAra karanI hogii| 2. satyAnveSaNa Agrahabuddhi ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| anAgrahI-dRSTi hI satya ko pradAna kara sakatI hai| 3. rAga-dveSajanya saMskAroM se Upara uThakara 'merA so saccA' ke sthAna para 'saccA so merA'-yaha dRSTi rakhanA caahie| satya cAhe apane pAsa ho yAvirodhI ke pAsa, use svIkAra karane ke lie sadaiva taiyAra rahanA caahie| 4. jaba taka hama rAga-dveSa ke saMskAroM se apane ko Upara nahIM uThA sakeM aura pUrNatA ko nahIM prApta kara sakeM, taba taka kevala satya ke prati jijJAsA rakhanA caahie| satya apanA yA parAyA nahIM hotA hai| 5. apane vicAra-pakSa ke prati bhI vipakSa ke samAna tIvra samAlocaka-dRSTi rakhanA caahie| 6. vipakSa ke satya ko usI ke dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para samajhane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| 7. anubhava yA jJAna kI vRddhi ke sAtha yadi nae satyoM kA prakaTana ho tathA pUrvagRhIta vicAra asatya pratIta hoM, to Agrahabuddhi kA tyAga kara nae vicAroM ka / svIkAra karanA cAhie aura purAnI mAnyatAoM ko tadanurUpa saMzodhita karanA caahie| 8. virodha kI sthiti meM prajJApUrvaka samanvaya ke sUtra khojane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| 9. dUsaroM ke vicAroM ke prati sahiSNu dRSTikoNa rakhanA cAhie, kyoMki unake vicAroM meM bhI satyatA kI sambhAvanA nihita hai| anAsakti (aparigraha) ahiMsA aura anAgraha ke bAda jaina-AcAradarzana kA tIsarA pramukha siddhAnta anAsakti hai| ahiMsA, anAgraha aura anAsakti-ina tIna tattvoM ke AdhAra para hI jaina-AcAgdazana kA bhavya mahala khar3A hai| yahI anAsakti sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kSetra meM aparigraha bana jAtI hai| jaina-dharma meM anAsakti

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 265 jaina-AcAradarzana meM jina pA~ca mahAvratoM kA vivecana hai, unameM se tIna mahAvrata asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha anAsakti ke hI vyAvahArika-rUpa haiN| vyakti ke andara nihita Asakti do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai - 1. saMgraha-bhAvanA aura 2. bhog-bhaavnaa| saMgraha-bhAvanA aura bhoga-bhAvanA se prerita hokara hI manuSya dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra, Asakti bAhyataH tIna rUpoM meM hotI hai - 1. apaharaNa (zoSaNa), 2. bhoga aura 3. sNgrh| Asakti ke tIna rUpoM kA nigraha karane ke lie jaina - AcAradarzana meM asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-mahAvratoM kA vidhAna hai| saMgraha-vRttikA aparigraha se, bhogavRtti kA brahmacarya se aura apaharaNavRtti kA asteya-mahAvrata se nigraha hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra samagra jAgatika-duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa tRSNA hai| kahA gayA hai- jisakI tRSNA samApta ho jAtI hai, usakA moha samApta ho jAtA hai aura jisakA moha miTa jAtA hai, usake duHkha bhI samApta ho jAte haiM / Asakti kA hI dUsarA nAma lobha hai aura lobha samagra sadguNoM kA vinAzaka hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, tRSNA eka aisI khAI hai, jo kabhI bhI pATI nahIM jA sktii| duSpUra tRSNA kA kabhI anta nahIM aataa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yadi sone aura cA~dI ke kailAzaparvata ke samAna asaMkhya parvata bhI khar3e kara die jAeM, to bhI yaha duSpUrya tRSNA zAnta nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMkidhana cAhe kitanA bhI ho, vaha sImita hai aura tRSNAananta (asIma) hai, ataH sImita sAdhanoM se isa asIma tRSNA kI pUrti nahIM kI jA sakatI, 4 kintu jaba taka tRSNA zAnta nahIM hotI, taba taka duHkhoM se mukti bhI nahIM hotii| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra, manuSya jaba taka kisI bhI prakAra kI Asakti rakhatA hai, vaha duHkha se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| yadi hama adhika spaSTa zabdoM meM kaheM, to jaina-dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM tRSNA yA Asakti duHkha kA paryAyavAcI hI bana gaI hai| yaha tRSNA yA Asakti hI parigraha (saMgrahavRtti) kA mUla hai| Asakti hI parigraha hai| 6 jaina-AcAryoM ne jisa aparigraha ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA, usake mUla meM yahI anAsakti-pradhAna dRSTi kArya kara rahI hai| yadyapi Asakti eka mAnasika-tathya hai, mana kI hI eka vRtti hai, tathApi usakA prakaTana bAhya hai aura usakA sIdhA sambandha bAhyavastuoM se hai| vaha sAmAjika-jIvana ko dUSita karatI hai| ataH, Asakti ke prahANa ke lie vyAvahArika-rUpa meM parigraha kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| parigraha yA saMgrahavRtti sAmAjika-hiMsA hai| jaina-AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM samagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna hai, kyoMki binA hiMsA (zoSaNa) ke saMgraha asambhava hai| vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hitoM kA hanana karatA hai aura isa rUpa meM saMgraha yA parigraha hiMsA kA hI eka

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266 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rUpa hai| vaha hiMsA yA zoSaNa kA janaka hai| anAsakti ko jIvana meM utArane ke lie jainaAcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA ki manuSya bAhya-parigraha kA bhI tyAga kare / parigraha-tyAga anAsakta-dRSTi kA bAhya-jIvana meM pramANa hai| eka ora, vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora, anAsakti, ina donoM meM koI mela nahIM hai| yadi mana meM anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai, to use bAhya-vyavahAra meM anivArya rUpa se prakaTa honA caahie| anAsakti kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie gRhastha-jIvana meM parigraha-maryAdA aura zramaNa-jIvana meM samagra parigraha ke tyAga kA nirdeza hai| digambara jaina-muni kA Atyantika aparigrahI-jIvana anAsakta-dRSTi kA sajIva pramANa hai| aparigrahI hote hue bhI vyakti ke mana meM Asakti kA tattva raha sakatA hai, lekina isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA ki vipula saMgraha ko rakhate hue bhI anAsakta-vRtti kA pUrI taraha nirvAha ho sakatA hai, samucita nahIM hai| jaina-AcAradarzana meM yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki sAdhaka cAhe gRhastha ho yA zramaNa, use aparigraha kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA caahie| hama dekhate haiM ki rASTroM evaM vargoM kI saMgraha evaM zoSaNa-vRtti ne mAnava-jAti ko kitane kaSToM meM DAlA hai| jaina-AcAradarzana ke anusAra samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga haiN| jaina-vicAradhArA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa nahIM karatA, usakI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| aisA vyakti pApI hI hai| 7 samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke anivArya aMga haiN| isake binA AdhyAtmika-upalabdhi bhI saMbhava nahIM / ataH, jaina-AcAryoM ne naitika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se anAsakti ko anivArya mAnA hai| bauddha-dharma meM anAsakti-bauddha-paramparA meM bhI anAsaktiko samagra bandhanoM evaM duHkhoM kA mUla mAnA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM ki tRSNA ke naSTa ho jAne para sabhI bandhana svataH naSTa ho jAte haiN| tRSNA duSpUrya hai| ve kahate haiM ki cAhe svarNa-mudrAoM kI varSA hone lage, lekina usase bhI tRSNAyukta manuSya kI tRpti nahIM hotii| bhagavAn buddha kI dRSTi meM tRSNA hI duHkha hai aura jise yaha viSailI nIca tRSNA ghera letI hai, usake duHkha vaise hI bar3hate rahate haiM, jaise khetoM meM vIraNa ghAsa bar3hatI rahatI hai| 9 bauddhadarzana meM tRSNA tIna prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai1. bhavatRSNA, 2. vibhavatRSNA aura 3. kAmatRSNA / bhavatRSNA astitva yA bane rahane kI tRSNA hai, yaha rAgasthAnIya hai| vibhavatRSNA samApta yA naSTa ho jAne kI tRSNA hai| yaha dveSasthAnIya hai| kAmatRSNA bhogoM kI upalabdhi kI tRSNA hai| rUpAdi chaha viSayoM kI bhava, vibhava aura kAmatRSNA ke AdhAra para bauddha-paramparA meM tRSNA ke 18 bheda bhI mAne gae haiN| tRSNA hI bandhana hai| buddha ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki buddhimAn loga usa bandhana ko bandhana nahIM kahate, jo lohe kA banA ho, lakar3I kA banA ho, athavA rassI kA banA ho, apitu dRr3hatara

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 261 bandhana to sonA, cA~dI, putra, strI Adi meM rahI huI Asakti hI hai| suttanipAta meM bhI buddha ne kahA hai ki Asakti hI bandhana hai, jo bhI duHkha hotA hai, vaha saba tRSNA ke kAraNa hI hotA hai| Asakta manuSya Asakti ke kAraNa nAnA prakAra ke duHkha uThAte haiM / Asakti kA kSaya hI duHkhoM kA kSaya hai| jo vyakti isa tRSNA ko vaza meM kara letA hai, usake duHkha usI prakAra samApta ho jAte haiM, jaise kamalapatra para rahA huA jala-bindu zIghra hI samApta ho jAtA hai| tRSNA se hI zoka aura bhaya utpanna hote haiN| tRSNA-mukta manuSya ko na to bhaya hotA hai aurana shok| isa prakAra, buddha kI dRSTi meM Asakti hI vAstavika duHkha hai aura anAsakti hI saccA sukha hai| buddha ne jisa anAtmavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA, usake pIche bhI unakI mUla dRSTi Asakti-nAza hI thii| buddha kI dRSTi meM Asakti, cAhe vaha padArthoM kI ho, cAhe vaha kisIatIndriya AtmA ke astitva kI ho, bandhana hI hai| astitva kI cAha tRSNA hI hai| mukti to virAgatA yA anAsakti meM hI pratiphalita hotI hai|" tRSNA kA prahANa honA hI nirvANa hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM parigraha kA mUla icchA (Asakti) hai, ataH buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI anAsakti kI vRtti ke udaya ke lie parigraha kA visarjana Avazyaka hai| gItA meM anAsakti- gItA ke AcAradarzana kA bhI kendrIya-tattva anAsakti hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne to gItAko anAsakti-yoga' hI kahA hai| gItAkAra ne bhI yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki Asakti kA tattva hI vyakti ko saMgraha aura bhogavAsanA ke lie prerita karatA hai| kahA gayA hai ki Asakti ke bandhana meM ba~dhA huA vyakti kAmabhoga kI pUrti ke lie anyAyapUrvaka artha-saMgraha karatA hai| isa prakAra, gItAkAra kI spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki Arthika-kSetra meM apaharaNa, zoSaNa aura saMgraha kI jo burAiyA~ panapatI haiM, ve saba mUlataH Asakti se pratyutpanna haiN| gItA ke anusAra, Asakti aura lobha naraka ke kAraNa haiN| kAmabhogoM meM Asakta manuSya hI naraka aura azubha yoniyoM meM janma letA hai| 100 sampUrNa jagat isI Asakti ke pAza meM ba~dhA huA hai aura icchA aura dveSa se sammohita hokara paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| vastutaH, Asakti ke kAraNa vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-jIvana nArakIya bana jAtA hai / gItA ke naitika-darzana kA sArA jora phalAsakti ko samApta karane para hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna! tU karmoM ke phala meM rahI huI Asakti kA tyAga kara niSkAma-bhAva se karma kr| 101 gItAkAra ne Asakti ke prahANa kA jo upAya batAyA hai, vaha yaha hai ki sabhI kucha bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM samarpita kara aura kartRtva-bhAva se mukta hokara jIvana jInA caahie| __isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana anAsakti ke udaya aura Asakti ke prahANako apane naitika-darzana kA mahatvapUrNa aMgamAnate haiM / Asakti ke prahANa ke do hI upAya haiM / AdhyAtmika-rUpa meM Asakti ke prahANa ke lie hRdaya meM

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana santoSavRtti kA udaya honA cAhie, jabaki vyAvahArika rUpa meM Asakti ke prahANa ke lie jaina - AcAradarzana meM sujhAyI gaI parigraha kI sImA rekhA kA nirdhAraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| jaba taka hRdaya meM santoSavRtti kA udaya nahIM hotA, taba taka yaha duSpUrya tRSNA evaM Asakti samApta nahIM hotI / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki ' lAbha se lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai', usI kA santa sundaradAsajI ne eka sundara citra khIMcA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jo dasa bIsa pacAsa bhaye, zata hoI hajAra tu lAbha magegI / koTi arabba kharabba asaMkhya, dharApati hone kI cAha jagegI / svarga patAla ko rAja karo, tisanA adhikI ati Aga lgegii| sundara eka saMtoSa binA, zaTha terI to bhUkha kabahU~ na bhagegI / pAzcAtya vicAraka mahAtmA TAlasTAya ne bhI How Much Land Does A Man Require nAmaka kahAnI meM eka aisA hI sundara citra khIMcA hai| kahAnI kA sArAMza yaha hai ki kathAnAyaka bhUmi kI asIma tRSNA ke pIche apane jIvana kI bAjI bhI lagA detA hai, kintu anta meM usake dvArA upalabdha kie gae vistRta bhU-bhAga meM kevala usake zava ko daphanAne jitanA bhU-bhAga hI usake upayoga meM AtA hai| 268 vastutaH, tRSNA kI samApti kA eka hI upAya hai - hRdaya meM santoSavRtti yA tyAgabhAvanA kA udaya / mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM yayAti ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra agni meM ghRta DAlane se ani zAnta nahIM hotI, usI prakAra kAmabhogoM se tRSNA zAnta nahIM hotI, varan bar3hatI hI jAtI hai| tRSNA kI agni kevala tyAga ke dvArA hI zAnta ho sakatI hai, ataH manuSya ko tRSNA kA tyAga kara sacce sukha kI zodha karanA cAhie aura vaha sukha use saMtoSamaya jIvana jIne se hI upalabdha ho sakatA hai| - anAsakti ke prazna para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra - jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAe~ anAsakti ke saiddhAntika pakSa para samAna rUpa se bala detI haiM, kintu usake vyAvahArika- phalita aparigraha ke siddhAnta ko lekara unameM matabheda bhI haiM / jahA~ jaina-darzana ke anusAra anAsakta hone ke lie aparigrahI honA Avazyaka hai, vahA~ gItA aura bauddha darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki anAsakta hone ke lie aparigrahI honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA pramANa yahI hai ki vyakti kA bAhya-jIvana sarvathA aparigrahI ho / parigraha kA honA spaSTatayA isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki vyakti meM abhI anAsakti kA pUrNa vikAsa nahIM huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadharma kI digambara- paramparA mukti ke lie bAhya parigraha kA pUrNatayA tyAga Avazyaka mAnatI hai / yadyapi zvetAmbara - paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki pUrNa anAsakta- -vRtti kA udaya to

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 269 binA parigraha kA pUrNa tyAga kie bhI ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha bhI itanA to avazya mAnatI hI hai ki anAsakti kA pUrNa prakaTana hone para vyakti bAhya-parigraha meM ulajhA huA nahIM rahatA hai, vaha usakA parityAga kara muni bana jAtA hai| donoM meM antara mAtra yahI hai ki prathama ke anusAra, bAhya-parigraha kA tyAga hone para hI kaivalya kI prApti hotI hai, to dUsare ke anusAra, bAhyaparigraha kA tyAga hone ke pUrva bhI kaivalya ho sakatA hai| yadyapi kaivalyalAbha ke bAda donoM ke hI anusAra vyakti sarvathA aparigrahI ho hI jAtA hai| gItA ke anusAra, anAsakta-vRtti ke lie parigraha-tyAga Avazyaka nahIM hai| vaidika-paramparA ke janaka pUrNa anAsakta hote hue bhI rAjakAja kA saMcAlana karate rahate haiM. jabaki jaina-paramparA kA bharata pUrNa anAsakti ke Ate hI rAjakAja chor3akara muni bana jAtA hai| anAsakti aura aparigraha ke saMdarbha meM jaina-paramparA vicArapakSa aura AcArapakSa kI ekarUpatA para jitanA bala detI hai, utanA vaidika-paramparA nhiiN| vaidika-paramparA ke anusAra, antas meM anAsakti aura bAhya-jIvana meM parigraha-donoM eka sAtha sambhava haiN| isa sambandha meM bauddha-dharma kA dRSTikoNa bhI jaina-paramparA ke adhika nikaTa hai, phira bhI use jaina aura vaidika-paramparAoM ke madhya rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| jaina-dharma ne jahA~ muni-jIvana ke lie parigraha ke pUrNa tyAga aura gRhastha-jIvana meM parigraha-parisImana kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI, vahA~ bauddha-dharma ne kevala bhikSu ke lie svarNa-jatarUpa parigraha-tyAga kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| usameM gRhastha ke lie parigraha-parisImana kA prazna nahIM uThAyA gayA hai| gItA aura vaidika-paramparA yadyapi saMcaya aura parigraha kI nindA karatI hai, phira bhI ve parigraha-tyAga ko anivArya nahIM batAtI haiM / anAsakti aura aparigraha ko lekara tInoM paramparAoM meM yahI mUlabhUta antara hai| vastutaH, anAsakti kA artha hai- mamatva kA visrjn| samatva, cAhe vaha vaiyaktika ho yA sAmAjika, ke sarjana ke lie mamatva kA visarjana Avazyaka hai| anAsakti aura aparigraha meM ekahI antara hai, vaha yaha ki aparigraha meM mamatva ke visarjana ke sAtha hI sampadA kA visarjana bhI Avazyaka hai| anAsakti, samUrchA yA alobha kA prazna nirA vaiyaktika hai, kintu aparigraha kA prazna kevala vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika bhI hai| parigraha (sampadA) ke arjana, saMgraha aura visarjana, sabhI sIdhe-sIdhe samAja-jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiM / arjana sAmAjika-Arthika-pragatiko prabhAvita karatA hai, to saMgrahaartha ke samavitaraNako prabhAvita karatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, artha kA visarjana bhI lokakalyANakArI pravRttiyoM ko prabhAvita karatA hai| ataH, parigrahake arjana, upabhoga, saMgraha aura visarjana ke prazna pUrI taraha sAmAjikaprazna haiN|

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana - samAja kI Arthika pragati usake sadasyoM kI sampadA ke arjana kI AkAMkSA aura zrama-niSThA para nirbhara karatI hai| naitika dRSTi se arthopArjana kI pravRtti aura zramaniSThA Alocya nahIM rahI hai| yaha bhaya nirarthaka hai ki anAsakti aura aparigraha se Arthika pragati avaruddha hogI / aparigraha kA siddhAnta artha ke arjana kA vahA~ taka virodhI nahIM hai, jahA~ taka usake sAtha zoSaNa kI duSpravRtti nahIM jur3atI hai / sampadA ke arjana ke sAtha jaba hiMsA, zoSaNa aura saMgraha kI burAiyA~ jur3atI haiM, tabhI vaha anaitika banatA hai, anyathA nahIM / bhAratIya ArthikaAdarza rahA hai 'zata hasta samAhara sahasra hasta vikIrNa,' arthAt sau hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura sahasra hAthoM se bA~Ta do / Arthika saMgharSoM kA janma taba hotA hai, jaba sampadA kA vitaraNa viSama aura upabhoga aniyantrita hotA hai| saMgraha aura zoSaNa kI duSpravRttiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa jaba eka ora mAnavatA roTI ke Tukar3oM ke abhAva kI pIr3A meM sisakatI ho aura dUsarI ora aizo-ArAma kI raMgareliyA~ calatI hoM, taba hI varga-saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai aura sAmAjikazAnti bhaMga hotI hai| 1 270 samAja - jIvana meM zAnti tabhI sambhava hai, jaba sampadA kA upabhoga, saMgraha aura vitaraNa niyantrita ho / aparigraha kA siddhAnta isI prazna ko lekara hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai| jahA~ taka sampadA ke aniyantrita upabhoga aura saMgraha kA prazna hai, jaina-dharma gRhasthaupAsaka ke upabhoga - paribhoga- parisImana aura anarthadaNDaviramaNa - vrata ke dvArA una para niyantraNa lagAtA hai, kintu parigraha ke viSama vitaraNa ke lie jo parigrahaparisImana kA vrata prastuta kiyA gayA hai, usako lekara kucha prazna ubharate haiM - prathama to yaha ki kisI vyakti ke parigraha kI parisImA yA maryAdA kyA hogI ? kitanA parigraha rakhanA ucita mAnA jAegA aura kitanA anucita / dUsare, parigraha kI isa parisImA kA nirdhAraNa kauna karegA- vyakti yA samAja | ina praznoM ko lekara DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI ne apane eka lekha meM vicAra kiyA hai / 102 jaina - AcAryoM ne ina praznoM ko khulA chor3a diyA thA, unhoMne yaha mAna liyA thA ki vyakti kitanA parigraha rakhe aura kitanA tyAga de, yaha usakI AvazyakatA aura usake svaviveka para nirbhara karegA, kyoMki pratyeka kI AvazyakatAe~ bhinna-bhinna haiN| eka udyogapati kI AvazyakatAe~ aura eka prophesara kI AvazyakatAe~ nizcita hI bhinna-bhinna hoMgI / yahI nahIM, eka deza ke nAgarika kI AvazyakatAe~ dUsare deza ke nAgarika kI AvazyakatAoM se bhinna hoMgI / yuga ke AdhAra para bhI AvazyakatAe~ badalatI haiM, ataH parigraha kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa deza, kAla, vyakti aura paristhiti para nirbhara hogaa| Aja arthazAstrI bhI isa bAta ko mAnakara calate haiM ki jo vastue~ eka vyakti ke lie Avazyaka haiM, ve hI dUsare ke lie vilAsitA ho sakatI haiN| eka kAra DAkTara ke lie Avazyaka aura vizvavidyAlaya ke

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sAmAjika-naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 271 kempasa meM rahane vAle prophesara ke lie vilAsitA kI vastu hogii| ataH, parigraha-maryAdA kA koI sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa sambhava nahIM hai| to, kyA isa prazna ko vyakti ke svaviveka para khulA chor3a diyA jAe? yadi vyakti vivekazIla aura saMyamI hai, taba to nizcaya hI isa sambandha meM nirNaya lene kA adhikAra use hai, kintu sthiti isase bhinna bhI hai| yadi vyakti svArthI aura vAsanApradhAna hai, to nizcaya hI nirNaya kA yaha adhikAra vyakti ke hAtha se chInakara samAja ke hAthoM meM sauMpanA hogA, jaisA ki Aja samAjavAdI-vyavasthA mAnatI hai / yadyapi isa sthiti meM cAhe sampadA kA samavitaraNa evaM sAmAjika-zAnti sambhava bhI ho, kintumAnasikazAnti sambhava nahIM hogii| vaha to tabhI sambhava hogI, jaba vyakti kI tRSNAzAnta hogI aura jIvana meM anAsakta-dRSTi kA udaya hogaa| jaba aparigraha anAsakti se phalita hogA, tabhI vyakti aura samAja meM saccI zAnti aaegii| sandarbha grantha - 1. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/21/22 2. AcArAMga, 1/4/1/127 3. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/10 4. dazavaikAlika, 6/9 5. bhaktaparijJA, 91 6. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 42 7. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, 790 8. catuHzataka, 298 9. dhammapada, 270 10. dhammapada, 201 11. aMguttaranikAya, 3/153 12. gItA 10/5-7, 17/14 13. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 245/19 14. vahI, 109/12 15. gItA (zAMkara bhASya), 2/18 16. gItA, 6/32 17. dibhagavadgItA eNDa cejiMga varlDa, pR. 122 18. bhagavadgItA (rA.) pR.74/75

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272 19. hindU ethiksa, mekenjI 20. ajjhattha jANai se bahiyA jANaI eyaM tullamannasiM, 11/7 21. savve pANA piAuyA suhasAyA duHkhapaDikUlA, 1/2/3 22. dazavaikAlika 6/11 23. uttarAdhyayana, 6/7 24. AcArAMga, 1/3/3 25. vahI, 1/5/5 26. bhaktaparijJA - 93 bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 27. suttanipAta 3/37/27 28. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 125 29. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 1 / 21 30. dazavaikAlika - niryukti, 60 31. oghaniryukti, 754 32. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR. 1228 33. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 44 34. tattvArthasUtra, 7/8 35. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR. 1231 36. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva 15 / 25-26 37. oghaniryukti, 747 38. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/1/6-7 39. oghaniryukti 748-49 40. oghaniryukti, 759 41. oghaniryukti 752-53 42. vahI, 758 43. pravacanasAra, 3/17 44. puruSArthasiddhiyukti, 45 45. nizIthacUrNi 92 46. dekhie - darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 414 47. gItA 18-17 48. dhammapada, 294 *

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya-tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 49. dekhie - darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 416 50. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/35 51. taTa do pravAha eka, pR. 40 52. darzana aura cintana, pR. 410-411. 53. 'vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati', 54. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR 1229. 55. bhAratIya darzana (datta evaM caTarjI), pR. 43 para uddhRta. 56. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 415. 57. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1229. 58. AcArAMga, 2/15/658. 59. vahI, 1/4/1/27. 60. AcArAMga, dvitIya zrutaskaMdha, a. 15/179 mUla evaM TIkA 61. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 60. 62. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/53-54. 63. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/8/102 64. vahI, 9 / 34 / 106. 65. vahI, 9 / 34 / 107. 66. lokatattva nirNaya 1 / 37, 38. 67. sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA garahaMtA paraM vayaM / je u tattha viussanti saMsAre te viussiyA // sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/2/23. 68. AcArAMgacUrNi, 1/7/1 69. theragAthA, 1/106. 70. udAna, 6/4. 71. suttanipAta 50/16-17. 72. suttanipAta 51 / 2, 3, 10, 11, 16-20. 73. vahI, 46/8-9. 74. gItA, 16-10 75. vahI, 17 / 19, 18/35. 76. vivekacUr3AmaNi, 60. 77. vahI, 62. 78. vivekacUr3AmaNi 61. 273

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274 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 79. zukranIti, 3/211-213 80. adhyAtmasAra, 69-73. 81. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/8. 82. uttarAdhyayana, 32/8. 83. dazavaikAlika, 8/38. 84. uttarAdhyayana, 9/48. 85. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/2. 86. dazavaikAlika, 6/21. 87. uttarAdhyayana, 17/11; praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, 2/3 88. dhammapada, 186. 89. saMyuttanikAya, 2/12/66, 1/1/65. 90. dhammapada, 335. 91. dhammapada, 345. 92. suttanipAta, 68/5 93. vahI, 38/17. 94. theragAthA, 16/734. 95. dhammapada, 336. 96. vahI, 216. 97. majjhimanikAya, 3/20 98. mahAniddesapAli, 1/11/107. 99. gItA, 16/12. 100. vahI, 16/16. 101. gItA, 16/16. 102. dekheM-tIrthaMkara, maI 1977, pR. 7-9.

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 275 14 sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva sAmAjika-dharma jaina-AcAradarzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se dharma kI vivecanA kI gaI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika-pahalU para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai / jaina-vicArakoM ne saMgha yA sAmAjika-jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika-jIvana ke sandarbha meM dasadharmoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai|- 1. grAmadharma, 2. nagara-dharma, 3. rASTradharma, 4. pAkhaNDadharma, 5. kuladharma, 6. gaNadharma, 7. saMghadharma, 8. siddhAntadharma (zrutadharma), 9. cAritradharma aura 10. astikaaydhrm| inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika-jIvana se sambandhita 1. grAmadharma-grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke lie jina niyamoM ko grAmavAsiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai, unakA pAlana karanA grAmadharma hai| grAmadharma kA artha haijisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate haiM, usa grAma kI vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya krnaa| grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai, ataH sAmUhika rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAe rakhanA aura Apasa meM vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho, usake lie prayatnazIla rahanA hI grAmadharma ke pramukha tattva haiN| grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahA~ ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rhtii| jisa pariveza meM hama jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke lie Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna karanA hamArA karttavya hai| pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke lie jAgrata rahe ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na phuNce| grAmadharma kI vyavasthA ke lie jaina-AcAryoM ne grAma-sthavira kI vyavasthA bhI kI hai| grAma-sthaviragrAma kA mukhiyA yA netAhotA hai| grAma-sthavira kA prayatna rahatA hai ki grAma kI avasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke lie grAmajanoM meM pArasparika-sneha aura sahayoga banA rhe| 1. nagaradharma - grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma ko, jo unakA vyAvasA ika-kendrahotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyataH, grAma-dharma aura nagara-dharma meM vizaSaantara nahIM hai| nagaradharma ke antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarika-niyamoM kA pAlana evaM nAgarika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvarddhana AtA hai, lekina nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| yugIna-sandarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI

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276 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM kAzoSaNa na ho| nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM avasthA kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie, varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI cAhie ; jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika-sthitiyA~ nirbhara haiN| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika-kartavyoM evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai| __ jaina-sUtroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke lie nagarasthavira kI yojanA kA ullekha hai| Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke haiM, jaina-paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya nagarasthavira ke haiN| 3. rASTradharma - jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, pratyeka grAma evaM nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra kI apanI eka viziSTa sAMskRtika-cetanA hotI hai, jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bA~dhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai- rASTra kI sAMskRtika-cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva banAe rkhnaa| rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai| Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai- rASTrIya ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAe rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA paraspara ghAta na karate hue rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA, rASTrIya-zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhividhAnoM kA Adara karate hue unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana krnaa| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM rASTrasthavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai| prajAtaMtra meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai, vahI prAcIna bhAratIyaparamparA meM rASTrasthavira kA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 4. pAkhaNDadharma-jaina-AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI vyAkhyA kI hai| jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho, vaha pAkhaNDa hai / ' dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke anusAra, pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai| jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha paakhnnddii| sAmAnya naitikaniyamoM kA pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai|smprti, pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA hai, vaha artha yahA~ abhipreta nahIM hai| pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai| pAkhaNDadharma ke lie vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstAsthavira zabda kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 277 mAdhyama se niyaMtrita karane vAlAadhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya logoM ko dhArmikaniSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke lie prerita karate rahanA hai| hamAre vicAra meM prazAstAsthavira rAjakIya-dharmAdhikArI ke samAna hotA hogA, jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika-jIvana kI zikSA denA hotA hogaa| 5. kuladharma-parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra-niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai| parivAra kA anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai| parivAra ke sadasya kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA karttavya hai-parivAra kAsaMvarddhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se bcaanaa| jainaparamparA meM gRhastha evaM muni-donoM ke lie kuladharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai| 6. gaNadharma-gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka-rAjya hote haiN| gaNadharma kA tAtparya hai-gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| gaNa domAne gae haiM- 1. laukika (sAmAjika) aura 2. lokottara (dhaarmik)| jaina-paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuoM ke gaNa hote haiM, jinheM gaccha kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM meM thor3A - bahuta antara bhI rahatA hai| gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA gaNadharma hai| paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai| gaNa kI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAe~ denA, niyamoM ko banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hIna dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 7.saMghadharma-vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ke saMgha-dharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai, jisameM vibhinna kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika-vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate haiM / saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| jaina-paramparA meM saMgha ke do rUpa haiM-1. laukika-saMgha aura 2. lokottr-sNgh| laukika-saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika-pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai , jabaki lokottara-saMghakA kArya AdhyAtmika-vikAsa karanA hai| laukika-saMgha ho yA lokottara

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya kartavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kare, saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke lie koI bhI kArya nahIM kare, ekatA ko akSuNNa banAe rakhane ke lie sadaiva hI prayatnazIla rhe| jainaparamparA ke anusAra; sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA - ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai / nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahatva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina meM naitika-sAdhanA meM saMghIya-jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahatva hai / ' 278 8. zrutadharma - sAmAjika dRSTi se zrutadharma kA tAtparya hai - zikSaNa-vyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana karanA / ziSya kA guru ke prati, guru kA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho, yaha zrutadharma kA hI viSaya hai / sAmAjika saMdarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai| guru aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai, jabaki ziSya kA kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai| 9. cAritradharma - cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai - zramaNa evaM gRhastha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana karanA / yadyapi cAritradharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha vaiyaktika-sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI hai| jaina AcAra ke niyamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche sAmAjika dRSTi bhI hai| ahiMsA-sambandhI sabhI niyama aura upaniyama sAmAjikazAnti ke saMsthApana ke lie haiM / anAgraha sAmAjika - jIvana se vaicArika - vidveSa evaM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| isI prakAra, aparigraha sAmAjika-jIvana se saMgrahavRtti, asteya aura zoSaNa ko samApta karatA hai / ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha para AdhArita jaina- AcAra ke niyama - upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 10. astikAyadharma - astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha tattvamImAMsA se hai, ataH usakA vivecana yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai| isa prakAra, jaina - AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA, varan sAmAjika - jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| jaina-sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika-pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAsa karatA hai|

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 279 jainadharma aura sAmAjika-dAyitva yadyapi prAcIna jaina Agama-sAhitya meM sAmAjika-dAyitva kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu usameM yatra-tatra kucha bikhare hue aise sUtra haiM, jo vyakti ke sAmAjikadAyitvoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| jaina-AgamoM kI apekSA paravartI sAhitya meM muni aura gRhasthaupAsaka-donoM ke hI sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kI vistRta carcA hai| sarvaprathama hama muni ke sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kI carcA kreNge| jaina-muni ke sAmAjika dAyitva-yadyapi muni kA mUla lakSya Atma-sAdhanA hai, phira bhI prAcIna jaina-AgamoM meM usake lie nimna sAmAjika-dAyitva nirdiSTa haiM - 1. nIti aura dharma kA prakAzana-muni kA sarvaprathama sAmAjika-dAyitva yaha hai ki vaha nagaroM yA grAmoM meM jAkara janasAdhAraNa ko sanmArga kA upadeza de| AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza hai ki muni grAma evaM nagara kI pUrva, pazcima , uttara aura dakSiNa-dizAoM meM jAkara dhanI-nirdhana yA U~ca-nIca kA bheda kie binA sabhI ko dharma-mArga kA upadeza de|' isa prakAra, jana-sAdhAraNa ko naitika-jIvana evaM sadAcAra kI ora pravRta karanA, yaha muni kA prathama sAmAjika dAyitva hai| vaha samAja meM naitikatA evaM sadAcAra kA praharI hai| samAja anaitikatA kI ora agrasara na ho, yaha dekhanA usakA dAyitva hai, isalie samAja kA pratyupakAra karanA usakA kartavya hai| 2.dharma kI prabhAvanAevaM saMghakI pratiSThA kI rakSA-sAmAnyarUpase saMghakA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya, gaNI evaM gaccha-nAyaka kA yaha anivArya karttavya hai ki ve saMgha kI pratiSThA evaM garimA ko akSuNNa banAe rkheN| unheM isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai ki saMgha kI pratiSThA kA rakSaNa ho, saMgha kA parAbhava na ho, jainadharma ke prati upAsaka-varga kI AsthA banI rahe aura usake prati logoM meM azraddhA kA bhAva utpanna na ho| nizIthacUrNi Adi meM ullekha hai ki saMgha kI pratiSThA ke rakSaNa-nimitta apavAda-mArga kA bhI sahArA liyA jA sakatA hai, udAharaNArtha-muni ke lie maMtra-taMtra karanA, camatkAra batAnA yA tapa-Rddhi kA pradarzana karanA varjita hai, kintu saMghahita aura dharma-prabhAvanA ke lie vaha yaha saba kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra, saMgha kA saMrakSaNa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha sAdhanA kI AdhArabhUmi hai| 3. bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA evaMparicaryA-jaina-muni kA tIsarA sAmAjikadAyitva saMgha-sevA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddha kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne sAmUhika sAdhanA

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280 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura bhikSu-saMgha evaM bhikSuNI-saMgha jaisI sAmAjika-saMsthAoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| jainAgamoM meM pratyeka bhikSu aura bhikSuNI kA yaha anivArya karttavya mAnA gayA hai ki ve anya bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA kreN| yadive kisI aise grAma yA nagara meM pahu~cate haiM ki jahA~ koI rogI yA vRddha bhikSu pahale se nivAsa kara rahA ho, to unakA prathama dAyitva hotA hai ki ve usakI yathocita paricaryA kareM aura yaha dhyAna rakheM ki unake kAraNa use asuvidhA na ho|' saMgha-vyavasthA meM AcArya, upAdhyAya; sthavira (vRddha-muni), rogI (glAna), adhyayanarata navadIkSita muni, kula, saMgha aura sAdharmI kI sevA-paricaryA ke vizeSa nirdeza die gae the| ___ 4. bhikSuNI-saMgha kA rakSaNa-nizIthacUrNi ke anusAra, munisaMgha kA eka anya dAyitva yaha bhI thA ki vaha asAmAjika evaM durAcArI logoM se bhikSuNI-saMgha kI rakSA kre| aise prasaMgoM para yadi muni-maryAdA bhaMga karake bhI koI AcaraNa karanA par3atA, to vaha kSamya mAnA jAtA thaa| 5.saMgha ke AdezoM kA paripAlana- pratyeka sthiti meM saMgha (samAja) sarvopari thaa| AcArya, jo saMgha kA nAyaka hotA thA, use bhI saMgha ke Adeza kA pAlana karanA hotA thaa| vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kI apekSA bhI saMghakA hita pradhAna mAnA gayA thaa| saMgha ke hitoM aura AdezoM kI avamAnanA karane para daNDa dene kI vyavasthA thii| zvetAmbara-sAhitya meM yahA~ taka ullekha hai ki pATalIputra vAcanA ke samaya saMgha ke Adeza kI avamAnanA karane para AcArya bhadrabAhu ko saMgha se bahiSkRta kara dene taka ke nirdeza de die the| gRhastha-varga ke sAmAjika-dAyitva 1. bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA-upAsaka-varga kA prathama sAmAjika-dAyitva thA- AhAra, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA zramaNa-saMgha kI sevA karanA / apanI daihikaAvazyakatAoM ke sandarbha meM munivarga pUrNatayA gRhasthoM para avalambita thA, ataH gRhasthoM kA prAthamika-karttavyathA ki ve unakI ina AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kreN| atithi-saMvibhAga ko gRhasthoM kA dharma mAnA gayA thaa| isa dRSTi se unheM bhikSu-bhikSuNI-saMgha kA mAtA-pitA' kahA gayA thA, yadyapi sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie bhI yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki ve gRhasthoM para bhArasvarUpa na bneN| 2. parivAra kI sevA- gRhastha kA dUsarA sAmAjika-dAyitva apane vRddha mAtApitA, patnI, putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai| zvetAmbara-sAhitya

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 281 meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne mAtA ko apane prati atyadhika sneha dekhakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge, ve saMnyAsa nahIM leNge| yaha mAtA-pitA ke prati bhakti-bhAvanA kA sUcaka hI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara-paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai| jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lene ke pahale pArivArika-uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina-AgamoM meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA ki jahA~ binA parijanoM kI anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho| jainadharma meM Aja bhI yaha paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se kAyama hai| koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA hai| mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI, pati yA patnI kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti sAmAjikauttaradAyitvoM se nivRtta hokara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kre| isa bAta kI puSTi antakRtdazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI hai - jaba zrIkRSNa ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, to unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA karavA dI ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA cAhatA hai, kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlana-poSaNa kauna karegA, to unake pAlana-poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva maiM vahana kruuNgaa| yadyapi buddha ne prArambha meM sanyAsa ke lie parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnAthA, ataH aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA, kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaae| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA hai ki RNI, rAjakIya-sevaka yA sainika ko bhI, jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAgakara bhikSu bananA cAhate haiM, binA pUrva anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaae| hindU dharma bhI pitRRNa, arthAt sAmAjika-dAyitva ko cukAe binA saMnyAsa kI anumati nahIM detA hai| cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA gRhastha-jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho, sAmAjikauttaradAyitvoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| 3. vivAha evaM santAna-prApti-jainadharma mUlataH nivRttipradhAna hai, ataH AgamagranthoM meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika-dAyitvoM kI carcA nahIM milatI hai| jainadharma hindUdharma ke samAna na to vivAha ko anivArya karttavya mAnatA hai aura na santAna-prApti ko, kintu IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI evaM paravartI kathA-sAhitya meM ina dAyitvoM kA ullekha hai| jaina paurANika-sAhitya to bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko vivAha-saMsthA kA saMsthApaka hI batAtA hai|

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282 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kI carcA hai, usameM vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gae haiM- 1. kAmavAsanA kI tRpti aura 2. sntaanotptti| jainAcAryoM ne vivAha-saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke niyaMtraNa evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka mAnA thaa| gRhastha kA svapatnI-saMtoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyaMtrita karatA hai, apitu sAmAjika-jIvana meM yauna-vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai| avivAhita strI se yaunasambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi kA niSedha isI bAta kA sUcaka hai| jainadharma sAmAjika-jIvana meM yauna-sambandhoM kI zuddhi kI Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanArtha kaTu-auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma-jvara se santapta huA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai| yahA~ jainadharma kI nivRttipradhAna-dRSTi ko akSuNNa rakhate hue vaivAhika-jIvana kI AvazyakatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| vaivAhika-jIvana kI AvazyakatA na kevala yauna-vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke lie, apitu kula, jAti evaM dharma kA saMvarddhana karane ke lie bhI hai| AdipurANa meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki vivAha na karane se santati kA uccheda ho jAtA hai, santati ke uccheda se dharma kA uccheda ho jAtA hai, ataH vivAha gRhasthoM kA dhArmika karttavya hai|12 vaivAhika jIvana meM paraspara prIti ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi jainadharma kA mukhya bala vAsanAtmaka-prema kI apekSA samarpaNa-bhAvanA yA vizuddha prema kI ora adhika hai| nemi aura rAjula tathA vijayaseTha aura vijayA seThAnI ke vAsanArahita prema kI carcA se jaina kathA-sAhitya paripUrNa hai| ina donoM yugaloM kI gauravagAthA Aja bhI jaina-samAja meM zraddhA ke sAtha gAyI jAtI hai| vijaya seTha aura vijayA seThAnI kA jIvana vRtta gRhastha-jIvana meM rahakara brahmacarya ke pAlana kA sarvocca Adarza mAnA jAtA hai| vaivAhika-jIvana se sambandhita anya samasyAoM se vivAha-viccheda, vidhavAvivAha, punarvivAha Adike vidhi-niSedha ke sambandha meM hameM spaSTa ullekha to prApta nahIM hote haiM ki jaina-kathAsAhitya meM ina pravRttiyoM ko sadaiva hI anaitika mAnA jAtA rahA hai| apavAdarUpa se kucha udAharaNoM ko chor3akara jaina-samAja meM abhI taka ina pravRttiyoM kA pracalana nahIM hai aura na aisI pravRttiyoM ko acchI nigAha se dekhA jAtA hai, yadyapi vidhavA-vivAha aura punarvivAha ke samarthaka RSabhadeva ke jIvana kA udAharaNa dete haiM / jaina-kathAsAhitya ke anusAra, RSabhadeva ne eka yugaliye kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para usakI bahana/patnI se

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 283 vivAha kiyA thaa| jaina kathA-sAhitya ke anusAra, RSabhadeva ke pUrva bahana hI yauvanAvasthA meM patnI banatI thI, unhoMne hI isa prathA ko samApta kara vivAha-saMsthA kI sthApanA kI thI, ataH yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki unhoMne vidhavA-vivAha kiyA thaa| samAja meM bahupatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke aneka udAharaNa jaina Agama-sAhitya aura kathA-sAhitya meM milate haiM, yadyapi bahupati-prathA kA eka mAtra draupadI kA udAharaNa hI upalabdha hai, kintu inakA kahIM samarthana kiyA gayA ho, yA inheM naitika aura dhArmika-dRSTi se ucita mAnA gayA ho, aisA koI bhI ullekha mere dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| Adarza ke rUpa meM sadaiva hI eka-patnIvrata yA ekapativrata kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| vastutaH, jainadharma vaiyaktika-naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika-sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai| usake sAmAjika-Adeza nimna haiM - jainadharma meM sAmAjika-jIvana ke niSThA-sUtra 1. sabhI AtmAe~ svarUpataH samAna haiM, ataH sAmAjika-jIvana meM U~ca-nIca ke vargabhedakhar3e mata kro| - uttarAdhyayana 12/37. 2. sabhI AtmAe~ samAna rUpa se sukhAbhilASI haiM, ataH dUsare ke hitoM kA hanana, zoSaNa yA apaharaNa karane kA adhikAra kisI ko nahIM hai| - AcArAMga 1/2/3/3. 3. sabake sAtha vaisA vyavahAra karo, jaisA tuma unase svayaM ke prati cAhate ho| - samaNasuttaM 24 saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI-bhAva rakho, kisI se bhI ghRNA evaM vidveSa mata rkho| ____ - samaNasuttaM 86 guNIjanoM ke prati Adara-bhAva aura duSTajanoM ke prati upekSA-bhAva (taTastha-vRtti) rkho| - sAmAyika-pATha 1 saMsAra meM jo duHkhI evaM pIr3ita jana haiM, unake prati karuNA aura vAtsalyabhAva rakho aura apanI sthiti ke anurUpa unheM sevA- sahayoga pradAna kro| jainadharma meM sAmAjika-jIvana ke vyavahAra-sUtra upAsakadazAMgasUtra, yogazAstra evaM ratnakaraNDa-zrAvakAcAra meM varNita zrAvaka ke guNoM, bAraha vratoM evaM unake aticAroM se nimna sAmAjika-AcAraniyama phalita hote haiM -- 1. kisI nirdoSa prANI ko bandI mata banAo, arthAt sAmAnya janoM kI svatantratA meM bAdhaka mata bno|

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284 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. kisI kA vadha yA aMgacheda mata karo, kisI se bhI maryAdA se adhika kAma mata lo, kisI para zakti se adhika bojha mata laado| 3. kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka mata bno| pArasparika-vizvAsa ko bhaMga mata kro|n to kisI kI amAnata har3apa jAo aura na kisI ke gupta rahasya ko prakaTa kro| sAmAjika-jIvana meM galata salAha mata do, aphavAheM mata phailAo aura dUsaroM ke caritra-hanana kA prayAsa mata kro| apane svArtha kI siddhi-hetu asatya ghoSaNA mata kro| na to svayaM corI karo, na cora ko sahayoga do aura na corI kA mAla khriido| 8. vyavasAya ke kSetra meM nApa-taula meM prAmANikatA rakho aura vastuoM meM milAvaTa mata kro| 9. rAjakIya-niyamoM kA ullaMghana aura rAjya ke karoM kA apavaMcana mata kro| 10. apane yauna sambandhoM meM anaitika AcaraNa mata kro| vezyA-saMsarga, vezyA-vRtti evaM usake dvArA dhana kA arjana mata kro| 11. apanI sampatti kA parisImana karo aura use lokahitArtha vyaya kro| 12. apane vyavasAya ke kSetra ko sImita karo aura varjita vyavasAya mata kro| 13. apanI upabhoga-sAmagrI kI maryAdA karo aura usakA ati saMgraha mata kro| 14. ve sabhI kArya mata karo, jisase tumhArA koI hita nahIM hotA hai| 15. yathAsambhava atithiyoM kI, santajanoM kI, pIr3ita evaM asahAya vyaktiyoM kI sevA kro| anna, vastra, AvAsa, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kro| 16. krodha mata karo, sabase premapUrNa vyavahAra kro| 17. dUsaroM kI avamAnanA mata karo, vinIta bano, dUsaroM kA Adara-sammAna kro| 18. kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra mata kro| dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra meM nizchala evaM prAmANika rho| 19. tRSNA mata rakho, Asakti mata bddh'aao| 20. nyAya-nIti se dhana upArjana kro| 21. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA kro| 22. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kro| 23. sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati kro|

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 24. mAtA-pitA kI sevA - bhakti karo / 25. ragar3e - jhagar3e aura bakher3e paidA karane vAlI jagaha se dUra raho, arthAt citta meM kSobha utpanna karane vAle sthAna meM na rho| Aya ke anusAra vyaya kro| apanI Arthika-sthiti ke anusAra vastra pahano / 285 26. 27. 28. dharma ke sAtha artha - puruSArtha, kAma - - puruSArtha aura mokSa - puruSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karo ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho / 29. atithi aura sAdhujanoM kA yathAyogya satkAra karo / 30. kabhI durAgraha ke vazIbhUta na hoo| 31. deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na karo / 32. jinake pAlana-poSaNa karane kA uttaradAyitva apane Upara ho, unakA pAlanapoSaNa karo / 33. apane prati kie hue upakAra ko namratApUrvaka svIkAra karo / 34. apane sadAcAra evaM sevA kArya ke dvArA janatA kA prema sampAdita kro| 35. lajjAzIla bano / anucita kArya karane meM lajjA kA anubhava kro| 36. paropakAra karane meM udyata rho| dUsaroM kI sevA karane kA avasara Ane para pIche mata htto| uparyukta aura anya kitane hI AcAra-niyama aise haiM, jo jaina-nIti kI sAmAjikasArthakatA ko spaSTa karate haiM / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama Adhunika- sandarbha meM unakI vyAkhyA evaM samIkSA kareM tathA unheM yugAnukUla banAkara prastuta kreN| 1. bAra-bAra bauddha - paramparA meM sAmAjika-dharma - bauddha paramparA meM bhI dharma ke sAmAjikapahalU para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| buddha ne svayaM hI sAmAjika pragati ke kucha niyamoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / buddha ke anusAra, sAmAjika pragati ke sAta niyama haiM ekatra honA, 2. sabhI kA ekatra honA, 3. nizcita niyamoM kA pAlana karanA tathA jina niyamoM kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai, unake sambandha meM yaha nahIM kahanA ki ye vidhAna kie gae haiM, arthAt niyamoM kA nirmANa kara una niyamoM ke anusAra hI AcaraNa karanA, 4. apane yahA~ ke vRddha rAjanItijJoM kA mAna rakhanA aura unase yathAvasara parAmarza prApta karate rahanA, 5. vivAhita aura avivAhita striyoM para atyAcAra nahIM karanA aura unheM ucita mAna denA, 6. nagara ke aura bAhara ke devasthAnoM kA samucita rUpa se saMrakSaNa karanA aura 7. apane rAjya meM

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286 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana Ae hue arhantoM (vItarAga puruSoM) ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa na ho tathA naAe hue arhantoM ko rAjya meM Ane ke lie protsAhana mile, aisI sAvadhAnI rkhnaa| buddha ne uparyukta sAta abhyudaya ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA aura yaha batAyA thA ki yadi (vajI) gaNa ina niyamoM kA pAlana karatA rahegA, to usakI unnati hogI, avanati nhiiN| buddha ne jaise gRhastha-vargakI unnati ke niyama batAe, vaise hI bhikSu-saMghake sAmAjikaniyamoM kA bhI vidhAna kiyA, jisase saMgha meM vivAda utpanna na ho aura saMgaThana banA rhe| buddha ke anusAra, ina niyamoM kA pAlana karane se saMgha meM saMgaThana aura ekatA banI rahatI hai - 1. maitrIpUrNa kAyika-karma, 2. maitrIpUrNa vAcika-karma, 3. maitrIpUrNa mAnasika-karma, 4. upAsakoM se prApta dAna kA sAre saMgha ke sAtha sama-vibhAjana, 5. apane zIla meM kiMcit bhI truTi narahane denA aura 6. Arya zrAvaka ko zobhA dene vAlI samyakdRSTi rkhnaa| isa prakAra, buddha ne bhikSu-saMgha aura gRhastha-saMgha-donoM ke hI sAmAjika-jIvana ke vikAsa evaM pragati ke sambandha meM dizA-nirdeza kiyA hai| itivuttaka meM sAmAjika-vighaTana yA saMgha kI phUTa aura sAmAjika-saMgaThana yA saMgha ke mela (ekatA) ke duSpariNAmoM evaM supariNAmoM kI bhI buddha ne carcA kI hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jIvana ke sAmAjika-pakSa kA mahatva atyanta spaSTa thaa| aMguttaranikAya meM buddha ne sAmAjika-jIvana ke cAra sUtra prastuta kie haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM 1. dAnazIlatA, 2. snehapUrNa vacana, 3. binA pratiphala ke kiyA gayA kArya aura 4. sabhI ko eka samAna smjhnaa| vastutaH, buddha kI dRSTi meM yaha spaSTa thA ki ye cAroM hI sUtra aise haiM, jo sAmAki-jIvana ke saphala saMcAlana meM sahAyaka haiN| sabhI ko eka samAna samajhanA sAmAjika-nyAya kA pratIka hai aura binA pratiphala kI AkAMkSA ke kArya karanA niSkAma sevA-bhAva kA pratIka hai| isI prakAra, dAnazIlatA sAmAjika-adhikAra evaM dAyitvoM kI aura snehapUrNa vANI sAmAjika sahayoga-bhAvanA kI paricAyaka hai| buddha sAmAjikadAyitvoM ko pUrI taraha svIkAra karate haiM aura yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki asaMyama aura durAcAramaya jIvana jIte hue dezakA anna khAnA vastutaH anaitika hai| asaMyamI aura durAcArI banakara deza kA anna khAne kI apekSAagnizikhA ke samAna tapta lohe kA golA khAnA uttama hai (itivRttaka 3/5/50) / buddha ne sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie sahayoga ko Avazyaka kahA hai| unakI dRSTi meM sevA kI vRtti zraddhA aura bhakti se bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| ve kahate haiM, bhikSuoM! tumhAre mA~ nahIM, tumhAre pitA nahIM hai, jo tumhArI paricaryA kreNge| yadi tuma eka-dUsare kI paricaryA nahIM

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 287 karate, to kauna hai, jo tumhArI paricaryA karegA ? jo merI paricaryA karatA hai, use rogI kI paricaryA karanA caahie| buddha kA yaha kathana mahAvIra ke isa kathana ke samAna hI hai ki rogI kI paricaryA karane vAlA hI sacce arthoM meM merI sevA karane vAlA hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jo vyakti apane mAtA, pitA, patnI evaM bahana Adi ko pIr3A pahu~cAtA hai, unakI sevA nahIM karatA hai, vaha vastutaH adhama hI hai (suttanipAta 7/9-10) / suttanipAta ke parAbhavasutta meM kucha aise kAraNa varNita haiM, jinase vyakti kA patana hotA hai, una kAraNoM meM se kucha sAmAjika-jIvana se sambandhita haiM, hama yahA~ unhIM kI carcA kareMge- 1. jo samartha hone para bhI dubale aura bUr3he mAtA-pitA kA poSaNa nahIM karatA, 2. jo puruSa akelA hI svAdiSTa bhojana karatA hai, 3. jo jAti, dharma tathA gotra kA garva karatA hai aura apane bandhuoM kA apamAna karatA hai, 4. jo apanI strI se asantuSTa ho vezyAoM tathA parastriyoM ke sAtha rahatA hai, 5. jo lAlacI aura sampatti ko barabAda karane vAle kisI strI yA puruSa ko mukhya sthAna para niyukta karatA hai-ye sabhI bAteM manuSya ke patana kA kAraNa haiM (suttanipAta 6/1, 12, 14, 18, 22) / isa prakAra, buddha ne sAmAjika-jIvana ko bar3A mahatva diyA hai| bauddha-dharma meM sAmAjika-dAyitva __ bhagavAn buddha pArivArika evaM sAmAjika-jIvana meM gRhastha-upAsaka ke kartavyoM kA nirdeza karate hue dIghanikAya ke sigAlovAda-sutta meM kahate haiM ki gRhapati ko mAtApitA AcArya, strI, putra, mitra, dAsa (karmakara) aura zramaNa-brAhmaNa kA pratyupasthAna (sevA) karanA caahie| uparyukta suta meM unhoMne isa bAta para prakAza DAlA hai ki inameM se pratyeka ke prati gRhasthopAsaka ke kyA karttavya haiN|18 putra ke mAtA-pitA ke prati karttavya-(1) inhoMne merA bharaNa-poSaNa kiyA hai, ataH mujhe inakA bharaNa-poSaNa karanA caahie| (2) inhoMne merA kArya (sevA) kiyA hai, ataH mujhe inakA kArya (sevA) karanA caahie| (3) inhoMne kula-vaMza ko kAyama rakhA hai, usakI rakSA kI hai, ataH mujhe bhI kula-vaMza ko kAyama rakhanA cAhie, usakI rakSA karanI caahie| (4) inhoMne mujhe uttarAdhikAra (dAyaja) pradAna kiyA hai, ataH mujhe bhI uttarAdhikAra (dAyajja) pratipAdana karanA cAhie (5) mRta-pretoM ke nimitta zrAddhadAna denA caahie| mAtA-pitA kA putra para pratyupakAra - (1) pApa-kAryoM se bacAte haiN| (2) puNya-karma meM yojita karate haiN| (3) zilpa kI zikSA pradAna karate haiN| (4) yogya strI se vivAha karAte haiM aura (5) uttarAdhikAra pradAna karate haiN|

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana - AcArya (zikSaka) ke prati karttavya - ( 1 ) utthAna - unako Adara pradAna karanA caahie| (2) upasthAna - unakI sevA meM upasthita rahanA caahie| (3) zuzrUSA-unakI zuzrUSA karanI caahie| (4) paricaryA - unakI paricaryA karanI caahie| (5) vinayapUrvaka zilpa sIkhanA cAhie / 288 ziSya ke prati AcArya kA pratyupakAra - ( 1 ) vinIta banAte haiN| (2) sundara zikSA pradAna karate haiN| (3) hamArI vidyA paripUrNa hogI, yaha socakara sabhI zilpa aura sabhI zruta sikhalAte haiM / (4) mitra - amAtyoM ko supratipAdana karate haiN| (5) dizA (vidyA) kI surakSA karate haiN| patnI ke prati pati ke karttavya - ( 1 ) patnI kA sammAna karanA caahie| (2) usakA tiraskAra yA avahelanA nahIM karanI caahie| (3) parastrIgamana nahIM karanA cAhie (isase patnI kA vizvAsa banA rahatA hai ) | ( 4 ) aizvarya (sampatti) pradAna karanA caahie| (5) vastra - alaMkAra pradAna karanA caahie| pati ke prati patnI kA pratyupakAra - (1) ghara ke sabhI kAryoM ko samyak prakAra se sampAdita karatI hai| (2) parijana (naukara-cAkara) ko vaza meM rakhatI hai| (3) durAcaraNa nahIM karatI hai| (4) (pati dvArA) arjita sampadA kI rakSA karatI hai| (5) gRha-kAryoM meM nirAlasa aura dakSa hotI hai / mitra ke prati karttavya - (1) unheM upahAra (dAna) pradAna karanA caahie| (2) unase priya-vacana bolanA caahie| (3) artha-caryA, arthAt unake kAryoM meM sahayoga pradAna karanA caahie| (4) unake prati samAnatA kA vyavahAra karanA caahie| (5) unheM vizvAsa pradAna karanA cAhie / mitra kA pratyupakAra - (1) usakI bhUloM se rakSA karate haiM (arthAt sahI dizAnirdeza karate haiM) / (2) usakI sampatti kI rakSA karate haiN| (3) vipatti ke samaya zaraNa pradAna karate haiN| (4) ApatkAla meM sAtha nahIM chor3ate haiN| (5) anya loga bhI aise (mitrayukta) puruSa kA satkAra karate haiN| sevaka ke prati svAmI ke karttavya - ( 1 ) usakI yogyatA aura kSamatA ke anusAra kArya lenA caahie| (2) use ucita bhojana aura vetana pradAna karanA caahie| (3) rogI hone para usakI sevA-zuzrUSA karanI caahie| (4) use uttama rasoM vAle padArtha pradAna karanA caahie| (5) samaya-samaya para use avakAza pradAna karanA caahie|

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sAmAjika-dharma evaM dAyitva 289 sevakakA svAmI ke prati pratyupakAra-(1) svAmI ke uThane ke pUrva apane kArya karane laga jAte haiM / (2) svAmI ke sone ke pazcAt hI sote haiM / (3) svAmI dvArA pradatta vastu kAhI upayoga karate haiN| (4) svAmI ke kAryoM ko samyak prakAra se sampAdita karate haiN| (5) svAmI kI kIrti aura prazaMsA kA prasAra karate haiN| __ zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ke prati kartavya-(1) maitrIbhAvayukta kAyika-karmoM se unakA pratyupasthAna (sevA-sammAna) karanA caahie| (2) maitrIbhAvayukta vAcika-karma se unakA pratyupasthAna karanA caahie| (3) maitrIbhAvayukta mAnasika-karmoM se unakA pratyupasthAna karanA caahie| (4) unako dAna-pradAna karane hetu sadaiva dvAra khulA rakhanA cAhie, arthAt dAna dene hetu sadaiva tatpara rahanA caahie| (5) unheM bhojana Adi pradAna karanA caahie| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ke pratyupakAra- (1) pApakarmoM se nivRtta karate haiN| (2) kalyANakArI kAryoM meM lagAte haiN| (3) kalyANa (anukampA) karate haiN| (4) azruta (navIna) jJAna sunAte haiN| (5) zruta (arjita) jJAna ko dRr3ha karate haiN| (6) svarga kA rAstA dikhAte haiN| vaidika-paramparA meM sAmAjika-dharma-jisa prakAra jaina-paramparA meM dasa dharmoM kA varNana hai, usI prakAra vaidika-paramparA meM manu ne bhI kucha sAmAjika-dharmoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai, jaise - 1. dezadharma 2. jAtidharma 3. kuladharma, 4. pAkhaNDadharma 5. gnndhrm"| manusmRti meM varNita ye pA~coM hI sAmAjika-dharma jaina-paramparA ke dasa sAmAjika-dharmoM meM samAhita haiN| itanA hI nahIM, donoM meM na kevala nAma-sAmya hai, varan artha-sAmya bhI hai| gItA meM bhI kuladharma kI carcA hai| arjuna kuladharma kI rakSA ke lie yuddha se bacane kA prastAva karatA hai| jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ke samAna vaidika-paramparAbhI sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie aneka vidhi-niSedhoM ko prastuta karatI hai| vaidika-paramparA ke anusAra, mAtA-pitA kI sevA evaM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM ko pUrA karanA vyakti kA kartavya hai| devaRNa, pitRRNa aura guruRNa kA vicAra tathA atithisatkAra kA mahatva-ye bAteM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtI haiM ki vaidikaparamparA samAjaparaka rahI hai aura usameM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kA nirvahana vyakti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| sandarbha ntha1. sthAnA 1 10/760 vizeSa vivecanA ke lie dekhie- (a) dharma vyAkhyA (zrI javAharalAlajI ma.) (ba) dharma-darzana (zrI zuklacandajI ma.)

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290 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. dharma-darzana, pR. 86 3. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158. 4. nandIsUtra-pIThikA, 4-17 5. AcArAMga 1/2/5 6. nizIthacUrNi 1743 7. nizItha 10/37 8. nizIthacUrNi 289 9. upAsakadazAMgasUtra 1 10. antakRtdazAMga 5/1/21. 11. AdipurANa 11/166-167. 12. vahI,15/61-64. 13. uddhRta-bhagavAn buddha, pR. 313-18 14. uddhRta-bhagavAn buddha, pR. 166 15. itivRttaka, 2/8-9 16. aMguttaranikAya,1, 32 uddhRta-gautama buddha, pR. 132 17. (ba) vinayapiTaka / , 302 uddhRta - gautama buddha, pR. 135 18. dIghanikAya - sigAlopAda, sutta 3/7/5 19. manusmRti 1/198.

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gRhastha-dharma Ge 15 Rs.29 gRhastha-dharma jaina- dRSTi se sAdhanAmaya jIvana kA prArambha samyagdarzana se hotA hai aura pUrNatA pUrNa cAritrya kI zaileSI - avasthA meM hotI hai / sAdhanAtmaka jIvana ke do pakSa samyagdarzana aura samyak - jJAna kI dRSTi se gRhastha evaM zramaNa-sAdhaka meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| jAgatikaupAdAnoM kI nazvaratA kA aura Atmattva ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna, svasvarUpa aura parasvarUpa kA yathArtha - bodha evaM sAdhanAtmaka - jIvana ke Adarza deva, sAdhanAtmaka - jIvana ke pathapradarzaka guru aura sAdhanA-mArga-dharma para nizcala zraddhA, yaha samasta bAteM to gRhastha aura zramaNa- donoM sAdhakoM ke lie anivArya haiN| yadi gRhastha aura zramaNa meM sAdhanAtmaka jIvana sambandhI koI antara hai, to vaha cAritra ke paripAlana kA hai / samyagdarzana aura samyakjJAna kI sAdhanA to donoM ko samAna rUpa meM hI karanI hotI hai, yadyapi ve apanI vaiyaktika- kSamatA ke AdhAra para samyak cAritrya ke paripAlana meM bhinnatA rakha sakate haiN| 1 jaina - sAdhanA meM dharma ke do rUpa 291 jaina - sAdhanA meM dharma ke do rUpa mAne gae haiN| eka, zrutadharma (tattvajJAna) aura dUsarA, cAritradharma (naitika-AcAra) / ' zrutadharma kA artha hai - jIvAdi nava tattvoM ke svarUpa kA jJAna aura unameM zraddhA aura cAritra dharma kA artha hai - saMyama aura tapa / gRhastha aura zramaNa-sAdhaka ke jIvana meM antara kA AdhAra hai - cAritradharma, zrutadharma kI sAdhanA, to donoM samAna rUpa se karate haiN| gRhastha-upAsaka ko zrutadharma ke rUpa meM jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa - ina nau padArthoM ke svarUpa kA jJAna prApta karanA caahie| svAdhyAya, jJAnArjana evaM tattva-carcA isake pramukha aMga haiN| mUla AgamoM meM 'jIvAjIva aura jJAtA', yaha zrAvaka kA vizeSaNa hai| jayaMtI jaisI zrAvikA bhagavAn mahAvIra se tattvacarcA karatI thI / isakA artha hai ki jaina - paramparA meM tattvajJAna ko prApta karanA zrAvaka kA karttavya thA / jIvAdi tattvoM ke svarUpa ko jAnakara una para zraddhA rakhanA, yaha gRhastha - upAsaka kI zruta-dharma kI sAdhanA hai| isakA vistRta vivecana samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna ke sandarbha meM huA hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM do prakAra kA cAritra-dharma varNita hai| eka, anagAra-dharma aura dUsarA, sAgara-dharma | jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM anagAra- -dharma ko zramaNa-dharma evaM munidharma aura sAgAradharma ko gRhasthadharma yA upAsakadharma ke nAmoM se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / 'AgAra' za gRha yA AvAsa ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, jisakA lAkSaNika artha hai - pArivArikajIvana, ataH jisa dharma kA paripAlana pArivArika jIvana meM rahakara kiyA jA sake, use -

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292 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAgAra-dharma kahA jAtA hai| 'AgAra' zabda jaina-paramparA meM chUTA, suvidhA yA apavAda ke artha meM bhI rUr3ha ho gayA hai| isakA artha hai-sAdhanAkA vaha viziSTa svarUpa, jisameM sAdhaka ko sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vizeSa suvidhAe~ upalabdha hoN| jaina-vicAraNA meM gRhastha-dharma ko dezavirati-cAritra aura zramaNa-dharma ko sarvavirati-cAritra athavA vikalacAritra tathA sakalacAritra bhI kahA gayA hai| jisa sAdhanA meM ahiMsAdivratoM kI sAdhanA pUrNarUpeNa ho, vaha sarvavirati yA sakalacAritra hai| gRhastha pArivArika-jIvana ke kAraNa ahiMsA, satyAdivratoM kI pUrNa sAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai, ataH usakI sAdhanA ko dezacAritra, aMzacAritra yA vikalacAritra kahate haiN| jainAgamoM meM kevala gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie 'zrAvaka' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, jabaki bauddhAgamoM meM gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM prakAra ke sAdhakoM ke lie 'zrAvaka' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| sAmAnyatayA, buddha-vacana kA zravaNa karane vAlA, usa para zraddhA karane vAlA sAdhaka zrAvaka' nAma se abhihita hotA thaa| pro. moniyara viliyamsa ke anusAra, bauddha-dharma meM gRhastha-sAdhaka 'zrAvaka' ke nAma se abhihita nahIM thA, vaha mAtra 'upAsaka' (sevaka) thA, gRhastha-sAdhaka sacce arthoM meM buddha kA anuyAyI bhI nahIM thA, yadyapi unakI yaha dhAraNA mAtra Alocaka-dRSTi kA atireka hai| jaina-paramparA meM zrAvaka zabda kA prAkRta rUpa 'sAvaya' hai, jisakA eka artha bAlaka yA zizu hai, arthAt jo sAdhanA ke kSetra meM abhI bAlaka hai , prAthamika avasthA meM hai, vaha zrAvaka hai| bhASA-zAstrIya vivecanA meM zrAvaka' zabda ke do artha milate haiM, pahale artha meM isakI vyutpatti zrU dhAtu se mAnI jAtI hai, jisakA artha hai sunanA', arthAt zAstra yA upadezoM ko zravaNa karane vAlA varga zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai| dUsare artha meM, isakI vyutpatti zrA-pAke dhAtu se batAyI jAtI hai, jisake AdhAra para isakA saMskRta rUpa zrApaka banatA hai, jisakA prAkRta meM sAvaya ho sakatA hai (DaoN. indracandra zAstrI kA kathana hai ki isa zrApaka zabda kI saMskRta ke 'zrAvaka' zabda ke sAtha koI saMgati nahIM baiThatI hai) |shaabdik-dRsstti se isakA artha hogA-jo bhojana pakAtA hai| gRhastha bhojana ke pacana-pAcana Adi kI kriyAoM ko karate hue dharma-sAdhanA karatA hai, ataH vaha zrApaka' kahA jAtA hai| jaina-paramparA meM zrAvaka zabda meM prayukta tIna akSaroM kI vivecanA isa prakAra bhI kI jAtI hai| zra-zraddhA, va-viveka, ka-kriyA, arthAt jo zraddhApUrvaka vivekayukta AcaraNa karatA hai - vaha shraavk| jainadharma meM gRhastha-sAdhanA kA sthAna yaha tathya to nirvivAda hai ki jaina paramparA meM sAmAnya zramaNa-sAdhanA kI apekSA gRhastha-jIvana meM rahakara kI jAne vAlI sAdhanA ko nimnastarIya mAnA gayA hai, tathApi

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gRhastha-dharma 293 vaiyaktika-dRSTi se kucha gRhastha-sAdhakoM ko kucha zramaNa-sAdhakoM kI apekSA sAdhanApatha meM zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa nirdeza hai ki kucha gRhastha bhI zramaNoM kI apekSA saMyama (sAdhanAmaya jIvana) ke paripAlana meM zreSTha hote haiN|' sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM gRhI-dharma aura bhikSu-dharma meM kauna zreSTha hai, isake sahI mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra to yaha hai ki inameM se kauna sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana yA naitika-jIvana ke Adarza kI upalabdhi ko karA pAne meM samartha hai| yadi naitika-Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie saMnyAsa-dharma anivArya hai aura usake binA naitika-Adarza kI upalabdhi sambhava nahIM hai, to nizcita hI saMnyAsa-dharma ko zreSTha mAnanA hogA, lekina yadigRhastha-dharma aura saMnyAsa-dharma-donoM se hI naitika-Adarza-parinirvANa yA mukti kI prApti sambhava hai, to phira isa vivAda kA adhika mUlya nahIM raha jAtA hai| kyA jaina naitika-Adarza-nirvANa kI prApti gRhastha-jIvana meM sambhava hai ? uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTatayA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki gRhastha-jIvana se bhI nirvANa ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| zvetAmbara kathA-sAhitya meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI mAtA marudevI ke dvArA gRhastha-jIvana se sIdhe mokSa prApta karane tathA bharata ke dvArA zrRMgArabhavana meM hI kaivalya (AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA)prApta kara lene kI ghaTanAe~ bhI yahI batAtI haiM ki gRhastha-jIvana se bhI sAdhanA ke antima Adarza kI upalabdhi sambhava hai, yadyapi digambara-paramparA spaSTa rUpa se gRhastha-mukti kA niSedha karatI hai| zvetAmbara Agama upAsakadazAMga meM bhI mahAvIra ke dasa pramukha zrAvakoM ko svargagAmI hI batAyA hai| sAdhanA kI koTi kI dRSTi se gRhastha-upAsaka kI bhUmikA viratAvirata kI mAnI gaI hai| usameM AMzika rUpa se pravRtti evaM nivRtti-donoM haiM, lekina jaina-sAdhanA meM AMzika nivRttimaya-pravRtti kA yaha jIvana bhIsamyak hai aura mokSa kI ora le jAne vAlA mAnA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki sabhI pApAcaraNoM se kucha nivRtti aura kucha anivRtti honA hI virati avirati hai, parantu yaha Arambha-noArambha (alpa-Arambha) kA sthAna bhI Arya hai tathA samasta duHkhoM kA anta karanevAlA mokSamArga hai, yaha jIvana bhI ekAnta samyak evaM sAdhu hai| isa prakAra, jainadharma kI zvetAmbara-paramparA meM gRhasthadharma ko bhI mokSa-pradAtA mAnA gayA hai| zramaNa aura gRhastha-donoM dharma usI lakSya kI ora le jAnevAle haiN| itanA hI nahIM, donoM hI svatantra rUpa se usa paramalakSya ko prApta karane meM samartha bhI mAne gae haiN| bauddha-AcAradarzana meM gRhastha-jIvana kA sthAna __ jainadarzana aura bauddhadarzana-donoM isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana kI dRSTi se gRhastha-sAdhaka kA sthAna zramaNa-sAdhaka kI apekSA nimna hai| yaha to sambhava hai ki

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294 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se kitane hI gRhastha-sAdhaka bhI kucha bhikSuoM kI apekSA sAdhanA se ucca stara para sthita hoM, lekina jahA~ zramaNa-saMsthA aura gRhI-jIvana ke madhya sArvabhauma-dRSTi se tulanA karane kA prazna hai, nissandeha zramaNa-saMsthA gRhastha-jIvana se zreSTha hai| zramaNa-sAdhaka kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karate hue buddha kahate haiM- "nirahaMkAra, suvratadhArI, ekAMtavAsI pravrajita muni aura dArapoNI (patnI Adi kA bharaNa-poSaNa karane vAle) gRhastha meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai| asaMyamI gRhastha dUsare jIvoM kA vadha karatA hai, muni nitya dUsare prANiyoM kI rakSA karatA hai, jaise AkAzagAmI nIlagrIva mayUra kabhI bhI vega meM haMsa kI samAnatA nahIM karatA hai|'' buddha aura mahAvIra-donoM yaha mAnate haiM ki gRhavAsa bAdhAoM se pUrNa aura pravrajyA khulI jagaha hai, 10 yadyapi donoM hI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki gRhastha-sAdhaka bhI samyakdRSTi aura sadAcaraNa se sampanna hone para sAdhanA-patha meM isa sthiti ko pahu~ca jAtA hai ki vaha adhika janma grahaNa nahIM karatA hai, isa zarIra kA tyAga karane para svarga lAbha karatA hai aurabhAvI janma meM zramaNa-dharma ko svIkAra kara nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka sIdhA nirvANa-lAbha kara sakatA hai yA nahIM, isa sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM donoM prakAra ke vacana upalabdha hote haiN| digambara-paramparA aura sthaviravAda isa sambandhameM bhI ekamata haiM ki gRhastha-sAdhaka zrAmaNya aMgIkAra kie binA mukti yA nirvANa prApta nahIM kara sakatA hai, vaha mAtra svargagAmI ho sakatA hai| isa dRSTikoNa kI puSTi majjhimanikAya ke nimna sUtra se hotI hai he gautama! kyA koI gRhastha hai, jo gRhastha-saMyojanoM ko binA chor3e, kAyA ko chor3a, duHkha kA anta karane vAlA ho ? nahIM vatsa! aisA koI gRhastha nhiiN| he gautama! kyA koI gRhastha hai, jo gRhastha ke saMyojanoM ko binA chor3e, kAyA ko chor3ane para svarga ko prApta hone vAlA ho? vatsa! eka hI nahIM, sau do sau-aneka gRhastha haiM, jo gRhastha-saMyojanoM ko binA chor3e marane para svargagAmI hote haiN|"11 yadyapi zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mAnya upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM bhI dasa pramukha gRhasthaupAsakoM ko svargagAmI hI mAnA gayA hai, tathApi zvetAmbara- paramparAgRhastha-sAdhaka dvArA sIdhe mukti-lAbha kI dhAraNA ko mAnatI hai| ___ bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna-zAkhA meM bhI gRhastha-sAdhaka ke dvArA nirvANa-lAbha ko mAnya kiyA gayA hai| mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra ke anusAra, koI bhI gRhastha pravrajyA lie binA hI nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai - vaha cAhe vyApArI, zilpI, rAjA, dAsa yA cANDAla hI kyoM nho| milindaprazna 1 ke anusAra, gRhastha ke lie nirvANa prApta karanA asambhava nahIM

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gRhastha-dharma 295 hai, aise aneka gRhastha ho cuke haiM, jinhoMne nirvANa prApta kiyA hai| tripiTaka meM bhI kucha aise sandarbha haiM, jo gRhastha ke nirvANa ke samarthaka pratIta hote haiM, jaise-gRhastha aura pravrajita-donoM hI eka-dUsare ke sahayoga se kalyANakArI sarvottama saddharma kA pAlana karate haiN| "saMyuttanikAya meM to uttarAdhyayana ke samAna hI kahA gayA hai, jaise- "satkAya ke nirodha meM jisane apanA citta lagA diyA hai, usa upAsaka (gRhastha) kA, AsravoM se vimukta cittavAle bhikSu se koI bheda nahIM hai, aisA maiM kahatA huuN| vimukti eka hI hai|"15 jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ zrAmaNya para bala detI haiN| ve isa viSaya meM bhI ekamata haiM ki gRhastha-sAdhaka dvArA arhatAvasthA (jIvana-mukti) prApta kara lene para yA to vaha tatkAla parinirvANa (videhamukti) prApta karatA hai, athavA saMnyAsa mArga meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai, jaisA ki bharata ne kiyA thA, lekina gRhastha-jIvana meM nahIM rahatA hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM gRhastha-dharma kA sthAna ___ isa prakAra, jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ isa bAta para spaSTa rUpa se bala detI haiM ki gRhastha-jIvana meM jIvanmukti yA arhat-dazA ko prApta kara lene ke pazcAt yadi sAdhaka jIvita rahatA hai, to vaha gRhastha na rahakara niyamataH saMnyAsa-dharma ko hI svIkAra kara letA hai| isake viparIta, gItA kA AcAra-darzana spaSTa rUpa se ise svIkAra karatA hai ki jIvanmukti prApta kara lene ke pazcAt gRhastha-sAdhaka ko gRhastha-jIvana chor3anA Avazyaka nahIM rahatA hai, jIvanmukta gRhasthAvasthA meM bhI rahakara saMsAra ke vyavahAra karatA rahatA hai| gItA ke tIsare adhyAya meM janakAdike udAharaNoM dvArA isa kathana kI puSTi kI gaI hai| gItA ke anusAra, mokSa ke lie karmayoga (gRhastha-dharma) aura karma-saMnyAsa-donoM hI niSThAe~ pUrvakAla se pracalita haiN| gItAkAra ke anusAra, jisa sAdhya kI prApti eka saMnyAsI karatA hai, usI sAdhya kI prApti eka gRhastha-karmayogI bhI karatA hai| gItA ke anusAra, gRhastha-dharma athavA saMnyAsa-dharma-donoM meM se kisI eka kA niSThApUrvaka samyak rUpa se AcaraNa karane vAlA donoM ke hI phala ko prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki gItA meM saMnyAsa-mArga aura gRhastha-mArga-donoM kA sAdhanA ke lakSya kI prApti kI dRSTi se samAna mahatva hai| itanA hI nahIM, gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM karma-saMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga adhika mahatvapUrNa rahA hai, tabhI to vaha kahatA hai ki karma-saMnyAsa aura karmayoga-donoM hI kalyANakAraka haiM, phira bhI karma-saMnyAsa kI apekSA karmayoga adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| gItA-zAstra ke upakrama, upasaMhAra, apUrvatA Adi kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra karane para aisA spaSTa lagatA hai ki yadyapi gItAkAra saMnyAsamArga kI avahelanA nahIM karatA, phira bhI usakA pUrA jora gRhastha-jIvana meM rahakara apane-apane kartavyoM kA paripAlana karate hue siddhi prApta karane kI ora hai| jisa

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296 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prasaMga meM gItA kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha isI bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se batAtA hai ki gItA ke upadeSTA kI dRSTi meM gRhastha-dharma kA samyaka rIti se paripAlana karanA hI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai, kyoMki vaha arjuna ko saMnyAsamArga kI apekSA karmamArga meM niyojita karanA cAhatA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki yadyapi tInoM hI AcAra-darzana gRhastha-dharma aura saMnyAsa-dharmadonoM ke dvArA hI siddhi yA nirvANa kI prApti ko sambhava mAnate haiM, tathApi jahA~ jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM kA bala saMnyAsa-mArga para adhika hai, vahA~ gItA karmayoga dvArA gRhasthajIvana meM rahakara hI sAdhanA karane para jora detI hai| zramaNa aura gRhastha-sAdhanA meM antara sAdhanA ke pUrNa Adarza ke prati satata niSThA gRhastha aura saMnyAsI-donoM se hI samAna rUpa meM apekSita hai / samyakdarzana kI dRSTi se gRhastha aura zramaNa kI sAdhanA meM koI maulika antara nahIM hai| jahA~ taka samyagjJAna kI sAdhanA kA prazna hai, sAdhakoM meM jJAnAtmaka-yogyatA kA antara ho sakatA hai, lekina yaha jJAnAtmaka-yogyatA kA antara gRhastha aura zramaNa ke AdhAra para zramaNa aura zrAvaka-sAdhaka meM vibheda nahIM kiyA gayA hai| gRhastha aura zramaNasAdhaka ke vibheda kA pramukha AdhAra samyakcAritra hai, samyakcAritra ke bhI bhAvacAritra aura dravyacAritra-aise do bheda haiM / yaha dravyacAritra hI gRhI-sAdhanA aura zramaNa-sAdhanA kI vibhAjaka-rekhA banAtA hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka bhI mAnasika-dRSTi se prazasta-bhAvanA vAlA ho sakatA hai, lekina apanI paristhitiyoM ke vaza unakA kriyAtmaka rUpa meM pAlana nahIM kara pAtA hai yA unakA AMzika rUpa meM pAlana karatA hai| yahIM usakA zramaNa-sAdhaka se antara hai / gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM hI ahiMsA ke vicAra meM pUrNa niSThA rakhate hue bhI gRhastha-sAdhaka surakSAtmaka aura audyogika-hiMsA ke kucha rUpoM se baca nahIM pAtA hai, jabaki zramaNasAdhaka usakA pUrNa- rUpeNa paripAlana karatA hai| kaSAyoM kA jaya, aprazasta manobhAva (aprazasta lezyAoM) kA parityAga, prazasta manobhAvoM kA grahaNa, Arta aura raudra cittavRtti kA parityAga Adi mAnasika yA bhAvacAritra kI sAdhanA meM gRhastha aura zramaNa samAna hI haiN| itanA hI nahIM, SaDAvazyaka-karma aura maraNAMtika-saMlekhanA (samAdhimaraNa) kA vidhAna bhI donoM ke lie bahuta-kucha samAna hI hai| gRhastha-upAsaka aura zramaNa kI sAdhanA kA mahatvapUrNa antara kramazaH unakI aNuvratoM evaM mahAvratoM kI sAdhanA ko lekara hai| udAharaNArtha, zramaNa trasa evaM sthAvara, sabhI kI hiMsA kA parityAga karatA hai, jabaki gRhastha mAtra saMkalpayukta trasa hiMsA kaa| zramaNa pUrNa brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai, jabaki gRhastha sAdhaka svapatnI-santoSa kA vrata letA hai / zramaNa samagra parigraha kA tyAga karatA hai, jabaki gRhastha parigraha kI sImA nizcita karatA hai|

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gRhastha-dharma gRhastha aura zramaNa-sAdhanA kA antara unake vratagrahaNa kI koTiyoM ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA jAtA hai / zramaNa sabhI vrata navakoTi sahita grahaNa karate haiM, jabaki gRhastha-sAdhakoM kA vratagrahaNa chaH se do koTiyoM ke madhya unakI suvidhA evaM kSamatA ke anusAra ho sakatA hai| jaina- vicAraNA meM vratagrahaNa kI ye koTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM 2. manasA- kAri 5. vAkkArita 8. kAya- kArita gRhastha-sAdhaka anumodana kI prakriyA se nahIM baca pAtA hai, ataH usakA vratagrahaNa se chaha koTiyoM ke madhya hI hotA hai, yadyapi kucha jaina-sampradAyoM ne zrAvaka ke vrata - grahaNa ATha koTiyoM kI sambhAvanA mAnI hai| gujarAta ke sthAnakavAsI jaina-sampradAya meM ATha koTi aura chaH koTi ke prazna ko lekara do upasampradAyoM kA nirmANa huA hai| saMkSepa meM, isa vivecanA kA tAtparya yahI hai ki gRhastha aura zramaNa kI sAdhanA ke antara kA pramukha AdhAra AcAra ke bAhya-pakSa taka hI adhika sImita hai / sAdhanA kI mUlAtmA yA sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa kI dRSTi se donoM meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai / naitika- AdarzoM ko AcaraNa meM kriyAnvita kara pAne meM hI gRhastha aura zramaNa - sAdhanA meM antara mAnA jA sakatA hai| - 1. manasAkRta 4. vAkkRta 7. kAyakRta 3. manasA - anumodita / 6. vAk - anumodita / 9. kAya - anumodita / gRhastha-dharma kI vivecana - zailI jaina - paramparA meM zrAvaka-dharma yA upAsaka-dharma kA pratipAdana tIna vibhinna zailiyoM meM huA hai| upAsakadazAMga, tattvArthasUtra, ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM zraddhA (samyaktva) grahaNa, vratagrahaNa aura samAdhimaraNa ( maraNAMtika anazana) ke rUpa meM zrAvaka-dharma kA pratipAdana hai| dazAzrutaskandha, AcArya kundakunda ke cAritra - prAbhRta, kArttikeya - anuprekSA tathA vasunandizrAvakAcAra meM darzana-pratimAdi 11 pratimAoM ke rUpa meM kramazaH zrAvaka-dharma kA pratipAdana hai evaM zrAvaka-dharma kI uttarottara vikAsa kI avasthAoM ko dikhAyA gayA hai| paM. AzAdharajI ne sAgAradharmAmRta meM pakSa, caryA (niSThA) aura sAdhana ke rUpa meM zrAvaka-dharma kA vivecana kiyA hai aura usakI vikAsamAna dizAoM ko sUcita kiyA hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ina vivecana zailiyoM meM vibhinnatA hote hue bhI viSaya-vastu samAna hI hai, antara vivecanA ke DhaMga meM hai| vastutaH, ye eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiN| prastuta prayAsa gRhastha-sAdhakoM ke prakAroM kI vivecanA meM guNasthAna- siddhAnta evaM paM. AzAdharajI kI zailI kA, gRhastha-dharma kI vivecanA meM Agamika vrata - zailI kA aura gRhastha-sAdhakoM ke naitika-vikAsa kI avasthAoM ke citraNa ke rUpa meM pratimAzailI kA Azraya liyA gayA hai| - 297

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana upAsaka dazAMgasUtra meM jisa prakAra vrata - vivecana aura pratimAoM kI vivecanA ko alagaalaga rakhA gayA hai, usI prakAra hamane bhI unheM alaga-alaga rakhA hai, yadyapi isa prakAra ke vivecana - krama meM kucha bAtoM kI punarAvRtti Avazyaka rUpa se huI hai - gRhastha-sAdhakoM ke do prakAra 298 sabhI gRhastha-upAsaka sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM hote haiM, unameM zreNI-bheda hotA hai / guNasthAna - siddhAnta ke AdhAra para sAmAnya rUpa se gRhastha - upAsakoM ko nimna do zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. avirata (avratI) samyagdRSTi - aviratasamyagdRSTi upAsaka ve haiM, jo samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke sAdhanA - mArga meM pUrNa niSThA rakhate hue bhI apane meM AtmAnuzAsana yA saMyama kI kamI kA anubhava karate hue samyakcAritra kI sAdhanA meM Age nahIM bar3hate haiN| sAdhAraNa rUpa meM unakI zraddhA aura jJAna to yathArtha hotA hai, lekina AcaraNa samyak nahIM hotA / vAsanAe~ burI haiM, yaha jAnate aura mAnate hue bhI ve apanI vAsanAoM para aMkuza rakhane meM asamarthatA anubhava karate haiN| jaina - sAhitya meM magadhAdhipati zreNika ko isI varga kA upAsaka mAnA gayA hai| isa varga meM naitika jIvana ke prati zraddhA to hotI hai, lekina AcaraNa meM apekSita naitikatA nahIM A pAtI hai / 2. dezavirata (dezavratI) samyagdRSTi - dezaviratasamyagdRSTi ke varga meM ve gRhasthaupAsaka Ate haiM, jo yathArtha zraddhA ke sAtha-sAtha yathAzakti samyak AcaraNa ke mArga meM Age bar3hakara vAsanAoM para niyaMtraNa karate haiN| ahiMsA Adi aNuvratoM kA pAlana karane vAlA upAsaka hI dezavratI - samyagdRSTi kahA jAtA hai| isa varga meM cAritrika kSamatA ke AdhAra para aneka upavarga ho sakate haiN| isa varga meM naitika-zraddhA naitika AcaraNa kA rUpa le letI hai| Ananda Adi gRhastha-upAsaka isI varga meM Ate haiM / gRhastha - upAsakoM ke tIna bheda paM. AzAdharajI ne apane grantha sAgAra- ra- dharmAmRta meM gRhastha-upAsakoM ke tIna bheda kie haiM - (1) pAkSika (2) naiSThika (3) sAdhaka / 1. pAkSika - jo vyakti vItarAga ko deva ke rUpa meM, nigraMtha muni ko guru ke rUpa meM aura ahiMsA ko dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, ve pAkSika gRhastha-upAsaka kahe jAte haiN| deva, guru, dharma athavA sAdhanA ke Adarza, sAdhanA ke patha-pradarzaka aura sAdhanA - mArga kI abhisvIkRti yaha pakSa hai / isako grahaNa karane vAlA sAdhaka pAkSika kahalAtA hai| 2. naiSThika - naiSThika upAsaka ve haiM, jo sAta durvyasanoM evaM audumbara - phaloM ke bhakSaNa kA tyAga karate haiN| sapta durvyasana evaM audumbara - phaloM kA tyAga - yaha isa varga kI -

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gRhastha-dharma nimnatama sImA hai| isake atirikta 12 vratoM evaM 11 pratimAoM kA pAlana karane vAle tathA zrAvaka ke Avazyaka guNoM se yukta rahane vAle gRhastha-upAsaka bhI isI varga meM Ate haiM, jo isa varga kI apara sImA hai| 299 3. sAdhaka - jo gRhastha - upAsaka zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM evaM 11 pratimAoM kA nirdoSa pAlana karate hue jIvana ke antima bhAga meM saMlekhanA - vrata ko aMgIkAra kara letA hai, arthAt AhAra Adi kA sarvathA tyAga kara detA hai, 18 pApasthAnoM se pUrNataH nivRtta ho jAtA hai evaM citta kI vRttiyoM ko antarmukhI kara AtmabhAva meM ramaNa karatA hai, vaha sAdhaka zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai| paM. AzAdharajI ke dvArA kiyA huA yaha trividha vargIkaraNa apanI mUla bhAvanAoM meM aviratasamyakdRSTi aura dezaviratasamyakadRSTi se bhinna nahIM hai / vastutaH, pAkSika-zrAvaka aviratasamyakdRSTi kA aura naiSThika-zrAvaka dezaviratasamyakdRSTi kA hI nAma hai| guNasthAnasiddhAnta ke anusAra, sAdhaka jaba pA~caveM guNasthAna se Upara uThatA hai, to vaha gRhastha kI sImA se Upara uTha jAtA hai, cAhe vaha dravyaliMga (vezabhUSA) kI dRSTi se gRhastha- veza meM hI kyoM na ho / sAdhaka zrAvaka bhI mAtra dravyaliMga kI dRSTi se gRhastha kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH, AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vaha usase Upara hotA hai / - gRhastha-dharma meM praviSTi yA samyaktva - grahaNa jaina-dharma meM gRhastha-jIvana meM rahakara sAdhanA kI praviSTi kA mArga sabhI jAti, vaya evaM varga ke logoM ke lie khulA hai| jo manuSya sAdhaka-jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM vItarAgaavasthA ko, sAdhanA-mArga ke patha-pradarzaka ke rUpa se arntabAhya-granthiyoM se mukta paMca mahAvratadhArI guru ko aura sAdhanA-mA -mArga ke rUpa meM vItarAga dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA-dharma ko aMgIkAra karate haiM, ve sabhI gRhastha-upAsaka bana sakate haiN| yaha prakriyA jaina-paramparA meM deva, guru aura dharma kI zraddhA ke rUpa meM samyaktva-grahaNa ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| isameM sAdhaka isa nizcaya ko abhivyakta karatA hai ki 'jIvanaparyanta arhat mere deva haiM, nirgrantha zramaNa mere guru haiM aura vItarAgapraNIta dharma merA dharma hai' | 2deg yaha prakriyA samyaktva-grahaNa yA trinizcaya kahI jAtI hai| --- samyaktva-grahaNa para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra - bauddha - paramparA aura gItA meM bhI zraddhA sAdhanA - mArga meM praviSTi ke lie Avazyaka hai| bauddha paramparA meM yaha prakriyA trizaraNa grahaNa kahI jAtI hai, jisameM vyakti buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa ko aMgIkAra karatA hai / trizaraNa grahaNa kI prakriyA jaina- paramparA ke trinizcaya kI prakriyA se thor3I bhinna hai| prathamataH, usameM saMgha ke sthAna para guru kA sthAna hai| dUsare, usameM samarpaNa nahIM, varan

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300 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana svIkRti hai| vaha prapatti yA zaraNAgati ke sthAna para Atma-nizcaya hai| jaina-darzana meM arahaMta, siddha, sAdhu evaMdharma kIzaraNa grahaNa karane kI paramparAto hai, lekina sAdhanA ke kSetra meM praviSTi ke lie jo Avazyaka hai, vaha abhisvIkRti (nizcaya) hai| bauddha-paramparA evaM gItA ke anusAra zaraNa-grahaNa ke sAtha hI sAdhanA-patha meM praveza mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi vartamAna yuga meM samyaktva-grahaNa kI yaha prakriyA sAmpradAyika-mAnyatAoM kI AgrahavRtti ke rUpa meM rUr3ha ho gaI hai, tathApi mUlataH isameM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza kA abhAva hai| yaha to vastutaH sAdhanA-Adarza, sAdhanA ke patha-pradarzaka aura sAdhanA-mArga kA cayana hai, jisameM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza anupasthita hai| dUsare, sAdhanA ke Adarza, patha-pradarzaka aura mArga kA svarUpa bhI aisA hai, jisameM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza kI gandha bhI nahIM AtI hai| deva aura guru vaiyaktikatA ke nahIM, varan AdhyAtmika-pUrNatAoM aura yogyatAoM ke paricAyaka haiN| dharma paramparAgata rUr3hi nahIM, varan samatvavRtti para adhiSThita ahiMsA kA vicAra hai| sAdhanA ke prArambha meM ina trinizcayoM kA grahaNa isalie Avazyaka hai ki AcaraNa yA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sAdhaka kahIM bhaTaka na jaae| jisa pathika ko apane gantavya aura gantavyamArgakA parijJAna naho, jisake sAtha koI yogya mArgadarzaka naho, vaha kyA nirvighna yAtrAkara pAegA? isI prakAra, jisa sAdhaka ko apane sAdhanA-Adarza kA bodha naho, jo sAdhanA ke samyak - patha se anabhijJa ho aura jisake sAtha koI yogya patha-pradarzaka na ho, vaha kaise sAdhanA kara pAegA? jaina-vicArakoM ne isI tathya ko sAmane rakhakara gRhastha-sAdhaka ke dvArA samyak AcaraNa kI dizA meM Age bar3hane ke lie pUrva meM hI jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM deva, sAdhanA-patha ke rUpa meM dharma aura mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM guru kA cayana Avazyaka maanaa| deva, guru aura dharma kA svarUpa __1. deva-jaina AcAra-darzana meM 'deva' kA tAtparya arhata yA vItarAga-avasthA ko prApta puruSa hai| 'arhat' zabda AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kA pratIka hai| jo vyakti jJAna, darzana AdiAtmika-zaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTana kara letA hai, vaha arhat kahalAtA hai| vaha vItarAga isalie kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uTha cukA hai| jainasAdhanA meM vItarAga yA arhat kA Adarza eka vyAvahArika-Adarza hai, kyoMki arhatavasthA kI prApti ke pUrva vaha bhI eka sAmAnya vyakti hotA hai, jo svayaM ke prayatna, puruSArtha aura sAdhanA se usa yogyatA ko prApta karatA hai| vaha yahI preraNA detA hai ki jise tuma Adarza mAnate ho, vaha tumameM hI prasupta hai, prayatna karo, tuma svayaM hI Adarza bana jaaoge| arhat kA Adarza na to vaiyaktikatA kA pratIka hai, na kisI IzvaravAda kA hI hai, varan vaha to AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA hai, jisameM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza bhI pUrNatayA lupta hai| AcArya

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gRhastha-dharma 301 hemacandra kitane spaSTa zabdoM meM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza se mukta hokara isa Adarza kI vandanA karatA hai bhava-bIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAH kSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA vA viSNurvAM haro jino vA nmstsmai|| saMsAra meM AvAgamana ke kAraNabhUta rAgAdi jisake kSaya ho gae haiM, vaha cAhe brahmA ho, viSNu ho, hari ho yA jina ho - usako merA namaskAra hai| vastutaH, sAdhanA kA lakSya vItarAgatA yA samatva kI upalabdhihai aura jo isa samatva se yukta hai, vItarAga hai,vahI sAdhanA kA Adarza hai| 2. guru- sAdhanA ke kSetra meM patha-pradarzaka nitAnta Avazyaka hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, guru AcaraNa ke kSetra meM dizA-nirdezaka kA kArya karatA hai| guru yA mArgadarzaka kauna ho sakatA hai ? isake lie kahA gayA hai ki jo pA~ca indriyoM kA saMvaraNa karanevAlA, nau rakSApaMktiyoM se brahmacarya ke rakSaNa meM sadaiva jAgrata; krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ina cAra kaSAyoM se mukta; ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke pA~ca mahAvratoM se yukta, pA~ca prakAra ke AcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA; gamana, bhASaNa, yAcanA, nikSepaNa aura visarjana-ina pA~ca samitiyoM ko vivekapUrNa DhaMga se sampAdita karanevAlA tathA mana, vacana aura kAyA se saMyata hotA hai, vahI guru hai| 3. dharma-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM dharma yA sAdhanA-patha kA cunAva karanA hotA hai| dharma ke sambandha meM jaina-vicArakoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki sva-para kalyANakAraka ahiMsA hIdharma hai (dhammo dayA visuddho)| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra, ahiMsA, saMyama aura taparUpadharma hI utkRSTa maMgala hai| jaina-sAdhanA meM gRhastha-AcAra ke prAthamika niyama (mUlaguNa) zrAvaka yA gRhastha-jIvana meM praviSTi ke lie niSThA yA samyakdarzana kI to AvazyakatA hai hI, lekina mAtra niSThA evaM vicArazuddhi hI paryApta nahIM hai, ataH jainAcAryoM ne gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie AcAra kA eka saralatama prArUpa bhI nirdhArita kiyA hai, jisakA pAlana jaina gRhastha-upAsaka banane ke lie anivArya mAnA jAne lagA hai, yadyapi pUrvavartI AgamoM meM isakA vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai| jainAcAryoM meM bhI isa sambandha meM mataikya nahIM hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArtha-siddhyupAya (61) meM madyA, mAMsa, madhu tathA paMca audumbara phaloM ke tyAga ke rUpa meM zrAvaka ke aSTa mUlaguNoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra (66) meM paMca aNuvratoM tathA madya, mA~sa aura madhu ke tyAga ko zrAvakake aSTa mUlaguNa batAyA hai| AcArya somadeva evaM amRtacandra ne paMca aNuvratoM ke sthAna

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana para paMca audumbaraphala ke tyAga kA vidhAna kara usakI kaThoratA ko kama kiyA hai| vasunandizrAvakAcAra meM sapta vyasanoM ke tyAga kA vidhAna hai| vartamAna yuga meM vasunandi ke vidhAna ko hI sAmAnyatayA svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| samyaktva grahaNa ke sAtha hI pA~ca audumbara phaloM evaM sapta vyasanoM kA tyAga jaina gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie Avazyaka hai| 23 paMca audumbara phalatyAga - (1) pIpala kA phala (2) gUlara kA phala (3) vaTa kA phala (4) pilakhana kA phala aura (5) anjIra | jaina-gRhastha ke lie inakA upayoga varjita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki ina phaloM ke andara sUkSma kIr3e hote haiN| saptavyasana 24 - tyAga- ( 1 ) juA eka nindita karma hai| isake kAraNa na kevala vaiyaktika, varan pArivArika jIvana bhI saMkaTa meM par3a jAtA hai, ataH 1 gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie varjanIya hai| (2) mAMsAhAra-mAMsa bhakSaNa nirdayatA ko janma detA hai| mAMsAhArI sAdhaka hiMsA se bhI virata nahIM ho sakatA, ataH mAMsAhAra kA tyAga ahiMsANuvrata ke pAlana kI pUrva bhUmikA hai| (3) surApAna - madyapAna jaina- gRhastha ke lie varjita hai| jainAcAryoM ne isakI nindA meM vistRta sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra, jisa prakAra agni kI eka cinagArI se ghAsa kA Dhera rAkha ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra madirApAna se viveka, saMyama, jJAna, satya, zauca, dayA Adi sabhI guNa naSTa ho jAte haiN| 25 vezyAgamana - vezyAgamana parivAra-saMsthA kA hI mUloccheda karatA hai| sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya-jIvana para yaha eka kalaMka hai| (5) zikAra - zikAra khelanA krUratA kA pratIka hai| ahiMsA kI mahAna sAdhanA meM tatpara hone kI pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM isakA tyAga Avazyaka hai / (6) caurya-karma - corI kI kuTeva bhI gRhastha-dharma kA vinAza karatI hai| gRhastha-dharma meM sampatti kA vaiyaktika-svAmitva kA jo adhikAra hai, caurya-karma usI adhikAra kA mUloccheda karatA hai, sAtha hI vaha loka - nindanIya aura rAjya ke dvArA daNDanIya aparAdha bhI hai, sAmAjika- zAnti evaM vyavasthA ko bhaMga karatA hai, ataH use varjya mAnA gayA hai| (7) parastrIgamana - yaha viSayAsaktivarddhaka evaM sAmAjika-vyavasthA kA vinAzaka hai| parastrIgamana 302 yAga karane para hI vyakti gRhastha jIvana kA adhikArI bana sakatA hai| pA~ca audumbara phaloM aura sapta vyasanoM kA tyAga aNuvrata-sAdhanA kI pUrva taiyArI ke rUpa meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha ahiMsA, acaurya aura svapatnIsantoSa - aNuvrata kI hI prArambhika rUparekhA hai| inakA pAlana karane vAlA sAdhaka hI aNuvrata kI sAdhanA ke mArga meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| gRhastha - jIvana kI vyAvahArika nIti gRhastha- jIvana meM kaise jInA cAhie, isa sambandha meM thor3A nirdeza Avazyaka hai / gRhastha-upAsaka kA vyAvahArika jIvana kaisA ho, isa sambandha meM jaina AgamoM meM yatra-tatra -

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gRhastha-dharma . 303 bikhare hue kucha nirdeza mila jAte haiM, lekina bAda ke jaina-vicArakoM ne kathA-sAhitya, upadeza-sAhitya evaM AcAra sambandhI sAhitya meM isa sandarbha meM eka nizcita rUparekhA prastuta kI hai| yaha eka svatantra zodha kA viSaya hai| hama apane vivecana ko AcArya nemicandra ke pravacanasAroddhAra aura AcArya hemacandra ke yogazAstra tathA paM. AzAdharajI ke sAgAradharmAmRta taka hI sImita rkheNge| sabhI vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jo vyakti jIvana ke sAmAnya vyavahAroM meM kuzala nahIM hai, vaha AdhyAtmika-jIvana kI sAdhanA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| dhArmika yA AdhyAtmika hone ke lie vyAvahArika yA sAmAjika honA pahalI zarta hai| vyavahAra se hI paramArthasAdhA jA sakatA hai| dharma kI pratiSThA ke pahale jIvana meM vyavahArapaTutA evaM sAmAjikajIvana jIne kI kalA kA AnA Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa tathya ko bahuta pahale hI samajha liyA thA, ataH aNuvrata-sAdhanA ke pUrva hI ina yogyatAoM kA sampAdana Avazyaka hai| __ AcArya hemacandra ne inheM mArgAnusArI guNa kahA hai| dharma-mArga kA anusaraNa karane ke lie ina guNoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| unhoMne yogazAstra ke dvitIya evaM tRtIya prakAza meM zrAvaka-dharma kA vivecana karane ke pUrva hI prathama prakAza meM nimna 35 mArgAnusArI guNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai26- (1) nyAyanItipUrvaka hI dhanopArjana krnaa| (2) samAja meM jo jJAnavRddha aura vayovRddha ziSTa-jana haiM, unakA yathocita sammAna karanA, unase zikSA grahaNa karanA aura unake vicAra kI prazaMsA krnaa| (3) samAna kula aura AcAra-vicAra vAle svadharmI, kintu bhinna gotrotpanna janoM kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha karanA / (4) corI, parastrIgamana, asatyabhASaNa Adi pApakarmoM kA aihika-pAralaukika kaTuka vipAka jAnakara pApAcAra kA tyAga krnaa| (5) apane deza ke kalyANakArI AcAra-vicAra evaM saMskRti kA pAlana karanA tathA saMrakSaNa krnaa| (6) dUsaroM kI nindA na krnaa| (7) aise makAna meM nivAsa karanA, jo na adhika khulA aura na adhika gupta ho, jo surakSA vAlA bhI ho aura jisameM avyAhata vAyu evaM prakAza A ske| (8) sadAcArI janoM kI saMgati krnaa| (9) mAtA-pitA kA sammAna-satkAra karanA, unheM saba prakAra se santuSTa rakhanA / (10) jahA~ vAtAvaraNazAntiprada na ho, jahA~ nirAkulatA ke sAtha jIvana yApana karanA kaThina ho, aise grAma yA nagara meM nivAsa na krnaa| (11) deza, jAti evaM kula se viruddha kArya na karanA , jaise-madirApAna aadi| (12) dezaaura kAla ke anusAra vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa krnaa| (13) Aya se adhika vyaya na karanA aura ayogya kSetra meM vyaya na krnaa| Aya ke anusAra vastra phnnaa| (14) dharmazravaNa kI icchA rakhanA, avasara milane para zravaNa karanA, zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA, unheM smRti meM rakhanA, jijJAsA se prerita hokara zAstracarcA karanA, viruddha artha se bacanA, vastusvarUpa kA parijJAna prApta karanA aura tattvajJa bananA- buddhi ke ina ATha

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304 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana guNoM ko prApta krnaa| (15) dharmazravaNa karake jIvana ko uttarottara ucca aura pavitra bnaanaa| (16) ajIrNa hone para bhojanana karanA, yaha svAsthyarakSA kA mUla mantra hai| (17) samaya para pramANopeta bhojana karanA, svAda ke vazIbhUta ho adhika na khaanaa| (18) dharma, artha aura kAma-puruSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karanA ki jisase kisI meM bAdhA utpanna na ho| dhanopArjana ke binA gRhasthAzrama cala nahIM sakatA aura gRhasthakAma-puruSArtha kAbhI sarvathA tyAgI nahIM ho sakatA, tathApi dharma ko bAdhA pahu~cAkara artha-kAma kA sevana na karanA caahie| (19) atithi, sAdhu aura dIna janoM ko yathAyogya dAna denaa| (20) AgrahazIla na honaa| (21) saujanya, audArya, dAkSiNya Adi guNoM ko prApta karane ke lie prayatnazIla honaa| (22) ayogya deza aura ayogya kAla meM gamana na krnaa| (23) deza, kAla, vAtAvaraNa aura svakIya sAmarthya kA vicAra karake hI koI kArya prArambha karanA / (24) AcAravRddha aura jJAnavRddha puruSoM ko apane ghara Amantrita karanA, AdarapUrvaka biThalAnA, sammAnita karanA aura unakI yathocita sevA krnaa| (25) mAtA-pitA, patnI, putra Adi AzritoM kA yathAyogya bharaNa-poSaNa karanA, unake vikAsa meM sahAyaka bnnaa| (26) dIrghadarzI honaa| kisI bhI kArya ko prArambha karane ke pUrva hI usake guNAvaguNa para vicAra kara lenaa| (27) vivekazIla honaa| jisameM hita-ahita, kRtya-akRtya kA viveka nahIM hotA, usa pazu ke samAna puruSa ko anta meM pazcAtApa karanA par3atA hai| (28) gRhastha ko kRtajJa honA caahie| upakArI ke upakAra ko vismaraNa kara denA ucita nahIM / (29) ahaMkAra se bacakara vinamra honaa| (30) lajjAzIla honaa| (31) karuNAzIla honaa| (32) saumya honA / (33) yathAzakti paropakAra krnaa| (34) kAma, krodha, moha, mada aura mAtsarya-ina AntarikaripuoM se bacane kA prayatna karanA aura (35) indriyoM ko ucchRkhala na hone denaa| indriyavijetA gRhastha hI dharma kI ArAdhanA karane kI pAtratA prApta karatA hai| AcArya nemicandra ne pravacanasAroddhAra meM bhinna rUpa se zrAvaka ke 21 guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura yaha mAnA hai ki ina 21 guNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti hI aNuvratoM kI sAdhanA kA pAtra hotA hai| AcArya dvArA nirdezita zrAvaka ke 21 guNa nimna haiM7 - (1) akSudrapana (vizAla hRdayatA), (2) svasthatA, (3) saumyatA, (4) lokapriyatA, (5) akrUratA, (6) pApabhIrutA, (7) azaThatA, (8) sudakSatA (dAnazIla), (9) lajjAzIlatA, (10) dayAlutA, (11) guNAnurAga, (12) priyasambhASaNa yA saumya-dRSTi, (13) mAdhyasthavRtti (14) dIrghadRSTi, (15) satkathaka evaM supakSayukta 28, (16) namratA, (17) vizeSajJatA, (18) vRddhAnugAmI, (19) kRtajJa, (20) parahitakArI (paropakArI) aura (21) labdhalakSya (jIvana ke sAdhya kA jnyaataa)|

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gRhastha-dharma 305 paM. AzAdharajI ne apane graMtha sAgAra-dharmAmRta meM nimna guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai(1) nyAyapUrvaka dhana kA arjana karane vAlA , (2) guNIjanoM ko mAnane vAlA, (3) satyabhASI, (4) dharma, artha aura kAma (trivarga) kA paraspara virodharahita sevana karane-vAlA, (5) yogya strI, (6) yogya sthAna (mohallA), (7) yogya makAna se yukta, (8) lajAzIla, (9) yogya AhAra, (10) yogya AcaraNa, (11) zreSTha puruSoM kI saMgati, (12) buddhimAn, (13) kRtajJa , (14) jitendriya, (15) dharmopadeza zravaNa karane vAlA, (16) dayAlu, (17) pApoM se Darane vAlA-aisA vyakti sAgAradharma (gRhastha-dharma) kA AcaraNa kre| AzAdharajI ne jina guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, unameM se adhikAMza kA nirdeza donoM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kiyA jA cukA hai| ___ uparyukta vivecanA se jo bAta adhika spaSTa hotI hai, vaha yaha hai ki jaina AcAradarzana manuSya-jIvana ke vyAvahArika-pakSa kI upekSA karake nahIM cltaa| jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vyAvahArika-pakSa ko gaharAI se parakhA hai aura use itanA susaMskRta banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki jisake dvArA vyakti isa jagat meM bhI saphala jIvana jI sakatA hai| yahI nahIM, ina sadguNoM meM se adhikAMza kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana se hai| vaiyaktikajIvana meM inakA vikAsa sAmAjika-jIvana ke madhura sambandhoM kA sRjana karatA hai| ye vaiyaktika-jIvana ke lie jitane upayogI haiM, usase adhika sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka haiN| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra, ye AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA ke pravezadvAra haiN| sAdhaka inakA yogya rIti se AcaraNa ke bAda hI aNuvratoM aura mahAvratoM kI sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| __ aNuvrata-sAdhanA cAritrika yA naitika-sAdhanA ke mUla siddhAnta, jinheM jaina-darzana 'vrata', bauddhadarzana 'zIla' aura yogadarzana 'yama' kahatA hai, sabhI sAdhakoM ke lie, cAhe ve gRhastha hoM athavA saMnyAsI, samAna rUpa se Avazyaka haiN| ye sAdhanA ke sArvabhaumika AdhAra haiN| deza, kAla, vyakti evaM pariveza kI sImArekhA se pare haiN| hiMsA, mithyA bhASaNa, corI Adi pApakarma yA duSkarma haiM aura ve puNya yA kuzala karma nahIM kahalA sakate, lekina sAdhanAtmaka jIvana-patha para calane kI kSamatAe~ vyakti-vyakti meM bhinna ho sakatI haiM aura aisI sthiti meM sabhI ke lie sAdhanA ke samAna-niyama prastuta nahIM kie jA skte| eka zramaNa yA saMnyAsI ahiMsAdi kA paripAlana jisa pUrNatA se kara sakatA hai, usI pUrNatAse eka gRhastha-sAdhaka ve lae AhesAdikA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai 'apanA manobala, zArIrika-zakti, zraddhA, svAsthya, sthAna aura samaya ko ThIka taraha se parakha kara

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306 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hI apane ko kisI sadkArya meM niyojita karanA cAhie'30, ataH jainadharma meM sAdhanA-patha para ArUr3ha hone vAle sAdhaka ko spaSTa nirdeza hai ki vaha apanI kSamatA ko taulakara hI sAdhanA-patha meM agrasara ho aura sAdhanA ke niyamoM ko utane hI aMza meM svIkAra kare, jinakA paripAlana prAmANikatApUrvaka kara sake / sAdhanA ke mArga meM AtmapravaMcanA (dhokhAdehI) aura niyama-bhaMga svIkAra nahIM kie jA skte| manuSya sAdhanA ke unhIM niyamoM ko svIkAra kare, jinakA AcaraNa yathocita rUpa meM kara ske| jainAgamoM meM hameM kahIM bhI aisA nirdeza nahIM milatA ki sAdhaka ko usakIAntarikaabhiruci evaM icchA ke viparIta sAdhanA ke uccatama varga meM praviSTa hone para bala diyA gayA ho| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM hama dekhate haiM ki sAdhaka AtA hai aura use sAdhanA kI vibhinna kakSAoM ke niyamopaniyamoM se paricita karAyA jAtA hai aura vaha unameM se apane sAmarthyAnukUla niyamopaniyamoM ko grahaNa kara mahAvIra ke sAdhanA-patha meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai| sAre jainAgamasAhitya meM mahAvIra kA eka bhI vAkyAMza aisA nahIM, jisameM unhoMne sAdhaka ko usakI icchA ke pratikUla sAdhanA-mArga meM praviSTa hone ke lie kahA ho| upAsaka Ananda aura mahAvIra kA saMvAda isa tathya ko puSTa karatA hai| mahAvIra ke upadeza ko sunakara Ananda kahatA hai"bhagavan! maiM nirgrantha-pravacana para zraddhA karatA hU~-nirgrantha pravacana satya haiM, yathArtha haiM, tathya haiM, mujhe abhIpsita haiM, abhipreta haiN| he devAnupriya! Apake pAsa aneka rAjA, zreSThI, senApati, sArthavAha muNDita hokara, ghara chor3akara muni bane haiM, kintu maiM usa prakAra muNDita evaM pravrajita hone meM samartha nahIM hU~ , ataH he devAnupriya! meM Apake pAsa gRhastha-dharma aMgIkAra karanA cAhatA huuN|" mahAvIra pratyuttara meM kahate haiM- "he devAnupriya! jisa prakAra sukha ho, vaisA karo, lekina vilamba mata kro|"31 __isa prakAra, jainadharma sAdhakako apanI vaiyaktika-kSamatA aura pariveza kI anukUlatA ke AdhAra para hI sAdhanA kI gaharAI meM praviSTa hone kA nirdeza karatA hai| usameM sAdhakoM kI vaiyaktika-kSamatAoM ke anukUla sAdhanA kI vibhinna kakSAe~ nizcita haiN| yadyapivaiyaktikakSamatA to pratyeka vyakti meM bhinna haiM, tathApikucha sthitiyoM meM unakA sAmAnyIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise bauddhika-kSamatA meM vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI adhyApana kI dRSTi se kakSAe~ nizcita kI jAtI haiM aura vidyArthiyoM ke varga banAe jAte haiM, vaise hI sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana meM vaiyaktika-bhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI sAmAnyatA ke AdhAra para sAdhanA kI do pramukha kakSAe~ mAnI gaI haiM aura sAdhakoM ke varga banAe gae haiN| jaina-vicAraNA meM sAdhanA kI eka kakSA zramaNa-dharma kahI jAtI hai aura dUsarI, gRhasthadharma / gRhastha-sAdhanA meM bhI do sthUla koTiyA~ haiM, eka meM ve sAdhaka Ate haiM, jo mAtra zruta-dharma kI hI sAdhanA karate

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gRhastha-dharma 307 haiM / aisA sAdhaka jaina tattvajJAna ko satya mAnatA hai aura usapara zraddhA bhI rakhatA hai, lokana AcaraNa nahIM kara pAtA hai| vaha yaha to jAnatA hai ki zubha kyA hai aura azubha kyA hai ? phira bhI vaha svataH na to akuzala kA parityAga karatA hai aura na kuzala kA smaacrnn| dUsare gRhastha-sAdhaka ve haiM, jo AMzika rUpa meM samyakcAritra kI sAdhanA bhI karate haiM / unake lie jaina-vicAraNA meM 5 aNuvrata aura 7 zikSAvrata-aisI dvAdazI vratasAdhanA kA vidhAna hai| zramaNa-sAdhaka ke ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-mahAvrata kahe jAte haiM, kyoMki zramaNa-sAdhaka ko inakA pUrNa rUpa meM pAlana karanA hotA hai, lekina gRhasthasAdhaka ke ye vrata aNuvrata kahe jAte haiM, kyoMki gRhastha inakA paripAlana AMzika rUpa meM karatA hai| mahAvrata kI pratijJA pUrNa evaM nirapekSa hotI hai, jabaki aNuvrata kI pratijJA sApekSa evaM parisImita hotI hai| AcArya umAsvAti ke anusAra, alpa aMza meM virati aNuvrata hai aura sarvAMza meM virati mahAvrata hai|32 zrAvaka kI vrata-vivecanA meM zvetAmbara tathA digambara-paramparAoMkAmatabhedazrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara-paramparAe~ ekamata haiM / zrAvaka ke ina bAraha vratoM kA vibhAjana nimna rUpa meM huA hai-pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra shikssaavrt| zvetAmbara-Agama upAsakadazAMga meM pA~caaNuvratoM aura sAta zikSAvratoM kA ullekha hai| guNavratoM kA zikSAvratoM meM hI samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| pA~ca aNuvratoM ke nAma evaMkrama ke sambandha meM bhI mataikya hai, lekina tIna guNavratoM meM nAma kI ekarUpatA hote hue bhI krama meM antara hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM upabhoga-paribhogavrata kA krama sAtavA~ aura anarthadaNDa-viramaNavrata kA krama AThavA~ hai, jabaki digambara-paramparA meM anarthadaNDa sAtavA~ aura upabhogaparibhogavrata AThavA~ hai| donoM paramparAoM meM mahatvapUrNa antara zikSAvratoM ke sambandha meM hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM zikSAvratoMkAkrama isa prakAra se hai - 9.sAmAyikavrata, 10. dezAvakAzikavrata, 11. pauSadhavrata, 12. atithisaMvibhAga-vrata / digambara-paramparA kA krama isa prakAra hai 34 - 9. sAmAyikavrata 10. pauSadhavrata, 11. atithisaMvibhAgavrata, 12. sNlessnnaavrt| digambara-paramparA meM dezAvakAzika aura pauSadhavrata ko eka meM milA liyA gayA hai tathA usa rikta saMkhyA kI pUrti saMleSaNA kA vrata meM samAveza karake kI gaI hai| zvetAmbara AcArya vimalasUri ne pauma cariyaM meM kundakunda ke anurUpa hI vivecana kiyA hai| tattvArthasUtra kI zvetAmbara-paraMparA ke nAmoM se saMgati hai, mAtra krama kA antara hai, usameM zvetAmbara-pa -parA ke dasaveM dezAvakAzikavrata ko dUsarA guNavrata mAnakara sAtavA~ sthAna diyA gayA hai ra thA zvetAmbara-paramparA ke sAtaveM upabhogaparibhogavrata ko tIsarA zikSAvrata mAnakara gyArahavA~ sthAna diyA gayA hai tathA zvetAmbara - paramparA ke gyArahaveM pauSadhavrata ko

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308 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dUsarA zikSAvrata mAnakara dasavA~ sthAna diyA gayA hai| digambara-paramparA meM isa sambandha meM aura bhI AMtarika-matabheda haiM, jinakA ullekha karanA yahA~ Avazyaka pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki, isa sabake AdhAra para naitika-vyavasthA ke maulika-svarUpa meM koI antara nahIM AtA hai| pA~ca aNuvrata 1. ahiMsANuvrata gRhastha kA prathama vrata ahiMsA-aNuvrata hai, jisameM gRhastha-sAdhaka sthUla hiMsA se virata hotA hai| isI kAraNa, isakA eka nAma 'sthUla prANAtipAtaviramaNa' bhI hai| upAsakadazAMga-sUtra meM ahiMsANuvrata kA pratijJA-sUtra isa prakAra hai 'sthUla prANAtipAta kA zeSa samasta jIvana ke lie mana, vacana, karma se tyAga karatA hU~, na maiM svataH sthUla prANAtipAta karU~gAaura na dUsaroM se kraauuNgaa|' pratikramaNasUtra meM yahI pratijJAsUtra adhika spaSTa rUpa meM isa prakAra hai, maiM kisI bhI niraparAdha-nirdoSa sthUla trasa prANI kI jAna-bUjhakara saMkalpapUrvaka mana-vacana-karma se na to svayaM hiMsA karU~gA aura na kraauuNgaa|'36 niSkarSa yaha nikalatA hai ki gRhastha-sAdhaka ko niraparAdhatrasaprANI kI saMkalpapUrvaka kI jAne vAlI hiMsA se virata honAhotA hai| isa pratijJA ke pAribhASika-zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para hameM jaina-gRhastha ke ahiMsANuvrata ke svarUpa kA yathArtha bodha ho jAtA hai| 1. jainAcAra-darzana meM gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie sthUla hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| prANI do prakAra ke haiM - eka, sthUla aura dUsare, suukssm| sUkSma prANI cakSu Adi se jAne nahIM jA sakate haiM ataH gRhastha-sAdhaka ko mAtra sthUla prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacane kA Adeza hai| sthUla 'zabda kA lAkSaNika-artha hai-moTe rUpa se| jahA~ zramaNa-sAdhaka ke lie ahiMsAvrata kA paripAlana atyanta carama sImA taka yA sUkSmatA ke sAtha karanA anivArya hai, vahA~ gRhasthasAdhaka ke lie ahiMsA kI moTI-moTI bAtoM ke paripAlana kA hI vidhAna hai| kucha AcAryoM ne sthUla hiMsA ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA mAnA hai| __ jaina-tattvajJAna meM prANiyoM kA sthAvara aura trasa- aisA dvividha vargIkaraNa hai| jina prANiyoM meM svecchAnusAra gati karane kA sAmarthya hotA hai, ve 'sa' kahe jAte haiM aura jo svecchAnusAra gati karane meM samartha nahIM haiM, aise prANI sthAvara kahe jAte haiM, jaise-pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati kA zarIra dhAraNa karane vaale| inheM ekendriya jIva bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki inameM mAtra sparza nAmaka eka aura prathama indriya hI hotI hai| zeSa, rasanA evaM sparzaaisI do iMdriyoM vAle prANI, jaise-laTa Adi; rasanA, sparza evaM nAsikA- aisI tIna indriyoM vAle prANI, jaise-cIMTI Adi; sparza, rasanA, nAsikA evaM cakSu-aisI cAra indriyoM vAle barra

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gRhastha-dharma 309 Adi aura sparza, rasanA, nAsikA, cakSu aura karNa-aisI pA~ca indriyoM vAle pazu-pakSI evaM manuSyAdi trasa jIva haiM / gRhastha-sAdhaka ina trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA kA parityAga karatA hai, jabaki zramaNa-sAdhaka basa aura sthAvara, sabhI prakAra ke prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA parityAga karatA hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka bhojana Adi ke pakAne tathA AjIvikA-upArjana Adi kAryoM meM ekendriya sthAvara prANI-hiMsA se baca nahIM sakatA, ataH usake lie trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA parityAga kara denA hI paryApta samajhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki kyA gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie sthAvara prANiyoM ko hiMsA se nivRtta hone kA koI vidhAna nahIM hai ? bAta aisI nahIM hai| hiMsA azubha hai, phira vaha sthAvara prANiyoM kI ho, athavA saprANiyoM kI aura jo azubha hai, vaha parityAjya hai hii| gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA jo niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA hai, isakA kAraNa itanA hI hai ki gRhastha apane gRhastha-jIvana meM isase pUrNatayA baca nahIM sktaa| usameM use jo chUTa dI gaI hai, usakA mAtra abhiprAya yahI hai ki vaha apanI pArivArika jIvana-caryA kA nirvAha kara ske| gRhastha-sAdhaka ko bhI anAvazyaka rUpa meM sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane kA to niSedhahI kiyA gayA hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM- "ahiMsA-dharma kA jJAtA aura mukti kA abhilASI zrAvaka sthAvara jIvoM kI bhI nirarthaka hiMsA nahIM kre|"37_ jainAcAra-darzana meM gRhastha trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se nivRtta hone ke lie bhI jo pratijJA letA hai, vaha sazarta hai| usakI do zarte haiM - prathama to yaha ki vaha mAtra niraparAdha trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA parityAga karatA hai, sAparAdhI trasa prANI kI hiMsA kA nhiiN| dUsare, vaha saMkalpapUrvaka trasa-hiMsA kA pratyAkhyAna karatA hai, binA saMkalpa ke ho jAne vAlI trasahiMsA kA nhiiN| sAparAdhI vaha prANI hai, jo hamAre zarIra, parivAra, samAja, athavA hamAre Azrita prANI kA koI aniSTa karanA cAhatA hai, athavA karatA hai| anyAyI evaM AkramaNakArI vyakti aparAdhI hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka aise prANiyoM kI hiMsA se virata nahIM hotaa| anyAya ke pratikAra aura Atma-rakSA ke nimitta yadi trasa-hiMsA anivArya ho, to aisA kara gRhasthasAdhaka apane sAdhanA-patha se vicalita nahIM hotaa| mahArAjA ceTaka aura magadhAdhipati ajAtazatru (kuNika) ke yuddha-prasaMga ko lekara svayaM mahAvIra ne anyAya ke pratikAra ke nimitta kI gaI hiMsA ke AdhAra para mahArAja ceTaka ko ArAdhaka mAnA, virAdhaka nahIM / anyAyI aura AkramaNakArI ke prati kI gaI hiMsA se gRhastha kA ahiMsA-vrata khaNDita nahIM hotA hai, aisA jaina-granthoM meM vidhAna hai| nizIthacUrNi to yahAM taka kahatI hai ki aisI avasthA meM gRhastha kA to kyA, sAdhu kA bhI vrata khaNDita nahIM hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM, anyAya kA pratikAra na karanevAlA sAdhaka svayaM daNDa (prAyazcitta) kA bhAgI banatA hai| vastutaH, gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie jisa hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, vaha hai

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310 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'saMkalpayukta trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA' / cAhe AjIvikA-upArjana kA kSetra ho, cAhe vaha jIvana kI sAmAnya AvazyakatAoM ke sampAdana kAkSetra ho, athavA sva evaM para ke rakSaNakA kSetra ho-saMkalpapUrvaka trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA to gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie avihita hI hai, lekina hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jisa prakAra kRSi-karma yA anya udyogoM meM hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM bhI trasa-hiMsA ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra eka sacce sAdhaka ke AtmarakSA ke prayAsa meM bhI hiMsA kA saMkalpa nahIM hotA hai - vaha hiMsA karatA nahIM hai, mAtra hiMsA ho jAtI hai aura isIlie yaha nahIM mAnA jAtA ki usakA vratabhaMga huA hai| gRhastha-jIvana ke samagra kSetroM meM kI jAnevAlI trasa-hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai, lekina ho jAnevAlI trasa-hiMsA kA tyAgI nahIM hotA hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM 'saMkalpa' kI hI pramukhatA hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka ahiMsANuvrata meM trasa prANiyoM kI saMkalpajanya hiMsA se virata hotA hai, ataH saMkalpAbhAva meM AjIvikopArjana, vyApAra evaM jIvana-rakSaNa ke kSetra meM ho jAnevAlI hiMsA se usakA vrata dUSita nahIM hotaa| (a) apane vyAvasAyika evaM audyogika-kSetra meM vaha saMkalpapUrvaka trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsAse virata to hotA hai, lekina vyAvasAyikayA audyogikakriyAoM ke sampAdana meM sAvadhAnI rakhate hue bhI yadi trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA ho jAtI hai, jaise- khetakhodate samaya kisI prANI kI hiMsA ho jAe, to aisI hiMsA se usakA vrata dUSita nahIM hotA hai|38 (ba) jIvana kI sAmAnya kriyAe~, jaise-bhojana banAnA, snAna karanA Adi meM bhI sAvadhAnI rakhate hae yadivasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA ho jAe, to bhI vratabhaMga nahIM hotA hai| (sa) zarIra-rakSA, AtmarakSA evaM AzritoM kI rakSA ke nimitta se hone vAlI hiMsA se bhI usakA vrata bhaMga nahIM hotaa| gRhastha-sAdhakako ahiMsA-aNuvrata kA samyak pAlana karane kI dRSTi se nimnAMkita doSoM se bacanA caahie| 1. bandhana -prANiyoM ko kaThora bandhana se bAMdhanA, pazu-pakSiyoM ko piMjare meM DAlanA, athavA unheM apane iSTa sthAna para jAne se roknaa| adhInastha karmacAriyoM ko nizcita samayAvadhi se adhika samaya taka rokakara kArya lenA bhI eka prakAra kA bandhana hI hai| 2. vadha - prANiyoM ko lakar3I, cAbuka Adi se pITanA athavA tAr3anA denA, athavA anya kisI prakAra se una para ghAtaka prahAra karanA aadi| 3. chaviccheda - chaviccheda kA artha hai-aMgopAMga kATanA, aMgoM kA chedana karanA, khassIkaraNa krnaa| chavicchedakA lAkSaNika-artha vRtticcheda bhI hotA hai| kisI prANI kI jIvikopArjana meM bAdhA utpanna karanA vRtticheda hai| kisI kI AjIvikA chIna lenA, ucita pArizramika se kama denA Adi ahiMsA ke sAdhaka ke lie anAcaraNIya haiN|

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gRhastha-dharma 311 4. atibhAra-prANiyoM para zakti se adhika bojha lAdanA athavAzakti se adhika kAma lenA atibhAra hai| jaina-naitikatA kI dRSTi meM adhInastha karmacAriyoM evaM pazuoM se unakI sAmarthya evaM sImA se adhika kAma lenA bhI anaitika-AcaraNa hai| 5. bhojana-pAnI kA nirodha - adhInastha pazuoM evaM karmacAriyoM, athavA pArivArika-janoM ko samaya para evaM Avazyaka mAtrA meM bhojana, pAnI Adi jIvana kI Avazyaka vastue~ nahIM denA bhI ahiMsAvratI gRhastha ke lie naitika-aparAdha hai| 2.satya-aNuvrata sthUla asatya se virati jaina-gRhastha kA satyANuvrata hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka asatya se virata hone ke hetu pratijJA karatA hai ki "maiM sthUla-mRSAvAda kA yAvat jIvana ke lie mana, vacana aura kAya se tyAga karatA hU~, maiM na svayaM mRSA (asatya) bhASaNa karU~gA, na anya se kraauuNgaa|"40 prastuta pratijJA meM sthUla-mRSAvAda kA tyAga gRhastha-sAdhaka se apekSita hai, lekina sthUla-mRSAvAda yA bar3I jhUTha kise kahanA, yaha nizcita karanA kaThina hai| zrAvakapratikramaNasUtra meM satyANuvrata kI pratijJA meM jo saMketa milatA hai, usake AdhAra para sthUla asatya kA kucha svarUpa sAmane A jAtA hai, vahA~ para nimna pA~ca sthUla asatya nirUpita 1. vara-kanyA ke sambandha meM jhUThI jAnakArI denaa| 2. gau Adi pazuoM ke sambandha meM jhUThI jAnakArI denA yA asatya bhASaNa krnaa| 3. bhUmi ke sambandha meM asatya bhASaNa krnaa| 4. kisI kI amAnata (dharohara) ko dabAne ke lie jhUTha bolnaa| 5. jhUThI sAkSI denaa| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI apane yogazAstra meM inhIM pA~ca bAtoM ko yathAkrama(1) kanyA-lIka, (2) go-alIka, (3) bhUmi-alIka, (4) nyAsApahAra aura (5) kUTa-sAkSI-aise pA~ca sthUla asatya batAe haiN| ye sabhI lokaviruddha haiM, vizvAsaghAta ke janaka haiM aura puNyanAzaka haiM, ataH zrAvaka ko sthUla asatya se bacanA caahie|422 sthUla-mRSAvAda kI vyApaka paribhASA ke viSaya meM muni suzIlakumArajI likhate haiM, 'yadyapi sthUla asatya aura sUkSma asatya kI koI nizcita paribhASA denA kaThina hai, tathApi jisa asatya ko duniyA asatya mAnatI hai, jisa asatya bhASaNa se manuSya jhUThA kahalAtA hai, jo loka-nindanIya aura rAja-daNDanIya hai, vaha asatya sthUla asatya hai, zrAvaka aise sthUla asatya bhASaNa kA tyAga karatA hai| jhUThI sAkSI denA, jhUThA dastAveja likhanA, kisI kI gupta

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bAta prakaTa karanA, cugalI karanA, galata rAste para le jAnA, AtmaprazaMsA aura paranindA karanA Adi sthUla- mRSAvAda meM sammilita haiM / 43 44 upAsakadazAMga-sUtra meM mahAvIra ne satyANuvrata ke pA~ca aticAroM 14 se bacate rahane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| gRhastha-sAdhaka ina doSoM ko jAnakara kadApi inakA AcaraNa na kare - 1. dUsare para jhUThA Aropa lagAnA, athavA binA pUrva-vicAra ke mithyA doSAropaNa karanA, jaise- 'tU cora haiM' / jo doSAropaNa binA vicAra ke sahasA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha aticAra kI koTi meM AtA hai, lekina yadi sAdhaka durbhAvanApUrvaka doSAropaNa karatA hai, to aisA doSa anAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai 45 | aise sAdhaka kA vrata khaNDita ho jAtA hai, vaha sAdhanA se cyuta mAnA jAtA hai| hAsyAdi meM avivekapUrvaka kiyA gayA doSAropaNa bhI anaitika hai| 312 2. rahasya prakaTa kara denA athavA gopanIyatA bhaMga kara denA / Aja bhI rAjakIyakarmacAriyoM ko gopanIyatA kI zapatha dilavAI jAtI hai aura usakA bhaMga kara denA aparAdha hai| / jainadarzana bhI kisI kI gopanIyatA bhaMga karane ko doSa mAnatA hai / aisA karanA vizvAsaghAta hai| kucha AcAryagaNa mUla prAkRta zabda 'rahasA abbhakkhANe' kA artha 'kisI AdhAra ko dekhakara doSAropaNa karanA - ' aisA mAnate haiM, jaise- kucha logoM ko ekAnta meM baiThA dekhakara una para SaDayantra karane kA Aropa lagAnA / 1 3. svadAra - mantrabheda - apanI strI kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa karanA / aneka aisI pArivArika ghaTanAe~ hotI haiM, jinakA prakaTana ucita nahIM hotA / 4. . mRSopadeza - galata mArgadarzana krnaa| isake tIna rUpa haiM - (a) hama jina tathyoM hitAhitayA satyAsatya ko nahIM jAnate, unake sambandha meM svataH ke anizcita hone para bhI dUsare ko salAha denA / (ba) kisI bAta kI hAnipradatA aura asatyatA kA jJAna hone para bhI dUsare ko usa ora pravRtta krnaa| (sa) kisI bAta ke vastutaH mithyA aura akalyANakara hone para bhI ajJAnavaza use satya evaM kalyANakArI mAnate hue dUsaroM ko usameM pravRtta karAnA / vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi meM tIsarA rUpa dUsare vrata kI dRSTi se doSapUrNa nahIM hai, usameM mAtra jJAnAbhAva hai, jabaki dUsarA rUpa sAkSAt dhokhA hai, anAcAra hai, usase to satya- vrata hI khaNDita ho jAtA hai, ataH mRSopadeza kA pahalA rUpa hI aticAra hai, jisake sambandha meM sAdhaka ko hI sajaga rahanA cAhie / 5. kUTalekhakaraNa - jhUThe dastAveja likhanA, jhUThe lekha likhanA, nakalI mudrA (mohara) banAnA yA jAlI hastAkSara krnaa| aise kArya yadi vivekahInatA, asAvadhAnI aura binA durbhAvanA ke kie jAte haiM, to bhI ve vrata ke doSa haiM, lekina yadi durbhAvanApUrvaka ahitabuddhi se evaM svArtha sAdhana ke nimitta kie jAte haiM, to ve anAcAra bana jAte haiM aura aisA -

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gRhastha-dharma gRhastha sAdhanA se patita ho jAtA hai| tattvArthasUtra (4 / 21 ) meM dUsare vrata ke nimna pA~ca aticAra haiM - 1. mithyopadeza, 2. asatya doSAropaNa, 3. kUTalekhakriyA, 4. nyAsa - apahAra aura 5. maMtrabheda - gupta bAta prakaTa karanA / 3. acaurya - aNuvrata gRhastha kA tIsarA vrata acauryANuvrata hai| isameM gRhastha-sAdhaka sthUla corI se virata hotA hai / vaha pratijJA karatA hai ki sthUla corI kA parityAga karatA hU~, yAvajjIvana manavacana-karma se na to sthUla corI karU~gA, na karAU~gA / pratikramaNasUtra meM sthUla corI ke nimna rUpa kahe gae haiM - ( 1 ) khAta khananA - seMdha lagAkara vastue~ le jAnA, (2) gA~Tha kATanA arthAt binA pUche kisI kI gA~Tha kholakara vastue~ nikAla lenA, varttamAna yuga meM jeba kATane kI kriyA kA samAveza isI meM hai, (3) tAlA tor3akara yA dUsarI cAbhI lagAkara vastue~ curA lenA, (4) anya dUsare sAdhanoM ke dvArA vastu ke svAmI kI svIkRti binA vastu kA grahaNa karanA bhI corI hai / - 313 sthUla aura sUkSma corI kA antara isa prakAra jAnA jA sakatA hai, jaise, rAste calate hue koI tinakA yA kaMkara uThA lenA, athavA ghUmate hue udyAna meM se koI phUla tor3a lenA Adi kriyAe~ sthUla dRSTi se corI na hote hue bhI sUkSma dRSTi se corI hI haiN| muni suzIlakumArajI kahate haiM ki jisa corI ke kAraNa manuSya cora kahalAtA hai, nyAyAlaya meM daNDita hotA hai aura jo corI loka meM corI ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, vaha sthUla corI hai| isa prakAra, gRhastha sAmAjika dRSTi se yA vaidhAnika dRSTi se corI samajhI jAne vAlI aisI bar3I corI - kA parityAga Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| jaina-gRhastha ke lie itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai ki vaha sthUla corI se bacatA rahe, varan yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha una kRtyoM ke prati bhI sAvadhAna rahe, jo prakaTa meM corI nahIM dikhate hue bhI corI ke hI rUpa haiM, ataH asteyavrata kI surakSA ke nimitta sAdhaka ko unheM bhI chor3a denA caahie| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM aise aticAra pA~ca batAe gae haiM 46 - 1. stenAhRta - cora ke dvArA corI kI gaI vastu ko kharIdanA yA apane ghara meM rakhanA / corI kA mAla kharIdanA corI karane ke samAna hI dUSita pravRtti hai / 2. taskaraprayoga - vyaktiyoM ko rakhakara unake dvArA corI, ThagI Adi karavAnA, athavA coroM ko corI karane meM vibhinna prakAra se sahayoga denA / 3. viruddha - rAjyAtikrama - rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana karanA, rAjakIyaAdezoM ke viparIta vastuoM kA AyAta-niryAta karanA tathA samucita rAjakIya-kara kA bhugatAna nahIM karanA / kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM viruddha - rAjyAtikrama kA artha hai - paraspara

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314 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana virodhI rAjAoM kI rAjakIya-sImA kA ullaMghana kara dUsare kI sImA meM jaanaa| merI dRSTi meM isakA tAtparya virodhI rAjyoM meM jAkara guptacara kA kAma karanA hai, kyoMki yaha bhI eka prakAra kI corI hai| dUsare, isakA tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai-nizcita sImAtikramaNa ke dvArA dUsare rAjyoM kI bhUmi har3apane kA prayAsa karanA, athavA binA dUsare rAjA kI anumati ke usake rAjya meM praveza krnaa| ___4. kUTatulA- kUTamAna- nyUnAdhika mApataula karanA - mApataula meM beImAnI karanA bhI eka prakAra kI corI hai aura gRhastha-sAdhaka ko nyUnAdhika mApataula nahIM karate hue prAmANika mApataula karanA caahie| 5. tatpratirUpaka vyavahAra-vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA-acchI vastu batAkara burI vastu denaa| gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie azuddha vastue~ becanA niSiddha mAnA gayA hai| vyApAra meM isa prakAra kI aprAmANikatA naitika-vikAsa kI sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| 4. brahmacaryANuvrata (svadArasantoSa-vrata) __ jaina-sAdhanA meM jahA~ zramaNa-sAdhaka pUrNa brahmacarya kA vrata lekara strI-puruSa sambandhI kAma-kriyA se pUrNatayA virata ho jAtA hai, vahA~ gRhastha ke lie kama-se-kama itanA to Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki yadi vaha apanI bhogalipsA kA pUrI taraha tyAga na kara sake, to use svapatnI taka sImita rakhe evaM sambhoga kI maryAdA baaNdhe| svapatnIsantoSavrata kA pratijJAsUtra upAsakadazAMga meM isa prakAra hai, 'maiM svapatnIsantoSavrata grahaNa karatA hU~ (-) nAmaka patnI ke atirikta avaziSTa maithuna kA tyAga karatA huuN|' isa vrata kI pratijJA spaSTa hI hai, lekina pUrvokta aNuvratoM kI apekSA isameM viziSTatA yaha hai ki jahA~ una vratoM kI pratijJA meM karaNa aura yoga kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ isa vrata kI pratijJA meM unakA ullekha nahIM hai| TIkAkAra kI dRSTi meM isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki gRhastha-jIvana meM santAna Adi kA vivAha karAnA Avazyaka hotA hai| isI prakAra, pazu-pAlanakaranevAlegRhasthakelieunakAbhIparasparasambandhakarAnAAvazyakahojAtAhai, ataH isameM dokaraNaauratInayoganakahakara zrAvakakoapanI paristhiti evaMsAmarthyapara chor3a diyA gayAhai, phira bhI itanAtonizcitahIhaikigRhastha-sAdhakakoekakaraNaauraekayogase, arthAt apanIkAyAsesvapatnI keatiriktazeSa maithunakAparityAga karanA hotA hai| svapatnIsantoSavratI ko nimna pA~cadoSoMsebacanekA vidhAna hai- 47 1. itvaraparigRhItAgamana- isa pada ke artha ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM matabheda hai| yahA~ kucha pramukha artha die jA rahe haiM - (a) alpasamaya ke lie patnI ke rUpa meM rakhI gaI rakhaila strI se samAgama karanA, (ba) vAgdattA ke sAtha samAgama karanA, (sa) alpavayaskA patnI

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gRhastha-dharma ke sAtha samAgama krnaa| isa prakAra, gRhastha ke lie rakhaila, vAgdattA athavA alpavayaskA patnI ke sAtha maithuna karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| 2. aparigRhItAgamana - aparigRhItA, arthAt vaha strI, jisa para kisI kA adhikAra nahIM hai, arthAt vezyA / vezyA ke sAtha samAgama karanA- yaha aparigRhItAgamana hai / kucha AcArya aparigRhIta kA artha karate haiM - kisI ke dvArA grahaNa nahIM kI gaI, arthAt kumaarii| dUsare kucha AcArya vyakti kI apekSA se para- strI ko bhI usake dvArA parigRhIta nahIM hone ke kAraNa aparigRhIta mAnakara isase para-strIgamana kA artha lete haiM, ataH vezyA, kumArI athavA parastrI se kAma-sambandha rakhanA vratI - gRhastha ke lie niSiddha hai / 3. anaMgakrIr3A - maithuna ke svAbhAvika aMgoM se kAma-vAsanA kI pUrti na karake aprAkRtika aMgoM, jaise- hasta, mukha, gudAdi, bAhya - upakaraNoM jaise-carma Adi se vAsanA kI pUrti karanA, athavA samaliMgI se maithuna yA pazuoM ke sAtha maithuna karanA aadi| gRhasthasAdhaka ko vAsanApUrti ke aise aprAkRtika kRtyoM se bacanA cAhie / 4. paravivAhakaraNa - gRhastha jIvana meM vyakti ko apane parivAra ke sadasyoM kA vivAha-saMskAra karanA hotA hai, lekina yadi gRhastha-sAdhaka svasaMtAna evaM parijanoM ke atirikta anya vyaktiyoM ke vivAha sambandha yA nAte-rizte karavAne kI pravRtti meM ruci letA rahe, to vaha kArya usakI bhogAbhiruci ko prakaTa karegA aura mana kI nirAkulatA meM bAdhaka hogA, ataH gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie svasaMtAna evaM parijanoM ke atirikta anya vyaktiyoM ke vivAha - sambandha karAne kA niSedha hai / 5. kAmabhoga - tIvrAbhilASA- kAmavAsanA ke sevana kI tIvra icchA rakhanA, athavA kAmavAsanA ke uttejana ke lie kAmavarddhaka auSadhiyoM va mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana karanA gRhastha ke lie niSiddha hai, kyoMki tIvra kAmAsakti aura tajjanita mAnasika-AkulatA viveka ko bhraSTa kara sAdhaka ko sAdhanA-patha se cyuta kara detI hai / 315 - bauddha AcAra-darzana bhI jahA~ bhikSu-bhikSuNI ke lie pUrNa brahmacarya kA vidhAna karatA hai, vahA~ gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie svapatnI athavA svapati taka hI sahavAsa ko sImita karane kA vidhAna karatA hai / suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM, yadi brahmacarya kA pAlana nahIM ho sake, to kama-se-kama para-strI kA atikramaNa na kreN| 48 dhammapada meM para-strIgamana ke doSoM ko dikhAkara usase virata rahane kA upadeza hai| bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM, "parastrI - gAmI manuSya kI cAra gatiyA~ haiM - 1. apuNya kA lAbha, 2. sukhapUrvaka nizcita nidrA kA abhAva, 3. loka - nindA aura 4. mRtyUparAnta narakavAsa, athavA dUsare rUpa meM - 1. apuNya - lAbha, 2. pApayoni kI prApti (burI gati), 3. bhaya ke kAraNa paraspara atyalparati aura 4. rAjA ke

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316 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA bhArI daNDa diyA jaanaa| ataH, manuSya ko parastrIgamana nahIM karanA caahie|"49 5. parigrahaparimANavata zramaNa-sAdhaka ke lie to sampUrNa parigraha ke parityAga kA vidhAna hai, lekina gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie sampUrNa parigraha kA parityAga sambhava nahIM, ataH gRhastha ko parigrahAsakti se bacane ke lie parigraha kI sImArekhA nizcita karanI hotI hai| yahI vratIgRhastha kA parigrahaparimANavrata kahalAtA hai| parigraha jIvana-nirvAha kA Avazyaka sAdhana hai, lekina yaha sAdhana yadi sAdhya hI bana jAe, to sAdhanA kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM rhtii| jIvana meM pragati kisI bhI eka Adarza kI ora ho sakatI hai, lekina jaba jIvana meM vibhinna AdarzoM kI sthApanA ekasAtha kara lI jAtI hai, to nizcaya hI jIvana-patha vikRta ho jAtA hai aura sAdhaka ko kisI bhI lakSya para pahu~cAne meM samartha nahIM rhtaa| bhautika-samRddhi kI upalabdhi aura AdhyAtmika-vikAsa-donoM ko eka sAtha Adarza nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM vratI-gRhastha ke parigrahaparimANavrata ko icchAparimANa-vrata bhI kahA gayA hai| Agama-grantha meM isa nAmAntaraNa ke pIche eka dRSTi rahI hai| vAstava meM, parigraha svataH meM jar3a hai, usameM bAdhA upasthita karane kI sAmarthya nhiiN| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se parigraha kI apekSAbhI parigrahAsakti, parigraha-tRSNA yA parigraha-saMgraha kI icchA hI adhika bAdhaka hai, kyoMki vaha sAdhaka kA apanA manobhAva hai, ataH sUtrakAra ne ise parigrahaparimANa-vrata kahane kI apekSA icchAparimANavrata kahA / eka alpa-parigrahI vyakti meM bhI yadi parigraha-icchA maujUda hai, to vaha sAdhanA meM pragati nahIM kara sktaa| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se icchAkA parisImana ati Avazyaka hai| jaina-naitikatA icchA, tRSNAyA mamatva ke parisImana ke prati atyadhika jAgarUka hai| icchA kA sambandha bAhya-parigraha se hI hai, ataH usakA parisImana bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina-vicAraNA meM gRhastha-sAdhaka ko nau prakAra ke parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita karanI hotI hai- (1) kSetra- kRSi-bhUmi athavA anya khulA huA bhUmibhAga, (2) vAstu-makAna Adi acala sampatti, (3) hiraNya- cA~dI athA cA~dI kI mudrAe~, (4) svarNa-svarNa athavA svarNa-mudrAe~, (5) dvipada-dAsa-dAsI, naukara, karmacArI ityAdi, (6) catuSpada - pazudhana, (7) dhana-cala sampatti, (8)dhAnya-anAjAdi, (9) kupya - ghara-gRhasthI kA anya saamaan| aNuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra (doSa) haiM - (1) kSetra evaM vAstu ke parimANa kA atikramaNa, (2) hiraNya-svarNa ke parimANa kA atikramaNa, (3) dvipada-catuSpada ke parimANa kA ullaMghana, (4) dhana-dhAnya kI sImA - rekhA kA atikramaNa, (5) gRhasthI ke anya sAmAna kI maryAdA kA atikrmnn|

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gRhastha-dharma tIna guNavrata 6. dizA - parimANa - vrata upAsakadazAMga - sUtra meM parigraha - parimANa aura dizA - parimANa - vratoM ko icchAparimANa nAmaka vrata ke antargata samAviSTa kara liyA gayA hai| yadyapi aticAroM kI vivecanA 317 unheM alaga-alaga rakhA gayA hai, kintu paravartI samagra sAhitya meM unheM alaga-alaga hI mAnA gayA hai| tRSNA asIma hai, vaha manuSya ko sampUrNa vizva kA svAmI dekhanA cAhatI hai| manuSya yugoM se tRSNA kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM dig-diganta meM bhaTakatA rahA hai| rAjya-tRSNA ne sAmrAjyavAda ko janma diyaa| dhanArjana kI tRSNA ne vyAvasAyika kSetroM kA vistAra kiyA evaM vyAvasAyika hitoM kI surakSA ke nAma para upanivezavAda kI nIMva par3I / dhanArjana ke lobha meM manuSya kahA~ nahIM bhaTakA / jaina-darzana mAnava kI aisI svArthamUlaka vRttiyoM ke nirodha lie kSetra ko sImita karane kI bAta kahatA hai| gRhastha-jIvana meM dhanArjana aura vyavasAya Avazyaka haiM, lekina vyavasAya ke nAma para avikasita rASTroM kA niraMkuza zoSaNa calane denA ucita nahIM / jaina - AcAra - darzana jahA~ parigraha-parimANa - vrata ke AdhAra para sampatti ke dvArA hone vAle zoSaNa ke niyantraNa kA vidhAna karatA hai, vahI dizAmaryAdAvrata ke dvArA dUrastha bhAgoM evaM videzoM meM vyavasAyoM ke dvArA hone vAle zoSaNa ko sImita karatA hai| jaina AcAra-darzana zramaNa - jIvana ke lie dizA-maryAdA kA vidhAna nahIM karatA, kyoMki zramaNa kA vihAra loka-kalyANa ke lie hotA hai, lekina gRhastha kA adhikAMza bhramaNa vANijya aura vyavasAya ke nAma para utpanna artha-lolupatA tathA vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta hotA hai / vaha pApakArI pravRttiyoM ke lie, zoSaNa ke lie athavA Adhipatya ke lie bhaTakatA hai, ataH usakI isa tRSNAmUlaka zoSaNa-vRtti para aMkuza lagAnA Avazyaka thA / zrAvaka kA dizA - parimANa - vrata isI uddezya se hai ki manuSya kI uddAma vAsanAoM ko niyantrita kiyA jA ske| isa vrata ko grahaNa karate samaya gRhastha-sAdhaka yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki vibhinna dizAoM meM nizcita sImA-maryAdAoM, udAharaNArtha, eka-eka sau kosa ke bAhara vaha vyavasAya, vANijya evaM anya svArthamUlaka pApakArI pravRttiyA~ nahIM kregaa| usake vyAvasAyika vAhana, jinakI saMkhyA vaha nizcita kara cukA hai, vyavasAya ke lie una dizAoM kI nizcita kI gaI sImAoM kA ullaMghana nahIM kreNge| isa vrata meM nimna dizAoM kI maryAdA kI jAtI hai - (1) urdhvadizA - Upara kI ora jAne kI sImA maryAdA, jaisepahAr3a kI amuka U~cAI taka ( varttamAna sandarbha meM graha, nakSatra Adi para jAne kI siimaamryaadaa)| (2) adhodizA - nIce kI ora, jaise- khadAna Adi meM amuka gaharAI taka jAne sImA - maryAdA / (3) tiryadizA - pUrva, pazcima, uttara, dakSiNa aura unake koNoM meM gamanAgamana kI maryAdA 1

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318 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana uparyukta dizAoM ke sambandha meM gRhastha-sAdhaka apanI paristhiti ke anusAra jo bhI sImAe~ nizcita karatA hai, unakA atikramaNa kara usa kSetra ke arthopArjana evaM anya pApapravRttiyoM kA sevana karanA vratabhaMga mAnA jAtA hai, lekina yadi yaha sImAtikramaNa ajJAna yA asAvadhAnI se ho, to vratabhaMga nahIM hotA, yadyapi vaha vrata dUSita avazya ho jAtA hai| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiM 1- (1) urdhvadizA, (2) adhodizA aura (3) tiryak-dizAoM kI maryAdAoM kA atikramaNa, (4) mArga meM calate hue yadizaMkA upasthita ho jAe ki maiM apanI maryAdA se adhika-adhika A gayA, to punaH usa zaMkita avasthA meM hI usa dizA meM Age jAnA, (5) eka dizA kI sImA-maryAdA ko ghaTAkara dUsarI dizA kI sImA-maryAdA bar3hAnA, udAharaNArtha-pUrva dizA meM 50 kosa se adhika bAhara jAkara dhanopArjana kI koI sambhAvanAe~ nahIM haiM, ataeva pUrva ke zeSa 50 kosa aura pazcima dizA ke 100 kosa milAkara pazcima meM 150 kosa taka jAkara dhanopArjana karanA / sAdhaka apane vrata ko zuddha rUpa meM paripAlana karane ke lie uparokta doSoM se bacatA rahe, yahI apekSita hai| 7. upabhoga-paribhogaparimANavrata sAdhanAtmaka gRhI-jIvana ke lie bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki sAdhaka vaiyaktika-rUpa se apane jIvana kI dainika-kriyAoM, jaise AhAra-vihAra athavA bhogopabhoga para saMyama rkhe| jaina-paramparA isa sandarbha meM atyadhika satarka hai| usameM gRhastha-jIvana kI dinacaryA kI nitAMta choTI-choTI bAtoM meM bhI saMyamamUlaka vyavahAra ko prakaTita karane kA pUrA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| vaha gRhastha-sAdhaka kI bhojana aura pAnI kA mAtrA hI nizcita karane kA prayAsa nahIM karatI, varan unameM vividhatA kI sImA nizcita karane kA bhI prayAsa karatI hai| vratI-gRhastha snAna ke lie kitane jala kA upayoga karegA, kisa vastra se aMga pochegA, yaha bhI nizcita karanA hotA hai| upabhoga-paribhoga-vrata meM gRhastha-sAdhaka dainika-jIvana ke vyavahAra kI vastuoM kI mAtrAaura prakAra nizcita karatA hai| upabhoga ke antargata ve vastue~ samAviSTa hotI haiM, jinakA eka hI bAra upayoga kiyA jA sake, jaise-bhojana, pAnI aadi| paribhoga ke antargata ve vastue~ AtI haiM, jinakA upayoga aneka bAra kiyA jA sake, jaisevastra, zayyA aadi| pratikramaNasUtra ke anusAra, gRhastha-sAdhaka ko upabhoga-paribhoga kI nimna 26 vastuoM kA parimANa aura prakAra nizcita karanA hotA hai- (1) udravaNikAvidhi- snAna ke pazcAt bhIge hue zarIra ko pochane ke vastra (tauliye) kA prakAra aura sNkhyaa| (2) daMtadhAvana kI vastuoM kI saMkhyA aura prakAra, jaise-nIma, babUla yA mulhttii| (3) phalavidhi-keza aura netra Adidhone ke lie vizeSa prakAra kA phala, jaise Ananda zrAvakane binA guThalI ke A~valoM kI maryAdA kI thii|(4) abhyaMganavidhi-mAliza ke kAma Ane vAle teloM kI saMkhyA aura mAtrA / (5) udvartanavidhi-pIThI yA ubaTana kA

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gRhastha-dharma prakAra aura parimANa / (6) snAnavidhi - snAna ke lie pAnI kA mAtrA / (7) vastravidhi - pahanane ke vastroM kA prakAra jaise - UnI, sUtI, rezamI tathA unakI saMkhyA / (8) vilepanavidhizarIra para lepa karane kI vastue~, jaise agara, candana, kuMkuma Adi, unakI saMkhyA / (9) puSpa - vidhi-1 -mAlA aura sUMghane ke puSpoM ke prakAra, jaise- camelI, mogarA Adi / (10) AbharaNavidhi - AbhUSaNoM ke prakAra evaM saMkhyA / ( 11 ) dhUpavidhi - una vastuoM kI saMkhyA evaM mAtrA, jinheM jalAkara kamaroM ko sugandhita kiyA jAtA hai / (12) peya-peya padArtha, jaise- zarbata Adi ke prakAra evaM mAtrA / (13) bhojana - vibhinna prakAra ke bhojya padArthoM meM se svataH ke bhojana ke upayoga ke lie bhojya padArthoM kI saMkhyA evaM mAtrA kI maryAdA / (14) odana - cAvaloM ke prakAra evaM mAtrA / ( 15 ) sUpa - dAloM kI saMkhyA evaM mAtrA / ( 16 ) vigaya- dahI, tela, ghRta Adi ke prakAra evaM mAtrA / (17) zAka-bathuA, pAlaka Adi zAkoM ke prakAra evaM maatraa| (18) mAdhuraka-mIThe phala, sUkhA mevA, bAdAma Adi ke prakAra evaM mAtrA / ( 19 ) jemana - dahIbar3e, pakor3e Adi carakI pharapharI vastuoM ke prakAra evaM mAtrA 1 (20) pAnI pIne ke pAnI kA parimANa evaM prakAra / (21) mukhavAsa - tAmbUla, ilAyacI, lavaMga, pAna, supArI Adi ke prakAra evaM maatraa| (22) vAhana - ghor3A, gAr3I, nAva, jahAja Adi savArI ke sAdhanoM kI jAtiyA~ evaM saMkhyA / ( 23 ) upAnaha -jUte, pagarakhI, mauje Adi kI jAti evaM saMkhyA / ( 24 ) sacitta - anya sacitta vastuoM kI jAti evaM parimANa / (25) zayana-zayyA, palaMga Adi ke prakAra evaM saMkhyA / (26) dravya - anya vastuoM kI jAti evaM mAtrA / smaraNa rahe ki eka prakAra ke padArthoM se banI huI vastue~ bhI apane svAda ke parivartana ke AdhAra para alaga-alaga vastuoM meM ginI jAtI haiM, jaise-gehU~ evaM ghI se banI roTI, pUr3I, parAThe Adi / upabhoga - paribhoga- vrata ke bhojanAdi kI apekSA se pA~ca aticAra haiM 54 - ( 1 ) maryAdA uparAnta sacitta (sajIva) vastu kA AhAra / (2) sacitta- prativaddhAhAra / (3) apakvAhAra - kaccI vanaspati athavA binA pake hue annAdi kA AhAra / (4) duSpakvAhAra - pUrI taraha na pakI huI vastue~ khaanaa| (5) tucchauSadhi - bhakSaNatA - aise padArthoM IT bhakSaNa karanA, jo khAne yogya nahIM hoM, athavA jinameM khAne yogya bhAga atyalpa aura pheMkane yogya bhAga bahuta adhika ho / niSiddha vyavasAya - upabhoga- paribhAga ke lie dhanArjana Avazyaka hai| yadi dhanArjana yA vyavasAya praNAlI azuddha hai, to upabhoga - paribhoga kI zuddhatA evaM samyaktA bhI dUSita ho jAtI hai, ataH jaina- vicArakoM ne na kevala AhAravihAra kI samyaktA evaM saMyama para jora diyA, varan AjIvikA-upArjana kI zuddhi para bhI paryApta jora diyA hai| AjIvikopArjana evaM upabhoga - paribhoga kA sambandha atyanta nikaTa kA hai| isa tathya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara jaina -- 319

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320 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicArakoM ne upabhoga-paribhoga-vrata kA nirUpaNa do prakAra se kiyA hai| eka, bhojanasambandhI aura dUsarA, vyvsaay-smbndhii| AjIvikA ke nimitta kie jAne vAle vyavasAyoM meM pandraha prakAra ke vyavasAya gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie niSiddha haiM 55 - 1. aGgAra-karma-koyale banAne kA vyvsaay| yadyapi upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM aMgArakarma meM kevala koyale kA vyavasAya hI varNita hai, tathApi kucha TIkAkAra AcAryoM ne IMTa pakAne Adi ke vyavasAya ko bhI usameM sammilita kiyA hai| kucha vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi meM isameM kumhAra,sunAra, lohAra, halavAI, bhar3abhUjA Adi ke aise samasta vyavasAya samAviSTa haiM, jinameM agni ko prajjvalita karake usakI sahAyatA se AjIvikopArjana kiyA jAtA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM sUtrakAra ke Azaya ko adhika dUrI takakhIMcanA samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki usI sUtra meM sakaDAlaputra nAmaka kumbhakAra ko, jo kumhAra ke vyavasAya se hI AjIvikopArjana karatA thA , bAraha vratadhArI meM eka pramukha zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| isakA artha jaMgaloM meM Aga lagAkara unheM sApha karanA bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usa yuga meM janasaMkhyA ke vistAra se naI kRSi-bhUmi kI AvazyakatAhuI hogI aura loga Aga lagAkara vanoM ko sApha karake apane lie kRSi-bhUmi prApta karate hoNge| 2. vana-karma-jaMgala kaTavAne kA vyavasAya, vRttikAra ne bIjapeSaNa arthAt cakkI calAnA Adidhandhe bhI isI meM sammilita kie haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM bagIce lagAkara phala-phUla athavAzAka-sabjI Adi ke vyavasAya ko bhI isameM sammilita kiyA hai, 58 lekina yaha artha samucita nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM vana-karma kA artha vanoM ko kATakara AjIvikopArjana karane se hai| 3. zakaTa-karma (sADI kamma) - zakaTa, arthAt bailagAr3I, ratha Adi banAkara becane kA vyavasAya / kucha vicAraka mUla prAkRta zabda 'sADIkamme' kA artha vastuoM ko sar3Akara becane kA vyavasAya bhI karate haiM, arthAt aise vyavasAya, jinameM vastuoM ko sar3Akara dhanArjana kiyA jAtA hai, jaise-zarAba bnaanaa| merI dRSTi meM yaha dUsarA artha hI ucita hai| __4. bhATaka-karma-baila, azva Adi pazuoM ko kirAe para calAne kA vyavasAya krnaa| 5. sphoTI-karma-khAna khodanA yA patthara phor3ane kA vyavasAya krnaa| 6. dantavANijya-hAthI Adi ke dA~toM kA vyavasAya krnaa| upalakSaNa se camar3e aura haDDI kA vyavasAya bhI isameM sammilita ho jAtA hai| 7. lAkSAvANijya-lAkha kA vyApAra krnaa|

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gRhastha-dharma 321 8. rasa-vANiya-madirA Adi mAdaka rasoM kA vyApAra / zAbdika-dRSTi se dUdha, dahI, ghRta, makkhana, tela Adi kA vyavasAya bhI isameM sammilita hotA hai, lekina kucha AcAryoM ne ina vyavasAyoM ko isameM sammilita nahIM kiyA hai| kucha AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM madya, mAMsa, madhu Adi mahAvigayoM (abhakSya) kA vyApAra isameM zAmila hai| 9. viSa-vANijya-vibhinna prakAra ke viSoM kA vyavasAya krnaa| upalakSaNa se hiMsaka astra-zastroM kA vyavasAya bhI isI meM sammilita hai| 10. keza-vANijya-sAmAnya rUpa se dAsa-dAsI, bher3a-bakarI, prabhRti kezayukta prANiyoM ke kraya-vikraya kA vyavasAya karanA keza-vANijya ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| kucha gAnAoM ke mana meM camarI gAya, lomar3I Adi pazu-pakSiyoM ke bAloM evaM romayukta camar3e kA vyavasAya bhI isameM sammilita hai| dUsare kucha AcAryagaNa Una, morapaMkha Adi ke vyavasAya ko bhI isameM sammilita karate haiN| 11. yantrapIr3ana-karma (jantapIlana-karma) - yantra, sAMce, ghANI, kolhU Adi kA vyavasAya / upalakSaNa se una sabhI astra-zastroM kA vyApAra, jisase prANiyoM kI hiMsA kI sambhAvanA ho, isameM samAhita hai| 12. nilAMchana-karma-baila Adi ko napuMsaka banAne kA vyvsaay| 13. dAvAgni-dApana-jaMgala meM Aga lgaanaa| 14. sarovara-draha-tar3Aga-zoSaNa-tAlAba, jhIla, jalAzaya Adiko sukhaanaa| 15. asatIjana-poSaNatA-vyabhicAravRtti ke lie vezyAoM Adi ko niyukta karanA evaM vyabhicAravRtti karavAkara unake dvArA dhanopArjana krnaa| kucha AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM cUhoM ko mArane ke lie billI athavA kutte Adi krUrakarmI prANiyoM ko pAlanA bhI isI meM sammilita hai| bauddha-paramparA meM niSiddha vyavasAya-bhagavAn buddha ne jIvikArjana ke sAdhanoM kI zuddhatA ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| aSTAMga-sAdhanAmArga meM samyak AjIvako sAdhanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga batAyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma meM bhI gRhastha-upAsakoM ke lie kucha vyavasAyoM ko ayogya mAnA gayA hai|bhgvaan buddha ne AjIvikA ke jina sAdhanA ko vajya kahA hai, unameM hiMsA, ahiMsA kA vicAra hI pramukha hai| bauddha AcAra-praNAlI meM bhI nimna hiMsakavyApAroM kA gRhastha ke lie niSedha hai| aMguttaranikAya meM bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM, bhikSuoM! pAMca vyApAra upAsaka ke lie akaraNIya haiN| kaunase pAMca - 1. satthavaNijjA (zastroM kA vyApAra), 2. sattavaNijjA (prANiyoM kA vyApAra), 3. maMcavaNijjA (mAMsa kA vyApAra), 4. majjavaNijjA (madya(zarAba) kA vyApAra), 5. visavaNijjA (viSa kA vyaapaar)|

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322 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana isake atirikta, dIghanikAya ke lakkhaNasutta meM buddha ne anya nimna jIvikAoM ko nindanIya mAnA hai- 1. tarAjU evaM baTakhare kI ThagI, arthAt kama-jyAdA taulanA, 2. mApa kI ThagI, 3. rizvata, 4. vaMcanA, 5. kRtaghnatA, 6. sAciyoga (kuTilatA), 7. chedana, 8. vadha, 9. baMdhana, 10. DAkA evaM lUTapATa kI jiivikaa|61 8. anartha-daNDa-parityAga jIvanavyavahAra meM pramukhatayA do prakAra kI kriyAe~ hotI haiM - 1. sArthaka aura 2. nirarthaka / sArthaka kriyAe~ ve anivArya kriyAe~ haiM, jinakA sampAdita kiyA jAnA vyakti aura samAja ke hita meM Avazyaka hai| zeSa anAvazyaka kriyAe~ nirarthaka kriyAe~ haiN| sArthaka sAvadya-kriyAoM kA karanA arthadaNDa hai, jabaki nirarthaka pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM kA karanA anarthadaNDa hai, kyoMki isameM AtmA ko niSprayojana hI pApakarma kA bhAgI banAyA jAtA hai| phira bhI, jagat meM aise ajJAnIjanoM kI kamI nahIM hai, jo binA kisI prayojana ke hiMsA aura asatyasambhASaNa Adi duSpravRttiyA~ karate haiN| anarthadaNDake aneka udAharaNa haiM, jaise-snAna Adi kAryoM meM jala yAAvazyakatAse adhika apavyaya karanA, AvazyakatA se adhika vRkSa kI pattiyoM yA phUloM ko tor3anA, kArya kI samApti ke bAda bhI nala kI ToTI, bijalI ke paMkhe athavA battiyoM ko khulA chor3a denA, bhojana me jUThA DAlanA athavA sambhASaNa meM Adatana apazabdoM kA prayoga karanA, bIr3I, sigareTa Adi ahitakara dravyoM kA sevana karanA, vyartha cintA karanA aadi| nirarthaka pravRttiyA~ avivekI aura anuzAsanahIna jIvana kI dyotaka haiM, ataH jainadharma meM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie niSprayojana pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM kA niSedha hai| zrAvaka ke anarthadaNDaviramaNavrata meM sAdhaka niSprayojana pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM kA parityAga karatA hai| niSprayojana pApapUrNa pravRttiyA~ cAra prakAra kI haiM 62 ____ 1.apadhyAna (azubha cintana) isake do rUpa haiM-(a) ArtadhyAna, jo cAra prakAra kA hai - 1. iSTaviyoga kI cintA, 2. aniSTasaMyoga kI cintA, 3. roga-cintA, 4. nidAna athavA kisI aprApta vastu kI prApti kI tiivecchaa| (ba) raudradhyAna - krUratApUrNa vicAra karanA, jaise-maiM use mAra DAlU~gA, usake dhana kA nAza karavA dUMgA aadi| 2. pApakarmopadeza (pApakarma karane kI preraNA) - jisa preraNA ko pAkara yA jisa kathana ko sunakara vyakti pApakArya karane ke lie prerita ho, vaha pApakarmopadeza hai| vyaktiyoM athavA dezoM ko lar3ane ke lie prerita karanA, athavA vyaktiyoM ko hiMsA, cauryakarma, para-strI evaM vezyAgamana Adi azubha pravRttiyoM meM pravRtta hone ke lie preraNA denA pApakarmopadeza haiN| 3. hiMsaka-upakaraNoM kA dAna - vyakti athavA rASTroM ko hiMsaka-zastrAstra

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gRhastha-dharma 1 pradAna karanA hiMsA kI sambhAvanA ko bar3hAvA denA hai, ataH yaha bhI anarthadaNDa hai| hiMsakazastra pradAna karanA anyAya ke pratikAra kA sahI upAya nahIM hai / jo vyakti athavA rASTra anyAya ke virodha meM svayaM khar3A nahIM hotA aura mAtra hiMsA ke sAdhana pradAna kara yaha samajhatA hai ki maiM nyAya kI rakSA karatA hU~, vaha nyAya kI rakSA nahIM karatA, varan usakA DhoMga karatA hai| 4. pramAdAcaraNa - pramAdAcaraNa jAgarUkatA kA abhAva hai| yaha cetanA kI nIMda hai, cetanA kA svakendra se vicalana hai, AtmA ke samatva kA bhaMga ho jAnA hai| yaha eka prakAra kI AdhyAtmika andhatA hai| jainAgamoM meM isake pA~ca bheda varNita haiM- 1. ahaMkAra 2. kaSAya, 3. viSaya - cintana, 4. nidrA aura 5. vikathA / pA~coM pramAda vyakti kI cetanA meM aisA vikAra utpanna karate haiM, jisase vyakti kI cetanA kI jAgarUkatA samApta ho jAtI hai| vyakti apane-Apa meM nahIM jItA hai| vaha svayaM kA svAmI nahIM hotA hai| vaha yathArthadRSTA nahIM raha pAtA, jo ki usakA sva-svabhAva hai| AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kevala apramattadazA meM hI sambhava hai, jabaki pramAda usa apramattatA kA sabase bar3A bAdhaka tattva hai| (a) ahaMkAra (mada) - apane rUpa-saundarya, bala, jJAna athavA jAti kA ahaMkAra vyaktitva kA vikRta citra prastuta karatA hai / ahaMkAra vyakti kI AdhyAtmika-upalabdhiyoM meM sahAyaka na hokara ulTe bAdhA utpanna karatA hai, isalie anarthadaNDa hI hai / (ba) kaSAya - krodhAdi bhAva prAyaH samyak jIvana ke kisI uddezya kI prApti meM sahAyaka nahIM hote haiM, ataH anarthadaNDa haiM aura isalie anAcaraNIya bhI haiN| (sa) viSaya - indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI prApti kI vAsanA hI sArI pApa-pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa hai aura manuSya meM vivekazUnyatA ko janma detI hai / (da) nidrA- adhika nidrA bhI Alasya kA hI cihna hai aura Alasya svayaM meM hI anarthadaNDa hai / (I) vikathA - logoM kI bhalAI - burAI kI niSprayojana pravRtti logoM meM adhika dekhI jAtI hai, lekina isameM upalabdhi kucha bhI nahIM hotI, varan hAni hone kI sambhAvanA hI adhika rahatI hai| vyaktiyoM meM akAraNa hI vaimanasya utpanna hone meM yaha pramukha kAraNa hai, ataH arthadaNDa ke rUpa meM anAcaraNIya hai / 323 isa prakAra, apane bhedopabheda kI vistRta vyAkhyA sahita yaha cAra prakAra kA anarthadaNDa gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie anAcaraNIya kahA gayA hai| anarthadaNDa kI pravRttiyoM se bacane ke lie jahA~ uparyukta pravRttiyoM se nivRtta honA Avazyaka hai, vahIM una sAmAnya doSoM ke bAre meM bhI jAgrata rahanA cAhie, jo sAdhaka ko anarthadaNDa kI ora le jAte haiM / anarthadaNDaviramaNavrata ke pA~ca doSa haiN| 63 1. kandarpa - kAmavAsanA ko uttejita karane vAlI ceSTAe~ karanA, athavA kAmabhoga sambandhI carcA karanA / 2. kautkucya - hAtha, mu~ha, A~kha Adi se abhadra ceSTAe~ karanA /

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 3. maukharya - adhika vAcAla honA, zekhI baghAranA tathA bAtacIta meM apazabdoM kA upayoga karanA Adi / 4. saMyuktAdhikaraNa - hiMsaka - sAdhanoM ko anAvazyaka rUpa se saMyukta (taiyAra ) karake rakhanA, jaise- baMdUka meM kAratUsa yA bArUda bharakara rkhnaa| inase anartha kI sambhAvanaH adhika balavatI ho jAtI hai / kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra, hiMsaka-zastroM kA nirmANa, saMgraha aura kraya-vikraya bhI doSapUrNa haiM / 324 5. upabhogaparibhogAtireka - bhogya sAmagrI kA AvazyakatA se adhika saMcaya karanA, kyoMki aisA karane para dUsare loga usake upabhoga se vaMcita rahate haiM tathA sAmAjikajIvana meM avyavasthA evaM asaMtulana paidA hotA hai| cAra zikSA-vrata 9. sAmAyika - vrata sAmAyika jaina AcAra-darzana kI sAdhanA kA kendra - bindu hai| yaha sAdhu - jIvana kA prAthamika tathya aura gRhastha jIvana kA anivArya karttavya hai| gRhastha-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AcAra kA kucha bhAva - pakSa bhI honA caahie| yadyapi sAmAyika meM bhI vidhi - niSedha ke niyama haiM, tathApi usameM eka bhAva-pakSa kI avadhAraNA bhI kI gaI hai aura yahI isa vrata kI vizeSatA hai / sAmAyika ko zikSAvrata kahA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA artha hai- abhyaas| sAmAyika, arthAt samatva kA abhyAsa / gRhastha jIvana ke eka Avazyaka kartavya ke rUpa meM tathA gRhastha-sAdhanA ke eka mahatvapUrNa vrata ke rUpa meM isakA jo sthAna hai, vaha isake isa bhAvAtmaka mUlya ke kAraNa hai| yadyapi isakA eka niSedha - pakSa bhI hai, tathApi vaha hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA se adhika apanA svatantra mUlya nahIM rakhatA / sAmAyika kI sAdhanA eka ora Atma- jAgrati hai, eka samyak smRti hai, dUsarI ora samatva kA darzana hai / AsaktizUnya mAtra sAkSIrUpa cetanA meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI saccI pratIti hI jainavicAraNA kI sAmAyika hai, yahI naitika AcaraNa kI antima koTi hai aura naitikatA kI saccI kasauTI bhI; jisake dvArA sAdhaka apanI sAdhanA kA saccA mUlyAMkana kara sakatA hai| jo sthAna bauddha AcAra-darzana meM samyak samAdhi kA hai, vahI jaina-sAdhanA meM sAmAyika kA hai| - lekina, yaha sAdhanA sahaja hokara bhI abhyAsa-sAdhya hai| isameM nirantara abhyAsa kI apekSA hai, kyoMki pramAda, jo ki cetanA kI nidrA hai, isakA sabase bar3A zatru hai / pramatta cetanA meM samatva - darzana eka mithyA kalpanA hai| apramatta mAnasa meM samatva kI ArAdhanA ke lie sAdhaka pratidina kucha samaya nikAle aura isa prakAra abhyAsa dvArA sva kI vismRti se

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gRhastha-dharma 325 Atma-smRti ko jagAkara sacce sAkSI ke rUpa meM samadarzI bana sake, yahI isa vrata ke vidhAna kA prayojana hai| samatva kI sAdhanA apramatta cetanA meM hI sambhava hai, lekina gRhastha jIvana kI paristhitiyA~ aisI haiM ki jaba taka satata abhyAsa na ho, isa apramattatA ko banAe rakhanA kaThina hai| jIvana kI sAvadya-pravRttiyA~, kaSAya aura vAsanAe~ cetanA ko apramatta aura nirvikAra nahIM rahane detii| jaise madyapAna ke dvArA buddhi vikRta aura pramatta banatI hai, vaise hI mAvadya-pravRttiyoM evaM vAsanAoM meM rasa lene se cetanA vikArI aura pramatta bana jAtI hai, ataH usa apamatta nirvikAra cetanA kI upalabdhi ke lie sAvadya-pravRttiyoM se bacanA Avazyaka hai| gRhastha ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha yaha jAne ki use sAmAyika meM kyA nahIM karanA caahie| gRhastha-jIvana ke lie sAmAyika ke isa niSedhAtmaka-pakSa kA mUlya taba aura adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jaba hama yaha jAneM ki bhavya aTTAlikA ke nirmANa ke pUrva purAne makAna ke malabe kI saphAI kitanI Avazyaka hotI hai| samatva kI upalabdhi ke lie vigalita vicAra aura AcAra kA unmUlana eka anivAryatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, cetanA kI apramattatA evaM cittavRtti ko keMdrita karane ke lie bAhya-vAtAvaraNa bhI bahuta mahatva rakhatA hai, ataH usake sambandha meM bhI paryApta vicAra Avazyaka hai| inhIM saba tathyoM ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hama yahAM sAmAyika ke sambandha meM vicAra kreNge| ___ sAmAyika ke vibhinna pakSa-prANiyoM ke prati samatva, zubhamanobhAva, saMyama aura ArtaraudradhyAna kA parityAga hI sAmAyika-vrata hai| isa prakAra, samatva aura zubhamanobhAvaye do sAmAyika-vrata ke bhAvAtmaka-pakSa aura saMyama aura azubha manovRttiyoM kA parityAgaye do sAmAyika-vrata ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa haiM / gRhastha ke lie sAmAyika-vrata ke ina donoM pakSoM kA samyak paripAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra, gRhastha-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhI sAmAyikake dravya-sAmAyika aura bhAva-sAmAyika-aise do pakSabhI hote haiN| dravya-sAmAyika, arthAt sAmAyika kA bAhya-svarUpa yA kriyAkANDAtmaka pakSa, bhAva-sAmAyika kA tAtparya cittavRtti kI zuddhi hai| vyavahAra aura nizcaya-dRSTi se bhI sAmAyika ke do rUpa hote haiN| samatvabhAva aura Atma-avasthiti (cetanA kI jAgarUkatA) nizcaya yA paramArtha-dRSTi se sAmAyika hai, jabaki hiMsaka-vyApAroM se nivRtti tathA niyamoM kA paripAlana vyavahArasAmAyika hai| sAmAyika ke lie cAra vizuddhiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM- 1. kAla-vizuddhi, 2. kSetra-vizuddhi, 3. dravya-vizuddhi aura 4. bhAva-vizuddhi / kAla-vizuddhi- zramaNa-sAdhaka to sadaiva hI sAmAyika kI sAdhanA meM rata rahatA hai, lekina gRhastha-sAdhaka ke lie isakI kAla-maryAdA nizcita kI gaI hai| sAmAyika kI

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326 bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 65 sAdhanA kA kAla- - nirNaya samaya-1 - vizuddhi ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki samaya kA kAma samaya para hI karanA cAhie, '" asamaya yA kusamaya para kI gaI sAdhanA adhika phalavatI nahIM hotI / sAmAyika kA sAdhanA-kAla ubhaya saMdhyA - kAla, arthAt rAtri evaM divasa kI donoM sandhi-velAe~ mAnI gaI haiN| AcArya amRtacandra ne isI mata kA samarthana kiyA hai / " AcArya kunthusAgarajI ne apane bodhAmRtasAra meM trikAla arthAt prAtaHkAla, madhyAhna-kAla aura sAyaMkAla sAmAyika- vrata karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai| 67 upAsakadazAMgasUtra ke kuNDakolika adhyAya meM madhyAhna meM bhI sAmAyika karane kA nirdeza hai, yadyapi yaha vivAda mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| donoM sandhikAla meM sAmAyika karanA nimnatama sImA hai, adhikatama kitanI kare, yaha sAdhaka kI kSamatA para nirbhara hai| hA~, ayogya samaya para sAmAyika karanA azubha mAnA gayA hai| sAmAyika ke lie kAla-vizuddhi Avazyaka hai| Agama-sAhitya meM samayAvadhi kA vidhAna nahIM hai, tathApi zvetAmbara va digambara, sabhI paravartI granthoM meM sAmAyika vrata kI samayAvadhi eka muhUrtta yA 48 minaTa mAnI gaI hai / " samayAvadhi kI isa dhAraNA ke pIche jainAcAryoM kA tarka yaha hai ki vyakti ke vicAra askhalita rUpa meM eka viSaya para 48 minaTa taka hI kendrita raha sakate haiM, bAda meM vicAroM meM skhalana A jAtA hai / " cittavRtti ko uparyukta samaya se adhika dera taka kendrita nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, usake bAda cittavRtti vicalita ho jAtI hai, ataH yaha Avazyaka thA ki sAmAyika kI - maryAdA usase adhika na ho / kSetra - vizuddhi (sAmAyika ke yogya sthAna ) - kolAhala se zUnya ekAnta sthAna hI sAmAyika ke sAdhanA-sthala mAne gae haiM / upAsakadazAMgasUtra ke nirdeza bhI isakA samarthana karate haiM / sAmAnyatayA, dharmArAdhanA ke lie nizcita kiyA huA ghara kA ekAnta kamarA, sArvajanika poSadhazAlAe~ yA upAsanAgRha, vanakhaNDa yA nagara ke nikaTa kI vATikAe~ athavA jinAlaya (maMdira) sAmAyika ke yogya sthala haiN| saMkSepa meM, sAmAyika-sAdhanA kA sthAna ekAnta, pavitra, zAnta evaM dhyAna ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa se yukta honA cAhie / upayukta sthala para hI sAmAyika karanA kSetravizuddhi hai| dravya - vizuddhi - sAmAyika meM gRhastha - jIvana kI vezabhUSA aura AbhUSaNa Adi kA tyAga kiyA jAtA thA, aisA nirdeza upAsakadazAMga-sUtra aura usakI TIkAoM se milatA hai| usa yuga meM mAtra adhovastra (dhotI) hI sAmAyika kI vezabhUSA thI, yadyapi varttamAna meM uttarIya bhI grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| komala pramArjanikA evaM Asana to zvetAmbara va digambaradonoM paramparAoM meM grAhya haiN| zvetAmbara - paramparA meM mukhavastrikA bhI sAmAyika kA mahatvapUrNa upakaraNa mAnI jAtI hai / svaccha evaM sAdagIpUrNa uttarIya aura adhovastra sAmAyika kI

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gRhastha-dharma 327 sAmAnya vezabhUSA mAnI gaI hai| darbha, Una yA sAde vastra para uttara-pUrva dizAoM meM abhimukha hokara jina-mudrA meM khar3e honA yA padmAsana se baiThanA hI sAmAyika kA Asana hai| asthira Asana sAmAyika kA doSa mAnA gayA hai| sAmAyika kI vezabhUSA, upakaraNa tathA Asana kA sAdagIpUrNa evaM svaccha honA dravyazuddhi hai| bhAva-zuddhi-dravya-vizuddhi (sAdhanA ke yogya upakaraNa) kAla-vizuddhi (sAdhanA ke yogya samaya) aura kSetra-vizuddhi (sAdhanAke yogya sthala)-yaha sAdhanA ke bahiraMga-tattva haiM aura bhAva-vizuddhisAdhanA kAaMtaraMga-tattva hai| mana kI vizuddhihI sAmAyika kI sAdhanA kA sAra sarvasva hai| citta kI vizuddhi ke lie do Avazyaka bAteM mAnI gaI haiM - 1. azubha vicAroM kA parityAga karanA aura 2. zubha vicAroM ko prazraya denaa| jaina-vicAradhArA meM Arta aura raudra-ye do azubha vicAra (aprazasta-dhyAna) mAne gae haiN| iSTaviyoga, aniSTasaMyoga, sambhAvita tathA aprApta ko prApta karane kI cintA, Arta-vicAra haiM tathA dUsare ko duHkha dene kA krUratApUrNa saMkalpa raudra-vicAra hai| jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra, sAmAyika kI sAdhanA meM gRhastha-sAdhaka ko ina aprazasta-vicAroM ko mana meM sthAna nahIM denA caahie| inake sthAna para maitrI,pramoda, karuNA aura madhyasthatA kI prazasta-bhAvanAoM ko prazraya denA caahie| sAmAyika-pATha-zvetAmbara aura digambara-paramparAoM meM sAmAyika-pATha bhinnabhinna haiN| mUlAgamoM meM gRhastha-sAmAyika kA vistRta vidhAna nahIM milatA, paramparAgata dhAraNA hI pramukha hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM namaskAra-maMtra, guruvandana-sUtra, IryApathaAlocana-sUtra, kAyotsarga, AgArasUtra, stutisUtra, pratijJAsUtra, praNipAtasUtra aura samApti AlocanA-sUtra-ye sAmAyika-pATha haiN| digambara-paramparA meM AcArya amitagati ke dvArA racita battIsa zlokoM kA sAmAyika-pATha pracalita hai, jisameM AtmAlocana, AtmAvalokana tathA maitrI, karuNA, pramoda evaM mAdhyastha-bhAvanAoM kA sundara citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| __ sAmAyika-vrata kA samyakrUpeNa paripAlana karane ke lie mana, vacana aura zarIra ke battIsa doSoM se bacanA bhI Avazyaka hai| battIsa doSoM meM dasa doSa mana se sambandhita haiM, dasa doSa vacana se sambandhita haiM aura bAraha doSa zarIra se sambandhita haiN| mana ke dasa doSa"- (1) aviveka, (2) kIrti kI lAlasA, (3) lAbha kI icchA, (4) ahaMkAra, (5) bhaya ke vaza yA bhaya se bacane ke lie sAdhanA karanA, athavA sAdhanA kI avasthA meM citta kA bhayAkula honA, (6) nidAna (phalAkAMkSA), (7) phala ke prati saMdigdhatA, (8) roSa, arthAt krodhAdibhAvoM se yukta honA, (9) avinaya aura (10) abahumAna, arthAt manoyogapUrvaka sAdhanA nahIM karanA mana se honevAle doSa haiN|

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328 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana __ vacana ke dasa doSa- (1) asabhya vacana bolanA, (2) binA vicAre bolanA (sahasA bolanA), (3) svacchandatApUrvaka bolanA yA adhika vAcAla honA, (4) saMkSepa yA gar3hA meM gelanA athavAayathArtha rUpa meM yojanA yA par3hanA, (5) jina vacanoM se saMgharSa utpanna ho, aise vacana bolanA , (6) vikathA - (strI, : nya, bhojana evaM laukika) bAtoM ke sambandha meM carcA karanA, (7) hAsya-ha~sI-majAka karanA, (9) azuddha uccAraNa karanA, (9) asAvadhAnIpUrvaka bolanA yA nirapekSa rUpa se bolanA, (10) aspaSTa uccAraNa karanA yA gungunaanaa| zarIra ke bAraha doSa'3-(1)asabhya Asana se baiThanA, (2) asthira Asana (bArabAra sthAna badalanA), (3) dRSTi kI caMcalatA, (4) hiMsaka-kriyA karanA, athavA usako karane kA saMketa karanA, (5) sahArA lekara baiThanA, (6) aMgoM kA binA kisI prayojana ke AkuMcana aura prasAraNa karanA, (7) Alasya, (8) zarIra ke aMgoM ko mor3anA, (9) zarIra ke maloM kA visarjana karanA, (10) zokagrasta mudrA meM baiThanA, binA pramArjana ke aMgoM kA khujalAnA, (11) nidrA aura (12) prakampita honA, kucha AcArya isake sthAna para vaiyAvRtya doSa mAnate haiM, jisakA artha hai-sAdhanAkAla meM dUsare se pagacampI, mAliza Adi sevA lenaa| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM sAmAyikavrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiM - 74-1. manoduSpraNidhAna, 2. vAcoduSpraNidhAna, 3. kAyaduSpraNidhAna, 4. sAmAyika kI samayAvadhi kA dhyAna nahIM rakhanA, 5. avyavasthita sAmAyika krnaa| 10. dezAvakAzika-vrata aNuvratoM aura guNavratoM kI pratijJA samagra jIvana ke lie hotI hai, jabaki zikSAvratoM kI sAdhanA eka vizeSa samaya taka ke lie kI jAtI hai| unakI sAdhanA jIvana meM eka bAra nahIM, varan punaH punaH kI jAtI hai| parigraha-parimANavrata meM parigraha kI maryAdA, dizAparimANavrata meM vyavasAya ke kAryakSetra kA sImAMkana aura upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANavrata meM upabhoga-paribhoga kI vastuoM kI mAtrA kI sImA yAvajjIvana ke lie nirdhArita kI jAtI hai, lekina jaina-sAdhanA kA dhyeya to saMyamakI dizA meM sadaiva agrasara hote rahanA hai, sAtha hI isa bAta kA vicAra bhI rakhanA hai ki usa vikAsa kI ora agrasara hone ke pUrva abhyAsa ke dvArA itanI paryApta kSamatA arjita kara lI jAe ki punaH pIche kI ora lauTanA na pdd'e| gRhastha-upAsaka kA dezAvakAzikavrata uparyukta tInoM vratoM kI sAdhanA ko vyApaka evaM virAT banAne ke lie hai| isake dvArA sAdhaka gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara hI sAdhutva kI pUrva taiyArI karatA hai| dezAvakAzikavrata kI sAdhanA meM eka-do yA adhika dinoM ke lie pravatti kI kSetra-sIyA evaM upabhoga-paribhoga

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gRhastha-dharma 329 sAmagrI kI mAtrA aura bhI adhika sImita kara lI jAtI hai aura sAdhaka usa nizcita kSetrasImA ke bAhara na to svayaM hI koI pravRtti karatA hai aura na karavAtA hai| usa nizcita sImAkSetra meM bhI sAdhaka trasa aura sthAvara-sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA kA parityAga kara pUrNa ahiMsakavRtti kA pAlana karatA hai| naitika-dRSTi se isa vrata kA lakSya azubha pravRttiyoM ke sImAkSetra meM kamI karake jIvana meM anuzAsana lAne kA prayAsa karanA hai| Aja bhI zvetAmbarasthAnakavAsI-paramparA meM 'dayAvrata' ke nAma se sAmUhika rUpa se isa vrata ke pAlana kA bahupracalana hai| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra (doSa) haiM- 1. Anayana-prayoga - maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara se vastu lAnA yA ma~gavAnA Adi, 2. preSya-prayoga - maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara vastu bhejanA yA le jAnA, 3. zabdAnupAta - nirdhArita kSetra ke bAhara kisI ko khar3A dekhakara zabda-saMketa karanA (khAMsakara yA AvAja dekara) 4. hAtha Adi aMgoM se saMketa karanA, 5. pudgalaprakSepa-bAhara khar3e hue vyakti ko apanA abhiprAya jatAne ke lie kaMkar3a Adi pheNknaa| 11. proSadhopavAsa-vrata yaha gRhastha-upAsaka kA zikSAvrata hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM zikSAvratoM meM yaha tIsarA hai / AtmagaveSaNA yA svasvarUpa kA bodha, dharmArAdhanA aura gRhastha-jIvana kI kriyAoM se yathAsambhava nivRtti kA prayAsa-yahI mUladRSTi ina zikSAvratoM ke pIche hai| sAmAyika, dezAvakAzika aura pauSadhopavAsa-vratoM meM kramazaH isa dRSTi kA vikAsa avalokanIya hai| sAmAyika meM sAdhaka-jIvana kI sAvadha-pravRttiyoM se dUra haTakara samatvakI ArAdhanA aura svasvarUpa ke bodha kA kucha samaya (48 miniTa) ke lie abhyAsa karatA hai| dezAvakAzika-vrata meM samaya kI yaha sImA 12 se 15 ghaMTe kI aura proSagha meM sampUrNa divasa kI ho jAtI hai| gRhastha-upAsaka jIvana ke jhaMjhAvAtoM se dUra haTakara kama se kama saptAha meM eka divasa dharmArAdhanA aura AtmagaveSaNA yA bheda-vijJAna kI cintanA meM vyatIta kare, yahI isa vrata kA uddezya hai| bauddhAgama aMguttaranikAya ke sandarbha se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki sAvadyapravRttiyoM se bacane ke vicAra ke sAtha-sAtha bheda-vijJAna kA abhyAsa hI isa vrata kI ArAdhanA kA pramukha prayojana thaa| proSadha zabda upavasatha se banA hai, jisakA artha hai-nikaTa vAsa krnaa| apane-Apake nikaTa rahanA, arthAt para-svarUpa se alaga svasvarUpa meM sthita rahanA, yahI proSadha kA saccA artha hai| isa vrata kI ArAdhanA pratyeka pakSa kI aSTamI, caturdazI tathA amAvasyA aura pUrNimA ko kI jAtI hai| sAdhaka dina bhara dharmasthAna yA upAsanAgRha meM nivAsa karatA hai| isa vrata kI ArAdhanA meM sampUrNa divasa (24 ghaMTe) ke lie nimna bAtoM ke tyAga kI

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330 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pratijJA kI jAtI hai - 1. sabhI prakAra ke anna, jala, mukhavAsa (pAna,supArI Adi) aura mevA (sUkhe phala Adi) cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA tyAga, 2. kAmabhoga kA tyAga, arthAt brahmacarya kA pAlana, 3. rajata, svarNa evaM maNimuktA Adi ke bahumUlya AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga, 4. mAlya, gaMdha-dhAraNa kA tyAga, 5. hiMsaka-upakaraNoM evaM samasta doSapUrNa pravRttiyoM kA tyaag| isa vrata ke pA~ca pramukha doSa (aticAra) - 1. apratilekhita-duSpratilekhitazayyA-saMstAra-binA dekhe-bhAle zayyA Adi kA upayoga karanA, 2. apramArjitaduSpramArjita-zayyA - saMstAra - apramArjita zayyAdi kA upayoga karanA, 3. apratilekhitaduSpratilekhita-uccAra-prasravaNa-bhUmi-ThIka-ThIka binA dekhe zauca yA laghuzaMkA ke sthAnoM kA upayoga karanA, 4. apramArjita-duSpramArjita-uccAra-prasravaNa-bhUmi-apramArjita zauca yA laghuzaMkA ke sthAnoM kA upayoga krnaa| ina cAroM doSoM kA vidhAna pramukhataH hiMsAahiMsA kI vivakSA se huA hai| 5. proSadhopavAsa kA samyaka rUpa se pAlana nahIM karanA, arthAt proSadha meM nindA, vikathA, pramAdAdi kA sevana krnaa| bauddha-vicAraNA meM uposatha (proSadha)- jaina-paramparA kI bhA~ti bauddha-paramparA meM bhI prArambha se hI uposatha-vrata gRhastha-upAsaka kA eka Avazyaka karttavya rahA hai| donoM meM isake AcaraNa kI tithiyA~ bhI eka hI thiiN| suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai, pratyeka pakSa kI caturdazI, pUrNimA, aSTamI aura pratihArya pakSa ko isa aSTAMga uposathakA zraddhApUrvaka samyaka rUpa se pAlana karanA caahie| bauddhaparamparA meM uposatha ke niyama lagabhaga jaina-paramparA ke samAna hI haiM, yathA-1. prANIvadha na kare, 2. corI na kare, 3. asatya na bole; 4. mAdaka dravya kA sevana na kare; 5. maithuna se virata rahe; 6.rAtri meM vikAla bhojanana kare; 7. mAlya evaM gandha kA sevana na kare; 8. ucca zayyA kA parityAga kara kATha yA jamIna para zayana kareye aSTazIla uposatha-zIlakahe jAte haiM, 7 jinakA uposatha ke dina gRhastha-upAsaka pAlana karatA hai| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhojanasahita jo proSadha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha dezAvakAzikavrata kahalAtA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM uposatha meM vikAla bhojana kA tyAga kahA gayA, jabaki jaina-paramparA proSadha meM sabhI prakAra ke bhojana kA niSedha karatI hai| isake atirikta, anya sabhI bAtoM meM lagabhaga samAnatA hai| proSadha ke pIche jo vicAra-dRSTi hai, vaha yahI hai ki gRhastha-jIvana ke prapaMcoM se avakAza pA saptAha meM eka dina dharmArAdhanA kI jaae| IsAI evaM yahUdI-paramparA meM mUsA ke dasa AdezoM' yA dharma AjJAoM meM eka AjJA yaha bhI hai ki saptAha meM eka divasa vizrAma lekara pavitrAcaraNa karanA , jo ki isI uposatha yA proSadha kA hI eka rUpa thI, cAhe vaha Aja kitanI hI vikRta kyoM na ho gaI ho| bauddha-paramparA meM

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gRhastha-dharma proSadha yA uposatha kA Adarza arhatva kI prApti hai| bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM, kSINAsrava arhat kA yaha kathana samucita hai ki jo mere sadRza honA cAhe, vaha pakSa kI caturdazI, pUrNimA, aSTamI tathA pratihArya pakSa ko aSTAMga-zIlayukta uposatha-vrata kA AcaraNa kare / " uposatha-vrata AjIvaka-sampradAya aura vedAnta - paramparA meM thor3e-bahuta prakArAntara se pracalita the / 80 bauddha-vicAraNA meM nirgrantha-uposatha kI AlocanA aura usakA uttara - bauddhavicAraNA meM aMguttaranikAya meM nirgrantha-uposatha kI AlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| buddha kahate haiM, uposatha (vrata) tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. gopAla - uposatha, 2. nirgrantha- uposatha, 3. Arya-uposatha / nirgrantha-uposatha kI AlocanA meM buddha do AkSepa prastuta karate haiM - 1. dizAmaryAdA ke dvArA samasta prANiyoM ke prati dayAbhAva vyakta nahIM hotA, 2. dUsare proSadha meM jo anyatva kI bhAvanA kI jAtI yA jisa bheda - vijJAna kA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha eka asatya sambhASaNa hai / pahalI AlocanA ke sambandha meM buddha kahate haiM, "he vizAkhe ! nirgrantha zramaNoM kI eka jAti hai / ve apane matAnuyAyiyoM ko isa prakAra kA vrata livAte haiM - he puruSa ! tU yahA~ hai| pUrva dizA meM, pazcima dizA meM, uttara dizA meM, dakSiNa dizA meM sau yojana taka jitane prANI haiM, unheM tU daNDa se mukta kara, " arthAt unakI hiMsA karane kA tyAga kara, " isa prakAra kucha prANiyoM ke prati dayA vyakta karate haiM, kucha ke prati dayA vyakta nahIM karate / vastutaH, yaha AkSepa dezAvakAzika- vrata ke sambandha meM hai, jo proSadha kI prAthamika avasthA hai| yadyapi buddha ke isa kathana meM kucha satyAMza hai, lekina jaina- vicArakoM kA kahanA yaha hai ki vyakti sampUrNa hiMsA kA tyAga kare, yaha uttama bAta hai / ve svayaM bhI proSadha- vrata meM sampUrNa hiMsA kA tyAga hI karavAte haiM, lekina yadi sAdhaka sampUrNa hiMsA kA parityAga karane kI sthiti meM nahIM hai, to kyA use AMzika hiMsA se virata karAnA ucita nahIM hai ? kucha nahIM se to kucha uttama hai| samyak AcaraNa kI dizA meM jitanA bhI Age bar3hA jA sake utanA uttama hI hai dUsare, buddhi kI vicAra dRSTi meM mAnasika pahalU pramukha hai / mAnasika dRSTi se hiMsA eka azubha vicAra hai aura usakA samagra rUpa meM hI parityAga honA cAhie, lekina mahAvIra kI dRSTi kriyA ke mAnasika- pahalU ke sAtha bhautika- pahalU para bhI jAtI hai| hiMsA kA vicAra azubha hai, ataH usakI azubhatA ko svIkAra kara lenA mAtra paryApta nahIM, lekina use bAhyAcaraNa meM prakaTa karanA bhI anivArya hai| kabhI - kabhI aise prasaMga Ate haiM, jaba burAI ko burAI samajhate hue bhI paristhitivaza usakA AcaraNa karanA par3a jAtA hai| ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kara lene para bhI hiMsA se sarvathA baca pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA / buddha kA hiMsA se tAtparya prANI jagat aura vanaspati jagat taka hai jabaki mahAvIra kA hiMsA se tAtparya na kevala prANI - jagat aura vanaspati-jagat taka hai varan pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu ko bhI ve - - 331

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332 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jIvanayukta mAnakara unakI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnate haiM aura aisI hiMsA kA pUrNarUpeNa tyAga gRhastha-jIvana meM sambhava nahIM hotA hai, ataH yathAzakti kiyA jAnevAlA AMzika tyAga azreyaskara nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| / dUsarI AlocanA meM buddha kA AkSepa anyatva kI bhAvanA ke prasaMga ko lekara hai| buddha kahate haiM, ve (nirgrantha) uposatha-dina para zrAvakoM se aisA vrata livAte haiM, he puruSa! tU A, sabhI vastroM kA tyAga kara isa prakAra vrata le - 'na maiM kisI kA kucha hU~ aura na merA kahIM koI kucha hai', kintu usake mAtA-pitA jAnate haiM ki yaha merA putra hai aura putra bhI jAnatA hai ki ye mere mAtA-pitA haiM;..... usake dAsa-naukara jAnate haiM, yaha hamArA svAmI hai aura vaha bhI jAnatA hai ki ye mere dAsa-naukara haiN| jisa samaya aisA vrata lete haiM, ve jhUThA vrata lete haiM, isa prakAra ve mRSAvAdI hote haiN| usa rAtri ke bItane para (tyakta) vastuoM ko binA kisI ke die hI upayoga meM lAte haiM, isa prakAra corI karanevAle hote haiN|32 vartamAna meM piTaka-sAhitya meM ullekhita ina zabdoM kA upayoga anyatva kI bhAvanA kA cintana karate samaya kiyA to jAtA hai, lekina kisI bhI vrata kI pratijJA grahaNa karane meM nahIM hotA hai, lekina kisI samaya pratijJA-sUtra meM zabda avazya rahe hoMge, kyoMki aisA hI AkSepa AjIvaka-sampradAya dvArA nirgrantha sAmAyikavrata ke sambandha meM uThAyA gayA thaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa AkSepa kA rUpa nimna hai - upAzraya meM sAmAyika lekara baiThe hue zrAvaka vastrAbharaNAdi aura strI kA tyAga karate haiN| usa samaya aneka vastrAbharaNa ko koI uThAle, yA unakI strI ke sAtha koI saMsarga kare, vrata ke pUre hone para kyoM ve apane vastrAbharaNa khojate haiM, yA anya ke, unakI tyakta strI se jisane saMsarga kiyA, usane unakI strI kA saMsarga kiyA yA anya kI ? mahAvIra ne isake samAdhAna meM uttara diyA ki "ve apane hI vastrAdikhojate haiM, anya ke nahIM, aisA mAnanA cAhie, kyoMki zrAvaka ne maryAdita samaya ke lie unakA tyAga kiyA thA, mana se bilakula mamatva nahIM chor3A thaa|" jo uttara AjIvikoM ke AkSepa kA hai, vaha uttara buddha ke AkSepakA bhI hai, kyoMki vaha maryAdita samaya ke lie tyAga karatA hai. ataH usa avadhi ke samApta hone para vaha na to corI kA bhAgI hai aura na pratijJA lete samaya asatya sambhASaNa hI karatA hai| 12. atithi-saMvibhAgavata yaha vrata gRhastha evaM zramaNa-saMsthA ke pArasparika-sahayoga ke rUpa meM gRhastha-upAsaka kA eka mahatvapUrNa karttavya hai| gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie atithi-sevA kA mahatva na kevala jaina-paramparA meM, varan vaidika aura bauddha-paramparA meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| atithi vaha hotA hai, jisake Agamana kI tithi (samaya) pUrva nirdhArita nahIM hotI hai aura aise atithi ke lie apane nimitta banAI gaI apane adhikAra kI vastuoM meM se samucita vibhAga (saMvibhAga)

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gRhastha-dharma karake, atithi athavA atithigaNa ko unake dvArA apekSita yogya vastu kA dAna kara denA gRhastha kA atithi--saMvibhAgavrata hai| atithi- saMvibhAgavrata kA mUlAzaya yaha hai ki gRhastha ke karttavyoM kI sImA kevala apane aura apane parijanoM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti taka hI nahIM rahe, varan usameM niHsvArtha bhAva se samAjasevA karane kI vRtti bhI jAgrata ho yadyapi AcArya bhikSu Adi kucha jaina- vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM gRhastha ke atithi - saMvibhAgavrata meM atithi zabda kA artha jaina- zramaNa evaM zramaNI taka hI sImita hai, lekina zrAvakaprajJapti meM zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA - ina cAroM ko hI atithi kahA gayA hai| 4 isa prakAra; zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA ko gRhastha ke dvAra para upasthita hone para unakA bhaktipUrvaka sammAna karake apanI sAmpattika- avasthA ke anurUpa unheM anna, pAna, vastra, auSadha evaM nivAsasthAna Adi pradAna karanA gRhastha kA atithisaMvibhAgavrata hai| apanI vistRta paribhASA meM saccaritra tyAgI mahAtmA, sAmAjika- bandhugaNa aura dIna-duHkhI, vRddha evaM rogiyoM kI bhakti evaM premapUrvaka niHsvArtha sevA karanA hI jaina- gRhastha ke atithisaMvibhAgavrata kA antima Adarza hai| AcArya haribhadra yogazataka meM guru, deva, atithi Adi ke pUjA-sa -satkAra tathA dInajanoM ko dAna dene kA vidhAna karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne yogabindu meM guru kI vistRta paribhASA dekara use aura vistRta banA diyA hai / ve kahate haiM, mAtA, pitA, kalAcArya, unake sambandhI, vRddhajana aura dharmopadezaka- sabhI guru-varga meM Ate 86 haiN| " gRhastha ko ina sabakI yogya sevAzuzrUSA karanI caahie| isa vrata ke aticAroM (doSoM) kI vivecanA meM mukhya dRSTi jaina bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI ko die jAne vAle dAna se sambandhita hI hai| atithi- saMvibhAgavrata ke pA~ca doSa (aticAra) haiM(1) sacitta - nikSepaNa - sAdhu ko die jAne yogya AhAra meM kisI sacitta (sajIva) vastu ko milA denA, jisase vaha usake grahaNa karane yogya na rhe| (2) sacittApidhAna - adAnabuddhi se unake grahaNa karane yogya nirdoSa vastu ko kisI sacitta vastu se Dha~ka denA / (3) kAlAtikramabhikSA kA samaya vyatIta hone ke pazcAt bhojana taiyAra krnaa| (4) paravyapadeza - na dene kI bhAvanA se apanI vastu ko dUsare kI batAnA / (5) mAtsarya - IrSyA - buddhi se dAna denA yA kRpaNatApUrvaka dAna denA / isake atirikta, svayaM dAna nahIM dene se, dAna dene vAle ko dAna dene se rokane se tathA dAna dekara pazcAtApa karane se bhI vrata-bhaMga hotA hai / 333 bauddha - vicAraNA meM gRhastha-dharma bauddhadarzana meM gRhastha-upAsakoM ke lie AcaraNa ke jo niyama prastuta kie gae, ve vibhinna piTaka -granthoM meM yatra-tatra bikhare milate haiM / phira bhI, bauddha-vicAraNA meM jaina 1

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334 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAraNA ke samAna gRhastha-upAsakoM ke lie Avazyaka guNoM (mArgAnusArI guNa) evaM vratoM kA vidhAna milatA hai| sarvaprathama, jaina-vicAraNA ke samAna hI bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie samyak zraddhA ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| buddha kA nirdeza yahI hai| gRhasthako buddha, dharma aura saMgha meM zraddhA rakhanI caahie| aMguttaranikAya meM sAriputta ke prati buddha yahI kahate haiM ki jo sAdhaka buddha, dharma aura saMgha meM zraddhA rakhatA huA naitika-AcaraNa se samanvita hotA hai, vahI sAdhanA ke samyak-mArga meM praviSTa hotA hai| Arya-zrAvaka buddha ke prati avicala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai, vaha bhagavAn arhat haiM , samyak sambuddha haiM , vidyA tathA AcaraNa se yukta haiM, sugata haiM, lokavid haiM, anupama haiM , (duSTa) puruSoM kA damana karanevAle sArathI haiM, devatAoM tathA manuSyoM ke zAstA haiN| Arya-zrAvaka dharma ke prati avicala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai-bhagavAn dvArA upadiSTa dharma acchI prakAra samajhAkara dezanA kiyA gayA hai, vaha sAMdRSTika (pratyakSa) dharma hai, vaha kAla ke baMdhana se pare hai, usake bAre meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Ao aura svayaM parIkSA karake dekha lo (nirvANa kI ora) le jAne vAlA hai, pratyeka vijJa puruSa svayaM jAna sakatA hai| Arya-zrAvaka saMgha ke prati avicala zraddhAse yukta hotA hai-bhagavAn kA zrAvakasaMgha supratipanna hai, bhagavAn kA zrAvaka-saMgha Rju (mArga meM)pratipanna hai, bhagavAn kA zrAvakasaMghanyAya (mArga para) pratipanna hai, bhagavAn kA zrAvaka-saMgha ucita patha para pratipanna hai| yaha Adara karane yogya hai| yaha satkAra karane yogya hai| yaha dakSiNA ke yogya hai| yaha hAtha jor3ane yogya hai| yaha azuddha citta kI zuddhi kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA maile citta kI nirmalatA kA kAraNa hotA hai| dIghanikAya meM buddha ne gRhastha jIvana ke vyAvahArika-niyamoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai| buddha kahate haiM - (1) nItipUrvaka sadaiva prayatnazIla rahatA huA dhanArjana kare, kyoMki prayatnazIla rahane se hI aizvarya meM vRddhi hotI hai| 8 (2) upArjita dhana ke eka bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko punaH vyavasAya meM lagAe tathA eka bhAga ko bhaviSya ke ApattikAla ke lie surakSita rkhe| 89 (3) parivAra evaM samAja kA yogya rIti se paripAlana kre| gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie mAtA-pitA pUrva-dizA haiM, AcArya (zikSaka) dakSiNa-dizA haiM, strI evaM putra pazcima-dizA haiM, mitra evaM amAtya uttara-dizA haiM, dAsa evaM naukara karmakara (zilpI) adhodizA haiM, zramaNa-brAhmaNa urdhva-dizA haiN| gRhastha ko apane kula meM ina chahoM dizAoM ko acchI taraha namaskAra karanA cAhie, arthAt inakI yathAyogya sevA karanI caahie| (4) gRhastha ko kina-kina sadguNoM se yukta honA cAhie; isake saMbaMdha meM buddha kA nirdeza hai ki jo gRhastha buddhimAna, sadAcAraparAyaNa, snehI, pratibhAvAn, nivRttavRtti, AtmasaMyamI, udyogI, nirAlasa, Apatti meM nahIM Digane vAlA, nirantara kArya karane vAlA evaM

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gRhastha- -dharma medhAvI hotA hai, vahI yaza ko prApta karatA hai, arthAt uparyukta guNoM se yukta hokara hI yazasvI gRhastha - jIvana jiyA jA sakatA hai| " (5) gRhastha - upAsaka ko ina durguNoM se bacane kA nirdeza diyA hai - (a) jIva-hiMsA, corI, jhUTha aura parastrIgamana - kyoMki ye kaluSita karma haiM / (ba) juA, kusaMgati, Alasya, atinidrA, anartha karanA, lar3anA, jhagar3anA aura atikRpaNatA kaluSita karma haiM, kyoMki ye aizvarya - vinAza ke kAraNa haiM / (sa) madyapAna - yaha dhana kI hAni karatA hai, kalaha ko bar3hAtA hai, rogoM kA ghara hai, apayaza ko utpanna karatA hai, nAzaka aura buddhi ko durbala banAne vAlA hai| 2 aSTazIla suttanipAta meM dhammikasutta meM buddha ne gRhastha-dharma ke aSTazIla kA vivecana kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki 'maiM tumheM gRhastha-dharma batAtA hU~, jisake AcaraNa se zrAvaka sadAcArI hotA hai, kyoMki sampUrNa bhikSu dharma parigrahI se prApta nahIM hai / ' paMca sAmAnyazIla (1) ahiMsA - zIla- saMsAra ke sthAvara aura jaMgama, saba prANiyoM ke prati hiMsA kA tyAga, na to prANI kA vadha kare, na karAe aura na karane kI dUsaroM anumati hI de / (2) acaurya - zIla- dUsare kI samajhI jAne vAlI kisI cIja ko curAnA tyAga de, na curAe aura na curAne kI anumati hI de / corI kA sarvathA parityAga kare / (3) brahmacarya yA svapatnI - santoSa - jalate koyale ke gaDDhe kI taraha vijJa abrahmacarya ko tyAga de / brahmacarya kA pAlana asambhava ho, to para- strI kA atikramaNa na kare / (4) amRSAvAda - zIla- kisI sabhA yA pariSad meM jAkara na to eka-dUsare ko asatya bole, na bulavAe aura na bolane kI anumati hI de / mithyA - bhASaNa sarvathA tyAga de / (5) madyapAnaviramaNa - zIla- isa dharma kA icchuka gRhastha madyapAna kA pariNAma unmAda jAnakara na to usakA sevana kare, na pilAe aura na pIne kI anumati de / tIna upoSatha zIla* (6) vikAla bhojana- parityAga - rAtri meM evaM vikAla meM bhojana na kare / ( 7 ) mAlya- gandha - viramaNa - mAlA dhAraNa na kare, sugandhi kA sevana na kare / ( 8 ) ucca zayyA - viramaNa - kATha, jamIna yA sataraMjI para leTe / bhikSusaMgha-saMvibhAga 5 anna aura pAna se apanI zakti ke anusAra zraddhApUrvaka prasannatA se bhikSuoM ko dAna de| niSiddha vyApAra - parityAga" - pA~ca vyApAra upAsaka ke lie akaraNIya haiM(1) astrazastroM kA vyApAra, (2) prANiyoM kA vyApAra, (3) mAMsa kA vyApAra, ( 4 ) madya kA vyApAra, (5) viSa kA vyApAra / ina pA~ca vyavasAyoM kA parityAga kara kisI dhArmikavyApAra meM lage (payojaye dhammikaM so vANijjaM -suttanipAta 25/29) / 335

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhagavAn buddha ne bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pA~ca aNuvratoM ke samAna hI gRhastha-upAsakoM ke lie pA~ca zIloM kA upadeza kiyA hai| bauddha-vicAraNA ke gRhastha jIvana ke pA~ca zIla jaina- vicAraNA ke aNuvratoM ke samAna hI haiM, antara kevala yaha hai ki bhagavAn buddha kA pA~cavA~ zIta niSedha hai, jabaki jaina- vicAraNA kA pA~cavA~ aNuvrata parigraha-parimANa hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bauddha-vicAraNA meM gRhastha - upAsaka ke lie parigraha-maryAdA ko itanA adhika mahatva pradAna nahIM kiyA gayA, jitanA ki jaina- paramparA meM use diyA gayA hai, yadyapi buddha ke aneka vacana parigraha kI maryAdA kA saMketa karate haiM / bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki 'jo manuSya khetI, vAstu (makAna), hiraNya (cA~dI - svarNa), go, azva, dAsa, bandhu ityAdi kI kAmanA karatA hai, use vAsanAe~ dabAtI haiM aura bAdhAe~ mardana karatI haiM, taba vaha pAnI meM TUTI nAva kI taraha duHkha meM par3atA hai 7 / bauddha-vicAraNA ke madya-niSedha kA mahatva to jainavicAraNA meM svIkAra kiyA gayA, lekina usake lie svatantra aNuvrata kI mAnyatA jainAgamoM meM nahIM hai| madyadha-niSedha ko sAtaveM upabhoga - paribhoga nAmaka aNuvrata ke antargata hI mAna liyA gayA hai / yadi hama bauddha - vicAraNA kI dRSTi se gRhastha-dharma kA vivecana kareM, to hameM jaina- vicArasammata gRhastha jIvana ke bAraha vratoM kI dhAraNA ke sthAna para aSTazIla evaM bhikSu saMgha-saMvibhAga kI dhAraNA milatI hai| (1) hiMsA - parityAga (prANAtipAta - viramaNa), (2) corI - parityAga ( adattAdAna - viramaNa), (3) abrahmacarya - parityAga yA parastrIanAtikramaNa (maithuna - viramaNa yA svapatnI - santoSavrata ), (4) asatya - parityAga (mRSAvAdaviramaNa), (5) madyapAna-parityAga, (6) rAtri evaM vikAla bhojana- parityAga, ( 7 ) mAlyagandha-dhAraNa- parityAga, (8) ucca zayyA - parityAga / ( antima tIna zIloM kA sambandha upoSatha se hai|) (9) bhikSusaMgha-saMvibhAga (atithisaMvibhAga- vrata ) / tulanA 336 - isa prakAra, jaina- vicAraNA ke parigraha - parimANa - vrata evaM dizAparimANa - vrata kA vivecana bauddha - vicAraNA meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / jaina- vicAraNA ke sAmAyika vrata ko samyaksamAdhi ke antargata mAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi usakA zIla (vrata) ke rUpa meM nirdeza bauddha-granthoM meM nahIM hai| isI prakAra, jaina- dezAvakAzika - vrata ko bauddha-upoSatha ke antargata tathA bauddha-madyapAna evaM rAtribhojana- parityAga ko jaina upabhogaparibhoga- vrata kA hI AMzika rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI apekSA se, vikAla bhojana, mAlyagandhadhAraNa aura ucca zayyA parityAga-tInoM zIla- upoSatha ke vizeSa aMga hone se jaina proSadha - vrata se tulanIya haiN| bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie niSiddha vyavasAyoM kA ullekha hai| -

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gRhastha-dharma 337 antara yahI hai ki jaina-vicAraNA meM unakI saMkhyA pandraha hai, jabaki bauddha-vicAraNA meM kevala pA~ca hai| jahA~ jaina-vicAraNA ke dvArA gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie pA~ca aNuvratoM kI vyavasthA hai, vahA~ bauddha-vicAraNA meM paMcazIla kI vyavasthA hai, lekina phira bhI donoM meM antara yaha hai ki bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhikSu evaM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie AcaraNIya paMcazIla meM koI antara nahIM hai| gRhastha-upAsaka kI sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhakara unameM koI saMzodhana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, udAharaNArtha -suttanipAta meM gRhastha-dharma ke upadeza meM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie trasa evaM sthAvara-donoM prakAra ke jIvoM kI hiMsA kA niSedha hai, jabaki gRhasthaupAsaka kA sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA se virata honA sambhava nahIM hai| jaina-vicAraNA bhikSu ke pA~ca mahAvratoM ko kAphI lacIlA banAkara aNuvratoM ke rUpa meM unheM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie prastuta karatI hai, jisase una vratoM kI pratijJAoM kA samyak paripAlana asaMbhava na ho| dUsare, jahA~ jaina-vicAraNA meM aNuvratoM kI pratijJA kA vidhAna adhikAMza rUpa meM manasAkRta, vAkkRta, karmaNAkRta (karanA), manasAkArita, vAkkArita aura kAyakArita (karavAnA)ina cha: bhaMgoM yA chaH se kamabhaMgoM se kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ taura-vicAraNA meM nau bhaMga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA lagatA hai, kyoMki suttanipAta meM jahA~ hiMsA-viramaNa, mRSA-viramaNa aura adattAdAna-viramaNa meM kRta, kArita aura anumodita kI koTiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jo manasA, vAcA, karmaNA kI dRSTi se nau bana jAtI haiM, jaina-vicAraNA kevala sAdhu ke lie hI navabhaMga (navakoTi) pratijJA kA vidhAna karatI hai, yadyapi brahmacarya yA parastrI-anatikramaNa kI pratijJA meM jaina aura bauddha-donoM dRSTi bhaMga-vidhAna nahIM karatI haiM-aisA suttanipAta ke uparokta varNana se lagatA hai| vahA~ mAtra yahI kahA gayA hai ki brahmacarya kA pAlana asambhava ho, to parastrI kA atikramaNa na kre| kAla-dRSTi se vicAra karane se jaina-vicAraNA meM pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna guNavratoM kI pratijJA jIvana-paryanta ke lie hotI hai, inake pratijJA-sUtroM se isakI puSTi hotI hai / bauddha-vicAraNA meM bhI paMcazIla ko yAvajjIvana ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| zeSa tIna zIla, jinheM upoSatha-zIla bhI kahA jAtA hai, zikSAvratoM ke samAna eka vizeSa samayAvadhi (eka dina) ke lie hI grahaNa kie jAte haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-paramparA meM varNita gRhastha-AcAra jaina-paramparA se bahuta-kucha sAmya rakhatA hai| hindU AcAra-darzana meM gRhastha-dharma yadyapi gItA meM jaina darzana ke samAna vrata-vyavasthA kA abhAva hai, tathApi jainagRhastha ke AcAra se sambandhita aneka tathya aise haiM, jina para tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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338 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jisa prakAra jaina AcAra-darzana meM samyak-zraddhA ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra gItA evaM samagra hindU AcAra-darzana meM bhI zraddhA ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| itanAhI nahIM, gItA zraddhA para jaina-vicAraNA kI apekSA adhika jora detI hai| gItA meM kahA hai ki puruSa zraddhAmaya hai| vyakti kI jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, vaisA hI vaha hotA hai, arthAt zraddhA ke anurUpa hI usake caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai| jo vyakti zraddhA-yukta hai, yadyapi yogamArga (AcaraNa kI dizA) meM prayatna karane vAlA nahIM hai, athavA yogamArga (AcaraNa) se bhraSTa ho gayA hai, usakA na to vinAza hotA hai aura na vaha durgati meM jAtA hai, varan dhIre-dhIre prayatna karate hue aneka janmoM ke anta meM siddhi prApta kara letA hai|100 ____ gItA meM bhI avirata-samyakdRSTi nAmaka usa varga ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jo zraddhA-samanvita hote hue bhI AcaraNa kI dizA meM Age nahIM bar3hatA hai| gItAkAra ne 'ayatiHzraddhayopeto' (ayati: aprayatnavAn yogamArga)101 kahakara usakA nirdeza kiyA hai| yadyapi gItA meM jaina-vicAraNA-sammata sapta durvyasanoM ke tyAga kA koI nirdeza nahIM milatA, tathApi mahAbhArata meM juA, madyapAna, parastrI-saMsarga aura mRgayA (zikAra)-ina cAra vyasanoM ke tyAga kA nirdeza hai 1021 gItA meM jaina-vicAraNA kI bhA~ti gRhastha-sAdhaka ke vratoM kA koI spaSTa vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai| gItA meM ahiMsA,103 satya,10 brahmacarya,105 aparigraha106 kA sAmAnya nirdeza avazya hai, tathApi vaha yaha nahIM batAtI hai ki gRhastha-jIvana meM inakA pAlana kisa prakAra kiyA jaae| gItA saiddhAntika-rUpa meM to unheM svIkAra karatI hai, phira bhI gRhasthajIvana ke yogya unake vyAvahArika-svarUpa kA usameM ullekha nahIM hai| gItA meM mAtra sadguNoM ke rUpa meM unakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| gItA ne yaha kahakara ki jo gRhastha binA die bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hI hai, gRhastha ke sAmAjika-uttaradAyitva ko spaSTa avazya kiyA hai 101 isI prakAra, jaina-sAdhanA meM gRhastha ke sAta zikSAvratoM ke pIche jisa anAsakti kI bhAvanA ke vikAsa kA dRSTikoNa hai, vahI anAsakti kI vRtti gItA kA mUla uddezya hai| gItA meM AhAra-viveka kA nirdeza bhI upalabdha hai| gItA ne sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa-tIna prakAra ke AhAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| jaina-sAdhanA meM varNita sAmAyikavrata kI tulanA gItA ke dhyAnayoga kI sAdhanA ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra sAmAyika-vrata meM pavitra sthAna meM sama Asana se mana, vAk aura zarIra kA saMyama kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra gItA ke anusAra, dhyAnayoga kI sAdhanA meM bhI zuddha bhUmi para sama Asana se baiThakara zarIraceSTA aura cittavRttiyoM kA saMyama kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, atithisaMvibhAga-vrata kI jo vivecanA jaina dharma meM upalabdha hai, vaha gItA meM bhI hai| gItA meM dAna gRhastha kA eka Avazyaka karttavya mAnA gayA hai|

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gRhastha-dharma gRhastha-dharma ke sambandha meM adhika spaSTa vivecanA evaM tulanA ke lie hameM mahAbhArata kI ora jAnA hogaa| gItA to mahAbhArata kA hI eka aMga hai| mahAbhArata meM gRhastha-dharma ke sambandha meM aise aneka nirdeza haiM, jo jaina-AcAra meM varNita gRhastha-dharma se sAmyatA rakhate haiN| nimna paMktiyoM meM kevala tulanAtmaka dRSTi se sAmya rakhane vAle gRhastha - AcAra ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai 339 1. vRthA pazuoM kI hiMsA na kare | 108 (ahiMsANuvrata) 2. juA na khele aura dUsaroM kA dhana na le / 109 (asteya - aNuvrata ) 3. kisI ko gAlI na de, vyartha na bole, dUsaroM kI cugalI yA nindA na kare, mitabhASI ho, satyavacana bole tathA isake lie sadA sAvadhAna rhe| 110 (satya-aNuvrata) 4. apanI patnI ke sAtha hI vihAra kare, parastrI ke sAtha nahIM / apanI strI ko bhI jaba taka vaha RtusnAtA na huI ho, samAgama ke lie apane pAsa nahIM bulAe aura mana meM eka patnIvrata dhAraNa kare | 111 (svapatnI - santoSavrata) / 5. gRhastha ke lie cAra prakAra kI (saMgraha) vRtti batAI hai - 1. koThe bhara anAja kA saMgraha karake rakhanA, 2. kuMDe bhara anAja saMgRhIta karake rakhanA, 3. eka divasa ke upabhoga jitane hI anna kA saMgraha rakhanA, 4. kApotIvRtti (ucchavRtti) / ina cAroM meM pratyeka apane pUrvavartI kI apekSA zreSTha mAnI gaI hai| 112 (parigraha-parimANa - vrata) / 6. vikAla meM bhojana nahIM kre| 113 upavAsa na kare, kintu adhika bhI nahIM khAe, sadA bhojana ke lie lAlAyita na rahe, jitanA jIvana-nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka ho, utanA hI anna peTa meM ddaale| (upabhoga - paribhogavrata) / 7. . kevala apane lie bhojana nahIM bnaae| 114 use aise sabhI logoM ko, jo apane hAtha se bhojana nahIM pakAte (saMnyAsI Adi), sadA hI anna denA cAhie, kyoMki gRhasthAzrama vibhAga kI vidhi hai / jisa gRhastha ke ghara meM atithi bhikSA na pAne ke kAraNa nirAza lauTa jAtA hai, vaha gRhastha ko apanA pApa dekara usakA puNya le jAtA hai 116 | (atithisaMvibhAgavrata) / 8. brAhmaNa dAna se, kSatriya yuddha (sainika - vRtti) se, vaizya nyAyapUrvaka vyavasAya yA khetI Adi se aura zUdra sevA se AjIvikA upArjita kre| 117 vizeSa avasthA meM brAhmaNa aura zUdra vyApAra, pazupAlana aura zilpa-kalA se bhI apanI AjIvikA upArjita kara sakate haiN|118 mahAbhArata ke anusAra - nAcanA Adi raMgamaMca ke kArya, bahurUpie kA kArya, madirA aura mAMsa kA vyavasAya, lohe evaM camar3e kA vyavasAya nindya hai aura inheM chor3ane kI salAha dI gaI hai / 119 brAhmaNa ke lie mAMsa, madirA, madhu (zahada), namaka, tila, banAI huI

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340 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rasoI, ghor3A, baila, gAya, bakarA Adi pazuoM kA vyApAra niSiddha mAnA gayA hai 120 (niSiddha aajiivikaa)| __ vaidika-paramparA ke gRhastha-AcAra kA jaina-paramparA se pramukha antara yajJa-vidhAna ko lekara hai| vaidika-paramparA meM gRhastha ke lie ina pA~ca yajJoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. bhUtayajJa (prANiyoM ko anna pradAna karanA), 2. manuSya-yajJa (atithipUjana), 3. devayajJa (homa), 4. pitR-yajJa (zrAddha) 5. brahma-yajJa (vedapATha, svaadhyaay)| yadi vicArapUrvaka dekheM, to uparyukta pA~ca yajJoM meM mAtra deva-yajJa (homa) aura pitR-yajJa (zrAddha)-yahI do aise haiM, jinakA sambandha jaina-vicAradhArA se nahIM hai| gAMdhIjI kI vrata-vyavasthA aura jaina-paramparA vartamAna yuga meM gAMdhIvAdI-darzana meM jina ekAdaza vratoM kA vidhAna hai,121 unakA jaina-AcAradarzana kI vrata-vyavasthA se kAphI sAmya hai| yadyapi yaha kahanA to ucita nahIM hogA ki unhoMne isa vrata-vicAra ko jaina-paramparA se hI grahaNa kiyA hai, tathApi jaina-dharma ke pArivArika-saMskAroM aura samakAlIna jaina AdhyAtmika-vicAraka zrImadrAjacandrabhAI (jinase gA~dhIjI kAphI adhika prabhAvitathe) ke samparka se unakI vrata-vicAraNA aprabhAvita bhI nahIM kahI jA sakatI / tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karane para nimnalikhita sAmya parilakSita hotA haijaina-AcAradarzana gAMdhIvAdI-darzana 1. ahiMsAvrata ___ 1. ahiMsAvrata satyavrata 2. satyavrata 3. acauryavrata 3. acauryavrata 4. svapatnIsaMtoSa athavA brahmacaryavrata 4. brahmacarya 5. aparigraha 5. aparigraha dizA-parimANa 6. (zarIra-zrama) 7. upabhoga-paribhoga-viramaNa 7. asvAda 8. anarthadaNDa 8. bhaya-varjana 9. sAmAyika 9. sarvadharma-samAnatva 10. dezAvakAzika ___ 10. (sparza-bhAvanA) 11. pauSadhavrata 11. (svadezI) 12. atithi-saMvibhAga isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki gAMdhIvAdI-vratavyavasthA yugIna-samasyAoM ke prakAza meM kiyA huA jaina-vratavyavasthA kA saMzodhita adyatana saMskAra hai|

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gRhastha-dharma 341 __ 1. ahiMsA - yadyapi jaina-vicArakoM ne ahiMsA kA kAphI adhika gaharAI taka vicAra kiyA hai, phira bhI jaina-darzana meM ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka-pahalU kA hI adhika vikAsa huA hai| jaina-ahiMsA mAtra hiMsA se bacane ke lie hI thii| usameM vaha jIvanta sAmAjika-preraNA nahIM thI, jo eka gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie hiMsApUrNa kaThina sAmAjikaparisthitiyoM meM sambala bana ske| gAMdhIvAdI-darzana meM satyAgraha ke dvArA ahiMsA kA sAmAjika-jIvana meM jo prayoga huA, vaha nizcita hI maulika hai| gA~dhIvAdI-ahiMsA kI mahattA isa bAta meM nahIM hai ki prANiyoM kI rakSA kisa prakAra kI jAe, varan isa bAta meM hai ki samAja meM vyApta anyAya kA pratikAra ahiMsA ke dvArA kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai| gAMdhIvAda meM ahiMsA anyAya ke pratikAra ke eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM sAmane aaii| gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ko mAnava jAti ke niyama ke rUpa meM dekhA-unake apane zabdoM meM ahiMsA hamArI (mAnava) jAti kA niyama hai, jaise ki hiMsA pazuoM kA niyama hai|22 / jaina-darzana ke samAna hI gAMdhIvAda meM bhI ahiMsA ko vyApaka arthoM meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI likhate haiM, kuvicAra mAtra hiMsA hai| utAvalI (jaldabAjI) hiMsA hai| mithyAbhASaNa hiMsA hai| dveSa hiMsA hai| kisI kA burA cAhanA hiMsA hai| jagat ke lie jo Avazyaka vastu hai, usa para kabjA rakhanAbhI hiMsA hai|123 ahiMsA ke binA satya kA sAkSAtkAra asambhava hai, brahmacarya, asteya aura aparigraha bhI ahiMsA ke artha meM haiN|124 ___ gAMdhIvAda ke anusAra, sAmAjika-kSetra meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra dUsaroM ke sukha-duHkha ko apanA sukha-duHkha mAnane meM hai, rAjanItika-kSetra meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra nAgarikoM kA paraspara vizvAsa aura sneha hai aura Arthika-kSetra meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra saha-utpAdana aura sama-vitaraNa hai / 125 gAMdhIvAda meM ahiMsA ke Adarza kA vikAsa jIo aura jIne do' ke siddhAnta se bhI Age gayA hai| usameM ahiMsA kA siddhAnta jilAne ke lie jIo' bana gayA hai| 2.satya- yadyapi gAMdhIvAda aura jaina-darzana-donoM hI satya kI upAsanA para jora dete haiM, donoM ke lie satya hI bhagavAna hai, phira bhI jainadarzana kA satya bhagavAna, bhagavatI ahiMsA ke Upara pratiSThita nahIM ho skaa| jainAgamoM meM sarvatra ahiMsA satya ke Upara pratiSThita hai, satya ahiMsA ke lie hai, lekina gAMdhIdarzana meM, satya ahiMsA ke Upara pratiSThita hai, usameM satya kA sthAna pahalA hai, ahiMsA kA duusraa| gAMdhIvAda meM satya sAdhya hai aura ahiMsA sAdhana, yadyapi donoM meM abheda hai| gAMdhIjI ke zabdoM meM, satya kI khoja mere jIvana kI pradhAna pravRtti rahI hai, isameM mujhe ahiMsA milI aura maiM isa natIje para pahu~cA ki ina donoM meM abheda hai, satya aura ahiMsA eka dUsare meM aise ghule-mile haiM ki inakA alaga-alaga karanA muzkila hai| 125 gAMdhIvAda meM satya mAtra sambhASaNa yA lekhana taka sImita nahIM, varan vaha eka dRSTi hai| gAMdhIvAda

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342 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke 'satya' kI tulanA jaina-vicAraNA ke satyavrata kI apekSA samyagdRSTitva se karanA adhika upayukta hogaa| lekina, jahA~ taka satya kA sambandha saca bolane se hai, vahA~ taka gAMdhIvAda aura jaina-paramparA-donoM hI satya ko ahiMsA ke adhIna kara dete haiN| jaina-paramparA meM gRhasthasAdhaka ke lie bhI aisA satya sambhASaNa, jo aniSTakAraka evaM apriya ho, varNya mAnA gayA hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, zramaNopAsaka ko satya, tathya tathA sadbhUta hone para bhI aise vacana kA prayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, jo aniSTa, priya aura amanojJa hoN|127 gAMdhIjI bhI jaina-paramparA ke isI tathya kI puSTi karate hue likhate haiM- satya na bolanA hI acchA hai, yadi koI usako ahiMsaka-tarIke se nahIM bola sakatA ho / 128 3. asteya-gAMdhIvAda aura jaina-darzana-donoM hI meM asteya ko eka vrata ke rUpa meM svIkArA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, gAMdhIvAda aura jaina-darzana-donoM meM asteya kA artha kevala itanA hI nahIM hai ki corI nahIM krnaa| gAMdhIvAda aura jaina-darzana isa sImA se bhI Age gae aura unhoMne kahA ki vastu ke svAmI kI AjJA ke binA vastu ko lene kA AcaraNa hI corI nahIM hai, varan lene kI vRtti bhI corI hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, rAjakIya (sAmAjika)-vyavasthA ke viruddha kArya karanA, aprAmANika mApa-taula kA vyavahAra aura anaitika sammizraNa corI hai| gA~dhIjI ne anAvazyaka vastuoM ke saMgraha ko bhI corI mAnA hai| unake apane zabdoM meM, jina vastu kI hameM jarUrata nahIM hai, use jisake adhikAra meM vaha ho, usake pAsa se usakI AjJA lekara bhI lenA corI hai| 129 ____4. brahmacarya - gAMdhIvAda kI dRSTi meM svapatnIsantoSa bhI brahmacarya hI hai, kyoMki gaha aura gRhasthAzrama kAma-vAsanA ko sImita karane kA prayAsa hai, vaha saMyama ke lie hai aura isalie brahmacarya hai, lekina isase bhI Age bar3hakara jaina-darzana ke samAna gAMdhIvAda bhI gRhastha jIvana meM pUrNa brahmacarya ke pAlana kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karatA hai aura usa para jora bhI detA hai| gAMdhIjI kA jIvana svayaM isakA pratyakSa udAharaNa hai| isa prakAra, gAMdhIvAda aura jaina-darzana meM brahmacarya ke viSaya meM paryApta sAmya hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaidika-paramparAse Age bar3hakara gAMdhI aura jaina-darzana mAnate haiM ki strI ko bhI brahmacarya-pAlana kA puruSa ke samAna hI adhikAra prApta hai| gA~dhIjI kI dRSTi meM brahmacarya kA artha hai-mana, vacana aura kAyA se samasta indriyoM kA sNym| 130 gAMdhIjI brahmacarya ko mAtra strI-puruSa sambandha taka sImita nahIM mAnate, varan use adhika vyApaka banAte haiN| 5. aparigraha-gRhastha-jIvana kI maryAdAoM ko lekara gAMdhIvAda meM aparigraha kA vrata TrasTI - zipa' (nyAsa-siddhAnta) ke rUpa meM vikasita huA, jabaki jaina-darzana meM parigraha-parimANa-vrata ke rUpa meN| gAMdhIvAda meM aparigraha kI vRtti kA artha hai-apanI jarUrata /

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gRhastha-dharma kI cIja rakhane meM bhI svAmitva-bhAva nahIM rahanA caahie| manuSya apanI jarUrata kI cIjeM to rakhe, lekina usa para apanA svAmitva nahIM maane| 131 gAMdhIvAda isa artha meM jaina-darzana se bhI Age jAtA hai, vaha TrasTIzipa ke siddhAnta dvArA eka sAmAjika artha-vyavasthA ke siddhAnta ko vikasita karane kA prayAsa bhI karatA hai / yadyapi TrasTIzipa ke siddhAnta ke pIche jo amUrcchA yA anAsakti kA bIjamaMtra hai, vaha jainAcAra - darzana aura gItA meM pahale se hI maujUda thaa| jaina darzana ne parigraha kI paribhASA karate hue yahI kahA thA ki vAstavika parigraha to mUrcchA yA Asakti hai / 132 yadyapi jaina - darzana aura gItA meM aparigraha yA anAsakti kI dhAraNA kA sAmAjika mUlya hai, tathApi aparigraha ke Adarza para khar3I huI samAja - vyavasthA kI parikalpanA gAMdhIvAdI darzana kI apanI maulika sUjha hai| gAMdhIvAda kI dRSTi meM aparigraha artha yaha nahIM hai ki basa hameM jitanA Avazyaka hai, utanA hI saMgraha kreNge| Avazyaka kI koI ittA nahIM hai, sImA nahIM hai, isalie AvazyakatA ke nAma para saMgraha kI abhilASA samasyA kA sahI nidAna nahIM hai, sahI nidAna hai - saMgraha kI vRtti yA svAmitva kI bhAvanA kA tyAga | TrasTIzipa kA siddhAnta svAmitva kI vRtti kA hI niSedha karatA hai| usakA nArA hai'svAmI nahIM, saMrakSaka' / - - u-samAja 6. zarIra - zrama - zarIra zrama ko vrata kA rUpa dene kA zreya gAMdhIvAda ko hI hai / zarIrazrama ke vrata ke pIche sAmAjika sudhAra kI bhAvanA pradhAna hai| sampatti-niSTha-sa zrama-niSTha8-samAja ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAeM, yahI dRSTi isake pIche rahI hai| vaise isa vrata kI mahattA isa bAta meM hai ki mana aura zarIra ke madhya zrama kI dRSTi se bhI sAMga saMtulana sthApita kiyA jaae| binA zrama ke zarIra nahIM TikatA hai, yadi hama isa bauddhika- yuga meM zarIrazrama kA mahatva bhUla jAeMge, to hamArA zArIrika saMtulana bhI bigar3a jaaegaa| Aja bhI buddhijIvIvarga khela ke bahAne zarIrazrama karatA hai, kyoM na isa anutpAdaka zrama kA upayoga utpAdaka- - kSetra meM kiyA jAe ? zarIrazrama ke pIche eka dRSTi yaha bhI hai ki jaba sabhI zArIrika zrama kareMge, to zArIrika zrama ke prati varttamAna yuga meM jo hInatA kI bhAvanA hai, vaha samApta ho jAegI aura zArIrika zrama karane vAle tuccha nahIM mAne jaaeNge| zrama ke prati niSThA utpanna hogii| jaina - darzana meM zarIrazrama kA vrata to upalabdha nahIM, phira bhI jaina- vicAraNA meM pramAdAcaraNa yA Alasya ko sadaiva hI anucita mAnA gayA hai| - 7. asvAda - asvAda ko bhI gA~dhIjI ne eka vrata mAnA hai / svAda rasanendriya kI lolupatAkA aguA hai aura isa prakAra yaha bhI Asakti kA hI eka rUpa hai| jahA~ svAda hai, vahA~ Asakti hai| svAda kI vRtti bhI lokakalyANa (sarvodaya) meM utanI hI bAdhaka hai, jitanI Asakti yA saMgrahavRtti / asvAda kA vaiyaktika- mUlya indriya-saMyama evaM anAsakta - jIvana meM hai, jabaki asvAda kA sAmAjika mUlya dUsaroM ko khilAkara khuza hone meM hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, - 343

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344 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana khilAne meM AnandamAne svayaM ke khAne meM nahIM, kyoMki yaha manuSya svabhAva hai ki Ananda jaba taka dUsare kI A~khoM meM pratibimbita nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha mere lie bhI pUrNa nahIM banatA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne kahA hai ki akele svAdiSTa bhojana karanA avanati kA kAraNa hai (suttanipAta 6/12) dAdAdharmAdhikArI ke zabdoM meM, asvAda kA eka sAmAjika-artha hai-utpAdana mere lie nahIM hogA- samAja ke lie hogA (sAmAjika-hita ke lie hogaa)| jaina-darzana meM asvAda ke isa sAmAjika-pakSa kA vikAsa to nahIM dekhA jAtA, lekina usake vaiyaktikapakSa kA vidhAna avazya hai| zramaNa-jIvana ke lie to asvAdakIAvazyakatA anivArya rUpa se svIkAra kI hI gaI hai, lekina gRhastha-jIvana ke lie bhI upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANavrata ke dvArA asvAda kI dizA meM Age bar3hane ke lie preraNA dI gaI hai| upabhoga kI vastuoM kI sImArekhA nizcita karanA bhI svAda-jaya kA hI eka prayAsa hai| 8. abhaya-nirbhayatA bhI gA~dhIvAda meM eka vrata hai| satyAgraha aura ahiMsA kIzakti meM dRr3ha vizvAsa ke lie nirbhayatA eka Avazyaka tattva hai| nirbhayatA ke abhAva meM ahiMsA aura satyAgraha kI sAdhanA asambhava hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhayabhIta sAdhanA se vicalita ho jAtA hai, vaha karttavyabhAra yA dAyitva kA nirvAha bhI nahIM kara sktaa|133 uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra bhI bhaya se uparata sAdhaka hI ahiMsA kA pAlana kara sakatA hai|134 jaina-vicAraNA meM abhaya ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, abhaya karanA aura abhaya honA hI jainasAdhanA kA sAra hai| zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM meM anarthadaNDaviramaNavrata hI abhaya kA vrata hai| bhaya eka anarthadaNDa hai, kyoMki usameM vyakti anAvazyaka duzcintAoM se ghirA rahatA hai|135 anarthadaNDa se virata hone ke lie nimna duzcintoM, arthAt ArtadhyAna kA chor3anA Avazyaka hai- 1. iSTa ke viyoga kI cintA, 2. aniSTa ke saMyoga kI cintA 3. roga-cintA, 4. nidAna (upalabdhi kI cintaa)| nirbhayatA ahiMsA kI pahalI zarta hai| bhaya se kAyaratA kA janma hotA hai aura kAyara ahiMsaka nahIM hotaa| gA~dhIjI aura jaina-vicAra isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki ahiMsA vIra kA dharma hai, kAyara kA nhiiN| 9. sarvadharma-samAnatva-sarvadharma-samAnatva kA vrata gA~dhIvAda kI vizeSatA hai| gA~dhIvAda ne isa vrata ke dvArA dharma ke nAma para hone vAle saMgharSoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| gA~dhIjI sabhI dharmoM meM satya kA darzana karate haiM aura isIlie sabhI dharmoM ke prati na kevala sahiSNutA aura samAdara kA bhAva honA cAhie, varan hameM yaha bhI mAnanA cAhie ki sabhI dharmoM meM satya nihita hai| jaina-paramparA meM cAhe sarvadharma-samAnatA kI bAta vyavahArya nahIM rahI ho, lekina saiddhAntika-rUpa meM sarvadharma-satyatA jaina-vicAraNA meM svIkRta hai| jainadArzanika jaina-darzana ko sabhI mithyA darzanoM kA samUha mAnate haiN|136 unake anusAra to jinheM alaga-alaga rUpa meM adharma yA mithyAmata kahA jAtA hai, ve sabhI milakara satyadharma yA

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gRhastha-dharma 345 samyaktva bana jAte haiN| unake anusAra, sarvadharma-samanvaya meM hI saccA dharma vyakta hotA hai|137 dharma eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3e hokara hI adharma bana jAte haiM, lekina jaba ve samanvaya meM hote haiM, to saddharma bana jAte haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo virodhiyoM ke prati taTasthatA rakhatA hai, vahI vizva ke vidvAnoM meM agraNI hai 1381 ___10. sparzabhAvanA-spRzya-aspRzya kI samasyA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie gA~dhIvAda ne sparza-bhAvanA nAmaka vrata kA vidhAna kiyaa| chuAchUta kI samasyA to mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI thI, phira bhI itanI tIvra nahIM thii| mahAvIra ne apanI saMgha-vyavasthA ke nirmANa meM spRzyatA aura aspRzyatA ko koI sthAna nahIM diyaa| cANDAla kulotpanna harakezIbala, arjuna mAlAkara jaise pramukha zramaNa aura zakaDAlaputra jaise kumbhakAra gRhastha-upAsaka unake saMgha meM samAna rUpa se samAviSTa the| mahAvIra ne bhI tatkAlIna spRzya aura aspRzya kI samasyA kA dhArmika-AdhAra para nirAkaraNa to kiyA thA, phira bhI gA~dhIjI ke samAna usake lie kisI svatantra vrata kA vidhAna nahIM kiyaa| jahA~ taka gA~dhIjI kA prazna hai, unhoMne isa samasyA ko sAmAjika-dRSTi se dekhA aura usake nirAkaraNa ke lie eka sAmAjika-vrata kI vyavasthA dii| 11. svadezI (svAvalambana) - gA~dhIvAda meM svadezI ke upayoga kI vicAraNA ko eka vrata ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| svadezI vrata kA nirmANa rASTroM ke vyAvasAyika-zoSaNa ke pratikAra ke lie huaa| yadi isa vrata kA sAmAjika-mUlya svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, to isakA artha hogA-bhautika-dRSTi se samRddha rASTroM ko avikasita dezoM ke zoSaNa kI khulI chUTa denaa| gA~dhIvAda aisI samAja-vyavasthA kA virodha karatA hai aura usake pratikAra ke lie svadezI kA vrata detA hai| vyAvasAyika-dRSTi se svadezI kA vrata jainadarzana ke dizAparimANavrata ke paryApta nikaTa hai| dizAparimANa-vrata bhI vyakti kI arthalolutApUrNa usa vyAvasAyikazoSaNavRtti ko sImita karatA hai, jisake kAraNa vyakti svagrAma, svanagara yA svadeza meM arthopArjana se santuSTa na ho, videzoM ke vyAvasAyika-zoSaNa ke dvArA apanI dhana-lipsA kI pUrti karanA cAhatA hai| vastuoM meM upabhogAsakti kI dRSTi se bhI svadezI kA vrata jainavicAraNA ke dezAvakAzika-vrata ke paryApta nikaTa hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke dezAvakAzikavrata meM bhI sAdhaka eka viziSTa sImAkSetra ke andara kI vastuoM ke upabhoga kI maryAdA bAMdhatA karatA hai| sAdhvI zrI ujvalakumArIjI ne dezAvakAzika kI tulanA svadezI ke vrata se kI hai| svadezI kA eka dUsarA pahalU svAvalambana hai, arthAt jisakA utpAdana hama nahIM kara sakate, usake upayoga kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai, lekina isa kathana para sAmAjika-dRSTi se hI vicAra karanA caahie| yadyapi jaina-zramaNa kI AcAra-maryAdA kI dRSTi se yaha pahalU jaina-vicAraNA ke adhika nikaTa nahIM AtA, lekina jahA~ taka gRhastha AcAra-maryAdA kA

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346 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prazna hai, kucha prAcIna digambara-AcAryoM aura samakAlIna zvetAmbara jaina-AcAryoM ne svAvalambana kI mahattA para kAphI jora diyA hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA kI dRSTi se unakA kahanA hai ki dUsare ke dvArA vyAvasAyika-dRSTi se vRhat mAtrA meM utpAdita vastuoM ke upabhoga se mahArambha (vizAla paimAne para hone vAlI hiMsA) kA anumodana hotA hai, kyoMki vahA~ utpAdaka kI dRSTi vivekapUrNa na hokara vyAvasAyika yA svArthapUrNa hotI hai| aisI vastu kA upabhoga karanA vizAla paimAne para hiMsA ko protsAhana denA hai| anumodita mahArambha kI apekSAkRta alpArambha sadaiva hI zreSTha hai / 140 digambara-sampradAya meM pracalita 'zauca' kI paramparA ke pIche bhI yahI mUla dRSTi rahI hai ki eka vicArazIla sAdhaka, jo utpAdana svayaM karatA hai, usameM viveka kI sambhAvanA adhika hotI hai, ata: vahA~ alpArambha hotA hai, mahArambha nhiiN| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhI yahIadhika mUlyavAna hai ki pratyakSa meM hone vAlI alpa hiMsA se bacane ke lie parokSa rUpa se hone vAlI mahAhiMsA kA bhAgIdAra nahIM banA jaae| __svAvalambana kI sAmAjika-dRSTi yaha bhI hai ki usameM upabhoga ke lie utpAdana hotA hai, vyavasAya ke lie nahIM / pahalI dhAraNA meM utpAdana ke pIche jo dRSTi hai, vaha mAtra AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kI hai, jabaki dUsarIdhAraNA meM utpAdana ke pIche dRSTi arthalolupatA kI, tRSNA kI hai| naitika-vicAraNA ke AdhAra para dUsarI dRSTi ko ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| svAvalambana ko parasparAvalambana kA virodhI bhI nahIM mAnanA caahie| svAvalambana kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki maiM kisI anya se kucha na lU~ yA kisI ko kucha na duuN| svAvalambana meM bhI aisA lena-dena to hotA hai, lekina usake pIche vyavasAyadRSTi yA svArthabuddhi nahIM hotI hai| vaha sahayoga hai, vyApAra nhiiN| jisa prakAra parivAra ke sadasya paraspara sahayoga yA sneha kI dRSTi se lena-dena karate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra, svAvalambI-samAja meM samAja ke sadasya bhI ApasI lena-dena kara sakate haiM, zarta yahI hai ki vaha lena-dena sahakAra kI dRSTi se ho, vyavasAya kI dRSTi se nhiiN| isa prakAra, tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki gAMdhIvAda kA jaina AcAra-darzana se paryApta sAmya hai, phira bhI kucha bAteM aisI avazya haiM, jinakI maulikatA kA zreya gAMdhIjI ko jAtA hai| jaina vicAra-paramparA ke pAsa ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta to the, lekina sAmAjika-jIvana meM unakA prayoga nahIM huA thaa| yaha to mahAtmA gAMdhI hI the, jinhoMne sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika aura dhArmika-kSetroM meM unakA vyApaka prayoga kara jIvana ke sarvAMgINa kSetra meM unakI upayogitA aura zakti kA AbhAsa kraayaa| gAMdhIvAda meM ahiMsA anyAya ke pratikAra kA astra banI hai, anekAMta sarvadharma-samAnatva kA AdhAra banA hai aura aparigraha TrasTIzipake rUpa meM eka naI sAmAjikaarthavyavasthA kA siddhaant|

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gRhastha-dharma 347 zrAvaka ke dainika-SaTkarma zrAvaka-jIvana ke Avazyaka SaTkarma isa prakAra haiM 1. devapUjA-tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM kA pUjana athavA unake Adarza svarUpa kA cintana evaM gunngaan| 2. guru-sevA- zrAvaka kA dUsarA kartavya guru kI sevA evaM unakA vinaya karanA hai / bhaktipUrvaka guru kA vandana karanA,unakA sammAna karanA aura unake upadezoM kA zravaNa krnaa| 3. svAdhyAya-AtmasvarUpa kA cintana aura mnn| isake sAtha-sAtha hI AtmasvarUpa kA nirvacana karane vAle AgamagranthoM kA paThana-pAThana Adi bhI svAdhyAya hai| 4. saMyama- saMyama kA artha hai-apanI vAsanAoM aura tRSNAoM meM kamI krnaa| zrAvaka kA kartavya hai ki vaha vAsanAoM aura tRSNAoM para saMyama rkhe| 5. tapa-tapa zrAvaka kI dainika-caryA kA pA~cavA~ karma hai| zrAvaka ko yathAzakya anazana, rasa-parityAga yA svAdajaya Adi ke rUpa meM pratidina tapa karanA caahie| ___ . 6. dAna-zrAvaka kA ThavA~ dainika Avazyaka karma dAna hai| pratyeka zrAvaka ko pratidina zramaNa (muni), svadharmI bandhuoM aura asahAya evaM duHkhIjanoM ko kucha na kucha dAna karanA caahie| hindU-dharma ke gRhastha ke SaTkarma-tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki hindU-dharma meM bhI gRhastha ke lie SaTkarmoM kA vidhAna hai| pArAzarasmRti meM nimna SaTkarma batAe gae haiM - 1. sandhyA, 2. japa 3. homa, 4. devapUjA 5. atithisatkAra evaM 6. vaizyadeva (pArAzarasmRti 1/39) zrAvaka kI dinacaryA-AcArya hemacandra ne zrAvaka kI dinacaryA kA varNana karate hue yogazAstra meM likhA hai ki zrAvaka brAhmamuhUrta meM uThakara dharma-cintana kare, tatpazcAt pavitra hokara apane gRha-caitya meM jinendra bhagavAn kI pUjA kare, phira guru kI sevA meM upasthita hokara unakI sevAbhakti kare / tatpazcAt, dharmasthAna se lauTakara AjIvikA ke sthAna meM jAkara isa prakAra dhanopArjana kare ki usake vrata-niyamoM meM bAdhA na pahu~ce / isake bAda, madhyAhakAlIna sAdhanA kare aura phira bhojana karake zAstravettAoM ke sAtha zAstra ke artha kA vicAra kre| punaH, saMdhyAsamaya deva, guru kI upAsanA evaM pratikramaNa AdiSaT-Avazyaka kriyA kare, phira svAdhyAya karake alpanidrA le| (yogazAstra 3/121-131)

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348 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gRhastha (upAsaka) jIvana meM naitika-vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ jaina - darzana nivRtti- paraka hai, lekina gRhI-jIvana se samagra rUpa meM tatkAla nivRtta ho jAnA jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie sulabha nahIM hotA, ataH nivRtti kI dizA meM vibhinna staroM kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai, jisase vyakti kramazaH apanA naitika-vikAsa karatA huA sAdhanA ke antima Adarza ko prApta kara ske| jaina-vicAraNA meM gRhI - jIvana meM sAdhanA kA vikAsa kisa krama se dhIre-dhIre Age bar3hatA jAtA hai, isakA sundara citraNa hameM zrAvakapratimA' kI dhAraNA meM milatA hai| pratimA kA artha hai-pratijJA vishess| naitika- vikAsa ke hara caraNa para sAdhaka dvArA prakaTa kiyA huA dRr3ha nizcaya hI pratimA kahA jAtA hai / zrAvaka-pratimAe~ gRhI-jIvana meM kI jAnevAlI sAdhanA kI vikAsonmukha zreNiyA~ (bhUmikAe~) haiM , jina para kramazaH car3hatA huA sAdhaka apanI AdhyAtmika-pragati kara jIvana ke paramAdarza svasvarUpa' ko prApta kara letA hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM vicAraNAoM meM zrAvaka-pratimAe~ (bhUmikAe~) gyAraha haiN| zvetAmbarasammata upAsaka-bhUmikAoM ke nAma kramazaH isa prakAra haiM - (1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) proSadha, (5) niyama, (6) brahmacarya, (7) sacitta-tyAga, (8) ArambhatyAga, (9) preSyaparityAga, (10) uddiSTabhakta-tyAga aura (11) shrmnnbhuut||41 digambarasammata krama evaM nAma isa prakAra haiN|42 -- (1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) proSadha, (5) sacitta-tyAga, (6) rAtribhojana evaM divAmaithuna-virati, (7) brahmacarya, (8) ArambhatyAga, (9) parigrahatyAga, (10) anumati-tyAga aura (11) uddisstt-tyaag| zvetAmbara aura digambara sUciyoM meM prathama cAra nAmoM evaM unake krama meM sAmya hai| zvetAmbaraparamparA meM sacitta-tyAga kA sthAna sAtavA~ hai, jabaki digambarAmnAya meM unakA sthAna pA~cavA~ hai / digambarAmnAya meM brahmacarya kA sthAna sAtavA~ hai, jabaki zvetAmbarAmnAya meM brahmacarya kA sthAna ThavA~ hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM parigraha-tyAga svatantra bhUmikA meM nahIM hai, jabaki vaha digambara-paramparA meM nauveM sthAna para hai| zeSa do, preSyatyAga aura uddiSTatyAga digambara-paramparA meM anumati-tyAga aura uddiSTatyAga ke nAma se abhihita haiM, lekina zvetAmbara-paramparA meM parigraha-tyAga ko svatantra bhUmikA nahIM mAnane ke kAraNa gyAraha kI saMkhyA meM jo eka kamI hotI hai, usakI pUrti zramaNabhUta nAmaka pratimA jor3akara kI gaI hai, jabaki digambara-paramparA meM vaha uddiSTatyAga ke antargata hI hai, kyoMki zramaNabhUtatA aura uddiSTatyAga samAnArthaka hI haiN| upAsaka-pratimAoM ke krama evaM saMkhyA ke sambandha meM kucha digambara-AcAryoM meM bhI matabheda haiN| svAmI kArtikeya ne inakI saMkhyA bAraha mAnI hai| isI

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gRhastha-dharma prakAra, AcArya somadeva ne divAmaithunavirati ke sthAna para rAtribhojanavirati - pratimA kA vidhAna kiyA hai| 143 donoM paramparAoM meM eka mahatvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki sAmAnyatayA zvetAmbaraparamparA meM ina pratimAoM ke pAlana ke pazcAt punaH pUrva avasthA meM lauTA jA sakatA hai, lekina digambara - paramparA meM pratijJA AjIvana ke lie hotI hai aura sAdhaka punaH pUrva avasthA kI ora nahIM lauTa sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jahA~ digambara- paramparA meM parigrahatyAgapratimA ko svatantra sthAna diyA gayA, vahA~ zvetAmbara - paramparA meM usako svatantra sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai, kyoMki sAdhaka yadi punaH pUrvAvasthArUpa gRhI- jIvana meM lauTa sakatA hai, to usako parigraha kI AvazyakatA hogI, ataH sAdhaka mAtra Arambha kA tyAga karatA hai, parigraha kA nahIM / zvetAmbara - paramparA meM pratimA ke pAlana kA nyUnatama evaM adhikatama samaya nizcita kara diyA gayA hai, adhikatama samaya pratyeka pratimA ke sAtha kramazaH eka - eka mAsa bar3hatA jAtA hai aura anta meM gyArahavIM zramaNabhUta pratimA kI adhikatama samayAvadhi gyAraha mAsa mAna lI gaI hai, jabaki digambara - paramparA meM samaya-maryAdA kA koI vidhAna nahIM hai| usameM ina pratimAoM ko AjIvana ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| gRhastha-sAdhanA kI ina vibhinna bhUmikAoM ke rahane kI nimnatama samaya-sImA kA artha to samajha meM AtA hai ki isa avadhi taka usa bhUmikA meM rahakara sAdhaka apanI sthiti evaM manobala kA itanA vikAsa kara le ki agrima bhUmikA meM jAne para sAdhanA se patita hone kI sambhAvanA na rahe, lekina adhikatama sImA nirdhArita karane kI bAta samajha meM nahIM AtI, kyoMki usa nirdhArita adhikatama avadhi ke samApta hone para do hI vikalpa bacate haiM, yA to sAdhaka Age kI dizA 349 pragati kare, athavA nIce kI ora lauTa jaae| jisa sAdhaka kA Atmabala itanA majabUta nahIM hai ki vaha Age bar3ha sake, usake lie nIce utarane kA mArga hI zeSa rahatA hai, jo ki naitika pragati kI dRSTi se acchA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / zvetAmbara - Agama upAsakadazAMga ke mUlapATha meM samaya - maryAdA kA koI vidhAna nahIM hai, yadyapi dazAzrutaskandha tathA upAsakadazAMga kI TIkAoM meM evaM bAda ke anya granthoM meM samaya - maryAdA kA nirdeza hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM ina vikAsAtmaka bhUmikAoM ko upavAsa Adi tapasyA ke samAna tapavizeSa mAna liyA gayA hai, jabaki vastutaH ye gRhastha-dharma ke nimnatama rUpa se saMnyAsa ke uccatama Adarza taka pahu~cane meM madhyAvadhi-vikAsa kI avasthAe~ haiM, jina para sAdhaka apane balAbala kA vicAra karake Age bar3hatA hai / ye bhUmikAe~ yahI batAtI hai ki jo sAdhaka ekadama nivRttiparaka - saMnyAsamArga ko grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA, vaha gRhI - jIvana meM rahakara bhI -

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350 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana usa Adarza kI ora kramazaH kaise Age bddh'e| ataH, yaha mAnanA par3egA ki ina pratimAoM ke pIche digambara-sampradAya kA jo dRSTikoNa, yA jo dRSTi hai, vaha mUlAtmA ke nikaTa evaM vaijJAnika hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke AdarzoM meM Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kA jo varNana hai, vaha bhI yahI batAtA hai ki ve kramazaH vikAsa kI agrima kakSAoM taka bar3hate gae, lekina punaH vApasa nahIM lautte| merI apanI dRSTi meM ye pratimAe~ zrAvaka-jIvana se zramaNa-jIvana taka uttarottara vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ haiN| yadyapi guNasthAna-siddhAnta bhI naitika-vikAsa kI kakSAoM kA vicAra karatA hai , tathApi guNasthAna-siddhAnta se pratimA- siddhAnta do arthoM meM bhinna hai - (1) guNasthAna-siddhAnta meM vikAsa kI vivecanA samasta jIva-jAti ko dRSTi meM rakhakara kI gaI hai, jabaki pratimA-siddhAnta kAsambandha kevala gRhastha-upAsaka-varga se hai| isa prakAra, isakA kSetra sImita hai| (2) dUsarA mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki guNasthAnasiddhAnta kA sambandha naitika-vikAsa ke AdhyAtmika-pakSa se hai, jabaki upAsaka-pratimA kA bAhya-AcaraNa se hai| gyAraha pratimAoM kAsvarUpa __ 1. darzana-pratimA-sAdhaka kI adhyAtma mArga kI yathArthatA ke sambandha meM dRr3ha niSThA evaM zraddhA honA hI darzanapratimA hai| darzana kA artha hai- dRSTikoNa aura AdhyAtmikavikAsa ke lie dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA prAthamika evaM anivArya zarta hai| darzana-vizuddhi kI prathama zarta hai - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-isa kaSAyacatuSka kI tIvratA meM mandatA / jaba taka ina kaSAyoM kA anantAnubandhI rUpa samApta nahIM hotA, darzanavizuddhi nahIM hotii| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM mAnavIya-viveka ko apaharita kara lene vAle krodhAdi saMvegoM ke tIvra Avega hI prajJA-zakti ko kuNThita kara dete haiM, ataH jaba taka ina saMvegoM yA tIvra AvegoM para vijaya prApta nahIM kI jAtI, hamArI vivekazakti yA prajJA samyak rUpa se apanA kArya nahIM kara sakatI, jabaki viveka hI AdhyAtmikatA kI prathama zarta hai| darzanapratimA meMsAdhaka ina kaSAyoM kI tIvratAko kama kara samyagdarzana prApta karatA hai| yaha gRhastha-dharma kI prathama bhUmikA hai, zubha aura azubha athavA dharma aura adharma ke madhya yathArtha viveka-darzana yA dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi kA tAtparya hai / isa avasthA meM sAdhaka zubhako zubha aura azubha ko azubha ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai, lekina usake lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha zubhAcaraNa kare hii| 2. vrata-pratimA-dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi ke sAtha jaba sAdhaka samyak AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cAritravizuddhi ke lie Age AtA hai, to vaha ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura

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gRhastha-dharma 351 aparigraha kA apanI gRhastha-maryAdAoM ke anurUpa AMzika rUpa meM pAlana karanA prArambha karatA hai| gRhastha-jIvana ke pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna guNavatoM kA nirdoSa rUpa se pAlana karanA vrata-pratimA hai| isameM pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna guNavratoM kA to samyak pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, lekina sAmAyika Adi zikSAvratoM kA yathAsamaya samyaktayA abhyAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai / vastutaH, pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna vratoM kI sAdhanA AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se niSedhAtmaka-prayAsa hai, jabaki sAmAjika aura proSadha Adi kI sAdhanA AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se vidhAyaka-prayAsa hai| AdhyAtmika-kSetra meM niSedhAtmaka naitika-niyamoM ke pAlana aura vidhAnAtmaka-abhyAsa meM jo antara hai, vahI antara vrata-pratimA aura Age Ane vAlI sAmAyika aura proSadhopavAsa-pratimAoM meM hai| vrata-pratimA gRhastha-jIvana kI dUsarI bhUmikA hai, jisameM naitika-AcaraNa kI dizA meM sAdhaka AMzika prayAsa prArambha karatA hai| 3. sAmAyika-pratimA-sAdhanA kA arthamAtra tyAga hI nahIM, varan kucha prApti bhI hai| sAmAyika pratimA meM sAdhaka samatva' prApta karatA hai| samatva' ke lie kiyA jAnevAlA prayAsa sAmAyika kahalAtA hai| yadyapi samatva eka dRSTi hai, eka vicAra hai, lekina vaha aisA vicAra nahIM, jo AcaraNa meM prakaTa na hotA ho| use jIvana ke AcaraNAtmaka-pakSa meM utArane ke lie satata prayAsa anivArya haiN| vaicArika-samatva jaba taka AcaraNa meM prakaTa nahIM hotA, vaha naitika-jIvana ke lie adhika mUlyavAn nahIM bntaa| gRhastha-upAsaka ko sAmAyikapratimA meM niyamita rUpa se tInoM saMdhyAoM, arthAt prAtaH, madhyAha aura sAyaMkAla meM mana, vacana aura karma se nirdoSarUpa meM samatva' kI ArAdhanA karanI hotI hai| yaha gRhastha-jIvana ke vikAsa kI tIsarI bhUmikA hai| yahA~ apanI pUrva pratijJAoM (pratimAoM) kA pAlana karate hue sAdhaka gRhastha-jIvana ke kriyAkalApoM meM se pratidina niyamita rUpa se kucha samaya AdhyAtmika-cintana evaM samatva-bhAvanA ke abhyAsa meM lagAtA hai| ___ 4. proSadhopavAsa-pratimA- sAdhanA kI isa kakSA meM gRhastha-upAsaka gRhasthI ke jhaMjhaToM meM se kucha aise avakAza ke dina nikAlatA hai, jaba vaha gRhasthI ke uttaradAyitvoM se mukta hokara mAtra AdhyAtmika-cintana-manana kara ske| vaha guru ke samIpa yA dharma-sthAna (upAsanA-gRha) meM rahakara AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA meM hI usa divasa ko vyatIta karatA hai| pratyeka mAsa kI do aSTamI, do caturdazI, amAvasyA aura pUrNimA-ina dinoM meM gRhasthI ke samasta kriyAkalApoM se avakAza pAkara upavAsasahita dharma-sthAna yA upAsanA-gRha meM nivAsa karate hue AtmasAdhanA meM rata rahanA gRhastha kI proSadhopavAsa-pratimA hai| proSadhopavAsa-pratimA nivRtti kI dizA meM bar3hA huA eka ora caraNa hai, yaha eka divasa kA

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352 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zramaNatvahI hai| yaha gRhastha ke vikAsa kI cauthIbhUmikA hai, jisameM pravRttimaya jIvana meM rahate hue bhI avakAza ke dinoM meM nivRtti kA Ananda liyA jAtA hai| 5. niyama-pratimA- ise kAyotsarga-pratimA evaM divAmaithunavirata-pratimA bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM pUrvokta pratimAoM kA nirdoSa pAlana karate hue pA~ca vizeSa niyama lie jAte haiM- 1. snAna nahIM karanA, 2. rAtri-bhojana nahIM karanA, 3. dhotI kI eka lAMga nahIM lagAnA, 4. dina meM brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA tathA rAtri meM maithuna kI maryAdA nizcita karanA, 5. aSTamI, caturdazI Adi kisI parva-dina meM rAtri-paryanta dehAsakti tyAgakara kAyotsarga krnaa| vastutaH, isa pratimA meM kAmAsakti, bhogAsakti athavA dehAsakti kama karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| 6. brahmacarya-pratimA-jaba gRhastha-sAdhaka niyama-pratimA kI sAdhanA ke dvArA kAmAsakti para vijaya pAne kI sAmarthya prApta kara letA hai, to vaha vikAsa kI isa kakSA meM maithuna se sarvathA virata hokara brahmacarya grahaNa kara letA hai aura isa prakAra nivRtti kI dizA meM eka aura caraNa bar3hAtA hai| isa pratimA meM vaha brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta- 1. strI ke sAtha ekAnta kA sevana nahIM karanA, 2. strI-varga se ati paricaya yA samparka nahIM rakhanA, 3. zrRMgAra nahIM karanA, 4.strI-jAti ke rUpa-saundarya sambandhI tathA kAmavarddhaka vArtAlApa nahIM karanA, 5.striyoM ke sAtha eka Asana para nahIM baiThanA Adi niyamoM kA bhI pAlana karatA hai| 7. sacitta AhAravarjana-pratimA- pUrvokta pratimAoM ke niyamoM kA yathAvat pAlana karate hue isa bhUmikA meM Akara gRhastha-sAdhaka apanI bhogAsakti para vijaya kI eka aura mohara lagA detA hai aura sabhI prakAra kI sacitta vastuoM ke AhAra kA tyAga kara detA hai evaM uSNa jala tathA acitta-AhAra kA hI sevana karatA hai| sAdhanA kI isa kakSA taka Akara gRhastha-upAsaka apane vaiyaktika-jIvana kI dRSTi se apanI vAsanAoM evaM AvazyakatAoM kA paryApta rUpa se parisImana kara letA hai, phira bhI pArivArika evaM sAmAjika uttaradAyitva kA nirvahana karane kI dRSTi se gArhasthika-kArya evaM vyavasAya Adi karatA rahatA hai, jinake kAraNa udyogI evaM ArambhI-hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca nahIM pAtA hai| ___8. ArambhatyAga-pratimA - sAdhanA kI isa bhUmikA meM Ane ke pUrva gRhasthaupAsaka kA mahatvapUrNa kArya yaha hai ki vaha apane samagra pArivArika evaM sAmAjikauttaradAyitvoM ko apane uttarAdhikArI para DAla de| jaina-paramparA meM gRhastha-upAsaka isa prasaMga para apane kuTuMbIjanoM tathA sambhrAnta nAgarikoM ko bulAkara eka vizeSa samAroha ke sAtha apane pArivArika, sAmAjika aura vyavasAyika-uttaradAyitva ko jyeSTha putra yA anya

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gRhastha-dharma 353 uttarAdhikArI ko saMbhalA detA hai aura svayaM nivRtta hokara apanA sArA samaya dharmArAdhanA meM lagAtA hai| isa bhUmikA meM rahakara gRhastha-upAsaka yadyapi svayaM vyavasAya Adi kAryoM meM bhAga nahIM letA hai aura na svayaM koI Arambha hI karatA hai, phira bhI vaha apane putrAdiko yathAvasara vyAvasAyika evaM pArivArika-kAryoM meM mArgadarzana detA rahatA hai| dUsare, vaha vyavasAya Adi kAryoM kA saMcAlana to putroM ko sauMpa detA hai, lekina sampatti para se svAmitva ke adhikAra kA tyAga nahIM karatA hai| sampatti ke svAmitva kA tyAga vaha isalie nahIM karatA hai ki yadi putrAdi ayogya siddha hue, to vaha kisI yogya uttarAdhikArI ko dI jA ske| 9. parigraha-virata pratimA- gRhastha-upAsaka ko jaba saMtoSa ho jAtA hai ki usakI sampatti kA usake uttarAdhikAriyoM dvArA ucita rUpa se upayoga ho rahA hai, athavA vaha yogya hAthoM meM hai, to vaha usa sampatti para se apane svAmitvake adhikAra kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai aura isa prakAra nivRtti kI dizA meM eka kadama Age bar3hakara parigraha-virata hotA jAtA hai| phira bhI, isa avasthA meM vaha putrAdi ko vyAvasAyika evaM pArivArika-kAryoM meM ucita mArgadarzana detA rahatA hai| isa prakAra, parigraha se virata ho jAne para bhI vaha anumativirata nahIM hotA / zvetAmbara-paramparA meM parigrahavirata-pratimA ke sthAna para bhRtaka preSyArambhavarjana-pratimA hai, jisameM gRhastha-upAsaka svayaM Arambha karane evaM dUsare se karavAne kA parityAga kara detA hai, lekina anumati-virata nahIM hotA hai| 10. anumativirata-pratimA-gRhastha-upAsaka vikAsa kI isa kakSA meM anumati denA bhI banda kara detA hai| vaha samasta aise AdezoM aura upadezoM se dUra rahatA hai, jinake kAraNa kisI bhI prakAra kI sthAvara yAtrasahiMsA kI sambhAvanA ho| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra, yaha nau pratimA kAhI aNghai| isa avasthA taka gRhastha-upAsaka apane lie bane bhojana ko apane parivAra se hI grahaNa karatA hai, svayaM ke lie bane bhojana ko grahaNa karane kA vaha tyAgI nahIM hotA hai| 11. (a) uddiSTabhaktavarjana-pratimA-nivRtti ke isa caraNa meM gRhastha-upAsaka muNDana karA letA hai| svayaM ke lie bane AhAra kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai| vaha kisI bhI gRhastha yA kuTumbIjana ke yahA~ jAkara AhAra grahaNa karatA hai| zvetAmbara - paramparA meM parigraha-virata-pratimA nahIM hone se ise dasavIM pratimA mAnA gayA hai| unake anusAra, isa avasthA meM gRhastha-upAsaka se kisI pArivArika-bAta ke pUche jAne para use kevala ina do vikalpoM se uttara denA caahie| maiM ise jAnatA hU~ yA maiM ise nahIM jAnatA huuN| 11. (ba) zramaNabhUta pratimA - isa avasthA meM gRhastha-upAsaka kI apanI

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samasta caryA sAdhu ke samAna hotI hai| usakI vezabhUSA bhI lagabhaga vaisI hI hotI hai, bhikSAcaryA dvArA hI jIvana-nirvAha karatA hai| yadi use koI muni samajhakara vaMdana karatA hai, to vaha yaha kaha detA hai ki maiM to pratimAdhArI-zramaNopAsaka hU~ aura Apase kSamA cAhatA hU~ / ra-paramparA kI dRSTi se sAdhu se vaha isa artha meM bhinna hotA hai ki ( 1 ) pUrvarAga kAraNa kuTumba ke logoM yA paricitajanoM ke yahA~ hI bhikSArtha jAtA hai| (2) kezaluJcana ke sthAna para muNDana karavA sakatA hai| (3) sAdhu ke samAna vibhinna grAma evaM nagaroM meM kalpAnusAra vihAra nahIM karatA hai| apane nivAsa nagara meM hI raha sakatA hai| zvetAmbara - pa - digambara- paramparA meM isake do vibhAga haiM - 1. kSullaka aura 2. ailaka / kSullaka - yaha digambara muni ke AcAra-vyavahAra se nimna bAtoM meM bhinna hotA hai- (1) vastra (adhovastra aura uttarIya) rakhatA hai, (2) yA to kezaloca karatA hai yA muNDana karavAtA hai, (3) bhikSA vibhinna gharoM se mA~gakara karatA hai yA phira kisI muni ke pIche jAkara eka hI ghara se grahaNa karatA hai| 354 ailaka - AcAra aura caryA meM yaha muni kA nikaTavartI hone ke kAraNa ise ailaka kahA jAtA hai / yaha eka kamaNDalu aura morapicchI rakhatA hai, kezaluJcana karatA hai, vaha digambara-muni se kevala eka bAta meM bhinna hotA hai ki lokalajjA ke nahIM chUTa pAne ke kAraNa guhyAMga ko Dha~kane ke lie mAtra laMgoTI rakhatA hai, jabaki digambara muni sarvathA nagna hotA hai| zeSa saba bAtoM meM isakI caryA digambara muni ke samAna hI hotI hai| isa prakAra, yaha avasthA gRhI- sAdhanA kI sarvotkRSTa bhUmikA hai| sAdhaka apane agale vikAsa ke caraNa meM zramaNa yA muni - jIvana ko svIkAra kara letA hai, yA saMthArA grahaNa kara deha tyAga detA hai, ise zramaNa jIvana kI pUrva bhUmikA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| - - tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha avasthA vaidika paramparA ke vAnaprasthAzrama aura bauddha paramparA ke zrAmaNerajIvana ke samakakSa mAnI jA sakatI hai| vaidika paramparA meM aura bauddha paramparA meM jisa prakAra vAnaprastha athavA zrAmaNera kA jIvana saMnyAsa yA upasaMpadA pUrva bhUmikA hotA hai, usI prakAra jaina - paramparA kI zramaNa-bhUta pratimA bhI zramaNa - jIvana pUrva bhUmikA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki gRhastha-sAdhanA kI uparokta bhUmikAoM aura kakSAoM kI vyavasthA isa prakAra se kI gaI hai ki jo sAdhaka vAsanAtmakaka- jIvana se ekadama Upara uThane kI sAmarthya nahIM rakhatA, vaha nivRtti kI dizA meM kramika-pragati karate hue anta meM pUrNa nivRtti ke Adarza ko prApta kara sake /

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gRhastha-dharma sandarbha grantha 1. sthAnAMga, 2/1 2. dekhie, abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 2, pR. 106 3. vahI, pR 104 4. dekhie - buddhijma ina iTsa kanekzana vitha brAhmaNijma eNDa hindUijma, pR. 90 5. uttarAdhyayana, 5/20 6. vahI, 36/49 7. bharahesaracariyaM 461-464 8. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/39 9. suttanipAta 12/14-15 10. saMyuttanikAya, 53/1/6, tulanIya dazavaikAlika cUlikA, 1/12-13 11. majjhimanikAya, taivijja vacchagotta sutta, 1 / 3 / 1 12. mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, pR. 16 13. milindaprazna 6/2/4 14. itivRttaka 4 / 8 15. saMyuttanikAya 53/6/4 16. gItA 3/20 17. vahI, 4/5 18. vahIM, 5/4 19. vahI, 5/2 20. sAmAyika-samyaktvasUtra 21. sAmAyika-samyaktvasUtra 22. dazavaikAlika 1/1 23. yogazAstra, 3/42-43 24. vasunandi - zrAvakAcAra, 59 25. yogazAstra, 3/16; pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM isake anaucitya ke lie dekhie ethiksa phaoNra TU De, pR. 240-243 26. yogazAstra prathama prakAza, 47-56, pR. 20-23 27. pravacanasAroddhAra, 239 355

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356 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 28. isake artha ke sambandha meM AcAryoM meM matabheda hai| 29. sAgAradharmAmRta, adhyAya 1 30.dazavaikAlika 8/35 31. upAsakadazAMga, 1/12 32. tattvArthasUtra 7/2 33. zvetAmbara-paramparA kA AdhAra - 1. upAsakadazAMga, 2. yogazAstra, 3. pratikramaNasUtra 34. digambara-paramparA kA AdhAra - 1. cAritrapAhuDa - kundakunda 35. tattvArthasUtra 7/16 36. upAsakadazAMga, 1-13 37. yogazAstra, 2/21 38. bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 7, 30 39. upAsakadazAMga, 1/41 40. upAsakadazAMga 1/14 41. zrAvakapratikramaNa, dUsarA aNuvrata 42. yogazAstra 254-55 43. jainadharma, pR. 187 44. upAsakadazAMga 1/42 45. upAsakadazAMgavRtti, 1/42 46. upAsakadazAMga 1/43 47. upAsakadazAMga 1/44 48. suttanipAta, 26/21 49. dhammapada, 309-310 50. upAsakadazAMga, 1/45 51. upAsakadazAMga 1/46 52. TippaNI-upabhoga aura paribhoga ke uparyukta artha bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 7 uddezaka 2 meM tathA haribhadrIyAvazyaka a. 6 sU. 7 meM haiM, lekina upAsakadazAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM abhayadeva ne uparyukta artha ke sAtha-sAtha isakA viparIta artha bhI diyA hai|

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gRhastha-dharma 357 53. upAsakadazAMgasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM inameM se kevala 21 vastuoM kA nirdeza milatA hai / (dekhie, upAsakadazAMga 1/22-38) 54. upAsakadazAMgasUtra, 1/47 55. vahI, 1/47 56. dekhie-upAsaka abhayadevavRtti, 1/47 57. yogazAstra, 3/101 58.yogazAstra, 3/102 59. vahI, 3/103 60.aMguttaranikAya, bhAga 2, pR. 401 61. dIghanikAya lakkhaNasutta 62. ArtaraudramayadhyAnaM paapkrmopdeshitaa| hiMsopakaraNAdi dAnaM ca pramadAcaraNaM tthaa| 63. upAsakadazAMga, 1/48 64. uddhRta-sAmAyika sUtra, pR. 37 65. uttarAdhyayana, 1/31 66. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 149 67. bodhAmRtasAra, 492 68. yogazAstra, 5/115-116 69. Avazyaka malayagiri TIkA, 4/43 70. dekhie - sAmAyika-pATha (amitagati) 71. sAmAyikasUtra (amaramuni), pR. 57 72. vahI, pR. 61 73. vahI, pR. 63 74. upAsakadazAMga, 1/49 75. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2. pR. 100-107 76. suttanipAta, 26/28 77. suttanipAta, 26/25-27 78. bAibala olDa TesTAmeMTa, nirgamana 20 79. aMguttaranikAya, 3/37 80. darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 105

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358 81. aMguttaranikAya, 3/70 82. aMguttaranikAya, 3/70 83. bhagavatIsUtra (vyAkhyAprajJapti) zataka 8, uddezaka 5, dekhie-darzana aura cintana bhAga 2, pR. 104 84. dekhie - abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR. 812 85. yogazataka, 25 86. dekhie - samadarzI haribhadra, 87. aMguttaranikAya, 5 88. dIghanikAya, 3/8/4 bhAratIya AcArara-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pR. 89. vahI, 3/8/4 90. dIghanikAya, 3/8/5 91. vahI, 3/8/5 92. vahI, 3/8/5, 3/8/2 93. suttanipAta 26 / 19-23 94. vahI, 26/24-26 95. vahI, 26/28 96. aMguttaranikAya, nipAta 5, pR. 401 97. suttanipAta 39/4-5 98. upAsakadazAMga, adhyayana 1 99. gItA 17/3 100. vahI, 6/37, 45 101. vahI (zAM.) 6/37 102. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 288 / 26 103. gItA, 10/9, 13 /7, 16 /2, 17/14 104., 10/4, 16/2-7, 17/15 105., 6/14, 8/11, 17/14 106. vahI, 6/10 107. vahI, 3/12 108. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 243/5

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gRhastha-dharma 359 109. vahI, 269/24 110. vahI, 269/25 111. vahI, 269/27 112. vahI, 243/2-3 113. vahI, 243/7 114. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 269/26 115. vahI, 243/5-11 116. vahI, 191/12 117. vahI, 294/1 118. vahI, 294/3-4 119. vahI, 294/5-6 120. vahI, 78/4-5 dekhie-mahAbhArata zAntiparva, a. 262, 263 121. ahiMsA satya asteya brahmacarya asNgrh| zarIra-zrama asvAdasarvatra bhaya vrjn|| sarvadharmIsamAnatvasvadezI smbhaavnaa| hI ekAdaze sevAvI namratve vrata nishcye|| 122. yaMga iNDiyA, 113, agasta 1920 123. maMgala prabhAta-uddhRta nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 318 124. gItA mAtA-uddhRta nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 318 125. sarvodaya darzana ,pR. 279 126. sarvodaya darzana, pR. 277 127. upAsakadazAMga, 7/257 128. yaMga iNDiyA, khaNDa 2, pR. 1295 129. gAMdhIvANI, pR. 19 130. gAMdhI vANI , pR95 131. sarvodaya-darzana, pR. 281-82 132. dazavaikAlika, 6/21 133. praznavyAkaraNa, 2/2 134. uttarAdhyayana, 6/2

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360 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 135. gA~dhIvAda meM bhaya zabda kA prayoga sAmAnya bhaya ke artha meM na hokara, duzcintAoM ke artha meM huA hai| 136. sanmatiprakaraNa, 3/69 137. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 954 138. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/4/3 139. zrAvakadharma, pR. 156 140. dekhie-AcArya javAharalAlajI mahArAja kI gRhastha ahiMsA-vrata ke prasaMga meM alpArambha-mahArambha kI vivecnaa| 141. dekhie, upAsakadazAMga (hindI TIkA) 1/68, pR. 115-121; samavAyAMga 11/1 142. dekhie, cAritrapAhuDa 22, ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra 137-147, vasunandi-zrAvakAcAra, 4 143. dekhie, jaina ethiksa, pR. 142, vasunandi-zrAvakAcAra kI bhUmikA, pRSTha 50

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zramaNa-dharma 361 GERY 16 zramaNa-dharma jaina-darzana meM zramaNa jIvana kA sthAna- jaina-paramparA sAmAnyatayA zramaNaparamparA hai, isalie usameM zramaNa-jIvana ko pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| bRhadkalpasUtra ke anusAra, prathamataH pratyeka Agantuka ko yatidharma kA jJAna karAnA cAhie aura yadi vaha usake pAlana meM asamarthatA prakaTa kare, to gRhasthadharma kA upadeza karanA caahie| bauddha-dharma meM zramaNa-jIvana kA sthAna-bauddha-paramparA bhI mukhyataH zramaNaparamparA hai aura usameM bhI zramaNa jIvana ko sarvocca mAnA gayA hai| buddha ne sadaiva hI zramaNajIvana ko prAthamikatA dI hai| unake anusAra, yathAsaMbhava vyakti ko zramaNa-jIvana aMgIkAra karanA caahie| yadi manuSya zramaNa-jIvana bitAne meM asamartha hai, to gRhastha-jIvana aMgIkAra kara sakatA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM zramaNa-jIvanakAsthAna-vaidika-paramparA meM gRhastha-jIvana kA hI vizeSa mahatva hai; yadyapi bAda meM zramaNa-paramparAoM ke prabhAva se usameM bhI zramaNa-jIvana ko samucita sthAna mila gayA hai| vaidika Azrama vyavasthA meM jIvana kA antima sAdhya saMnyAsa hI hai| gItA ke yuga taka vaidika-paramparA meM gRhastha-jIvana evaM saMnyAsa-mArga-donoM hI paramparAe~ pratiSThita ho cukI / gItA meM saMnyAsamArga aura gRhastha-jIvana ke madhya eka samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayAsa upalabdha hai| zramaNa-sAdhanA kA mUla mantavya jisa anAsakta jIvana-paddhati kA nirmANa hai, gItA use gRhastha-jIvana ke mAdhyama se bhI prastuta karane kA prayAsa karatI hai| zramaNa-jIvana kI sarvoccatA ke sambandha meM tInoM hI AcAra-darzanoM meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai, yadyapi vaidika-paramparA kA prayAsa gRhastha-jIvana ko bhI saMnyAsa ke samakakSa banAne kA rahA hai| jaina-dharma meM zramaNa kA tAtparya - jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa-jIvana kA tAtparya pApavirati hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, zramaNa jIvana meM vyakti ko bAhya-rUpa se samasta pApakArI (hiMsaka) pravRttiyoM se bacanA hotA hai, sAtha hI Antarika rUpa se use samasta rAgadveSAtmaka-vRttiyoM se Upara uThanA hotA hai| zramaNa-jIvana kA tAtparya 'zramaNa' zabda kI vyAkhyA se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAkRta-bhASA meM zramaNa ke lie 'samaNa' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| 'samaNa' zabda ke saMskRta meM tIna rUpAntara hote haiM- 1-zramaNa 2- samana aura 3shmn|

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 1. zramaNa zabda zrama dhAtu se banA hai| isakA artha hai - parizrama yA prayatna karanA, arthAt jo vyakti apane Atma-vikAsa ke lie parizrama karatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai / 2. samana zabda ke mUla meM sam hai, jisakA artha hai - samatvabhAva / jo vyakti sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhatA hai aura anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai| 3. zamana zabda kA artha hai - apanI vRttiyoM ko zAMta rakhanA, athavA mana aura indriyoM para saMyama rakhanA, ataH jo vyakti apanI vRttiyoM ko saMyamita rakhatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai / vastutaH, , jaina-- paramparA meM zramaNa zabda kA mUla tAtparya samatvabhAva kI sAdhanA hI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki koI kevala muMDita hone se zramaNa nahIM hotA, varan jo samatva kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vahI zramaNa hotA hai / ' zramaNa zabda kI vyAkhyA meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo samatvabuddhi rakhatA hai tathA jo sumanA hotA hai, vahI zramaNa hai / ' sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI zramaNa- jIvana kI spaSTa vyAkhyA upalabdha hai| jo sAdhaka zarIra Adi meM Asakti nahIM rakhatA, kisI prakAra kI sAMsArika kAmanA nahIM karatA, kisI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jhUTha nahIM bolatA hai, maithuna aura parigraha ke vikAra se rahita hai, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa Adi jitane bhI karmAdAna aura AtmA ke patana ke hetu haiM, sabase nivRtta rahatA hai, isI prakAra jo indriyoM kA vijetA hai, mokSamArga kA saphala yAtrI hai, zarIra ke moha-mamatva se rahita hai, vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai | 362 - zramaNatva grahaNa karane kI pratijJA ke dvArA bhI zramaNa- jIvana ke artha ko samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina - paramparA meM zramaNa-saMsthA meM praviSTa hone kA icchuka sAdhaka guru ke samakSa sarvaprathama yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki 'he pUjya ! maiM samatvabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hU~ aura sampUrNa sAvadya - kriyAoM kA parityAga karatA hU~ / jIvana paryanta isa pratijJA kA pAlana karU~gA / mana-vacana aura kAya se na to koI azubha pravRtti karU~gA, na karavAU~gA aura na karanevAle kA anumodana kruuNgaa| maiM pUrva meM kI huI aisI samagra azubha pravRttiyoM kI nindA karatA hU~, garhA karatA hU~ evaM svayaM ko unase vilaga karatA hU~ / ' jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, sAdhanA ke do pakSa haiM - AMtarika aura bAhya / zramaNajIvana AMtarika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samatva kI sAdhanA hai, rAgadveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThanA hai aura bAhyarUpa se vaha hiMsaka pravRttiyoM se nivRtti hai| tathya yaha hai ki samabhAva kI upalabdhi prAthamika hai, jabaki sAvadya - vyApAroM se dUra honA dvitIya hai| jaba taka vicAroM meM samatva nahIM AtA, taba taka sAdhaka apane ko sAvadya - kriyAoM se bhI pUrNatayA nivRtta nahIM rakha sakatA, ataH samatva kI sAdhanA hI zramaNa-jIvana kA mUla AdhAra hai| -

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zramaNa-dharma bauddha paramparA meM zramaNa - jIvana kA tAtparya - jaina- paramparA ke samAna bauddhaparamparA meM bhI zramaNa-jIvana kA tAtparya samabhAva kI sAdhanA hI hai| jisa prakAra jainaparamparA meM zramaNa-3 - jIvana kA artha icchAoM evaM AsaktiyoM se Upara uThanA tathA pApavRttiyoM zamana mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM bhI tRSNA kA parityAga evaM pApoM kA zamana hI zramaNa - jIvana kA hArda hai / buddha kahate haiM ki jo vratahIna hai tathA mithyAbhASI hai, vaha muMDita hone mAtra se zramaNa nahIM hotaa| icchA aura lobha se bharA huA manuSya bhalA kyA zramaNa banegA ? jo choTe-bar3e sabhI pApoM kA zamana karatA hai, use pApoM kA zamanakartA hone ke kAraNa hI zramaNa kahA jAtA hai|' buddha ke anusAra, zramaNajIvana kA sAra hai- samasta pApoM kA nahIM karanA, kuzala karmoM kA sampAdana karanA evaM citta ko zuddha rakhanA / isa prakAra, bauddha darzana meM bhI zramaNaNa - jIvana kI sAdhanA ke do pakSa haiM- AMtarika- rUpa se vaha cittazuddhi hai, to bAhyarUpa se pApavirati / vaidika - paramparA meM saMnyAsa - jIvana kA tAtparya - vaidika AcAra-paramparA meM bhI saMnyAsa - jIvana kA tAtparya phalAkAMkSA kA tyAga mAnA gayA hai| usameM samasta laukikaeSaNAoM se Upara uThanA evaM sabhI prANiyoM ko abhaya pradAna karanA hI saMnyAsa kA hArda hai / vaidika-paramparA meM sAdhaka saMnyAsa grahaNa karate samaya yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki "maiM putraiSaNA ( kAmavAsanA), vittaiSaNA (lobha) aura lokaiSaNA (sammAna kI AkAMkSA) kA parityAga karatA hU~ aura sabhI prANiyoM ko abhaya pradAna karatA hU~ / "" isa prakAra, sabhI AcAra - darzanoM ke anusAra, zramaNa - jIvana kA tAtparya mAnasikasamatva athavA rAgadveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThakara sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsaka evaM niSpApa jIvana jInA hI siddha hotA hai / jainadharma meM zramaNa - jIvana ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~ - 363 zramaNa kA jIvana eka uccastarIya naitikatA evaM AtmasaMyama kA jIvana hai| zramaNasaMsthA pavitra banI rahe, isalie zramaNa-saMsthA meM praviSTa hone ke lie kucha niyamoM kA honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / sAmAnyatayA, jaina- vicAradhArA zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza ke dvAra binA kisI varNa evaM jAti ke bheda ke sabhI ke lie khulA rakhatI hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM nimnatama se nimnatama jAti ke logoM ko bhI zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza diyA jAtA thA, yaha bAta uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke harikezIbala ke adhyAya se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yadyapi prAcIna kAla meM sabhI jAti ke logoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza diyA jAtA thA, kintu kucha logoM ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza ke lie ayogya mAna liyA gayA thA / nimna vyakti zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza ke lie ayogya mAne gae the - ( 1 ) ATha varSa se kama umra kA bAlaka, (2) ati-vRddha, -

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364 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (3) napuMsaka, (4) klIva, (5) jar3a (mUrkha), (6) asAdhya roga se pIr3ita, (7) cora, (8) rAja-aparAdhI, (9) unmatta (pAgala), (10) aMdhA, (11) dAsa, (12) duSTa, (13) mUr3ha, jJAnArjana ke ayogya, (14) RNI, (15) kaidI, (16) bhayArta (17) apaharaNa karake lAyA gayA, (18) juGgita - jAti, karma athavA zarIra se dUSita, (19) garbhavatI strI, (20) aisI strI, jisakI goda meM baccA dUdha pItA ho| 10 yadyapi sthAnAMgasUtra meM zramaNadIkSA ke ayogya vyaktiyoM meM napuMsaka, asAdhyarogI evaM bhayArtta kA hI ullekha hai, tathApi TIkAkAroM ne uparyukta prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa-dIkSA ke ayogya mAnA hai| itanA hI nahIM, paravartI TIkAkAroM ne usameM jAti ko bhI AdhAra banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| juGgita zabda kI vyAkhyA meM mAtaMga, machuA, basor3a, darjI, raMgareja Adi jAtiyoM ke lie bhI zramaNa-dIkSA varjita batAI gii|" yadyapi kucha paravartI AcAryoM ne inameM se kucha jAtiyoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza denA svIkAra kiyA hai aura vartamAna paramparA meM bhIraMgareja, darjI Adi jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza diyA jAtA hai, phira bhI yaha satya hai ki madhyavartI yuga meM kucha jAtiyA~ zramaNa-dIkSA ke lie varjita mAnI gaI thIM / saMbhavataH, aisA brAhmaNa-paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa huA ho, tAki zramaNa saMsthA ko lAgoM meM hone vAlI TIkA-TippaNI se bacAyA jA ske| 'dharma saMgraha ke anusAra, zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa karane vAle meM nimna yogyatAe~ honI cAhie - (1) Arya deza samutpanna, (2) zuddhajAtikulAnvita, (3) kSINaprAyAzubhakarmA, (4) nirmalabuddhi, (5) vijJAtasaMsAranairguNya, (6) virakta, (7) maMdakaSAya, (8) alpahAsyAdi (9) kRtajJa , (10) vinIta, (11) rAjasammata, (12) adrohI, (13) sundara, gaThita evaM pUrNa, (14) zraddhAvAn, (15) sthira-vicAra aura (16) sva-icchA se dIkSA ke lie ttpr|12 pravacanasAroddhAra Adi anya granthoM meM bhI zramaNa-dIkSA ke lie uparyukta vicAroM kA samarthana milatA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM zramaNa-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~-bauddhaparamparA meM bhikSusaMgha meM praveza pAne ke lie yadyapi jAti ko bAdhaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai, tathApi usane kucha vyaktiyoM ko bhikSusaMgha meM praveza dene ke ayogya mAnA hai, jaise-hiMsaka, cora, sainika, rAjakIya-sevA meM niyukta vyakti, laMgar3e-lUle, aMdhe, kAne evaM gUMge-bahare vykti| asAdhya rogiyoM kA bhI bhikSusaMgha meM praveza varjita mAnA hai| bauddha-paramparA kA yaha bhI niyama hai ki 15 varSa se kama umra ke vyakti ko zrAmaNera-dIkSA tathA 20 varSa se kama umra ke vyakti ko upasaMpadA nahIM denI caahie| 13 isa prakAra, bauddha-paramaparAmeM bhI zramaNa-dIkSA kI ayogyatA ke saMdarbha meM lagabhaga ve hI vicAra upalabdha haiM, jo jaina-paramparA meM haiN| donoM hI paramparAoM meM

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zramaNa-dharma zramaNa-dIkSA ke lie mAtA-pitA evaM parivAra ke anya AzritajanoM kI anumati bhI Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai / 14 vaidika - paramparA meM saMnyAsa ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~ yadyapi prArambhika vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsa kA vizeSa mahatva svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA thA aura isalie jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ke ThIka viparIta yaha mAnA gayA thA ki saMnyAsa kevala andhoM, lUle laMgar3oM tathA napuMsakoM ke lie hai, kyoMki ye loga vaidika - kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke adhikArI nahIM haiM, lekina vedAnta ke paravartI sabhI AcAryoM ne isa dRSTikoNa kA virodha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, meghAtithi Adi AcAryoM ne to yaha bhI batAyA hai ki andhe, lUle, laMgar3e evaM napuMsaka Adi saMnyAsa ke ayogya haiM, kyoMki ve saMnyAsa ke niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM kara sakate / yati-dharma-saMgraha ke anusAra, saMnyAsa - dharma se cyuta vyakti kA putra, asundara nAkhUnoM evaM kAle dA~toM vAlA vyakti, kSaya roga se durbala, lUlA-laMgar3A vyakti saMnyAsa dhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| isI prakAra ve loga bhI, jo aparAdhI, pApI, vrAtya hote haiM tathA satya, zauca, yajJa, vrata, tapa, dayA, dAna Adi ke tyAgI hote haiM, unheM saMnyAsa grahaNa karane kI AjJA nahIM hai / isa prakAra, vaidika paramparA meM bhI saMnyAsa ke saMdarbha meM unhIM yogyatAoM Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, jo jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM mAnya haiN| nAradaparivrAjakopaniSad lagabhaga ve hI sabhI yogyatAe~ Avazyaka mAnI gaI haiM, jinakI carcA hama jaina aura bauddhaparamparAoM ke saMdarbha meM kara cuke haiM / 16 365 - jaina zramaNoM ke prakAra jaina - paramparA meM zramaNoM kA vargIkaraNa unake AcAra- niyama tathA sAdhanAtmakayogyatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| AcaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara - paramparA meM do prakAra ke sAdhu mAne gae haiM" - ( 1 ) jinakalpI aura (2) sthavirakalpI | jinakalpI muni sAmAnyatayA nagna evaM pANipAtra hote haiM tathA ekAkI vihAra karate haiM, jabaki sthavirakalpI muni savastra, sapAtra evaM saMgha meM rahakara sAdhanA karate haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAdhanAtmaka - yogyatA ke AdhAra para zramaNoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai - ( 1 ) pulAka - jo zramaNa- sAdhanA kI dRSTi se pUrNa pavitratA ko prApta nahIM hue haiN| (2) bakuza - ve, jina sAdhakoM meM thor3A kaSAyabhAva evaM Asakti hotI hai| ( 3 ) kuzIla - jo sAdhu bhikSu jIvana ke prAthamika niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue bhI dvitIyaka niyamoM kA samucita rUpa se pAlana nahIM karate haiM / ye sabhI vAstavika sAdhu-jIvana se nimna zreNI ke sAdhaka haiN| (4) nirgrantha - jinakI moha aura kaSAya kI granthiyA~ kSINa ho cukI haiN| (5) snAtaka - jinake samagra ghAtIkarma kSaya ho cuke haiN| ye donoM uccakoTi ke zramaNa haiM / 18

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366 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaidika-paramparA meM saMnyAsiyoM ke prakAra ___mahAbhArata meM saMnyAsiyoM ke cAra prakAra varNita haiM - 1. kuTIcaka, 2. bahUdaka, 3. haMsa aura 4. prmhNs| 19 (1) kuTIcaka-saMnyAsI apane gRha meM hI saMnyAsadhAraNa karatA hai tathA apane putroM dvArA nirmita kuTiyA meM rahate hue, unhIM kI bhikSA ko grahaNa kara sAdhanA karatA hai|20 (2) bahUdaka-saMnyAsI tridaNDa, kamaNDalu evaM kaSAyavastroM se yukta hote haiM tathA sAta brAhmaNa-gharoM se bhikSA mAMgakara jIvana-yApana karate haiN| (3) haMsa-saMnyAsI grAma meM eka rAtri tathA nagara meM pA~ca rAtriyoM se adhika nahIM bitAte hue upavAsa evaM cAndrAyaNa-vrata karate rahate haiN| (4) paramahaMsa-saMnyAsI sadaiva hI per3a ke nIce zUnyagRha yA zmazAna meM nivAsa karate haiN| sAmAnyatayA ve nagna rahate haiM tathA sadaiva hI AtmabhAva meM rata rahate haiN| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra karate hue jaina-paramparA ke jinakalpI-muniko paramahaMsa yA avadhUta-zreNI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai tathA saMnyAsiyoM ke anya prakAra kI tulanA sthavirakalpI-muniyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-zramaNa ke mUlaguNa jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa-jIvana kI kucha Avazyaka yogyatAe~ mAnI haiM, jinheM mUlaguNoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| digambara-paramparA ke mUlAcAra-sUtra meM zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNa mAne gae haiM - 1-5, pAMca mahAvrata, 6-10, pA~ca indriyoM kA saMyama, 11-15. pAMca samitiyoM kA paripAlana, 16-21. chaha Avazyaka kRtya, 22. kezaloca, 23. nagnatA, 24. asnAna, 25. bhUzayana, 26. adantadhAvana, 27. khar3e rahakara bhojana grahaNa karanA aura 28. ekabhukti--eka samaya bhojana krnaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNa mAne gae haiM / 22 zvetAmbara-paramparA kA vargIkaraNa digambara-paramparA ke vargIkaraNa se thor3A bhinna hai| zvetAmbara-granthoM ke AdhAra para zramaNa ke 27 mUlaguNa isa prakAra haiM - 1-5.paMcamahAvrata, 6. arAtribhojana, 7-11. pAMcoM indriyoM kA saMyama, 12. Antarika-pavitratA, 13. bhikSu-upAdhi kI pavitratA, 14. kSamA, 15. anAsakti, 16. mana kI satyatA, 17. vacana kI satyatA, 18. kAyA kI satyatA, 19-24. chaha prakAra ke prANiyoM kA saMyama, arthAt unakI hiMsA na karanA, 25. tIna gupti, 26. sahanazIlatA, 27. sNlekhnaa| samavAyAMga kI sUcI isase kiMcit bhinna hai| samavAyAMga ke anusAra 27 guNa isa prakAra haiM-3 - 1-5. paMca mahAvrata, 6-10. paMca indriyoM kA saMyama, 11-15. cAra kaSAyoM kI parityAga, 16. bhAvasatya, 17. karaNasatya, 18. yogasatya, 19. kSamA, 20. virAgatA, 21-24. mana, vacana aura kAyA kA nirodha 25. jJAna, darzana aura cAritra se saMpannatA, 26. kaSTa-sahiSNutA aura 27. maraNAnta kaSTa kA sahana

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zramaNa-dharma krnaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ digambara- paramparA meM 28 mUla guNoM meM AcaraNa ke bAhya-tathyoM para adhika bala diyA gayA hai, vahA~ zvetAmbara meM Antarika - vizuddhi ko adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / manozuddhi mUlataH donoM paramparAoM meM svIkRta hai| paMca mahAvrata 367 paMca mahAvrata zramaNa-jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM meM mAne gae haiN| jaina - paramparA meM paMca mahAvrata ye haiM- 1. ahiMsA, 2. satya, 3. asteya, 4. brahmacarya aura 5. aprigrh| ye pAMcoM gRhastha aura zramaNa- donoM ke lie vihita haiM, antara yaha hai ki zramaNa- jIvana meM unakA pAlana pUrNa rUpa se karanA hotA hai, isalie mahAvrata kahe jAte haiN| gRhastha-jIvana meM unakA pAlana AMzika rUpa se hotA hai, isalie gRhastha - jIvana ke saMdarbha meM aNuvrata kahe jAte haiN| zramaNa ina pAMcoM mahAvratoM kA pAlana pUrNa rUpa se karatA hai| sAmAnya sthiti meM inake paripAlana ke lie apavAda nahIM mAne gae haiN| zramaNa kevala vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM hI ina niyamoM ke paripAlana meM apavAdamArga kA Azraya le sakate haiN| sAmAnyatayA, ina paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana mana, vacana aura kAya tathA kRta, kArita aura anumodana ina 3x3 nava koTiyoM sahita karanA hotA hai / ahiMsA - mahAvrata - zramaNa ko sarvaprathama sva aura para kI hiMsA se virata honA hotA hai / kAma, krodha, lobha, moha Adi dUSita manovRttiyoM ke dvArA AtmA ke svaguNoM kA vinAza karanA sva-hiMsA hai / dUsare prANiyoM ko pIr3A evaM hAni pahu~cAnA para hiMsA hai| zramaNa kA pahalA karttavya sva-hiMsA se virata honA hai, kyoMki sva-hiMsA se virata hue binA para kI hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sakatA / zramaNa-sAdhaka ko jagat ke sabhI trasa aura sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bhI virata honA hotA hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSujagat meM jitane bhI prANI haiM, unakI hiMsA jAnakara athavA anajAne meM na kare, na karAe aura na hiMsA karanevAle kA anumodana hI kre| 24 bhikSu prANavadha kyoM na kare, isake pratiuttara meM kahA gayA hai ki hiMsA se dUsare ke ghAta karane ke vicAra se, na kevala dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~catI hai, varan usase Atma - guNoM kA bhI ghAta hotA hai aura AtmA karma-mala se malina hotI hai / praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM hiMsA kA eka nAma guNavirAdhikA bhI varNita hai| ahiMsA - mahAvrata ke paripAlana meM zramaNa-jIvana aura gRhastha jIvana meM pramukha rUpa se aMtara yaha hai ki jahA~ gRhastha-sAdhaka kevala trasa - prANiyoM kI saMkalpI - hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai, vahA~ zramaNasAdhaka trasa aura sthAvara, sabhI prANiyoM kI sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai| hiMsA ke cAra prakAra 1. ArambhI, 2. udyogI, 3. virodhI aura 4. saMkalpI, meM se gRhastha kevala saMkalpI - hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai aura zramaNa cAroM hI prakAra kI hiMsA kA tyAgI

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hotA hai / zramaNa - jIvana meM ahiMsA - mahAvrata kA paripAlana kisa prakAra honA cAhie, isakI saMkSipta rUparekhA dazavaikAlikasUtra meM milatI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki samAdhivaMta sAdhu tIkaraNa evaM tIna yoga se pRthvI Adi sacitta miTTI ke Dhele Adi na tor3e, na unheM pIse, sajIva pRthvI para evaM sacitta dhUli se bhare hue Asana para nahIM baiThe; yadi use baiThanA ho, to acitta bhUmi para Asana Adi ko yatanA se pramArjita karake baitthe| saMyamI sAdhu sacitta jala, varSA, ole, barpha aura osa ke jala ko bhI nahIM pIe, kintu jo tapA huA yA sauvIra Adi acitta dhovana (pAnI) ko hI grahaNa kre| kisI prakAra kI agni ko sAdhu uttejita nahIM kare, chue nahIM, sulagAe nahIM tathA usako bujhAe bhI nahIM / isI prakAra, sAdhu kisI prakAra kI havA nahIM kare tathA garama pAnI, dUdha yA AhAra Adi ko phUMka se ThaMDA bhI na kare / sAdhu tRNoM, vRkSoM tathA unake phala, phUla, patte Adi ko tor3e nahIM, kATe nahIM, latA-kuMjoM baitthe| isa prakAra, sAdhu trasa - prANiyoM meM bhI kisI jIva kI mana, vacana aura kAya se hiMsA na kare | 25 pUrNarUpeNa hiMsA se bacane ke lie sAdhu ko yahI nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki vaha pratyeka kArya kA saMpAdana karate samaya jAgrata rahe, tAki kisI prakAra kI hiMsA sambhava na ho / ahiMsA - mahAvrata ke samyak pAlana ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. IryAsamiti - calate-phirate athavA baiThate-uThate samaya sAvadhAnI rakhanA, 2. vacana samitihiMsaka athavA kisI ke mana ko duHkhAne vAle vacana nahIM bolanA, 3. mana-samiti mana meM hiMsaka - vicAroM ko sthAna nahIM denA, 4. eSaNA samiti - adIna hokara aisA nirdoSa AhAra prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA, jisameM zramaNa ke lie koI hiMsA na kI gaI ho, 5. nikSepaNAsamiti - sAdhu - jIvana ke pAtrAdi upakaraNoM ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pramArjana karake upayoga meM nA athavA unheM rakhanA aura uThAnA 126 368 ahiMsA - mahAvrata ke apavAda - sAmAnyatayA, ahiMsA - mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM mUlaAgamoM meM adhika apavAdoM kA kathana nahIM hai| mUla - AgamoM meM ahiMsAvrata sambandhI jo apavAda haiM, unameM trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA ke saMdarbha meM koI apavAda nahIM hai, kevala vanaspati evaM jala Adi ko paristhitivaza chUne athavA AvAgamana kI sthiti meM unakI hone vAlI hiMsA ke apavAdoM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi nizIthacUrNi Adi paravartI granthoM meM munisaMgha yA sAdhvIsaMgha ke rakSaNArtha siMha Adi hiMsaka - prANiyoM evaM durAcArI manuSyoM kI hiMsA karane sambandhI apavAdoM kA bhI ullekha hai / 27 vastutaH, paravartI - sAhitya meM jina adhika apavAdoM kA ullekha hai, unake pIche saMgha (samudAya) kI rakSA kA prazna jur3A huA hai| isI AdhAra para dharma-prabhAvanA ke nimitta hone vAlI jala, vanaspati evaM pRthvI sambandhI hiMsA ko bhI svIkRti pradAna kara dI gii|

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zramaNa-dharma satya - mahAvrata - asatya kA sampUrNa tyAga zramaNa kA dUsarA mahAvrata hai| zramaNa mana, vacana evaM kAya tathA kRta- kArita - anumodana kI navakoTiyoM sahita asatya se virata hone kI pratijJA karatA hai / zramaNa ko mana, vacana aura kAya - tInoM se satya para ArUr3ha honA I 369 caahie| mana, vacana aura kAya meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva hI mRSAvAda hai| 28 isake viparIta, mana, vacana aura kAya kI ekarUpatA hI satya - mahAvrata kA pAlana hai| satya - mahAvrata ke saMdarbha - vacana kI satyatA para bhI adhika bala diyA gayA hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa meM satya - mahAvrata se asatya bhASaNa kA varjana samajhA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM meM asatya ke cAra prakAra kahe gae haiM1. hote hue nahIM kahanA, 2. nahIM hote hue usakA astitva batAnA, 3. vastu kucha hai aura use kucha aura batAnA, 4. hiMsAkArI, pApakArI aura apriya vacana bolanA / uparyukta cAroM prakAra kA asatya bhASaNa zramaNa ke lie varjita hai / zramaNa-sAdhaka ko kaisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isakA vistRta vivecana dazavaikAlikasUtra ke suvAkyazuddhi nAmaka adhyayana meM hai| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra, bhASA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. satya, 2. asatya, 3. mizra aura 4. vyAvahArika | 29 inameM asatya aura mizra bhASA kA vyavahAra zramaNa ke lie varjita hai| itanA hI nahIM, satya aura vyAvahArika-bhASA bhI yadi pApa aura hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA se yukta hai, to usakA vyavahAra bhI zramaNa ke lie varjita hai| zramaNa kevala ahiMsaka evaM nirdoSa satya tathA vyAvahArika bhASA bola sakatA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prajJAvAn bhikSu avaktavya ( na bolane yogya) satya bhASA bhI na bole| isI prakAra, vaha bhASA, jo thor3I satya aura thor3I asatya ( naro vA kuMjaro vA ) hai, aisI mizra bhASA kA vyavahAra bhI vAksaMyamI sAdhu na kre| buddhimAn bhikSu kevala asatya - amRSA (vyAvahArika) bhASA tathA satya bhASA ko bhI pAparahita, akarkaza tathA saMdeharahita hone para hI vicArapUrvaka bole| isI prakAra, sAdhu nizcayakArI vacana bhI bole, kyoMki aghaTita bhaviSya ke viSaya meM nizcayapUrvaka kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jo kathana bhUta aura vartamAna ke saMdarbha meM saMdeharahita ho, usI ke viSaya meM nizcayAtmaka - bhASA bole / jina zabdoM se dUsare prANiyoM ke hRdaya meM Thesa pahu~ce, aise hiMsaka evaM kaThora zabdoM ko, cAhe ve satya hI kyoM na hoM, bhikSu na bole / isI prakAra, bhikSu pArivArika sambandhoM ke sUcaka zabda, jaise- he mAtA, he putra Adi tathA apamAnajanaka zabda, jaise- he mUrkha Adi kA bhI prayoga na kare / jisa bhASA se hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA ho, aisI bhASA kA prayoga bhI na kre| kAma, krodha, lobha, bhaya evaM hAsya ke vazIbhUta hokara pApakArI, nizcayakArI, dUsaroM ke mana ko duHkhAnevAlI bhASA, cAhe vaha manovinoda meM hI kyoM na kahI gaI ho, kA bolanA bhikSu ke lie sarvathA varjita hai | 30 zramaNa ko svArtha athavA parArtha, krodha athavA bhaya ke vazIbhUta hokara

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370 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana asatya na to svayaM bolanA cAhie aura na kisI ko asatya bolane ke lie prerita hI karanA cAhie, kyoMki asatya vacana avizvAsa kA kAraNa hai| isa prakAra, jaina-paramparA meM asatya aura apriya-satya-donoM kA niSedha hai| isa sampUrNa vivecana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina-AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM bhASA sambandhI satya kA sthAna ahiMsA ke bAda hai, unhoMne satya ko ahiMsaka banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| satya ahiMsaka banA rahe, isalie saMbhASaNa ke kSetra meM vizeSa satarkatA rakhane kA nirdeza hai| nizcayakArI-bhASA kA niSedha mAtra isIlie kiyA gayA hai ki vaha ahiMsA aura anekAnta kI kasauTI para kharI nahIM utrtii| lekina, isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki jaina-AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM satya kA mUlya adhika nahIM hai, athavA unhoMne satya kI avahelanA kI hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne satya ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai, unakI dRSTi meM satya to bhagavAn hai (taM saccaM bhagava), vahI samagra loka meM sArabhUta hai| mahAvIra spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki satya meM mana kI sthiratA karo, jo satya kA varaNa karatA hai, vaha buddhimAna samasta pApakarmoM kA kSaya kara detA hai| satya kI AjJA meM vicaraNa karane vAlA sAdhaka isa saMsAra se pAra ho jAtA hai| 33 satya-mahAvrata ke pAlana ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. vicArapUrvaka bolanA cAhie, binA vicAre bolane se asatya sambhava hai; 2. krodha kA tyAga karake bolA cAhie, kyoMki krodha kI avasthA meM viveka kuMThita ho jAtA hai aura isalie asatya bolane kI sambhAvanAe~ banI rahatI haiM; 3. lobha kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, kyoMki lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara asatya bolanA sambhava hai; 4. bhaya kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, kyoMki bhaya ke kAraNa asatya bolanA sambhava hai; 5. hAsya kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie kyoMki hAsya ke prasaMga meM bhIasatya bhASaNa kI saMbhAvanAe~ rahatI haiN| jo zramaNa uparyukta pA~coM bhAvanAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue bolatA hai, taba hI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usane satyamahAvrata svIkAra kiyA hai, kriyAnvita kiyA hai aura jinoM kI AjJA ke anusAra usakA pAlana kiyA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-vicArakoM ne bhASA sambandhI viveka ke lie kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| satya-mahAvrata ke apavAda- satya-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM mUla-AgamoM ke jina apavAdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, unameM pramukhatayA satya ko ahiMsaka banAe rakhane kA dRSTikoNa hI parilakSita hotA hai| mUla-AgamoM ke anusAra, jina paristhitiyoM meM satya aura ahiMsA meM virodha khar3A ho aura unameM kisI eka kA pAlana hI sambhava ho, aisI sthiti meM ahiMsA ke vrata kI rakSA ke lie satya ke sandarbha meM apavAda ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu mArga meM jA rahA ho aura sAmane se koI zikArI vyakti Akara

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zramaNa-dharma 371 usase pUche ki-zramaNa! kyA tumane kisI manuSya athavA pazu Adiko idhara Ate dekhA hai ? isa prasaMga meM, prathama to bhikSu usake prazna kI upekSA karake mauna rhe| yadi mauna rahane jaisI sthiti na ho, athavA mauna rahane kA artha svIkRti lagAe jAne kI sambhAvanA ho, to jAnatA huA bhI yaha kaha de ki maiM nahIM jaantaa| 5 yahA~ para spaSTa rUpa se apavAdamArga kA ullekha hai| nizIthacUrNi meM bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hai| 6 bRhadkalpabhASya meM gItArtha ke dvArA navadIkSita bhikSuoM ko saMyama meM sthira rakhane ke lie bhI satya-mahAvrata meM kucha apavAdoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi usa prasaMga meM gItArtha dvArA AcaraNa sambandhI zithilatA ko dabAne kA hI prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai| vastutaH, jaina-paramparA kA buniyAdI dRSTikoNa yaha nahIM ho sakatA ki vyakti apanI kamajoriyoM ko dabAne ke lie asatya kA Azraya le| AcArAMgasUtra ke ukta saMdarbha meM bhI hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki granthakAra kA mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa ahiMsA-mahAvrata kI rakSA hai| usameM bhI prathamataH sAdhaka ko apane Atmabala ko jAgrata rakhate hue mauna rahane kAhI nirdeza hai| mahAvIra ke jIvana meM aise aneka prasaMga haiM, jahA~ unhoMne sambhAvita Apatti ko sahana kiyA, lekina asatya bhASaNa nahIM karate hue mauna rahakara hI ahiMsA-mahAvrata kI maryAdA kA pAlana kiyaa| vastutaH, Agamika-dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yathAsaMbhava satya aura ahiMsA-donoM kA hI pUrNatayA pAlana kiyA jAe, lekina yadi sAdhaka meM itanA Atmabala nahIM hai ki vaha mauna rahakara donoM kA hI pAlana kara sake, to aisI sthiti meM usake lie apavAda-mArga kA ullekha hai| AcArya zIlAMka ne AcArAMga ke ukta saMdarbha ke samAna hI apanI sUtrakRtAMgavRtti meM satya ke apavAda ke saMdarbha meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo pravaMcanA ki buddhise rahita, mAtra saMyama kI rakSA ke lie evaM kalyANa-bhAvanA se bolA jAtA hai, vaha asatya doSarUpa nahIM hai| __asteya-mahAvrata-zramaNa kA yaha tIsarA mahAvrata hai| sAmAnyatayA, bhikSu ko binA svAmI kI AjJA ke eka tinakA bhI grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| bhikSu apanI jIvanayAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka vastuoM ko tabahI grahaNa kara sakatAhai,jabaki ve unake svAmI ke dvArA use dI gaI hoM / adatta vastu kA na lenA hI zramaNa kA asteya-mahAvrata hai| asteya-mahAvrata kA pAlana bhI zramaNa ko mana, vacana aura kAya tathA kRta, kArita aura anumodana kI nava-koTiyoM sahita karanA caahie| zramaNa ke lie sAmAnya niyama yahI hai ki apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti bhikSA ke dvArA hI kre| na kevala nagara athavA gA~va meM, varan jaMgala meM bhI yadi use kisI vastu kI AvazyakatA ho, to binA die svayaM hI grahaNa na kre| bhojana, vastra, nivAsa,zayyA evaM auSadha Adi sabhI unake svAmI kI anumati tathA usake dvArA pradatta kie jAne para hI grahaNa karanA caahie|

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372 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina-dRSTikoNa ke anusAra, asteya-mahAvrata kA pAlana karanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki cauryakarma bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA kathana hai ki artha yA sampatti prANiyoM kA bAhya-prANa hai, kyoMki isa para unakA jIvana AdhArita rahatA hai, isalie kisI kI vastu kA haraNa usake prANoM ke hanana ke samAna hai|40 praznavyAkaraNa-sUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha adattAdAna (corI), saMtApa, maraNa evaMbhayarUpI pAtakoM kA janaka hai, dUsare ke dhana ke prati lobha utpanna karatA hai|41 yaha apayaza kA kAraNa aura anArya-karma hai, sAdhujana isakI sadaiva nindA karate haiM, isIlie dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zramaNa choTI athavA bar3I, sacitta athavA acitta koI bhI vastu, cAhe vaha dA~ta sApha karane kA tinakA hI kyoM na ho, binA die na le| na svayaM use grahaNa kare, na anya ke dvArA hI use le aura na lene vAle kA anumodana hI kre|42 asteya-mahAvrata ke samyak paripAlana ke lie AcArAMgasUtra meM pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. zramaNa vicArapUrvaka parimita parimANa meM hI vastuoM kI yAcanA kare, 2. yAcita AhArAdi vastuoM kA upabhoga na kare, 3. zramaNa apane lie nizcita parimANa meM hI vastuoM kI yAcanA kare, 4. zramaNa ko jaba bhI koI AvazyakatA ho, usa vastu kI mAtrA kA parimANa nizcita karake hI yAcanA kare, 5. apane sahayogIzramaNoM ke liebhI vicArapUrvaka parimita parimANa meM hI vastuoM kI yAcanA kre| kucha AcAryoM ne asteya-mahAvrata ke pAlana ke lie ina pAMca bAtoM ko bhI Avazyaka mAnA hai - 1. hamezA nirdoSa sthAna para hI ThaharanA cAhie, 2. svAmI kI AjJA se hI AhAra athavA Thaharane kA sthAna grahaNa karanA cAhie, 3. Thaharane ke lie jitanA sthAna gRhastha ne diyA hai, usase adhika kA upayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, 4. guru kI AjJA ke pazcAt hI AhAra Adi kA upabhoga karanA cAhie, 5. yadi kisI sthAna para pUrva meM koI zramaNa ThaharA ho, to usakI AjJA ko prApta karake hI ThaharanA cAhie / asteya-mahAvratake apavAda-asteya-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM jina apavAdoM kA ullekha hai, unakA sambandha AvAsa se hai| vyavahArasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu-saMgha lambA vihAra kara kisI ajJAta grAma meM pahu~catA hai aura use Thaharane ke lie sthAna nahIM mila rahA ho tathA bAhara vRkSoM ke nIce Thaharane se bhayaMkarazIla kI vedanA athavAjaMgalI pazuoM ke upadrava kI sambhAvanA ho, to aisI sthiti meM vaha binA AjJA prApta kie bhI yogya sthAna para Thahara jAe aura usake bAda AjJA prApta karane kA prayAsa kre|45 brahmacarya-mahAvrata-yaha zramaNa kA caturtha mahAvrata hai| jaina-AgamoM meM ahiMsA ke bAda brahmacarya kA hI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo isa duSkara brahmacarya-vrata kA

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zramaNa-dharma 373 pAlana karatA hai, use deva, dAnava aura yakSaAdisabhI namaskAra karate haiN| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmacarya uttama tapa, niyama, jJAna, darzana, cAritra, samyaktva tathA vinaya kA mUla hai, yama aura niyamarUpa pradhAna guNoM se yukta hai| brahmacarya kA pAlana karane se manuSya kA antaHkaraNa prazasta, gambhIra aura sthira ho jAtA hai|brhmcry sAdhujanoM dvArA Acarita mokSa kA mArga hai| 'pA~coM mahAvratoM meM atyanta (nirapavAda) pAlana kiyA jAne vAlA hai|' brahmacarya bhaMga hone para sabhI vrata tatkAlabhaMga ho jAte haiN| sabhI vrata-niyama, zIla, tapa, guNaAdi dahI ke samAna mathita ho jAte haiM, cUra-cUra ho jAte haiM, khaMDita ho jAte haiM, unakA vinAza ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM zramaNa ke lie brahmacarya-mahAvrata ko atyadhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| abrahmacarya Asakti aura moha kA kAraNa hone se AtmA ke patana kA mahatvapUrNa kAraNa hai, ataH AtmavikAsa ke lie brahmacarya kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| jaina-zramaNa ke lie samasta prakAra kA maithuna trikaraNa aura triyoga se varjita hai| brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM jitanI AMtarika-sAvadhAnI rakhanA Avazyaka hai, usase kahIM adhikasAvadhAnI bAhya-jIvana evaM saMyogoM ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| kyoMki uccakoTi kAzramaNa bhI nimitta ke milane para bIjarUpa meM rahI huI vAsanA ke dvArA kaba patana ke mArga para calA jAegA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai, ataH brahmacarya kI rakSA ke lie sAdhaka ko apane bAhya-jIvana meM upasthita hone vAle avasaroM ke prati bhI sadaivajAgrata rahanA Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta nimna bAtoM se bacane kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai - 1. strI, pazu aura napuMsaka jisa sthAna para rahate hoM, bhikSu vahA~ na Thahare, 2. bhikSu zrRMgAra - rasotpAdaka strI-kathAna kare, 3.bhikSu striyoM ke sAtha eka Asana para na baiThe (unakA sparza bhI na kare), 4. striyoM ke aMgopAMga viSaya-buddhi se na dekhe, 5. AsapAsa se Ate hue striyoM ke kuMjana, gAyana, hAsya, krandita zabda, rUdana aura viraha se utpanna vilApako nasune, 6. gRhasthAvasthA meM bhoge hue bhogoM (rati-krIr3AoM) kA smaraNa na kare, 7. puSTikAraka (gariSTha) bhojana na kare, 8. maryAdA se adhika bhojana na kare, 9.zarIra kA zrRMgArana kare, 10. indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakti na rkhe| mUlAcAra meM abrahmacarya ke dasa kAraNoM kA ullekha hai- 1. vipulAhAra, 2. zarIrazrRMgAra, 3. gandha-mAlya-dhAraNa, 4. gAnA-bajAnA, 5. ucca zayyA, 6. strI-saMsarga; 7. indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana, 8. pUrvarati-smaraNa, 9. kAma-bhoga kI sAmagrI kA saMgraha aura 10. strii-sevaa| tattvArthasUtra meM inameM se pAMca kA hI ullekha hai| vastutaH, uparyukta prasaMgoM kA ullekha brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta hI kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya niyama to yaha hai ki bhikSu ko jahA~ bhI apane brahmacarya-mahAvrata ke khaMDana kI saMbhAvanA pratIta ho, una sabhI sthAnoM kA

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374 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana use parityAga kara denA caahie| jaina AcAra-darzana meM zramaNa evaM zramaNI ke pArasparika - vyavahAra ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane meM bhI pramukha rUpa se yahI dRSTikoNa rahA hai ki sAdhaka kA brahmacaryavrata akSuNNa raha ske| zramaNa aura zramaNI ke pArasparika-vyavahAra ke saMdarbha meM ye niyama ullekhanIya haiM - 1. upAzraya athavA mArga meM akelA muni kisI zramaNI athavA strI ke sAtha na baiThe, nakhar3A rahe aura na unase koI bAta-cIta hI kare, 2. akelA zramaNa dina meM bhI kisI akelI sAdhvI yA strI ko apane AvAsasthAna para na Ane de, 3. yadizramaNasamudAya ke pAsa jJAnaprApti ke nimitta se koI sAdhvI yA strI AI ho, to kisI praur3ha gRhastha-upAsaka evaM upAsikA kI upasthiti meM hI use jJAnArjana karAe, 4. pravacanakAla ke atirikta zramaNa apane AvAsasthAna para sAdhviyoM evaM striyoM ko Thaharane nade; 5. zramaNa eka dina kI bAlikA kA bhI sparza na kare (sAdhviyoM ke saMdarbha meM yaha niSedha bAlaka athavA puruSa ke lie samajhanA cAhie), 6. jahA~ guru athavA variSTha muni zayana karate hoM, usI sthAna para zayana kare, ekAnta meM nahIM soe| isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-vidhi meM jahA~ brahmacarya-pAlana ko itanA adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai, vahA~ usakI rakSA ke lie bhI kaThoratama niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA vidhAna hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM brahmacarya-mahAvrata kI pAMca bhAvanAe~ kahI gaI haiM - 1. nirgrantha strIsambandhI bAteM na kare, kyoMki aisA karane se usake citta kI zAMtibhaMga hokara dharma se bhraSTa honA saMbhava hai, 2. striyoM ke aMgopAMga ko viSaya-buddhi se na dekhe, 3. pUrva meM kI huI kAmakrIr3A kA smaraNa na kare, 4. mAtrA se adhika evaM kAmoddIpaka AhAra na kare, 5. strI, mAdA pazu evaM napuMsaka ke Asana evaM zayyA kA upayoga na kare / jo zramaNa uparyukta sAvadhAniyoM ko rakhate hue brahmacarya-mahAvrata kA pAlana karatA hai, usake sambandha meM hI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha saMsAra ke sabhI duHkhoM se chUTakara vItarAga-avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai| brahmacaryavrata ke apavAda-sAmAnyatayA, brahmacaryavrata meM koI bhI apavAda svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| brahmacarya-mahAvrata kA nirapavAda rUpa se pAlana karanA hI apekSita hai| mUla-AgamoM meM brahmacarya ke khaMDana ke lie kisI bhI apavAda-niyama kA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| brahmacarya-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM jina apavAdoM kA ullekha mUla-AgamoM meM pAyA jAtA hai unakA sambandha mAtra brahmacaryavrata kI rakSA ke niyamoM se hai| sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNake lie strIsparza varjita hai, lekina apavAdarUpa meM vaha nadI meM DUbatI huI, athavA kSiptacitta bhikSuNI ko pakar3a sakatA hai| isI prakAra, rAtri meM sarpadaMza kI sthiti ho aura anya koI upacAra kA mArga na ho, to zramaNa strI se aura sAdhvI puruSa se avamArjana Adi sparza sambandhI cikitsA karAe, to vaha kalpya hai, sAtha hI sAdhu yA sAdhvI ke paira meM kA~TA laga jAe aura

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zramaNa-dharma OM ya kisI bhI taraha nikAlane kI sthiti na ho, to ve paraspara eka-dUsare se nikalavA sakate haiM 155 aparigraha - mahAvrata- yaha zramaNa kA pA~cavA~ mahAvrata hai| zramaNa ko samasta bAhya (strI, saMpatti, pazu Adi) tathA Abhyantara (krodha, mAna Adi) parigraha kA tyAga karanA hotA hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zramaNa ko sabhI prakAra ke parigraha kA, , cAhe vaha alpa ho yA adhika ho, cAhe vaha jIvanayukta (ziSya Adi para mamatva rakhanA athavA mAtA-pitA kI AjJA ke binA kisI ko ziSya banAkara apane pAsa rakhanA jIvanayukta parigraha hai) ho athavA nirjIva vastuoM kA ho, tyAga kara denA hotA hai / " zramaNa mana, vacana aura kAya - tInoM se hI na parigraha rakhe, na rakhavAe aura na parigraha rakhane kA anumodana kare / parigraha yA saMcaya karane kI vRtti Antarika - lobha kI hI dyotaka hai, isalie jo zramaNa kisI bhI prakAra kA saMgraha karatA hai, vaha zramaNa na hokara gRhastha hI hai| 57 jaina AgamoM ke anusAra, parigraha kA vAstavika artha bAhya vastuoM kA saMgraha nahIM, varan Antarika-mUrcchAbhAva yA Asakti hI hai / " tattvArthasUtra meM bhI mUrcchA yA Asakti kohI parigraha kahA gayA hai| 9 yadyapi zvetAmbara aura digambara- donoM paramparAe~ parigraha kI dRSTi se Asakti ko hI pramukha tattva svIkAra karatI haiM, tathApi zramaNa - jIvana meM bAhyavastuoM kI dRSTi se bhI parigraha ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| digambara- paramparA zramaNa - parigraha ko bhI atyanta sImita karane kA prayAsa karatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbaraparamparA zramaNa ke bAhya-parigraha kI dRSTi se adhika locapUrNa dRSTikoNa rakhatI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara - paramparA meM zramaNa ke bAhya parigraha ke sandarbha meM paravartIkAla meM kAphI parivarddhana evaM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| - - jaina AgamoM meM parigraha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai - 1. bAhya parigraha aura 2. aabhyntrik-prigrh| bAhya parigraha meM ina vastuoM kA samAveza hotA hai - 1. kSetra ( khulI bhUmi), 2. vastu (bhavana), 3. hiraNya (rajata), 4. svarNa, 5. dhana (sampatti) 6. dhAnya, 7. dvipada (dAsa - dAsI), 8. catuSpada (pazu Adi) aura 9. kupya (ghara-gRhasthI kA sAmAna) 100 jaina - zramaNa ukta saba parigrahoM ko parityAga karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, use caudaha prakAra ke Abhyantarika - parigraha kA bhI tyAga karanA hotA hai, jaise - 1. mithyAtva, 2. hAsya, 3. rati, 4. arati, 5. bhaya, 6. zoka, 7. jugupsA, 8. strIveda, 9. puruSaveda, 10. napuMsakaveda, 11. krodha, 12. mAna, 13. mAyA aura 14. lobha / " 375 - - zramaNa ke lie sabhI prakAra kA Abhyantara evaM bAhya parigraha tyAjya hai, tathApi bhikSu - jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI dRSTi se zramaNa ko kucha vastue~ rakhane kI

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana anumati hai / bAhya parigraha kI dRSTi se zvetAmbara aura digambara- paramparAoM meM kiMcita matabheda haiN| 376 - digambara- paramparA ke anusAra, zramaNa kI Avazyaka vastuoM (upadhi) ko tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai - 1. jJAnopadhi ( zAstra - pustaka Adi), 2. saMyamopadhi (mora ke paroM se banI picchi), 3. zaucopadhi (zarIra-zuddhi ke lie jala grahaNa karane kA pAtra yA kamaNDalu) 62 / digambara- paramparA ke anusAra, muni ko vastra Adi anya sAmagrI ke rakhane kA niSedha hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke mUla-AgamoM ke anusAra, bhikSu cAra prakAra kI vastue~ rakha sakatA hai - 1. vastra, 2. pAtra, 3. kambala aura 4. rajoharaNa / 63 AcArAMgasUtra ke anusAra, svastha muni eka vastra rakha sakatA hai, sAdhviyoM kA cAra vastra rakhane kA vidhAna hai| isI prakAra, muni eka se adhika pAtra nahIM rakha sktaa| 64 AcArAMga meM muni ke vastroM ke nApa sandarbha meM koI spaSTa varNana nahIM hai, yadyapi sAdhvI ke lie cAra vastroM meM eka do hAtha kA, do tIna hAtha ke aura eka cAra hAtha kA honA caahie| prazna- vyAkaraNasUtra meM muni ke lie caudaha prakAra ke upakaraNoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. pAtra - jo ki lakar3I, miTTI athavA tumbI kA ho sakatA hai, 2. pAtrabandha- pAtroM ko bA~dhane kA kapar3A, 3. pAtra sthApanA - pAtra rakhane kA kapar3A, 4. pAtra - kesarikA - pAtra poMchane kA kapar3A, 5. paTala-pAtra Dha~kane kA kapar3A, 6. rajastrANa, 7. gocchaka, 8-10 pracchAdaka- or3hane kI cAdara, muni vibhinna nApoM kI tIna cAdareM rakha sakatA hai, isalie ye tIna upakaraNa mAne gae haiM, 11. rajoharaNa, 12. mukhavastrikA, 13. mAtraka aura 14. colapaTTa / '' ye caudaha vastue~ rakhanA zvetAmbara - muni ke Avazyaka haiM, kyoMki inake abhAva meM vaha saMyama kA pAlana samucita rUpa se nahIM kara sakatA / bRhadkalpabhASya evaM paravartI granthoM meM uparyukta sAmagriyoM ke atirikta bhI cilamilikA (pardA), daNDa, chAtA, pAdaproMchana, sUcikA (suI) Adi aneka vastuoM ke rakhane kI anumati hai / vistAra bhaya se una sabakI carcA meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vastutaH, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaba eka bAra muni ke Avazyaka upakaraNoM meM ahiMsA evaM saMyama kI rakSA ke lie vRddhi kara dI gaI, to paravartI AcAryagaNa na kevala saMyama kI rakSA ke lie, varan apanI sukhasuvidhAoM ke lie bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM vRddhi karate rahe haiN| itanA hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI to kamajoriyoM ke dabAne tathA bhojana- -vastra kI prApti ke nimitta bhI upakaraNa rakhe jAne lge| paratIrthika upakaraNa, gulikA, khola Adi isake udAharaNa haiM 106 vastutaH, jaina - zramaNa ke lie jisa rUpa meM Avazyaka sAmagrI rakhane kA vidhAna hai, usameM saMyama kI rakSA hI pramukha hai| usake upakaraNa dharmopakaraNa kahe jAte haiM, ataH muni ko

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zramaNa-dharma 377 ve hI vastue~ apane pAsa rakhanI cAhie, jinake dvArA vaha saMyama-yAtrA kA nirvAha kara ske| itanA hI nahIM, use una upakaraNoM para to kyA, apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM rakhanA caahie| aparigraha-mahAvrata ke lie jina pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai. ve pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakti kA niSedha karatI hai| muni ko indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakta aura kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta nahIM honA cAhie, yahI usakI saccI aparigraha-vRtti hai| aparigraha-mahAvrata ke apavAda-sAmAnyatayA, digambara-muni ke pUrvokta tIna tathAzvetAmbara-muni ke lie pUrva nirdiSTa caudaha upakaraNoM ke rakhane kA hI vidhAna hai| vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha unase adhika upakaraNabhI rakha sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, bhikSu sevAbhAva kI dRSTi se atirikta pAtra rakha sakatA hai, athavA viSa-nivAraNa ke lie svarNa ghisakara usakA pAnI rogI ko dene ke lie vaha svarNa ko grahaNa bhI kara sakatA hai| isI prakAra, apavAdIya-sthiti meM vaha chatra, carma-chedana Adi atirikta vastueM rakha sakatA hai 68 tathA vRddhAvasthA evaM bImArI ke kAraNa eka sthAna para adhika samaya taka Thahara bhI sakatA hai| vartamAnakAla meM jaina-zramaNoM dvArA rakhe jAne vAlI pustaka, lekhanI, kAgaja, masi Adi vastueMbhI aparigraha-vratakAapavAda hI haiN| prAcIna granthoM meM pustaka rakhanA prAyazcitta yogya aparAdha thaa| rAtribhojana-parityAga - rAtri-bhojana-parityAga digambara-paramparA ke anusAra zramaNa kA mUlaguNa hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM rAtri - bhojana-parityAga kA ullekha chaThaveM mahAvrata ke rUpa meM bhI huA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM ise chaThavA~ mahAvrata kahA gayA hai| muni sampUrNa rUpa se rAtri - bhojana kA parityAga karatA hai| rAtri- bhojana kA niSedha ahiMsA ke mahAvrata kI rakSA evaMsaMyama kI rakSA-donoM hI dRSTi se AvazyakamAnA gayA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki muni sUrya ke asta ho jAne para sabhI prakAra ke AhArAdike bhoga kI icchA mana se bhI na kre| sabhI mahApuruSoM ne ise nitya-tapa kA sAdhana kahA hai| yaha eka samaya bhojana kI vRtti saMyama ke anukUla hai, kyoMki rAtri meM AhAra karane se aneka sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| rAtri meM pRthvI para aise sUkSma, trasa evaM sthAvara jIva vyApta rahate haiM ki rAtri - bhojana meM unakI hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki nirgrantha muniyoM ke lie rAtri-bhojana kA niSedha hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne rAtri-bhojana ke viSaya meM do ApattiyA~ prastuta kI haiN| prathama to yaha ki dina kI apekSArAtri meM bhojana ke prati tIvra Asakti rahatI hai aura rAtri bhojana karane se brahmacarya-mahAvrata kA nirvighna pAlana saMbhava nahIM hotaa| dUsare, rAtri-bhojana meM bhojana ke pakAne athavA prakAza ke lie jo agni yA dIpaka prajvalita kiyA jAtA hai, usameM

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378 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI aneka jantu Akara jala jAte haiM tathA bhojana meM bhI gira jAte haiM, ataH rAtri-bhojana hiMsA se mukta nahIM hai| bauddha-paramparA aura paMca mahAvrata bauddha-paramparA meM nimna dasa bhikSu-zIla mAne gae haiM, jo ki jaina-paramparA ke paMca mahAvratoM ke atyadhika nikaTa haiM - 1. prANAtipAta-viramaNa, 2. adattAdAna-viramaNa, 3. abrahmacarya yA kAmesu-micchAcAra-viramaNa, 4. mUsAvAda (mRSAvAda)-viramaNa, 5. surAmerayamadya (mAdaka dravya)-viramaNa, 6. vikAlabhojana-viramaNa, 7. nRtyagItavAditra-viramaNa, 8. mAlya-dhAraNa, gandha-vilepana viramaNa, 9. ucca- zayyA, mahAzayyA-viramaNa, 10. jAtarUpa rajatagrahaNa (svarNa-rajatagrahaNa)-viramaNa / tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to inameM se cha: zIla paMca mahAvrata aura rAtri-bhojana parityAga ke rUpa meM jaina- paramparA meM bhI svIkRta haiN| zeSa cAra bhikSu-zIla bhI jaina-paramparA meM svIkRta haiM, yadyapi mahAvrata ke rUpa meM inakA ullekha nahIM hai| jaina-paramparA bhI bhikSu ke lie madyapAna, mAlya-dhAraNa, gaMdhavilepana, nRtyagItavAditra evaM uccazayyA kA varjana karatI hai| jaina-paramparA ke mahAvratoM aura bauddha-paramparA ke bhikSu-zIloM meM na kevala bAhyazAbdika-samAnatA hai, varan donoM kI mUlabhUta bhAvanA bhI samAna hai| bauddha-vicArakoM ne bhI jaina-paramparA ke samAna inake sambandha meM gaharAI se vivecana kiyA hai| tulanAtmaka-adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha ucita hogA ki hamathor3I gaharAI se donoM paramparAoM kI samarUpatA ko dekhane kA prayAsa kreN| 1. prANAtipAta-viramaNa-bauddha-paramparA meM bhI bhikSu ke lie hiMsA varjita hai| itanA hI nahIM, varan bauddha-paramparA meM bhikSu ke lie mana, vacana, kAya aura kRta, kArita tathA anumodita hiMsA kA niSedha hai| bauddha-paramparA bhI jaina-paramparA ke samAna bhikSu ke lie vanaspati taka kI hiMsA kA niSedha karatI hai| vinayapiTaka meM vanaspati ko tor3anA aura bhUmi kA khodanA bhI bhikSu ke lie varjita hai, kyoMki isameM pANiyoM kI hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bauddha-paramparA meM bhI vanaspati, pRthvI Adi ko sUkSma prANiyoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi vaha jaina-paramparA ke samAna pRthvI, pAnI, agni aura vAyu meM jIvana ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, tathApi pRthvI aura pAnI meM jIva rahate haiM, yaha use svIkAra hai, ataH bauddha-bhikSu ke lie sacitta jala kA pInA Adi varjita nahIM haiN| mAtra niyama yaha hai ki use jala chAnakara pInA caahie| 2. adattAdAna-viramaNa-jaina aura bauddha-donoM paramparAeM yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki bhikSu ko koI bhI vastu usake svAmI se die binA grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| bauddha

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zramaNa-dharma 379 bhikSu bhI apanI jaivika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti bhikSAvRtti ke dvArA hI karatA hai| bauddha - paramparA ne na kevala una bAhya-vastuoM ke saMdarbha meM hI asteya-vrata ko svIkAra kiyA hai jinakA ki koI svAmI ho, varan yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki na kevala nagara meM, varan jaMgala meM bhI binA dI huI vastu nahIM lenI caahie| vinayapiTaka ke anusAra, jo bhikSu binA dI huI vastu grahaNa karatA hai, vaha apane zramaNa-jIvana se cyuta ho jAtA hai| saMyuttanikAya meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu phUla ko sUMghatA hai, to bhI vaha corI karatA hai| ___3. abrahmacarya-viramaNa- donoM paramparAoM meM zramaNa ke lie kAmasevana varjita hai| bauddha-paramparA bhI jaina-paramparA ke samAna isa niyama ke saMdarbha meM kAphI sajaga pratIta hotI hai| vinayapiTaka ke anusAra, bhikSu ke lie strI kA sparza bhI varjita mAnA gayA hai| 7 buddha ne bhI isa saMdarbha meM kAphI satarkatA baratane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza dene meM anutsukatA prakaTa kii| apane aMtima upadeza meM bhI buddha ne bhikSuoM ko strI-saMparka se bacane ke lie sAvadhAna kiyA hai| buddha ke parinirvANa ke pUrva Ananda ne prazna kiyA thA ki bhagavan! hama kisa prakAra striyoM ke sAtha bartAva kareM? bhagavAn ne kahA ki unheM mata dekho| Ananda ne phira prazna kiyA ki yadi ve dikhAI deM, to hama unake sAtha kaise vyavahAra kareM ? buddha ne punaH kahA ki he Ananda! AlApa (bAtacIta) na karanA caahie| Ananda ne punaH pUchA ki unake sAtha yadi bAtacIta kA prasaMga upasthita ho jAe, to kyA kareM ? buddha ne aMta meM yahI kahA ki aisI sthiti meM bhikSu ko apanI smRti ko samhAle rakhanA caahie| bauddha-darzana meM bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM ke saMdarbha meM jo niyama banAe gae haiM, unameM bhI isa bAta kI kAphI sAvadhAnI rakhI gaI hai ki bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kA brahmacarya skhalita na hone paae| vinayapiTaka ke anusAra, bhikSu kA ekAnta meM bhikSuNI ke sAtha baiThanA aparAdha mAnA gayA hai| 79 4. mRSAvAdaviramaNa-jaina-paramparA kI bhAMti bauddha-paramparA meM bhI bhikSu ke lie asatya-bhASaNa varjita hai| bhikSu na svayaM asatya bole, na anya se asatya bulavAe, na kisI ko asatya bolane kI anumati de| 8 bauddha - paramparA ke anusAra, bhikSu ko satyavAdI honA caahie| vaha mithyAbhASaNa meM na par3e, na kisI kI cugalI hI kare, na kapaTapUrNa vacana hI bole|" buddha kA kathana hai ki vacana satya hoM, para ahitakara hoM, use ve nahIM bolate haiM, parantu jo vacana satya ho, vaha priya yA apriya hote hue bhI hita-dRSTi se bolanA ho, to use buddha bolate haiN| 2 dIghanikAya ke anusAra, bhikSu ko asatya vacana nahIM bolanA cAhie tathA hamezAzuddha, ucita, arthapUrNa, tarkapUrNa aura mUlyavAn vacana hI bolanA caahie| jAnabUjhakara asatya bolanA, athavA apamAnajanaka zabdoM kA upayoga karanA bhikSu ke lie prAyazcitta

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yogya doSa mAnA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, bauddha bhikSu ko gRhastha-jIvana sambandhI kAryoM meM anumati ho, aisI bhASA bhI nahIM bolanA caahie| gRhasthocita bhASA bolanA bhI bhikSu ke lie varjita hai / " bhikSu ko sadaiva hI kaThora vacana kA parityAga kara namra evaM madhura vacana hI bolanA caahie| buddha ne aneka sandarbhoM meM bhikSu kaisI bhASA bole, isakA nirdeza kiyA hai, lekina vistArabhaya se yahA~ usakI samagra carcA meM jAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| 380 5. surAmerayamadyaviramaNa - bauddha bhikSu tathA gRhastha- donoM ke lie hI surApAna, madyapAna evaM nazIlI vastuoM kA sevana varjita hai| jaina - paramparA meM bhI gRhastha evaM muni- donoM lie madyapAna varjita hai| jaina paramparA meM madyapAna se virata honA sAdhaka ke lie Avazyaka hai, jaba taka koI bhI vyakti isase virata nahIM hotA hai, vaha dharmamArga meM praveza pAne kA adhikArI nahIM hai / 6. vikAlabhojanaviramaNa - vikAla - bhojanaviramaNa bauddha bhikSu evaM uposathavrata lene vAle gRhastha ke lie Avazyaka hai| bhikSuoM ke lie vikAlabhojana evaM rAtri-bhojana ko tyAjya batAyA gayA hai / majjhimanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "he bhikSuoM! maine rAtri - bhojana ko chor3a diyA hai, usase mere zarIra meM vyAdhi kama ho gaI hai, jADya kama ho gayA hai, zarIra meM bala AyA hai; citta ko zAMti milI hai| he bhikSuoM! tuma bhI aisA hI AcaraNa rakho / yadi tuma rAtri meM bhojana karanA chor3a doge, to tumhAre citta ko zAMti milegii|" bauddha - paramparA meM dina ke bAraha baje ke pazcAt se lekara dUsare dina sUryodaya ke pUrva taka kA samaya 'vikAla' mAnA jAtA hai| isa samaya ke bIca bhojana karanA bauddha bhikSu ke lie varjita hai| sAmAnyatayA, bauddha bhikSu ke lie bhI eka hI samaya bhojana karane kA vidhAna hai| - 7. nRtyagAnavAditraviramaNa - nRtya, gAna evaM vAdyavAdana bauddha bhikSu ke lie varjita hai / aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki bhikSuoM ! yaha jo gAnA hai, vaha Arya-vinaya ke anusAra ronA hI hai, bhikSuoM ! yaha jo nAcanA hai, vaha Arya-vinaya ke anusAra pAgalapana hai, bhikSuoM ! yaha jo dera taka dA~ta nikAlakara ha~sanA hai, yaha Aryavinaya ke anusAra bacapana hI hai, isalie bhikSuoM! yaha jo gAnA hai, yaha setu (kA) ghAtamAtra hI hai, yaha jo nAcanA hai, yaha setu (kA) ghAtamAtra hI hai| dharmAnandI santa puruSoM kA muskarAnA hI paryApta hai / " jaina- paramparA ke anusAra bhI bhikSu ke lie nRtya-gAna Adi varjita haiM, yadyapi jainaparamparA meM isake lie kisI svatantra vrata kI vyavasthA nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kahA hai ki sabhI gAna vilAparUpa haiM, sabhI nRtya viDaMbanAe~ haiM, sabhI AbhUSaNa bhArarUpa haiM aura sabhI kAma duHkhadAyaka haiN| ajJAniyoM ke priya kintu anta meM duHkha denevAle kAmaguNoM meM vaha sukha nahIM hai, jo kAmavirata zIlaguNa meM rata bhikSu ko hotA hai| 7 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki donoM

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zramaNa-dharma 381 hI paramparAeM bhikSu ke lie nRtya-gAna Adi ko varjita mAnatI hai| 8.mAlyagaMdhadhAraNa-vilepanaviramaNa-bauddha-paramparA meM uposatha-zIladhAraNa karane vAle gRhastha evaM bhikSu-donoM ke lie hI mAlA Adi kA dhAraNa karanA, sugandhita padArthoM kA vilepana karanA, zarIra - zrRMgAra aura AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karanA varjita hai| jainaparamparA meM bhI muni evaM proSadhavratI-gRhastha ke lie inheM varjita mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi jainaparamparA meM bhikSu ke lie isa sambandha meM kisI svatantra vrata kI vyavasthA nahIM hai, jaina-paramparA inheM brahmacarya-mahAvrata ke antargata hI mAna letI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmacaryarata bhikSu zarIra kI vibhUSA - zobhA bar3hAnA aura zrRMgAra karanA Adi na kare / naitika-jIvana ke lie inakA parityAga donoM hI paramparAoM meM Avazyaka hai| 9. uccazayyA, mahAzayyA-viramaNa-bauddha-bhikSu ke lie gaddI-takiyoM se yukta uccazayyA para sonA varjita hai| bauddha aura jaina-donoM hI paramparAe~ bhikSu ke lie kATha ke bane takhta, bhUmi athavA kuza yA parAla kI zayyAoM kA hI vidhAna karatI hai| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki bhikSuoM ! isa samaya bhikSu loga lakar3I ke bane takhta para sote haiM, apane udyoga meM AtApI aura apramata hokara vihAra karate haiN| pApa mAra inake viruddha koI dAvapeMca nahIM pA rahA hai| bhikSuoM! bhaviSyakAla meM bhikSu loga gaddedAra bichAvana para gulagula taMkie lagAkara dina car3ha jAne taka soe rheNge| unake viruddha pApa mAra dA~vapeMca kara skegaa| bhikSuoM! isalie tumheM yaha lakar3I ke bane hue takhta para sonA, apane udyoga meM AtApI hokara aura apramatta hokara vihAra karanA sIkhanA caahie| jaina-Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI muni ko kaisI zayyA para sonA cAhie, isakA suvistRta spaSTa vivecana hai| sAmAnyatayA, jaina-muni ke lie bhI yaha nirdeza hai ki use tRNa kI, patthara kI, zilA kI yA lakar3I ke takhta kI zayyA para sonA cAhie ! ___10. jAtarUparajataviramaNa- bauddha bhikSu ke lie bhI parigraha rakhanA varjita hai| suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki muni parigraha meM lipta na ho, kyoMki jo manuSya khetI, vAstu, hiraNya (svarNa evaM rajata), go, azva, dAsa Adi aneka padArthoM kI lAlasA karatA hai, use vAsanAe~ dabAtI haiM aura bAdhAe~ mardana karatI haiM, taba vaha pAnI meM TUTI nAva kI taraha duHkha meM par3atA hai| jo icchAoM ke vazIbhUta haiM, unakI mukti ati kaThina hai| sAmAnyatayA, bauddhaparamparA meM bhI isa zIla kA pramukha uddezya Asakti se bacanA hI hai| buddha ne bhI bhikSuoM ke parigraha ko atyanta sImita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| bauddha-bhikSu ke lie svarNa-rajata AdidhAtuoM kA grahaNa sarvathA varjita hai| itanA hI nahIM, bauddha-bhikSuko jIvanayApana ke lie jina vastra-pAtra Adi vastuoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, unheM bhI sImA se adhika

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382 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAtrA meM rakhanA varjita hai| vinayapiTaka ke anusAra, yadi bhikSu AvazyakatA se adhika vastroM ko rakhatA hai, athavA pAtra Adi anya vastuoM kA AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha karatA hai, to vaha doSI mAnA jAtA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM bhikSu ke lie tricIvara, bhikSA-pAtra, pAnI chAnane ke lie chanane se yukta pAtra, ustarA Adi sImita vastuoM ke rakhane kA vidhAna hai|" bauddha-paramparA bhikSu kI Avazyaka sAmagriyoM ko bhI saMgha kI sampatti mAnatI hai| bhikSu bhikSu-saMgha ke dvArA athavA gRhastha-upAsakoM ke dvArA prApta vastuoM kA mAtra upabhoga kara sakatA hai| vaha unakA svAmI nahIM hai| __isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-paramparA ke dasa bhikSu-zIla jaina-paramparA ke paMcamahAvratoM evaM rAtri - bhojana-niSedha ke atyanta nikaTa haiN| bauddha-paramparA bhI uparyukta dasa bhikSu-zIloM ke lie mana, vacana aura kAya tathA kRta, kArita aura anumodita kI navakoTiyoM kA vidhAna karatI hai| 94 phira bhI, bauddha-paramparA aura jaina-paramparA meM kucha maulika antara haiM, jise jAna lenA caahie| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, bhikSu na kevala kRta, kArita aura anumodita-hiMsA se bacate haiM, varan ve auddezika-hiMsA se bhI bacate haiN| jainabhikSu ke lie mana, vacana aura kAya se hiMsA karanA, karavAnA athavA hiMsA kA anumodana karanA to niSiddha hai hI, lekina sAtha hI yadi koI bhikSu ke nimitta se bhI hiMsA karatA hai aura bhikSuko yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki usake nimitta se hiMsA kI gaI hai, to aise AhAra Adi kA grahaNa bhI bhikSu ke lie niSiddha mAnA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI bhikSu ke nimitta kI gaI hiMsA ko niSiddha mAnA gayA hai| svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne ise spaSTa kiyA hai| majjhimanikAya ke jIvakasutta meM buddha kahate haiM ki jaba maiM apane lie prANIvadha kiyA huA dekhatA hU~, sunatA hU~ yA mujhe vaisI zaMkA hotI hai, taba maiM kahatA hU~ ki yaha anna niSiddha hai| phira bhI, jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki buddha nimaMtrita bhikSA ko svIkAra karate the, jabaki jaina-zramaNa kisI bhI prakAra kA AmaMtraNa svIkAra nahIM karate the| buddha auddezika-prANIvadha ke dvArA nirmita mAMsa Adi ko to niSiddha mAnate the, lekina sAmAnya bhojana ke sambandha meM ve auddezikatA kA koI vicAra nahIM karate the| vastutaH, isakA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki buddha agni, pAnI Adi ko jIvanayukta nahIM mAnate the, ataH sAmAnya bhojana ke nirmANa meM unheM auddezika-hiMsA kA koI doSa parilakSita nahIM huA aura isalie nimaMtrita bhojana kA niSedha nahIM kiyA gyaa| satya-mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM bhI jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA meM maulika antara yaha hai ki buddha apriya satya-vacana ko hitabuddhi se bolanA varjita nahIM mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina-paramparA apriya satya ko bhI hitabuddhi se bolanA varjita mAnatI hai| anya bhikSu-zIloM ke sambandha meM saiddhAntika rUpa se jaina aura bauddha-paramparAmeM koI mUlabhUta aMtara

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zramaNa-dharma nahIM hai, phira bhI jaina- paramparA meM una zIloM kA pAlana jitanI niSThA aura kaThoratApUrvaka kiyA gayA, utanA bauddha paramparA meM nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha zramaNa-saMsthA paravartIkAla meM kAphI vikRta ho gii| - paMca yama aura paMca mahAvrata jaina-pa - paramparA ke paMca mahAvrata ke samAna hI vaidika paramparA meM paMca yama svIkAra kie gae haiN| pAtaMjala yogasUtra meM nimna paMca yama mAne gae haiM- 1. ahiMsA, 2. satya, 3. asteya, 4. brahmacarya aura 5. aparigraha / " inheM mahAvrata bhI kahA gayA hai| pAtaMjala yogasUtra ke anusAra, jo jAti, deza, kAla aura samaya kI sImA se rahita haiM tathA sabhI avasthAoM - 383 pAlana karane yogya haiM, ve mahAvrata haiN| mahAvratoM kA pAlana sabhI ke dvArA nirapekSa rUpa se kiyA jAnA caahie| vedavyAsa kA kathana hai ki niSkAma yogI ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kA sevana kre| vaidika paramparA ke anusAra, saMnyAsI ko pUrNarUpa se ahiMsAmahAvrata kA pAlana karanA caahie| saMnyAsI ke lie trasa aura sthAvara - donoM prakAra kI hiMsA niSiddha hai / " isI prakAra, saMnyAsI ke lie asatya bhASaNa aura kaTu bhASaNa bhI varjita haiN| 98 vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsI ke AcAra kA jo vidhAna hai, usameM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kI dRSTi se koI maulika matabheda nahIM hai| vaidika paramparA ke anusAra bhI saMnyAsI ko brahmacarya - mahAvrata kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana karanA caahie| vaidikaparamparA meM svIkRta maithuna ke AThoM aMgoM kA sevana usake lie varjita mAnA gayA hai| parigraha kI dRSTi se bhI vaidika paramparA bhikSu lie jalapAtra, pavitra (jala chAnane kA vastra), pAdukA, Asana evaM kanthA Adi sImita vastue~ rakhane kI anumati detI hai| " vAyupurANa meM una saba vastuoM ke nAma haiM, jinheM saMnyAsI apane pAsa rakha sakatA hai| 100 vaidika paramparA meM bhI saMnyAsI dhAtupAtra kA prayoga niSiddha hai / manusmRti ke anusAra, saMnyAsI kA bhikSApAtra tathA jalapAtra miTTI, lakar3I, tumbI yA binA chidravAle bAMsa kA honA caahie| 101 jahA~ taka ahiMsA - mahAvrata kA prazna hai, jaina aura vaidika-donoM hI paramparAe~ trasa aura sthAvara kI hiMsA ko niSiddha mAnatI haiM, phira bhI vaidika paramparA meM jala, agni, vAyu Adi meM jIvana kA abhAva mAnA gayA hai aura isalie unakI hiMsA se bacane kA koI nirdeza vaidika-paramparA meM upalabdha nahIM hai| vaidika-paramparA meM sthUla aura sUkSma trasa prANiyoM evaM vanaspati Adi jaMgama yA sthAvara kI hiMsA kA hI niSedha hai / satya- mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM vaidika paramparA meM bhI kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA meM priya satya - bolane kA vidhAna hai| apriya satya kA bolanA niSiddha hI hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra, satya bolanA acchA hai, parantu satya bhI aisA bolanA adhika acchA hai, jisase saba prANiyoM kA

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384 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hita ho|10 vaidika-paramparA meM bhI satyako ahiMsAmaya banAne kA prayAsa huaahai| jaba satya aura ahiMsA meM virodha utpanna ho jAe aura usa sthiti meM bolanAbhI Avazyaka ho tathA nahIM bolane se saMdeha utpanna ho, to asatya bolanA hI zreyaskara mAnA gayA hai| 103 mahAbhArata kA yaha dRSTikoNa AcArAMgasUtra ke pUrvokta dRSTikoNa se atyanta sAmya rakhatA hai| manu ne bhI aisI apavAdAtmaka-sthiti meM sAmAnyatayA mauna rahane kA saMketa kiyA hai| manu ke anusAra, yadi hiMsaka anyAya se bhI pUche, to koI uttara nahIM denA cAhie, athavA pAgala ke anusAra aspaSTa rUpa se hA~-hU~ kara denA caahie|104 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki satya-mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM jaina-paramparA aura vaidika-paramparAkA dRSTikoNa kAphI samAna hai| brahmacarya-mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM bhI vaidika-paramparA meM svIkRta maithuna ke ATha aMga jaina-paramparA meM batAI gaI brahmacarya kI nava-bAr3oM se kAphI adhika nikaTatA rakhate haiN| gupti evaM samiti pUrvokta mahAvratoM ke rakSaNa evaM unakI paripuSTi karane ke lie jaina-paramparA meM pAMca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM kA vidhAna hai| inheM aSTa-pravacanamAtA bhI kahA jAtA hai|105 ye ATha guNa zramaNa-jIvana kA saMrakSaNa usI prakAra karate haiM, jaise mAtA apane putra kA karatI hai, isIlie inheM mAtA kahA gayA hai| inameM tIna guptiyA~ zramaNa-sAdhanA kA niSedhAtmaka-pakSa prastuta karatI haiM aura pAMca samitiyA~ vidheyAtmaka-pakSa prastuta karatI haiN| tIna guptiyA~-gupti zabda gopana se banA hai, jisakA artha hai-khIMca lenA, dUra kara lenaa| gupti zabda kA dUsarA artha TaiMkane vAlA yA rakSA kavaca bhI hai| prathama artha ke anusAra mana, vacana aura kAyAko azubhapravRttiyoM se haTA lenA gupti hai aura dUsare artha ke anusAra, AtmAkI azubhase rakSA karanA gupti hai| guptiyAM tIna haiM - 1. manogupti, 2. vacana-gupti aura 3. kAya-gupti / 106 ___ 1. manogupti - mana ko aprazasta, kutsita evaM azubha vicAroM se dUra rakhanA manogupti hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, zramaNa sarambha, samArambha aura Arambha kI hiMsakapravRttiyoM meM jAte hue mana ko roke, 107 yahI manogupti hai| zramaNa ko dUSita vRttiyoM meM jAte hue mana ko rokakara manogupti kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| 2. vacanagupti - asatya, karkaza, ahitakArI evaM hiMsAkArI bhASA kA prayoga nahIM karanA vacanagupti hai| niyamasAra ke anusAra, strI - kathA, rAjakathA, cora-kathA, bhojana-kathA Adi vacana kI azubha pravRtti evaM asatya vacana kA parihAra vacanagupti hai|108 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki zramaNa azubha pravRttiyoM meM jAte hue vacana kA virodha kre|109 ___ 3. kAyagupti- niyamasAra ke anusAra, bandhana, chedana, mAraNa, AkuMcana tathA

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zramaNa-dharma 385 prasAraNa AdizArIrika kriyAoM se nivRtti kAyagupti hai| 110 uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, zramaNa uThane, baiThane, leTane, nAlI Adi lAMghane tathA pA~coM indriyoM kI pravRtti meM zarIra kI kriyAoM kA niyamana kre| 111 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM muni-jIvana ke lie ina tIna guptiyoM kA vidhAna azubha pravRttiyoM se nivRtti hone ke lie hai| 112 zramaNa-sAdhaka ina tInoM guptiyoM ke dvArA apane ko azubha pravRttiyoM se dUra rakhe, yahI isakA hArda hai| saMkSepa meM, rAga-dveSa Adi se nivRtti manogupti hai, asatya vacana se nivRtti evaM mauna vacanagupti hai aura zArIrika-kriyAoM se nivRtti tathA kAyotsarga kAyagupti hai|113 bauddha-paramparA aura gupti- bauddha-paramparA meM mana, vacana aura zarIra kI gupti kA vidhAna hai| suttanipAta meM to jaina-paramparA ke samAna hI gupti zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| buddha ne bhI zramaNa-sAdhaka ko mana, vacana aura zarIra kI kriyAoM ke niyamana kA nirdeza kiyA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM mana, vacana aura kAyA kI tIna kriyAoM ke lie jainaparamparA ke samAna tridaNDa zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, jabaki inake lie sthAnAMgasUtra meM manadaNDa, vacanadaNDa aura kAyadaNDa kA prayoga huaahai| 115 buddha bhI ina tInoM ko svIkArato karate haiM, lekina unhoMne tridaNDa ke sthAna para tIna karma zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| donoM paramparAoM meM zAbdika-antara bhale ho, lekina mUla mantavya donoM paramparAoM kA eka hI hai / aMguttaranikAya meM buddha ne tIna zuci bhAvoM evaM tIna prakAra ke mauna ke rUpa meM vastutaH jainaparamparA kI tIna guptiyoM kA hI vidhAna kiyA hai| buddha kahate haiM - bhikSuoM ! AdamI prANIhiMsA se virata rahatA hai, corI se virata rahatA hai, kAmabhoga saMbaMdhI mithyAcAra se virata rahatA hai, yaha zarIra kI zucitA hai| bhikSuoM! AdamI jhUTha bolane se virata rahatA hai, cugalI khAne se virata rahatA hai, vyartha bolane se virata rahatA hai, akrodhI hotA hai tathA samyakdRSTi vAlA hotA hai, yaha mana kI zucitA hai| 116 vastutaH, isa prakAra buddha bhI zramaNa-sAdhaka ke lie mana, vacana aura zarIra kI aprazasta pravRttiyoM ko rokane kA nirdeza karate haiN| 117 vaidika-paramparA aura gupti-vaidika-paramparA meM saMnyAsI ke lie tridaNDI zabda kA prayoga huA hai| datta kA kahanA hai ki kevala bAMsa ke DaMDI ke dhAraNa se koI saMnyAsI yA tridaNDI nahIM ho jaataa| tridaNDI vahI hai, jo apane AdhyAtmika-daNDa rakhatA hai| 118 vastutaH, tIna AdhyAtmika-daNDoM kA tAtparya mana, vacana aura zarIra ke niyaMtraNa se hI hai| tridaNDI zabda kA mUla Azaya yahI hai| mana, vacana aura zarIra kI kriyAoM kA niyamana karane vAlA hI tridaNDI hai| ____ jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM paramparAoM meM zAbdika-dRSTi se cAhe antara ho,

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386 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lekina mUla mantavya yahI hai ki zramaNa athavA saMnyAsIko mana, vacana aura zarIra kI aprazasta pravRttiyoM kA niyamana karanA caahie| pA~casamitiyA~-samiti zabda kI vyAkhyA samyak-pravRtti ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai| samiti zramaNa - jIvana kI sAdhanA kA vidhAyaka-pakSa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, samitiyA~ AcaraNa kI pravRtti ke lie hai| 119 zramaNa-jIvana meM zarIra-dhAraNa ke lie athavA saMyama ke nirvAha ke lie jo kriyAe~ kI jAtI haiM, unako vivekapUrvaka saMpAdita karanA hI samiti hai| samitiyA~ pA~ca haiM - 1. IryA (gamana), 2. bhASA, 3. eSaNA (yAcanA), 4. AdAnabhaNDanikSepaNa aura 5. uccArAdi-pratisthApana / 120 1. IryA-samiti- prANiyoM kI rakSA karate hue sAvadhAnIpUrvaka AvAgamana kI kriyA karanA IryA-samiti hai| zramaNa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki usakI AvAgamana kI kriyA isa prakAra ho, jisameM yathAsaMbhava prANIhiMsA na ho / sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa ko cAra hAtha Age kI bhUmi dekhakara calanA cAhie tathA dina meM hI calanA cAhie, sUryAsta ke pazcAt nahIM, 121 kyoMki yadi vaha sAmane dekhakara nahIM calegA aura rAtri meM AvAgamana kI kriyA karegA, to usameM prANIhiMsA kI sambhAvanA rhegii|muni ke lie calate samaya bAtacIta karanA, par3hanA, ciMtana karanA Adi kriyAe~ bhI niSiddha haiM / yadi vaha uparyukta kriyAe~ karate hue calegA, to vaha sAvadhAnIpUrvaka AvAgamana nahIM kara sakegA / kahA gayA hai ki muni ko calate samaya pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM tathA pA~coM prakAra ke svAdhyAyoM ko chor3akara, mAtra calane kI kriyA meM hI lakSya rakhakara calanA caahie| 122 AcArAMgasUtra meM isakI vistAra se carcA hai| nIce usI AdhAra para kucha pramukha niyama prastuta haiM - 1. calate samaya sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sAmane kI bhUmi ko dekhate hue calanA caahie| 2. calate samaya hAtha-pairoM ko Apasa meM TakarAnA nahIM caahie| 3. bhaya aura vismaya tajakara calanA caahie| 4. bhAga-daur3a na karake madhyama gati se calanA caahie| 5. calate samaya pA~voM ko eka-dUsare se adhika antara para rakhakara nahIM calanA caahie| 6. harI vanaspati, tRNa-pallava Adi se eka hAtha dUra calanA caahie| 7. prANiyoM, vanaspati aura jala jIvoM kI hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA se yukta choTe rAste se na calakara inase rahita lambe mArga se hI jAnA caahie| 8. yadi varSA ke kAraNa mArga meM choTe-choTe jIva-jantu aura vanaspati utpanna ho gaI ho, aMkura phUTa nikale hoM, to muni bhramaNa rokakara cAturmAsa-avadhi taka eka hI sthAna para rhe|

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zramaNa-dharma - 9. varSA Rtu ke pazcAt bhI yadi mArga jIva, jantu aura vanaspati se rahita na ho, to muni bhramaNa prArambha na kare / 10. sadaiva nirApada mArgoM se hI gamana karanA caahie| jina mArgoM meM cora, mleccha evaM anArya logoM ke bhaya kI sambhAvanA ho, athavA jisa mArga meM yuddhasthala par3atA ho, una mArgoM kA parityAga karake gamana karanA caahie| 387 11. yadi prasaMgavazAt mArga meM siMha Adi hiMsaka pazu yA cora, DAkU Adi dikhAI deM, to bhayabhIta hokara na per3oM para car3hanA cAhie, na pAnI meM kUdanA cAhie aura na unheM mArane lie zastra Adi kI mana meM icchA hI karanA cAhie, varan zAMtipUrvaka nirbhaya hokara gamana karanA cAhie / 12. digambara-paramparA ke anusAra, muni ko mArga meM calate samaya yadi dhUpa se chAyA meM yA chAyA se dhUpa meM jAnA par3e, to apane zarIra kA morapicchi se pramArjana karake hI jAnA cAhie 123 I - isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina muni ko Avagamana kI kriyA isa prakAra saMpAdita karanI cAhie ki usameM kisI bhI prakAra kI hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA na ho / IrSyA-samiti kI isa samagra vivecanA meM pramukha dRSTi ahiMsA - mahAvrata kI rakSA hI hai| hA~, jaina- paramparA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki yadi AvAgamana kI kriyA Avazyaka ho aura usa sthiti meM ahiMsA kA pUrNa pAlana saMbhava na ho, to apavAda-mArga kA Azraya liyA jA sakatA hai| 2. bhASA - samiti - vivekapUrNa bhASA kA prayoga karanA bhASA - samiti hai / muni ko sadoSa, karmabandha karAne vAlI, karkaza, niSThura, anarthakArI, jIvoM ko AghAta aura paritApa denevAlI bhASA nahIM bolanI cAhie; varan ghabarAe binA, vivekapUrvaka, samabhAva rakhate hue, sAvadhAnIpUrvaka bolanA caahie| muni ko apekSA, pramANa, naya aura nikSepa se yukta hita, mita, madhura evaM satya bhASA bolanA cAhie / 124 'vastutaH, vANI kA viveka sAmAjika-jIvana kI mahatvapUrNa maryAdA hai| barke kA kathana hai ki saMsAra ko duHkhamaya banAne vAlI adhikAMza duSTatAeM zabdoM se hI utpanna hotI haiN| 125 vANI kA viveka zramaNa aura gRhastha-donoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| zramaNa to sAdhanA kI ucca bhUmikA para sthita hotA hai, ataH use to apanI vANI ke prati bahuta hI sAvadhAna rahanA caahie| muni kaisI bhASA bole aura kaisI bhASA na bole, isakI vistRta carcA satya - mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM kI jA cukI hai| 3. eSaNA - samiti - eSaNA kA sAmAnya artha AvazyakatA yA cAha hotA hai| sAdhaka gRhastha ho yA muni, jaba taka zarIra kA bandhana hai, jaivika AvazyakatAeM usake sAtha lagI rahatI haiM, jIvana dhAraNa karane ke lie AhAra, sthAna Adi kI AvazyakatAe~ banI

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388 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rahatI haiM / muni ko apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti yAcanA ke dvArA kisa prakAra karanA cAhie, isakA viveka rakhanA hI eSaNA-samiti hai| eSaNA kA eka artha khoja yA gaveSaNA bhI hai| isa artha kI dRSTi se AhAra, pAnI, vastra evaM sthAna Adi vivekapUrvaka prApta karanA eSaNA-samiti hai| muni ko nirdoSa bhikSA evaM Avazyaka vastue~ grahaNa karanI caahie| muni kI AhAra Adi grahaNa karane kI vRtti kaisI honI cAhie, isake saMbaMdha meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bhramara vibhinna vRkSoM ke phUloM ko kaSTa nahIM dete hue apanA AhAra grahaNa karatA hai, usI prakAra muni bhI kisI ko kaSTa nahIM dete hue thor3A-thor3A AhAra grahaNa kre|126 muni kI bhikSAvidhi ko isIlie madhukarI yA gocarI kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bhramara phUloM ko binA kaSTa pahu~cAe unakA rasa grahaNa kara letA hai, yA gAya ghAsa ko Upara-Upara se thor3A khAkara apanA nirvAha karatI hai, vaise hI bhikSuka ko bhI dAtA ko kaSTa na ho, yaha dhyAna rakhakara apanI AhAra Adi AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanI caahie| 127 bhikSA ke niSiddha sthAna- muni ko nimna sthAnoM para bhikSA ke lie nahIM jAnA cAhie 128 - 1. rAjA kA nivAsasthAna, 2 .gRhapati kA nivAsasthAna, 3. guptacaroM ke maMtraNA-sthala tathA 4. vezyAoM ke nivAsasthAna ke nikaTa kA sampUrNa kSetra, kyoMki ina sthAnoM para bhikSAvRtti ke lie jAne para yA to guptacara ke saMdeha meM pakar3e jAne kA bhaya hotA hai, athavA lokApavAda kA kAraNa hotA hai| bhikSA ke hetu jAne kA niSiddha-kAla-jaba varSA ho rahI ho, koharA par3a rahA ho, AMdhI cala rahI ho, makkhI-macchI Adi sUkSmajIva ur3arahe hoM, taba muni bhikSA ke lie na jaae|129 isI prakAra, vikAla meM bhI bhikSA ke hetu jAnA niSiddha hai| jaina-AgamoM ke anusAra, bhikSuka dina ke prathama prahara meM dhyAna kare, dUsare prahara meM svAdhyAya kare aura tIsare prahara meM bhikSA ke hetu nagara athavA gA~va meM praveza kre| 130 isa prakAra, bhikSA kAkAlamadhyAha 12 se 3 baje taka mAnA gayA hai| zeSa samaya bhikSA ke lie vikAla mAnA gayA hai| bhikSA kI gamanavidhi - muni IryAsamiti kA pAlana karate hue vyAkulatA, lolupatA evaM udvega se rahita hokara vanaspati, jIva, prANI Adi se bacate hue manda-manda gati se vivekapUrvaka bhikSA ke lie gamana kre| 131 sAmAnyatayA, muni apane lie banAyA gayA, kharIdA gayA, saMzodhita evaM saMskArita koI bhI padArtha athavA bhojana grahaNa nahIM kre| 4. AdAna-bhaNDa nikSepaNa-samiti-muni ke kAma meM Ane vAlI vastuoM ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka uThAnA yA rakhanA, jisase kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na ho, AdAnanikSepaNa-samiti hai| muni ko vastuoM ke uThAne-rakhane Adi meM kAphI sajaga rahanA

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zramaNa-dharma 389 caahie| muni sarvaprathama vastu ko acchI taraha dekhe, phira use pramArjita kare aura usake pazcAt use upayoga meM le| 5. malamUtrAdipratisthApanA-samiti-AhAra ke sAtha nihAra lagAhI huaahai| muni ko zArIrika-maloM ko isa prakAra aura aise sthAnoM para DAlanA cAhie, jisase na vrata bhaMga ho aura na loga hI ghRNA kreN| muni ke lie parihArya vastue~ nimna haiM - mala, mUtra, kapha, nAka evaM zarIra kA maila, apathya AhAra, anAvazyaka pAnI, anupayogI vastra evaM muni kA mRta shriir|13 bhikSuka ina saba parihArya vastuoM ko vivekapUrvaka ucita sthAnoM para hI ddaale| parihAra ke hetu niSiddha sthAna - parihAra ke hetu niSiddha sthAna do dRSTiyoM se mAne gae haiM-(1) vratabhaMga kI dRSTi se aura (2) lokApavAda kI dRSTi se|vrtbhNg kI dRSTi se muni nAlI, pAkhAne, jIvajantuyukta pradeza, harI ghAsa, kaMdamUlAdi vanaspati se yukta pradeza, khadAna aura naI phor3I huI bhUmi para mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana na kare, kyoMki aise sthAnoM para malamUtra Adi kA visarjana karane se jIva-hiMsA hotI hai aura sAdhu kA ahiMsA-mahAvrata bhaMga hotA hai| lokApavAda kI dRSTi se bhojana pakAne ke sthAna, gAya-baila Adi pazuoM ke sthAna, devAlaya, nadI ke kinAre, tAlAba, stUpa, zmazAna, sabhAgRha, udyAna, upavana, pyAU, kilA, nagara ke daravAje, nagara ke mArga tathA vaha sthAna, jahA~ tIna-cAra rAste milate hoM, manuSyoM kAAvAgamana hotA ho, gA~va ke ati nikaTa ho, aise sthAnoM para mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA caahie| 134 muni ko mala-mUtra Adi azuci kA visarjana karate samaya isa bAta kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki vaha isa prakAra DAlA jAe ki jisase zIghra hI sUkha jAe aura usameM kRmi kI utpatti kI saMbhAvanA na rhe| sAmAnyatayA, isa hetu kaMkarIlI, kaThora, acitta aura khulI huI dhUpayukta bhUmi hI cunanA caahie| 135 use aise sthAnoM para bhI mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA cAhie ki usake mala-mUtra Adi ko dUsare manuSyoM ko uThAnA pdd'e| isa prakAra, use mala-mUtra Adi ke visarjana meM kAphI sAvadhAnI aura viveka rakhanA caahie| bauddha-paramparA aura pA~casamitiyA~-bauddha-paramparA meM yadyapi samiti zabda kA prayoga isa artha meM nahIM huA hai, jisa artha meM jaina-paramparA meM vyavahRta hai| phira bhI samiti kA Azaya bauddha-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta hai| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuoM! bhikSu Ane-jAne meM saceta rahatA hai, dekhane-bhAlane meM saceta rahatA hai| sameTane-pasArane meM saceta rahatA hai| saMghATI, pAtra aura cIvara dhAraNa karane meM saceta rahatA hai| pAkhAnA-pezAba karane meM saceta rahatA hai| jAte, khar3e hote, baiThate, sote, jAgate, kahate, cupa rahate saceta rahatA hai bhikSuoM ! isa taraha bhikSu samprajJa hotA hai 1361" isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki buddha pA~coM

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390 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samitiyoM kA vivecana kara dete haiN| vinayapiTaka meM evaM suttanipAta meM bhI aneka Adeza isa sambandha meM upalabdha haiN| muni kI AvAgamana kI kriyA viSaya meM vinayapiTaka meM ullekha hai ki muni sAvadhAnIpUrvaka manthara gati se gamana kare / gamana karate samaya variSTha bhikSuoM se Age na cale, calate samaya dRSTi nIce rakhe tathA jora-jora se ha~satA huA aura bAtacIta karatA huA ncle| 137 suttanipAta meM muni kI bhikSAvRtti ke sambandha meM buddha ke nirdeza upalabdha haiN| ve kahate haiM ki rAtri ke bItane para muni gA~va meM paiThe, vahA~ na to kisI kA nimaMtraNa svIkAra kare, na kisI ke dvArA gA~va se lAe gae bhojana ko svIkAra kare, na muni gAMva meM Akara sahasA vicaraNa kare ; cupacApa bhikSA kare aura (bhikSA ke lie) kisI bhI prakAra kA saMketa karate hue koI bAta na bole| yadi kucha mile to acchA hai aura na mile to bhI ThIka-isa prakAra, donoM avasthAoM meM avicalita rahakara vApasa vana kI ora lautte| gUMge kI taraha mauna ho, hAtha meM pAtra lekara vaha muni thor3A dAna milane para usakI avahelanA na kare aura na dAtA kA tiraskAra kre| 138 bhikSu asamaya meM vicaraNa na kare, samaya para hI bhikSA ke lie gA~va meM paitthe| asamaya meM vicaraNa karane vAle ko AsaktiyA~ laga jAtI haiM, isalie jJAnI puruSa asamaya meM vicaraNa nahIM karate haiM 139 1 dhammapada evaM suttanipAta meM muni kI bhASA samiti ke sambandha meM bhI ullekha hai| dhammapada meM kahA hai ki jo bhikSu vANI meM saMyata hai, mitabhASI hai tathA vinIta hai, vahI dharma aura artha ko prakAzita karatA hai, usakA bhASaNa madhura hotA hai| 140 suttanipAta meM bhI isI prakAra, avivekapUrNa vacana nahIM bolanA cAhie aura vivekapUrNa vacana bolanA cAhie, isakA nirdeza hai| ___ isa prakAra, buddha ne cAhe samiti zabda kA prayoga na kiyA ho, phira bhI unhoMne jainaparamparA ke samAna hI AvAgamana, bhASA, bhikSA evaM vastuoM kA AdAna-pradAna va malamUtra-visarjana Adi kA vicAra kiyA hai| buddha ke uparyukta vacana yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki isa sambandha meM unakA dRSTikoNa jaina-paramparA ke nikaTa hai| vaidika-paramparA aura pA~ca samitiyAM- vaidika-paramparA meM bhI saMnyAsI ko gamanAgamana kI kriyA kAphI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka karane kA vidhAna hai| manu kA kathana hai ki saMnyAsI ko binA jIvoM ko kaSTa pahu~cAe calanA caahie| 141 mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI muni ko trasa aura sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bacAkara hI gamanAgamana kI kriyA karane kA ullekha hai| bhASAsamiti ke sandarbha meM bhI donoM paramparAoM meM vicArasAmya hai| manu kA kathana hai ki muni ko sadaiva satyahI bolanA caahie|14 mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva meM bhI vacana-viveka kA suvistRta vivecana hai| 143 muni kI bhikSAvRtti ke sambandha meM bhI vaidika-paramparA ke kucha niyama jaina-paramparA ke samAna hI haiN| vaidika-paramparA meM bhikSA se prApta bhojana pAMca prakAra

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zramaNa-dharma 391 kA mAnA gayA hai - (1) mAdhukara - jisa prakAra madhumakkhI vibhinna puSpoM se unheM koI kaSTa die binA madhu ekatrita karatI hai, usI prakAra dAtA ko kaSTa die binA tIna, pAMca yA sAta gharoM se jo bhikSA prApta kI jAtI hai, vaha mAdhukara hai, (2) prAkpraNIta-zayana-sthAna se uThane ke pUrva hI bhaktoM ke dvArA bhojana ke lie prArthanA kara dI jAtI hai aura usase jo bhojana prApta hotA hai, vaha prAkpraNIta hai, (3) ayAcita-bhikSATana karane ke lie uThane ke pUrva hI koI bhojana ke lie nimantrita kara de, (4) tAtkAlika - saMnyAsI ke pahuMcate hI jaba koI brAhmaNa bhojana karane kI sUcanA de de aura (5) upapanna-maTha meM lAyA gayA pakA bhojn| ina pA~coM meM mAdhukara bhikSA-vRtti ko hI zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / jaina-paramparA kI madhukarIbhikSAvRtti vaidika-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta kI gaI hai| saMnyAsI ko bhikSA ke lie gA~va meM kevala eka hI bAra jAnA cAhie aura vaha bhI taba, jabaki rasoIghara se dhuA~ nikalanA banda ho cukA ho, agni bujha cukI ho, bartana Adi alaga rakha die gae hoM / 144 nikSepaNa aura pratisthApanA-samiti ke sandarbha meM koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki vaidika-paramparA kA dRSTikoNa isa sambandha meM jaina-paramparA kA virodhI nahIM hai| indriyasaMyama jaina AcAra-darzana meM indriyasaMyama zramaNa-jIvana kA anivArya karttavya mAnA gayA hai| yadi muni indriyoM para saMyama nahIM rakhegA, to vaha naitika-jIvana meM pragati nahIM kara sakegA, kyoMki adhikAMza patita AcaraNoM kA avalambana vyakti apane indriya-sukhoM kI prApti ke lie hI karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isakA savistAra vivecana hai ki kisa prakAra vyakti indriya-sukhoM ke pIche apane AcaraNa se patita ho jAtA hai| 145 indriya-saMyama kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki indriyoM ko apane viSayoM ke grahaNa karane se roka diyA jAe, varan yaha hai ki hamAre mana meM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati jo rAgadveSa ke bhAva utpanna hote haiM, unakA niyamana kiyA jaae| uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM AcArAgaMsUtra meM isakA paryApta spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| 146 saMkSepa meM, zramaNa (muni) kA yaha karttavyamAnA gayA hai ki vaha apanI pAMcoM indriyoM para saMyama rakhe aura jahA~ bhI saMyama-mArga se patana kI saMbhAvanA ho, vahA~ indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pravRtti kA saMyama kre| jisa prakAra kachuA saMkaTa kI sthiti meM apane aMgoM kA samAharaNa kara letA hai, usI prakAra muni bhI saMyama ke patana ke sthAnoM meM indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pravRtti kA samAharaNa kre|147 jo muni jala meM kamala ke samAna indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pravRtti ko karate hue bhI unameM lipta nahIM hotA, vaha saMsAra ke duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| 148 bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparA meM indriya-nigraha-bauddha - paramparA meM bhI bhikSu ke lie indriya-saMyama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM ki A~kha kA saMyama

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392 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana uttama hai, kAna kA saMyama uttama hai, ghrANa aura rasanA kA saMyama bhI uttama hai| zarIra aura vacana tathA mana kA saMyama bhI uttama hai| jo bhikSu sarvatra sabhI indriyoM kAsaMyama rakhatA hai, vaha duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| 149 saMyuttanikAya meM kachue kI upamA dete hue buddha kahate haiM ki kachuA jaise apane aMgoM ko apanI khopar3I meM sameTa letA hai, vaise hI bhikSu bhI apane ko mana ke vitoM se sameTa le|150 vaidika-paramparA meM bhI saMnyAsI ke lie indriyasaMyama Avazyaka hai| gItA meM sthitaprajJa muni ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jisakI indriyA~ vazIbhUta haiM, vahI sthitaprajJa hai|151 gItA bhI jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ke samAna kachuekA udAharaNa dete hue kahatI hai ki jJAnaniSThA meM sthita saMnyAsI kachue ke samAna, arthAt jaise kachuA bhaya ke kAraNa saba ora se apane aMgoM ko saMkucita kara letA hai, usI prakAra sampUrNa viSayoM se apanI indriyoM ko sameTa letA hai aura taba hI usakI buddhi sthira kahI jAtI hai|152 gItA bhI indriyasaMyama kA artha indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati hone vAle rAga-dveSa ke bhAvoM kA nigraha hI mAnatI hai| isa prakAra, jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM hI paramparAe~ muni ke lie indriyasaMyama ko Avazyaka mAnatI haiN| parISaha ___ parISaha zabda kA artha hai-kaSToM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana krnaa| yadyapi tapazcaryA meM bhI kaSToM ko sahana kiyA jAtA hai, lekina tapazcaryA aura parISahameM antara hai| tapazcaryA meM svecchA se kaSTa sahana kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki parISaha meM svecchA se kaSTa sahana nahIM kiyA jAtA, varan muni-jIvana ke niyamoM kA paripAlana karate hue Akasmika rUpa se yadi koI saMkaTa upasthita ho jAtA hai, to use sahana kiyA jAtA hai| kaSTa-sahiSNutA muni-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yadi vaha kaSTa-sahiSNu nahIM rahatA hai, to vaha apane naitika-patha se kabhI bhI vicalita ho jaaegaa| jaina-muni ke jIvana meM Ane vAle kaSToM kA vivecana uttarAdhyayana aura samavAyAMga meM hai| jaina-paramparA meM 22 parISaha mAne gae haiM -154 1. kSudhA-parISaha- bhUkha se atyanta pIr3ita hone para bhI bhikSu niyama-viruddha AhAra grahaNa na kare, varan samabhAvapUrvaka bhUkha kI vedanA sahana kre| 2. tRSA-parISaha - pyAsa se vyAkula hone para bhI muni niyama ke pratikUla sacitta jala na pIe, varan pyAsa kI vedanA sahana kre| 3. zIta-parISaha- vastrAbhAva yA vastroM kI nyUnatA ke kAraNa zIta-nivAraNa na ho, to bhI Aga se tApakara, athavA muni-maryAdA ke viruddha zayyA ko grahaNa kara usa zIta kI vedanA kA nivAraNa nahIM kre|

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zramaNa-dharma 393 4. uSNa-parISaha - grISma Rtu meM garmI ke kAraNa zarIra meM vyAkulatA ho, to bhI snAna yA paMkhe Adi ke dvArA havA karake garmI ko zAMta karane kA yatna na kre| 5. daMza-mazaka-parISaha - DAMsa, macchara Adi ke kATane ke kAraNa duHkha utpanna ho, to bhI una para krodha na kare, unheM trAsa na de, varan upekSAbhAva rkhe| 6. acela-parISaha-vastroM ke abhAva evaM nyUnatA kI sthiti meM muni vastrAbhAva kI cintA na kare aura na muni-maryAdA ke viruddha vastra grahaNa hI kre| 7. arati-parISaha-muni- jIvana meM sukha-suvidhAoM kA abhAva hai, isa prakAra kA vicAra na kre| saMyama meM aruci ho, to bhI mana lagAkara usakA pAlana kre| 8. strI-parISaha- strI-saMga ko Asakti, bandhana aura patana kA kAraNa jAnakara strI-saMsarga kI icchA na kare aura unase dUra rhe| sAdhviyoM ke saMdarbha meM yahA~ puruSa-parISaha samajhanA caahie| 9. caryA-parISaha- padayAtrA meM kaSTa hone para bhI cAturmAsa-kAla ko chor3akara gA~va meM eka rAtri aura nagara meM pA~ca rAtri se adhika na rukatA huA sadaiva bhramaNa karatA rhe| munike lie eka sthAna para maryAdA se adhika rukanA niSiddha hai| 10. niSadyA-parISaha - svAdhyAya Adi ke hetu ekAsana se baiThanA par3e, athavA baiThane ke lie viSamabhUmi upalabdha ho, to bhI mana meM duHkhita na hokara usakaSTa ko sahana kre| ___11. zayyA-parISaha-Thaharane athavA sone ke lie viSamabhUmi ho tathA tRNa, parAla AdibhI upalabdha na hoM, to usa kaSTa ko sahana kare aura zmazAna, zUnyagRha yA vRkSamUla meM hI Thahara jaae| 12. Akroza-parISaha - yadi koI bhikSu ko kaThora evaM karkaza zabda kahe, athavA apazabda kahe, to bhI unheM sahana kara usake prati krodha na kre| 13. vadha-parISaha-yadi koI muni ko lakar3I Adise mAre, athavA anya prakAra se usakA vadha yA tAr3ana kare, to bhI usa para samabhAva rkhe| 14. yAcanA-parISaha-bhikSAvRtti meM sammAna ko Thesa lagatI hai tathA Avazyaka vastue~ sulabhatA se prApta nahIM hotI haiM, aisA vicAra kara mana meM duHkhI naho, varan muni-maryAdA kA pAlana karate hue bhikSAvRtti kre| 15. alAbha-parISaha-vastra, pAtra Adi sAmagrI athavA AhAra prApta nahIM hone para bhI muni samabhAva rakhe aura tadjanya abhAva ke kaSTa ko sahana kre| 16.roga-parISaha-zarIra meM vyAdhi utpanna hone para bhI bhikSu cikitsA ke sambandha meM adhIra na hokara usa roga kI vedanA ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana kre|

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394 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 17. tRNa-parISaha- tRNa Adi kI zayyA meM sone se tathA mArga meM naMge paira calane se tRNa yA kATe Adi ke cubhane kI vedanA ko samabhAva se sahana kre| ___18. mala-parISaha - vastra yA zarIra para pasIne evaM dhUla Adi ke kAraNa maila jama jAe, to bhI udvigna na hokara use sahana kre| 19. satkAra-parISaha - janatA dvArA mAna-sammAna ke prApta hone para bhI prasanna yA khinna na hokara samabhAva rkhe| 20. prajJA-parISaha- bhikSu ke buddhimAn hone ke kAraNa loga Akara usase vivAdAdi kareM, to bhI khinna hokara yaha vicAra nahIM kare ki isase to ajJAnI honA acchA thaa| 21. ajJAna-parISaha-yadi bhikSu kI buddhi manda ho aura zAstra Adi kA adhyayana na kara sake, to bhI khinna nahIM hote hue apanI sAdhanA meM lage rahanA caahie| 22. darzana-parISaha-anya sampradAyoM aura unake mahantoM kA ADambara dekhakara yaha vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie ki dekho inakI kitanI pratiSThA hai aura zuddha mArga para calate hue bhI merI koI pratiSThA nahIM hai| isa prakAra, ADambaroM ko dekhakara utpanna huI azraddhA ko miTAnA darzana-parISaha hai| bauddha-paramparA aura parISaha- bhagavAn buddha ne bhI bhikSu- jIvana meM Ane vAle kaSToM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karane kA nirdeza diyA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM ve kahate haiM - bhikSuoM! jo duHkhapUrNa, tIvra, prakhara, kaTu, pratikUla, burI, prANahara zArIrika-vedanAe~ hoM, unheM sahana karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / 155 suttanipAta meM bhI ve kahate haiM ki dhIra, smRtivAn, saMyata AcaraNavAlA bhikSu Dasane vAlI makkhiyoM se, soM se, pApI manuSyoM ke dvArA dI jAne vAlI pIr3A se tathA catuSpadoM se bhayabhIta na ho dUsarI sabhI bAdhAoM kA sAmanA kre| roga-pIr3A, bhUkha-vedanA tathA zIta-uSNa ko sahana kre| aneka prakAra se pIr3ita hone para bhI vIrya tathA parAkrama ko dRr3ha kare / 156 saMyuttanikAya meM bhikSu ke satkAra-parISaha ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kele kA phala kele ko naSTa kara detA hai, usI prakAra satkAra-sammAna kApuruSa ko naSTa kara detA hai, ataH satkAra pAkara bhikSu prasanna na ho| 157 isa prakAra, bauddha-paramparA meM bhI bhikSu kA kaSTasahiSNu honA Avazyaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha ne kaSTasahiSNutA ke lie parISaha zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai, 158 phira bhI parISaha ke sambandha meM jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM thor3A antara hai| jaina-paramparA meM parISaha sahana karanA nirvANamArga meM eka sAdhaka-tattva hI samajhA gayA hai, jabaki bauddha-paramparA use nirvANa-mArga kA bAdhaka-tattva samajhatI hai aura unheM dUra karane kA nirdeza bhI detI hai| bauddhaAcAryoM ne parISaha (parissayA) kA artha bAdhA hI kiyA hai| suttanipAta meM buddhavacana hai ki

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zramaNa-dharma nirvANa kI ora jAnevAle mArga meM kitanI hI bAdhAe~ (parissayA) haiM / bhikSu prajJApUrvaka kalyANarata ho, una bAdhAoM ko dUra kre| 159 isa prakAra, buddha parISaha sahana karane kI apekSA use dUra karanA ucita samajhate haiN| parISaha ke mUla mantavya kI dRSTi se to donoM hI paramparAe~ samAna haiM, donoM meM mAtra dRSTikoNa kA hI antara hai / vaidika - paramparA aura parISaha - vaidika paramparA meM bhI muni ke lie kaSTasahiSNu honA Avazyaka hai| vaidika-paramparA to yahA~ taka vidhAna karatI hai ki muni ko jAnabUjhakara prakAra sahana karane caahie| use kaThina tapasyA karanI cAhie aura apane zarIrako bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke kaSTa dekara saba kucha saha sakane kA abhyAsI bane rahanA caahie| kahanA hai ki vAnaprasthI ko paMcAgni ke bIca khar3e hokara, varSA meM bAhara khar3e hokara aura jAr3e meM bhIMge vastra dhAraNa kara kaSTa sahana karanA caahie| 160 use khulI bhUmi para sonA cAhie aura roga ho jAe, to bhI ciMtA nahIM karanI caahie| 161 isa prakAra, . vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsI ke lie kaSTa-sahiSNu honA Avazyaka hai aura isa sambandha meM jaina tathA vaidikaparamparAe~ samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiM, phira bhI donoM paramparAoM me kiMcit antara hai aura vaha yaha hai ki vaidika paramparA na kevala sahaja bhAva se upasthita ho jAne vAle kaSToM ko sahana karane kI bAta kahatI hai, varan usase bhI Age bar3hakara vaha svecchApUrvaka kaSToM ke AmantraNa kabhI ucita samajhatI hai / 395 zramaNa- kalpa jaina AcAra - darzana meM zramaNa ke lie dasa kalpoM kA vidhAna hai| kalpa (kappa) zabda IT artha hai - AcAra-vicAra ke niyama / kalpa zabda na kevala jaina- paramparA meM AcAra ke niyamoM kA sUcaka hai, varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI kalpa zabda AcAra ke niyamoM kA sUcaka hai| vaidika-paramparA meM kalpasUtra nAma ke grantha meM gRhastha aura tyAgI - brAhmaNoM ke AcAroM kA varNana hai / jaina- paramparA meM nimna dasa kalpa mAne gae haiM - ( 1 ) Acelakya-kalpa, (2) auddezika- kalpa, (3) zayyAtara - kalpa, (4) rAjapiNDa - kalpa, (5) kRtikarma - kalpa, (6) vrata-kalpa, (7) jyeSTha-kalpa, (8) pratikramaNa-kalpa, (9) mAsa-kalpa aura (10) paryuSaNa-kalpa / 162 (1) Acelakya-kalpa - Acelakya zabda kI vyutpatti acelaka zabda se huI hai| cela vastra kA paryAyavAcI hai, ataH acelaka kA artha hai - vastrarahita / digambara- paramparA ke anusAra, Acelakya-kalpa kA artha hai-muni ko vastra dhAraNa nahIM karanA caahie| zvetAmbaraparamparA acela zabda ko alpavastra kA sUcaka mAnatI hai aura isalie unake anusAra

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396 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana Acelakya-kalpa kA artha hai-kama se kama vastra dhAraNa krnaa| (2) auddezika-kalpa - auddezika-kalpa kA artha yaha hai ki muni ko unake nimitta banAe gae, lAe gae athavA kharIde gae AhAra, peya padArtha, vastra, pAtra Adi upakaraNa tathA nivAsasthAna ko grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| itanA hI nahIM, kisI bhI zramaNa athavA zramaNI ke nimitta banAe gae yA lAe gae padArthoM kA upabhoga sabhI zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ke lie varjita hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva taka paramparA yaha thI ki jaina-zramaNa apane svayaM ke lie banAe gae AhAra Adi kA upabhoga nahIM kara sakatA thA, lekina vaha dUsare zramaNoM ke lie banAe gae AhAra Adi kA upabhoga kara sakatA thaa| mahAvIra ne isa niyama ko saMzodhita kara kisI bhI zramaNa ke lie bane auddezika-AhAra Adi padArthoM kA grahaNa varjita maanaa| (3) zayyA-kalpa - zramaNa athavA zramaNI jisa vyakti ke AvAsa (makAna) meM nivAsa kare, usake yahA~ se kisI bhI padArtha kA grahaNa karanA varjita hai| (4) rAjapiMDa-kalpa - rAjabhavana se rAjA ke nimitta banAe gae kisI bhI padArtha kA grahaNa nahIM karanA varjita hai| (5) kRtikarma-kalpa - dIkSA-vaya meM jyeSTha zramaNoM ke Ane para unake sammAna meM khar3A ho jAnA tathA yathAkrama jyeSTha muniyoM ko vandanA karanA kRtikarma-kalpa hai| yahA~ vizeSa smaraNIya yaha hai ki sAdhvI ke lie apane se kaniSTha zramaNoM ko bhI vandana karane kA vidhAna hai| eka dIkSA-vRddha sAdhvI ke lie bhI nava dIkSita zramaNa ke vandana kA vidhAna hai| sambhavataH, isake pIche hamAre deza kI puruSapradhAna sabhyatA kA hI prabhAva hai| (6) vrata-kalpa-sabhI zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM ko paMca mahAvratoM kA apramatta-bhAva se mana, vacana aura kAyA ke dvArA pAlana karanA caahie| yaha unakA vrata-kalpa hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva aparigraha aura brahmacarya-donoM eka hI vrata ke antargata the| pArzvanAtha taka cAturyAma-dharma kI vyavasthA thii| mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma ke sthAna para paMca mahAvrata kA vidhAna kiyA / 163 (7) jyeSTha-kalpa - jaina-AcAradarzana meM dIkSA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai- 1. choTI dIkSA aura 2. bar3I dIkSA / choTI dIkSA parIkSArUpa hai| isameM muniveza dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina vyakti ko zramaNa saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA hai| vyakti ko yogya pAne para hI zramaNa-saMgha meM praveza dekara bar3I dIkSA dI jAtI hai| prathama ko sAmAyika-cAritra aura dUsare ko chedopasthApanAcAritra kahA jAtA hai| chedopasthApanAcAritra ke AdhAra para hI muni ko zramaNa saMsthA meM jyeSTha athavA kaniSTha mAnA jAtA hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva ina do dIkSAoM

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zramaNa-dharma 397 kA vidhAna nahIM thaa| dIkSA grahaNa karane ke dina se hI vyakti ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza de diyA jAtA thA, lekina mahAvIra ne ina do dIkSAoM kA vidhAna kiyA aura chedopasthApanAcAritra ke AdhAra para hI zramaNa-saMgha meM vyakti kI jyeSThatA aura kaniSThatA nirdhArita kii| __(8) pratikramaNa-kalpa - pratidina prAtaHkAla aura sAyaMkAla pratikramaNa karanA pratikramaNa-kalpa hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva taka pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM doSa lagane para hI prAyazcittasvarUpa pratikramaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra ne donoM samaya pratikramaNa karanA anivArya banA diyaa| (9) mAsa-kalpa- zramaNa ke lie sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki vaha grAma meM eka rAtri aura nagara meM pA~ca rAtri se adhika na Thahare, lekina mahAvIra ne zramaNa ke lie adhika se adhika eka sthAna para eka mAsa taka Thaharane kI anumati pradAna kI aura eka mAsa se adhika ThaharanA niSiddha btaayaa| sAdhviyoM ke lie yaha maryAdA do mAsa mAnI gaI hai| yaha maryAdA cAturmAsa-kAla ko chor3akara zeSa ATha mAsa hI ke lie hai| vastutaH, satata bhramaNa se hI jahAM eka ora anAsaktavRtti banI rahatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, adhikAdhika janasaMparka aura jana-kalyANa bhI saMbhava hotA hai| (10) paryuSaNa-kalpa-cAturmAsa-kAla meM eka sthAna para rahakara tapa, saMyama aura jJAna kI ArAdhanA karanA paySaNa-kalpa hai| cAturmAsa-kAla meM sthita muni ko isake lie vizeSa prayatna karanA caahie| bauddha-paramparA aura kalpavidhAna- jaina-paramparA ke dasa kalpoM ko prakArAntara se bauddha-paramparA meM bhI khojA jA sakatA hai| jaina-paramparA ke Acelakya-kalpa kA artha yadizvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra alpa vastra dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha bauddha-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta hai| bauddha bhikSu dIkSita hone ke samaya hI yaha nizcaya karatA hai ki maiM alpa evaM jIrNa vastroM meM hI saMtuSTa rhuuNgaa|16 buddha ne bhikSu ke lie maryAdA se adhika vastra rakhane kA niSedha kiyaahai| jahA~ taka auddezika-kalpa kA prazna hai, buddha ne kevala auddezika-prANIhiMsA se nirmita mAMsa Adi ke AhAra ko hI niSiddha mAnA hai| sAmAnya bhojana, vastra-pAtra tathA AvAsa ke sambandha meM buddha auddezikatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unhoMne use aise bhojana, vastra-pAtra evaM AvAsa ko grahaNa yogya mAnA hai| ve nimaMtrita bhojana ko niSiddha nahIM mAnate haiN| zayyAtara aura rAjapiNDa-kalpa ke sambandha meM jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiN| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI dIkSA-vaya meM jyeSTha bhikSu ke Ane para usake sammAna meM khar3A honA tathA jyeSTha bhikSuoM ko vaMdana karanA anivArya hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha ne dIkSAvRddha zramaNI ke lie bhI choTe-bar3e sabhI bhikSuoM ko vandana karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai| bhikSuNI

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398 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke ATha guru-dharmoM meM (aTThagurudhammA) meM sabase pahalA niyama yahI hai| 165 jisa prakAra jainaparamparA meM vrata kalpa ke rUpa meM pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra bauddhaparamparA meM bhI dasa bhikSu-zIloM ke pAlana kA vidhAna hai| jaina-paramparA ke jyeSTha kalpa ke samAna bauddha-paramparA meM bhI do prakAra kI dIkSAoM kA vidhAna hai, jinheM zrAmaNera-dIkSA aura upasampadA kahA gayA hai| zrAmaNera-dIkSA parIkSAsvarUpa hotI hai aura usameM dasa bhikSu-zIloM kI pratijJA kI jAtI hai| yaha dIkSA koI bhI bhikSu de sakatA hai, lekina upasampadAdene ke lie pAMca athavA dasa bhikSuoM ke bhikSu-saMgha kA honA Avazyaka hai,166 kyoMki upasampadA jainaparamparA ke chedopasthApanIyacAritra ke samAna bhikSu kI saMgha meM praviSTi hai| saMgha hI vyakti ko saMgha meM praveza de sakatA hai, vyakti nhiiN| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI vyakti kI saMgha meM variSThatA evaM kaniSThatA usakI upasampadA kI tithi se hI mAnI jAtI hai| pratikramaNa-kalpa ke samAna bauddha-dharma meM pravAraNA kI vyavasthA hai, jisameM prati pandrahaveM dina bhikSu-saMgha ekatra hokara ukta samayAvadhi meM Acarita pApoM kA prAyazcitta karatA hai| pravAraNA kI vidhi bahuta kucha jaina-pratikramaNa se milatI hai, bauddha-paramparA meM bhI jaina-paramparA ke mAsa-kalpa ke samAna bhikSuoM kA cAturmAsakAla ke atirikta eka sthAna para rukanA varjita mAnA gayA hai| bauddhaparamparA bhI bhikSu-jIvana meM satata bhramaNa ko Avazyaka mAnatI hai| usake anusAra bhI satata bhramaNa ke dvArA jana kalyANa aura bhikSu-jIvana meM anAsakta-vRtti kA nirmANa hotA hai| jaina-paramparA ke paryuSaNa-kalpa ke samAna bauddha-paramparA meM bhI cAturmAsa kAla meM eka sthAna para rukakara dharma kI vizeSa ArAdhanA ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, bhikSujIvana ke uparyukta vidhAnoM ke saMdarbha meM jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM kAphI nikaTatA hai| vaidika-paramparA aura kalpavidhAna-jaina- paramparA ke dasa kalpoM meM kucha kA vidhAna vaidika-paramparA meM bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaina-paramparA ke Acelakya-kalpa ke samAna vaidika-paramparA meM bhI saMnyAsI ke lie yA to nagna rahane kA vidhAna hai, athavA jIrNazIrNa alpa vastra dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai|167 auddezika-kalpa vaidika-paramparA meM svIkRta nahIM hai, yadyapi bhikSAvRtti ko hI adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| uccakoTi ke saMnyAsiyoM ke lie sabhI vargoM ke yahA~ kI bhikSA ko grAhya mAnA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA meM zayyAtara aura rAjapiNDa-kalpa kA koI vidhAna dikhAI nahIM diyaa| vaidika-paramparA meM bhI jaina-paramparA ke kRtikarma-kalpa ke samAna yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki dIkSA kI dRSTi se jyeSTha saMnyAsI ke Ane para usake sammAna meM khar3A honA cAhie tathA jyeSTha saMnyAsiyoM ko praNAma karanA caahie| vaidika-paramparA meM abhivAdana ke sambandha meM vibhinna prakAra ke niyamoM kA vidhAna hai ,168 jisakI vistRta carcA meM jAnA yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai| vaidika-paramparA meM

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zramaNa-dharma 399 jaina-paramparA ke samAna muni ke lie paMcamahAvratoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hai, jisakI tulanA vrata-kalpa se kara sakate haiN| jaina-paramparA kI do prakAra kI dIkSAoM kI tulanA vaidikaparamparA meM vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa-Azrama se kI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vaidika-paramparA meM saMnyAsiyoM ke sambandha meM itanA vistRta pratipAdana nahIM hai| pratikramaNa-kalpa kA eka viziSTa niyama ke rUpa meM vaidika-paramparA meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai, yadyapi prAyazcitta kI paramparA vaidika-paramparA meM bhI mAnya hai / jahA~ taka cAturmAsakAlako chor3akara zeSa samaya meM bhramaNa ke vidhAna kA prazna hai , jaina aura vaidika-paramparAe~ lagabhaga samAna hI haiN| vaidika-paramparA ke anusAra bhI saMnyAsI ko ASAr3ha pUrNimA se lekara cAra yA do mahIne taka eka sthAna para rukanA cAhie aura zeSa samaya gA~va meM eka rAtri aura nagara meM pA~ca rAtri se adhika na rukate hue bhramaNa karanA caahie|169 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA ke kalpa-vidhAna kI bauddha aura vaidikaparamparAoM se bahuta kucha samAnatA hai, yadyapi jaina-paramparA meM jisa auddezika-kalpa para adhika jora diyA jAtA hai, usakA vidhAna bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM nahIM milatA hai| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina-paramparA meM ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie jitanI sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA, itanI sUkSmatA se usake pAlana kA vicAra bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM nahIM rakhA gayA, phira bhI mUla mantavya kI dRSTi se unameM bahuta adhika dUrI nahIM hai, yadyapi yaha nizcita hai ki jaina-paramparA meM muni-jIvana ke niyamoM kI jo kaThoratA hai, vaha bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM yaha kaThoratA usake ahiMsA ke sUkSma vicAra ke kAraNa hI AI hai| agale pRSThoM meM hama muni-jIvana ke niyamoM kI carcA karate hue ise spaSTa rUpa meM dekha skeNge| jaina-paramparA meM bhikSu-jIvana ke sAmAnya niyama - jaina-paramparA meM bhikSujIvana ke niyamoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| unameM kucha niyama aise haiM, jinakA bhaMga karane para bhikSu zramaNa jIvana se cyuta ho jAtA hai| aise niyamoM meM ikkIsa zabaladoSa tathA bAvana anAcIrNa pramukha haiN| isake atirikta, kucha sAmAnya niyama aise haiM, jinakA bhaMga karane se yadyapi bhikSu zramaNa-jIvana se cyuta to nahIM hotA, phira bhI usake sAmAnya jIvana kI pavitratA malina hotI hai| nIce hama ina vibhinna niyamoM kI carcA kreNge| zabala-doSa-zabala-doSa jaina-bhikSu ke lie sarvathA tyAjya haiN| AcArya abhayadeva ke anusAra, jina kAryoM ke karane se cAritra kI nirmalatA naSTa ho jAtI hai tathA cAritra malaklinna hone ke kAraNa chinna-bhinna ho jAtA hai, ve kArya zabala-doSa haiM / 170 jaina-paramparA meM zabala-doSa ikkIsa haiM 177, jaise - 1. hastamaithuna karanA, 2. strI-sparza evaM maithuna kA sevana

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400 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanA, 3. rAtri meM bhojana karanA evaM bhikSA grahaNa karanA, 4. muni ke nimitta banAyA gayA bhojana Adi lenA (AdhAkarma), 5. zayyAtara, arthAt nivAsasthAna dene vAle ke gRhasvAmI kA AhAra grahaNa karanA, 6. bhikSuyA yAcakoM ke nimitta banAyA gayA (auddezika), kharIdA gayA (krIta), unake sthAna para lAkara diyA gayA (AhRta), unake lie mAMgakara lAyA gayA (prAmitya) evaM kisI se chInakara lAyA gayA AhAraAdipadArtha grahaNa karanA, 7. pratijJAoM kA bAra-bAra bhaMga karanA, 8.chahamAsa meM eka gaNase dUsare gaNa meM cale jAnA, arthAt jaldIjaldI binA kisI vizeSa kAraNa ke gaNaparivartana karanA, 9. eka mAsa meM tIna bAra nAbhi yA jaMghA-pramANa jala meM praveza kara nadI Adi pAra karanA (udakalepa), 10. eka mAsa meM tIna bAra se adhika kapaTa karanA athavA kRta aparAdha ko chupA lenA, 11. rAjapiNDa grahaNa karanA, 12. jAnabUjhakara asatya bolanA, 13. jAnabUjhakara jIva-hiMsA karanA, 14. jAnabUjhakara corI karanA, 15. sacitta pRthvI para baiThanA, sonA athavA khar3e honA. 16. sacitta jala se sasnigdha aura sacitta raja vAlI pRthvI, zilA athavA ghuna lagI huI lakar3I Adi para baiThanA, sonA yA kAyotsarga karanA, 17. prANI, bIja, harita vanaspati, kIr3I nagarA, kAI, phaphUMdI, pAnI, kIcar3a aura makar3I ke jAloM vAle sthAna para baiThanA, sonA, 18. jAnabUjhakara mUla, kaMda, tvacA (chAla), pravAla, puSpa, phala, harita Adi kA sevana karanA, 19. eka varSa meM dasa bAra se adhika pAnI kA pravAha lAMghanA, 20. eka varSa meM dasa bAra mAyAcAra (kapaTa) karanA, 21. sacitta jala se gIle hAtha dvArA azanAdi lenaa| anAcIrNa-jo kRtya zramaNa athavA zramaNiyoM ke AcaraNa ke yogya nahIM haiM, ve anAcIrNa kahe jAte haiN| jaina-paramparA meM aise anAcIrNa bAvana mAne gae haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke tIsare adhyAya meM inakA savistAra vivecana hai|172 saMkSepa meM, bAvana anAcIrNa ye haiM - 1. auddezika - zramaNoM ke nimitta banAe gae bhojana, vastra, pAnI, makAna Adi kisI bhI padArtha kA grahaNa karanA, 2. nityapiNDa (niyAga) - eka hI ghara se nitya evaM Amantrita AhAra grahaNa karanA, 3. abhyAhRta- bhikSuka ke nivAsasthAna para gRhastha ke dvArA lAkara diyA gayA AhAra grahaNa karanA,4.krIta - muni ke liekharIdI gaI vastu ko grahaNa karanA, 5. tribhakta-tIna bAra bhojana krnaa| eka samaya bhojana karanA zramaNa-jIvana kA uttama Adarza hai, do bAra bhojana karanA madhyamamArga hai, lekina do bAra se adhika bhojana karanA anAcIrNa hai| kucha AcAryoM ne isakA artha rAtri-bhojana-niSedha mAnA hai, lekina rAtribhojana-niSedhako to chaThaveM mahAvrata ke rUpa meM pahale hI varjita mAna liyA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ tribhakta kA artha tIna bAra bhojana kA niSedhahI samajhanA caahie| 6. snAna-snAna krnaa| (mUlAcAra meM asnAna ko muni kA mUla guNa batAyA gayA hai), 7. gaMdha - itra, caMdana Adi

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zramaNa-dharma 401 suvAsita padArthoM kA upayoga karanA, (8) mAlya-phUloM kI mAlA dhAraNa karanA, (9) bIjana-paMkhe Adise havA lenA yA karanA, (10) sannidhi-dUsare dina ke lie bhojana Adi kA saMgraha karanA, (11) gRhIpAtra-gRhasthoM ke bartana meM bhojana grahaNa karanA, (12) rAjapiNDa-rAjA ke lie banAyA gayA pauSTika bhojana grahaNa karanA, (13) kimicchakadAna-dAnazAlA Adi aise sthAnoM se AhAra grahaNa karanA, jahA~ pUchakara icchA anusAra AhAra Adi die jAte hoN| 14. saMbAdhana-zarIra ke sukha ke nimitta tela-mardana karavAnA, (15) dantadhAvana - zobhA ke lie maMjana Adi se dAMtoM ko sApha karanA yA camakAnA , (16) saMprazna-gRhasthoM se unakI pArivArika-bAteM pUchanA, athavA apanI sundaratA ke viSaya meM pUchanA, (17) deha-pralokana-darpaNa AdimeM apanA rUpa dekhanA, (18) aSTApadajuAMkhelanA, (19) nAlika-caupar3ayA pAsA AdikhelanA, (20) chatradhAraNa-garmI yA varSA Adi se bacane ke lie yA sammAna-pratiSThA ke lie chatra Adi dhAraNa karanA, (21) cikitsA-roga yA vyAdhi ke pratikAra ke lie cikitsA karanA, (22) upAnaha-jUte, khar3AU Adi pahananA, (23) jotyArambha-dIpaka, cUlhA yA tApa Adi sulagAnA (24) zayyAtara-piNDa-muni jisake makAna meM ThaharA ho, usake yahA~ se AhAra Adi grahaNa karanA (25) AsaMdI-bunI huI kursI yA palaMga Adi para sonA-baiThanA, (26) niSadyAbinA kisI Avazyaka paristhiti ke gRhastha ke ghara meM baiThanA, (27) gAtramardana-pIThIubaTana Adi lagAnA, (28) gRhIvaiyAvRtya-gRhasthoM se kisI prakAra kI sevA lenA, (29) jAtyAjIvikA - sajAtIya yA sagotrIya batAkara AhAra Adi prApta karanA, (30) tApanivRtti- garmI ke nivAraNa ke lie sacitta jala evaM paMkhe Adi kA upayoga karanA, (31) Atura-smaraNa-kaSTa meM apane kuTumbIjanoM kA smaraNa karanA, (32-38) mUlI, adaraka, (zRMgavera) kanda, ikSukhaNDa, mUla (jar3a), kacce phala aura saMcita bIjoM kA upayoga karanA, (39-45) sauMcala namaka, saindhava namaka, sAmAnya namaka, romadezIya namaka, samudrI namaka evaM parvatIya kAlA namaka kA upayoga karanA, (46) dhUpana-zarIra, vastra evaM bhavana ko dhUpaAdise suvAsita karanA (47) vamana-mukha meM aMgulI AdiDAlakara athavA vamana kI auSadhi lekara vamana karanA, (48) vastikarma-enImA Adi lekara zauca karanA, (49) virecana-julAba lenA (50) aMjana-A~khoM meM aMjana lagAnA (51) danta-varNa-dAMta raMganA aura (52) abhyaMga-vyAyAma karanA athavA kuztI ldd'naa| sAmAnya sthiti meM yaha bAvana prakAra kA AcaraNa muni ke lie varjita hai (dazavaikAlika adhyayana 3) / samAcArI ke niyama muni ke lie vizeSa rUpa se pAlanIya niyama samAcArI kahe jAte haiM / samAcArI kA

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dUsarA artha samyak dinacaryA bhI hai| muni ko apane dainika jIvana ke niyamoM ke prati vizeSa rUpa se sajaga rahanA caahie| samAcArI dasa prakAra kI kahI gaI hai| 173 402 1. AvazyakIya - sAdhu Avazyaka kArya hone para hI upAzraya (nivAsasthAna) se bAhara jaae| anAvazyaka rUpa se AvAgamana nahIM kare / 2. naiSaidhikI- upAzraya meM Ane para yaha vicAra kare ki maiM bAhara ke kAryoM se nivRtta kara AyA hU~ / aba nitAMta Avazyaka kArya ke sivAya mere lie bAhara jAnA niSiddha hai| 3. ApRcchanA - apanA koI bhI kArya karane ke lie guru evaM gaNanAyaka kI AjJA prApta kare / 4. pratipRcchanA - dUsare ke kArya ko guru evaM gaNanAyaka se pUchakara kare / 5. chandanA - apane upabhoga ke nimitta lAe gae bhikSAdi padArthoM ke lie apane sabhI sAthI - sAdhuoM ko AmaMtrita kre| akelA cupacApa unakA upabhoga na kare / 6. icchAkAra - gaNa se sAdhuoM kI icchA jAnakara tadanukUla AcaraNa kare / 7. mithyAkAra - pramAdavaza koI galatI ho jAe, to usake lie pazcAtApa kare tathA niyamAnusAra prAyazcitta grahaNa kare / 8. pratizruta-tathyakAra - AcArya, gaNanAyaka, guru evaM bar3e sAdhuoM kI AjJA svIkAra karanA aura use ucita mAnanA / 9. gurupUjA - abhyutthAna- vaMdanA Adi ke dvArA guru kA satkAra - sammAna karanA / 10. upasampadA-AcArya Adi kI sevA meM vinamrabhAva se rahate hue dinacaryA krnaa| dinacaryA - saMbaMdhI niyama-muni kI dinacaryA ke vidhAna ke lie dina evaM rAtri ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai, jinheM prahara kahA jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, muni dina ke prathama prahara meM Avazyaka kAryoM ke pazcAt svAdhyAya kare, dUsare prahara dhyAna kare, tIsare prahara meM bhikSA dvArA AhAra grahaNa kare aura punaH cauthe prahara meM svAdhyAya kre| isI prakAra, rAtri ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna, tIsare prahara meM nidrA aura cauthe prahara meM punaH svAdhyAya kare | 174 isa prakAra, muni kI dinacaryA meM cAra prahara svAdhyAya ke lie do hara dhyAna ke lie tathA eka - eka prahara AhAra aura nidrA ke lie niyata haiM / AhAra - saMbaMdhI niyama- jaina AcAra-darzana meM zramaNa ke AhAra ke saMbaMdha meM kaIM dRSTiyoM se vicAra huA hai tathA vibhinna niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| muni ko AhAra saMbaMdhI nimna niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie - AhAra grahaNa karane ke chaH kAraNa- muni ko chaH kAraNoM se AhAra grahaNa karanA

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zramaNa-dharma cAhie - 1. vedanA, arthAt kSudhA kI zAnti ke lie, 2. vaiyAvRtya, arthAt AcAryAdi kI sevA ke lie, 3. IryApatha, arthAt mArga meM gamanAgamana kI nirdoSa pravRtti ke lie 4. saMyama, arthAt munidharma kI rakSA ke lie, 5. prANapratyaya, arthAt svAdhyAyAdi ke lie / 175 AhAra - tyAga ke chaH kAraNa - chaH sthitiyoM meM muni ke lie AhAra grahaNa karanA varjita mAnA gayA hai - 1. AtaMka, arthAt bhayaMkara roga utpanna hone para, 2. upasarga, arthAt Akasmika saMkaTa Ane para, 3. brahmacarya, arthAt zIla kI rakSA ke lie, 4. prANIdayA, arthAt jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie, 5. tapa, arthAt tapasyA ke lie aura 6. saMlekhanA, arthAt samAdhikaraNa ke lie| 176 isa prakAra, muni saMyama ke pAlana ke lie hI AhAra grahaNa karatA hai aura saMyama ke pAlana ke lie hI AhAra kA tyAga karatA hai| 403 AhAra saMbaMdhI doSa - jaina AgamoM meM muni ke AhAra saMbaMdhI vibhinna doSoM kA vivecana milatA hai| saMkSepa meM ve doSa nimna haiM - (a) udgama ke 16 doSa - 1. AdhAkarma- vizeSa sAdhu ke uddezya se AhAra banAnA, 2. auddezika - sAmAnya bhikSuoM ke uddezya se AhAra banAnA, 3. pUtikarma-zuddha AhAra ko azuddha AhAra se mizrita karanA, 4. mizrajAta - apane lie va sAdhu ke lie milAkara AhAra banAnA, 5. sthApanA - sAdhu ke lie koI khAdya padArtha alaga rakha denA, 6. prAbhRtikA - sAdhu ko pAsa ke grAmAdi meM AyA jAnakara viziSTa AhAra baharAne ke lie jImaNavAra Adi kA dina Age-pIche kara denA, 7. prAdugaSkaraNa - andhakArayukta sthAna meM dIpaka Adi kA prakAza karake bhojana denA, 8. krIta - sAdhu ke lie kharIda kara lAnA, 9. prAmitya-sAdhu ke lie udhAra lAnA, 10. parivartita - sAdhu ke lie aTTA-saTTA karake lAnA, 11. abhihata-sAdhu ke lie dUra se lAkara denA, 12. udbhinna- sAdhu ke lie liptapAtra kA mukha kholakara ghRta Adi denA, 13. mAlApahRta - Upara kI maMjila se yA chIMke vagairaha se sIr3hI Adi se utArakara denA, 14. Acchedya - durbala se chInakara denA, 15. anisRSTa- sAjhe ko cIja dUsaroM kI AjJA ke binA denA, 16. sAdhu ko gA~va meM AyA jAnakara apane lie banAe jAne vAle bhojana meM aura bar3hA denA / (A) utpAdana ke 16 doSa - ( 1 ) dhAtrI - dhAya kI taraha gRhastha ke bAlakoM ko khilA-pilA kara, haMsA - ramA kara AhAra lenA, (2) dUtI - dUta ke samAna saMdezavAhaka banakara AhAra lenA, (3) nimitta - zubhAzubha nimitta batAkara AhAra lenA, (4) AjIvaAhAra ke lie jAti, kula Adi batAnA, (5) vanIpaka-gRhastha kI prazaMsA karake bhikSA lenA, (6) cikitsA - auSadhi Adi batAkara AhAra lenA, (7) krodha-krodha karanA yA zApAdi kA bhaya dikhAnA, (8) mAna-apanA prabhutva jamAte hue AhAra lenA, (9) mAyA

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404 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana chala-kapaTa se AhAra lenA, (10) lobha-sarasa bhikSA ke lie adhika ghUmanA, (11) pUrvapazcAtsaMstava - dAnadAtA ke mAtA-pitA athavA sAsa-sasura Adi se apanA paricaya batAkara bhikSA lenA, (12) vidyA-japa Adi se siddha hone vAlI vidyA kA prayoga karanA, (13) maMtra-maMtra-prayoga se AhAra lenA, (14) cUrNa-cUrNa Adi vazIkaraNa kA prayoga karake AhAra lenA, (15) yoga-siddhi AdiyogavidyA kA pradarzana karanA, (16) mUlakarmagarbhastaMbhana Adi ke prayoga btaanaa| (i) grahaNaiSaNA ke 10 doSa-1.zaMkita-AdhAkarmAdi doSoM kI zaMkA hone para bhI lenA, 2. mekSita-sacitta kA saMghaTTa hone para AhAra lenA, 3. nikSipta-sacitta para rakhA huAAhAra lenA, 4. pihita-sacitta se DhakA huA AhAra lenA, 5. saMhRta-pAtra meM pahale se rakhe hue akalpanIya padArtha ko nikAlakara usI pAtra se lenA, 6. dAyaka-zarAbI, garbhiNI Adi anAdhikArI se lenA, 7. unmizra-sacitta se mizrita AhAra lenA, 8. apariNata - pUre taura para binA pake zAkAdi lenA, 9. lipta-dahI, ghRta Adise lipta pAtra yA hAthase AhAra lenA, pahale aura pIche hAtha dhone ke kAraNa kramazaH pUrvakarma tathA pazcAtkarmadoSa hotA hai| 10. chati-choTe nIce par3a rahe hoM, aisA AhAra lenaa| (I) grAsaiSaNA ke 5 doSa- 1.saMyojana-salolupatA ke kAraNa dUdha aura zakara Adi dravyoM ko paraspara milAnA, 2. apramANa-pramANa se adhika bhojana karanA, 3. aMgAra-susvAdubhojana kI prazaMsA karate hue khaanaa| yaha doSa cAritra ko jalAkara koyale kI taraha nisteja banA detA hai, ataH aMgAra kahalAtA hai| 4. dhUma-nIrasa AhAra kI nindA karate hue khAnA, 5. akAraNa-AhAra karane ke cha: kAraNoM ke sivAya balavRddhi Adi ke lie AhAra krnaa|177 digambara-paramparA ke grantha anagAra-dharmAmRta meM ina saiMtAlIsa doSoM meM se chiyAlIsa piNDa-doSoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo nimnAnusAra haiM - 16 udgama-doSa, 16 utpAdanadoSa, 10. zaMkitAdi doSa aura 4 aMgArAdi doss| muni ko apane bhojana meM svAda-lolupatA na rakhakara mAtra saMyamapAlana ke lie AhAra AdigrahaNa karanA caahie| bhojana ke saMbaMdha meM muni kAAdarza yaha honA cAhie ki jIne ke lie khAnA hai na ki khAne ke lie jInA hai| vastra-maryAdA- digambara - paramparA ke anusAra, muni ko vastrarahita arthAt acela rahanA caahie| usameM muni ke lie vastroM kA upayoga sarvathA niSiddha hai, yadyapi zramaNI ke lie vastra kA vidhAna hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI vastrarahita jinakalpImuniyoM kA varNana hai, lekina isake atirikta zvetAmbara-paramparA ke AcArAMgasUtra meM muniyoM

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zramaNa-dharma ke lie eka se tIna taka ke vastroM taka kA vidhAna hai| zramaNI ke lie cAra vastroM taka kA vidhAna hai| bRhatkalpasUtra ke anusAra, muni ke lie pA~ca prakAra ke vastroM kA upayoga karanA kalpa mAnA gayA hai - 1. jAMgika (UnAdi ke vastra ), 2. bhAMgika (alasI kA vastra ), 3. sAnaka (sana kA vastra ), 4. potaka (kapAsa kA vastra), 5. tirITapaTTaka (chAla kA vastra) / muni ke lie kRtsna vastra aura abhinna vastra kA upayoga varjita hai / kRtsna vastra kA artha hairaMgIna evaM AkarSaka vastra; abhinna vastra kA artha hai - akhaNDa yA pUrA vastra / akhaNDa vastra kA niSedha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki vastra kA vikraya mUlya yA sAmpattika-mUlya na rhe| bhikSu ke lie kharIdA gayA, dhoyA gayA Adi doSoM se yukta vastra grahaNa karane kA bhI niSedha hai| isI prakAra, bahumUlya vastra bhI muni ke lie niSiddha hai| prasAdhana ke nimitta vastra kA raMganA, , dhonA Adi bhI muni ke lie varjita hai / pAtra - zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM ke lie tumbI, kASTha evaM miTTI ke pAtra kalpya mAne gae haiM, kisI bhI prakAra ke dhAtu- pAtra kA rakhanA niSiddha hai| sAmAnyatayA, muni ke lie eka pAtra rakhane kA vidhAna hai, lekina vaha adhika se adhika tIna pAtra taka rakha sakatA hai| bRhatkalpasUtra meM zramaNiyoM ke lie ghaTImAtraka (ghar3A) rakhane kA vidhAna bhI hai| isI prakAra, vyavahArasUtra meM vRddha sAdhu ke lie bhANDa (ghar3A) aura mAtrikA (pezAba karane kA bartana) rakhanA bhI kalpya hai| muni ke lie jisa prakAra bahumUlya vastra lene kA niSedha hai, usI prakAra bahumUlya pAtra lene kA bhI niSedha hai| vastra aura pAtra kI gaveSaNA ke saMbaMdha meM adhikAMza niyama vahI haiM, jo ki AhAra kI gaveSaNA ke lie haiN| 405 AvAsa saMbaMdhI niyama -muni athavA muniyoM ke lie banAe gae, kharIde gae athavA anya DhaMga se prApta kie gae makAnoM meM zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM kA rahanA niSiddha hai| bahuta U~ce makAna, strI, bAlaka evaM pazu ke nivAsa se yukta makAna, ve makAna jisameM gRhastha nivAsa karate hoM, jinakA rAstA gRhastha ke ghara meM se hokara jAtA ho evaM citrayukta makAna meM nivAsa karanA muni ke lie niSiddha hai| isI prakAra dharmazAlA, binA chata kA khulA huA makAna, vRkSamUla evaM khulI jagaha para rahanA bhI sAmAnyatayA muni ke lie niSiddha hai, yadyapi vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha vRkSamUla meM nivAsa kara sakatA hai| zramaNI ke lie sAmAnyatayA ve sthAna, jinake AsapAsa dukAneM hoM, jo galI ke eka kinAre para hoM, jahA~ aneka rAste milate hoM tathA jinake dvAra nahIM hoM, akalpya mAne gae haiN| jaina bhikSu - jIvana ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI bauddha-niyamoM se tulanA - jaina bhikSujIvana ke sAmAnya niyamoM meM brahmacarya, acaurya Adi niyama jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM samAna hI haiN| bauddha bhikSu grAma athavA jaMgala meM kahIM bhI sivAya pAnI aura datauna ke koI bhI -

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406 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana adatta vastu grahaNa karatA hai, to pAcittiya athavA pArAjika-aparAdha kA doSI mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, brahmacarya saMbaMdhI vibhinna niyamoM ke tor3ane para bauddha-bhikSu aparAdha kI gurutA ke anupAta meM saMghAdizeSa, aniyata dhamma athavA pAcittiya dhamma kA doSI mAnA jAtA hai, vistAra-bhaya se yahA~ usakI carcA nahIM kara rahe haiN| jaina-paramparA meM jo ikkIsa zabala-doSa mAne gae haiM, unameM se bahuta kucha bauddha-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta rahe haiN| kevala auddezika aura AdhAkarma Adi kA vistAra bauddha-paramparA meM anupalabdha hai| sacitta jala aura bhUmi kA upayoga bhI bauddha-paramparA meM varjita hai| anAcIrNa saMbaMdhI niyamoM meM tribhakta, snAna, gandha, mAlya, sannidhi, kimicchaka-dAna, saMprazna, deha-pralokana, aSTApada-AsaMdI Adi kA niSedha bauddha-paramparA meM bhI hai| bauddha - paramparA meM tribhakta ko niSiddha mAnA gayA hai| bhikSu ke lie sAmAnyatayA eka bAra bhojana karane kA vidhAna hai| isI prakAra, snAna ke sambandha meM bauddha-paramparA meM yaha niyama hai ki garmI kI Rtu evaM bImArI Adi ko chor3akara pandraha dina kI avadhi se pUrva snAna karanA pAcittiya-doSa hai| isI prakAra; gandha, mAlya Adi kA upayoga bhI niSiddha hai| dAna-zAlA se bhojana lenA bhI niSiddha hai, kevala bhikSu eka samaya dAnazAlAoM se bhojana prApta kara sakatA hai| sannidhi ke saMbaMdha meM bauddha-paramparA meM niyama yaha hai ki bhikSu auSadhi ke atirikta anya vastuoM kA saMgraha dUsare dina ke lie bhI nahIM kara sakatA / auSadhiyoM ko bhI sAta dina se adhika rakhanA nisaggIya yA pAcittiya-doSa mAnA gayA hai| garmI ke lie Aga jalAnA bauddha-paramparA meM pAcittiya-doSa mAnA gayA hai| 178 isa prakAra, bauddha-paramparA meM bhikSu-jIvana ke aneka niyama jaina-paramparA ke samAna haiN| AhAra, vastra aura AvAsa saMbaMdhI aneka niyamoM meM bhI samAnatAkhojI jA sakatI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM kucha niyama aise bhI haiM, jo jaina-paramparA meM nahIM haiN| saMgha-vyavasthA jaina AcAra-darzana meM do prakAra ke zramaNoM kA varNana upalabdha hai - (1) jinakalpImuni aura (2) sthavirakalpI-muni / jinakalpI-muni ekAkI rahakara sAdhanA karate haiM, jabaki sthavirakalpI-muni saMgha meM rahakara sAdhanA karate haiN| sthavirakalpI-muni ke lie saMgha se pRthak rahane para prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| saMgha ke do pramukha vibhAga haiM - (1) zramaNa-saMgha aura (2) shrmnnii-sNgh| yadyapi jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ke pRthak-pRthak saMghoM kA vidhAna hai, tathApi zramaNI-saMgha kevala Antarika vyavasthA ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA zramaNa-saMgha ke nirdezana meM hI calatA hai| zramaNa evaM zramaNI ke donoM saMghoM meM AcArya kA sthAna hI sarvopari hai| donoM saMgha AcArya kI AjJA meM hI rahate haiN| AcArya kI yogyatAoM ke viSaya meM jaina-AgamoM meM vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai| AcArya kA kArya saMgha kA saMcAlana karanA

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zramaNa-dharma 407 hai| AcArya ke pazcAt zramaNa-saMgha ke adhikArI muniyoM meM dUsarA sthAna upAdhyAya kA hai, jinakA kArya zikSA kI vyavasthA karanA hai| upAdhyAya ke pazcAt kramaza: gaNI, pravartaka, sthavira, gaNAvacchedaka, rAtnika aura ratnAdhika kA sthAna AtA hai| ye sabhI saMgha ke vibhinna upavibhAgoM kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhate haiN| vyavasthA kI dRSTi se saMgha aneka upavibhAgoM meM ba~TA hotA hai, jinheM gaccha, kula aura gaNa kahA jAtA hai| gaccha zabda kA zabdika-artha haisAtha-sAtha rahane vaale| jitane sAdhu eka sAtha rahakara vihAra evaM cAturmAsa Adi karate haiM, unakA samUha gaccha kahA jAtA hai| gaccha meM sAdhuoM kI saMkhyA adhika hone para unheM vibhinna vargoM (saMghADoM) meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA, eka varga meM 2 se 4 sAdhu hote haiN| varganAyaka gaNAvacchedaka kahA jAtA hai| gacchanAyaka gacchAcArya yA pravartaka kahA jAtA hai| vibhinna gacchoM kA samUha kula kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA, eka hI AcArya ke ziSyoM evaM praziSyoM kA samUha kula kahA jAtA hai| kula kA adhipati kulAcArya kahA jAtA hai| eka gaNa meM AcAra-vicAra saMbaMdhI mAnyatAoM kI ekarUpatA hotI hai| una sabhI kuloM se, jo eka hI prakAra kI AcAra-vicAra-praNAlI kA anusaraNa karate haiM, milakara gaNa banatA hai| gaNa kA adhipati gaNI, gaNadhara yA gaNAcArya kahA jAtA hai| aneka gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai| saMgha kA pradhAna saMghAcArya yA pradhAnAcArya kahA jAtA hai| jaina-AgamoM meM saMgha ke vibhinna adhikAriyoM kI yogyatAoM evaM unake sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kA vivaraNa hai| yadyapi vibhinna AgamoM (granthoM) meM isa viSaya meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai, ataH kucha padoM evaM unake adhikAroM evaM dAyitvoM ke saMbaMdha meM spaSTa vibheda karanA sambhava nhiiN| paravartI yuga meM saMgha kI kendrIya-vyavasthA ke samApta ho jAne ke phalasvarUpa pradhAnAcArya yA saMghAcArya kA pada samApta ho gayA aura pratyeka gaNa evaM gaccha apanI-apanI svataMtra rUpa meM vyavasthA karane lagA, ataeva gaNI, gaNadhara,gacchAcArya tathA pradhAnAcArya ke padoM meM koI spaSTa vibheda nahIM raha gyaa| bauddha evaM jainasaMgha-vyavasthA meM antara-jaina zramaNa-saMgha kI vyavasthA meM buddha kI saMghIya gaNataMtrAtmaka zAsana-praNAlI kI apekSA rAjataMtrIya zAsana-praNAlI kA prabhAva adhika rahA hai| yadyapijaina aura bauddha-donoM hI paramparAeM zramaNa-saMgha athavA bhikSu-saMghako mahatva detI haiM, tathApi jahAM jaina-paramparA meM AcArya ke rUpa meM vyakti kA zAsana svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ bauddha-paramparA meM sadaiva hI saMgha-zAsana kA mahatva rahA hai| jaina-paramparA meM adhikAMza mahatvapUrNa nirNaya evaM daNDa, prAyazcitta Adi ke kArya AcArya athavA kisI variSTha padAdhikArI ke dvArA sampanna hote haiM, jabaki bauddha-paramparA meM ye sabhI kArya saMgha hI karatA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM bhikSu-saMgha kI vyavasthA janatAMtrika hai, usameM sarvocca sattAsaMgha

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408 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM nihita hai, jabaki jaina-paramparA meM antima nirNAyaka AcArya hotA hai aura sarvocca sattA bhI usI meM nihita rahatI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM AcArya kI niyukti Avazyaka nahIM mAnI gaI hai| usameM saMgha hI usa dAyitva kA nirvAha karatA hai, yadyapi kucha choTe-moTe praznoM kA nirNaya variSTha bhikSu kara letA hai| isa prakAra, jaina aura bauddha-donoM hI paramparAoM meM bhikSu-saMgha kI vyavasthA hai, lekina donoM meM kucha maulika antara bhI haiM / jaina-paramparA meM AcArya kI zaraNa meM jAne kA vidhAna hai, jabaki bauddha-paramparA meM saMgha kI zaraNa hI grahaNa kI jAtI hai| buddha ne apane parinirvANa ke pazcAt kisI bhI uttarAdhikArI kI niyukti ko anAvazyaka batAte hue saMgha ko hI apanA uttarAdhikArI batAyA thA, jabaki jaina-paramparA meM mahAvIra ke pazcAt saMgha ke pramukha ke rUpa meM sudharmA Adi AcAryoM ko pratiSThita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| bauddha-paramparA ne yaha mAnA thA ki binA kisI netA (AcArya) ke bhI saMgha-vyavasthA sucArU rUpa se cala sakatI hai| bhikSuoM ke pArasparika-saMbaMdha-bhikSu-saMgha meM bhikSuoM ke pArasparika-saMbaMdhoM ko jaina-paramparA meM saMbhoga kahA jAtA hai| saMbhoga saMbaMdhI bAraha niyama nimna prakAra haiM 1. upadhi-saMbhoga - vastra, pAtra Adi sAmagrI upadhikahI jAtI hai| bhikSusAmAnyatayA saMgha ke dUsare bhikSuoM ke sAtha inakA parivartana yA lena-dena kara sakate haiN| 2. zruta-saMbhoga - paraspara eka-dUsare ko jJAna denA evaM zAstrAdhyayana krvaanaa| 3. bhaktapAna-saMbhoga - eka-dUsare kI lAI huI bhikSA ko Apasa meM grahaNa krnaa| 4. aMjali-pragraha-saMbhoga - paraspara eka-dUsare kA sammAna krnaa| 5. dAna-saMbhoga - paraspara ziSyoM kA len-den| eka hI saMgha ke bhikSu apane ziSyoM ko Apasa meM eka-dUsare ko de sakate haiN| 6. nimantraNa - eka hI bhikSu-saMgha ke bhikSuApasa meM eka-dUsare ko AhAra, upadhi aura ziSyoM ke lena-dena ke lie nimantrita kara sakate haiN| AhAra Adi ke lie dUsare bhikSuoM ko Amantrita krnaa| 7. abhyutthAna - dUsare variSTha bhikSuoM ke Agamana para apane zAsana se uThakara unheM sammAna denA evaM Asana pradAna krnaa| 8. kRtikarma - dIkSA-vaya kI dRSTi se jyeSTha bhikSuoM ko Apasa meM vandana krnaa| 9.vaiyAvRtya - vRddha, rogI evaM apaMga bhikSuoMkI sasammAna evaM sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sevA krnaa| bhikSuoM ke lie nimna dasa kI sevA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai - (1) AcArya, (2) upAdhyAya, (3) sthavira, (4) tapasvI, (5) zaikSa-chAtra, (6) glAna arthAt rogI, (7) sAdharmika, (8) kula, (9) gaNa aura (10) saMgha kI sevaa|

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zramaNa-dharma 409 10. samavasaraNa-pravacana Adi ke avasara para paraspara eka-dUsare ke yahAM jaanaa| 11. sanniSadhyA - eka hI saMgha ke bhikSu dUsare bhikSuoM ke sAtha eka hI Asana (pATa) para baiTha sakate haiN| eka hI pATa para baiThakara pravacana Adi kara sakate haiN| bhikSu ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ke sAtha eka hI pATa para baiThanA niSiddha hai| _12. kathAprabandha - Apasa meM eka-dUsare ke sAtha baiThakara dhArmika-viSayoM para vicAra karanA / 179 jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM zramaNI - saMgha-vyavasthA ___ yadyapizramaNoM kI saMgha vyavasthAati prAcInakAla se pracalitathI, lekina zramaNiyoM ke saMgha kI vyavasthA sAmAnyatayA sarvaprathama jaina-paramparA meM hI pracalita huii| buddha ne apane bhikSu-saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza kI anumati bahuta hI anunaya-vinaya ke pazcAt pradAna kii| yadyapi jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki bhikSuNI-saMgha ko bhikSu-saMgha ke adhIna hI rahanA cAhie, donoM hI bhikSuNI-saMghoM meM strI-prakRti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kucha viziSTa niyamoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| buddha ne isa saMbaMdha meM aSTa gurudharmoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai(1) bhikSuNI saMgha meM cAhe jitane varSoM taka rahI ho, to bhI vaha choTe-bar3e sabhI bhikSuoM ko praNAma kare, (2) jisa gA~va meM bhikSu na hoM, vahAM bhikSuNI na rahe, (3) hara pakhavAr3e meM uposatha kisa dina hai aura dharmopadeza sunane ke lie kaba AnA hai - ye bAteM bhikSuNI bhikSu-saMghase pUcha le, (4) cAturmAsa ke bAda bhikSuNI ko bhikSu-saMgha aura bhikSuNI-saMgha-donoM meM pravAraNA karanI cAhie, (5) jisa bhikSuNI se saMghAdizeSa Apatti huI ho, use donoM saMghoM meM pandraha dinoM kA mAnatta lenA cAhie, (6) jisane do varSa taka adhyayana kiyA ho, aisI zrAmaNerI ko donoM saMgha upasampadA de deM, (7) kisI bhI kAraNa se bhikSuNI bhikSu ke sAtha gAlI-galauja na kare, (8) bhikSu hI bhikSuNI ko upadeza de|180 jaina-paramparA meM bhI dIkSA-vRddha zramaNI ko navadIkSita zramaNa ko vandana karane kA vidhAna hai| isI prakAra, jaina-bhikSuNI ko bhikSu-saMgha ke nirdeza meM calanA hotA hai| prAyazcittavidhAna kI dRSTi se bar3e aparAdhoM ke lie AcArya hI prAyazcitta detA hai| yadyapi jaina-paramparA meM zramaNI-varga ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki vaha unhIM sthAnoM para rahe, jahAM bhikSu nivAsa karate hoN| dIkSA aura AlocanA (pravAraNA) kI dRSTi se jaina-paramparA meM aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki vaha zramaNa-varga ke dvArA yA unake sammukha hI ho, yadyapi zramaNa bhI zramaNI ko dIkSita kara sakatA hai evaM zramaNI zramaNa ke sammukha AlocanA kara sakatI hai| zramaNI-saMghake lie ina viziSTa niyamoM ke pIche sAmAnyatayA puruSa-pradhAna saMskRti kA hAtha rahA hai, yadyapi kucha jaina-vidvAnoM evaM dharmAnanda kosambI prabhRti kucha bauddha

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410 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki ye niyama bhikSuNI-saMgha para bAda meM lAde gae haiN|181 bhikSa evaM bhikSaNIke pArasparika saMbaMdha-sAmAnyatayA, jaina aura bauddha-donoM hI paramparAoM meM isa bAta ko vizeSa rUpa se dRSTi meM rakhA gayA hai ki bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke pArasparika-saMbaMdha aise hoM ki unakA cAritrika-patana na ho / sAmAnyatayA, zramaNa aura zramaNI kA eka hI sthAna para ThaharanA niSiddha hai| isI prakAra, zramaNa athavA bhikSuka kA binA kisI vizeSa paristhiti ke zramaNI ke AvAsa para jAnA bhI niSiddha hai| kisI ApavAdikasthiti ko chor3akara, zramaNa evaM zramaNI kI pArasparika-sevA bhI niSiddha mAnI gaI hai, yadyapi kucha vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM ve eka-dUsare kI sevA kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra, eka-dUsare kA sparza evaM ekAnta vArtAlApa bhI niSiddha hai| zramaNa kevala jIvana-rakSA ke prasaMga para sAdhvI kA sparza kara sakatA hai, anyathA nhiiN| zramaNI ke lie bhI pravacana evaM zikSaNa ke avasaroM ko chor3akara zramaNa ke AvAsa para jAnA niSiddha hai| sUryAsta ke pazcAt zramaNI kisI bhI sthiti meM zramaNa ke AvAsa para nahIM jA sktii| dina meM bhI zramaNI usI sthiti meM zramaNoM ke AvAsa para ruka sakatI hai, jabaki vahAM samajhadAra anya strI-puruSoM kI upasthiti ho| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke pArasparika-saMbaMdha ko lekara dasa niyamoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| yadi bhikSu inakA bhaMga karatA hai, to use prAyazcitta kA bhAgI mAnA jAtA hai| ve niyama ye haiM - 1. saMgha ke dvArA binA niyukta hue bhikSuNiyoM ko aSTa gurudharmoM kA upadeza nahIM denA caahie| 2. niyukta bhikSu bhI sUryAsta ke pazcAt bhikSuNiyoM ko upadeza na de| 3. bImArI Adi avasara ko chor3akara binA kisI yogya avasara ke bhikSuNiyoM ke AvAsa para jAkara unheM upadeza na de| 4. bhojana evaM auSadhi ke lAbha ke nimitta bhikSuNiyoM ko upadeza na de| 5. sivAya badalane ke aparicita bhikSuNI ko paridhAna Adi na de| 6. aparicita bhikSuNI se vastra Adi na bnvaae| 7. pUrva nizcaya ke AdhAra para bhikSuNI ke sAtha yAtrA na kre| yadi mArga bhayAvaha ho, to bhikSu aura bhikSuNI-saMgha sAtha-sAtha yAtrA kara sakate haiM / 8. kevala nadI pAra hone ke atirikta eka hI naukA para na baitthe| 9. bhikSuNI ke mAdhyama se athavA unake AhAra-lAbha meM bAdhaka banakara bhikSA prApta na kre| 10. ekAMta meM bhikSuNI ke sAtha na baitthe| yadi baiThanA hI ho, to eka puruSa aura eka

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zramaNa-dharma strI kI upasthiti meM hI baitthe| 182 isa prakAra, jaina aura bauddha paramparAeM bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke pArasparika-saMbaMdha meM kAphI satarkatA rakhatI hai aura vizeSa prasaMgoM ke atirikta unake pArasparika saMbaMdhoM kA niyamana karatI hai / 411 bhikSuNI - saMgha ke padAdhikArI - jaina- paramparA meM sAdhvI- saMgha yadyapi AcArya kI AjJA meM hI rahatA hai, tathApi bhikSuNI - saMgha kI Antarika vyavasthA ke lie kucha pRthak padoM kI vyavasthA hai| bhikSuNI-saMgha meM pramukhatayA pravarttanI, gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA aura pratihArI- padoM kI vyavasthA hai / prAyazcitta-vidhAna ( daNDa - vyavasthA ) vratoM meM lagane vAle doSoM kI zuddhi ke lie prAyazcitta liyA jAtA hai| saMgha - vyavasthA ke sucArU saMcAlana ke lie bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki saMgha evaM bhikSujIvana ke vibhinna niyamoM ke bhaMga para prAyazcitta yA daNDa diyA jaae| zvetAmbara - paramparA meM jItakalpasUtra ke anusAra dasa prakAra ke prAyazcitta yA daNDa mAne gae haiM - (1) AlocanA, ( 2 ) pratikramaNa, (3) ubhaya, (4) viveka, (5) vyutsarga, (6) tapa, (7) cheda, (8) mUla, (9) anavasthApya aura (10) pArAMcika | 183 digambara- paramparA ke mUlAcAra graMtha meM bhI dasa prakAra ke prAyazcitta varNita haiM / prArambha ke ATha vahIM haiM, jo zvetAmbara - paramparA meM haiM, zeSa do parihAra aura zraddhAna haiM / sambhavataH, antima do prAyazcittoM kA pracalana banda ho jAne se nAmoM kA yaha antara AyA ho, yadyapi pArAMcika - prAyazcittoM aura parihAra kA tAtparya eka hI hai| uparyukta prAyazcittoM krama hai, jo ki AparAdhika gurutA ko sUcita karatA hai| dainaMdina jIvana kI sAmAnya pravRttiyoM meM laganevAle doSoM ke lie AlocanAprAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| AlocanA kA artha aparAdha ko aparAdha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA hai / - pramAda, AsAtanA, avinaya, hAsya, vikathA Adi ke lie pratikramaNa-prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| pratikramaNa kA tAtparya hai una doSoM ko doSarUpa mAnakara punaH unheM nahIM karane kA nizcaya karanA / AlocanA aura pratikramaNa meM antara yaha hai ki AlocanA meM aparAdha ke punaH sevana nahIM karane kA nizcaya nahIM hotA hai, jabaki pratikramaNa meM aisA nizcaya karanA hotA hai| anAtmavazatA, duzcintana, kaTu bhASaNa, duzceSTA Adi aparAdhoM ke lie AlocanA aura pratikramaNa- donoM prakAra ke prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| AhAra, vastra Adi ke grahaNa meM lage hue doSoM ke lie viveka prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| viveka nAmaka prAyazcitta kA sAmAnya artha yaha ho sakatA hai ki bhaviSya meM usa

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMbaMdha meM sAvadhAnI rakhI jaae| viveka kA dUsarA artha azuddha AhAra Adi kA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka parihAra kara denA hai| 412 gamanAgamana, svapna aura zrutasaMbaMdhI doSoM ke lie kAyotsarga-prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai / isa sAmAnya doSoM ke atirikta, viziSTa aparAdhoM ke lie tapa - prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| nizIthasUtra meM tapa - prAyazcitta ke cAra prakAra milate haiM- 1. gurumAsika, 2. laghumAsika, 3. guru cAturmAsika aura 4. laghu caaturmaasik| laghumAsika yA mAsalaghuprAyazcitta kA artha ekAsana aura guru mAsika kA artha upavAsa hai| isI prakAra, laghu cAturmAsika kA artha velA (lagAtAra do dina taka anna-jala kA tyAga ) aura guru cAturmAsika kA artha telA (lagAtAra tIna dina taka anna-jala kA tyAga ) hai / laghumAsika ke yogya aparAdha - dArUdaNDa kA pAdaproMchana banAnA, pAnI nikalane ke lie nAlI banAnA, dAnAdi lene ke pUrva athavA pazcAt dAtA kI prazaMsA karanA, niSkAraNa paricita gharoM meM praveza karanA, anya tIrthika athavA gRhastha kI saMgati karanA, zayyAtara arthAt AvAsa dene vAle makAna mAlika ke yahAM kA AhAra- pAnI grahaNa karanA Adi kriyAe~ laghumAsika-prAyazcitta ke kAraNa haiM / gurumAsika ke yogya aparAdha-aMgAdAna kA mardana karanA, aMgAdAna ke Upara kI tvacA dUra karanA, aMgAdAna ko nalI meM DAlanA, puSpAdi sUMghanA, pAtra Adi dUsaroM se sApha karavAnA, sadoSa AhAra kA upayoga karanA Adi kriyAe~ gurumAsika-prAyazcitta ke kAraNa haiM / laghu cAturmAsika ke yogya aparAdha - pratyAkhyAna kA bAra-bAra bhaMga karanA, gRhastha ke vastra, pAtra, zayyA Adi kA upayoga karanA, prathama prahara meM grahaNa kiyA huA AhAra caturtha prahara taka rakhanA, arddhayojana arthAt do kosa se Age jAkara AhAra lAnA, virecana lenA athavA auSadhi kA sevana karanA, zithilAcArI ko namaskAra karanA, vATikA Adi sArvajanika sthAnoM meM mala-pezAba DAlakara gandagI karanA, gRhastha Adi ko AhArapAnI denA, dampatti ke zayanAgAra meM praveza karanA, samAna AcAra vAle nirgrantha-nirgranthI ko sthAna Adi kI suvidhA na denA, gIta gAnA, vAdyayantra bajAnA, nRtya karanA, asvAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya karanA athavA svAdhyAya na karanA, ayogya ko zAstra par3hAnA athavA yogya ko zAstra na par3hAnA, anyatIrthika athavA gRhastha ko par3hAnA athavA usase par3hanA Adi kriyAe~ laghu cAturmAsika-prAyazcitta kI kAraNa haiN| guru cAturmAsika ke yogya aparAdha - strI athavA puruSa se maithunasevana ke lie

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zramaNa-dharma 413 prArthanA karanA, maithunecchA se hastakarma karanA, nagna honA, nirlaja vacana bolanA, premapatra likhanA, gudA athavA yoni meM liMga DAlanA,stana AdihAtha meM pakar3akara hilAnA athavA masalanA, pazu-pakSI ko strI athavA puruSarUpa mAnakara unakA AliMgana karanA, maithunecchA se kisI ko AhArAdi denA, AcArya kI avajJA karanA, lAbhAlAbha kA nimitta batAnA, kisI zramaNa-zramaNI ko bahakAnA, kisI dIkSArthI ko bhar3akAnA, ayogya ko dIkSA denA, acela hokara sacela ke sAtha rahanA athavA sacela hokara acela ke sAtha rahanA Adi kriyAe~ guru cAturmAsika-prAyazcitta ke yogya haiM / 183 / ___ cheda kA artha dIkSA-paryAya meM kamI hai| isake kAraNa aparAdhI kA zramaNa-saMgha meM varIyatA kI dRSTi se jo sthAna thA, vaha apekSAkRta nIcA ho jAtA hai| jo aparAdhI tapa ke ayogya hai, athavA tapa ke garva se unmatta hai, athavA tapa-prAyazcitta se usa para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA, usake lie cheda-prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| vibhinna aparAdhoM meM unakI gurutA ke AdhAra para vibhinna samayoM kI dIkSA kA cheda kiyA jAtA hai| mUla kA artha hai-pUrva dIkSA ko samApta kara navIna dIkSA denaa| isake kAraNa vaha saMgha meM sabase nimna sthAna para A jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA, paMcendriya prANiyoM kI hiMsA evaM maithuna sambandhI aparAdha isa prAyazcitta ke kAraNa mAne jAte haiN| anavasthApya-prAyazcitta meM aparAdhIko tatkAla navIna dIkSA nahIM dekara kucha samaya taka usakI parIkSA kI jAtI hai aura saMgha ke Azvasta ho jAne para, athavA usake dvArA prAyazcittarUpa viziSTa tapa kara lene ke pazcAt punaH use dIkSA dI jAtI hai| sAmAnyatayA, bAra-bAra aparAdha karane vAle AparAdhika-prakRti ke vyaktiyoM ko yaha daNDa diyA jAtA hai| sAdharmika-stainya, anyadhArmika-stainya, muSTiprahAra Adi aparAdhoM ke lie isa daNDa kI vyavasthA hai| pArAMcika-prAyazcitta meM aparAdhI-bhikSu ko sadaiva ke lie saMgha se bahiSkRta kara diyA jAtA hai| jaba kisI bhI prakAra aparAdhI kA sudhAra sambhava nahIM dikhatA, to anta meM pArAMcita-prAyazcitta kA daNDa diyA jAtA hai| jaina-paramparA meM paristhiti kI bhinnatA evaM aparAdhI kI manovRtti ke AdhAra para aparAdha kI tIvratA yA mandatA kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai aura tadanurUpa daNDa diyA jAtA hai, ataH yaha sambhava hai ki Upara sesamAna dikhanevAle doSa ke lie bhI bhinna-bhinna prAyazcittaho sakate haiN| jaina-paramparA meM prAyazcitta pradAna karane kA adhikAra AcArya ko hotA hai, paristhiti-vizeSa meM choTe yA sAmAnya aparAdhoM ke lie anya padAdhikArI bhI prAyazcitta pradAna kara sakate haiN| yadi aparAdha evaM aparAdhI vizeSa prakAra ke hoM, to sampUrNa saMgha bhI

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414 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prAyazcitta kA vidhAna karatA hai| pArAMcika-prAyazcitta kA vidhAna sAmAnyatayA saMgha kI anumati se kiyA jAtA hai|184 bauddha-paramparA meM prAyazcitta-vidhAna jaina-paramparA ke samAna bauddha-paramparA meM bhI bhikSuoM ke dvArA vibhinna niyamoM ko bhaMga karane para prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| sAmAnyatayA, bauddha-paramparA meM ATha prakAra ke prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna upalabdha hotA hai - 1. pArAjika, 2. saMghAdizeSa, 3. naisargika aura 4. pAcittiya 5. aniyata, 6. pratidezanIya, 7. sekhiya, 8. adhikrnn-smy| ___pArAjika-prAyazcitta pramukha rUpa se hiMsA aura corI ke lie diyA jAtA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI pArAjika-prAyazcitta meM vyakti bhikSu-saMgha se pRthak kara diyA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA, pArAjika-prAyazcitta ke yogya aparAdha nimna haiM- 1. saMgha meM rahakara maithuna-sevana karanA, 2. binAdI huI vastu grahaNa karanA, jisase cora samajhA jAe, 3. manuSya Adi kI hatyA karanA aura 4. binA jAne aura dekhe alaukika bAtoM kA dAvA krnaa| jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM pArAcika evaM pArAjika-prAyazcitta ke saMbaMdha meM samAna dRSTikoNa jisa prakAra jaina-paramparA meM anavasthApya-prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA meM saMghAdizeSa-prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| bauddha-paramparA meM saMghAdizeSa Apatti hone para bhikSu ko saMgha ke santoSa ke lie bhikSu-AvAsa ke bAhara kucha rAteM bitAnI hotI hai aura usake pazcAt use bhikSu-saMgha meM punaH praveza diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, apane mUla mantavya kI dRSTi se anavasthApya-prAyazcitta aura saMghAdizeSa-prAyazcitta samAna hI haiN| bauddha-paramparA meM saMghAdizeSa-prAyazcitta ke yogya nimna 13 ApattiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM - 1. nidrAvasthA ko chor3akara anya kisI avasthA meM vIryapAta krnaa| 2. vAsanA ke vazIbhUta hokara strI-zarIra kA sparza krnaa| 3. vAsanA ke vazIbhUta hokara kAmuka zabdoM se strI kI kAma-vAsanA ko pradIpta krnaa| 4. yaha kahanA ki mujha jaise dhArmika-puruSa se saMbhoga karanA ucita hai| 5. strI evaM puruSoM ke madhya kAma-saMbaMdha sthApita karane ke lie madhyasthatA krnaa| 6. bhikSu-saMgha kI svIkRti ke binA sImA se bar3I, bhayayukta evaM binA khulI jagaha meM kuTiyA nirmANa krnaa| ___7. apane aura dUsaroM ke lie binA bhikSu-saMgha kI svIkRti ke bhayayukta evaM binA khulI jagaha meM bhikSu-AvAsa kA bnvaanaa|

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zramaNa-dharma 415 8. dveSa evaM ghRNA ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI anya bhikSu para pArAjika-aparAdha kA mithyA Aropa use saMgha se bAhara karane ke lie lgaanaa| 9. kisI bhikSu ke choTe aparAdha ko, dveSa evaM ghRNA ke vazIbhUta hokara aura usase saMgha se bAhara karane ke lie, bar3A pArAMcika aparAdha btaanaa| ___10. bhikSu-saMgha ke dvArA saMgha-bheda nahIM karane ke lie prArthanA karane para bhI kisI bAta para jora dekara saMgha-bheda krvaanaa| 11. saMgha-bheda karavAne vAle bhikSu ke atirikta ve bhikSu, jo usakA samarthana karate haiM, ve bhI saMghAdizeSa ke doSI haiN| 12. bhikSu-saMgha ke dvArA yaha samajhAne para bhI ki Apasa ke sahayoga aura parAmarza se saMgha kA vikAsa hogA, jo bhikSu apane ko saMghIya-jIvana se pRthak rakhatA hai, vaha bhI saMghAdizeSa-aparAdha kA doSI hai| ___13. jo bhikSu apane durAcaraNa ke kAraNa gA~va ke logoM ke dvArA durAcArI ke rUpa meM jAnA jA cukA hai aura saMgha ke nivedana ke uparAMta bhI gA~va se nahIM haTatA hai, vaha bhI saMghAdizeSa-aparAdha kA doSI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM prAyazcitta ke anya prakAra aniyata naisargika aura pAcittiya haiM, jinheM bauddha-paramparA kI pAribhASika-zabdAvalI meM nisaggIya pAcittiya-dhamma aura pAcittiya-dhamma kahA jAtA hai, unakI tulanA jaina-paramparA ke sAmAnyatayA AlocanA aura pratikramaNa se kI jA sakatI hai| nisaggIya pAcittiya-dhamma meM sAmAnyatayA vastra-pAtra saMbaMdhI 30 niyama Ate haiM aura unakA ullaMghana karane para zramaNa nisaggIya pAcittiyaaparAdha kA doSI mAnA jAtA hai| anya bhASaNa, nivAsa, AhAra Adi saMbaMdhI 92 niyama pAcittiya-dhamma kahe jAte haiM aura unakA ullaMghana karane para bhikSu pAcittiya-dhamma kA doSI mAnA jAtA hai| pratidezanIya, sekhiya aura adhikaraNa samatha-zikSAe~ hai|185 isa prakAra, jaina evaM bauddha-donoM paramparAoM meM bhikSu-jIvana evaM zramaNa saMsthA ko pavitra banAe rakhane ke lie vibhinna niyamoM aura prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna hai| Adarza zramaNa ke jIvana kA sundara vivecana jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM hai| jainoM ke dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM tathA bauddhoM ke dhammapadaaura suttanipAta meM isakA savistAra vivecana hai ki Adarza bhikSu kaisA honA caahie| Age ke pRSThoM meM hama unhIM AdhAroM para Adarza zramaNa kI jIvana-zailI kA vivecana kreNge| yaha vivecanA na kevala Adarza zramaNa ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane ke lie Avazyaka hai, varan donoM paramparAoM meM jo sAmya hai, use abhivyakta karane ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai|

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416 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana Adarza jaina-zramaNa kA svarUpa buddhimAn puruSoM ke upadeza se, athavA anya kisI nimitta se gRhasthAzrama ko chor3akara jo tyAgI bhikSu sadaiva jJAnI mahApuruSoM ke vacanoM meM lIna rahatA hai, unakI AjJAnusAra hI AcaraNa karatA hai, nitya citta samAdhi meM lagAtA hai, striyoM ke mohajAla meM nahIM pha~satA aura vamana kie hue bhogoM ko phira bhogane kI icchA nahIM karatA, vahI Adarza bhikSu hai| jo sAdhu jJAtaputra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttama vacanoM meM ruci rakhate hue sUkSma tathA sthUla-donoM prakAra ke SaT jIvanikAyoM (pratyeka prANIsamUha) ko Atmavat mAnatA hai, pAMca mahAvratoM kA dhAraka hotA hai aura pAMca prakAra ke pApAcAroM (mithyAtva, avrata, kaSAya, pramAda tathA azubhayoga ke vyApAra) se rahita hotA hai, vahI Adarza sAdhu hai| jo jJAnI sAdhu, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA sadaiva vamana karatA rahatA hai, jJAnI puruSoM ke vacanoM meM apane citta ko sthira lagAe rahatA hai aura sonA, cAMdI, ityAdidhana ko chor3a detA hai, vahI Adarza sAdhu hai| jo mUr3hatAko chor3akara apanI dRSTi ko zuddha (samyakdRSTi) rakhatA hai ; mana, vacana aura kAya kA saMyama rakhatA hai; jJAna, tapa aura saMyama meM rahakara tapa dvArA pUrva saMcita karmoM kA kSaya karane kA prayatna karatA hai, vahI Adarza bhikSu hai tathA bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke AhAra, pAnI, khAdya tathA svAdya Adi sundara padArthoM kI bhikSAko kala yA parasoM ke lie saMcaya karake nahIM rakhatA aura nadUsaroM se rakhavAtA hI hai, vahI Adarza bhikSu hai| jo sAdhu kalahakAriNI, dveSakAriNI tathApIDAkAriNI kathA nahIM kahatA, nimitta milane para bhI kisI para krodha nahIM karatA, indriyoM ko nizcala rakhatA hai, mana ko zAnta rakhatA hai, saMyama meM sarvadA lIna rahatA hai tathA upazama-bhAva ko prApta kara kisI kA tiraskAra nahIM karatA, vahI Adarza bhikSu hai| jo kAnoM ko kA~Te ke samAna duHkha dene vAle Akroza vacanoM, prahAroM aura ayogya upAlambhoM (ulAhanoM) kozAntipUrvaka saha letA hai, bhayaMkara evaM pracaMDa garjanA ke sthAnoM meM bhI jo nirbhaya rahatA hai aura sukha tathA duHkha ko samabhAvapUrvaka bhoga letA hai, vahI Adarza bhikSu hai| jo sAdhumAsa Adi kI pratimA, yAne abhigraha svIkAra kara zmazAna meM atyanta bhayaMkara dRSyoM ko dekhakara bhI nahIM DaratA hai tathA mUlaguNa Adi meM aura tapoM meM rata rahatA hai aura mamatA se zarIra ko bhI vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke lie nahIM cAhatA hai, vaha bhAva-bhikSu hai| jo sAdhu aneka bAra kAyotsarga karatA hai, arthAt zarIra kI mamatA ko chor3akara zobhA ko tyAgatA hai tathA gAlI sunakara, mAra khAkara yA kutte Adi ke kATane para bhI jo pRthvI ke samAnakSamAzIla, saba kucha saha lene vAlA hotA hai tathA jo kisI prakAra kA nidAna-niyANa nahIM karatA hai aura kautUhala dekhane - sunane kI tIvra icchA se dUra rahatA hai, vaha muni bhAvasAdhu hai| phira, zarIra se parISahoM ko jItakara jo sAdhu janmamaraNarUpa saMsAramArga se apanI AtmA ko Upara uThA letA hai aura janmamaraNa ko atyanta

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zramaNa-dharma 417 bhayaMkara samajhakara zramaNAcAra va tapa meM lagA rahatA hai, vahI bhAvabhikSu hai| jo sAdhu hAthoM se saMyata hai, caraNoM se saMyata hai tathA vacanoM se saMyata hai aura saMyatendriya-indriyoM se saMyata hai tathA jo dharmadhyAna meM lagA rahane vAlA aura samAdhiyukta AtmA vAlA hai tathA jo sUtrArthoM ko samajhatA hai, vaha bhAvasAdhu hai| jo sAdhu apane vastra-pAtra Adi bhaNDopakaraNoM meM bhI mamatA aura pratibandharUpa lobha se rahita hai tathA binA paricaya ke gharoM meM bhikSA ke lie jAtA hai va saMyama ko nissAra banAne vAle pulAka va niSpulAka-doSoM se dUra rahatA hai tathA kharIda, bikrI vasaMcaya Adi se virata rahatA hai aura jo saba prakAra se saMgoM se mukta hai, vaha sAdhu bhAvabhikSu hai| jo sAdhu nahIM milI huI cIjoM meM lolupatA nahIM rakhatA tathA mile huerasoM meM Asakti bhI nahIM rakhatA hai aura bhAvavizuddha gocarI karatA hai tathA jo asaMyamI-jIvana ko nahIM cAhatA hai aura jo sthiracitta hokara labdhirUpa Rddhi, vastrAdike satkAra tathA stuti Adi se pUjA kI bhI AzA nahIM rakhatA hai, vaha bhAvasAdhu hai| jo sAdhu na jAti se matta banatA aura na rUpa se tathA jo lAbha meM bhI mada nahIM karatA va zrutajJAna kA bhI abhimAna nahIM rakhatA hai aura jo saba prakAra ke garta ko chor3akara dharmadhyAna meM lagA rahatA hai, vaha bhAvabhikSu hai| jo mahAmuni sacce dharma kA hI mArga batAtA hai, jo svayaM saddharma para sthira rahakara dUsaroM ko bhI saddharma para sthira karatA hai, tyAga-mArga grahaNa kara durAcAroM ke cihoM ko tyAga detA hai (arthAt kusAdhu kAsaMga nahIM karatA) tathA kisI ke sAtha ThiTholI, masakharI Adi nahIM karatA, vahI saccA bhikSu hai| (aisA bhikSu kyA prApta karatA hai ?) aisAAdarza bhikSu sadaiva kalyANamArga meM apanI AtmA ko sthira rakhakara nazvara evaM apavitra dehAvAsa ko chor3akara tathA janma-maraNa ke baMdhanoM ko sarvathA kATakara apunarAgati mokSa ko prApta hotA hai| 186 isI prakAra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI 'sabhikSu' nAmaka adhyayana meM Adarza bhikSujIvana kA paricaya varNita hai| jisane vicArapUrvaka muni-vRtti aMgIkAra kI, josamyagdarzanAdi se yukta, sarala, nidAnarahita, saMsAriyoM ke paricaya kA tyAgI, viSayoM kI abhilASArahita aura ajJAta kuloM kI gocarI karatA huA vicaratA hai, vahI bhikSu kahalAtA hai| rAga-rahita, saMyama meM dRr3hatApUrvaka vicarane vAlA, asaMyama se nivRtta, zAstrajJa, AtmarakSaka, buddhimAn, parISahajayI, samadarzI, kisI bhI vastu meM mUrchA nahIM karanevAlA bhikSu kahalAtA hai| kaThora vacana aura prahAra ko jAnakara samabhAva se sahe, sadAcaraNa meM pravRtti kare, sadA Atmagupta rahe, jo avyagra mana se saMyamamArga meM AnevAle kaSToM ko samabhAva se sahana karatA hai, vahI bhikSu hai| jIrNa zayyAaura Asana tathA zIta, uSNa, DA~sa, macchara Adi aneka prakAra ke parISahoM ke utpanna hone para avyagra mana se saba kaSToM ko sahana karatA hai, vahI bhikSu hai| jo pUjA-satkAra nahIM cAhatA, vandanA-prazaMsA kA icchuka nahIM hai, vaha saMyatI, suvratI, tapasvI, AtmagaveSI

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418 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura samyagjJAnI hI bhikSu kahalAtA hai| jinakI saMgati se saMyamI jIvana kA nAza aura mahAmoha kA baMdha hotA hai, aise strI-puruSoM kI saMgati ko jo tapasvI sadA ke lie chor3a detA hai, jo kautUhala ko prApta nahIM hotA, vahI bhikSu hai| jo chedana-vidyA, svara-vidyA, bhUkampa, aMtarikSa, svapna-lakSaNa, daMDa, vAstu, aMgavicAra, pazupakSiyoM kI bolIjAnanA, ina vidyAoM se apanI AjIvikA nahIM karatA - vahI bhikSu hai| jo maMtra, jar3I-bUTI, vividha vaidyaprayoga, vamana, virecana, dhUprayoga, AMkha kA aMjana, snAna, AturatA, mAtA-pitAdi kA zaraNa aura cikitsA-ina sabako jJAna se heya jAnakara chor3a dete haiM; kSatriya, malla, ugrakula, rAjaputra, brAhmaNa, bhogika aura vividha prakAra ke zilpI, inakI prazaMsA aura pUjA nahIM karatA, inakI sadoSatA jAnakara tyAga detA hai, vahI bhikSu hai| jo dIkSA lene ke bAdayA pahale jina gRhasthoM ko dekhA ho, paricaya huA ho, unake sAtha ihalaukika-phala kI prApti ke lie vizeSa paricaya nahIM karatA, vahI bhikSu hai| gRhastha ke yahA~ AhAra, pAnI, zayyA, Asana tathA aneka prakAra ke khAdima hote hue bhI vaha nahIM de aura inakAra kara de, to bhI usa para dveSa na kare, vahI nirgrantha bhikSu hai| gRhasthoM ke yahA~ se AhAra-pAnI aura aneka prakAra ke khAdima-svAdima prApta karake jo bAlavRddhAdi sAdhuoM para anukampA karatA hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA ko vaza meM rakhatA hai, osAmaNa, jau kA daliyA, ThaMDA AhAra, kAMjI kA pAnI, jau kA pAnI aura nIrasa AhArAdi ke milane para jo nindA nahIM karatA tathA prAntakula meM gocarI karatA hai, vahI bhikSu hai| loka meM deva-manuSya aura tiryaMca saMbaMdhI aneka prakAra ke mahAn bhayotpAdaka zabda hote haiM, unheM sunakara jo calita nahIM hotA, vahI bhikSu hai| loka meM pracalita aneka prakAra ke vAdoM ko jAnakara jo vidvAn sAdhu Atmahita meM sthira hokara saMyama meM dRr3ha rahatA hai aura parISahoM ko sahana karatA hai tathA saba jIvoM ko apane samAna dekhatA huA upazAnta rahakara kisI kA bAdhaka nahIM banatA, vahI bhikSu hai| azilpajIvI, gRharahita, mitra aura zatru se rahita, jitendriya, sarvathA mukta, alpakaSAyI, alpAhArI, parigrahatyAgI hokara jo ekAkI rAga-dveSa rahita vicaratA hai, vahI bhikSu hai|187 bauddha-paramparA meM Adarza zramaNa kA svarUpa bauddha-paramparA meM suttanipAta aura dhammapada meM Adarza zramaNa ke svarUpa kA varNana hai| suttanipAta kA kathana hai - saMgati se bhaya utpanna hotA hai aura gRhasthI se rAga, isalie muni ne pasanda kiyA ekAnta aura gRhahIna jIvana / jo utpanna (pApa) ko ucchinna kara phira use hone nahIM detA, jo utpanna hote pApa ko bar3hane nahIM detA, usa ekAntacArI zAntipada draSTA maharSi ko muni kahate haiN| vastusthiti kA bodha kara jisane (saMsAra ke) bIja ko naSTa kara diyA hai, jo usakI vRddhi ke lie tarAvaTa nahIM pahu~cAtA, jo bure vitarkoM ko tyAgakara alaukika ho

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zramaNa-dharma gayA hai, AvAgamana se mukta usa mahAtmA ko muni kahate haiN| muni sabhI sAMsArika avasthAoM ko jAnakara unameM se kisI eka kI bhI AzA nahIM krtaa| tRSNA aura lolupatA se rahita vaha muni puNya aura pApa kA saMcaya nahIM karatA, kyoki vaha saMsAra se pare ho gayA hai| jisane sabako avibhUta kiyA hai, jAna liyA hai, jo buddhimAn hai, jo saba bAtoM meM alipta rahatA hai, jisane sabako tyAgA hai aura tRSNA kA kSaya kara mukta huA hai, use jJAnIjana muni kahate haiN| ekacArI, apramatta, nindA - prazaMsA se avicalita, zabda se trasta na hone vAle, siMha kI taraha kisI se bhI trasta na honevAle, jAla meM na pha~sane vAlI vAyu kI taraha kahIM bhI na pha~sane vAle, jala se alipta padma-patra kI taraha kahIM bhI lipta na hone vAle, dUsaroM ko mArga dikhAne vAle, dUsaroM ke anuyAyI na banane vAle usa jJAnIjana ko muni kahate haiN| jo khambhe kI taraha sthira hai, jisa para auroM kI nindA - prazaMsA kA prabhAva nahIM par3atA, jo vItarAga aura saMyata - indriya hai, use jJAnIjana muni kahate haiM / jo tasara kI taraha Rju aura sthiracitta vAlA hai, jo pApakarmoM se paraheja karatA hai aura jo viSamatA tathA samatA kA khyAla rakhatA hai, use jJAnIjana muni kahate haiN| jo saMyamI hai aura pApa nahIM karatA, jo Arambha aura madhyama vaya meM saMyata rahatA hai, jo na svayaM cir3hatA hai aura na dUsaroM ko cir3hAtA hai, use jJAnIjana muni kahate haiM / jo agrabhAga, madhyabhAga yA avazeSabhAga se bhikSA letA hai, jisakI jIvikA dUsaroM ke die para nirbhara hai aura jo dAyaka kI nindA yA prazaMsA nahIM karatA, use jJAnIjana muni kahate haiN| jo maithuna se virakta ho ekAkI vicaraNa karatA hai, jo yauvana meM bhI kahIM Asakta nahIM hotA aura mada-pramAda se virakta tathA vipramukta hai, use jJAnIjana muni kahate haiN| jisane saMsAra ko jAna liyA hai, jo paramArthadarzI hai, jo saMsArarUpI bAr3ha aura samudra ko pAra kara sthira ho gayA hai, uchinna graMthi vAle ko jJAnIjana muni kahate haiM / 188 jaina - zramaNAcAra para AkSepa aura unakA uttara ahiMsA para nirmita jaina naitika niyamoM ko atyanta kaThora, avyAvahArika aura atyadhika bauddhika kahakara unakI AlocanA kI gaI hai| jahA~ taka ahiMsA ke siddhAMta kI bAta hai, vaha atyadhika bauddhikatA para AdhArita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ahiMsA kA mUla karuNA, anukampA, samAnatA kI bhAvanA aura prema hai, jo bauddhikatA kI apekSA anubhUti kA viSaya hai, phira ina para AdhArita niyama atibauddhika kaise ho sakate haiM ? 419 ahiMsA ke AdhAra para nirmita jainasAdhu-jIvana ke naitika niyamoM kI kaThoratA ke viSaya meM jo AkSepa hai, usakA parimArjana Avazyaka hai| jahA~ taka jaina AcAra - vidhi ke naitika-niyamoM kI kaThoratA kI bAta hai, usase inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| AlocakoM

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420 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke isa kathana meM satyatA kA aMza avazya hai| bhagavAn buddha ne bhI gRdhanAma parvata para jainabhikSuoM ke kaThora AcaraNa tathA tapasyAdidekhakara una bhikSuoM ke sammukha hI isa zArIrikakaSTa dene kI paddhati kI AlocanA kI thii| isa AkSepa kA uttara kaThora AcaraNa ke mUlya ko samajhe binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA, yadyapi isa prayAsa meM hama AkSepa ke mudde se thor3e dUra hoMge, lekina yaha Avazyaka hai| jaina AcAra-paddhati ke itihAsa meM hamane dekhA thA ki madhyavartI jaina-tIrthaMkaroM ke yuga meM AcaraNa ke niyamoM meM itanI kaThoratA nahIM thI, lekina jaba manuSya meM chala aura pravaMcanA kI vRtti adhika vikasita ho gaI, taba mahAvIra ko kaThora niyamoM kA vidhAna karanA pdd'aa| manuSya bhogoM meM Asakti rakhatA hai aura yadi usa ora jAne ke lie thor3A-sA bhI mArga milA, to vaha bhogoM meM gRddha ho AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA taja detA hai| buddha ne AcaraNa ke kaThora naitika-niyama nahIM die, kintu isakA jo pariNAma bauddha zramaNa-saMsthA para huA, vaha hamAre sAmane hai| usI pavitra bauddha-saMgha kI saMtAna ke rUpa meM vAmAcAra-mArga jaise anaitika aura AcArabhraSTa sampradAya kA AvirbhAva huaa| vyavasthita kaThora naitika-niyamoM ke abhAva meM vaidika sAdhu-samAja kI kyA sthiti hai, yaha chipA nahIM hai| yadi jaina saMghavyavasthA meM kaThora naitika-niyamoM kA abhAva hotA, to vaha bhI patana ke mArga meM inase Age nikala gaI hotii| mana kI caMcalavRtti jaba chala aura pravaMcanA se yukta ho jAtI hai, to usake nirodha ke lie kaThora naitika-niyama Avazyaka ho jAte haiN| indriyA~ apane viSayoM kI prApti ke lie binA viveka ke prayatna karatI rahatI haiN| yadi kaThora naitika-niyamoM ke pAlana ke dvArA una para saMyama nahIM rakhA jAe, to ve vyakti kA ahita kara DAlatI haiN| ___ kaThora AcAra yA zArIrika-kaSTa sahane kA dUsarA pahalU hai-AtmA aura zarIra ke eka mAnane kI bhrAnti ko dUra krnaa| AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna samajhA jaae| sAmAnya rUpa se loga zarIra aura AtmA ko pRthak nahIM mAnate aura zArIrika-pIr3A aura sukha ko vAstavika mAna baiThate haiM / AtmavikAsa kI AcAra-paddhatiyoM meM AtmA ko zarIra se pare mAnA jAnA Avazyaka hai| sAdhaka kaThora naitika-niyamoM ke pAlana se utpanna kaSToM ko isalie sahana karatA hai ki zArIrika-kaSTa kA usakI AtmA se koI saMbaMdha nahIM, ve usakI AtmA ko sukhI-duHkhI nahIM kara sakate, isa tathyako samajha ske| vaha kaSToM ko nimaMtraNa dekara isa bAta kI parIkSA karatA rahatA hai ki vaha kitane adhika rUpa meM zarIra aura AtmA ke dvaita kI bAta apanA sakA hai| AcaraNa kI kaThoratA sApekSa hai| AcaraNa kA kauna-sA niyama kaThora hai, yaha nahIM

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zramaNa-dharma 421 kahA jA sktaa| jo AcaraNa kA niyama eka vyakti ko kaThora lagatA hai, vaha dUsare ke lie sarala ho sakatA hai| jaina-sAdhuoM kA yaha niyama hotA hai ki ve vAhana kA upayoga nahIM karate, varan sabhI RtuoM meM naMge pAMva paidala calate haiN| aba yaha niyama usa vyakti ke lie, jisane gRhastha-jIvana meM eka mIla bhI paidala yAtrA nahIM kI ho, kaThora hogA aura usa kisAna ke lie, jo rAta-dina paidala calatA thA, AsAna hogaa| eka prakAra kA AcaraNa vyakti ko usa prakAra ke abhyAsa ke pUrva kaThora lagatA hai, lekina vahI AcaraNa abhyAsa ke bAda usI vyakti ko sarala lagatA hai| jaina-sAdhu apane kezoM kA muNDana nahIM karavAte, varan apana hAthoM se ukhAr3ate haiN| navadIkSita sAdhu isameM pIr3A kA anubhava karate haiM, lekina 2-4 varSoM ke pazcAt dekhane meM AtA hai ki unheM kisI prakAra kI pIr3A kA anubhava nahIM hotaa| ve ha~sate-ha~sate kezaluMcana kara lete haiN| sAmAnya vyakti ke lie eka samaya kA bhojana chor3a denA kaThina mAlUma hotA hai, lekina aise loga bhI dekhane meM Ate haiM, jo 8-10 dina taka nirAhAra aura nirjala rahakara bhI jIvana ke sAmAnya kramoM kA yathAvat sampAdana karate haiN| kaThoratA kA mApadaMDa sthira nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, vaha to vyakti ke sAhasa, abhyAsa aura kSamatA para nirbhara hai| jo loga jainAcAra-vidhi ko atyanta kaThora batAte haiM, unakA mApadaMDa apanA hai| ve abhyAsa yA AtmasAhasa kI hInatA meM aisA samajha baiThe haiN| ve svayaM ko usa paristhiti meM rakhane ke bAda vicAra kareM, to unheM kaThina nahIM lgegaa| ___ jainAcAra-vidhi meM zramaNa ke sAmAnya AcaraNAtmaka-siddhAntoM para kie jAne vAle AkSepoM meM prathama AkSepa usakI nivRttiparakatA para kiyA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ne isa vairAgyavAdI-dhAraNA kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai| use vyakti kI sAMsArika-paristhitiyoM se samAyojita karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva mAnA hai| unakI dRSTi meM nivRttiparaka AcAravyavasthA eka prakAra kI nairAzyavAdI-mAnyatA hai, jo vyakti ke sAhasa ko kuMThita karatI hai| ise mAnava-jAti ke vikAsa ke hetu ghAtaka mAnA gayA hai aura palAyanavAdI manovRtti kahakara isakI AlocanA kI gaI hai| isa AkSepa ke uttara ke pUrva hameM nivRtti ke vAstavika rUpa ko jAnanA hogaa| nivRtta kA artha hai-azubha, pApakArI yA hiMsaka kAryoM se dUra honA / jaina hI kyoM, kisI bhI nivRttiparaka AcAra-vyavasthA ne kabhI zubha, ahiMsaka, paropakArI kAryoM kA niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| nivRtti kA artha saMsAra se yA samAja se palAyana nahIM hai| sAmAnya vicAraka ko vaha saMsAra se palAyana isalie dikhAI detA hai ki isa jagat meM pravRtti ke nAma para jo svArtha evaM svahita kI dhAraNA aura hiMsaka-AcaraNa kA varcasva hai, sAdhaka usase apane ko dUra kara

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422 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana letA hai| dUsare, nivRttiparaka-AcaraNa sAdhaka kI sAmaMjasya-kSamatA ke abhAva kA paricAyaka nahIM hai, varan sAdhaka svayaM use karanA nahIM cAhatA hai, kyoMki vaha use vikAsa kI sahI dizA nahIM maantaa| ___ise nirAzAvAditA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki sAdhaka carama lakSya ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai, sAtha hI pUrNatA prApti kA yaha lakSya sahaja prApya nahIM hai, ataeva aise mArga ke pathika meM sAhasa kA abhAva nahIM ho sakatA, varan usake hRdaya meM to sAhasa kA sAgara hiloreM mAratA hai| vairAgyavAdI-dhAraNA ko sAmAjika-hita meM ghAtaka mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM, kyoMki prathama to, vairAgya kA lakSya Atma-vikAsa ke sAtha hI jana-kalyANa bhI rahatA hai| sAdhaka kA eka kAma yaha bhI hai ki vaha sAdhanA ke dvArA jisa satya ko prApta kare, use usa samAja ko bhI batAe jisake dvArA apanI zArIrika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatA hai| jaina-sAdhu ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha logoM ko sanmArga btaae| samAja meM naitika-vyavasthA banAe rakhane ke lie ye sAdhaka praharI aura preraNAsUtra hote haiM, jo samAja se alpatama lekara naitika-mUlyoM ko jIvita rakhate haiN| isa prakAra, zramaNasAdhaka samAja-hita ke ghAtaka nahIM haiM, varan ve samAja-vyavasthA meM eka mahatvapUrNa sevA arpita karate haiN| ve samAja ke sAmane kaThora yAtanAe~ sahakara karttavyacyuta nahIM hote hue apanA jIvana vyatIta karate haiN| unakA jIvana 'sAdA jIvana, ucca vicAra' kA pratIka bana, samAja ke prANiyoM meM sadbhAvanA-sahayoga aura paropakAra kI vRtti jAgrata karatA hai, ve logoM ko svArtha ke lie jInA nahIM sikhAte, varan sva-para kalyANa kA mArga prazasta karate haiN| ____ yadi hama samAja meM naitika-vyavasthA cAhate haiM, sadguNoM kA vikAsa cAhate haiM, Apasa meM chInA-jhapaTI samApta karanA cAhate haiM, to ina nivRttiparaka-jIvana bitAne vAle sAdhakoM ke mahatva ko samajhanA hogaa| ___ loga nivRttiparaka-jIvana jIne vAle sAdhakoM ko samAja para bhAra samajhate haiN| unheM sAmAjika-zrama kA zoSaka kahA jAtA hai| una logoM ko chor3akara, jo kevala sAdhuvRtti ke nAma para peTa pAlate haiM, sacce sAdhu yA sAdhaka ko samAja ke zrama kA zoSaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| hama aparAdhoM ke rokane, yAdhana-sampatti kI surakSA ke lie karor3oM rupae vyaya karate haiM, pulisa, caukIdAra aura bar3e-bar3e nyAyAdhIza rakhate haiM, unheM sAmAjika-zrama kAzoSaka nahIM kahA jAtA, lekina jo roTI kA Tukar3A aura kapar3A lekara samAja meM sadguNoM ke vikAsa ke lie prayAsa kare, upadeza de, logoM ko anaitika-AcaraNa se vimukha rakhe aura svayaM ke AcaraNa se Adarza upasthita kare, use hama sAmAjika-zrama kA zoSaka kaheM, yaha bAta buddhigamya nahIM lgtii| yaha sabase bar3I mUrkhatA hai ki hama sadAcAra ke vRkSa ko lagAne

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zramaNa-dharma 423 vAle kI apekSA durAcAra kI ghAsakhodane vAle ko adhika mahatva dete haiM, jisakA pariNAma sthAI nahIM hai| sAmAjika-vikAsa ke lie sabhI sadasyoM kA sahayoga apekSita hotA hai| yahI nahIM, varan samAja ke pratyeka sadasya kA karttavya bhI hotA hai ki vaha sAmAjika-vikAsa meM apanA bhAga adA kare, kintu zramaNa-varga samAja ke vikAsa meM apanA yogadAna nahIM detA hai aura sAmAjika-vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai| isa AkSepa kA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki hama kevala bhautika-vikAsa ko hI vikAsa mAna lete haiM aura naitika aura AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ko bhala jAte haiN| bhautika-vikAsa sAmAjika-vikAsakA eka aMgaho sakatA hai, lekina vaha pUrNa sAmAjika-vikAsa nahIM hai| dUsare, bhautika-vikAsa ko naitika aura sAmAjikavikAsa se adhika mUlyavAn bhI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aisI sthiti meM jaina sAdhu-varga, jo naitika aura AdhyAtmika-vikAsa meM sahayoga detA hai, sAmAjika-vikAsa kA bAdhaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAra-darzana meM zramaNa-saMsthA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-jIvana meM naitikatA kI praharI hai| usake mUlya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha grantha1. bRhadkalpasUtra, 1139 2. suttanipAta, 12/14-15 3. gItA, 5/2 4. uttarAdhyayana 25/32 5. anuyogadvAra upakramAdhikAra 1, 3 6. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/16/2-uddhRta zramaNasUtra pR. 54-57 7. dhammapada, 264-265 8. vahI, 183 9. putraiSaNA vittaiSaNA lokaiSaNA mayA parityaktA mattaH sarvabhUtebhyo'bhayamastu - uddhRta nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR. 101 10. dekhie - hisTrI Apha jaina monAsijma, pR. 140; bhagavAn buddha, pR. 258 11. pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 107

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424 12. dharmasaMgraha 3/73-78 dekhie bolasaMgraha bhAga 5, pR. 158-161 13. buddhijma, pR. 76-77 14. dekhie buddhijma - pR. 77, vinayapiTaka mahAvagga, 1, 54 15. yatidharma saMgraha, pR. 5-6, dekhie - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 498, bhAga 1 16. mAinara upaniSadAja, khaNDa 1, pR. 136-137, dekhie - jaina ethiksa, pR. 149 17. vizeSAvazyaka bhASyavRti, 7 - sUtra, 5/3/445 18. sthAnAMga - 19. mahAbhArata anuparva, 141/89 20. tulanIya - zramaNabhUta pratimA 21. mUlAcAra, 1/2 -3; tattvArtha, 22. dekhie - bolasaMgraha, bhAga 6, pR. 228 9/48 23. samavAyAMga, 27/1 24. dazavaikAlika, 6/10 25. vahI, 8/3-13 26. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/15/179 27. dekhie, nizIthacUrNi, 289 bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 28. vahI, 3988 29. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 91 30. dazavaikAlikasUtra, 7/1-4, 6-11, 14, 15 31. vahI, 6/12, 13 32. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/2 33. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/3/2, 1/3/3 34. vahI, 2/15/179 35. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/1/3/3/129, dekhie AcArAMgaTIkA, 2/1/3/3/129 36. nizIthacUrNi, 322 37. bRhadkalpabhASya, 2882 38. dazavaikAlika, 6/14 39. mUlAcAra, 5/290 40. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 103

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zramaNa-dharma 41. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 3 42. dazavaikAlika, 6/14-15 43. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/15/179 44. dekhie - praznavyAkaraNa, 8 45. vyavahArasUtra, 8 / 11 46. uttarAdhyayana, 16/16 47. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 9 48. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 1-10 49. mUlAcAra, 10/105-106 50. tattvArthasUtra, 7/7 51. uttarAdhyayana; 16/14 52. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/15/179 53. bRhadUkalpasUtra, 6/7-12 54. vyavahArasUtra, 5/21 55. bRhadUkalpasUtra, 6/3 56. dazavaikAlika, 4/5 57. dazavaikAlika, 6/19 58. dazavaikAlika, 6/21, puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 111 59. tattvArthasUtra, 7/16 60. zramaNasUtra, pR. 50 61. bRhadkalpa, 1/831 dekhie bolasaMgraha, bhAga 5, pR. 33 62. mUlAcAra, 1/14 63. AcArAMga, 1/2/5/90 64. dekhie - AcArAMga, 2/5/1/141, 2/6/1/152 65. dekhie - bolasaMgraha, bhAga 5, pR. 28-29, praznavyAkaraNa, 10 66. bRhadkalpabhASya, khaNDa 3, 288-92, hisTrI Apha jaina monAzijma, pR. 269-277 67. vyavahArasUtra, 8/15 68. nizIthamASya, 394 425

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426 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 69. dazavaikAlika, 6/23-24, 4/6 70. vahI, 6/23-26 71. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 132 72. vinayapiTaka mahAvagga, 1/56 73. suttanipAta, 37/27 74. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga 1/78/2 75. vinayapiTaka, pAtimokkha parAjikadhamma, 2 76. saMyuttanikAya, 9/14 77. vinayapiTaka, pAtimokkha saMghAdisesadhamma, 2 78. dIghanikAya, 2/3 79. vinayapiTaka, pAtimokkha pAcitidhamma, 30 80. suttanipAta, 26/22 81. vahI, 53/7,9 82. majjhimanikAyaabhayarAja sutta 83. vinayapiTaka, pAtimokkha pAcittiyadhamma, 1-2 84. saMyuttanikAya, 42/1 85. majjhimanikAya-kITAgiri- sutta (70) 86. aMguttaranikAya, 3/103 87. uttarAdhyayana, 13/16-17 88. uttarAdhyayana, 16/9 89. saMyuttanikAya, 19/8 90. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/2/3/102 91. suttanipAta, 40/82, 39/4/5, 40/2 92. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga 1/56, cUlavagga 12/1, pAtimokkha-nisagga pAcittiya 18 93. vinayapiTaka - dekhie - buddhijma, pR. 81-82 94. dekhie - suttanipAta, 26/19/23, majjhimanikAya, 2/416 95. majjhimanikAya-jIvakasutta, 55 96. pAtaMjala yogasUtra - sAdhanapAda, 32 97. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, 9/19

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zramaNa-dharma 427 98. manusmRti, 6/47-48 99. dekhie dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 413 100. vahI, pR. 493 101. manusmRti, 6/53-54 102. manusmRti, 4/138 103. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 326/13 104. vahI, dekhie pAtaMjala yogapradIpa, pR. 377 105. manusmRti, 2/120 106. uttarAdhyayana, 24/1 107. vahI, 24/2 108. niyamasAra, 67 109. uttarAdhyayana, 24/23 110 niyamasAra, 68 111. uttarAdhyayana, 24/24-25 112. vahI, 24/26 113. niyamasAra, 69-70 114. suttanipAta, 4/3 115. sthAnAMga, 3/126 116. aMguttaranikAya, 3/118 117. vahI, 3/120 118. uddhRta dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 494, dakSasmRti, 7/27-31 119. uttarAdhyayana, 24/26 120. vahI, 24/2 121. uttarAdhyayana, 24/7 122. vahI, 24/8 123. vistRta vivecanA evaM pramANa ke lie dekhie - (a) AcArAMga, 2/3 (ba) dazavaikAlika, 5/3-6 (sa) mUlAcAra, 5/105-109 124. dekhie - AcArAMga , 2/4/133-140, dazavaikAlika, adhyayana, 7

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428 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 125. amaravANI, pR. 107 126. dazavaikAlika, 1/2 127. vahI, 1/4 128. vahI, 5/1/9, 16 129. vahI, 5/1/8 130. uttarAdhyayana, 26/12 131 dazavaikAlika, 5/1/1-2 132. uttarAdhyayana, 24/14 133. vahI, 24/15 134. AcArAMga, 2/10 135. uttarAdhyayana, 24/17-18 136. saMyuttanikAya, 34/5/1/7 137. vinayapiTaka, 8/4/4 138. suttanipAta, 37/32-35 139. vahIM, 26/11 140. dhammapada, 363 141. manusmRti, 6/40, dekhie, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 492, 494, mahAbhArata zAM. 9/19 142. manusmRti, 6/46 143. mahAbhArata zAM. 109/15-19 144. dekhie - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 492, mahAbhArata zAM. 9/21-24 145. dekhie- uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 32 146. dekhie - uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 32, AcArAMga, 2/15/1/180 147. sUtrakRtAMga, 12/8/1/16 148. uttarAdhyayana, 32/99 149. dhammapada, 360-361 150. saMyuttanikAya, 1/2/7 151. gItA, 2/61 152. vahI, 2/58

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zramaNa-dharma 429 153. vahI, 2/59, 64 154. dekhie - uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 2, samavAyAMga, 22/1 155. aMguttaranikAya, 3/49 156. suttanipAta, 54/10-12 157. saMyuttanikAya, 1/6/12 158. suttanipAta, 54/6 159. vahI, 54/6, 15 160. manusmRti, 6/23, 34, dekhie dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 485 161. manusmRti, 6/43, 46, dekhie dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 494 162. (a) bhagavatIArAdhanA, 423 (ba) mUlAcAra-samayasArAdhikAra 118 (sa) paMcAzaka 17/6-40 163. dekhie- uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 23, sUtrakRtAMga 2/16 164. vinayapiTaka - mahAvagga 1/2/6 165. vinayapiTaka-cUlavagga 10/1/2 166. buddhijma, pR. 77-78 167. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 494 168. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 237-241 169. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 491 170. samavAyAMgaTIkA, 21/2 171, samavAyAMga, 21/1 172. dazavaikAlika, 3/1-9 173. uttarAdhyayana, 26/2-7 174. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie-uttarAdhyayana, 26/8-53 175. uttarAdhyayana, 26/33 176. vahI, 26/35 177. dekhie piNDaniyukti - uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 478-481 178. vinayapiTaka - pAtimokkha, pAcittiya dhamma, 56 179. jaina siddhAnta bola saMgraha, bhAga 4, pR. 292-296

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430 180. bhagavAn buddha, pR. 168 169, vinayapiTaka cUlavagga, 10/1/2 181. bhagavAn buddha, pR. 170-171 182. dekhie vinayapiTaka - pAcittiya dhamma, 2 / 21-30 bhAratIya AcArara-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 183. nizIthasUtra meM AdhAra para - uddhRta jainAcAra, pR. 213-214 184. jaina AcAra, pR. 215. 185. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie vinayapiTaka - pAtimokkha ke niyama 186. dazavaikAlika, adhyayana 10 187. uttarAdhyayana, 15/1-16 188. gafauna, 12/1-13

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 431 17 jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama jaina-AcAradarzana meM AcaraNa ke kucha sAmAnya niyama aise haiM, jinakA pAlana karanA gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| ina niyamoM ko nimnalikhita upazIrSakoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. SaT Avazyaka-karma, 2. dasa dharmoM kA paripAlana, 3. dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva, 4. bAraha anuprekSAe~ (bhAvanAe~), 5. samAdhimaraNA SaTAvazyaka-karma ___ Avazyakazabdake aneka artha haiN| prathama, joavazya kiyA jAe, vaha Avazyaka dUsare, jo AdhyAtmika-sadaguNoM kA Azraya hai, vaha Avassaya (ApAzraya) hai' (saMskRta ke ApAzraya kA prAkRta rUpa bhI Avassaya hotA hai)| tIsare, jo AtmA ko durguNoM se haTAkara sadguNoM ke vazya (adhIna) karatA hai, use bhI Avazyaka kahate haiN| isI prakAra, jo AtmAko jJAnAdiguNoM se AvAsita, anuraMjita athavA AcchAdita karatA hai, use bhI Avazyaka kahA hai| (saMskRta ke AvAsaka' kA prAkRta rUpa bhI Avassaya bana jAtA hai)| anuyogadvArasUtra ke anusAra, SaT Avazyaka gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie Avazyaka mAne gae haiN| usameM Avazyaka ke nimna paryAyavAcI nAma bhI batAe gae haiM- (1) Avazyaka, (2) avazyakaraNIya, (3) dhruvanigraha (anAdi karmoM kA nigraha karane vAlA), (4) vizodhi (AtmA kI vizuddhi karane vAlA), (5) SaTka adhyayana-varga, (6) nyAya, (7) ArAdhanA aura (8) mArga (mokSa kA upaay)| __jainAgamoM meM Avazyaka-karma chaha mAne gae haiN| ve chaha Avazyaka-karma isa prakAra haiM- (1) sAmAyika, (2) stavana, (3) vandana, (4) pratikramaNa, (5) kAyotsarga aura (6) pratyAkhyAna (tyaag)| SaDAvazyakoM kA sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana ke lie kyA mahatva hai, isa viSaya meM paM. sukhalAlajI kahate haiM - jina tattvoM ke hone se hI manuSya kA jIvana anya prANiyoM ke jIvana se ucca samajhA jA sakatA hai aura anta meM vikAsa kI parAkASThA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai, vetattvaye haiM- (1) samabhAva, arthAt zuddha zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra kA sammizraNa, (2) jIvana ko vizuddha banAne ke lie sarvopari jIvanavAle mahAtmAoM ko Adarza ke rUpa meM pasanda karake unakI ora sadA dRSTi rakhanA, (3) guNavAnoM kA bahumAna evaM vinaya karanA, (4) karttavya kI smRti tathA kartavya-pAlana meM hone vAlI galatiyoM kA avalokana karake niSkapaTa-bhAva se unakAsaMzodhana karanA aura punaH vaisI galatiyA~ na hoM, isake lie AtmAko jAgrata karanA, (5) dhyAna kA abhyAsa karake pratyeka vastu ke svarUpa ko yathArtha rIti se samajhane ke lie

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432 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana viveka-zakti kA vikAsa karanA aura (6) tyAga-- vRtti dvArA santoSa va sahanazIlatA bddh'aanaa| zAstra kahatA hai ki Avazyaka-kriyA AtmA ko prApta bhAvazuddhi se girane nahIM detI, guNoM kI vRddhi ke lie tathA prApta guNoM se skhalita na hone ke lie Avazyaka-kriyA kA AcaraNa atyanta upayogI hai|' sAmAyika (samatA) sAmAyikasamatvavRtti kI sAdhanA hai| jainAcAradarzana meM samatva kI sAdhanA naitikajIvana kA anivArya tattva hai| vaha naitika-sAdhanA kA atha aura iti-donoM hai| samatvasAdhanA ke do pakSa haiM, bAhya-rUpa meM vaha sAvadha (hiMsA) pravRttiyoM kA tyAga hai, to Antarika-rUpa meM vaha sabhI prANiyoM ke prati AtmabhAva (sarvatra Atmavat pravRtti) tathA sukhaduHkha, jIvana-maraNa, lAbha-alAbha, nindA-prazaMsA meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, "lekina donoM pakSoM se bhI Upara vaha vizuddha rUpa meM AtmaramaNa yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA prayatna hai| samakA artha-AtmabhAva (ekIbhAva) aura aya kA artha hai-gamana / jisake dvArA para-pariNati (bAhyamukhatA) se Atma-pariNati (antarmukhatA) kI ora jAyA jAtA hai, vahI sAmAyika hai|" sAmAyika samabhAva meM hai, vaha rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM meM madhyasthatA rakhanA hai| mAdhyasthavRtti hI sAmAyika hai / sAmAyika koI rUr3ha kriyA nahIM, vaha to samatvavRttirUpa pAvana Atma-gaMgA meM avagAhana hai,jo samagra rAga-dveSajanya kaluSa ko AtmA se alaga kara mAnava ko vizuddha banAtI hai| saMkSepa meM, sAmAyika eka ora cittavRtti kA samatva hai, to dUsarI ora paap-virti| samatva-vRtti kI yaha sAdhanA sabhI varga,sabhI jAti aura sabhI dharma vAle kara sakate haiN| kisI vezabhUSA aura dharma-vizeSa se usakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM kahA hai, koI bhI manuSya, cAhe gRhastha ho yA zramaNa, jaina ho yA ajaina, samatvavRtti kI ArAdhanA kara sakatA hai| vastutaH, jo samatvavRtti kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha jaina hI hai, cAhe vaha kisI jAti, varga yA dharma kA kyoM na ho| 13 eka AcArya kahate haiM ki cAhe zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA anya koI, jo bhI samatvavRtti kA AcaraNa karegA, vaha mokSa prApta karegA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| 14 bauddha-darzana meM bhI yaha samatva-vRtti svIkRta hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki saba pApoM ko nahIM karanA aura citta ko samatvavRtti meM sthApita karanA hI buddha kA upadeza hai| gItA ke anusAra, sabhI prANiyoM ke pratiAtmavat dRSTi, 1" sukha-duHkha, lauha-kaMcana, priyaapriya aura nindA-stuti, mAna-apamAna, zatru-mitra meM samabhAva aura sAvadha (Arambha) kA parityAga hI naitika-jIvana kA lakSaNa hai| 7 zrIkRSNa arjuna ko yahI upadeza dete haiM ki he arjuna! tU anukUla aura pratikUla, sabhI sthitiyoM meM samabhAva dhAraNa kr|

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 433 gRhastha-sAdhaka sAmAyika-vrata sImita samaya (48 minaTa) ke lie grahaNa karatA hai| Avazyaka kRtyoM meM isako sthAna dene kA prayojana yahI hai ki sAdhaka, cAhe vaha gRhastha ho yA zramaNa, sadaiva yaha smRti banAe rakhe ki vaha samatva-yoga kI sAdhanA ke lie sAdhanApatha meM prasthita huA hai| apane niSedhAtmaka-rUpa meM sAmAyika sAvadya-kAryoM arthAt pApakAryoM se virati hai, to apane vidhAyaka-rUpa meM vaha samatva-bhAva kI sAdhanA hai| stavana (bhakti) yaha dUsarA Avazyaka hai| jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra, pratyeka sAdhaka kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha naitika evaM sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana ke Adarza puruSa ke rUpa meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kre| jaina-sAdhanA meM stuti kA svarUpa bahuta kucha bhaktimArga kI japasAdhanA yA nAmasmaraNa se milatA hai| stuti athavA bhakti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka apane ahaMkAra kA nAza aura sadguNoM ke prati anurAga kI vRddhi karatA hai, phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisakI stuti kI jAtI hai, una Adarza puruSoM se kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi kI apekSA nahIM hotii| tIrthaMkara evaM siddhaparamAtmA kisI ko kucha nahIM de sakate, ve mAtra sAdhanA ke Adarza haiN| tIrthaMkara na to kisI ko saMsAra se pAra kara sakate haiM aura na kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hote haiM, phira bhI stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka unake guNoM ke prati apanI zraddhA ko sajIva banA letA hai| sAdhaka ke sAmane unakA mahAn Adarza jIvanta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| sAdhaka bhI apane hRdaya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke Adarza kA smaraNa karatA huA AtmA meM eka AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI bhAvanA prakaTa karatA hai| vaha vicAra karatA hai ki Atmatattva ke rUpa meM merI AtmA aura tIrthaMkaroM kI AtmA samAna hI hai, yadi maiM svayaM prayatna karUM, to unake samAna hI bana sakatA hU~ / mujhe apane puruSArtha se unake samAna banane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaina tIrthaMkara gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna yaha udghoSaNA nahIM karate ki tuma merI bhakti karo, maiM tumheM saba pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, yadyapi mahAvIra ne sUtrakRtAMgameM yaha kahA hai ki maiM bhaya se rakSA karane vAlA huuN| buddha ne bhI majjhimanikAya meM kahA hai ki jo mujhe dekhatA hai, vaha dharma ko dekhatA hai, 21 phira bhI jaina aura bauddha-mAnyatA to yaha hai ki vyakti apane hI prayatnoM se AdhyAtmika-utthAna yA patana kara sakatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake, kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA jaina-vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sarvathA nirarthaka hai| aisI vivekazUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnavajAti ko saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai| jaba manuSya kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna hokara use pApase ubAra legA, to aisI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM ko gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM kI yaha spaSTa

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434 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAnyatA hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karane se mokSa evaM samAdhi kI prApti nahIM hotI, jaba taka ki munaSya svayaM usake lie prayAsa na kre| jaina-vicAra ke anusAra, tIrthaMkara to sAdhanA-mArga ke prakAzastambha haiN| jisa prakAra gati karanA jahAja kA kArya hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA sAdhaka kA kArya hai| jaise prakAza-stambha kI upasthiti meM bhIjahAja samudra meM binA gati ke usa pAra nahIM pahu~catA, vaise hI kevala nAma-smaraNa yA bhakti sAdhaka ko nirvANa-lAbha nahIM karA sakatI, jaba taka ki usake lie samyaka prayatna na ho| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne bhI viSNupurANa evaM bAibila ke AdhAra para isa kathana kI puSTi kI hai| viSNupurANa meM kahA hai ki jo loga apane kartavya ko chor3a baiThate haiM aura kevala kRSNa-kRSNa' kahakara bhagavAn kA nAma japate haiM, ve vastutaH bhagavAn ke zatru haiM aura pApI haiM, kyoMkidharma kI rakSA ke lie to svayaM bhagavAn ne bhI janma liyA thaa| bAibila meM bhI kahA hai ki vaha hara koI, jo IsA-IsA' pukAratA hai, svarga ke rAjya meM praveza nahIM pAegA, apitu vaha pAegA, jo paramapitA kI icchA ke anusAra kAma karatA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki eka merA nAma smaraNa karatA hai aura dUsarA merI AjJAoM kA pAlana karatA hai, unameM jo merI AjJAoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, vahI yathArthataH merI upAsanA karatA hai| buddha bhI kahate haiM ki jo dharma ko dekhatA hai, vahI mujhe dekhatA hai| 25 phira bhI, hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-paramparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmasvarUpa kA bodha yA sAkSAtkAra hai, apane meM nihita paramAtmA-zakti ko abhivyakta karanA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki samyakjJAna aura AcaraNa se yukta ho nirvANAbhimukha honA hI gRhastha aura zramaNa kI vAstavika bhakti hai| mukti ko prApta puruSoM ke guNoM kA kIrtana karanA vyAvahArika-bhakti hai| vAstavika bhakti to AtmA ko mokSapatha meM yojita karanA hai, jo rAga-dveSa evaM sarva vikalpoM kA parihAra karake vizuddha Atmatattva se yojita honA hai, yahI vAstavika bhakti- yoga hai| RSabha Adi sabhI tIrthaMkara isI bhakti ke dvArA paramapada ko prApta hue haiN| 26 isa prakAra, bhakti yA stavana mUlataH Atmabodha hai, vaha apanA hI kIrtana aura stavana hai| jaina-darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate haiM- 27 aja-kula-gata kezarI lahere, nija padasihAnahAla tima prabhu bhaktibhavIlahere, Atamazakti sNbhaal|| jisa prakAra aja-kula meM pAlita siMhazAvaka vAstavika siMhake darzana se apane

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 435 prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka tIrthaMkaroM ke guNakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kI zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara letA hai, lekina usakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM bhagavAn kI stuti nirarthaka hai| jaina-sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA bhI banatI hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti ke mAdhyama se manuSya apanA AdhyAtmikavikAsa kara sakatA hai| yadyapi prayatna vyakti kA hI hotA hai, tathApi sAdhanA ke Adarza una mahApuruSoM kA jIvana usakI preraNA kA nimitta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki stavanase vyakti kI darzana-vizuddhi hotI hai| 28 yaha bhI kahA hai ki bhagavadbhakti ke phalasvarUpa pUrvasaMcita karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai| yadyapi isakA kAraNa paramAtmA kI kRpA nahIM, varan vyakti ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi hI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa bAta ko bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn ke nAma-smaraNa se pApoM kA puMja naSTa hotA hai| AcArya vinayacandra bhagavAn kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM- 30 pApa-parAlako puMjavaNyoati, mAno merUAkAro te tuma nAma hutAzana setI, sahajahI prajalata saaro|| jaina-vicAra meM stuti ke do rUpa mAne gae haiM- 1. dravya aura 2.bhAva / sAtvika vastuoM dvArA tIrthaMkara kI pratimA kI pUjA karanA dravyastava hai aura bhagavAn ke guNoM kA smaraNa karanA bhAvastava hai| jainoM ke amUrtipUjaka-sampradAya dravyastava ke mahatva ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| dravyastava ke pIche mUlataH yahI bhAvanA rahI hogI ki usake mAdhyama se manuSya mamatva kA tyAga kre| vastuoM athavA saMgraha ke mamatva kA tyAga kara denA hI dravyapUjA kA prayojana hai| dravyapUjA kevala gRhastha-upAsakoM ke lie hai| kyoMki sAdhu ko na to mamatva hotA hai aura na usake pAsa koI saMgraha hotA hai, ataH usake lie bhAvastava hI mukhya mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH,stavana kA mUlya Adarzako upalabdha karane vAle mahApuruSoM kI jIvanagAthA ke smaraNa ke dvArA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM prareNA prApta karanA hai| AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM - na pUjayArthastvayi vItarAge na nindayA nAtha vivAnta vaire| tathApite puNyaguNasmRtirnaH punAtu ceto duritaaNjnebhyH|| - svayambhUstotra he nAtha! Apa to vItarAga haiN| Apako apanI pUjA se koI prayojana nahIM hai| Apa na pUjA karane vAloM se khuza hote haiM aura na nindA karane vAloM se nAkhuza, kyoMki Apane to

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436 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vaira kA pUrI taraha vamana kara diyA hai, to bhI yaha nizcita hai ki Apake pavitra guNoM kA smaraNa hamAre citta ko pAparUpa kalaMkoM se haTAkara pavitra banA detA hai| 3. vandana yaha tIsarA Avazyaka vandana hai| sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkara deva kI upAsanA ke pazcAt sAdhanAmArga ke patha-pradarzaka guru kI vinaya karanA vandana hai| vandana mana, vacana aura kAyA kA vaha prazasta vyApAra hai, jisase patha-pradarzaka guru evaM viziSTa sAdhanArata sAdhakoM ke prati zraddhA aura Adara prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| isameM una vyaktiyoM ko praNAma kiyA jAtA hai, jo sAdhanA-patha para apekSAkRta Age bar3he hue haiN| vandana ke sambandha meM yaha bhI jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki vandana kise kiyA jAe ? AcArya bhadrabAhune spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki guNahIna evaM durAcArI avaMdya vyakti ko vandana karane se na to karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai, na kIrti hI, pratyut asaMyama aura durAcAra kA anumodana hone se karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| aisA vandana vyartha kA kAya-kleza hai| 31 AcArya ne yaha bhI nirdeza kiyA hai ki jo vyakti apane se zreSThajanoM dvArA vandana karAtA hai, vaha asaMyama meM vRddhi karake apanA adhaHpatana karatA hai| 32 jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, jo cAritra evaM guNoM se sampanna haiM, ve hI vandanIya haiN| dravya (bAhya) aura bhAva (AMtara)-donoM dRSTiyoM se zuddha saMyamI puruSa hI vandanIya hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra vahI sikkA grAhya hotA hai, jisakI dhAtu bhI zuddha ho aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka ho, usI prakAra dravya aura bhAva-donoM dRSTiyoM se zuddha vyakti hI vandana kA adhikArI hotA hai|3| vandana karane vAlAvyakti vinaya ke dvArA lokapriyatA prApta karatA hai| 34 bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra, vandana ke phalasvarUpa gurujanoM ke satsaMga kA lAbha hotA hai| satsaMga se zAstrazravaNa, zAstra-zravaNa se jJAna, jJAna se vijJAna aura phira kramazaH pratyAkhyAna, saMyama-anAsava, tapa, karmanAza, akriyA evaM anta meM siddhi kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai| vandana kA mUla uddezya hai-jIvana meM vinaya ko sthAna denaa| vinaya ko jina - zAsana kA mUla kahA gayA hai / sampUrNa saMgha-vyavasthA vinaya para AdhArita hai| avinIta na to saMgha-vyavasthA meM sahAyaka hotA hai aurana AtmakalyANahI kara sakatA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki jinazAsana kA mUla vinaya hai, vinIta hI saccA saMyamI hotA hai| jo vinayazIla nahIM hai, usakA kaisA tapa aura kaisA dharma ? dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra, jisa prakAra vRkSa ke mUla se skandha, skandhase zAkhAe~, zAkhAoM se prazAkhAe~ aura phira krama se patra, puSpa, phala evaM rasa utpanna hote haiM, usI prakAra dharmavRkSa kA mUla vinaya hai aura usakA antima phala evaM rasa mokSa hai|" zramaNa-sAdhakoM meM dIkSAparyAya ke AdhAra para vandana kiyA jAtA hai, sabhI pUrva-dIkSita sAdhaka vandanIya hote haiN| jaina aura bauddha-donoM paramparAoM

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 437 meM zramaNa jIvana kI variSThatA aura kaniSThatA hI vandana kA pramukha AdhAra hai, yadyapi donoM paramparAoM meM dIkSA yA upasampadA kI dRSTi se variSTha zramaNI ko bhI kaniSTha yA navadIkSita zramaNa ko vaMdana karane kA vidhAna hai| gRhastha-sAdhakoM ke lie sabhI zramaNa, zramaNI tathA Ayu meM bar3e gRhastha vaMdanIya haiN| vandana ke sambandha meM buddha-vacana hai ki puNya kI abhilASA karatA huA vyakti varSa bhara jo kucha yajJa va havana loka meM karatA hai, usakA phala puNyAtmAoM ke abhivAdana ke phala kA cauthA bhAga bhI nahIM hotA, ataH saralavRtti mahAtmAoM ko abhivAdana karanA hI adhika zreyaskara hai| sadA vRddhoM kI sevA karane vAle aura abhivAdanazIla puruSa kI cAra vastue~ vRddhi ko prApta hotI haiM - Ayu, saundarya, sukha tathA bl| dhammapada kA yaha zloka kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha manusmRti meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| usameM kahA hai ki abhivAdanazIla aura vRddhoM kI sevA karanevAle vyakti kI Ayu, vidyA, kIrti aura bala-ye cAroM bAteM sadaiva bar3hatI rahatI haiN| 40 gItA bhI vandana (praNAma) ko sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAnatI hai, tabhI to gItAzAstra ke anta meM mAM namaskuru (18/65)' kahakara zrIkRSNa ne vaMdana kA nirdeza kiyA hai| bhAgavatapurANa ke anusAra, navadhA-bhakti meM vaMdana bhI bhakti kA eka prakAra hai|" vandana-kriyA ke sambandha meM jaina-AcAryoM ne kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM vandana ke 32 doSa varNita haiM 42 - 1. anAdRta, 2.stabdha, 3. praviddha, 4. paripiNDita, 5. Tolagati, 6. aMkuza, 7. kaccha-parigata, 8. matsyovRtta, 9. manasApradviSTa 10. vedikAbaddha, 11. bhaya, 12. bhajamAna, 13. maitrI, 14. gaurava, 15. kAraNa, 16. stainya, 17. pratyanIka, 18. ruSTa, 19. tarjita, 20. zaTha, 21. hIlita, 22. vipari-kuMcita, 23. dRSTAdRSTa, 24. zrRMga, 25. kara, 26. mocana, 27. AzliSTaanAzliSTa, 28.Una, 29. uttaracUr3A, 30. mUka, 31. DhaDDara, 32. cuddlii| vistArabhaya se inakI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| saMkSepa meM, itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vandana karate samaya svArthabhAva, AkAMkSA, bhaya aura anAdara kA bhAva honA, yogya sammAnasUcaka vacanoM kA samyak prakAra se uccAraNa nahIM karanA tathA zArIrika rUpa se sammAna-vidhi kA paripAlana nahIM karanA Adi vandana ke doSa haiN| uparyukta doSoM se rahita vandana ke lie nirdiSTa avasaroM para vaMdana karanA-yaha sAdhaka kA Avazyaka kartavya hai| 4. pratikramaNa ___ mana, vacana aura kAya se jo azubha AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA karAyA jAtA hai aura dUsare logoM ke dvArA Acarita pApAcaraNa kA jo anumodana kiyA jAtA hai, una sabakI nivRtti ke lie kRta pApoM kI AlocanA karanA pratikramaNa hai|

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438 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcArya hemacandra pratikramaNa kA nirvacana karate hue likhate haiM ki zubha yoga se azubhayoga kI ora gae hue apane-Apako punaH zubhayoga meM lauTAlAnA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya haribhadra ne pratikramaNa kI vyAkhyA meM ina tIna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai - (1) pramAdavaza svasthAna se parasthAna (svadharma se parasthAna, paradharma) meM gae hue sAdhaka kA punaH svasthAna para lauTa AnAyaha pratikramaNa hai| apramatta cetanA kA sva-cetanA-kendra meM sthita honA svasthAna hai, jabaki cetanA kA bahirmukha hokara para-vastu para kendrita honA para-sthAna hai| isa prakAra, bAhyadRSTi se antardRSTi kI ora AnA pratikramaNa hai| (2) kSayopazamika-bhAva se audayika-bhAva meM pariNata huA sAdhaka jaba punaH audayika-bhAva se kSayopazamika-bhAva meM lauTa AtA hai, to yaha bhI pratikUla gamana ke kAraNa pratikramaNa kahalAtA hai| (3) azubha AcaraNa se nivRtta hokara mokSaphaladAyaka zubha AcaraNa meM niHzulka bhAva se pravRtta honA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne pratikramaNa ke nimna paryAyavAcI nAma die haiM - (1) pratikramaNa- pApAcaraNa ke kSetra se pratigAmI hokara Atmazuddhi ke kSetra meM lauTa AnA, athavA parasthAna meM gae hue sAdhaka kA punaH svasthAna meM lauTa aanaa| (2) praticaraNa-hiMsA, asatya Adise nivRtta hokara ahiMsA, satya evaM saMyama ke kSetra meM agrasara honaa| (3) pariharaNa- saba prakAra se azubha pravRttiyoM evaMdurAcaraNoM kA tyAga krnaa| (4) vAraNa-niSiddha AcaraNa kI ora pravRtti nahIM krnaa| bauddha-dharma meM pratikramaNa ke samAna kI jAne vAlI kriyA ko pravAraNa kahA gayA hai| (5) nivRtti - azubha bhAvoM se nivRtta honaa| (6) nindA-gurujana, variSTha-jana athavA svayaM apanI hI AtmA kI sAkSI se pUrvakRta azubha AcaraNoM ko burA samajhanA tathA usake lie pazcAtApa krnaa| (7) garhA-azubha AcaraNa ko garhita samajhanA, usase ghRNA krnaa| (8) zuddhi-pratikramaNa AlocanA, nindA Adi ke dvArA AtmA para lage doSoM se AtmA ko zuddha banAtA hai, isalie use zuddhi kahA gayA hai| pratikramaNa kisakA-sthAnAMgasUtra meM ina chaha bAtoM ke pratikramaNa kA nirdeza hai - (1) uccAra-pratikramaNa-mala Adi kA visarjana karane ke bAda IryA (Ane-jAne meM huI jIvahiMsA) kA pratikramaNa karanA uccAra-pratikramaNa hai| (2) prazravaNa-pratikramaNa-pezAba karane ke bAda IryA kA pratikramaNa karanA prazravaNa-pratikramaNa hai| (3) itvara-pratikramaNa - svalpakAlIna pratikramaNa karanA itvara-pratikramaNa hai| (4) yAvatkathika-pratikramaNa-sampUrNa jIvana ke lie pApa se nivRtta honA yAvatkathika-pratikramaNa hai| (5) yatkiMcinmithyApratikramaNa-sAvadhAnIpUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karate hue bhI pramAda athavA asAvadhAnI se kisI bhI prakAra kA asaMyamarUpa AcaraNa ho jAne para tatkAla usa bhUla ko svIkAra kara lenA aura usake prati pazcAtApa karanA yatkiMcinmithyA-pratikramaNa hai| (6) svapnAMtika-pratikramaNavikAra-vAsanArUpa kusvapna dekhane para usake sambandha meM pazcAtApa karanA svapnAntika

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jaina- AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama pratikramaNa hai / yaha vivecanA pramukhataH sAdhuoM kI jIvanacaryA se sambandhita hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne jina-jina tathyoM kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie, isakA nirdeza Avazyakaniryukti meM kiyA hai| unake anusAra, (1) mithyAtva, (2) asaMyama, (3) kaSAya evaM (4) aprazasta kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika vyApAroM kA pratikramaNa karanA caahie| prakArAntara se AcArya ne nimna bAtoM kA pratikramaNa karanA bhI anivArya mAnA hai - (1) gRhastha evaM zramaNaupAsaka ke lie niSiddha kAryoM kA AcaraNa kara lene para, (2) jina kAryoM ke karane kA zAstra meM vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, una vihita kAryoM kA AcaraNa na karane para, (3) azraddhA evaM zaMkA upasthita ho jAne para aura (4) asamyak evaM asatya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karane para avazya pratikramaNa karanA caahie| jaina - paramparA ke anusAra, jinakA pratikramaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie, unakA saMkSipta vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai - 439 (a) 25 mithyAtvoM, 14 jJAnAticAroM aura 18 pApasthAnoM kA pratikramaNa sabhI ko karanA cAhie / (ba) paMca mahAvratoM, mana, vANI aura zarIra ke asaMyama tathA gamana, bhASaNa, yAcanA, grahaNa- nikSepa evaM malamUtra visarjana Adi se sambandhita doSoM kA pratikramaNa zramaNasAdhakoM ko karanA caahie| (sa) pAMca aNuvratoM, 3 guNavratoM, 4. zikSAvratoM meM lagane vAle 75 aticAroM kA pratikramaNa vratI - zrAvakoM ko karanA caahie| (da) saMlekhaNA ke pA~ca aticAroM kA pratikramaNa una sAdhakoM ke lie hai, jinhoMne saMlekhaNA - vrata grahaNa kiyA ho / zramaNa pratikramaNa - sUtra aura zrAvaka pratikramaNa - sUtra meM sambandhita sambhAvita doSoM kI vivecanA vistAra se kI gaI hai| isake pIche mUla dRSTi yaha hai ki unakA pATha karate hue Acarita sUkSmatama doSa bhI vicAra- patha se ojhala na hoM / pratikramaNa ke bheda - sAdhakoM ke AdhAra para pratikramaNa ke do bheda haiM- 1. zramaNa- pratikramaNa aura 2. zrAvaka - pratikramaNa / kAlika AdhAra para pratikramaNa ke pA~ca 1 bheda haiM - (1) daivasika - pratidina sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUre divasa meM Acarita pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA daivasika-pratikramaNa hai / (2) rAtrika- pratidina prAtaHkAla ke samaya sampUrNa rAtri ke Acarita pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA rAtrika-pratikramaNa hai| (3) pAkSika pakSAnta meM amAvasyA evaM pUrNimA ke dina sampUrNa pakSa meM Acarita pApoM kA vicAra kara unakI AlocanA karanA pAkSika-pratikramaNa -

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai / (4) cAturmAsika- kArtikI pUrNimA, phAlgunI pUrNimA evaM ASAr3hI pUrNimA ko cAra mahIne ke Acarita pApoM kA vicAra kara unakI AlocanA karanA cAturmAsika-pratikramaNa hai / (5) sAMvatsarika - pratyeka varSa saMvatsarI - mahAparva ke dina varSa bhara ke pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa hai| pratikramaNa aura mahAvIra pratikramaNa jaina AcAra-darzana kI eka mahatvapUrNa paramparA hai| mahAvIra kI sAdhanApraNAlI meM pratikramaNa nAmaka Avazyaka karma para atyadhika jora diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra kI dharma-dezanA sapratikramaNa-dharma kahI jAtI hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki pArzvanAtha kI paramparA maiM asaMyama athavA pApa kA AcaraNa hone para sAdhaka usakI AlocanA ke rUpa meM pratikramaNa kara letA thA, lekina mahAvIra ne sAdhakoM ke pramAda ko dRSTigata rakhate hue isa bAta para adhika bala diyA ki cAhe pApAcaraNa huA ho yA na huA ho, phira bhI niyamita rUpa se pratikramaNa karanA caahie| sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM satata jAgrati ke lie mahAvIra ne ise anivArya mAnA aura sAdhakoM ko yaha nirdeza diyA ki pratidina donoM saMdhyAoM meM, arthAt sUryAsta aura sUryodaya ke samaya apane sampUrNa AcAra-vyavahAra kA cintana kiyA jAe aura usameM lage hue doSoM kA Alocana kiyA jaae| zvetAmbara - paramparA meM jo pratikramaNa - vidhi samprati pracalita hai, usa para dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-praNAlI meM kyoM pratikramaNa - vidhi para bahuta jora diyA gayA hai ? isa vidhi ke anusAra, sAdhaka ko prathama dhyAna meM samagra AcaraNa kA parizIlana karanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt vaha grahaNa kie hue vratoM evaM unameM hone vAle sambhAvita doSoM (aticAroM) kA smaraNa karatA hai aura phira dUsare dhyAna meM unake AdhAra para apane AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa kara pratyAkhyAna ke dvArA unase nivRtta ho svasthAna para lauTa AtA hai| vartamAna paramparA meM dhyAna meM jo 'logassa' kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bahuta hI paravartI yuga kI ghaTanA hai| jaba dhyAna meM sAdhaka kA mana atyadhika caMcala rahane lagA hogA aura vaha apane AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa karane meM sakSama nahIM rahA hogA, to aisI sthiti meM AcAryoM ne 'logassa' kA pATha karane kA nirdeza diyA hogA / 440 bauddha paramparA aura pratikramaNa - tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA lagatA hai ki pratikramaNa kI paramparA nyUnAdhika rUpa meM sabhI paramparAoM meM rahI hai| bauddha-dharma meM pratikramaNa ke sthAna para pratikarma, pravAraNA aura pApa - dezanA nAma milate haiM / buddha kI dRSTi meM pApadezanA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / ve kahate haiM, khulA huA pApa lagA nahIM rahatA, arthAt pApAcaraNa kI AlocanA karane para vyakti pApa ke bhAra se halkA ho jAtA hai| 47 bauddha AcAra - darzana meM pravAraNA ke nAma se pAkSika-pratikramaNa kI paramparA svIkAra kI gaI hai| bodhicaryAvatAra meM to AcArya zAntideva

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 441 ne pApadezanA ke rUpa meM dina aura rAtri meM tIna-tIna bAra pratikramaNa kA nirdeza kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki tIna bAra rAta meM aura tIna bAra dina meM triskandha (pApadezanA, puNyAnumodanA aura bodhi-pariNAmanA) kI AvRtti karanI caahie| isase anajAna meM huI ApattiyoM kA usase zamana ho jAtA hai| 48 jaina-paramparA ke samAna bauddha-paramparA meM prakRti-sAvadya aura prajJapti-sAvadya kI pApadezanA batAI gaI hai| prakRti-sAvadya svabhAva se nindanIya, jaise-hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi aura prajJapti-sAvadha vrata grahaNa karane para usakA bhaMga karanA, jaise-vikAla bhojana, parigraha aadi| AcArya zAntideva kahate haiM - 'jo bhI prakRtisAvadha aura prajJaptisAvadha pApa mujha abodhamUr3ha ne kamAe, una sabakI dezanA, duHkha se ghabarAkara, maiM prabhuoM ke sAmane hAtha jor3a bArambAra praNAma kara, karatA huuN| he nAyakoM ! aparAdha ko aparAdha ke rUpa meM grahaNa kro| he prabhuoM! maiM yaha pApa phira na kruuNgaa|jain-prmpraa ke anusAra, 25 mithyAtva, 14 jJAnAticAra aura 18 pApasthAna kA AcaraNa athavA mUlaguNa kA bhaMga prakRti-sAvadha haiM, kyoMki inase darzana, jJAna aura cAritra-rUpa sAdhanA-mArga kA mUloccheda hotA hai| gRhastha aura zramaNa-jIvana ke gRhIta vratoM evaM pratijJAoM meM lagane vAle doSa yA skhalanAe~ prajJaptisAvadha haiN| bauddha AcAra-darzana meM pravAraNA ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke sAnnidhya meM hI honA caahie| jaina-paramparA meM bhI vartamAna meM sAmUhika pratikramaNa kI praNAlI dekhane meM AtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM pratikramaNa ke samaya AcAra-niyamoM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai aura niyamabhaMga yA doSAcaraNa ke lie pazcAtApa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| bauddha-paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM pravAraNA ke samaya variSTha bhikSu AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA pATha karatA hai aura pratyeka niyama ke pATha ke pazcAt upasthita bhikSuoM se isa bAta kI apekSA karatA hai ki jisa bhikSu ne usa niyama kA bhaMga kiyA ho, vaha saMgha ke samakSa use prakaTa kara de| jaina-paramparA meM Acarita doSoM ke prAyazcitta ke lie guru athavA gItArthamuni se nivedana to kiyA jAtA hai, lekina saMgha ke samakSa azubhAcaraNa ko prakaTa karane kI paramparA usameM nahIM hai| sambhavataH, saMgha ke samakSa doSoM ko prakaTa karane se dUsare logoM ke dvArA usakA galata rUpa meM phAyadA uThAne, athavA saMgha kI badanAmI kI sambhAvanA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI aisA kiyA gayA hogaa| jaina-paramparA saMgha kI apekSA kisI paripakva buddhi ke yoga-sAdhaka ke samakSa hI pApalocana kI anumati detI hai| jisake samakSa AlocanA kI jAe, vaha vyakti kaisA ho, isakA nirdeza bhI jaina-AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| vaidika tathA anya dharma-paramparAe~ aura pratikramaNa vaidika-paramparA meM saMdhyA-kRtya meM jisa yajurveda ke maMtra kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA

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442 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai, vaha bhI jaina pratikramaNa-vidhi kA eka saMkSipta rUpahI hai| saMdhyA ke saMkalpa-vAkya meM hI sAdhaka yaha saMkalpa karatA hai ki maiM Acarita pApoM ke kSaya ke lie paramezvara ke prati isa upAsanA ko sampanna karatA hU~ / yajurveda ke usa mantra kA mUla Azaya bhI yahI hai ki mere mana, vANI, zarIra se jo bhI durAcaraNa huA ho, usakA maiM visarjana karatA huuN| 50 pArasI-dharma meM bhI pApa-Alocana kI praNAlI svIkAra kI gaI hai| khoradehaavastA meM kahA gayA hai ki maiMne mana se jo bure vicAra kie, vANI se jo tuccha bhASaNa kiyA aura zarIra se jo halakA kAma kiyA, ityAdi prakAra se jo-jo gunAha kie, una sabake lie maiM pazcAtApa karatA huuN| abhimAna, garva, mare hue logoM kI nindA karanA, lobha, lAlaca, behada gussA, kisI kI bar3hatI dekhakara jalanA, kisI para burI nigAha karanA, svacchandatA, Alasya, kAnAphUsI, pavitratA kA bhaMga, jhUThI gavAhI, corI, lUTa-khasoTa, vyabhicAra, behada zauka karanA, ityAdi jo gunAha mujhase jAne-anajAne hue hoM aura jo gunAha sApha dila se maiMne prakaTa na kie hoM, una sabase maiM pavitra hokara alaga hotA huuN|1 IsAI-dharma meM bhI pApadezanA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| jemsa ne 'dhArmika-anubhUti kI vividhatAe~' nAmaka pustaka meM isakA vivecana kiyA hai| jaina, bauddha, vedAnta, khistIaura pArasI-dharma kI paramparAoM meM isa sambandha meM bahuta sAmya hai| 5. kAyotsarga kAyotsargazabda kA zAbdika-artha hai -zarIra kA utsarga karanA, lekina jIvita rahate hue zarIra kA tyAga sambhava nhiiN| yahA~ zarIra-tyAga kA artha hai-zArIrika-caMcalatA evaM dehAsakti kA tyaag| kisI sImita samaya ke lie zarIra ke Upara rahe hue mamatva kA parityAga kara zArIrika kriyAoM kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kAyotsarga hai| jaina sAdhanA meM kAyotsarga kA mahatva bahuta adhika hai| pratyeka anuSThAna ke pUrva kAyotsarga kI paramparA hai| vastutaH, dehAdhyAsa ko samApta karane ke lie kAyotsarga Avazyaka hai| kAyotsarga zarIra ke prati mamatva-bhAva ko kama karatA hai| pratidina jo kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ceSTA-kAyotsarga hai, arthAt usameM eka nizcita samaya ke lie samagra zArIrika-ceSTAoM kA nirodha kiyA jAtA hai evaM usa samaya meM zarIra para hone vAle upasargoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu Avazyakaniyukti meM zuddha kAyotsarga ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM ki cAhe koI bhaktibhAva se candana lagAe, cAhe koI dveSavaza basUle se chIle, cAhe jIvana rahe, cAhe usI kSaNa mRtyuAjAe, parantu jo sAdhaka deha meM Asakti nahIM rakhatA hai, ukta saba sthitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vastutaH, usI kA kAyotsarga zuddha hotA hai| dehavyutsarga ke binA dehAdhyAsa kA chUTanA saMbhava nahIM, jaba taka dehAdhyAsa yA deha-bhAva nahIM chUTatA, taba taka mukti bhI sambhava

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 443 nhiiN| isa prakAra, mukti ke lie dehAdhyAsa kA chUTanA Avazyaka hai aura dehAdhyAsa chor3ane ke lie kAyotsarga bhI Avazyaka hai| ___kAyotsarga kI mudrA - kAyotsarga tIna mudrAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. jinamudrA meM khar3e hokara, 2. padmAsana yA sukhAsana se baiThakara aura 3. lettkr| kAyotsarga kI avasthA meM zarIra ko zithila karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| kAyotsarga ke prakAra-jaina-paramparA meM kAyotsarga ke do prakAra haiM- 1. dravya aura 2. bhaav| dravya-kAyotsarga zArIrika ceSTA-nirodha hai aura bhAva-kAyotsarga dhyAna hai| isa AdhAra para jaina AcAryoM ne kAyotsarga kI eka caubhaMgI dI hai| 1. utthita-utthitakAya-ceSTA ke nirodha ke sAthadhyAna meM prazasta vicAra kA honaa| 2. utthita-niviSTakAyaceSTA kA nirodha to ho, lekina vicAra (dhyAna) aprazasta ho| 3. upaviSTa-utthita - zArIrika-ceSTAoM kA pUrI taraha nirodha nahIM ho pAtA ho, lekina vicAra-vizuddhi ho| 4. upaviSTa- niviSTa-na to vicAra (dhyAna) vizuddhi ho aura na zArIrika-ceSTAoM kA nirodha hI ho / inameM pahalA aura tIsarA prakAra hI AcaraNIya hai| kAyotsarga ke doSa - kAyotsarga samyak prakAra se sampanna karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki kAyotsarga ke doSoM se bacA jaae| pravacanasAroddhAra meM kAyotsarga ke 19 doSa varNita haiM - 1. ghoTaka-doSa, 2. latA-doSa, 3. staMbhakuDya-doSa, 4. mAla-doSa, 5. zabarI-doSa, 6. vadhU-doSa, 7. nigaDa-doSa, 8. lambottara-doSa, 9. stana-doSa, 10. urddhikA-doSa, 11. saMyatI-doSa, 12. khalIna-doSa, 13. vAyasa-doSa, 14. kapityadoSa, 15. zIrSotkampita-doSa, 16. mUka-doSa, 17. aMgulikA-bhrUdoSa, 18. vAruNIdoSa aura 19. prjnyaa-doss| ina doSoM kA sambandha zArIrika evaM Asanika-avasthAoM se hai| ina doSoM ke prati sAvadhAnI rakhate hue kAyotsarga karanA caahie| bauddha-paramparA meM kAyotsarga-bauddha-paramparA meM bhI deha-vyutsarga kI dhAraNA svIkRta hai| AcArya zAntirakSita kahate haiM ki saba dehadhAriyoM ko jaise sukha ho, vaise yaha zarIra maiMne (nichAvara) kara diyA hai| ve aba cAhe isakI hatyA kareM, nindA kareM, athavA isa para dhUla pheMke, cAhe kheleM, haMse aura vilAsa kreN| mujhe isakI kyA cintA? maiMne zarIra unheM dehI DAlA hai| vastutaH, kAyotsarga dhyAna-sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai|| gItA meM kAyotsarga-gItA meM kAyotsarga kI vidhidhyAna yoga kesandarbha meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki zuddhabhUmi meM kuzA, mRgachAlAaura vastra haiM, uparopari jisake aise apane Asana ko na ati U~cAaura na ati nIcA sthira sthApita karake kAyA, zira aura grIvA ko samAna aura acala dhAraNa kie hue dRr3ha hokara, apane nAsikA ke agrabhAga ko dekhakara anya dizAoM ko nadekhatA huA aura brahmacarya ke vrata meM sthira rahatA

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana huA bhayarahita tathA acchI prakAra zAnta antaHkaraNa vAlA aura sAvadhAna hokara mana ko vaza karake mere meM lage hue cittavAlA aura mere parAyaNa huA sthita hoe 155 kAyotsarga ke lAbha - AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kAyotsarga ke pA~ca lAbha batAe haiM 56 - ( 1 ) dehajADyazuddhi - zleSma Adi ke dvArA deha meM jar3atA AtI hai| kAyotsarga se zleSma Adi naSTa hote haiM, ataH unase utpanna honevAlI jar3atA bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai| (2) matijADyazuddhi - kAyotsarga meM mana kI pravRtti kendrita ho jAtI hai, usase bauddhika - jar3atA kSINa hotI hai / (3) sukha-duHkha - titikSA, (4) kAyotsarga meM sthita vyakti anuprekSAoM yA bhAvanAoM kA sthiratApUrvaka abhyAsa kara sakatA hai| (5) dhyAna - kAyotsarga meM zubha dhyAna IT abhyAsa sahaja ho jAtA hai| 444 kAyotsarga ke lAbha ke sandarbha meM zarIra zAstrIya dRSTikoNa - Adhunika zarIra - zAstra kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki kAyotsarga eka prakAra se zArIrikakriyAoM kI nivRtti hai / zarIra zAstra kI dRSTi se zarIra ko vizrAma denA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki zArIrika-pravRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa zarIra meM nimna vikRtiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM1. snAyuoM meM snAyu-zarkarA kama hotI hai| 2. lekTika esiDa snAyuoM meM jamA hotI hai| 3. lekTika esiDa kI vRddhi hone para uSNatA bar3hatI hai| 4. snAyu taMtra meM thakAna AtI hai| 5. rakta meM prANavAyu kI mAtrA kama hotI hai| kAyotsarga ke dvArA zArIrika kriyAoM meM zithilatA AtI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa zArIrika tattva, jo zrama ke kAraNa viSama sthiti meM ho jAte haiM, ve punaH sama sthiti meM A jAte haiN| (1) esiDa punaH snAyu-zarkarA meM parivartana hotA hai| (2) lekTika esiDa kA jamAva kama hotA hai| (3) lekTika esiDa kI kamI se uSNatA meM kamI hotI hai| (4) snAyutantra meM tAjagI AtI hai| (5) rakta meM prANavAyu kI mAtrA bar3hatI hai| mana, mastiSka aura zarIra meM gaharA sambandha hai| unake asamaMjasa se utpanna avasthA hI snAyavika - tanAva hai / mAnasika Avega usake mukhya kAraNa haiM / hama jaba dravyakriyA karate haiM, arthAt zarIra ko kisI dUsare kAma meM lagAte haiM aura mana kahIM dUsare ora bhaTakatA hai, taba snAyavika - tanAva bar3hatA hai| hama bhAva-kriyA karanA sIkha jAeM, zarIra aura mana ko sAtha-sAtha kAma meM saMlagna karane kA abhyAsa kara leM, to snAyavika - tanAva bar3hane kA avasara hI na mile| - jo loga isa snAyavika - tanAva ke zikAra hote haiM, ve zArIrika aura mAnasikasvAsthya se vaMcita rahate haiN| ve loga adhika bhAgyazAlI haiM, jo isa tanAva se mukta rahate haiM / kAyotsarga isI tanAva mukti kA prayAsa hai|" 6. pratyAkhyAna icchAoM ke nirodha ke lie pratyAkhyAna eka Avazyaka karttavya hai / pratyAkhyAna

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 445 kA artha hai-pravRtti ko maryAdita athavA sImita krnaa| 58 saMyamapUrNa jIvana ke lie tyAga Avazyaka hai, isa rUpa meM pratyAkhyAna kA artha tyAga bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| nitya karmoM meM pratyAkhyAna kA samAveza isalie kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka Atmazuddhi ke lie pratidina yathAzakti kisI na kisI prakAra kA tyAga karatA hai| niyamita tyAga karane se abhyAsa hotA hai, sAdhanA paripuSTa hotI hai aura jIvana meM anAsakti kA vikAsa aura tRSNA maMda hotI hai| dainika pratyAkhyAna meM sAmAnyatayA usa divasa-vizeSa ke lie kucha pratijJAe~ grahaNa kI jAtI haiM, jaise sUrya udaya ke pazcAt eka prahara athavA do prahara Adi taka kucha nahIM khAnA, yA sampUrNa divasa ke lie AhAra kA parityAga karanA, athavA kevala nIrasa yA rUkhA bhojana karanA aadi-aadi| pratyAkhyAna ke do rUpa haiM - 1. dravya-pratyAkhyAna - AhAra-sAmagrI, vastra-parigraha Adi bAhya-padArthoM meM se kucha ko chor3a denA dravya-pratyAkhyAna hai| 2. bhAva* pratyAkhyAna - rAga, dveSa, kaSAya Adiazubha mAnasika-vRttiyoM kA parityAga karanA bhAvapratyAkhyAna hai| pratyAkhyAna ke mUlaguNa-pratyAkhyAna aura uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna-aise do bheda bhI kie haiN| naitika-jIvana ke vikAsa meM mukhya vratoM kA grahaNa mUlaguNa-pratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna bhI sarva, arthAt pUrNarUpa meM pAlanIya aura deza, arthAt AMzika rUpa se pAlanIya hote haiN| isa AdhAra para cAra bhAga ho jAte haiM - 1. sarva mUlaguNapratyAkhyAna-zramaNa ke pA~ca mahAvratoM kI pratijJA, 2. deza mUlaguNa-pratyAkhyAna - gRhasthajIvana ke pA~ca aNuvratoM kI pratijJA , 3. sarva uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna- upavAsa Adi kI pratijJAe~, jo gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie haiM, 4. deza uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna - gRhastha ke guNavratoM evaM zikSAvratoM kI prtimaaeN| prakArAntara se bhagavatIsUtra meM pratyAkhyAna ke dasabheda varNita haiM - 1.anAgata - parva kI tapasAdhanA ko pUrva meM hI kara lenA, 2. atikrAnta - parva-tithi ke pazcAt parva-tithi kA tapa karanA, 3. koTi sahita- pUrva gRhIta niyama kI avadhi samApta hote hI binA vyavadhAna ke bhaviSya ke lie pratijJA grahaNa kara lenA; 4. niyaMtrita - vighna-bAdhAoM ke hone para pUrva saMkalpita vrata Adi kI pratijJA kara lenA ; 5.sAkAra (sApavAda), 6. nirAkAra (nirapavAda), 7. parimANa kRta (mAtrA sambandhI), 8. niravazeSa (pUrNa),9. sAMketika - saMketa-ciha se sambandhita, 10. addhA-pratyAkhyAna-samaya-vizeSa ke lie kiyA gayA prtyaakhyaan| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne pratyAkhyAna kA mahatva batAte hue kahA hai ki pratyAkhyAna karane se saMyama hotA hai| saMyama se Asrava kA nirodha hotA hai aura Amrava-nirodha se tRSNA kA kSaya hotA hai| " vastutaH, pratyAkhyAna amaryAdita jIvana ko maryAdita yAanuzAsita banAtA hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, Asrava evaM bandhana kA eka kAraNa avirati bhI kahA gayA hai| pratyAkhyAna avirati kA nirodha karatA hai| pratyAkhyAna tyAga ke saMbaMdha meM lI gaI pratijJA yA Atma

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446 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana nizcaya hai, jaba durAcaraNa se virata hone ke lie kevala use nahIM karanA, itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai, varan usake nahIM karane kA Atma-nizcaya bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina dharma kI mAnyatA ke anusAra, durAcaraNa nahIM karanevAlA vyakti bhI jaba taka durAcaraNa nahIM karane kI pratijJA nahIM letA, taba taka durAcaNa ke doSa se mukta nahIM hai| pratijJA ke abhAva meM mAtra paristhitigata vivazatAoM ke kAraNa jo durAcAra meM pravRtta nahIM hai, vaha vastutaH durAcaraNa ke doSa se mukta nahIM hai| vRddha vezyA ke pAsa koI nahIM jAtA, to itane mAtra se yaha vezyAvRtti se nivRtti nahIM mAnI jA sktii| kArAgAra meM par3A huA cora caurya-karma se nivRtta nahIM hai| pratyAkhyAna durAcAra se nivRtta hone ke lie kiyA jAnevAlA dRr3ha saMkalpa hai| usake abhAva meM naitika-jIvana meM pragati sambhava nahIM hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyAkhyAna-zuddhi ke lie pA~ca bAtoM kA vidhAna hai1. zraddhAna-zuddha, 2. vinaya - zuddha, 3. anubhASaNa-zuddha 4. anupAlana-zuddha aura 5. bhaav-shuddh| ina pA~coM kI upasthiti meM hI gRhIta pratijJAzuddha hotI hai aura naitika-pragati meM sahAyaka hotI hai| gItA meM tyAga- gItA meM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAna para tyAga ke sambandha meM kucha vivecana upalabdha hai| gItA meM tIna prakAra kAtyAga kahA gayA hai- 1. sAtvika, 2. rAjasa aura 3. taams| 1. tAmasa - niyama-karma kA tyAga karanA yogya nahIM hai, isalie moha se usakA tyAga karanA tAmasa-tyAga hai| 2. rAjasa - sabhI karma duHkharUpa haiM, aisA samajhakara zArIrika-kleza ke bhaya se karmoM kA tyAga karanA rAjasa-tyAga hai| 3.sAtvika-zAstra - vidhi se niyata kiyA huA karttavya-karma karate hue usameM Asakti aura phala kA tyAga kara denA sAtvika- tyAga hai| 61 isa prakAra, hamadekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM SaTAvazyakoM kA vivecana prakArAntara se varNita hai| dazavidhadharma (sadguNa) jaina-AcAryoM ne dasa prakAra ke karmoM (sadguNoM) kA varNana kiyA hai, jo ki gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se AcaraNIya haiM / AcArAMga, mUlAcAra, bArassaaNuvekkhA, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura tattvArtha ke sAtha-sAtha paravartI aneka granthoM meM bhI ina dharmoM kA varNana vistAra se upalabdha hotA hai| yahA~ dharma zabda kA artha sadguNa yA naitika-guNa hI abhipreta hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArAMga-sUtra meM ATha sAmAnya dharmoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jo dharma meM utthita, arthAt tatpara hai, unako aura jodharma meM utthita nahIM haiM, unako bhI nimna bAtoM kA upadeza denA cAhie - zAMti, virati (virakti), upazama, nivRtti, zauca (pavitratA), Arjava, mArdava aura lAghava isa prakAra, usameM inakI sAdhanA gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke

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jaina AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama lie apekSita hai| sthAnAMga 63 aura samavAyAMga 4 meM dasa zramaNa-dharmoM ke rUpa meM inhIM sadguNoM kA ullekha huA hai, yadyapi sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kI sUcI AcArAMga se thor3I bhinna hai / usameM dasa dharma haiM - kSAMti (kSamA), mukti, Arjava, mArdava, lAghava, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga aura brhmcryvaas| isa sUcI meM zauca kA abhAva hai| zAMti, virati, upazama aura nivRtti ke sthAna para nAmAntara se kSAMti, mukti, saMyama aura tyAga kA ullekha huA hai, jabaki satya, tyAga aura brahmacaryavAsa isa sUcI meM nae haiN| bArassa-3 - anuvekkhA evaM tattvArtha meM bhI zramaNAcAra ke prasaMga meM hI dasa dharmoM kA ullekha huA hai| tattvArtha kI sUcI meM lAghava ke sthAna para AkiMcanya kA ullekha huA hai, yadyapi donoM kA artha samAna hI hai| dUsare, tattvArtha meM mukti sthAna para zauca kA ullekha huA hai| ina donoM meM artha-bheda bhI hai| cAhe ina dharmoM (sadguNoM) kA ullekha zramaNAcAra ke prasaMga meM hI adhika huA hai, kintu AcArAMga ( 1/6/ 5) aura padmanandIkRta paMcaviMzatikA (6/59) ke anusAra inakA pAlana gRhastha aura zramaNa- donoM ke lie apekSita hai| inake krama aura nAmoM ko lekara jaina AcAra-granthoM meM thor3A-bahuta matabheda pAyA jAtA hai, phira bhI inakI mUla bhAvanA meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai / prastuta vivecana tattvArtha ke AdhAra para kara rahe haiN| tattvArtha meM nimna dasa dharmoM kA ullekha hai 5 - (1) kSamA, (2) mArdava, (3) Arjava, (4) zauca, (5) satya, (6) saMyama, ( 7 ) tapa, (8) tyAga, (9) akiMcanatA aura (10) brahmacarya / 1. kSamA - 447 66 kSamA prathama dharma hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra krodha prIti kA vinAzaka hai| krodha- - kaSAya ke upazamana ke lie kSamA-dharma kA vidhAna hai| kSamA ke dvArA hI krodha para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 7 jaina- paramparA meM aparAdhI ko kSamA karanA aura svayaM ke aparAdhoM ke lie, jisake prati aparAdha kiyA gayA hai, usase kSamA-yAcanA karanA sAdhaka kA parama kartavya hai| jaina-sAdhaka kA pratidina yaha udghoSa hotA hai ki maiM sabhI prANiyoM ko kSamA karatA hU~ aura sabhI prANI mere aparAdhoM ke lie mujhe kSamA kreN| sabhI prANiyoM se merI mitratA hai, kisI se merA vaira nahIM hai| " mahAvIra kA zramaNa-sAdhakoM ke lie yaha Adeza thA ki sAdhuoM ! yadi tumhAre dvArA kisI kA aparAdha ho gayA hai, to sabase pahale kSamA mA~go / jaba taka kSamAyAcanA na kara lo, bhojana mata karo, svAdhyAya mata karo, zaucAdi karma bhI mata karo, yahA~ taka ki apane mu~ha kA thUka bhI gale se nIce mata utaaro| apane pradhAna ziSya gautama hue AhAra ko rakhavAkara pahale Ananda zrAvaka se kSamA-yAcanA ke lie bhejanA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM kSamA- -dharma kA kitanA adhika mahatva thA / " jaina - paramparA ke anusAra, pratyeka sAdhaka ko prAtaH kAla evaM sAyaMkAla, pakSAnta meM, cAturmAsa ke anta meM aura saMvatsarI - parva para sabhI prANiyoM se kSamA-yAcanA karanI hotI hai| jaina

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448 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcAra-darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki yadi zramaNa-sAdhaka pakSAnta taka apane krodha ko zAnta kara kSamAyAcanA nahIM kara letA hai, to usakA zramaNatva samApta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, gRhasthaupAsaka yadi cAra mahIne se adhika apane hRdaya meM krodha ke bhAva banAe rakhatA hai aura jisake prati aparAdha kiyA hai, usase kSamA yAcanA nahIM karatA, to vaha gRhastha-dharma kA adhikArI nahIM raha pAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jo vyakti eka varSa se adhika taka apane krodha kI tIvratA ko banAe rakhatA hai aura kSamAyAcanA nahIM karatA, vaha samyak - zraddhA kA adhikArI bhI nahIM hotA hai aura isa prakAra, jainatva se bhI cyuta ho jAtA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM kSamA-bauddha-paramparA meM bhI kSamA kA mahatva nirvivAda hai| kahA gayA hai ki Arya vinaya ke anusAra isase unnati hotI hai, jo apane aparAdha ko svIkAra karatA hai aura bhaviSya meM saMyata rahatA hai| saMyuttanikAya meM kahA hai kikSamA se bar3hakara anya kucha nahIM hai| 71 kSamA hI parama tapa hai| 2 AcArya zAntirakSita ne kSAnti pAramitA (kSamAdharma) kA savistAra sajIva vivecana kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM-dveSa ke samAna pApa nahIM hai aura kSamA ke samAna tapa nahIM hai, isalie vividha prakAra ke yatnoM se kSamA-bhAvanA karanI caahie| vaidika-paramparA meM kSamA-vaidika-paramparA meM bhI kSamA kA mahatva mAnA gayA hai / manu ne dasadharmoM meM kSamA ko dharma mAnA hai| gItA meM kSamA ko daivI-sampadA evaM bhagavAn kI hI eka vRtti kahA gayA hai| 4 mahAbhArata ke udyoga-parva meM kSamA ke sambandha meM vistRta vivecana hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki kSamA asamartha manuSyoM kA guNa hai tathA samartha manuSyoM kA bhUSaNa hai| he rAjan ! ye do prakAra ke puruSa svarga ke bhI Upara sthAna pAte haiM - eka, zaktizAlI hone para bhI kSamA karanevAlA aura dUsarA, nirdhana hone para bhI dAna dene vaalaa| kSamA dveSa ko dUra karatI hai, isalie vaha eka mahatvapUrNa sadguNa hai| 2. mArdava mArdava kAartha vinItatA yA komalatA hai| mAna-kaSAya yA ahaMkAra ko upazAnta karane ke lie mArdava (vinaya) dharma ke pAlana kA nirdeza hai| vinaya ahaMkAra kA pratiyogI hai va usase ahaMkAra para vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai| 7 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki dharma kA mUla vinaya hai|" uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika meM vinaya kA vistRta vivecana hai| jaina-paramparA meM avinaya kA kAraNa abhimAna kahA gayA hai| abhimAna ATha prakAra kA hai - (1) jAtimada-jAtikA ahaMkAra karanA, jaise maiM brAhmaNa haiM, maiM kSatriya haiM, athavA ucca varNa kA hU~. ucca jAti ke ahaMkAra ke kAraNa nimna jAti ke logoM ke prati ghRNA kI vRtti utpanna hotI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika-jIvana meM eka prakAra kI durbhAvanA aura viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| (2) kula-mada-parivAra kI kulInatA kA ahaMkAra krnaa| kula-mada vyakti ko do taraha se nIce girAtA hai| eka to yaha ki jaba vyakti meM kula kA abhimAna jAgrata hotA hai,

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 449 to vaha dUsaroM ko apane se nimna samajhane lagatA hai aura isa prakAra sAmAjika-jIvana meM asamAnatA kI vRtti ko janma detA hai| dUsare, kula ke ahaMkAra ke kAraNa vaha kaThina paristhitiyoM meM bhI zrama karane se jI curAtA hai, jaise ki maiM rAjakula kA hU~, ataH amuka nimna zreNI kA vyavasAya yA kArya kaise kruuN| isa prakAra, jhUThI pratiSThA ke vyAmoha meM apane karttavya se vimukha hotA hai va samAja para bhAra banakara rahatA hai| (3) bala-mada - zArIrikazakti kA ahaMkAra karanA / zakti kA aham vyakti meM bhAvAveza utpanna karatA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti meM sahanazIlatA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| rASTroM meM jaba yaha zakti-mada tIvra hotA hai, to ve dUsare rASTroM para AkramaNa ke lie bar3e hI Atura ho jAte haiM aura kucha na kucha bAta ke lie AkramaNa kara dete haiM / (4) tapa-mada- tapasyA kA ahaMkAra krnaa| vyakti meM jaba tapa kA ahaMkAra jAgrata hotA hai, to vaha sAdhanA se gira jAtA hai| jaina kathA-sAhitya meM kuruguDuka kevalI kI kathA isa bAta ko bar3e hI sundara rUpa meM citrita karatI hai ki tapa kA ahaMkAra karanevAle sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kitane pIche raha jAte haiN| (5) rUpa-mada-zArIrikasaundarya kA ahaMkAra krnaa| rUpa-mada bhI vyakti meM ahaMkAra kI vRtti jAgrata kara dUsare ko apane se nimna samajhane kI bhAvanA utpanna karatA hai aura isa prakAra eka prakAra kI asamAnatA kA bIja botA hai| pAzcAtya-rASTroM meM zveta aura kAlI jAtiyoM ke bIca calane vAle saMgharSa ke mUla meM rUpa aura jAti kA abhimAna hI pramukha hai| (6) jJAna-mada-buddhi athavA vidyA kA ahaMkAra krnaa| jJAna kA ahaMkAra jaba vyakti meM AtA hai, to vaha dUsare logoM ko apane se choTA mAnane lagatA hai aura isa prakAra, eka ora to vaha dUsaroM ke anubhavoM se lAbha uThAne se vaMcita rahatA hai aura dUsarI ora, buddhi kA abhimAna svayaM usake jJAna-upalabdhi ke prayatnoM meM bAdhaka banatA hai| isa prakAra, usake jJAna kA vikAsa kuNThita ho jAtA hai| (7) aizvarya-mada-dhana-sampadA aura pratiSThA kA ahaMkAra krnaa| yaha bhI samAja meM vargavidveSa kA kAraNa aura vyakti ke andara eka prakAra kI asamAnatA kI vRttiko janma detA hai| (8) sattA-mada-pada, adhikAra kA ghamaNDa karanA, jaise gRhastha-varga meM rAjA, senApati, maMtrI Adike pada, vaise hI zramaNa-saMsthA meM AcArya, upAdhyAya, gaNi Adi ke pd| jainaparamparA ke anusAra, jaba taka ahaMbhAva kA vigalana hokara vinamratA nahIM AtA, taba taka vyakti naitika-vikAsa kI dizA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| uttarAdhyayana- sUtra meM kahA hai ki vinaya ke svarUpa ko jAnakara namra banane vAle buddhimAn kI loka meM prazaMsA hotI hai, jisa prakAra prANiyoM ke lie pRthvI AdhArabhUta hai, usI prakAra vaha bhI sadguNoM kA AdhAra hotA bauddha-paramparA meM ahaMkAra kI nindA-bauddha-paramparA meM ahaMkAra ko sAdhanA kI dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM tIna madoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai|

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450 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhikSuoM! yauvana-mada meM, Arogya mada meM, jIvana-mada meM matta ajJAnI sAmAnya-jana zarIra se duSkarma karatA hai, vANI se duSkarma karatA hai tathA mana se duSkarma karatA hai| vahazarIra, vANI tathA mana se duSkarma karake zarIra ke chUTane para, marane ke anantara apAya, durgati, patana evaM naraka ko prApta hotA hai| bhikSuoM! yauvana-mada se matta bhikSu zikSA kA tyAga kara patanonmukha hotA hai| bhikSuoM! Arogya-mada se matta bhikSu zikSA kA tyAga kara patanonmukha hotA hai| bhikSuoM! jIvana-mada se matta bhikSu zikSA kA tyAga kara patanonmukha hotA hai| suttanipAta meM kahA hai ki jo manuSya jAti, dhana aura gotra kA garva karatA hai, vaha usakI avanati kA kAraNa hai| 0 isa prakAra, bauddha-dharma meM 1. yauvana, 2. Arogya, 3. jIvana, 4. jAti, 5. dhana aura 6. gotraina chaha madoM se bacane kA nirdeza hai| gItA meM ahaMkAra-vRtti kI nindA-gItA ke anusAra, ahaMkAra ko patana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jo yaha ahaMkAra karatA hai ki mai adhipati haiM, maiM aizvarya kA bhoga karanevAlA hU~, maiM siddha, balavAn aura sukhI hU~, maiM bar3A dhanavAn aura kulavAn hU~, mere samAna dUsarA kauna hai, vaha ajJAna se vimohita hai| " jo dhana aura sammAna ke mada se yukta hai, vaha bhagavAn kI pUjA kA DhoMga karatA hai| 32 gItA kI dRSTi se ahaMkAra aura ghamaNDa karane vAlA bhagavAn kA doSI hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA hai ki jaba vyakti para rUpa kA aura dhana kA mada savAra ho jAtA hai, to vaha aisA mAnane lagatA hai ki maiM bar3A kulIna hU~, siddha hU~, sAdhAraNa manuSya nahIM huuN| rUpa, dhana aura kula-ina tInoM ke abhimAna ke kAraNa citta meM pramAda bhara jAtA hai, vaha bhogoM meM Asakta hokara bApa-dAdoM dvArA saMcita sampatti kho baiThatA hai| isa prakAra; jaina, bauddha aura hindU AcAra-darzana abhimAna kA tyAga karanA aura vinamratA ko aMgIkAra karanA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| jisa prakAra nadI ke madhya rahI huI ghAsa bhayaMkarapravAhameM bhI apanA astitva banAe rakhatI hai, jabaki bar3e-bar3e vRkSausasaMgharSa meMdharAzAyI ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra jIvana-saMgharSa meM vinIta vyakti hI nirApada rUpa se pAra hote haiN| 3. Arjava niSkapaTatA yA saralatA Arjava-guNa hai| isake dvArA mAyA (kapaTa-vRtti) kaSAya para vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai| kuTila vRtti (kapaTa) sadbhAva kI vinAzaka hai, vaha sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika-donoM jIvana ke lie hAnikara hai| vyakti kI dRSTi se kapaTa-vRtti eka prakAra kI Atma-pravaMcanA hai, vaha svayaM apane-Apako dhokhA dene kI pravRtti hai, jabaki sAmAjika dRSTi se kapaTa-vRtti vyavahAra meM zaMkA ko janma detI hai aura pArasparika sadbhAva kA nAza karatI hai| yahI zaMkA aura kuzaMkA, bhaya aura asadbhAva sAmAjika-jIvana meM vivAda aura saMgharSa ke pramukha kAraNa banate haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, Arjava-guNa ke dvArA hI vyakti vizvAsapAtra banatA hai| jisameM Arjava-guNa kA abhAva hai, vaha sAmAjika-jIvana

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 451 meM vizvAsapAtra nahIM bana paataa| kisI bhI prakAra daMbha (DhoMga), cAhe vaha sAdhanA se sambandhita ho yA jIva ke anya vyavahAra se, anucita hI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra, jo tapasvI na hokara tapasvI hone kA DhoMga karatA hai, vaha tapa kA cora hai, jo paMDita na hone para bhI vAkpaTutA ke dvArA pANDitya kA pradarzana karatA hai, vaha vacana-cora hai, jo vyakti isa prakAra ke DhoMga karatA hai, vaha nimna yoniyoM ko prApta karatA hai aura saMsAra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai, use yathArtha jJAna kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI, isIlie kahA gayA hai ki buddhimAn vyakti kapaTa ke ina doSoM ko jAnakara niSkapaTa AcaraNa kre|7 bauddha-dRSTikoNa-buddha ne RjutAko kuzala dharma kahA hai| unakI dRSTi meM mAyA yA zaThatA (ThagI), durgati, naraka kI kAraNa hai, jabaki RjutA (saralatA) sukha, sugati, svarga aura zaikSa-bhikSu ke lAbha kA kAraNa hai| mahAbhArata aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa- mahAbhArata ke anusAra, saralatA eka Avazyaka sadguNa hai| 8 gItA meM Arjava ko daivI-sampadA, 90 tapa" aura brAhmaNa kA svAbhAvika guNa kahA gayA hai| Arjava aura adambha sadguNoM kI gItAkAra ne jJAna meM gaNanA kI hai aura inake virodhI bhAvoM ko ajJAna kahA hai| 92 4. zauca (pavitratA) zauca pavitratA kA sUcaka hai| sAmAnyatayA, zauca kA artha daihika-pavitratA se lagAyA jAtA hai, kintu jaina-paramparA meM zauca zabda kA prayoga mAnasika-pavitratA ke artha meM hI huA hai| samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga kI sUcI meM zauca ke sthAna para 'lAghava' ullekha milatA hai| vastutaH, sAdhanA ke lie mAnasika-kAluSya yA vAsanArUpI mala kI zuddhi Avazyaka hai| viSaya-vAsanAoM yA kaSAyoM kI gaMdagI hamAre citta ko kaluSita karatI hai, ataH usakI zuddhihIzauca-dharma hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ne zauca kA artha nirlobhatA kiyA hai, kintu yaha ucita nahIM lagatA hai , kyoMki phira isakA AkiJcanya se bheda karanA kaThina hogaa| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, zaucakA artha mAnasika-zuddhi karanA hI adhika yuktisaMgata hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki akaluSa manobhAvoM se yukta dharmarUpI sarovara meM snAna kara vimala evaM vizuddha banA jAtA hai| gItAkA dRSTikoNa-gItA meM zauca kI gaNanA daivI-sampadA, brahmakarma evaM tapa meM kI gaI hai| AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItA-bhASya meM zauca kA artha pratipakSa-bhAvanA ke dvArA antaHkaraNa ke rAgAdi maloM kA dUra karanA bhI kiyA hai, jo ki jaina-paramparA ke zauca ke artha ke nikaTa hai| 5. satya satyadharma se tAtparya hai-satyatA ko apnaanaa| asatya bhASaNa se kisa prakAra virata

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452 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana honA, satya kisa prakAra bolanA-yaha vivecana vrata-prakaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai| dharma ke prasaMga meM 'satya' kA kathana yaha vyakta karatA hai ki sAdhaka ko apane vratoM evaM maryAdAoM kI pratijJA ke prati niSThAvAna rahakara unakA usI rUpa meM pAlana karanA satyadharma hai| isa prakAra, yahA~ yaha kartavya-niSThA ko vyakta karatA hai, jaise harizcandra ke prasaMga meM karttavya-niSThA ko hI satyadharma ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| sAdhaka kA apane prati satya (ImAnadAra) honAhI satyadharma kA pAlana hai| AcaraNa ke sabhI kSetroM meM pavitratA hI satyadharma hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki mana, vacana aura kAyA kI ekarUpatA satya hai, arthAt jaisA vicAra, vaisI hI vANI aura AcaraNa rakhe, yahI satyatA hai| vAstava meM yahI naitika-jIvana kI pahacAna bhI hai| ___ mahAvIra kahate haiM ki jo niSThApUrvaka satya kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha bandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai| satya ke sandarbha meM mahAvIra kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki vyakti ke jIvana meM (antas aura bAhya ) ekarUpatA honI caahie| " antarAtmA ke prati niSThAvAn honA hI satyadharma hai| 6.saMyama jaina-darzana ke anusAra, pUrva-saMcita karmoM ke kSaya ke lie tapa Avazyaka hai aura saMyama se bhAvI karmoM ke Asrava kA nirodha hotA hai| saMyama manovRttiyoM, kAmanAoM aura indriya-vyavahAra kA niyamana karatA hai| saMyama kA artha damana nahIM, varan unako samyak dizA meM yojita karanA hai| saMyama eka ora akuzala, azubha evaM pApajanaka vyavahAroM se nivRtti hai, to dUsarI ora, zubha meM pravRtti hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA hai ki ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapayuktadharma hI sarvocca zubha (maMgala) hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne saMyama ke aneka bheda batAe haiM, vistAra-bhaya se unakA vivecana saMbhava nahIM hai| pAMca Asava-sthAna, cAra kaSAya, pA~ca indriyoM evaM mana, vANI aura zarIra kA saMyama pramukha hai| saMyama aura bauddha-dRSTikoNa-buddha kA kathana hai ki prAjJa evaM buddhimAna bhikSuke lie sarvaprathama Avazyaka hai-indriyoM para vijaya, santuSTatA tathA bhikSu-anuzAsana meM saMyama se rhnaa| 100 zarIra, vANI aura mana kA saMyama uttama hai| sarvatra saMyama karanA uttama hai| jo sarvatra saMyama karatA hai, vaha saba duHkhoM se chUTa jAtA hai| gItA meM saMyama-gItA meM kahA ki zraddhAvAn, tatpara aura saMyatendriya hI jJAna prApta karatA hai| 102 jo saMyamI hai, usakI prajJA pratiSThita hai| 103 yogIjana saMyamarUpa agni meM indriyoM kA havana karate haiN| 104 7. tapa tapajaina-sAdhanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai| jaina--paramparA ke anusAra, karmoM kI

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 453 nirjarA ke lie tapasyA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| tapa ke sambandha meM vistArapUrvaka yathA-sthAna vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai| 8.tyAga aprApta bhogoM kI icchA nahIM karanA aura prApta bhogoM meM vimukha honA tyAga hai| naitika-jIvana meM tyAga Avazyaka hai| binA tyAga ke naitikatA nahIM TikatI, ataeva sAdhu ke lie tyAgadharma kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| tyAga se indriya aura mana ke nirodha kA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| saMyama ke lie tyAga Avazyaka hai| sAmAnya rUpa se tyAga kA artha chor3anA hotA hai, ataeva sAdhutA tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba sukha-sAdhanoM evaM gRha-parivAra kA tyAga kiyA jaae| sAdhu-jIvana meM jo kucha upalabdha haiM, yA niyamAnusAra grAhya haiM, unameM se kucha ko nitya chor3ate rahanA yA tyAga karate rahanA jarUrI hai| gRhastha-jIvana ke lie bhI tyAga Avazyaka hai| gRhasthako na kevala apanI vAsanAoM aura bhogoM kI icchAkA tyAga karanA hotA hai, varan apanI sampatti evaM parigraha se bhI dAna ke rUpa meM tyAga karate rahanA Avazyaka hai, isalie tyAga gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie hI Avazyaka hai| tyAga kA vistRta vivecana SaDAvazyaka-prakaraNa meM ho cukA hai| tyAga se saMgraha-lAlasA ko niyaMtrita karake sAmAjika-hita sAdhA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, loka-maMgala ke lie tyAga-dharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| na kevala jaina-paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM bhI tyAgabhAvanA para bala diyA gayA hai| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntirakSita ne isa sambandha meM kAphI vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| 7. akiMcanatA mUlAcAra ke anusAra, akiMcanatA kA artha parigraha kA tyAga hai| lobha yA Asakti-tyAga ke bhAvanAtmaka-tathya ko kriyAtmaka-jIvana meM utAranA Avazyaka hai| akiMcanatAkedvArA isIanAsakta-jIvana kA bAhya-svarUpa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| saMgrahavRtti se bacanA hI akiMcanatA kA pramukha uddezya hai| digambara yA jinakalpI-muni kI dRSTi yahI batAtI hai ki samagra bAhya-parigraha kA tyAga hI akiMcanatA kI pUrNatA hai| saMta kabIradAsa ne bhI kahA hai udara samAtA anna lahe, tanahi samAtA cIra / adhikAhi saMgraha nA kare, tAko nAma phkiir|| akiMcanatAaura buddha-bauddha-grantha cUlanidezapAli meM kahA hai ki akiMcanatA aura Asaktirahita hone se bar3hakara koI zaraNadAtA dIpa nahIM hai| 105 buddha ne svayaM apane jIvana meM akiMcanatA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| udAyI bhagavAn kI prazaMsA karate hue kahatA hai ki bhagavAn alpAhAra karane vAle haiM aura alpAhAra ke guNa batAte haiM / ve kaise bhI cIvaroM

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454 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana se santuSTa rahate haiM aura vaise santoSa ke guNa batAte haiM / jo bhikSA milatI hai usase santuSTa rahate hai aura vaise santoSa ke guNa batAte haiM / nivAsa ke lie mile hue sthAna meM santuSTa rahate haiM aura vaise santoSa ke guNa batAte haiN| ekAnta meM rahate haiM aura ekAnta ke guNa batAte haiM / ina pA~ca kAraNoM se bhagavAn ke zrAvaka bhagavAn kA mAna rakhate haiM aura unake Azraya meM rahate haiN| 106 mahAbhArata meM akiMcanatA-mahAbhArata meM kahA hai ki yadi tuma sabakucha tyAgakara kisI vastu kA saMgraha nahIM rakhoge, to sarvatra vicarate hue sukha kA hI anubhava karoge, kyoMki jo akiMcana hotA hai - jisake pAsa kucha nahIM rahatA hai, vaha sukha se sotA aura jAgatA hai| saMsAra meM akiMcanatA hI sukha hai| vahI hitakAraka, kalyANakArI aura nirApada hai| AkiJcanya vyakti ko kisI bhI prakAra ke zatru kA khaTakA nahIM hai| akiMcanatA ko lAghava bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, lAghava kA artha hai-hlkaapn| lobha yA Asakti AtmA para eka prakAra kA bhAra hai| kAmanA yA Asaktimana meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai, yaha tanAvamana ko bojhila banAtA hai| bhUta aura bhaviSya kI cintAoM kA bhAra manuSya vyartha hI DhoyA karatA hai| vyakti jitanejitane aMza meM inase Upara uThakara anAsakta banatA hai, utanI hI mAtrA meM mAnasika tanAva se bacakara pramoda kA anubhava karatA hai| nirlobha AtmA ko karma-AvaraNase halkA banAtA hai, mana aura cetanA ke tanAva ko samApta karatA hai, isIlie usako lAghava kahA jAtA hai| bhautika-vastuoM kI kAmanA hI nahIM, varana yaza, kIrti, pUjA, sammAna Adi kI lAlasA bhI manuSya ko adhaHpatana kI ora le jAtI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra, jo pUjA, pratiSThA, mAna aura sammAna kI kAmanA karate haiM, ve aneka chadma pApoM kA sRjana karate hai| 107 kAmanA cAhe bhautika-vastuoM kI ho, yA mAna-sammAna Adi abhautika tattvoM kI, vaha eka bojha hai, jisase mukta honA Avazyaka hai| sUtroM meM lAghava ke sAtha hI sAtha mukti (muttI) zabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai| sadguNa ke rUpa meM mukti kA artha duzcintAoM, kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM se mukta manaHsthiti hI hai| upalakSaNa se muttI kA arthasaMtoSa bhI hotA hai| santoSa kI vRtti Avazyaka sadguNa hai| usake abhAva meM jIvana kI zAnti caupaTa ho jAtI hai| bauddha-dharma aura gItA kI dRSTi meM nirlobhatA manuSya kA Avazyaka sadguNa hai| buddha kA kathana hai ki santoSa hI parama dhana hai|' 108 gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM, santuSTa vyakti merA priya hai| 109 8. brahmacarya brahmacarya ke sambandha meM vistRta vivecana mahAvratoM evaM aNuvratoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa ke lie samasta prakAra ke maithuna kA tyAga Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| gRhasthaupAsaka ke lie svapatnI-santoSa meM hI brahmacarya kI maryAdA sthApita kI gaI hai| viSayAsakti citta ko kaluSita karatI hai, mAnasika-zAnti bhaMga karatI hai, eka prakAra ke mAnasika

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 455 tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai aura zArIrika-dRSTi se roga kA kAraNa banatI hai, isalie yaha mAnA gayA hai ki apanI-apanI maryAdA ke anukUla gRhastha aura zramaNa ko brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA caahie| bauddha-paramparAmeM brahmacarya-bauddha-paramparA meM bhI brahmacarya-dharma kA mahatva spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM bhI zramaNa-sAdhaka ke lie pUrNa brahmacarya aura gRhasthasAdhaka ke lie svapatnI-saMtoSa kI maryAdAe~ sthApita kI gaI haiN|110 gItA meM brahmacarya-gItA meM brahmacarya ko zArIrika-tapa kahA gayA hai| 111 paramatattva kI upalabdhi ke lie brahmacarya ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jo brahmacarya-vrata meM sthita hokara merI upAsanA karatA hai, vaha zIghra hI nirvANa prApta kara letA hai|112 vaidika-paramparA meM dasa dharma (sadguNa) vaidika-paramparA meM bhI thor3e- bahuta antara se ina sadguNoM kA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| hindU-dharma meM hameM do prakAra ke dharmoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai - eka, sAmAnya dharma aura dUsare, vishessdhrm| sAmAnyadharmave haiM, jinakA pAlana sabhI varNa evaM AzramoM ke logoM ko karanA cAhie, jabaki vizeSa dharmave haiM, jinakA pAlana varNa-vizeSa yA Azrama-vizeSa ke logoM ko karanA hotA hai| sAmAnyadharma kI carcA ati prAcInakAla se hotI AI hai| manu ne ahiMsA, satya, asteya, zauca, indriyanigraha-ina pAMca ko sabhI varNAzrama vAloM kA dharma batAyA hai| 113 prasaMgAntara se unhoMne ina dasa sAmAnyadharmoM kI bhI carcA kI hai, yathA-dhRti, kSamA, dama, asteya, zauca, indriyanigraha, dhI, vidyA, satya aura akrodh| 114 isa sUcI meM kSamA, zauca, indriyanigraha aura satya hI aise haiM, jo jaina-paramparA ke nAmoM se pUrI taraha mela khAte haiM, zeSa nAma bhinna hI haiM / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM akrodha, satyavacana, saMvibhAga, kSamA, prajanana, zauca aura tapa-ina dasa sadguNoM kA vivecana hai| viSNudharmasUtra meM 14 guNoM kA varNana hai, jinameM adhikAMza yahI haiN| mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM dharma kI nimna dasa patniyoM kA ullekha hai - kIrti, lakSmI, dhRti, medhA, puSTi, zraddhA, kriyA , buddhi, lajjA aura mti|115 isI prakAra, zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI dharma kI zraddhA, maitrI, dayA, zAnti, tuSTi, puSTi, kriyA, unnati, buddhi, medhA, titikSA, havI aura mUrti-ina teraha patniyoM kA ullekha hai| 16 vastutaH, inheM guNoM, dharma kI patniyAM kahane kA artha itanA hI hai ki inake binA dharma apUrNa rahatA hai| isI prakAra, zrImadbhAgavata meM dharma ke putroM kA bhI ullekha hai| dharma ke putra haiM- zubha, prasAda, abhaya, sukha, muha, smaya, yoga, darpa, artha, smaraNa, kSema aura prshry||17 vastutaH, sadguNoM kA eka parivAra hai aura jahAM eka sadguNa bhI pUrNatA ke sAtha prakaTa hotA hai, vahAM usase sambandhita dUsare sadguNa bhI prakaTa ho jAte haiN|

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456 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bI-dharma aura dasa sadguNa _ jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jainadharmasammata kSamA Adidasa dharmoM (sadguNa) kIalagaalaga carcA upalabdha ho jAtI hai, kintu usameM jina dasa dharmoM kA ullekha huA hai, inase bhinna haiN| aMguttaranikAya meM samyak-dRSTi, samyak-saMkalpa, samyak-vAcA, samyak-karmAnta, samyak-AjIva, samyak-vyAyAma, samyak-smRti, samyak-samAdhi, samyak-dhyAna aura samyak-vimukti-ye dasa dharma batAe gae haiN|118 vastutaH, isameM aSTAMgaArya-mArga meM samyakadhyAna aura samyak-vimukti-ye do caraNa jor3akara dasa kI saMkhyA pUrI kI gaI hai| yadyapi azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM jina nau dharmoM yA sadguNoM kI carcA kI gaI hai, ve jaina-paramparA aura hindU-paramparA ke kAphI nikaTa Ate haiN| ve guNa nimna haiM - dayA, udAratA, satya, zuddhi (zauca), bhadratA, zAnti, prasannatA, sAdhutA aura aatmsNym|19 ___ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM kikrama aura nAmoM ke avAntara evaM paramparAgata matabhedoM ke hote hue bhI sadguNa sambandhI mUlabhUta dRSTi meM tInoM paramparA meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha eka alaga prazna hai ki jaba ina sadguNoM ke pAlana meM antarvirodhaho, to kise sadguNa kI pramukhatA dI jaae| udAharaNArtha, jaba dayA aura nyAya yA ahiMsA (dayA) aura satya kA eka sAtha pAlana sambhava na ho, to kisa sadguNa kA pAlana kiyA jAe aura kisakI upekSA kI jaae| isa sambandha meM tInoM paramparAoM meM aura unake vicArakoM meM matabheda honA svAbhAvika hai| vastutaH, yaha eka prazna hai jisa para ekAntika-nirNaya sambhava nahIM hai| aise nirNaya deza, kAla, vyakti, samAja aura paristhiti para nirbhara karate haiM, ataH unameM vividhatA kA honA svAbhAvika hI hai| dharma ke cAra caraNa jainaparamparA meM dharma ke cAra aMga mAne gae haiM, jinameM dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva Ate haiN| inakI sAdhanA gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM hI prakArAntara se kara sakate haiN| vastutaH, dharma ke ye cAroM aMga dharma ke sAmAjika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-pakSoM ko abhivyakta karate haiN| dAna kA sambandha sAmAjika-jIvana se hai aura zIla kA sambandha naitika-jIvana se| tapa aura bhAva AdhyAtmika-pakSa se sambandhita haiN| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI dAna-pAramitA aura zIla-pAramitA kI sAdhanA Avazyaka kahI gaI hai| bodhisatva sabase pahale inhIM pAramitAoM kI sAdhanA karatA hai| dAna jaina-AcAryoM ke anasAra.dAna kA artha hai-anugrahapUrvaka apanI vastu kA parahita ke lie utsarga (tyAga) krnaa| vaise bhAratIya-paramparA meM dAna ke lie sam - vipaNa (saMvibhAga) zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM hI paramparAoM meM dAna

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 457 ko saMvibhAga kahA gayA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki dAna dekara dAtA kisI vyakti para anugraha nahIM karatA hai, varan jisakA jo adhikAra hai, vahI detA hai| saMvibhAga zabda kA mUlAzaya yahI hai ki vyakti para samAja kA kucha adhikAra hai, athavA samAja ke prati sabakA kucha dAyitva hai| dAna ke rUpa meM vaha apane usa dAyitva kA nirvAha karatA hai, kisI para anugraha nhiiN| 'dAna' zabda kA prayoga saMvibhAgazabda ke bAda meM hone lagA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki prAcIna samAja-vyavasthA meM apane adhikAra meM rahI huI vastu para bhI vyakti ke sAtha samAja kA bhI adhikAra mAnA jAtA thaa| saMvibhAga zabda yahI batalAtA hai ki vyakti ke pAsa jo kucha hai, vaha usakA akelA svAmI nahIM hai, varan samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM kA bhI usa para adhikAra hai, ataH samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM ke hita meM usa sampatti ke eka bhAga ko utsarga karanA hI saMvibhAga hai| vastutaH, saMvibhAga zabda kI mUla dhvani dAna zabda meM nahIM miltii| prAcIna RSiyoM ke dvArA isa zabda kA prayoga unakI gahana sAmAjika-dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai| unhoMne na kevala vibhAgazabda kA prayoga kiyA, varan usake Age sama upasarga kA bhI prayoga kiyA, sam upasarga isa bAta kA paricAyaka hai ki vibhAga samAna rUpa se honA caahie| vartamAna samAjavAdI-vyavasthA kI jo mUla dRSTi hai, usakA pUrva paricaya hameM isa saMvibhAga zabda kI yojanA meM mila jAtA hai| prAcIna yuga meM isa saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga yahI batAtA hai ki dAna anugraha nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika-adhikAra thaa| dAna ke prakAra-jaina - paramparA meM dAna cAra prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - (1) jJAnadAna (2) abhaya-dAna (3) dharmopakaraNa-dAna aura (4) anukmpaa-daan| ina cAroM dAnoM meM jJAnadAna aura abhayadAna muni ke lie vizeSa rUpa se pAlanIya hai| dharmopakaraNa-dAna gRhastha ke lie vizeSa rUpa se AcaraNIya hai, yadyapi gRhastha-upAsaka AMzika rUpa meM abhayadAna aura jJAnadAna bhI de sakatA hai| jahAM taka muni-jIvana kA prazna hai, vaha to svayaM bhikSuka hai, ataH vaha mAtra jJAnadAna aura abhayadAna hI karatA hai, dharmopakaraNadAna aura anukampA-dAna nhiiN| jJAnadAna kA artha hai-vidyA par3hAnA aura isI prakAra, abhayadAna kA artha hai-svayaM kA AcaraNa isa prakAra se rakhanA ki dUsaroM ko bhaya na ho| pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana hI abhayadAna kA sarvocca Adarza hai| dharmopakaraNadAna kA artha hai-muni yA bhikSukako usakI AvazyakatAoM kI vastue~ pradAna krnaa| anukampAdAna kA tAtparya hai-dIna, duHkhI, anAtha, rogI yA saMkaTagrasta vyakti kI sahAyatA krnaa| gRhastha-muni ko bhikSA denA aura dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sahAyatA karanA gRhastha ke Avazyaka kartavya haiN| jaina-paramparA meM dAna ke sambandha meM deza, kAla aura pAtra kA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra, dAna kI vidhi, deya, vastu, dAtA aura pAtra kI vizeSatA se hI dAna kI vizeSatA hai|120 dAna ke sambandha meM ina cAroM hI bAtoM kA viveka rakhanA Avazyaka hai| dAtA kA manobhAva, dAna karane kI praNAlI,

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458 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dI jAnevAlI vastu aura dAna kA pAtra - ina cAroM bAtoM ke AdhAra para hI dAna kA samucita mUlyAMkana sambhava hai| gItA meM bhI dAna ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki vahI dAna sAtvika hai, buddhi se diyA jAtA hai aura jisameM deza, kAla aura pAtra kA viveka rakhA jAtA hai tathA jisameM pratyupakAra kI koI bhAvanA nahIM hotii| isake viparIta, ayogya ko phala kI AkAMkSA se jo dAna diyA jAtA hai, vaha rAjasa - dAna hai| jisa dAna meM deza, kAla va pAtra kA viveka nahIM hai tathA jo dAna avahelanApUrvaka diyA jAtA hai, vaha tAmasa - dAna hai| 121 vaise, jahA~ taka dAna ke mUlya kI bAta hai, jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM hI paramparAoM meM use svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dAna pArasparika sahayoga kA sUcaka hai| samAja ke vibhinna ghaTakoM kI vizeSa kSetroM meM yogyatAe~ hotI haiM, ataH yaha Avazyaka hai ki unakI yogyatAoM kA lAbha samAja ke dUsare ghaTakoM ko bhI milatA rahe, isIlie bhAratIya paramparA meM dAna kI yojanA hai| vaha jisake pAsa buddhi hai, apanI buddhi kA vitaraNa kare, jisake pAsa zakti hai, vaha dUsaroM ke rakSaNa kA kArya kare, isI prakAra, jisake pAsa dhana hai, vaha dUsaroM ko jIvikA sAdhana pradAna kare / isa prakAra, dAna sahI artha meM pArasparika sahayoga kA sUcaka hai / vartamAna yuga meM sahayoga ke mukhya cAra kSetra mAne jAte haiM - 1. jIvikA 2. zikSA 3. svAsthya 4. abhaya yA surakSA sahayoga ke ina cAra kSetroM ko hI prAcInakAla meM dAna-catuSTayI kahA jAtA thA : 1. jIvikA 1. AhAradAna 2. zikSA 2. jJAnadAna (zAstradAna ) 3. auSadha - dAna 3. svAsthya 4. abhaya yA surakSA 4. abhaya-dAna dAna sAmAjika naitikatA kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai, jabaki tapa, zIla aura bhAva tInoM hI vaiyaktika-naitikatA se saMbaMdhita haiM, yadyapi tapa meM vaiyAvRtya (sevA) ke rUpa meM eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI nihita hai| zIla zIla kA sambandha sadAcaraNa se hai| zIla ke sambandha meM sAmAnya rUpa se vivecanA samyak cAritra nAmaka adhyAya meM aura sadAcaraNa ke vibhinna niyamoM ke rUpa meM gRhastha- -dharma

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 459 aura zramaNa AcAra-paddhati meM kI gaI hai| tapa tapanaitika-jIvana kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| apane vyApaka arthoM meM tapa naitika -AcaraNa ke sabhI pakSoM kA samAveza kara letA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se tapa kI vivecanA 'samyak-tapa' nAmaka adhyAya meM kI gaI hai| bhAvanA(anuprekSA) jaina-paramparA meM gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM upAsakoM ke lie kucha cintana karane kA vidhAna hai| isa cintana ko anuprekSA yA bhAvanA kahA gayA hai| jaina-darzana meM bhAvanA mana kA vaha bhAvAtmaka-pahalU hai, jo sAdhaka ko usakI vastu-sthiti kA bodha karAtA hai| jainaparamparA meM bhAvanAoM kA mahatva pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki dAna, zIla, tapa evaM bhAvanA ke bheda se dharma cAra prakAra kA hai, kintu ina caturvidhadharmoM meM bhAvanA hI mahA-prabhAvI hai, arthAt saMsAra meM jitane bhI sukRtya haiM, dharma haiM, unameM kevala bhAvanA hI pradhAna hai, bhAvanAvihIna dharmazUnya hai| vAstava meM, bhAvanA hI paramArthasvarUpa hai| bhAva hI dharma kA sAdhaka kahA gayA hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ne bhI bhAva ko hI samyaktva kA mUlamaMtra batAyA hai| koI bhI puruSa kitanA hI dAna kare, cAhe samagra jina-pravacana kA adhyayana kara DAle, ugra se ugra tapasyA kare, bhUmi para zayana kare, dIrghakAla taka munidharma kA pAlana kare, lekina yadi usake mAnasa meM bhAvanAoM kI udbhAvanA nahIM hotI, to usakI samasta kriyAe~ usI prakAra niSphala hotI haiM, jisa prakAra se dhAnya ke chilake kA bonA niSphala hai| 123 AcArya kundakunda bhAvapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki cAhe vyakti zramaNa ho athavA gRhastha, bhAva hI usake vikAsa meM kAraNabhUta hai| bhAvarahita adhyayana se aura zravaNa se kyA lAbha ? 124 jaina-AcAryoM ne bhAvanAoM ko mokSa kA sopAna kahA hai| jaina-dharma meM bhAvanAe~ yA anuprekSAe~ 12 kahI gaI haiM - 1. anitya, 2. azaraNa, 3. ekatva, 4. anyatva, 5. saMsAra, 6. loka, 7. azuci, 8. Amrava, 9.saMvara, 10. nirjarA, 11. dharma aura 12. bodhi| 1.anitya-bhAvanA-saMsAra ke pratyeka padArthako anitya evaM nAzavAn mAnanA anitya-bhAvanA hai| dhana, sampatti, kuTumba, parivAra, adhikAra, vaibhava, sabhI kucha kSaNabhaMgura hai| lakSmI saMdhyAkAlInalAlimA ke samAna anitya hai| yaha jIvana bhI kamala-patra para par3e hue osa-bindu ke samAna alpa samaya meM hI samApta ho jAnevAlA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke zabdoM meM, samagra sAMsArika-vaibhava, indriyA~, rUpa, yauvana, bala, Arogya, sabhI indra-dhanuSa ke samAna kSaNika haiM, saMyogajanya hai aura isalie vyakti ko samagra sAMsArika-upalabdhiyoM kI anityatA evaM saMyogajanyatA ko samajhakara unake prati Asakta nahIM rahanA caahie|125

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460 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparAoM meM anitya-bhAvanA-buddha ne apane upAsakoM ko aneka prakAra se anityatA kA bodha karAyA hai| saMyuttanikAya meM anitya-varga meM bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM - bhikSuoM! cakSu anitya haiM, zrotra anitya hai, ghrANaanitya hai, jihvA anitya hai, kAyA anitya hai, mana anitya hai| joanitya hai, vaha duHkha hai| 126 dhammapada meM kahA hai ki saMsAra ke saba padArtha anitya haiM, isa taraha jaba buddhimAna puruSa jAna jAtA hai, taba vaha duHkha nahIM paataa| yahI mArga vizuddhi kA hai| 27 mahAbhArata meM kahA hai ki jIvana anitya hai, isalie yuvA avasthA meM hI dharma kA AcaraNa kara lenA caahie| 128 2. ekatvabhAvanA- prANI akelA janma letA hai aura akelA hI maratA hai| apane zubhAzubha karmoM ko bhI vaha akelA hI bhogatA hai| 12 mRtyu ke samaya samasta sAMsArika dhana-vaibhava ko tathA kuTumba ko chor3akara vyakti akelA hI prayANa karatA hai| eka saMskRta kavi ne kahA hai ki dhana bhUmi meM, paNa pazuzAlA meM raha jAte haiM, strI gRhadvAra taka, snehIjana zmazAna taka aura deha citA taka rahatI hai| prANI akelA hI apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke sAtha paraloka- gamana karatA hai|130 eka jainAcArya kahate haiM ki maiM akelA hU~, merAaura koI nahIM, maiM bhI kisI kA nahIM, isa prakAra adIna mana hokara AtmA ko anuzAsita kreN| isa prakAra, ekatvabhAvanA eka ora sAdhaka ke AtmavizvAsa ko jAgrata karatI hai aura parAGmukhatAko samApta karatI hai tathA dUsarI ora yaha bhI bodha karAtI hai ki jina kuTumba-parivAra ke logoM ke lie vaha pApa-karma kA saMcaya karatA hai, ve sabhI usake sahAyaka nahIM ho sakate / isa prakAra, ekatvabhAvanA kA mUla lakSya vyakti ko yaha batAnA hai ki puruSArthahI usakA ekamAtra sahAyaka hai, apanA hita aura ahita-donoM hI usake apane hAtha meM haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isakA atyanta hI sundara vivecana upalabdha hai| usameM kahA hai ki AtmA hI sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA kartA hai aura yahI karma kSaya karane vAlA hai| zreSTha AcAra vAlI AtmA mitra aura durAcAravAlI AtmA zatru hai| durAcAra meM pravRtta AtmA apanA jitanA aniSTa karatI hai, utanA anartha galA kATanevAlA zatru bhI nahIM krtaa| aisA dayAvihIna puruSa mRtyu ke mukha meM jAne para apane durAcAra ko jAnegA aura phira pazcAtApa kregaa| 131 bauddha-paramparAmeM ekatva-bhAvanA-bauddha-dharma meM bhI ekatva-bhAvanA kA vicAra upalabdha hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki apane se kiyA huA, apane se utpanna huA pApahI durbuddhi manuSya ko vidIrNa kara detA hai, jaise vajra patthara kI maNi ko kATa detA hai| 132 apane pApa kA phala manuSya svayaM bhogatA hai| pApa na karane para vaha svayaM zuddha rahatA hai| pratyeka puruSa kA zuddha athavA azuddha rahanA usI para nirbhara hai| koI kisI dUsare ko zuddha nahIM kara sktaa|133 gItA evaM mahAbhArata meM ekatva-bhAvanA- gItA meM kahA hai ki manuSya ko

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 461 cAhie ki vaha apanI AtmA ko adhogati meM na pahu~cAe, kyoMki vaha jIvAtmA ApahI to apanA mitra hai aura Apa hI apanA zatru hai, arthAt aura koI dUsarA zatru yA mitra nahIM hai| jisa jIvAtmA dvArA mana aura indriyoM sahita zarIra jItA huA hai, vaha Apa hI apanA mitra hai aura jisake dvArA mana aura indriyoM sahita zarIra nahIM jItA gayA hai, vaha Apa hI zatru ke sadRza zatrutA meM vartatA hai| 134 mahAbhArata meM bhI ekatva-bhAvanA ke saMbaMdha meM sundara vicAra upalabdha haiN| kahA gayA hai ki maiM to akelA huuN| na to dUsarA koI merA hai aura na maiM kisI dUsare kA huuN| maiM usa puruSa ko nahIM dekhatA, jisakA maiM hoU~ tathA usako bhI nahIM dekhatA, jo merA ho| yaha zarIra bhI merA nahIM, athavA sArI pRthvI bhI merI nahIM hai| ye saba vastue~ jaise merI haiM, vaise hI dUsaroM kI bhI haiN| aisA socakara, inake lie mere mana meM koI vyathA nahIM hotI, aisI buddhi ko pAkara na mujhe harSa hotA hai, na zoka / manuSya strI-putra Adi kuTumba ke lie corI Adi pApa-karmoM kA saMgraha karatA hai, kintu isa loka aura paraloka meM use akele hI una samasta karmoM kA klezamaya phala bhoganA par3atA hai| 135 3. anyatvabhAvanA-jagat ke samasta padArthoM se apane ko alaga mAnanA aura usa bhinnatA kA bAra-bAra vicAra karanA hI anyatva-bhAvanA hai| anyatva-bhAvanA kA mukhya lakSya bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA AtmAnAtma kA viveka utpanna kara denA hai| bauddha-darzana meM anyatva- bhAvanA kAsundara citraNa nairAtmya-darzana ke rUpa meM huA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta vivecana samyakajJAna ke prasaMga meM bheda-vijJAna sambandhI carcA meM ho cukA hai, ata: yahAM vistAra meM jAnA apekSita nahIM hai| anyatva-bhAvanA kA mukhya lakSya sAdhaka kI bAhyaAsakti ko kama karanA hai| eka AcArya ne kahA hai ki he Atman! tUprati samaya aisA vicAra kara ki putra, mitra, strI, parivAra, sAMsArika-padArtha aura vaibhava tujhase bhinna haiN| 136 jo AtmA apane ko zarIra Adi se bhinna dekhatA hai, use zokarUpa zalya tanika bhI duHkha nahIM dete, kyoMki zoka kA kAraNa mamatA hai| jise koI mamatva nahIM, use koI duHkha bhI nhiiN| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki mAtA-pitA, bandhu-bAMdhava evaM putra Adi sabhI iSTajana mere nahIM haiN| yaha AtmA unase sambandhita nahIM hai| ve sabhI apane-apane karmavazAt saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kara rahe haiN|'137 gItA evaM mahAbhArata meM anyatva-bhAvanA-mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki putrapautra, jAti-bAMdhava, sabhI saMyogavaza mila jAte haiM, unake prati kabhI Asakti nahIM bar3hAnA cAhie, kyoMki unase vichoha honA nizcita hai| 138 gItA ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM kSetrakSetrajJa ke mAdhyama se anyatva-bhAvanA kA sundara bodha karAyA gayA hai| 4. azuci-bhAvanA - zarIra-sambandhI moha ko naSTa karane ke lie jainavicArakoM ne azuci-bhAvanA kA vidhAna kiyA hai|ashuci-bhaavnaa meM pramukha rUpase sAdhaka

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yaha vicAra karatA hai ki jisa deha ke rUpa aura saundarya kA hameM abhimAna hai, jisa para hama mamatva karate haiM, vaha azuci kA bhaNDAra hai| AcArya kundakunda isa deha kI azucitA kA svarUpa batAte hue kahate haiM ki yaha zarIra kRmiyoM se bharA huA, durgaMdhita, vIbhatsa rUpa vAlA, ma aura mUtra se pUrita, skhalana evaM lagana svabhAva se yukta, rudhira, mAMsa, majjA, asthi Adi aneka apavitra vastuoM se banA huA hai| asthiyoM para mAMsa se lipta evaM tvacA se AcchAdita sadAkAla apAvana hai / 139 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI zarIra kI azucitA evaM azAzvatatA kA nirdeza (19/13-15) hai / 462 bauddha paramparA meM azuci - bhAvanA - zarIra kI azucitA kA varNana bauddhagranthoM meM bhI hai| vizuddhi-mArga meM kahA gayA hai, "yadi isa zarIra ke andara kA bhAga bAhara A jAe, to avazya hI DaNDA lekara kauvoM aura kuttoM ko rokanA pdd'e|" 140 dhammapada meM bhI AcArya kundakunda kI zailI meM zarIra kI azucitA ke bAre meM kahA hai, "yaha zarIra jIrNa rogoM kA ghara hai, kSaNa-bhaMgura hai, durgandha kA Dhera hai aura kisI samaya khaNDa-khaNDa ho jAegA, kyoMki jIvana kA anta hI maraNa hai| ina kabUtara ke raMgavAlI haDDiyoM ke jAla ko dekhakara, jo zarada Rtu meM pheMkI huI apathya laukI ke samAna hai - kauna unameM moha-mamatA kara sakatA hai ? yaha zarIra haDDiyoM kA ghara hai, jise mAMsa aura rudhira se lepA gayA hai, jisameM bur3hApA, mRtyu, abhimAna aura moha nivAsa karate haiN| 141 kr| mahAbhArata meM azuci - bhAvanA - AcArya zaMkara ne bhI carpaTapaMjarikAstotra meM kahA hai - "yaha deha mAMsa evaM vasAdi vikAroM kA saMgraha hai, he mana ! tU bAra-bAra vicAra / " 142 mahAbhArata ke anusAra, yaha zarIra jarAmaraNa evaM vyAdhi ke kAraNa hone vAle duHkhoM yukta hai, phira ( binA Atma-sAdhanA ke) nizcinta hokara kaise baiThA jA sakatA hai| 143 isa prakAra, bauddha evaM vedAnta-matoM meM zarIra kI azucitA evaM azAzvatatA kA vicAra dehAsakti ko kama kara virAgatA kI vRtti ke udaya ke lie kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI kAya - svabhAva kA cintana saMvega aura vairAgya ke lie hai / 144 5. azaraNa- bhAvanA - azaraNa - bhAvanA kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vikarAla mRtyu ke pAza se koI bhI bacAne meM samartha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra mRga ko siMha pakar3akara le jAtA hai, usI prakAra anta samaya meM mRtyu bhI manuSya ko le jAtI hai| usa samaya mAtA, pitA, bhAI Adi koI bhI nahIM bacA sakate | 145 bauddha - paramparA meM azaraNa - bhAvanA - dhammapada meM bhI yahI bAta kahI gaI hai| putra tathA pazuoM meM Asakta mana vAle manuSya ko lekara mRtyu isa taraha calI jAtI hai, jaise soe hue gAMva ko mahAn jala-pravAha bahA le jAtA hai| mRtyu se pakar3e hue manuSya kI rakSA ke lie na

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 463 putra, na pitA, na bandhuA sakate haiN| kisI sambandhI se rakSA nahIM ho sktii| isa taraha, mRtyu ke vaza meM sabako jAnakara samyak anuSThAna karane vAlA buddhimAn puruSa zIghra hI nirvANa ke mArga ko sApha kre| 146 aMguttaranikAya meM kahA hai ki alpa-Ayu jIvana ko (khIMcakara) le jAtI hai| bur3hApe dvArA (khIMcakara) le jAe jAne vAle ke lie koI zaraNa-sthAna nahIM hai| mRtyu ke isa bhaya-bhIta svarUpa ko dekhakara manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha sukhadAyaka puNya-karma kre|147 mahAbhArata meM azaraNa-bhAvanA-mahAbhArata meM bhIazaraNatA kA varNana upalabdha hai| jaise soe hue mRga ko bAgha uThA le jAtA hai, usI prakAra putra aura pazuoM se sampanna evaM unhIM meM mana ko pha~sAe rakhane vAle manuSya ko eka dina mRtyu Akara uThA le jAtI hai| jaba taka manuSya bhogoM se tRpta nahIM hotA, saMgraha hI karatA rahatA hai, tabhI use mauta Akara le jAtI hai, vaise hI, jaise vyAghra pazu ko le jAtA hai| 148 azaraNa-bhAvanA kA pramukha uddezya dhana, putra, parivAra kI Asakti ko samApta kara Atma-sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3hane kA saMdeza denA 6.saMsAra-bhAvanA-saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA vicAra karanA saMsAra-bhAvanA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai, 'janma duHkhamaya hai, bur3hApA duHkhamaya hai, roga aura maraNa bhI duHkhamaya haiM, yaha sampUrNa saMsAra duHkhamaya hai, jisameM prANI kleza ko prApta ho rahe haiN| 149 yaha loka mRtyu se pIr3ita hai, jarA se ghirA huAhai aura rAta-dinarUpI zastra-dhArA se truTita kahA gayA hai|'150 bauddha-paramparA meM saMsAra-bhAvanA-buddha kA vacana hai ki jaise manuSya pAnI ke bulabule ko dekhatA hai aura jaise vaha mRgamarIcikA ko dekhatA hai, vaise vaha isa saMsAra ko dekhe| isa prakAra dekhanevAle ko yamarAja nahIM dekhtaa| 151 yaha ha~sanA kaisA aura yaha Ananda kaisA, jaba cAroM tarapha barAbara Aga lagI huI hai ? aMdhakAra se ghire hue tuma loga prakAza ko kyoM nahIM khojate ho ? 152 ___ mahAbhArata meM saMsAra-bhAvanA-mahAbhArata meM bhISma pitAmaha ne kahA hai ki vatsa! jaba dhana naSTa ho jAe, athavA strI, putra yA pitA kI mRtyu ho jAe, taba yaha saMsAra kaisA duHkhamaya hai, yaha socakara manuSya zoka ko dUra karane vAle zama-dama AdisAdhanoM kA anuSThAna kre| 153 yaha sampUrNa jagat mRtyu ke dvArA mArA jArahA hai| bur3hApe ne ise cAroM ora se ghera rakhA hai aura ye dina-rAta prANiyoM kI Ayu kA apaharaNa karake vyatIta ho rahe haiM, isa bAta ko Apa samajhate kyoM nahIM haiM ? 154 isa duHkhapUrNa sthiti ko dekhakara saMsAra ke AvAgamana se mukta hone kA prayAsa karanA hI isa bhAvanA kA sAra hai| loka kI duHkhamayatAmanuSya ko duHkhada paristhiti meM bhI

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464 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dhairya pradAna karatI hai| jaba sAdhaka vicArapUrvaka saMsAra meM vyApta duHkha aura kaSToM ke vikarAla svarUpa ko dekhatA hai, toapekSAkRta rUpa meM use apanA duHkha kama dikhAI detA hai| isa prakAra, use eka prakAra kA Atma-saMtoSa aura dhairya mila jAtA hai| dUsare, jarA aura mRtyu se ghire hue saMsAra kA svarUpa sAdhaka ko bhaviSya meM dharmAcaraNa kareMge, aise mithyA vizvAsa se chur3Akara sadaiva hI dharma-sAdhanA meM tatpara rahane kA saMdeza detA hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa rAta ke bItane para manuSya koI zubha karma na kare, usa dina ko viddhAn puruSa vyartha hI gayA samajhe, kala kiyA jAnevAlA kAma AjahI pUrA kara lenA caahie| jise sAyaMkAla meM karanA hai, use prAtaHkAla meM hI kara lenA cAhie, kyoMki mauta yaha nahIM dekhatI ki isakA kAma abhI pUrA huA yA nhiiN| 155 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo rAtriyA~ bIta rahI haiM, ve vApasa nahIM AtI, dharma karanevAloM kI ve rAtriyA~ saphala hI hotI haiM aura adharma karanevAloM kI ve rAtriyA~ vyartha jAtI haiN| jisakI mRtyu se mitratA ho, jisameM mRtyu se bhAgakara chUTane kI zakti ho, athavA jo yaha bhI jAnatA ho ki maiM nahIM marU~gA, vaha manuSya kala kI icchA kara sakatA hai| 156 saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA yaha cintana hI bauddha-darzana kA prathama Arya satya (sarvaduHkham) hai| 7. Asava-bhAvanA-baMdhana ke kAraNoM para vicAra karanA Asava-bhAvanA hai| karmabandhakA mUla kAraNa Asrava hai aura Amrava kAyika-vAcika aura mAnasika-pravRtti, rAga-dveSa ke bhAva, kaSAya, viSaya-bhoga, pramAda, avirati, mithyAtva aura Artaraudra-dhyAna hai| sAdhaka isa sambandha meM vicAra kare ki azubha vRttiyA~ evaM AcaraNa AtmA ko kisa prakAra vikAra-yukta banA dete haiN| Asrava ke kAraNa kA vicAra aura una kAraNoM ke nirodha kA prayAsa hI Amrava-bhAvanA kA mukhya lakSya hai| Asrava-bhAvanA kA sAdhaka paccIsa mithyAtva, solaha kaSAya, nau upakaSAya, bAraha avrata, pAMca pramAda, paMdraha yoga AdiAmrava ke kAraNoM ke svarUpa kA vicAra karatA huA unase dUra rahane kA prayatna karatA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM Amrava-bhAvanA- Amrava-bhAvanA ke sambandha meM buddha kA kahanA hai ki jo karttavya ko binA kie chor3a dete haiM aura akarttavya karate haiM, aise uddhata tathA pramatta logoM ke Asrava bar3ha jAte haiM, parantu jinakI cetanA zarIra ke prati jAgarUka rahatI hai, jo akaraNIya AcaraNa nahIM karate aura nirantara sadAcaraNa karate haiM, aise smRtimAn aura saceta manuSyoM ke Asrava naSTa ho jAte haiN| Asrava-bhAvanA kI tulanA bauddha AcAra-darzana ke dvitIya Aryasatya duHkha ke kAraNa ke vicAra se kI jA sakatI hai| 8. saMvara-bhAvanA-saMvara-bhAvanA meM Asrava ke viparIta karmoM ke Agamana ko rokane ke upAyoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| saMvara-bhAvanA Asava-bhAvanA kA vidhAyakapakSa hai| AcArya hemacandra kA kathana hai ki jo-jo Asrava jisa-jisa upAya se rokA jA

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jaina- AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama sake, use rokane ke lie vivekavAn puruSa usa-usa upAya ko kAma meM laae| saMvara kI prApti ke lie udyoga karanevAle puruSa ko cAhie ki vaha kSamA se krodha ko, namratA se mAna ko, saralatA se mAyA ko aura nispRhatA se lobha ko roke / akhaNDa saMyama - sAdhanA ke dvArA indriyoM kI svacchaMda pravRtti se balavAn banane vAle, viSa ke samAna viSayoM ko tathA viSayoM kI kAmanA ko roka deN| isI prakAra, tInoM guptiyoM dvArA tInoM yogoM ko, apramAda se pramAda ko aura sAvadya-yoga (pApa- pUrNa vyApAroM) ke tyAga se avratoM ko dUra kreN| samyagdarzana ke dvArA mithyAtva kI tathA zubha bhAvanA meM citta kI sthiratA karake Arta-raudra dhyAna ko jItanA caahie| kisa Asrava kA kisa upAya se nirodha kiyA jA sakatA hai, aisA cintana bArabAra karanA saMvara-bhAvanA hai| 159 465 bauddha - paramparA meM saMvara- bhAvanA - buddha kA kathana hai ki A~kha kA saMvara uttama hai, kAna kA saMvara uttama hai, prANa kA saMvara uttama hai, jIbha kA saMvara uttama hai| kAyA, vANI aura mana kA saMvara bhI uttama hai| saba indriyoM kA saMvara bhI uttama hai| jo sarvatra saMvara karatA hai, vaha duHkhoM se chUTa jAtA hai, 100 isalie bhikSu ko sadaiva isa sambandha meM smRtivAn rahanA cAhie | 9. nirjarA - bhAvanA - jina karmoM kA bandha pahale ho cukA hai, unako naSTa karane upAyoM kA vicAra karanA nirjarA-bhAvanA hai| nirjarA-bhAvanA kA sAdhaka upasthita hone vAle sukha-duHkhoM ko pUrva karmabandha kA pratiphala mAnakara anAsakta-bhAva se dhairyapUrvaka unheM bhogatA hai / duHkhoM ke kAraNa ko nimitta mAtra mAnakara usake prati dveSa nahIM karatA / usI prakAra, sukha kI dazA meM use pUrva-karma kA pratiphala mAnakara kisI prakAra kA ahaMkAra nahIM krtaa| isa prakAra, rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThakara mAtra sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pUrva karmoM kA kSaya karatA hai aura unake paripAka ke avasara para nae karmoM kA bandha nahIM hone detaa| dUsare rUpa meM, nirjarA - bhAvanA kA sAdhaka bAhya aura Abhyantara- tapoM ke mAdhyama se pUrva-saMcita karmoM ke nAza kA vicAra karatA hai| tapa ke sambandha meM vistRta tulanAtmaka - vivecana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai, use vahA~ dekhA jA sakatA hai| - 10. dharma - -bhAvanA - dharma ke svarUpa aura usakI AtmavikAsa kI zakti kA vicAra karanA dharma-bhAvanA hai| dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| eka jainAcArya dharma ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM ki jisameM rAga aura dveSa na ho, svArtha aura mamatva kA abhAva ho, vahI satya evaM kalyANakArI dharma hai| isa prakAra, dharmaM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA vicAra karanA aura usakA pAlana karanA hI dharma-bhAvanA hai 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra meM ekamAtra zaraNa dharma hI hai, isake sivAya anya koI rakSaka nahIM hai / 11 jarA aura mRtyu ke pravAha meM vega se DUbate hue prANiyoM ke lie dharma

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466 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvIpa hI uttama sthAna aura zaraNarUpa hai| 162 AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki durgati meM girate hue jIvoM ko jo dhAraNa karatA hai, bacAtAhai, vahadharma hai| sarvajJa ke dvArA kathita, saMyama Adike bhedase dasa prakAra kA dharma hI mokSa prApta karAtA hai| 163 dharma unakA bandhu hai, jinakA saMsAra meM koI bandhu nahIM hai| dharma unakA sakhA hai, jinakA koI sakhA nahIM hai| dharma unakA nAtha hai, jinakA koI nAtha nahIM hai| akhila jagat ke lie ekamAtra dharma hI rakSaka hai| 164 bauddha-paramparA meM dharma-bhAvanA-dhammapadameM kahA gayA hai ki dharma ke amRtarasa kA pAna karanevAlA sukha kI nIMda sotA hai| citta prasanna rahatA hai| paNDita puruSa AryoM dvArA pratipAdita dharma-mArga para calatA huAAnandapUrvaka rahatA hai| 165 manuSya sadAcAra-dharma kA pAlana kare, burA AcaraNa na kare, dharma kA AcaraNa karanevAlA isa loka meM aura paraloka meM sukhapUrvaka rahatA hai| 166 ___ mahAbhArata meM dharma-bhAvanA- mahAbhArata kA vacana hai ki dharma se hI RSiyoM ne saMsAra-samudra ko pAra kiyA hai| dharma para hI sampUrNa loka Tike hue haiN| dharma se hI devatAoM kI unnati huI hai aura dharma meM hIartha kI bhI sthiti hai, 167 ataH mana ko vaza meM karake dharma ko apanA pradhAna dhyeya banAnA cAhie aura sampUrNa prANiyoM ke sAtha vaisA hI bartAva karanA cAhie, jaisA hama apane lie cAhate haiN| 168 11. loka-bhAvanA-loka kI racanA, AkRti, svarUpa Adi para vicAra karane ke lie loka-bhAvanA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, yaha loka kisI kA banAyA huA nahIM hai aura anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai| AtmAe~ bhI anAdikAla se apane zubhAzubha kAryoM ke anusAra paribhramaNa kara rahI haiN| isa loka ke agrabhAga para siddha sthAna hai| siddha sthAna ke nIce Upara ke bhAga meM svarga aura adhobhAga meM naraka hai| isake madhyabhAga meM tiryaMca evaM manuSyoM kA nivAsa hai| loka kI isa AkRti evaM sthiti para vicAra karate hue sAdhaka sadaiva yahI soce ki usakA AcAra aisA ho, jisase usakI AtmA patana ke sthAnoM ko chor3akara urdhvaloka meM janma le, yA lokAgra para jAkara mukti prApta kara ske| yahI isa bhAvanA kA sAra ___12. bodhidurlabha-bhAvanA-bodhidurlabha-bhAvanA ke dvArA yaha cintana kiyA jAtA hai ki sanmArga kA jo bodha prApta huA hai, usakA samyakAcaraNa karanA atyanta duSkara hai| isa durlabha bodha ko pAkara bhI samyak AcaraNa ke dvArA AtmavikAsa athavA nirvANako prApta nahIM kiyA, to punaH aisA bodha prApta honA atyanta kaThina hai| jaina-vicAra meM cAra cIjoM kI upalabdhi atyanta durlabha kahI gaI hai - saMsAra meM prANI ko manuSyatva kI prApti, dharmazravaNa, zuddha zraddhA aura saMyama-mArga meM purussaarth| 169 prathama to, atyanta kaThinAI se mAnavazarIra kI upalabdhi hotI hai| jainAgamoM meM mAnava jIvana kI durlabhatA kA aneka udAharaNoM

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 467 dvArA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| kalpanA kIjie ki samagra bhAratavarSa kI dhAnya-rAzi eka jagaha ekatra kI jAe aura usake usa vizAla Dhera meM eka sera sarasoM milA dI jaae| punaH, sau varSa kI bur3hiyA, jisake hAtha kAMpate hoM, gardana hilatI ho aura A~khoM se bhI kama dikhAI detA ho, use chAja dekara kahA jAe ki isa Dhera meM se vaha milI huI eka sera sarasoM alaga kara de| kyA vaha bur3hiyA eka-eka dAnA bInakara usa eka sera sarasoM ko alaga nikAla sakegI ? yaha asambhava hai, parantu yadi yaha kisI prakAra se sambhava ho jAe, to bhI eka bAra manuSya-janma ko pAkara use kho dene para punaH usako prApta karanA atyanta durlbhhai| eka dUsare udAharaNa meM yaha kalpanA kI gaI hai ki svayaMbhUramaNa samudra meM pUrva dizA ke kinAre se eka juA pAnI meM taira rahA thA aura pazcima kinAre se eka kiilii| kyA kabhI havA ke jhokoM se laharoM para tairatI huI kIlI jue ke cheda meM apane-Apa Akara laga sakatI hai? kAza! yaha aghaTita bhI ghaTita ho jAe, parantu eka bAra kho dene para manuSya-janma kA punaH prApta kara lenA atyanta kaThina hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti kevala mAnava-jIvana se sambhava hai| bauddha-paramparA ne mAnava-yoni se nirvANa kI prApti mAnI hai| sadbhAgya se mAnava-janma upalabdha bhI ho jAe, to bhI satya-dharma kA zravaNa honA atyanta kaThina hai| satya-dharma kA zravaNa karane kA avasara mila bhI jAe, lekina phira aisI aneka AtmAe~ haiM, jinheM dharmazravaNa ke pazcAt bhI usa para zraddhA nahIM hotii| zraddhA ho jAne para bhI usake anukUla AcaraNa karanAatyanta kaThina hai| isa prakAra, satya-dharma kI upalabdhi aura usa para AcaraNa atyanta durlabha hai, ataH sAdhaka ko inakI durlabhatA kA vicAra karate hue hamezA yaha prayAsa karanA cAhie ki yaha jo svarNa-avasara use upalabdha ho gayA hai, vaha usake hAtha se na nikala jAe / bodhi-durlabhatA kA sandeza dete hue mahAvIra kahate haiM - manuSyoM! bodhako prApta karo, bodha ko prApta kyoM nahIM karate ho ? mRtyu ke bAda bodha prApta honA kaThina hai, bItI huI rAtriyA~ punaH nahIM lauTatIM aura phira manuSya-janma milanA bhI durlabha hai| 170 bauddha-paramparA meM bodhi-durlabha bhAvanA-bauddha-dharma meM bhIdharma-bodha kI durlabhatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki manuSyatva kI prApti durlabha hai,mAnava-janma pAkara bhI jIvita rahanA durlabha hai, kitane hI akAla meM mRtyu ko prApta ho jAte haiN| manuSya banakara saddharma kA zravaNa durlabha hai aura buddha hokara utpanna honA to atyanta durlabha hai| 171 cArabhAvanAe~ prakArAntara se jaina-paramparA meM cAra bhAvanAoM kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM 72, AcArya haribhadra ne yogazataka 173 meM, AcArya amitagati 174 ne sAmAyika-pATha meM tathA AcArya hemacandra 175 ne yogazAstra meM (1) maitrI

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468 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (2)pramoda, (3) kAruNya aura (4) mAdhyastha-ina cAra bhAvanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mUla AgamoM meM bhI ina bhAvanAoM ke vicAra bikhare hue haiN| paravartI jaina-AcAryoM ne bhI inakA savistAra vivecana kiyA hai| 1. maitrI-bhAvanA-maitrI-bhAvanA parahita-cintA ke rUpa meM hai| 176 anya prANiyoM ke kalyANa kI cintA karanA hI maitrI-bhAvanA hai| koI bhI prANI duHkha kA bhAjana na bane, samasta prANI duHkha se mukta ho jAeM-isa prakAra cintA karanA maitrI-bhAvanA hai|177 maitrIbhAvanA adveSa kI bhAvanA hai| samyak rUpa se isakI bhAvanA karane para dveSa kA upazama hotA hai| yaha vairako upazAMta karane kA upAya hai| maitrI-bhAvanAse vaimanasya aurazatrutA samApta hotI hai| sAdhaka pratidina yahI udghoSa karatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM se merI mitratA hai, kisI se merA vaira nahIM hai|178 2. pramoda-dUsaroM kI prasannatA meM svayaM ko prasanna mAnanA-yaha muditA yApramodabhAvanA hai| 179 AcArya hemacandra tathA AcArya amitagati ke anusAra, pramoda-bhAvanA kA tAtparya guNIjanoM ke prati AdarabhAva, unakI prazaMsA aura unako dekhakara mana meM prasannatA kA honA hai| pramodabhAvanA kA artha hai-dUsare ke sukha athavA dUsaroM kI unnati ko dekhakara mana meM prasanna bhAva kaaaanaa| 18 pramoda-bhAvanA se sAdhaka IrSyA, asUyA yA aprIti se dUra hotA hai aura arati kA upazama hotA hai| pramoda-bhAvanAjanya harSa sAdhAraNa jana ko hone vAle harSa se bhinna hotA hai| yaha harSa prazAnta hotA hai, usameM mana sAmyAvasthA meM rahatA hai, jabaki sAmAnya harSa udvega yA kSobhayukta hotA hai| udvegayukta harSa se to ulTe yaha bhAvanA naSTa hotI hai| 3. karuNA-dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra karane kA vicAra hI karuNA hai| 11 dIna, duHkhI, bhayabhIta aura prANoM kI yAcanA karane vAle prANiyoM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA vicAra utpanna honA hI karuNA-bhAvanA hai| yahI paraduHkhakAtaratA hai| dUsare ke duHkha ko dekhakara hRdaya kA dravita ho jAnA-yahI karuNA hai| karuNA se hiMsaka-vRtti kA upazama hotA hai aura ahiMsaka-vRtti kA udaya hotA hai| khedajJatA karuNA kA lakSaNa hai| jaina-darzana ke ahiMsAsiddhAnta kA AdhAra yahI karuNA hai| karuNA ahiMsA se adhika vyApaka hai| karuNA se saMyojita hokara hI ahiMsA vidhAyaka evaM pUrNa banatI hai| 4.mAdhyastha (upekSA)- dUsaroM ke doSoM kI upekSA karanA mAdhyastha-bhAvanA hai|13 krUra karma karane vAle, deva aura guru ke nindaka, AtmaprazaMsA meM rata manuSyoM ke prati kisI bhI prakAra kA durvicAra na lAte hue samabhAva rakhanA hI mAdhyastha-bhAvanA hai| 184 mAdhyastha-bhAvanA rAga-dveSa se Upara uThane ke lie hai| bauddha-paramparA meM cAra bhAvanAe~- bauddha-paramparA meM maitrI, pramoda (muditA), karuNA aura upekSA (mAdhyastha) bhAvanA kA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| 185 buddha ne inheM

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 469 'brahma-vihAra' kahA hai| ye cAroM bhAvanAe~ citta kI sarvotkRSTa aura divya avasthAe~ haiM, citta-vizuddhi kA uttama sAdhana haiN| jo inakI bhAvanA karatA hai, vaha sadgati athavA nirvANa prApta karatA hai| mahAyAna-sampradAya meM inake viSaya meM jaina-darzana kI apekSA kAphI gaharAI se vicAra huA hai| ina bhAvanAoM kA sarvocca vikAsa AcArya zAntideva ke bodhicaryAvatAra meM milatA hai| pratyeka bhAvanA kI sAdhanA meM kitanI sajagatA kI AvazyakatA hai, isakA bhI bauddha-dArzanikoM ne pratipAdana kiyaahai| pratyeka bhAvanA ke do zatru mAne gae haiM- 1. samIpavartI aura 2. duurvrtii| nikaTavartI zatru chadmarUpa meM usa bhAvanA ke samAna hI pratIta hote haiM, jaiserAga aura maitrI karuNAaura shok| inabhAvanAoM kI sAdhanA karate samaya yezatru sAdhaka ke citta para binA patA cale hI adhikAra kara lete haiM, ataH inase vizeSa satarka rahane kI AvazyakatA hai| dUravartI zatru usa bhAvanA ke virodhI hote haiN| donoM hI zatruoM se bhAvanAoM kI rakSA karanI caahie| maitrIbhAvanA kA nikaTavartI zatru rAga hai, kyoMki yaha maitrI ke samAna hai, jabaki dveSa usakA dUravartI zatru hai| pramodabhAvanA kA nikaTatama zatru saumanasyatA yA rati hai| saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI sukha-suvidhAoM ko dekhakara jaise pramoda hotA hai, vaise hI unameM rati bhI utpanna ho sakatI hai, ataH pramoda-bhAvanA ke samaya yaha sAvadhAnI rakhanI hotI hai, pramoda ke hote hue rati (prIti) na ho| arati yA aprIti pramoda kA dUravartI zatru hai| karuNA kA nikaTavartI zatru zoka hai, kyoMki jinake duHkhoM ko dekhakara citta meM karuNA kA udaya hotA hai, unake sambandha meM tadviSayaka zokabhI ho sakatA hai| karuNAkA dUravartI zatru vihiMsA hai| ajJAnayukta upekSA mAdhyastha-bhAvanA kA nikaTavartI zatru hai, jabaki rAga aura dveSa usake dUravartI zatru haiN| vaidika-paramparAmeM cArabhAvanAe~-pAtaMjala-yogasUtra meM bhI inhIMcArabhAvanAoM kA ullekha hai| 186 unake anusAra, uparyukta cAroM bhAvanAoM kA tAtparya vahI hai, jo ki jaina-paramparA meM varNita hai| yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ ina bhAvanAoM ke vivecana meM ati nikaTa haiN| tInoM hI paramparAoM kA yaha sAmya pArasparikanikaTatA kA paricAyaka hai| samAdhi-maraNa (saMlekhanA) jaina-paramparA ke sAmAnya AcAra-niyamoM meM saMlekhanA yAsaMthArA (svecchApUrvaka mRtyu-varaNa) eka mahatvapUrNa tathya hai| jaina gRhastha-upAsakoM evaM zramaNa-sAdhakoM, donoM ke lie svecchApUrvaka mRtyu-varaNa kA vidhAna jaina-AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| jainAgama-sAhitya aise sAdhakoM kI jIvana-gAthAoM se bharA par3A hai, jinhoMne svecchayA maraNa kA vrata aMgIkAra kiyA thA / antakRtdazAMga evaM anuttaropapAtika-sUtroM meM una zramaNa-sAdhakoM kA aura upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM AnandaAdiuna gRhastha-sAdhakoM kA jIvana-darzana varNita hai, jinhoMne

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jIvana kI sAMdhya - velA meM svecchA-maraNa kA vrata svIkArA thaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, mRtyu ke do rUpa haiM - 1. svecchA maraNa yA nirbhayatApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa aura 2. anicchApUrvaka yA bhayapUrvaka mRtyu se grasita honA / 187 svecchA maraNa meM manuSya kA mRtyu para zAsana hotA hai, jabaki anicchApUrvaka maraNa meM mRtyu manuSya para zAsana karatI hai| pahale ko paNDitamaraNa yA samAdhimaraNa bhI kahA gayA hai aura dUsare ko bAla (ajJAnI) maraNa yA asamAdhimaraNa kahA gayA hai| eka jJAnIjanakI mauta hai aura dUsarI ajJAnI kI, ajJAnI viSayAsakta hotA hai aura isalie vaha bAra-bAra maratA hai, jabaki yathArtha jJAnI anAsakta hotA hai, isalie vaha eka hI bAra maratA hai / 188 jo mRtyu se bhaya khAtA hai, usase bacane ke lie bhAgA-bhAgA phiratA hai, mRtyu bhI usakA barAbara pIchA karatI rahatI hai, lekina jo nirbhaya hokara mRtyu kA svAgata karatA hai aura usakA AliMgana karatA hai, mRtyu bhI usakA pIchA nahIM krtii| jo mRtyu se bhaya khAtA hai, vahI mRtyu kA zikAra hotA hai, lekina jo mRtyu se nirbhaya ho jAtA hai, vaha amaratA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| sAdhakoM ke prati mahAvIra kA sandeza yahI thA ki mRtyu ke upasthita hone para zarIrAdi se anAsakta hokara usakA AliMgana kro| 189 mahAvIra ke darzana meM anAsakta jIvana-zailI kI yahI mahatvapUrNa kasauTI hai| jo sAdhaka mRtyu se bhAgatA hai, vaha sacce artha meM anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA se anabhijJa hai| jise anAsakta - mRtyu kI kalA nahIM AtI, use anAsakta-jIvana kI kalA bhI nahIM A sktii| isI anAsakta-mRtyu kI kalA ko saMlekhanA - vrata kahA gayA hai| jaina- paramparA meM saMthArA, saMlekhanA, samAdhi-maraNa, paNDita - maraNa aura kAma-maraNa 10 Adi svecchApUrvaka mRtyu-varaNa ke hI paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| AcArya samantabhadra saMlekhanA kI paribhASA karate hue likhate haiM ki ApattiyoM, akAloM, ativRddhAvasthA evaM asAdhya rogoM meM zarIra tyAga karanA saMlekhanA hai, 191 arthAt jaba mRtyu anivArya - sI ho gaI ho, una sthitiyoM meM nirbhaya hokara dehAsakti kA visarjana kara mRtyu kA svAgata karanA hI saMlekhanA - vrata hai| samAdhi-maraNa ke bheda 470 jainAgamoM meM mRtyu-varaNa ke avasaroM kI apekSA ke AdhAra para samAdhi-maraNa ke do prakAra kahe gae haiM - 1. sAgArI - saMthArA aura 2. sAmAnya saMthArA / sAgArI - saMthArA - akasmAt jaba koI aisI vipatti upasthita ho jAe, ki jisameM se jIvita baca nikalanA sambhava na ho, jaise Aga meM ghira jAnA, jala meM DUbane jaisI sthiti ho jAnA athavA hiMsaka pazu yA kisI aise duSTa vyakti ke adhikAra meM pha~sa jAnA, jahA~ sadAcAra se patita hone kI saMbhAvanA ho, aise saMkaTapUrNa avasaroM para jo saMthArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, use sAgArI - saMthArA kahate haiM / yadi vyakti usa vipatti yA saMkaTapUrNa sthiti se bAhara ho jAtA hai to vaha panaH deharakSaNa tathA jIvana ke sAmAnya krama ko cAlU rakha sakatA

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 471 hai| sAgArI-saMthArA mRtyuparyanta ke lie nahIM, varan paristhiti-vizeSa ke lie hotA hai, ataH paristhiti-vizeSa ke samApta ho jAne para usa vrata kI maryAdA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| sAmAnya saMthArA- jaba svAbhAvika jarAvasthA athavA asAdhya roga ke kAraNa punaH svastha hokara jIvita rahane kI samasta AzAe~ dhUmila ho gaI hoM, taba yAvajjIvana taka jo dehAsakti evaM zarIra-poSaNa ke prayatnoM kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sAmAnya saMthArA hai / yaha yAvajjIvana ke lie hotA hai, arthAt dehapAta parahI pUrNa hotA hai| sAmAnya saMthArA grahaNa karane ke lie jainAgamoM meM nimna sthitiyA~ Avazyaka mAnI gaI haiM- jaba sabhI indriyA~ apane kAryoM kA sampAdana karane meM akSama ho gaI hoM, jaba zarIra sUkhakara asthipaMjara raha gayA ho, pacana-pAcana, AhAra-vihAra Adi zArIrika-kriyAe~ zithila ho gaI hoM aura inake kAraNa sAdhanA aura saMyama kA paripAlana samyak rIti se honA sambhava na rahA ho, tabhI arthAt mRtyu ke upasthita ho jAne para hI sAmAnya saMthArA grahaNa kiyAjA sakatA hai| sAmAnya saMthArA tIna prakAra kA hai- (a) bhakta-pratyAkhyAna-AhAra Adi kA tyAga kara denA (ba) iMgitamaraNa- eka nizcita bhU-bhAga para halana-calana Adi zArIrika-kriyAe~ karate hue AhAra Adi kA tyAga karanA, (sa) pAdopagamana - AhAra Adi ke tyAga ke sAtha-sAtha zArIrika kriyAoM kA nirodha karate hue mRtyuparyanta nizcala rUpa se lakar3I ke takhte ke samAna sthira par3e rhnaa| uparyukta sabhI prakAra ke samAdhi-maraNoM meM mana kAsamabhAva meM sthita honA anivArya hai| samAdhi-maraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi __ jainAgamoM meM samAdhi-maraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi bhI batAI gaI hai| sarvaprathama malamUtrAdiazuci-visarjana ke sthAna kA avalokana kara narama tRNoM kI zayyA taiyAra kara lI jAtI hai| tatpazcAt siddha, arahanta aura dharmAcAryoM ko vinayapUrvaka namaskAra kara pUrvagRhIta pratijJAoM meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA aura unakA prAyazcitta grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| isake bAda, samasta prANiyoM se kSamA yAcanA kI jAtI hai aura anta meM aThAraha pApasthAnoM, annAdi caturvidha-AhAroM kA tyAga karake zarIra ke mamatva evaM poSaNa-kriyA kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| sAdhaka pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM pUrNataH hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahma, parigraha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhayAvat mithyAdarzana-zalya se virata hotA hU~, anna Adi cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA yAvajjIvana ke lie tyAga karatA huuN| merA yaha zarIra, jo mujhe atyanta priya thA, maiMne isakI bahuta rakSAkIthI, kRpaNa ke dhana ke samAna ise saMbhAlatA rahAthA, isa para merA pUrNa vizvAsa thA ( ki yaha mujhe kabhI nahIM chor3egA), isake samAna mujhe anya koI priya nahIM thA, isalie maiMne ise zIta, garmI, kSudhA, tRSA Adi aneka kaSToM se evaM vividha rogoM se bacAyA aura sAvadhAnIpUrvaka isakI rakSA karatA rahA, aba maiM isa deha kA visarjana karatA hU~ aura

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472 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana isake poSaNa evaM rakSaNa ke prayAsoM kA parityAga karatA huuN|192 bauddha-paramparA meM mRtyu-varaNa yadyapi buddha ne jaina-paramparA ke samAna hI dhArmika-AtmahatyAoM ko anucita mAnA hai, tathApi bauddha-vAGmaya meM kucha aise sandarbha avazya haiM, jo svecchApUrvaka mRtyu-varaNa kA samarthana karate haiM / saMyuttanikAya meM asAdhya roga se pIr3ita bhikSu vakkali kulaputra 199 tathA bhikSu channa 194 dvArA kI gaI AtmahatyAkA samarthana buddha ne kiyA thA aura unheM nirdoSa kahakara donoM hI bhikSuoM ko parinirvANa prApta karanevAlA batAyA thaa| jApAnI-bauddhoM meM to Aja bhI 'harIkarI' kI prathA mRtyu-varaNa kI sUcaka hai| phira bhI, jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM mRtyuvaraNa ke prazna ko lekara kucha antara bhI haiN| prathama to yaha ki jaina-paramparA ke viparIta bauddha-paramparA meM zastravadha se tatkAla hI mRtyu-varaNa kara liyA jAtA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne zastravadha Adi ke dvArA tAtkAlika mRtyuvaraNa kA virodha isalie kiyA thA ki unheM usameM maraNAkAMkSA kI sambhAvanA pratIta huii| yadi maraNAkAMkSA nahIM hai, to phira maraNa ke lie itanI AturatA kyoM ? isa prakAra, jahA~ bauddha-paramparA zastra ke dvArA kI gaI AtmahatyA kA samarthana karatI hai, vahA~ jaina-paramparA use asvIkAra karatI hai| isa sandarbha meM bauddha-paramparA vaidika- paramparA ke adhika nikaTa vaidika-paramparA meM mRtyu-varaNa sAmAnyatayA, hindU dharma-zAstroM meM AtmahatyA ko mahApApa mAnA gayA hai| pArAzara-smRti meM kahA gayA hai ki jo kleza, bhaya, ghamaNDa aura krodha ke vazIbhUta hokara AtmahatyA karatA hai, vaha ATha hajAra varSa taka narakavAsa karatA hai| 195 mahAbhArata ke Adiparva ke anusAra bhI AtmahatyA karanevAlA kalyANaprada lokoM meM nahIM jA sakatA hai, 196 lekina inake atirikta hindUdharma-zAstroM meM aise bhI aneka ullekha haiM, jo svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana karate haiN| prAyazcitta ke nimitta se mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana manusmRti (11/90-91), yAjJavalkyasmRti (3/253), gautamasmRti (23/1), vasiSTha dharmasUtra (20/22, 13/14) aura ApastambasUtra (1/9/25/1-3, 6) meM bhI hai| itanA hI nahIM, hindU dharma-zAstroM meM aise bhI aneka sthala haiM, jahA~ mRtyuvaraNa ko pavitra evaM dhArmikaAcaraNa ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva (25/62-64), vanaparva (85/83) evaM matsyapurANa (186/34/35) meM agnipraveza, jalapraveza, giripatana, viSaprayoga yA upavAsa Adi ke dvArA deha tyAga karane para brahmaloka yA mukti prApta hotI hai, aisA mAnA gayA hai| aparArka ne prAcIna AcAryoM ke mata ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 473 yadi koI gRhastha asAdhya roga se pIr3ita ho, ativRddha ho, kisI indriya se utpanna Ananda kA abhilASI na ho, jisane apane kartavya kara lie hoM, vaha mahAprasthAna, agni yA jala meM praveza karake, athavA parvatazikhara se girakara apane prANoM kA visarjana kara sakatA hai| aisA karake vaha koI pApa nahIM krtaa| usakI mRtyu to tapoM se bhI bar3hakara hai| zAstrAnumodita kartavyoM ke pAlana meM azakta hone para jIne kI icchA rakhanA vyartha hai|197 zrImadbhAgavata ke gyArahaveM skandha ke aThArahaveM adhyAya meM bhI svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM svecchA mRtyuvaraNa kA samarthana na kevala zAstrIya-AdhAroM para huA hai, varan vyAvahArika jIvana meM isake aneka udAharaNa bhI vaidika-paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mahAbhArata meM pANDavoM ke dvArA himAlaya-yAtrA meM kiyA gayA dehapAta mRtyu-varaNa kA hI udAharaNa hai| DaoN. pANDuraMga vAmana kANe ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa evaM anya vaidika-dharmagranthoM tathA zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para zarabhaMga, mahArAjAraghu, kalacurI ke rAjA gAMgeya, candelakula ke rAjAdhaMgadeva, cAlukyarAja, somezvara Adike svecchA mRtyu-varaNakA ullekha kiyA hai 1198 megasthanIjane bhI IsavI pUrva caturthazatAbdI meM pracalita svecchAmaraNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| prayAgameM akSayavaTa se kUdakara gaMgA meM prANAnta karane kI prathA tathA kAzI meM karauTa lene kI prathA vaidika-paramparA meM madhya yuga taka pracalita thii| yadyapiye prathAe~ Aja nAmazeSaho gaI haiM, tathApi vaidika-saMnyAsiyoM dvArA jIvita samAdhi lene kI prathA Aja bhI janamAnasa meM zraddhA kA kendra hai|199 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM, balki vaidika paramparA meM bhI mRtyu-varaNa kA samarthana hai, lekina jaina aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jahA~ vaidika-paramparA meM jala evaM agni meM praveza, giri-zikhara se giranA, viSa yA zastra-prayoga Adi vividha sAdhanoM meM mRtyu-varaNa kA vidhAna hai, vahA~ jainaparamparA meM sAmAnyatayA kevala upavAsa dvArA hI dehatyAga kA vidhAna hai| jaina-paramparA zastra Adise hone vAlI tAtkAlika mRtyu kI apekSA upavAsa dvArA honevAlI kramika mRtyu ko hI adhika prazasta mAnatI hai| yadyapi brahmacarya kI rakSA Adi kucha prasaMgoM meM tAtkAlika mRtyu-varaNa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, tathApi sAmAnyatayA jaina-AcAryoM ne mRtyu-varaNa, jise prakArAntara se AtmahatyA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, kI AlocanA kI hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne giripatana yAagnipraveza ke dvArA kie jAne vAle mRtyuvaraNa ko lokamUr3hatA kahA hai| 200 jaina-AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM samAdhimaraNakA arthamRtyukI kAmanA nahIM, varan dehAsakti kA parityAga hai| jisa prakAra jIvana kI AkAMkSA dUSita hai, usI prakAra mRtyu kI AkAMkSA bhI dUSita kahI gaI hai|

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474 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana samAdhi-maraNa ke doSa- jaina-AcAryoM ne samAdhimaraNa ke lie nimna pA~ca doSoM se bacane kA nirdeza kiyA hai - (1) jIvana kI AkAMkSA, (2) mRtyu kI AkAMkSA (3) aihika-sukhoM kI kAmanA, (4) pAralaukika-sukhoM kI kAmanA aura (5) indriyaviSayoM ke bhogoM kI aakaaNkssaa| buddha ne bhI jIvana kI tRSNA aura mRtyu kI tRSNA-donoM ko hI anaitika mAnA hai / buddha ke anusAra, bhavatRSNA aura vibhavatRSNA kramazaH jIvitAzA aura maraNAzA kI pratIka haiM aura jaba taka ye AzAe~ yA tRSNAe~ upasthita haiM, taba taka naitika-pUrNatA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH sAdhaka ko inase bacate hI rahanA caahie| phira bhI yaha pUchA jA sakatA hai ki kyA samAdhi-maraNa mRtyu kI AkAMkSA nahIM hai ? samAdhi-maraNaaura AtmahatyA jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-tInoM paraMparAoM meM jIvitAzA aura maraNAzA-donoM ko hI anucita kahA gayA hai, 201 to yaha prazna sahaja hI uThatA hai ki kyA samAdhi-maraNa maraNAkAMkSA yA AtmahatyA nahIM hai ? vastutaH, samAdhi-maraNa na to maraNAkAMkSA hai aura na aatmhtyaahii| vyakti AtmahatyA yA to krodha ke vazIbhUta hokara karatA hai, yA phira sammAna yA hitoM kI gaharI coTa pahu~cane para, athavA jIvana se nirAza ho jAne para karatA hai, lekina yaha sabhI citta kI sAMvegika-avasthAe~ haiM, jabaki samAdhimaraNa to citta kI samatvaavasthA hai, ataH use AtmahatyA nahIM kaha skte| dUsare, AtmahatyA yA AtmabalidAna meM mRtyuko nimantraNa diyA jAtA hai| vyakti ke antas meM marane kI icchA chipI rahatI hai, lekina samAdhimaraNa meM maraNAkAMkSA kA na rahanA hI apekSita hai, kyoMki samAdhimaraNa ke pratijJAsUtra meM hI sAdhaka yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki mRtyu kI AkAMkSA se rahita hokara AtmaramaNa karUMgA (kAla akaMkhamANe vihraami)| yadi samAdhimaraNa meM marane kI icchA hI pramukha hotI, to usake pratijJAsUtra meM ina zabdoM ke rakhane kI koI AvazyakatA hI nahIM thii| jaina-vicArakoM ne to maraNAzaMsA ko samAdhi-maraNa kA doSa hI kahA hai, ataH samAdhimaraNa ko AtmahatyA nahIM kaha sakate / jaina-vicArakoM ne isIlie sAmAnya sthiti meM zastravadha, amipraveza yA giripatana Adi ke dvArA tAtkAlika mRtyuvaraNa ko anucita hI mAnA hai, kyoMki aisA karane meM maraNAkAMkSA kI sambhAvanA hai| samAdhi-maraNa meM AhArAdi ke tyAga meM mRtyu kI cAha nahIM hotI, mAtra dehapoSaNa kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| mRtyu usakA pariNAma avazya hai, lekina usakI AkAMkSA nahIM, jaise phor3e kI cIraphAr3a se vedanA avazya hotI hai, lekina usameM vedanA kI AkAMkSA nahIM hotI hai| eka jaina-AcArya kA kahanA hai ki samAdhimaraNa kI kriyA maraNa ke nimitta nahIM hokara usake pratikAra ke lie hai, jaise vraNakA cIranA vedanA ke lie na hokara vedanA ke pratikAra ke lie hotA hai| 202 yadiAparezana kI kriyA meM ho jAne

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jaina- AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama vAlI mRtyu hatyA nahIM hai, to phira samAdhimaraNa meM ho jAne vAlI mRtyu bhI AtmahatyA kaise ho sakatI hai? eka daihika jIvana kI rakSA ke lie hai, to dUsarI AdhyAtmika jIvana kI rakSA ke lie hai| samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA meM maulika antara hai| AtmahatyA meM vyakti jIvana ke saMgharSoM se Ubakara jIvana se bhAganA cAhatA hai| usake mUla meM kAyaratA hai, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM deha aura saMyama kI rakSA ke anivArya vikalpoM meM se saMyama kI rakSA ke vikalpa ko cunakara mRtyu kA sAhasapUrvaka sAmanA kiyA jAtA hai| samAdhimaraNa meM jIvana se bhAgane kA prayAsa nahIM, varan jIvana saMdhyA-velA meM dvAra para khar3I mRtyu kA svAgata hai / AtmahatyA meM jIvana se bhaya hotA hai, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM mRtyu se nirbhayatA hotI hai| AtmahatyA asamaya mRtyu kA AmantraNa hai, jabaki saMthArA yA samAdhimaraNa mAtra mRtyu ke upasthita hone para usakA saharSa AliMgana hai| AtmahatyA ke mUla meM yA to bhaya hotA hai, yA kAmanA hotI hai, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM bhaya aura kAmanA- donoM kI hI anupasthiti Avazyaka hotI hai / samAdhimaraNa Atma-balidAna bhI nahIM hai| zaiva aura zAkta-sampradAyoM meM pazubali samAna Atmabala kI prathA rahI hai, lekina samAdhimaraNa Atma-balidAna nahIM hai, kyoMki Atma-balidAna bhI bhAvanA kA atireka hai| bhAvAtireka Atma-balidAna kI anivAryatA hai, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM viveka kA prakaTana Avazyaka hai| samAdhimaraNa ke pratyaya ke AdhAra para AlocakoM ne yaha kahane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai ki jaina-darzana jIvana se ikarAra nahIM karatA, varan jIvana se inakAra karatA hai, lekina gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta siddha hotI hai / upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM- 'vaha (jaina- darzana) jIvana se inakAra nahIM karatA, apitu jIvana ke mithyA moha se inakAra karatA hai| jIvana jIne meM yadi koI mahatvapUrNa lAbha hai aura vaha svapara kI hita-sAdhanA meM upayogI hai, to jIvana sarvatobhAvena saMrakSaNIya hai / ' 203 AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM- "sAdhaka kI deha saMyama kI sAdhanA ke lie hai| yadi deha hI nahIM rahI, to saMyama kaise rahegA, ataH saMyama kI sAdhanA ke lie deha kA paripAlana iSTa hai / deha kA paripAlana saMyama ke nimitta hai, ataH deha kA aisA paripAlana, jisameM samaya hI samApta ho, kisa kAma kA ? " 204 sAdhaka kA jIvana na to jIne ke lie hai, na maraNa ke lie hai| vaha to jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI siddhi ke lie hai| yadi jIvana se jJAnAdi kI siddhi evaM vRddhi ho, to jIvana kI rakSA karate hue vaisA karanA cAhie aura yadi maraNa se hI jJAnAdi kI abhISTa siddhi hotI ho, to vaha maraNa bhI sAdhaka ke lie zirasA zlAghanIya hai| 205 475 samAdhi-maraNa kA mUlyAMkana svecchA - maraNa ke viSaya meM pahalA prazna yaha hai ki kyA manuSya ko prANAnta karane kA naitika adhikAra hai ? paM. sukhalAlajI ne jaina- dRSTi se isa prazna kA jo uttara diyA hai,

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476 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana usakA saMkSipta sAra yaha hai ki jaina-dharma sAmAnya sthitiyoM meM, cAhe vaha laukika ho yA dhArmika, prANAnta karane kA adhikAra nahIM detA hai, lekina jaba deha aura AdhyAtmikasadguNa-inameM se kisI eka ko cunane kA samaya A gayA ho, to deha kA tyAga karake bhI apanI vizuddha AdhyAtmika-sthiti ko bacAnA cAhie; jaise satI strI dUsarA mArga na dekhakara dehanAzake dvArAbhI apane satItvakIrakSAkaratI hai| deha aura saMyama-donoM kI samAna bhAva se rakSA ho sake, to donoM kI hI rakSA karttavya hai, para jaba eka kI hI rakSA kA prazna Ae, to sAmAnya vyakti deha kI rakSA pasanda kareMge aura AdhyAtmika-saMyama kI upekSA kareMge, jabaki samAdhimaraNa kA adhikArIsaMyama kIrakSAko mahatva degaa| jIvana to donoM hI haiM-daihika aura aadhyaatmik| AdhyAtmika-jIvana jIne ke lie prANAnta yA anazana kI ijAjata hai| pAmaroM, bhayabhItoM aura lAlaciyoM ke lie nhiiN| bhayaMkara duSkAla Adi ApattiyoM meM deha-rakSA ke nimitta se saMyama se patita hone kA avasara AjAe, yA anivArya rUpase maraNa lAne vAlI bImAriyoM ke kAraNa khuda ko aura dUsaroM ko nirarthaka parezAnI hotI ho aura saMyama aura sadguNa kI rakSA sambhava na ho, taba mAtra samabhAva kI dRSTi se saMthAre yA svecchAmaraNa kA vidhAna hai| 206 yadi sadguNoM kI rakSA ke nimitta deha kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha anaitika nahIM hai| naitikatA kI rakSA ke lie kiyA gayA deha-visarjana anaitika kaise hogA? ___jaina-darzana ke isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana gItA bhI karatI hai| usameM kahA hai ki yadi jIvita rahakara (AdhyAtmika-sadguNoM ke vinAza ke kAraNa) apakIrti kI sambhAvanA ho, to usa jIvana se maraNa hI zreSTha hai| 207 kAkA kAlelakara likhate haiM ki mRtyu zikArI ke samAna hamAre pIche par3e aura hama bacane ke lie bhAgate jAe, yaha dRzya manuSya ko zobhA nahIM detaa| jIvana kA prayojana samApta huA, aisA dekhate hI mRtyu ko AdaraNIya atithi samajhakara use AmantraNa denA, usakA svAgata karanA aura isa taraha se svecchA-svIkRta maraNa ke dvArA jIvana ko kRtArtha karanAyaha eka sundara aadrshhai|aatmhtyaa ko naitika-dRSTi se ucita mAnate hue ve kahate haiM ki ise hama AtmahatyA na kheN| nirAza hokara, kAyara hokara yA Dara ke mAre zarIra chor3a denA eka kisma kI hAra hI hai| use hama jIvana-droha bhI kaha sakate haiN| saba dharmoM ne AtmahatyA kI nindA kI hai, lekina jaba manuSya socatA hai ki usake jIvana kA prayojana pUrNa huA, jyAdA jIne kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahI, taba vaha Atma-sAdhanA ke antima rUpa ke taura para agara zarIra chor3a de, to vaha usakA haka hai| maiM svayaM vyaktizaH isa adhikAra kA samarthana karatA huuN|208 samakAlIna vicArakoM meM dharmAnandakosambI aura mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI manuSya ko

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jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 477 prANAnta karane ke adhikAra kA samarthana naitika-dRSTi se kiyA thaa| mahAtmAjI kA kathana hai ki jaba manuSya pApAcAra kA vega balavattara huA dekhatA hai aura AtmahatyA ke binA apaneApase nahIM bacA sakatA, taba hone vAle pApa se bacane ke lie use AtmahatyA karane kA adhikAra hai| 209 kosambIjI ne bhI svecchAmaraNa kA samarthana kiyA thA aura usakI bhUmikA meM paM. sukhalAlajI ne kosambIjI kI icchA ko bhI abhivyakta kiyA thaa| 210 kAkA kAlelakara svecchAmaraNa ko mahatvapUrNa mAnate hue jaina-paramparA ke samAna hI kahate haiM ki jaba taka yaha zarIra mukti kA sAdhana ho sakatA hai, taba taka aparihArya hiMsA ko sahana karake bhI ise jalAnA caahie| jaba hama yaha dekheM ki AtmA ke apane vikAsa ke prayatna meM zarIra bAdhArUpa hI hotA hai, taba hameM use chor3anA hI caahie| jo kisI bhI hAlata meM jInA cAhatA hai, usakI zarIraniSThA to spaSTa hai hI, lekina jo jIvana se Ubakara, athavA kevalamarane ke lie maranA cAhatA hai, to usameM bhI vikRta zarIra-niSThA hai| jo maraNa se DaratA hai aura jo maraNa hI cAhatA hai, ve donoM jIvana kA rahasya nahIM jAnate / vyApaka jIvana meM jInA aura maranA-donoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai, jisa taraha unmeSa aura nimeSa-donoM kriyAe~ milakara hI dekhane kI eka kriyA pUrI hotI hai| bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM kevala jIvana jIne kI kalA para hI nahIM, varan usameM jIvana kI kalA ke sAtha-sAtha maraNa kI kalA para bhI vicAra huA hai| naitika-cintana kI dRSTi se, jIvana ko kaise jInA cAhie, yahI mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, varan kaise maranA cAhie, yaha bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| mRtyukI kalA jIvana kI kalA se bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| Adarza mRtyu hI naitikajIvana kI kasauTI hai| jInA to vidyArthI ke satrakAlIna-adhyayana ke samAna hai, jabaki mRtyu parIkSA kA avasara hai| hama jIvana kI kamAI kA antima saudA mRtyu ke samaya karate haiN| yahA~ cUke, to phira pachatAnA hotA hai aura isI apekSA se kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIvana kI kalAkI apekSA mRtyu kI kalA adhika mUlyavAn hai| bhAratIya naitika-cintana ke anusAra, mRtyu kA avasara aisA avasara hai, jaba adhikAMza jana apane bhAvI jIvana kA cunAva karate haiN| gItA kA kathana hai ki mRtyu ke samaya jaisI bhAvanA hotI hai, vaisI hI yoni jIva prApta karatA hai (18/5-6) / jaina-paramparA meM khandhaka muni kI kathA yahI batAtI hai ki jIvana bhara kaThora sAdhanA karanevAlA mahAn sAdhaka, jisane apanI preraNA evaM udbodhana se apane sahacArI pAMca sau sAdhaka ziSyoM ko upasthita mRtyu kI viSama paristhiti meM samatva kI sAdhanA ke dvArA nirvANa kA amRta-pAna karAyA, vahI sAdhaka svayaM kI mRtyu ke avasara para krodha ke vazIbhUta ho kisa prakAra apane sAdhanA-pathase vicalita ho gyaa| vaidika-paramparA meM jar3abharata kA kathAnaka bhI yahI batAtA hai ki itane mahAn sAdhaka ko bhI maraNa-velA meM hariNa para Asakti rakhane ke kAraNa pazu-yoni meM jAnA pdd'aa| ye kathAnaka hamAre sAmane mRtyu

Page #480
bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA mUlya upasthita kara dete haiN| mRtyu jIvana kI sAdhanA kA parIkSAkAla hai| isa jIvana meM lakSopalabdhi kA antima avasara aura bhAvI jIvana kI sAdhanA kA Arambha- - bindu hai| isa prakAra, vaha apane meM do jIvanoM kA mUlya saMjoe hue hai| maraNa jIvana kA avazyambhAvI aMga hai, usakI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| vaha jIvana kA upasaMhAra hai, jise sundara banAnA eka Avazyaka karttavya hai / 478 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki samprati yuga ke prabuddha vicAraka bhI samAdhimaraNa ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiM, ataH jaina-dharma para lagAyA jAne vAlA yaha AkSepa ki vaha jIvana ke mUlya ko asvIkAra karatA hai, ucita nahIM hai| vastutaH, samAdhimaraNa para jo AkSepa lagAe jAte haiM, unakA sambandha samAdhi-maraNa se na hokara AtmahatyA se hai| kucha vicArakoM ne samAdhi-maraNa aura AtmahatyA ke vAstavika antara ko nahIM samajhA aura isI AdhAra para samAdhi-maraNa ko anaitika kahane kA prayAsa kiyA, lekina samAdhimaraNa yA svecchA maraNa AtmahatyA nahIM hai aura isalie use anaitika bhI nahIM kaha skte| jaina AcAryoM ne svayaM hI AtmahatyA ko anaitika mAnA hai, lekina unake anusAra, AtmahatyA samAdhi - maraNa se bhinna hai / DaoN. Izvaracandra ne jIvanmukta vyakti ke svecchA maraNa ko to AtmahatyA nahIM mAnA hai, lekina unhoMne saMthAre ko AtmahatyA kI koTi meM rakhakara use anaitika bhI batAyA hai| 212 isa sambandha meM unake tarka kA pahalA bhAga yaha hai ki svecchA-maraNa kA vrata lene vAle sAmAnya jaina muni jIvanmukta evaM alaukika zakti se yukta nahIM hote aura apUrNatA kI dazA meM liyA gayA AmaraNa-vrata (saMthArA) naitika nahIM ho sktaa| apane tarka ke dUsare bhAga meM ve kahate haiM ki jaina - paramparA meM svecchA mRtyu - varaNa (saMthArA) karane meM yathArthatA kI apekSA ADambara adhika hotA hai, isalie vaha anaitika bhI hai| jahA~ taka unake isa dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai ki jIvanmukta evaM alaukika zakti-sampanna vyakti hI svecchA maraNa kA adhikArI hai, hama sahamata nahIM haiN| vastutaH, svecchA maraNa usa vyakti ke lie Avazyaka nahIM hai, jo jIvanmukta hai aura jisakI dehAsakti samApta ho gaI hai, varan usa vyakti ke lie hai, jisameM dehAsakti zeSa hai, kyoMki samAdhi-maraNa to isI dehAsakti ko samApta karane ke lie hai| samAdhi-maraNa eka sAdhanA hai, isalie vaha jIvanmukta (siddha) ke lie Avazyaka nahIM hai / jIvanmukta ko to samAdhi-maraNa sahaja hI prApta hotA hai| jahA~ taka unake isa AkSepa kI bAta hai ki samAdhi--maraNa meM yathArthatA kI apekSA ADambara hI adhika parilakSita hotA hai, usameM AMzika satyatA avazya ho sakatI hai, lekina isakA sambandha saMthAre yA samAdhi-maraNa ke siddhAnta se nahIM, varan usake varttamAna meM pracalita vikRta rUpa se hai, lekina isa AdhAra para usake saiddhAntika mUlya meM koI kamI nahIM AtI hai / yadi vyAvahArika

Page #481
jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 479 jIvana meM aneka vyakti asatya bolate haiM, to kyA usase satya ke mUlya para koI A~ca AtI hai ? vastutaH, svecchA-maraNa ke saiddhAntika-mUlya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| svecchA-paraNato mRtyu kI vaha kalA hai, jisameM na kevala jIvana hI sArthaka hotA hai, varan maraNa bhI sArthaka ho jAtA hai| kAkAsAhaba kAlelakara ne khalIla jibrAna kA yaha vacana uddhRta kiyA hai ki eka AdamI ne AtmarakSA ke hetu khudakuzI kI, AtmahatyA kI', yaha vacana sunane meM vicitra-sA lagatA hai| 213 AtmahatyA se AtmarakSA kA kyA saMbaMdha ho sakatA hai ? vastutaH, yahA~AtmarakSA kA artha AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai aura AtmahatyA kA matalaba hai zarIra kA visrjn| jaba naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie zArIrika-mUlyoM kA visarjana Avazyaka ho, to usa sthiti meM dehavisarjana yA svecchA mRtyuvaraNa hI ucita hai| AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM kI rakSA prANa-rakSA se zreSTha hai| gItA ne svayaM akIrtikara jIvana kI apekSA maraNa ko zreSTha mAnakara aisA hI saMketa diyA hai| 21 kAkAsAhaba kAlelakara ke zabdoM meM, jaba manuSya dekhatA hai ki viziSTa paristhiti meM jInA hai, to hIna sthiti aura hIna vicAra yA siddhAnta mAnya rakhanA hI jarUrI hai, taba zreSTha puruSa kahatA hai ki jIne se nahIM, marakara hI AtmarakSA hotI hai|215 vastutaH, samAdhi-maraNa kA vrata hamAre AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie hI liyA jAtA hai aura isalie pUrNataH naitika bhI hai| sandarbha grantha1-6. vizeSAvazyakabhASya TIkA (koTyAcArya) - uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 61-62 7. anuyogadvArasUtra, uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 63 8. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 183-184 9. jJAnasAra, kriyASTaka, 5/7 10. niyamasAra, 125 11. uttarAdhyayana, 19/90-91 12. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa (TIkA), 368 13. bhagavatIsUtra, 25/7/21-23 14. jinavANI, sAmAyika aMka, pR. 57 15. dhammapada, 183 16. gItA, 6/32 17. vahI, 14/24-25

Page #482
480 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 18. vahI, 2/48 19. gItA, 18/66 20. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/16 21. majjhimanikAya-uddhRta bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 71, itivRttaka 3/43 22. AvazyakacUrNi-uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 80 23. dekhie - bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 71-viSNupurANa, bAibila, jona 2/9-11 24. AvazyakavRtti, pR. 661-662, uddhRta anuttarApAtikadazA bhUmikA, pR. 24 25. itivRttaka 3/43 26. niyamasAra, 134-140 27. ajita-jinastavana 28. uttarAdhyayana, 29/9 29. Avazyakaniyukti, 1076 30. vinayacandracaubIsI 31. Avazyakaniyukti, 1108 32. vahI, 1109 33. Avazyakaniyukti, 1138 34. uttarAdhyayana, 29/10 35. bhagavatIsUtra, 2/5/112 36. Avazyakaniyukti, 1216 37. dazavaikAlika, 9/2/1-2 38. dhammapada, 108 39. vahI, 109 40. manusmRti, 2/121 41. bhAgavatapurANa, 7/5/23 42. Avazyakaniyukti, 1207-1211, pravacanasAroddhAra-vandanAdvAra 43. yogazAstra svopajJavRtti, 3 44. Avazyaka TIkA, uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 87 45. sthAnAMgasUtra, 6/538 46. Avazyakaniyukti, 1250-1268

Page #483
jaina- AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 47. udAna, 5/5 48. bodhicaryAvatAra, 5/98 49. bodhicaryAvatAra, 2/64-66 50. kRSNayajurveda - uddhRta darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 193 51. khoradeha avastA, pR. 7/23-24; dekhie, darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 193-194 52. verAiTIja Apha rilijIyasa eksapIriyansa, pR. 452 53. Avazyakaniryukti, 1548 - uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 99 54. bodhicaryAvatAra, 3/12-13 55. gItA, 6 / 11, 13-14 56. Avazyakaniryukti, 1462 57. tuma ananta zakti ke srota ho, pR. 27-28 58. yogazAstra svopajJavRtti - uddhRta zramaNasUtra, pR. 104 59. Avazyaka niryukti, 1594 60. sthAnAMgasUtra 5/3/466 61. gItA, 18 / 4, 7-9 62. AcArAMga, 1/6/5 63. sthAnAMga, 10/14 64. samavAyAMga 10/1 65. tattvArtha, 9/6 66. dazavaikAlika, 8/38 67. vahI 8/39 68. AvazyakasUtra - kSamApaNA pATha 69. upAsakadazAMga, 1/84 70. aMguttaranikAya 1/12 71. saMyuttanikAya, 10/12 72. dhammapada, 184 73. bodhicaryAvatAra, 6/2 74. gItA, 10 / 4, 16/3 75. mahAbhArata, udyogaparva, 33 / 49, 58 481

Page #484
482 76. dazavaikAlika, 8/39 77. uttarAdhyayana, 1/45 78. uttarAdhyayana, 1/45 79. aMguttaranikAya, 3/39 80 suttanipAta 1/6/14 81. gItA, 16/14-15 82. vahI, 16/17 83. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 176 /17-18 84. dazavaikAlika, 8/38 85. uttarAdhyayana, 29/48 86. dazavaikAlika, 5/2/46 87. vahI, 5/2/49 88. aMguttaranikAya, 2/15-16 89. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 175/37 90. gItA, 16/1 91. vahI, 17/14 92. vahI, 13/7-11 93. tattvArthasUtra (sukhalAlajI kI vivecanAsahita), pR. 210 94. uttarAdhyayana, 12 /46 95. gItA, 16 / 3, 17 / 14, 18/42 96. gItA zAMkarabhASya 13/7 97. AcArAMga 1/3/3/119 98. dazavaikAlika, 1/1 99. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR. 87 100. dhammapada, 375 101. vahI, 361 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 102. gItA 2/61 103. vahI, 426 104. vahI, 4/29

Page #485
jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 183 105. cullaniddezapAli, 2/10/63 106. majjhimanikAya, 77 dekhie - bhagavAn buddha, pR. 287 107. dazavaikAlika, 5/2/37 108. dhammapada, 204 109. gItA, 12/14, 19 110. suttanipAta, 26/21 111. gItA, 17/14 112. vahI, 6/14 113. manusmRti, 10/63 114. vahI, 6/92 115. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 66/15 116. zrImadbhAgavata, 4/49 117. vahI, 4/1/50-53 118. anuttaranikAya, 10 119. azoka ke zilAlekha, staMbha 2 evaM 7 120. tattvArthasUtra, 7/34 121. gItA, 17/20-22 122. prAkRta sUkti saroja, bhAvanAdhikAra. 3, 16 123. sUkti saMgraha, 41 124. bhAvapAhuDa, 66 125. bhAvapAhuDa 126. saMyuttanikAya, 34/1/1/1 127. dhammapada, 2771 128. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 175/16 129. dekhie-kundakundAcArya kI sUktiyA~ 130. sUkti-saMgraha 131. uttarAdhyayana, 20/37, 48 132. dhammapada, 161 133. vahI, 165

Page #486
484 134. gItA, 6/5,6 135. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 174 / 14, 25 136. sUkti-saMgraha 137. kundakundAcArya kI sUktiyA~ 138. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva 139. kundakundAcArya kI sUktiyA~ (akhila vizva jaina mirIna alIgaMja eTA se prakAzita ) 140. visuddhimagga, 6/93 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 141. dhammapada, 148-150 142. carpaTapaMjarikAstotra, 11 143. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 175 / 23 144. tattvArthasUtra, 7/7 145. uttarAdhyayana, 13/22 146. dhammapada 287-289 147. aMguttaranikAya, 3 /51 148. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 175 / 18, 19 149. uttarAdhyayana, 19/16 150. vahI, 14/23 151. dhammapada, 170 152. vahI, 146 153. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 174/7 154. vahI, 175 / 9 155. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 175 / 12, 15 156. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 24, 27 157. yogazAstra, 4 / 74, 78 158. dhammapada, 292-293 159. yogazAstra, 4 / 81-85 160. dhammapada, 360-361 161. uttarAdhyayana, 14/40 162. vahI, 23/63

Page #487
jaina-AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama 485 163. yogazAstra, 2/11 164. vahI, 4/100 165. dhammapada, 179 166. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 167/7 167. vahI, 167/9 168. dhammapada, 169 169. uttarAdhyayana, 3/1 170. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/1 171. dhammapada, 182 172. tattvArthasUtra, 7/6 173. yogazataka, 79 174. sAmAyika pATha, 1 175. yogazAstra, 4/117 176. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR. 2672 177. yogazAstra, 4/118 178. pratikramaNa sUtra-kSamApaNA pATha-tulanIya-khuddaka pATha, maitasutta, 1 179. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR. 2672 180. yogazAstra, 4/119 181. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR. 2672 182. yogazAstra, 1/120 183. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 4, pR. 2672 184. yogazAstra, 4/121 185. saMyuttanikAya, 39/7 tathA 40/8 186. pAtaMjala yogasUtra, 1/33 187. uttarAdhyayana, 5/2 188. vahI, 5/3 189. vahI, 5/32 190. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, adhyAya 5 191. sakAma kA artha svecchApUrvaka hai, na ki kAmavAsanAyukta

Page #488
486 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 192. pratikramaNasUtra-saMlekhanA pATha 193. saMyuttanikAya, 21/2/4/5 194. vahI, 34/2/4/4 195. pArAzarasmRti, 4/1/2 196. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 179/20 197. aparArka, pR. 536 uddhRta dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 488 198. dekhie - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 487 199. vahI, pR. 489 200. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 22 201. darzana aura cintana, pR. 536 tathA paramasakhA mRtyu, pR. 24 202. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 36 para uddhRta 203. amarabhAratI, mArca, 1965, pR. 26 204. oghaniyukti, 47 205. amarabhAratI, mArca 1965, pR. 26, tulanA kIjie visuddhimagga, 1/133

Page #489
AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 18 AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa kA pratyaya bhI utanA hI mahatvapUrNa hai, jitanI mahatvapUrNa pUrNatA kI dhAraNA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM kA vivecana huA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ina vibhinna staroM kA vivecana vyavahAra-dRSTi se hI kiyA gayA hai| pAramArthika (tattva) kI dRSTi se to paramatattva yA AtmA sadaiva hI avikArI hai| usameM vikAsa kI koI prakriyA hotI hI nahIM hai| vaha to bandhana aura mukti, vikAsa aura patana se pare yA nirapekSa hai| AcArya kuMdakuMda kahate haiM - AtmA guNasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura jIvasthAna nAmaka vikAsa-patana kI prakriyAoM se bhinna hai| 1 isI bAta kA samarthana prophesara ramAkAMta tripAThI ne apanI pustaka spInojAina dilAiTa oNpha vedAnta meM kiyA hai| spInojA ke anusAra, AdhyAtmika mUla tattva na to vikAsa kI sthiti meM hai aura na prayAsa kI sthiti meM hai, lekina jainavicAraNA meM to vyavahAra-dRSTi bhI utanI hI yathArtha hai, jitanI kI paramArtha yA nishcydRsstti| jaba samasta AcAra-darzana hI vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai, taba naitika-vikAsa kI prakriyAe~ bhI vyavahAranaya (paryAyadRSTi) kA hI viSaya hoMgI, lekina isase usakI yathArthatA kI koI kamI nahIM hotI hai| AtmAkI tIna avasthAe~ jaina-AcAradarzana meM AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA arthAt mokSa kI prApti hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai| isa lakSya kI prApti ke lie sAdhaka ko sAdhanA kI vibhinna zreNiyoM meM se gujaranA hotA hai| ye zreNiyA~ sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kI U~cAIyoM kI mApaka haiM, lekina vikAsa to eka madhya avasthA hai| usake eka ora, avikAsa kI avasthA hai aura dUsarI ora, pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jainAcAryoM ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai-1. bahirAtmA, 2. antarAtmA aura 3. prmaatmaa|' AtmA ke ina tIna prakAroM kI carcA jaina-sAhitya meM prAcInakAla se upalabdha hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArya kundakunda ke mokSaprAbhRta (mokkhapAhuDa) meM AtmA kI tIna avasthAoM kI spaSTa carcA upalabdha hotI hai, yadyapi isake bIja hameM AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| AcArAMga meM yadyapi spaSTa rUpa se bahirAtmA, antarAtmA jaise zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hai, kintu usameM ina tInoM hI prakAra kI AtmAoM ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai| bahirmukhI AtmA ko AcArAMga meM bAla, manda aura mUr3ha ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ye AtmAe~ mamatva se yukta hotI haiM aura bAhya-viSayoM meM rasa letI haiN|

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488 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana antarmukhI AtmA ko paNDita, medhAvI, dhIra, samyaktvadarzI aura ananyadarzI ke nAma se citrita kiyA gayA hai| ananyadarzI zabda hI unakI antarmukhatA ko spaSTa kara detA hai| inake lie munizabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai| AcArAMga ke anusAra, ye ve loga haiM, jinhoMne saMsAra ke svarUpa ko jAnakara lokeSaNA kA tyAga kara diyA hai| pApavirata evaM samyakdarzI honA hI antarAtmA kA lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra, AcArAMga meM mukta AtmA ke svarUpa kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hotA hai| use vimukta, pAragAmI tathA tarka aura vANI se agamya batAyA gayA hai| AtmA ke isa trividha vargIkaraNa kA pramukha zreya to AcArya kundakunda ko hI jAtA hai| paravartI sabhI digambara aura zvetAmbara-AcAryoM ne inhIM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| kArtikeya, pUjyapAda, yogIndu, haribhadra, Anandaghana aura yazovijaya Adi sabhI ne apanI racanAoM meM AtmA ke uparyukta tIna prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai - 5 1. bahirAtmA-jainAcArya ne usa AtmA ko bahirAtmA kahA hai, jo sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM meM ruci rakhatA hai, parapadArthoM meM apanatva kA AropaNa kara unake bhogoM meM Asakta banA rahatA hai| bahirAtmA dehAtma-buddhi aura mithyAtva se yukta hotA hai| yaha cetanA kI viSayAbhimukhI pravRtti hai| 2. antarAtmA-bAhya-viSayoM se vimukha hokara apane antara meM jhAMkanAantarAtmA kA lakSaNa hai / antarAtmA AtmAbhimukha hotA hai evaM sva-svarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| yaha jJAtA-draSTA bhAva kI sthiti hai| antarmukhI AtmA dehAtma-buddhi se rahita hotA hai, kyoMki vaha AtmA aura zarIra, arthAt sva aura para kI bhinnatA ko bhedavijJAna ke dvArA jAna letA hai|' antarAtmA ke bhI tIna bheda kie gae haiM / aviratasamyakdRSTi sabase nimna prakAra kA antarAtmA hai| dezavirata gRhastha, upAsaka aura pramatta muni madhyama prakAra ke antarAtmA haiM aura apramatta yogI yA muni uttama prakAra ke antarAtmA haiN| ___3. paramAtmA-karmamalase rahita rAga-dveSa kA vijetA, sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI AtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke do bheda kie gae haiM- arhat aura siddha / jIvanmukta AtmA arhat kahA jAtA hai aura videhamukta AtmA siddha kahA jAtA hai|' kaThopaniSad meM bhI isI prakAra AtmA ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM - usameM jJAnAtmA, mahAtmAaura zAntAtmA-aise tIna bheda kie gae haiN| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se jJAnAtmA bahirAtmA, mahadAtmA antarAtmA aura zAntAtmA paramAtmA hai| mokSaprAbhRta, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, yogasAra, kArtikeyAnuprekSA Adi sabhI meM tInoM prakAra kI AtmAoM ke yahI lakSaNa kie gae haiN| AtmA kI ina tInoM avasthAoM ko kramaza: 1. mithyAdarzI-AtmA, 2. samyagdarzI

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa AtmA aura 3. sarvadarzI - AtmA bhI kahate haiN| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se hama inheM kramazaH patitaavasthA, sAdhaka avasthA aura siddhAvasthA bhI kaha sakate haiN| apekSA-bheda se naitikatA ke AdhAra para ina tInoM avasthAoM ko 1. anaitikatA kI avasthA, 2. naitikatA kI avasthA aura 3. atinaitikatA kI avasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| pahalI avasthAvAlA vyakti durAcArI yA durAtmA hai, dUsarI avasthAvAlA sadAcArI yA mahAtmA hai aura tIsarI avasthAvAlA AdarzAtmA yA paramAtmA hai| jaina darzana ke guNasthAna - siddhAntoM meM prathama se tIsare guNasthAna taka bahirAtmA kI avasthA kA citraNa hai / caturtha se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka antarAtmA kI avasthA kA vivecana hai| zeSa do guNasthAna AtmA ke paramAtmasvarUpa ko abhivyakta karate haiM / paNDita sukhalAlajI inheM kramazaH AtmA kI (1) AdhyAtmikaavikAsa kI avasthA (2) AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kI avasthA aura (3) AdhyAtmikapUrNatA yA mokSa kI avasthA kahate haiM / " 1 prAcIna jainAgamoM meM AtmA kI isa naitika evaM AdhyAtmika - utkrAnti kI yAtrA ko guNasthAna kI paddhati dvArA bar3I sundaratApUrvaka spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, jo na kevala sAdhaka kI vikAsayAtrA kI vibhinna manobhUmiyoM kA citraNa karatI hai, varan vikAsayAtrA ke pUrva kI bhUmikA se lekara gantavya Adarza taka kI samucita vyAkhyA bhI prastuta karatI hai| jaina - darzana ke anusAra, AtmA ke svaguNoM yA yathArtha svarUpa ko AvaraNa karane vAle karmoM meM moha kA AvaraNa hI pradhAna hai| isa AvaraNa ke haTate hI zeSa AvaraNa saralatA se haTAe jA sakate haiM, ataH jainAcAryoM ne AdhyAtmika utkrAnti ko abhivyakta karanevAle guNasthAna - siddhAnta kI vivecanA isI mohazakti kI utkaTatA, mandatA tathA abhAva ke AdhAra para kI hai| AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa kA artha hai - AdhyAtmika yA naitika- pUrNatA kI prApti / pAribhASika zabdoM meM yaha AtmA kA svarUpa meM sthita ho jAnA hai| isake lie sAdhanA ke lakSya yA svarUpa kA yathArtha bodha Avazyaka hai| moha kI vaha zakti, jo svasvarUpa yA Adarza yathArthabodha nahIM hone detI aura jisake kAraNa karttavya-akarttavya kA yathArtha bhAna nahIM ho pAtA, use jaina- darzana meM darzana - moha kahate haiM aura jisake kAraNa AtmA svasvarUpa meM sthita hone ke lie prayAsa nahIM kara pAtA, athavA naitika AcaraNa nahIM kara pAtA, use cAritramoha kahate haiM / darzana - moha viveka-buddhi kA kuNThana hai aura cAritra - moha satpravRtti kA kuNThana hai / jisa prakAra vyavahAra - jagat meM vastu kA yathArtha bodha ho jAne para hI usakI prApti kA prayAsa saphala hotA hai, usI prakAra AdhyAtmika - jagat meM bhI satya kA yathArtha bodha hone para usakI prApti kA prayAsa saphala hotA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI prakriyA meM AtmA ke do pramukha kArya haiM - pahalA, svasvarUpa aura parasvarUpa yA Atma aura anAtma kA 1 489

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490 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yathArtha viveka karanA aura dUsarA, svasvarUpa meM sthiti| darzana-moha ko samApta karane se yathArtha-bodha prakaTa hotA hai aura cAritramohapara vijaya pAne se yathArtha-prayAsa kA udaya hokara svasvarUpa meM sthiti ho jAtI hai| darzanamoha aura cAritramoha meM darzanamoha hI prabala hai-yadi AtmA isa darzanamoha arthAt yathArthabodha ke avarodhaka tattva ko bhedakara eka bAra svasvarUpa kA darzana kara letA hai, arthAt AtmA ko apane gantavya lakSya kA bodha ho jAtA hai, to phira vaha svazakti se isa cAritramoha ko bhI parAsta kara svarUpa-lAbhayAAdarza kI upalabdhi kara hI letA hai| __ jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA ko svasvarUpa ke lAbha yA AdhyAtmikaAdarza kI upalabdhi ke lie darzanamoha aura cAritramoha se saMgharSa karanA hotA hai| azubha vRttiyoM se saMgharSa vikAsa ke lie Avazyaka hai, isI saMgharSa se AtmA kI vijaya-yAtrA prArambha hotI hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, AtmA svabhAva se vikAsa ke lie prayatnazIla hai, phira bhI isa saMgharSa meM sadaiva jayalAbha hI nahIM karatA hai, varan kabhI parAsta hokara punaH patanonmukha ho jAtA hai| dUsare, isa saMgharSa meM sabhI AtmAe~ vijaya-lAbha nahIM kara pAtI haiN| kucha AtmAe~ saMgharSa-vimukha ho jAtI haiM, to kucha isa AdhyAtmika-saMgharSa ke maidAna meM DaTI rahatI haiM aura kucha vijaya-lAbha kara svasvarUpa ko prApta kara letI haiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM ina tInoM avasthAoM kA sodAharaNa vivecana hai| 10 tIna pravAsI apane gantavya kI ora jA rahe the| mArga meM bhayAnaka aTavI meM unheM cora mila ge| coroM ko dekhate hI una tInoM meM se eka bhAga khar3A huaa| dUsarA unase Darakara bhAgA to nahIM, lekina saMgharSa meM vijaya-lAbhana kara sakA aura parAsta hokara unake dvArA pakar3A gayA, lekina tIsarA asAdhAraNa bala aura kauzalya se unheM parAsta kara apane gantavya kI ora bar3ha gyaa| vikAsonmukha AtmA hI pravAsI hai| aTavI manuSya-jIvana hai| rAga aura dveSa-ye do cora haiN| jo AtmA ina coroM para vijayalAbha karatI hai, vahI apane gantavya ko prApta karane meM saphala hotI hai| yahA~ para hameM tIna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA citra milatA hai| eka ve, jo AdhyAtmika-lakSya kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA ke yuddhasthala para Ate to haiM, lekina sAhasa ke abhAva meM zatru kI cunautI kA sAmanA na kara sAdhanArUpI yuddhasthala se bhAga khar3e hote haiN| dUsare ve, jo sAdhanArUpI yuddhakSetra meM DaTe rahate haiM, saMgharSa bhI karate haiM, phira bhI kauzala ke abhAva meM zatru para vijaya-lAbha karane meM asaphala hote haiN| tIsare ve, jo sAhasa ke sAtha kuzalatApUrvaka prayAsa karate hue sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vijaya zrI kA lAbha karate haiN| vaidika-cintana meM bhI isa bAta ko isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki kucha sAdhaka sAdhanA kA prArambha hI nahIM kara pAte, kucha use madhya meM hI chor3a dete haiM, lekina kucha usakA anta taka nirvAha karate hue apane sAdhya ko prApta karate haiN|"

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 491 lakSya-upalabdhi kI yaha prakiyA jaina-sAdhanA meM granthi- bheda kahalAtI hai| graMthi-bheda kA tAtparya AdhyAtmika-vikAsa meM bAdhaka pragAr3ha moha evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA chedana karanA hai| agale pRSThoM meM hama isI viSaya para vicAra kreNge| AdhyAtmika-vikAsakI prakriyA aura granthi-bheda jaina naitika-sAdhanA kA lakSya svasvarUpa meM sthita honA yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra karanA hai, lekina Atma-sAkSAtkAra ke lie mohavijaya Avazyaka hai, kyoMki AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa isI mohase Avarita hai| moha ke AvaraNa ko dUra karane ke lie sAdhaka ko tIna mAnasika-granthiyoM kA bhedana karanA hotA hai| eka sarala udAharaNa leN| yaha AtmA jisa prAsAda meM rahatA hai, usa para moha kA Adhipatya hai, moha ne AtmA ko bandI banA rakhA hai| prasAda ke tIna dvAroM para usane apane praharI lagA rakhe haiN| prathama dvAra para niHzastra praharI haiN| dUsare dvAra para sazastra, sabala aura durjeya praharI haiM aura tIsare dvAra para punaH niHzastra praharI haiN| vahA~ jAkara Atma-deva ke darzana-lAbha ke lie vyakti ko tInoM dvAroM se unake prahariyoM para vijaya-lAbha karate hue gujaranA hotA hai| yaha Atmadeva kA darzana hI Atma-sAkSAtkAra haiM, aura yaha tIna dvAra hI tIna granthiyA~ haiM aura ina para vijaya-lAbha karane kI prakriyA granthibheda kahalAtI hai, jisake kramazaH nAma haiM-1.yathApravRttikaraNa 1 2. apUrvakaraNa aura 3. anivRttikrnn| (a) yathApravRttikaraNa-paMDita sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, ajJAnapUrvaka duHkhasaMvedanAjanita atyalpa Atmazuddhi ko jaina-zAstra meM yathApravRttikaraNa kahate haiN|13 yathApravRtti-karaNa Atmadeva ke rAjaprAsAda kA vaha dvAra hai, jisa para nirbala evaM niHzastra dvArapAla hotA hai| aneka AtmAe~ isasaMsArarUpI vana meM bhramaNa karate hue saMyogavaza isa dvAra ke samIpa pahuMca jAtI haiM aura yadi mana nAmaka vastra se susajjita hotI haiM, to vaha isa nirbala, niHzastra dvArapAla ko parAjita kara isa dvAra meM praveza pA letI haiN| yathApravRttikaraNa prayAsa aura sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hotA hai, varan eka saMyoga hai, eka prAkRtika upalabdhi hai, phira bhI yaha eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA hai, kyoMki Atma--zakti ke prakaTana ko rokanevAle yA use kuNThita karanevAle karma-paramANuoM meM jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra sarvAdhika 70 kror3Akror3I sAgaropama kI kAla-sthiti mohakarma kI mAnI gaI hai aura yaha avadhi jaba giri--- nadI-pASANa-nyAya se ghaTakara mAtra 1 kror3A-kror3I sAgaropama raha jAtI hai, taba yathApravRttikaraNa hotA hai, arthAt jaise pahAr3I nadI ke pravAha meM girA huA pApA khaNDa pravAha ke kAraNa acetana rUpa meM hI AkRti ko dhAraNa kara letA hai, vaise hI zAdI evaM mAnasika-duHkhoM kI saMvedanA ko jhelate-jhelate isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa ra jaba

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492 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karmAvaraNa kA bahulAMza zithila ho jAtA hai, to AtmA yathApravRttikaraNarUpa zakti ko prApta hotI hai| yathApravRttikaraNa vastutaH eka svAbhAvika ghaTanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hotA hai, lekina isa avasthA ko prApta karane para AtmA meM svaniyaMtraNa kI kSamatA prApta ho jAtI hai| jisa prakAra eka bAlaka prakRti se hI calane kI zakti pAkara phira usI zakti ke sahAre vAMchita lakSya kI ora prayANa kara use pA sakatA hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI svAbhAvika rUpa meM svaniyaMtraNa kI kSamatAko prApta kara Age prayAsa kare, to AtmasaMyama ke dvArA AtmalAbhakara letA hai| yathApravRttikaraNa arddhaviveka kI avasthA meM kiyA gayA AtmasaMyama hai, jisameM vyakti tIvratama (anantAnubandhI) krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha para aMkuza lagAtA hai| jainavicAraNA ke anusAra, kevala paMcendriya samanaska (mana sahita) prANI hI yathApravRttikaraNa karane kI yogyatA rakhate haiM aura pratyeka samanaska prANI aneka bAra yathApravRttikaraNa karatA bhI hai| jaba prANI mana jaisI niyaMtraka-zakti ko pA letA hai, to svAbhAvika rUpa se hI vaha usake dvArA apanI vAsanAoM para niyaMtraNa kA prayAsa karane lagatA hai| prANIya-vikAsa meM mana kI upalabdhi se hI bauddhikatA evaM viveka kI kSamatA jAgrata hotI hai aura bauddhikatA evaM viveka kI kSamatA se prANI vAsanAoM para adhizAsana karane lagatA hai| vAsanAoM ke niyaMtraNa kA yaha prayAsa viveka-buddhi kA svAbhAvika lakSaNa hai aura yahIM se prANIya-vikAsa meM svataMtratA kA udaya hotA hai| yahA~ prANI niyati kA dAsa na hokara usa para zAsana karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| yahIM se cetanA kI jar3a (karma) para vijaya yAtrA evaM saMgharSa kI kahAnI prArambha hotI hai| isa avasthA meM cetanA AtmA aura jar3akarma saMgharSa ke lie eka-dUsare ke sAmane DaTa jAte haiN| AtmA granthi ke sammukha ho jAtA hai| yathApravRttikaraNa kI prakriyA karane ke pUrva AtmA jina cArazaktiyoM (labdhiyoM) ko upalabdha kara letA hai, ve haiM - 1. kSayopazama-pUrvabaddha karmoM meM kucha karmoM ke phala kA kSINa ho jAnA, athavA unakI vipAka-zakti kA zamana ho jAnA, 2. vizuddhi, 3. dezanA-jJAnIjanoM ke dvArAmArgadarzana prApta karanA aura 4. prayoga-AyuSyakarma ko chor3akara zeSa karmoM kI sthiti kA eka kror3A-kror3I sAgaropama se kama ho jAnA / jo AtmA isa prathama yathApravRttikaraNa nAmaka granthi-bheda kI kriyA meM saphala ho jAtA hai, vaha mukti kI yAtrA ke yogya ho jAtA hai aura jaldI yA dera se mukti avazya prApta kara letA hai| jo sipAhI zatrusenA ke sAmane DaTane kA sAhasa kara letA hai, vaha kabhI na kabhI to vijaya-lAbha bhI kara hI letA hai| vijaya-yAtrA ke agrima do caraNa apUrvakaraNa aura anAvRttikaraNa kahe jAte haiN| vastutaH, yathApravRttikaraNa meM AtmA vAsanAoM kI zakti ke sAmane saMgharSa ke lie khar3I hone kA sAhasakaratI hai, jabaki anya do prakriyAoM meM vaha vAsanAoM aura tadjanita koM ke Upara vijaya-zrI kA lAbha karatI hai| yathApravRttikaraNa kI avasthA meM AtmA azubha

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 493 karmoM kA alpa sthiti kA evaM rUkSa bandha karatI hai| yaha naitika-cetanA ke udaya kI avasthA hai| yaha eka prakAra kI AdarzAbhimukhatA hai| (A) apUrvakaraNa-yathApravRttikaraNa ke dvArA AtmA meM naitika-cetanA kA udaya hotA hai; viveka-buddhi aura saMyama-bhAvanA kA prasphuTana hotA hai| vastutaH, yathApravRttikaraNa meM vAsanAoM se saMgharSa karane ke lie pUrva-pIThikA taiyAra hotI hai| AtmA meM itanA naitika sAhasa (vIryollAsa) utpanna ho jAtA hai ki vaha saMgharSa kI pUrva taiyArI kara vAsanAoM se yuddha karane ke lie sAmane DaTa jAtI hai| kabhI zatru ko yuddha ke lie lalakArane kA bhI prayAsa karatI hai, lekina vAstavika saMgharSa prArambha nahIM hotA / aneka bAra to aisA prasaMga AtA hai ki vAsanArUpI zatruoM ke prati mithyAmoha ke jAgrata ho jAne se, athavA unakI durjeyatA ke acetana bhaya ke vaza, arjuna ke samAna yaha AtmA palAyana yA dainyavRtti ko grahaNa kara maidAna se bhAga jAne kA prayAsa karatI hai, lekina jina AtmAoM meM vIryollAsayA naitika-sAhasa kI mAtrA kA vikAsa hotA hai, ve kRtasaMkalpa ho saMgharSarata ho jAtI haiM aura vAsanArUpI zatruoM ke rAga aura dveSarUpI senApatiyoM ke vyUha kA bhedana kara detI haiN| bhedana karane kI kriyA hI apUrvakaraNa hai| rAga aura dveSarUpI zatruoM ke senApatiyoM ke parAsta ho jAne se AtmA jisa AnandakA lAbha karatI hai, vaha sabhI pUrva anubhUtiyoM se viziSTa prakAra kA yA apUrva hotA hai / vastutaH, isa avasthA meM mAnasika tanAva aura saMzaya pUrI taraha samApta ho jAte haiM, ataH AtmAko eka anupama zAnti kA anubhava hotA hai,yahIapUrvakaraNa hai| aba AtmA apanI zakti ko baTorakara vikAsa ke agrima caraNa ke lie prasthita ho jAtI hai / vastutaH, yaha avasthA aisI hai, jahAM mAnavIya-AtmA jar3a prakRti para vijaya prApta karatI hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM cetana ahaM (Ego) vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) para vijaya prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ se anAtma para vijaya yAtrA prArambha hotI hai| vikAsagAmI AtmA ko yahA~ prathama bAra zAnti kA anubhava hotA hai, isalie yaha prakriyA apUrvakaraNa kahI jAtI hai| isa apUrvakaraNa kI prakriyA kA pramukha kArya rAga aura dveSa kI granthiyoM kA chedana karanA hai, kyoMki yahI tanAva yA duHkha ke mUla kAraNa haiM / sAdhanA ke kSetra meM yahI kArya atyanta duSkara hai, kyoMki yahI vAstavika saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| moha rAjA ke rAjaprAsAda kA yahI vaha dvitIyadvAra hai, jahA~sabase adhika balavAn evaM sazastra aMgarakSaka-dala tainAta hai| yadi ina para vijaya prApta kara lI jAtI hai, to phira moharUpI rAjA para vijaya pAnA sahaja hotA hai| apUrvakaraNa kI avasthA meM AtmA karma-zatruoM para vijaya pAte hue nimna pAMca prakriyAe~ karatI haiM - 1.sthitighAta, 2. rasaghAta, 3. guNazreNI, 4.guNa-saMkramaNa aura 5. apuurvbNdh| 1. sthitighAta-karmavipAka kI avadhi meM parivartana krnaa|

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. rasaghAta - karma - vipAka evaM bandhana kI pragAr3hatA (tIvratA ) meM kmii| 3. guNazreNI - karmoM ko aise krama meM rakha denA, tAki vipAkakAla ke pUrva hI unakA phalabhoga kiyA jA ske| 494 4. guNa-saMkramaNa - karmoM kA avAntara - prakRtiyoM meM rUpAntara, arthAt jaise duHkhada vedanA ko sukhada vedanA meM rUpAntarita kara denA / 5. apUrvabaMdha - kriyamANa - kriyAoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hone vAle bandha kA atyanta alpakAlika evaM alpatara mAtrA meM honA / (i) anAvRttikaraNa - AtmA apUrvakaraNa kI prakriyA ke dvArA rAga aura dveSa kI granthiyoM kA bhedana kara vikAsa kI dizA meM apanA agalA caraNa rakhatI hai, yaha prakriyA anAvRttikaraNa kahalAtI hai| isa bhUmikA meM Akara AtmA zuddha AtmasvarUpa para rahe hue moha ke AvaraNa ko anAvarita kara apane hI yathArtha svarUpa kA darzana karatI hai| yahI samyagdarzana bhUmikA hai, jisameM satya apane yathArtha svarUpa meM sAdhaka ke sAmane abhivyakta ho jAtA hai| anAvRttikaraNa meM punaH 1. sthitighAta, 2. rasaghAta, 3. guNazreNI, 4. guNasaMkramaNa aura 5. apUrvabandha nAmaka prakriyA sampanna hotI hai, jise antarakaraNa kahA jAtA hai / antarakaraNa kI isa prakriyA meM AtmA darzanamohanIya karma ko prathamataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatI hai, sAtha hI anAvRttikaraNa ke antima caraNa meM dUsare bhAgoM ko bhI tIna upavibhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatI hai, jinheM kramazaH 1. samyaktva - moha, 2. mithyAtva - moha aura 3. mizra - moha kahate haiM / samyaktva - moha satya ke Upara zveta kAMca kA AvaraNa hai, jabaki mizra - moha halke raMgIna kAMca kA aura mithyAtva - moha gahare raMga ke kAMca kA AvaraNa hai / pahale meM satya ke svarUpa kA darzana vAstavika rUpa meM hotA hai, dUsare meM vikRta rUpa meM hotA hai, lekina tIsare 1 satya pUrI taraha Avarita rahatA hai| samyagdarzana ke kAla meM bhI AtmA guNa-saMkramaNa nAmaka kriyA karatA hai aura mithyAmoha kI karmaprakRtiyoM ko mizramoha tathA samyaktvamoha meM rUpAntarita karatA rahatA hai| samyakdarzana meM udayakAla kI eka antarmuhUrtta kI samaya-sImA samApta hone para punaH darzanamoha ke pUrva meM vibhAjita tIna vargoM meM se kisI bhI varga kI karmaprakRti kA zreNI ke anusAra udaya ho sakatA hai| yadi prathama (udaya) phalabhoga samyaktva - moha kA hotA hai, to AtmA vizuddhAcaraNa karatA huA vikAsonmukha ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi mizramoha athavA mithyAtvamoha kA vipAka hotA hai, to AtmA punaH patanonmukha ho jAtA hai aura apane agrima vikAsa ke lie use punaH granthi-bheda kI prakriyA karanI hotI hai| phira bhI, itanA to nizcita hai ki vaha eka sImita samayAvadhi meM apane Adarza ko upalabdha kara hI letI hai /

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 495 granthi-bheda kI prakriyA kA dvividha rUpa - yahA~ yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki granthi-bheda kI yaha prakriyAtosamyagdarzana nAmaka caturtha guNasthAna kI upalabdhi ke pUrva prathama guNasthAna meM hI ho jAtI hai, phira saptama, aSTama aura navama guNasthAnoM meM honevAle yathApravRttikaraNa, apUrvakaraNa aura anAvRttikaraNa kauna-se haiM ? vastutaH, granthi-bheda kI yaha prakriyA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM do bAra hotI hai| pahalI, prathama guNasthAna ke antima caraNa meM aura dUsarI, sAtaveM, AThaveM aura nauveM guNasthAna meM, lekina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki yaha do bAra kyoM hotI hai ? aura pahalIaura dUsarI bAra kI prakriyA meM kyA antara hai ? vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaina-darzana meM bandhana ke pramukha kAraNa moha kI do zaktiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM - 1. darzanamoha aura 2. cAritramoha / darzanamoha yathArtha dRSTikoNa (samyakdarzana) kA AvaraNa karatA hai aura cAritramoha naitika-AcaraNa (samyakcAritra) meM bAdhA DAlatA hai| moha ke ina do bhedoM ke AdhAra para hI granthibheda kI yaha prakriyA bhI do bAra hotI hai| prathama guNasthAna ke anta meM hone vAlI granthi-bheda kI prakriyA kA sambandha darzanamoha ke AvaraNa ko samApta karane se hai, jabaki sAtaveM, AThaveM aura nauveM guNasthAnoM meM hone vAlI granthi-bheda kI prakriyA kA sambandha cAritramoha arthAt anaitikatA ko samApta karane se hai| pahalI bAra prakriyA ke anta meM samyakdarzana kA lAbha hotA hai, jabaki dUsarI bAra prakriyA ke anta meM samyakcAritra kA udaya hotA hai| eka meM vAsanAtmaka-vRttiyoM kA nirodha hotA hai, dUsarI meM durAcaraNa kA nirodh| eka meM darzana (dRSTikoNa) zuddha hotA hai, dUsarI se cAritra zuddha hotA hai| jaina-sAdhanA kI pUrNatA darzanavizuddhi meM nahokara cAritravizuddhi meM hai, yadyapi yaha eka svIkRta tathya hai ki darzanavizuddhi ke pazcAt yadi usameM TikAva rahA, to cAritravizuddhi anivAryatayA hotI hai| satya ke darzana ke pazcAt usakI upalabdhi eka avazyatA hai| yaha bAta isa prakAra bhI kahI jA sakatI hai ki samyagdarzana kA sparza kara lene para AtmA kI mukti avazya hI hotI hai| guNasthAnakA siddhAnta jaina--vicAradhArA meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kI 14 avasthAe~ mAnI gaI haiM - 1. mithyAtva, 2. sAsvAdana, 3. mizra, 4. aviratasamyagdRSTi, 5. dezaviratasamyagdRSTi, 6. pramattasaMyata, 7. apramattasaMyata (apramattavirata), 8. apUrvakaraNa, 9. anivRttikaraNa, 10. sUkSmasamparAya, 11. upazAntamoha, 12. kSINamoha, 13. sayogIkevalI aura 14. ayogiikevlii| prathama se caturtha guNasthAna taka kA krama darzana kI avasthAoM ko prakaTa karatA hai, jabaki pA~caveM se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka kA vikAsakrama samyakcAritra se sambandhita hai| terahavA~ evaM caudahavAM guNasthAna AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kA dyotaka hai| inase bhI dUsare aura tIsare guNasthAnoM kA sambandha vikAsa-krama se na hokara ve

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496 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAtra caturtha guNasthAna se prathama guNasthAna kI ora hone vAle patana ko sUcita karate haiN| ina guNasthAnoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| 14. mithyAtva-guNasthAna ___ isaavasthAmeM AtmA yathArtha jJAna aura satyAnubhUti se vaMcita rahatI hai| AdhyAtmikadRSTi se yaha AtmA kI bahirmukhI avasthA hai| isameM prANI yathArthabodha ke abhAva ke kAraNa bAhya-padArthoM se sukhoM kI prApti kI kAmanA karatA hai aura use AdhyAtmika yA AtmA ke Antarika-sukha kA rasAsvAdana nahIM ho paataa| ayathArtha dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa vaha asatya ko satya aura adharma kodharma mAnakara calatA hai| vaha digbhramita vyakti kI taraha lakSya-vimukha ho bhaTakatA rahatA hai aura apane gantavya ko prApta nahIM kara paataa| yaha AtmA kI ajJAnamaya avasthA hai| naitika-dRSTi se isa avasthA meM prANI kozubhAzubhayAkarttavyAkarttavya kA viveka nahIM hotA hai| vaha naitika-viveka se to zUnya hotA hI hai, naitika-AcaraNa se bhI zUnya hotA hai| isI bAta ko pAribhASika-zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki mithyAtvaguNasthAna meM AtmA darzanamoha aura cAritramoha kI karma-pravRttiyoM se pragAr3ha rUpa se jakar3I hotI hai| mAnasika-dRSTi se mithyAtva-guNasthAna meM prANI tIvratama krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha (anantAnubandhI-kaSAya) ke vazIbhUta rahatA hai| vAsanAtmaka-pravRttiyA~ usa para pUrNa rUpase hAvI hotI haiM, jinake kAraNa vaha satya darzana evaM naitika-AcaraNa se vaMcita rahatA hai| jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, saMsAra kI adhikAMza AtmAe~ mithyAtva-guNasthAna meM hI rahatI haiM, yadyapi ye bhI do prakAra kI AtmAe~ haiM - 1. bhavya AtmA-jo bhaviSya meM kabhI na kabhI yathArtha dRSTikoNa se yukta ho, naitika-AcaraNa ke dvArA apanA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kara pUrNatva ko prApta kara sakeMgI aura 2. abhavya AtmA-veAtmAe~, jo kabhIbhIAdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa nahIM kara sakeMgI, na yathArthabodha hI prApta kreNgii| mithyAtva-guNasthAna meM AtmA 1. ekAntika-dhAraNAoM, 2. viparIta dhAraNAoM, 3. vainayikatA (rUr3ha paramparAoM), 4. saMzaya aura 5. ajJAna se yukta rahatI haiM, isalie usameM yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke prati usI prakAra ruci kA abhAva hotA hai, jaise jvara se pIr3ita vyakti ko madhura bhojana rucikara nahIM lgtaa| vyakti ko yathArtha dRSTikoNa yA samyaktva kI prApti ke lie jo karanA hai, vaha yahI hai ki vaha ekAntika evaM viparIta dhAraNAoM kA parityAga kara de, svayaM ko pakSAgraha ke vyAmoha se mukta rkhe| jaba vyakti itanA kara letA hai, to yathArtha dRSTikoNa vAlA bana jAtA hai| vastutaH, yathArtha yA satya prApta karane kI vastu nahIM hai| vaha sadaiva usI rUpa meM upasthita hai, kevala hama apane pakSAgraha aura ekAntika-vyAmoha ke kAraNa use dekha nahIM pAte haiM / jo AtmAe~ durAgrahoM se mukta nahIM ho pAtI haiM, ve anantakAla taka isI varga meM banI rahatI haiM aura apanA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa nahIM kara pAtI haiN| phira bhI, isa prathama varga kI

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa . 497 sabhI AtmAeM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiN| unameM bhI tAratamya hai| paNDita sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM-prathama guNasthAna meM rahane vAlI aisIaneka AtmAeM hotI haiM, jo rAga-dveSa ke tIvratama vega ko thor3A-sA dabAe hue hotI haiN| ve yadyapi AdhyAtmikalakSya ke sarvadA anukUlagAmI nahIM hotI, to bhI unakA bodha va cAritra anya avikasita AtmAoM kI apekSA acchaahiihotaahai| yadyapi aisIAtmAoM kI avasthAAdhyAtmikadRSTi se sarvathA Atmonmukha nahone ke kAraNa mithyAdRSTi, viparItadRSTiyAasatdRSTi kahalAtI hai tathApi vaha sadRSTi ke samIpa le jAne vAlI hone ke kAraNa upAdeya mAnI gaI hai| AcArya haribhadra ne mArgAbhimukha avasthA ke cAra vibhAga kie haiM, jinheM kramazaH mitrA, tArA, balA aura dIpA kahA gayA hai| yadyapi ina vargoM meM rahane vAlI AtmAoM kI dRSTi asat hotI hai, tathApiunameM mithyAtva kI vaha pragAr3hatA nahIM hotI, jo anya AtmAoM meM hotI hai| mithyAtva kI alpatA hone para isI guNasthAna ke antima caraNa meM AtmA pUrvavarNita yathApravRttikaraNa, apUrvakaraNa aura anAvRttikaraNa nAmaka granthi-bheda kI prakriyA karatA hai aura usameM saphala hone para vikAsa ke agale caraNa samyagdRSTi nAmaka caturtha guNasthAna ko prApta karatA hai| 2.sAsvAdana-guNasthAna yadyapi sAsvAdana-guNasthAna krama kI apekSA se vikAsazIla kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina vastutaH yahaguNasthAna AtmA kI patanonmukha avasthAkA dyotaka hai| koI bhIAtmA isameM prathama guNasthAna se vikAsa karake nahIM AtI, varan jaba AtmA Upara kI zreNiyoM se patita hokara prathama guNasthAna kI ora jAtI hai, to isa avasthA se gujaratI hai| patanonmukha AtmA ko guNasthAna taka pahuMcane kI madhyAvadhi meM jo kSaNika (6 avalI) samaya lagatA hai vahI isa guNasthAna kA sthiti - kAla hai| jisa prakAra phala ko vRkSa se TUTakara pRthvI para pahu~cane meM samaya lagatA hai, usI prakAra AtmA kI girAvaTa meM jo samaya lagatA hai, vahI samayAvadhi sAsvAdana-guNasthAna ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra miSThAnna khAne ke anantara vamana hone para vamita vastu kA eka vizeSa prakAra kA AsvAdana hotA hai, usI prakAra yathArtha-bodha ho jAne para mohAsakti ke kAraNa jaba punaH ayathArthatA (mithyAtva) kA grahaNa kiyAjAtA hai, to use grahaNa karane ke pUrva thor3e samaya ke lie usa yathArthatA kA eka viziSTa prakAra kA anubhava banA rahatA hai| yahI patanonmukha avasthA meM hone vAlA yathArthatA kA kSaNika AbhAsa yA AsvAdana 'sAsvAdana-guNasthAna hai| 3. samyak-mithyAdRSTi-guNasthAna yA mizra-guNasthAna (Dhulamula yakIna) yaha guNasthAna bhI vikAsa-zreNI kA sUcaka na hokara patanonmukha avasthA kA hI sUcaka hai, jisameM avakrAnti karanevAlI patanonmukha AtmA caturtha guNasthAnase patita hokara AtI hai| yadyapi utkrAnti maranevAlI AtmAe~ bhI prathama guNasthAna se nikalakara tRtIya

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498 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana guNasthAna ko prApta kara sakatI haiM, yadi unhoMne kabhI bhI caturtha guNasthAna kA sparza kiyA ho| jo caturtha guNasthAna meM yathArtha kA bodha kara, punaH patita hokara prathama guNasthAna ko prApta karatI haiM, vehI AtmAe~ apane utkrAntikAla meM prathama guNasthAna se sIdhe tRtIya guNasthAna meM AtI haiM, lekina jina AtmAoM ne kabhI samyaktva (yathArthabodha) kA sparza nahIM kiyA hai, ve apane vikAsa meM prathama guNasthAna se sIdhe caturtha guNasthAna meM jAtI haiM, kyoMki saMzaya use ho sakatA hai, jise yathArthatA kA kucha anubhava huA hai| yaha eka anizcaya kI avasthA hai, jisase sAdhaka yathArtha-bodha ke pazcAt saMzayAvasthA ko prApta ho jAne ke kAraNa satya aura asatya ke madhya jhUlatA rahatA hai| naitika-dRSTi se kaheM, to yaha eka aisI sthiti hai. jabaki vyakti vAsanAtmaka-jIvana aura karttavyazIlatA ke madhya, athavA do paraspara virodhI kartavyoM ke madhya use kyA karanA zreya hai, isakA nirNaya nahIM kara paataa| vastutaH, jaba vyakti satya aura asatya ke madhya kisI eka kA cunAva na kara anirNaya kI avasthA meM hotA hai, taba hI yaha anizcaya kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| isa anirNaya kI sthiti meM vyakti ko na samyakdRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai, na mithyaadRsstti| yaha bhrAnti kI eka aisI avasthA hai, jisameM satya aura asatya aise rUpa meM prastuta hote haiM ki vyakti yaha pahacAna nahIM pAtA ki inameM se satya kauna hai? phira bhI, isa varga meM rahA huA vyakti asatya ko satya rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yaha asvIkRta bhrAnti hai, jisameM vyakti ko apane bhrAnta hone kA jJAna rahatA hai, ataH vaha pUrNataH na to bhrAnta kahA jA sakatA hai, na abhraant| jo sAdhaka sanmArga yA mukti-patha meM Age bar3hate haiM, lekina jaba unheM apane lakSya ke prati saMzaya utpanna ho jAtA hai, ve cauthI zreNI se girakara isa avasthA meM A jAte haiN| apane anizcaya kI alpa kAlAvadhi meM isa varga meM rahakara, sandeha ke naSTa hone para yA to punaH cauthe samyakdRSTi-guNasthAna meM cale jAte haiM, yA patha-bhraSTa hone se pahale mithyAdRSTi-guNasthAna meM cale jAte haiM / manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se yaha pAzavika evaM vAsanAtmaka-jIvana ke pratinidhi idam (abodhAtmA) aura Adarza evaM mUlyAtmaka-jIvana ke pratinidhi naitika mana (AdarzAtmA) ke madhya saMgharSa kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM cetana mana (bodhAtmA) apanA nirNaya dene meM asamarthatA kA anubhava karatA hai aura nirNaya ko svalpa samaya ke lie sthagita rakhatA hai| yadi cetana mana vAsanAtmakatA kA pakSa letA hai, to vyakti bhogamaya jIvana kI ora muDatA hai, arthAta mithyAdaSTi ho jAtA hai aura yadicetana mana AdarzoM yA naitika-mUlyoM ke pakSa meM apanA nirNaya detA hai, to vyakti AdarzoM kI ora mur3atA hai, arthAt samyakdRSTi ho jAtA hai| mizra-guNasthAna jIvana ke saMgharSa kI avasthA kA dyotaka hai, jisameM satya aura asatya, zubha aura azubha, athavA mAnava meM nihita pAzavika-vRttiyoM aura AdhyAtmika-vRttiyoM ke madhya saMgharSa calatA hai, lekina jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, yaha

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 499 vaicArika yA mAnasika-saMgharSa kI avasthA antarmuhUrta (48 minaTa) se adhika nahIM rhtii| yadi AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-pakSa vijayI hotA hai, to vyakti AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI dizA meM Age bar3hakara yathArtha dRSTikoNa ko prApta kara letA hai, arthAt vaha caturtha aviratasamyakdRSTi-guNasthAna meM calA jAtA hai, kintu jaba pAzavika-vRttiyA~ vijayI hotI haiM, to vyakti vAsanAoM ke prabalatama AvegoM ke phalasvarUpa yathArtha dRSTikoNa se vaMcita ho, punaH patita hokara prathama mithyAtva-guNasthAna meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, naitika-pragati kI dRSTi se yaha tIsarA guNasthAna bhI avikAsa kI avasthA hI hai ; kyoMki jaba taka vyakti meM yathArtha-bodha yA zubhAzubha ke sambandha meM samyak viveka jAgrata nahIM ho jAtA hai, taba taka vaha naitika-AcaraNa nahIM kara pAtA hai| isa tIsare guNasthAna meM zubha aura azubhake sandarbha meM anizcaya kI avasthA athavA sandehazIlatA kI sthiti rahatI hai, ataH isa avasthA meM naitika-AcaraNa kI sambhAvanA nahIM mAnI jA sktii| mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isa tRtIya mizra-guNasthAna meM, athavA anizcaya kI avasthA meM mRtyu nahIM hotI, kyoMki AcArya nemicandra kA kathana hai ki mRtyu usI sthiti meM sambhava hai, jisameM bhAvI-Ayukarma kA bandha ho ske| isa tRtIya guNasthAna meM bhAvI-Ayukarma kA baMdha nahIM hotA, ataH mRtyubhI nahIM ho sktii| isa sandarbha meM DAkTara kalaghATakI kahate haiM ki isa avasthA meM mRtyu sambhava nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki mRtyu ke samaya meM isa saMgharSa kI zakti cetanA meM nahIM hotI hai, ataH mRtyu ke samaya yaha saMgharSa samApta hokara yA to vyakti mithyA-dRSTikoNa ko apanA letA hai, yA samyakdRSTikoNako apanAletA hai| 17 yaha avasthA alpakAlika hotI hai, lekina alpakAlikatA kevala isI AdhAra para hai ki mithyAtva aura samyaktva kI sImA-rekhAoM kA sparza nahIM karate hue saMzaya kI sthiti meM adhika nahIM rahA jA sakatA, lekina mithyAtva aura samyaktva kI sImAoM kA sparza karate hue yaha anizcaya kI sthiti dIrghakAlika bhI ho sakatI hai| gItA arjuna ke caritra ke dvArA isa anizcaya kI avasthA kA sundara citra prastuta karatI hai| AMgla-sAhitya meM zeksapiyara ne apane hemaleTa nAmaka nATaka meM rAjaputra hemaleTa ke caritra kA jo zabdAMkana kiyA hai, vaha bhI sat aura asat ke madhya anizcayAvasthA kA acchA udAharaNa hai| 4. aviratasamyakdRSTi-guNasthAna __ aviratasamyakdRSTi-guNasthAna AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM sAdhaka ko 'thArthatA kA bodha yA satya kA darzana ho jAtA hai| vaha satya ko satya ke rUpa meM aura asatya ko asatya ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa samyak hotA hai, phira bhI usakA AcaraNanaitika nahIM hotA hai| vaha azubha ko azubha to mAnatA hai, lekina azubhake

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500 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcaraNa se baca nahIM paataa| dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha burAI ko burAI ke rUpa meM jAnatA to hai, phira bhI pUrva saMskAroM ke kAraNa unheM chor3a nahIM pAtA hai| usakA jJAnAtmaka-pakSa samyak (yathArtha) hone para bhI AcaraNAtmaka-pakSa asamyaka hotA hai| aise sAdhaka meM vAsanAoM para aMkuza lagAne kI yA saMyama kI kSamatA kSINa hotI hai| vaha satya, zubha yA nyAya ke pakSa ko samajhate hue bhI asatya, anyAya yA azubhakA sAtha chor3ane nahIM paataa| mahAbhArata meM aisA caritra hameM bhISma pitAmaha kA milatA hai, jo kauravoM ke pakSa ko anyAyayukta, anucita aura pANDavoM ke pakSa ko nyAyapUrNa aura ucita mAnate hue bhI kauravoM ke pakSa meM hI rahane ko vivaza haiN| jainavicAra isI ko aviratasamyakdRSTitva kahatA hai| isa sthiti kI jaina-vyAkhyA yaha hai ki darzanamoha-karma kI zakti ke daba jAne, yA usake AvaraNa ke virala yA kSINa ho jAne ke kAraNa vyakti naitika-AcaraNa nahIM kara pAtA / vaha eka apaMga vyakti kI bhAMti hai, jo dekhate hue bhI cala nahIM paataa| aviratasamyakdRSTi AtmA naitika-mArga ko, zreya ke mArga ko jAnate hue bhI usa para AcaraNa nahIM kara paataa| vaha hiMsA, jhUTha, abrahmacarya Adi ko anaitika mAnate hue bhI unase virata nahIM hotaa| phira bhI, aviratasamyakdRSTi AtmA meM bhI kisI aMza taka Atma-saMyama yA vAsanAtmaka-vRttiyoM para saMyama hotA hai, kyoMki aviratasamyakdRSTi meM bhI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ina cAra kaSAyoM ke sthAyI tathA tIvratama AvegoM kA abhAva hotA hai, kyoMki jaba taka kaSAyoM ke isa tIvratama AvegoM, arthAt anantAnubandhI caukar3I kA kSaya yA upazama nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha samyakdarzana bhI prApta nahIM hotA / jaina-vicAra ke anusAra samyak-avirata samyak-dRSTi-guNasthAnavartI AtmA ko nimna sAta karma-prakRtiyoM kA kSaya, upazama yA kSayopazama karanA hotA hai - 1. anantAnubandhI-krodha (sthAI tIvratama krodha) 2. anantAnubandhI-mAna (sthAI tIvratama mAna) 3. anantAnubandhI-mAyA (sthAI tIvratama kapaTa) 4. anantAnubandhI-lobha (sthAI tIvratama lobha) 5. mithyAtvamoha, 6. mizramoha aura 7. smyktvmoh| __ AtmAjaba ina sAta karma-prakRtiyoM ko pUrNataH naSTa (kSaya) karake isa avasthA ko prApta karatA hai, to usakA samyaktva kSAyika kahalAtA hai aura aisA AtmA isa guNasthAna se vApasa giratA nahIM hai, varan agrima vikAsa zreNiyoM meM hokara, anta meM paramAtmasvarUpa ko prApta kara letA hai| usakA samyaktva sthAI hotA hai, lekina jaba AtmA uparyukta karmaprakRtiyoM kA damana kara Age bar3hatA hai aura isa avasthA ko prApta karatA hai, taba usakA samyaktva aupazamika-samyaktva kahalAtA hai| isameM vAsanAoM ko naSTa nahIM kiyA jAtA, varan unheM dabAyA jAtA hai, ataH aise yathArtha dRSTikoNa meM asthAyitva hotA hai aura AtmA antarmuhUrta (48 miniTa) ke andara hI damita vAsanAoM ke punaH prakaTIkaraNa para unake prabala

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa - -w AvegoM ke vazIbhUta ho yathArthatA se vimukha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, jaba vAsanAoM ko AMzika rUpa meM kSaya karane para aura AMzika rUpa meM dabAne para yathArthatA kA jo bodha yA satya -- darzana hotA hai, usameM bhI asthAyitva hotA hai, kyoMki damita vAsanAe~ punaH prakaTa hokara vyakti ko yathArtha dRSTi ke stara meM girA detI hai / vAsanAoM ke AMzika kSaya aura AMzika damana (upazama) para AddhRta yathArtha dRSTikoNa kSAyopazamika- samyaktva kahalAtA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para sthaviravAdI bauddha paramparA meM isa avasthA kI tulanA srotApanna avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra aupazamika evaM kSAyopazamika kI avasthA se samyak mArga se parAGmukha hone kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai, usI prakAra srotApannasAdhaka bhI mArgacyuta ho sakatA hai| mahAyAnI bauddha sAhitya meM isa avasthA kI tulanA 'bodhi praNidhicitta' se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra caturtha guNasthAnavartI AtmA yathArtha mArga ko jAnatI hai, usa para calane kI bhAvanA bhI rakhatI hai, lekina vAstavika rUpa meM usa mArga para calanA prArambha nahIM kara pAtI, usI prakAra 'bodhi praNidhicita' meM bhI yathArtha mArgagamana kI yA lokaparitrANa kI bhAvanA kA udaya ho jAtA hai, lekina vaha usa kArya meM pravRtta nahIM hotA / AcArya haribhadra ne samyadRSTi - avasthA kI tulanA mahAyAna ke bodhisatva ke pada 18 hai / " bodhisatva kA sAdhAraNa artha hai - jJAna-prApti kA icchuka / " isa artha meM bodhisatva samyakdRSTi se tulanIya hai, lekina yadi bodhisatva ke loka-kalyANa ke Adarza ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA kI jAe, to bodhisatva - pada usa samyakradRSTi AtmA se tulanIya hai, jo tIrthakara honevAlA hai| 20 5. dezavirati - samyak dRSTi- guNasthAna vaise yaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pA~cavIM zreNI hai, lekina naitika AcaraNa kI dRSTi se yaha prathama stara hI hai, jahA~ se sAdhaka naitikatA ke patha para calanA prArambha karatA hai| caturtha aviratasamyakadRSTi-guNasthAna meM sAdhaka kartavyAkarttavya kA viveka rakhate hue bhI karttavya-pa - patha para ArUr3ha nahIM ho pAtA, jabaki isa pA~caveM dezaviratisamyak dRSTi- guNasthAna meM sAdhaka karttavyapatha para yathAzakti calane kA prArambhika prayAsa prArambha kara detA hai| ise dezavirati - samyaka dRSTi- guNasthAna kahA jA sakatA hai| dezavirati kA artha hai - vAsanAmaya jIvana se AMzika rUpa meM nivRtti / hiMsA, jhUTha, parastrIgamana Adi azubhAcAra tathA krodha, lobha Adi kaSAyoM se AMzika rUpa se virata honA hI dezavirati hai| isa guNasthAna meM sAdhaka yadyapi gRhasthAzramI rahatA hai, phira bhI vAsanAoM para thor3A-bahuta yathAzakti niyaMtraNa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / jise vaha ucita samajhatA hai, usa para AcaraNa karane kI koziza bhI karatA hai| isa guNasthAna meM sthita sAdhaka zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kA AcaraNa karatA hai| 501

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502 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana caturtha guNasthAnavartI vyaktiyoM meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM ke AvegoM kA prakaTana to hotA hai aura ve una para niyaMtraNa karane kI kSamatA nahIM rakhate haiM, mAtra unakI vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM meM sthAyitva nahIM hotaa| ve eka avadhi ke pazcAt upazAnta ho jAtI haiM / jaise taNapaMja meM agni tIvratA se prajjvalita hotI hai aura usa para kAbU pAnA bhI kaThina hotA hai, phira bhI eka samaya ke pazcAt vaha svayaM hI upazAnta ho jAtI hai, kintu jaba taka vyakti meM kaSAyoM para niyaMtraNa kI kSamatA nahIM A jAtI, taba taka vaha pA~caveM guNasthAna ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA hai| isa guNasthAna kI prApti ke lie apratyAkhyAnI (aniyaMtraNIya) kaSAyoM kA upazAnta honA Avazyaka hai| jisa vyakti meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM para niyaMtraNa karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI, vaha naitika-AcaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| isI kAraNa, naitika-AcaraNa kI isa bhUmikA meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM para AMzika-niyaMtraNa kI kSamatA kA vikAsa honA Avazyaka samajhA gyaa| paMcama guNasthAnavartI sAdhaka sAdhanA-patha para phisalatA to hai, lekina usameM saMbhalane kI kSamatA bhI hotI hai| yadi sAdhaka pramAda ke vazIbhUta na ho aura phisalane ke avasaroM para isa kSamatA kA samucita upayoga karatA rahe, to vaha vikAsa-krama meM Age bar3hatA jAtA hai, anyathA pramAda ke vazIbhUta hone para isa kSamatA kA samucita upayoga na kara pAne ke kAraNa apane sthAna se gira bhI sakatA hai| aise sAdhaka ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki krodhAdi kaSAyoM kI Antarika evaM bAhya-abhivyakti hone para unakA niyaMtraNa kare evaM apanI mAnasika-vikRti kA parizodhana evaM vizuddhikaraNa kare / jo vyakti cAra mAsa ke andara unakA parizodhana tathA parimArjana nahIM kara letA, vaha isa zreNI se gira jAtA hai| 6. pramatta-sarvavirati-samyakdRSTi-guNasthAna (pramatta-saMyata-guNasthAna) - yathArtha-bodha ke pazcAt jo sAdhaka hiMsA, jhUTha, maithuna Adi anaitika-AcAra se pUrI taraha nivRtta hokara naitikatA ke mArga para dRr3ha kadama rakhakara bar3hanA cAhate haiM, ve isa varga meM Ate haiN| yaha guNasthAna sarvavirati-guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai, arthAt isa guNasthAna meM sthita sAdhaka azubhAcaraNa athavA naitika-AcaraNa se pUrNarUpeNa virata ho jAtA hai| aise sAdhaka meM krodhAdi kaSAyoM kI bAhya-abhivyakti kA bhI abhAva-sA hotA hai, yadyapiAntarika-rUpa meM evaM bIjarUpa meM ve banI rahatI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, krodha ke avasara para aisA sAdhaka bAhya-rUpa se to zAnta banA rahatA hai tathA krodha ko bAhara abhivyakta bhI nahIM hone detA aura isa rUpa meM vaha usa para niyaMtraNa bhI karatA hai, phira bhI krodhAdi kaSAya-vRttiyA~ unake antara-mAnasa ko jhakajhoratI rahatI haiM, aisI dazA meM bhI sAdhaka azubhAcaraNa aura azubhamanovRttiyoM para pUrNataH vijaya prApta karane ke lie dRr3hatApUrvaka Age bar3hane kA prayAsa karatA rahatA hai| jaba-jaba vaha kaSAyAdi pramAdoM para adhikAra kara

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 503 letA hai, taba-taba vaha Age kI zreNI (apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna ) meM calA jAtA hai aura jaba-jaba kaSAya Adi pramAda usa para hAvI hote haiM, taba-taba vaha usa Age kI zreNI se punaH lauTakara isa zreNI meM A jAtA hai| vastutaH, yaha una sAdhakoM kA vizrAntisthala hai, jo sAdhanA-patha para pragati to karanA cAhate haiM, lekina yatheSTa zakti ke abhAva meM Age bar3ha nahIM pAte, ataH isa varga meM rahakara vizrAma karate hue zakti-saMcaya karate haiN| isa prakAra, yaha guNasthAna azubhAcaraNa se adhikAMza rUpa meM virati hai| isameM azubha manovRttiyoM ko kSINa karane kA bharasaka prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM prAyaH AcaraNa-zuddhi to ho jAtI hai, lekina vicAra (bhAva) zuddhi kA prayAsa calatA rahatA hai| isa guNasthAnavartI sAdhaka sAdhanApatha meM paricAraNa karate hue Age bar3hanA to cAhatA hai,lekina pramAda usameM avarodhaka banA rahatA hai| aise sAdhakoM ko sAdhanA ke lakSya kAbhAna to rahatA hai, lekina lakSya ke prati jisa satata jAgarUkatA kI apekSA hai, usakA unameM abhAva hotA hai| zramaNa chaThaveM aura sAtaveM guNasthAna ke madhya paricAraNa karate rahate haiN| gamanAgamana, bhASaNa, AhAra, nidrA Adi jaivika-AvazyakatAoM evaM indriyoM kI apane viSaya kIora caMcalatA ke kAraNa jaba-jaba ve lakSya ke prati satata jAgarUkatA nahIM rakha pAte, taba-taba ve isa guNasthAna meM AjAte haiM aura punaH lakSya ke prati jAgarUka banakara sAtaveMguNasthAna meM cale jAte haiN| vastutaH, isa guNasthAna meM rahane kA kAraNa dehabhAva hotA hai| jaba bhI sAdhaka meM dehabhAva AtA hai, vaha sAtaveM se isa chaThaveM guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai, phira bhI isa guNasthAnavartI AtmA meM mUrchA yA Asakti nahIM hotii| guNasthAna meM Ane ke lie sAdhaka ko moha-karma kI pandraha prakRtiyoM kA kSaya, upazama, kSayopazama karanA hotA hai| 1. sthAI prabalatama (anantAnubaMdhI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha 4 2. asthAI kintu aniyaMtraNIya (apratyAkhyAnI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha 4 3. niyaMtraNIya (pratyAkhyAnI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha 4. mithyAtvamoha, mizramoha aura samyaktva-moha isa avasthA meM AtmakalyANa ke sAtha loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA aura tadanukUla pravRtti bhI hotI hai| yahA~ AtmA pudgalAsakti yA karttavya-bhAva kA tyAga kara vizuddha jJAtA evaM dRSTA ke svasvarUpa meM avasthiti kA prayAsa to karatI hai, lekina deha-bhAva yA pramAda avarodha upasthita karatA rahatA hai, ataH isa avasthA meM pUrNa Atma-jAgrati sambhava nahIM hotI hai, isalie sAdhaka ko pramAda ke kAraNoM kA unmUlIkaraNa yA upazamana karanA hotA hai aura jaba vaha usameM saphala ho jAtA hai, to vikAsa kI agrima zreNI meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai|

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504 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 7. apramatta-saMyata-guNasthAna __Atma-sAdhanA meM sajaga, ve sAdhaka isa varga meM Ate haiM, jo deha meM rahate hue bhI dehAtItabhAva se yukta ho AtmasvarUpa meM ramaNa karate haiM aura pramAda para niyantraNa kara lete haiN| yaha pUrNa sajagatA kI sthiti hai| sAdhaka kA dhyAna apane lakSya para kendrita rahatA hai, lekina yahA~ para daihika-upAdhiyA~ sAdhaka kA dhyAna vicalita karane kA prayAsa karatI rahatI haiN| koI bhI sAmAnya sAdhaka 48 minaTa se adhika dehAtIta bhAva meM nahIM raha paataa| daihika-upAdhiyA~ use vicalita kara detI haiM, ataH isa guNasthAna meM sAdhakakA nivAsa alpakAlika hI hotA hai| isa zreNI meM koI bhI sAdhaka eka antarmuhUrta (48 minaTa) se adhika nahIM raha pAtA hai| isake pazcAt bhI yadi vaha dehAtItabhAva meM rahatA hai, to vikAsa kI agrima zreNiyoM kI ora prasthAna kara jAtA hai, yA dehabhAva kI jAgrati hone para lauTakara punaH nIce ke chaThaveM darje meM calA jAtA hai| apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna meM sAdhaka samasta pramAda ke avasaroM (jinakI saMkhyA 37500 mAnI gaI hai) se bacatA hai| __sAtaveM guNasthAna meM AtmA anaitika-AcaraNa kI sambhAvanAoM ko samUla naSTa karane ke lie zakti-saMcaya karatI hai| yaha guNasthAna naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke madhya hone vAle saMgharSa kI pUrva taiyArI kA sthAna hai| sAdhaka anaitika-jIvana ke kAraNoM kI zatrusenA ke sammukha yuddhabhUmi meM pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM jAgarUkatA ke sAtha DaTa jAtA hai| agrima guNasthAna usI saMgharSa kI avasthA ke dyotaka haiM / AThavA~ guNasthAna saMgharSa ke usa rUpako sUcita karatA hai, jisameM prabala zakti ke sAtha zatru senA ke rAga-dveSa AdisenA-pramukhoM ke sAtha hI sAtha vAsanArUpI zatru senA ko bhI bahuta kucha jIta liyA jAtA hai| nauveM guNasthAna meM avaziSTa vAsanArUpIzatru senA para bhI vijaya prApta kara lI jAtI hai, phira bhI unakA rAjA (sUkSma lobha) chadmarUpa se baca nikalatA hai| dasaveM guNasthAna meM usa para vijaya pAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina yaha vijaya-yAtrA do rUpoM meM calatI hai| eka to vaha, jisameM zatrusenA naSTa karate hue Age bar3hA jAtA hai, dUsarI vaha, jisameM zatru senA ke avarodha ko dUra karate hue pragati kI jAtI hai| dUsarI avasthA meM zatru-sainikoM ko pUrNataH vinaSTa nahIM kiyA jAtA, mAtra unake avarodha ko samApta kara diyA jAtA hai, ve titara-bitara kara die jAte haiM, jinheM jaina pAribhASika-zabdAvalI meM kramazaH kSAyika-zreNI aura upazama-zreNI kahA jAtA hai| kSAyika-zreNI meM moha, kaSAya evaM vAsanAoM ko nirmUla karate hue Age bar3hA jAtA hai, jabaki upazama-zreNI meM unako nirmUla nahIM kiyA jAtA, mAtra unheM damita kara diyA jAtA hai, lekina yaha dUsare prakAra kI vijaya-yAtrA ahitakara hI siddha hotI hai| ve vAsanArUpIzatrusainika samaya pAkara ekatra ho, usa vijetA para usa vakta hamalA bola dete haiM, jabaki vijetA

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 505 vijaya ke bAda kI vizrAnti kI dazA meM hotA hai aura use parAjita kara usa para apanA adhikAra jamA lete haiN| yaha gyArahaveM guNasthAnavartI upazAnta-moha kI avasthA hai, jahA~ se sAdhaka punaH patita ho jAtA hai, lekina jo vijetA zatru-senA ko nirmUla karatA huA Age bar3hatA hai, usakI vijaya ke bAda kI vizrAnti usake agrima vikAsa kA kAraNa banatI hai| isa avasthA ko kSINa-moha nAmaka bArahavA~ guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, sAtaveM guNasthAna ke bAda sAdhaka kI vijaya-yAtrA do rUpoM meM calatI hai| 8. apUrvakaraNa yaha AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA kI eka viziSTa avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM karmAvaraNa ke kAphI halakA ho jAne ke kAraNa AtmA eka viziSTa prakAra ke AdhyAtmika-Ananda kI anubhUti karatI hai| aisI anubhUti pUrva meM kabhI nahIM huI hotI hai, ataH yaha apUrva kahI jAtI hai| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka adhikAMza vAsanAoM se mukta hotA hai| mAtra bIjarUpa (saMjvalana) mAyA aura lobha hI zeSa rahate haiN| zeSa; anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnI aura pratyAkhyAnI-kaSAyoM kI tInoM caukar3iyA~ tathA saMjvalana kI caukar3I meM se bhI saMjvalanakrodha evaM saMjvalana-mAna bhI yA to kSINa ho jAte haiM, athavA damita (upazamita) kara die jAte haiM aura isa prakAra sAdhaka vAsanAoM se kAphI Upara uTha jAtA hai, ataH na kevala vaha eka AdhyAtmika-Ananda kI anubhUti karatA hai, varan usameM eka prakAra kI AtmazaktikA prakaTana bhI ho jAtA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa vaha pUrvabaddha karmoM kI sthiti aura tIvratA ko kama kara sakatA hai aura sAtha hI usake navIna karmoM kA baMdhabhIalpakAlika evaM alpamAtrA meMhI hotA hai| isa avasara kAlAbha uThAkara, isa avasthA meM sAdhaka usa prakaTita Atmazakti ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAlasthiti evaM tIvratAko kama karatA hai tathA karma-vargaNAoM ko aise krama meM rakha detA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa unakAsamaya ke pUrva hI phalabhoga kiyA jA sake, sAtha hI vaha azubha phala denevAlI karmaprakRtiyoM ko zubha phala denevAlI karma-prakRtiyoM meM parivartita karatA hai evaM unakA mAtra alpakAlIna baMdha karatA hai| isa prakriyA ko jaina pAribhASika-zabdoM meM 1: sthitighAta, 2. rasaghAta, 3. guNa-zreNI, 4. guNa-saMkramaNa aura 5. apUrva sthitibaMdha kahA jAtA hai aura yaha samasta prakriyA apUrvakaraNa' ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| isa guNasthAna kA yaha nAmakaraNa isI apUrvakaraNa nAmaka prakriyA ke AdhAra para huaahai| baMdhanoM se baiMdhA huA koI vyakti una baMdhanoM meM se adhikAMza ke jIrNa-zIrNa ho jAne para prasannatA kA anubhava karatA hai, sAtha hI pahale vaha jahA~ apanI svazakti se una baMdhanoM ko tor3ane meM asamartha thA, vahIM aba vaha apanI svazakti se una zeSarahe hue baMdhanoM ko tor3ane kI koziza karatA hai aura baMdhana-mukti kI nikaTatA se prasanna hotA hai| ThIka isI prakAra, isa

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506 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana guNasthAna meM Ane para AtmA karmarUpa baMdhanoM kA adhikAMza bhAga meM nAza ho jAne se evaM kaSAyoM ke vinaSTa hone se bhAvoM kI vizuddhirUpa apUrva Ananda kI anubhUti karatA hai tathA svataH hI zeSa karmAvaraNoM ko naSTa karane kA sAmarthya anubhava kara unake naSTa karane ke prayAsa karatA hai| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka mukti ko apane adhikArakSetra kI vastu mAna letA hai| sadAcaraNa kI dRSTi se vastutaH sacce puruSArtha-bhAva kA prakaTIkaraNa isI avasthA meM hotA hai| yadyapi jaina-darzana niyati (deva) aura puruSArtha ke siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM ekAntika-dRSTikoNa nahIM apanAtA hai, phira bhI yadi puruSArtha aura niyati ke prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se guNasthAnasiddhAnta para vicAra kiyA jAe, to prathama se sAtaveM guNasthAna taka kI sAta zreNiyoM meM niyati kI pradhAnatA pratIta hotI hai aura AThaveM se caudahaveM gaNasthAna taka kI sAta zreNiyoM meM puruSArtha kA prAdhAnya pratIta hotA hai| jaina-paramparA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki yathApravRttikaraNa kI pUrva avasthA taka, jo ki samyak-AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sAtaveM guNasthAna meM hotI hai, naitika yA cAritragata vikAsa mAtra giri nadI-pASANa-nyAya se hotA hai| isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isa guNasthAna taka AdhyAtmika-vikAsa meM saMyoga kI hI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| usameM AtmA kA svataH kA prayAsa sApekSatayA alpa hI hotA hai| AtmA karmoM kI zrRMkhalA tathA tajanita vAsanAoM meM itanI burI taraha jakar3I hotI hai ki use svazakti ke upayoga kA avasara hI prApta nahIM hotA hai| yahA~ taka karma AtmA ko zAsita karate haiM, lekina AThaveM guNasthAna se yaha sthiti badala jAtI hai| apUrvakaraNa kI prakriyA ke dvArA aba AtmA karmoM para zAsana karane lagatI hai| antima sAta guNasthAnoM meM karmoM para AtmA kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, prANIvikAsa kI caudaha zreNiyoM meM prathama sAta zreNiyoM taka anAtma kA Atma para adhizAsana hotA hai aura antima sAta zreNiyoM meM Atma kA anAtma para adhizAsanahotA hai| guNasthAna kA siddhAnta Atma aura anAtma ke vyAvahArika-saMyoga kI avasthAoM kA nidarzana hai| vizuddha anAtma aura vizuddha Atma-donoM hI usake kSetra se pare haiN| aise kisI upaniveza kI kalpanA kIjie, jisa para kisI videzI jAti ne anAdikAla se Adhipatya kara rakhA ho aura vahA~ kI janatA ko gulAma banA liyA ho- yahI prathama guNasthAna hai| usa parAdhInatA kI avasthA meM hI zAsaka-varga ke dvArA pradatta suvidhAoM kA lAbha uThAkara vahIM kI janatA meM svatantratA kI cetanA kA udaya ho jAtA hai - yahI caturtha guNasthAna hai| bAda meM vaha janatA kucha adhikAroM kI mA~ga prastuta karatI hai aura kucha prayAsoM aura paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para unakI yaha mA~ga svIkRta hotI hai - yahI pA~cavA~ guNasthAna hai| isameM saphalatA prApta kara janatA apane hitoM kI kalpanA ke sakriya hone para aupanivezikasvarAjya kI prApti kA prayAsa karatI hai aura saMyoga usake anukUla hone se unakI vaha mA~ga bhI

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 507 svIkRta ho jAtI hai - yaha chaThavAM guNasthAna hai| aupanivezika-svarAjya kI isa avasthA meM janatA pUrNa svatantratA - prApti kA prayAsa karatI hai, usake hetu sajaga hokara apanI zakti kA saMcaya karatI hai - yahI sAtavA~ guNasthAna hai| Age, vaha apanI pUrNa svatantratA kA udghoSa karatI huI una videziyoM se saMgharSa prArambha kara detI hai| saMgharSa kI prathama sthiti meM yadyapi usakI zakti sImita hotI hai aura zatru-varga bhayaMkara hotA hai, phira bhI apane adbhuta sAhasa aura zaurya se usako parAsta karatI hai - yahI AThavA~ guNasthAna hai| nauvA~ guNasthAna vaisA hI hai, jaise yuddha ke bAda Antarika-avasthA kA sudhAra aura chipe hue zatruoM kA unmUlana kiyA jAtA hai| 9.anivRttikaraNa (anivRtti-bAdara-samparAya-guNasthAna) AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke mArga para gatizIla sAdhaka jaba kaSAyoM meM kevala bIjarUpa sUkSma lobha (saMjvalana) ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kaSAyoM kA kSaya yA upazamana kara detA hai tathA usake kAmavAsanAtmaka-bhAva, jinheM jaina-paribhASA meM 'veda' kahate haiM, samUlarUpeNa naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka meM mAtra sUkSma lobha tathA hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka aura ghRNA ke bhAva zeSa rahate haiN| ye bhAva nokaSAya kahe jAte haiN| sAdhanA kI isaavasthA meM bhI ina bhAvoM yA nokaSAyoM kI samupasthiti se kaSAyoM ke punaH utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai, kyoMki unake kAraNa abhI zeSa haiM, yadyapi sAdhaka kA uccastarIya AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ho jAne se yaha sambhAvanA bhI atyalpa hI hotI hai| 10. sUkSma samparAya AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA kI isa avasthA meM sAdhaka kaSAyoM ke kAraNabhUta hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka aura ghRNA-ina pUrvokta 6 bhAvoM ko bhI naSTa (kSaya) athavA damita (upazAnta) kara detA hai aura usameM mAtra sUkSma lobha zeSa rahatA hai| jaina pAribhASika-zabdoM meM mohanIya-karma kI 28 karma-prakRtiyoM meM se 27 karma-prakRtiyoM ke kSaya yA upazama ho jAne para jaba mAtra saMjvalana-lobha zeSa rahatA hai, taba sAdhaka isa guNasthAna meM pahu~catA hai| isa guNasthAna ko sUkSma samparAya isalie kahA jAtA hai ki isameM AdhyAtmika-patana ke kAraNoM meM mAtra sUkSma lobha hI zeSa rahatA hai| lobha ke sUkSma aMza ke rahane ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma samparAya hai / DAkTara TA~TiyA ke zabdoM meM, AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI uccatA meM rahe hue isa sUkSma lobha kI vyAkhyA avacetana rUpa meM zarIra ke prati rahe hue rAga ke artha meM kI jA sakatI hai|22

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508 bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 11. upazAnta- moha - guNasthAna jaba adhyAtma mArga kA sAdhaka pUrva avasthA meM rahe hue sUkSma lobha ko bhI upazAnta kara detA hai, taba vaha isa vikAsa-zreNI para pahu~catA hai, lekina AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM agrasara sAdhaka ke lie yaha avasthA bar3I khataranAka hai| vikAsa kI isa zreNI meM mAtra ve hI AtmAe~ AtI haiM, jo vAsanAoM kA damana kara yA upazama-zreNI se vikAsa karatI haiN| jo AtmAe~ vAsanAoM ko sarvathA nirmUla karate hue kSAyika kI zreNI se vikAsa karatI haiM, ve isa zreNI meM na Akara sIdhe bArahaveM guNasthAna meM jAtI haiN| yadyapi yaha naitika vikAsa kI eka uccatama avasthA hai, lekina nirvANa ke Adarza se saMyojita nahIM hone ke kAraNa sAdhaka kA yahA~ se lauTanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| yaha AtmotkarSa kI vaha avasthA hai, jahA~ se patana nizcita hotA hai| prazna hai, aisA kyoM hotA hai ? vastutaH, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI do vidhiyA~ haiN| eka, kSAyika - vidhi dUsarI, upazama-vidhi / kSAyika - vidhi meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM ko naSTa karate hue Age bar3hA jAtA hai aura upazama-vidhi meM unako dabAkara Age bar3hA jAtA hai| eka tIsarI vidhi ina donoM ke mela se banatI hai, jise kSayopazama-vidhi kahate haiM, jisameM AMzika rUpa meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAryoM ko naSTa karake aura AMzika rUpa meM unheM dabAkara Age bar3hA jAtA hai| sAtaveM guNasthAna taka to sAdhaka kSAyika, aupazamika athavA unake saMyukta rUpa, kSayopazama-vidhi meM se kisI eka dvArA apanI vikAsa-yAtrA kara letA hai, lekina AThaveM guNasthAna se ina vidhiyoM kA tIsarA saMyukta rUpa samApta ho jAtA hai aura sAdhaka ko kSaya aura upazama-vidhi meM se kisI eka ko apanAkara Age bar3hanA hotA haiN| jo sAdhaka upazama-vidhi se vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hate haiM, ve kramazaH vikAsa karate hue isa gyArahavIM upazAnta- moha nAmaka zreNI meM Ate haiN| upazama athavA damana ke dvArA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa kI yaha antima avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAryo kA pUrNa nirodha ho jAtA hai, lekina upazama yA nirodha sAdhanA kA saccA mArga nahIM hai| usameM sthAyitva nahIM hotaa| duSpravRttiyA~ yadi naSTa nahIM huI haiM, to unheM kitanA hI dabAkara Age bar3hA jAe, unake prakaTana ko adhika samaya ke lie rokA nahIM jA sakatA, varan jaise-jaise damana bar3hatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise unake adhika vega se visphoTita hone kI sambhAvanA bar3hatI jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jo sAdhaka upazama yA damana-mArga se AdhyAtmika vikAsa karatA hai, usake patana kI sambhAvanA nizcita hotI hai| yaha zreNI vAsanAoM ke damana kI parAkASThA hai, ataH upazama yA nirodha-mArga kA sAdhaka svalpakAla (48 minaTa) taka isa zreNI meM rahakara niruddha vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM ke punaH prakaTana ke phalasvarUpa nIce gira jAtA hai| AcArya nemIcandra gommaTasAra meM likhate haiM ki jisa prakAra

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 509 zarad-Rtu meM sarovara kA pAnI miTTI ke nIce jama jAne se svaccha dikhAI detA hai, lekina usakI nirmalatAsthAyI nahIM hotI, miTTI ke kAraNasamaya Ane para vaha punaH malina ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra jo AtmAe~ miTTI ke samAna karmamala ke daba jAne se naitika-pragati evaM Atma-zuddhi kI isaavasthAko prApta karatI haiM, veekasamayAvadhike pazcAta punaH patita ho jAtI haiM," athavA jisa prakAra rAkha meM dabI huI agni vAyu ke yoga se rAkha ke ur3a jAne para punaH prajvalita hokara apanA kAma karane lagatI hai, usI prakAra damita vAsanAeM saMyoga pAkara punaH prajvalita ho jAtI haiM aura sAdhaka punaH patana kI ora calA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM gItAaura jainAcAra-darzana kA mataikya hai| damana athavA nirodha eka sImA ke pazcAt apanA mUlya kho dete haiN| gItA kahatI hai - damana yA nirodha se viSayoM kA nivartana to ho jAtA hai, lekina viSayoM kA rasa, arthAt vaiSayika-vRtti kA nivartana nahIM hotaa| vastutaH, upazamana kI prakriyA meM saMskAra nirmUla nahIM hote haiM, saMskAroM ke sarvathA nirmUla na hone se unakI paramparA samaya pAkara punaH pravRddha ho jAtI hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki upazama-zreNI yAdamana ke dvArA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa karanevAlA sAdhaka sAdhanA ke uccatara para pahu~cakara bhI patita ho jAtA hai| yaha gyArahavA~ guNasthAna punaH patana kA hai| 12. kSINamoha-guNasthAna ___ jo sAdhaka upazama yA damana-vidhi se Age bar3hate haiM, ve gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka pahu~cakara punaH patita ho jAte haiM, lekina jo sAdhaka kSAyika-vidhi, arthAt vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM kA kSaya karate hue, unheM nirmUla karate hue vikAsa karate haiM, ve dasaveM guNasthAna meM rahe hue avaziSTa sUkSma lobha ko bhI naSTa kara sIdhe bArahaveM guNasthAna meM A jAte haiN| isa varga meM Ane vAlA sAdhaka moha-karma kI 28 pravRttiyoM ko pUrNarUpeNa samApta kara detA hai aura isI kAraNa isa guNasthAna ko kSINamoha-guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| yaha naitika-vikAsa kI pUrNa avasthA hai| yahAM pahuMcane para sAdhaka ke lie koI naitika-kartavya zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| usake jIvana meM naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke madhya hone vAlA saMgharSa sadaivake lie samApta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki saMgharSa kA kAraNa, koI bhI vAsanA zeSa nahIM rhtii| usakI samasta vAsanAe~, samasta AkAMkSAe~ kSINa ho cukI hotI haiN| aisA sAdhaka rAga-dveSa se bhI pUrNataH mukta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa, moha samApta ho jAtA hai| isa naitika-pUrNatA kI avasthA ko yathAkhyAtacAritra kahate haiN| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, mohakarmaaSTakoM meM pradhAna hai| yaha bandhana meM DAlane vAle karmoM kI senA kA pradhAna senApati hai| isake parAsta ho jAne para zeSa karma bhI bhAgane laga jAte haiN| moha-karma ke naSTa ho jAne ke pazcAt thor3e hI samaya meM darzanAvaraNa, jJAnAvaraNa, antarAya-ye tInoM karma bhI naSTa hone lagate haiN| kSAyika-mArga para

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510 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ArUr3ha sAdhaka dasaveM guNasthAna ke antima caraNa meM usa avaziSTa sUkSma lobhAMza ko naSTa kara isa bArahaveM guNasthAna meM Ate haiM aura eka antarmuhUrta jitane alpa kAla taka isameM sthita rahate hue isake antima caraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya nAmaka tInoM karmoM ke AvaraNoM ko naSTa kara anantajJAna, anantadarzana aura anantazakti se yukta ho vikAsa kI agrima zreNI meM cale jAte haiN| vikAsa kI isa zreNI meM patana kA koI bhaya hI nahIM rahatA / vyakti vikAsa kI agrima kakSAoM meM hI bar3hatA jAtA hai| yaha naitika-pUrNatA kI avasthA hai aura vyakti jaba yathArtha naitika-pUrNatA ko prApta kara letA hai, to AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA bhI upalabdha ho jAtI hai| vikAsa kI zeSa do zreNiyA~ usI AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI upalabdhi se sambandhita haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-naitikatA meM AdhyAtmikatA, dharma aura naitikatA-tInoM alaga-alaga tathya na hokara eka-dUsare se saMyojita haiN| naitikatA kriyA hai, AcaraNa hai aura AdhyAtmikatA usakI upalabdhi yA phala hai| vikAsa kI yaha avasthA naitikatA ke jagat se AdhyAtmikatA ke jagat meM saMkramita hone kI hai| yahA~ naitikatA kI sImA parisamApta hotI hai aura vizuddha AdhyAtmikatA kA kSetra prArambha ho jAtA hai| 13. sayogIkevalI-guNasthAna isa zreNI meM AnevAlA sAdhaka aba sAdhaka nahIM rahatA, kyoMki usake lie kucha bhI zeSa nahIM raha jAtA, lekina use siddha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoki usakI AdhyAtmikapUrNatA meM abhI kucha kamI hai| aSTa karmoM meM se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, moha aura antarAyaye cAra ghAtIkarma to kSaya ho hI jAte haiM, lekina cAra aghAtIkarma zeSa rahate haiN| Ayu, nAma, gotra aura vedanIya-ina cAra karmoM ke bane rahane ke kAraNa AtmA deha se apane sambandha kA parityAga nahIM kara paatii| yahA~ baMdhana ke mithyAtva, avirati, kaSAya, pramAda aura yoga-ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM yoga ke atirikta zeSa cAra kAraNa to samApta ho jAte haiM, lekina AtmA kA zarIra ke sAtha sambandha banA rahane ke kAraNa kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-vyApAra, jinheM jaina-darzana meM yoga' kahA jAtA hai, hote rahate haiN| isa avasthA meM mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika-kriyAe~ hotI haiM aura unake kAraNa bandhana bhI hotA hai, lekina kaSAyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa TikAva nahIM hotaa| pahale kSaNa meM bandha hotA hai, dUsare kSaNa meM usakA vipAka (pradezodaya ke rUpa meM) hotA hai aura tIsare kSaNa meM ve karma-paramANu nirjarita ho jAte haiN| isa avasthA meM yogoM ke kAraNa hone vAle bandhana aura vipAka kI prakriyA ko karmasiddhAnta kI mAtra aupacArikatA hI samajhanA caahie| ina yogoM ke astitva ke kAraNa hI isa avasthA ko sayogIkevalI-guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai| yaha sAdhaka aura siddha ke bIca kI

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 511 avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM sthita vyakti ko jainadarzana meM arhat, sarvajJa evaM kevalI kahA jAtA hai| yaha vedAnta ke anusAra jIvanmukti yA sadeha-mukti kI avasthA hai| 14. ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna sayogIkevalI-guNasthAna meM yadyapi AtmA AdhyAtmika-pUrNatAko prApta kara letI hai, phira bhI AtmA kA zarIra ke sAtha sambandha banA rahane se zArIrika-upAdhiyA~ to lagI rahatI haiN| prazna hotA hai ki ina zArIrika-upAdhiyoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kyoM nahIM kiyA jAtA ? isakA eka uttara yaha hai ki bArahaveM guNasthAna meM sAdhaka kI sArI icchAe~ samApta ho jAtI haiM, usameM na jIne kI kAmanA hotI hai, na mRtyu kii| vaha zArIrika-upAdhiyoM ko naSTa karane kA bhI koI prayAsa nahIM krtaa| dUsare, sAdhanA ke dvArA unhIM karmoM kA kSaya ho sakatA hai, jo udaya meM nahIM Ae haiM, arthAt jinakA phala-vipAka prArambha nahIM huaahai| jina karmoM kA phalabhoga prArambha ho jAtA hai, unako phalabhoga kI madhyAvasthA meM parivartita yA kSINa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vedAntika-vicAraNA meM bhI yaha tathya svIkRta hai| lokamAnya tilaka likhate haiM - 'jina karma-phaloM kA upabhoga Arambha hone se yaha zarIra evaM janma milA, unake bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM hai - prArabdhakarmaNA bhogAdeva kssyH|' nAma (zarIra), gotra evaM AyuSya-karma kA vipAka sAdhaka ke janma se hI prArambha ho jAtA hai, sAtha hI zarIra kI upasthiti taka zArIrika-anubhUtiyoM (vedanIya) kA bhI honA Avazyaka hai, ataH puruSArtha evaM sAdhanA ke dvArA inameM koI parivartana karanA sambhava nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvanmukta bhI zArIrika-upAdhiyoM kA niSkAma bhAva se unakI upasthiti taka bhoga karatA rahatA hai, lekina jaba vaha ina zArIrika-upAdhiyoM kI samApti ko nikaTa dekhatA hai, to zeSa karmAvaraNoM ko samApta karane ke lie yadi Avazyaka ho, to prathama kevalI-samudghAta karatA hai aura tatpazcAt sUkSmakriyApratipAti-zukladhyAna ke dvArA mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyikavyApAroM kA nirodha kara letA hai tathA samucchinnakriyApratipAti-zukladhyAna dvArA niSprakampasthiti ko prApta karake zarIra tyAgakara nirupAdhi-siddhi yA mukti prApta kara letA hai| isa guNasthAna kA sthitikAla atyanta alpa hotA hai| jitanA samaya pA~ca hasva svaroM a, i, u, R, la ko madhyama svara se uccArita karane meM lagatA hai, utane hI samaya taka isa guNasthAna meM AtmArahatI hai| yaha guNasthAna ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai, isakA artha yaha hai ki isa avasthA meM samagra kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-vyApAra, arthAt yoga kA pUrNataH nirodha ho jAtA hai| vaha yoga saMnyAsa hai, yahI sarvAMgINa pUrNatA hai, carama Adarza kI upalabdhi hai| bAda kI jo avasthA hai, use jaina-vicArakoM ne mokSa, nirvANa, zivapada evaM nirguNabrahmasthiti kahA hai|

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512 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bauddha-sAdhanAmeM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ __jaina aura bauddha sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM meM nirvANa evaM mukti ke svarUpa ko lekaramatavaibhinya bhale hI hoM, phira bhI donoM kA Adarza hai-nirvANa kI upalabdhi / sAdhaka jitanA adhika nirvANa kI bhUmikA ke samIpa hotA hai, utanA hI adhika AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI sImA kA sparza karatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI caudaha bhUmiyoM mAnI gaI haiN| bauddha-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI ina bhUmiyoM kI mAnyatA ko lekara usake apane hI sampradAyoM meM mata-vaibhinya hai| zrAvakayAna athavA hInayAna-sampradAya, jisakA lakSya vaiyaktika-nirvANa athavA arhat-pada kI prApti hai, AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI cAra bhUmiyA~ mAnatA hai jabaki mahAyAna-sampradAya, jisakA carama lakSya buddhatva kI prApti ke dvArA lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA hai, AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI dasa bhUmiyoM mAnatA hai| yahA~ hama donoM hI sampradAyoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| hInayAna aura AdhyAtmika-vikAsa prAcIna bauddha-dharma meM bhI jainadharma ke samAna saMsArI prANiyoM kI do zreNiyA~mAnI gaI haiM- 1. pRthak-jana yA mithyAdRSTi tathA 2. Arya yA samyakdRSTi / mithyAdRSTitva athavA pRthakjana-avasthA kA kAla prANI ke avikAsa kA kAla hai| vikAsa kA kAla to tabhI prArambha hotA hai, jaba sAdhaka samyak dRSTikoNa ko grahaNa kara nirvANagAmI mArga para ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai, phira bhI sabhI pRthakajana yA mithyAdaSTi prANI samAna nahIM hote| unameM tAratamya hotA hai| kucha vyakti aise hote haiM, jinakA dRSTikoNa mithyA hone para bhI AcaraNa kucha samyak prakAra kA hotA hai tathA ve yathArtha dRSTi ke atinikaTa hote haiM, ataH pRthakjana bhUmi ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai- 1. prathama, aMdha pRthakjana bhUmi, yaha ajJAna evaM mithyAdRSTitva kI tIvratA kI avasthA hai evaM 2. kalyANa pRthakjana bhuumi| majjhimanikAya meM isa bhUmikA nirdeza hai, jise dharmAnusArI yA zraddhAnusArI-bhUmi bhI kahA gayA hai| isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka nirvANa-mArga kI ora abhimukha to hotA hai, lekina use prApta nahIM krtaa| isakI tulanA jainadharma meM sAdhaka kI mArgAnusArI-avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| 25 hInayAna-sampradAya ke anusAra, samyakdRSTisampanna nirvANa-mArga para ArUr3ha sAdhaka ko apane lakSya, arhatavasthA ko prApta karane taka ina cAra bhUmiyoM (avasthAoM) ko pAra karanA hotA hai1. srotApanna-bhUmi, 2. sakRdAgAmI-bhUmi, 3. anAgAmI-bhUmi aura 4. arht-bhuumi| pratyeka bhUmi meM do avasthAeM hotI haiM- 1. sAdhaka kI avasthA yA mArgAvasthA tathA 2. siddhAvasthA yA phlaavsthaa| 1.srotApanna-bhUmi- srotApanna kA zAbdika artha hotA hai-dhArA meM par3ane vAlA, arthAt sAdhaka sAdhanA athavA kalyANamArga ke pravAha meM girakara apane lakSya kI ora bar3ha

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa rahA hai| bauddha-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, jaba sAdhaka nimna tIna saMyojanoM (baMdhanoM ) kA kSaya kara detA hai, taba vaha isa avasthA ko prApta karatA hai - 1. satkAyadRSTi - dehAtmabuddhi, arthAt zarIra ko AtmA mAnanA, usake prati mamatva yA merApana rakhanA (svakAye dRSTiH- candrakIrtti) (2) vicikitsA - sandehAtmakatA tathA (3) zIlavrata - parAmarza - arthAt vrata, upavAsa Adi meM Asakti / dUsare zabdoM meM, mAtra karmakANDa ke prati ruci / isa prakAra, jaba sAdhaka dArzanika-mithyAdRSTikoNa (satkAyadRSTi) evaM karmakANDAtmaka-mithyAdRSTikoNa (zIlavrataparAmarza) kA tyAga kara sarva prakAra ke saMzayoM (vicikitsA) kI avasthA ko pAra kara jAtA hai, taba vaha isa srotApanna - bhUmi para ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai| dArzanika evaM karmakANDAtmaka mithyA dRSTikoNoM evaM sandehazIlatA ke samApta ho jAne ke kAraNa isa bhUmi se patana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai aura sAdhaka nirvANa kI dizA meM abhimukha ho AdhyAtmika-dizA karatA hai / srotApanna sAdhaka nimna cAra aMgoM se sampanna hotA hai - - 1. buddhAnusmRti - buddha meM nirmala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai / 2. dharmAnusmRti - dharma meM nirmala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai| 3. saMghAnusmRti - saMgha meM nirmala zraddhA se yukta hotA hai / 4. zIla evaM samAdhi se yukta hotA hai / srotApanna-avasthA ko prApta sAdhaka vicAra (dRSTikoNa) evaM AcAra - donoM se zuddha hotA hai| jo sAdhaka isa srotApanna avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, vaha adhika se adhika sAta janmoM meM nirvANa - lAbha kara hI letA hai / jaina- vicAradhArA ke anusAra, kSAyika - samyaktva se yukta caturtha samyaka dRSTiguNasthAna se sAtaveM apramattasaMyata - guNasthAna taka kI jo avasthAe~ haiM, unakI tulanA srotApannaavasthA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki jaina- vicAradhArA ke anusAra bhI ina avasthAoM meM sAdhaka darzana (dRSTikoNa) vizuddhi evaM cAritra ( AcAra) vizuddhi se yukta hotA hai / ina avasthAoM meM sAtaveM guNasthAna taka vAsanAoM kA prakaTana to samApta ho jAtA hai, lekina unake bIja (rAga-dveSa evaM moha) sUkSma rUpa meM bane rahate haiM, arthAt kaSAyoM ke tInoM cauka samApta hokara mAtra saMjvalana - cauka zeSa rahatA hai| jaina - paramparA kI isI bAta ko bauddhaparamparA yaha kahakara prakaTa karatI hai ki srotApanna avasthA meM kAmadhAtu ( vAsanAe~) to samApta ho jAtI hai, lekina rUpadhAtu (Asrava arthAt rAga-dveSa evaM moha) zeSa rahatI haiM / 2. sakRdAgAmI - bhUmi - isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka kA mukhya lakSya 'Asrava - kSaya' hI hotA hai| sakRdAgAmI bhUmi ke antima caraNa meM sAdhaka pUrNa rUpa se kAmarAga (vAsanAe~) aura pratidha (dveSa) ko samApta kara detA hai aura anAgAmI bhUmi kI dizA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| - - 513

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514 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sakRdAgAmI-bhUmi kI tulanA jaina-darzana ke AThaveM guNasthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| donoM dRSTikoNoM ke anusAra, sAdhaka isa avasthA meM bandhana ke mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa-moha kA prahANa karatA hai aura vikAsa kI agrima avasthA, jise jainadharma kSINamoha guNasthAna aura bauddha-vicAra anAgAmI-bhUmi kahatA hai, meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra, jo sAdhaka ina guNasthAnoM kI sAdhanAvasthA meM hI Ayu pUrNa kara letA hai, vaha adhika se adhika tIsare janma meM nirvANa prApta kara letA hai, jabaki bauddhadharma ke anusAra, sakRdAgAmIbhUmi ke sAdhanAkAla meM mRtyu ko prApta sAdhaka eka bAra hI punaH saMsAra meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| donoM vicAradhArAoM kA isa sandarbha meM mataikya hai ki jo sAdhaka isa sAdhanA ko pUrNa kara letA hai, vaha anAgAmI yA kSINamoha-guNasthAna kI bhUmikA ko prApta kara usI janma meM arhatva evaM nirvANa kI prApti kara letA hai| ____3. anAgAmI-bhUmi - jaba sAdhaka prathama srotApanna-bhUmi meM satkAyadRSTi, vicikitsA aura zIlavrata-parAmarza-ina tInoM saMyojanoM tathA sakRdAgAmI-bhUmi meM kAmarAga aura pratidha-ina do saMyojanoM ko, isa prakAra pA~ca bhUbhAgIya-saMyojanoM ko naSTa kara detA hai, taba vaha anAgAmI-bhUmi ko prApta ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA ko prApta sAdhaka yadi vikAsa kI dizA meM Age nahIM bar3hatA hai, to mRtyu ke prApta hone para brahmaloka meM janma lekara vahIM se sIdhe nirvANa prApta karatA hai| vaise, sAdhanAtmaka-dizA meM Age bar3hane vAle sAdhaka kA kArya isa avasthA meM yaha hotA hai ki vaha zeSa pA~ca uDDhabhAgIya-saMyojana-1.rUpa-rAga, 2. arUpa-rAga, 3. mAna, 4. auddhatya aura 5. avidyA ke nAza kA prayAsa kre| jaba sAdhaka ina pA~coM saMyojanoM kA bhI nAza kara detA hai, taba vaha vikAsa kI agrima bhUmikA arhatAvasthA ko prApta karatA hai| jo sAdhaka isa agrimabhUmi ko prApta karane ke pUrva hI sAdhanAkAla meM mRtyu ko prApta ho jAte haiM, ve brahmaloka meM janma lekara vahA~ zeSa pA~ca saMyojanoM ke naSTa ho jAne para nirvANa prApta karate haiN| unheM punaH isa loka meM janma lene kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| anAgAmI-bhUmi kI tulanA jainoM ke kSINamoha-guNasthAna se kI jA sakatI hai, lekina yaha tulanA anAgAmI-bhUmi ke usa antima caraNa meM hI samucita hotI hai, jaba anAgAmI-bhUmi kA sAdhaka dasoM saMyojanoM ke naSTa ho jAne para Age kI arhat-bhUmi meM prasthAna karane kI taiyArI meM hotA hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa meM AThaveM se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka kI sabhI avasthAe~ isa bhUmi ke antargata AtI haiN| 4. arhatAvasthA- jaba sAdhaka (bhikSu) uparyukta dasoM saMyojanoM yA bandhanoM ko tor3a detA hai, taba vaha arhatAvasthA ko prApta kara letA hai| sampUrNa saMyojanoM ke samApta ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha kRtakArya ho jAtA hai, arthAt use kucha karaNIya nahIM rahatA, yadyapi vaha saMgha kI

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 515 sevA ke lie kriyAe~ karatA hai| 26 samasta bandhanoM yA saMyojanoM ke naSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa usake samasta klezoM yA duHkhoM kA prahANa ho jAtA hai| vastutaH, yaha jIvanmukti kI avasthA hai| jaina --vicAraNA meM isa arhatAvasthA kI tulanA sayogIkevalI-guNasthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| donoM vicAradhArAe~ isa bhUmi ke sambandha meM kAphI nikaTa haiN| mahAyAna aura AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ____ mahAyAna-sampradAya meM dazabhUmizAstra ke anusAra AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI nimna dasa bhUmiyA~ (avasthAe~) mAnI gaI haiM - 1. pramuditA, 2. vimalA, 3. prabhAkarI, 4. arciSmatI, 5. sudurjayA, 6. abhimukti, 7. dUraMgamA, 8. acalA, 9. sAdhumati aura 10. dhrmmedhaa| hInayAnase mahAyAna kI ora saMkramaNa-kAla meM likhe gae mahAvastu nAmaka grantha meM 1. durArohA, 2. baddhamAna, 3. puSpamaNDitA, 4. rucirA, 5. citta-vistAra 6. rUpamati, 7. durjayA, 8. janmanideza, 9. yauvarAja aura 10. abhiSeka nAmaka jina dasa bhUmiyoM kA vivecana hai, ve mahAyAna kI pUrvokta dasa bhUmiyoM se bhinna haiN| yadyapimahAyAna kA dasabhUmiyoM kA siddhAnta isI mUlabhUta dhAraNA ke AdhAra para vikasita huA hai, tathApi mahAyAna granthoM meM kahIM dasa se adhika bhUmiyoM kA vivecana milatA hai| asaMga ke mahAyAna-sUtrAlaMkAra meM aura laMkAvatArasUtra meM ina bhUmiyoM kI saMkhyA gyAraha hai| mahAyAna-sUtrAlaMkAra meM prathama bhUmi ko adhimukti-caryAbhUmi kahA gayA hai aura antima buddhabhUmi yA dharmamedhA kA bhUmiyoM kI saMkhyA meM parigaNana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra, laMkAvatArasUtra meM dharmamedhAaura tathAgata-bhUmiyoM (buddhabhUmi) ko alaga-alaga mAnA gayA hai| 1.adhimuktacaryAbhUmi-yoM to anya granthoM meM pramuditA ko prathama bhUmi mAnA gayA hai, lekina asaMga prathama adhimukta- caryAbhUmi kA vivecana karate haiM, tatpazcAt pramuditAbhUmikA adhimuktacaryAbhUmi meM sAdhaka ko pudgala-nairAtmya aura dharmanairAtmya kA abhisamaya (yathArthajJAna) hotA hai| yaha dRSTi-vizuddhi kI avasthA hai| isa bhUmi kI tulanA jainavicAradhArA meM caturtha aviratasamyakdRSTi-guNasthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| ise bodhipraNidhicitta kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| bodhisatva isa bhUmi meM dAna-pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai| 2. pramuditA- isameM adhizIla-zikSA hotI hai| yaha zIlavizuddhi ke prayAsa kI avasthA hai| isa bhUmi meM bodhisatva lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA karatA hai| ise bodhiprasthAna-citta kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| bodhipraNidhicitta mArgajJAna hai, lekina bodhiprasthAnacitta mArga meM gama- kI prakiyA hai| jaina-paramparA meM isa bhUmi kI tulanApaMcama evaM SaSTha viratAvirata evaM sarvavirata-samyakdRSTi nAmaka guNasthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| isa bhUmi kA lakSaNa hai

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bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karmoM kI avipraNAzavyavasthA, arthAt yaha jJAna ki pratyeka karma kA bhoga anivArya hai, karma apanA phala die binA naSTa nahIM hotA / bodhisatva isa bhUmi meM zIla- pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai| vaha apane zIla ko vizuddha karatA hai, sUkSma se sUkSma aparAdha bhI nahIM karatA / pUrNa zIlavizuddhi kI avasthA meM vaha agrima vimalA vihAra-bhUmi meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai / 3. vimalA - isa avasthA meM bodhisatva (sAdhaka) anaitika- AcaraNa se pUrNatayA mukta hotA hai| duHkhazIlatA ke manovikAra kA mala pUrNatayA naSTa ho jAtA hai, isalie ise vimalA kahate haiN| yaha AcaraNa kI pUrNa zuddhi kI avasthA hai / isa bhUmi meM bodhisatva zAntipAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai| yaha adhicitta zikSA hai| isa bhUmi kA lakSaNa hai- dhyAnaprApti; isameM acyuta samAdhi kA lAbha hotA hai| jaina- vicAraNA meM isa bhUmi kI tulanA apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna nAmaka saptama guNasthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| - 4. prabhAkarI - isa bhUmi meM avasthita sAdhaka ko samAdhibala se apramANa dharmoM kA avabhAsa yA sAkSAtkAra prApta hotA hai evaM sAdhaka bodhipAkSIya dharmoM kI pariNAmanA lokahita ke lie saMsAra meM karatA hai, arthAt vaha buddha kA jJAnarUpI prakAza loka meM phailAtA hai, isalie bhUmi ko prabhArI kahA jAtA hai| yaha bhI jainoM ke apramattasaMyata nAmaka sAtaveM guNasthAna ke samakakSa hai| 516 5. arciSmatI - isa bhUmi meM klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa kA dAha hotA hai / AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI yaha bhUmi apUrvakaraNa nAmaka AThaveM guNasthAna se tulanIya hai, kyoMki jisa prakAra isa bhUmi meM sAdhaka klezAvaraNa aura jJeyAvaraNa kA dAha karatA hai, usI prakAra AThaveM guNasthAna meM bhI sAdhaka jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha karmoM kA rasaghAta evaM saMkramaNa karatA hai, isameM sAdhaka vIrya pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai| 6. sudurjayA - isa bhUmi meM sattvaparipAka, arthAt prANiyoM ke dhArmika bhAvoM ko paripuSTa karate hue evaM svacitta kI rakSA karate hue duHkha para vijaya prApta kI jAtI hai| yaha kArya ati duSkara hone se isa bhUmi ko 'durjayA' kahate haiN| isa bhUmi meM pratItyasamutpAda ke sAkSAtkAra ke kAraNa bhavApatti (urdhvalokoM meM utpatti) viSayaka saMklezoM se anurakSaNa ho jAtA hai| bodhisatva isa bhUmi meM dhyAna - pAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai| isa bhUmi kI tulanA AThaveM se gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka kI avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha- donoM vicAraNAoM ke anusAra, sAdhanA ke vikAsa kI yaha avasthA atyanta hI duSkara hotI hai / 7. abhimukhI - prajJApAramitA ke Azraya se bodhisatva (sAdhaka) saMsAra aura nirvANa- donoM ke prati abhimukha hotA hai / yathArtha prajJA ke udaya se usake lie saMsAra aura nirvANa meM antara nahIM hotaa| aba saMsAra usake lie bandhana nahIM rahatA / nirvANa ke abhimukha

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 517 hone se yaha bhUmi abhimukhI kahI jAtI hai| isa bhUmi meM prajJApAramitA kI sAdhanA pUrNa hotI hai| cauthI, pA~cavIM aura chaThavIM bhUmiyoM meM adhiprajJA-zikSA hotI hai, arthAt prajJA kA abhyAsa hotA hai, jo isabhUmi meM pUrNatA ko prApta hotA hai| tulanA kI dRSTi se yaha bhUmi sUkSmasamparAya nAmaka bArahaveM guNasthAna kI pUrvAvasthA ke samAna hai| 8. dUraMgamA-isa bhUmi meM bodhisatvasAdhaka ekAntika-mArga, arthAt zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda Adi se bahuta dUra ho jAtA hai| aise vicAra usake mana meM uThate nahIM hai| jainaparibhASA meM yaha AtmA kI pakSAtikrAnta-avasthA hai, saMkalpazUnyatA hai, sAdhanA kI pUrNatA hai, jisameM sAdhaka ko Atma-sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| bauddha-vicAra ke anusAra bhI isa avasthA meM bodhisatva kI sAdhanA pUrNa ho jAtI hai| vaha nirvANa-prApti ke sarvathA yogya ho jAtA hai| isa bhUmi meM bodhisatva kA kArya prANiyoM ko nirvANa-mArga meM lagAnA hotA hai| isa avasthA meM vaha sabhI pAramitAoM kA pAlana karatA hai evaM vizeSa rUpa se upAyakauzalyapAramitA kA abhyAsa karatA hai| yaha bhUmi jaina-vicAraNA ke bArahaveM guNasthAna ke antima caraNa kI sAdhanA ko abhivyakta karatI hai, kyoMki jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI isa avasthA meM Akara sAdhaka nirvANa-prApti ke sarvathA yogya hotA hai| 9. acalA - saMkalpazUnyatA evaM viSayarahita animitta-vihArI-samAdhi kI upalabdhi se yaha bhUmi acala kahalAtI hai| viSayoM ke abhAva se citta saMkalpazUnya hotA hai aura saMkalpazUnya hone se avicala hotA hai, kyoMki vicAra evaM viSaya hI citta kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa hote haiM, jabaki isa avasthA meM unakA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai| citta ke saMkalpazUnya hone se isa avasthA meM tattva kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| yaha bhUmi tathA agrima sAdhumati aura dharmamedhA-bhUmi jaina-vicAradhArA ke sayogIkevalI nAmaka terahaveM guNasthAna ke samakakSa mAnI jA sakatI hai| 10. sAdhumati- isa bhUmi meM bodhisatva kA hRdaya sabhI prANiyoM ke prati zubha bhAvanAoM se paripUrNa hotA hai| isa bhUmi kA lakSaNa hai-satvapAka, arthAt prANiyoM ke bodhibIja ko paripuSTa karanA / isa bhUmi meM samAdhi kI vizuddhatA evaM pratisaMvinmati (vizleSaNAtmaka-anubhava karanevAlI buddhi) kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| isa avasthA meM bodhisatva meM dUsare prANiyoM ke manogata bhAvoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA utpanna ho jAtI hai| ___11.dharmamedhA-jaise megha AkAza ko vyApta karatA hai, vaise hI isa bhUmi meM samAdhi dharmAkAza vyApta kara letI hai| isa bhUmi meM bodhisatva divya zarIra ko prApta kara ratnajar3ita daivIya-kamala para sthita dikhAI dete haiN| yaha bhUmi jainadharma ke tIrthaMkara ke samavasaraNa-racanA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai|

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518 ra AvAra darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AjIvaka- sampradAya evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI avadhAraNA buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicAraka maMkhalI gozAlaka ke AjIvakasampradAya meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI koI avadhAraNA avazya thI, jisakA ullekha 'majjhimanikAya' kI buddhaghoSakRta sumaMgalavilAsinI-TIkA meM milatA hai / buddhaghoSa ne AjIvaka-sampradAya kI AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI ATha kramika avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye ATha avasthAe~ nimna haiM - ___ 1. manda - buddhaghoSa ke anusAra, janma se lekara sAta dina taka yaha manda avasthA' hotI hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM manda avasthA' kA artha bhinna hI honA caahie| yadyapi vartamAna meM AjIvaka-sampradAya ke grantha upalabdha nahIM haiM, isalie isa sambandha meM vAstavika artha batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu yaha bhUmi jaina-darzana ke mithyAtva-guNasthAna ke samAna hI honI cAhie, jisameM prANI kA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kuNThita rahatA hai| 2. khiDDA-buddhaghoSa ne ise bAlaka kI rUdana aura hAsya mizrita krIr3A kI avasthA mAnA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha avasthA jaina-paramparA ke aviratasamyakdRSTiguNasthAna ke samAna honA cAhie, jisameM sAdhaka AtmaramaNa yA AdhyAtmika-krIr3A kI avasthA meM rahatA hai| 3. padavImAMsA-buddhaghoSa ke anusAra, jisa prakAra bAlaka mAtA-pitA ke hAtha kA sahArA lekara calane kA prayAsa karatA hai, usI prakAra isa avasthA meM sAdhaka guru kA Azraya lekara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM apanA kadama rakhatA hai| ise hama jaina-darzana ke pA~caveM viratasamyakdRSTi-guNasthAna ke samakakSa mAna sakate haiM / padavImAMsA kA artha hai-kadama rakhanA, ata: vaha AdhyAtmika-kSetra meM kadama rakhanA hai| 4. Rjugata- buddhaghoSa ne yaha mAnA hai ki jaba bAlaka pairoM para binA sahAre ke calane lagatA hai, taba Rjugata-avasthA hotI hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha gRhastha-sAdhanA meM hI eka Age bar3hA huAcaraNa hai, jisameM sAdhaka svatantra rUpase AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA meM Age bar3hatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM jo zrAvaka-pratimAoM kI bhUmi hai, sambhavataH yaha vaisI hI koI avasthA hai| 5.zaikSa-buddhaghoSa ke anusAra, yaha avasthA zilpakalA ke adhyayana kI avasthA hai, jabaki merI dRSTi meM ise bauddha-paramparA ke zrAmaNera yA jaina-paramparA ke sAmAyikacAritra jaisI bhUmi ke samakakSa mAnanA caahie| jaina guNasthAna-siddhAnta se isa avasthA kI tulanA chaThaveM pramattasaMyata-guNasthAna se bhI kI jA sakatI hai| 6. zramaNa-buddhaghoSa ne ise saMnyAsa grahaNa kI avasthA mAnA hai| jaina-paramparA meM ise apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna ke samakakSa avasthA mAnA jA sakatA hai|

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 519 7. jina-buddhaghoSa ne ise jJAna prApta karane kI bhUmi mAnA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha bhUmi jaina-paramparA ke sayogIkevalI-guNasthAna yA bauddha-paramparA kI arhat-avasthA ke samakakSa honI caahie| 8. prAjJa-buddhaghoSa ne ise vaha avasthAmAnA hai, jisameM bhikSu (jina) kucha bhI nahIM boltaa| vastutaH, yaha avasthA jaina-paramparA ke ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna ke samAna hI honA cAhie, jaba sAdhaka zArIrika aura mAnasika-gatividhiyoM kA pUrNatayA nirodha kara letA hai| vastutaH, buddhaghoSa ne prathama se lekara pA~cavI bhUmikA taka ke jo artha kie haiM, ve yukti-saMgata nahIM haiN| isa bAta kA ullekha paM.sukhalAlajI aura pro. hornale ne bhI kiyA thA, kyoMki buddhaghoSa kI vyAkhyA kA sambandha AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke sAtha nahIM baiThatA thaa| yadyapi maiMne inakA jo artha kiyA hai, vaha bhI vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM kliSTa kalpanA to hogI, kintu phira bhI vaha AjIvaka-sampradAya kI mUla bhAvanA ke adhika nikaTa hogaa| vastutaH, buddhaghoSa ke samaya taka ina zabdoM kA mUla artha vilupta ho gayA hogA aura isalie inake sambandha meM unhoMne apanI buddhi ke anusAra hI kalpanA kI hogii| isa prasaMga meM maiMne jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha asaMgata nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| gItAke triguNa-siddhAnta aura guNasthAna-siddhAnta kI tulanA ___ yadyapi gItA meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsakrama kA utanA vistRta vivecana nahIM milatA, jitanA jaina-vicAra meM milatA hai, tathApi gItA meM usakI eka moTI rUparekhA avazya hai| gItA meM isa vargIkaraNa kA pramukha AdhAra triguNa kI dhAraNA hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan bhagavadgItA kI TIkA meM likhate haiM - 'AtmA kA vikAsa tIna sopAnoM se hotA hai| yaha niSkriya, jar3atA aura ajJAna (tamoguNapradhAna avasthA ) se bhautika sukhoM ke lie saMgharSa (rajoguNAtmaka-pravRtti) ke dvArA Upara uThatI huI jJAna aura Ananda kI ora bar3hatI hai| 23 gItA ke anusAra, AtmA tamoguNa se rajoguNa aura satvaguNa kI ora bar3hatI huI anta meM guNAtIta avasthA ko prApta ho jAtI hai| gItA meM ina guNoM ke saMgharSa kI dazA kA pratipAdana hai, jisase naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaba rAjasaguNa aura satvaguNa ko dabAkara tamoguNa hAvI hotA hai, to jIvana meM niSkriyatA evaM jar3atA bar3hatI hai| prANI pariveza ke sammukha jhukatA rahatA hai| yaha avikAsa kI avasthA hai| jaba satva aura tama ko dabAkara rAjasa pradhAna hotA hai, to jIvana meM anizcayatA, tRSNA aura lAlasA bar3hatI hai| isameM andha evaM AvezapUrNa pravRttiyoM kA bAhulya hotA hai, yaha anizcaya kI avasthA hai| yaha donoM hI avikAsa kI sUcaka haiN| jaba rajas aura tamas ko dabAkara satva prabala hotA hai, to jIvana meM jJAna kA kANa Alokita hotA hai, jIvana yathArtha AcaraNa kI

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520 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dizA meM bar3hatA hai| yaha vikAsa kI bhUmikA hai| jaba satva ke jJAnaprakAza meM AtmA apane yathArtha svarUpa ko pahacAna letI hai, to vaha guNAtIta ho draSTAmAtra raha jAtI hai| ina guNoM kI pravRttiyoM meM usakI ora se milane vAlA sahayoga bandaho jAtA hai| triguNa bhI saMgharSa ke lie milanevAle sahayoga ke abhAva meM saMgharSa se virata ho sAmyAvasthA meM sthita ho jAte haiM, taba satvajJAna-jyoti bana jAtA hai| rajas svasvarUpa meM ramaNa bana jAtA hai aura tamas zAnti kA pratIka hotA hai| yaha triguNAtIta dazA hI AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| satva, raja aura tama-ina tIna guNoM ke AdhAra para hI gItA meM vyaktitva, zraddhA, jJAna, buddhi, karma, kartA Adi kA trividha vargIkaraNa hai| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hama gItA meM isa triguNAtmakatA kI dhAraNA ko hI naitika vikAsa-krama kA AdhAra kyoM mAnate haiM ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa mohakarma hai aura usake do bheda darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke AvaraNoM kI tAratamyatA ke AdhAra para pramukha rUpa se naitika-vikAsa kI kakSAoM kI vivecanA kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM baMdhana kA mUla kAraNa triguNa hai| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki satva, raja aura tama-ina guNoM se pratyutpanna triguNAtmaka-bhAvoM se mohita hokara jagat ke jIva usa parama avyaya paramAtmasvarUpa ko nahIM jAna pAte haiN| naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kI carcA karate samaya ina guNoM ko AdhArabhUta mAnanA par3atA hai| yadyapi sabhI guNa bandhana haiM, tathApi inameM tAratamya hai| jahA~ tamoguNa vikAsa meM bAdhaka hotA hai, vahA~ satva-guNa usameM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hotA hai, jisa prakAra jainadRSTi meM samyaktvamoha vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| yadi hama naitika vikAsa-dRSTi se isa siddhAnta kI carcA karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jina naitika-vivecanAoM meM bhautika-dRSTikoNa ke sthAna para AdhyAtmika-dRSTikoNa ko svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, unameM naitika-mUlyAMkana kI dRSTi se vyakti kA AcaraNa prAthamika tathya na hokara usakI jIvanadRSTi hI prAthamika tathya hotI hai; AcaraNa kA sthAna dvitIya hotA hai| unameM yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke abhAva meM kiyA gayA AcaraNa adhika mUlyavAn nahIM hotaa| usakAjo kucha bhI mUlya hai, vaha usake yathArtha dRSTi kI ora unmukha hone meM hI hai, ataH hama gItA kI dRSTi se naitika-vikAsa kI zreNiyoM kI carcA jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ke samAna hI zraddhA ko prAthamika aura AcaraNa ko dvitIyaka mAnakara hI kreNge| gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki durAcArI bhI samyak nizcayavAlA hone se sAdhu hI mAnA jAnA caahie| isa kathana meM uparyukta vicAraNA kI puSTi kI gaI hai| ataH, naitika-vikAsa kI zreNiyoM kA vivecana karate samaya prathama jIvana-dRSTi, zraddhA evaM jJAna (buddhi) kA satva, raja evaM tamoguNa ke AdhAra para trividha vargIkaraNa karanA hogaa| tatpazcAt, usa satvapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi kA

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa AcaraNa kI dRSTi se trividhi vivecana karanA hogaa| yadyapi pratyeka guNa meM bhI tAratamya kI dRSTi se aneka avAntara-varga ho sakate haiM, lekina prastuta sandarbha meM adhika bheda-prabhedoM kI ora jAnA iSTa nahIM hai / 521 1. prathama varga vaha hai, jahA~ zraddhA evaM AcaraNa- donoM hI tAmasa haiM, jIvana-dRSTi azuddha hai| gItA ke anusAra, isa varga meM rahanevAlA prANI paramAtmA kI upalabdhi meM asamartha hotA hai, kyoMki usake jIvana kI dizA pUrI taraha asamyak hai| gItA ke anusAra, isa avikAsa-dazA kI prathama kakSA meM prANI kI jJAna-zakti mAyA ke dvArA kuNThita rahatI hai, usakI vRttiyA~ AsurI aura AcaraNa pApakarmA hotA hai| " yaha avasthA jaina- vicAraNA ke mithyAtva - guNasthAna evaM bauddha - vicAraNA kI andhapRthakjana - bhUmi ke samAna hai| gItA ke anusAra, isa tamoguNa bhUmi meM mRtyu hone para prANI mUr3ha yoniyoM meM janma letA hai; (pralInastamasi mUDhayoniSu jAyate 14.15 ) adhogati ko prApta hotA hai / 2. dUsarA varga ho sakatA hai, jahA~ zraddhA athavA jIvanadRSTi to tAmasa ho, lekina AcaraNa sAtvika ho / isa varga ke andara gItA meM varNita ve bhakta Ate haiM, jo Artta-bha -bhAva evaM kisI kAmanA ko lekara (arthArthI) bhakti (dharmAcaraNa) karate haiN| gItAkAra ne inako sukRti (sadAcArI) evaM udAra kahA hai, 34 lekina sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki aise vyakti paramAtmA, mokSa yA paramagati ko prApta karane meM asamartha hote haiN| gItA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki kAmanAoM ke kAraNa jinakA jJAna apahRta ho gayA, ve samyakadRSTi puruSa ke samAna AcaraNa karate hue bhI asthAyI phala ko prApta hote haiM, jabaki yathArthadRSTi - sampanna vyakti usI AcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa paramAtmasvarUpa kI prApti karate haiN| " isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki gItA ke anusAra bhI aise vyaktiyoM kI dRSTi yA zraddhA yathArtha nahIM ho sakatI hai, kyoMki vaha bandhana kA kAraNa hI hotI hai, mukti kA nahIM, 36 ataH pAramArthika dRSTi se unheM mithyAdRSTi hI mAnanA hogA / cAhe sadAcaraNa ke kAraNa unheM svargAdi sukha hI kyoM na milatA ho, phira bhI ve nirvANa-mArga se to vimukha hI haiN| yaha varga jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra samyaktva- tra - guNasthAna ke nikaTavartI mithyAtvaguNasthAnavartI jIvoM kA hai / bauddha-dRSTi se yaha avasthA kalyANapRthakjanabhUmi yA dharmAnusArI-bhUmi se tulanIya hai / 35 / tIsarA varga vaha hai, jahA~ zraddhA athavA buddhi rAjasa ho / zraddhA athavA buddhi ke rAjasa hone kA tAtparya usakI caMcalatA yA asthiratA hai| zraddhA yA buddhi kI asthira yA saMzayapUrNa avasthA meM AcaraNa sambhava nahIM hotaa| asthirabuddhi kisI bhI sthAyitvapUrNa AcaraNa kA nirNaya nahIM le pAtA, ataH yaha bhUmikA jIvanadRSTi aura AcaraNa donoM hI apekSA se rAjasa hotI hai| gItA meM arjuna kA vyaktitva isI dharma se mUr3ha cetanA kI bhUmikA ko lekara prastuta

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522 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hotA hai| 37 gItA ke anusAra, yaha saMzayAtmaka evaM asthiratA kI bhUmikA naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-avikAsa kI avasthA hai| gItA ke anusAra ajJAnI evaM azraddhAlu (mithyAdRSTi) jisa prakAra vinAza ko prApta hote haiM, usI prakAra saMzayAtmA bhI vinAza ko prApta hotA hai| yahI nahIM, saMzayAtmA kI avasthA to unase adhika burI banatI hai, kyoMki vaha bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika-donoM hI prakAra ke sukhoM se vaMcita rahatA hai, jabaki mithyAdRSTi prANI kama se kama bhautika-sukhoM kA to upabhoga kara hI letA hai| yaha avasthA jainavicAraNA ke mizra-guNasthAna se milatI huI hai, kyoMki mizra-guNasthAna bhI yathArthadRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi ke madhya anizcaya kI avasthA hai| yadyapi jaina-darzana ke anusAra isa mizraavasthA meM mRtyu nahIM hotI, lekina gItA ke anusAra, rajoguNa kI bhUmikA meM mRtyu hone para prANI AsaktipradhAna yoniyoM ko prApta karatA huA (rajasi pralayaM gatvA karma saMgiSu jAyate) madhyaloka meM janma-maraNa karatA rahatA hai (madhye tiSThanti rAjasAH 24.18) / caturtha bhUmikA vaha hai, jisameM dRSTikoNa sAtvika arthAt yathArtha hotA hai, lekina AcaraNa tAmasa evaM rAjasa hotA hai, isa bhUmikA kA citraNa gItA ke chaThaveM evaM nauveM adhyAya meM hai| chaThaveM adhyAya meM ayatiH zraddhAyopeto' kahakara isa varga kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| 39 nauveM adhyAya meM jahA~ zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki una durAcAravAn (sudurAcArI) vyaktiyoM ko bhI, jo ananyabhAva se merI upAsanA karate haiM, sAdhu (sAtvika-prakRti vAlA) hI mAnA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki unakA dRSTikoNa samyakarUpeNa vyavasthita ho cukA hai| 40 gItA meM varNita naitika vikAsa - krama kI yaha avasthA jaina-vicAra meM aviratasamyagdRSTi-guNasthAna se milatI hai| jaina-vicAra ke samAna gItA bhI yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki aisA vyakti, jisakA dRSTikoNa samyak ho gayA hai, vaha vartamAna meM cAhe durAcArI hI kyoM na ho, vaha zIghra hI sadAcArI banakara zAzvata zAnti (mukti) prApta karatA hai, kyoMki vaha sAdhanA kI yathArtha dizA kI ora mur3agayA hai| isI bAta ko bauddha-vicAra meM srotApanna-bhUmi, arthAt nirvANamArga ke pravAha meM girA huA kahakara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana samaveta rUpa se yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki aisA sAdhaka mukti avazya prApta kara letA hai| gItA ke anusAra, naitika evaM sAtvika-vikAsa kI pA~cI bhUmikA yaha ho sakatI hai, jisameM zraddhA evaM buddhi to sAtvika ho, lekina AcaraNa meM rajoguNa satvonmukha hotA hai, phira bhI vaha cittavRtti kI caMcalatA kA kAraNa hotA hai, sAtha hI pUrvAvasthA ke tamoguNa ke saMskAra bhI pUrNataH vilupta nahIM ho jAte haiN| tamoguNa evaM rajoguNa kI taratamatA ke AdhAra para isa bhUmikA ke aneka upa-vibhAga kie jA sakate haiM / jaina-vicAra meM isa prakAra ke vibhAga kie gae haiM, lekina gItA meM itanI gahana vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI isa bhUmikA kA

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa citraNa gItA ke chaThaveM adhyAya meM mila jAtA hai| vahA~ arjuna zaMkA upasthita karate haiM ki hai kRSNa! jo vyakti zraddhAyukta (samyagdRSTi) hote hue bhI (rajoguNa ke kAraNa) caMcala mana hone se yoga kI pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM hotA, usakI kyA gati hotI hai ? kyA vaha brahma (nirvANa ) kI ora jAnevAle mArga se pUrNatayA bhraSTa to nahIM ho jAtA ? 43 zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki citta kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa sAdhanA ke parama lakSya se patita huA aisA sAdhaka bhI samyak zraddhA se yukta evaM samyak AcaraNa meM prayatnazIla hone se apane karmoM ke kAraNa brahma-prApti kI yathArtha dizA meM rahatA hai| aneka zubha yoniyoM meM janma letA huA pUrva-saMskAroM se sAdhanA ke yogya avasaroM ko upalabdha kara janmAntara meM pApoM se zuddha hokara adhyavasAyapUrvaka prayAsoM ke phalasvarUpa paramagati (nirvANa ) prApta kara letA hai| 44 jaina- vicAra se tulanA karane para yaha avasthA pA~caveM dezaviratasamyagdRSTi - guNasthAna se prArambha hokara gyArahaveM upazAntamohaguNasthAna taka jAtI hai| pA~caveM evaM chaThaveM guNasthAna taka zraddhA ke sAtvika hote hue bhI AcaraNa meM satvonmukha rajoguNa tamoguNa se samanvita hotA hai, usameM prathama kI apekSA dUsarI avasthA meM rajoguNa kI satvonmukhatA bar3hatI hai, vahIM satva kI prabalatA se usakI mAtrA kramazaH kama hote hue samApta ho jAtI hai| vastutaH, sAdhanA kI isa kakSA meM vyakti sAtvika (samyak) jIvana-dRSTi se sampanna hokara AcaraNa ko bhI vaisA hI banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai, lekina tamoguNa aura rajoguNa ke pUrvasaMskAra bAdhA upasthita karate haiM, phira bhI yathArthabodha ke kAraNa vyakti meM AcaraNa kI samyak dizA ke lie anavarata prayAsa kA prasphuTana hotA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa tamoguNa aura rajoguNa dhIre-dhIre kama hokara anta meM vilIna ho jAte haiM aura sAdhaka vikAsa kI eka agrima zreNI meM prasthita ho jAtA hai| gItA ke anusAra, vikAsa kI agrima kakSA vaha hai, jahA~ zraddhA, jJAna aura AcaraNa - tInoM hI sAtvika hote haiM / yahA~ vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi aura AcaraNa donoM meM pUrNa tAdAtmya evaM sAmaMjasya sthApita ho jAtA hai| usake mana, vacana aura karma meM ekarUpatA hotI hai| gItA ke anusAra, isa avasthA meM vyakti sabhI prANiyoM meM usI Atmatattva ke darzana karatA hai; 45 Asaktirahita hokara mAtra avazya (niyata) karmoM kA AcaraNa karatA hai| 46 usakA vyaktitva, Asakti evaM ahaMkAra se zUnya, dhairya evaM utsAha se yukta evaM nirvikAra hotA hai| 7 usake samagra zarIra se jJAna kA prakAza prasphuTita hotA hai, arthAt usakA jJAna anAvarita hotA hai / 523 isa satvapradhAna bhUmikA meM mRtyu prApta hone para prANI uttama jJAna vAle vizuddha nirmala urdhvalokoM meM janma letA hai| yaha vikAsa - kakSA jainadharma ke bArahaveM kSINamoha - guNasthAna ke samAna hai| jJAnAvaraNa kA naSTa honA isI guNasthAna kA antima caraNa hai| yaha naitika- pUrNatA kI avasthA hai. lekina naitika- pUrNatA sAdhanA kI itizrI nahIM hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kahate

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana: eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana haiM - sarvocca Adarza naitika-stara se Upara uThakara AdhyAtmika-stara para pahuMcAtA hai| acche (sAtvika) manuSya ko santa (triguNAtIta) banAnA caahie| sAtvika - acchAI bhI apUrNa hai, kyoMki isa acchAI ke lie bhI isake virodhI ke sAtha saMgharSa kI zarta lagI huI hai, jyoM saMgharSa samApta ho jAtA hai aura acchAI pUrNa bana jAtI hai, tyoM hI vaha acchAI nahIM rahatI, vaha saba naitika- bAdhAoM se Upara uTha jAtI hai| satva kI prakRti kA vikAsa karane ke dvArA hama usase Upara uTha jAte haiN| jisa prakAra hama kATe ke dvArA kAMTe ko nikAlate haiM (phira usa nikAlane vAle kATe kA bhI tyAga kara dete haiM), usI prakAra sAMsArika vastuoM kA tyAga karane ke dvArA tyAga ko bhI tyAga denA caahie| satva- guNa ke dvArA rajas aura tamas para vijaya pAte haiM aura usake bAda svayaM satva se bhI Upara uTha jAte haiM / 48 524 vikAsa kI agrima tathA antima kakSA vaha hai, jahA~ sAdhaka isa triguNAtmaka jagat meM rahate hue bhI isake Upara uTha jAtA hai| gItA ke anusAra, yaha guNAtIta avasthA hI sAdhanA kI carama pariNati hai, gItA ke upadeza kA sAra hai| 49 gItA meM vikAsa kI antima kakSA kA varNana isa prakAra milatA hai - jaba dekhane vAlA (jJAnaguNasampanna AtmA) ina guNoM (karma prakRtiyoM) ke atirikta kisI ko kartA nahIM dekhatA aura inase pare AtmasvarUpa ko jAna letA hai, to vaha mere hI svarUpa ko prApta ho jAtA hai, arthAt paramAtmA ho jAtA hai| aisA zarIradhArI AtmA zarIra ke kAraNabhUta evaM usa zarIra se utpanna hone vAle triguNAtmaka bhAvoM se Upara uThakara guNAtIta avasthA ko prApta ho janma, jarA, mRtyu ke duHkhoM se mukta hokara amRta-tattva ko prApta ho jAtA hai| vaha ina guNoM se vicalita nahIM hotA; vaha prakRti (karmoM) ke parivartanoM ko dekhatA hai, lekina unameM ulajhatA nahIM, vaha sukha - duHkha evaM lauha-kAMcana ko samAna samajhatA hai, sadaiva AtmasvarUpa meM sthira rahatA hai| priya ke viyoga aura apriya ke saMyoga meM tathA nindA - stuti meM vaha sama rahatA hai| usakA mana sadaiva sthira rahatA hai| mAnApamAna tathA zatru-mitra usake lie samAna haiN| aisA sarva-ArambhoM (pApakarmoM) kA tyAgI mahApuruSa guNAtIta kahA jAtA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha avasthA jaina- vicAraNA terahaveM sayogakevalI - guNasthAna evaM bauddha-vicAraNA kI arhatbhUmi ke samAna hai| yaha pUrNa vItarAgadazA hai, jisake svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI sabhI samAlocya AcAra - darzanoM meM kAphI nikaTatA hai / - - triguNAtmaka - deha se mukta hokara vizuddha paramAtmasvarUpa ko prApta kara lenA sAdhanA kI antima kakSA hai / ise jaina-vicAra meM ayogIkevalI - guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| gItA meM usake samatulya hI isa dazA kA citraNa upalabdha hai| gItA ke AThaveM adhyAya meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM - maiM tujhe usa paramapada, arthAt prApta karane yogya sthAna ko batAtA hU~, jise vidvajjana

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 525 'akSara' kahate haiM; vItarAga muni jisakI prApti kI icchA se brahmacarya kA pAlana karate haiM aura jisameM praveza karate haiN| Age, vItarAga muni dvArA usakI prApti ke antima upAya kI ora saMketa karate hue ve kahate haiM ki zarIra ke saba dvAroM kA saMyama karake (kAyA evaM vANI ke vyApAroM ko rokakara) mana ko hRdaya meM rokakara (mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha kara) prANazakti ko mUrdhA (zIrSa) meM sthira kara, yoga ko ekAgra kara, o3m-isa akSara kA uccAraNa karatA huA mere, arthAt vizuddha Atmatattva ke svarUpa kA smaraNa karatA huA apane zarIra kA tyAga kara saMsAra se prayANa karatA hai, vaha usa paramagati ko prApta kara letA hai| isake pUrva bhI isI tathya kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| jo vyakti isa saMsAra se prasthAna ke samaya mana ko bhakti aura yogabala se sthira karake (arthAt mana ke vyApAroM ko roka karake) apanI prANazakti ko bhauMhoM ke madhya samyaka prakAra se sthApita kara dehatyAga karatA hai, vaha usa paramadivya puruSa ko prApta hotA hai| kAlidAsane bhI yoga ke dvArA anta meM zarIra tyAgane kA nirdeza kiyaa| yaha samagra prakriyA jaina-vicAra ke caturdaza ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna ke ati nikaTa hai| isa prakAra, yadyapi gItA meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kA vyavasthita evaM vizada vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi jaina-vicAraNA ke guNasthAna-prakaraNa meM varNita AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kI mahatvapUrNa avasthAoM kA citraNa usameM upalabdha hai, jinheM yathAkrama saMjokara naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA krama prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ____ jaina AcAra-darzana ke caudaha guNasthAnoM kA gItA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane ke lie sarvaprathama hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hogA ki gItA meM varNita tInoM guNoM kA svarUpa kyA hai aura ve jaina-vicAraNA ke kina-kina zabdoM se mela khAte haiN| gItA ke anusAra, tamoguNa ke lakSaNa haiM-ajJAna, jADyatA, niSkriyatA, pramAda, Alasya, nidrA aura moh| rAgAtmakatA, tRSNA, lobha, kriyAzIlatA, azAnti aura IrSyA rajoguNa ke lakSaNa haiM / satvaguNa jJAna ke prakAza, nirmAlyatA aura nirvikAra avasthA aura sukhoM kA utpAdaka hai| ina tInoM guNoM kI prakRtiyoM para vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-vicAra meM bandhana ke pA~ca kAraNoM - 1. ajJAna (mithyAtva), 2. pramAda, 3. avirati, 4. kaSAya aura 5. yoga se inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| tamoguNa ko mithyAtva aura pramAda, rajoguNa ko avirati, kaSAya aura yoga tathA satvaguNa ko vizuddha jJAnopayoga, darzanopayoga, cAritropayoga ke tulya mAnA jA sakatA hai| ina tulya AdhAroM ke dvArA tulanA karane para guNasthAna kI dhAraNA kA gItA ke anusAra nimna svarUpa hogA - 1. mithyAtva-guNasthAna meM tamoguNa pradhAna hotA hai aura rajoguNa tamonmukhI pravRttiyoM meM saMlagna hotA hai| satvaguNa isa avasthA meM pUrNatayA tamoguNa aura rajoguNa ke adhIna hotA hai| yaha raja samanvita tamoguNa-pradhAna avasthA hai|

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526 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 2. sAsvAdana-guNasthAna kI avasthA meM bhI tamoguNa pradhAna hotA hai| rajoguNa tamonmukhI hotA hai, phira bhI kiMcit rUpa meM satvaguNa kA prakAza rahatA hai| yaha satvaraja samanvita tamoguNa-pradhAna avasthA hai| 3. mizra-guNasthAna meM rajoguNa pradhAna hotA hai| satva aura tama-donoM hI rajoguNa ke adhIna hote haiN| yaha satva-tama samanvita rajoguNa-pradhAna avasthA hai| 4. samyaktva-guNasthAna meM vyakti ke vicAra-pakSa meM satvaguNa kA prAdhAnya hotA hai / vicAra kI dRSTi se tamas aura rajas-guNa satvaguNa se zAsita hote haiM, lekina AcAra kI dRSTi se satvaguNa tamas aura rajas guNoM se zAsita hotA hai| yaha vicAra kI dRSTi se rajasamanvita satvaguNa-pradhAna aura AcAra kI dRSTi se rajasamanvita tamoguNapradhAna avasthA hai| 5. dezaviratasamyaktva-guNasthAna meM vicAra kI dRSTi se to satvaguNa pradhAna hotA hai, sAtha hI AcAra kI dRSTi se bhI satva kA vikAsa prArambha ho jAtA hai, yadyapi raja aura tama para usakA prAdhAnya sthApita nahIM ho pAtA hai| yaha tamoguNa samanvita satvonmukhI rajoguNa kI avasthA hai| 6. pramattasaMyata-guNasthAna meM yadyapiAcAra-pakSa aura vicAra-pakSa, donoM meM satvaguNa 'pradhAna hotA hai, phira bhI tama aura raja usakI isa pradhAnatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate hue apanI zakti bar3hAne kI aura AcAra-pakSa kI dRSTi se satva para apanA prabhutva jamAne kI koziza karate rahate haiN| 7. apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna meM satvaguNa tamoguNa kA yA to pUrNatayA unmUlana kara detA hai, athavA usa para pUrA adhikAra jamA letA hai, lekina abhI rajoguNa para usakA pUrA adhikAra nahIM ho pAtA hai| 8. apUrvakaraNa nAmaka guNasthAna meM satvaguNa rajoguNa para pUrI taraha kAbU pAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| ___9. anAvRttikaraNa nAmaka nauveM guNasthAna meM satvaguNa rajoguNa ko kAphI azakta banAkara usa para bahuta kucha kAbU pA letA hai, phira bhI rajoguNa abhI pUrNatayA niHzeSa nahIM hotA hai| rajoguNa kI kaSAya evaM tRSNArUpI AsaktiyoM kA bahuta-kucha bhAga naSTa ho jAtA hai, phira bhI rAgAtmaka AsaktiyA~ sUkSma lobha ke chadmaveza meM avazeSa rahatI haiN| ____ 10. sUkSmasamparAya nAmaka guNasthAna meM sAdhaka chadmavezI rajas ko, jo satva kA chadma svarUpa dhAraNa kie hue thA, pakar3akara usa para apanA Adhipatya sthApita karatA hai| 11. upazAntamoha nAmaka guNasthAna meM satva kA tamas-rajas para pUrNa adhikAra to hotA hai, lekina yadi satva pUrva avasthAoM meM unakA pUrNatayA unmUlana nahIM karake mAtra unakA

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa damana karate hue vikAsa kI isa avasthA ko prApta karatA hai, to ve damita tamas aura rajas avasara pAkara punaH usa para hAvI ho jAte haiN| 12. kSINamoha-guNasthAna vikAsa kI vaha kakSA hai, jisameM sAdhaka pUrvAvasthAoM hat tathA rajaskA pUrNatayA unmUlana kara detA hai| yaha vizuddha satvaguNa kI avasthA hai| yahA~ Akara satva kA rajas aura tamas se calane vAlA saMgharSa samApta ho jAtA hai| sAdhaka ko aba satvarUpI usa sAdhana kI bhI koI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai, ataH vaha ThIka usI prakAra satvaguNa kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai, jaise kATe ke dvArA kA~TA nikAla lene para usa kAMTA nikAlane vAle kA~Te kA bhI parityAga kara diyA jAtA hai| yahA~ naitika- pUrNatA prApta ho jAne se vikAsa evaM patana ke kAraNabhUta tInoM guNoM kA sAdhanarUpI sthAna samApta ho jAtA hai / 13. sayogIkevalI- guNasthAna Atmatattva kI dRSTi se triguNAtIta avasthA hai yadyapi zarIra ke rUpa meM ina tInoM kA astitva banA rahatA hai, tathApi isa avasthA meM triguNAtmaka - zarIra meM rahate hue bhI AtmA unase prabhAvita nahIM hotI / vastutaH, aba yaha triguNa bhI sAdhana ke rUpa meM saMgharSa kI dazA meM na rahakara vibhAva se svabhAva bana jAte haiM, sAdhanA siddhi meM pariNata ho jAtI hai, sAdhana svabhAva bana jAtA hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM, 'taba satva unnayana ke dvArA cetanA kA prakAza yA jyoti bana jAtA hai, rajas tapa bana jAtA hai aura tama prazAntatA yA zAnti bana jAtA hai| 54 I 14. gItA kI dRSTi se tulanA karane para ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna triguNAtIta aura dehAtIta avasthA mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaba gItA kA jIvanmukta sAdhaka yoga-prakriyA dvArA apane zarIra kA parityAga karatA hai, to vahI avasthA jaina- paramparA meM ayogIkevalIguNasthAna kahI jAtI hai| isa prakAra, tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki gItA kI triguNAtmaka dhAraNA jaina- - paramparA ke guNasthAna- siddhAnta ke nikaTa hai / yogavasiSTha aura guNasthAna - siddhAnta 527 - isa prasiddha grantha meM jaina - paramparA ke caudaha guNasthAnoM ke samAna hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI caudaha sIr3hiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM SS, jinameM sAta AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI avasthA ko aura sAta AdhyAtmika-patana kI avasthA ko sUcita karatI haiN| yadi vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAe, to jaina - paramparA ke guNasthAna - siddhAnta meM bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se vikAsa kA saccA svarUpa apramatta-cetanA ke rUpa meM sAtaveM sthAna se hI prArambha hotA hai| isa prakAra, jaina- paramparA meM bhI caudaha guNasthAnoM meM sAta avasthAe~ AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI aura sAta avasthAe~ AdhyAtmika avikAsa kI haiN| yogavasiSTha kI uparyukta mAnyatA kI jaina-paramparA se kitanI nikaTatA hai, isakA nirdeza paM. sukhalAlajI ne bhI kiyA hai| 56

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yogavasiSTha meM jo caudaha bhUmikAe~ haiM, unameM sAta kA sambandha ajJAna se aura sAta - kA sambandha jJAna se hai / ajJAna kI sAta bhUmikAe~ nimna haiM* yaha cetanA kI prasupta avasthA hai / yaha vanaspati jagat kI 1. bIja jAgrata - 528 avasthA hai| 2. jAgrata - isameM ahaM aura mamatva kA atyalpa vikAsa hotA hai| yaha pazujagat kI avasthA hai| 3. mahAjAgrata - isa avasthA meM ahaM aura mamatva pUrNa vikasita ho jAte haiN| yaha AtmacetanA kI avasthA hai| yaha avasthA manuSya - jagat se sambandhita hai| 4. jAgrata svapna - yaha manokalpanA kI avasthA hai| ise Adhunika manovijJAna meM divAsvapna kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| yaha vyakti kI bhramayukta avasthA hai / 5. svapna - yaha svapna - cetanA kI avasthA hai| yaha nidrita avasthA kI anubhUtiyoM ko nidrA ke pazcAt jAnanA hai / 6. svapna jAgrata - yaha svapnila cetanA hai| svapna dekhatI huI jo cetanA hai, vaha svapna jAgrata hai| yaha svapna-dazA kA bodha hai / 7. suSupti - yaha svapnarahita nidrA kI avasthA hai, jahA~ AtmacetanatA kI sattA hote hue bhI jar3atA kI sthiti hai| jJAna kI sAta bhUmikAe~ nimna haiM - 1. zubhecchA - yaha kalyANa-kAmanA hai / 2. vicAraNA - yaha sadAcAra meM pravRtti kA nirNaya hai / 3. tanumAnasA - yaha icchAoM aura vAsanAoM ke kSINa hone kI avasthA hai / 4. satvApatti - zuddhAtma svarUpa meM avasthiti hai| 5. asaMsakti - yaha Asakti ke vinAza kI avasthA hai| yaha rAga-bhAva kA nAza hone se santoSarUpI niratizaya Ananda kI anubhUti kI avasthA hai| - 6. padArthAbhAvanI - yaha bhogecchA ke pUrNataH vinAza kI avasthA hai, isameM koI bhI cAha yA apekSA nahIM rahatI hai, kevala deha - yAtrA dUsaroM ke prayatna ko lekara calatI hai / . tUryagA- yaha dehAtIta vizuddha AtmaramaNa kI avasthA hai| ise muktAvasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 7. yogadarzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama yoga-sAdhanA kA antima lakSya cittavRtti nirodha hai| yogadarzana meM yoga kI paribhASA hai-- 'yogaH cittvRttinirodhH'| yogadarzana meM cittavRtti nirodha ko isalie sAdhya mAnA gayA ki sAre duHkhoM kA mUla citta - vikalpa haiN| citta - vikalpa rAga yA Asaktijanita haiM / jaba - -

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa rAga yA Asakti hogI, to citta - vikalpa hoMge aura jaba citta - vikalpa hoMge, to mAnasikatanAva hogA aura jaba mAnasika tanAva hoMge, to samAdhi sambhava nahIM hogii| samAdhi ke lie citta kA nirvikalpa yA niruddha honA Avazyaka hai| yogadarzana meM citta kI jo pA~ca avasthAe~ batAI gaI haiM, ve kramazaH sAdhanA ke vikAsa krama kI hI sUcaka haiM / citta kI ye pA~ca avasthAe~ nimna haiM - 1. mUr3ha - yaha citta kI tamoguNa pradhAna jar3atA kI avasthA hai| isameM ajJAna aura Alasya kI pramukhatA rahatI hai| AtmAbhiruci aura jJAnAbhiruci kA abhAva hotA hai| yaha avasthA jainadharma ke mithyAtva - guNasthAna aura bauddhadharma ke aMdhapRthakjana ke samAna hai| 2. kSipta - yaha citta kI rajoguNa pradhAna avasthA hai| isameM rajoguNa kI pramukhatA ke kAraNa citta meM caMcalatA banI rahatI hai| sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM meM abhiruci hone ke kAraNa mana kendrita nahIM rahatA / isa avasthA meM vyakti anekacitta hotA hai / vaha vAsanAoM dAsa hotA hai aura apanI tIvra AkAMkSAoM ke kAraNa duHkhI banA rahatA hai, yadyapi usameM satvaguNa kA saMyoga hone se kabhI-kabhI tattva - jijJAsA aura saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA bhAsa hone lagatA hai| yaha avasthA bhI mithyAtva - guNasthAna se hI tulanIya hai, kintu yaha usa vyakti kI avasthA hai, jo samyaktva kA sparza kara mithyAtva meM girA hai, ataH kisI sImA taka ise sAsvAdana aura mizra - guNasthAna se bhI tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 1 3. vikSipta - isameM satvaguNa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, kintu rajoguNa aura tamoguNa kI upasthiti ke kAraNa satvaguNa kA inase saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| yaha zubha aura azubha ke saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| satvaguNa tamoguNa aura rajoguNa, arthAt pramAda aura vAsanA ko dabAne kA prayatna to karatA hai, kintu ve bhI apanA prabhAva dikhAte rahate haiM / citta antarmukha hone kA prayatna karatA hai, kintu pramAda aura vAsanA ke tattva use vikSobhita karate rahate haiN| isa avasthA ko jaina- paramparA ke anusAra aviratasamyagdRSTi nAmaka cauthe guNasthAna se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi satvaguNa kI pradhAnatA hone se yaha dazA pA~caveM aura chaThaveM guNasthAnoM se bhI kucha nikaTatA rakhatI hai| isakI tulanA bauddha paramparA kI srotApanna - bhUmi se bhI kI jA sakatI hai| - 529 4. ekAgra - yaha citta kI ekAgratA kI avasthA hai| vastutaH, yaha pUrNa AtmacetanA yA jAgarUkatA kI avasthA hai / isameM citta kA viSayAbhimukha ho idhara-udhara bhaTakanA samApta ho jAtA hai| vyakti kI icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ kSINa ho jAtI haiM aura cittavRtti sthira ho jAtI hai| isakI tulanA jaina- paramparA ke sAtaveM se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka kI bhUmikAoM se kI jA sakatI hai| 5. niruddha - cittavRttiyoM ke niruddha ho jAne kA artha hai - cetanApUrNa nirvikalpadazA

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530 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko prApta ho gaI hai| ise svarUpAvasthAna bhI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki yahA~ sAdhaka viSayoM kA cintana chor3akara svarUpa meM sthita ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA ko jainadharma ke terahaveM aura caudahaveM guNasthAna ke samAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina-yogaparamparA meM AdhyAtmika-vikAsa yoga-paramparA se prabhAvita hokara jaina-paramparA meM bhI AcArya haribhadra ne AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI bhUmiyoM kI carcA kI hai| jisa prakAra yoga-paramparA meM yoga ke ATha aMga mAne gae haiM, usI prakAra AcArya haribhadra ne yogadRSTisamuccaya meM ATha dRSTiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra haiM - 1. mitrA, 2. tArA, 3. balA, 4. dIprA, 5. sthirA, 6. kAntA, 7. prabhA aura 8. praa| ina ATha dRSTiyoM meM cAra dRSTiyA~ pratipAtI aura cAra dRSTiyA~ apratipAtI haiN| prathama cAra dRSTiyoM se patana kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai, isalie unheM pratipAtI kahA gayA hai, jabaki antima cAra dRSTiyoM se patana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hotI, ataH ve apratipAtI kahI jAtI haiN| yoga ke ATha aMgoM se ina dRSTiyoM kI tulanA isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai - 1. mitrAdRSTi aura yama- mitrAdRSTi yoga ke prathama aMga yama ke samakakSa haiN| isa avasthA meM ahiMsA Adi pA~ca mahAvratoM athavA pA~ca yamoM kA pAlana hotA hai| isa dRSTi meM sthita vyakti zubha kAryoM ke sampAdana meM ruci rakhatA hai aura azubha kArya karanevAloM ke prati adveSavRtti rakhatA hai| isa avasthA meM Atmabodha tRNa kI agni ke samAna sthAI nahIM hotA hai| 2. tArAdRSTi aura niyama-tArAdRSTi yoga ke dvitIya aMga niyama ke samAna hai| isameM zauca, saMtoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya Adi niyamoM kA pAlana hotA hai| jisa prakAra mitrAdRSTi meM zubha kAryoM ke prati adveSa-guNa hotA hai, usI prakAra tArAdRSTi meM jijJAsA-guNa hotA hai, vyakti meM tattvajJAna ke prati jijJAsA balavatI hotI hai| ___3. balAdRSTi aura Asana - isa dRSTi meM sthita vyakti kI tRSNA zAMta ho jAtI hai aura svabhAva yA manovRtti meM sthiratA hotI hai| isa avasthA kI tulanA Asana nAmaka tRtIya yogagaMgA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki isameM zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika-sthiratA para jora diyA jAtA hai| isa avasthAkA pramukha guNa zuzrUSAarthAt zravaNecchA mAnA gayA hai| isa avasthA meM prArambha kie gae zubha kArya nirvighna pUre hote haiN| isa avasthA meM prApta hone vAlA tattvabodha kASTha kI agni ke samAna kucha sthAI hotA hai| 4. dIprAdRSTi aura prANAyAma-dIprAdRSTi yoga ke caturtha aMga prANAyAma ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra prANAyAma meM recaka, pUraka evaM kuMbhaka-ye tIna avasthAe~ hotI haiM, usI prakAra bAhya bhAvaniyaMtraNarUpa recaka, Antarika bhAvaniyaMtraNarUpa pUraka evaM manobhAvoM kI

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 531 sthiratArUpa kuMbhaka kI avasthA hotI hai| yaha eka prakAra kA AdhyAtmika-prANAyAma hai| isa dRSTi meM sthita vyakti sadAcaraNa yA caritra ko atyadhika mahatva detA hai| vaha AcaraNa kA mUlya zarIra kI apekSA bhI adhika mAnatA hai| isa avasthA meM hone vAlA Atmabodha dIpaka kI jyoti ke samAna hotA hai| yahA~ naitika-vikAsa hote hue bhI AdhyAtmika-dRSTi kA pUrNa vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA hai, ataH isa avasthA se patana kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai| 5. sthirAdRSTi aura pratyAhAra-pUrvokta cAra dRSTiyoM meM abhiniveza yA Asakti vidyamAna rahatI hai, ataH vyakti ko satya kA yathArtha bodha nahIM hotaa| uparyukta avasthAoM taka satyakA mAnyatA ke rUpa meM grahaNa hotA hai, satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotA, lekina isa avasthA meM Asakti yA rAga ke anupasthita hone se satya kA yathArtha rUpa meM bodha ho jAtA hai| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se yaha avasthA pratyAhAra ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra pratyAhAra meM viSayavikAra kA parityAga hokara AtmA viSAyonmukha na hote hue svasvarUpa kI ora unmukha hotI hai, usI prakAra isaavasthA meM bhI viSayavikAroM kA tyAga hokara AtmAsvabhAvadazA kI ora unmukha hotI hai| isa avasthA meM vyakti kA AcaraNa sAmAnyatayA nirdoSa hotA hai| isa avasthA meM hone vAle tattva-bodha kI tulanA ratna kI prabhA se kI jAtI hai, jo nirdoSa tathA sthAI hotI hai| 6. kAntAdRSTi aura dhAraNA- kAntAdRSTi yoga ke dhAraNA aMga ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra dhAraNA meM citta kI sthiratA hotI hai, usI prakAra isa avasthA meM bhI cittavRtti sthira hotI hai| usameM caMcalatA kA abhAva hotA hai| isa avasthA meM vyakti meM sad-asat kA viveka pUrNatayA spaSTa hotA hai| usameM kiMkarttavya ke viSaya meM koI anizcayAtmaka sthiti nahIM hotI hai| AcaraNa pUrNatayA zuddha hotA hai| isa avasthA meM tattvabodha tAre kI prabhA ke samAna ekasA spaSTa aura sthira hotA hai| 7. prabhAdRSTi aura dhyAna-prabhAdRSTi kI tulanA dhyAna nAmaka sAtaveM yogAMga se kI jA sakatI hai| dhAraNA meM cittavRtti kI sthiratA ekadezIya aura alpakAlika hotI hai, jabaki dhyAna meM cittavRtti kI sthiratA prabhAvarUpa evaM dIrghakAlika hotI hai| isa avasthA meM citta pUrNatayA zAMta hotA hai| pAtaMjala yoga - darzana kI paribhASA meM yaha prazAMtavAhitA kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM rAgadveSAtmaka-vRttiyoM kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai| isa avasthA meM honevAlA tattvabodha sUrya kI prabhA ke samAna dIrghakAlika aura ati spaSTa hotA hai aura karmamala kSINaprAya ho jAte haiN| 8. parAdRSTi aura samAdhi-parAdRSTi kI tulanA yoga ke AThaveM aMga samAdhi se kI gaI hai| isa avasthA meM cittavRttiyA~ pUrNatayA Atmakendrita hotI haiN| vikalpa, vicAra Adi

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bhAratIya AcAra- darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai| isa avasthA meM AtmA svasvarUpa meM hI ramaNa karatI hai aura anta nirvANa yA mokSa prApta kara letI hai, isa prakAra yaha naitika-sa 5- sAdhya kI upalabdhi kI avasthA hai, AtmA ke pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai, joki samagra AcAra - darzana kA sAra hai| parAdRSTi meM hone vAle tattvabodha kI tulanA candraprabhA se kI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra candraprabhA zAMta aura AlhAdajanaka hotI hai, usI prakAra isa avasthA meM hone vAlA tattvabodha bhI zAMta evaM Anandamaya hotA hai| 57 532 yogabindu meM AdhyAtmika - vikAsa AcArya haribhadra ne yogabindu meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kI bhUmikAoM ko nimna pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai - 1. adhyAtma, 2. bhAvanA, 3. dhyAna, 4. samatA aura 5. vRttisaMkSaya / AcArya ne svayaM hI ina bhUmikAoM kI tulanA yoga- paramparA kI samprajJAta aura asamprajJAta nAmaka bhUmikAoM se kI hai| prathama cAra bhUmikAe~ samprajJAta haiM aura antima asamprajJAta | S8 ina pA~ca bhUmikAoM meM samatA cittavRtti kI samatva kI avasthA hai aura vRttisaMkSaya AtmaramaNa kI / samatva hamArI AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai aura vRttisaMkSaya AdhyAtmika-sAdhya kI upalabdhi / 58 sandarbha grantha 1. niyamasAra, 77 2. spInojA ina di lAiTa oNpha vedAnta, pR. 38 TippaNI, 199, 204 - 3. (a) adhyAtmamata parIkSA, gA. 125 (ba) yogAvatAra, dvAtriMzikA, 17-18 (sa) mokkhapAhuDa, 4 4. dekhie - AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, adhyAya 3-5 5. mokkhapAhuDa, 4 6. mokkhapAhuDa, 5, 8, 10, 11 7. vahI, 5, 9 8. vahI, 5, 6, 12 9. vizeSa vivecana evaM sandarbha ke lie dekhie (a) darzana aura cintana, pR. 276 277, (ba) jaina dharma, pR. 147 10. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 1211-1214 11. bhartRhari - uddhRta pAzcAtya AcAravijJAna kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 40 -

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AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-vikAsa 12. digambara-mAnyatA meM ise 'athApravRttikaraNa' kahate haiM dekhie - tattvArtharAjavArttika - 9/1-13 13. darzana aura cintana, pR. 269 vizeSa vivecana ke lie dekhie - mithyAtva prakaraNa 14. 15. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa - 17 16. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa - 25 17. sama prAbalemsa Apha jaina sAikolAjI - pR. 156, gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa - 24 18. yogabindu, 270 19. bodhipaMjikA, pR. 421, uddhRta, pR. 119 20. yogabindu, 273-274 21. 25 vikathAe~, 25 kaSAya aura nokaSAya, 6 mana sahita pA~coM indriyA~, 5 nidrAe~, 2 rAga aura dveSa, ina sabake guNanaphala se yaha 37500 kI saMkhyA banatI hai| 22. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 278 23. gommaTasAra, gAthA 61 24. jJAnasAra tyAgASTaka ( darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR. 275 para uddhRta) 25. paM. sukhalAlajI ne bhI ise mArgAnusArI avasthA se tulanIya mAnA hai| 26. dekhie - vinayapiTaka, cullavagga, 4/4 27. darzana aura cintana (gujarAtI), pR. 1022 28. bhagavadgItA - DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, pR. 313 29. gItA, 14/10 30. gItA, 14/5 31. gItA 7/13 32. gItA, 9/30 33. vahI 1/15 34. vahI 7/16,7/18 (isameM udAre zabda kA prayoga apekSAkRta hai / ) 35. vahI 7/20 36. gItA, 2/43, 2/44 37. vahI, 2/7 38. vahI, 2/40 39. vahI, 6/37 533

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534 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 40. vahI, 9/30 41. gItA, 9/31 42. vahI, 6/45 43. vahI, 6/37, 6/38 44. vahI, 6/40 45. gItA, 18/20 46. vahI, 18/23 47. vahI, 18/26, vahIM, 14/11 48. bhagavadgItA (hindI), DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, pR. 114 49. gItA 2/45 50. gItA, 8/11 51. vahI 8/12, 8/13 52. vahI, 8/10 53. kAlidAsa, raghuvaMza 1/8 54. bhagavadgItA (hindI), DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, pR. 310 55. yogavaziSTha utpatti prakaraNa, sarga 117/2-24, uddhRta-darzana aura cintana bhAga 2, pR. 282-283 56. dekhie - darzana aura cintana bhAga 2, pR. 282-283 57. dekhie-jaina AcAra, pR. 40-47 58. yogabindu, 31, uddhRta- samadarzI AcArya haribhadra, pR. 100-101

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upasaMhAra 535 19 upasaMhAra pichale adhyAyoM meM AcAradarzana kI saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika-samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM jainadarzana ke mantavyoM kI vivecanA kI gaI aura usa sambandha meM bauddha evaM vaidikaparamparAoM se unakI yathAsambhava tulanA kI gaI hai| prastuta adhyAya meM jaina-AcAra-darzana kA usa yuga kI evaM samakAlIna paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM mUlyAMkana karane kA prayAsa hai| kisI bhI AcAradarzana kA mAnava-jIvana ke sandarbha meM kyA mUlya ho sakatA hai, yaha isa para nirbhara hai ki vaha mAnava-jIvana evaM mAnava-samAja kI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karane meM kahA~ takasamartha hai aura mAnava-jIvana evaM mAnava-samAja ke lie usakA kyA aura kitanA sakriya yogadAna hai| jaina-AcAradarzana kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie hameM vicAra karanA hogA ki vaha vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-vikAsa tathA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-jIvana kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie kaunase sUtra prastuta karatA hai aura ve sUtra samasyAoM ke samAdhAna evaM jIvana kI pragati meM kitane sakSama haiM, sAtha hI yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki usakA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-jIvana para kyA prabhAva rahA hai aura usane yuga kI sAmAjikasamasyAoM kA samAdhAna kisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| sarvaprathama hama jaina-darzana kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie isa sambandha meM vicAra kareMge ki jaina-darzana ne vizeSakara mahAvIra ke yuga kI tatkAlIna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai aura usa yuga ke sandarbha meM usakA kyA mUlya ho sakatA hai| mahAvIra-yugakI AcAra-darzana sambandhI samasyAe~ aurajaina-dRSTikoNa (a) naitikatAkI vibhinna dhAraNAoMkAsamanvaya-mahAvIra-yuga kI AcAradarzana kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM AcAra-darzana sambandhI mAnyatAe~ ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| usa yuga meM AcAra-darzana sambandhI cAra dRSTikoNa cAra vibhinna tAttvika AdhAroM para khar3e the| kriyAvAdI-dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya-pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thA aura AcAra ke bAhya-niyamoM ko hI naitikatA kA sarvasva mAnatA thaa| bauddha-paramparA meM naitikatA kI isa dhAraNAkozIlavrata-parAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA dRSTikoNa akriyaavaadkaathaa| akriyAvAda ke tAttvika-AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI-dRSTikoNa the yA Atma ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI tAttvika-dhAraNA thii| naitika-darzana kI dRSTi se ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdakIM / jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI naitika-jIvana kA sarvasva

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bhAratIya AcAra - darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI naitikatA kA sarvasva thA / kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI, jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika-mAnyatAoM aura una para AdhArita naitika-pratyayoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thI / isakA naitika-darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda- ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI, jise naitika - jIvana ke sandarbha meM bhaktimArga kA pratipAdaka mAnA jAtA thA / vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra, usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda evaM sandehavAda kI paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita rthI / mahAvIra ne apane anekAMtavAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para inameM eka samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke rUpa meM AcAradarzana kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgIparamparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| isa prakAra, mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa AcAra-darzana ke sambandha meM vibhinna ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thA, yadyapi jaina - paramparA ko sandehavAda kisI bhI artha meM svIkRta nahIM hai / (ba) naitikatA ke bahirmukhI evaM antarmukhI - dRSTikoNoM kA samanvaya - jainadarzana ne na kevala brAhmaNavAda dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa paramparA ke deha- daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyA / sambhavataH, mahAvIra ke pUrva taka naitikatA kA sambandha bAhya-tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thA, yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM naitikatA kI itizrI mAna letA thA, vahA~ zramaNa-varga bhI vividha prakAra ke deha-daNDana meM hI naitikatA kI itizrI mAna letA thA / sambhavataH, jaina- paramparA ke mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA ke bAhya - pahalU ke sthAna para usake Antarika - pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thA, lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka naitikatA evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI - dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa-paramparA meM to yajJa, zrAddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora, jina vicArakoM ne naitikatA Antarika pakSa para bala denA prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne bAhyapakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa, ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana gae the| ataH, mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki naitikatA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSa ke rUpa kriyA kA jo sthAna hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika-preraka kA hai| isa - 536 -

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upasaMhAra 537 prakAra, unhoMne naitika-jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma-donoM para hI bala diyaa| mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa- usa yuga kI sAmAjika-samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka mahatvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3akara janmamAna liyA gyaathaa| pariNAmasvarUpa, varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gaI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika-svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina-vicAradhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezI bala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhakoM ko apane sAdhanA-mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa|n kevala jAtigata vibheda, varan Arthika-vibheda bhI sAdhanA kI dRSTi se usake sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha samrATa, to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra, usane jAtigata AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| IzvaravAda se mukti-usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya-svataMtratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi se kama A~kA jAne lgaathaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI-dhAraNAe~, to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI-dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya-svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina AcAra-darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya-svataMtratA kI punaH prANapratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra, usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI, jo mAnavIya-svataMtratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya-svatantratA meM niSThA hI naitika-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| rUr3hivAda se mukti-jaina AcAra-darzana ne rUr3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rUr3hiyoM, jaise-pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se mAnava-samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isalie ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika-zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke lie jaina evaM bauddha-paramparA ne khulA vidroha kiyA, lekina jaina-paramparA kA yaha vidroha pUrNatayA ahiMsaka thaa| jaina aura bauddhaAcAryoM ne apane isa virodha meM sabase mahatvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki aneka pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ dI giiN| yahA~ jaina-darzana ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa AdikI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN|

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538 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana brAhmaNa kA nayA artha- jaina-paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya-jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA, arthAt sadAcaraNa ko hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapadake brAhmaNa-varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistArabhaya se usakIsamagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka-do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| jo rAga-dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki jaise kamalapatra para pAnI hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala hai aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA hai-use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha-donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatvakI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI, jo ki zramaNikaparamparA ke anukUla thii| na kevala jaina-paramparA evaM bauddha-paramparA meM, varan mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA hai| jaina-paramparA meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bauddha-paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika-sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika-sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka-adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| yajJa kA nayA artha- jisa prakAra samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM meM brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI, usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM pAribhASita kiyA gayA / mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuMDa hai, mana-vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) hai aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai| na kevala jaina-paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI bAhya-paramparA kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika-yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai, jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kiyA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki

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upasaMhAra 539 he brAhmaNa! ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane, parivarjana karane ke yogya haiM, inakA sevana nahIM karanA caahie| ve kauna-sI haiM ? kAmAgni, dveSAgni aura mohaagni| jo manuSya kAmAbhibhUta hotA hai, vaha kAyA, vAcA-manasA kukarma karatA hai aura usase maraNottara durgati pAtA hai| isI prakAra, dveSa evaM moha se abhibhUtabhI kAyA, vAcA-manasA kukarma karake durgati ko pAtA hai, isalie ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA caahie| he brAhmaNa! ina tIna agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kareM, ye agniyA~ kaunasI haiM ? AhvanIyAni (Ahuneyyaggi), gArhapatyAni (gahapattaggi) aura dakSiNAgni (dakkhiNAyyagni) / mA~-bApa ko AhvanIyAgni samajhanA cAhie aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI caahie| patnI aura bacce, dAsa tathA karmakAra ko gArhapatyAgni samajhanA cAhie aura AdarapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI cAhie aura zramaNa brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgnisamajhanA cAhie aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahie| he brAhmaNa! yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni kabhI jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI usakI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnA par3atA hai| isa prakAra, buddha ne bhI hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika-svarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika-jIvana se bekArI kA nAza karanA btaayaa| na kevala jaina evaM bauddhaparamparA meM, varan gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA kI gaI aura yajJa ke sambandha meM usane bhI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se vivecanA kii| sAmAjika-sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja-sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA karanA gItA meM yajJa kA sAmAjika-pahalU thA, dUsarI ora gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai kiyogIjana saMyamarUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM, yA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiN| dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu, jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake 'saMkucita hone' 'phailane' Adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita huI AtmasaMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| AtmaviSayaka saMyama kA nAma AtmasaMyama hai, vahI yahA~ yogAgni hai| ghRtAdi cikanI vastu se prajvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka-vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI (dhAraNA-dhyAna samAdhirUpa) usa Atma-saMyama-yogAgni meM (prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmikasvarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha-paramparA aura gItA meM bhI hai| tatkAlIna anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ke prati nayA dRSTikoNa-jainavicArakoM ne anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya-zauca yA snAna, jo ki usa samayadharma aura naitika-jIvana kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko

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540 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika-svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra, bauddha-darzana meM bhI sacce snAna kAarthamana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai|' na kevala jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM varan vaidikaparamparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai| isI prakAra, brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati bhI eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA saMyama hI zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki pratimAsa sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya-rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA, varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi sau varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNA dekara pratimAsa yajJa karatA jAe aura dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare, to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yjny|' isa prakAra, samAlocya AcAra-darzana ne tatkAlIna naitika-mAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika-svarUpa diyA, sAtha hI naitikatA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA, use AdhyAtmika-saMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke naitika-cintana meM eka krAMtikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| ina AcAra-darzanoM ne kevala apane yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hI prastuta nahIM kiyA, varana unameM vartamAna yuga kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI bhI sAmarthya hai, ataH yaha vicAra apekSita hai ki yugIna-paristhitiyoM meM samAlocya AcAra-darzanoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina-darzana kA kyA sthAna ho sakatA hai ? samakAlIna paristhitiyoM meM jaina AcAra-darzana kA mUlyAMkana jaina AcAra-darzana ne na kevala apane yuga kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA hai, varan vaha vartamAna yuga kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM bhI pUrNatayA sakSama hai| prAcIna yuga ho yA vartamAna yuga, mAnava-jIvana kI samasyAe~ sabhI yugoM meM lagabhaga samAna rahI haiN| samagra samasyAe~ viSamatAjanita hI haiN| vastutaH, viSamatAhI samasyA hai aura samatA hI samAdhAna hai| ye viSamatAe~ aneka rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotI haiN| pramukha rUpa se vartamAna mAnava-jIvana kI viSamatAe~ cAra haiM - 1. sAmAjika-vaiSamya, 2. Arthika-vaiSamya, 3. vaicArika-vaiSamya, 4. mAnasika-vaiSamya / kyA jaina AcAra-darzana ina viSamatAoM kA nirAkaraNa kara samatva kI saMsthApanA karane meM samartha hai ? nIce hama pratyeka prakAra kI viSamatAoM ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara jaina-darzana dvArA prastuta unake samAdhAnoM para vicAra kreNge| 1. sAmAjika-viSamatA-cetana jagat ke anya prANiyoM ke sAtha jIvana jInA

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upasaMhAra 541 hotA hai| yaha sAmudAyika-jIvana hai| sAmudAyika-jIvana kA AdhAra sambandha hai aura naitikatA una sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA vijJAna hai| pArasparika-sambandha nimna prakAra ke haiM - 1. vyakti aura parivAra, 2. vyakti aura jAti, 3. vyakti aura samAja, 4.vyakti aura rASTra aura 5. vyakti aura vishv| ina sambandhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI hai| sAmAnyatayA, rAga dveSa kA sahagAmI hokara kAma karane lagatA hai, to pArasparika sambandhoM meM saMgharSa aura TakarAhaTa prArambha ho jAtI hai| rAga ke kAraNa merA' yA mamatva kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| Aja ke hamAre sumadhura sAmAjika-sambandhoM meM ye hI tattva sabase adhika bAdhaka haiN| ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane dete haiN| yahI Aja kI sAmAjika-viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa hai| anaitikatA kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai| sAmAjika-jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kie jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM maante| yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai ki hama apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva-vRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kara sakeM, lekina yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kie binA apekSita naitika-jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vyakti kA 'sva', cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana taka, pArivArika-jIvana taka yA rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, svArtha-bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detaa| svArtha-vRtti, cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho, yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se naitikatA kI virodhI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue saccA naitika-jIvana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| muni nathamalajI likhate haiM ki parivAra ke prati mamatva kA saghana rUpa jaise jAti yA rASTra ke prati baratI jAne vAlI anaitikatA kA niyamana nahIM karatA, vaise hI jAti yA rASTra ke prati mamatva rASTroM ke prati baratI jAne vAlI anaitikatA kA niyAmaka nahIM hotaa| lagatA hai ki rASTrIya-anaitikatA kI apekSA antarrASTrIya-anaitikatA kahIM adhika hai| jina rASTroM meM vyAvahArika-saccAI hai, prAmANikatA hai, ve bhI antarrASTrIya kSetra meM satya-niSTha aura prAmANika nahIM haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti kA jIvana jaba taka rAga yA mamatva se Upara nahIM uThatA, taba taka naitikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava hI nahIM hotaa| rAgayukta naitikatA, cAhe usakA AdhAra rASTra athavA mAnava-jAti hI kyoM na ho, sacce arthoM meM naitikatA nahIM hai| saccA naitika-jIvana vItarAga-avasthA meM hI sambhava hai aura jaina AcAra - darzana isI vItarAga jIvana-dRSTi ko hI naitika-sAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai| yahI eka aisA AdhAra hai, jisa para naitikatA khar3I kI jA sakatI hai aura sAmAjika-jIvana ke vaiSamyoM ko samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, ina sAmAjika-sambandhoM meM vyakti kA ahaMbhAva bhI bahuta mahatvapUrNa rUpa se

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542 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kArya karatA hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva haiN| inake kAraNa bhI sAmAjika-jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| zAsaka aura zAsita, athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apane prabhAvaka-kSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi kA prayatna hai| svataMtratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM uThatA hai / jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA hotI hai, to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai| jaina AcAra-darzana ahaM ke pratyaya ke vigalana ke dvArA sAmAjika-jIvana meM parataMtratA ko samApta karatA hai| dUsarI ora, jaina-darzana kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAra ko svIkAra karatA hai| adhikAroM kA hanana eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai, ataH ahiMsA kA siddhAnta svataMtratA ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| jaina evaM bauddhaAcAradarzana isI ahiMsA-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para svataMtratA kA samarthana karate haiN| yadisAmAjika-sambandhoM meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAe, to jJAta hogA ki usake mUla meM rAga hI hai| yahI rAga jaba jIvana para kendrita hotA hai, to apane aura parAe ke bheda utpanna kara sAmAjika-sambandhoM ko azuddha banAtA hai| dUsarI ora, yahI rAga jaba sva-kendrita hotA hai, to ahaM yA mAna kA pratyaya utpanna karatA hai, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika-jIvana meM U~ca-nIca bhAvanAoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| isa prakAra, rAga kA tattvahI mAna ke rUpa meM eka dUsarI dizA grahaNa kara letA hai, jisase sAmAjikaviSamatA utpanna hotI hai| rAga kI vRtti hI saMgraha (lobha) aura kapaTa kI bhAvanAoM ko vikasita karatI hai| isa prakAra, sAmAjika-viSamatA ke utpanna hone ke cAra mUla-bhUta kAraNa haiM - 1. saMgraha, 2. Aveza, 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA)aura 4. mAyA (chipAnA), jinheM jaina-paramparA meM cAra kaSAya kahate haiN| yahI cAroM kAraNa alaga-alaga rUpa meM sAmAjikajIvana meM viSamatA, saMgharSa evaM azAnti ke kAraNa banate haiN| 1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, nirapekSa vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi vikasita hote haiN| 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa, yuddha, AkramaNa evaM hatyAe~ Adi hotI haiN| 3. varga kI manovRtti ke kAraNa ghRNA, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra aura krUra vyavahAra hotA hai| isI prakAra, mAyA kI manovRtti ke kAraNa avizvAsa evaM amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra utpanna hotA hai| 11 jaina-darzana inhIM kaSAyoM ke nirodha ko naitika-sAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai, ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki jaina-darzana sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM sAmAjika-viSamatAoM ko-samApta kara sAmAjika-samatva kI sthApanA kA prayatna karatA hai| 2. Arthika-vaiSamya-Arthika-vaiSamya vyaktiaura bhautika-jagata ke sambandhoM se utpanna viSamatA hai| cetanA kA jaba bhautika-jagat se sambandha hotA hai, to use aneka

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upasaMhAra vastue~ apane prANamaya jIvana ke lie Avazyaka pratIta hotI haiN| yahI AvazyakatA jaba Asakti meM badala jAtI hai, to eka ora saMgraha hotA jAtA hai, dUsarI ora saMgraha kI lAlasA bar3hatI jAtI hai / isI se sAmAjika-jIvana meM Arthika viSamatA kA bIja par3atA hai| eka ora saMgraha bar3hatA hai, to dUsarI ora garIbI bar3hatI hai, pariNAmasvarUpa Arthika viSamatA bar3hatI jAtI hai| 1 Arthika-vaiSamya ke mUla meM saMgraha - bhAvanA hI adhika hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki abhAva ke kAraNa saMgraha kI cAha utpanna hotI hai, lekina vastusthiti kucha aura hI hai / svAbhAvika abhAva kI pUrti sambhava hai aura zAyada vijJAna hameM isa dizA meM sahayoga bhI de sakatA hai, lekina kRtrima abhAva kI pUrti sambhava nahIM / upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM, garIbI svayaM meM koI samasyA nahIM, kintu amIrI ne use samasyA banA diyA hai| gaDDhA svayaM meM koI bahuta cIja nahIM, kintu pahAr3oM kI asIma U~cAiyoM ne isa dharatI para jagaha-jagaha gaDDhe paidA kara die haiN| pahAr3a TUTeMge, to gaDDhe apane-Apa bhara jAeMge, sampatti kA visarjana hogA, to garIbI apane-Apa dUra ho jaaegii| 12 vastutaH, AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki vyakti meM parigraha ke visarjana kI bhAvanA udbhUta ho / parigraha ke visarjana se hI ArthikavaiSamya samApta ho sakatA hai| jaba taka saMgraha kI vRtti samApta nahIM hotI, . Arthika samAnatA nahIM A sakatI / AcAra Arthika-vaiSamya kA nirAkaraNa asaMgraha kI vRtti se hI sambhava hai aura jaina-darzana aparigraha ke siddhAnta ke dvArA isa Arthika-vaiSamya ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa karatA hai| jaina ra-darzana meM gRhastha-jIvana ke lie bhI jisa parigraha ke sImAMkana kA vidhAna hai, vaha Arthika-vaiSamya ke nirAkaraNa kA eka pramukha sAdhana ho sakatA hai| Aja hama jisa samAjavAda evaM sAmyavAda kI carcA karate haiM, usakA dizA-saMketa mahAvIra ne vrata-vyavasthA meM kiyA thA / Arthika viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa anAsakti aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| yadi hama sAmAjika jIvana meM Arthika samAnatA lAnA cAhate haiM, to hameM vyaktigata sampatti kI sImA nirdhArita karanI hI hogii| parigraha kA visarjana hI ArthikajIvana meM samatva kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| jaina darzana kA aparigraha - siddhAnta isa sambandha meM paryApta sahAyaka hai / varttamAna yuga meM mArksa ne Arthika viSamatA ko dUra karane kA jo siddhAnta sAmyavAdI - samAja kI racanA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA, vaha yadyapi Arthika viSamatAoM ke nirAkaraNa kA eka mahatvapUrNa sAdhana hai, lekina usakI mUlabhUta kamI yaha hai ki vaha mAnavasamAja para Upara se thopA jAtA hai, usake antara se sahaja ubhArA nahIM jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bAhya-dabAvoM se vAstavika naitikatA prakaTa nahIM hotI, usI prakAra kevala kAnUna ke bala para lAyA gayA Arthika-sAmya sacce Arthika samatva kA prakaTana nahIM karatA hai / Avazyaka 543 - --

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544 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yaha hai ki manuSya meM svataH hI tyAgavRtti kA udaya ho aura vaha svecchA se sampatti-visarjana kI dizA meM Age bddh'e| bhAratIya-paramparA aura vizeSakara jaina-paramparA na kevala sampatti ke visarjana kI bAta karatI hai, varan usake samavitaraNa para bhI jora detI hai| hamAre prAcIna sAhitya meM dAna ke sthAna para saMvibhAga yA samavibhAjana zabda kA prayoga hai| mahAvIra kA yaha udghoSa ki 'asaMvibhAgI nahu tassa mokkhaM' yaha spaSTa batAtA hai ki jaina AcAra-darzana Arthika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie samavitaraNa kI dhAraNA ko pratipAdita karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke ina siddhAntoM ko yadi yugIna-sandarbho meM navIna dRSTi se upasthita kiyA jAe, to samAja kI Arthika-samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa khojA kA sakatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM samAja ke Arthika-kSetra meM bhraSTAcAra kI jo burAI panapa rahI hai, usake mUla meM bhI yA to vyakti kI saMgrahecchA hai yA bhogecchaa| bhraSTAcAra kevala abhAvajanita bImArI nahIM hai, varan vaha eka mAnasika-bImArI hai, jisake mUla meM saMgrahecchA evaM bhAgecchA ke kITANu haiM / yaha bImArI AvazyakatAoM ke kAraNa nahIM, varan tRSNA se utpanna hotI hai| AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti padArtha upalabdha karake kI jA sakatI hai, lekina tRSNA kA nirAkaraNa padArthoM ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai, isIlie jaina-darzana ne anAsakti kI vatti ko naitika-jIvana meM pramukha sthAna diyA hai| tRSNAjanita vikRtiyA~ kevala anAsakti se hI dUra kI jA sakatI haiN| vartamAna yuga kI pramukha kaThinAI yaha nahIM hai ki hameM jIne ke sAdhana upalabdha nahIM haiM, athavA unakA abhAva hai| kaThinAI yaha hai ki Aja kA mAnava tRSNA se itanA adhika grasita hai ki vaha eka acchA, sukhada evaM zAntipUrNa jIvana jI nahIM sakatA hai| vAsanAe~ hI acchA jIvana jIne meM bAdhaka haiN| ___ 3. vaicArika-vaiSamya-vibhinna vAda aura unake kAraNa utpanna vaicArika-viSamatA sAmAjika-jIvana kA eka bar3A abhizApa hai| vartamAna yuga meM rASTroM ke saMgharSa ke mUla meM Arthika aura rAjanItika-prazna itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA ki vaicArika-sAmrAjyavAda kI sthaapnaa| Aja na to rAjanItika adhikAra-lipsA se utpanna sAmrAjyavAda kI bhAvanA pAI jAtI hai aura na Arthika-sAmrAjyoM kI sthApanA kA prazna itanA mahatvapUrNa hai, varan bar3e rASTra apane vaicArika-sAmrAjyoM kI sthApanA ke lie prayatnazIla dekhe jAte haiN| jaina AcAradarzana anekAMtavAda aura anAgraha ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para isa vaicArika-viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa prastuta karatA hai| anekAMta kA siddhAnta vaicArika-Agraha ke visarjana kI bAta karatA hai aura vaicArika-kSetra meM dUsare ke vicAroM evaM anubhUtiyoM ko bhI utanA hI mahatva detA hai, jitanA ki svayaM ke vicAroM evaM anubhUtiyoM ko| uparyukta tInoM prakAra kI viSamatAe~ hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana se saMbaMdhita haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana ina tInoM viSamatAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie apane AcAra-darzana meM tIna

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upasaMhAra 545 siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai| sAmAjika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie usane ahiMsA kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA hai| Arthika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie vaha aparigraha kA siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra, bauddhika evaM vaicArika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie anAgraha aura anekAnta ke siddhAnta prastuta kie ge| ye sabhI naitikatA ke bAhya evaM sAmAjika-AdhAra haiN| naitikatA kA Antarika-AdhAra to hamArA manojagat hI hai| jaina AcAra-darzana mAnasika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie bhI vizeSa rUpa se vicAra karatA hai| 4.mAnasika-vaiSamya-mAnasika-viSamatA manojagat meM tanAva kI avasthA kI sUcaka hai| jaina AcAra-darzana ne caturvidha kaSAyoM ko manojagat ke vaiSamya kA mUla kAraNa mAnA hai|krodh, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ye cAroM Avega yA kaSAya mAnasika-samatva ko bhaMga karate haiN| yadi vyaktimUlaka vighaTanakArI tattvoM kA manovaijJAnika-dRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA jAe, to unake mUla meM kahIM na kahIM jaina-darzana meM prastuta kaSAyoM evaM no-kaSAyoM (AvegoM aura upa-AvegoM) kI upasthiti hI dikhAI detI hai| jaina AcAra-darzana kaSAya-tyAga ke rUpa meM mAnasika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa kA sandeza detA hai| vaha batAtA hai ki hama jaise-jaise ina kaSAyoM ke Upara vijaya-lAbha karate hue Age bar3heMge, vaise hI vaise hamAre vyaktitva kI pUrNatA prakaTa hogii| jaina-darzana meM sAdhakoM kI cAra zreNiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, ve ina para kramika vijaya ko prakaTa karatI haiN| inake prathama tIvratama rUpa para vijaya pAne para sAdhaka meM yathArtha dRSTikoNa kA udbhava hotA hai| dvitIyamadhyamarUpa para vijaya prApta karane se sAdhaka zrAvakayA gRhastha-upAsaka kI zreNI meM AtA hai| tRtIyaalparUpa para vijaya karane para vaha zramaNatva kA lAbha karatA hai aura unake sampUrNa vijaya para vaha AtmapUrNatA ko prakaTa kara letA hai| kaSAyoM kI pUrNa-samApti para eka pUrNa vyaktitva prakaTa hotA hai| isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana kaSAya ke rUpa meM hamArI mAnasika-viSamatAoM kA kAraNa prastuta karatA hai aura kaSAya-jaya ke rUpa meM mAnasika-samatA ke nirmANa kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karatA hai| mAnava-mana kI azAnti aura duHkha ke kAraNoM ke mUla meM mAnasika-tanAva yA manovega hI haiN| mAnava-mana kI azAnti evaM usake adhikAMzaduHkha kaSAya-janita haiM, ataH zAnta aura sukhI jIvana ke lie mAnasika-tanAvoM evaM manovegoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka hai| krodhAdi kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta karake hI hama zAnta mAnasika-jIvana jI sakate haiM, ataH mAnasika-viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa auramAnasika-samatA ke sRjana ke lie hameM manovegoM se Upara uThanA hogaa| jaise-jaise hama manovegoM yA kaSAya-catuSka se Upara uTheMge, vaise-vaise hI saccI zAnti prApta kreNge| isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana jIvana se viSamatAoM ke nirAkaraNa aura samatvasthApanA ke lie eka aisI AcAra-vidhi prastuta karatA hai , jisake samyak paripAlana se

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546 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika-jIvana meM saccI zAnti aura vAstavika sukha prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaiSamya-nirAkaraNa ke sUtraviSamatAe~ viSamatAoM ke nirAka- nirAkaraNa kA puruSArtha-catuSTaya se raNa ke siddhAnta pariNAma sambandha 1. Arthika-viSamatA aparigraha (parigraha sAmyavAda artha-puruSArtha kA parIsImana) (sama-vitaraNa) 2. sAmAjika- ahiMsA zAnti evaM abhaya dharma (naitikatA) viSamatA (yuddha evaM saMgharSakA puruSArtha abhAva) 3. vaicArika-viSamatA anAgraha (anekAMta) vaicArika-samanvaya dharma aura mokSa evaM samAdhi puruSArtha kA samanvita rUpa 4. mAnasika- anAsakti Ananda kAma-puruSArtha viSamatA (vItarAgAvasthA) mokSa-puruSArtha __ina sUtroM ke mUlyoM aura unake pariNAmoM kA vistRta vivecana pIche kiyA jA cukA hai| saMkSepa meM, samAlocya AcAra-darzana dvArA prastuta viSamatA-nirAkaraNa ke sabhI sUtra sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika-jIvana meM samatva, zAnti evaM santulana sthApita kara vyakti ko duHkhoM evaM viSamatAoM se mukta karate haiN| vartamAna yuga meM naitikatA kI jIvana-dRSTi - ina viSamatAoM ke kAraNoM evaM unake nirAkaraNa ke sUtroM ke vizleSaNa ke anta meM yaha pAte haiM ki ina sabake mUla meM mAnasikaviSamatA hai| mAnasika-viSamatAAsaktijanya hai, Asakti kA hI dUsarA nAma hai| vaiyaktikajIvana meM Asakti ke eka rUpa (jise dRSTirAga kahA jAtA hai ) se hI sAmpradAyikatA, dharmAndhatAaura vibhinna rAjanItika-matavAdoM evaM Arthika-vicAraNAoM kA janma hotA hai, jo sAmAjika-jIvana meM varga-bheda evaM saMgharSa paidA karate haiN| Asakti ke dUsare rUpa, saMgrahavRtti aura viSayAsakti se asamAna vitaraNa aura bhogavAdakA janma hotA hai, jisameM vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika-viSamatAoM aura sAmAjika-asvAsthya (roga) ke kITANu janma lete haiM aura usI meM palate haiN| ___ vartamAna yuga ke aneka vicArakoM ne Asakti ke badaleabhAva ko hI sArI viSamatAoM kA kAraNa mAnA aura usakI bhautika-pUrti ke prayAsa ko hI vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika - viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa kA Avazyaka sAdhana mAnA, isameM AMzika satya hai, phira bhI ise

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upasaMhAra naitika jIvana kA antima satya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / manuSya kevala bhautika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke bala para nahIM jI sktaa| IsA ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki kevala roTI paryApta nahIM hai / isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki vaha binA roTI ke jI sakatA hai| roTI ke binA to nahIM jI sakatA, lekina akelI roTI se bhI nahIM jI sakatA hai| roTI ke binA asambhava hai aura akelI roTI para yA roTI ke lie jInA vyartha hai| jaise paudhoM ke lie jar3eM hotI haiM, vaise hI manuSya ke lie roTI yA bhautika vastue~ haiN| jar3eM svayaM apane lie nahIM haiM, ve phUloM aura phaloM ke lie haiN| phUla aura phala na AeM, to unakA honA nirarthaka hai / yadyapi phUla aura phala unake binA nahIM A sakate haiM, taba bhI phUla aura phala unake lie nahIM haiN| jIvana meM nimna Avazyaka hai, ucca ke lie; lekina ucca ko hone meM hI vaha sArthaka hai / manuSya ko roTI yA bhautika vastuoM kI jarUrata hai, tAki vaha jI sake aura jIvana ke satya aura sandarbha kI bhUkha ko bhI tRpta kara ske| roTI, roTI se bhI bar3I bhUkhoM ke lie Avazyaka hai, lekina yadi koI bar3I bhUkha nahIM hai, to roTI vyartha ho jAtI hai| roTI, roTI ke hI lie nahIM hai / apane-Apa meM usakA koI mUlya aura artha nahIM hai / usakA artha hai-usake atikramaNa meM / koI jIvana-mUlya, jo ki usake pAra nikala jAtA hai, usameM hI usakA artha hai / 13 - 547 vastutaH, hamane bhautika mUlyoM kI pUrti ko hI antima mAnakara bahuta bar3I galatI kI hai / bhautika-pUrti antima nahIM hai, yadi vahI antima hotI, to Aja manuSya meM ucca mUlyoM kA vikAsa pahale kI apekSA adhika honA cAhie thA, kyoMki varttamAna yuga meM hamArI bhautika sukha-suvidhAe~ pahale kI apekSA adhika bar3hI haiM, phira bhI ucca mUlyoM kA vikAsa usa parimANa meM nahIM ho pAyA hai| Arthika vikAsa aura vyavasthA hone para bhI Aja kA sampanna manuSya utanA hI artha-lolupa hai, jitanA pahale thaa| vaijJAnika vikAsa apane carama zikhara para hai, phira bhI Aja kA vijJAnajIvI manuSya utanA hI AkrAmaka hai, jitanA pahale thaa| zikSA kA stara bahuta U~cA hone para bhI Aja kA zikSita manuSya utanA hI svArthI hai, jitanA pahale thaa| Arthika, vaijJAnika aura zaikSaNika - vikAsa ne manuSya ke vyavahAra ko badalA hai, para usI ko badalA hai, jo unase sambandhita hai| manuSya meM aisI aneka mUla pravRttiyA~ haiM, jinheM ye nahIM badala sakate haiN| krodha, abhimAna, kapaTa, lobha, bhaya, zoka, ghRNA, kAmavAsanA, kalaha-ye manuSya kI mUla pravRttiyA~ haiN| Arthika abhAva tathA ajJAna ke kAraNa jo sAmAjika-doSa utpanna hote haiM, ve Arthika aura zaikSaNika - vikAsa se miTa jAte haiM, kintu mUla pravRttiyoM se utpanna doSa unase nahIM miTate / mUla pravRttiyoM kA niyaMtraNa yA zodhana AdhyAtmikatA se hI ho sakatA hai, isalie samAja meM usakA astitva anivArya hai / 14 jo vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki Adhunika vijJAna kI sahAyatA se manuSya kI sabhI

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548 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara dI jAegI aura isa saMsAra meM eka svarga kA avataraNa ho sakegA, ve vastutaH bhrAnti meM haiN| vastutaH, manuSya ke lie jisa Ananda aura zAntimaya jIvana kI apekSA hai, vaha mAtra bhogoM kI pUrti meM vikasita nahIM ho sktaa| jinheM santuSTi ke alpa sAdhana upalabdha haiM, ve adhika Anandita haiM, apekSAkRta unake, jo bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI vipulatA ke bAvajUda utane Anandita nahIM haiN| Aja amerikA bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI dRSTi se sampanna hai, para usake nAgarika mAnasika-tanAvoM se sarvAdhika pIr3ita haiN| Aja kA mAnava jisa bhayAvaha evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai, usakA kAraNa sAdhanoM kA abhAva nahIM hai, varan unake upayoga kI yogyatA evaM manovRtti hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vaijJAnika-upalabdhiyA~ manuSya ko sukha aura suvidhAe~ pradAna kara sakatI haiM, lekina yaha isI bAta para nirbhara hai ki manuSya kI jIvana-dRSTi kyA hai| vijJAna meM mAnava ko jahA~ eka ora sukhI aura sampanna karane kI kSamatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha usakA vinAza bhI kara sakatA hai| yaha to usake upayoga karanevAloM para nirbhara hai ki ve usakA kaisA upayoga karate haiM aura yaha bAta unakI jIvanadRSTi para hI AdhArita hogii| vijJAna AdhyAtmika evaM ucca mAnavIya-mUlyoM se samanvita hokara hI manuSya kA kalyANa sAdha sakatA hai, anyathA vaha usakA saMhAraka hI siddha hogA, ataH AvazyakatA yaha hai ki manuSya meM AdhyAtmikajIvana-dRSTi evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThA jAgrata kI jaae| Aja yaha dhAraNA bala pakar3a rahI hai ki naitika evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThA rakhanevAlA manuSya sukha-suvidhA kI dRSTi se ghATe meM rahatA hai, isIlie naitikatA evaM AdhyAtmikajIvana ke prati manuSya meM sahaja AkarSaNa nahIM hai| jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ jitanI adhika hotI haiM, utanI hI sAmAjika-unnati hotI hai, isa mAnyatA ne samAja meM bhoga kI spardhA khar3I kara dI hai| aba koI bhI vyakti isa daur3a meM pIche rahanA nahIM caahtaa| hama bhraSTAcAra karanevAle ko doSa dete haiM, para kitanA Azcarya hai ki bhraSTAcAra kI prareNA jahA~ se phUTatI hai, usa ora hamArA dhyAna nahIM jAtA / naitika-mUlyoM kI punaH pratisthApanA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ko kama karane, sAdA-sarala jIvana jIne evaM tyAga va niHsvArthavRtti ko rASTrIya-saMskRti kA abhinna aMga mAnA jaae| samAja kI eka mAnyatAthI-cAhe jitane kaSTa A jAe~, para satya aura prAmANikatA akhaNDa rahanI caahie| isa mAnyatA ne sacce aura prAmANika logoM kI sRSTi kii| Aja samAja kI mAnyatA meM parivartana huA hai| jana-mAnasa bar3I tejI se aisA banatA jA rahA hai ki satya aura prAmANikatA khaMDita hoM, to bhale hoM, sukha-suvidhAe~ prApta honI caahie| isa mAnyatA ne satya aura prAmANikatA kA mUlya kama kara diyA hai| 16 yadi hama naitika-mUlyoM ke hrAsa ko rokanA cAhate haiM, to hameM bhautika-mUlyoM ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM ko bhI svIkAra karanA hogA aura eka aisI jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa karanA hogA, jo manuSya meM ucca mUlyoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI mAnava-jAti ko

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upasaMhAra bhaya, saMgharSa, tanAva aura aprAmANikatA se mukta kara ske| ina saba ke mUla meM mAnasikaviSamatA ke rUpa meM Asakti hI mUla kAraNa hai, ataH vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika viSamatAoM ko pUrNatayA samApta karane ke lie jisa jIvana-dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha hai- anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi / anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA antima naitikasiddhAnta yadi koI hai, to vaha anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmANa hai| jaina darzana meM rAga ke prahANa kA, bauddha darzana meM tRSNA-kSaya kA aura gItA meM Asakti ke nAza kA jo upadeza hai, usakA lakSya hai- anAsakta jIvana-dRSTi kA nirmaann| jaina AcAra-darzana ke samagra naitika vidhi - niSedha rAga ke prahANa ke lie haiM, bauddha darzana ke sabhI upadezoM kA antima hArda haitRSNA kA kSaya aura gItA meM kRSNa ke upadeza kA sAra hai- phalAsakti kA tyaag| isa prakAra, tInoM AcAra-darzanoM kA sAra evaM unakI antima phalazruti hai-anAsakta jIvana jIne kI kalA kA vikAsa / yahI samagra naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-jIvana kA sAra hai aura yahI naitikapUrNatA kI avasthA hai / sandarbha grantha 1. uttarAdhyayana, 25 / 27, 21 2. dhammapada 401-403 3. uttarAdhyayana 12 /44 4. aMguttaranikAya - suttanipAta-uddhRta bhagavAn buddha, pR 26 5. dekhie bhagavAn buddha, 236-239 6. gItA 4/33, 26-28 - 7. uttarAdhyayana 12/46 8. uttarAdhyayana 9/40, dekhie - gItA (zA.) 4/26-27 9. dhammapada 106 10. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 3-4 11. dekhie - naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 1 12. jaina prakAza, 8 apraila, 1969, pR. 11 13. nae saMketa, pR. 57 14. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 25 15. dI kAnsepTa oNpha mAralsa, pR. 143 16. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 6,13-14 549

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550 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sahAyaka grantha sUcI abhidhAna rAjendra koza (sAta khaNDa) zrI vijaya rAjendra sUrijI, - ratalAma anuyogadvArasUtra Agamodaya samiti, vIra. saM. 2450 anyayogavyavacchedikA (syAdvAda maJjarI) hemacandra atharvaveda saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 1962 aMguttaranikAya, (tIna bhAga) anu. bhadanta Ananda kauzalyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA aSTApAhuDa AcArya anuruddha, anu. bhadanta Ananda kauza lyAyan, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU-1960 aSTasahasrI nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1915 arastU zivAnanda zarmA, hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga, uttarapradeza- 1960 arlI monAsTika buddhijma nalinAza datta, oriyanTala buka ejensI, kalakattA- 1960 atrismRti saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (20 smRtiyA~) 1966 adhyAtmayoga aura citta vikalana veMkaTezvara zarmA, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA- 1957 AcArAMgasUtra Agamodaya samiti, sUrata AcArAMgasUtra, do bhAga AcArya AtmArAmajI jaina, Agama prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA-1963 AcArAMga (hindI) sthA. jaina kAnpharensa, bambaI- 1938 AcArAMgasUtra (saMtabAla-gujarAtI mahAvIra sAhitya prakAzana maMdira, ahamadAbAda, anuvAda) saM. 1992 AcArAMganiyukti bhadrabAhu-ratalAma-saM. 1941 AcArAMgacUrNi jiNadAsagaNI-ratalAma saM. 1941 Avazyakaniyukti bhadrabAhu, Agamodaya samiti, vIra nirvANa saM. 2454

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI AvazyakaTIkA AtmasiddhizAstra AtmAnuzAsana adhyAtmatattvAloka AspekTsa Apha mahAyAna buddhijma eNDa eTas rilezana TU hInayAna AI biiMga kriyeTiva AtmamImAMsA AtmasAdhanA-saMgraha motIlAla mANDota sailAnA (ma.pra.) saM. 2019 AuTalAinsa Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI eca. hiriyannA jArja elana eNDa anavina, landana 1951 I. evaM 1957 I. Agamayuga kA jaina-darzana paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA (1966 I.) thAmasana AuTalAinsa Apha jhUlAjI AbhAsa aura sat epha. eca. breDale anudita, DaoN. phatahasiMha, hindI samiti uttara pradeza- 1964 I. nalinAkSa datta IzAvAsyopaniSad malagirI, Agamodaya samiti, vIra nirvANa saM. 2454 zrImad rAjacandra, nirNaya sAgara presa meM mudrita saM. 1964 guNabhadrAcArya, ajitAzrama, lakhanaU (1928 I.) muni nyAyavijayajI, zrI hemacandrAbhAI jaina sabhA (pATaNa), 1943 I. maNDala, banArasa 1953 iNDiyana philAsaphI (rAdhAkRSNan) bhAga jArja elana eNDa anavina, landana 1 evaM 2 isibhAsiyam (RSibhASita ) iSTopadeza itivRttaka 551 iraviMga babiTa, hAuTana miphalina kampanI bosTana 1932 paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana sUrata 1927 pUjyapAda bambaI 1954 dharmarakSita mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha buddhAbda 2499 gItApresa gorakhapura, saM. 2017

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552 iNDiyana thATsa eNDa DevhalapamenTa inasAiklopIDiyA Apha rilijana eNDa ethiksa iNDivijvalijma uttarAdhyayanasUtra uttarAdhyayanasUtra cUrNi udAna upAsaka dazAMgasUtra upAsaka dazAMgavRtti upadezasahasrI e hisTrI Apha philAsaphI ethikala sTaDI e kriTIkala sarve Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI ethiksa phAra TUDe bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana e kampareTiva sTaDI Apha di kAnsenTa Apha libarezana ina iNDiyana philAsaphI ena inTrokTarI sTaDI Apha ethiksa ethikala philAsaphIz2a Apha iNDiyA zveTjara, Adam & Charles Black 4, 5 & 6 Soho Squore, London W-I, 1951 jemsa haisTiMga TI. eNDa TI. klArka, eDinabarga DablyU. phiTe, lAgamensa grIna eNDa kampanI, nyUyArka 1924 sampAdaka - ratanalAla DozI, zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya sailAnA vIra saM. 2478 jiNadAsagaNI ratalAma 1933 I. anu. jagadIza kAzyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha anuvAdaka- AtmArAmajI ma. sA. ludhiyAnA 1964 I. abhayadeva zaMkarAcArya, bhArgava pustakAlaya vArANasI 1954 I. phreMkathilI, senTrala buka Dipo ilAhAbAda 1965 I. breDale AksaphorDa 1927 I. tathA 1962 I. sI.DI. zarmA, motIlAla banArasIlAla, banArasa herAlDa eca. TAiTasa, yUreziyA pabliziMga hAusa nyU dehalI 1966 DaoN. azokakumAra lAr3a, giradhArIlAla kezavadAsa barahAnapura (ma.pra.) DablyU. phiTe, lAMgamensa grIna eNDa kampanI nyUyArka 1906 Ai.sI. zarmA, jArja elana eNDa anavina landana 1965

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI Rgveda aughaniryukti kaThopaniSad kaThopaniSad zAMkara bhASya karmagrantha (karmavipAka) karma prakRti kArttikeyAnuprekSA kenopaniSad kauTalIya arthazAstra kAsamolAjI olDa eNDa nyU kAnTas silekzana kanTemparara ethikala thyorIja khuddaka pATha zrImadbhagavadagItA gItA (zAMkara bhASya) gItA (rAmAnuja bhASya) gommaTasAra gommaTasAra zrImadbhagavadagItArahasya gItA gaNadharavAda 553 saMskRti saMsthAna barelI - 1962 bhadrabAhu svAmI, Agamodaya samiti, saM. 1927 gItA presa, gorakhapura - saM. 2017 devendra sUrI, zrI AtmAnaMda - jaina pustaka pracAraka maNDala, 2444 zivazarmAcArya, zrI jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, vIra saM. 2443 svAmI kArttikeya, TIkA zubhacandra, sampAdaka e. ena. upAdhye, rAyacandra jaina, zAstramAlA, agAsa 1960 I. saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (108 upaniSadeM) guptA presa, mujaphpharapura- saM. 2010 jI. Ara. jaina, je. ela. jainI TrasTa, indaura1942 I. mADarna sTUDenTa lAyabrerI thAmasa iMgliza hila, mekamilana kaMpanI, nyUyArka - 1960 dharmaratna, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha gItApresa gorakhapura gItA presa, gorakhapura - saM. 2018 gItA presa, gorakhapura - saM. 2008 AcArya nemicandra, zrI parasa zruta prabhAvaka zrImad rAjacandra jaina, zAstramAlA AgAsa saM. 2016 tilaka bAla gaMgAdhara, tilaka maMdira, 1962 I. DablyU. DI. pI. hila AksaphorDa-1953 I. jinabhadra, sampAdaka- paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda- 1952 I. pUnA

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554 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gautama buddha greTa TreDIzansa ina ithiksa cArvAka darzana kI zAstrIya samIkSA / cUlaniddesa pAli carpaTapaMjarikAstotra chAndogyopaniSad jAbAlopaniSad jAtibheda aura buddha jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi jIvana sAhitya, dvitIya bhAga jainadharma Ananda ke. kumAra svAmI evaM AI.bI. hAnara sUcanA prakAzana vibhAga, dehalI albarTa yUreziyA, pabliziMga, nyU dehalI sarvAnanda pAThaka, caukhambA, vArANasI bhikSu jagadIza, nava nAlaMdA saMskaraNa zaMkarAcArya, dekhie- stotra ratnAvalI, gItA presa 2022 gItA presa, gorakhapura saMskRti saMsthAna barelI, dekhie- 108 upaniSadeM bhikSudharmarahita, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha rAdhAkRSNan, anu. kRSNacandra, rAjakamala prakAzana, dehalI, 1962 I. kAkA kAlelakara munisuzIlakumAra, zrIa.bhA.zve. sthAnakavAsI. jaina kAnpharensa, dehalI mohanalAla mehatA, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1959 I. mohanalAla mehatA, sohanalAla, jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, amRtasara paM. sukhalAlajI, sastA sAhitya maNDala, dehalI AtmArAmajI ma.sA., muMzIrAma somanAtha phirojapura, vi.saM. 2000 mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, banArasa 1966 I. dayAnandabhArgava, motIlAla banArasIdAsa jaina-darzana jaina sAikolAjI jaina dharma kA prANa jainAgamoM meM aSTAMga yoga jaina AcAra jaina ethiksa 1968 jaina siddhAnta bola saMgraha bhAga 1-8 agaracanda bhairodAna seThiyA, bIkAnera jaina thyorIja Apha rIyaliTI eNDa nAleja vhAya.jI. padmarAje, jaina sAhitya, vikAsa maNDala, bambaI- 1963

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 555 DeTA Apha ethiksa DevhalapamenTa Apha mArala philAsaphI ina iNDiyA tattvArthasUtra (umAsvAti) tattvArthasUtra sarvArthasiddhi TIkA tattvArthasUtra rAjavArtika TIkA tuma ananta zakti ke srota ho taTa do pravAha eka taittarIyopaniSad tejobindUpaniSad thrI lekcarasAna vedAnta philAsaphI theragAthA dazavaikAlika spensara suzrIsUrmAdAsa guptA, Orient Longmans, Bombay, 1961 sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA pUjyapAda, zolApura, zaka saM. 1839 akalaMka, kalakattA, 1929 I. muni nathamala, bhAratIya jJAnapITha- 1964 I. muninathamala, AdarzasAhityasaMgha, curU 1967 I. saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 108 upaniSadeM saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI, 108 upaniSadeM maiksamUlara, lAMgamansa grIna eNDa ko landana 1911 I. bhikSudharmaratna, mahAbodhisabhA sAranAtha 1955 I. (saMskRta chAyA sahita) muni hastImalajI, motIlAla bAlamukunda muthA (hindI anuvAda) sthA. jaina kAnpharensa bambaI bambaI saM. 1993 I. kundakunda, dekhie- aSTa pAhuDa paM.sukhalAlajI, gujarAta vidhAsabhA ahamadAbAda 1957 I. rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda 1947 I. nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, dehalI 1956 I. eca. esa. razaDAla,AksaphorDa 1907 I. e.sI. mukarjI, iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda saM.- bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, navanAlandAmahAvihAra pro. ema. hariyannA, Kavyalaya Publishers, Mysore, 1952 dazavaikAlika dazavaikAlikaniyukti darzana pAhuDa darzana aura cintana darzana digdarzana dravya saMgraha dithyorI Apha guDa eNDa ivila dinecara Apha selpha dIghanikAya dikvesTa AphTara paraphekzana

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556 bhAratIya AdhAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dhammapada dibhagavadgItA eNDa caijiMga varlDa nAgarAjarAva di buddhisTa philAsaphI Apha yunivarsala esa. mukarjI University of Calutta, phalaksa 1935 di ethiksa Apha hindUja esa.ke.maitra, kalakattA yunivarasiTI presa 1925 I. diilemenTsa Apha ethiksa myUraheDa, landana 1910 anuvAdaka- rAhulajI, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU dhammapada saMskRta anuvAda-hindI artha sahita indra dehalI dharma vyAkhyA javAharalAlajI mahArAja, hitecchuka zrAvaka maNDala, ratalAma dharma darzana zuklacandrajI mahArAja, kAzIrAma smRti granthamAlA, dehalI 1955 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga pANDuraMga vAmana kANe, anu. arjuna caube kAzyapa, hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga u.pra. nayacakra devasena sUri muni phUlacaMdajI zramaNa, sanmati, jJAnapITha, AgarA 1958 naye saMketa AcArya rajanIza, jIvana jAgRti kendra, bambaI 1967 nandisUtra muni hastImalajI dvArA sampAdita, jaina Agama graMthamAlA nandisUtra (mUlapATha) dharmadAsa jaina mitra maNDala, ratalAma saM. 2005 nizIthacUrNi jiNadAsa gaNI, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA san 1957 nizIthacUrNi eka adhyayana paM.dalasukhamAlavaNiyA, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA niyamasAra kundakunda, anu. agarasena, ajitAzrama lakhanaU 1963 navapadArtha jJAnasAra pupphabhikkhu, amaracanda nAhara, kalakattA 1937 I. nayavAda

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 557 nirgrantha pravacana saMgrAhaka evaM anuvAdaka-muni cauthamalajI ma.sA., jainodaya pustaka prakAzaka samiti ratalAma vIra saM. 2464 bhartahari vyaMkaTezvara presa, bambaI 1914 I. maikenjI (hindI anuvAda) rAjakamala prakAzana nItizataka nItipravezikA dehalI nItizAstra kI rUparekhA naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa nItizAstra nItizAstra kA paricaya nItizAstra kA paricaya nIti kI ora naitika-jIvana ke siddhAnta naiSadhIya caritra paramasakhA mRtyu DaoN. rAmanAtha zarmA, rAmanAtha kedAranAtha, meraTha muni nathamala, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU, 1967 saMgamalAla pANDe, seNTrala buka Dipo, ilAhAbAda 1962 je.ena. sinhA, jaya prakAzanAtha, meraTha 1664 I. bI.jI. tivArI, pustakabhavana AgarA 1963 I. DaoN. zrIcandra lakSmInArAyaNa agravAla, AgarA 1968 manasukha, pUrvodaya prakAzanadariyAgaMjadehalI 1955 jAnaDyUI, AtmArAma eNDa sansa dehalI 1963 nirNayasAgara presa bambaI 1952 kAkA kAlelakara, sastA sAhitya maNDala naI dehalI 1966 kundakundAcArya, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, bambaI, 1935 I. nainicandrasUrI, zrI devacanda lAlacanda pustakoddhAra phaMDa bambaI, vI.saM. 2448 sampAdaka AcArya amolakhaRSijI, lAlA jvAlAprasAda haidarAbAda kundakundAcArya, bambaI vi. saM. 1972 sampAdaka-muni hastimalajI, hastImala surANA pAlI 1950 I. pravacanasAra pravacanasAroddhAra prajJApanA sUtra paMcAstikAyasAra praznavyAkaraNasUtra

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558 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pratikramaNasUtra sArtha prAcya dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra pazcimI AcAra vijJAna kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana puruSArthasiddhyupAya pramANanayatattvAloka pArAzara smRti pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma paMcataMtra pazcimI darzana pazcimI darzana tiloka ratna parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI rAdhAkRSNan, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1967 I. Izvaracanda zarmA, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1961 I. amRtacandra, senTla jaina pablika hAusa lakhanaU 1933 I. vAdidevasUrI, AtmajAgRti kAryAlaya, byAvara saMskRti sammAna solI (dekhie 20 smRtiyAM) dharmAnanda kausambI, hindI ratnAkara granthAlaya bambaI bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca insaTITyUTa pUnA 1938 I. dIvAnacandra, sUcanA vibhAga u.pra. 1957 I. je.ena. sinhA, jaya prakAzanAtha eNDa ko. meraTha 1960 I. arabana sI.DI. brADa harbarTa spensara, chaThA saMskaraNa vATsa eNDa ko., landana bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, baMgAla hindI maNDala saM. 2011 AcArya narendra deva, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad paTanA baladeva upAdhyAya, caukhambA vArANasI 1954 saMpAdita puNyavijayajI AtmAnaMda, jainasabhA . bhAvanagara, 1933 sampAdita puNyavijayajI AtmAnaMda, jainasabhA bhAvanagara, 1933 phaNDAmenTalsa Apha ethiksa phAiva TAipsa Apha ethikala thyorIja pharsTa priMsIpalsa bauddha-darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana dobhAga bauddhadharmadarzana bauddhadarzana mImAMsA bRhadkalpabhASya bRhadkalpaniyukti

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 559 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad gItA presa, 2014 brahmasUtra zAMkarabhASya govinda maTha Ter3hI nIma vArANasI prathama saMskaraNa 2022 brahmabindUpaniSad saMskRti saMsthAna barelI (dekhie 108, upaniSad) buddhijma iTsa kanekzana vitha brAhmaNijma moniyara vilIyamsa caukhambA vArANasI eNDa hindUjma 1964 I. . bAibala (dharmazAstra) bhArata laMkA bAibala samiti, baMgalora bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa bhIkhanalAla Atreya, hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga uttara pradeza 1964 bhagavadgItA rAdhAkRSNan, anuvAda virAja, ema.e., rAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1962 I. bhagavAn buddha dharmAnanda kausambI, rAjakamala prakAzana dehalI 1956 bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 rAdhAkRSNanAjyapAla eNDa sansa dehalI 1966 bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA ema.hariyannA, rAjakamala prakAzana dehalI, 1965 bhAratIya darzana satIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya evaM dhIrendramohana datta pustaka bhaNDAra paTanA, 1961 bhAva pAhuDa AcArya kundakunda (dekhie-aSTapAhuDa) bhAvanA zataka zatAvadhAnI muni ratnacandrajI, vRndAvanadAsa dayAla korTa bAjAra geTa, bambaI, vIra saM. 2447 bhagavatI ArAdhanA zivakoTyAcArya, sakhArAma nemicanda digambara jaina granthamAlA, zolApura 1935 . majjhimanikAya bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nava nAlaMdA mahAvihAra saMskaraNa majjhimanikAya (hindI) mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha manusmRti pustaka mandira mathurA, 2015 mahAbhArata gItA presa, gorakhapura mahAnArAyaNopaniSad saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (108 upaniSadeM)

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560 mAdhyamikArikA mImAMsA darzana mokkha pAhuDa muNDakopaniSad mUlAcAra mahAyAna manovijJAna maitrANyupaniSad mahAniddesapAli mArala philAsaphI milinda prazna yogazAstra yogazAstra yogavAsiSTha yogasUtra yogabindu yajurveda yazastilaka campU ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra laMkAvatAra sUtra laiMgveja lAjika eNDa TrUtha bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaiminI, banArasa 1929 I. kundakundAcArya (dekhie - aSTapAhuDa) gItApresa gorakhapura saM. 2016 vaTTakerAcArya, jaina mandira zakkara bAjAra, indaura kI patrakAra prati bhadanta zAntibhikSu, vizva bhAratI granthAlaya, kalakattA uDavartha eNDa mAvisa, di apara iNDiyA pabliziMga hAusa lakhanaU saMskRti saMsthAna barelI, (108 upaniSadeM) sampAdaka- - bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nava nAlandA mahAvihAra saMskaraNa DablyU. phiTe, diDiyala presa, nyUyArka, 1925 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI, 1965 I. hemacandra, sampAdaka - muni samadarzI, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA, 1963 svopajJavRttisahita, hemacandra, zrI jaina dharmameM prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 2452 nirNayasAgara presa bambaI 1918 dekhie - pAtaMjala yoga pradIpa, gItA presa saM. 2018 jaina graMtha prakAzaka sabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1940 saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI 1901 samantabhadra, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1926 e. je. ayara, Dovara pablikezana 1936 Ara.ema. heyara, AksaphorDa yunivarsiTI presa 1952

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI vasunandizrAvakAcAra vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI sUtra ) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya vizuddhamArga do bhAga (hindI) visuddhimaNa vyavahAra bhASya zaMkarAcArya kA AcAra darzana vaizeSika sUtra viveka cUr3AmaNi vinayapiTaka viduranIti caukhambA vArANasI, 1941 vairAiTIja Apha rilIjiyasa eksapIriyansesa jemsa, lAMgamansa grIna eNDa ko., landana 1935 vizaDama ina kanDakTa sI.bI. garaneTa, hArakoTa bresa eNDa kampanI, zvetAzvetaropaniSad zvetAzvetaropaniSad bhASya zaMkaras brahmavAda zAstravArttAsamuccaya zukranIti 561 saMpAdana hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI 1952 saMpAdana - paM. vecaradAsa dozI, zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1974 I. zrI jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa TIkA hemacanda, harSacandra, bhUrAbhAI, banArasa 2441 AcArya buddhaghoSa, anuvAdaka - bhikSu dharmarakSita mahAbodhisabhA, banArasa 1956-57 dharmAnanda kausambI dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI, kezavalAla premacandra, ahamadAbAda kaNAda, ilAhAbAda 1923 I. AcArya zaMkara, gItA presa gorakhapura, saM. 2020 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI nyUyArka, 1940 rAmAnanda tivArI, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, saM. 2006 gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM. 2016 gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM. 2016 Ara. esa. navalakkhA, kitAbaghara, kAnapura 1964 haribhadrasUri, lAlUbhAI, dalapatabhAI, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira, ahamadAbAda-9, 1968 I. caukhambA, vArANasI, 1968 I.

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562 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sthAnAMgasUtra sthAnAMgasUtra TIkA samayasAra samayasAra samayasAra TIkA samavAyAMga sUtrakRtAMga sUtra sUtrakRtAMga TIkA sarvadarzana saMgraha samAja aura saMskRti sanmatitarka prakaraNa TIkA abhayadevasUrI, Agamodaya samiti TIkA abhayadevasUrI, Agamodaya samiti kundakunda, aMgrejIanuvAda ajitAzramalakhanaU kundakunda, ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI 1959 amRtacandra, ahiMsA prakAzana mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI 1959 saMpAdaka-muni kanhaiyAlAla kamala, Agama anuyoga prakAzana, 1966 sthA. jaina kAnpharensa, bambaI, 1938 zIlaMkAcArya, Agamodaya samiti, vIra saM. 2442 mAdhvAcArya, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1964 amara muni, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA, 1966 AcArya siddhasena divAkara, gujarAta purAtattva mandira, ahamadAbAda vi. saM. 1980 dAdAdharmAdhikArI, sarva sevA saMgha prakAzana 1957 amaramunijI kI vyAkhyA sahita, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1956 navanAlandA mahAvihAra anu. jagadIza kAzyapa evaM dharmarakSita mahAbodhisabhA, san 1954 anu. bhikSu dharmaratna, mahobodhisabhA, banArasa, 1950 I. paM. AzAdhara, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, san 1917 DaoN. hRdayAnArAyaNa mizra, kitAbaghara, kAnapura, 1966 sAhitya niketana, kAnapura, 1950 sarvodaya darzana sAmAyika sUtra saMyuttanikAya saMyuttanikAya (hindI) suttanipAta sAgAradharmAmRta samakAlIna dArzanika cintana sAMkhyakArikA

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 563 senTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma spInojA nIti spInojA aura usakA darzana spInojA ina dI lAiTa Apha vedAnta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI TI.Ara.vhI. mUrti, jArja elana eNDa anavina 1955 anu. dIvAnacanda, hindI samiti, uttarapradeza mAdhava ciMgale, svAdhyAya maNDala, augha saM. 2002 DaoN. Ara.ke. tripAThI bI.eca.yU. 1957 nathamala TA~TiyA, jaina kalcarala sosAyaTI, banArasa 1951 je.e. haiDaphIlDa 1936 vyAkhyAtA paM. sukhalAlajI, rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna 1963 amitagati, dehalI 1966 DaoN. kalaghATagI, karnATaka yUnivarsiTIdhAravAr3a sAikAlojI eNDa mAralsa samadarzI AcArya haribhadra sAmAyika pATha sama prAblamsa ina jaina sAikolAjI 1961 saundarAnanda zramaNasUtra zrAvaka karttavya zrAvakadharma azvaghoSa, sampAdaka sUryanArAyaNa caudharI, kaThautiyA (amaramunijI kI vyAkhyA sahita) sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1966 muni sumata kumAra, kAzIrAma granthamAlA, ambAlA saM. 2022 mahAsatI ujjavala kumArI sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 1954 ratna jaina pustakAlaya, pAtharDI 1961 gItA presa gorakhapura, saM. 2006 TIkA sahita, caukhambA, vArANasI hemacandrAcArya, jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA bhAvanagara yazovijayajI bhAvanagara vi.saM. 1969 caukhambA, vArANasI 1954 mekanjI, landana 1922 zrI tiloka zatAbdiabhinandana grantha zrImadbhAgavata mahApurANa SaTdarzanasamuccaya triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra jJAnasAgara hitopadeza hindU ethiksa

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564 bhAratIya AcAra-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hinduoM kA jIvana darzana hisTrI Apha jaina monozijma rAdhAkRSNan esa.bI. deva, kastUrabhAI lAlabhAI ahamadAbAda zrI amara bhAratI jaina satya prakAza naI duniyA dainika zramaNopAsaka di philAsaphIkala kvArTaralI patra-patrikAe~ sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA mahAvIra nirvANa vizeSAMka 1963, zrI jainadharma satya prakAzaka samiti, ahamadAbAda indaura rAgar3I mohallA, bIkAnera di inDiyana insTITyUTa Apha philAsaphI amalanera (pUrva khAnadeza) jinavANI kAryAlaya, lAla bhavana caur3A rAstA, jayapura 12 leDI hArDiMga ror3a, naI dillI jinavANI (sAmAyika aMka) jaina prakAza saMkalana subhASita saMgraha prAkRta sUkti saroja sUkti saMgraha sUkti triveNI amola sUkti ratnAkara vinayamuni dharmadAsa mitra maNDala, ratalAma saM. 1996 agaracanda bhairodAsa seThiyA, bIkAnera zrIamaramuni sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1967 muni kalyANa RSi amola jJAnAlaya, dhuliyA

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sammatiyA~ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA gambhIra adhyayana prastuta kara dharmoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko eka navIna sArthakatA pradAna kI hai| isa pariprekSya meM lekhaka ne jaina, bauddha gItA adhyayana meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha strotoM kA pratyakSataH upayoga kara bhAratIya AcAradarzana kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate hue prAmANikatA ke sAtha gaMbhIra tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai| yahIM unake isa grantha kI vizeSatA hai| prophesara jagannAtha upAdhyAya bhUtapUrva saMkAyAdhyakSa, zramaNavidyA saMkAya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI yaha adhyayana vidvattApUrNa, gambhIra evaM vicArotpAdaka hai| isI ke sAtha hI atyaMta sarala evaM subodha hai| jaina darzana tathA paramparA meM gambhIra AsthA rakhate hue lekhaka ne bauddha aura bhagavadgItA ke AcAra darzanoM ke pratipAdana meM pUrI udAratA tathA niSpakSa dRSTikoNa kA paricaya diyA hai| tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke kSetra meM isa dRSTi se lekhaka kA yaha prayAsa atyaMta stutya tathA anukaraNIya hai| DaoN. rAmazaMkara mizra prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI prastuta graMtha darzanazAstra ke una snAtakottara vidyArthiyoM, zodha chAtroM, vidvAnoM evaM jijJAsuoM ke lie atyadhika upayogI siddha hogA, jo bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kA adhyayana karate haiM yA usameM ruci rakhate haiN| isa prakAra ke ucca starIya zodha para AdhArita prAmANika graMtha ko praNayana kara DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ke kSetra meM eka mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| DaoN. raghunAtha giri prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma - zAjApura, 22 pharavarI 1932 (mAgha pUrNimA vi.sa. 1988) zikSaNa jaina siddhAMta vizArada, vyApAra vizArada, sAhitya ratna, ema.e. (darzanazAstra) pIeca.DI. (jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana) akAdamIya pada - vyAkhyAtAdarzanazAstra 1964-68 sahAyakaprAdhyApaka prAdhyApaka nidezaka mAnada nidezaka saMsthApaka nidezaka granthalekhana sampAdita grantha zodha Alekha pI.eca.DI.mArgadarzana sammAna - darzanazAstra 1968-85 - darzanazAstra 1985-89 - pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANAsI 1979-97 - Agama ahiMsA prAkRta saMsthAna udayapura (rAjasthAna) - prAcya vidyApIThazAjApurama.pra. - 40 pramukha grantha -165 -250 - 37 kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANAsI, u.pra., 01 jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara ma.pra., 03 vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjainama.pra., 16 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) pradIpa kumAra rAmapuriyA sammAna (1988, 1999), svAmI pravaNAnanda puraskAra (1987) DipDImala puraskAra 1992, AcArya hastI puraskAra 2004, jaina vidyAvAridhi puraskAra 2005, kalAmarmajJa puraskAra 2006, gautamagaNadhara puraskAra (prAkRta bhAratI jayapura) 2007, jainA (amerikA) kA presiDeMziyala avArDa 2007, AcArya tulasI prAkRta puraskAra (2008) - zikAgoM, hyUsTana, nyujarsI, nArthakerolinA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAnsisko, lAsaeNjilsa, phiniksa, senTaluIsa, piTsabarga, DalaoNsa, nyUyArka (yU.esa.e.), ToraMTo (kanADA), laMdana (yU.ke.) asembalI oNpha varlDa rilijansa 1985 meM evaM pArliyAmeMTa oNpha varlDa rilijansa zikAgo 1993 meM jaina dharma ke pratinidhivaktA ke rUpa meM bhAga liyA, isake atirikta deza ke evaM vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM vyaakhyaan| videzayAtrA pratinidhitva mudraka :AkRti AphaseTa ujjaina phona : 0734-2561720, 98276-7780, 98272-42489,96300-777780 Jaii Education International